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Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams iliustrata tha mathod: Laa cartas, planchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmte A daa taux da reduction diffArants. Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clichA, il ast f limA A partir da I'angia supAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombre d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 J/" eoi OS! -ti THE AS f ^^ Aiflac j/ A DICTIONARY, PRACTICAI^ THEORETICAL, AND HISTORICAL, or i < V COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL MVIGATION. ■p'.- BY J. R. M'CULLOCH, Esq. ■-HiX ■•■ Edited by HENRY VETHAKE, LL. D. 0X> OF THB PKOrastOBD IN THX ONIVKXtlTT OF PMNtTLVANLA. J MBMBKX OF TRK AlOmiCAN PHILOSOPHICAL tOCIITT; AUTHOR OF A TBBATItl Oil POLITICAL BCONOMT, XTO. ^ WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAININO THE NEW TARIFF OF 1846, TOBBTHEB WITH THE TARIFF OF 1842, BBDUCBD TO AD VALOREM RATES AS FAR AS PRACTICABLE. THE SUB-TREASURY, WAREHOUSIXG, AND THB CANADIAN TRANSIT BILLS, OF 1846. LIKEWISB, THE NEW BRITISH TARIFF, AS AMENDED BY THE PASSAGE OF THE NEW CORN LAW AND SUGAR DUTIES. '" WITH A TABLE OF ALL FOREIGN GOLD AND SILVER COIN, REDUCED TO FEDERAL CURRENCY, &o. &c. &c. IN TWO VOLUMES.— VOL. I. ■'^•'H' ri» I »i "i ' V Prt ^ " PHILADELPHIA: A. HART, LATE CAREY and HART, 126 CHESTNUT STREET. 1852. gr^' ,Y)1azoit:)1(}. a 4 */' ■\ jMnMiu MvmMA'i u/:A ■! !ii:iKp-) ''Though hnmediately and primarily written ftir thfl merchant!, thli Commercial Dictionary will b« of use to every man of bnalneia or of ciirloHity. There li no mnn who li nut In come degree n mer- chant ; who hill not iomi>tliing to buy and something to aell, and who doea not therefore want auch Inatructiona as miiy tracli him the true vaino of poaseasiona or coniiiioditiea. The deacriptiona of the productlona of the earth and water which thia volume contalna, may be equally pleaaing and uaefut to the apecniatial with any other Natural Illatory. The deacriptiona of porta and citiea may instruct the geographer as well na if they were found in booka appropriated only to bis own science ; and the doctrine* of fiinds, Inaurancea, currency, monopolies, exchangee, and tlutlea, la to necesaary to the politician, that without it he can be of no use either in the council or the senate, nor can speak or think Juatly either on war or trade. " We, therefore, hope that we aha', not repent the labour of compiling thia work, nor flatter our- tnivos unreasonably, in predicting a favournble reception to a hook which no condition of life can render uaelesa, which niiiy contribute to the advantage of all that make or receive laws, of all that uiiy or sell, of all that wish to keep or improve their poMessions, of all that desire to be rich, and all that desire to be wise." \i f| t I ,^> ^ i! 'J JoHriBOtl,rrtfa€tt»RoU'tDict. \r 'V M ' / 00/ n L T :'i r '' .■', ;■?>; i . » ''Hi Y','^' I : 1 > < ; ' ' r .■>. I •■•■■■ .'•, . ( ,;,.-, . , Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1839, by Tromai Waroi.e, In the Clerk's Office of the Diatrict Court of the Eastern District of Pennaylvnnia. ^^^^^«^^m^i^^>^iMA«w Friated by T. K & F. Q. Collina. /?6V^ PREFACE Off THE AMERICAN EDITOR. In ofTering to the public an American edition of Mr. M'CulIoch's valuable Commercial Dictionary, it is unnecessary to add any thing, concerning the object and plan of the work, to what will be found in the subjoined extracts from the author's prefaces to the several editions of it which have appeared in England. AVith respect to the labours of the present editor, he has for the most part con- fined himself to matters relating to his own country, or of especial interest to its citizens. Considerable information of this nature will be found appended to the articles Aliens, Banking, Coal, Coins, Cotton, importation and Exportation, Imports and Exports, Iron, Roads, Silk, and Tariff, as well as others. A few articles have been inserted on subjects not treated by the authoi ; such as Admi- ralty Courts, Liverpool, London, &c. There is, generally speaking, an extreme difficulty in the United States of procuring statistical information, which may be depended upon for its accuracy. Besides the reports, from time to time made to Congress, by the Secretary of the Treasury, and by committees of that body, the principal sources that have been consulted for the purpose are the commercial newspapers published in some of our large cities, particularly the Philadelphia Commercial List, — Mr. Raguet's " Financial Register, — and the " United States Commercial and Statistical Re- gister," edited by Samuel Hazard. The former of the two works just mentioned contains a greater mass of facts, mingled with much valuable disquisition, respect- ing the subjects to which it is devoted, than is to be found elsewhere. Mr. Hazard's work has just reached the close of its 'first volume. It is published in weekly numbers, abounds in useful information, and is deserving of extensive patronage. It is proper to mention that this American has been reprinted from the last English edition. The supplement to this, however, not having been received in time, a page or two was unavoidably omitted to be incorporated with the rest of it in the body of the work, but will be found in a supplement at the end of the second volume. In the same supplement, too, the reader will find further addi- tions by the American editor ; some of which, relating to the United States, I'the article Fish, for example,) could not be prepared for an earlier insertion; and others, agam, consist of the statistics of the commerce of certain foreign ports, brought down to a later date than is given by the author. iU ^ •f :>/ ''I '^^' li J i t-^ rr; ■vl it. !•' .4} V.,! ^„,-, .( •.,*! **■ . * ■ - -- .' ■^^Tf, ."'I'V:' .'■:!( » • f ..I i-, ,». if. I. ■■•';' 'I 'ijj "! '-Hi i. ; ' .. ■ .J , f EXTRACTS raov TBI . <.-, ■■■■\ ' ■ PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION It has been the wish of the Author and Publuhera of this Work, that it shouM be aa extensively useful as possible. If they be not deceived in their expectations, it may be advantageously employed, aa a sort of vade meeum, by merchants, traders, ship-owners, and ship-masters, in conducting the details of their respective businesses. It is hoped, however, that this object has been attained without omitting the consideration of any topic, incident to the subject, that seemed calculated to make the book generally serviceable, and to recom- mend it to the attention of all classes. Had our object been merely to consider commerce as a science, or to investigate its prin- ciples, we should not have adopted the form of a Dictionary. Dut commerce is not a science only, but also an art of the utmost practicable importance, and in the prosecution of which a very large proportion of the population of every civilised country is actively engag^ed. Hence, to be generally useful, a work on commerce should combine practice, theory, and history. Different readers may resort to it for different purposes ; and every one should be able to find in it clear and accurate information, whether his object be to make himself familiar with details, to acquire a knowledge of principles, or to learn the revolu- tions that have taken place in the various departments of trade. The following short outline of what this Work contains may enable the reader to estimate the probability of its fulfilling the objects for which it has been intended : — I. It contains accounts of the various articles which form the subject matter of com- mercial transactions. To their English names are, for the most part, subjoined their synony mous appellations in French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, &c. ; and sometimes, also in Arabic, Hindoo, Chinese, and other Eastern languages. We have endeavoured, by con- sulting the best authorities, to make the descriptions of commodities as accurate as possible ; and have pomted out the testa or marks by which their goodness may bo ascertained. The places where they are produced are also specified ; the quantities exported from such places; and the different regulations, duties, &c. affecting their importation and exportation, have been carefully stated, and their influence examined. The prices of most articles have been given, sometimes for a lengthened period. Historical notices are inserted illustrative of the rise and progress of the trade in the most imp 'i-'ant articles ; and it is hoped, that the in- formation embodied in these notices will be fof: '. '. < be as authentic as it is interesting. II. The Work contains a general article on Co ^mbrcs, explanatory of its nature, prin- ciples, and objects, and embracing an inquiry into the policy of restrictions intended to pro- mote industry at home, or to advance the public interests by excluding or restraining foreign competition. Exclusive, however, of this general article, we have separately examined the operation of the existing restrictions on the trade in particular articles, and with particular countries, in the accounts of those articles, and of the great sea-port towns belonging to the countries referred to. There must of course, be more or less of sameness in the discussion of such points, the principle which runs through them being identical. But in a Dictionary this is of no consequence. The reader seldom consults more than one or two articles at a time ; and it is of infinitely more importance to bring the whole subject at once before him, tlian to seek to avoid the appearance of repetition by referring from one article to another. In this Work such references are made as seldom as possible. III. The articles which more particularly refer to commercial navigation are AvEnAOE, Bills or Ladiko, Bottomrt, CHARTERPARTr, Fheidut, Master, Navioatio:n' Laws, Owners, Keoistrt, Salvage, Seamen, Ships, Wreck, &c. These articles embrace a pretty full exposition of the law as to shipping : we have particularly endeavoured to exhibit the privileges enjoyed by British ships ; the conditions and formalities, the observance of which is necessary to the acquisition and preservation of such privileges, and to the trans- ference of property in ships ; the responsibilities incurred by the masters and owners in their capacity of public carriers ; and the reciprocal duties and obligations of owners, ma&> a2 V r ■" I'il f I .1 4 i1 ▼I PREFACE. ton 111*1 Msmen. In thii deptrtment, we have made cnniideralile um of the traatiM of Lord Tenterden on the Law of Bhipping, — a work (hat reflect* very great crrdit on th« learning and talcnta of ita noblo author. The Kegintry Act and the Navigation Act are given with very little abridgment To thia head may also be referred the articlea on the Cod, Hriikino, Pilchard, and Whali flaheriea. IV. The principlea and practice of commercial arithmMic and accounta are unfolded in the articlea Book-kbbpino, DiacocNT, ExcHAiroi, IifTiBKST and Arnvitikh, &c. The article Book-kicpiho haa been furniahed by one of the official aaaigneea under the new bankrupt act It exhibita a view of thia important art aa actually practined in the moat extensive mercantile houtea in town. The tablea for calculating interest and annuities ore believed to be more complete than any hitherto given in any work not treating professedly of auch subjects. V. A considerable claaa of articlea may be regarded as descriptive of the various means and devices that have been fallen upon for extending and facilitating commerce and naviga- tion. Of these, taking them in their order, the articlea Banks, Broksrs, Buots, Canals, CARATAIfIt, CARnlKRH, CoiIfB, CoLONIES, CoMPAITIKN, CoNIDLS, CoNVOT, DoCKS, FAC- TORS, Fairs and Markits, Lioht-hovscs, Monxt, Partnirbhip, Pilotaox, Post- OrpicB, Rail-roads, Roads, Trxat'cs (Commercial'), Wriorts ard Mrasurib, dec arc among the most important In the article Banks, the reader will And, besides an ex- position of the principlea of banking, a pretty full account (derived principally from oiHcial sources), of the Bank of England, the private banks of London, and the Engliah provincial banks ; the Scotch and Irish banks ; and the moat celebrated foreign banks : to complete this department, an account of Savings' Banks is subjoined, with a set of rules which may be taken as a modeen obliged to adopt less authentic data; and he does not suppose that he has had sagacity enough always to resort to the best authorities, or that, amidst conflicting and contradictory statements, he has uniformly selected those moat worthy of being relied upon, or that the inferences he has drawn are always auch as the real circum- stances of the case would warrant But he has done his best not to be wanting in these respects. Not being engaged in any sort of business, nor being under any description of obligation to any political party, there was nothing to induce us, in any instance, to conceal or pervert the truth. We have, therefore, censured freely and openly whatever wo consi- dered wrong ; but the grounds of our opinion are uniformly assigned ; so that the reader may always judge for himself as to its correctness. Our sole object has been to produce a work that should be generally useful, particularly to merchants and traders, and which should be creditable to ourselves. Whether we have succeeded, the award of the public will show ; and to it we submit our labours, not with " frigid indifference," but with an anxious hope that it may be found we have not misemployed our time, and engaged in an undertaking too vast for our limited means. The following notices of some of the most celebrated Commercial Dictionaries may not, perhaps, be unacceptable. At all events, they will show that there is at least room for the present attempt. The Grand DUtionnairt de Commerce, begun and principally executed by M. Savary, viii PREFACE. 1 " Inipoctor of Ciutomi it Parii, and eompletad by hit brother, tha Abbi Savary, ( anon of 8l. Maur, was publUhiHl at Paris in 1723, in two volunwa folio : a aupplemental vuluma being added in 1730. Thia waa the firit work of the t(ind that appeared in modern Europe; and haa furriiiihed the principal part of the matoriuli for mont of tnoio by which it hae been followed. The undertaking was liberally patronised by the French government, who Justly considervd that a Commercial Dictionary, if well executed, would be of national importance. Hence a comidoruble, and, indeed, the most valuable, portion of M. Savarv'a work is com- piled from Memoirs sent him, by order of government, by the inspectora of manufacturea in France, anil by the French consuls in foreign countries. An enlarged and improved edition of the Didionnaire was published at Geneva in 1760, in six folio volumes. But the best edition is that of Copenhagen, in five voluniea folio; the first of which appeared in 1759, and the last in i 760. More than the half of thia work consists of matter altogether foreign to ita proper object It is, in fact, a sort of Dictionary of Manuidctures as well as of Commerce; descriptions being given, which are, necessarily perhaps, in most instances exceedingly incomplete, and which tlie want of plates often renders unintelligible, of the methods followed in the manufacture of the commodities described. It ia also filled with lengthened articles on aubjecta of natural history, on the bye lawa and privileges of ditferent corporations, and a variety of subjects nowise connected with commercial pursuits. No one, however, need look into it fur any dcvelopnient of sound principles, or fur enlarged views. It is valuable as a re|iertory of facts reliiling to commerce and manufactures at the commencement of last century, collected with laudal>lo care and industry ; but the spirit which pervades it is that of a customs oflicer, and not that of a merchant or a philosopher. "SouveiU dunt nei r^Jkxiotu, il tend plutdt t\ igarer Ml Iceteurs qu'd lea ennduire, et dee miiximeM nuisibke au progrit du cummtree et de tinduilrie oblitnnmt preigue toujoura let ehges et son approoudon" The preceding extract ia from tha Prospecius, in one volume octavo, published by the Abbe Morellet, in 1709, of a new Commercial Dictionary, In be completed in five or pro- bably nx volumes folio. This Prospectus is a wurk of sterling merit; and from the ac- knowU-dged learning, talents, and capacity of its author for lulwrious exertion, there can be no doubt that, hod the projected Dictionary been completed, it would have been infinitely superior to that of Savary. It appears (Prospectus, pp. 303^—373.) that Morellnt had been engagrd for a number of years in preparations for thiH great work ; and that he had amassed a largo collection of books and manuscripts relative to the commerce, navigation, colonies, arts, iScc. of France and other countries. The enterprise was liegun under the auspices of M. Truduine, Iiitendant of Finance, and waa patronised by Messrs. L'Averdy and Bertin, Comptrollers General. But whether it were owing to the gigantic nature of the under- taking, to the author having become too much engrossed with other |>urKuits, the want of sulFicieut encouragement, or some other cause, no part of the proposed Dictionary ever ap- peared. We are ignorant of the fate of tlu- valuable collection of manuscripts mode by Uie Abbe Morellet. His books were sold at Paris within these few years. A Commercial Dictionary, in three volumes 4to, forming part of the Encyclopidie Mithodique, was publinhed at Paris in 1783. It is very unequally executed, and contains numerous articles that might have been advantageously left out. The editors acknowledge in their Preface that they hove, in must iiistanres, been obliged to borrow from Savaiy. The best parts of the work are copied from the edition of the Tiiuti Giniral de Commerce of Ricard, published at Amsterdam in 1781, in two volumes 4to. 'I'he earliest ('ommercial Dictionary publiHhed in England, was compiled by Malachy Postlethwayt, Esq,, a diligent and indefatigable writer. The first part of the first edition appeared in 1751. The last edition, in two enormous fulio volumes, was publiiihed in 1774. it is chargeable with the same defects as that of M. Savary, of which, indeed, it ia for the most part a literal translation, 'i'he author has made no eflurt to condense or combine tho atatemrnls under different articles, which are frequently not a little contradictory ; at tho same lime that many of them are totally unconnected willi commerce. in 1761, Richard liolt, Esq. published a Commercial Dictionary in one pretty .large folio volume. The best part of this work is its Preface, which was contributed by l)r. Johnson. Il is for the most part abridged from Postlethwayt; but it contains sume useful original ar- ticles, mixed, however, with many alien to tho subject. In 1706, a Commercial Dictionary was published, in two rather thin folio volumes, by Thomas Mortimer, Esq., at that time Vice-Consul for the Netheilartds. This is a more commodious and better arranged, but not a more valuable work than that of Postlethwayt. The plan of the author embraces, like that of his predecessors, too great a variety of objects; raoro than half the work being filled whli geographical articles and articles describing the processes carried on in difToreiit departments of manufacturing industry ; there are also ar- ticles on very many subjects, such as architecture, the natural history of the ocean, the land- tax, the (|iialiticatioiis of surgeons, &c., the relation of which to commerce, navigation, or inanufacturrH, it Kcems iiifficult to discover. . In 1810, a Cuminercial Dictionary was published, in one thick octavo volume, purporting PREFACE. It In b« by Mr. MortioMr. W« unJenland, howerer, that he had but liUla, if any thing, to do with ila eompilation. It in quita unworthy of tha luliject, and of the epoch when il ■ppeand. It baa aU die faulu of thoae bv which it wa« preceded, with but few jpeculiar merita. Beinii not only a Dictionary of Commerce and Navigation, but of Manulacturea, it rontaint accounU of the difftrent arU : but to deacribe tbeee in a aa'iafactory and really uncful manner, would require aeveral volumea, and the co-operation of many individuala t M that, while tha accounU referred to are worth ver^ little, they occupy ao largo a apao* that room haa not beea left for the proper diaouaaion of thoaa aubjecta from which alone tha work derive* whatever value it poeaeaaea. Thua, there ia an article of twenty-two pagea technically deacribing the variuua proceeaea of the art of painting, while the general article on commerce ia eompriasd in laaa than two pagea. Tha artiolee on coin and money do not together occupy four pAgee, being considerably leaa than the apaca allotted to the articlea on en^aving nnil etching. There ia not a word laid aa to the circumstancea which determine the courae of exchange ; and tha important aubject of credit ia diipoaed of in leaa than two lintM I Perhapa, however, the greateat defect in the work ia iU total want of any thing like acience. No attempt ia ever made to explain the principlea on which an^ operation dcponda. Every thing ia treated M if it wore empirical and arbitrary. Except in the legal articlea, no authoritiea are quot«d, ao that very little dependence can be placed on the atate« monta advanced. In another Commercial Dictionary, republinhed within theae few yeara, the general article on commerce couaista of a diacuiaion with respect to simple and compound demand, and limple and double competition : luckily the article doee not fill quite a page ; being conal- derably shorter than the description of the kaieidoscopo. Under these circumstancea, we do think that there i* room for a new Dictionary of Com* merce and Commercial Navigation : and whatever may be thought of our work, it cannot be aaid that in bringing it into the field we are encroaching on ground already fully occupied. - EXTRACTS " " .-i ! -■■ IBOK TBI PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. ■.I,.. ■ ' ', Thx first impression of this Dictionary, consisting of 2,000 copies, was entirely sold oiT in leaa than nine montha from the date of ita publication. We feel very deeply indebted to the public for this unequivocal pnwf of ita approbation ; and we have endeavoured to evince our gratitude, by labouring to render the work less undeserving a continuance of the favour with which il haa been honoured. In the prosecution of thia object, we can truly affirm wc have grudged neither labour nor expense. We have subjected every part of the work to a careful revision ; have endeavoured to eradicate the erri/rs that had crept into it ; to improve thoae parta that were incomplete or defective ; and to supply such articles aa had been omitted. We dare not flatter ourselves with the idea that we have fully auccecdtd in these objects. The want of recent and accurate detaila as to several important aubjecta, haa been an obstacle we have not, in all cases, been able to overcome ; bu^. those in any degree familiar with such investigations will not, perhaps, be disposed severely to censure our doficienciea in this respect. The changes in the law bearing upon commercial transactions have been carefully speci- fied. Copious abstracts of all the Into Customs Acts are contained in the articles Coloniks Airu CoLONT Tradk, Imfobtatiost and ExpoBTATioir, NAVioATion Laws, Rkoistrt, Smuoolino, Warihocsino, &c. The abolition of the East India Company's commercial monopoly, and the great and growing interest that has in consequence been excited amongst all classes as to the com- mercial capabilitiea and practices of India, China, and other Eastern countries, have made us bestow peculiar attention to this department. The articlea Bangkok, Batayia, Bom- bat, BcsuiBK, BcsaoRA, Calcutta, Caxton, Coluubo, East India Compant and Ea8T Indies, Indioo, Macao, Madras, Manilla, Mocha, Muscat, Nanoasacki, Ran- 600N, SiNOAPoBB, Tatta, Tea, &c. Contain, it is believed, a greater masa of recent and well-authenticated details aa to Uie commerce of the vast countries stretching from the Arabic Gulf to the Chinese Sea, than is to be found in any other English publication. PREFACE. !. i' Tn comptUng these and other articles, we derived much ralnable aastdtance from Soit Crawfurd, Esq. The article Bakkiito is mostly new. Besides embodying the late act prolonging the charter of the Bank of England, and the more important details given in the Report of the Select Committee on the. Renewal of the Bank Charter, this article contains some novel and important information not elsewhere to be met with. No account of the issues of the Bank of England has hitherto been published, that extends farther back than 1777. But this deficiency is now, for the first time, supplied ; the Directors having obligingly furnished us with an account of the issues of the JSank on the 38th of February and the 31st of August of each year, from 1698, within four years of its establishment, down to the present time. We hav« also procured a statement, from authority, of the mode of transacting busi- ness in the Bank of Scotland ; and have been able to supply several additional particulars, both with respect to British and to foreign banks. We have made many additions to, and alterations in, the numerous articles descriptive of the various commodities that form the materials of commerce, and the historical notices by which some of them are accompanied. We hope they will be found more accurate and com[)lete than formcriy. The Gazetteer department, or that embracing accounts of the principnl foreign emporiums with which this country maintains a direct intercourse, was, perhaps, the most defective in the old edition. If it be no longer in this predicament, the improvement has been princi- pally owing to oflficial co-operation. The sort of information we desired ns to the great sea- port towns could not be derived from books, nor from any sources accessible to tlie public ; and it was necessary, therefore, to set about exploring others. In this view we drew up a series of queries, embracing an investigation of imports and exports, commercial and ship- ping regulations, port charges, duties, &c., that might be transmitted to any port in any part of the world. There would, however, in many instances, have been much ditliculty in getting them answered with the requisite care and attention by private individuals ; and the scheme would have had but a very partial success, had it not been for the friendly and cflt^ctual interference of Mr. Poulett Thomson. Alive to the importance of having the queries properly answered, he voluntarily undertook to use his influence with Lord Palincr- Bton to get them transmitted to the Consuls, This the Noble Lord most readily did ; and answers have been received from the greater number of these functionaries. There is, of course, a considerable inequality amongst them ; but they almost all embody n great deal of valuable information, and some of them are drawn up with a degree of sliill and sagacity, and display an extent of research and a capacity of observation, that reflect tite highest credit on their authors. The information thus obtained, added to what we received through other, but not less authentic channels, supplied us with the means of describing twice the number of foreign sea-ports noticed in our former edition ; and of enlarging, amending, and correcting tho accounts of such as were noticed. Besides much fuller details than have ever been previ- ously published of the nature and extent of the trade of many of these places, the reader will, in most instances, find a minute account of the regulations to be observed respecting the entry and clearing of ships and goods, with statements of the different public charges laid on shipping, the rates of commi^ion and brokerage, the duties on the principal goods imported and exported, the prices of provisions, the regulations as to quarantine, the practice as to credit, banking, &c., with a variety of other particulars. We have also described the ports ; and have specified their depth of water, the course to be steered by vessels on entering, with the rules as to pilotage,, and the fees on accounts of pilots, light-houses, &c. As it is very difRcult to convey a sufTiciently distinct idea of a sea-port by any description, we have given plans, taken from the latest and best authorities, of about a dozen of the principal foreign ports. Whether we have succeeded, is more than we can venture (o say ; but -ve hope we have said enough to satisfy the reader, that we have spared no pains to furni: much to the extreme difficulty, or rather, perhaps, the impossibility, of obtaining accurate information respecting some of the subjects treated of, as to the want of care and attention on our part. Even as regards many important topics connected with the commerce and manufactures of Great Britain, we have had to regret the want of authentic details, and been obliged to grope our way in the dark. Nothing, indeed, can exceed the accuracy and luminous arrangement of the customs accounts furnidied by the Inspector General of Imports and Exports. But, owing to the want of any details aa to the cross-channel trade between Great Britain and Ireland, the value of these accounts is much diminished. Ths condition and habits of the people of Ireland and of Great Britain are so very different, that conclusions deduced from considering the trade or consumption of the United Kingdom en maase, are generally of very little value ; and may, indeed, unless carefully sifted, be the most fallacious imaginable ; while, owing to the want of any account of the trade between the two great divisions of the empire, it is not possible accurately to estimate the consump- tion of either, or to obtain any sure means of judging of their respective progress in wealth and industry. As respects manufactures, there is a still greater deficiency of trustworthy, comprehensive details. We submitted the articles relating to them in this work, to the highest practical authorities ; so that we incUne to think they are about as accurate as th^y can well be rendered in the absence of official returns. It is far, however, from creditable to the country, that we should be obliged, in matters of such importance, to resort to private and irresponsible individuals for the means of coming at the truth. Statistical science in Great Britain is, indeed, at a very low ebb : and we are not of the number of those who suppose that it will ever be materially improved, unless government become more sensible, than it has hitherto shown itself to be, of its importance, and set machinery in motion, adequate to procuie correct and comprehensive returns. The statistical Tables published by the Board of Trade embrace the substance of hun- dreds of accounts, scattered over a vast mass of Pariiamentaty papers. They seem to be compiled with great care and judgment, and are a very valuable acquisition. We have fre- quently been largely indebted to them. But their arrangement, and their constantly in- creasing number and bulk, make them quite unfit for being readily or advantageously consulted by practical men. Most part of the returns relating to the principal articles given in this work, go back to a much more distant period than tliose published by the Board of Trade. We have seen no reason to modify or alter any PRTirciPi.x of commbroiai policy ad- vanced in our former edition. In some instances, we have varied the exposition a little, but that is alL In every case, however, we have separated the practical, legal, and historical statements from those of a speculative nature ; so that those most disposed to dissent from our theoretical notions will, we hope, be ready to admit that they have not been allowed to detract from the practical utility of the work. • • • The important service done to us, or rather to the public, by Mr. Poulett Thomson, in the obtaining of the Consular Returns, is a part only of what we owe to that gentleman. We never applied to him for any sort of information which it was in his power to supply, that he did not forthwith place at our free disposal. That system of commercial policy, of which the Right Honourable gentleman is the enlightened and eloquent defender, has nothing to fear from publicity. On the contrary, the better informed the public become, the more fully the real facts and circumstances relating to it are brought before them, the more will they be satisfied of the soundness of the measures advocated by Mr. Thomson, and of their being eminently well fitted to promote and consolidate the commercial greatness and prosperity of the empire. It is proper, also, to state, that besidea the Board of Trade, all the other departments of government to which we had occasion to apply, discovered every anxiety to be of use to us. We have been particularly indebted to Mr. Spring Rice; Sir Henry Pamell; Mr. Wood, Chairman of the Board of Stamps and Taxes ; Mr. ViUiers, Ambassador at Madrid * and Mr. Mayer, of the Colonial Office. m ''I !■ i I ' t ft 1 < • I!! ..'4;V(» -4*is»«i ««•«! 'f - ; ■'^•-■^ ■••: ■': ADVERTISEMENT TO THB LAST ENGLISH EDITION. Iv thia edition all the more important retama and accounta aa to the Tbahs, Natisa TioK, and CosacxPTioir of Great Britain and other countries, have been brought down to the lateat peiiod. In aome inatancea, too, the form of the returns has been changed, and naw ones, drawn up on a mora comprehensive plan, and embracing various additional parti- culars, have been aubstituted for those previously embodied in the work. In illustration of this, the reader is referred to the tables now given under the article Imposts and Expobts ; they will, it is believed, be found to contair, within a brief space, the completest view hitherto laid before the public of the recent trade of the empire. A few articles have also been rewritten, among which may be apecified those on LisKTHotrsEs, Bombay, Malta, Stdicst, &c The SoppLixBiTT given with thia edition has been greatly enlarged, and, it is hoped, materially improved. It contains aa much matter as would fill, if printed with types of medium size, a large octavo volume, and eoribraces a good deal of important information not elsewhere to be met with. Neither labour nor expense has been spared to render it in- atructive and trustworthy. It embodies the principal part of the Supplement bsued in De- cember, 1836, and has, among others, articles on the following subjects; viz. Austrian Tabifp, and Comxbbciai. Tbbatt with Aobtbia ; Joint-Stock Banks, embracing a complete list of these establishments, with an examination of the principles on which they should be founded ; Nbw Customs Act for Bbnoal; New Coinaob of America and India ; State of the British Cotton Manupacturb from 1816 to 1838, both inclusive; Tables showing the extent of the Forbion Tradb of the Country during each of the ten years ending with 1838, with remarks; Trade with Prussia, Prussian Commbrcial Lbasue and Taripp- Raiiwats and Railway Lbsislation; Classification of Ships ; State of the Sugar Trade ; Alterations in the British and Russian Tariffs ; Cokmercial Treaty with Turkey ; with notices of Citita Vbcohia, Galacz, Guat- AauiL, Port Lamar, Montevideo, Moulmbin, Rostock, Ae. The author has been able to avail himself, in preparing this edition, of some very valuable communications. In this respect, he is under especial obligations to the govern- ment of Prussia. With a liberality of which there are a few (if any) examples, it has not merely taken pains to supply him with ample and authentic details aa to the Commerce, Population, Finances, &c, of that flourishing kingdom, but has authorised him to make any use he pleased of the information so communicated, without stipulation or condition of any kind. We have also been indebted to various private and official gentlemen, at home and abroad, for many useful hints and valuable statements. Mr. Porter, of the Board of Trade, allowed us the use of several unpublished returns belonging to his department ; Mr. Wood, Chair- man of the Board of Excise, and Mr. Mayer, of the Colonial Office, gave us every assist- ance in their power ; the intervention of Mr. Hall, late vice-consul for the repub'iic of Uruguay, at Liverpool, and of Mr. Kreeft, consul for Mecklenburg, has enabled us to furnish the commercial world with accurate details as to the ports of Montevideo, Rostock, &,c, ; and gentlemen resident in Bombay, Calcutta, Malta, Singapore, &c., have supplied im- portant information. We are sorry that our limits will not permit of our specifying the different parties to whom we have been indebted ; but we beg them to accept our best thanks for their attentions. We are most anxious to have the means of correcting the erron into which we may have fallen, and of rendering our book as accurate as possible. This, however, can only bo effected by gentlemen opprising us of the changes that are con- stantly taking place in the regulations under whicli commerce is conducted, and in thd channels in which it is carried on. This information, so important to the mercantile world might, sometimes, be communicated without much trouble, and will always be most grate fiilly received by ua. ■ »tt' - ;r>^::i DICTIONARY ■elves to the utmost to save as much property as possible : and to enable them to do this without prejudice to thr right of abandonment, our policies provide that, " in case of any loss or xaur Vol. I.— A I ABATEMENT. m ^ n i !i fortune, the insured, their factors, servants, and assigns, shall be nt lil)crty to sue and labour about the defence, safeguard, and recovery of the goods, and merchandises, and ship, Ac, without prejudice to the insurance; to thwcharges whereof the insurers agpree to contribute, each according to the rate and quantity of his sabscription." " From the nature of his situation, says Mr. Serjeant Marshall, " the captain has an im- plied authority, not only from the insured, but also from the insurers and all others interested in the ship or cargo, in case of misfortune, to do whatever he thinks most conducive to the general interest of all concerned ; and they are all bound by his acts. Therefore, if the ship be disabled by stress of weather, or any ouer peril of the sea, the captain may hire another vessel for the transport of the goods to their port of destination, if he think it for tht interest of ail concerned that he shovld'do so : or he may, upon a capture, appeal againrt a aentcnee of condemnation, or carry on an) ther proceedings for the recovery of the ship and cargo, provided he has a probable grouuJ for doing so; or he may, upon the loss of the ship, invest the produce of the goods saved in other goods, which he may ship for his original port of destination ; for whatever is recovered of the effects insured, the captain is accountable to the insurers. If the insured neglect to abandon when he has it in his power to do so, he adopts the acts of the captain, and he is bound by them. If, on the other hand, the insurers, aflcr notice of abandonment, suffer the captain to continue in the management, he becomes their agent, and they are bound by his acts." As to the sailors, when a misfortune happens, they are bound to save and preserve the merchandise to the best of their power ; and while they are so employed, they are entitled to wages, so far, at least, as what is saved will allow : but if they refuse to assist in this, they shall have neither wages nor reward. In this the Rhodian law, and the laws of Oleron, Wisby, and the Hanse Towna, agree. The policy of the practice of atiandonment seems very questionable. The object of an insurance is to render the insurer liable for whatever loss or damage may be incurred. But this object does not seem to be promoted by compelling him to pay as for a total loss, when, in fact, the loss is only partial. The captain and crew of the ship are selected by the owners^ aiv their servants, and are responsible to them for their proceedings. But in the event of a ship being stranded, and so damaged that the owners are entitled to abandon, the captain and crew become the servants of the underwriters, who had nothing to do with their ap- pointment, and to whom they are most probably altogether unknown. It is admitted that a regulation of this sort can hardly fail of leading, and has indeed frequently led, to very great abuses. We, therefore, are inclined to think that abandonment ought not to be allowed where any property is known to exist ; but that such property should continue at the dis- posal of the owners and their agenta, and that the underwriters should be liable only for the damage really incurred. The first case that came before the British courts with respect to an abandorunent was decided by Lord Hardwicke, in 1744. Mr. Justice Buller appears to have concurred in the opinion now staled, that abandonment should not have been allowed incases where the loss is not totaL For further information as to this subject, see the excellent works of Mr. Serjeant Marshall (book i. cap. 13) ; and of Mr. Justice Park (cap. 9) on the Law of Insurance. [ The law of abandonment has been pronounced by Lord Eldon to be one of the most uncertain branches of the law; and Mr. Benecke, in his work on Indemnity, expresses the opinion — an opinion sanctioned by Chancellor Kent — that little reliance is to be put on any general principles in determining what that law is in a particular case, but that recourse must be had, for this purpose, to actual decisions. See Kent's CommentarieM, Lecture 48. —Am. Ed.] ABATEMENT, or Rxbatb, is the name sometimes given to a discount allowed for prompt payment ; it is also used to express the deduction that is sometimes made at the customhouse from the duties chargeable upon such goods as are damag^. This allowance is regulated by the 6 Gea 4 c. 107. § 88. No abatement is made from the duties charged on coffee, currants, figs, lemons, oranges, raisins, tobacco, and wine. ( No abatement is to be made, on account of damage on the voyage, from the duties pay- able on the following drugs, viz : cantharides, cocculus Indicus, Guinea grains, ipecacuanha, jalap, nux vomica, opium, rhubarb, sarsaparilla, and senna. — 4 & 5 WilL 4. c. 89, § S.— Sup.) [ In the United SUttes, in respect to all articles imported, that have been damaged during the voyage, whether subject to a duty ad valorem, or which are chargeable with a specific duty, either by number, weight or measure, the appraineri (appointed for the purpose) shall as- certain and certify to what rate or per centage the said goods, wares, or merchandise, are damaged, and the rate or per centage of damage, so ascertained and certified, shall be deducted from the original amount subject to a duty ad valorem, or from the actual or original number, weight, or measure, on which specific duties would have been computed : Provided iha.t no al- lowance for the damage on any goods, wares, and merchandise, that have been entered, and on wliich the duties have been paid, or secured to be paid, and for which a permit has been granltxl to the owner or consignee thereof^ and which may, on examiuing the some, prove to ACACIA— ACIDS. i tw damaged, ahall be made, unleaa proof, to ascertain roch damage, ahall be lodged in the eaatomhouae of the port or place where such goods, wares, or merchandise, have been landed, within ten days after the landing of such merchandise. And everj person who shall be ap- pointed to ascertain the damage, during the voyage, of any goods, wares, or merchandifie, shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation for the faithful performance of the duties assigned him. See Act 2d March, 1709, " to regulate the collection id duties on imports and tonnage," sec. 52, where the form of the oath or affirmation juat mentioned may be found. The mode of appraisement is pointed out in the act of March 1st, 1828, supplementary to that of March Sd, 1799.— itm. Ed.] ACACIA. Bee Gdk Ababic. ACAPULCO, a celebrated seaport on the western coast of Mexico, in lat 16° 60^' N., long. 99° 46^ W. Population uncertain, but said to be fh>m 4,000 to 5,000. The harbour of Acapulco is one of the finest in the world, ami is capable oi containing any number of ships in the moat perfect safety. Previously to the emancipation of Spanirii America, a galleon or large ship, richly laden, was annually sent from Acapulco to Manilla, in the Philippine Islands : and at her return a fair was held, which was much resorted to by strangers. But this sort of intercourse is no longer carried on, the trade to Manilla and all other places being now conducted by private individuals. The exports consist of bullion, cochineal, cocoa, wool, indigo, &c. The imports principally consist of cotton goods, hardware, articles of jewellery, raw and wrought silks, spices, and aromatics. Acapulco is extremely unhealthy ; and though it be the principal port on the west coast of Mexico, its commerce is not very considerate. The navigation from Acapulco to Guayaquil and Callao is exceedingly tedious and difficult, so that there is but little intercourse beUveen Mexico and Peru. The moneys, weights, and measures, are the same as those of Spain ; for which see Cadiz. [Ruschenberger, who visited Acapulco in 1836, states its population to be about 3000 ; and this he asserts to be greater than it ever was previous to the separation of Mexico from Spnin. — Am. Ed.] ACIDS are a class of compounds which are distinguished from all others by the following properties. They are generally possessed of a very sharp and sour taste ; redden the infu- siiins of blue vegetable colours ; ar» oflen highly corrosive, and enter into combination with the alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides ; forming compounds in which the characters of the constituents are entirely destroyed, and new ones produced diflfering in every respect from those previously existing. The quality or strength of an acid is g^enerally ascertained, either by its specific gravity, which is found by means of the hydrometer, if the acid be liquid, or by the quantity of pure and dry subcarbonate of potass or soda, or of carbonate of lime (marble) which a given weight of the acid requires for its exact neutralization. This latter process is tenne<1 Acidimetry, or the ascertaining the quantity of recU acid existing in any of the liquid or crystallized acids. The principal apids at present known are, the Acetic, Benzoic, Boracic, Bromic, Carbonic, Citric, Chloric, Cyanic, Fluoric, Ferroprussic, Gallic, Hydrobromic, Hydriodic, Iodic, Lactic, Malic, Margaric, Meconic, Muriatic or Hydrochloric, Nitrous, Nitric, Oleic, Oxalic, Phospo- ric, Pruseic or Hydrocyanic, Purpuric, Saccholactic, Sulwric, Sulphurous, Sulphuric, Tartaric, Uric, and many others which it would be superfluous to detail. It is the most important only of these, however, tiiat will be here treated of, and more particularly those employed in the arts and manufactures. Aettie or pyroligniovf ncid. — This acid, in its pure and concentrate:! form. Is obtained frnm tlie fluid mntter which passes ovi r in distillation, when wood is exposed to heat in close iron cylinders. This fluid is a mixture of acetic acid, tar, and a very volatile ether ; from these the acid may be separuted, after a second distillation, by saturating with chalk, and evaporatinit to dryness ; an acetate of lime is thus procured, which, by mixture with sulphate of soda, (Glauber's salt,) is decomposed, the re- (ultiMft compounds being an insoluble sulphate of lime, ond a veryanluble acetate of soda ; tliesc aro easily separated from each other by solution in water and filtration ; the acetate of soda being ob- tained in the crystalline form by evaporation. From this, or the acetate of lime, some manufacturers employing the former, others the latter, the acetic acid is obtained by distillation with sulphuric acid ; (oil of vitriol ;) as thus procured, it is a colourless, volatile fluid, having a very pungent and refresh- ing odour, and a strong acid taste. Its strength should be ascertained by tho quantity of marble re- quired for its neutralization, as its specific gravity does not give a correct indication. It is employed in the preparation of the acetate of lead (sugar of lead) in many of the pharmaceutical compounds, and also as an antiseptic. Vinegar is an impure and very dilute acetic acid, obtained by exposing either weak wines or in- fusions of malt to the air and a slow fermentation; it contains, besides the pure acid, a large quantity of colouring matter, some mucilage, and a little spirit ; tiom these it is readily separated by distilla- tion. The impurities with which this distilled vinegar is sometimes adulterated, or with which it is accidentally contaminated, are oil of vitriol, added to increase the acidity, and oxides of tin or copper, arising from the vinegar having been distilled through tin or copper worms. These may be easily detected : the oil of vitriol by the addition of a little solution of muriate of barytes to the distilled vinegar, which, should the acid be present, will cause a dense white precipitate ; and the oxides of tin or copper by the addition of water impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen. Vinegar is employed in many culinary and domestic operations, and also very largely in the manufooture of the carbonate of lead, (white lead.) Benioie acid— exists naturally, formed in the gum bensoin, and may be procured either, by sub. mitting the bensoin in fine powder to repeated subUnrntions, or by digesting it with lime and water. toi:^v .fk.l '• i'a: !!'il ■ii!^ i( i Ml ACIDS. A Mralningofrihe clear inlution, and adding muriatic acid, which entera into comblnnlinn withlht lime, and the benanie acid, being nearly itiioliilile In water, flilli ai a white powder i Ihia maybe flirther purified by a iiibllmation. Benaolc acid If of a heautlftil pearlv white robiur when piiri!, bna n very peculiar aromatic odour, and an acrid, acid, and bitter taite ; it la uied in maklnR pniitillea nnd iierfiiined incenae. Thla add alau occura in the balaama of Tolu and Peru, and in the iirinu of the iinrao and cnw. Bonicie acid— in (bund In an tineombined atate in many of tlie hot aprlnga of Tuicony, aa alao at 8e«eo in the Florentine territory, flrom whence it baa received the name of Heiaolln. In Tliihet, Per- aia, nnd South America, it occura In combination with aoda, and la imported fVom the former pliire into ihia country in It cryatalline form, under the name of Tincal. Theie cryatBli are crated with a rancid, fatty aufialnncc, and require to be purified by repeated aolutioni and cryotallixntionB; afker which it la lold under the appellation of borax |(bl-bor8te of aoda;) from a hot aolution of thla aalt the liiirni:ir. ncld ia readily obtained, by the addition of aulphuric acid In alight exceia ; aulphate of aoda ii fnrniRil, nnd the borncic acid cryitallicea aa the aolution coola. When pure, theie cryatnla are white, nnd have an unctuoue greasy reel; they are aolubie In alcohol, communicating a green tinge to Iti flame ; when ftiaed it fbrma a tranapareni glaaa, and haa been found by Mr. Faraday to unite with the oxide of lead, producing a very uniform glaaa, flree from all defects, and well adapted for the purpose of telescopes and other astronomical instruments. Borax ia much employed In the nrta, partkuiurly in metallnrgic operatlona aa a flux t alao in enamelling, and in pharmacy. Carhonie acU.— Thla acid occura very abundantly in nature, combined with lime, magnesia, barytcs, aerial acid, fixed air, mephltlc acid; fk'om any of these it Is easily tcparntod by the addition of nenrly any of the other ncids. In its unrombined form, it is a transparent, gaseous fluid, huving n density of rS3, atmospheric air being unity ; It is absorbed to a ronaiderable extent by water, nnd when the water is rendered slightly alkaline by the addition of carbonate of soda, and a lar|;e qunntity of fins fdi'ced into it by pressure, it forms the well-known relYeshing beverage, soda water. Tliis uns ia also formed in very large quantities during combustion, respiration, and f^rnientntion. Carlionic arid gas i« destructive of animal life nnd combustion, and from ita great weight nccumuiates in the hotlnnis of deep wells, cellars, caves, tec, which have been closed for a long period, nnd numerous f\ttal accidents arise frequently to persons entering such placea Incautiously ; the iirci-autiun should al uys lie taken of introducing n liehted candle prior to the descent or entrance of any one ; for should the candle be extinguished, it would bo dangerous to enter until properly ventilated. The combinations of carbonic acid with the alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides are termed carbonates. Citric arid — exiuta in a free Htate, in the juice of the lemon, lime, and other fruits, combined how- ever with mucilage, nnd sometimes a little sugar, which renders it, if required to be preserved for a long period, very liable to ferment ; on this account, the crystallized citric acid is to he preferred. It is prepared by saturating the lemon Juice with chalk ; the citric acid couibines with the lime, forming nn insoliihle compound, while the carbonic acid is liberated ; the insoluble citrate, af\cr being well washed, in to be acted upim by dilute sulphuric acid, which forms sulphate of liniu, and the citric acid enter!) into solution in the water; by filtration and evaporation the citric acid is obtained incolonrli'ss traiwparent cryvtalH. The chief uses to which it is applied are as n preventive of sea scurvy, and in making refreshing acidulous or effervescing drinks ; for whicli latter purpose it is peculiarly filled from hs very pleasant flavour. Fluorie and — is found in the well-known mineral flunr spnr in combination with lime ; from which it is procured in the liquid form, by distillation with dilute sulphuric acid in a leaden or silver retort; the receiver should be of the same material as the retort, nnd kept cool by ice or snow. This acid is gaseous In its pure form, highly corrosive, and intensely acid ; it is rapidly absorbed by water, cnmmunicnting its properties to tbat fluid. Its chief use is for etching on glass, whicli it cor- rodes with great rapidity. For this puriiose a thin coating of wax is to be melted on the surface of tlie glass, and the sketch drawn by a fine hard-pointed Instrument through the wax ; the liquid acid is then poured on it, and after a short time, on the removal of the acid nnd coating, an etching will be found in the substance of the glass. A very excellent application of this properly, possessed by fluorie ncid, is in the roughing the shadea for table lamps. All the metals, except silver, lead, and plaliiia, are acted upon by this acid. Oallie arid.— The source from which this acid is generally obtained is the nut fall, a hard protube- rance produced on the oak by the puncture of insects. The most simple method of procuring the acid in its pure form, is to submit the galls in fine powder to sublimation in a retort, taking care timt the heat he applied slowly and with cnutlon; the other processes require a very long period for their completion. When pure, gallic acid has a white and silky appenrnnce, nnd a highly astringent and slightlv ncid taste. The nut galls, which owe their properties to the gallic acid they contain, are em- ployed very extensively in the arts, for dyeing and staining silks, cloths, and woods of n black colour; this is owing to its forming with the oxide of iron an intense black precipitate. Writing ink is made on tlie same principle ; a very excellent receipt of tlie late Dr. Black's is, to take 3 oz. of the best Aleppo ealls in fine powder, 1 oz. sulphate of iron, (green vitriol,) I oz. logwood finely rasped, 1 oz. gum arable, one pint of the best vinegar, one pint of soft water, and 8 or 10 cloves ; in this case the black precipitate is kept suspended by the gum. //ift/rtni/ic arid,— a compound of iodineandhydrogen, in its separate form is of very little Importance In the arts ; its combinations with potass, aoda, and other of the metallic oxides, will be treated of hereafter. Malic acid— exists in the Juices of many fhiits, particularly the apple, aa also in the berries of the service and mountain ash. Meeonie acid — is found in opium, in combination with morphia, forming the meconate of morphia, on which the action of opium principally depends. Muriatic arid, or npiriti »/«a{r*.— This acid (the hydrochloric of the French chemists) is manufactured from the chloride of sodium (dry sea salt) by the nction of sulphuric acid, (oil of vitriol.) The most economical proportions are 20 pounds of fused salt, and SO pounds of oil of vitriol previously mixed with an equal weight of water ; these are placed in an iron or earthen pot, to which an earthen head and receiver are adapted, and submitted to distillation ; the muriatic acid passes over in the vaprrous form, and may be easily condensed. The liquid acid thus obtained should have a specific gravity of ri7, wnter being equal to 100; It has a strong acid taste, and a slight yellow colour ; this is owing lo a small quantity of oxide of iron. By redistillation in a glass retort at n low temperature, it may be obtained perfectly pure and colourless. It sometimes contains a little sulphuric acid ; this is detected by a solution of muriate of barytes. Muriatic acid, in ita uncombiiied state, is an invisiihlo elastic gas, having a very strong atlinity for wnter ; thnt fluid absorbing, at a temperature of 40° Fnlirenheit, 4N) times its volume, and the resulting liquid acid has a density of 121. So great is this attrai:tin'» DlKpetnatory.) The root, which is used in medicine, was formerly imported from the Levant, but it is now obtained of an equally good quality from Norfolk. ACRE, a measure of land. The Imperial or standard English acre contains 4 roods, each rood 40 poles or perches, each pole S72^ square feet; and conseuuently each acre— 43,660 square feet Previotisly to the introduction of the new system of weights and measures by the act 5 Geo. IV. cap. 74, the acres in use in different parts of England varied considerably from each other and from the standard acre ; but these customary measures are now abolish- ed. The Scotch acre contains four roods, each rood 40 falls, and each fail 36 elU ; the ell being equal to 37-06 Imperial inches. Hence the Imperial is to the Scotch acre nearly as 1 to l|, one Scotch acre being equal to 1-261 Imperial acres. The Irish acre is equal to 1 acre S roods and 10A\poIea; 30^ Irish being equal to 49 Imperial acres. [The standard English acre is the acre in use in the United States, — Am. Ed.] ADAMANTINE SPAR (Hind. Corundum), a stone so called from its hardness, found in India, Ava, China, &c., crystallized, or in a mass. It is ascertained to be a speciei) of sap- phire. The Indian variety is the best Colour grey, with shades of green and light brown ; fracture foliated and sparry, sometimes vitreous. It is brittle, and so hard as to cut rock crystal and most of the gems. Specific gravity from :)'71 to 4-18. The Chinese variety differs f'jia the Indian in containing grains of magnetic iron ore dissrminated through it, in being gene- rally of a darker colour, and having externally a chatoyant lustre ; its specific gravity is greater, and its hardness somewhat inferior. It is employed to polish gems. ADJUSTMENT, in commercial navigation, the settlement of a loss incurred by the insured. In the case of a total loss, if the policy be an ttpm one, the insurer is obliged to pay the goods according to their ;7ri me toBt, that is, the invoice price, and all duties and expenses in- curred till they are put on board, including the premium of insiurance. Whether they might have arrived at a good or a bad market, b held by the law of England to be immaterial. The insurer is supposed to have insured a constant and not a variable sum ; and in the event of a loss occurring, the insured b merely to be put into the same situation in which he stood be- fore the transaction began. If the policy bie a valued one, the practice is to adopt the valua- tion fixed in it in case of a total loss, unless the insurers can show that the insured had a colourable interest only, or that the goods were greatly overvalued. In the case of all partial losses, the value of the goods must be proved. *' The nature of the contract between the insured and insurer is," says Mr. Justice Park, " that the goods shall come safe to the port of delivery ; or, if they do not, that the insurer will indemnify the owner to the amount of the value of the goods stated in the policy. Wher- ever then the property instured is lessened in value by damage received at sea, justice is done by putting the merchant in the same condition (relation being had to the prime cost or value in the policy) in which he would have been had the goods arrived free from damage ; that is, by paying him such proportion of the prime cost or value in the policy as corresponds with the proportion of the diminution in value occasioned by the damage. The question then is, how is the proportion of the damage to be ascertained ? It certainly cannot be by any measure taken from the prime cost ; but it may be done in this way : — Where any thing, as a hogshead of sugar, happens to be spoiled, if you can fix whether it be a third, a fourth, or a fiiVh worse, than the damage is ascertained to a mathematical certainty. How is tliis to be found out 1 Not by any price at the port of shipment, but it must be at the port of delivery, when the voyage b completed and the whole damage known. Whether the price at the lat- jex be high or low, it is the same thing ; for in either case it equally shows whether the damaged goods are a third, a fourth, or a fifth worse than if they had come sound ; conse- quently, whether the injury sustained be a third, fourth, or fifth of the value of the thing. ADMEASUREMENT— ADMIRALTY COURTS. And M the inaurer payi the whale prime coDt if the thing be wholly lout, ao if it be only a thiril, fourth, or fifth worse, he |iityt • third, fourth, or fifth, not of the value for which it it lold, but of the value ttuled in the poliry. And when no valuation ia itateJ in the policy, the invoice of the covt, with the addition of all charge, and the premium of insurance, shull be the foundation upon which the Ions shall be computed." Thus, su[ipose a policy to be eflectcd on goods, the prime coat of which, all ex{>cnse« in< eluded, amountjt to 1,000/.; and suppone further, that these gotxls would, had thty safely renrhed the port of delivery, have brought 1,200/., but that, owing to damage they have met with in the voyage, they only fetch 800/. ; in this case it is plain, inanmuch as goods that would otherwise have b>r«n worth 1,200/. are only worth 800/.; that they have been dcterior* ated one-third, and hence it follows, conformably to what has been stated above, that the in- surer must pay one-third of their ori'me coit (1,000/.), or 393/. 6.«. 8cen conferred upon them by statute; in the former country by the act of the 28th of Henry VIII. c. 15.; and in the latter by the judiciary act of 1789, and other subsequent acts, explaining or enlarging its provisions. By one of these additional acts (that of 182.')), the jurisdiction in question ia made to comprehend all offences which " shall bie committed on board of any ship or vessel, belonging to any citizen or citizens of the United States, while lying in a port or plac3 within the jurisdiction of any foreign state or sovereign," by any per- son whose offence, if committed on board of such ship or vessel on the high seas would \>e cognizable by the courtii of the United States ; provided, " that if such oflendcr shall bo tried for such offence, and acquitted or convicted thereof, in any competent court of such foreign state or sovereign, he shall not i-: subject to another trial." This act also provides that the admiralty jurisdiction shall extend, or it is perhaps more proper to say that it assumes that such jurisdiction does actually extend, to certain crimes committed " in any arm of the sea, or in any river, haven, creek, basin, or bay " of the United States, out of the jurisdiction of any particular state. In case of prizes in time of war between our own nation and another, or between two other nations, which are taken at sea and brought into our ports, the courts of admiralty have an exclusive jurisdiction to determine the same according to the law of nations. I'he prize jurisdiction extends also to captures made in foreign ports, and to all captures mode on land by any force or armament, should a portion of it partake of a naval character. The court of admiralty in England is held before the lord high admiral, or his deputy, who is called the judge of the court, for the trial of civil causes, which are determined by the judge without the aid of a jury. The proceedings bear much resemblance to those of the civil law, but are not entirely founded thereon ; and the court likewise adopte and makes use of other laws, as occasion requires ; such as the Rhodian laws and the laws of Olcron ; the whole being corrected, altered, and amended, by acts of parliament and common usage, and a body of jurisprudence being thus formed, which owes its authority only to its reception by consent of the crown and people. i| ' 1 r It ' t ,! V > J'j I i ! ■'Ml "I ■li 1 ■! t ADVANCE— AGIO. For tlin trini of pmnns chari^Hl with the roinmisHioii of rrimn«, thrcn or four commiMionert (amonit whom two common law jiul|{i>« are uiunlly a|>)iohite(l) aro added to the admiral or hia di*(intv ; and nn iiwlictmont being Ant found l)y a grand jury of twelve men, tliey aro to be tried liy a [M*tit jury. The procucdinun ihould l>e according to the luwii of the land. Admiralty jurimliftii... in tlie United Htatcs in vented in the federni court*, and i» cxerciaed by them on principica altot^thor analoi^oun to those by which the EiiKliah courti of admiralty are glided. Uy tlie act of 1789, IwfDn; referred to, the trial of all cuuhci shall Ihj by jury, cxceptini; civil cauMw of admiralty or maritimfl juriHdiction. Bee Uldckslime'a Ctimmenla- rie; book 3. c. fi and 7. and book 4. c 19. Altto Kent's Coinmenlaries, Lecture 17. — Am, Ell.] ADVANCE implies money paid before Koods are drliverctl, or upon consif^nment. It is Usual with merchants to advonco from a half to two-thirdii of the value of goods consignttd to them, on being required, on their receiving invoice, bill of lading, orders to insure them from sen rink, &c. ADVERTISEMENT, in its general sense, is any information as to any fact or circum- stance that has occurred, or is expected to occur; but, in a commercial sense, it is under- stood to relate only to specific intimations with respect to the sale of articles, the foriimtion and dissolution of partnrrtihipM, bankruptcies, meetings of creditors, &c. Until liiHt year, a duty of 34, 6(/, was charged upon every advertisement, long or short, inserted in the VtvijaHe, or m any newspaper, or literary work published in parts or nuinbem. This duty addctl about 100 per cent to the cost of advertising, for the charge (exclusive of the duty) for inserting an advertisement of the ordinary length in the newspa|N>rH rarely exi-.\i. Achaaf,- Tr.A'^iite,- It. Af^atii; Rus. Agati Lat. Achate*). A genus of semi-pellucid gems, so called from tho Greek a^t-Tf, becauiie originally found on the banks of the river of thnt name in Italy. It is never wholly opaijuo like jasper, nor transparent as quartz-crystal ; it takes a very high polish, and its opaque parts usually present the appearance of dots, eyes, veins, zones, or band^. Its colours aro yellowish, reddish, bluish, milk-white, honey-orange, or ocrire-ycllow. Ilesh- blood, or brick-red, reddish-brown, violet-blue, ami brownish-green. It is found in irregular rounded nodules, from tho size of a pin's head to more than a foot in diameter. The lapidaries distinguish agates according to the colour of their ground; the finer semi-trans- parent kinds being termt^ oriental. The most beautiful a^iilci found in Great Britain are commonly known by the name of Scotch peb'iku, and arc met with in different parts of Scotland, but principally on the mountain of Cairngarm; whence they are sometimes termed Cairngorms. The German agates are the largest Some very fine ones have been brought from Siberia and Ceylon. They are found in great plenty at tho eastern extremity of the settlement of the Cape of Good Hope; and are still met with in Italy. But the principal mines of agate are situated in the little principality of Rajpepla, in the province of Gujrat, fourteen miles distant from the city of Broach, where they are cut into beads, crosses, snuff-boxes, &c. They are exported in considerable quantities to other parts of India, and to this countr"; and hence, perhaps, the jewellers' term " broach." AGENT. See Fact'ob. AGIO, a term used to express the difference, in point of value, between metallic and paper money; or between one sort of metallic money and another. ALABA8TB Aliihmlritet), founded two mi from each other The former, wh« of receiving a p siisreptible of a ] it is not so hard used in statuary oriental. Spain papal states, is ir Franco and Gerr ALCOHOL ( Splrilii di Vino, and subse(|uent i and from none 1 sharp, pcnetratin whether obtained The specific gra^ 1,000; but tho St shops is about '6 boils at 174°. It in medicine and ALDER, the parts of Europe, attains to a very hence it is mud purposes where i damp; and whe yellow, of differe of tho same coloi Carpentry.) ALE and BEl which is extracte undergone the pr 1. Hislorieai 1 antiquity. Heroi fermented firom bi into Greece and I these countries, the North of Eu of Tacitus (Mori West of Europe water (frtige ma Spain, and other perties are everyi well that it will k gratifying their \ itself intoxicate." atcly fond of beer raents of the hen &c.) The man the laws of Ina, '. for a royal banqui of the Norman pi in 1272, that a bi three or four galh Tho use of hi iivention. Thej fourteenth centur years afterwards, enjoined brewers nttentinn was paii (B'^ckiniinn's Hi. ale more palatalili being kept much a much larger qua ALABASTER—ALE AND DEER. ALABASTER (Ger. Abbatler, It Alabiulro, Fr. AMtret Rua. Ahhruin L%\. Alnhantrite*), A kind of ttone reMmbling marlile, but lonor. Under thia name are con> founded two ininerala, tlie gypuoui and ealeareim* olabnatera ; thny are wholly (iiktincl from each other when pure, but in aome of the varieliei are occaaionally mixed togother. The former, when of a white, or yellowiah, or greeniah colour, aemi-tranapnrcnt, and capable of receiving a polish, ia employed by atatuariea. It ia very easily worke<1, but it ia not fuarcptible of a polish equal to marble. Calcareoua alabaster ia heavier than the former ; it ia not so hard as marble, but ia notwithatandiniK ausccptible of a good poliHh, and is more UM>il in statuary. The statuaries distinguish alabaster into two sorts, the common and orirntul. Spain and Italy yield the best alabaster. That produced at Montania, in tha pnpiil states, is in the highest esteem for ita beautiful whiteness. Inferior sorts are found in Fninoo and Germany. Alabaster is wrought into tables, vases, statues, chimney-pieces, t/,c. AF.COHOL (ahubiit bpiiiit), (Fr. Ei^pril de Vin ; Ger. Wviitgtinl ; It. S/iirilo nrdenle, Spirlto di Vino, Acjuarxente), the name given to the pure tpirit obtainable by distilliition, and Hubse(iuent rectification, from all liquors that have undergone the vinous fermentation, and from none but such as are susceptible of it It is light transparent colourless, of a sharp, penetrating, agreeable amell, and a warm stimulating tasU). It is quite the same, whether obtained from brandy, wine, whiskey, or any other fluid which has been fermented. The specific gravity of alcohol when perfectly pure is from -YQS to -800, that of water being 1,000; but the strongest spirit afforded by more distillation is abi^reeable bitter taste, while, at the same time, it fits it for being kept much longer without injury. Generally speaking, »he English brewers employ a much larger quantity of hops than the Scotch. The latter are in the hal it of ubmg, ia brew '•'.;!• M: r ; A 111**!!) f f, 11 V ! I 10 MiHf ^LE AND BEER. •"• "' inir tlio fine Edinburgh ale, t'rora • pound to • pound snd > b«lf of hopi fur every builifl of Utah. 9. D'mtinttion httwttn Alt and Rttr, or Purler,r—TM» dbtinetion Hm bc«n My eluci* (Utad by Dr. Thomu Thumaon, in hi* Taluabl* artiula on Brewing, in Uie Ouppletnciil to lh« E icyrlo|NB)lia Uritannira :— " Both ala and bear ara in Great Britain obtaininl by fer- mrntotiim from the malt of barley ; but th«y dlfler IVom each other in aevpral (tarticulara. Ale iif lii{ht-4-olourfd, brisk, and aweetiah. or at Ivoat firaa from billliiuri>d, bitter, and much leva hri«k. What ia called porler in KnKland i* a »\)tvW» of br«r iirbwar »hall receive nr liiive In his noisnMiiin, nr makii, or use, nr mix willi, nr |>iil iiilci iiny wortH or lioi-r, iiiiy liiiuor, extract, ciilx, or otliur iiiiitnriul or |)ri)|)iiriitioii I'or till* piir|io«f ol'durkmliii llm ciiloiir of «vortii or beert nr any lli\iior, extriicl, calx, or oiIht niate- rliil nr prii|iarulon oihor tliun brown malt, crnunil or nngroiinit, an commonly iidhiI in hrewlnxi ur shnll roci'ivi', or hiivi> In hli pnisamlon, or u«h, or mix with, or put into uny worts nr bet^r, any nio- IntSHi, lionny. lli|iiorice, vUrlol, quaom. em-culus iiidicuR. Kriilna of piiruillsi!, (iiilnni pnppcr, or opium, or nny I'Mriirt or prii|mr:itlon of nioliminii, lionuy, lli|iiorii'«, vllrlnl, qiiiiHulH, rnccuhis imliriii, grains of pariiiliHH, nitlnitii pi'ppcr, or nplnm, or any artirU or preparntion uliiitiotoer fur or lu n tubiiilule fur mall or hupt, upon |iulu tltnt nil suvh liquor, extrnct, cnix, nuilimes, hiniey, vltrlul, qunsalu, roiculus inilli'ui4, !ir:iinii of p.iruilUu, (•iiiiiHit P'MM*''', o|iliun, extrnct urliilu, nnil prcpurutlon us nforc^mild, nnil alsio tliH »nM «voriri iiiiil liecr, ohiill bu forfi'ltiMl, toxethi-r wltli the caska, v«Kai!tn, nr othi^r pnrkitircs, ami innv Iih «i-I>'.iiiI Iiv nnyoincnrnf i-xcis »n llivysed, or to nny nthnr p'-mon for, nr nn ncrimnt of, nr In trust (ur, or for the ui*e nf such brewiir, dcnli^r, or retailer, any colunrin;, I'roni whJitevur muteriul made, or any other inaturial nr prep'iration oihisr Ihun ungrouni braipn null, for the purpose of darkening the rnloiir of worls or hi!i>r ; or nny liquor or prepurntion heretoforn ur hereafier ninde use nf for durkenlnj; tlie cnlnnr nf worts or liecr, or any moloafiuK nr other art It'led, ns mentioned In the Arst section, for or asn ■uhatilute fnr mall or hopa reiipectiviily ; and If any (lriii;i;lHt, or vender of nr doiiler in druxx, or any choinim, or nther prrann wliatflver, shtill so do, nil such liquor cnlli-d colouring, and amierlul nr preparation fur the purpiiflii nfiiri'snid, and liquor and preparntinn used for darkening the ctdnnr nf worts or beer, ino> In^iHes, and nrticle nr preparntlim to be used an a sniMtltiita fhr mitll or liop*, shall be forfeited, nnd may he iiei'/.eil bv any olllcer of excise ; and the drugcist, vender, dealer, cliomlst, or othui person so unend- ing, slinll forfi'it MK)/." Ry the net I Will. 4. e. M, (hr the repeal of the nie nnd beer duties. It Is enacted ()I"), " that no brewer shnll have In his brewery, nr In any part of Ills entered premises, or in any mill connected with such browery, any raw or unm»ltrid corn ur grain t nnd ull unuiultud corn or grain which shnll be found in suili brewing prcmiiiefi or mill, and nil malted corn nr grain with which such uninaltcd rnrn nr grain may have hnen mixed, ahnll be forfeited, and may he seized by any officer, tngether with all veHaelH or pricknirxa in wliich aurh raw or unnialled corn or grain ahali he contained, ur in which aiictl iinninlted corn or grain, and the malted corn nr grain with which the same may have been mixed, shall be contained ; and every brewer shall for every auch offence Airfeit 200{." 4. DfKcrlplioni of Ale and Be.er, — Previously to 1823, there were only two sort* of beer allowed to be brewed in England, viz. strong beer, that is, beer of the value of 1&>. and up- wards the barrel, exclusive of the duty ; and small beer, or beer of the value of loss than 16x. a barrel, exclusive of the duty. In 1823, however, an act was passed (4 Geo. 4. c. 61,) authorizing the brewing, under certain conditions, of an intermediate beer. But this sort of beer was either not suited to the public taste, or, which is more probable, the restrictions aid on the brewers deterred them from engaging extensively in it* manufacture. This limitation and classification of the dUTerent aorts of ale and beer, according to their strength, originati •d, ale and laration oftho lieer. A brewer uaing any place or miwh-tun, for the |iur|>(iM! of lir«'wiiii{, without hnving nmde an miry thereof at the neareat exciite oflice, 1<)rft>itii fur every miuIi uH'i mo 300/. ; anil all the worta, beer, and materiala for making the aame, t0K«>iher with the inaHli- tun, are forffited, and may Iw aeized hy any officer. Drewera tibatrueting otAcera ahull, lor evury aiich olR'ncc, forfeit lO"/.— (1 Will. ■< c ftl. S S !», 160 0. lAeeiise IMitt. — Number of Brnotn, — The liccnae dtitlee payable by bnwera of nl« and licer, under the ai ' Geo. 4. O I yeara 18UU and Wi'i m m followa :- and the nuinbera of auch lieenaea granted durini^ the Niimlii-ro ri.li'iinii'ii fli(r(» rharged fur l.lcriii»i'«. rrnii(tid. 1 IKto. 1839. £ : d. Cnmmnn brewer* nf itrong iMcr, not oicRPdlni 90 barrela n 10 « 9.SM S.flOS ExcKtiitliig 90 and not niceedinr M harrela - 1 4.H7I ((."(f — sn — imi — . . 1 10 fi,(IM7 U,l«9 — UK) — l,()0() — . . 3 U 11, .Ills 10,^«* — I.IWIO — S,000 — S 9!i7 nio — 9,{KI0 — 8,(100 — . - 7 10 9IU 4HH — A.tNNI — 7, MM — . . 11 5 0.1 191 — 7,5(10 — l(»,(MIO — . . 15 (t 91 71 — 1i> iipi ribud to the alinllliiiiiortlii- beer diitii.'i In 1H30. The liicnmiiH alncn Ih39 hiiH not been vi-rv iiiiiti'rial. N. 11. Thi! hurrri I'oiitiilnii 30 iriillniiii, or 4nrkliiiioru irnlloiia ciicb, lin|M:rii'f Mt'iiiiiiri'. Il Ih tiiiiii'tid (I Will. 4. r. 91. ( '.), thnt, froni tlin lOtli ofOiinhi'r, IMK), briMvcra nrf in pny tlitilr litt'iitr duty nc- cnriliii;r to iliu iiiiilt iiHi!d by thi'in In lirKwIng, iind tliat t'Vi-ry lirt^tvtir iilinll lit; ilfciiivil to Imvc liri.'Wi>d r, to hg drunk on nnd otftlie Prriiilm-*, tcci with the UnantllleRof Mult iiiomI Iiv ihii h llrcwcri, liC. in EnK< litnd, Mcollniid, luiil Iruiiind, during the Veur lt)3.'i.— (faW. f-iiptr, iNo. 9J0. Hum. IhHO.) CollKtIom. Number uf Number whf* t>ntw Ibeir own n<'or. BtMl (1 1 lit Mall coMuwol b) nch Cl«. 1 1 > Penciii) llnnHd to Hit llMr. K II Rnr. s 1 > P»n' n» lirtwod tn .fll II. IT To be drunk on 'lie l^eiiiiiet. .Nnl lu Ir Urank on Iha Hreniim. '( !«• Not t.i le .Iruak on Jrunk on Ilia Ihe rrftiii-tn. Fniiniwi. T.. In ilritik on ihf Hrtir inn. Ni.l '1. b. drunk ni llir I'r n.iiii Knclnnd ciciitliiiid Ireland 9,0I»'( 919 319 94,.V.I 17,090 39,936 4,118 39,W>9 339 14,840 087 10,419,410 i»88,)S(KI 1,VJ«,9«7 y,.'i2i,7in 110,380 3,709,117 9t8,(,ll t-'nilfyl Kinfitnm. 9,980 71,977 35,.W« 4,118 90,91)7 14,810 087 10,930,827 M'.hl'J 3,709,117 218,«l(i It I* enacted, (1 Will. 4. c. 91.,) tliiit every peiion who «hnll *ell nny beer or nie In Ic** (|uantilies than four nnd ii hntf gallon*, or two doxen reputed qiiurt buttle*, to be drunk uUuubete tliun on the preuii*eii where *old, shall lie deeniiid n deiiler iu beer. 7. Proffresiive Canxumption iifAle and lietr, — Mall liquor early became to the lubouring clauses of England what the inferior aorta of wirto are to the people of France, at once a neceaaary of life and a luxury ; the taste for il wasuniverimlly difluned. There are, howevur, no ineana by which an estimate con l)e formed of the quantity actually consumed previously to the reign of Charles 11. But dutiea, amounting to in. 6d. a barrel on strong, and to (id. a bari«l on small ale or beer, were imposed, for the first time, in 16G0. TheKe duties bciiiti; farmed until 1684, the amount of the revenue only is known ; and as tliere arc no means of ascertaining the proportion which the strong Iwre to the smull beer, the quantities that |>:iid duty cannot be specified. But, since the collection of the duty was intrusted to officers em- ployed by government, accurate accounts have been kept of the quoniilies of each sort of l)eer on which duty was paid, as well as the rate of duty and its amount. Now, it a| ])cars, that, at an average of the ten years from 1G84 to 1G93 inclusive, the amount of ale annually rharged with duty was as follows ; — Strong ale - - 4,3fi7.2!)3 barrels. Small do. - - S,? 0.278 do ;' I J; i » .li n li ^1 , • I w ■:iji i ill' i Ml riu; 12 ALE AND BEER. Soon after the Revolution several temporary duties were imposed ow ale and beer ; but in 1 694 they were consolidated, the established duties being then fixed at 4$. 9(f. a barrel on the strong, and at Is, 3d. on the small beer, instead of 2s. 6d, and 6//., which had been the rates previously to 1690. This increase of duty had an immediate eilect on the consumption, the quantity brewed during the ten years from 1694 to 1703 being as follows: — Strong ale ... 3,374,604 barrels. Small do. ... 2,180,764 do. The whole of this decrease must not, however, be ascribed to the increase of the beer duties only ; the duties on malt and hops having been, at the same time, considerably increased, operated partly, no doubt, to produce the etTect During the five years ending with 1 750, the ale brewed amounted, at an average, to 3,80:)- 580 barrels of strong, and 2,162,640 barrels of small. — (Hamilton's Principles of Taxation, p. 255.) The ale brewed in private families for their own use has always been exempted from any duty ; and it may, perhaps, be supposed that the falling off in the consumption, as evinced by the statements now given, was apparent only, and that the decline in the public brewery would be balanced by a proportional extension of the private brewery. But, though there can be no doubt that the quantity of beer brewed in private families was increased in con- sequence of the peculiar taxes laid on the beer brewed for sale, it is abundantly certain that it was not increased in any thing like the ratio in which tlie other was diminished. This is established beyond all dispute, by the fact of the consumption of malt having continued very nearly stationary, notwithstanding the vast increase of population and wealth, from the be- ginning of last century down to 1750, and, indeed, to 1830! — (See Malt.) Had the fact, as to malt, been different, or had the demand for it increased proportionally to the increase of population, it would have shpwn that the effect of the malt and l)cer duties had not been to lessen the consumption of beer, but merely to cause it to be brewed in private houses instead }f public breweries ; but the long continued stationary demand for malt completely negatives this supposition, and shows that the falling off in the lieer manufactured by the public brewerb has not been made up by any equivalent increase in the supply manufactured at home. I. An account of the Quantity of the diflTurcnt Sorts of l!i>rr made mi En^'lnnd and Wales, in each Year from 1787 to 1825, both inclusive, tliu Rate of Uuly, and the lolal Produce of tlie Duties (Kn^'lish Ale Gallons). Strong Deer. Table Ileer. Siiuill Ueer. Years ended 5th July. Total amount of Duty. Barrels. Rate uf Duty. Barrels. Rate (if Duty. Barrels. Rate of Unty. 1787 4,426,482 6s. Od. 485,620 3a. Od. 1,312,301 U. id. £1,9.32,922 10*.8rf 1788 4,304,896 — 624,176 — 1,.334,947 — 1,889,580 17 4 1789 4,437,831 — 514,900 — 1,244,016 — 1,9,15,.303 16 17!I0 4,525,950 — 546,260 _ 1,282,157 .— 1,977,796 8 8 1791 4,754,588 — 579,748 — 1,347,086 — 2,078,602 4 8 179S 9,082,293 — 625,260 — 1,401,870 — 2,220, Ili4 4 1793 5,167,850 — 620,207 — 1,414,255 — 2,254,454 14 4 1794 5,011,320 — 586,554 — 1,446,939 — 2,188,973 14 1795 5,037,804 — 576,464 — 1,453,0.W — 2,198,460 6 4 1796 5,504,453 — 965,630 — 1,479,130 — 2,385,234 7 4 1797 5,8.19,627 — 584,422 — 1,518,518 — 2,521,748 4 8 1798 5,781,467 — 692,064 — 1,547,570 — 2,510,267 14 8 1799 5,774,311 *. eiM.'il — 1,597,139 — . 2,507,872 19 8 1800 4,824,306 — 974,995 — 1,360,502 — 2,106,671 15 8 1801 4,735,574 — 500,025 — 1,191,930 — 8,018,695 7 1802 5,345,884 9 3 392,022 — 976,787 — 2,.321,lfW 4 1803 5,582,516 — 1,660,828 — 2,782,263 13 4 1801 5,265,623 10 1,779,570 — 2,810,768 10 1805 5,412,131 — 1,776,807 — . ' " ^"' , ■; 2,883,7-IH 4 1806 5,443,502 >- 1,771,754 — 2,8((8,y26 8 1807 5,577,176 _ 1,732,710 .— 2,961,859 1808 5,571,360 — 1,710,843 — 2,9.')6,70» 6 1809 5,513,111 — 1,682,899 — - 2,921,815 8 1810 5,753,319 — 1,635,588 — 3,010,218 6 Ihll 5,902,903 — 1,649,564 — 3,116,407 18 1SI2 5,860,869 — 1,593,395 — i '-. 3,()8!l,774 1813 5,382,946 — . 1,455,759 — ■■ .--' ■ 2,837,048 18 18J4 5,624,015 1,432,729 — 2,955,280 8 1815 6,150,544 — 1,518,303 — '" , ■ " ' 3,227,102 4 1816 5,982,379 — 1,514,867 — 3,1 12,676 4 1817 5,236,048 — 1,453,960 — 2,763,420 1 1818 5,364,009 — 1,434,648 — 2,825,468 14 1819 5,629,240 — 1,460,244 — 2,9(i0,(il4 8 1 1820 5,296,701 — 1,444,890 — 2,792,779 10 1 i.ial 5,575,a30 ... 1,439,970 — 2,!)3I,912 1 1822 5,712,937 l,49i,281 — 3,(M)j,6y6 12 1 1823 6,177,271 1,419,589 — 3,2,10,,'iUt 8 1821 6,188,271 — " 1,401,021 Intermediate Beer. 3,234,237 12 1825 6.500,064 — 1,485,750 — 9,559 5 3,401,200 15 It appears fton public brewers hi in 1787 was quit ijualily of the b< ess, comparativel effects have been II. An account oft from 5th of Jai Total Amount Ytnn ended 6th Juiuary. 81 1826 1827 i 1828 1 1829 .} 1630 { 1826 1827 1 1828 1 1829 1 1830 1 7,or 4,1* 2,.1 3,Hf 2,,')( 3,91 2,61 3,5( 2,.r 1 1 1( ( N. B. The duty ( III. An account of Tears ended Stii It has been coi since the commei and restrictions < the consumption 1830. But near Wales during th( the middle and h increasing, as no we have seen tha la.it century, so t of the present cei purchase beer, bi sumption have c( southern countie been introduced, ing generally, ch has been remark improvement in 1 independent of tl teen millions stei • The ale gallon than the former. Vol. I.— B ALE AND BEER. It appears from the foregoing table, that the quantity of strong beer manufactured by the public brewers had increased about a third since 1787 ; but the quantity of malt consumed in 1787 was quite as great as in 1828 ; a fact, which shows conclusively, either that the quality of the beer brewed in the public breweries has been deteriorated since 1787, or that less, comparatively, \a now brewed in private families ; or, which is most probable, that both eiTects have been produced. II. An iiccniint of the Qunntity of nil the different Sorts of Beer, stated in Bnrrela, made in each Year, from 5th of January 1825, to 5th of January 1830; the Uateg of Duty per Barrel in each Year, and Total Amount thereof in each Year In England and Scotland.— (i'aW. Paper, No. 190. Sees. 1830.) Veart ended 6th Jutuary. 1826 1827 •[ 1828 i 1829 j 1630 I 1826 1827 { 1823 I 1829 I 1830 I ENGLAND. Number nTBarreli, Imperiil Meisun.* StronK' 7,008,143 4,177,225 2,512,767 3,S0J,22« 2,3(M),013 3,941,519 2,(il7,6!»l 3,5C<)„'!til 2,.r«,«30 Rate per Barrel, Table. Rale per Barrel. >. d. t. d. 9 10 l,f)00,899 I IH 9 1,010,728 1 9i 9 10 562,927 1 lU 9 981»,b27 1 n 10 612,4t*l 1 lU 9 977,962 1 n 9 10 552,1.57 1 lU 9 879,879 1 H 9 10 600,590 1 lU Intermediate. Rate per Barrel. t. d. 4 11 TottI Amount of Duty. £ I. d. 3,492,779 10 4 3,265,441 14 6 3,128,047 9 3,217,812 8 11 2,917,828 8 4 SCOTLAND. 133,903 116,591 5,515 102,769 y,2;.o 101,475 17,218 9t,387 16,566 ». d. s. d. 9 in 261,035 \ \\\ 9 219,722 I 9i 9 10 51,013 1 lU 9 187,^^73 1 9i 9 10 53,120 1 lU 9 178,530 1 91 9 10 68,913 1 lU 16I,4AS 1 9i 9 10 67,8UB 1 IH }- £ 8. d. 91,731 2 2 79,931 4 7 72,855 4 4 76,685 9 11 71,733 17 6 N. B. The duty on beer being repealed in 1830, there are no later accounts of the quantity brewed. III. An account of tlie Number of Barrels of Strone Beer e.Yported in each Year, from 9th of January 1825 to 5th of January 1830. " -, ' - ' n326 - 1827 - Tears ended 5th of January - -{1828 1829 - 1 1830 - Number of Barrel* (Imperial Measure) ejporied from England. Scotland. Ireland. .5.1,013 42,602 59,471 71,842 74,902 1,827 1,679 2,509 3,301 3,131 9,855 10,000 11,261 14,499 15,207 The exports in 1832 were 70,1S0 barrels. It has been contended by some, that the condition of the bulk of the people has declined since the commencement of 'ho late French war ; and that this decline, and not the duties and restrictions on the manufacture and sale of malt and beer, has been the real cause that the consumption of malt liquors continued stationary durin^^ the thirty years ending with 1830. But nearly /«Mr millions of persons were added to the population of England and Wales during the eighteenth century, and it is admitted, on all hands, that the condition of the middle and lower classes was, at the same time, vastly improved. Instead, however, of increasing, as no doubt it would have done but for some very powerful counteracting cause, we have seen that the consumption nf malt liquor continued stationary during the whole. of lout century, so that the fair presumption ia, that it continued stationary during that period of the present century already referred to, not because the people have become less able to purchase beer, but because the same causes which formerly prevented the increase of con- sumption have continued to operate. If we except a portion of the peasantry in some of the southern counties, where tlje pernicious practice of paying wages out of the poor's rates has been introdured, it will be found that the condition of the labouring classes has been, speak- ing generally, changed very much for the better during the last thirty years. Their health has been remarkably improved ; a result which could hardly have taken place without an improvement in their habits as to cleanliness, and in their ordinary accommodations ; and, independent of this circumstance, the fact that the lower classes have lodged upwards o{ Jif- teen millions sterling in Savings' Banks, and that upwards of a million of them are members • The ale gallon contains 282 cubic inr.heH,and the Imperial gallon 277^: the latter being Ji pan i«M than (he former. Vol. I.— B , ■* iA'\'i 14 ALE AND BEER. W ;i of Friendly Societies, ahowa pretty clearly that, though they may not be anywhere so com fortahle as coulil b6 wished, and though, in Kent, Hampshire, and some other southern coun- ties, they are exposed to very great privations, their condition is, on the whole, superior to what it has ever previously heen. It has further been contended, that if the decline in the consumption of beer cannot be ascribed to any fulling off in the condition of the people, or in their power to purchase malt liquors, the fair inference is, that it has originated ia a change of taste ; and the increased consumption of spirituous liquors that has taken place of late years has lieen appealed to in proof that such is the fact But this increase has been very greatly exaggerated : admitting, however, that the circumstances are really such as have been represented, the question instantly recurs, to what is this chenge of taste owing ! H»w comes it that the people of England should be less partial than heretofore to that palatable and nutritious beverage to which they have been long accustomed, and that they should be re.^urting to ardent spirits and other deleterious compounds, destructive alike of their health and murals ? If we mistake not, it will be found to be wholly owing to the duties and rcstric tions that have been laid on the manufacture and sale of beer. 8. Duties on Ale and Beer; old licensing Sijutem, — The duty on malt is 20*. 8'/. a quar- ter; on hops 2rf. a pound ; and on strong beer, which forms five-tenths of the whole quantity brewed, the duty was 9s. lOrf. a barrel. It is commonly estimated, that from three to three and a half barrels of beer are manufactured from a quarter of malt; and that each (juarter of malt requires twelve pounds of hops. Now, supposing that three and a quarter barrels of beer are produced from a quarter of malt, the duties edfecting it, down to tho 10th of October 18.30, were - ■ ,. Duty laid directly on malt Beer duty on three and a quarter barrels Hop duty .... - 8. d. 20 9 31 11 2 54s. 7rf. and dividing this sum of 54*. 7d. by 3^^, the duties aflfccting each barrel of beer will be 17.9. Such duties are obviously oppressive. The price of barley does not at an average exceed 35,». per quarter. But the duties on malt or liecr pro: ALE AND BEER. 16 the poor. The change in the mode of licensing houacs for the retail of beer hna introduced into the trade that ayRtem of free competition that is so advantngeous. It is no longer in the power of any combination of brewers to maintain the price of t)ecr at an unnatural elevo* tion ; and the public may now depend on being supplied with malt liquors at the lowest price that will serve to indemnify the brewers. 9. Complaints of the increase of Beer Shops. — In despite, however, of what has now been stated, it is strenuously objected to the late measure for licensing houFWs for the sale of beer, that it has led to their excessive multiplication in dilTcrent parts of the country, and has, in consequence, had a most pernicious influence on the public morals: but there do not seem to be any good grounds for such statements. The whole number of public houses licensed for the sale of beer and ale only in England and Wales, during the year ended 31st of March 1 833, was 4,82 1 ; while 47,286 houses were licensed, during the same year, for the sale of beer, ale, and spirits. — {Pari. Paper, No. 426. Sess. 1833.) Whatever, therefore, may be the inconveniences arising from the number of the latter, it does seem ludicrous to imagine that they can be materially increased by the opening of the l)eer shops. On the contrary, we should think that every measure which has a tendency to substitute beer shops for spirit must be advantageous ; and such is the precise eifect of the act I Will. 4. cap. 64. Its privileges are acquired by those only who confino themselves to the sale of beer ; and until it has been shown that the drinking of beer is less advantngeous, or more pernicious, than the drinking of spirits, we shall not be inclined to lay much stress on the complaints so frequently put forth as to the number of beer shops. In order, however, to check their unnecessary multi- plication, and to ensure as far as possible the maintenance of good order in them, it might be expedient, perhaps, to increase the licence duty, and the security required from those apply- ing for a licence, and to facilitate the suppression of disorderly houses : but we protest against any attempt to lessen the number of public houses by reviving the old lia^nsing system, with the injustice and jobbing inseparable from it, and from every modification of it. 10. Existing Regulations with respect to the Sale if Bter. — The sale of ale, beer, &c. by retail in England, is now regulated by the act 1 Will. 4. c. 64., of which we subjoin a pretty full abstract. Licenses to be granted by commisBionera of excise, or by persons autliorised by them ; to cost 21. 2». n year ; not to authorise the sale of wine or apirits : not to be granted to sherilfn' otiii-ers, nor to any person executing the legal process of any court of Justice, nor to any person not being a househulder BSHeesed to the parish. — i 2, The party requiring such licence to enter into a bond to the commissioners, with one sufficient surety in the penalty of SOi., or with two sufficient sureties in the penalty of lOi. each, for the payment of any penalty or sum of money, not exceeding tlie amount of such 20/. or 10/. respectively, which shall be incurred for any offence against this act by the party to whom such licence shall be granted ; and no person licensed to sell beer by retail, or not being a houseliolder paying the poor rates, shall be surety in any such bond. — i 1) 4, 5. Every person who shall be licensed under this act, shall cause to be painted, in letters three inches nt least in length, in white upon a black ground, or in black upon a white ground, publicly visible and legible, upon a board, to be placed over the door of the house in which such person shall be licensed, the christian and surname of the persons mentioned in such licence, at l\ill length, together with the words " Licensed to sell Beer by Retail ;" and every such person shall keep up such name and words during all the time that such person shall continue so licensed, upon pain of forfeiting for every omis- sion 10/.—} 6. No person to sell any beer by retail, under this act, after the expiration of any licence granted, nor in any house not specined in such licence; and any personsellingbeerhy retail, not heingduly licensed, as the keeper of a common inn, ale-house, or viclnalling-house ; or if any such person, so licensed, shall deal in or retail any wine or spirits, he shall, for every such offence, forfeit Wl., half to gu to the informer and half to the king ; such penalty to be recovered as iHher excise penalties ; and the powers of the excise act 7 & 8 O. 4 c. 53, &c. extended to this act.— { i 7, 8, 9. Persons trading in partnership, and in one house, shall not be obliged to take out more than one licence in any one year : provided also, that no one licence shall authorise any jierson to sell beer, in any other than the house mentioned in such licence. — } 10. In cases of riot or expected riot or tumult, every person licensed under this act, and keeping any house situate withintheir Jurisdictions, shall close his house nt any time which thejustice or justices shall direct ; and every such person who shall keep open hiH house at or after any hour at which such Justices shall have so ordered or directed such house to be closed, shall be deemed lo have not niain- tuinRd good order and rule therein, and to be guilty of an offence against the tunor of his license. — i 11, Every person licensed to sell beer by retail, shall sell (except in quantities less llnin a half pint) by the gallon, quart, pint, or half pint measure, sized according to the standard ; and in default thereof, he shall for every such offence forfeit the illegal measure, and pny not exceeding 40«., toBPther with the costs of the conviction, to he recovered within thirty days next after that on which such ofl'ence was committed, before two Justices ; such penalty to be over and above all penalties to wliich the of- fender may be liable under any other net. — i 12. Every seller of beer by retail, having a licence under this act, who shall permit any person to be guilty of drunkenness, or disorderly conduct, in the house mentioned in such licence, shall forfeit the sums following : for the first offence, not less than 40s. nor more than .V. as the Justices, before whom such retailer shall be convicted, shall adjudge ; and for the second ollV-nce, any sum not less than S{. nor more than 10/.; and for the third offence, any sum not less than 20/. nor more than .lO/.; and it shall be lawfiil for the Justices, before whom any such conviction for such third offence shall take place, to adjudge, if they shall think fit, that sucli offender shall be disqualilied from i tween the hours often In the forenoon and one In the afternoon, nor at any time between the hours of three and Ave in the afternoon, on any Sunday, Good Friday, Christmas-day, or any day appointed for a public fast or thanksgiving ; and any person offending herein shall forfeit 40«. for every offence ; ' every separate sale to be deemed a separate offbnce. — i 14. All penalties under this act, except for selling boer bv any person not duly licensed, shall be reco- vered, upon the infbrmation of any person before two Justices in petty sessions ; and every such pe- nalty shall be prosecuted for within three calendar months next after the offence ; and every person licensed under this act, who shall be convicted before two Justices, shall, unless proof be adduced to the satisfuction of such Justices, that such person had been theretofore convicted before two Justices, within the space of twelve calendar months next preceding, be adjudged by such justices tn be guilty of a first offence against this act, and to forfeit and pay any penalty by this act imposed for such of- fence, or if no speciAc penalty be Imposed, then any sum not exceeding 51., together with the costs of the conviction; and if proof be adduced to the satisfuction of such justicee, that such person had been previously convicted, within the space of twelve calendar mouths next preceding, of one such offence only, such person to be adjudged guilty of a second offence against this act, and to forfeit and pay any penalty by this act imposed for such flff:!nce, or if no speciHc penalty he sn imposed, then any sum not exceeding 10{., together with the costs of conviction ; and if proof sliall he adduced that Ruch person had been previiMisly convicted within the space of eighteen calendar months next preceding, of two sucli separate oflfVnces, and if proof be adduced that such perann, sn charged, is guilty of tlie offence charged against him, such person shall be adjudged to be gniity of a third offence against this net, and tn forfeit and pay any penalty imposed by this act, in respect of such offi-nce, orlf no such speciflc |M>nalty hIirII be imposed, then to forfeit and pay the sum of 50^ together with the costs of convic- tion.— J l.'i. The party, convicted of any such third offence, may appeal to the general sessions, or quaricr ses- sions, then next ensuing, unless held within twelve (lays after conviction, and in that case, to the then next su'isequent sessions ; and, in such rase, the party convicted shall enter into a recosnizanne, with two sureties, p.irsonally tn appear at the saidgiMieral or quarter sessions, tn abiile the judgment ofthe court; and to pay such costs as shall lie by tiie court awarded : or, in failure of the p'irty convicted entering into such recognizance, such conviction shall remain good and valid ; and the said justices who shall take such recognizance are also required to bind the person who shall make such charges to appear at such general or quarter sesslnns, then and there tn give evidence against the person charsed, and, in like manner, to bind any otlier persnn who shall have any knowledge of such offence ; and it shall lie lawful for the said general or quarter sessions tn adjudge such person to be guilty of ■uch third offtnce against this act, and such adjudication Khali be Anal: and it shall be lawful for eneh general or quarter sessions tn punish such offender by flue, not exceeding I00{., together with the coals of such appeal, or to adjudge the licence tn be furfeited, or that no beer he sold by retail in the house for ttie term of two years, and If such licence shall he adjudged to he forfeited, it shall hence- forth be void ; and whenever, in such case, the licence of such offender shall he adjudged to be vtdil, ■uch offender shall be deemed incapable of selling beer, ale, or porter, by retail, in any house kept by him, for the space of two years, to be computed from the time of such ailjudication ; and any licence granted tn such persnn during such term shall be void. — i 16. In default of payment of penalties, proceedines niny be had against the sureties. — } 19. Any person summoned as a witness, who shall neglect or reftise tn appear, and not make such rea- ■onable excuse for such neglect. See. as shall be admitted by such Justices of sessions, or who, appear- ing, shall refuse to be examined, shall, on conviction, forfeit not exceeding 10<. — i 20. Offenders refusing or neglecting, within seven days after conviction, to pay the penalty impnsed, and anycnstE a8sessed,such justices may issue their warrant, to levy the amount by distress and sale, together with tlie costs of distress and sale ; and In every such case, such offenders, if in custody, shall be forthwith discharged ; but if the goods and chattels are not 8uflicient,such Justices may commit the offender to the common gaol or house of correction for not exceeding nne calendar month, if the pe- nalty shall not he above 51. ; for not exceeding t^irce calendar months, if the penalty shall be above 5/. and not more than 101. ; and for not exceedii<^ fix calendar months, if the penoltv shall be above lo;.; provided, that whenever such offender shall pay to the gaoler or keeper, or tn wfionisoever such Jiia- tices shall have appointed, the penalty and costs, together with all the costs of apprehension and con- veyance to gaol, at any time previous to the expiration ofthe time for wliich such offender shall have been committed, such offender shall be forthwith discharged. — i 21. No conviction under this act, nor any adjudication made upon appeal therefrom, shall be quashed for want of form, nor removed by certiorari. — ) 97. Every action against any Justice, constable, or other person, for any thing done in execution of his duty under this act, to be commenced within three calendar months, and not afterwards ; and if any persnn be sued, he may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in evidence.—} 28 This act nnt to affect the two universities, nor the vintners' company in London ; nor to prohibit the sale of beer at fairs, as heretofore. ■• 11. Scotch Ale and Beer Duties. — ^The duties on ale and beer in Scotland have boen for a lengthened period the same as in England. At the union in 170V, the English duties on ale and beer were introduced into Scotland. But, besides strong and small beer, the Scotch had an intermediate species, which they called two-penny, and which was their favourite beverage. The duty on this description of liccr was fixed, at the union, at 2». 1 Jrf. a barrel. For thirli/ years after its imposition, the quan- tity of two-penny that paid duty was always above 400,000, and sometimes exceeded 600,000 barrels a year. But in 1760 the duty on twivpenny was increased to 3s. 4J(f. and the consumption immediately felt off to between 100,000 and 200,000 barrels ! The quan- tity that paid duty in 1800 amounted to 149,803 barrels. The manufacture of this species of beer ceased entirely in 1802. No account has been kept of the quantity of beer brewed in Ireland since 1809, when it •mounted to 960,300 barrels. — {Mtireimiod on Intoxicating Liquors, p. 353.) Perhaps it Buy now amount to from 1,000,000 to 1,200,000 barruls. ALE AND BEER. 17 for 12. Regulatumi at to the Exportation of Beer^ — Ale or beer exported to foreign perti u nerchandUM ia allowed a drawback of 6*. the barrel of 36 gallona, Imp. meaa. But U,fore any debenture for the above drawback shall be paid, the exporter or hia principal clerk or manager ahall make oath thereon, before the proper officer of excise, that such ale or beer was put on board the exporting ship as merchandise to bt sent beyond seas, and no part thereof for the ship's use ; and that, according to the best ol hia knowledge and belief, the lame has been brewed wholly from malt whidi haa been charged with and paid the du^ of S«. 7d. a bushel, and shall alao specify in such oath the time when and the place where ; and the brewer, being an entered and licensed brewer for sale, by whom such beer or ale was brewed, and that the quantity of malt used in brewing was not less than two bushels (Imp. meas.) for every 36 gallons of such beer or ale. Persons making false statements forfeit th« sum of iOOL and the debenture is void.— (1 Wilt. 4. cap. 51. ^ II.) In consequence of the complaints, whether well or ill founded, of the inconvenienoea arising from the increase of beer ahops— (see Diet. p. 14), a material change has been made in the mode of licensing houaes for the sale of beer. Under the act 1 Will. 4. c 64. — (Diet. p. 14), the commissionera of excise, or other persons duly authorised, were bound to grant licenses, costing 2/. 9s. a year, to all persons not excepted in the act, empowering them to sell ale, beer, porter, cider, &c. to be drunk indifferently either on or off the premiaea. But the act of 1834, 4 dc 6 Will. 4. c 86. made the obtaining of a licence to retail beer to be drunk on the premises contingent on the applicant being able to produce a certificate uf good character, subscribed by certain persons rated at a certtdn amount to the poor : it has also raised the cost of such licence to 3/. 3*. ; and reduced the cost of a licence to sell beer not to be drunk on the premises to 1/. 1«. We subjoin a full abstract of the act : — Pertmu applying for a Littnct to nil Bitr t» te drunk on the PremUtt, to deporitt a tertijltate of good Character, jj^c— Every person applying for a licence to Rell beer or cider by retail, to be drunk in the houne or on the preniues, shall, in addition to the application setting forth the particulars required by the act 1 Will. 4. c. 64,, annually produce to and deposit witli the commiBaionerB of excise, collector, or other person authorised to grant such licence within tlie parish or place in which the person applying intends to sell beer or cider by retail, a certificate signed by 6 persons residing in and being and de- teribing themselves to be inhabitants of such parish, place, tec. and respectively rated therein to the |ioor at not less than 61., or occupying a bouse therein rated to the poor at not less than 61., none of whom shall be maltsters, common brewers, or persons licensed to sell spirituous liquors or beer or ci- rier by retail, nor owners or proprietors of any houses licensed to sell liquors, beer, or cider by retail, statins that the person applying for the licence is of good character ; nnd at the foot of such certificate one of the overseen of the parish, township, or place shall certify (if the fact be so) that such 6 per- sons are inhabitants respectively rated as aforesaid ; and such certificate shall respectively be in the form of the schedule annexed to this act: provided always, that in any parish, township, or district maintaining its own poor, in which there are not 10 inhabitants rated to their relief to the amount of tl. each, or not occupying houses respectively rated to the poor at 6{. each (not being maltsters, com* mnn brewers, or persons licensed to sell spirituous liquors or beer or cider by retail,) the certificate of the majority of the inhabitants of such parish, township, or district maintaining ils own poor, as are rated to the amount of 61. each, shall be deemed to be a sufflcient certificate for the purposes of this act.—* «. Ptnaltf on Ovtrtetr».—Anj overseer who shall, without due cause, reftise to certify that the persons who have signed the certificate are respectively rated to the poor's rate as aforesaid, to forfeit not nuire than 91. — ) 3. Betr trunk in Bkedo.— Any person flee ised under the act 1 Will. 4. e. M., to sell beer, cider, fce. not to be consumed on the premises, who shall employ, permit, or cuffier any person or persons to take or carry any beer, tec. from his house or pi emises, to he drunk or consumed for his benefit or profit, in any other house, tent, shed, ke. belong ng to, or hired, u»ed, or occupied by such licensed person, such beer, &c. shall be held to have been eo isumed on the premises, and the person selling the same shall be subject to the like forfeitures and pjnalties as if it bad been actually drunk or consumed in a house or upon premises licensed only for t'.ie sale thereof. — f 4, AiUMfiitj'.— Provisions for billetiing soldiers under mutiny acts to extend only to those licensed to sell beer or elder to be drunk in the house or on the premises, and not to extend to those licensed to Still beer not to be consumed on the premises —i 9. Justieet to rtg»latt tkt Oponing and Clonitf of /fotMM.— Justices In petty sessions are authorised to fix the hours at which houses and premises licensed to sell beer under this act shall be opened and closed i but any person thinking himself aggrieved by any such order may appeal at any time, within 4 months from its date, to the Justices in quarter sessions, on giving the Justices making the order 14 days' notice of his Intention ; and the decision of the Justices In quarter sessions shall be final : pro- vided, however, that the hour to be fixed for openina any bouse shall not in any case be earlier than 9 o'clock in the morning, nor for closing the same later than 11 o'clock at night, or before 1 o'clock in the afternoon on Sunday, Good Friday, Christinas-Day, or any day appmnted for a public fast or thanksgiving ; and the hours so Axed by the Justices, with reference to the districts within their Juris- dictions, shall be taken to be the hours to be observed and complied with under this act as ftilly at if the same had been specially appointed by It.— $ 6. Con*tMt», Ift. to titit lictnstd Hornet.— M\ constables and officers of police are authorised to enter into all houses licensed to sell beer or spirituous liquors to be consumed upon the premises whenever they shall think proper ; and if any person licensed ns aforesaid, or any servant or person in his em- ploy or by his direction, shall reftise to admit such constables, ftc. into such house or premises, Ihu person having the licence shall for the first olTence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 9i., together with the costs of conviction, to be recovered within 30 days before one or more Justices ; and it shall be lawful for any two or more Justices, upon any person being convicted ofsuchoffence for the second time, to adjudge (if they think fit) that such ofiTender bo disqualified from selling beer, ale, porter, ci- der, or perry, by retail, for 9 years after such conviction, or for such shorter space as they may think proper. — ) 7. Penaltii for nuMnjf or using false Certifieatis.—Venont certifying any matter having reference to this act as true, who know the same to be false, or using any certificate, knowing the same to be forged, shall, on conviction of such ofliince before S or more J ustices, forfeit and pay the sum of &0{. i and every licence granted to any person making use of any certificate to obtain the same, each person knowlnf such certificate to be forged, ur the mattera certified tlwrein to be taiiiiiig n licence to sell lieer or cider tiy rctnil. — f 8. M'o licence tit be granled without a Certificate.— 'Nn licence fhr the unlft of beer or elder by retail to be coneumed or dnink in the house or on the preniioeg «hnll be nnnted, except upon the enrtillcitle hereby leqiiireil : providad, tlint in nil cxtrn-pnrochlnl placcntJiecertiflciite required by thin act may boulgued and given by inhnliilnnts rated to the poor at 61. in any adJolnlnK parish or pariiiheg.— J 9. Retailem to pniditee their l.ieenren on Reqviirilion i,f% Mttgiiitmle.i.—1n cane any complniet I)B laid be. A)ru 3 justices aititinRt nny licensed person for an offence mtninst the tenor of'his licence, or ngninit this act or the act 1 Will. 4. c. M., the said Justices may require such person to produce his licence be- fire them for their examination ; and if he wilfully neelert or refuse so to do, he shall forfeit for such offence any sum, not exceedinfT S/., the said Justices shall think proper ; and such person may he con- victed, proreeded aRainst, and dealt with for such offence in the sumo manner, mululis miilaniliii, as is directed by the act 1 Will. 1. c. 81. with regard to persons guilty of a first offunco againnt said act i and the penally imposed fur such oflhnce is to be applied In the manner that a penalty for a flrst of- fence against said net in directed to be applied. — I) 10. Cuniiniinpce (if Powers. i;c.—T\ie powers, provisions, and penaltiei of 1 Will. 4. c. 64, to apply to persons licensed under this act, and to their sureties, &.c. — i 11. A< I inil. 4. e. 04, to continue in force, except as hereby altered.—) 12. Duties on Beer Licence* mirfer the I fVill. 4. e. 84. repealed, and new nutiet /rrnnted in lieu (ter«»/.— From and after the pasning of this act, the duties pnynble on excise lluences for the sale of beer by re- tail under the act 1 Will. 4. c. U4. shall cease, and in lieu of such duties there shall he paid upon the licences liereby authorized to be granted tlie duties following; viz. : For And upon piery liiTPnce to be takrn nut by aoy p«nnn for the | For anil upon every licence to be lalcen out by sny penmn for tb« nie 'if l>cfr Ity retail, not to be dnntli or rnimuuird in or upon j lale nf beer by retiil, (o \ie dnink or constmie-f in or upon )))• tbe bouie or premitel viben wUI, the uiuual kum of If. 1*. j houw or preoiUei where aold, Uie aouuftl luin of 31. 3i,~:lec. 19. The rttities to he nnder the manaeeinent of commissioners n ' excise, and to be recovered and ar- eonnted for under the provisions of tlie net 1 Will. 4. c. 64.—} 14. A"4. and litis act, wlio sell spirits or wine, sweets. Sec. without being licensed, are lia- ble to the penalties imposed by the hkws of excise for gelling spirits or wine, sweets, &.c. without li- cence. — i 20. Certificate not to he required far Houses in certain Siliialions, If Pnptilnlion exceed .'),000. — The beforo- mentinned certificate shall not he required as to any house situated within the cities of London and Westminster, or within any parish or place within the bills of mortality, nor within any city or town eorporate, nor within the distance of 1 mile from the place used at the last election as the place of election or polling place ofany town returning a member to parliament, provided tliat the population, determined according to the last prirliamentary census taken in such city, town, tc. sliall exceed ."ifOOO : provided, that no licence for tiie sale of beer, ale, porter, cider, or perry by retail on the premi- ses in the cities of London and Westminsler, or in any parish tvilhin the bills of mortality, or in any such citv or town cori>orate, or town returning a member to parliiineiit as before mentioned, shall bu granted'after the 5th day of April, 1(^36, unless the house or premises specified as those in which beer or cider is intended lobe sold shall be of the value of 10^ per annum.— J 21. Service of Summons. — Summonaei or orders not legally served, unless by gome constable or other peace officer. — i 23. Commeneement.—Xct, shall commence and take effect from and after the lOtb day of October, 1831.— tS3. Form of Certificate referred (a in ) 3. ■■ a ■!>.. . We, the unttenlgned, being tnhibltinhi of the piriih {or township, om the nue mail U] at tni rvwpeetivelv niled to the poor at not Imi tli-ip til. per antmin, and none of us IwinR miltaten, cnmmnn brewefv, or peisoM llceDwd to sell ipirituott« liquoni, or beinc lirenvid to leil beer or cider by retail, do hereby certify, ttkit ^. U., dtvellipg la itnei [to« ifttiff Ihmnsl, lolH, 4rc-l in Um eaid pariah [or tuwinliip. &c.l i> a prrwu of ^ki.! character. ,^. Airluvr : i ' iBtTtutltrt thidaj of tifniiig Ihtccrt^fictitt.) (tjigoed) nit^ Hi hii^aAiii.-. ■ -, • 'etr\t f « 'ist 111 '. -t;; "rfJ iIVY'; !4M-!H-,i; <|J.*, E. F. -» a. H. I /. K. l IHi L. M. f tier^ entity, Thtt alt Ikt tborMMnlianeil perma whoe nainn are viberrilml to thii eerUficale tre InhabitaDts of the puiak («r Igwwdiip, kc] ii ntad to (M. to the mlief o( Uie poor of the aaid (ariili. [Oreraeer of the pariah or lownahlp, fcc] • li'-f Datu t 't;»wi- j,: I i.dun,,';: Slip.) [Ale, porter, and beer, are tnatle in the United States in large quantities ; and their con* mmption a()peara to be steadily increasing. The early emie^rants from Great Britain brought with them their tastes and habits; and we find, at an early period, that breweries were established on a small scale in all the priiici pal seaports. Their success to the south of tho Potomac was prevented by the beat of the rlimate, togethi York, and BosI also to be fount vilia>;e in it wh< every town has bany, the busin^ to tlie revolutio, which was soa factured ; and b< the business of country. We I PitUburg, Whet and the surroui the Mississippi, generally, where The quality o few years, and w dance and low f adulterate them beverage. Nearly all the us from Great B to the island of ( duciion are chief classed together made to Congrcf produrt« is chief] tish West Indies, ALEXANDR of Eurypt,on the inoutii of the Nil of this famous ci by the Cape of < rnstern and wcstt Egypt for an en where there is, a ports of Rosetta n the Nile, are hot dangerous surf, of an artificial na for a while at leat cities referred to. It may be proj has not always b< of more modern Mohammed Ali, above Rosetta. 1 8 ieet deep. It to some defects in it iH difficult to let jteriod of the inun advantage, not to secured Iiy facing Ports, .^•c— Tbe a sm.'ill island of Ph Belh,Cirili,\\h. iii. grailiially joined l< nitin iiiid island liav built on a suinll isle' is still called the Ph a port. That on th stretches from the t It is bounded on th partially built, and the city, having 17 . westward of the tow not thoroughly acq' by buoys which IIl> of .T mile wide, and em hniindnry withii balf u luilo wide, an ALEXANDRIA. 19 rlimate, together with the ahort duration of the winter. In Baltimore, Philadplphia, New York, and Booton, however, they have succeeded, and continue to flourish. Breweries are also to be found in large numl)er8 throughout the state of New Yorlc ; and there is scarcely a village in it where good ale cannot be procured. Along the banks of the Hudson river, almost every town has one or more breweries, and some of these are of a considerable size. At Al- bany, the business is carried on to a great extent. Beer was brewed in Philndelpliia previous to the revolutionary war. The manufacture of porter was introduced here after the peace ; which was soon followed by that of ale. These two articles are now generally manu- factured ; and beer, properly so called, is rapidly going into disuse. A continued extension of the business of brewing hos been taking place in Pennsylvania, and throughout the western country. We find breweries at all the principal towns along the banks of the Ohio. At Pittsburg, Wheeling, and Cincinnati, there are a number, which not only supply those places and the surrounding country, but furnish large quantities for export down the Ohio and the Misijissippi. And large quantities are exported from the northern to the southern states generally, where their consumption is fast taking the place of that of ardent spirits. 'J'he quality of the malt liquors manufactured in the United States has improved in the last few years, and will now not suffer by a comparison with the best foreign. From the great abun- dance and low price of the staple articles from which they are made, no temptation exists to adulterate them. The public, consequently, are furnished with a pure and wholesome beverage. Nearly all the l)cer, ale, and porter, which are imported in the United States, is brought to us from Great Britain. A small portion of what is iin|>ort('d is re-exjwrted, for the most part to the island of Cnba. The countries to which the cdrresponding nrticlcs of domestic pro- duction are chiefly exported, we have no means of stating with any accuracy ; since fhey are classed together with cider in the annual statements of the commerce of the United States, made to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury. We may mention that this class of our products is chiefly exported to the British North American Colonics, Cuba, Texas, the Bri- tish West Indies, and Mexico. — Am. Ed.] ALEXANDRIA, so called from its founder, Alexander the Great, the principal sea-port of Eu:ypt,on the coast of the Mediterranean. It is situated about 12 miles W. of the Canopic mouth of the Nile ; the Pharos lieing in lat. 31° 12 J N., long. 29° 53J' E. The situation of this famous city was most admirably chfesen. Until the discovery of the route to India by the Ca|)e of Good Hope, Egypt fonned the natural seat of the commerce between the eastern and western worlds; and Alexandria was placed in the most favourable position in Egypt for an emporium. It is the only port on the whole northern coast of that country where there is, at once, deep water, and security for shipping throughout the year. The ports (if Rosetta and Damietta, the former on the west, and the latter on the eastern arm of the Nile, are both diflicult of entrance, each having a bar, upon which there is always a dangerous surf. Ships bound for Alexandria avoid this serious inconvenience ; and by means of an artificial navigation, stretching from the city to the western branch of the Nile, it has fur a while at least, almost the same facilities of internal navigation that arc enjoyed by the cities referred to. It may be proper, however, to mention that this artificial communication with the Nile has not always been open. It existed in antiquity, but fell into decay during the barbarism of more modern times. After being shut up for some centuries, it has been re-opencd by Mohammed Ali, who has dug a canal from Alexandria to Foitah on the Nile, about 27 miles above Rosetta. This important work is 48 milc!? in length, 90 feet in breadth, and from }5 to 18 ieet deep. It was opened in 1819 ; but owing partly to the nature of the ground, partly to some defects in its construction, and partly to the mud deposited by the water of the Nile, it is diflicult to keep in repair; and cannot now, it is said, be navigated excryit during tlie I^riod of the inundation. Its free navigation at all periods would, however, lie of the greatest advantage, not to Alexandria only, but to all Egypt; and it is believed that this might bo secured by facing the canal with brick, and putting it otherwise into good order. Porta. S;e. — ^Ttie nmicnt city wna situnffid a little more inland than the mndern or , opposite to the snrill isliinrt of Ph-irog, on wliieh wna erected tlie liplithoii»«, so celKhrnt«d in iintiqiiily. — (Ctt^ar rit BelluCirili, lib. iii. tup. lia.) This iHland wns, partly by itrlifiriiil meiins.nrd parlly by niitiiral caunes, firadiinlly jninpd to the land by a mound, and on tliis the new town is priiiciiially built. The istli- nitm iiiid island have now the form ot'a T, its liend being N. E. and S. W. A sriiiiire rnsllc or tower, built on a small islet or roelc.nt Iheextreinity of a mole projettiiijjfroni the north-east angle of the city. Is still called the Pharos, nnd n liir'it is regularly «)!hil>ited upon it. On each side of the city there is a port. That on the western, or African side, called the Old Port, Is by far the largest and besit. It itri'tches from the town westwards to Maratmut, about six niileK, and is aliouln mile anil a half wide. It is bounded on the north, partly by the western ton)!ne or angle of the island on which the city is partially built, and partly by rocks and sand bantad structure ; the royal seat is become u prison tiiT slaves ; an opulent and numerous people hns given way to n sinnll number of f ireign traders, and to a multitude of wretches, that are the servants of those on whom they depend : a place formerly so fnnious for the extent of ita rommerce, is no longer any thing more than a mere place nf ciiihiirking, in fine, it is not n phmnix that revives from its own ashes, it Is, at most, a reptile, sprunc from the dirt, the dust, and corruption with which the Alcoran has inflicted the whole country."— (A'jn/eH"* Travelt, Kng. trans. 8vo ed. p. 87.) There is reason, however, to think that this striking description, though accnrnte at the time when it waa written (1737), conveys too unfavourable an idea of the present Ftate of Alexandria. The vigornua go- vernment of Mohammed Ali, by introducing comparative security and good order into Egypt, has lat- terly revived the commerce of Alexandria, which has again become a place of considerable ijiiportance in the trading world. Trade »/ Mexandria.— The Imports principallv consist of cotton stuflii, timber, hardware, iron and tin, tobacco, machinery, ammunition, silk gooils, woollens, staves, &c. The exports consist of raw cotton, wheat and barley, rice, linen, Hax, Unseed, sugar, eotCiie (from the Red Sea), drugs, gums, sal- ammoniac, saffron, wax, tec. The principal articles of importation into this country from Kgypt are cotton, flax and linseed, senna, and gum. Of these, cotton is bv far the most important. We began to import it in lti33; and aiuea then the imports have been as fidlows : — Years. Bales. Years. Bales. Yeara. Bales. 1834 183S 1830 38,023 111,0%! 47,821 1827 1^ 1839 82,450 32,889 34,739 1830 1831 1833 11,753 S8,I34 41,183 In 1833, the French Imported 35,807 bales of Egyptian cotton ; the imports at Trieste during the sama rear were about 50,000 bales ; and those at Leghorn and Genoa were, together, abotit the aame aa at Trieste. The bale of Egyptian cotton weighs about 820 lbs. This important trade owes its existence almost entirely to the exertions of the Pacha, by whom the cotton plantations have been established. The cotton exported is all long-staple, but nf two sorts : one called in Egypt makko, and in England common Egyptian ; the other, the produce of sea-island seed, called in Egypt Sennaar, and in England sea-island Egyptian. Resides these two descriptions, Egypt produces frnm 15,000 to 30,000 bales of short-staple cotton, similar in quality to that of Smyrna, and chiefly consumed in the country. The cotton brought from Egypt is found to be amongst the most useful that is grown : that raised fi-om sea- island ?eed ranks next to American sea-island. The exports from this country to Egypt principally consist of cotton goods and twist, earthenware, iron and steel, arms and ammunition, i,c. Their real value amounted, in 1831, to I33,833<. ; hut besides what goea direct, a good deal of British produce tinds Its way to Egypt at second-hand from Malta, Smyrna, Ilc. Constantinople and the islanos ofthe Archipelago are the great markets for the wheat and other grain exported from Egypt, the quantity sent to them being sometimes very large. The supplies are, however, extremely uncertain. Every thing In Egypt depends on the Nile ; and when it does not rise to the usual height, the crops are very much below an average. Beans are extensively cultivated, and have sometimes been brought to England, but rarely, if ever, with advantage to the importers. They are very inferior to English beans, and are peculiarly sul)ject to the worm. No oats are raised in Egypt, the hnrsea being entirely fed upon barley. Besides cotton, the Pucha has turned his attention to the culture of sugar, indigo, &c. The first has long been raised in Egypt, but the exports are not very considerable. Bilk is grown to some extent. The date-palm thrives in every part of Egypt, and the fVuit is largely exported. It ii singular, that notwithstanding the luxuriance of many of its vegetable productions, Egypt should be entirely destitute of limber.— (Lords' Report o/1837, on the Price ij Foreign Cera, Min.rf Evid.p. 130., and prtvate infarmation.) In 1831, there entered the port of Alexandria 1,315 ships, of the burden of 196,309 tons. Of these, the Austrian were the most numerous; next, the Engliata and Ionian} and than the French, Sardi- nian, Spanish, Stc. Moutg. — Accounts are kept at Alexandria, as at Cairo, in earrciit piaetret, each piastre being equal to 40 paras, or medini, and each medino to 30 nspers. The medino is also divided into 8 bnrbi, or fhrii. A purse contains 35,000 medini. The piastres struck in 1836 contain a great deal of nlluy ; 15| »r lO.piastres " 1 (Spanish dnll-ir ; hence 1 piastre =■ 3)d. sterling, very nearly. Payraenta in transac- tions of any importance are generally made in Spanish dollars. tyeigktt and Meaturet.— The yard, or pit, = 36-8 English inches; hence 100 pikB = 74-438 Englisli yards. The measures for corn are the rAsftsAs, and the f hecn landed at Myos Hormos and Berenice, were thence conveyed by caravans to Coptos (the modern Kenne), on the Nile, where they were put on board lighters and sent to Alexandria, whence they were distributed all over the western world. The goods sent to India were conveyed to Myos Hormos and Berenice by the same route. Myos Hormos was situated on the shore of tho Arabian gulf, about a degree to the north of the modern port of Cosseir. The dis- tance from it to Coptos, in a straight line, is about 70 English miies. Berenice was situated a good way further to the south, being nearly under the tropic. It was built by Ptolemy Philadelphus. Its distance from Coptos is stated by Pliny at 258 Roman miles ; the dillerent resting places on tho road were determined by the wells, and the journey occupied about 12 days. Ptolomy seems to have preferred this station to Myos Hormos, though the land car- riage to Coptos was so much further, from iUi greater jiroxiniity to the Straits of Babelmandeb, and its lessening the voyage up the Red Sea. Pliny says that the cost of the Indian commodities brought to Rome through Alexandria was increased a hundred fold (centiipllcato veneanf) by the expence of carriage, &c. We suspect that this is a rhetorical exaggeration, meaning merely that their price was very ma- terially enlinnccd. If the increase was to any thing like the extent mentioned, it must have been owing to the imposition of oppressive tolls and duties, for it could not possibly have been occasioned by the mere expenses of conveyance.* — (Flin. Hisi, Nat. lib. vi. cap. 23.; Ameilhnn, Commerce des Egyptiens, pp. 161 — 176. &c. ; Robertson^* Ancient India, note 20. «&c.) Besides this important traflic, which supplied Rome and the western world with the silka, • In ttie 16th century, ttie cost of Indian coniinoditleB tiroiiglit to Western Europe hy wny of Alex- andriii and Alnppo wns nbnut three times llie cost of tliose brouglit by the Cnpe of Good Hope.— (See poft. East India Company, Hutoryof.) But Eeypt was llien occupied l>y the Mauicluhcs and Turl<», who threw every sort of obstacle iu the way ot coiiimerce, and loaded it with ibe most opprs<<y%m m '■< rl 1^1:;"

importance ; but the fair presumption undoubt- edly is, that other results would follow ; and that the Mediterranean ports would in future derive the principal part of their Indian commoilities by way of Alexandria. The more westerly Euro|)ean ports would continue, we believe, to use the present channel of inter- course with India. Whether these anticipations are ever destined to lie realised, it is impossible to say; but the progress already made by Mohammed All in introducing r better order of things into Egypt, and the present state of the Ottoman empire, which seems fast falling to pieces, would appear to warrant the conclusion that important changes may l>e expected in the East At all events, the brief statements now mode, can hardly be deemed out of place in a work in- tended to exhibit, however imperfectly, the history, principles, and channels, as well as tlie details of commerce, ALICANT, a sea-port town of Spain, in Valencia, in lat 38" 20' 41" N., long. 0" 30' W. Population about 14,500, and declining. The port is an open and spacious bay, between Cape de la Huerta on the norlh-cast, and Isia Plana on the south, distant from each other S. W. and N. E. about 10 miles. Ships may enter on any course between those points, steering direct for the castle, which stands on an eminence about 400 feet high. Those of considerable burden moor N; and S., distant from j- to 1 mile from shore, in from 4 to 8 fathoms water; they are exposed to all winds from E. N. E. to S. by W. ; but the Holding ground is good, and there is no instance during the last twenty years of a ship having been driven from her moorings. Small craft lie alongside the mole, which is already 'i'20 yarda in length, and is to be projected still further into the sea. There are no pilots. The trade of .Vlicant, tliough still considerable, has declined much within the last few years ; a consequence partly of the emancipation of America from the Spanish yoke, but more of the op[)ressive duties laid on the importation of most articles of foreign protluce in Spain — (sec Baiicelumi), and the extensive smuggling carried on from Cadiz and Gibraltar. Its exports • Tbis is tlie cot ALIENS. tl «on«i«t principally of Iwrilli, almond*, wine, and raiiin*, wi^ oni. u«ni '■«« of f ■*. oliv* oil, hrmidy, flK*, Malt, wiM>l, Hilk, aniae, &.C. Tho liurillu ot aIik U is <> c t'lneiit (juuiity, irt almoKt wlioliy (ukcn olF by England. Tlin expon^ i lo liom i,UUU to 90,0(10 quintain.* The vfWhrntod tivitei vn'uxt, ieni (vino tinln). . > v |H>rln«1 fr('< )iia {mrt, priiiripnily for Dratil ; a liltln dry wino go«?a to Oibrnllar. Almonds, of which ati'iit '" ' quinlub) are exportud, go nioHtly to Hurnburnh. 'J'lio rainiuH are not of ihu fincNt | • i tho!W hrouitht to Kn^lond nr» prinripally UMd in conft^ctiimnry. Oil, which wm forn < riy •cnt in lar|{0 qimntilim to Nouth Ainrricn, in now compnrativcty nrgldrU'd. Dnton arc ex- ported, and uro not unfri (jurritly aold here an Darbary duti'M. The iin|>orta coiwiitt prim • pally of linen, united liMh, tobacco, ffrnin, iron, timber, lUfinr, cofleo, indii(o, cochineal, cotton and cotton Htulfn, &c. The linona, of which from 35U,0U0 to fiOO,()()0 ynrdit are anniiiilly imprted. are furniiihed almost wholly by France and (jenoa. In 1831, tlirrc entered the port of Alicant 167 forciptn veaaeU, of the burden of 16,716 tona; of iheite were Dritish .64, bunlcn 6,719 tonH ; French 46, burden 8,080 tona; Sardinian 4U, burden 4,106 tona; Swedixh 6, burden 1 ,350 tons, Ac. It was atated in the former edition of thia work, that larf^ quantitiex of Denicnrlo wine wore «hipped at Alicant forCette: but thia ia a nutitoke ; alnxMt nil the Benicurlo bcini; ahipped from tho northern porta of Valeiicia, and principally from Donicarlo, whence it haa its name. — {li^Utn'a Spain in IH.'IO. f . 'Mi.) Shipping Churirea.— Thi'KO viirv ur'riil ti(r to the burden of the phlp. nnd the roiintry to wlilcli iilie bplongH. On a ulilp of 30Utoni uiiUtail.iigond loading mixed cnrguua, tlivy would be, Including cuiiiiul- agu, (III I'olluwii : — HpnrilBti llrltitili I'reiich Uanish £ I. d. . « 9 4 Ftwedlnh 11 la 41 Rimi'inn • -15 7 10 Dutch IS 11) 10} Anii'i'icnn £ $ d. IS 1 JOf It II 10} l.t IM ('.} 1.-1 17 lU} Cvrtinn-lfoiitt ltevulntion».—\ nmnifeat of the cnrifo, IIlb »hl|i'ii tnnnnco, nnd niinilicr rted, may be deposited in bonded warehonsea fur twelve niontlis, paying, in lieu of ull charges, 'i per cent, ml ruloreiii, but ut theendof tiieyeartlicy must he either talpl thni Ihcy nm Incapnhia of hnlnjr mmn '•'» of thii Frivy Council, uf baln| eluclad lu curv* In iwrllamenl, ur of huldlng any olllc* or iruit undur Ihe A dnittn li nn nllrn horn, who hut nhiKlnfil h'Urn pnlpnf, */ (f«iiafTe.—(HUirk>lon$'t C«m. hcok l.rnp. 10.) An nllim may nliio be nnliirnllat^d hy •nrvlnt on Imnrd nny of hl« Mn|<>*ty'i •hip* of war, In llnif nf wnr, fnr ihrfir year*, or. If a pruclamallun baa bvsn liaiMii to that ellfaci, for two yonrt.— (0 0$i). i. cup. 100. t i l«,' IT.) Jnjtumet nf Ihe Reiidence of AHtni,—T\itn can be no doubt that, ironerally apealiinir, tlie rpaort of foreignora to a country, an«l their roaidonco in it, are highly roixlucivo to ita intereata. Thoae who emigrate in order to practiao their calling in an old aettlni country, are pretty uniformly diatinguiahod fur activity, cntfrpriac, and %aoA conduct. The native inhabitanta have io many odvantagca on their aide, that it would be alMurd to auppoae that foroignera ahould ever come into any thing like succeaaful competition with them, uiiloaa they were acquainted with aome branch of trade or mnnufduturt) of which theuthera wore ignorant, or poaacaaed auperior akill, industry, or economy. liut whether alieiia practiae new arta, or introduce more perfect pruceaaca into tho old, or diaplay auperior economy, Ac, their influx cannot fail to be of the very greateat advantage. They practically inatriict thoae among whom they reaido in what it moat concerna them to know, that ia, in thoae depart- menu of art and acicnce in which tliey are inferior to otiiera ; and enable them to avail themaclvM of whatever foreign aagacity, akill, or practice haa produced that ia moat perfect. It ia not eaay, indeed, to overrate the boneflta conferred on moat countrie* l)y tho rcaort of aliena. Previoualy to the invention of printing there waa hardly any other way of becoming acquainted with foreign inventinna and diacoveriea ; and even now it ia far eaaicr to learn any new art, method, or proceaa, from the example and inatruction of thoae familiar with ita detaila, than from the lieat poBHihle deacriptiona. The experience, indeed, of every age and country ahowa that the progress of nations in the career of arts and civiliantion dependa more on the freedom of commerce, and on the liberality with which they have treated foreignora, than on almost any thing cliie. En/fliah Lfgi»lulion at to Alien.*. — But, notwithstanding what haa iKscn stated above, an antipathy to resident foreigners accms to be indigenous to all rude and uncivilised nations. Whatever is done by them appears to be so much taken from the employment, and, conse- quently, from the aub.sistence of the citizens ; while tho advantages resulting from the new arta or improved practices they introduce, for tho moat part manifest themselves ordy by slow degrees, and rarely make any impression on the multitude. Hence the jealouay and aver- sion with which foreigners are uniformly regarded in all countries not far advanced in civilisation. The early Greeks and Romans looked upon strangers as a species of enemiea, with whom, though not actually at war, they maintained no sort of friendly intercourse. " Ho»ti»" says Cicero, "apud mnjitrea nontroa i» dleebatttr, quern nunc perej^rinum dici- mu»." — (De Off. lib, i. cap. 12.) It may, therefore, be considered as a striking proof of the good sense and liberality of those by whom it was framed, that a clause is inserted in Magna Charta which haa the encouragement of commerce for its object; being to the effect, that " all merchants (if not openly prohibited before) shall have safe and sure conduct to depart out of and to come into Eni^lnnd, to reside in and go through England, as well by land as by water ; to buy and sell without any manner of evil tolls, by the oltl and rightful customs, except in time of war ; and if they be of a land making war against us, and such be found in our nation at the beginning of the war, they shall be attached without harm of body or goods, until it be known unto us, or our chief justice, how our merchants be entreated in the land making war against us ; and if our merchants bo well entreated there, shall be ■0 likewise here." But until tho era of Edward I. the stipulation in the Great Charter as to foreign mer- ehanta seems to have been little attended to. It ia doubtful whether, previously to his reign, they could either hire houses of their own, or deal except through the medium of soma Englishman. But this intelligent prince saw the advantage that would result to the trade and industry of his subjects from tlio residence and intercourse of Germans, Flemings, Italians, and other foreigners, who, at that time, were very superior to the English in most branches of manufactures and commerce. He, therefore, exerted himself to procure a repeal of some of the more oppressive restrictions on aliens, and gave them a charter which con- veyed considerable privileges.* Down, however, to tho reign of Edward III., it continued to be customary to arrest one stranger for the debt, and even to punish him for the Crimea • This charter was confirmed by Tdwnrd III. In 1328. Amon^; other clanaea. It haa the follnwlne, viz : lat, That on any trial between forelKners and Enfilishmen, the Jury shall he halt' fnrelxncra ; 3d, That a proppr person Bhiill he iippolntKd in London to he jnstlciiiry fnr foreign iiiurchama ; and 3d, That there shall be but one weight and measure throughout the kingdom.— (.4Ni/ppmr ntrtonlinsry that the groM injuitieo of thia barliaroui rrgulation ever permitted it to be aJoptml ; ani] yet it waa probably, at one period, the romrtinn law of moat European atatea. Aa aoon, however, aa the foundationa of good onlrr and civiliiation began to be laid, iti operation wa* aeen to be moat pemieioun. In 133R, Edward 11. entered into a convention with the Veneliana, in which it wa* expreaaly •tipuliiiril that they ihouid have ftill liberty to come to England to buy and acll commoditiea, without tx-ing liable for the debt* or Crimea of other*. Conventiona to the aame rflfect were rnlrrtMi into with other foreigneni. At length, in ISftS, thia diagraceful practice waa put an end to by 87 Edward 3. atat. ii. cap. 17.; it being provided in thia atatute, not only tliat no itronger ahall be impoachett for the trcapaia or debt of another, but that, in the event of a wur lirrnking out with any foreign power, ita aubjecta, reaiding amongut ua, ahall be warned ihrrroC by proclamation, and be allowed forty day* to arrange their atfuira, and to depart out of th>- kingdom; and that, under apecial circumatanrea, thia term may be extended. Thero are fi v acta in the atatute-book that reflect more credit on their propoaera, or that have been murti advantkgeoua than thia. In conaequence of the encouragement given by Edward III. to auch of the woollen manufacturera of Flandera aa choae to immigrate to England, a good many came over ; and it ia from their immigration that we mny date the improvement and importance of the woollen manufacture in thia countiy. — (See Woollkw MANurACTVRR.) But thia policy, however wiie and judicioua, waa exceedingly unpopular. The forrignera wore opeidy in« luited, and their livea endangered, in London and other large town* ; and a few of them in consequence nUumcd to Flandera. Edward, however, wai not to be driven from his purpose by an unfounded clamour of this sort A proclamation waa issued, in which every person accused of disturbing or attacking the foreign wcavcra was ordered to be committed to Now< gate, and threotened with the utmost severity of puniahmcnt In a parliament held at York, in 133-'>, an act waa passed for the better protection and security of foreign merchants an(i others, by which penalties were inflicted on all who gave them any disturbance. Thia aeema to have had the oiTect, for a while, at least, of preventing any outrages. The corporationa of London, Bristol, and other great towns, have been at all times the frincipal enemiea to the immigration of foreignera. Perhapa, indeed, they were not more ostile to them than to auch of their own countrymen, belonging to another part of the king- dora, aa should have attempted to settle amongst them without Iwing free of their corporation. But in denouncing foreignera they hod tha national prejudice on their aide; and their Bttempta to confirm and extend their monopoliea by their exclusion were regarded as the nobleat cflbrts of patriotism ! Edward III. was fully aware of the real motives by which they were actuated, and steadily resisted their pretensions. But in the reigns of his succea- ■ors they succeeded better : some of those were feeble and unfortunate, whilst othcra enjoyed the crown only by a disputed title, and in defiance of powerful competitors. The support of the great towns was of the utmost consequence to such princes, who, whatever might be their own opinion as to its policy, could hardly venture to resist the solicitations of such powerful bodies to exclude strangers, and to impose restrictions on commerce. From the death of Edward III. to the reign of Elizabeth, the progress made by the country wua not inconsiderable, but it waa little promoted by legislative enactments. Throughout the whole of thia perio:M'. t !i. ALIENS. tire exposition of tho mischiefs arising from the restraints on aliens, and on trade, they were hoth increased in the reign of Henry VIII. And it was not till the reign of Elizabeth thct the pretensions of the corporations seem to have been disregarded, and an attempt made to act, not by starts, but consistently, on the policy of Edward III. The influx of foreigners during tlie reign of Elizabeth was occasioned chiefly by the per- secutions of the Duke of Alva and the Spaniards in the Low Countries. The friends of the reformed religion, which, at the time, was far from lieing firmly established, and the government, were glad to receive such an accession of strength ; and from the superiority of tho Flemings in commerce and manufactures, the immigrants contributed materially to the improvement of the arts in England. It would seem, however, that the ministcM of Elizabeth contented themselves, perhaps that they might not excite the public prejudice, with declining to enforce the laws against aliens, without taking any very active steps in their favour. In the reign of James I, the corporation of London renewed with increased earnestness Iheir complaints of aliens. In 1622, a proclamation was issued, evidently written by James himself, in which, under pretence of keeping " a due temperament" between the interests of the complainants and those of the foreigners, he subjects the latter to fresh disabilities. Since the revolution, more enlarged and liberal views as to conduct to be followed with respect to aliens have continued to gain ground : several of the restraining statutes have fallen into disuse, while others have been so much modified by the interference of the courts, which have generally been inclined to soften their severity, that their more offensive provi- sions are become inoperative. In 1708, an act was passed, notwithstanding the strenuous opposition of the corporations, for the general naturalisation of all foreign protestants ; but the prejudice against them was still so powerful that it was repealed within about three years. Some unsuccessful attempts have since been made to carry a similar measure. One of these, about the middle of last century, occasioned the publication by Dr. Tucker of two excellent pamphlets, in which the policy of the naturalisation act is most ably vindicated, and the argu- ments against it successfully exposed.* But no such statute has hitherto been passed, and aliens still continue subject to various disabilities. DinabUiiiea of jlliens. — The principnl of these re^nrds the possesHion of fixed property. It is ruled tliiit liinds purchased by an alien for his own use, nmy be seized by the kinp. " If," siiys Blackstone, " he could ncquire n permnnont property in hinds, he mnst owe an nlleeianc ;, equally permanent with that pi'operty, to the king of Eneland ; which would probably be inconsistent with that which he owes to his own natural liefie lord ; besides that, thereby the nation misht in him be subject to foreign influence, and feel many otiier inconveniences. Wlierefore by the civil b.w such contracts were made void, but the prince had no such advantage of forfeiture thereby as with us in England." — (Commen- taries, book i. cap. 10.) An aliim cannot take a benefice without the kin?'* consent, nor can he enjoy n place of trust, or take a grant of lands from the crown. Aliens may, however, acquire property in money, goods, or other personal estate, and may have houses for the purpose of their habitation, and for carrying on their business. They may bring actions us to their personal effects, and may dispose of them by will. The druit d'auhaine (jus albiiuUiig, i. e. alibi nutus), or tlie right of the crown to succeed to the etTeclg of an alien at his death, so long the custom in France, never obtained in England. If an alien abroad die intestate, his whole property here is distributed according to the law of the country where he resided ; but such residence must have been stationary, and not occasional, othurwise the foreign luunicipal reeul.'itions will not tpply to the property. Aliens may trade as freely as natives; and for these many years past, the dntles of package and neaviiffe in the port of London, repealed in \ii3'i, were the only p\oyed in the navigation of the vessel arc excepted.—} 1. The act then goes on to lay down the conditions of residence, which are merely that every alien is required to make a decliration and registry, renewed half yearly, or oftener if required by the secre- tary of state, of his name, abode, nnd occupation. Aliens neglecting to make such declaration, or making a false one, are, for every such offence, to forfeit any sum not exceeding 501., or be imprisoned any time not exceeding six months, at the discretion of two justices. Policy of the Laws as to Aliens. — The reasons assigned by Mr. Justice Blackstone and others for preventing aliens from acquiring fixed property seem to be very unsatisfactory. In small states there might be grounds, perhaps, for fearing le.-it the easy admission of aliens to the rights of citizenship should give them an improper bias; but in a country like Eng- land, such apprehensions would be quite futile. In this respect the example of Holland seems • Historical remarks on the late Naturalization Dill, 1751 ; Queries occasioned by the late N'aturall- tation Bill, 1753. quite decisive. N was "the constant asylum for all pet nor solicitation of or make the state and soif-preservatio ty. Lend. 17C1.) A short resident quired in Plolland I importance to rema was in any instaiic authorities considci republic in wealth i out the whole coui countries, the stead that many people h and their most vali manufactures, arts, said fabrics and ma at a pTTfat expense With such an en more ridiculous tha ever come to Engla nience ; and in all o ralisation act wouli be enacted, that the proofs of their peac (Some parts of thi( Society for the Oiffus (The act 7 Geo. the act 6 Will. 4. c principal are, that— Every master of a i Immediately declare, he. of any iilien or al tlie realm, under a pe In the declaration: t vessel. — } a. On arrival in this c port ; which dcclarati the alien. A copy of or (if the alien land ii given to the alien is t tiliiates to be grantee certificates, or falsely or by tine, not exceed [There are no dc citizen or an alien. Citizens are eitht laws which have be Native citizens at United States since secondly, every pert date, provided he re Naturalized citiz ditions prescril)ed ir 1813, 1816, 1824,1 turalized be a free v or affirmation, befc to his application t less he has been a of June, 1812, the has resided here dt last three years of h in the United Statei which he applies is in no case, be allov satisfaction of the co moral character, att disposed to the gooi ALIENS. 99^ quite (leciaivo. Notwithstanding the comparatively limited population of that country, it was " the constant policy of the republic to mako Holland a perpetual, safe, and secure asylum for all perstHSUted and oppressed strangers; no alliance, no treaty, no regard for, nor tiolicitation of any potentate whatever, has at any lime been able to weaken or destroy, or make the state recede from protecting those who have fled to it for their own security and self-preservation." — {Proposals fur amending the Trade of Holland, printed by authori- ty. Lond. 17C1.) A short residence in the country, and a small payment to the state, was all that was re- quired in Plolland to entitle a foreigner to every privilege enjoyed by a native. And it is of iniporiSnce to remark, that it has not been so much as insinuated that this liberal conduct was in any instaiiro productive of a mischievous result. On the contrary, all the highest authorities consider it as one of the main causes of the extraordinary progress made by the republic in wealth and commerce. It is said in the oflicial paper just quoted, tliat " Through- out the whole course of all the persecutions and oppressions that have occurred in other countries, the steady adherence of the republic to this fundamental law has been the cause that many people have not only fled hither for refuge, with their whole stock in ready cash, and their most valuable effects, but have also settled and established many trades, fabrics, manufactures, arts, and sciences, in this country ; notwithstanding the first materials for the said fabrics and manufactures were almost wholly wanting in it, and not to be procured but at a great expense from foreign parts." (Ibid.) With such an example to a|)peal to, v a. On arrival in this country, the alien is to declare his name, description, &c. and to produce his pass- port ; wliich declaration Is to be registered by the officer of customs, who is to deliver a certiflcute to the alien. A copy of this declaration is to be transmitted, within two days, to tlic secretary of state, or (if tlie alien land in Ireland) to tlie chief secretary of the Lord Lieutenant. The original certificate given to the alien is to be transmitted to the secretary of state on his leaving the country. New cer- tilirates to be granted in lieu of such as may he lost, without fee, under a penalty of aO^ Forging certificates, or tiilsely personating aliens, punishable by imprisonment, not exceeding three mouths, or by line, not exceeding 100/.— i i 3, 4, 5, tc— Sup.) [There are no denizens in the United States. Every inhabitant of the country is either a citizen or an alien. Citizens are either natives, or such persons as have become citizens in accordance with the laws which have been enacted by Congress on the subject of naturalization. Native citizens again are, first, all persons who have been born within the jurisdiction of the United States since the declaration of American Independence, on the 4th of July, 1776 ; and secondly, every person who was a native of the territory of the United States previous to that date, provided he remained in the country afterwards. Naturalized citizens are, in the first place, all persons who fulfil or comply with the con- ditions prescrilied in the acts of Congress, concerning naturalization, of the years 1802, 1804, 1813, 1816, 1H24, and 1828. These conditions are, first, that the person applying to bu na- turalized be a free white person, of the oge of 21 years or more. Secondly, he must, on oath or affirmation, before some federal or state court, or its clerk, two years at least previous to his application to become a citizen, have declared his intention to take this step ; un- less he has been a resident in the Unitt^d States before and ever since the 1 8th day of June, 1312, the date of the declaration of war against Great Britain; or unless he has resided here during the last three years of his minority, with the intention, during the last three years of his residettce, of becommg a citizen. Thirdly, he must have resided with- in the United States five years at least, and within the state or territory, where the court to which he applies is at the time held, one year at least ; but the oath of the applicant shall, in no case, lie allowed to prove his residence. Fourthly, he must cau.'te it to appear to the satisfaction of the court that, during the time of his residence, he has behaved asamanofagood moral character, attached to the principles of the constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order aud happiness of the same. Fiftldy, he must renounce every title or r^" i ■>! mm urn i r ''If ■11! s-'^' ■ '• ^ I ! ■•.■^ 9i n n-. ,;.• k mi h4 i • i 'km if ■■rifr. I ' I hi u%li S8 ALKALIES. order of nobility which he may have held in the kingdom or state from which he came. Sixthly, he must make oath or affirmation that he will support the constitution of the United States, and renounce and abjure all allegiance to any foreign sovereign or state. No alien, however, who shall be a native citizen, denizen, or subject, of any sovereign or state, with whom the United States shall be at war, at the time of his application, shall be then admit- ted to be a citizen of the United States. Besides the persons who may have complied with or fulfilled the conditions above enume- rated, their children, as also the children of such persons as, previous to the passing of any law on the subject by the government of the United Stales, may have become citizens of any one of the said states, under the laws thereof, being under the age of 21 years, at the nme of their parents being so naturalized or admitted to the rights of citizenship, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens of the United States ; and the children of persons who, on or before the 14th day of April 1802, were citizens of the United States, shall, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, be considered as citizens of the United States. And again, it is enacted that if any person, who shall have made the preliminary declara- tion of intention to become a citizen as required by law, shall die before he is actually natu- ralized, his widow and children shall be considered as citizens of the United States ; and they shall be entitled to all rights and privileges as such, upon taking the oatlis which the law pre- scribes. Every citizen of the United States enjoys the same rights and privileges ; excepting only that a naturalized citizen must have been such for seven years to be eligible as a member of the House of Representatives, and for a period of nine years to be eligible as a member of the Senate of the Union, and that none but a natural born citizen, or a citizen at the time of the adoption of the federal constitution, can be elected to the office of President of the United States, or of Governor in some of the states. Aliens cannot act as jurors ; they have not the right of voting at elections ; and they are disabled from holding any office, either in the states, or under the government of the United States. In many of the states (chiefly the older ones) they are incapable of acquiring and holding any real Estate. If an alien purchase land, or take it by devise, it is at once liable to be forfeited to the state. His rights to and power over personal or moveable property are the same precisely as those of citizens. (See Kent's Commentariea, Lecture 25.) The general reader may also, for an abstract of the law relating to aliens, as it regards their right of holding and conveying property in the different states of the Union, consult the " American Almanac" for 1838.— ^«. Ed.] ALKALIES. The distinguishing characters of these bodies are, a strong acrid and power- fully caustic taste ; a corrosive action upon all animal matter, destroying its texture with con- siderable rapidity ; exposed to the atmosphere, when in their caustic state, they absorb car- bonic acid with great rapidity, and become carbonated (or mild). Their action upon vegeta- ble colours also affords us means by which the presence of an uncombined or carbonated alkali may be detected ; the yellow colour of turmeric is changed to a red-brown tint when immersed into solutions containing them ; the blue colour of the litmus, after being reddened by an acid, is again restored; the infusions of the red cabbage, the violet, and many other purple vegetable colours, are converted to green. Litmus paper reddened by carbonic acid is, however, the most delicate test of the presence of an alkali. With the various acids they also combine, forming the very important and extensive class of compounds generally called salts ; a salt being any compound formed by the union of an acid with an alkali or a metallic oxide. Mkalimelry. — ^The methnd by whicli the vnliie ofthe n1kaUes,nr carhonnted alkalies, is determined, beinit of cnnsidernble importance in a cnnimercini point of view, wfi shnll here treat it somewhat in dctiill. It is an estnhll8hed fact, that 49 parts by weight of oil of vitriol of the opeciflc gravity 1'848S, are exactly equivalent to the neutralisation of 70 parts by weight of pure carbonate of potash, or 48 of pure potass, or 54 of carbonate of soda, or 33 of soda ; nnd that TO parts of oil of vitriol will there- fore be necessary to neutralise 100 parts of carbonate of potass ; hence, by employing a glass tube of about two ounces' capacity, and accurately divided into 100 equal parts, taking TO grains of oil of vitriol, and diluting it with water, to make the 100 measures complete, every measure of this dilute acid must bo equal to a grain of pure carbonate of potass. The per centage of real carbonate of potass existing in any sample of pearlash may be at once ascertained by taking 100 grains of the sam- ple, dissolving it in hot water, straining, and adding by degrees 100 measures of the test acid above mentioned ; the point of neutralisation (when it ceases to affect litmus paper or reddened litmusi) being accurately ascertained, the residual acid will give the per centage of impurities : for instance, say that TS measures of the dilute acid have been employed to render lOO grains of a sample of pearl- ash perfectly neutral, then we have ascertained that it contains 35 per cent, impurities. The same process of course must be followed in examining samples of barilla or kelp, except that the alkali contained in them, being carbonate of soda, 90-75 of oil of vitriol must be employed instead of 70. The process recommended by Mr. Faraday, and in which he uses only one test acid, is as follows :— Into a tube about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and nine and n half long, and as cylindricnl as possible throughout its whole length, 1,000 grains of wutei nre to he weighed, nnd the space occu- pied marked on the tube by a flne file ; this space is then divined from above downwards into 100 equal parts. At 33'44, or 7'0'5G parts from the bott- n, an extra line should be made, and soda marked opposite to it ; at 4H'9C potass should be marked in ' 'yed in medicine as a febrifuge. All these salts of ammonia have the following properties ; — they are volatile at a low red heat ; the fixed alkalies decompose them, combining with their acid, and the ammonia is liberated. When combined with a fixed acid, such as the boracic or phosphoric, they are decomposed, the am- monia alone being volatilised, and the acid remaining pure. Thit proeeti teat described fur obtaining fwre pkosphoric acid. Potass, or Vegetable Alkali. — ^The original source of this alkali Is In the vegetable kingdom, whence is derived its name of vegetable alkali. When wood is burnt, and the ashes lixiviated with water, boiled, strained, and evaporated to dryness, an intensely alkaline mass is obtained, which is known by the name of potash, from this process being conducted in iron pots. It is then removed to a re- verberatory nirnace, and submitted to heat, and a current of air. This burns out extractive matter and other impurities, and the salt assumes a pearly white colour, and is hence called pearlashes. Care should be taken, during this process, that the potashes do not enter into fusion, as this would destroy the full effect of the operation. Pearlashes.— PtatlMhea generally contain about from 60 to 83 or 84 per cent, of pure carbonate of potass. Its uses in maniiftictures are numerous and important. It is employed in making flint-glass, of which it constitutes about one-sixth of the materials employed ; in soap-making, especially for the softer kinds of soap : for this purpose, however, it is first /endered caustic by means of lime. In the rectification of spirits, large quantities are employed to combine with the water previously in union with the spirit. Subcarbonate of Potass, or Salt of Tlirtar— is used in preparing the subcarbonBte of potflsa of the Pharmacopoila (carbonate of potass of the chemical nomenclature), and likewise in rendering hard spring waters soft, and in cleansing substances from grease ; it is sometimes called salt of worm- wood. When made by the deflagration of two parts of tartar of argol and one of nitre, it ia called black flux, and is used extensively in metallurgic nperaliona. From the subcarbonate of potash the pure and uncnmbined potass ia obtained, by adding an equal weight of fresh burnt lime, previously slaked, and boiling them with half their weight of water. By this process the lime combines with the carbonic acid, and the potass remains in solution in its caustic state ; by boiling the clear solution rapidly in iron vessels, and submitting it to fusion, we obtain the fused potass. If it be required perfectly pure for chemical purposes, it is necessary to evaporate in silver veaaela, and dissolve in strong alco'hol. This takes up the nure potass, and leaves any portion of the aubL^r- bonate that may not have been acted upon by the lime ; then the alcohol ia to be distilled off, and the potass fused at a red heat, and poured out in its liquid state on a cold slab. As thus procured, it ia a white, brittle mass, highly deliquescent, absorbing moisture and carbonic acid rapidly from the atmos- phere. When evaporated in iron vessels it has a dirty colour, and lets fall a quantity of oxide of < in, when dissolved in water, from ita having acted upon the iron boilera. c3 I I mi h , ti ' i tj*. h • '. t ' i V i 30 ALKAtlES: Potass act! with great rapidity upon animnl substnriccs, destroying their texture, and is on this ac- count employed ns a caustic, nnd was formerly called lapU ivferiMlL:iviation together with wood-ashes, which contain subcnrbonnlo of potans, andwhicii decoaiposes any nitrate oflime formed, of which there is geuerally a considerublequantit). After the iixivialion is complete, which takes some time, tli>> solution is separated and boiled down ; the salt separates ns in the other process, nnd the nitre is then crystallised. It was from this souhh that the \vhole of the nitre, nearly, employed by the French during the long protracted war with tha continental powers, was obtained. Niirc lias a cold, penetrating, and nauseous taste ; enters into igneous fusion at a arentle heat, and b then nioulded into round cakes called sal prunella. It is employed in the manufacture of niti n ncid ; of gunpowder, which is composed of 75 perls by weight of nitre. Hi of charcoal, and 9 of shj . phur (the nitre for this purpose should be of great purity); and in the manufacture of oil of vitrii I . as a iUiK it is one of th •■ most powerful we possess ; it is also used for the preservation of animal food, and in making frigorific nii.xtures : 1 oz. of nitre dissolved in 5 oz. of water lowers its tenipeia • ture 15 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer.— ()!!ec Saltpkthe.) Oialatc and Binoxahite of Potass. — The binoxalate of potass, or suit of lemon, or sorrel, by Imtli which last names it is very couunonly known, is procured from the juice of the common sorrel (Uo- inci Acetosa), orthe wood sorrel (Oxalis Acetoselia), by cryslnllisation, after tlic feculent matter bat been seiiarated by standing a few days. Its chief uses are, in removing ink spots or iron moulds ; and also as a refreshing beverage when mixed with sugar and water. Tht bicarbonate of potass c.-ystallises, and by further evaporation till of the specific gravity 1'3U0, t!ie f.•r« r<>pnl^!--iate o ' potass crystallises on cooling. This is to lie recrystallised. It is a beautiful vcll< w lalt, vi;ry tough, having a tenacity similar to spermaceti, and is dscoinposed at a red heat. It is em- ployed very extensively in dyeing blues, nnd in calico printing; also in the manufacture of Prussian blue, which is a compound of the ferropriissic acid and oxide of iron, prepared by adding 1 part of the fiirniprussiatc of^ potass dissolved in water, to one part of copperas, and 4 parts of alum in 'so- lution. Chromate of Potass. — This salt is obtained fVom the native chrnmate of iron by the action ofniiro ac a full red lieat in equal proportions. By solution, filtration, and evaporation, a beautiful lemon }el- low coloured salt results. It is very much employed in dyeing, calico printing, and calico making, from its producing bright yellow precipitates with solutions of lead. Bicltromale of Potass— i» prepared f'om the above-mentioned salt, by the addition of nitric acid to the yellow solution obtained from the heated mass by the action of water; on evaporating this, a dark red coloured salt crystallises, which is the bichromate. This is also very largely eniploysd hy the cali .\LKANET, on eusa ; Sp. Arcanett vBted irt Etigland ; in the sotith of Frai parts that are made having n tliick bark woody pitli, imparts water it gives only i unguents, wax usei hogany, rose-wood, but less permanent i des Productions.) The duty, which wi produced 1,787/. is. Si suinpti per cent. ; h is the Anlies obtained from sea weeds by incineration, aid is made on the northern sliores of Scotland, From these, the crystallised carbonate (or suhcarlicnate, as it is more frequemly called) is nmde by the addition of a small quantity of water, boiling, straining, evapurnting, and tklniniing ill' the com- mon salt as it forms on the surface ; on coolir.g, the f^ubcarbonate of soda crysliillises. Aiiollier nie- thofl is by heating the sulphate of soda with cnrboMite of lime and charcoal, and then diKsolving out the s ticularly Barbary. It flowers early in the spring, and produces fruit in August Almonds are of two sorts, sweet and bitter. They are not distinguishable from each other but by the taste of the kernel or fruit. " The Valentia almond is sweet, large, and flat-pointed at one extremity, and compressed in the middle. The Italian almonds arc not so sweet, smaller, and less depressed in the middle. The Jordan almonds come from Malaga, and are the best sweet almonds brought to England. They are longer, flatter, less pointed at one end and less round at the other, and have a paler cuticle than those we have described. The sweet almonds are imported in mats, casks, and boxes; the bitter, which come chiefly from Moga- dore, arrive in boxes." — {Thomson's Dispensatory.) An Account of the different Descriptions of Almonds imported into the United Kingdom in the Year* 1831 and 1833, the Kates of Duty thereon, the Produce of the Duties, with the countries from whence the Almonds were brought, and specifying the Quantities brought from each. — (Obtained from the Cuetotn-house for this Work.) Coontries from which imported. Quantities Imported. Bitter Alnnndt. Jordan Almoodi. Almmidi of other nrta. 1831. 1833. isn. 1833. 1831. 1833. Germany The Netherlands . France ... Portugal, Asores, ^ and Madeira 5 Spain ... Gibraltar - . . Italy . . Malta - . . Turkey ... Tripoli, Barhary, and 7 Morocco - . ; Cape of Good Hope . Bast Indies v. States of America Ulea of Guernsey,) Jersey, and Man / Total . FiMi Fonlgii CothMm rraai Britiib Pniiiirtuni ^Nitt piMMSOi Ibi Dat'NlL Cut. in, tu. SO 1 83 1 334 1 3 6 193 3 7 S3 3 3,115 3 34 Cut. frf. Itt. 83 a 5 81 3 34 43 I 84 3 3 16 18 3 34 8,697 81 101 3 13 Cut. «r<. ite. 1 3 10 3,361 3 3 130 33 3 1 5 Cut. frt. If. I a 1,333 3 11 18 0^ 3 1 137 fur. fr«. Un. 103 3 3 550 33 331 3 35 3,618 3 10 333 033 151 3 15 37 13 5,138 3 11 6 1 093 7 1 Cut. on. lb. 5 8 1 9 540 1 13 330 3 3 1,835 3 17 66 1 13 140 5 6,013 3 15 14 1 34 35 3 14 3,303 1 5 3,908 15 3,404 13 1,335 3 16 9,135 3 9 9,003 oao Rates of Duty per Owt. £ t. i. 1 11 8 15 10 3,360 6 1 £ t. d. 4 4 1,068 17 1 £ t. d. 4 IS 3 7 7,830 S 11 l£ M. d. ^00 I 5,003 « £ *. d. 8 7 6 3 7 6 7,850 17 6 £ t. d. I 1 5,460 5 7 u. n. in. lU. 8 1 1 13 3 S 3 17 1 12 i m 3 15 14 1 34 3 14 OSO ^^^ ■. i. S 7 ALOES— ALUM. ss Putieii OH Mmimii.—Vtey\m\t\y to 1830, nlmondu were nmong the moit grogily ovrrtnxcd articlei In the Brillin tBrllrj but the guhjoined Btatcinvnt showi that the diitien were then mnterinlly reduced. II further oppearg from It, that though the duty on bitter ainionds in 1833 nmounlcd to only about one- eighth part of ita amount in 1831, the revenue derived from them did not full oflT more than about hall°, (howintt that the consumption had Increased In a fourfold proportion ! The revenue ttom Jordan «l ids in 1831 was 7,830/. ; and In 1832, .%()(«/. ; thouKh the duly in the latter year was less than half what it had been in the former. The results of the reduction of the duty on other sorts of almonds are fxaclly almilar. This, therefore, Is a striking Instance of the bcnnncinl ir.flueiice of reasonable duties. Tho fair presumption Is, that in a few years the revenue from almonds, under the present moderalu iliitles, will be much greater than it has ever been under the hih'h duties. Almonds were worth. In bond, in the London market, in August 1833, Jordan, 79«. to 100». per cwt.j Burlmry (bitter), 31». per ditto ; Valencia (sweet), 73*. to 75«. per ditto. [Almonds are chicflv imported into the United States from tho Mediterranean ports of Franco and Spain ; and only an inconaiderablo amount is re-exported, for the most part to Mexico. — Am. Ed.] .\LOES (Du. Ake.- Fr. Alo^a,- Ger, and Lat Afoe / Rus. Sabtr / 8p. Aloe.- Arab. Mucibar), a bitter, gummy, resinous, inspissated juice, obtained from the leaves of the plant of the same name. There are four sorts of aloes met with in commerce ; viz. Socotrine, Hepatic, Caballine, and Cape. I. Soeofrine—tn called from the island of Socotra, In the Indian Ocean, not very distant from Capo Gunrdnfui, where the plant (Jlloe-Kpieata), of which this species is the produce, grows abundantly. It Id In pieces of a reddish brown cnlnur, glossy as if varnished, and in some degree pellucid. When rfducpd to powder, it is of a bright gnlden colour. Its taste is extremely bitter ; and it has u liecullar aromatic odour, not unlike that of the russet apple decaying. It softens in the hand, and is adhesive j vH is sufflcicntly pulverulent. It is imported by way of Smyrna and Alexandria, in chests and casks, but is very scarce in England. 4. Hepatic— The real hepatic aloes, so called from its liver colour, is believed to be the produce of the Moe perfoliata, which grows in Yemen in Arabia, from which it is exported to Bombay, whence it Dnds its way to Europe. It is duller in the colour, bitterer, and has a less pleasant aroma than tho flocolrine aloes, for which, however. It is sometimes substituted. Oarbadcies aloes, which is often piiBsed off for the hepatic, is tho produce of the ji/oe vvlgaru. It is brought homo in calabashes, or lurge gourd shells, containing from 60 to 70 lbs. It is duskier in its hue than the Bombay, or real he- pntic aloes, and the taste is more nauaeoua, and intensely bitter. The colour of the powder is a dull (•live yellow. 3. Caballine, or Horse, Mats seems to be merely the coarsest species or refUse of the Barbadoes aIncB. It is used only in veterinary medicine ; nnd is easily distinguished by its rank fcBtid smell. 4. Cape Moe« is the pre spieata, which is found in great abundance in the interior of the Cape colony, and in Melinda. The latter f^iiinishes the greater part of tho extract sold In Eu- rope under the name of Socotrine aloes. The odour of the Cape aloes is stronger and more disagree- able than that of the Socotrine ; they have, also, a yellower hue on the butside ; are less glossy, ■nfler, and more pliable ; the colour of the powder is more like that of gamboge than that of the true Recotrino aloes. — (.^inalic'g Mat. Indica ; Thomson's Dispensatory and Mat. Medica.) Last year the duty on aloes was reduced to 3d. per lb. on those from a British |K>SBession, and to H. on those ttom a foreign country. The duty produced 1,810<. 5«. 3d. of nett revenue ; but as the old rules of duty existed during a part of the year, it does not afford the means of determining the con- tuniption. ALOES- WOOD {Gn.Aloehoks Dm. Ahehout, Paradyshout i Tt. Bois d" Alod» .- It. Legnodi Aloei Sp, Aloe chinoi Lat Lignum Aloes i Sans. Aguru ,• Malay, Agilai 8iam. Kisna), the produce of a large forest tree, to be found in most of the countries be< tween China and India, from the 24th degree of north latitude to the equator. It seems to be the result of a diseased action confined to a small part of a few trees, of which the re^t of the wood is wholly valueless. It appears to be more or less frequent according to soil and climate, and from the same causes to differ materially in quality. It is produced both in the greatest quiintiiy and perfection in the countries and islands on the east coast of the gulf of Siam. This article ii! in high repute for fimiigations, and as incense, in all Hindu, Mohammedan, and Catholic countries. It formerly brought a very high price, being at one time reckoned nearly as valuable as gold. It is now comparatively cheap, though the finest specimens are still very dear. The accounts of this ar- ticle in most books, even of good authority, are singularly contradictory and inaccurate. This is more surprising, as La Loubdre has distinctly stated, that it consisted only of " certains endroits corror.ipus dans des arbres d'une certaine esptte. Toute arbre de cttte espice n'en a pas ; et ceux qui en ont, ne let sHtpiis tous en m^sssdrvit."— (Koyaunie de Siam, t. i. p. 45. 12mo ed.) The ditiiculty of finding the trees which happen to be diseased, and of getting at the diseased portion, has given rise to the fables that have been current as to its nriein. The late Dr. Roxburgh introduced the tree which yields this production into the Botanical Garden at Calcutta, from the bitU to the eastward of Bylhet, and de- scribed it under the name of ..dquillaria.Sgalocha. ALUM (Ger. il/iaun ; Hv.Aluiri; Fr.Alun; ItAUumei 9p. AUumbre : Bus. JITukmszu >• Lat. Alumen ,• Arab. Shcb), a salt of great importance in the arts, consisting of a ternary rompoundof o/umtnum, or pure argillaceoiis earth, potass, and sulphuric acid. Alum is sometimes found native ; but by far the greater part of that which is met with in commerce is artificially prepared. The best alum is the Roman, or that which is manufactured near Civita Vecchia, in the Papal territory. It is in irregular, ochtahedral, crystalline masses, about the size of a walnut, and is opaque, being covered 9n the surface with a farinaceous ffHorescence. The Levant, or Roch alum is in fragments, about the size of the formei, but in which the crystalline form is more obscure; it is externally of a dirty rose-colour, and internally exhibits the same tinge, but clearer. It is usually shipped for Europe fropi Smyrna; but it was anciently made at Roccha, or Edessa, in Syria; and hence its name, Roch alum. English alum is in large, irregular, semi-transparent, colourless masses, having • glassy fracture ; not efflorescent, and considerably harder than tlie others. It i& very 5 i ;-\ ■m iv U: ■?! ' mm v ui Ki 1,1 }A I m M 34 AMBER— AMIANTHUS. i i t ■;J Inferior to cither the Roman or Roch nlum. The principal use of alum is in the art of ilyeinR, as a mordant for fixing and giving permanency to colours which otherwise would not ailliere at all, or but for a very sliort time ; but it is also used for a great variety of othor purposes. Hcrkiniinn has ulinwn (Tfhtnnj of hretilhrm, vol. I. nrf. " AInm") thnt the nnrlrnti woro iinac- qiiiiinti'il with iiluin, nnd lli:it tlie nuhRliiiice which tlioy dpsleniitcil ns mirh wii» niorcly vitriolic t'lirlh. It wna tirxt cliscnvcir-d hy tliR OrinntulK, who iortud to all the WGsturn Asiuttu couutriua. In If^l, 11,770" picnis (785 tona) woru cxportiid from Cnnton, AMllKR (Ger, Bernstein f Da, Barmteen ,• Da. Bcrnsfeen, Jiav. ,• Tt. Amhrcjawie; It. Ainbra (;ialla; Sp. Amhnr ; Kus, Jantar ; Pol. Hiimzlifn ; Lnt. Succinum, Electrum), a brittle, light, hard s'jb.stancc, usually nearly transparent, sometimes nearly colourless, but commonly yellow, or even deep brown. It has consiJernblo lustre, Sjjccific gravity 1'00,5 It is found in nodules or rounded masses, varying from the size of coarse sand to thatofa man's hand. It is tasteloss, without smell, except when pounded or heated, when it cniit.s a fragrant o. Amhar-gris ; Lnt. Ainbra, Ambra grisca), a solid, opaque, gene- rally ash-coloured, fatty, itiflammablo substance, variegated like marble, remarkably light, rugged and uneven in its surface, and has a fragrant odour when heated ; it does not cllnr- vescc with acids, melts freely over the fire into a kind of yellow resin, and is hardly soluble in spirit of wine. It is found on the sea-coast, or floating on the sea, near the coasts of India, Africa, and Brazil, usually in small pieces, but sometimes in masses of 50 or 100 lbs. weight. " Various opinions have been entertained respecting its origin. Some affirmed that it was the concrete juice of a tree, others thought it a bitumen ; but it is now considered as pretty well established that it is a concretion formed in the stomach or intestines of the P/iyneter macroccphalus, or spermaceti whale. — {Thomson's Chemistry.') Ambergris ought to lie chosen in large pieces, of an agreeable odour, entirely grey on the outside, and grey with little black spots within. The purchaser should Iw very cautious, as this article ia easily counterfeited with gums and other drugs. AMETHYST (Ger. Amethyst} Ft. Amethysts ; It. Amatiatai Sp. Ametisto ; Lnt. Amethystus), a. precious stone, of which there are two species dillering widely in quality and value. The Oriental nv-.tthyif Is a (tern oflhe most perfect violet colonr, and of cictranrdinnry brilliancy ami beauty. It Is said to be as bard ns the sapphire or rtihy, with which it also corresponds in its form and specific pravity — (See SAPPHinr), difrerinir in colour merely. It has been nu!t within India, Per- sia, Siam, nnd other countries ; but it Is exceedinirly scarce. That found in India is paid by I'liny to he the best, (['rineipatiim aniethyKti Indica; tenrnt. — Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvii. cap. 0.) Mr. Mawe, snv3 he had rarely seen an oriental amethyst offered for sale, uidess small and inl"erior In colour, ^fr. Hope, the author of Anastasius, had in his cabinet the finest gem of this sort in Europe. This exqui- site specimen exceeds an inch in its greatest diameter; in daylight it exhibits tlie most beautiful vio- let colour, while by candle-lipht it Is n decided blue. The Orcidental amethyst is merely coloured crystal or quartz. — " When perfect, its colour resembles that of the violet, or purple prape ; but It not u'nfrequently happens tliat the tinge is confined to oni; part of the stone only, while the other is left almost colourless. When it possesses a richness, clear- ness, nnd uniformity of hue, it is considered a gem of exquisite beauty ; and as it occurs of consider- able size. It Is suited to all ornamental purposes. In specific gravity nnd hardness it bears no com- parison with the oriental amethyst ; it is also inferior in beauty and lustre ; though I have often seen the common amethyst oflTered for sale as oriental. Brazil, Siberia, nnd Ceylon produce very linennie- Ihysts : they are found in rolled pieces in the alluvial soil, and finely crystallised in fissures of rock. Prom the first of these localities, they have lately been imported in such quantities, as considerably to dimini.sh their value : but as they are the oidy'coloured stones, except garnets, that are worn Willi inoiirnin?, tliey still retain, when perfect, a distinguished rank among the precious gems. The pre- sent price of Inferior light-coloured stones, in the rough state, is about 'iOg. per pound, while these of good quality sell at 10s. or l'2.t. per ounce. Amethysts calculated for brooches or seals may be pur- chased at from 15*. to two or three guineas e.ach. for which, ten years ago, treble that sum would have been given."— (Jl/awe on Diamonila, iied. pp. 115—117.) AMIANTHUS, ASBESTOS on MOUNTAIN FLAX, a mineral of which there are mveral varieties, all more or less fibro'is, flex'.le, and elastic. It is inconsuamble by a high degree of heat ; and in ("..lUtiuity the ;rt was discovered of drawing the fibres into threads, and then weavin stance, which, wl this means than the name of A/xi bodies of the dcm corpse might not we may mcntiot found at Rome, i employment in tl bustiblo cloth be difficile textu pr riturum. — (Plin. burning the deac moderns have, h( jirartised. — (For AMMONIACl Ammimiaco ,• La a plant reseniblini Pliny says that it Jupiter Ammon ii smell ; and a bitt white within, brii The best ammon and chests. It is dry tears, which ii internally and ext is soft, dark-coloui tity imported is Orient. Com. «^c.) AMMONIAC AMMUNITIO No ammunitior by liceiK-e from stores only, under order in council, tl Any master of a vi forfVit 100/.— (29 AMSTERDAM Zee, in lat. 52° 2;" hnps, the first con falling off since th^ tion is said to have it exceeds 200,001 bank (the Pampui tliat sea, are oblige of the Zuyder Zee and as there were i means for improvi* pose, the preferenc largest class of mi opposite to the Tej the views of the ] ships to avoid the they were frequent risk in less than ; ground between itf dues and charges o deej)er than in an; favourable position pally consist of suf wool, grain of all woollen stuffs, hat partly of the prot'iU West Indies and o( as to a convenient i butter (very import: Dutch linen, &c AMMONIACUM— AMSTERDAM. 85 and then weaving them into cloth. Pliny anyg that he hod btch nnpliinn made of thin aulv Btance, which, when soiled, were thrown into the fire, and tliat they were lietter rienncd by this means than they could have been by wasliing ! Hence it obtained from the Greek* the name of AiM/iiTTcc (undcfiied). Its principal use, an stated by Pliny, was to wrap the iKxlies of the dead previously to their being exjioscd on the funeral pile, that the ashes of the corpse might not be mixed with those of the wood. And in corroboration of this statement we may mention, that in 1702, a skull, some calcined bones, and a quantity of ashes, were found at Rome, in u cloth of amianthus nine Roman palms in length by sevrn in width. Its employment in this way W8«. however, confined to a few of the very richest fiimilies, incom- bustililo cloth being v>'- .I'ce, and bringing an enormously high price. Kanim invciilu, difficile iextu propter bieviiuium. Cum inrentum est wfjuat pretia exccUentium marga- ntunim. — (PUn. Hist. Nat. lib. xix. cap. 1.) The disuse of the practice of cremation, or of burning the dead, caused the manufacture of aniianthino cloth to be neglected. Several moderns have, however, succeeded in making it ; but, if it he not lost, the art is now rarely practised. — (For further particulars, «eo lieef\i Cydopxdia.) AMMONIACUM (Fr. Gomme Ammmiiamei It. Comma Ammoniaco ,• Sp. Goma Ammmiaco ; Lat. Ammunliicum ,• Arab. Femnoh), a concrete resinous juice obtained from a plant resembling fennel, found in the north of Africa, Arabia, Portia, the East Indies, &c. Pliny says that it derived its name from its being produced in the vicinity of the tetTijiIo of Jupiter Ammon in Africa. — {Hist. Nat. lib. xii. cap. 23.) It has a faint but not ungrateful smell ; and a bitter, nauseous, sweet taste. The fragments are yellow on the outride and white within, brittle, and break with a vitreous fracture ; their specific gravity is 1'2()7. The best ammoniacum is brought from Pcraia by Bombay and Calcutta, paclted in cases and chests. It is in large masses, composed of small round fragments or tear^' or in separate dry tears, which is generally r insidered a sign of its goodness. The tears should be white internally and externally, and free from seeds or other foreign substances. Reject that which issoi^, dark-coloured, and foul. It is used principally in the materia nicdica, and the (juan- tity imported is but small. — {Reea's Cyclopssdiu; Thomson's Uispensulory i MillurrCa Orient, Com.^c.) AMMONIAC fSAL). Sec Alkaltks (Muriate of Ammonia). AMMUNITION, a term expressive of the various implements used in war. No ammunition can be imported into the United Kingdom by way of merchandise, except by licence from his Majesty, and such licence is to be granted for furnishing his Majesty's stores only, under penalty of forfeiture. — (6 Geo. 4. c, 107.) His Majesty may forbid, by order in council, the exportation of any salipotre, gunpowder, or any sort of ammunition. Any master of a vessel exporting ammunition when so forbidden, shall for every such ofll-nce forfeit 100/.— (29 Geo. S. c. 16.) AMSTERDAM, the principal city of Holland, situated on the Y, an arm of the Zuydcr Zee, in lat. 52° 2.5' N., and long. 4° 40' E. From 1580 to 1750, Amsterdam was, per- haps, the first commercial city of Europe; and thougli her trade haa exfwrienced a great falling oflT since the last-mentioned epoch, it is still very considerable. In 1 785, the popula- tion is said to have amounted to 235,000; in 1814, it had declined to 180,000, but at present it exceeds 200,000. The harbour is spacious and the water deep ; but on account of a bank (the Pampus) where the Y joins the Zuyder Zee, large vessels going or coming by tliat sea, are obliged to load and unload a part of their cargoes in the roads, The navigation of the Zuyder Zee is also, by reason of its numerous shallows, very intricate and diil'icult ; and as there were no hopes of remedying this defect, it became necessary to resort to other means for improving the access to the port. Of the various plans suggested for this pur- pose, the preference was given to the scheme for cutting a canal capable of admitting the largest class of merchantmen, from tho north side of the port of Amsterdam to Nevvdiep, o|)po3ite to the Texel, and a little to the east of the Helder. This canal has fully answered the views of the projectors, and has proved of signal service to Amsterdam, by enabling ships to avoid the Pampus, as well as the difiicult navigation of the Zuyder Zee, where they were frequently detained for three weeks, and to get to Newdiop without any sort of risk in less than 24 hours. The canal was begun in 1819, and completed in 1825. The ground between its extremities being nearly level, it has only a lock at each end ; and the dues and charges on account of towing, &c. are very moderate. At Newdiep the water is deeijcr than in any other port on the coast of Holland, and ships are there in tlic most favourable position for getting expeditiously to sea. — (See Canals.) The imports princi- pally consist of sugar, coffee, spices, tobacco, cotton, tea, indigo, <;ochineal, wine and brandy, wool, grain of all sorts, timber, pitch and tar, hemp and flax, iron, hides, linen, cotton and woollen stuffs, hardware, rock salt, thi plates, coal, dried fish, &c. Tiie exports consist partly of the pro<'iUce of Holland, partly of the produce of her possessions in the East and West Indies and other tropical countries, and partly of commodities brought to Amsterdam, as to a convenient entrepot, from different parts of Europe. Of the first class are cheese and butter (very important articles), madder, clover, rape, hemp, and linseeds, rape and linseed oils, Dutch linen, Ac Geneva ia principally exported from Schiedam and Rotterdam ; oak bark s-M r-ii: U:< I I • 'f.t m It- ''I'M mm mm ; : \ »( 96 AMSTERDAM. principally from the httor. Of Uio necond dua are Hpicea, Mocha and Java eofloc ; fU|(ar of Java, Bnuil, and Cuba; cochineal, indigo, cotton, tea, tobacco, and all lorta of Euatern and colonial product*. And of the third clau, all kinds of grain, linena from Germany, timber, and all lorta of Baltic produce ; SpuniHh, Uerman, and Entiliilt wools ; French, Khcniith, and Hungarian wines, brandy, &c. The trade of Amsterdam may, indeed, be said to comprise every article that enters into the commerce of Europe. Her merchants were formerly tho most extensive dealers in bills of exchant^e. And though London be now, in this respect, far superior to Amsterdam, the latter still enjoys a respectable share of this Imsincss. The Dank of the Netherlands was established at Amsterdam in 1814. It is not, like the old Bank of Amsterdam, which ceased in 1796, merely a bank of deposit, but a bank of di-posit and circulation formed on the model of the Bunk of England.— -(See Banks, FoRKIOIt.) For an account of the Dutch fisheries, see the articles Hkruiiio Fishkrt and Whale FiSIIKRT. 8hi|>s ontcrlnt the port of Amiterdain during the three Years ending with 1881, ipselfying the Cuun- Irit'R whence they cuiiie. Countries. 1859. 18S0. 1831. Ports of Norway and North Bea ..... Bnltli! and Arrhiingcl ....... Miulilermnean, France, Spain, and Portufal .... South Ainoricn ........ North Aniorlta ........ Wtit Indies Grtnt Urit.'iin ........ East Indies and China - - - - - .». Ships. 4U6 1,134 113 7 46 79 8a 18 Ships. 78H 801 103 10 S7 99 114 06 Ship*. i!oi 863 99 10 40 77 900 Total 1,07J 1,996 1,634 Thpre are no means of nscertnining the tonnane and thn crcwa of these vesnela. About 330 or 330 larso ships belong to Aumterduin ; they ore eniplnyed In the Knitt and West linliu trades, and in iradins to the Bnltic, the Mediterranean, &c. There is roniparntlvely little roiiHi ng trade at Am- sterdam, tlie rommunication with moat other ports in the vicinity lipInK principally kept up by canali;, and that with Kriusland by regular packets. Tlie total number uf ships uf ail sorts annually entering the port amounts, ut an average, to about 3,300. Account of some of tho principal Articles, specifying their Quantities and Values, imported into Amsterdam by Sea during the Years 1839, 1830, and 18.11. nBWiinln«linn of M•^ cbaadiN. Colht, Eut Imlu — Wot India — Uitin Sufpir. Wnt India — Havanuab — Bniil — MauritilM — Eut India — Ditto — Ditto Cottoa Wool, American Eljrplian WnT India Eau India Tobacco, Maryland • — Vii^inia • — Keutuckr • HIdn • . . Pappcr • • • lie* • . • Wknl ■viir nMcrip. lion of Fackaia, Rajn Caaki Dap Cuki Ckata Do. fian» ClKiti Caniateii Ba(i Do. Do. Do. Do. Ciiki Do. Do. Haiti Cask! Bag. LuH Do. Do. Do. 1839. Qiianlllj. 100,000 1,970 43,700 IS.OOO SS,WO 1,370 t,MB SIO t.9.00 1,840 6,I!I0 290 2,900 I. WO 7,400 -i0 33JMa «24,K)8 187,895 3,211,200 Val in Ster- ling, *^saflBa 2,022,900 146,300 £ I6»<,(:fl0 3.1,100 233,060 27r',3fl0 MVdO 30,''« I 4,480 &,tir,« 10,240 3,076 M,670 2,026 »t,9:0 ll,S'iO I23,0H0 7,M0 24,846 2!),l)e0 2,777 77,060 13,990 257,000 3e2fiK 168,675 \2,MS 1630. Quantity. 84,470 2,270 60,770 21,^60 M^ IfiHO 11,400 1,800 2,M0 6,64) 3,710 40 4,270 490 ^620 6,330 4sebn 1,160 7,670 S,80O {10.870) nrll4,IS3( quartan ) }IO,<)40) or 114,870 V quarter! } ( ISJ40) ^ or 161,070 > (quarten ) ( 2.770) -{or 29,085 N (qnartera ) Value in Outcb Monejr. Florini. 1,667,437 4Jai8n 3,(i96,»;o; 3,3.<«,(»!l S7(V474 191,620 122,1,'iO I26,S79 I Ki,3S9 4(«,7i2 4,&« 609,7i6 '14,120 l,033.lU0 673,71 i 72,007 577,126 487,129 100,200 2,290^000 Value in S:rr lin/( 3,188,540 2,515,780 S9<;il0 £ I3S,9M 3«.2'iO 268,0^1 281,717 48,290 18,220 16,960 10,177 io,r7S 9,A10 3I<,SI6 3U0 50,l0( (quarten ) 33^85 I arlera ( S 18,290) or 192,041 ( quartan ) 33,009 r 290 (quartei 290) 15 [ Value in Duick Honey, Value in .Step ling. Flnrint. jg 2,704,'i!i0 2i6,38.73 litres, or 1,373,188 wine gallons of wire. The total im- porU of AmBterdani in 1831 are estimated in the ^nhives du Contwtrce (torn. i. p. 330.), at 85,160,™) frtncs (3,40O,O00J. sterlinj), and the exports at 73,760,000 francs (3,910,0001. sterline). During 1831, ■ 93,334 lbs, (Bn(li*h) of cheese, 380 tons of oil cake, 3,183 tons of onk bark, and 33,100 qtisrters of wheat, were exported ftou Amsterdam for Qreat Brilaiu. The e,xpo(ls fbr fing'-ind of butler, flax snd tnw, einvss nn kc, were very con Ktpiiuf of Shipi wllli n mixed cargi |8J*1, u» follown :— Lock dues In the i Ditto Meaiuring the sh Tiinnage dues. In A charge called 1' Haven mo:iey Quay or key mnni Permit to connuni Cleuranco Expenses uf clear There is beside*, generally aettleil hj The tonnagt dutii the name outwards, ytar hv ahlpa liearii Ian, itiiinbiirgh. lit Palnnirn, Swedish, ton Inwarda, and th Tho charge calleil ven money the anm 13 dor. 40 cents, or Quarantiiu.—TiU ComiHisnon. — Th cent,, and on bill tri Provisions of all carpenters vary fro For an account oi Custnm-hnnst Rt) at Amsterdam, or ii If the captains be declaration unier t riti(m. The Cuatc by law. All goods, wheth re-exported by aea, are aiihject to a trai raeaa.) is, on an u chame Is Sd.; In cb The business of and the security tin contributed to the i Credit, niscnint, usually given for p two months; but tli been Axed by uaagt important of these prelrence given i without capital ha' (1e s'^tahlir a Ainat Dans cetle ville, o tiint impossible de s'l dc trniiver quelqu'i credit que l'o|iininr vent Ifi-de8»iis dex — (Kneyclopittie Me. reverae. It preven hiini! adveutiires, a the honour of tho i: dUtreaa and load of the bankruptcies in in ordinary seadiii) Holland. It has long been their weight, partic drafts, as they are are here specitied, Tara and Jtllmvaru AMSTERDAM. 87 tnd tnw, c1nv«i nnd niitm^gi (of which artlclei the Dutch have n mnnopoly), imaltz, Unoni, hldci, he. were vury conaliluruhla. f:rftiun of Shipt in ^Mjrttrrfam.— The expeniea of a ihln of 300 Rnilinh tnni, or liH Dutch Initi, Willi n nilxcil cargo on board, inwardi and outwardi, cuiiiliig and departing Ity the canal, were, In 183*1, uii followii :— Arrlvlnn ttnm Uruut Hritnin. Arrlvlnir f^om th« Mediterranean Lock duel In the canal, and chargei— Inwardi Ditto ... uu'wurdt Meniurlnii the ihip . . . . ■ Tcinnnffl duxi, Inwardi nnd outwardi . . • A cliar(r« cnlli'd Port money . - - - lluven niicii'y ...... Quiiy or key mnnny . . . . - Permit to conitiinie provliioni free of exclie duel CluKranco ...... Expeniei of clearing, reei,&c. . . - . Total £ 1. d. 4 10 3 10 1 10 3} 13 1 13 13 6 1 a 8 5 3 18 £ 1. d. 8 10 6 to 1 10 3S 13 3 13 A 1 3 8 13 e 3 18 X4I 6 £48 IS I Thnre ii \>r»\Af*, tlie merchant!' and broken' comnilailon on recovering and procuring frelgliti, generally «ettlc>il by agreement. The tonnaet t/iiryii 45 renta (0<^) the Netherlandfi ton (nearly eriunl to tho nritlali) inwnrdi), and the name outwardi, with the nildltinn nf the Hymliciiti! tax nf 13 per cent. It In piivable only oner a liar hv 8hi|i8 liunrinRlhefnllowingflngi, vl/. Netherliiiuli, llrillHh, Nnrtli Aninricnii, banish, liniiovpr- an, itiunbureh. Ilremen, Luheck, MecklenbiirK, Oldenburg, HiiMgian, PiirtUKUPni;, Auitriun, Hyrian, Pnlnnirn, HweilUh, Norwegian, PruHiInn, Turkish, Kiode la Plilta. Otlieri pay i71 cent* (lll(/.)'pHr ton inwnrdn, and the lamo outwardi every v )ynKe. Tlio charge called Port money is payable hulfon entry, nnd half on departure; and that called ha- ven money the inme. The hire of a florae lor lowing along the whole line of tlie canal amounta to Vi dor. 40 conta, or about W. 1«. Quaranr ft I'^^'ard des niaisnns d'ur.ecertaine consideration." —(KneyclopS.lie Meihodiqiie, Commerce, t. ii. p. 6.M).) But this austerity is nf t a disadvantase, but the reverse. It prevents commerce from degenerating, as it has too often done in other places, into enni- bling adventures, and places it on a comparatively solid foundation. And it should be mentioned ts the honour of the Dutch, and as a proof of the excellence of this system, that, notwithstanding the distress nnd loss of trade occasioned by the invasion and occupation of their country by the l-'rench. the bankruptcies in 1795 and subseqiient years were not, comparatively, so numerous as in England in ordinary seasons! The regulations in the Code Napoleon as to bankruptcy are enforced in Holland. It has long been the practice in Holland to make, on selling articles, considerable deductions from their weight, particularly from those of large bulk, as compared with their value. These lares and drafts, as they are termed, are now fixed by ancient usage : and the moat importaut amongst them are here specified. Tana and Jillowanca on the pr Coffee, East ani West In- dia in (eaeral - Bourbon • • • Java - • • • • Mocha > • • • 42tbi. . . • . ditto ditto ditto 6 per cent - • - 7 bags 3 per cent, > ctbIh real tare - 5 10 lbs. perorijinal } mat . • - - 14 tbs. perKunny • 24 Ibi. urr bJe • I per coot. 2 per ceuL tad t percent. ■' I" •' i , . '?■ ,. I r ''V i •;1 i' I ■». '';..' !|1 ^ 88 AMSTERDAM. all Mlhrr kill ti - Ctiltnii y.uu Iwtit • • • S pf r c«nt* |wr criil. Indiirn, Hengtl • • > • ml tar* Cnctilnnl - ZkiWm, (iuiiia, Hfnrcal Iiirl4ry Ar;*t>ic l^«w I • • |'U)t|<- • • • • • 0ll4. nrMlbi. • • - (6 Ilia. Uib*. or 91 • - I4M». nrnoiu. • • • tf ai f r mill. • . . llt'lr*, BurmM A) Tea, Ar. 2 lb*, j er liiil* • • L'twna, rirnilah - > ■ ■ all rithcr kiiwU • ---^ K.UI ludia • Saltpctifl • • > • I.iqii'iricfl ■ • • • S|'lvf», prpper • • ■ Ciiiiiiiiiton • • cinvra an>l BUM pinifDio • • nutnicxi - • •iiiurr ■ • ■ 9upn, Martlrili|u« • St. Doniiiim ■ »'. ('n.ii - . ISurJriim • • Kii(liihcnloniM Ut-iiicran • • B*^rl.ip(» ■ . • INwfjuiho • - ilruit, whita - • rrat tarn . . . . - » lt>fl - tli Itlbt. . . - • real taru ami 4 Ite. I I i.1 Iba. or M Iba . I ha. ftw) abofs 100 >• • per rf lit, • HIbkk It! Iba. 13 par fftnt. and 1 ) |)rr rriit. I pt-r I'liil. i 1 |i«r c«iil. 12 p#r < rrnl. aiHl I ptr f (rut. I 1 p*T rrnt. auK- < iiiflril. r 1 p.TCint. ilfcluct. J i fwr cunt. »iiJ i f iwr i'tfiit. f 2 |)rr ffiit. awl 'i C pur cvut. I i per f mt, ii per criil anl 1 IHT cent J i \n-r vnM. anJ I \ per cB'i*. I i,er cr,... I ji» r crnt, >J p.-r ri'iiT. and 2 ( per rrnt. ' ! (wr cent. ait«r ceot. ■■{:• • Hll * M8 percent 1 I JO par cent. ;) mfS > ,2 per rent, and 2 per cent. Ditto, MuacoTAtlo HivaoDah • • • Jam > . . . Salt Taa, bohm • - • cmfi - - • •"ijchfing • • c»it))iui > - - hywn • • " pekna • • • tvuiiuin - • Tobici», M.irrland Virginia . TId phin • • . Wool, Spanish - • WInea • . . • MAJder • ■ fl8 per cent. m lU. • 48 Iba. - >21lbi.4 24lbt. I per rent, per cent 3 per cent • ISlbi, - - . I I la lit. i 42 Iba. ■ miki tar«d • • • 2 and 9 |jtr cent. 2 per cent. ) bnci tan-fl, an't Iba. per 175 1' •£ per ceni. • • • 5bnci lantl. an't 24 )' ^ Iba. per 175 lU. ^ cuks tared 8 or 6 per cent. Herri n|^ Smalii 36 Iba. • Fill* hama, aeeda, geneva, \ (Train - - - PuUrr . . - • Hidca .... Cbeeie, Rdarn * Oouda - 1 — 18 mnnthi* div count, 2 \»r.T ct-ni. and 2 per ^ cent, 2 per cent, and 3 per cent. 1 per cttut 1 per oenl. 2 per nnt. and I per cent, d.i* maj^nil, and 1 per leiit. ! per cpn». 21 nif'iiitii' dlt. ouiit, and 1 per cent. I per cent. C 10 lt>4. pff rank, { and 2 per ci-nl. '1 per ctriit. 2 per rent, aud 2 per cent. 8 per cent 1 per Cunt ( ( in chesta, 2.5 per cent \ in lemiia, \b per cent none. 2 and I per cent 3 per cent. 1 per cent. The above are the enitomary tarea and other allowance imde hy the irtttrclmnti in their tramaciif>ni v, iih each ottier. But in paj ir if tJie in,|)ort du'icii al the Cwtuni-linuRr, tlie tare umn jixmIs piyiii< duty by wriifht ii, with Ibe exrcptioiii un'tprmennnnwl. tlicn at 15 percent, for turh aa arc in caaka or barrfh, and at 8 ptr cent. Tor r.rh M are in parkafrri, caniatera, mats, Itaakels, Ac. Merchanti (liiM'iified with tbt^e alluwanrea may pnv the duty accordinjc to the rtai weii^ht, ascertained by the cu«tnnia odicera at their eipenac. £zrrp(ton«.— The tare upon grain imported In nckt !■ fixed al 3 per cent. t'orcelain, 15 per cent. Zodigo !' cticAtn front itavannabt 18 per eent., other placet 20 per cent. canistert, !0 per cent caiAs aiHl packages, 1,'iand 8 per cent The tan* npon Niij^ir renned in the intt'ri'ir and eiported, la 12 per pp. 554— 650., A'lJ/y'f Catn^iif, ptitate in/bmintitm,^ cent, per barrel, 8 per cent, per package. Mairnitude of the Commerce of Holland in the seventeenth Century, — Causes of its Prosperity and Decline, — We believe we need make no apology for embracing this oppor- tunity to lay l)efore our readers the following details with respect to the commerce and com- mercial policy of Holla .J. It forms one of the most instructive topics of investigation; and it is to be regretted that so little attention should have been paid to it in this country. Previously to the commencement of the long-continued and glorious struggle made by the Dutch to emancipate themselves from the blind and brutal despotism of Old Spain, they had a considerable marine, and had attained to distinction by their fisheries and commerce ; and the war, instead of being injurious to the trade of the republic, contributed powerfully AH -tMi ncd for UAlMf art maJa vpcn all llquida, laclydlii| ln%. rtf iti'l ti'ijti-y, .!■ rtll'iwa, vil. CoiiiiiiK troni ftiiixUiid, I ha northern porta of Europe, and rraac«, by iiiliii I iiivi(4iiitiii tl per rant. Kroi'i fmnr by an, and fniin other cuunlrira by tha rWan Rhlaa and WaaI, 12 por rent. I'Dim any oi|i«r ixirt or plara, 14 |>er cnt. I'inall), r 'ni m hit'cver pi tre the aanie may eninf, upon train oil, 12 per crnt. | l)lut tM>r, |wr riol. In raar tiijiiida %\\:k\\ ti,kv« i!i|>«rlenred, upt^n the vn)ra(e,aiirh leak. ^^gy aa hImII ciuw lti» lni|Ntrtrr Id \>« iliMAtmhrd wlib ih« allowauoii t>ff<>n> kptrifti^l, hit ia ptTiiiillf') t" piy (tie rhiiy uptin the aciual quantity, lu bt aac«r(aiite| orh'r, however, tocaiiae %■ litdt* iiirniiveii riicniu [Miaaible, tbi< tlnriu aali. >>^ /. ■lerliiK.Haq niii'le the iinil of the new ayaiam. 'I ha flnnu laauptHHie'l t(p ta divided into I00n|u;il pnrtt nr CiiiU; and the other lilvtT rrttna ^rf etgual niNltiplt-a or aub-niultipii-t of It, Tlia uew irnt'l coin I* i-il|n>l the (1 >rii) piiM'e, and In worth Itif. C|(/. vtry ne-ktlv. lint tc'iuuli *tv •till »"Nie(iiiifa kept in the nid way nr by IIh' |>fiiMi I Klcri'ialt- I'.ir 'tf rich.inne lietweca Ainalvrdam aud Lud> don la 11 fl>r, 5S ccnta \\%t |K;und aterling. WryifMt and Afrrttwrf*.— In 1«20, the French Ryifem of weixhti a|.} auti i'a decimal mnliiptt^, the nwile ajkl inijlr. Thti i*urkai,te tile, or •<)uirn ell, ia the unit of Miperftrial nie.i> aure ; and niuvvtira tn the ctiitinn or tn^tre cam of l^raniii. Ita dl* viilona irp Die vieik:tute p.ilni, vierknntr dtiini, and the vtirkiia'n Bin t-p ; mid in iiiulltplFi, IliR vierkiiite rorde noil vicrkantr Kumler* The kuhi'kt tilt ia the tinll of ni^.iKurea of cip.iclly ; nnd er|iialt the French K^re, Ila divialona are tha kublckc palm, luticke duiui, ami kuliirke alrerp. The term uxfia ia given to a kubicke rile of Arewond. The hop ia )he unit cf mnaiirea rnr dry ware*, iikI la the cube of the p.ilni 1 inawerlng to the Frt'nrb fitrr, Ita division ia the niaatle, and ila ninltiplei the iclrnel anti mudde ; Ihe taller ii alto caljnl thn ink, and etihili the French hei loli're. 30 iiiudilen make 1 but. 'Ihe kan ia the und for liquid mraaure, and ii the enbe of the palm ; ll rorn-op'mdato the Frei rh/i/re. Itadlviiloniarethe maalje nnd vinrrrhoed, and 100 kaua make a vat or caik, which equala the French heci.ilifre. The aiK>ihecary'a new pound la 13 ouncei, 06 drachma, 2f9 icru* ple«, or 5,7fa0 grain! \ and auawcri to 375 grunuiea, or 6,787 l^ngliah gnina. By the old method of ralcnlatlnc, which la not yet entirely auper* artlcl, the ponnd of Anmifrdini waa — to 1*00 Iba. avoirdupola, or 100 Ihv Aniiii-rdam »-. IOH-lf23 Iba. aw nlupnia. The }int or n.enure f'>rforn =27 n.u'r.'cn = lOqurt. ftj buiheta Wincheslor niewf e. The nam )ii|uid meainre=-4 ankeriiiS tieckana— 21 vitritlasB 64 a'oopi or atopiMna lift luingleas 3M pintle 41 Eiigliiih wine rillona. 'I'hi; stoop cMiitaina ft I-Hth \"W% Fn^Hah wine meaiure. 100 iniiii(lea nre rtuf r aam, of --- 120di|tn. Whale oil, per ditto Iti ditto. Riun ii sold per anker of 2 iteckan =3 10^ Gnxliah wine galloni. 'Die f'^nt of AmiliTdani — . 1 1 l>7th Englikh inchea. Ttie Rh.nel»nd Pont « 13 ditto. Ttir ell, cl"tli nie.i>ure « 27 M2th ditto. H>nk Kilt la ftfild per hondert of 401 naalen, making 20 tona, or 4,000 lt«. Dtitch. Pit mil is aoid per how! nf 3f* maaten ; nine hoedii are Ave chal« droirtof Newcastle, or six hoctli are five chaldmin nf I.ondon. hutter ii vild per barrel ; the hirrel of l^yden ia 320 U». nett.-^ that of Fnealand 28 tU. nett— aud the coniniou Dutch barrel 336 Iba. groaa. A latt of hrrrinrt is reckoned at 12, 13, or 14 bureli. A latt of jntch ia 12 l^arrela, A ta-it of tar 13 Imrrela. A bag of »fed — 2 1-2 Wincheiter nu.irter«. A last Tor rrt-ight \s reckonett 4,000 lU. equal to two Gngllih torn. Kii from them that tt and tar, luUow, asli tjihips. aud in vario the Dutch, as the They have, at all wliich are perpetua in a sort of speculi and prices iow, tlu proliting by the ad year. llei)eatcd el government to prol of this enlightened corn ; and her marl Those scarcities w trade in corn is e Holland, but beco ready and advanta dam," says Sir W the growth of Hoi Holland for seven there were carrie< 200,000/.; and i 2,000.000/. more.' Misceh Works, vc The very well observes, in allusl parties du monde ; ila n'y manquent The Bank of I ment was to obvii coins imported in coin or bullion to batik-money; ant of one iudividua invasion of the f Between the ; the French, the c estimates its inert fully a half. He I 11^.! f AMSTERDAM. 30 lo ilit extcnuion, Aftrr tho rspturu of Anlwprp by tlio flpaiiinnlri, in 1.18.1, the octoriMiva MtiiiiK'n^e of which it hiul lii'cn tho coiitro wax ri'iiiovr.l Id iho port* of ilnllniiil, unci prin« ci|iiill.V to AiiiHtonlarn, which tliuii uUulnuJ to tiiu diatiiiction nIic long cnjoyrtl, of tno firnt roMiiiD'ri'iiil city of Kuropu, In lM)'i, ih« Dutch UaHt India Company waa furrnnl; ami notwithMtiuiilintt tlm porni- rioim iiifliicnco of Ihnt aMHo<'i4itii)n, tliu Imlinn irmio iacrcuKt'tl nipidly in niiiL^nitiidc iind iin|iortaiiro. MhiiHi lUtod cither for conunurcial or wiirlikc piirpoxi's, uml hiiviii;^ ii conxidcr* able nuMihcr of loldicrH on lioiird, wcru Mcnt out witiiiti u fcsv yciirx of the rxl.iliiithmniit of tho company. Anilioynn luid tlio Molucca* wcro first wrc^icd frani Ihu I'iirliii;ni>Mn, mid witli tlu'iii tlio Uutch olituincd thi! nionopujy of tin; xpico trailo. Factiiric.i and fiirtilicationx were in no loni{ timu rxtuliliihcd, froiii Liiixunriiii, near thn innuth of tilt* 'l'>;;ri!4, in tim Per- iiuii I'ulf, alonit thn coaxU und iNlaiids of Indiii uh far ux Japan. Allianccn were fortncil with several of tho Indian princen ; and in many partfl, p.irlicularly on the cir.MU of Ceylon, and in various dixtricti of Maluliar and ('i)roinaiidul, tlu-y were t!iemaelve« llni Kovereiirnti, Uatavia, in tho lari^o and fertile iHland of Java, tlin greiiter part of which had U'cn con- quend by tho Dutch, formed the centre of their Ijidi.in coinmerco; and thiiup;h unhealthy, its port waa excellent, and it wax adiniralily xituated for comniandin^ the trade (if the riiistern ArchipeluKn. In 10.51, tliey planted u colony at thu Ca|>c uf Uood Hope, which had been Ktranijely nejjlected by the l'ortui;nc!(e. Every branch of cominerco wai vinorouHly prosecuted by the Dutch. Tlu'ir trade with tho Baltic wan, however, by far tho nioat extensive und lucrativu of which they were in poHM'tmion. tiuicciardini mentions thnt the trade with I'olaiul, Denmark, PruwNia, Scr„ even iMjforo their revolt, wuh mo very great, that lleets of .lOO HJiip't arrived twice a year at Amster- dam from Dunlzic and Livonia only ; but it incrciu)i-d pMdi),'iouHly durini; the latter part of the sixteenth and tho be^inuini; of tho guvetiteenlh ceiitiirieH. The ^'reat populntiim of HuUund, uml tho limited extent and unfruitful nature of tho Moil, render the inbairitanti* dependent un foreigners for tho greator part uf their 8U[ipIies of corn. Tiie countries round the JJaltic have always furnished them with the principal part of those sufiplies ; und it i..i from them that they have been in tho habit of brinifing timber, iron, hemp and Max, ]>itch and tar, tallow, ashes, and othor bulky articles required in tlie building of their houses and (hips, and in various manufuctures. N '''''nfj, however, redounds so much to the credit of the Dutch, as tho policy they have invariulily followed with respect to the trade in corn. They have, at all times, had a largo capital oniburkcd in this business. Tho variation) which are perpetually occurring in tho harvestfl, early led them to engage very extensively in a sort of speculative corn trade. When the crops happened to bo unusually prcnluctive, and prices low, they bought and stored up large quantities of grain, in the exjieclatiun of proiiting by tho advance that was sure to take place on tho occurrence of an unf ivourable year. Uei>eatod oUorts were made, in periods when prices were rising, to prevail on the government to prohibit exportation ; but they steadily refused to interfere. In consequence of this enlightened policy, Holland has long been tho most important European entrepot fox corn ; and her markets have un all occasions been furnished with the mojt abundant supplies. Those scarcities which are so very disastrous in countries without counnerce, or wliero the trade in corn is subjected to fetters and restraints, have not only been totally unknown ii Holland, but become a copious source of wealth to her merchants, who then obtained a ready and advantageous vent for tho supplies accumulated in their warehouses. "Amster- dam," says Sir Walter Raleigh, " is never without 700,000 quarters of corn, none of it of the growth of Holland; and a dearth of only one year in any other part of Europe enriches Holland for seven years. In tho course of a year and a half, during a scarcity in England, there were carried away from the ports of Houthampton, Uristol, and Exeter alone, nearly 200,000/.; and if London and the rest of England be included, there must have been 3,000,000/. more." — (^Observations touching Trade and Commerce with the ILllunder, Miscel. Works, vol. ii.) The very well inforincd autho.- of tho Richesse de la HulhmJe, published in 1778, observes, in allusion to these circumstances, " Que la disette de grains regno dans les quatro parties du monde ; vuus trouverez du froment, du seigle, et d'autros grains u Amsterdam ; its n'y munquent jaiiMla." — (Tome i. p. 376.) Tho Bank of Amsterdam was founded in 1009. The principal object of this cstablisli- roent was to obviate the inconvenience and uncertainty arising from tho circulation of thu coins imported into Amsterdam from all parts of the world. The merchants who carried coin or bullion to tho bank obtained credit for an etjual value in its books : this was called bank-money ; and all considerab! j payments were etlected by writing it olf from tho account of one individual to that of another. This establitihmcnt continued to flourish till tho invasion of the French in 1795. Between the years IfiSl and 1672, when the territories of the republic wcro invaded by the French, the commerce of Holland seems to have reached its greatest height. De Witt estimates its increase from the treaty with ISpain, concluded at Munstcr in 1043, to 1669, at fully a half. He adds, tlial during the war with Holland, Spain lost the greater part of her *ia ij I I'! ■ I t :] ii. !■-!■ 40 AMSTERDAM. ii i« v ir' naval power; that tince the peace, the Dutch had obtained moat of the trade to that conntiy, which had been previously carried on by the Hanaeatic merchants and the English ; that almost all the coasting trade of Spain was carried on by Dutch shipping; that Spain had even been ftrced to hire Dutch ships to sail to her American possessions; and that so great was the exportation of goods from Holland to Spain, that all the merchandise brought from the Spanish West Indies was not sufficient to make returns for them. At this period, indeed, the Dutch engrossed, not by means of any artificial monopoly, but by the greater number of their ships, and their superior skill and economy in all that regarded navigation, almost the whole carrying trade of Europe. The value of the goods exported from France in Dutch bottoms, towards the middle of the fourteenth century exceeded 40,000,000 livres; and the commerce of England with the Low Countries was, ibr a vety long period, almost entirely carried on in them. 'fhe business of marine insurance was largely and successfully prosecuted at Amsterdam ; and the ordinances published in 1551, 1663, and 1570, contain the most judicious regula- tions for the settlement of such disputes as might arise in conducting this difficult but highly useful business. It is singular, however, notwithstanding the sagacity of the Dutch, and their desire to strengthen industrious habits, that they should have prohibited insurance upon lives. It was reserved for England to show the advantages that might be derived from this beautiAil application of the science of probabilities. In 1690, Sir V/illiam Petty estimated the shipping of Europe at about 2,000,000 tons, which he supposed to be distributed as follows : — viz. England, 500,000 ; France, 100,000; Hamburgh, Denmark, Sweden, and Dantzic, 250,000 ; Spain, Portugal, and Italy, 250,000 ; that of the Seven United Provinces amounting, according to him, to 900,000 tons, or to nearly one half of the whole tonnage of Europe ! No great dependence can, of course, be placed upon these estimates ; but the probability is, that, had they been more accurate, the preponderance in favour of Holland would have been greater than it appears to be ; for the official returns to the circulars addresst^d in 1701 by the commissioners of customs to the officers at the different port«, show that the whole mercantile navy of England amounted at that period to only 261,222 tons, carrying 27,196 men. — (^Maepherson'a Annab of Com- meree, antio 1701.) It may, therefore, be fairly concluded, that, during the seventeenth century the foreign commerce and navigation of^ Holland was greater than that of all Europe besides ; and yet the country which was the scat of this vast commerce had no native produce to export, nor even a piece of timber fit for ship-building. All had been the fruit of industry, economy, and a fortunate combination of circumstances. Holland owed this vast commerce to a variety of causes : partly to her peculiar situation, 'he industry and economy of her inhabitants, the comparatively liberal and enlightened system of civil as well as of commercial policy adopted by the republic ; and partly also to the wars and disturbances that prevailed in most Euro[«an countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and prevented them from emulating the successful career of the Dutch. The ascendancy of Holland as a commercial state began to decline from about the com- mencement of last century. Alter the war terminated by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the attention of tlie government of Holland was forcibly attracted to the state of the ship- ping and foreign commerce of the republic. The discovery of means by which their decline might be arrested, atid the trade of the republic, if possible, restored to its ancient flourishing condition, became a prominent object in the speculations of every one who felt interested in the public welfare. In order to procure the most correct information on the subject, the Stadtholder, William IV., addressed the following queries to all the most extensive and intelligent merchants, desiring them to favour him with their answers : — " 1. What is the actual state of trade 1 and if the same should be found to be diminished and fallen to decay, then, 2. To inquire by what methods the same may be supported and advanced, or, if possible, restored to its former lustre, repute, and dignity ?" In discussing these questions, the merchants were obliged to enter into an examination, as well of the causes which had raised the commerce of Holland to the high pitch of pros- perity to which it had once attained, as of those which had occasioned its subsequent 'Io- dine. It is stated, that, though not of the same opinion upon all points, they, speaking generally, concurred as to those that were most important. When their answers had been obtained, and compared with each other, the Stadtiiolder had a dissertation prepared from them, and other authentic sources, on the commerce of the republic, to which proposals were subjoined for its amendment. Some of the principles advanced in this dissertation apply to the case of Holland only ; but most of them are of universal application, and are not more comprehensive than sound. We doubt, indeed, whether the bt-netits resulting from religious toleration, political liberty, the security of property, and the freedom of in- dustry, have ever been more clearly set forth than in this dissertation. It begins by an enumeration of the causes which contributed to advance the commerce of the republic to iti former unexampled prosperity ; these the authors divide into three classes, embracing under the fint those thi moral; and undei marking on them •• I. The natural i and at tlie moutli o wbich, by being In i where the merchan tad exchange the sa "Nor have' the ha lets contributed to t 10 flitch from fbreig by trade. "The abundance ( occasions, but with fliherytotlndaneq extent of their own " 11. Among the ibentai law relating and connivance as tl reiide here, and so " The constant po til persecuted and o| potentate whatever, cede from protecting "Throughout the countries, the stead many people have i most valuable effect arts, and sciences, ii factories were almoi parts. "The constitutior farther reasons to w ascribed; and all hi estates, nor dignitie there any room for fluent fortune or esl justice. "Theadministrati tial, and without disi or were this a forei) boast of such impart inflnence it has on tr " To sum up all, a may ue liKewise plac councils ; the fhithfUl and particularly the i Btead of entering on i ginary conquests. '^•By these moral a' and foreigners animi wisely and prudentl; tion of inhabitants a creased. "III. Amongst the may be reclconeil — "That at the time making trade flourist history of those t>ui( Spain, Brabant, Flan btishment of commer "To this happy re the civil wars in Frai parts, have also very " It must be added, and Portugal (hnwe neglected their navy anme time formidabii noy and crush that ol We believe our greatest credit on tl could be conceived pally contributed i situation of the coi the necessity unde ness of the soil am are circumstances t can be no doubt th that it is to be com fortunately, are not Phoenicia, Greece, • The Dissertation from tlie trnnslution. D'i AMSTERDAM. # the fint thoM that were natural and phyrical ; under the lecond, those they denominated moral; and under the third, those which they considered adventitious and external; it* marking on them in succession as follows :— \ " I. The natural and phyiieal eanies are>tbe adrantafef of the lituation of the country, on the sea, and at the mouth of convideritble rivers ; it* lituation between the northern and southern parti, which, by being In a manner the centre of all Europe, made the republic become the general market. Where the merchants on both sides used to bring their superfluous commodities, in order to barter lAd exchange the same for other goods they wanted. "Nor have'the barrenneisof the country, and the neceiilties of the natives arising firom that eauie, lets contributed to set them upon exerting all their application, induitryi and utmost stretch of genius, to fblch from fbreign countries what they stand in need of in their own, and to support themselves by trade. " The abundance of flih to the neighbouring leni put them in a eoriition not onlv to lupplv their own oeeasloni, but with the overplui to carry on a trade with foreigners, and out of the produce of the fiihery to And an equivalent for what they wanted, through the sterility and narrow boundaries and extent of their own country. *'II. Among the moral and political causes are to be placed. The unalterable maxim and funda- mental law relating to the free exerri^R of diflbrent religions : and always to consider this toleration and connivance as the most effectual means to draw foreigners from adjacent countries to settle and reside here, and so become instrumenlal to the peopling of these provinces, "The constant policy of the republic to make this country a perpetual, safe, and secure asylum for til periecuted and oppreised strangers. No alliance, no treaty, no regard f >r or lolicitation of any potentate whatever, has at any time been able to weaken or destroy this law, or muke the state re« cede from protecting those who have fled to it for their own security and self-preservution. "Throughout the whole courie of all the penecutioni and oppressions that nave occurred in other countries, the steady adherence of the republic to this fundamental law has been the cause that many people have not only fled hither for refuge, with their whole stock in ready cash, and their most valuable effects, but have alio lettled, and established many trades, fabrics, manufbctorles, arts, and sciences, In this country, notwithstanding the flrst materials for the said (hbrics and manu- factories were almost wholly wanting in It, and not to bo procured but at a great expense from foreign psrts. "The constitution of our form of government, and the liberty thus accruing to the citizen, are further reasons to which the growth of trade, and its establishment in the republic, may fairly be ascribed; and all her policy and laws are put upon such an equitable footing, that neither life, estates, nor dignities, depend on the caprice or arbitinry power of any single Individual ; nor is lliere any room for any person, who, by care, frugality, and diligence, has once acquired an af- fluent fortune or estate, to fear a deprivation of them by any act of violence, oppression, or in- jnstics. "The administration of Justice in the country has, in like manner, always been clear and impar- tial, and without distinction of superior or inferior rank, — whether the parties have been rich or poor, or were this a foreigner and that a native ; and it were greatly to be wished we could at this day Iwast of such impartial quickness and despatch in all our legal processes, considering how great an influence It has on trade. " To sum up all, amongst the moral and political causps of the former flourishing state of trade, may ins likewise placed the wisdom and prudence of the administration ; tlie intrepid firmness of the councils ; the fiiithfUlness with which treaties and engagements were wont to be fulfilled and ratified ; and particularly the care and caution practised to preserve tranquillity and peace, and to decline, in- stead of entering on a scene of war, merely to gratify theambitious views of gaining fruitless or ima- ginary conquests. '^By these moral and political maxims was the glory and reputation of the republic so far spread, and foreigners animated to place so great a confidence in the steady determinations of a state so wisely and prudently conducted, that a concourse of them stocked this country with an augmenta- tion of Inhabitants and useful hands, whereby Its trade and opulence were from time to time in- creased. " III. Amongst the adventitious and external causes of the rise and flourishing state of our trada may be reckoned — "That at the time when the best and wisest maxims were adopted in the republic ns the menns of making trade flourish, they were neglected in almost all other countries ; and any one, reading the history of those times, may easily discover, that the persecutions on account of religion throughout Spain, Brabant, Flanders, and man v other states and kingdoms, have powerfully promoted the esta- ishment of commerce in the republic. " To this happy result, and the settling of manufacturers in our country, the long continuance of the civil wars in France, wliich were i ^'.srwards carried on In Germany, England, and divers other parts, have also very much contributed. " It must be added, in the last place, that during our most burthensome and heavy wars with Spaiu and Portugal (however ruinous that period was for commerce otherwise), theee powers had both neglected their navy ; whilst the navy of the republic, by a conduct directly the reverse, was nt tlie same time formidable, and in a capacity not only to protect the trade of its own subjects, but to an- noy and crush that of their enemies in all quarters."* We believe our readers will agree with us in thinking that these statements reflect the greatest credit on the merchants and government of Holland. Nothing, as it appears to us, could be conceived more judicious than the account they give of the causes which princi- pally contributed to render Holland a great commercial commonwealth. The central situation of the country, its command of some of the principal inlets to the continent, and the necessity under which the inhabitants have been placed, in consequence of the barren- ness of the soil and its liability to be overflowed, to exert all their industry and enterprise, are circumstances that seem to be in a great degree peculiar to Holland. But though there can be no doubt that their influence has been very considerable, no one will pretend to say that it is to be compared for a moment with the influence of those free institutions, which, fortunately, are not the exclusive attributes of any particular country, but have flourished in Phoenicia, Oreece, England, and Americai as well as in Holland. 1/ ifm II 'J * The Dissertation was translated into Engliah, and published at London in 1751. firom the translation. 93 e We have quoted 43 AMSTERDAM. >ni Many dissertations have been written to account for the decline of the commerce of Hoi- land. But, if we mistake not, its leading causes may be classed under two prominent heads, viz. first, the natural growth of commerce and navigation in other countries; and second, the weight of taxation at home. During the period when the republic rose to great eminence as a commercial state, England, France, and Spain, distracted by civil and religious dissen- sions, or engrossed wholly by schemes of foreign conquest, were unable to apply their energies to the cultivation of commerce, or to withstand the competition of so industrious a people as the Dutch. They, therefore, were under the necessity of allowing the greater part of their foreign, and even of their coasting trade, to be carried on in Dutch bottoms, and under the superintendence of Dutch factors. But after the accession of Louis XIV. and tlio ascendency of Cromwell had put an end to internal commotions in France and England, the energies of these two great nations began to be directed to pursuits of which the Dutch had hitherto enjo3ned almost a monopoly. It was not to be supposed, that when tranquillity and a regular system of government had been established in France and England, their active and enterprising inhabitants would submit to see one of their most valuable branches of industry in the hands of foreigners. The Dutch ceased to be the carriers of Europe, without any fault of their own. Their performance of that function necessarily terminated as soon as other nations became possessed of a mercantile marine, and were able to do fur themselves what had previously been done for them by their neighbours. Whatever, therefore, might have been the condition of Holland in other respects, the natural advance of rival nations must inevitably have stripped her of a large portion of the commerce she once possessed. But the progress of decline seems to have been considerably accelerated, or rather, perhaps, the efforts to arrest it were rendered ineffectual, by the ex- tremely heavy taxation to which she was subjected, occasioned by the unavoidable expenses incurred in the rr.volutionary struggle with Spain, and the subsequent wars with France and England. The necessities of the state led to the imposition of taxes on com, on flour when it was ground at the mill, and on bread when it came from the oven ; on butter, and' fish, and fruit; on income and legacies; the sale of houses; and, in short, almost every article either of necessity or convenience. Sir William Temple mentions that in his time— and taxes were greatly increased afterwards — one fish sauce was in common use, which directly paid no fewer than thirtu different duties of excise ; and it was a common saying at Amsterdam, that every dish of ush brought to table was paid for once to the fisherman, and tix times to the state. The pernicious influence of this heavy taxation has been ably set forth by the author of the Richesse de la Holhnde, and other well-informed writers ; and it has also been ve., forcibly pointed out in the Dissertation already referred to, drawn up from the communicc tions of the Dutch merchants. " Oppressive taxes," it is there stated, "must be placed a; the head of all the causes that have co-operated to the prejudice and discouragement of trade; and it may be justly said, that it can only be attributed to them that the trade of this coimtry has been diverted out of its channel, and transf rred to our neighbours, and must daily be still more and more alienated and shut out from us, unless the progress thereof be stopped by some quick and effectual remedy : nor is it difficult to see, from these contemplations on ' the state of our trade, that the same will be effected by no other means than a diminution of all duties. " In former times this was reckoned the only trading state in Europe ; and foreigners were content to pay the taxes, as well on the goods they brought hither, as on those they came here to buy ; without examining whether they could evade or save them, by fetching the goods from the places where they were produced, and carrying others to the places where Uiey were consiuned : in short, they paid us our taxes with pleasure, without any farther inquiry. " But, since the last century, the system of trade is altered all over Europe : foreign nations, seeing the wonderful effect of our trade, and to what an eminence we had risen only by means thereof, they did likewise apply themselves to it ; and, to save our duties, sent their superfluous products beside our country, to die places where they are most con- sumed ; and in return for the same, furnished themselves from the first hands with what they wanted." But, notwithstanding this authoritative exposition of the pernicious effects resulting from (he excess of taxation, the necessary expenses of the state were so greai, as to render it im- possible to make any sufficient reductions. And, with the exception of the transit trade carried on through the Rhine and the Meuse, which is in a great measure independent of foreign competition, and the American trade, most of the other branches of the foreign trade of Holland, though still very considerable, continue in a comparatively depressed state. In conseq\ience principally of the oppressiveness of taxation, but partly toi>, of the exces- sive accumulation of capital that had taken place whilo the Dutch engrossed the carrying trade of Europe, profits in Holland were reduced towards the middle of the seventeenth century, and have ever since continued extremely low. This circumstance would of itself have sapped the foundations of her commercial greatness. Her capitiUists, who could hardly AMSTERDAM. 43 expect to clear more than two or three per cent, of nett profit by any sort of undertaking carried on at home, were tempted to vest their capital in other countries, and to speculate in loans to foreign governments. There are the beat reasons for thinking that the Dutch were, until very lately, the largest creditors of any nation in Europe. It is impossible, indeed, to form any accumte estimate of what the sums owing them by foreigners previously to the Iste French war, or at present, may amount to; but there can be no doubt that at the former period the amount was immense, and that it is still very considerable. M. Demeunier (DicHonniure de PEconomie Poliiique, tome iii. p. 720.) states the amount of capital lent by the Dutch to foreign governments, exclusive of the largo sums lent to France during the American war, at seventy-ihree millions sterling. According to the author of the Ridiesse de la Hollande (ii. p. 292.^, the sums lent to France and England only, previously to 1778, amounted to 1,600,000 livres tournois, or sixty millions sterling. And besides these, vast gums were lent to private individuals in foreign countries, both regularly as loans at interest, and in the shape of goods advanced at long credits. So great was the difliculty of finding an advantageous investment for money in Holland, that Sir William Temple mentions, that the payment of any part of the national debt was looked upon by the creditors as an evil of the first magnitude. " They receive it," says he, " with tears, not knowing how to dis- pose of it to interest with such safety and ease." Among the subordinate causes which contributed to the decline of Dutch commerce, or which have, at all events, prevented its growth, we may reckon the circumstance of tlie commerce with India having been subje;:ted to the trammels of raono{!oly. De Witt ex- presses his firm conviction, that the abolition of the East India Company would have added very greatly to the trade with the East ; and no doubt can now remain in the mind of any cne, thi.t such would have been the case.* The interference of the administration in regu- lating the mode in which some of the most important branches of industry should be car- ried on, seems also to have been exceedingly injurious. Every proceeding with respect to the herring fishery, for example, was regulated by the orde'3 of government, carried into eiTect under the inspection of officers appointed for that purpose. Some of these regulations were exceedingly vexatious. The period when the fishery might begin was fixed at five minutes past twelve o'clock of the night of the 24th of June ! and the master and pilot of every vessel leaving Holland for the fishery, were obliged to make oath that they would respect the regulation. The species of salt to be made use of in curing diiferent sorts of herrings, was also fixed by law ; and there were endless regulations with respect to the size <^ of the barrels, the number and thickness of the staves of which thiBy were to be made ; the r gutting and packing of the herrings ; the branding of the barrels, &c. &c. — (Histoire dea *'. Peches, ^c. dana lea Mert du Nord, tom. i. chap. 24.) These regulations were intended to secure to the Hollanders that superiority which they had early attained in the fishery, and to prevent the reputation of their herrings from being injured by the bad faith of individuals. But their real efifect wOs precisely the reverse of this. By tying up the fishers to a system of routine, they prevented them from making any improvements; while the facility of coun- terfeiting the public marks opened a much wider door to fraud, than would have been open- ed had government wisely declined interfering in the matter. In despite, however, of the East India monopoly, and the regulations now described, the commercial policy of Holland has been more Uberal than that of any other nation. And in consequence, a country not more extensive than Wales, and naturally not more fertile, con- quered, indeed, in a groat measure from the sea, has accumulated a population of upwards of two millions ; has maintained wars of unexampled duration with the most powerful monarchies; and, besides laying out immense sums in works of utility and ornament at homo, has been enabled to lend hundreds of millions to foreigners. During the occupation of Holland by the French, first as a dependent state, and subse- quently as an integral part of the French empire, her foreign trade was almost entirely destroyed. Her colonies were successively conquered by England, and in addition to the loss of her trade, she was burdened with fresh taxes. But such was the vast accumulated wealth of the Dutch, their prudence, and energy, that the influence of these adverse circum- stances wa^ far less injurious than could have been imagined ; and, notwithstanding all the losses she had sustained, and the long interruption of her commercial pursuits, Holland continued, at her emancipation from the yoke of the French in 18 14, to be the richest coun- try in Europe ! Java, the Moluccas, and most of her other colonies were then restored, and she is now in the enjoyment of a large foreign trade. Her connection with Belgium was an unfortunate one for both countries. The union was not agreeable to either party, and has been injurious to Holland. Belgium was an agricultural and manufacturing country ; and was inclined, in imitation of the French, to lay restrictions on the importations of most sorts of raw and manufactured produce. A policy of this sort was directly opposed to the interests and the ancient practice of the Dutch. But though their deputies prevented the restrictive system from being carried to the extent proposed by the Belgians, they were una- * For pronrsnf this, see the article on the Commerce of Ifolland in the Edinburgh Review, No. 102., fVom which luost part of these statemeuts have been tulien. :!'<({. 't, f M >^ n 4t ANOHOR< de to prevent il from ]jeing catried to an extent that meteriallj affected Ae trade of Holland. Whatever, Aerefore, may be the conaeqnences as to Belgium, there can be little doubt that the late separation between the two divisions of the kingdom of the Netherlands will redound to the advantage of Holland. It must ever be for the interest of England, America, and all trading nations, to maintain the independence of a state by whose means their productions find a ready access to the great continental markets. It is to be hoped that the Dutch, pro- filing by past experience, will adopt such a liberal and conciliatory system towards the natives of Java, as mey enable them to avail themselves to the full of the various re* sources of that noble island. And if they do this, and freely open their ports, with as few restrictions as possible, to the riiips and commodities of all countries, Holland may still be the centre of a very extensive commerce, and may continue to preserve a respectable place among mercantile nations. Even at this moment, after all the vicissitudes they have undeiw gone, the Dutch are, beyond all question, the most opulent and industrious of European nations. And their present, no less than their former state, shows that a free system of government, security, and the absence of restrictions on industry, can overcome almost every obstacle ; " can convert the standing pool and lake into fat meadows, cover the barren rock with verdure, and make the desert smile with flowers." (frineipal articles of Merchandise imported into Amsterdam in 1834 and 1835, with the Stocki on band on the 31st December each year.— (CireiiJor of Lubouckcre ^ Co.) Tw . . • • at, ehnti lBpaitaiiil8S4. □tocks 00 31al Dnxmber, ie34. Inporta in 1896, Stockaon 3latDcuinUr,lB». ie,om IO,IO>i 5,290 8,320 CoOb* • • . . kilon. ( hhdf. gteoo 700^ 18,25(1,000 10,123,000 bom Sopr . • . . ' niaii, ke. oulM, 4,400 S.'480 17,668 kllnn. ' 6,760,000 L ehoU. »,792j ^J 2^J 323. -v,fc.^ . 5 M. hlidi. ™'*^ • • * } V ind K. 10^ M 7,I7S 68 7,888 m 4,884 832 Cation • • ]aiit,te. tsjhsa 1,418 11,718 1,807 Kin, Cunlln • cuki •,am a,ooo 6,M0 800 Java - • bag* "I'SS "f-SS 'l-SS 2,300 !t^ II'.! bj^b «,9S3 i,aoo 8,300 800 4,469 440 2,W6 20 Hidea • • • ■ numbor 1(B,4C0 26,000 120,800 46,700 '""«• — U*ss 780 60 470 100 1,483 '88 1,216 lis Djrewooda • • kllogi. 2,840,000 2,723,000 18,294,000 4,210,000 Sup.) [The principal imports from Amsterdam, as also from Rotterdam, into the United States, are gin, madder, linseed oil, nutmegs, Rhenish and Moselle wines, and sailcloth or duck. This last article has a decided superiority to the corresponding article of any other country. We may make the same remark concerning the bolting cloths which are manufactured in ttolland. Our millers give them a preference to all others. The herrings of the Dutch fisheries have long been accounted superior to those caught elsewhere. They are of small size, but very fat; and the Dutch surpass all other nations in the art of curing them. They are well known to epicures, but are, nevertheless, imported into the United States only in small quantities. The cheese of Holland is another article in much repute ; yet, like tlie herring of that country, it is imported by us only to a very limited extent. It may be here added that, while we export a certain amount of coffee to Holland, we also import thence a quanti^ of old Java, commonly called " government coffee." The wealthier portion of the inhabitants of our large cities are its principal consumers. Our exports to Holland, which very much exceed in value our imports from that country, are, in the order nearly of their relative importance, tobacco, cotton, whale and other fish oils, rice, brown sugar, teas, cofiee, pot and pearlash, raw hides, &c. — Am. Ed.] ANCHOR (Fr. Aiwe,- Lat Anchora; Gr. Kyxu^!t\ a well-known maritime instru- ment used in the mooring or fastening of ships. It consists of a shank having two hooked arms at one end, and at the other end a bar, or stock, at right angles to the arms, with a ring to which the cable is fastened. The arms, shank, and ring should be made of the very best and toughest iron ; the stock is for the most part of oak, but '.% is frequently also, especially in the smaller anchors, made of iron. On being let go, or cast into the water, the anchor sinks rapidly to the bottom, and is thrown by the stock into such a position that the Jluke, or point of one of the arms, is sure to strike the ground perpendicularly, and being kept in that direction, unless the bottom be particularly hard or rocky, sinks into it, and cannot be dislodged, where the ground is not sofl or oozy, without a violent effort When the anchor is dislodged, it is said, by the sailors, to come home. Seeing that the safety and preservation of ships and crews are very frequently dependent on their anchors and cables, it is needless to say that it is of the utmost importance tliat these ahould be of the most approved quality and construction. Every ship has, or ought to have, three principal anchors ; viz. 1st, the nhat anchor, the largest of all, and only let down in ctMes of danger, or when the vessel is riding in a gale of vind ; 2d, the best bower anchor ; and 3d, the smaU bouier anchor. There are, beuides, ANCHORAGE, ANCHOVY. ^talBet ancbon for mooring in riven, ports, See. The largest class of men-of-war hate six nr seven anchora. The weight of an anchor is determiniid principally by the tonnage ; it being usual to allow, for every 20 tons of a ship's burthen, 1 cwt for the weight of her best bower anchor ; so that this anchor in a.ship of 400 ions should weigh about 20 cwt., or a ton. n eait, or M ft, the anehor, h to let the anchor fell flrom the ship's bows into the water, so that it ■ay take hold of the ground. To drag the anchor, is to make it come home I that is, to dislodge it from its bed, and to drag it over nr tbrnugh the ground. This may be occasioned by the anchor being too light, by the violent strain- ing of the cable in a storm or a current, by the too great hardness or softness of the ground, &c. 7V Ni«i;A the aiuhor, is to dislodge it from its hold, and heavo it up by means of the capstan, he. £ato as to Anchori lift, parted from, 4'c.— By the 1 /k 2 Geo, 4. c. 7S., pilots and other persons taking poiaession of anchors, ccbles, and other ship materials, parted with, cut from, or left by any vessel, whether in distress or otherwise, shall give notice of the same to.a deputy vice-admiral, or bis agent, within (brty-eigbt hours, on pain of being considered as receivers of stolen goods ; and if any person shall knowingly and wilfully purchase any such anchor, &c. that shall have been so obtained, with- out its being so reported, he shall be held to be a receiver of stolen goods, and suffer the like punish- ment as for a. misdemeanour at common law, or be liable to be transported for seven jrears, at the discretion of the court. Any master of a ship or vessel outward-bound iinding or taking on board any anchor, &c. shall make a true entry of the circumstance in the log-book of such ship or vessel, reporting the same by the first possible opportunity to the Trinity House, and qn his return shall deli- ver the article to the deputy vice-admiral, or his agent, nearest to the port where he shall arrive, under a penalty of not more than lOOi. nor less than 30{., on conviction before a magistrate on the oath of one witness ; one half to go to the informer, the other half to the Merchant Seaman's Society, established by 30 Geo. 3. c. 3H. : he shall also forfeit double the value of the article to the owner. ■And every pilot, hoveller, boatman, &c. who shall convey any anchor, fcc. to fvny foreign harbour, port, creek, or bay, and sell and dispose of the same, shall be guilty of felony, and be transported for .any term not exceeding seven years. — (See Salvaoe.) Invention of the Anchor. — ^This instrutnent, admirable alike for its simplicity and effect, is of very considerable antiqtiity. It was not, however, known in the earliest ages. The President de Goguet has shown that it was not used by the Greeks till after the Trojaii war ; and that they were then accustomed to moor their ships by means of large stones cast into the sea, a practice which still subsists in some rude nations. — (Origin of Laws, vol. ii. p. 330. Eng. trans.) Pliny ascribes the invention of the anchor to the Tyrrhenians. — {Hist, Nat. lib. vii. cap. 66.) At first it had only one arm, the other being added at a subsequent period; some authors say, by Anacharais the Scythian. — (Origin of Laws, vol. i. p. 293.) Since this remote epoch, the form and construction of the instrument seem to have under* gone very little change. ANCHORAGE, OB ANCHORING GROUND. Good anchoring ground should nei- .ther be too hard nor toe soft ; for, in the first case the anchor is apt not to take a sufficieiit .hold, and in the other to drag. The best bottom is a stilT clay, and next to it a firm sand. In a rocky bottom.the flukes of the anchor are sometimes torn away, and hempen cables aro liable to chafe and be cut through. It is also essential to a good anchorage that the water be neither too deep nor too shallow. When too deep, the puU of the cable, being nearly per> pcndicular, is apt to jerk the anchor out of the ground ; and when too shallow, the ship ia exposed to the danger, when riding in a storm, of striking the bottoin. Where a ship is in .water that is land-locked, and out of the tide, the nature of the grotmd is of comparatively little importance. The anchorage of ships, especially ships of war,. being a subject of great importance to the naval and commercial interests of the kingdom, several statutes have been enacted with respect to it. Tha first which it is necessary to notice here is 19 Geo. 9, e. iS. It prohibits masters of ships from casting out ballast, or rubbish or any kind, into any harbour or channel, except on the land where the tide never comes, en pnin of forfeiting not more than S{. nor less than SOs. on conviction before a Justice on view, or on the oath of one witness, or of being committed to prison for two months ; which penalty is increased to iOf., over and above the expense of removing the same, by 54 Geo. 3. c. 199. In pursuance of the same object, 54 Geo. 3. c. 159. enables the Loras.of the Admiralty to astablish regulations for the preservation of the king's moorage or anchorage, as well as for those of merchant ships, in all the ports, harbours, channels, &c. kc. of the United Kingdom, as far as the tide flows, where or near to which his Majesty has, or may hereafter have, any docks, dock-yards, arsenals, wharfs or moorings. It prohibits all descriptions of private ships fTom being moored, or anchored, or placed in any of his Majesty's moorings, Stc. without special licence obtained from the Admiralty, or other persons appointed to grant such licenses, on pain of forfeiting notextaeding 10(., one moiety to .bis Majesty, the ot' the informer, on conviction before any Jifstice of the peace or commisBionsr of the Navy. It fiirthcr prohibits the breaming of private vessels in such places, otherwise than appointed by the said authority of the Admiralty s and the receiving or having gunpowder, bayond a certain limitad qaantity, under a penalty of Si. for every five pounds' weight of su^h powder beyond the quantity albiwed. It prohibits, likewise, ail such private vessels, in any such places, having any guns on board shotted or loaded with bull, as well as firing and discharging any. such before sun-rising aad after sun-setting, under a penalty of SI. fbr every, gun so shotted, and IW. (or every gun so fir^. It .Atrther gives to every officer of vessels of war, to iu)tbour-maste|rs, and others in their aid, a risltt ,.ef search in all private vessels, so moored in such places, and inflicts a penalty of 10{. pn resbtaooe. AitcHomABK also means a duty laid on ships for .the iise of the poort or httrbour. ANCHOVY (Ft. Anehoit I It Aceiughe,- Lat Encraaieolits), a small fish (Clupea taavuicoltta lin.), common in the Mediterranean, resembling the sprat Those brought •from Gorgona in the Tuscan Sea are esteemed the best They should be chosen sinaU, insh pid^l, whita outside aod red within. Thtiir ba^ sb^V^'lho round. The i|tr(U^B,,a ?" !!' I m M A 46 ANGiELi6 A— ANTWERP. fish which is flatter and larger than the anchovy, is frequently substituted for it. About 120,000 lbs. are annually entered for home consumption. ANGELICA, a largo umbelliferous plant with hollow jointed stalks, of which there are several varieties. It grows wild, and is cultivated in moist places near London, and in mo«t European countries from Lapland to Spain. Its roots are thick, fleshy, and resinous ; have a fragrant agreeable smell, and a bitterish pungent taste, mixed with a pleasant sweetnegg glowing on the lips and palate for a long time after they have been chewed. To preserve them, they must bo thoroughly dried, and kept in a well-aired place. The other parts of the plant have the same taste and flavour as the roots, but in an inferior degree. The leave* and seeds do not retain their virtue when kept. The London confectioners make a sweet- meat of the tender stems. The faculty used to direct that none but the roots of Spanish angelica should be kept by the druggists. In Norway the roots are sometimes used as bread, and in Iceland the stalks are eaten with butter. Here the plant is used only in confcc< tionary and tlie materia medica. — {Lewises Mat. Med. ; Reea'a Cycliipacdta, 4"C.) The duty of 4s. per cwt. on Angelica produced, in 1833, 373(. is. lOd., showing that 1,379 cwt. had been entered for home coitaumption. ANISE, on ANISIJM (Fr. Anisi It Anice,- Lat. Anisum), a small seed of an oblong shape. It is cultivated in Germany, but the best comes from Spain. It is also a product of China, whence it is exported. It should be chosen fresh, large, plump, newly dried, of a good smell, and - sweetixh aromatic taste. ANKER, a hquid measure at Amsterdam. It contains about 10}^ gallons English wino measure. ANNOTTO, OR ARNOTTO (Fr. Rncou ,• Ger. Orlean .• It. Orianu), a species of red dye formed of the pulp enveloping the seeds of the Bixa orellana, a plani cntnmon in South America, and the East and West Indies ; but dye is made, at least to any extent, only in the first. It U prepared by macerating the pods in boiling water, extracting the seedt;, and leav> ing the pulj) to subside ; the fluid being subsequently drawn off, the residuum, with which oil is sometimes mixed up, is placed in shallow >es8cls and gradually dried in the shade. It is of two sorts, yiz.Jiag or caxe, and roll annotto. The first, which is by far the most ira- I>ortant article in a commercial point of view, is furnished almost wholly by Cayenne, and comes to us principally by way of the United States. It is imported in square cakes, weigh- ing 8 or 3 lbs. each, wrapped in banana leaves. When well made, it ought to be of a bright yellow colour, soil to the touch, and of a good consistence. It imparts a deep but not durable orange colour to silk and cotton, and is used for that purpose by the dyers. Roll annotto is principally brought from Brazil. The rolls are small, not exceeding 2 or 3 oz. in weight ; it is hard, dry, and compact, brownish en the outside, and of a beautiful red colour within. The latter is the best of all ingredients for the colouring of cheese and butter ; and is now exclusively used for that purpose in all the British and in some of the continental dairies. In Gloucestershire it is the practice to allow an ounce of annotto to a cwt. of cheese ; in Cheshire, 8 dwts. are reckoned sufTicient for a cheese of 60 lbs. When genuine, it neither aflects the taste nor the smell of cheese or butter. The Spanish Americans mix annotto with their chocolate, to which it gives a beautiful tint. — (Gray's Supplement to the Phamiaco- pcelas I Loudon's Encyc. of Agriculture, and private information.') At an averai;e of the three years ending with 1831, the nnnotto entered for home consumption amounted to 128,528 lbs. a year. Previouily to 1832, the duty on flag annotto was 18«. 8d. n cwt., nnd on other sorts U. 12». ; but the duty is now reduced to la. a cwt. on the former, and to 4«. on the lat- ter. This judicious and liberal reduction will, we have no doul>t, be followed by a consirterablii in- crease of consumption. The price of flag annotto varies in the market from M. to \s. per lb., and of loll from U. to \s. 6d. ANNUITIES. See Interest awi> Aitkuities. ANTIMONY (Grer. and Du. Spiesglasi Tt. Antimoine i Jt, Antimonio ,• Raa. Anti- tnonia; Lat. Antimonium), a metal which, when pure, is of a greyish white colour, and has a good deal of brilliancy, showing a radiated fracture when broken ; it is converted by exposure to heat and air into a white oxide, which sublimes in vapours. It is found in Saxony and the Hartz, also in Cornwall, Spain, France, Mexico, Siberia, the Eastern Islands, and Martaban in Pegu. We are at present wholly supplied with this metal from Singapore, which receives it from Borneo ; it is imported in the shape of ore, and commonly as ballast. It is about as hard as gold ; its specific gravity is about 6-7 ; it is easily reduced to a very fine powder; its tenacity is such that a rod of -i\,th of an inch diameter is capable of sujv porting 10 lbs. weight. Antimony is used in medicine, and in the composition of nietul types for printing. The ores of antimony are soft, and vary in colour from light lead to dark lead grey ; their specific gravity varies from 4*4 to C'8 ; they possess a metallic lustre, are brittle, and occur in the crystallised massive forms. — (Thomson's Chemistry, and private tnformation.) ANTWERP, the principal sea-port of Belgium, long. 4° 22' E., lat. 51° 14' N. A large, well built, and strongly fortified city, situated on the Scheldt. It has about 66,000 inhabi- tants. Previously to its capture by the Spaniards, under Fameas, in 1685, Antwerp was one Comparative state Articles. Alh«,U S, b - Runik Cafil-« . a Culton • . H.iln, S. A. . Iniligo • • ■ Pimento . • Pepper, unill • Rice • • t — ■ • Sunr Tea • a Tobicco • • Logwood a a Fustic • • ANTWERP. /. 47 of the greatest commercial citien of Europe ; but it mifTered much by that event In 1G48, at tlie treaty of Westphalia, it was gtipulated by Spain and Holland, that the navigation of the Scheldt should be shut up ; a stipulation which w is obr^rvcd till the occupation of Belgium by the French, when it was aboliHhed. In 1803, the improvement of the harbour woii begun, and extensive new docks and warehouses have since been constructed. Ships of the largest burden come up to the town, and goods destined for the interior are forwarded with the greatest facility by means of canals. Almost all the foreign trade of Belgium is at present centred in Antwerp, which has again become a place of great commercial importance. By a decree issued in 1814, all goods are allowed to he warehoused in Antwerp en entrendt, and may bo exported on paying a charge of ^ per cent, ad valorem. The exports chiefly consist of corn, seeds, linen, lace, carpets, flax, tallow, hops, &c. The imports principally consist of cotton, wine, hardware, sugar, tobacco, coflfee, and all sorts of colonial produce. Money. — Accoiintg nrn now commonly kept In florins of 1810, worth 1». 8|(J. sterling. The florin is divideil into SO soiiii, anil the ooii into 3 cents. Formerly nccountH were kept in the ponnd Flcmiali ^ S| rlx (Iullttr8:3 6 florins c= 20 schillings = 130 otlvcrs^lMO |:roat9 = 1,020 pcnnings.— (See Table or Coins.) The pnr of exchange between Antwerp aim London is 11 florins 38 cents per pound sterling. Weight! and Meaaurtii. — By a law of 1816, the French system of weijihts and incnsiires was ndopted in the Netlierliinds on the Ist of Januiiry, 1820 ; hut the old denoinlnntions are retained. The pond in the unit of wcisht, and nnnwers '.o the French kiloisranuiie.— (See Amsterdam.) Of the old weljXlitt — liich are still occasionally referred to, the quintal of 100 lbs. is equal to 103) lbs. avnirdupoio 100 ilrdupois being consequently c'unl to 96'H lbs. of Antwerp. Aichippound is equal to ' .iti. '■" Ihs. ; a stone is eipuil to 8 lb Of the '.easur 'lertel of corn =4 niacktm ; . ..;slB = la8t; and 40 viertels =101 Impe- rial quarters very nen, .,■. The aam of wine contains 5u moopen, or .lOi English wine irnllona. or the weiplita and iiieasiires now current, 5(1} lbs. :=ll'i Ihs. lluKlish ; UK) Ihs. == 100 kilogrammes of France, or 312} Antwerp old weight. One barrel =20,^ gallons English == 100 litres French. Cualom-hottee Regulations, — Captains of ships arriving at Antwerp, or any of llie Uelgian ports, must make, within 2't hours, n declaration in writing, of iie goods of which tlicir cnrgo consists; tpecifying the marks and numbers of the bales, parci^l', &c. ; their value, acrording to the current price lit tlie time when the duciaratioii is made ; the :.anie of the ship or vessel, as well us that of the captain, and of the country to which she belongs, &c. AVn>pin^.— The ships entering the port of Antwerp, during the five years ending with 1828, have been as follows : — Years. 1824 1835 . 1820 Ships. Years. 681 1827 800 1828 028 Ships. 822 955 Of the 800 ships entering Antwerp In 1825, 114 were from Liverpool, 119 from London, 44 from Hull, 48 from Havre, 41 from Bordeaux, 31 from Petersburgh, 24 from New York, 25 from Cuba, 26 from Rio Janeiro, 11 from Batavia, &c. — (Bulletin dea Sciences Oeographiqties, for January, 1820, and February 1826.) The commerce of Antwerp sufi'ered much, in 1831 and 1832, from the hostilities between the Bel- gians and Dutch. lu 1831, there were only 388 arrivals of foreign sliips. Comparative statement of the Imports of the undermentioned Goods, at Antwerp, since 1827, and of the Stocks at the Close of each year. Articles. Imports. Stocks, Slst December. 1 1827. 1828. 1889. 1 1830. 183!. 1832. 1827. 600 1829. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. Alhe.,U.S. . . tarreli 7,1.58 0,647 11,642 6,0il 7,452 8,.50« 800 2,950 214 660 1,SOO — Ruaia . . caslii 4.420 1.501 3,9!»7 1,63» 728 3,538 1,000 200 1,200 2.-<0 650 750 CoBi« .... tons 23,100 22,!«» 23,0S0 21,110 10,300 14.700 8,250 8.650 8,430 4,000 2,700 1,900 CultOD .... Inlei 23,108 18,324 3;(,»S5 2I,S45 13,720 28,6.87 4,420 5,563 6,153 4,700 1,030 90O H.'lei,S. A. . - . No. 211,349 148,584 462,577 ai0,507 2«,80« 3*2,878 4,000 l,.1-)0 43,600 22,-i00 38,500 92.000 Indigo .... chestf l,3!W ^IS 1,848, 1,063 4i.3 649 287 'm 717 m 'l7S 210 — • . • lemiii 6a9 380 725 206 120 2-.2 217 268 300 101 65 65 Pimento • . • • Into l,6l» 1,870 1,340 2>20 576 562 500 600 200 100 200 200 Pepper, imall • . . do. 2J,I4« I'Jli" 11,522; 12,999 B,4I'6 4,960 12,500 6,000 8,400 3,000 4,000 1,000 Rici .... tierces M,:>0;> Kt,!* 18,712] 23,?!l 6,029 14,458 2,300 1,200 .5,000 4,500 700 300 — .... !»«• 16.897 38,889 98,827; 41,530 16,483 10,1.53 9,400 30.000 13,30) 2,500 3,500 1,600 Smar • . - toui 18,000 17,8(10 24,7.10 10,511 9,800 12,200 3,370 2,600 8,0.50 l,2-.0 1,400 1.4nC Td ... ackajet 1,564 91 186 1,2,3 814 3,778 2.255 1,878 1,335 '391 1S5 1,600 Tobacco .... bhds. 1,101 2.32S 1,552 2,253 8,3CI 12,825 375 717 ^ 40 1,119 3,200 Logwood .... tntu 706 2,260 R53 9.52 1,2.50 1.200 700 900 330 1.30 600 380 Fmlic . . . • do. 673 822 1,639 2,033 2)5 315 220 300 490 670 340 23 In the Imports of 1831 and 1832, are included those received through Ostend which were destined for this port. The stocks of these goods now at Ostcnd, or on their way thence, are also included. The following goods were imported at Antwerp in 1832 from all places : .. ' Places. Coffee. Sugar. Hides. Cotton Cailts. BarreU. Bags. Cailii. C. Braz. Bx.Hav. Can. 2,451 Barrels' Bags. Ox & Cow. Bales. Greit Britain .... S. America and W. Indin United SlalM .... (i>ntinent of Europe - • East Indies Jorwy ud Ouerue; - • Totals - . • . 211 SO 16 2 162 101,285 71.424 60,10i 11,660 19,299 ma 1,375 841 9S2 488 8,103 30,08.0 1,732 291 85 443 147 203 260 16,316 3.4 13,602 I,(n8 65,164 203,7.36 66,(n9 20,262 7,616 12,7f<9 1.623 13,754 321 301 179 246,769 2,839 1,480 40,299 2,451 1,053 31,350 362,878 28.687 I i K.^' \y\ r-i \ ti ■48 APPLES, APPRENTICE. PlUCCI". Pepper. Pimento Aihee. Rtce. Indigo. Tobac. Ten. Uyowroode.] Bill. htf V. Kit. Ruitla. TiCKH. B-H«. Chnli. Siriii ~n m Hhdi. Puk. C.Tniii. ».T«M. OmtnrllalB ■ . ■ . UaiMSIatn .... ConllDratorEunM • GaMtediw . . r. . Jmt; ind OwniMjr . ToUlt . . . MO «,oao m T7» 'tt i,m i.goe 10^731 r.wi 9,068 ISO ti m •1 II «1 640 MM ^ato 1,100 (U 0.960 m iS5M MM I4,4U KU UM>s a,nJ i,aoo Sit Coiidition$*nJir which Otoda art loli.—On goodi generally 3 per cent, ia allowed fnr payment In 90 days, nnd U per cent, on credit of A weeks or S montha. On cottona, at 90 daya' crcalt, 3 fit cent, are allowed, and U per cnnt. nn a credit of 3 or 3 niontba. On aaliea, hidea, and «u|Br, 3 per cent. Ibi 90 daye, and I) per cent, fax 3 months' credit. 71ir«j).— West Indin, Brnzil, and Java coflve, In single ban, 3 per cent., and Ilavannah In Jones, ) lb. per bag extra. Bourbon, in whole bags, 4t lbs., and in \ do. 3^ lbs. Pimenio, pepper, and ginger In bnss, 3 per cent. ; on these articlea, as also cufToe, in casks nnd barrels, real tare. Cassia llgnea, and cinnamon In biiles, 10 per reni.; and in chests, 6 to Oi lbs. per chest. Ashes, 13 per cent. Quer- citron bark, 10 per cent. Cotton in bales, 4 per cent., exclusive of ropes i and in serons, S lbs. per sernn. Horse hair, real tare. Indigo, in chests or barrels, real tare ; nnd in serous, 0^ to 7 lbs. per seron. Rice, in casks, 13 per cent.; and In bags, 3 percent. Muscovado sugars, in casks and barrels, nnd Ilavannnh clayed. In boxes, 14 per cent.; Brazil, In chests, 18 per cent.; Java in canisters anii baskets, 9 per cent. ; Hiam and Manilla, In bags, 3 per cent.; Bengal, In triple bags, .libs, each : Bour- bon, in mats, tt per cent. Bohea tea, exclusive of wrappers, 40 lbs. per chest, 34 lbs. per k ditto, and 13 lbs. per \ ditto, I4( lbs. per 1^ ditto; fine black and green tea, 13 to 13 lbs. per 1 chest, 9 lbs. per l-6th ditto, 7 lbs. per } ditto, 9 lbs per l-13th ditto, 3 lbs. per l-l(Hh ditto, and 3 per cent, in boxes. Tobacco, real tare : no draft or other deduction allowed.— (From the Vinvtltr of JallU, Clitttm, •ftd Co.) [Our impoTtii firom Belgiam, although they have been ateadily on the incrcaie, are not of much moment. Their anntial value, taking the average of five yeara, amounta to no more than about 330,000 doUan; which is only a fourth part of the value of the exporta from the United States to that countir. Few of the products of Belgium can compete in our marke^a with the similar products of England, France, or (3ennanv. The principal article imported by us from Antwerp is firearrts, and these chiefly, if not exclusively, fowling pieces and pistola, manufactured at Liege. Zinc, for roofing, is another article which may deserve to be mentioned. Although dearer than that imported from Ham- burg, and which is brought to that place from Silesia, it is preferred to the latter, on account of its superior pliability. To these articles may be added linseed oil, window glass, and cloths and keraimeres, the finest descriptions of which are manufactured at Vervins. Brussels aiyl Mechlin laces come to us also from Antwerp, but only to nn inconsiderable amount We export to Belgium cotton, pot and pearl ash, cofiee, tobacco, whale and other fiah oil, ra,w hides, && — Am,£d.] APPLES, the fruit of the Pifruo Malu», or apple tree. It is very extensively cultivated in most temperate climates. An immense variety and quantity of excellent apples are ni^sed in England, partly for the table, and partly for manufacturing into cider. Those employed for the latter purpose are comparatively harsh and austere. The principal cider countiea wra Hereford, Monmouth, Gloucester, Worcester, Somerset, and Devon. Mr. Marshall calculates the produce of the first four at 30,000 hhds. a yea *, of which Worcester is supposed to sup- ply 10,000. Half a hogshead of cider may be expected, in ordinarily favourable aeasons^ firom each tree in an orchard in full bearing. The number of tre<^ on an acre varies from 10 to 40, so that the quantity of cider must vary in the same proportion, that is, from 6 to 20 hhds. The produce is, however, very fluctuating ; and a good cropaeldom occurs above onct iii ii.ree years. — (Loudon't Eneye. of Agriculture, 4re,) Besides the immense consumption of native apples, we import, for the table, considerable supplies of French and American apples, especially the former ; the entries of fbraign apples fnr home con- sumption having amounted, at an average of the three years ending with 16.il, to 36,012 bushels a year. Were It not for the oppressive duty of 4«. a bushel, there can oe little doubt that the Imports would be decidedly larger, llie apples produced in the vicinity of New York are ttqiVersally admitt^ to be the finest of any ; but unless selected and packed with care, they are very apt to spoil before reaching England. The exports of apples from the United States during the year ended the 30th of fteptember, 1833 amounted to 0,038 barrels, valued at 15,314 dollars. Of these, 1,370 barrels were shipped for England.— (Pa^rf ptMiihtd ty tht B—rd aj Traitt p. I06.( P«|Mr« Uai Utot* Congrtit, 19th of February, 1833.) (Duty on apples reduced from 4«. to 2». a bushel. — (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 15.) — Sup.) [The apples in most esteem are the various sorts of pippins; aiid the best of these are pro- duced in New York and New Jersey. From an average ofTfpur years, ending in 1837, the annual export of apples .from the United States may be stated to amount to 19,462 barrels, valued at 35,866 dollars. Of this quantity, 3,237 barrels were shipped for England ;.6J^ wore sent to Biikish, Norfh American Coloniea; and 4,290 to tlw island of Ci)ba.— ilm. Ed.} Apprentice, a you|ig person of either sex, bQund by indenture,to serve sone parti- cular individual or company of indi 'iduals, for a fpecified time,,in order to be instructed in some ort. science, or trade. According to the common law of England, every one has a right to employ himself at AQUA FORTIS— ARANGOES. ihaU,at the period of betng Indentured, reipectively be under the aieof 17 yeart ; provided that ' apprentice lo to be employed on board any veiiel, ai above deicribed, •hull be duly indented pleuure in emy lawful trad*. Bat thia aound princble wai almoat entiroly robverted by ■ itatate puaed in the fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, commonly called the Statula of Apprenticeahip. It enacted that no penon ahould, for the future, exerciae any trade, craft, or myitery, at that time exerdaed in England and Wales, unleM he had previoualy aerved to it an apprenticeahip oiateen years at least; so that what had before been a bye-law of a few corporations, became the general and statute law of the kingdom. Luckily, how ever, Uie courts of law were always singularly disbclined to give effect to the provisions of thia •tatute; and the rules which they establuhed for its interpretation served materially to mi- tigate its injurious operation. But though its impolicy had been long apparent, it was con- tinued till 1814, when it wss repealed by the 64 Geo. 3. c. 06. This act did not interfere with any of the existing rights, privileges, or bye-laws of the different corporations ; but wher- ever these do not interpose, the formation of apprenticeships^ and their duration, is left to be adjusted by the parties themselves. The regulations with respect to the taking of apprentices on board ships, the only part of this subject that properly comes within the scope of this woi^, are embodied in the 4 Geo. 4. c 2fi. Thsy are as follows :— From the lit of January, 18S4, every master of a merchant ship exceeding the burden of M tons •ban have on board his ship, at the time of such ship clearing out from any port of the United King- dnm, one apprentice or apprentice!, in the following proportion to the number of tons of her admea- lurement, according to the eertiOcate of registry ; viz s For every veaael exceeding 80 tons, and under 900 tons, 1 apprentice at least, 800 400 — 9 400 800 — S SOO 700 — 4 — — 700 and upward! - » 8 who shall, •very appr . . for at least fitur years ; and the indenture! of every each apprentice shall be enrolled with ihe collector and comptroller at the Cuitom-bouie of the port whence such veaiel !hall flrit clear out after the execution of such indenture!.— $ 9. Every apprentice so enrolled ii hereby exempted fk'om lerving in his Majeity'i navy until he ahall have attained the age of 31 years i provided he ia regularly serving hit time either with his Ant mas- ter or ahip-owner, or eome other mniter or ship-owner to whom hli indentures shall have been regu- larly transferred ; and every owner or master neglecting to enrol auch indentures, or who ihall luffer any such apprentice to leave his aervlce, except in case of death or desertion, sickness, or other una- voidable cause, to be cortifled In the log book, after the vessel shall have cleared outwards on the voyage upon which such vessel may be bound, shall for every such offence fbrfeit lOl , to be paid in manner following ; that is to say, one moiety bv the ownera of such ver:.el, and the other moiety by the master thereof, to be levied, recovered, and applied, in manner hereinafter mentioned. — )4. Every person to whom such apprentice shall have been bound may e^iipioy him, at any time, in any vessel of which such person may be ihe master or owner ; and may also, with the consent of such nppprentice, if above 17, and if under that age, with the consent of his parents or guardians, transfer the Indentures of such apprentice, by endorsement thereon, to any other person who may be the mas- ter or owner of any registered vessel. — $ 9. No stamp duty shall be charged on any such transfer by endorsement.—) 0. And by Geo. 4. c. 107. i 138. it is enacted, that no person shall be deemed to be an apprentice for the purposes of the preceding act (4 Geo. 4. c. 99.), unless the indenture of such apprentice shall have been enrolled with the collector and comptroller of the port from which any such apprentice ahall first go to sea after the date of such indenture ; or In default of such enrolmert, until the same shall have been enrolled at some port ftom which the ship in which such apprentice <)hall afterwarda go to sea shall be cleared. By Stat. 7 & 6 Geo. 4. e. 90. } 7. It Is enacted that no higner duty than '*$. shall be charged upon the Indenture of any apprentice bound to serve at aea in the merchant service. [It may be stated, as a general rule, that apprentices in the United States may be bound to wrve some master or mistress, if a male, till the age of twenty-one years, and if a female, till tlte age of eighteen. Every person, however, has the right, in accordance with the principles of natural equity, as well as of the common law of England, to employ himself at plea»UTo in every lawful occupation, even though he should not have served an apprenticeshq> to it. This is, at least, the case in all but a very few occupations, b jch as that of an auctioneer, and the professions of law and medicine, the door of the admission into which is guaided, either by requiring a previous apprenticeship, or by restrictions and regulations of a difieteiit descrip- tion, and is thus guarded on the ground of securing to the public, in the most effectual man- ner, the due performance of the services to be rendered. — Am. £(fL] AQUA F0RTI8. See Acid {Nitric). AQUAMARINE. See Bkryl. ... ^ o .\QU A VIT.2G. (Ger. Aquavit / Fr. Eau devitilt. Aequo vite ; 8p. Ague de vida / Rus. Wodka I Lat Aqua vUa), a name familiarly applied to all native distilled spirits ; equiv». lent to the eau de vie, or brandy, of the French, the whiekey of the Scotch and Irish, th« gtrum of the Dutch, &c. In tlus way it is used in the excise law relating to the distilleries. ARAN60ES, a species of beads made of rough cornelian. They are of various forms, as barrel, bell, round, &c., and all drilled. The barrel-shaped kind, cut from the best stones. are from two to three inches long, and should be chosen as clear as possible, whether red or white, having a «;oud polish, and free from flaws. The bell-shaped are from one to two inchea long, being in all respects inferior. Considerable quantities were formerly imported from V01.L— E 7 I t II !i '(! *'' fi! M ^^ ARCHANGEL, ARGOL. \>. Bmnbiiy, for reexportation to Africa ; but ainre tho abolition of the iilave traJ , the importo •nil exports of nrangoea hive been comparntively trifling. — {Mitbum'a Orient. Com.) ARCHANOEIi, the principal commercial city of the north of Kussia, In lat. 64° 84' N., long. 38° SIK U. It is aituntwd on tho right bank of the Dwina, about 30 Enf^liKh milot above where it fall* into tho White Sea. Population, 7,000 or B.OOO. The harbour in at the island of Bollonboie, about a mile from the town. Tho bar nt tho mouth of tho D.vina has generally 14) feet water ; so that ships drawing more than this depth must be partially loaded outMi(lc tho bar from lighters. The Dwina being a navigable river, travelling a groat extent of country, renders Archangel a considerable entrepdt. It was discovered in 1554, by the famous Richard (/'hnncellor, tho companion of Sir Hugh Willniighby in his voyage of discovery ; and from that period, down to the foundation uf Petersbnrgh, was tho only [iort in the Russian empire accessible to foreigners. I'himgh it has lost its ancient importance, it still enjoys a pretty extensive commerce. The piincipal articles of export are grain, tallow, flax, hemp, timber, linseed, iron, potash, matn, tar, &c. Deals from Archangel, and Onega in the vicmity of Archangel, are considered superior to those from the Baltic. Hemp not so good as at Riga, but proportionally cheaper. Tullow is also inferior. Iron same as at Petersburgh, sometimes cheaper and sometimes dearer. The quality of the wheat exported froir .\rchangel is about equal to that from Pettirsburgh. The imports are not very exten* sivo. They consist principally of sugar, coITue, spices, salt, woollens, hardware, && The merchants of Archaiigul are said by Mr. Coxc to Ih* distinguished for honesty and intelligence. {Travels in the North of Euriype, vol. iii. p. 150.) Account of the Quantities of tlio principal Artlrlnfi exported Trom Archangel during each of tlie ilz Year!) ending with 1H33. Articlos. 1»»7. l»18. 1029. 1830. 1831. 1839. Flax - - poodd 4!),S55 04,877 131,180 163,3S3 280,485 190,719 Grain, Barley chr t«. S,«70 S90 11,78.') 1,H97 8,8.57 323 0:it8 - do. 30H,H10 47,1.37 3.Vi,7«'J 84,839 398,109 97,779 Rye - do. Wheat do. 44,IOi 39, KM 98,400 157,645 174,109 189,486 3.017 11,777 113,738 83,400 104,037 37,728 Hemp - - poods *J,i»79 4.'i,693 .'S7,317 63,057 33,b35 51,149 Iron - - - do. 0>.»I9 03,013 117,261 110,372 89,875 47,.369 Linfeed - - chets. 78,«I9 131,804 1.36,988 142,158 93,039 10.3,494 Vats - - pieces l,3fl3,3;t« 930,3.^3 631, 4.38 674,481 421,119 84l,4.'iO Pitch- - barrels I3,4«<) 9,973 8,407 17,917 8,237 13,434 Potimhes - poiMlg 10,18a 8,9«7 3,209 10,065 12,823 9,205 Tnllow - - do. 100,fl3t 180,128 150,778 135,137 119,264 100,963 Tallow candles do. 9,MI5 3,439 3,773 4,7.56 3,491 9,9,37 Tar - - barrels 91,326 70,!»85 37,761 99,548 69,467 58,014 Train oil - poodi 21,217 17,001 18,534 19,160 4,190 8,989 Wood, Dcali pieces 3S2,415 9W,528 260,771 413,969 338,680 334,313 iliiltinis do. «4,74.'i 73,1.33 73,335 121,490 63,175 43,354 Uealendsdo. 74,944 50,680 64,180 101,985 93,308 44,535 The total value of the exports In 1831 was estimated nt 14,750,738 rubles, while that of the imports was estimated at only 1,155,879 rubles. During the samo year there arrived at Archangel 443 ghipiii of whirh 349 were British, 13 Dutch, 14 Prussian, 19 Mecldenburg, &c. Account of tho Number of Ships that sailed from Archangel during each of the Six Years ending with 1832. Years - - | 1837. 1828. 1899. 1830. 1831. 1839. Ships 38« 390 450 505 445 364 The trade of Archangel is very much influenced by the demand from the more Boullierly parts of Europe, and eapecinlly from England, for corn. When a brialc ileuiaiul is anticipiitud, oiits are brought in large quantities from the interior, sometimes ev>:n from tho distance of 1,.')00 miles, in covered barks capable of holding several hundred quarters. But as there are few extensive mercnn- tile establishments here, tlie supplies are scanty, except when a largo demand has been expected for some time proviouHly to tlie season for bringing them down. — {Odily'a European Commerce, and pri^ Date information.) Mitnut, IVtighU, and Mtanuru, same as at Petersburg ; which see. ARGOL, ARGAL, ob TARTAR, (Ger. Wetnstein ; Du. Wynatem; Fr. Tartre ; It. Sp. and Port. Tartaro t Rus. Winnui kamen; Lat Tartarus), a hard crust formed on (he sides of the vessola in which wine has been kept ; it is red or white according to the colour of the wine, and is otherwise impure. On being purified, it is termed cream or crystals of tartar. It consists principally of bitartrate of potash. White argol is preferable to red, an contauning less dro^ysy or earthy matter. Tho marks of good ar^^ol of either kind are, ita being tiiick, brittle, iiard, brilliant, and little earthy. That brought from Bologna is reckoned the beat, and fetches the highest price. Argol is of considerable use among dyers, as servin:; to dispose the stuA's to take their colours the better. Pure argol, or cream of tartar, ia ex- tensively used in medicine. It has an acid and rather unpleasant taste. It is very brittle, and easily reduced to powder: specilic gravity 1-95. The duty on argol, which was Judiciously reduced in 1832, flrom 3«. a ewt. to 6it. produced in that year 678C. 'is. 'li. of nutt revenue, 'f hid, supposing the whole to have beun charged witli tin; low duty, ARTSTOLOCHIA— ARSENIC. 01 wnuld ihAw nn Imimrtnt'i.n nf t7,l?7 owl. Tlia pticn ofBrinl In thn I^ndon mnrknt, In Aucual, 1833 Titrlflil. Hnloiiiia I'rom 0%>. to M«. per cwl., Leghorn 4H<. to B0«. por Uittu, Naplui *%i. lu -Vis., Uhviilili 44*. t.> Ms. ARIHTOI.OCHIA {Fr. Sfnimlaire t Oct. Schlantrenuiurzel i \i. Serpmtmia , Lat. ArMokichia lerptntaria), the dried root of Virginia Biiaki«-runt, or birthwort ; it in imnll, light, and builiy, conniHting of a numlier of fibrei) matted togf ther, sprung from one com- mon head, of a brownivh colour on th>rinr spirit, nr nn adulteriited cnmpniind. This liquor is sometimes (llDtilled from coco nut toddy, and aoinet lines from a mixture ofjnggery, water, and the linrks of various trees. — (See JUilburn'a Orient. Com.; and Mr. Marshall'i valuable Essay on the Coco Xiit Tree, p. 1».) ARROW-ROOT, the pith or starch of the root Maranla antndinacea. It has received its common name from its being supposed to be an antidote to the poisoned arrows of the InJiana. The powder ii prepared from roots of a year old. It i^ reckoned a very wholosome nutritiou!) food ; it is often adulterated, when in the shops, with tho starch or flour of pota- toes. It is a native of South America ; but has been long introduced into tl»e West Indies, where it forms a pretty important article of cultivation. An excellent kind of arrow-root, if it may so be called, is now prepared in India from tho root of the Curcuma angiistifoUcu Tho plant is abundant on the Malabar coast, where the powder is made in such (]uantitics as to be a considerable object of trade. Some of it has been brouirht to England. The Maranta arundinacea has been carried from tho West Indies to Ceylon, whore it tltrives extremely well, and where arrow-root of tho finest quality has been manufactured from it. {Ainslits Mat. Indica.) At an average of the three years ending with 1S31, the arrow-root entered for hoifie consumption aniDUnted to 411,556 lbs. a year. Previously to last ycar(lS32),the duty on arrow-root from a llritish possession was 9s. 4d. a cwt. ; but as it is now reduced to Is. a cwt., a considerable increase of con- sumption may be expected. It was quoted in the London market, in August, IHi'i, at from 9d. to is. Ud. per lb. ARSENIC (Ger. Arnenik ,- Fr. Arsenic ; It. and Sp. Araenico ,- Rus. Milsehjah i Lat. Arsenicum). This metal has a bluish white colour not unlike that of steel, and a good deal of brilliancy. It has no sensible smell while cold, but when heated it emits a strong odour of garlic, which is very characteristic. It is the softest of ail the metallic bodies, and so biittlQ :J \'M. rCiV 1 62 ASAFCETIDA— ASSIGNEE. that it nuj eMily be radaced to • vnj Aim powder bj tritoration in ■ mortar. Ita apecMe grayitj iifi'TB. — (7?bm«m'« Chemutry.) Mptnlllc iiriank li not iiieil In thr trti, Bnil it not, tharafhre, eninieted from th« ore, •leapt (hr Iht prtlon of the aiiapeeted powder ; whnn the arienle la dlialpaled, lenv Inir ihe lni|iiirltli-ii, ir llii>ri! I>« any, lichind. Tliuiigh thii mint violent of nil the mineral polaona, Ilia white oxidx of amcnlc. or Ihe arnonic oriheahopi, la yet, when Jiidicioiuly ndmlnlitered, a medlrlne <>r grrat elllrary. U U nUn lined for varloua purpoaea In Ihe aria. It la principally Imported frun; Haxonyand Bohemia.— (TAanMaii'a CAamiatrf ; jf. 7'. Tktmtan'i Viiftntaltry.) A8AF(£TIDA (Oer. TeufeMreeh , Du. Duivebdnek , Fr. Ataa-feHia / 8p. Ata fttidai \,tA, AiafdticUn Per. Vnfp»xeh), a gum reain, conaiating of the inapiaaated juice of a largn umlielli/eroua plant, the f'erula asafmtida. It ia produced in the aouthern pro- vincea of I'eraia, and in the territory of 8inde, or country lying at the mouth of the Indua. It la exported fl'om the Peralan gulf to Bombay and Calcutta, whence It la aent to Europe. It haa a nauaeoua, foniiiwhat bitter, biting taate, and an exeeaaively itroiig, fialid, alliaceoua imell : the newer It la. It poiiniaei Ita aniull and other peculiar propirtiea in the greater piirfecllon. It la imported, ^lackKd In Irregular mniiieR, In innli, cnaki and ciiiei ; Ihu lait being, In general, the beat. It ahoulii in c hone n clean, freiih, atroiig-icented, of a pale reddith colour, variegated with a number of llna, white teara: when broken. It ahould aomewhut reaenible marble In appearance | and, after being ex- noted to the air, ahouid turn of a violet red colour. Itint which la aoft, black and foul, thoiild be re- jected. The p-irkage* ahouid be carefully examined, and ought to be tight, to prevent the atnsll frnni Injuring any other article. In IH3.t, the Imnorta of aiafoitlda amounted to 100,770 ll>a., but they have not been ao larje aince t and In 1830, only 8,7%) Iba. were Imported. We have not learned the quan- tity cleared for conaumntlon, but It niuat be trifling. In thia country. It la uaed only In Ihe materia inedlca. In Frnnce, it la lued both in that way, and to aome extent, alio, aa a condiment It la worth 111 bond, In the London mnrket, fl'om 3{. to 81. per cv/i.— (JfU^atm'j Oritnt. C»m.; Ptrl. Puftrt ; and |rrivat( i»furmution.) A8ARUM (Fr. Aaaret / Qtt, Hazelumrzel ,• Sp. Ataro de Eumpa), the root or dried leaves of the aaarabacca. The leavea are nearly inodoroua ; their taate alightly aromatic, bitter, acrid, and nauaeoua. The powder of the leavea ia the basis of moat cephalic anufljt. A good deal of their acrimony is lost in keeping : they should, consequently, be used in a« recent a state as possible, and dried without the application of much heat. Asarabacca grows in several parts of England, particularly Lancashire and Westmoreland. ASH (COMMON), the Fraxinua exeebior of botanista, a forest tree of which there are many varieties. It is abundant in England, and is of the greatest utility. The aah ia of very rapid growth ; and, unlike moat other trees, ita value la rather increaaed than diminiahf d by thia circunittance. Liice the cheanut, the wood of young treea ia moat esteemed. It grows on\a great variety of soils, but la beat where the growth iiiia been inoiit vigoroua. It la infe- rior to the oak in BtHrneas, and Is more easily spilt ; but In toughneaa and elaHticity It ia tar auperlor to the onk, nr to any other species of timber. Hence ita universal einplnyment in all Ihoae porta of iiinciiincry which iiave to auatsin audden ahncka, auch aa the circuinferuiicc, teeth, and apokus of wheels, aliip-hlocka, &c. and In the munuftictureof agricultural Implementa ; In the latter, indeed, it ia almost exclualvely made use of. The want of prolonged durability la ita greateat defect ; and it is loo flexible to be employed in building. The wood of old treea is of a dark brown colour, sometimes beautifully figured ; the wood of youngtrees Is brownish white, with a ahade of green. The texture Is alternately compact and porous ; where the growth haa bcei< vignroua, the compact part of tlio several layers beara a greater proportion to the apongy, and the tiinher ia comparatively tough, eiaa- tiCt and durable. It has neither taate nor amell ; and, when young, is difficult to work. The moun- tain ash {PyruM aucupariu) la quite a dIfTerenI tree from the common nab, and Its timber is flir leas valuable.— (7V«i(fi;{d's PrincipUi of Curptntry ,' Timb»r TVeu and Fruitt, In Lik. »f Entirtaininjt KHOv>lnlg$, ^e.) ASHES (Fr. Vedtmts Ger. Waidasehet Du. Weedaa ; Da. Veedaakt; It Fecciabni- data I Sp. Alumbre dekez,- Rus. Weidatch ; Lat Cineres infeetorii), Uie residuum or earthy part, of any substance after it has been burned. In commerce, Uie term is applied to the a«hcs of vegetable aubstances ; from which arc extracted the alkaline aalta called potash pcariash, barilla, kelp, &c. ; which see. ASPHALTUM. See BiTCMiir. ASS (Fr. Ant/ Ger. Eadi It Asino; Lat Aainwi), the well-known quadruped of that name. ASSETS, in commerce, a term tucd to designate the stock in trade, and the entire prop* erty of all aorta, belonging to a merchant or to a trading association. It ia also applied to goods or property placed, for the discharge of aome particular trust or obligation, in the hands of executors, assignnes, &c. ASSIENTO, a Spanish word signifying a contract In commerce, it means the contract dr agreement by which the Spanish government ceded first to a company of French, and afterwards (by the treaty of Utrecht) to a company of English merchants, the right to im- port slavea into the Spanish colonies. — {Brougham! b Colonial Policy ^ vol. i. p. 439.) ASSIGNEE, a person appointed by competent authority to do, act, or transact some busi- ness, or exercise some particular privilege or power, fur or on account of some speciiied individual or individuals. Assigneea may be created by deed, or by law : by deed, where the lessee of a farm asdgns tb^ aapif, ti> e^oyieri by It^w, where tt\e b^w OR^eaan aaaignee without any appointment uf any part of the I For every 20». tereal in poaseaa hniisea, or hcrcdl cli.irler(!d eonipii veaMla, and or i proportion for an For every SO* luru.flxturea, pii io in proportion Tlie dutiLa to Uy »tat. 2a Hei bricaied in thia and in lots of the and openly show And the auctU 8,0(K«. with two thereof at the n or woven in this duty. } 6. By Htat. 41 Gc hums, bacon, cl a.ile thereof by house at the por auctioneer. By atut. 30 Ge 3. c. 41., allwhal pliante, and cnii skins of aeala an driiga, and other of rahinet-iiiake c. 03. } 3.) ^mtr thereof at auctin ond by whom lli< after such gooda By Stat. 19 Ge tela made by ord on any sale mad of customs or e\ the navy or vict in execution of of tithea: (0.) o' merchandiao fro facture of such were con iiurutlei, and double the amount of the dutlua. -(I« Oeo. 3. c. SO.) Auctlonear* carrying on their tritde without the llmlta of the head offlcp give bond, thcniiivlvci In 90U<. and two auretlci in MU. each, to render on account of the duties ac^ ruing on ■ali!g, and lo niiy thoni within alx week*, under the penaltiei already mentb.nud.— (11> Uto.Z.e. SO, and 3t) Oeu. S. c. M.) A llcenied auctioneer goln? fl'om town to town by a public itage con % and lendlr oodi b\ . pub- lic conveyance, and ■riling them on coinniiislon by retail or auction, i« a trading ■ nun wllliiii the 90 Oeo. 3. c. 41. i 0., and niuit take out a hawkfr'a and (x'l'lar'i licence. The foUowlng dutlt-« nre payable on gooda lold by auction : — For Rvery !2fl«. of thK purchaxH money arlHing or payable by virtue of any «K al auction for the hunufltof tho growum nr tlrat piirchaaers respectively of any iheep'a wool, the n.uwth or prodr? ; of any part of the United Kingdom, %l. For every 80«. of the purchaao money ariaing or payable by vlrtu( of . , aale ot auction of.. -'■ in- tereat lu poaaeaaion nr reveraiun in any freehold, cuatoniury, copyhr'd.or I 'uauho'ld luniU, teneiii'jntj, hoii8ilate or Jewela, and ao in proportion for any greater or leas aum, 7W. For every SOa. of tho piirclma t money arlaing or payable by virtue of any anl(> at auction of furni- ture, flxturea, picturea, hooka, hnraea, and carriagea, and all other gouda and chattels whatioever, and so in proportion for any greater or leas auni, l«. The dutiusto he pHid by the auctioneer, agent, factor, nr aetlcr by conimlaaion. lly Htal. 39 Geo. 3. c. 63. ^ } 1, 2., no duty ahull bo paid for piece goixla fold by i.'.ictinn, wove or fa- bricated in this kingdom, which shall be aold entire in the piece or i-mntity as taken from the bMim, and in Iota of the price otW. or upwards, and so as the same be sold In no other than entered places, and oponly ahown and exposed at such sale, And the auctioneer alinll, besides the bond given on receiving his licence, give a f^irlhcr l)ond In 9,0(MU. with two sureties, that he will, within lourteen days after every auch sale, deliver an account thoritnf at the next excise office, and will not sell by auction any goods woven out of this kingdom, or woven In this kingdom, which shall not be sold hi the entire piece, without payment of the proper duty. }6. By atat. 41 Geo. 3. c. 91. ) 8., all corn and grain of every sort, flour, and meal, and all beef, pork, hums, bacon, clieeiie, and butter, imported Into Great Britain, shall be free of the duly on the Urst s;ile thereof by auction on account of tho iin|iorter, so as the same be entnrvd ut simie custom- house at the port of importation, and the sale . ,r.-i"^( be within twelve months and by a licensed auctioneer. By Stat. 30 Oeo. 3. c. S6., all goods Imported b- ■»'!>' of merclinndise fropri Yucatan, and by 32 Geo 3. c. 41., all whnle-oil (and by 41 Geo. 3. c. 42., nil cltphunt-oil, proiluced from Kea-cows or sen-ele- phants, and commonly called "elephant's oil,") whalebone, amber)!riB, and bend-matter, and all skins of seals and other aniiiiaU living In the sea, and nlso elephant's teeth, piilui-oil, dyelng-woud, drugs, and other articles for dyers' use, and uli mahogany and other nianut'actiirud wood for tiie use of cahinet-niakers and other manufacture Imported in British ships from Jifrita mid (by 42 Geo. 3. c. 93. } 3.) America, or any British settlement abroad, ahall be free of the excise duty on the first sale thereof at auction by or for the a-.-co' nt if the original imiHirter to whom the anuie were coiihigned, and by whom they were entered ui ttie (Justom-house, so as such sale be made within twelve niontlia after such goods arc Imported, and tho same be sold by a licenced auctioneer. Hy Stat. 19 Geo. 3. c. 5t>. } 13., no duties shall be laid (1.) on any sale by auction of estates or chat- tels made by order of the Court of Chancery or Exchequer, or courts of great sessions in Wales : (2.) on uny sale made by the Kast India or Hudson's Bay companies ; (3.) by order of tho conimiseioner* of customs or excise : (4.) by order of the Board of oi\!nnnce : (5.) ijy order of thi (;oniniiBBi(iner» of tho navy or victualling offices : (tt.) on any such sales made by tho sheriff, for the lienetit of creditora, in execution of Judgment: (7.) on sales of goods distrained torrent: (H.) on sales for non-payment of tithes: (9.) on sales of cfTecta of bankrupts sold by nssipnees : (10.) on goods imported by way of morcbandise from any British colony in America, the sumo being of the growth, produce, or manu- facture of such colony, on the firs; sale thereof on account of the original importer to whom they were eonsiened, and by whom they were entered at the Custom-house, so as such sale lie made within twelve niontha after iiupurtation (sue 09 Geo. 3. c. 34. $ 3.) : (11.) uu any ships or their uirfoea £2 !•■ ' ! i( M^ 1 I I ii! I Hi.. 1^ AUCTIONEER. condemned nil prize, and sold for the benefit of the cnptor : (12.) on any ihipa or goodi wrecked or ■trnnded, Hold n)r the bencllt of the iiiaurers or proprietors : (13.) on the lale of any goods diinmged by Are, and sold for the hcrietit of the insurers : (14.) on any auction to be held on the account of the !ord or lady of the manor for granting any copyhold or customary niegsuagea, lands, or tenements for the term of a life or lives, or any number of years : (\f>.) on any auction to be held for the letting or demising any niessua!.'(3. i 1., all coffee imported in any Brithh ship from any British colo;iy in Ame- rica m.iy be sold l)y uuction, free of the auction duty, whilst the same shall remain in wardhouses un- der the act 43 Goo. 3. c. 1.12. or any other act. Certain articles from the Unitedi States, as regulated by the act 50 Geo. 3. c. S4. i 3., rind goods from Portugal imported under stat. 51 Geo. 3. c. 47., may also be sold by auction free of duty, if on account of the orijrinal importer, and within twelve months of their importation. By Stat. 19 Geo. 3. c. 50. } 9., the auctioneer, if the sale be within the limits of the chief office of exciiie in London, shall give two days' notice at the said office, elsewhere three days' notice to the collector or at the next excise office, in writing, signed by him, sitecifying the particular day when such sale shall begin ; and sliall at the same time, or within twenty-four hours after, deliver a writ- ten or printed catalogue, attested and signed by such auctioneer or his known clerk, in which cata- logue shall he p.irtieuiarly enumerated every article, lot, parcel, and thing intended to be sold at such auction. And if he shall presume to make such sule without delivering such notice and catalogue, or sell any estate or goods not enumerated therein, he shall forfeit 20{. By sint. 32 Geo. 3. c. II., every auctioneer who shall have delivered such notice or catalogue shall, within 2S days (if within the limits of the chief office of excise, elsewhere within six weeks) al\erthe day specified in such notice for such sale, deliver at such chief office, or to the collector of excise in whose collection such sale haa been or was intended to be, a declaration in writing, setting forth wliellier or not any such ■'ale had been or was opened or begun under such notice, or any article, lot, parcel, or thing contained in such catalogue was bid for or sold at such auction; and such auctioneer, nr person acting as his clerk as aforesaid, shall make onth to the truth of such declaration before the said commissioners or collector, on pain of forfeiting 501. for every neglect or refusal of delivering such declaration, verified as aforesaid. The real owner of any estate, goods, or effects put tip to sale by way of auction, and bought in either by himself or by his steward or known agent employed in the management of the sale, or by any othi-r person appointed in toritin/r by the owner to bid for him, shall he allowed the duties, pro- vided notice in writing be given to the auctioneer before such bidding, both hy the owner and person intended to be the bidder, of such person being appointed by the owner ; and provided such notice be verified by the oath of the auctioneer, as also the fairness of the transaction to the best of his know- ledge and belief — (19 Oeo. 3. c. .16.; 28 Geo. 3. c. 37.) An auctioneer employed in a case of this sort, and neglecting to take the proper steps to prevent the duties flrom attaching, may be obliged to pay them himself (19 Oeo. 3. c. 56.) If the sale of an estate be void through defect of title, the commissioners of excise, or jus- tices of the peace in the' county, may, on oath being made, grant relief for the duties paid. Claim must be made within twelve months after the sale, if rendered void within that time ; or if not rendered void within that time, within three months afler the discovery. Tlte auctioneer is hy law liable to pay the auction duties, but he may recover the same from the vendor. The conditions of sale usually oblige the buyer to pay the whole, or a part of the duties ; and upon his refusing or neglecting to pay them, the bidding is void. An auctioneer who dccUnes to disclose the name of his principal at the time of sale, makes himself responsible. But if he disclose the name of his principal, ho ceases to be responsible, either for the soundness of or title to the thing sold, unless he have expressly warranted it on his oum responsibility. If an auctioneer pay over the produce of a sale to his employer, ailer receiving notice that the goods were not the property of such employer, the real owner of the goods may recover the amount from the auctioneer. It has long been a common practice at certain auctions (called for that reason mock auc- tions) to employ puffers, or mock bidilers, to raise the value of the articles sold by their apparent competition, and many questions have grown out of it. It was long ago decided, that if the owner of an estate put up to sale by auction employ puffers to bid for him, it is a fraud on the real bidder, and the highest bidder cannot be compelled to complete his contract. — (6. T. Rep, p. 642.) But it would seem as if the mere employment of puffers under any circumstances were now held to be illegal. " The inclination of the courts at the present time is, that a sale by auction should be conducted in the most open and public manner possible ; that there should be no reserve on the part of the seller, and no collusion on the part of the buyers. Puffing is illegal, according to a late case, even though there be only one puffer ; and it was then decided that the recognised practice at auctions of employing such persons to bid upon the sale of horses could not be sustained." — ( Woolryeh on Comi- menial Law, p. 262.) A party bidding at an auction may retract his offer at any time before the hammer is down. Another clearly established principle is, that verbal detlsrations by an auctioneer are not to bo suffered to control the printed conditions of sale ; and ,.iese, when pasted up under the box of the auctioneer, are held to be sufficiently notified to purchasers. Auctioneers, like all other agents, should carefully observe their instructions. Should those who employ them sustain any damage through their carelessncxs or inattention, they will be re.spoiisible. They must also answer for the consequences, if they sell the pioperty Account of the Pr Tear ended 5th ( Year ended ."ith Excise Offic AVERAGE. 65 intnute 1 to their care for lew than the price set upon it by the owners, or in a way contrary to order. An auctioneer who has duly paid the licence duty is not liable, in the city of London, to the penalties for acting as a broker without being admitted agreeably to the 6 Anne, c. 16. The establishment of mock auctions is said to be a common practice among swindlers in London. Persons are frequently placed at the doors of such auctions, denominated barkers, to invite strangers to come in ; and puffers are in wait to bid up the article much beyond its value. A stranger making an offer at such an auction is almost sure to have the article knocked down to him. Plated goods are often disposed of at these auctions ; but it is almost needless to add, that they are of very inferior quality. Attempts have sometimes been made to suppress mock auctions, but hitherto without much success. We subjoin An account of the Number of Auction Licenses granted Oom the 5th of January, 1810, with the Amount of Duty received on Sales by Auction ; distinguishing each Year, and gpei^ifying tliose wlio havB tiil«en out such Licenses for Town, Country, and Town and Country, down to 1831.— (Pari. Paper, No. 138. Srsb. 1831.) yean ended Slhof JanUAry. Number of Auction LiceoKt. Amnunt of Duty reeelnd on Salet by Auction. Number of Liceoset taken out. For Town. For Country. For Town and Country. 1820 1821 1823 1623 1824 1825 1820 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 2,557 2,770 2,939 2,897 2,039 8,941 2,910 2,981 3,119 2,973 3,043 2,467 £ a. d. 256,934 16 9 225,630 5 9 202,317 18 2i 206,323 8 1 223,8.15 4 9 279,264 1 9| 308,591 12 71 223,061 9 11 850,239 10 3 235,447 18 10^ 223,258 11 4t 203,000 17 827 338 309 343 334 338 357 607 "TTll 8,124 2,323 2,523 2,433 2,493 2,496 2,437 3,325 2,577 2,422 2,519 2,478 106 109 107 121 113 107 116 49 643 5.50 524 489 Account of the Produce of the Auction Duties, in each of the Three Years, ending the 5th of Janu- ary 1833, distinguigiiing the Amount paid under separate Huuds. England _ - - . Scotland - - - _ Ireland . . - - Year ended 5th of January, 1831. Amount of Auction Duties on the Sale of Total FrDduo& Eitale>,Houni, Aunuillc*, Shi|»,Plale, Jewell, au:. HouHbold Furni- ture, Hones, Carrtaxes, and aU other Gonde and Chattels, 3heep^ Wool. Foreitn Produce (First Sale thereof.) £ t. d. 72,348 19 6 7,150 6 7 1,952 13 5 £ 1. .1 138,184 13 I 12,387 11 3 9,004 Ifi 8 £ e. d. 11 14 9 19 9 6 9 £ s. d. 2,865 13 4 85 10 11 £ «. d. 203,411 6 19.624 8 6 10,957 18 10 81,451 19 6 149,577 3 13 1 3 3,951 4 3 233,993 8 England . - - - Scotland . - - - Irelant^ .... Year ended 5th of January, 1832. 76,164 3 4,863 9 7 1,616 8 5 122,088 8 11 12,014 11 3 8,847 2 7 25 10 11 16 9 7 3 3,857 3 8 69 7 3 1 7 5 201,135 6 6 16,918 4 9 10,465 5 8 83,644 1 142,950 2 9 26 14 11 3,937 18 3 328,548 16 11 England - . - . Scotland .... Ireland .... Year ended JSth of January, 1833. 79,218 9 8 5,436 13 8 2,213 5 5 126,126 15 2 12,291 3 7 8,180 5 4 15 10 6 1 3 2 3,694 13 8 136 2 13 2 208.035 9 17,867 19 7 10,394 3 11 86,898 8 146,601 4 1 16 12 8 2,831 7 236,317 12 6 Excise Office, London, 5th of August, 1833. [Sales at public auction, in the United States, are restricted in various ways. In some of the states, a limited number only of auctioneers is appointed by the government ; while in others, every person who undertakes to act as an auctioneer is obliged to pay a certain sum into the public treasury for a license to entitle him to do so. — Am. Ed.] AVERAGE, a term used in commerce and navigation to signify a contribution made by the individuals, when they happen to be more than one, to whom a ship, or the goods on board it, belong, or by whom it or they are insured ; in order that no particular individual or individuals amongst them, who may have been forced to make a sacrifice for the preserv- ation of the ship or cargo, or both, should lose more than others. " Thus," says Mr. Ser jeant Marshall, " where the goods of a particular merchant are thrown overboardi in a storm to save the ship from sinking ; or where the masts, cables, anchors, or other furniture of the ship, are cut away or destroyed for the preservation of the whole ; or money or goods arc !J tl i n :J1)' i ' f 'I ? « f Mf AVERAGE. given u a componiUon to pirates to nve the rest ; or an expense is incurred in renluiming Uie ship, or defending a suit in a foreign court of admiralty, and obtaining liur discharge tVom an unjust capture or detention ; in those and the like cases, where any sacriflce is de- liberately and voluntarily made, or any expense fairly and bonAfide incurred, to prevent a total loss, such sacriAce or expense is the proper subject of a general contribution, and ought to be rateably borne by the owners of the ship, freight, and cargo, so that the loss may fall equally on all, according to the equitable maxim of the civil law — no one ought to be en- riched by another's loss : Nemo debet heupklari alienA jaeturd." Upon this fair principle is founded the doctrine of average contributions ; regulations with respect to which having been embodied in the Uhodion law, were thence adopted into the Roman law; and form a prominent part of nil modem systems of maritiinn jurisprudonro. The rule of tlie Rhown overboard, masts or anchors cut away, money paid, or other loss sustained, for the preservation of tho ship and goods, and of the hv(;s of those on board, and for no other purpose. The average, if not settled Iwforo, should then bo adjusted, and it should be paid before the cargo is landed ; for tlio owners of the bhip hiive a lien on tho goods on board, not only for tlie freight, but also to answer aU averages and amtributiona that may be due. But though the captain should neglect his duty in this respect, tho suf- ferer would not be witliout a remedy, but might bring an action either against turn or tho owners. Tho laws of difTerent states, and the opinions of the ablest jurists, vary as to whether the loss incurred in defending a ship against an enemy or pirate, and in the treatment of the wounded officera and men, should lie made good by general or particular aviirugu. Tlio Onlinance of the Hanse Towns (art. 36.), tho Ordinance of 1681 (liv. iii. tit. 7. § 6.), and the Code de Commerce (art, 400. § 6.), explicitly declare that the ehurges on account of medicine, and for attendance upon the otticers and seamen wounded m defending the 8hii>, shall l>e general average. A regulation of this sort seems to be founded on reason. But other codes are silent on the sulijcct; and though the contrary opinion had been advanced by Mr. Serjeant Marshall, and by Mr. Justice Park in ttio earlier editions of this work, tho Court of Common Pleas has unanimously decided, that in England neither the daraa<;e done to a ship, nor the ammunition expended, nor the expense of healing sailors wounded in an action with an enemy or pirate, is a subject of general average. — {Abbot on the Law of Shipping, part iii. cap. 8.) Much doubt has been entertained, whether expenses incurred by a ship in an intermediate Etrt in which she has taken refuge, should be general average, or fall only on the ship, ut on principle, at least, it is clear, that if the retreat of the ship to port bo made in order to obviate Uie danger of foundering, or some other great and inuninent calamity, the ex penses incurred in entering it, and during the time she is forced by stress of weather, or adverse winds, to continue in it, ought to belong to general average. But if tlte retreat of the ship to port be made in order to repair an injury occasioned by the unskilfidiiess of tho master, or in conseijucnce of any defect in her outfit, such, for example, as deficiencies of I incurred in c AVERAGE. m water, proviBioni, sailn, &c., with which iihe onght to have been rafficiently rapplied before wtlinx out, the expeniics should hW wholly on the ownera. When a ship (aappoiod to be lemoorthy) n forced to take refiige in an inteimediate port, hccauDO of a losa ocraiiionod by a peril of the aca, aa the apringing of a maat, &c., then, aa the accident is not agcrihable to any fault of the maater or owheni, and the retreat to port ia in(]iBp«ngal)Io for the aafoty of the ship and cargo, it would aecm that any extraordiruary a> pewit incurred in entering it ahould bo made good by general average. Suppomng, however, that it could be shown, that the ship was not, at her outset, sea- worthy, or in a condition to withstand the perils of the sea ; that the mast, for example, which has sprung, had been previously damaged ; or supponing that the mischief had been occanioned by tho incapacity of the master; the whole blame would, in such a case, be agcrilialilo to the owners, who betides defraying every expense, should be liable in damagee to the freightera for the dola^ that would necessarily take place in completing the voyage, and for whatever damage might be done to the cargo. These, however, are merely the conclusions to which, as it appears to us, those must coine who look only to principles. Tho law with respect to the points referred to, diJers in dilTcrcnt countries, and has differed in this countnr at diflbrent periods, " A doubt," says Lonl Tcnterden, " was formerly entertained as to the expenses of a ship in a port in which •ho had taken refuge to repair the damage occasioned by a tempest ; but this has been re* moved by late decisions. And it has been held, that the wages and provisions of the crew during such a period must fall upon the ship alono. But if a ship should necessarily go into an intermediate port for tho pur{)08e only of repairing such a damage as is in itself a proper olijcct of general contriliution, possibly the wages, &c. during the period of such detention, may also be held to be general average, on the ground that the accessory should follow the nature of its principal."— (Lau> of Shipping, part iii. cap. 8.) Perhaps the reader who reflects on the vagueness of this passage will bo disposed to con« cur with Lord Tentorden's remark in another part of the same chapter, « That the deterrai* nations of the English courts of justice furnish less of authority on this subject (average) than on any other branch of maritime law." Tho question, whether the repairs which a ship undergoes that ia forced to put into an intermediate port ought to lie general or particular average, has occasioned a great diversity of opinion ; but the principles that ought to regulate our decision with respect to it seem pretty obvidus. Injuries voluntarily done to tho ship, as cutting away masts, yards, &c. to avert some impending danger, are universally admitted to be general average. It seems, however, hardly less clear, and is, indeed, expressly laid down by all the great authorities, that injuries done to the ship by tho violence of the winds or the waves should be particular average, or should fall wholly on the owners. The ship, to use the admirable illustration of tliio principle given in the civil law, is like the tool or instrument of a workman in his trade. If in doing his work ho break his hammer, his anvil, or any other instrument, he can claim no satiHfaction for this from his employer— (/>2^. lib. xiv. tit. 2. § %,) The ownera are bound, buth by the usual conditions in all charterparties, and at common law, to carry the cargo to its destination ; and they must consequently be bound, in the event of the ship sus- taining any accidental or natural damage during the voyage, either to repair that damage at their own expense, or to provide another vessel to forward the goods. In point of fact, too, Buch subsidiary ships have oflen been provided ; but it has never been pretended that their hire was a subject of general average, though it is plain it has quite as good a right to bo so considered as the cost of repairing the damage done to the ship by a peril of the sea. Hence, when a ship puts into an intermediate port for the common safety, the charges incurred in entering the port, and down to the earliest time that the wind and weather become favoura- ble for leaving it, ought to bo general average ; but the repair of any damage she may have miutainod by wear and tear, or by the mere violence of the storm, or an accidental peril, and the wages of tho crew, and other expences incurred aflcr the weather has moderated, should fall wholly on the owners. It has iHsen, however, within these few years, decided, in the case of a British ship that had lieen obliged to put into port in consequence of an injury resulting from her accidentally coming into collision with another, that so much of the repair she then underwent as waa absolutely necessary to enable her to perform her voyage should be general average. The Judges, however, spoke rather doubtfully on the subject ; and it is exceedingly difficult to dlw-over any good grounds for the judgment. — (Plummer and Another v. Wildman, 3 jlf. <^ iS'. 483.) — It seems directly opposed to all principle, as well as to the authority of the laws ofRhotles {Dig. 14. tit 2.), of Oleron (art. 9.), of Wisby (art 12.), and to the common law with respect to freight Lord Tenterden has expressed himsen as if he were hostile to the judgment It is, indeed, at variance with all the doctrines ho lays down ; and the terms in which he alludes to it, " yet in one case''' appear to hold it forth as an exception (which it certainly is) to the course of decisions on the subject It is now usual in this country, when a vessel puta into port on account of a damage belonging to particular average, which requires to be repaired before slio can safely proceed 8 '') . ,V" ^ t:;' ; ^ V H. II, ';((! If' 6»^ AVERAGE. on her ToytKO, to allow in gonoro! average the expense of entering the port and unloading, to charge the ownora of the gooda, or their underwriters with tlie wurchouio rent and expense* attending the cargo, and to throw the expense of reloading and departure on the freight. According to the law of England, when a ship is injured by coming into collision with or running foul of another, if the misfortune has \\een accidental, and no blame can be ascribed to cither party, the owners of tiie damaged ship have to bear the loss ; but where Mamo can be fairly imputed to ona of the parties, it, of course, falls upon him to make (^ood the damage done to the otlier. The regulations in the Code de Commerce (art. 407.) harmonise, in this respect, willi our own. According, however, to the laws of Olcron and Wiflby, and the famous French ordinance of 1681, the damage occasioned by an accidental collision is to be defrayed equally by both parlies. The ship and freight, and every thing on board, even jewels, plate, and money, except wearing iipparol, contribute to general average. But the wages of seamen do not contribute; because, had they been laid under this obligation, they might have been tempted to oppose a socriiico necessary for the general safety. DilTerent states have adopted ditferent modes of valuing tlie articles which are to contri- bute to on average. In this respect the law of England has varied considerably at diireroiit periods. At present, however, the ship is valued at the price she is worth on her arrival at the port of delivery. The value of the freight is held to be the clear sum which the ship has earned after seamen's wages, pilotage, and all such other charges as come under the name of petty averages, are d«Kluctcd. It is now the settled practice to value the goods lost, as well as those saved, at the price they would have fetched in ready money, at tlie port of delivery, on the ship's arrival tliere, freight, duties, and other charges, l)eing deducted. Each person g share of tlie loss will b take a bond from the ditlbrent merchants for payment of tlieir portions of tho average when tho same shall be adjusted." The subject of average does not necessarily make a part of the law of insurance ; though If) insurers, from the terms of most policies, arc liable to indemnify the inKurcd against those contributions which are properly dunouiitiated ffeneral average, its consideration very fre- quently occurs m questions as to partial losses. But in order to confine assurances to that which should be tlinir only object, namely, on indemnity against real and important loHse*. ariiiing from a peril of the sea, ns well as to obviate disputes reB|)ccling losses arising from the perishable quality of thn goods insured, and all trivial subjects of diiference and litiga- tion, it seems to be the general law of all maritime states, and is expressly, indeed, provided by the famous Ordinance cf 1681 (see liv. iii. tit. 6. § 47., and the elaborate commentary of M. Vnlin), that the iiuurer shall not be liable to any demand on account of average, unleHS it exceed one per cent. An article (No. 408.) to the same effect is inserted in the Code de Commerce ,• and, by stipulation, this limitation is frequently extended in French policies to three or four per cent. A similar practice was adopted in tliis country in 1749. It is now constantly stipulated in all policies, that upon certain enumerated articles of a quality pecu- liarly perisluililc, the insurer shall not be liable for any partial loss whatever ; that upon cer- tain others liable to partial injuries, but less dilRcult to be preserved at sea, he shall only be liable for partial losses above jive per cent. ; and that as to all other goods, and also the ship and freight, he shall only be liable for partial losses above three per cent. This stipulation is made by a memorandum inserted at the bottom of all policies done at Lloyd's of the fol- lowing tenour ; — " N. B. Corn, fish, salt, fruit, flour, and seeds, are warranted free from average, unless general, or the ship be stranded ; sugar, tobacco, hemp, flax, hides, and skins, are warranted free from average under 5/. per cent. ; and all other goods free from average under 3/. per cent, unless general, or the ship be stranded." The form of this memorandum was universally used, as well by the Royal Exchange and London Assurance Companies as by private underwriters, till i 754, when it was decided that a ship having run aground, was a ctranded ship within the meaning of the memoran- dum ; and that although she got oiT again, the underwriters were liable to the average or partial loss upon damaged corn. This decision induced the two Companies to strike the words " or the ship he stranded" out of the memorandum ; so that now they consider them- iflves Uable to no losses which can happen to such commodities, except general averages and total losses. The old form is still retained by tlie private underwriters. — (See STRANniRo.) The reader is referred, for the furtlier discussion of this important subject, to the article Marink Insurance ; and to Mr. Stevens's Essay on Average ,• Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part iii. cap. 8. ; Marshall on Insurance, book i. cap. 1 2. s. 7. ; Park on InsuP' ntue, cap. 7. ; and Mr, Beneke's elaborate and able work on the Principles of Indemnity in Marine Insurance. [On this very perplexed subject of average, see also Kenfs Commentary on American Law, Lecture 47. — Am. Ed.] AVOIRDUPOIS, a weight used in determining the gravity of bulky commodities. — See Weights AND Meisdres. . ,, ^^ J I I t , M f\\ ,4i? B. BACON (Gor. Speck ,• Du. i^eA; ,• Fr. Lard ,- It Span, and Port. Lardo ; Rus. Solo ,• Lat. Lardtim) is mode from the sides and belly of the pig, which are first thoroughly impregnated with salt; then suffered to remain for a certain period in brine ; and, lastly, dried and smoked, ^'he counties of England most celebrated for bacon are York, Hants, Berks, and Wilts. Ireland produces great quantities of bacon ; but it is neither so clean M, nor so well cured as the English, and is much lower priced. Of the Scotch counties, Dumfries, Wigton, and Kirkcudbright are celebrated for the excellence of their bacon and hams, of which they now export large quantities, principally to the Liverpool and London markets. The imports of bacon and hama from Ireland have increased raiddly of la^e years. The w M BAGGAGE, BAHIA. n average quantity imported during the three yearv ending the 25th of March, 1800, only amounted to 41,968 cwt; whereas during the three years ending with 1820, the average imports amounted to 204,380 cwt ; and during the three years ending with 1825, they had increased to 338,218 cwt In 1839, the trade between Ireland and Great Britain «u placed on the footing of a coasting trade ; and bacon and hams are imported and exported without any specific entry at the Custom-liouse. We believe, however, that the imports of these articles into Great Britain from Ireland amount, at present, to little less than 500,000 cwt a year. The quantity of bacon and hams exported from Ireland to foreign countriei is inconsiderable ; not exceeding 1,600 or S.OOO cwt a year. The duty on bacon, being 28«. the cwt is in effect prohibitory. The duty on hams it the same as on bacon. By the 7 Geo. 4 c. 48. bacon is not to be entered to be warehoiued except for exportation only; and if it be so warehoused, it cannot be taken out for home use. BAGGAGE, in commercial navigation, the wearing apparel and other articles destined for the sole use or accommodation of the crews and passengers of ships. The following an the Custom-house regulations with respect to baggage : — Baggage and apparel accompanied bjr the proprietor, worn and in uie (not made up for the purpoH of being introduced Into thii country), exempted from all duty on importation. Articles in baggage subject to dutv or prohibited may be left in custody of the officers of customi for a period of sll months, to give the party an opportunity of paying the duty or taking them back. —(Cuttovu Order, August 6. 1822.) If UDaccompanied by proprietor, proof must be made by the party that it is as aforesaid, and not Imported as merchandise, otherwise it is subject to a duty of 20 per cent. If not cleared at the expiration of six months from the date of landing, it is liable to be sold for duty nnd charges, the residue (if any) to be paid to the right owner on proof being adduced to tbs satisfaction of the honourable Board. One fowling-piece and one pair of pistols accompanying the party, ioni fide in use, free per Ciu. toms Order, July 5. HiiS. Spirits, being the rtimains of passengers' stores may be admitted to entry.— (6 Oeo. 4. c. 107. } 107.) One pint of drinkalile spirits of whatever strength, or half a pint of cordial or Cologne water, in baggage for private use— free. — (7Ve>.nchorage, ttc. Scale of Nautic Leaguea. Referenets to the Plan.— A, Cape, light-house, and fort of St. Antonio ; B, Fort do Mar ; C, Fort St. Pliilip; D, Tapagippe ; E, Isia do Mar ; F, Ula doa Frados ; G, Fort Beaumont. The figures in the plan are the soundings in fUthoms. BALACHONG, an article conriadng of pounded or bruised fish. Small fish, with prawna and shrimps, are principally employed in making it Though foetid and offensive to strangers, this substance, used as a condiment to rice, is largely consumed in all the countries to the east of Bengal, including the southern provinces of China, and the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. Its distribution gives rise to an extensive internal traffic BALANCE, in accounts, u the term used to express the difference between the debtor and creditor sides of an account. BALANCE, in commerce, is the term commonly used to express the difference between the value of the exports from and imports into a country. The balance is stud to be favoura* bio when the value of the exports exceeds that of the imports, and unfavourable when the value of the imports exceeds that of the exports. According to the Custom-house returns, the official value of the exports from Great Britain, exclusive of foreign and commercial mer- chandise, during the year ending 5th of Januaiy, 1833, amounted to 64,582,037/.; and the Vol. L— P v m :'iV' !' I' ijV I ;l if ''rf j, if't ■'! ■ ri-Hii BALANCE. -^^^^ official value of the importa during the Bameyear amounted to 43,387,416/. ; leatfaig a favoot able balance of 21,344,081/. The attainment of a favourable balance was fonnerly regarded aa an object of tlte greatHt importance. The precious metals early acquired, in consequence of their being uwd u money, an artificial importance, and were long considered aa the only real wealth cither in- dividuals or nations could possess. And aa countries without mines could not obtain suppiici of these metals except in exchange for exported products, it waa concluded, that if the value of the r«mmoditiea exported exceeded that of those imported, the balance would have to be paid by the importation of an equivalent amount of the precious metals ; and conversely, A very large proportion of the restraints imposed on the freedom of commerce, during tlte hat two cnituries, grew out of this notion. The importance of having a fkvourablo balance be- ing universally admitted, every effort was made to attain it ; and nothing seemed so efTcctual for thix purpose as the devising of schemes to facilitate exportation, and hinder tlie importa* tion of almost M products, except gold and Hilver, that were not intended for future oxporta- lion. But the gradual though slow growth of sounder opinions with respect to the nature and functions of money, showed the futility of a system of policy having such objects in view. It is now conceded on all hands that gold and silver are nothing but commoditieH ; and that it is in no respect necessary to interfere either to encourage their in)portation, or to pre- vent their exportation. In Great Britain they may be freely exported and imported, whether m the shape of coin or bullion. — (See Coin.) The truth is, however, that the theory of the balance of trade is not erroneous merely from the false notions which its advocates entertained with respect to money ; it proceeds on radi- cally mistaken views as to the nature of commerce. The mode in which the balance is usu- ally estimated is, indeed, completely fallacious. Supposing, however, that it could be cor- rectly ascertained, it would be found in opposition to the common opinion, that the importi into every commercial country generally exceed the exports ; and that when a balance is form, ed, it is only in certain caaes, and those of rare occurrence, that it is cancelled by a bullion payment. I. The proper business of the wholesale merchant consists in carrying the various products of the different countries of the world, from the places where their value is least to those where it is greatest; or, which is the same thing, in distributing them according to the cITect- ive demand. It is clear, however, that there could be no motive to export any species of pro- duce, unless that which it was intended to import in its stead were of greater value. When an English merchant commissions a quantity of Polish wheat, he calculates on its selling for 80 much more than its price in Poland, as will be sufficient to pay the expense of freight, in- surance, &c., and to yield, besides, the common and ordinary rate of profit on the capital em- ployed. If the wheat did not sell for this much, its importation would obviously be a loss to the importer. It is plain, then, that no merchant ever did or ever will export, but in the view of importing something more valuable in return. And so far from an excess of exports over imports being any aiterion of an advantageous commerce, it is directly the reverse ; and the truth is, notwithstanding all that has been said and written to the contrary, that unless the value of the imports exceeded that of the exports, foreign trade couid not bo carried on. Were ' this not the case — that is, were the value of the exports always greater than the value of Uie imports — merchants would lose on every transaction with foreigners, and the trade with them would be speedily abandoned. In England, the rates at which all articles of export and import are officially valued were fixed so far back as 1696. But the very great alteration that has since taken place, not only in the value of money, but also in the cost o.' most part of the commodities produced in thi> and other countries, has rendered this official valuation, though valuable as a means of de- termining their quantity, of no use whatever as a criterion of the true value of the exports and imports. In order to remedy this defect, an account of the real or declared value of the ' exports is annually prepared, from the declarations of the merchants, and laid before parlia- ment; there is, however, no such account of imports; and, owing to the difficulties which high duties throw in the way, it is, perhaps, impossible to frame one with any thing like ac- :curacy. It has also been alleged, and apparently with some probability, that merchants have not unfrequently been in the habit of exaggerating the value of articles entitled to drawbacks ' on exportation ; but the recent extension and improvement of the warehousing system, and the diminution of the number of drawbacks, must materially lessen whatever fraud or inaccuracy may have arisen from this source. Indeed, as most articles are charged with an ad valorem duty of 10«. per cent on exportation, we should consider that, if any thing, thrir value would be rather under than over-rated. We believe, however, that their declared val comes very near the truth ; at least, sufficiently so for all practical purposes. Now the declared value of the exports in 1832 was only« 36,046,027/., being little more than half 'heir official value, and upwards of 7,000,000/. under the official value of the im- ports. What the excess of the latter might be, had we the means of comparing their real value with that of the ex{)ort8, it is impossible to say : but there can be no manner of doubt, that, generally speaking, it would be very considerable. The value of an exported commodity is BALANCE. dtimited at Ae moment of its being ient abroad, and before its value ia inerraaed liy the ex penie incurred in tranaporting it to tlie ice of it* destination ; wtiereoa the value of the commodity imported in ita stead ia estimated after it has anrivod at its destination, and, con< lequently, after ita value haa bren enhanced by the coMt of freight, inaurance, importer's proflts, &c. In the United States, the value of the importa, as ascertained by the Custom-house returns, always exceeds the value of the exporta. And although our practical politicians have been In the habit of considering the excess of the former as a certain proof of a disadvantageous commerce, "it is nevertheless true," says Mr. Pitkin, " that the real gain of the United ' '«tea hu been nearly in proportion a» their imports have exceeded their exports." — (Com tree of the United States, Sd ed. p. 880.) The great excess of American imports haa i' part been occasioned by the Americans generally exporting their own surplus produce, ai >on- •equently, receiving from foreignera not only an equivalent for their exports, but also tor the cost of conveying them to the foreign market. " In 1811," says the author ju»t quoted, « flour sold in America for nine dollars and a half per barrel, ond in Spain for ^fifteen dot- Jars, The value of the cargo of a vessel carrying 5,000 barrels of flour would, therefore, be eatimatcd at the period of its exportation at 47,500 dollara ; but as this flour v juld sell, when carried to Spain, for 70,000 dollars, the American merchant would be entitled to draw on his agent in Spain for 27,500 dollars more than the flour cost in America ; or than the sum for which he could have drawn, had the flour been exported in a vessel belonging to a Spanish merchant. But the transaction would not end here. The 75,000 dollars would bo vested in some species of Spanish or other European goods fit for the American market; and the freight, insurance, &c., on account of the return cargo, would probably increase ita value to 100,000 dollars ; so that, in all, the American merchant might have imported goods worth 52,500 dollars more than the flour originally sent to Spain." It is as impossible to deny that sach a transaction as this is advantageous, as it is to deny that its advantage consists en- tirely in the excess of the value of the goods imported over the value of those exported. And it is equally clear that America might have had the real balance of payments in her favour, though such transactions as the above had been multiplied to any conceivable extent II. In the second place, when a balance is due by one country to another, it is but seldom that it is paid by remitting bullion from the debtor to the creditor country. If the sum due by tite British merchants to those of Ilollimd bo greater than the sum duo by the latter to thorn, the balance of payments will be against Britain ; but this balance will not, and indeed cannot, be discharged by an exportation of bullion, unless bullion he, at the time, the cheapest exportable commodity ; or, which is tlie eame thing, unless it may be more advantageously exported than any thing else. To illustrate this principle, let us suppose that the balance of debt, or excess of the value of the bills drawn by the merchants of Amsterdam on London over those drawn by the merchants of London on Amsterdam, amounts to 160,000/.: it is the business of the London merchants to find out the means of discharging this debt with the least expense ; and it is plain, that if they find that any less sum, as 96,000/., 97,000/., or 99,000/., will purchase and send to Holland as much cloth, cotton, hardware, colonial pro* duce, or any other commodity, as would sell in Amsterdam for 100,000/1, no gold or silver would be exported. The laws which regulate the trade in bullion are not in any degree different from those which regulate the trade in other commodities. It is exported only when its exportation is advantageous, or when it is more valuable abroad than at home. It would, in fact, be quite as reasonable to expect that water should flow from a low to a high level, as it is to expect that bullion should leave a country where its value is great to go to one where it is low ! It is never sent abroad to destroy, but always to find its level. The balance of payments might be ten or a hundred millions against a particular country, with- out causing the exportation of a single ounce of bullion. Common sense tells us that no merchant will remit 100/. worth of bullion to discharge a debt in a foreign country, if it be possible to invest any smaller sum in any species of merchandise which would sell abroad fur 100/. exclusive of expenses. The merchant who deals in the precious metals is as much under the influence of self-interest, as he who deals in coflTee or indigo ; but what merchant would attempt to extinguish a debt, by exporting coffee which cost 100/., if ho could effect his object by sending abroad indigo which cost only 99/. 1 The argument about the balance of payment is one of those that contradict and confute themselves. Had the apparent excess of exports over imports, as indicated by the British Custom-house books for the last hundred years, been always paid in bullion, as the supporteis of the old theory contend is the case, there ought at this moment to be about 450,000,000 or 500,000,000 of bullion in the country, instead of 50,000,000 or 60,000,000, which it is supposed to amount to ! Nor is this all. If the theory of the balance be good for any thing — if it be not a mere idle delusion — it follows, as every country in the world, with the single exception of the United States, has its favourable balance, that they must be paid by an annual importation of bullion from the mines corresponding to their aggregate amount But it is certain, that the entire produce of the mines, though it were increased in a tenfold proportion, would be insufficient for this purpose ! This reductio ad abaurdum ia decisiTd .1 1 :1 i'j' 1 1 ( , Ah t -'£1' . a>m II ii-^ IP I! (f lit ] \ (i2i 64 BALE. of the degree of credit that ought to be ittnched to the condution* roapect'mg the flouriihini ■tate of the commerce of any country drawn from the exceaa of the export* over the importi ! Not only, therefore, ii the common theory with rfmytect to the lialanco of trade erroneom, but the very raverae of that theory ia true. In tho^r«< place, the value of the coromoditici im- ported by every country which carriea on an advantageoua commerce (and no other will ba I^.Mecuted for any considerable period), invariably oxceeda the value of thoae which ahe ei- porta. Unleaa luch were the caae, there would plainly be no fund whence the merchanti and others engaged in foreign trade could derive either a profit on their capital, or a return for their outlay and trouble; and in the second place, whether the balance of debt* be for or against a country, that balance will neither be paid nor received in bullion, unless it be at the time the commodity by the exportation or importation of which the account may be moit profitably gettlotl. Whatever the partisans of the doctrine aa to the balance ma^ say about money being a preferable product, a murchandi»e par excellence, it is certain it will never ap- pear in the list of exports and imports, while there is any thing else with which to carry on trade, or cancel debts, that will yield a larger profit, or occasion a less expense to the debton, It is difficult to estimate the mischief which the absurd notions relative to the balance of trade have occasioned in almost every commercial country ; — here they have been particular. ly injurious. It is principally to the prevalence of prejudices to which they have given Hm, Uiat the restrictions on the trade between this country and France are to be ascribed. The great, or rather the only, argument insisted upon by those who prevailed on the legislature, in the reign of William and Mary, to declare the trade with France a nuuance, was founded on the statement that the value of the imports from that kingdom considerably exceeded the value of the commodities we exported to it The balance was regarded as a tribute paid by England to France ; and it was sagaciously asked, what had we done, that we should tie obliged to pay so much money to our natural enemy 1 It never occurred to those who lo loudly abused the French trade, that no merchant would import any commodity from France, nnless it brought a higher price in this country than the commodity exported to pay it ; anil that the profit of the merchant, or the national gain, would be in exact proportion to tliis excen of price. The very reason assigned by these persons for prohibiting tlie trade aflurdu the best attainable proof of its having been a lucrative one; nor can there be any doubt that an unrestricted freedom of intercourse between the two countriea would still be of the grcateit ■ervice to both. [There are some circumstances which have had an influence in determining the relation of exports to imports in the United States, and which arc '\n a great measure peculiar to this country. These it may not be uninteresting briefly to notice hero. Our readcra will bear in mind that we use the terms exports and imports m their ordinary and mercantile accepla- tion, as including all sorts of commoditiei, specie only being excepted. 1. While the exports have been valueJ('Ct In balli duly poUed, and me truii*, qualltlee ( (jiia proportlonnbly Increi ir loo crank, she will Htlffniiaa in bailaat fcc. in the bottom, x\ about which tlio vibi CranknesB, on tho lading ao aa to raiae hard; for when the lever, which Increai loiea her maata ia in Hence the art of bi shape of the vessel, i and to lade the ahip midsblpa : ehe will t (See FalcDiur't Mart The mUchievoua a perlenced by ahlpa Ic Bpalii. The habit th< bold, to hinder the ca violently ; but it verj great aa to aq.uee(e it after getting to aea a their foundering. Ir employed.— (Mea Jae Sblpa that have eaj (ccordlnc to the grea ballast allowed to ih 0|iially pernlcloui. Irtoo itiff, abe may carry much anil, but ber velocity will not b« proportionnbly Increaied | whilit ber maiti are endangered by ludden jerka and exceiiiva labouring. If ton crank, iho will be unlit to carry aail without the riik ofoverietting. HtiffiKtia in balluiting ii nccniioned by dlipoiing a ton great quantity of heavy ballait, ailead, Iron, fcc. in the bottom, which thrnwi the centre of gravK verv near the keel i and tbia being tbe centre about which the vibrationi are made, the lower It in i. iced, the more vitilent la the rolling. Crankneii, on tho other hand, in occaiioned by having too little bnllait, or by dlipoiing the ihlp'a lading loaito raiio the centre of gravity too high: thii alio endangeri the maita when It blowi hard; for when the maati coaie to b^jberpendicular, they itraln on the ihroudi in the nature of a lever, which increaiei ai tbe line of Ibebr obliquity { and It ii luperfluous tu add, that aahlpthat loiei her maata ia in (treat danger of being loit. Hence the art of ballaating coniiiti in pTarlngthe centre of gravity to eorreipoitd with tbe trim and ihape of the veiiel, lo aa to be neither too high nor too low ; neither too for forward, nor too tut aft t and to lade the ihip lo deep, that the lurface of the water may nearly riae to the extreme breadth Dildihipa : ahe will then carry a good quantity of aail. Incline but little, and ply well to windward.— (ie» FaUiinir'i Marine Diclionarj/.) The mlachievoui conaequuncei of not attending to the circumitance* now mentioned are often ex* perieneed by ihip* loading barilla, brimitone, and luch heavy article!, on the coaiti of Sicily and gpalii. Tbe habit there ii to cut large quantiliei of bruih wood and (kggoti, and to apread them In the bold, to hinder the cargo from linking the centre of gravity too low, and caualng the ihip to labour violently ; but it very frequently happen* that the preiiure of the cargo on thia aort of dunnage ii lo great ai to iq.ueexe It into a much ainaller apace than could at flrit have been luppoied ; lotliat ihipi after getting to lea are lometlmea obliged to return to port, to unload a part of their cargo, to prevent their foundering. In luch caiei, firm dunnage, aiich ai oak itavei, ihould, if poiaible, be alway* employed.— (Hee Jtuluon'$ Commerce of Mediterranean, pp. liU— 188.) Sbipi that have cargoei of light goodi on board require a quantity of bnllait ; increaiing, of course, according to the greater lightneia of tbe goodi. The following table ihowa tbe average quantity or ballait allowed to ihlpi of war : Ballait allowed to the following Ship*. Om Taemm. Inn,Tta. ShioclM, Tma. OUM. Tauaca. lR)a,Toai. Sklaglai, Toia. 110 3,390 180 370 SO 870 65 160 100 S,090 180 370 33 700 OS 140 98 9,110 180 850 38 600 60 lOO M 1,870 ISO 350 31 500 60 80 80 1,630 MO 300 S9 450 60 70 74 1,700 60 370 90 400 60 60 (M 1,370 70 360 Sloop • 300 80 40. SO 1,100 05 170 Brig . 160 30 15 44 38 900 930 65 70 160 170 Cutter - Sloop - — 90 IS ; leldom any. The Iron ballait ii flrit itored fore and aft, f^om bulk-head to bulk-bead ; then tbe abingle ballaat it ipread and levelled over tbe iron. Tbe loil of the River Thamei from London Bridge to tbe lea la veated In tbe Trinity Uouie corpo- ration, and a lum of 10{, ii to be paid for every ton of ballaat taken from tbe channel of the river without due authority from the aaid corporation. Ships may receive on board lund ballaat from the quarriea, pita, &c. eaat of Woolwich, provided the quantity taken in a year do not exceed the num- ber of tone notified to th'; Trinity corporation. Land ballaat ra<\at ^)c entered, and id. paid per ton on entering. No ballait is to be put on board before entry at the ballast offica, under tbe penalty of it. a ton. The Trinity Corporation ii authoriied by the 3 Geo, 4 c. 111. to cbaige the following rate* fur (II ballaat demanded and entered at the ballait office, viz. ;— For every ton (30 cwt.) of ballait, not being waibed ballaat, carried to any ibtp or veiael employed In the coal trade, the aum of la. For every luch ton carried to any other Brltiib abip or veiiel, tbe *nm of I*. 3d. For every luch ton carried to any foreign ihip or veiiel, the aum of U. 7d. For every ton of waahed ballaat carried to any ihip or veiael employed in tbe coal trade, the (um of 3>. , For every ton of waihed ditto carried to any other Britieh ihip or veiiel, the lum off*. 6d. For every ton of waahed ditto carried to any foreign ibip or vesiel, the lum of 3*. 3d. And for every ton of ballait delivered in or unladen from the Inward Weat India Dock, tbe ftirther (um of lOd.; and for every ton of ballaat delivered in or unladen from the Outward Weat India Dock, the further lum of 4d.i and for every ton of ballaat delivered In or unladen from the London Docki, thefurther iitmof 4d.; and for every ton of ballait delivered in or unladen from the Inward Eaat India Dock, the further lum of lOd.: and for every ton of ballait delivered in or unladen from the Outward Eaat India Dock, the fUrtber aum of 4r avary inn of hnlluitdaliverad In nriinliiilan frnin llm riry (^niinl, lh<< riirllinr aiini of ■',:' ^ ii/t for avrrj luii of ballnal dcllvrred In or iiiiluilaii rVoni Ihn Hiiiray Caiiiit, tlm fiirtlivr aiim uf '■■: .>i 5 f"r rrarjr ion of ballaat dvllvarad In or unindKii frnni Iha Hrxvnt'a Cnnnl. tha ftirlhar ai'.n nf >:• WhIrh Airthar rstaa or pricaa aball b« payabia a^ < , .<'. c^a* ' nd nhova Iba reipacliva ralaa Ant m«iitlon«d. In If43'i, theirnaarncalitt of tlw aiima paid on nrrmin. fhni 1.18110 tha hallailnfflca, on IhaThamat, amoiinlrd ln93,9W/. WU. M. Thn rtpanaaa ninoiiiiird, iliirliiii tha auina yrnr, to about S3,U0U/, Thf< hnllaat nl'iill ahljm nr veiiaula roiiiliin Into tha Thniiii-a li lo I o iinladon Into a lighter, at lh« chnrga of OJ. a tun. Iriiny hnltaat Ihi thrown or iiiiliidrii frmn niiy uhlp or voMf I Into tho Thaniai, the rnptiiln. miiittir, ke. abnil tot pvery aiich oirnnca Airfalt Wl, No hnllnat la lo ba racolvnd on board nthi>rwla« thiin from n lichlpr. Hy tha itnl. M (]ei>. .1. c, 1 10. It la annctiid, that no p«raon aball, uiidar n penally of IIU. nver and nlHivo all <-xpori»ra, dliirhiirxi! any hnllnat, ruhblali, die. In nn^ of Ihn pi.fl), barbouri, roadHtuada, navlnnhle rivi-ra, k.;. oftlie United Kingdom i nor taku ballaat Iromany placa priihlhlted by Ilia Lorda of tha Adinlrnllv. The maateri of nil ahlpa cicnrinf out m bnllnat, am required to nnawar any quaatlona that may b* nut to them by the collertora or comptrollera, touching tha departure and deatlnatlon of auch abljia,— (3 t 4 hill. I r. 111. } *'<).) Kafortifit ahip clear out In bnllnat, Iha mnater mny take with him Brillah manuAicturod goodi of llie value ur30<.,lhe miito of the value of 10/. and M. worth for each of the crew.— 1X7. BALSAM (Uer. Balsam i Du. Baktm ,• Fr. Banmt ,• It. and Bp. BuUamoi Lai. Babamum), Balaama are vefjetahlo juicra, either liquid, or wliich apontaneoualy become concrete, conaiat- ini; of a aubitance of a rcainoua nature, combined with benzoic acid, or which are capable of afTonlinft benzoic acid by being heated alone, or with water. The liquid balaama are copaiva, opobalaain, balaani of Peru, itorax, and Tolu ; the concrete are benzoin, dragon'* blood, and red or concrete ntora*.— (IJr. Ure.) 1. C(tpaiva (Fr. Bnume de Copahu ,• Ger. Kttpaiw^Baham ; Sp. Copayva), obtained from a tree (Cupaifera) pfrowin)? in Boulh America and tne Wpat India ialanila. The largeat quantity is Aimiahed by the province of Para in Brazil. It is imported in imall caaka contain- ing from I to 1 ) cwt. Genuine gooti copaiva or copaiba balaam has a peculiar but agreeable otlour, and a bitterish, hot, nauseous taste. It is clear and transparent ; its consistence ia that of oil ; but when exposed to the action of the air it becomes solid, dry, and brittle, like resin. — ( Thoinaon'a Dii-penmtory.) 2. Opobakain (Fr. Balsamter de la Meemte ,• It. Opobabamo ; Pat. Babamum varum album, JEgyptiatrtm, Egypt. Baletfon), tne most precious of all the balsams, commonly called Balm of Oilrad. It is the produce of a tree {Amyris Oileadensis) indigenous i» Arabia and Abyssinia, and transplanted at an early period to Judea. It is obtained by cut* ting the bark with an axe at tlie time that the juice is in tho strongest circulation. The true balsam is of a polo yellowish colour, clear and transparent, about the consistence of Venice turpentine, of a strong, penetrating, agreeable, aromatic smell, and a slightly bitterish pungent taste. By age it becomes yellower, browner, and thicker, losing by degrees, like volatile oils, some of its finer and more subtile parts. It is rarely if ever brought genuine into this country ; dried Canada balaam being generally substituted for it. It was in high repute among the ancients ; but it is now principally used as a cosmetic by tho Turkish ladies.— (Dr». lire and Thomson.) The Canada balsam, now referred to, is merely ^ne turpentine. It Is the produce of the PinuB Babamea, and is imported in casks, each containing about 1 cwt. It has a strong, but Aot a disagreeable odour, and a bitterish taste ; ia transparent, whitish, and has the con- iistence of copaiva twlsam. — (See Tvrpentihe.) " Siafra nnd Beder are the only pinceg In tha Hedjaz where the balsam of Mcchn, or Baleaann, cnn be procured in u pure atate. 'I'be tree from which it ia collected growa In the neighbouring niuun- lains, but principally upon DJebel Sobb, and is called, by the Arabs, Bcaheni. I wna infnrined tbnt it la from 10 to IS feet hish, with a amootb trunk, nnd thin hnrk. In tliu middle of auinmer smnll incl- alons are made in the bark ; and the Juice, which iinnicdiately iaaues, ia taken otf with the thumb nail, and put into a vcaael : the gum appenra to be of two kinds, one o bought at tho emporia to which it is brought, at from 60 to 100 doUors per picul (133^ lbs.) ; thr, second from 25 to 45 dollars ; and tho worst from 8 to SO dollars. According to Linschoton, benzoin, in his time, coat, in tlie market of Sunda Calapa or Jacatra, from 10|-,1^ to 25 j^^"^ Spanish dollars the picul. By Nicbuhr's account, the worst benzoin of the Indian islamU is more esteemed by the Arabs than thoir own best olibanum, or frankincense. In the Lon* don market, tho best benzoin is fourteen times more valuable than olibanum, and even tho worst 2|' times more valuable. Benzoin usually sells in England at 10«. per pound, Tho quantity g'cnerally imported into England, in tho time of the monopoly, was 312 cwts. Tho principal use of this commodity is as incense, and it is equally i.t request in the religious ceremuiiiea of Catholics, Mohammedans, Hindus, and Chinese. It is also used as a luxury by the great in fumigations in their houses ; and tho Japanese chiefs are fond of smoking it with tobacco. Its general use among nations in such various states of civilisation, and the steady demand for it in all ages, declare that it is one of those commodities, tho taste for which ia inherent in our nature, and not the result of a particular caprice with any individual people, aa in tho case of Malay camphor with the Chinese. — {Indian Archipelago, vol. iii. p. 418.) The imports of benzoin, at an average of tho throe years ending with 1830, wero 36,397 lbs. a year. An inferior description of benzoin, the produce of a different tree from the Styrax benzoin, is produced in Siam. It ia comparatively cheap and abundant. 7. Dragon's Blood (Fr. Song-Dragon ; Lat. Sanguis Draeonis ,• Arab. Damulnkhiuain ,• Hind. Hcraduky), the produce of a largo species of rattan {Calamun Draco) growing on the north and north-oast coast of Siiiiiatra, and in some parts of Borneo, It is largely exported to China, and also to India and Europe. It is cither in oval drops, wrapped up in flag-leaves, or in large and generally more impure mosses, composed of smaller tears. It is externally and internally of a deep dusky red colour, and when powdered it should bccomo of a bright crimson ; if it be black, it is worth little. When broken and held up against a strong light, it is somewhat transparent : it has little or no smell or taste ; what it has of the latter is resinous and astringent. Dragon's blood in drops is much preferable to that in cakes; tho latter being more friable, and less compact, resinous, and pure than the former. Being a very costly article, it ia very apt to be adulterated. Most of its alloys dissolve liku gums in water, or crackle in the fire without proving inflammable ; whereas the genuine dragon's blood readily melta and catches flame, and is scarcely acted on by watery tiqaon. i i'» ■^m 1 1. ;':ii .M,|^ I, 1-' MtW • ;:' . Vi 08 BALTIMORE— BAND AN A S. -fti ■ • : I It nils in the maifcet ol Singapore at from 15 to 36 dollars per picul, according to quali^: but the Chinese Itave the art of purifying and refining it, when it sells at from 80 to 100 dollars per picul. The price of the best dragon's blood in the London market, varies from SU to 25/. per cwt. — {MiRum^a Orient. Com./ Crawfurd's East. Archip. ; andjmWc information.') The nettduty on balsams imported into Great Britain in 1832 amounted to 2,440/. 8*. lOdL BALTIMORE, a large and opulent city of the United States, in Maiyland, situated on the north side of the Patapsco river, about 14 miles above its entrance into Chesapeake bay, in lat 39° 17' N. long. 76° 36' W. Population in 1830, 81,000. The harbour is spa- cious, convenient, and the water deep. The exports principally consist of tobacco, wheat and wheat-flour, hemp and flax, flax-seed, Indian com, and other agricultural products, timber, iron, &c. The imports principally consist of cottons and woollens, sugar, coffee, tea, wine, brandy, silk goods, spices, rum, &c. There were in 1830 ten banks in this city, with an aggregate capital of 6,888,691 dollars; the total dividends for the same year amounted to 362,118 dollars, being at the rate of 6^ per cent. There were also four marine insurance companies, with a capital of 1,200,000 doUars, producing a dividend of nearly 15 per cent, on the capital paid up ; and two fire insurance companies, one of which is on the principle of mutual guarantee. — {Statement hy J. H. Goddard, New York Daily Advertiser, 29th of January, 1831.) The registeretl, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to Baltimore, in December, 1831, amounted to 43,263 tons, of which 17,575 tons were employed in the coasting trade. The total value of the articles imported into Maryland, in the year ending the 30& of September, 1832, was 4,629,303 dollars; the total value of the exports during the same year being 4,499,918 do. (Papera laid before Congress, 16fh of February, 1833.) In Maryland the dollar is worth 7«. 6(/. currency, 1/. sterling beingo=il/. 133. 4d. cunency For an account of the currency of the diiierent states of the Union, with a table of the value of the dollar in each, see Nsw York ; and to it also the reader is referred for an account of the foreign trade of the United States. Weights and measures same as those of England. Exportt of Flour. — Baltimore is one of the principal ports of the United Btates for the export of ilour. None is allowed to be shipped from any port of tlie Union till it has been inspected by public offlcers appolKted for the purpose, and its quality branded on the barrel. — (See New York.) It ap- |tears from the reports of these officers that the flour inspected at Baltimore during the five yein ending with 1830, was as follows :— Tan. Wheat Flour. Bye Flour. Indian Corn Meal. Bunli. HairUimli. Bamu. HilfbvKb. Bhdi. Bureli. Hiltbamh. 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 983,671 961,299 937,010 466,144 987,879 25,399 22,921 18,882 1.5,149 19,865 1,098 1,874 4,409 12,777 4,430 4 63 48 30 419 1,609 959 2,699 9,314 8,798 6,483 9,498 90 2 11 1 In 1832 there were inspected 918,674 barrels, and 17,944 half barrels of wheat flour. The inspec- tions of tobacco during the ^ameyear amounted to 24,156 hhds. [The banking capital of Baltimore had increased in the early part of 1837, to $8,61 1,369. The registeied, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to it, on the last day of September, 1837, was 67,107 tons; of which 31,631 tons were employed in the coasting tiade, and 6799 tons in steam navigation. The total value of the articles imported into Maryland during the year, ending on the day just mentioned, was $7,857,033 ; and the total value of the exports for the same {leriod was $3,789,917. — Am. Ed.] BAMBOO (Fr. Bambou, BamboeMa ,• Qer. Indianiacher Rohr ; It Bambu ; Hind. Rana I Malay, Buluh,- Jav. Preng), a species of cane, the Bamboa arundinacea of botanists. It grows every where within the tropics, and is of the greatest utiUty : strictly speaking, it is a gigantic grass with a ligneous stem. It oilen rises to the height of 40 or SO feet, and sometimes to even double those heights. Like most plants long and extensively cultivated, it diverges into many varieties. Some of these are dwarfish, while others, instead of being hollow canes, are solid. The bamboo is of rapid growth, and in four or five years is fit for many uses, but docs not bear fruit or grain till it be 25 years old, after which it perishes. The grain makes tolerable bread. The young, but gigantic shoots, as they spring fidm tlie earth, make a tender and good esculent vegetable. The mature bamboo is empK^- «!d in an immeiise variety of ways, in the construction of houses, bridges, boats, agricultural implements, &c Some varieties grow to such a size as to be, in the largest part, near two feet in circimiference, and single knees of these are used as pails or buckets. The Chinese arc believed to fabricate their cheap and useful paper of macerated bamboo. The canes used in Europe as walking sticks are not bamboos, but rattans — a totally distinct class of plants. Bamboos are never used for that purpose. — (^Private information.) BANDANAS, silk handkerchiefs, generally red spttcd with white. They were formerly manufactured only in the East Indies ; but they are now manufactured of a very tpi^-i f^iulity At Glasgow aM other places. t(i BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). 39 BANK.— BANKING. Banks are establishments intended to serve for the safe custody of money; to ftcilitate its payment by one individual to another; and, sometimes, for tiw Iccommodation of the public with loans. I. n. in. IV. V. VI. vu. Banking (Oinkbai, Principlbs or). Bank or Enoland (Accohnt or). Banks (Enolish Pbitatk and Pbotincial). Banks (Scotch). Banks (Inisa). Banks (Foriion). ' • Banks (Satinos). I. Bankino (Gbnebai. Pbincifles or). Banks are commonly divided into two great classes ; banks of deposit, and Ixaiks of circulation. This division is not, however, a very distinct one ; for there is no bank of deposit that is not, at the same time, a bank of circulation, and few or no banks of circulation that are not also banks of deposit But the term banks of deposit is meant to designate those which keep the money of individuals and circulate it only ; while the term banks of circula* tion b applied to those which do not thus confine their circulation, but issue notes of their own payable on demand. The Bank of England is the principal bank of circulation in the empire ; but it, as well as the private banks of England and Scotland that issue notes, is also a bank of deposit The private banking establishments in London do not issue notes, and there are many similar establishments in Lancashire, and other parts of the country. (1.) Utility of Banks. Private Banking Companies of London, — The establishment of banka has contributed, in no ordinary degree, to give security and facility to all sorts of com- mercial transactions. They afford safe and convenient places of deposit for the money that Would otherwise have to be kept, at a considerable risk, in private houses. They also pre- vent in a great measure, the necessity of carrying money from place to place to make pay- ments, and enable them to be made in the most copvenient and least expensive manner. A merchant or tradesman in London, for example, wHo employs a banker, keeps but very littl''' money in his own hands, making all his considerable payments by drafts or checks on his banker ; and he also sends the various checks, bills, or drafts payable to himself in Lon- don, to his bankers before they become due. By this means he saves the trouble and incon- venience of counting sums of money, and avoids the losses he would otherwise be liable to, and would no doubt occasionally incur, from receiving coins or notes not genuine. Perhaps, however, the great advantage derived by the merchant or tradesman from the employment of a banker, consists in its relieving him from all trouble with respect to the presentation for payment of due bills and drafts. The moment these are transferred to the banker, they are at his risk. And if he either neglect to present them when due, or to have them properly noted in the jvent of their not being paid, he has to answer for the consequences. " Thb circumstance alone must cause an immense saving of expense to a mercantile house in the course of a year. Let us suppose that a merchant has only two bills due each day. These bills may be payable in distant parts of the town, so that it may take a clerk half a day to present them ; and in large mercantile establishments it vould take up the whole time of one or two clerks to present the due bills and the drafts. Ttie salary of these clerks is, therefore, saved by keeping an account at a banker's: besides the saving of expense, it is also reasonable to suppose that losses upon bills would sometimes occur from mistakes, or oversights, from miscalculation as to the time the bill would become due — from errors in marking it up— fironi forgetfulness to present it or from presenting it at the wrong place. In these cases the indorsers and drawees are exonerated ; and if the acceptor do not pay the bill, the amount is lost. In a banking houKe such mistakes occur sometimes, though more rarely ; but when they do occur, the loss falls upon the banker, and not upon his customer." — (Gilbarl's Practical Obsenations on Banking.) It is on other grounds particularly desirable for a merchant or tradesman to have an account with a banking house. He can refer to his bankers as vouchers for his respecta- bility : and in the event of his wishing to acquire any information with respect to the cir- cumstances, or credit, of any one with whom he is not acquainted, his bankers will . "Jer him all the assistance in their power. In this respect they have great facilities, it being the common practice amingst the bankers in London, and most othor trading towns,, to com- municate information \o each other as to the credit and solvency of their customers. To prnvUlo for the puMic security, the statute 7 & S fJeo. 4. c. 29. } 19. " for the ptininhment of em- bezzlement coiiiiiiitteil by ngeii;?" iiitriisliMl with property," eimi'ts, " That if nTiy money, or security fur the pnyment of money, shall lie intrusted to any bnnker, merclinnt, broker, attorney, or other aeont. with any direction inwritin^ to aoplysnch money, or uny piirt thereof, or the proceeds, or any partuf tile proceuds uf such soturity,for uny purpuuc speciticd in such direction, and he shul), in vio- p im| a W'^'', '£%r| l> i^ Jk^m^U p'j a 1^ 1 fi<»B i- I WJA « I 'i"^mH|MH \ )rimm : .:.; v-^!;,j|i ''i , i.;i!;;'tefOT ') ' li^'«iii Liiira ! t ♦ ■' i ii^'JuK it owt ill i'lPI ! 'I'm fr'Hf'^'' ' ■■§ , y^hi^.: f^ ■{ t '. f 1 ■ 70 BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). latlon of ([ood faith, and contrnry to the purpose bo spi'cificd, In nny wise convert to hia own tiie or benefit such money, »ernrity, or procoeils, or nny part thereof respectively, every such offender shall be guilty of a inisiiemennur, and beiuK convicted thereof, shall be liable, at the discretion of tliccuutt, to he transported beyond seas, for any term not exceeding fourteen yean, nor lefs than seven years, or to suffer such punishment by fine or imprisonment, or by lioth, as the court shall award ; and if any chattel or valuable security, or any power of attorney for the siilc or trnnffer of any share or in. terest ip nny public Hlock or fund, whether of this kingdom, or of Great Ilritain, or of Ireland, or of any foreipn state, or in any fund of any body corporate, company or society, shall be inltUBled to any banker, merchant, broker, attorney, or other n(rcnt, for safe cnstody, or for nny special purpose, viih- nut any authority to sell, negotiate, transfer, or pledge, and he shall, in violation of good faith, and contrary to the object or purpose which such chattel or security, or prtver of attorney, shall have been intrusted to him, sell, negotiate, transfer, pledge, or in any mann'r convert to hiu own use or benefit such chattel or security, or the proceeds of the same, or nny purt thereof, or the share nr in- terest in stock or fund to which such power of attorney shall relate, of any part thereof, every siioli offender shall be guilty of a misdemeanur, and being convicted thereof, shall be liable, at the dis- cretion of tlio court, to any of the punishments which the court may award as hereinbefore last menlioned." This act is not to affect trustees nnd mortgagees, nor bankers reeciving money due upon securilieg, nor securities upon which thiiy have a lien, claim, or demand, entitling them by law to sell, tranpfiT, or otherwise dispose of them, unlesu such sale, transfer, or other disposal shall extend to a greater number or pan of such securities or effects than shall be requisite for satisfying such lien, cluini, ttc.—i SO. Nothing in this act is to prevent, impeach, or lessen any remedy at law or in equity, wbici, any party aggrieved by any such offence might or would have had, had it not been passed. No banker, merchant, Ice. shall be convicted as an ofTendcr against this act, in respect of any act done by him, if he shall at any time previously to his being indicted for such offence have disclotied sucli net on onlli, inconsequence of any compulsory process of any court of law or equity, in any action bona fde insli. tuted by any party aggrieved, or if he shall have disclosed the same in aiiy examination or deposition before any commissioner of bankrupt.—} 52. The Bank of Englant], and the private banking companies of London as well as some of the English provincial banks, charge no commission on the paymente made and received on account of those who deal with them. But they allow no interest on tlic sums deposited in their hands; and it is cither stipulated or distinctly understood that a person employing a hanker should, besides furnishing him with sulHcicnt funds to pay his drafts, keep an average balance in the banker's hands, varying, of course, according to the amount of business done on his account ; that is, according to the numb'.-r of his clierks or drafts to be paid, and the uuml)er of drafts and bills to be received for im. The bunkers then calculate, as well as tliey can, the probable amount of cash that it' wl be necessaiy for them to keep in their cofl'ers to meet the ordinary demands of their customers, and employ the balance in discount- ing mercantile bills, in the purchase of government securities, or in some other sort of pro- fitable adventure ; so that their profits result, in the case of tiicir not issuing notes, from the ditference between the various expenses attendant on the management of their establish- ments, and the profits derived from such part of the sums lodged in their bands as they can venture to employ in an advantageous way. The directors of the Bank of England do not allow any individual to overdraw his account. They answer drafts to the full extent of the funds deposited in their hands; but they will not pay a draft if it exceed their amount. Private bankers are not generally so scrupulous; most of them allow respectable individuals, in whom they have confidence, to overdraw their accounts ; those who do so paying interest at the rate of 5 per cent, or whatever sums they overdraw. 'J'he possession of this power of overdrawing is often a great convenience to merchants, while it is rarely productive of loss to the banker. The money which is ovcr- ilrawn is usually replaced within a short period; sometimes, indeed, in the course of a day or two. The directors of the Bank of England decline granting this facility from a disin- clination on their part to come into competition in a matter of this sort with private bankers, who transact this kind of business better, probably, than it could be done by a great esta- blishment like the Bank. The facility which bonks afford to the public in tlie negotiation of bills of exchange, or in the making of payment at distant places, is very great. Many of the banking companies established in dltfcrent districts hove a direct intercourse with each otlier, and they have all correspondents in London. Hence an individual residing in any part of the country, who may wish to make a payment in any other part, however distant, may effect his object by applying to the bank iiciirest to him. Thus, suppose A. of Penzance has a payment to ' make to B. of Inverness : to send the money by post woild be hazardous ; and if there were fractional parts of a pound in the sum, it would hardly be practicable to make use of the post: how then will A. manage 1 He will pay the sum to a bunker in Penzance, and his debtor in Inverness will receive it from a banker there. The transaction is extremely ttimplc : the Penzance lianker orders his correspondent in London to pay to the correspond- ent of the Inverness lianker the sum in t; lestion on account of B. ; and the Inverness banker, being advised in course of post of what has been done, pays B. A small comini.ssion charged by the Penzance banktT, and the postage, constitute the whole expense. There is no risk whatever, and the whole uflfair is triuisacied iii the most commodious and cheapest manner. By far the largest proportion both of the inland hills in circulation in the country, and also of the foreign bills drawn upon Great I'ritain, arc made payable in London, tlic grand focu9 BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). ff to which all the pecuniary transactions of the empire are ultimately brought to be adjusted. And in order still further to economise the use of money, the principal bankers of thi' me* trupolis are in the habit of sending a clerk each day to the clearing house in Lombard-btreet, who carries with him the various bills in the possession of his house that are drawn upon other bankers ; and having exchanged theru for the bills in possession of thoMf others that arc drawn upon his constituents, the balance on the one side or the other is paid in cash or Bank of England notes. By this contrivance the bankers of London are enabled to settle transactions to the extent of several millions a day, by the employment of not more, at an average, than from 200,000/. to 300,000/. of cash or Bank notes. — (See Cleaiiino Housr.,) In con8cqueno« of these and other facilities afforded by the intervention of bankers for the settlement of pecuniary transactions, the money required to conduct tiie business of an extensive country is reduced to a trifle only, compared with what it would otherwise be. It is not, indeed, possible to form any very accurate estimate of the total saving that is thus effected; but, supposing that 50 or 60 millions of gold md silver and bank notes are at present required, notvvilhataniling all the devices that have been resorted to for economising money, for the circulatitin of Great Britain, it may, one should think, be fairly concluded, that 200 millions would, at the very least, have been required to transact an equal extent of business but for tho.sc devices. If this statement be nearly accurate, and there are gowl grounds for thinking that it is rather under than over rated, it strikingly exhibits the vast importance of banking in a public point of view. By its meaiiH 50 or 60 millions ure ren- iler«l capable of performing the same functions, and in an infinitely more commodious man- ner, that would otherwise have required four times that sum ; and supposing that 20 or 30 millions are employed by the bankers as a capita) in their establishments, no loss than 1 20 or 130 millions will be altogether disengaged, or cease to be employed as an instrument of circulation, and made available for employment in agriculture, manufactures, and com- merce. (3.) Substitution of Bank Notes for Coins. Means by which the value of Bank Notes may be sustained. — Not only, however, does the formation of banking establishments enable the business of a country to be conduct^'d with a far less amount of money, but it also enables a large portion of that less amount to be fabvu , '♦^J of the kant valilable materials, or of paper instead of gold. It would, however, alike exceed lue limits and be inconsistent with the objects of this article, to enter into lengthened details with respect to the mode in which this substitution originally took place. It is sufiicient to observe, that it naturally grew out of the progress of society. When governments bct'uiiie sufficiently powerful and intelligent to enforce the observance of contracts, individuals possessed of written promises from others that they would pay certain sums at specified [leriods, began to assign them to tbose to whom llipy were indebted ; and when those by whom such obiigulions are subscribed are persons of whose solvency no doubt can be entertained, they are readily accepted in payment of the debts due by one individual to another. But when the circulation of obligations or bills in this way has continued for a while, individuals begin to perceive that they may derive a profit by issuing them in such a form as to fit them for being readily used as a substitute for money in the ordinary transactions of life. Hence the origin of bank notes. An individual in whose wealth and discretion tlie publi<' have cunfidciue being f>.pplied to for a loan, say of 5,000/., grants the applicant his bill or n'»te p?yable on demand for that sum. Now, as diis note passes, in consequence of the eo'ifidence placed in the issuer, currently from hand to hand as cash, it is quite as useful to the lior " ; ;i3 if he had obtained an equivalent amount of gold ; and suppising that tln' rate ol est is 5 per cent., it will yield, so long as it continueo to circulate, a revenue i>; 250/. a m ar to ihn issuer. A banker who issues notes, coins as it were his credit. He derives th^, ia:n-ime other way, that they have the means of paying them, and that the eirrulatif* of the n«*w will be a berw^ and not an injury tn the public. A security t4 this »ort has hmn exacted in liae case of the Bank of England ; and the whole 14,686,000/. lent by the Btrnk to governnwTit, n>UHt he sac.nit loiw. Her stability tws, therefore, been truly said, by Or. Smith, to be equal ♦■> tbs* ,>f thr BrrCMth internment. I he syatem of taking securities bcvwig been found to a uvu-r so wefl in the ease of the Bank of England, is a powerful •rgtwient in favour of its exteninon^ Were securiticH uiken from the c/«mtry banks, their tilHmate failure, m the capacity of lianks of i«wup, would be rendered impossible ; and a degree of solidity would be given to our money syittem, which it is idle to expect it can ever fHain, ito long as it continues on its present footing. BANKING (GENERAL PRTNCIPLES OP). n It 'm ciceedingly diflficult to prevent the issue of forged notes. Various schemes have been laggested for thia purpose ; and though it is hardly possible to suppose that an inimitable note will ever be produced, it is contended, that by judiciously combining different sorts of engraving, forgery may bo rendered so difficult, ns to be but rarely at(emptey them was so nnich depreciated hclow the value of gold, that the difference would more than pay the expense of sending men to London, and bringing gold back. But tills notion proceeds on a radical misconception of the nature of the old as well as of the new svstcin of currency. There cannot, in point of fact, l>e the least difference, as repects value, ill tlio provinces, between Bank of England paper, now that it is legal tender, and gold. London being the place where the exchanges are adjusted, 'he value of money in every part of the empire nnist depend on its value in it ; and thin, it is plain, cannot be in any degree affected by the late measure. Formerly the provincial currency, gold as well as paper, niit^ht be, and, indeed, frequently was, depreciated. This was brought about either by an over-issue on the part of the country batiks, generally in the first instance, the effect, but always, in the end, the cause of a rise of prices; or by the issues of the Bank of England. \mns, in conseiiuence of an adverse exchange, narrowed sooner or more rapidly than those of the country banks. In either case the provincial currency being redundant as compared with that of *hc metropolis, there was a demand on its issuers lor bills on London ; but it is miiterial to observe, that, unless their credit was suspected, there was not in such cases, any demand upon thorn for gold, It is, indeed, obvious that a redundancy of the currency is a defect that. cann.)t be obviated by getting gold from the country banks, unless (as hoarding is out of the question) it be intended to send it abroad; and that may always be done better and cheaper hy getting from them Bank of England notes, or bills on London. A local redundancy of the cunency mav take, place in future as it has done formerly, and its occur- roncrt cannot be prevented, even though paper were wholly banisihed from circulation, sc Vol. I.— O 10 '? t f h. p. ! ;']•■' ill.' '1 I ;'!•■' 1 1 i ' ' i , ! J? !i! it n 'I I hr 1 iiii:; IH i» h (\puH m il \ (In 74 BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF). long an the w'lole currency ii< not supplied from one source, and a» Tiondon is the focm where the exchanges with foreign countries are adjuHted. But the Ktutements now made show that it iH a radical mistake to suppose that it can take place more readily, or to a grcnter extent, under the now system than formerly. In tliis respect no change linu been made, But while our ancient security against ovcr-issuo is maintained uiiiinpairod, the recent urrungeinents increase the stability of the Bank of England, and consequently improve our whule pecuniary system. If any doulit could possibly remain as to the operation of the now system, it would be roMiovt d liy rrfurring to Scotland. Gold has been practically banished from that country for a long seiies of years; and yet no ono pretends to say that prices are hiyhrr in Si'iitlond than ill England, or that her currency is depreciated. The Scotch cu.-rcncy is kojit as its proper level, not by the check of gold paynicntH, but by the demand fur bills on London ; and it is as efTectually limited in this way as it could be were the banks uiiiversully in the haliit of exchanging their notes for gold. On what grounds, then, u it to be apprulu-nded thut the obli;;'.ition to give Bank of En^'Iaitd notes or bills on London, will be less elfcctual in rcbtrain* ing ovur-issuo in Yorkshire or Durham than in Scotland ] A bunker who issues notes must keep l)e>r a definite sum (in England and Wale„s not less than 5/., and in Scot- larul and Ireland not less than 1/.), that it should be payable to bearer on demand, ond that it «hi>ulJ be properly stampetl. Promissory notes, though issued by bankers, if not paynhio to bearer on demand, do nut come under the denomination of bank notes: they arc not, like the latter, taken as cash in all ordinary transactions; nor arc they, like them, assignable liy mere delivery. The eirculatiim "tf notes for less than 5/. was restrainexl by law (slat. 15 Geo. 3. c. ,')l.) from 1766 to 1797. In 1808, it was enacted by stat 48 Geo. 3. c. 88., that ail bank nous, promissory notes, or other negotiable instruments for less than 20s. should lie abiioluttly voii penalty of from 20s. to 5/., at the discretion of the justices, being imposeil on their iiisucrs. It was enacted by the 7 Geo. 4. c. 6., that the issue of nil bank notes or pro- missory notes for les ihan HI. by the Bank of England, or by any Uccrised English 'lankiTs, and stamped on Uij ,jth of February, I82fi, or previously (after which period such notes were not suimpeil), should terminate on the 5th of April, 1829. The stamp duties on bank notes or promissory notes payable on demand, are — JE *. d. £ s. d. Not exceeding \ 1 . Exceeding 1 1 and not exceeding 2 3 _ 2 2 — 6 5 ..., .', 5 — 10 jm- 10 _ 20 jf an » .WOO ^^ 30 ft ^- ■Ml ■«» woo — 100 £ s. d. 5 10 1 3 1 U 2 3 t, U 6 BANK OF ENGLAND* 76 Which notes may bo rcigsucd iifltT payment, ns often na Khali be thouq;ht fit, provided they be issued i)y a banker or perHori who has taken out ii licenci', roiu'wable annually, and coat- ing 30/., to issue notes payable to bearer on demand. Any banker or other person issuing such re-i»suable note?, without being duly licensed, shall forfeit 100/. for every oirencc. — (65 6'ffl.3.c. 184. §27.) These conditions do not apply to the Bank of England, the stamp duties on the notes of tliut establishment bcuig compounded for at the ratu of 3,500/. per million of its notes in circulation. Ncitcs or bills no! payable to benrcr on demand, are not re-issuablo, under a penalty of 50/. —(For the stamp duties atlccting them, sec Exi. iaxob.) By the 9 Geo. 4. c, 23., English bankers not in the City of London, or within three miles thereof, are authorised to issue promissory notes, and to draw and issue bills oi exchange, on unstamped paper, for any sum of 5/. or upwards, expressed to be payable to the be.irer on dciniuid, or to order at any period not exceeding 7 days after sight (bills may also he drawn at any period not cxccedinj; 21 days after date), upon obtaining licences, costing 30/., to that ciTcct, provided such bills of exchange be drawn upon bankers in London, VVestniiiister, or Soutiiwark ; or provided such bills be drawn by any banker or bankers at the place where he or they shall be licensed to issue unstamped notes and bills, upon himself or thenisolves, or his or their copartner or copartners, payable at any other place where such bunker or I'uukcrs shall be licensed to issue such notes and bills. Bankers having such licences, are to give security by bond, that they will keep a true account of uU promissory notes and bills so issued, and account for the duties on them at the rate of 'Sa. %d. for every l'.)0/., and also for the fractional parts of 100/. of the average value of such notes and bills in circulation. Pcr- soitf post-dating unstamped notes or bills shall, for every such olfence, forfeit 100/. (5.) Legal Effect of the Payment if Bank Nvte^. — Notes of the Bank of England were not, previously to the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 98., like bills of exchange, mere securities, or documents of debt, but were treated as money or cash in the ordinary course or trans- actims of busine-is; the receipts given upon their payment being always given as for money. Njw, however, they are legal ti^nder, every where except at the Baidc, for all sums above 6/. All notes payabh; to bearer are assignable by delivery. The liolder of a bank note is prima fac:e entitled to prompt payment of it, and cannot be affected by the previous fraud of any former holder in obtaining it, unless evidence be given to show that he was jrivy to such fraud. Such privity may, however, be inferred from the circumstances of the ca x. To use the words of Lord Tenterden, " If a person take a bill, note, or any other kind of secu- rity, under circuinstinces which ought to excite suspicion in the mind of any reasonable man acquainted with the ordinary affairs of life, and which ought to put him on his guard to make the necessary inquiries, and he do not, then he loses the right of mauitainuig j)osscssion of thein-itrumcnt against the lawful owner." — {Guild/tall, 2.5th October, 1820.) Country bank notes are usually received as cash. But though taken as such, it they bo presented in due time and not paid, they do not amount to a payment, and the deliverer of tlie notes is still liable to the holder. It is not cosy to determine what is a due or reasonable lime, inasmuch as it must depend in a great measure on the circumstances of each jiarticular ease. On the whole, the safest rule seems to be to present all notes or drafts payable on dt> mand, if received in the place where they are payable, on the day on which they are recci-ved, or as soon after as possible. When they have to be transmitted by post for payment, no un- necessary delay should be allowed to intervene. — {Chitty's Cumnieicial Law, vol. iiL p» 590,, and .he art. " Cukck" in this Dictionary.) II, Bawk. ot EyotAwn (Account of). (1.) IJislorical SJcefch of the Bank, — This great establishment, which has long been the principal bank of deposit and circulation, not in thiscountry only, but in Europe, was founded ill 1(Vj4, Its principal projector was Mr, William Paterson, an enterprising and intelligent Scotch gentleman, who was afterwards engaged in the ill-fated colony at Dariei' Uovcni- nicnt being at tlie time much dLstre^.-*d tor want of money, partly from the defects and abuses in the system of taxation, and partly from the difliculty of borrowing, because of the supposed instability of the revolutionary establishment, the Bank grew out of a loan of 1;JOO,()00/. for the public service. The suhscribers, bes^ides receiving ciglif p^"r eeiit. on the s'lni advanced a.s interest, and 4,0Wi.#« a year as the expense of manageme.it. in all 100,000/. « year, were incorporated into a society denominated the Governor and Comvany of the. liitok of linglrjid. The charter 18 dated the 27th of July, 1694. It declares, amongst other tilings, that tliey shall " be capable in law, to purchase, enjoy, and retain to them and their suc- cessors, any manors, lands, rents, tenemerts, and possessions whatsoever; and to purch** and acquire all sorts of goods and chatteU whaMoever, whetvin they arc not ■•estrained by act of parliament ; and also to grant, deBouK. and dispose of tlie name. "Tliat the nvitvagement ain governraewt of ti* corpcsra'ion In- committed to the go- vernor, d4)uty governor, and twgnty-four dii«ctut', who *..jX\ be elected between the '~'o\ix !!' • I'f M !■«'! |["!i|&i Ii fW ! I J,i il m BANK OF ENGLAND. day of Mnrch and SSth day of April, each year, from among tho memben of the Comptnj duly qualified. " That no dividend shall rt any time be made by the (aid Governor and Company, nre only out of the interest, profit, or produce ariRing by or out of the said capital stock or fund, or by such dealing as is allowed by act of parliament. "They must be natural born subjects of England, or naturalised subjects; they shall have in their own name and for their own use, severally, viz. — the governor, at least 4,000/, the deputy governor 3,000/., and each director 2,000/. of the capital stock of the said corpo- ration. " That thirteen or moro of the said govemora and directors (of which the governor or Jp. puty governor must be always one) shall constitute a court of directors, fur the management of the affairs of the Company, and for the appointment of all agents and servants, wliich may be necessary, paying them such salaries ati they may consider reasonable. " Every elector mast have, in his own name and for his own use, 5flO/. or mo.c capital Btock, and can only give one vote. He must, if required by any membir present, take th« oath of stock ; or the declaration of stock, in case he be one of the people called Quakers, " Four general courts to bo held in every year ; in the months of Sejitomlwr, December, April, and July. A general court may be summoned at any time, upon the requisition of nine proprietors, duly qualified as electors. " The majority of electors in general courts have the power to make and constitute by.Jawi and ordinances for the government of the corporation, provided that such by-laws and ordi. nances bo not repugnant to the laws of the kingdom, and be confirmed and approved, accord- ing to the statutes in such case made and provided." The corporation is prohibited from engaging in any sort of commercial undertaking othrr than dealing in bills of exchange, and in gold and silver. It is authorised to advance money upon the security of goods or merchandise pledged to it ; and to sell, by public auction, such goods as are not redeemed within a specified time. It was also enacted, in the same year in which the Bank was established, by statute 6 William and Mary, c. 20., that tho Bank " shall not deal in any goods, wares, or merchan- dise (except bullion), or purchase any lands or revenues belonging to the crown, or advance or lend to their Majesties, their heirs or successors, any sum or sums of money by way of loan or anticipation, or any port or parts, branch or branches, fund or funds of the revenue, now granted or belonging, or hcreafler to be granted to their Majesties, their heirs and suc- cessors, other than such fund or funds, part or parts, branch or branches of the said revenue only, on which a credit of loan is or shall be granted by parliament" And in 1697 it vvsj enacted, that the " common capital and principal stock, and also the real fund of the Gover- nor and Company, or any profit or produce to be made thereof, or arising thereby, shall ba exempted from any rates, taxes, assessments, or impositions whatsoever, during the conti- nuance of the Bank; and that all the profif, benefit, and advantage, from time to time arising out of the management of the said corporation, shall be applied to tho uses of all the mem- bers of the said corporation of the Governor and Compony of the Bank of England, rate- ably, and in proportion to each member's part, share, and ircercst in the common capital and principal stock of the sold Governor and Company hereby established." It was further enacted, in 1697, that the forgery of the Company's seal, or of any scaled bill or Bank note, should be felony without benefit of clergy, and that the niaking of any alteration or erasure in any bill or note should also be felony. In 1696, during the great recoinage, the Bank was involved in considerable difficulties, and was even compelled to suspend payment of her notes, which were at a heavy discount Owing, however, to the judiciouii conduct of the directors, and the assistance of goveriiment, the Bank got over the crisis. But it was at the same time judged expedient, in order to place her in a situation the better to withstand any adverse circumstances that might after- wards occur, to increase her capital from 1,200,000/. to 2,201,171/. In 1708. the directors undertook to pay off and cancel one million and a half of Exchequer bills they had circu- lated two years before, at 4^ per cent., with the interest on them, amounting in all to 1,775,028/. ; which increased the permanent debt due by the public to ihe Bank, including 400,000/. then ailvanced in consideration of the renewal of the charter, to 3..S75,029/., for which they were allowed 6 per cent. The Bank capital, was then also doubled or increased to 4,402,343/. But the year 1708 is chiefly memorable, in the history of the Bank, for llie act that was then passed, which declared, that during the continuance of the corporation of the Bank of England, " it should not be lawful for any body politic, erected or to be erected, other than the said Governor and Company of the Bank of England, or for any other per- sons whatsoever, united or to be united in covenants or partnership, exceeding the number of 6 persons, in that part of Great Britain called England, to borrow, owe, or take up any sura or .sums of money on their bills or notes payable on demand, or in any less time than 6 months from the borrowing thereof." — ^This proviso, which has had so powerful an oiwration on banking in England, is said to have been elicited by the Mine-adventure Company hav- ing commenced banking business, and begun to ijsuo notes. Tt has been pretty polii not issuing note in the act of 1708, wi nljv to all England, i or rewer partners hav( therefore, ascribable c circulation concurren (heir believing that th The charter of the certain, or till a year's |ang»l in 1697. In without interest, the i in consequence of vai Bank have been con gust, ISS.*}. under the being given on the le We subjoin An account of the sue iiewals were made, n by Uovernment to tlH DtKoT Hciitwil. Conditio 1694. Clinrter gn tlie explr U|M>n payi cilted. Unil can>ii viz: 8 IS97. Charter con after Ist n Und 1,001, 1708. Charter coi August, 1 tin. witlio 17>. 1 annul 1713. Charter cnn litofAui In! atSp AnnRralIy imngined, from the private banking companieB in the mrtnv polii not iuuing notes, that they were legally incapucitated from doinK so. But the clauaa ui the act of 1708, which has been the only rootriction on the iiwue of notes, applied gene- rally to all England, and had no peculiar reference to London. The fact tlitd banks with or rewer partners have not iMued notes in the metropolis, as well ai in the provinces, is, therefore, ascrilmble either to their being aware that their notU!* would obtain no conHiderabIa circulation concurrently with those of a great association like the bank of England, or from their believing that their issue would not be profitable. The charter of the Bank of England, when first granted, was to continue for eleven years certain, or till a year's notice after the 1st of August, 17U6. The charter was further pro- laiigetl in 1697. In 1708, the Bonk having advanced 400,000/. for the public service, without interest, the exclusive privileges of the corporation were prolonged till 1733. And in consequence of various advances made at different times, the exclusive privileges of the Bank have been continued by successive renewals, till a year's notice, after the first of Au- gust, 1855, under the proviso that they may be cancelled on a year's notice to that elTcct being given on the let of August, 1846. > < We subjoin An account of the succeislve Renewals of the Charter, of the Conditions under which thniie Re- newals were made, nnrt of the Viirlntinns In the Amniint and Interest ul' tlie Periuanoiit Uobt due by Uovernment to the Hank, exclusive of the Dead Weight. DlKof HcMWtl, 16M. 1807. 1708. 1713. 1743. 1784. 1781. 1800. Condltlna niiibr which Rcuwtli wen made, ud Peniuuwiit Debt conlncted. Chnrter granted under the net 9 & Will. 3. c. SO., redeciiinlile iiimn tiie expiration of 13 niontha* notice after the lit of Angust, ITOS, uiMin payment by the public to the Bank of the demands therein spe- clAed. Under this act the Bank advanced to the piihlic 1,300,000;., in conrideration of their receiving an annuity of IOO,nO()(. u year, viz: 8 PKr cent, interest, and 4,000{. for iniiniigoincnt Charter continued by the H St 9 Will. 3. c. SO. till 13 moiitlis' notice after 1st of August, 1710, on payment, &c. Under this act the Bank took up and added to their stock 1,001, I7W. Exchequer bills and tallies. Charter continued by 7 Anne, c. 7. till 13 months' notice after lit of August, 1733, on payment, &e. Under this act the Bank advanced 400,0001. to government without interest ; and delivered up to be cancelled 1,T7S,037{. 17«. iOd. Exchequer bills, in consideration of tlieir receiving an annuity of loe,50U. 13«., being at the rate of 6 per cent. Charter continued by 13 Anne, stat. I.e. U.till ISniontiis' notice after lat of August, 1743, on payment, tee. In 1710, by the 3 Geo. 1. c. 8., Bank advanced to government, at 5 per cent. ...... And by the same act, the Interest on the Exchequer bills can ' celled in 1708 was reduced from 6 to 5 per cent. In 1731, by 8 Geo. 1. c. 31., the South Sea Company were au- thorised to sell 300,000/. government annuities, and corporations purchasing the same at 36 vears' purchase were auilxirlted to add the amount to their capital stock. The Bonk purchased the whole of these annuities at 30 years' purchase Sper cent, interest was payable on this sum to Midsummer, 1737, and thereafter, 4 per cent. .... At dilllarent times between 1737 and 1738, both Inclusive, the Bank received from the public, on account of permanent debt, 3,375,037i. 17«. lOd., and advanced to it on account of ditto, 3,000,0001.: Diflbrence .... Debt due by the public in 173S ... Charter continued by 15 Geo. 3. c. 13. till 19 months' notice after Ist of August, 1704, on payment, ftc. Under this act the Bank advanced 1,600,0001. without interest, which being added to the original advance of 1,S00,000{. and the 400,000(. advanced in 1710, bearing interest at 6 per cent., reduced the Interest on the whole to 3 per cent. ... In 174.% under authority of 16 Geo. 3. c. 6., the Bank delivered up to be cancelled 9S6,0wl. of Exchequer hills, in consideration of an annuity of 39,47Si., being at the rate of 3 per cent. In 1749, the 33 Geo. 3. c. 6. reduced the interest on the 4 per cent, annuities held by the Bank, to 3| per cent, for 7 years flrom the 'iSth of December, 1790, and thereafter to 3 per cent. Charter continued by 4 Geo. 3. c. 39. till 13 months' notice after lst«f August, 1780, on payment, tie. U.ider this act the Bank paid into the Exchequer 110,000i. free of all charge. Charter continued by 21 Geo. 3. c. 60. till 13 months' notice after 1st of August, 1613, on payment, &c. Under this act the Bank advanced 3,000,0001. for the public ser' vice for 3 years at 3 percent. ICharter continued by 40 Geo. 3. c. 38. till 13 months notice after let of August, 1833, on payment, fcc. ■ Carried forwardi e3 Feriuuunl Utbt. £ ». d. 1,300,000 8,179,087 17 10 8,000,000 4,000,000 9,375,037 17 10 879,027 17 10 9,100,000 1,600,000 066,000 11,036,000 I " ! . 'm '■ I ;i1 k<- n BANK OF ENGLAND. An Arrount of thr Riirrrimivn Ki-ncwitU of ilin rhnrUT, l^r.—mnllnunl. I « ( 't ti*)« or Ri'iiawal. 183;). CnndltiniM urder wlikh Rnwwali i»tr» nrnle, uvi Hrnjianrnl PrtilcnnlnrM. Mr'iiiBhl ftirwnril Uiiili'r iIiIh urltliH Hank mtviincnil lo uiimtiiiiipiii .'I,(HKI, ifil. fit f^ yciir* H'ltliDiit iiitiinut ; liiil in pin .ui •■ ol'lliu n conn iiiiiilu- liiin of till' cnniiiillti'i' nC IM)7, Ihoii uin ivfiM coiiliriiiiMl willi- oi/i iiiti'n'Hl till nionlhi nfliT llu* •iKnniiirn i>( ii ilHllnilivi' IrHHiy nl'lii'liri!. In IHin, III!' Hunk, nnilrr authi>rily of Iho ni't SO Ct'o. 3. c IMI. iilviinri'ilot .IpiT fiMit., Ici Im- ii j iiiil (III or hcrorr IhI of AniiiiHl 1SH3. . . . . . . Clia.-trr conlinntHl by :i fc 4 Will. 4 ■' 'i-'*. till I'i innnthfi' nolirn iifirr In! I'f AiiuuHt, IS.U, with n |ii"ViLsue on their part, a general run on most of the private banks ; and about mie third of these establishments were forced to stop payment. This led to a considerable demand for coin from the Bank. The year 1797 is, however, the most important epoch in the recent history of the Bank. Owing partly to events connected with the war in which we were then engaged — to loans to the Emperor of Germany — to bills drawn on the treasury nt home by the British agcits abroad — and partly, and chiefly, perhaps, to the advances most unwillingly made by the Bank to government, which prevented the directors from having a sufficient control over their is.sues, — the exchanges became unfavourable in 179.5, and in tliat and the following year large sums in specie were drawn from the Bank.* In the latter end of 1796 and ♦ So early as Uecemljer, 1791, the court of directors represented to government their nneaxiiii'sn on account of the miignitudc of the debt due by the government to the Bank, and niixicniHly rcqucslcil a repayment of nt least a considerable part of what had been advanced. In January, ITO.'i, tlicy rc- golvoil to limit their advances upon treasury bills to .'iUO.OOU/. ; and ut the snino time they inforiiirJ Mr. I'itt tliat it was their wish that he would adjust his nieasnres for the year in atieh a manner as mt ta lUpenil an any further as.iiftancefr'jm them. On the Illh of Febrnary, \TMt, they rrpolved, '• 'I Iwu it Ih thn opinion <)f thla court, founded upon the experience of the late ImjiFrial loan, that if any fiiiilirr loan or aiivance of money to the emperor, or to any of the foreign states, should in the preyuut iil:iit: of nlfairs lake place, it will, In all probability, prove fatal to the Bank of England. The cniiri nf di;i!Ctors do, therefore, most earnestly deprecate the adoption of any such measure, and they scli nmly VrotK^t against any responsibility for the calamitous cunscqacnccs that may follow thereupon." Uvl BANK OF ENGLAND. 79 Wnningof 1797, con.-iiilcrulilp iijiprchnnsionH wcrn i»nfortiiinPi1 of invnxion, and riimouri wftp propnipilcil of (loxcfiilrt hHviijr liccii nctiiixlly mnilr on th(» count. In conncqiirnce of tho fi'iiM thnt werp ihnii rjccitrd, rum> wpw iivulc on the provinrial hankii in iJitVerent part* of ilii' rmiiitry ; an'' "oino of IliPin haviiior fuiled, Ihc pnnir, liprnmo p^rnoriil, niid cxU-mlod ilsi'lf to Iiondon. DoinnndH for rash poured in upon the Bank from all quartprit ; und on Hjliirdny, llifi Sfltli of Frhruary, 1797, sho had only 1,272,000/. of rash and bullion in her r>lli'r«, with every |)ros|M'rt of a violent run takinir place on the following Monday. In thin frnfrijeiiey nn order in council wan insucd on Hunil.iy, the 2fith, prnhiliiting the directom frnin paying their notes in cash until the dense of parliament had Iwen taken on the suhject. And niter pnrliiiment met, and the nieaR\ire had lieen much discussed, it was agreed to conti- nuo the restriction till six months ofler the si^nHture of a dclinitivo treaty of j)eace. Ah Hoon as the order in council prohilnting payments in cash appeared, a mceiinq of tho nriiKi|ial hankers, merchants, traders, &c. of the metropolis, was held at the Mansion-house, wlirii II resolution was agreed to, and very numenuHly >iii;ned, pledging, as had heen dona in 1745, those present to accept, and to use every 'neans in their power to ca\iKP Hunk notca (I lie accepted as cash in all trantiactions. This iesolutinn tended to allay the appruhcnsiund that the restriction had excited. Piirlianient h'ing sitting at the time, a committee was immediately appointed to cxaraina inliitlie alVuirs of the Uiink; and their report put to rest whatever doubts might have been eiilcrtiiined with respect to the solvency nfil- when the order in council appeared, the ' i' 155i;),090/„ after ull chiims upon it b .li.. Mui'h dilFerencc of opinion has exi- 1797; but, considering the peculiar ciii jiM'ins Bbuntliiiitly obvious. The run ili.i but Rfow entirely out of political cnun.^. ■ .. loi! liNhment, by showing that at tho moment posm!ssed of property to the amount of ted. ect to the policy of the restriction in alor which it took place, its expediency ito in any over-issue of Dank paper ; the alarms of invasion continued, it w'.is clear that no Bank paper immediately converliblo into gold would remain in circula- tiim. And as the Bank, though possessed of ampb^ funds, was without tho means of in- stantly retiring her notes, sho might, but for tho interference of government, have been obiigc'ii to stop payment ; an event which, had it occurred, must have produced consequences in the last degree fatal to the public interests. It bad been generally supposed, previously to tho passing of the Restriction Act, that Bank notes would not circulate unless they were immediately convertiblT into cash: but tho pvpnt showed, confomi ibly to principles that have since been fully explained, that this was not really tho case. Though the notes of tho Bank of England wero not, at the passing of tho Restriction Act, publicly declared to be legal tender, they were rendered so in prac- lifc, by being received as cash in all transactions on account of government, and of the vast majority of individuals. For tho first three years of the restriction, their issues were so moilerate, that they not only kept on a par with gold, but actimlly bore a small premium. In ihe latter part of 1800, however, their quantity was so much increased that they fell to a diwount of about 8 per cent, as compared with gold, but they soon after rose nearly to par ; and it was not until 1808 that the decline of their value excited any considerable attention. Early in 1810, they were at a discount of about 1.3^ per cent. ; and this extraordinary fall having attracted the attention of the legislature, the House of Commons appointed a eom- mittic to inijuire into the circumstances by which it had been occasioned. The committeo examined several witnesses ; and in their report, which was dr jwn up with consideriiblo nhility, they justly ascribed the fall to the over-issue of Bank paper, and recommended that ihc Uaiik should be obliged to resume cash payments within two years. This recommenda- tion was not, however, acted upon ; and the value of Bank paper continued to decline, oa compared with gold, till 1814. .^t the period when the restriction on cash payments took place in 1797, it is supposed that there were about 280 country banks in existence ; but so rapidly were these establish- monU multiplied, that they amounted to above 900 in 1813. Tho price of corn, influenced partly by the depreciation of tho currency, and the facility with which discounts were olv taincd, but far more by deficien'i; han'esta, and the unprecedented difficulties which the war threw in the way of importation, had risen to an extraordinary height during the five years ending with 1813. But the harvest of that year being unusually productive, and the inter- enursc with the Continent being then also renewed, prices, influenced by both circumstances, su!>taincd a very heavy fall in the latter part of 1813, and the beginning of 1814. And tliis notwithstnniling tliese, and many other similar rcmonstrancns, fresli advances of money were mado I'l our fiirc'ign allies, and freali demands u|i(in the Rank; the diructcra reluctantly abandoning thvir nwii belter Judgment to what they truly termed the "pressing solicitations" of the Chancellor of th« Rxchequor, and their deuiro to avert "the probable distress which a refusnl (on their part) might occnsiiin, in the then ulariiiing situation uf public atTairs." tint notwithetunding the diffieiilties of till! Hank were ereatly ucgruvutcd by that conduct on the part of government against which the di- Mctors had so strongly protested, she could hardly, in any state of her alTiiirs, have got safely over tli9 crisis of 1707. The ran upon the Bank that then took place, was occusioned by niariiis nf^inva- lion ; and it is clear, as remarked in the text, that while they cuntiuued, no paper iiumcdiululy G crous to ascribe to the act of 1819, as u often done, the whole rise that has taken place m the value of the currency since the peace, aeeing that the currency had been for thrte yean previoutfjf io U» mactnunt from 12^ to 14^ per cent above ita value in 1815, and from 21 (0 23 per cent above its value in 1814 ! "Tbe main object which the promoters of the ict of 1819 had in view, was to sustain the value of the currency at the pant to which it hid recovered itself, without legislative interference. This, however, could not be done without recurring to specie payments ; and the difference of 4^ per cent, that obtained in 1819 between the value of gold and paper, waa not deemed sufficiently considerable to warrant i departure firom the old standard, iad firom the acts engaging to restore it But it is alleged, that those who suppose that the act of 1819 added only 4^ per cent to the value of the currency, mistake altt^ther the effect of the measure. It is admitted, in- deed, that paper was then only 4J per cent less valuable than gold ; but by reverting to qiecie payments, we made an unexpected purchase of thirty mUliotu of gold ; and it ii affirmed, that this novel and large demand, concurring simultaneously with the contraction of paper in several of the continental states, and with a fallioig off in the supply of bullion from the mines, had the effect of adding very greatly to the vaJue of gold itselt and conse- quently to that of the currency. It is very difficult or rather, perhaps, impossible, to dete^ mine the precise degree of credit that ought to be attached to this statement ; but while we incline to think that it is well founded to a certain extent, we see no grounds for believing that it is so to any thing like the extent that haa been stated. The gold imported into Great Britain, to enable the Bank to resume specie payments, was not taken from any pa^ ticular country or district, but was drawn from the market of the world ; and considering the vast extent of the sumily whence it was derived, it is against all reason to suppose tbit its value could be materially influenced by our purchasBS. We doubt, too, whether the con- traction of the paper currency of some of the continental states, and the substitution of specie in its stead, was not more than balanced l^ the cessation of the demand fur specie for the military chests of the different armies, by the stoppage of the practice of hoarding, and the^ greater aecuri^ consequent to the return of peace. And with respect to the falling off BANK OF ENGLAND. 8i IB the ian>l>>* ^i" ^ mined, it ii not a circumstanre, luppoung it t« have had a oonnacr* ^ in, o«i that parliament could take into account, h could neither determine the (Stent to whidi bullion had been raised, nor at what point the riae would atop, nor how loon iioigbt again begin to decline.^ The diminution in the supply of bullion bad then conti- oned to too short a period, and its influence on the value of gold was much too uncertain, to make it a ground for interfering in any degree with the standard. The decline in the price of most articles tliat has taken place since the peace, has been often leienred to, as a conclusive proof of the great enhancement in the value of bullion. But the mference is by no means so certain as has been represented. The prices of com* moditiei an as much afiected by changes in the coat of their production, as by changes in the quantity of money afloat Now, &ere is hardly one of the great articles of commt e, the cost of whidi has not been conaiderabW reduced, or which has not been supplied from nevr uuices, within the last few years. The growth of com, for example, has been vastly (jteixled in France, Prussia, and generally throughout the Condnent, by the splitting of Itige estates, and the complete subversion of the feudal system ; and the reduction of it* price in this <»untiy ia, at least, as much owing to the extraordinary increase of imports from Ireland, as to any other cause. The fell in the price of wool is most satisfectorily ac- counted for by the introduction and rapid multipliication of Merino sheep in Germany, when they seem to succeed even better than in Spain; and by the growing imports from New Holland and elsewhere. And a very large portion, if not the whole, of the fell, in the price of colonial products, is admitted, on all hands, to be owing to the destruction of the monopoly system, and the vast extension of cultivation in Cuba, Brazil, Louisiana, Dem< • nn, Ac. Although, therefore, we do not deny that the falling off in the supply of bullion from the mines must have had some influence on prices, we hold it to be the greatest imagi- uble error to ascribe to it the entire fell that has taken place since the peace. Were its eflect rated at 10 per cent, we believe it would be very considerably overstated.^(See art FssciovB Mbtals.) On the whole, therefore, we are disposed to approve of the conduct of those who framed the act of 1819. That it added to the burdens of the industrious classes, and has been in io far hostile to the public interests, it seems impossible to doubt; but it has not done this ii' any thing like the degree whidi its enemies represent The period, too, when it was pasted, is now so distant, that the existing engagements amongst individuals have almost all been funned with reference to the altered value of the currency ; so that whatever injury it my have occasioned in the first instance, must be neariy gone by. To modify or change the standard at this late period, would not be to repair injustice, but to commit it afresh. At the end of the war, the circumstances were considerably different The standard had been really abandoned for the previous 18 yean ; and, perhapa, we may now say, that it would bate been better, all things considered, had the mint price of bullion been raised, in 1815, to die market price. But haying surmounted all the diflkulties attendant upon the restora- tion of the old standard, and maintained it since 1831, it would be in the last degree impoli- tic to (Ubjeot it to new alterations. Should the counti^ become, at any future period, unable to make good its engagements, it will better consult its honour and its interest by fairly (ompounding with its creditors, than by endeavouring to slip from its engagements by resort- ing to the didionest expedient of enfeebling the standard. The price of corn, which had been very much depressed in 1821 and 1822, rallied in 1823; and this circumstance contributed, along with others peculiar to that period, to pro| mote an extraordinaiy rage for speculation. The issues of the country banks being in con- I Kquence far too much extended, the currency became redundant in the autumn of 1824 ; ud the exchanges having been depressed, a drain fo. gold began to operate upon the Bank of England. But the directora of the Bank havinty entered, in the early part of that year, into sn engagement with government to pay off auch holders of 4 per cent stock as might diiaent from its conversion into a 3^ per cent stock, they were obliged to advance a con- tiderable sura on this account after the depression of the exchange. This tended to coun- teract the effect of the drain on the Bank for gold ; and, in consequence, the London cur- rency was not very materially diminished till September, 1825. When, however, die conUnued demand of the public on the Bank for gold bad rendered money scarce in tho j metropolis, the pressure speedily extended to the country. Such of the provincial banks— ud they were a numerous clas s a s had been originally established without suflkient capi- tal, or had conducted their buainess upon erroneous principles, began to give way the moment they experienced an increased difiiculty of obtaining pecuniaiy accommodations in London. The alarm, once excited, aoon became general ; and confidence and credit were, for a while, almott wholly suspended. In the short space of 6 weeks, above 70 banking establiehmente were destroyed, notwithstanding the very large advances made to them by the Bank of England ; and the run upon the Bank, for cash to supply the exigencies of the country I Innlu, was so heavy, that she was wellnigh di .ined of aU the coin in her coffers, and Miged, as already remarked, to issue about a million of 1/. and 2/. notes. In order to guard against a recurrence of the wide-spread mischief and ruin, produced bv II ^ m 1 1 82 BANK OF ENGLAND. (his and the previous bankrnptcica of the coantiy banks, it wu resolved, in 18S6, withcM- sent of the Bank of England, to make a change in the law of 1708, limiting the numbered partners in banking establishments to 6 only. And it was accordingly enacted, that thenw forth any numlier of partnoM might form themselves into associations, to cany on the hnii. ness of banking, including the issue of notes, any where not within rixty-five mika of Log. don. The directors of the Bank of England came, at the same time, to the resolution of establishing branches in some of the principal towns ; and, at this moment, branch banlu are established in Gloucester, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, ISristol, Exeter Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Hull, Norwich, &c. The branch bank cannot fail of being highly useful ; but we believe that the benefit resulting from the formation of joint 8t4>ck banks will not be nearly so great as bat been anticipated. — (See post, Banks (Exomsh PiioTi!ri;iAi).) So long as every one is allowed to issue notes without any sort of check or control, a thousand devices may be fallen upon to insure a certain circulation to those that are roost worthless. At best, this measure it but a feeble palliative of inveterate disorders. It is quite illusory to expect to make any reil improvement upon the system of country banking in England, by the mere introduction of i plan for allowing banking establishments with large capitals to be set on foot. There hare always been, and are at this moment, a great number of such establishments in Englud, What is really wanted, is the adoption of a system that will exclude the possibility of notn being discredited, by preventing all individuals or associations from issuing such as have not been previously guaranteed. Besides attempting to lessen the (nqamcy of bankruptcy among the country bank*, b^ repealing the law limiting the number of partners, it was further resolved in 1826, to pro- hibit the future issue of 1/. notes. The policy and effects of this measure have given rite to much dispute. It seems clear, that it has gone far to shut up one of the most convenient channels by which the inferior class of country bankers contrived to get their notes into circulation, and must, in so far, do good. But there are many other channels still open to them ; and to imagine that this measure will place the provincial currency on that aolid oasb on which it ought to be placed, is quite visionary. There were no notes under 8iin circulation iu 1792 ; and yet fully 07je third of the country banks then in existence became lankrupt ! The truth is, as already stated, that it is not possible to guard against loss and fraud, from the proceedings of the country bankers, otherwise than by compelling them to give security for their issues ; and, as security may as easily be given for 1/. notes as foi those of 5/., the suppression of the former docs not appear to have been at all essential. No doubt can, however, be entertained, that the representations as to the e:itrem6 injury occa- sioned by the withdrawal of the 1/. notes have b^n very greatly exaggerated; — though itistt the same time obvious, that the means of the bankers to make advances, as well as the profit derived from making them, must both have been diminished by the suppression of the small notes ; and it would be foolish to deny that this circumstance must have occasioned some loss and inconvenience to many individuals. These remarks are meant to apply only to the case of the country banks. The extraor- dinary extent to which the forgery of the 1/. notes ci the Bank of England was carried, affords, perhaps, a auflicient vindication of the policy of their suppression. But the com- paratively limited circulation of the country banks, and, perhaps we may add, the greater attention paid to the manner in which their notes were engraved, hindered their forgery froin becoming injuriously prevalent (2.) Caen kept by the Bank. Regulation of her Issues. — Of late, the Bank directon have endeavoured, as a general rule, to have cm much coin and bullion in their coffers a may together amount, when the exchange is at par, to a third part of the Bank's liabililia, including deposits as well as issues ,- so tliat, in the event of the notes afloat, and the pnblk and priva»'> '^'posits in the coffers of the Tank, amounting to 27,000,000/. or 30,000,0004 they wo. consider the establbhment in a perfectly satisfactory state, unless she was, generallf ^ seenas to afford every requisite «!ecurity ; and now that the notes of the Bank I ■re made legal tender, and that she must be less exposed than formerly to drains during | p culty. This is not to neglect the interests of the mercantile classes, but to promote them In the best and moat efficient maimer, even tliough it should be at the expense of the Bank. No. XIV. of the accounts aubjoined to this article shows the average annual amount of commercial paper discounted by the Bank in London, from 1795 down to 1831. But the rabjoined account will probably be deemed still more interesting, from its exhilnting in detail the variations in the discounts by the Bank during the 17 years ending with 1831. The sudden increase and immense amount of the discounts, in the last quarter of I8!J5 and the first quarter of 1826, show the vast importance of the assistance then rendered by the Bank to the trading interests. Had this assistance been withheld, or the Bank not been in a situoc tion to render it, it is not easy to estimate the consequences. The annual average loss by bad debts on the discounts of the Bank of England in Lon- don, from 1791 to 1831; both inclusive, has been 31,698/. — (Appen. to lUp. on Bank Charter, No. 60.) * Mr. Horsley Palmer's evidence before the late committee of the House of Commons on the Bank charter contains bv for the best exposition ever givon to tho public, of the mode in which the bminesB of the Bank or England is conducted. It is aUa higlily deserving of attention, from it* senerni ability, and the strong and steady light which it throws on the principles of bankiug aii4 ctttrency. # BANK OF ENGLAND. :!■!■ Aeemnt of tke Annn Amonnl of Billi and Notes discounted bv the Baak of Cnriand, h iwk T'/olic monryio her hands as capital, they have formed one of the main sources of th<> piutit she has derived from her transactions with the public. This suMect was brought *erj prominently forward in the Second Report of the Committee of the House of Commons on Public Expenditure in 1607. And it was agreed in the same year, that the Bank dioukl, in consideration of the advantages derived from the public balances, continue the loan of 3,000,000/. made to ffovomment in 1800 for 6 years, without interrat, on the same terms, till 6 mmiths after the signature of a definitive treaty of peace. In 1816, this swn was finnUy incorporated with the MH due by government to the Bank, at an interest of 3 per cent. In 1818, the public beJances had frllen to abotit 7,000,000/. ; and they have been still further reduced, in conee- q«ence of measures that were then adopted. They amounted, at an average of the 3 yean ending with 1831, to 4,157,670/:— (See Table XII.) A part of the public balances is formed of the dividends payable at the Bank, but ud- claimed. The balance arising from this source has sometimes amounted to above 1,000,OM; • These are the averages of the total, advances on the SOtb of February, and the 96th of AofaMi * See Table VI. for i BANK OF ENGLAND. M in 1808 Mi^ 161 It nnvngementa were made by which the balances growing oat of thb Auid have been much reduced. (7.) Managfitmt of Public Deli, — Previoualy to 1786, the Bank received an allowinoff on thn account— that is, for trouble in paying the dividends, superintending the transfer of iig(.|(^ Ac. of 562/. 10>. a million. In 1786, this allowance was reduced to AMI a million, iIk Bank, being, at the same time, entitled to a considerable allowance for her trouble in KcflTing contributions on loans, lotteries, dec. This, however, though long regarded as a Ten improvident arrangement on the part of the public, was acquiesced in all 1808, when the allowance on aoconnt of management was reduced to 340/. a million on 600,000,000iL of the public debt ; and to 300/. a million on all that it exceeded that sum, exclusive of tome separate allowances for annuities, 6cc. The impression, however, was sUU entertained, thit the allowances for management should bo ftirther reduced ; and Uie act 3 & 4 Will. 4. e. 98., for the renewal of the charter, has directed that 120,000/. a year shall be deducted from their amount During the year ended the 6th of April, 1832, the Bank received 251,461 A (or the management of the public debt, and annuities. Tliis item may therefore, be taken for the future at about 130,000/. a year.* — (Report on Bank Charter, Appeti, p. 35.) It should be observed, that the responsibility and expense incurred by the Bank in manag* ing the public debt are very great The temptation to the commission of fraud in trans* ferring stock from one individual to another, and in the payment of the dividends, is well known ; and notwithstanding the skilfully devised system of checks adopted by the Bank for hf prevention, she has frequently sustained very great losses by forgery and otherwise. In 1803, the Bank lost, through a fraud committed by one of her principal cashiers, Mr. Astlett, no less than 340,000/. ; and the forgeries of Fauntleroy the banker cost her a still larger sum! At an average of the 10 years ending with 1831, the Bank lost, through forgeries on the public funds, 40,204/. a year.f — {Report on Bank Charter, Appen. p. 165.) The total sum paid by the public to the Bank on account of ihe loans raised, Exchequer bills funded, transfer of 3^ per cent stock, &c. from 1793 to 18%0, both included, amounted to 426,795/. Is. llA— (Par/. Paper, No. 81. Scss. 1822.) (8.) Dead Weight, — Besides the transactions alluded to, the Bank entered, on the 20th of March, 1823, into an engagement with government with respect to the public pensions and annuities, or, as they have been more commonly termed, the dead weight. At the end of the war, the naval and military pensions, superannuated allowances, &,c. amounted to above 5,000,000/. a year. They would, of course, have been gradually lessened and ulti« mately extinguished by the death of the parties. Bat it was resolved, in 1822, to attempt to spread the burden equally over the whole period aiforty-Jive years, during which it was calculated the annuities would continue to decrease. 'Vo effect this purpose, it was supposed that, up^n government offering to pay 2,800,000/. a year for 45 years, capitalists would be found who would undertake to pay the entire annuities, according to a graduated scale pre- riously determined upon, making the first year a payment of 4,900,000/. aiid gradually decreasing the payments until the forty-fiflh and last year, when they were to amount to only 300,000/. This supposition was not, however, realised. No capitalists were found willing to enter into such distant engagements. But in 1823 the Bank agreed, oncondi* tion of receiving an annuity of 585,740/. for forty-four years, commencing on the 5th of April 1823, to pay, on account of the pensions, &c., at different siieciiied periods, between the years 1823 and 1828, both inclusive, the sum of 13,089,419/. — (4 Geo. 4. c. 22.) * See Table VI. for an account of the sums paid by the public to the Banic, for the management of the public debt during the year 1829. t we subjoin an abstract of the principal provisions in the late statute with respect to the forgery of bank notes, powers of attorney, ice. It is enacted, 1 Will. 4. c. 66., that if any person shall fori^e or alter, or shall offer, utter, dispose of, or put off, knowing the same to be forged or altered, any Exchequer bill or Exchequer debenture, or any endnrsentent on or assignation of any such bill or debenture, or any East India bond, or indorse* ment upon or assignation of the same, or any note or bill of the Bank or Ensland, or a bank post hill, or any indorsement on or assignment of any bank note, bunk bill of exchange, or bunk post bill, with intent to defraud any person whatsoever, be shall be guilty of felony, and shtiU upon conviction sutfer Jeath as a felon. — ) 3. Persons making false entries in the books of the Bank of England, or other books in which accounts )f public stocks or funds are kept, with intent to defraud, shall suffer death as felons.— $ S. Dv the same act, the forging of any transfer of any share of, or interest in, or dividend upon, any pnbiic stock, or of a power of attorney to transfer the same, or to receive dividends thereon, is made capital. If any person, falsely personating the owner of any share, interest, or dividend of any of Jie public fu^ds, thereby transfer such share, Ite., and receive tiie money due to the lawful owner, ho iball upon conviction suffer death as a felon.—} 6. And any person endeavonriiig by such false personation to procure the transfer of any share, in- " in< .... - - fears.— J ' ^rest, tc. in the pubiie funds, may, upon conviction, be transported beyond seas for life, or for any lerm not less than seven years, or be imprisoned for any term not more than four, nor less than two The forgery of the attestation to any power of attorney fbr the transfer of stock is to be punished ojr transportation for seven years, or by imprisonment for not more than two and not less than one year.—} 8. Clnrks or servants of the Bank of England knowingly making out or delivering any dividend war- rant for a greater or less amount than the pnrty in whose behalf such warrant is madfe out Is entitled to, iii:\y, upon conviction, bn transported lii>yond seas for tlie term of seven years, or imprisoned fo* not iMitrc- than two nor less thuii one year.— { 9. Vol. I— H ^1 ^'1 M BANK OF ENGLAND. (9.) Rate nfDUcaunt, — The Bank diioounted private bills at 6 p«rc«nt during n«n|i the whole i)eri(xl from her eHtabliHhmont (ill 1824, when the rate wan reduced to 4 percent In 1825, it was raised to 6 per cent.; but was again reduced to 4 per cent, in 1827, it which it continues. It may well be doubted, however, whether the rate of discount ought not to he more frequently varied, as occasion may require. When tlie currency bappeiu^ from any cause, to become redundant, ite contraction, always a matter of sumo difficulty, is to be effected only by the sale of bullion or public securities by the Bank, or by a diminn* tion of the usual discounts, or all. But were the Bank to tlirow any considerable amoant of public^curities upon the market, the circumstance would be apt to excite alarm; and even though it did not, it would be difficult to dispose of them without a heavy loai, Hence, when a reduction u determined upon, it is most commonly eflixted partly by i contraction of discounte ; and it is plain, that such contraction cannot be made except by rejecting altogether some of the bills sent in for discount, or, which is in effect the game thing, by shortening their dates, or by raising the rate of interest, so that fewer may be aent in. Of these methods, the last seems to be in every respect the moat expedient When bills are rejected fur no other reason than that the currency may be contracted, the grcatcA injury is done to individuals, who entertaining no doubt of getting their usual accommoda- tions from the Bank, may have entered into transactions which they are thus deprived of the means of completing. Were the reduction made by roixing the rate of interest, it would principally affect those who are best able to bt ur it ,- at the some time that its operation, instead of being, like the rejection of bills, arbitrary and capricious, would be uniform and impartial. It does, therefore, seem that the Bank should never throw out good bills that she may contract her issues; but that when she has resolved upon such a measure, xhe should, provided the contraction cannot be made by the sale of bullion and public securitiet, raise the rate of discount The Bank could not, however, act in the way now suggested, until the usury laws were modified ; but the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. cap. 98. has exempted all bills not having more than 3 months to run from their operation ; and it is to be hoped thit this serious inroad on these antiquated, unjust, and impolitic laws may be followed by theii totel repeal. The dividends on Bank stock, from the establishment of the Company to the present time, have been as follows : — Tnn. Dividend. Tean. Dividend. ]fiQ4 8 per cent. Michaelmas - 1732 H per cent. 1697 9 — Lndy-day - - 1747 8 - 1708^ Varied frnm 9 to Ditto ... - n-w n — 6k per cent. Michaelmas - 17M V - I^djr-dny - - 1730 6 — Ditto - - - - 1767 n - Miclmeluas - 1730 6t — Ditto ... . 1781 e — Lndy-dny - - 1731 « — I.ady-day - - 1788 7 — Michaelmas • 1731 5t — Ditto - - - - 1S07 10 — Lady-day - - 1738 6 — Ditto - - - • 1833 8 — Previously to 1759, the Bank of England issued no notes for less tlian 20A She began to issue 10/. notes in 1769 ; &/. notes in 1793 ; and IL and 2/. notes in March, 1797. Tha issue of the latter ceased in 1821. (10.) Interest on Deposits. — ^The Bank of England does not allow, either in London, ot at her branches, any interest on deposite ; but it would be exceedingly desirable if she could safely make some alteration in this respect The want of the power readily to invest small sums productively, and, at the same time, with perfect security, tends to weaken the motivci to save and accumulate. Nothing has contributed more to dilTuse a spirit of economy, and tk desire to save, amongst all classes of the population of Scotland, than the readiness with which deposits of small sums are received by banks of undoubted solidity in that part of the country, and the allowance of intereet upon them. — (See Banks (Scotch).) This advan- tage is in some degree, indeed, secured in England by the institution of savings banks. These, however, are but a very inadequate substitute. They are not open to all classes of depositors ; and of tboee to whom they aro open, no one can deposit more than 30/. in a year, and 150/. in all. — (See Bakkb (Satihob).) But it is desirable that every facility should be given to safe and profitable investnients. " Were the English banks, like this Scoteh banks, to receive deposite of 10/. and upwards, and allow interest upon them at about 1 per cent less than the market rate, they would confer an immense advantage up«>n the community, and open a source of profit to themselves. This is, in fact, a part of the proper business of a bank. A banker is a dealer in capital, an intermediate party between the Iwr* rower and the lender. He borrows of one party, and tends to another; and the difference between the terms at which he borrows and those at which he lends is the source of his profit. By this means, he draws into active operation those small sums of money which were pre> vioufily unproductive in the hands of private individuals, and at the same time furnishes accommodation to another class, who have occasion for additional capitel to carry on their ciMnmerctal tronimctiniiB.'' — (See Gilbart'a Practical ObservatUms on Banking, p. 52.) BANK OF ENGLAND. Tn further eoiroboration of what hni nnw been itited, it may be inuitioned that it was ritimated by a vory wclUiiiformed witiioai (Sir J. U. ('mig), bdfure the LorJit' Committee on iicotch and Iriili Bankin{(, in 1820, that the do|)Oiiit« in the Scotch banica, at that period, loiouated to about 34,000,000/., of which more than a half coniiited of auma from 10/. to 200/. ! 'i'hi' ia * moat aatinfactory proof of tho voat im|iiirtanco of tite nyitcm. Perhaps it ia not going too far to affirm, that but for the receiving of depoiita by the banlia, and the illowing of interest upon th^m, not one third of the auma under 800/., and not one half of dioM above it, would over have been accumulatMl. — (Si'o Dankh (Scotch).) We are not, however, able to aay whntlior the Danii of England could offer intereat on ileposiu without having ao large a aum forced upon her aa might endanger her atabiiity. And it were better that the ayatom ahould continue aa at preaent, than that any risk of thia Hit thould be incurred. Since 1886, the private deponit* in the hnndii of the Dank have nearly doubled. Tlirir increaM ia mainly aacribable to the pruueding panic, and tho loiut that wan then occasioned b; the failure of private bank*. Tbo composition paid by the Bank at the rate of 3,fi00/. per million, aa an equivalent for (he «tamp duty on her notes, amounts, at an average, to about 70,000/. a year. (II.) Method of conducting Buainua at the Bank,^S.\\ accounts kept at the Bank with individuals are termed drawina aeeountt i those with whom they are opened being entitled- to draw checks upon them, and to send the bills and drafts in their favour to be presented by the Bank, exactly as if they dealt with private bankers. There is no fixed sum with which M individual must open a drawing account ; nor ia there any fixed aura which the Bank requires him to keep at hia credit to indemnify them for their trouble in answering his drafts, &c Mr. Horaley Palmer gave in his evidence tho following statement as to tbo facilities granted by the Bank in drawing accounts aince 1835 :— l.The Bank receive divldrnds l>v power ornttnrnry fitr nil iierioiii hn vingdruwing accounts at tbeBank. j. Dividend warrnnts are received nl tin- llriiwinK-otlii'ti for ditto. 3. Exchequer bills and other lociiritlnn !irn received for ditto ( the bills exchanged, the interest re- ceived, and the nmount carried to their renimclive iiccoiinl*. 4. Cliedca may be drawn for 51. and upwardi, iniilHiid of 10<. as heretofore. 5. Caih boxes talcon in, contents nnlcnown, for anrh parlleM ns Icepp nccoiirits at the Bank. t. Bank notes are paid at the counter. Instead uf drawing tickets for them on the pay clerks aa heretofore. 7. Checks on city bankers paid in by three oVInck may bo drawn for between four and five; and Ihoae paid in before four will be received and pnimed to ncrouiit thii nainR evening. 8, Checks paid In after four arc sent out nt nine nVlock the following morning, received and passed 10 account, and may be drawn for aa soon an r«i:eivt>d. 0. Dividend warrants taken in at tho Urawiug-ofllco until Ave in the aflernoon, inatoud of three aa heretofore. 10. Credits paid into account are received without the Bank book, and are afterwards entered therein without the party claiming them. 11. BillH of exchange accepted payable at the Bank are paid with or without advice; heretofora with advice only. 13. Notes of country bankers payable In London nre sent out the same day for payment. 13. Checks are given out in buolu, and not in shoots as heretofore. A person having a drawing account may have a dineiiunt account i but no person can have the latter without, at the same time, having the former. When a discount account is o|iened, the signatures of the parties are entered in a book kept for the purpose, and powers of attorney are granted, empowering the persons named in them to act for their principals. No bill of exchange drawn in the country ia discounted by the Bank tn London under 20/,, nor London note under 100/., nor for a longer date, under existing regulations, than three months. 'llie number of holidays formerly kept at the B' .<'> has recently been reduced about a half, in the view, as stated by the directors, of preventing the interruption of business. There are no holidaya in the months of March, June, Septemlwr, and December, excepting Christ- mas ; Easter Monday and Tuesday are no longer kept We subjoin an ar«onnt of the days for transferring stock, and when the dividends are dua at the Bank, the South Sea House, and the Eaat India House :— Tratuf»r Daft at the Bank. Bank Rtock.— Tues. Thurs. and Frid. 3 per Cent. Red.— Tues. Wed. Thurs. and FrId. ajperCent. 1818.— Tues.Thurs.and Frid 3 per Cent. 1736.— Tues. and Thurs. 3 per Cent. Cons.— Tues. Wed. Thurs. and Frld. 3) per Cent. Red.— Tues. Wed. Thurs and Frld. Lonit Annuit. to Jan. I860.— Mond. Wed. and Bat. ^ 4 pur Cent. 1820.— Mond. Wed. and (.April S. Frid. " New 3^ per Cent. Annuit.— Tues. Wed Thura. and Frid. New .*> pi>r Cent. Annuit.— Tuos. Wed aud Frid. Dlvldendi due. April 5. 'Oct. 10. Ijan. 5. ;july S. April 9. '"Oct. 10. ^ "Oct. 10. .Jan. 5. ■July 3. } Divideiidi due. April S. Oct. m. Annuit. fhr Terms of Yean, ending 10th of Oct. ItUU, pursuant to 10 Geo, 4.— Tuea. Thurs. und 8nt. Annuit. (hr Terms of Years, ending 9th °) i-. . of Jan. ItltiO, purauant to 10 Ueo. 4.— S.j„, ' ?' Tues. Thurs. and Sat ' •• "" '* Life ilfe Amiiilt., If transferred between") • Jan. 9. and April 4., or between July 9. >i andOrt. 9. "^ V ■ fJuly I Jan. 9. July 9, Lifa Annuu.. if transferred between April 9. and Tuly 4., or between Oct 10. and Jan, 4, ^t the South 5m Houtt. . . SI per Cents.— Mond. Wed. and Frld. \ j'Jy J S per Com. Old Annuit.— Mond. Wed. t April li and Frld. ; ^ I April 5. Oct. 10. ! Oct. 10 I'm BANK OP ENGLAND. TVaiiJiA' Ddf* •' f A* 8ontk AM JftM*. Ol*] I |H>rCent. New Annull.— Tnti. Thiir*.') •.. . nnd Hilt «■!•• ?• S per (tent. ITSI.-Tuw. and Thuri. JJuly I India Rtnck.— Tiiei. Tbura. and Sal. Infnrotl on India Rondi, du« \ July. JMur.ll, for preparlni Iraniflr nf ilnrk muil hn (Wen In nl enrh nfllce ttefhre nnit o'clock : ai iiu t hoiiiK nefDrn two o'clock. Prlvati! trnnef< » Ihe 8oiitli 8eA lloilia, 3«. IW. ' " Trniiifer at tliu Hnnk mint be mnde by hnlf-patt two o'clock t at the India Ilnnie, by threa i utk. Bonlh fl<>n Ilouin by two : nn 8atnrdny, hy one. ^ Expenie oftranfrer In Uank fltock, for 'ml. and undar, 9$, i aliovc that anm, IS». IndlnHtnck.rur 10/. - U. 10*. - • U. U». ' I South ilea Block, If under inO(. ■ 0«. M. • - \1t. Powers nf Hitorney fhr the inln or trannrKr of *lock to he left nt the Hunk, ht. forexnnilnallra, m* day hefiire they can be acted upon i If for receiving dlvldendi, preaant them at the tline the Drit diri. denil i« imyable. The et|>ani)« of a power of attorney la W. \i. M. fbr each atnekibut (hr llnnk, India, and flniuliNu •tock, U. lU. (W. IfwiiMlud for the nuniediiy, hnlf pnit twelve o'clnek is the Inteit time Ibr rectlvlM orders. The bo.tea fiir receiving imwers nf attorney for snia close nt two. I'nibates of wills, letters of adiiilnlstrntlon, and other proofs of deccnse, must b« left nt the Danii, Jtc. for registrntion, from two or thren I'lenr dnyt, exclusive nf holldnys. Htock cannot be ndded to nny nceimiit (whellicr sindv or Joint) in which the decease nf the IihH. viduai, nrone or more of a Joint imriy. hns taken place innd the decease to be proved as inuii at Itrncticable. Powers nf attorney, in cuse of tliu death of n parly or pnrtles (ranting II, liecoiiip vi,|,| Tlie unaltered possession of SWM. or upwards Bank Stock, fur six months clear, fives the pronrintai ft vote. (12.) Branch Banks of the Bank of England. — ^Thfr Bank of Englatid, aa alivady observed, hoa within these few year* catabliahml branch banks nt several of tlie moat coo, siderable towns thronghout the countiy. Ths mode and terms of conducting busincH i| these eatablishmenlH have been dcwribed as follows :— "The branch bank (of Swansea, and the same is true of those established in other plana) ia to be a secure place of deposit for pcraona having occasion to make use of a bonk for that purpose ; such persons are said to have drawing aeeountu : to facilitate to the mercanlili and trading classes the obtaining discounts of good and unexceptionable hills, founded upon real transactions, two approved namca being required u]X)n every bill or note discouottd; these are called diaeofinl aecottnts. The application of parties who desire to open discouoi accounts at the branch are forwardcti every Saturday to the parent establishment for ip. proval, and an answer is generally received in about ten days. When approved, good bilh may be discounted at the branch without reference to London. Billa payable at Swantca^ Tiondon, or any other place where a branch is cHtabliDlied, are discounted under this regula. don. The dividends on any of the public funds, which are payable at the Bank of Eng^ land, may be received at the branch, by persons who have opened * drawing accounts,' after signing powers of attorney for that purpose, which the branch will procure from London, No ch.irge ia made in this case, except the expense of the power of otturncy and the postage^ Purchases and sales of every description of government securities arc eflected by the branch at a charge of | per cent, which includes brokerage in London, and all expenses of post- age, &c. A charge of J per cent is also made on paying at the Bank of England, bilb accepted by persons having drawing accounts at Swansea, such bills to be advioed by the branch ; also for granting letters of credit on London, or on the other branches. The branch grants bills on liondon, payable at 21 days' date, without acceptance, for sums of 10/. and upwards. Persons having drawing accounts at Swansea may order money to be paid at the Bank in London to their credit at this place, and vice versA, without expense. Tht branch may Iw called upon to change any notes issued and dafed at Swansea ; but thoy do not change the notes of the Bank in London, nor receive them in payment, unless as a mat- ter of courtesy where the parties are known. Bank post billa, which arc accepted and due, are received at the branch from parties having drawing accounts, and taken to account with* out any charge for postage; but unaccepted Bank post bills, which must be sent to London, are subject to the charge of postage, and taken to account when due. No interest is allowed on deposits. No advance is made by the branch upon any description of landed or other property, nor is any account allowed to be overdrawn. 'The notes are the same as those issued by the parent establishment, except Iwing dated Swansea, and made payable there and in Londoiu No note issued exceeds the sum of 500/. and none are for a less amoum than 6/." (13.) Act for the Renewal of the Charter. — We subjoin a full abstract of the act 3 &4 Will. 4. c 98., continuing the charter, and regulating the exclusive privileges of the Bank of England. The first section, nfter referring to the acts 39 fc 40 Cleo. S. e. W., nad the 7 Sen. 4. e. 40., goes on te declare that it is expedient thnt certain exclusive privileges nf banking be continued to tlie Governor and Company of the Uank of England, for tlie period, and upon tlie terms and conditions hereinafter mentioned. — i I. A'li Bunkinf Company af mor» (Ann 6 Ptrioni taitiut Jfotta payable on Demand within f.ondnn, «rH Miles lliereiif. — That during tlie continuance of tlie snid privilege, no tioiiy politic or cnrfiornle, and no society or coin|Hin>r, nr persons united or to Iir united In cnvennntii or pnrtnerAliips, exceeding ( purxoiis sliuil iiiuke ur isauu in Luncloii, ur iviliiiiiOS miius thereof, any bill of excliungo or proniisaury BANK OF ENGLAND. 10 Mti or •RMCMMal ht iIm p«nMit of montjr on demand, or niton wMeti nnr ptnim koMIni llw Zn* Mr iwMl" r vnxnt on d«n»ad i provldad ■Iwiijri, llutt nothlnf hanin or In the mM net oTlb* TOM it. It- com a.ncd ibnll b« eaminivd to pravant nnjr body pollile or eorpomtc, or any aoeiaty or LiHMaT. or Incorporated eonpany or eorporalloD,or eo-partnanblp, earrylni on and tranaaelinf bank* taf kuilMee at any (reatar dialance than OS mllna nam London, and not hHTlng nnr bouae of baaU Ml or aauMlabnwnt aa bankera In London, or within 69 mllea thereof, (eicepi aa hereinafter men* iiARiil ) to make and laaiie their bllla and nntoa, payable on demand or oihnrwiae, at the pinee at —'•'-'- ite MM iball ke laauad, belnf more than M mllea flrom London, and alao In London, and to hi Ik* MM whhsh have an utni or ifent* In London, or at any other place at which auch bllla or nolea ahall be Made payable, «» ikt DiiriHM of payment only, but no aiieb bill or note ahall be (br any aum leaa than N., or be „!|Mtt«a la London![or within Si mllea thereof.-) 1 (7«aMar the aald Governor and Company, or any coiiiniittea, agent, caahler, ofllcer, or eervant of iha lame, to laaue at any place out of London, any promiaiory note payable on demand not made Mmble at the plate where the aame aball be toaued, any thing In the aald act 7 Goo. 4. o. 40. to tha emiirary iNHwithatanding.— f 4. EwJmIv* PrivUoret le tnd ape* One Ttnr'o Jfotieo at tki $nd of 10 Ttart after Jliifuit, 1834.— Upon oar year'i notice given within S monttae after the expiration of 10 yeara horn the let of Auguat, \SH, ind upon repayment by parliament to the aaid Governor and Company, or their auecei8ora,of all priii- eiMi money, Intereat, or annultiea which may be due from the public to the aald Governor and Com- mny at the time of the expiration of auch notice, aa la hereinafter atlpuUtod and provided In the •rent ofiueb notice being deferred until after the let of Auguat, 1839, the exeluilve privllegeaof lmnk« Ini (ranted bythieaet ahnll ceaae and determine at the expiration of auch yeiir'a notice; and any rote or leaolution of the Houae of Cummona, aignlfled by the Speaker of the eaid houao in writing, I nd delivered at the public ofllca of the aald Governor and Company, or their aueooaaora, ahall ba dieined and adjudged to be a aufllelent notice.— ) 9. sink JVbiu ta te a UfiU T»nder, aseipl at Ik* Sank and Brantk Bankt.—Vrom and after the let of Au« (lilt, 1834, unleaa and until parliament almll otherwlae direct, a tender uf a note or notca of the Go. vernnr and Company of the Bank of England, expreiied to be payable to l)oarcr on demand, ahull ba I i«fal tender, to the amount expreaaed In auch note or notea, and ahull be taken to be valid aa a ten- der to lueh amount liir all auma above 9<. on all occoaiona on which any tender of money may i>o Itnlly made, ao long aa the Bank of England ahall continue to pay on demand their anid notea In legal coin I provided alwaya, that no auch note or notea ihall be deemed a legal tender of payment by tha Oorernor and Company of the Bank of England, or any brnncli bank of the aald Governor and Com- pnny; but the aald Governor and Company are not to become liable or be required to pay and aatiity It iny branch bank of the aaid Governor and Company, any note or notea of thi> aald Governor and Company, not made apecially payable at auch branch bank ; out the aald Governor and Compony ahnll be liable to pay and aatiafy at the Bank of England in London all notea of the aald Governor and Oompnny, or of any branch thereof.—) 0. giUf not katin^r aiera tkan 3 JIfeiitAa to run, notiubjut to Utury £aw«.— No bill of exchange or pro- mlMory note made payable at or within 3 montha a^er the dale thereof, or not having more than 3 mnnthi to run, ahall, by reaion of any Intereat takbii thereon or lecnred thereby, or any agreement to pay or receive or allow intereat In diacounting, negotiating or tranaferrlng the anine, be void, nor ihali the liability of any party to any bill of exchange or promlaaory note be affected by reuionof any ititute or law In fbrce for the prevention of uaury ; nor ahall any person or perHona drawing, acccpt- init. indoriing, or algnlng any auch bill or note, or lending or advancing any money, or taking moro tbin the preaent rate of legal Intereat in Great Britain and Ireland reapectively fbr the loan of money on any auch bill or note, be aubject to any penaltlea under any atatute or law relating to uaury, or any othar penalty or forf^itare; any thing in any law or atatute relating to uaury In any part of the United Kingdom to the contrary notwithatanaing.— ) 7. Aunnt* of BnUion and of Jfottt in Cirtuluion to ki itnt witkly to tkt Ckanetllor oftkt Ezckequir. — An account of the amount of bullion and aecnritiei in the Bank of England belonging to the enid Oorernor and Company, and of notea in oirculatlon, and of depoatta in the aald bank, ahall be trana- nilled weekly to the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the time being, and auch occounta ahall be con- lolidated at the end of every month, and an average atate of the Bank accounta of the preceding 3 nnnihi, made from auch conaolidated accounta aa aforeaald, ahull be published every month in the Beitsueceeding London Gazette.— )8. PMk to pav tk* Bank i PaH of 14,080,8001.— One fourth part of the debt of 14,08e,800{., now due from the public to the Governor and Company of tha Bank of England, ahall, and may be repaid to tha Mid Governor and Company.—) 9. Carital Stock of tk» Bank mat ki redaead.— A general court of proprietors of the aaid Governor and Company nf the Bank of Enghind ahull be held aome time between the puaelng of this act and the 5ih of October, 1834, to determine upon the propriety of dividing and appropriating the aum of 3,03S,tUO/. out of or by meuna ol' the aum to be repaid to the said Governor and Company as before mentioned, nrnut of or by means of the fUnd to be provided for that purpose amongst the several persons, bodies politic or corporate, who may be proprietors of the capital stock of the said Governor and Company on the anid 5th of October, 1834, and upon the manner and the time for making auch division and ap- propriation, not inconsistent with the provisions for that purpose herein contained ; and in case such general court, or any adjourned general court, shall determine that It will he pro|>er to muke such di- vision, then, liut not otherwiie, the capital stock of the said Governor and Company shall be, and thn dime ia hernhy declared to be reduced from the sum nf 14,553,0001., of which the same now conaiste, to ths s;im i)f 10,914,7.')0/., nmkinir n reduction or ilifTiirenre of .lifiSS.ISO/. capital stork, and auch ro duction sliall take place from and after the 5th of October, 1831; and thereupon, out of or by nieaiia u 2 18 00 BANK OF ENGLAND. ofllM iiimlob* rapalil loth* inM OoTornor and Company ■■ hiirrln-b«f(irffin«ntlniic(t,nrniit nrofhi Mitant ofllM ftind to b« prnrldiid tnt that purpi<*«>, the tuin nr:i,A3H,%WI. •lorllnr, or mirh pruimnioi 9t Iba aald fund an ihall raproaant the anma, ahnll b« apprnprialad and dlvldi*if anioniral ihit •i<««nl paraona, boillna ptdltk or curporato, who may Ni prnprlrlnra nf tha aald rum of M,U3,tNN)/. llmik M«ck nn Iba aald Sth of October, INSI, at the rate of tu. aterlinf Air avary lOW. or Hank alock which iihiJ paraona, bodlea politic «tid rorimrate, may then ba proprletora of, or ahall have atnmtlnir In iii«ir raapacllve namea In the btmka kept by the aald Oovernor and Oomptny Air Ihr entry and iranafrt of ancn atock, and no In proportion iiir a (renter or leaaer ailin,— ) 10. OMtmor, DefHlu, or IHnctori nitt lit b* dU3t, tg iitio ■ * V, n -A Return of nrrtfd with the Pub Yeir, from ITOI to 11 Bank to d$diul XVifiOOl. frtm Sum allowtdfor MuHugimiiU at Jfuliunml /)«tf.— From and after tli« il of Auf uit, 1831, the aald Governor and Company, in conildernlion of the privllegna of exrliidn banking given by Ihia act, ahall, during the continuance of lucb privllegei, but no longer, deduct turn the auma now pavable to them, for the chargea of management of the public nnrCdeumed di^bt, tin annual aum of 130,000/., any thing in any act or acta of parliament or agrerment to the cnnliiiry not. withatnnding : provided alwaya, that auch deduction ihnll In no r'»|*ect prejudice or affi^ct Hit? ritlit nf the anId Governor and Compnny to be paid for the nianagnment of the public debt at the rate and according to Iha lerma provided by the act 46 Geo. 3. e. 4., intituled " An act to autborlae the advinc- lug for tna public Service, u|ion certain Condlllonr, ■ Proportion of the Balance remaining In ibt Rank of England for Payment of unclaimed Ulvldeuda, Annultiea, and Lottery Prixei, and fur legii* lating the Allowunrea to b« mada for the management of the National Debt." — ) 13. i>rat)itll«M. CMlkllnM. I7W • - 1 1800 •. 1 1810 ■ . nil. 1S9I ■ - "»• |7»l - - nil. INOt • . nil. 1811 • . S i7« . . a INOS . . 1 1819 . . nil. |N!» . . 1 ru) IMO . . 1 18IJ . . a 1833 • ■ nil. ITM ' • • ntt. 1N(M . • 1 18l« ■ . 1 1HM . . 1 I7W 1N09 . . 1 1815 . . nil. 1H3S-| 1716 . . 3 IWM ■ . nil. 1818 . . 9 |hJ7 ■ - - "'•• 1797 - - nil. l^i07 . . J 1817 . . 3 \im . - 3 IMM - . nil. 1819 f - - ""• INW 17W - - nil. ittoo . . 1 IHW . . 1 Tht Bank of Enrland d oai ni>( |Ni«iflia ih«< mnana of atatlng or dlatlngulahlng tha punlihiuanta In- llcted for the lald erlutaa — (SOthof Mar, 1890.) No. III.— Aecounl of Ihn Debit and Aaaeti (excluitva of tha Bank Capital) of lh« Bank of Knglnndi (ihlMtlnr, on the on« hand, the Amniint nf Bank Notei, pimt Bllii, tec. In CIrriilattnn, and nf tha piiMic and private Depoilii In tli« Hand* of thn Bank; nod, on IhH nthar, the Amount of ih« virlniii public and prlvato Hecurltl««, and of thu Bullion huld by the Bunk, on tha 3lit nf AuKud, in MCh Year, flrom 1778 to 1H31 Incluilva.— (From the Jlpp*Hdii, JVo. 9. «/ Htfort en Bupk CAarttr.) II Aufuti, 1778. Circulation • Dtpotlta SI Aniuit, 1770. CIrealatlon - Dtpoiita II Aaiuit, 1780. Cireukitlon • Deixulta SI Aufiut, 1781. ClfCttlitton - Depoiiti SI Auitutt, 1789. CIrcttlalion • PepoiIti 30AupMt,1783. Circulation - Depoiita SI Auituat, 1784. Circulatton - Depoiita 31 Aoguit, 1789. CiKnIatton • Depoiita 31 Augait, 1780. Circulation - Depoiiti • £ 0,798,070 4,719,900 11,473,050 7,970,940 6,901,040 13,477,980 0,341,600 0,899,800 13,997,400 0,300,430 9, l,0H7,937 j 7,109,649 ■) 3,390.101 ; 6.740,.'»14') 3,609,0305 6,600,497 ) 4.901,093} e,967,.'S7n7 4,496,917 5 3,318,6793 I ' 7,088,341 1 3,300,9395 £ 0,697,970 3,138,430 19,796,300 9,849,840 8,963,300 13,833,140 10,343,940 4.179,370 14,994,910 11,110,910 3,863,990 I3,V73,IOO 13,483,700 1,096,990 1S440,340 13,841,800 990,060 14,431,880 13,934,380 1,939,830 14,064,910 9,944,970 9,487,040 19,431,610 10,378,780 0,311,090 16,069,830 'I I ! I 02 BANK OF ENGLAND. Anoant of Notei in Chcttlrtlon, »iid PepottU, md Sacnrlttoi heM hj the Banlt— tiitfaMf. 31 Aufoat, 1787, CireuUtion • DeposUa 10 Angiut, nS8. Clreolalioii • DepoaiU 81 Augwt, 1780. Clreulation - DeposUa 31 Auguit, 1790. Circulation - Deposits • 31 Aagust, 1791. Circulation - Deposit* 31 Aagust, 1793. Circulation • Deposits 31 August, 1793. Circulation • Deposlti • 90 August, 1791. Circulation • Deposits • 31 August, 1799. Circulation • Deposits • 31 August, 1790. Circulation • Deposits • " 31 August. 1797. Circulation • Deposits • • 31 Anfust, 1798. Circulation • Deposit* • 31 August, 1790. Circulation - Deposit! £ 9.665,790 19,317,980 10,003,880 0,918,640 19,931,530 11,131,800 6,403,460 17,934,950 11,433,340 0,190,900 17,639,540 11,673,390 6,437,730 18,110,030 11,006,300 5,596,480 16,539,780 10,865,050 6,443,810 17,307,860 10,386,780 9.935,710 16,993,490 10,803.900 8.194,960 19.017.180 g.946.790 6.656.390 15.903.110 11.114.130 7.765.350 18.870,470 18,180,610 6,300,790 80,481,330 13,380.490 7,649,940 81,031,730 31 August. 1787. Becurities - {l^^]^^ I Bullion ... £ 6.060.303) 8,787,3575 Rest, 8,889,4001. Securities BuUloB 80 August, 1788. C Public " (Private - 8,840/166) 8,730,898 5 Seat, 8,937,9001. Beenrlties Bullion 81 August, 1789. C Public " (.Private - 8.661.899 ) 8,035,001 / ... Best, 8,819,370{. 31 Auguit, 1790. securities - {?,t'^, ; Bullion ... 10,047,8571 1,056,963 1 Rest, 3,757,310{. Securities Bullioi\ 31 August, 1791. S Public • t Private - 10,981,3001 1,896,6405 Rest, 8,769,4001. Securities . Bullion 31 August, 1793. r Public " \ Private 10,719.041 1 3,190,8695 Rest, 3,730,910{. Securities Bullion 31 August, 1793. 5 Public " 1 Private . .. . Rest, 3,893,8301. 30 August, 1794. securities - [l'^]^,^ ; Bullion ... . . - Rest, 8,994,0801. 31 August, 1795. r PubUc ' \ Private Securities Bullion 10,381,838? 4,497,8435 6,863,048 ) 3,983,419 1 13,830,904') 3,739,0165 . Rest, 3,100,0901. 31 August, 1790. ( Public ( Private Securities Bullion • • - Rest, 3,943,3101, Becurities Bullion 31 Auguit, 1797. 5 Public ■ 1 Private i M- 10,675,347) 6.J.V>,1935 8,769,894) 9,495,0465 Rest, 3,471,3901. Securities Bullion 81 August, 1798. C Public * (Privau 10,930,038) 6,419,6035 Rest, 3,414,4101. 31 Auguit, 1799. C Public ( Private Sectiritiei Bullion . - - Reit, 9,899,490i. 0.499,959) 7.477,485 5 11,970.39) 6,8«g;]«o 18,469.480 n,697,7M 8,«49,8M 90,343,«a) 13,003,990 8,38«,3J0 90,389,890 19,81»,»tO 8,055,910 90,875,490 13,905,010 9,357,380 19,963,iW 14,800,680 9.322,010 90,131.690 13,440,460 6,770,110 19.916,9-0 16,989,020 5,136,390 i,2;0 17,025,470 9,1S9,«90 19,148,430 18,361,170 4,089,620 92,350,700 17,349,640 6,546,100 "23,895,740 16.930,440 7,000,780 93,O31,!£!0 "»Augurt,l OreubUoB PepudU llAii(Ufl, dreulation Dtpodtt SIAnfiut, Circulation Pepoiiti tl Anpiit, Circulation Pcpoiita 31 Aufniit, Circulation Depotitt }1 Angun, Circulation Dcpotiti n Aaintt, Circulation Depoiitf SI Angmt, Circulation DtpoiiU SlAagnit, CiMuIation Depofiti SI Angmt, CireuUtion D«poaiU 81 Aofiift, Clrenlation DepotlU SI Angvat, Circulation Dtpoiiti SI Angnat, Circulation Dtptatta BANK OF ENGLAND. I In Circulation, and Depoaiti, and Bacuritiea held by the Bvok—tondmud. 1S01. 1803. 1803. 1804. 1805. 1808. 1807. 1808. 1800. 1810. [811. :8». £ 19,047,180 8,335,000 93,383,340 14,590,110 8,133,830 33,089,040 17,097,030 0,730,140 30,836.770 15,863,330 0,817,340 35,800,570 17,153,890 0,715,530 30,809,490 10,388,400 14,048,060 Bacuritiei Bullion SO Aumut, 1800. ( Public , ( Privat* . 13,566,590 8, 1,566,5907 1.551,6805 Seeuritlei Bullioii Beat, 3,g00,030{. 31 Auguat, 1801. C Public t Private . 11,938,8737 10.983^697 3 30,436,480 31,037,470 9,036,330 30,063,800 19.078.360 11,789,300 31,407,500 17.111,300 13,013,510 30,133,800 19,574,180 13.357.180 31.831.300 34,793,090 13,617,590 38,411,510 93,380,890 11,075,660 34,363,510 33,036,880 11,846.910 - ■ • Rett, 3,854,800{. 81 Auruat, 1801. ■•wnrltiM C Public . 13,638,590) Seeurltiei - |p,,y,„ . 13.664,761 1 Bullion ..... ... Beat, 4,108.370{. 81 Auguat. 1803. Securittea . 5 Public . 13,330,179 1 Hecurltlea - ^ Private - 13,583,661/ Bullion ..... Beat, 4,710,7701. . 31 Aniuat, 1804. f Public " X Private Seeuritlea Bullion - - - Beat, 4,830,4501. s«.«; 31 August, 18(0. 14,093,3051 10,833,985/ Beeurltiea Bullion f Public \ Private Beat, 4,960,8701. 31 Auguat, 1806. Socuritiea Bullion ( Public \ Private 11,413,366') 16,350.564/ 14.167,7737 15.305.3385 Beat, 5,034.3301. 31 Auguat, 1807. BeeuritiM Bullion /Public I Private Beat, 4,053.7401. 81 Auguat. 1808. Seeuritlea Bullion / Public l Private - Beat. 5,130.3301. 31 Auguat. 1800. Seeuritiei Bullion ( Public ) Private - • . Beat, S,S56,S90t. 31 Auguat, 1810. fl«inritle. . {J»!Ji;, : Bullion ... 14,056,3947 14.S»,6903 r ,• 15.307.6737 18.13r,5975 17,198,6777 33,773,0935 ... Beat, 5,754,110i. 31 Auguat, 1811. Securitle. . {?,tij. I Bniiion ... • Beat. 5,964,0701. 31 Auguat, 1819. Securltiai Bullion C Public (Private 91,884,3487 15,199,0335 31,165,1907 17,010^9305 Beat, 0,300,6001. £ 93,138,430 5,190,490 37,386,870 33,909,570 4,335,360 96,514,830 97,113,360 3,891,780 31,005.1''iO 36.018.840 3,593.500 30.511,340 85.836.680 5.679.190 31.705,870 37,773,850 7,634,500 35,397,350 90,473.100 0.915.030 35,666,130 13.410,055) •oosMioiiA 16,536;895j ».•».«»• 0,484,890 36.491.300 90.344,000 6.015,940 35,360,030 33,435,370 3,663,480 37,087,750 40,973,770 3,191,850 44,165,690 37,083,380 8,343,300 40,396,560 38,176,190 3,099,370 41,375,300 94 A nw BANK OP ENGLAND. Amonnt of Notei In Cireulntton, and Pe poitti, and SecurUieiheldby the Bank— eowrtmni;. 31 August, 1813. Circulation • Depoiiti 31 August, 1S14. Circulation • DepoilU 31 August, 1815. Circulation • Deposit! 31 August, 1810. Circulation - Deposits 30 August, 1817. Circulation - Depouita • 31 August, 1818. Circulation - Deposits 31 August, 1819. Circulation • Deposit! 31 August, 1820. Circulation - Deposit! 31 August, 1821. Circulation • Deposits 31 August, 1823. drcnlation • • Depoiiti 30 August, 1823. Circulation • Deposits > I 31 August, 1831. Circulation • Deposit! 31 August, 182S. Circulation - Depoaiti £ 24,828,130 11,159,730 35,987,850 38,368,200 14,840,940 43,218,230 37,348,670 12,696,000 39,944,670 26,758,720 11,856,380 38.«15,100 29,543,780 9,084,590 38,638,370 26,303,150 7,937,730 34,139,880 35,353,690 6,304,160 31,556,850 34,399,340 4,430,910 38,720,350 30,395,300 5,818,450 36,113,750 17,464,700 6,399,440 33,864,230 19,231,340 7,837,350 27,056,590 30,133,130 9,679,810 29,811,930 10,306,840 6,410,560 "isisoMoo" £ 35,591,336 ) 14,514,744 i 34,989,485 >, 13,303,475 y' :* ( 31 August, 1813. Securitiei - [l'}^^^ ', Bullion ... . - . Rest, e,830,500{. 31 August, 1614. aecuritiei - {?»,';!i«, I Bullion ... . . • Rest, 7,325,4101. 31 Aug securniei . ^pjiyate - 20,660,094/ Bullion ..... ... Rest, 8,318,5501. 31 August, ISIO. Securitiei . J '*"''""' " S8.W7.43U Hecurmei . ^p,iva,e . ii,i82,109J Bullion . . . ... Rest, 6,227,220;. ^^^ 30 Aucust, 1817. Securities - ^ P"!"'** - 27.006,238 > Hecurltlei - ^p,jva,g , 5,507,392/ Bullion ..... ... Rest, 5,645,5301. 31 August, 1818. Securities - SVm\b - 97,857,013 \ securmei - ^p,iva,e . 5,113,748/ Bullion . - • - , ... Rest, 4,604,0101. 31 August, 1819. Securltiai - {^,^1^^ ; Bullion . - - Rest, 3,779,0601. ^^ J 31 August, 1830. Seenritiea J Public . 19,173.997 > Securities . \y^^^^^ , 4;672,123 5 Bullion ..... • - - Rest, 3,336,950/. ' I 31 August, 1821. Sseurities . / PoWio - 15,759,953) securities |p,ivate . 9,722,587 5 Bullion ..... . . - Rest, 3,595,380!. 31 August, 1823. Serntitlea . J Public - 13,660,359 > seeotlties . { p^jy^te - 3l622;i5l5 Bullion - . - ._ai - - - Rest, 3,534,2401. " ' 30 August, 1823. Securities . 5 Public - 11,842,677 7 securities . ^p^iv^,, . 5,624,6935 Bullion ..... - - - Rest, 3,067,0201. '<'• j 31 August, 1824. Beeuritiea . /Public . 14,649,1871 oeeunties - \^^^^^ . 0,355,343/ Bullion - . . . . - - - Rest, 2,S80,08W. ^^_^ 31 August, 1833. Securities . J Public . 17,414,5867 Becuruies . ^p^jy^t, _ 7,091,4645 Bullion . - . . ' . • • - Rest, S,930,950i. 5,419,148 > 6,331,403/ £ Seenritiea - |p,|ya,o . a'finloni Bullion ..... • - • Rest, 2,630,6301. 31 Aueust, 1831. iX4>^nri«io. j Pulilic - 13,056,552 ■) Securitiea - {f.^y^^^ . 6:818;478; Bullion ..... - - . Rest, 2,738,8501. ,j9Sff» £ 35,083,030 0,754,230 31,837,860 33,199,390 10,463,770 33,663,090 23,905,930 10,408,880 34,404,410 34,661,810 6,795,530 31,457,340 24,565,690 11,150,480 35,716,170 23,905,030 6,439,760 30,344,790 (Account of the Issues, Securities, and Bullion, of the Banit of England, as published in the Gazette, from the Commencement of the Publication to the Present Time; distinguishing Gold firom Silver. Bullion. 1 Aranp is the QtUTto* endinf ClieaUUua. Dqwtilh grcsrilia. flold. Silfsr. £ £ £ £ £ MJnly, 1834 . 19,110,000 15,675,000 28,.503,000 8,147,000 451,000 46 August, — . 10,147,000 15,384,000 28,679,000 7,930,000 342,000 33 September — 19,136,000 14,7.54,000 28,691,000 7,460,000 235,000 21 October, — . 18,914,000 13,514,000 27,840,000 6,951,000 172,000 18 November, — - 18,694,000 12,669,000 27,1.18,000 6,589,000 192,000 16 December, — . 18,304,000 12,256,000 96,362,000 6,490,000 321,000 13 Jiinuary, 1835 . 18,013,000 12,58.5,000 26,300,000 6,489,000 252,000 ID February, — 18,099,000 12,535,000 26,482,000 6,431,000 269,000 10 March, — 18,311,000 12,281,000 20,057,000 6,274,000 269,000 7 April, — . 18,591,000 11,289.000 26,298,000 6,064,000 965,000 5 Mny, — . 18.542,000 10,726,000 2.5,764,000 5,928,000 269,000 S Juno, — 18,460.000 10,.568,000 25,562.000 9,875,000 275,000 30 June, — 18,315,000 10,954,000 25,678,000 6,935,000 284,000 2SJuly, — - 18,339,000 11,561,000 96,944,000 5,995,000 288,000 2,1 August, — - 18,340,000 13,.<)0S,000 20,964,000 6,039,000 287,000 K September, — . 18,240,000 13,2.-!0,000 97,888,000 6,987,000 974,000 20 October, — - 17.930,000 14,997.000 28,661,000 6,918,000 968,000 17 November, .- 17,519.000 16,180,000 30,069,000 5,998,000 307,000 15 December, — 17,321,000 17,729,000 31,048,000 6,257,000 369,000 12 January, 1830 - 17,309,000 19,169,000 31,954,000 6,625,000 461,000 9 February, — 17,497,000 18,366,000 31,022.000 6,957,000 514,000 8 March, - - 17,739,000 16,966,000 20,806.000 7,153,000 548,000 5 April, — . 18,063,000 14,751,000 27,927,000 7,939,000 562,000 3 May, - . 18,154,000 13,747,000 97,049,000 7,914,000 668,000 31 May, — - 18,051,000 13,373,000 96,534,000 7,088,000 675,000 28 June, — . 17,899,000 13,810,000 97,153.000 6,784,000 678,000 28 July, — 17,940,000 14,495,000 98,315,000 6,351,000 675,000 23 August, — . 18,001,000 14,796,000 99,345,000 6,766,000 5,211 ,#0 659,000 20 September, — . 18,147,000 14,118,000 99,406,000 608,000 18 October, — - 17,936,000 I3,!»4,000 98,846,000 4,810,000 447,000 15 November, — . 17,543,000 19,682,000 28,134,000 4,558,000 37.5,000 13 December, — . 17,361,000 13,330,000 98,971,000 4,54 5,000 • KUtiJ il.-!M. an,.) ^ BANK OF ENGLAND. No. IV.— An Reeonnt of tbe ATerage Market Price of Bullion in tacit YMf, flrom 1800 to IR*) fa^^ A-om oitelal Document*), of tlie Averafe Value per Cent, of the Currency, eitlmated by tlie Mu ket Price of Gold for the lame Period, and of tbe Average Depreciation per Cent. Twn. ATmnPriMoT GoMiMria. Arnifi ptr C«iil odba Value of OMCunvacy. Amn|*Dmra- dtUoTinrdMiL Imn. UoUpWM A««rM* jw C»i. oftlwValmiif llw Cmraocr. £$. i. £ t. d. £ : 4. £l. i. £ $. d. £ f. li 1800 S 17 10k 100 Nil. 1811 4 4 93 3 3 7 le lo' 1801 4 S 91 13 4 8 7 8 1813 4 19 79 9 1 80 14 9 1803 4 4 93 14 3 7 6 10 1813 5 1 77 3 33 18 1803 4 97 10 3 13 3 1814 S 4 74 17 39 3 « 1804 4 97 10 8 13 3 1819 4 IS • 83 9 9 10 14 1 1809 4 97 10 3 IS 3 1810 4 13 83 9 10 14 S 1800 4 97 10 3 13 3 1817 4 97 10 3 13 1 1807 4 07 10 3 13 3 1818 4 97 10 3 13 1 1808 4 07 10 3 13 3 1819 4 1 99 11 4 9 1809 4 97 10 3 13 3 1830 3 19 11 07 8 3 13 1810 4 10 80 10 13 9 1831 8 17 10} 100 Nil. No. v.— An Account of the total Amount of Outstanding Demand! on the Bnnk of England, ant likewise the Funds fbr discharging the samei SOih January, 1819. Db. The Bank, To Bank Notes out • To other debts ; viz. Drawing accounts Audit roll ... Exchequer bills deposited And various other debts Balance of surplus in ftivour of the Bank of England, exclu- sive of the debt tram govern- ment, at 31. per cent. £11,680,800 And the advance to govern- ment, per 90 Geo. 3. cap. 90. at SI. per cent. £ •1,094,430 I 7,800,190 38,891,980 - 5,303,330 £30,090,900 1 . taw*-*! •>iii 30th January, 1819. By advances on fovernment se- curities; vis. On Exchequer bills, on malt, fte. 1818 - . . . Bank loan, 1806 ... 8upplv, 1810, at4t. per cent. . Growing produce of the conso- lidated ftand to 9th of April, 1819, and interest due, and loans to itovernment on un- claimed dividends By all other credits, vis. Cash and bnilion ... Exchequer bills purchased, and interest - . . - Bills and notes discounted . Treasury bills for the ser^^ice of Irehind - - - - Money lent, and various other articles .... By the permanent debt due from government, for the capital of the Bank, at 31. per cent, per annum .... By the advance to government, per act 90 Geo. 3. cap. 90. at 31. per cent, per annum Ca. £ -30,098,349 W0 1,891,890 9,099,089 £17,318,070 £814,068 £1,495,300 £1,104,940 Bank of England, J7tb of June, 1831 William Snbi, Dep. Acct. Ho. vni.— An Account of the Proflu of the Bank of England, in the Tear ending 80th of February, 1839; stating the Daicription of the Securltiea held by the Bank, and the aourcaa from which the •lid Proflta have acemedt— (JVV. 19. Jlpptn. U lUftrt.) Intereit on commercial bilto ........ Intereit on Exchequer billa ........ Ainuity for 49 yeara (the dead weight account) ..... Iniereit on capital received from government ..... Allowance received (br management of the public debt .... Intereit on loana on mortgagea ....... Intereit on itock in the pubUe Ainda ...... Intereit on private loana ........ Profit on bullion, commiaaion, rent, recelpta on diieounted bUla unpaid, manage, ment of the boaineii of the Banka of Ireland, of Scotland, and Royal Bank of Bcotlaad, and lundry itama ....... £ 130,099 904,109 451,415 440,900 991,890 00.684 19,079 00,941 71,859 £1,089,170 No. IX.— Expenaea of the Bank of England, for the Tear ending 9gth of February, 1839. Da. National debt department Banknotei . . . Banking department Ca. Salaries and peniiona ... Houie expeniei . . . - Directori' allowance ... Rent Expenaea ateleven briuictiea, ariaiqg from the banking department - Ezpeniei attendlnglheeireulaiion of 9,900,0001. of branch Bairit of Bbg- land Botee, u etovea braacltea > £ 918,003 39.187 8,000 40,000 5,709 98,908 £339,400 n jU No. X.~Aa eitimatad Account of Profit derived by the Bank from Oireulation of FromiaioTy Notea, and from Oovemment Buainaia.— (w<(ppiii. Jfo. 23.) CImdation > OoTenment depoaita Voblr-I £ 9(l,e00,Q6» 4,000,000 94,000,000, Of which two (Mrda an eitimatod to be invciMd Is leaaritlea, — — — — and on* third in bullioo. 13 '" ~ ''Vl ■ ■'. t.i.,...V. ,. ■.(. ... .. '■'-'^ 08 BANK OP ENGLAND. Table X.—eontinnid. Seciirltiss of 18,000,00(U. ; viz. 9,000,000 Exehequtr bllli ... 800,000 atock .... 1,000,000 advancea for clreulntlon on diaeount 900,000 country dlicount ... 4.700,000 at H per cent. —3 — —3 — -SI - -4J - 10,000,000 Deduct, Expense of Circulation . . . • . Expense of government depoaiti . ,. . Stamp duty on circulMion .... 1 per cent, on cupital (held by government at 3 per cent.) TVie Public DM. Amount received from government for management of the public debt, for the year ending 5th of April, 1833, including life annuities Management oT life annuitien, auppoaed to be transferred Deduct, Ezpensea for management of the national debt ... Arerage of forgeries per annum, during the last ten years . £ 30U,S00 34,000 30,(K)0 \7,!m 103,87S 106,000 10,000 70,000 147,000 351,000 3,000 104,000 40,000 467,875 333,000 218,000 304,000 Estimated profit 134,875 44,000 £178,8J5 No. XI.— State of the Affairs of the Bank of England, 29th of February, 1832. Db. To Bank notes outatanl- ing . . . . To public deposits, vii. Drawing accounts Balance of audit roll Life annuities unpaid Annuities fbr terms of years unpaid - Exchequer bills deposited To private deposita, viz. Drawing accounts Various other debts . To the Bank of England for the capital • To balance of surplus in ftvour of the Bank of England 2,034,700 550,5.W 85,030 38,360 490,000 5,683,870 54,560 »»■>;■- £ 18,051,710 3,198,730 I 5,738,430 14,553,000 2,637,760 £44,170,030 C». By advancea on govern- ment accuritiea ; by Ex- chequer billa on the growing produce of the consolidated fund in the quarter ending 5th of April, 1833 ... Ditto, 5th of July, 1833 Exchequer billa on aup- pliea, 1825 - . . Do. for 10,500,0001. for 1826 By the advances to the trus tees api>ointed by the act 3Geo.4.c. 51. towards the purchase of an annuity of 585,7402 for 44 years from 5th of April, 1823 By other credits i viz. Exchequer bills purchased Stock purchaaed City bonds - Bills k. notes discounted Loans on mortgages - London Dock Company Advances on security, and various nrticlea By cash and bullion By the permanent debt due from government*, ,r. 3,428,340 097,000 7,600 8,000 2,700,000 704,600 500,000 3,951,970 1,452,100 237,500 670,690 Rest or surplus brought down Bank capital duo to proprietors 4,134,M0 10,897,880 9,166,8C0 S,293,ia) 14,686,600 £44,179,630 2,637,760 14,553,000 £^m,m No. Xn.— An Aeeoont of the Ayeraie aggregate Amounts of Public Deposits in the Hands of tlw Bank, flrom tha Year 1800 ; distinguishing each Ycnr.—(Jippen. JVo. 2t.) Tar. AlBMSt. T«r. AmottBt. T«*r, Amoanl. r«r. Atnounl. £ £ £ £ 1807 12,647,551 1814 13,158,337 1820 3,713,412 1826 4,214,271 1808* 1!, 761 ,448 1819 11,737,4.18 1831 8,930,197 1837 4,22.1,8OT 1809 11,003,648 1810 10,807,660 1823 4,107,853 1828 3,821,697 1810 11,950,047 1817 8,699,133 1823 5,526,635 1829 3,K62,«56 1811 10,191,654 1818 7,066,887 1834 7,222,187 1830 4,701, 9.Vi 1813 10.390,130 1819 4,938,373 182S 9,347,314 1831 3,948,103 1813 10,303,404 M B.—The Bank is nnable to ftirnlsh correctly the aggregate amount of public deposits previoui • The Hank advanced, in March, 1808, 3,000,0001., without interest, for the public service, which lO continued till April, 181S, on account of publie balances. tetbe year 1807; th thsBank; and man; reference to tliat pai Xo. Xin.— An Accoi Bank, Tw. Ainoiiiit. £ 1807 1,582,75 1808 1,9I0,«3 1809 l,19S,li ISIO 1,42*1.72 1811 l,567,9i! 1813 I,573,fl5 1813 1,771,31 JV. fl.— The Bank I jrenr* prior to 1807, i period, when distinct No. XIV.— An Accou Bank, Tair. Amount £ 1795 2,946,501 1790 3,505,00 1797 5,350,00 1798 4,'t90,m 1799 5,403,001 ISOO 6,401,901 1801 7,905,101 1403 7,523,30( 1803 10,717,6(K 1801 9,982, !0f Nn, XV.— An Accoiin Itfth of February an same can be made ii Vair. 1698 1699 liOfl ITOl ITOi 1T03 ITOI 1705 iron 17(17 I70S 170!1 1710 1711 171JI 171,1 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1710 1720 1721 28lh Feb. £ 1,221,290 743,850 938,240 298,860 920,7.30 933,760 961,990 656,610 996,8 to 959,890 648,080 70V,470 601,550 477,510 7.38,920 1,221,880 623,610 972,100 1,460,800 2,05.1,1,50 2,782,120 1,807,010 2,460,,S80 2,214,280 3lit Au £ 1,210,4 919,1 781,4 783,8 1,030,9 1,314.0 910,0 l,0»,3,l; 805,4 824,81 .598,9 69l„3i 480,9! 573,2: 2,025,2( 800,81 l,65I,7f 978,8^ 1,579,7.' 2,I88,0J 1,800,01 1,939,5." 3,0.'!2,46 2,206,26 JV". JJ.— No previousli Jack than 1777 ; we arl fsci, and to exhibit, foi establishment down to * The increased amo Kcounu. BANK OF ENGLAND. '»% Mthe TM' 1^1 *li* pnMIe Bfcnunli prinr to that period not hctng reqiilrei) i;nnerii1ty to be kept *t ihs Bank; and innny of the public nccntints at that time were in the naniea uf indlviduali, without lefcrencu to that part of tho public lervice to which tho accounti applied. \o Xni —An Account of the Average agjrregnte Amounts of Private Deposlta in the Handi of the Bank, from tho Year 1807 ; dlatlngulshing each Year.— (^pjtm. A'o. 32.) T«r. Amount. Tmr. Aamat Tar. Aowunl, Vnr. Amount. £ £ £ £ 1807 1,582,720 1814 a,874,9I0 1820 Lsa-vofo 1826* 8,322,070 1808 I,aiO,t)30 1815 1,690,4«0 1H21 1,336,020 1897 3,931,370 ISOO 1,199,100 1810 1,3.13,120 182a l,.'n3,370 ISiM 6,701,280 ISIO 1,428,720 1817 1,679,600 1N23 2,.W1,920 1829 .1,817,210 1811 I,M7,g'4l 1818 1,010,310 1824 9,3flU,9IO 18S0 s,%i.'i:,0 isia 1,573,050 1819 1,790,800 1825 9,607,9(K} 1831 6,801,370 1813 1,771,310 jy>. 5.— The Bank i« unable to return the nverngR aggregate amnuntu of private dppn^its for the veara prior to 1607, at the public and private driiwing account! were nut kept separately till that poriod, when distinct offices wore established. 11' . . liWi ! No. XIV.— An Account of the annual Average Amount of Commercial Taper uiidrr Discount at tho Bank, in London, in eoch Year, from the Year 1795.— (.4j>j)eii. Jfo. 59.) Tair. Amount. Tear. Amount Tear. Amount. Tfir. Amount £ £ £ £ 1795 2,916,500 1805 ii,.')efi,500 1614 13,985,800 1823 3,123,800 I79C 3,505,000 1806 12,380,100 Ihio 14,917,100 1694 2,38»,«00 1797 6,350,000 1807 13,484,600 IRIR 11,416,400 1825 4,nil,!i00 1798 4,'t90,fi00 1808 18,950,100 1617 3,960,600 1828 4,908,300 1799 5,403,900 1609 15,475,700 1618 4,325.200 1827 1,240,400 isno 6,401,900 1810 20,070,000 1619 6,5I5,(«)0 1628 1,167,400 1801 7,905,100 1811 14„'(55,4flO 1P20 3,SS.'i,t;(IO 1*2!) 2,2r.0,700 1S03 7,523,300 1812 14.201,600 1821 2,076,7(KI 1830 019,900 1803 10,747,600 1613 13,330,900 1623 3,366,700 1831 1,533,600 I80J 9,982, !00 yl . I ■ <^iim ! : ■ • No. XV.— An Account of the Notes, Poat-Billfi, &r. of the Bank of Knglnnd In Circulation, on the '2?th of February and 31st of August in each Year, from 1098 to 1793 both included, as near as the game can be made up. rnr 1698 1699 1700 1701 170-2 1703 .cot 1700 1707 170S 1709 1710 1711 171» 171,1 1714 1715 1716 1717 1711* 1719 1720 1721 28lli Feb. £ 1,331,290 743,850 938,940 398,960 920,7.30 933,760 961,990 556,610 996,810 959,820 648,6S0 70V,470 601,580 477,510 7.'i8,920 1,221,6611 623,610 972,160 1,460,660 2,053,1.50 2,762,120 1,807,010 2,160,680 2,214,280 31it Au«. Tear. £ 1,310,400 519,150 761,430 763,860 1,030,900 1,214,0(0 916,010 1,01.3,1.50 805,410 824,860 .598,910 691,3.50 4.10,920 573,230 2,02.1,200 800,610 1,651,780 978,840 1,579,730 2,188,030 1,806,640 1,939,5.5011743 3,032,460 11744 3,206,260 |I746 1799 1793 1724 1795 1796 1797 1738 1729 17.30 1731 1732 1733 17.34 735 736 17,37 .38 1730 1740 1741 1749 '28lh Fell. 31>t Auf. £ 9,365,640 3,516,110 3,2,32,830 3.731,460 3,076,850 3,66.S,180 4,574,920 4,I52,.5!K) 3.996,2«0 4,4:-)1.720 4,251,660 4,.385,060 4,203,070 4,627,!H:0 4,907,750 .5,215,010 4,766,280, 4,3 17,270 4,550.0.801 4,811,8101 4,171,510 4,6.54,890; 4,953,610 4,279,610 year. 28th Feb. 1716 1747 1748 1749 I7.-I0 1751 17,52 1753 1754 17.55 17,'0 £ 3,006,430 3,482,910 3,8.57,710 3,343,400 .3,159,310 4,677,610 4,513,790 4,199,0 5,216,410 4,86:),4 10 5,41,5,530 5,411,450 Te.ir. 28!h Feb. 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1760 1761 1762 17.83 1761 1765 1760 17H7 1768 1769 1700 1791 1792 £ 5,937,210 6,829.760 .5.962.160 6,0,')7,(I60 7,550,760 9,135,93(1 8,699,72(1 8,712,2.<10 7,4-10.3;W 9,012,610 8,410.790 7,01)2,4.50 8,02S,K'iO 7,675,090 6,202,7<:0 5,923,090 7,.56I,9('0 8,329,810 0,.561.120' 9.607,210 io,oio,.yo 11,4,39,200 11,^,380 3m Auk. £ S,73fi,7S0 6,014,110 5,967„5*0 6,.'iti2,220 9,866,220 6,398,310 8,.551,0'.<0 7,753,.590 6,7.58.070 7,2T0,.'ilO 6,341,6(10 6,;(09,1H0 6,759,310 6,307,270 5..'iB2,510 6,570,650 8,161.330 9,665,720 l0.002,6;-0 11,121,600 11,433,310 11,672,320 11,006,300 A*. £.— No previously nublisheJ table of the circulntion of the Bunk of Ensrinnd exteiidB further back than 1777 ; we are Indebted to the Court of Directors fbr being able to supply this fitrikiiis ile- fect, anil to exhibit, fur the first time, the circulation of the Bank, from within four years of ita establishment down to the present day. * The increased amount of deposits in thte and the foUowlnt years, arose from the increase of accounu. y\\ If" W.i u ■ I'y.r I i too BANK OF ENGLAND. No. XVI.— An Aeeonnt of lb* Amoant of Bank Nolai in CIrcalulon oa tba unileriii> diittngultbtng the Bank Poit Bills, and tba Amount of Notaa und«r Fiva Ponnda, ' gate of the whola. .'•dpi„, '*• Aim. NolMofU. bnk rul BtukNota I79> Pebniary95 ni itfwuiK Dilli. luteM. ToUl, £IO,3g«,IOO £ 755,703 - £ . £iUuo,m Auiuil 9$ 10,881,071 735,886 um,m 1703 Februiuryaa 10,780,6 «3 647,738 . 11.410,381 AuRUtt 3A 10,163.839 674,375 . 10,838,314 1704 February M 10.079,169 618,750 . 10,69;,«a4 Auiruft M 10,000,318 967,879 • 10,698;»o 178S February iM 13,9(»,707 970,456 • • 13,9}g,!«S Aiifuit 30 10,838,880 918,909 • 11.458,389 17W February 3(1 10,366,.'MII 013,133 • 10,909,«e« Aufuit 9S 8,861,619 940,600 . 0,531, is not a regulation to allow banks with large capitals to bo set on foot, (for there have, at all times, been many such banks in England,) but a regulation to prevent any bank, be its partners few or miny, from issuing notes without previously giving security for their payment. This would render the bankruptcy of such banks impossililo, and would give a degree of security to the money system of the country that it can never otherwise attain. — (The reader is referred, for a full discussion of this important question, to tho Note on Money, in my edition of the Wealth ofNationn, vol. iv. pp. 380—393.) The following is an account of the numlier of commissions of bankruptcy issued against country bankers in England, from 1809 to 1830, both inclusive : — Inn. Cnmnliiuom. Ttin. ComnlMlnni. Yun. CominMani. Yean. CommiHiaio. 1809 4 ISl.t 9S 1891 10 1820 43 IHIO 20 1810 37 1899 1897 8 1811 4 1817 9 1823 g 1S98 3 1813 17 1818 S 1834 10 1829 3 1813 8 1810 13 1893 37 1830 14 131 1 S7 18!*« 4 (Append, to Report on Bank Charter, p. 116.) Exclusive of the above, many banks stopped payments, to the great injury of their credit- ors and the public, that aflerwards resumed them ; at tho same time that the alTuirs of some bankrupt concerns were arranged without a commission. During the whole of this period, not a single Scotch bank gave way. The stamp duties on country bank notes have been already specified (p. 69.). Besides the stamp duties payable on Notes, each bdividual or company issumg tnera must take out a licence, renewable annually, which costs 90L This licence specifies the names and places of abode of the body corporate, peraon, or persons, in the firm to whom it is granted, the name of such firm, the place whore the business is carried on. Sec. ; and a separate licence is to be taken out for every town or place where any notes shall be issued by or on account of any banker, &c. Unless the licence granted to persons in partnership set forth the names and places of abode of all peraons concerned in the partnership, whethei their names appear on the notes issued by them or not, such licence shall be absolutely void. — (55 Geo. 3. c 184. s. 34.) For the regulations as to the issue of unstamped notes see ante, p. 69. „ ii UC' 102 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). The ifimo of notes for leM than 6/. waa prohibited in EnKlaiul, an previously shown, froq 1777 to 1797; but ihcy continurd to bo innucd from the latter perio«i «lown to tho Sihof April 1839, when their further ihsuo ccosrd in connoqucnro of iin art piisHcd in IHSB. Thj, a<'t di ' not extend to Huolland or Irrlund, and was intended to give );>'*'nt to state, that though none of the country banks exintingin 1793 had any notes for loss thun A/, in rirculation, upwanli of one third of their entire number stopped payment during the revulsion that then took )>luce. Tho truth is, that nothing but tho exacting of security for payment of notes can ever place the country issue of notes on tliat solid foundation on which it ought to stand ; and u security may bo taken for 1/. notes as easily us for those of fi/., there would, wore such a ayi. tern adopted, bo no ground for suppressing the former. MetropoUtan Joint Htuck Banka. — It was for a lengthened period generally understood, that tho act of 1708, and the other acts conveying exclusive privileges to the Bank of Eng- land, not only prevented any company with more than C partners from issuing notes poyolilt on demand ; but that they also prevented such companim from undertaking ordinary bank- ing business, — that is, from receiving tho money of individuals and paying their drafts, &c, llecently, however, strong doubts began to bo entertained whether companies with nume- rous bodies of partners, established for tlie more business of banking, and without issuing notes, were really prohibited by the acta in question. During the discussions on the late renewal of tho charter of the Dank of England, the point was submitted for the consideration of tho Attorney and Solicitor Generals, who gave it as their decided opinion, that such banks might be legally established within the limits to which the exclusive privileges of tho Bank of England were restricted by the act 7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 46. But oa the opinion of other eminent lawyers ditFered from theirs, a clause has liecn inserted in tho act 3 & 4 Will. 4, c, 08., which removes all doubts on the subject, by expressly authorising the establishment uf banks not issuing notes, with any number of partners, any whero within tho district to which tho exclusive privileges of tlio Bank of England, as a bank of issue, are now restricted. — (See ante, p. 84.) Down to this period (Sicptcmber, 1 833), no advantage has l)een taken of this declaratory enactment, by tho formation of a joint stock bank in the metropolis ; but several projects of the kind have been made public, and it seems most likely that some of them will be matured. It is not easy to form beforehand any certain conclusions as to the probable working of such establishments. Provided, however, that they possess large |)aid up capitals, and numeroui iKxiies of partners, individually liable, as at present, for tho debts of the company, it may, one should think, bo fairly concluded, that they will aflord comparatively safe places for the deposit of money ; and in so far their institution will Iw advantageous. But it is noteoiiy to discover in what other respects they will have any superiority over the present banks, There is groat weight in the following statement made by Mr. Jones Loyd before the Com- mittee on tho Bank of England charter: — "1 think that joint stock banks are dellcientin every thing requisite for the conduct of banking business, except extended responsibility; the banking business requires peculiarly persons attentive to all its details, constantly, daily, and hourly watchful nf every transaction, much moro than mercantile or trading businesses. It also requires immediate, prompt decisions upon circumaiaiices when they arise, — in many cases a decision tliat docs not admit of delay for consultation ; it also requires a discretion to be exercised with reference to tho special circumstances of each case. Joint stock bank) being, of course, obliged to act through agents, and not by a principal, and, therefore, under the restraint of general rules, cannot be guided by so nice a reference to degrees of difference in the character or responsibility of parties ; nor can they un'lertako to regulate tho assist- ance to bo granted to concerns under temporary embarrassment by bo accurate a reference to the circumstances, favourable or unfavourable, of each case." — {Min. of Enid. p. 236.) We confess, too, that we have great doubts whether the competition of such banks with each other, and with the private banks, may not bo productive of much inconvenienco. I't will be very apt, at times, to occasion an artificial reduction of the rate of interest, and a redundancy of the currency, which must, of course, be followed by a fall of the exchangts and a period of more or less difficulty. It is stated, that tho metropolitan joint stock banks are to give interest on deposits ; and if they can do so without endangering their stability, it will bo an important advantage. But we have yet to learn how it is possible that a joint stock Irank should be able to do what would seem to exceed the power of tlie wealthiest and best managed prNato sstablishmenta. As alreaidy rettiarked, the only circumstance in which joint stock banks seem to have any decided superiority over private companies, consists in their greater responsibility. But this is not a necessary attribute of all joint stock companies. Associations of this sort may, and uidccd do, exist, that are in all respects inferior to respectable private companies. And it BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). 108 .— iniliipetiiable, in ordor to tho prevention o( fruud, that ■iich regulations •houlJ b« ^o|il«il ■* *»*y ">''''" ^'" public fully awurc of tliu ruol uiituro of all joint itock aiMciationa, «id of their cliiiiu to credit and conlidviice. Pntposed Mtiaures at to Joint Utoek lianlu.— Tho future intentions of government h to tlM rogulation of private l«nkiiiK CMinpaniua in Bnglund wore Huppoaed to bo partially dove> lop«rdiug to the Htutoinunt tlien inadc it appears to have been intended that half tho subocribud capital of all banks fur tlte issue of notea should be paid up and vested in such securities as parliament should direct ; that the responsibility of the partners in such banks should bo unlimited ; and that their accounts should b« |)erio capital ; and tho proposed interference in the case of banks that do issue notes, could have been productive of nothing but mischief. On this point we •hall take leave to quote a conclusive paragraph from a memorial drawn up by the directors of the Manchester and Liverpool District Banking Company : — " Wo contend, first, that, except in so far as the issue of notes is concerned, banking U essentially a private bimineas, with which the state has no more title to interfere than it has to interfere with any other d«w;ription of mercantile agency. If A. chooso to deposit money in the hands of U., who lends it to others, why is the interference of government more necessary than if A. had deposited it in the hands of C, who employs it in nmnufoctures or agriculture ] It is the duty of parliament to take care that coins, and tho paper notes issued as substitutes for them, be always of their professed value ; but assuredly it is no part of its duty to inquire into th« tolvency of those into whose hands coins or paper may come. Wo contend, secondly, that, admitting it to be right to exact security from banks of issue, that should not be done by the compulsory investment of a portion of their cupitaL The issues of one bank may bo more than twice or three times the amount of its capital ; while those of another, placed in a dif- ferent situation, or conducted in a diiTercnt way, may be under a third or a fourth part of its capital. What, then, could be more unequal as reupccts the banks, and more illusory as respects the public, than to oblige both these establishments to give security for their issues by vesting Ao/^/Aetr caoiVu/ in government stock 1 Were the first hank to stop payment, the security in the hands of government would not alTord tho holders of its notes more thoit from3:(. 4J. to6s. in the pound ; while, wore tho latter in the some predicament, the holders of its notes would be paid in full out of the government securities, and there would be a large surplus over. It is clear, therefore, that the security to be given by a bank of issue ought to he proportioned to its itaues, and not to its capital. The former mode will cfTee- tually piotect the public from loss ; the latter gives little, or rather no protection whatever." It is, in fact, quite ludicrous to tamper with a subject of this sort Nothing short of the obliption to give security for their issues can ever give the public that elTectual guarantee for the integrity of the currency that is so essential ; nor is there any other plan at once fair and equal as respects different banks. Distinction between subscribed and paid up Capital. Expediency of suppressing all Reference to the former. An immediate stop ought, we think, to be put to the practice now so prevalent among joint stock banking companies, of representing their capitals as consisting, not of what has been actually paid up by the shareholders, but of what they have subscribed tor. Not a few institutions have recently been set on foot in England, pro- fesiiing to have capitals of 1,000,000/., 2,000,000/. or more, when, in point of fact, their capital does not really consist of a tenth part of that sum. The practice is to organise u company with some 5,000 or 10,000 shares of 100/. each ; but it is perfectly understood that not more than 5 or at most 10 per cent of each share is to he called up ; and if more were demanded, it is most probable it could not be paid, at least without much diflficulty. This practice is pregnant with mischief. In the first place, it tends to deceive the public, who imagine there can be no risk in dealing with a bank professing to possess 1,000,000/. of capital, who yet might hesitate about having any thing to do with it, were they awnre that the capital paid into its coffers, and on which it carries on business, does not really exceed 50,000/. or 100,000/. In the second place, this system tends to deceive the mass of the partners. These are tempted to embark in such hazardous concerns, imagining that tiu*y are to be large shareholders with but little outlay, and that they will derive a consider i (1! 1 *'■ 104 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). •M« dlvMmul opon th« nominal amoant of their iharM ! Wa mlitake If a good many laek peraona be not in the eiid grievouily diiuppointMi. Banking, in an onlinary atate of ihiiM U not a buaineaa in which large proflta can be nxuected. It la true that many banking hoH* mada ImnMnaa auma during the war, but thry lUil thia more aa daalara in the ftinda, and M^ ticularly by their riie on the return of prace, than aa bankera. But It la needJeaa to uy tkn no prudently conducted banking catabliahmvnt will now count much upon thIa aonnt of •molunietit At preaent, the dividend on the atock of the beet eatablianed Scotch btnki taiiea, we believe, from about S to 6 per cent ; and aa they might inveat their capital at Si or 4 per cent, it appeara that the real proflta of banking, even in the boat managed conenM, can hardly be eatimated at more than from 1 j to S| per cent. It ie, beaidea, a radical miatake to auppoae that any banking concern can ever be «||. bliahad on a lolid (nundation, that la not poueaaeil of a pretty large amount of paid «■ and available capitHl. We lielieve, however, that Mverul of the joint ittKk companin recently eatabliahed In England take a diflerent view of Ihla matter; and that th#y Inw more to depoaita and credit, than to their command of capital of their own. There cm b« no objection to theae, or, indeed, to anv aaaoriationa whatever, being allowed to iaaue nnta^ provided ther give full aecurity for their payment; but government and pnrliamont will In alike neglcrtnil of their duty to the public if they do not take immediate atepa to compel thii being done ; and to iccure the currency of the country from being ditturbcd by the fraud, miamanagement, or insufficient capital of its isauers. The system of advertising •uhscriM instead of paid up capitals ought also to be put an end to ; nor ought any association to bi allowed to sav that its capital exceeds what has actually been paid into its coflbrs. KumtmtihtHly might not, in any Ctue, to be limited.— Wo proteat against the propoiil for allowing the partners in banks not imtuing notea to limit their responsibility. Such i meaaure would bo good for nothing, except to servo as a premium on every species of fraud, What check would there ))e, under auch a syntom, to hinder the partners of a bank going oa for a seriea of yeara dividing largo profita, when, fwrhopa, they were really incurring a lou, until every farthing of iti capital and deposits was almorhed t To talk of aubjccting luch persons to punishment as fVaudulent bankrupts, on evidence derived from their books, ii nlwurd ; fur, supposing that it was the intention of the parties to defraud, they might easily keep their books so that they could aflbrd no information that was not false or misleading. The annexed liHt of joint stock banking companies shows that there is no disinclination on tho part of individuals to engage in such concerns even with the present unlimited responn< bility. And the way in which some of thrni are conducted, proves sufficiently, if any such proof were wanted, that the serious liabilities incurred by the partners are not more than enough for the protection of tho public. To lo^ixen them would be an act of gratuitout folly. If we are to mterfsre, let them be increased, not diminished. But in the case of banks not issuing notes, enough is done if measures be taken to prevent deception, by l(t< ting the public know the portners in them, and making sure that they shall have no meant of evading the reaponsibility attaching to their engagements. The first object may be secured by compelling all banking aasociations whatever to publish annually a list of tho names and addresses of their partners, with the amount of their paid up capital ; and to accomplish the latter object, we have merely to abstain from interference, and to let the law take ita natural course. Accounts oflantea. — ^The act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 83. directs that all persona or aaaociationi carrying on bankini^ business, and issuing promissory notes payable on demand, shall keep weekly accounts of their issues ; and shall, within a month of each of the quarters eiuling with the 1st of April, lut of July, Ist of October, and 1st of January, make up, from the weekly accounts, an average account, verified on onth, of thoir isaues during the preceding quarter, which ahall bo transmitted to the Stamp-office in London. Penalty for neglecting or refusing to make anJ transmit such account, SOOi!. on the corporation, company, per- aona, dec. issuing the notes, and 100/. on tho secretary ao offending. The wilful sending i fidse return to be punished aa perjury. Drawing on London. — The act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 83. repeals the regulation in the 7 Geo. 4. c.^0., prohibiting banks with more than 6 partners from drawing on London on demand, or otherwise, for sums of leas than 50/. — § 3. No. I. — An Account of the Number of Licenses tnken out by Country Bankers in England and Wales, in each Yenr since 1800. L Ton. Licoao. Tew. UnuM. Tnn. UeeuMt. Yean. Liceua. 1MK> 709 1815 9ie 1831 781 1827 (fi» 1810 7W I61« 831 1823 776 1828 6-3 1811 778 181T 799 1833 779 lb29 677 1813 823 1818 763 1824 788 IjiSO 671 18iS 9ja 1810 787 1825 797 1831 641 IBM MO 1830 769 1836 809 1833 636 ■ff. B.— ThK ynsrs in this account end on tha lOtl) of October, di-wn to the 26th of Juno. ; ,, ,,>•.- 'Vi: -la =■ Stamp Office, S6lh of June, 1833. •' v- The account for 1833 only coomi Whitehaven and Feni Staaipi and Taxes, BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). lOS H, II —An AMAnnt of til PI«<^m whtra irnlliid nr Joint Hlnek Bunlii hava baiin atlabllahail nnrtar ■iia AM TUao. 4. e. 46„ loffiihAr with ihn Nitmbar n( fartiK-* ihornln i alio, tha Nominal Capital* i7tMliiuell Bank, and tha Amoanl of Capital paid np.— (Farl. ^ujrar, No. MM. laaa. it33.) ritf**- aimlMham . . • . TlHi Bank of Blrinlniham SmiI - .... Tha Bank of LWtrpr«hlre Bnnklnf Company fTha HnlKhx Joint Block Bnnklni Com- ilillfki . . • - IIiiiMBnflpId - - - Kiivffhoroiigh, Wethrrby, RIpon, Eaalng- wiild, Ilelmiley, Think, BnronithbrlriKe, Muhim, Pately Bridfe, Oiley and Hur ro|«t« . _ Uncuter, Ulveraton and Preaton Utii . . - . • Ukttitt and Hinckley Citllila l pnn The lluddurifleld Banking Company } Tha Knareiborougb and Company Clare Banking Tha I^neniler Bunking Company Tha Leodi Banking Company - Tho LeicHitcrihire Bunking Company The tnith Hnnkliig Comnnny ' ' The Liverpool CoMimercinl Banking Com- 1 pany Liverpool MiiKlMtier, Liverpool, Oldham, Aihton, Warrington, Bury, Preiton, Blackburn, and wTgan, In I Ancaahlra t Btoeknort and Nnntwicb In Cheahiro { Ilanley, 8(alR>rd, Cheadle, Lane End and Ruge- lef , In Btaflbrdahire i Market Drayton in Hliropfhire, and Qloaaop In Uerbyahire. Mlrdeld, Iluriderafleld, wakefltild, Uewa- bury and Dobcroaa Norwich, BwalTham, Foultham, Eaat Dorahum, Fakenbam, Lynn, Ilarleaton and Walton, in Norfolk ; and Bungay in Siurolk Newciitle-upon-Tyne In Northumberland, North of England Joint Slock Banking and Sunderland in Durham. Company .... Plymouth, Devonport and Kingabridgo { "^n",""* V'^ Devonport Banking Com Saddlewortb, Aabton and Oldham - Tho Saddlowortb Banking Company Shellleld . - - ■ . The Sheffield Banking Company Sinmfbrd, Spalding, Market Deeping, Boa-" ,The Mnncheater and Liverpool Diitrlct Banking Company . . • The MIrfleld and Iludderafleld DIalrlct Banking Company ... The Norfolk and Norwich Joint Stock Banking Company ... NiimlMr et Vttnm*. .The Stamfbrd and Spalding Joint Stock Bonking Company . . . ton, Bourn and Grantham, In Lincoln' ihire; Oundle, Kettering, Thmpatone and Peterborough, in Nortbamptonahire ; Oakham and Uppingham, In Rutland- ■hire; Melton Mowlray and Market Harbornush, in Leicesterihire ; Hunt- infdnn In Uunta, and Whibeach In Com. btidgeahire ^ Briatfll, Bridgewater, Taunton, Chard,! Crewkcrne, liminater, Langport, Wella, ^Stuekey'a Banking Company Brnton and Shepton Mallet. J Walietleid •..'■• The Wakefield Banking Company Whitehaven and Penrith . - {"^'J^onJJai^y'''!''''" ^."'"^ ^1°'* .^"""' w»i,r<>.h„.nMnn C The Wolverhampton and StafTordihire Wolverhampton - - - ^ Banking Company York, Malton, Sclby, Howden, Scarbo- ) The York City and County Banking Com rough nnd Goole f pany ..... York, Bridlington and Great Driffield - The York Union Banking Company aos 4S7 178 IN 119 WIS 171 131 8 198 190 173 aw IM 81 490 93 14 104 8W 313 131 S09 133 113 154 . ■ / ■ 74 13 317 339 339 986 900 Stanipi and Taxea, Someriei Place, 4th of July, 1833. , / It is not posaiblo to obtain any iiccurete account of the number of country notes in circu* lation at (lifiercnt pcrioda. But the following table, drawn up by the late Mr. Mushet, of the Mint, founded partly on official returns, and partly on the estimates of Mr. Sedgwick, late chairman of the Board of Stamps, is, so far as it goes, the most complete and compre heosive hitherto published. * Thh department ia not in poaaenaion of any Information which enablea a statement to be mada u to the nominal capital of each such Bknk, and the amount of capital paid up. 14 yii 106 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). No. III.— An Account of the Niimhcr of Country Bank Note*, of all Denominittionii, atninped in cjfh Year, ending Oct. 10., from IbOt to 1833 iiicliiBive, with the rercentage of Incrunge and Uectctu comparing eiicli Year witli tlie Year prucudiiig ; together with an Eatiiiiata of tlin Total /Viiiouiiiin Circulation, nccordliig to Mr. Hcd^wick's Tublca, in each Yuiir, ttom 1801 to IH'ii Inclueivi." m the Percentage of Incrcane and Decrease, comparing each Year with the Year preceding, ' The Amount of Coun- n The Amount of C'lun- The Perwnl- The Percpnt- try Rank NotM in Circu- The Percent- ■^e Ptital. 'f 0' Deciwi, try Bank N •!« of all 1^ of lucre ine, !$» of Di-'creau'. lation, arcordinc to Mr. age of Increase. Yp.im. l)enomin:ition< Bhinpwl c'lniparinr fact, vear with the mniparinr each vetr with the !>«)/!wick'i TaMdt, in Mih year, enilinr Oct. coniparinjt each eoniiiarini od in cell year, vi'dnir Oct. year with the year »ii|, 4, year prtKeli,^ 10., from l!>04 1.1 Ib2j. year preciiling. y&ir prei-wliiix. 10 , from 18U4 k> Itij in- cluaive. year pro.-cdinj. 1805 11,312,113 -■ 1806 11,180,-517 1-2 1807 6,587,.'i98 - 42'S 19,021,900 "" 1808 8,fi,'i3.077 23-8 • 16,871,524 « . 6'3 1809 15,7!l7,a'*6* 81-8 . 23,702,493 40-5 1810 10,517,519 - 331 23,893,808 •8 1811 8,792,433 . 16-4 21,453,000 . I'6 1812 10,577,134 20-3 - 19,914,000 • 7- 1813 12,015,509 IU'2 . 22.597,000 13-3 1814 10,773,r5 . 14'6 22,7f9,000 •s 1815 7,024,949 . 29-2 19,011,000 _ IG'3 1818 6,423,466 . 14-7 15,000,000 _ 200 1817 9,075,958 411 _ 15,898,000 .53 1818 12,316,808 35-7 _ 20„'in7,000 29- 1819 0,1.S0,3I3 . 50-2 17.306,875 15-3 1820 3,574,894 • 417 1I,707,;<91 _ Sii'S . 1821 3,987,582 11-5 . 8,414,281 . 2!)'5 1822 4,217,241 5-7 - 8,007,200 _ 41 ' 1823 4.057,589 10-4 . 8,79-1,277 9- 1824 0.093,367 30 8 10,004,172 20-5 1825 8,.532,4.18 40- 14,117,211 23'4 Mo. IV.— An Account of the Valtie of Conntry Bank Notes, of all Denominations, stamped in eacli Year from 1826 to 1832, both incliiaive. T«n. Value. Yean. Value. 1826 1827 1829 1829 £ 1,239,755 1,970,.595 2,842,1.10 2,403,700 1830 1831 1832 £ 1,9.5,5,430 2,217,915 1,751,685 (Pari. Paper, No. 456. Bess. 1833.) I .V. .B.— No U. and V. notes were stamped after the 3d of February, 1826. (Since the publication of the 2(1 cditiojn of tiie Dictionary, in 1834, an extraordinary in- crease has taken plac« in the number of joint stock banks, both in Great Britain and ia Ireland. It appears from the official return, dated the 4th of July, 1833 (Did., p. 99,),that there were then 34 joint stock banks established in England and Wales ; but it appears from the subjoined account, dated the 26lh of November, 1836, that the number of joint stock banks had, in the interval, been very nearly trebled, or had increased to 101; and it it deserving of notice, that a very large proportion of tliis rapid increase had taken place during the previous part of the year 1836. The progress of the system has been as follows: — 1826, there were In 1830, there were In 1834, there were registered 3 registered 1 registered 10 1827 — 4 1831 — 9 1835 — 9 1828 — 1832 — 7 To 26 Nov. 1836 - 42 1829 — 7 1833 — 9 Total - - 101 We should, however, form a very inadequate idea of the extension of the joint stock banking; system, if we measured it merely by the increase in the number of banks, as stated above. Many of the older banks, and even of those established within the present year (1836), have from 30 to 40 or more branches, or subordinate establishments; ami, as these carry on all sorts of banking business, and are frequently very far removed from the head oflice, anil from each other, they should really be regarded as so many separate banks, so that the num- ber of tlie latter is incomparably greater than, at first sight, it may appear to be. I'roceedinir.i of Jcdnt Stuck Banks. — We regret, however, to have to state that the ro- liility t)f the system seems by no means to correspond with its power of extension. Though the joint stock banks universally almost profess to have immense nominal capitals, their «ct.ually /7a/t/ up and really available capitals are, in many instances, very limited indcoii; Biid it is by no means clear, did any thing occur to render it necessary that they should call for any considerable additional proportion of their nominal capital, that the call could be rcspontlcd to by the proprietary of some of them without great difliculty, if at all. They scorn, also, sjieaking generally, to have been infinitely more anxious to increase their bu«i- * In ISOU, the duty on If. notes was increased front 3(/, to 4rf., and may account for the great in- cieuiu in lliiit year, the notes bearing a 3d. stamp buin); no longer issuable. BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAIO. 107 than to provide for that Hecurity which ought to be the paramount consideration. Hence the inordinate multiplication of their branches, and hence, also, the extent to which anv of thom have carried the abusive and dangerous practice of redlscimntini;;. Nearly . y.'fifUis of the joint stock banks issue notes ; and the subjoined account shows that their i^jues, which amounted to 1,783,689/. on the 27th of September, 1834, omounlcd to „ggg 121/. on the 24th of Septemlier, 1836. This, no doubt, is an extraordinary increase, more especially when contrasted with the issues of the Bank of England, which were re- (luwl more than a million during the same interval ; and must have had a powerful effect in nnxlucing that redundancy of the currency, and drain upon the Bank for gold, that has re- cently taken place. We should, however, fall into the greatest imaginable error, if we mea- sured the influence of the joint stock banks upon the currency by the mere amount of their nole« in circulation. These really constitute but a very small portion of their obligations. Most of them have been in the habit of trading, not on their own capital, or on the deposits made with them ; but on credit obtained in the metropolis and elsewhere. Instead of retain- in" the bills, and other securities they have discounted, in their coifers till they arc paid, many banks have been in the habit of immediately forwarding them to London to be redis- couiited at a lower rate of interest. This practice has been carried to an extent that would not readily be imagined by any one not pretty well acquainted with the circumstances. But, though recourse may properly enough be had to assistance of this sort on extraordinary ocrasions, no bank can be justly said to be established en sound, or to be conducted on safe, principles, that trusts habitually to such accommodation. It is always at the mercy of cir- cunistances over which it has no control, and is not really more secure than a house of cards. While pecuniary accommodation may be had readily in the metropolis, the system (roes on smoothly ; but should prices begin to give way, or credit sustain any sort of shock, distrust takes the place of confidence, and the usual supplies are no longer to be had. The provincial banks being m consequence disabled from making their ordinary advances to their customers, the latter are necessarily involved in ditnculties that are frequently as injurious to *.he banks as to themselves. Such has hitherto been the invariable result of the abuse of banking, or of the granting of undue facilities for the obtaining of credit ; and, instead of being lessened by the formation of joint stock banks, they seem to have materially increased the chances of such disasters in future. The circumstances connected with the difficulties in which the Northern and Central Bank of England, and some of the other joint stock banks, have recently been involved, sufficiently illustrate what has now been stated ; but they are too well known to our readers to require to be recapitulated here. But there are other and, if possible, still more suspicious circumstances connected with the existing joint stock banking system. The shares in the greater number of the recently formed and projected banks are very small, few being above SO/., while others are only 25/,, and some not more than 10/., and even 6/. ! Generally, too, it ia understood, or rather it is distinctly set forth in the prospectus, that not more than 5, 10, or 20 per cent, of th( 3e shares ]i to be culled for ; so that an individual who has 10«. or 20«. to spare, may become a share- holder in a liank. And, owing to a practice, or rather a flagrant abuse, introduced into the management of various banks, by which they make large advances or discounts on the credit of the stock held by the shareholders, not a few individuals in doubtful, or even desperate, circumstances take shares in them in the view of obtaining loans and bolstering up their credit ! The great danger arising from such banks is obvious ; and where one of thom to stop payment, it is plain, even though the claims on it should be ultimately made good, that they could be so only at the cost, and, perhaps, ruin of such of its proprietors as had ab- stained from the abusive practices resorted to by others. It may well, indeed, excite asuv nisiiraent, thit any one who can really afford to make a bona fide purchase of shares in a bank should be foolhardy enough to embark in such concerns. Report of Committee of 1836. — A knowledge of the citcumstancos now stated, and of the sort of agency by which certain joint stock banks had been established*, having been pretty generally diffused, a secret committee was appointed by the House of Commons, in 18.16, to inquire into the operation of the act 7 Geo. 4. cap. 40., permitting the establishment of joint stock banks ; and whether it was expedient to make any alteration in its provisiioris. The report of this committee, and portions of the evidence taken before it, have since been |iublishcd, and confirm all the conclusions of those who had contended that the existing sys- tem required material amendment. The committee slate that, — "Sulijoct to the local rnsfrictions imposed for the protection of the priviJpjfe of tlin B;\nk of Englmiil, il is op'ii to any niiinhcr of persons to form a company for joint stock banking, whi.'lhur for 111;! purpose of deposit, or of issue, or of both. " 1. The l;nv imposes on tlie joint stock banks no preliminary nbliuation beyond the payment of a licence iluty, and the riiitistralion of the names of shnrchnlders at the Stamp Ortice. "2. Thii liivv does not require that the deed of settlement shall be considenMl or revised by niiy fompotent aiilhotity whntever ; imd no precaution is taken to enforce the insertion in suth deeds oiP tijusi'sthc most obvious nnd necessary. ♦ Tor instances of this, see Edinburgh Rerie.w, No. 188. art. 0., and the acftount of the Norwich Dank in Itw eviJeuuj tul(on by the Secret Committee.. I! li' ; H' 1 i ] ' ■rnJ}.' i.M'ii V *h 1 1 108 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). " 3. The law doei not Impoie any rfstrictiona upon the nmntint of nnmlnnl capital. Thb wiU b found to vary fVom S,000,OOOJ. to 100,000{. ; and in one instance an unlimited power ii reserved of tosninf aharei to any extent. " 4. The law doei not impoie any obligAtton that the whole or anv certain amount of ibnreiiiiik be lubicribed for befbre banking operation! commence. In many InBtancaH bnnki commenu the! busiineia before one half of the iharra nre subocrihed for, and 10,000, 80,000, and 3O,0OC aharei tl reserved to b« iiiued at the diicretion of the directors. " 9. The law do(s not enforce any rule with respect to the nominal amount of shares. Theieiri be (bund to vary from 1,000<. to5<. The elTKCts of this variation are strongly stated in the evideoce " 6. The law does not enforce any rule with respect to the amount of capital paid up before uii commencement of business. This will be found to vary from lOSf. to 5/. " 7. The law does not provide for any publication of the liabilities and asaeta of these banks, u does it enforce the communication /af any balance-sheet to the proprietors at large. " 8. The law does not impose any restrictions Iw which cnre sliall be taken that dividends are ptU out of banking profits only, and timt bad or doubtful debts are first written off. ^ " 9. The law does not prohibit purchases, sales, and speculative traffic on the part of these comii, nies In their own stock, nor advances to be made on the credit of their own slmrvB. " 10. The Inw does not provide that the guarantee fUnd shall be kept apart and invested in goveri. ment or other securities. "11. The law does not limit the number of branches or the distance of such branches from iik central bank. " 12. The law is not sufficiently stringent to insure to the public that the names reglsitered at tli« Stamp Office are the names of persons bonajide proprietors, who have signed the deed of tettlemegt, and who are responsible to the public. " 13. The provisions of the law appear Inadequate, or, at least, nre disregarded, so fnr as tbey to. pose up>in banks the obligation of making their notes payable at the places of issue. '* All these separate questions appear to your committee deserving of the most serious coniiilen. tion, with a view to the future stability ot the banks throughout the United Kingdom, the niaiaie. nance of commercial credit, and the preservation of the currency in a sound state." Remedial Measures that should be adopted.— We do not, however, think that it woalij be at all necessary, in providing for a secure system of joint stock banking, to make an; regulations with respect to many of the points noticed by the cotnmittce as to which the law is silent At present, every partner in a joint stock bank is liable to the public for the whole debts of the firm ; and this may be truly said to be the cardinal principle of the system, and without which, it would be an unmixed evil. No individual should, however, by metelj withdrawing from a joint stock concern, get rid of his liabilities in connection with it To prevent fraud, and to insure due caution, these ought to continue fur a period of three jetn at least after he has publicly withdrawn his name. The public, too, are clearly entitled to know the partners in joint stock associations, that is, to be informed who the individuals are with whom they are dealing, and who are responsible to them. But, unluckily, no effective means are taken for supplying the public with this necessary information, or, consequcntlj, of properly discriminating between one establishment and another. The act of 1833 (3& 4 Will. 4. c. 83.) directed that an account of the places where they carry on business, and of the names and residences of the partners, should be quarterly transmitted to the Stamp Office. But doubts have been entertained as to the correctp.ow of these returns, and com- paratively little use has been, or, indeed, can be, made of them. The accounts of the namet and residences of the proprietors are not published ; but are carefully secluded from the public eye in the repositories of Somerset House ! It is true that these lists may be seen by those who choose to apply at the office, for a small fee, and that certified copies may be procured at no great expense. But few know that such returns exist; and fewer still have the op- portunity, or think of availing themselves of them as sources of information. To render them of any real utility, they should be brought under the public eye, by being hung up ia the offices of the banks to which they refer, and periodically published in the newspaper) of the places where they carry on business. By this means the public would know exacti; to whom they had to look, and would act accordingly. They would not be deceived, as they are liable to be at present by supposing that, because a bank has a number of part- ners, somo of them must be opulent and trustworthy. They would know the precise staf of the fact; and if it were seen, from the quarterly returns, that opulent and intelligent indi- viduals were withdrawing from any bank, every one would be put on his guard, and would naturally conclude that the parties had very sufficient reasons for quitting the concern. Tliui far publicity may be made effecttial and would be of the very greatest importance. Neither is it possible to allege a single plausible objection to this proposal. It interferes in no degree, nor in any way, with the proceedings of the parties : all that it docs is to declare who and what they are ; and to this degree of publicity no honest man will over object. But we have great doubts whether it be possible to carry pubUcity farther than this. The committee state that " the law does not provide for any publication of the liabilities and assets of the$« banks, nor does it enforce the publication of any balance-sheet to the proprietors at large ;" and it has been proposed to compel the periodical publication of a statement of thii sort but it is very questionable whether any such publication would not be a great deal worse than useless. It is not proposed that commissioners should be appointed to inspect the accounts of tho different banks, and to see that the returns are accurate : this would be too inquisitorial, too cumbrous, and too costly a plan to be thought of for a moment. There would be nothing for it, in fact, but to trust entirely to the honour of the parties ! Hence, in all cases ux which a disclosure would be really useful, the publicatiou of aii account of BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCUL). 10« (Mcte mil liabilities would afibnl the inoaiw of deceivVf 'h. public, and of repreMntiny > (ankrapt concern aa being in a proaperous condition. Suppoaing, however, that the partiea were, in *" inatancea, perfectly honoat, atill the publication of a balance-aheet would be good for nothing. Every one knows how aanguine people are in relation to their own aiTalH ; mi that debta and obligaliona that other partiea would hardly reckon worth any thing, are •gtimited by them aa if they were ao much bullion. But, independently of this, the futility of the thing ia obvioua. A bank with a capital of 100,000^ diacounts billa and other obligations to the extent, perhaps, of 300,000il or 400,000/. ; the fact that it haa discounted Ihem shows that it believes these bills and obligations to be good; and they will, conse- guenlly, be reckoned among its assets. But should a revulsion take place, or any circum- glance occur to shake credit, these bills may not )je worth 100,000/.; and those who have dealt with the bank, on the hypothesis of its having capital and assets more than enough to meet all its obligations, will find, to their cost, that it is not possessed of a single shilling, but is, on the contrary, some 200,000/L or 300,000/. worse than nothing ! The conmiittee seem to think that some regulation ahould be enacted, providing that a certain portion of ita capital ahould be paid up before a bank beg^s business. But we incline to think that the better way would be to prohibit all advertising of nominal capitals; and to enact that the capital actually paid up, whatever its amount, shall always be represented as, and helJ to be, the capital of the bank. But though such a regulation were made, there would be no security that the capital said to have been paid up had really been paid into the cofiera of the bank, or that, if received, it had not again been lent out, in one way or another, to the partners. Perhaps it might be good policy to enact that no shares should be issued under a certain sum, as 60/.; and that no loans should be made to the partners on the credit of their stock. But we should not be inclined to lay much stress on the first regular lion, and the latter might, and no doubt would, be defeated in a thousand ways. Wa are decidedly hostile to a proposition we have heard mooted, and which seems to be ! rountenanced by the committee, for obliging all banks to establish a guarantee fund ; that is, for obliging them to accumulate a portion of thtir proJUt as a reserve stock. But where ia the security that such reserve would be always deducted from profits 1 The truth b, that bankrupt and fraudulent concerns, and none else, would gain by such a regulation ; inasmuch »8 it would enable them, by appearing to be prosperous, the better to deceive the public, and to blind them as to the real state of their afiairs. It is, plainly, worse than absurd to depend on guarantees that cannot be enforced, and which, consequently, must be good for nothing. Tho knowledge of who the partners are in a bank, and their unlimited responai* bility, are the only securities that, speaking generally, are good for any thing. If these can- not protect the public from fraud and loss, nothing else will ; and the question will come to be, not whether the system should be reformed, but whether it ought to be entirely abo- lished. We have already noticed the extraordinary multiplicatbn of branch banks all over the country ; and it b not very difficult to discover why banks of issue, at least, are ao very aniiflua about the establishment of these outworks. They ar» bound, it seems, by the pre- sent law to pay their notes only at the parent establiahtnent / so that, by issuing them at a branch bank, perhaps a hundred miles distant from the head bank, the chances are ten to one that they will continue for a much longer period in circulatioa, and that they will con- tequently be able to carry on business with a much less amount of capital, than if they were, as they ought to be, obli^ to pay their notes at the branches as well aa at tho principal office. It ia obvioua, indeed, that the convertibility cf the paper, even of first class banks, into either cash or Bank of England notes, is at present exceedingly imperfect ; and that rery great facilities are afibrded for getting the worst class of notes into circulation, and for keeping them afloat, even after their quality may be suspected. This defect in the law ought, L. doubtedly, to be amended, by obliging all banks that issue notes to pay them in- differently at any of their ofiices. But we incline to think that parliament might go further than this: and that it should enact that no branch be esti^lished, whether for the issue of notes, or otherwise, beyond a certain distance (say fifty miles) firom the head office. Several of the points recapitulated by the committee, aa to which the law is silent, respect the rights and interests of the partners in joint stock banks, in relation to each other, and not as between them and the public But it is always a very difficult matter to interfere to dic- tate the footing on which parties in any undertaking ahould stand among themselves. Much •hould, in such cases, be left to the judgment of the parties ; and public regulations, if enforced at all, should only go to prevent obvious and acknowledged abuse ; the parties may, in most cases, be safely left to take care of themselves. The protection of the public interest is the paramount consideration ; and we do not well know what can be done to efiect this, in the case, at least, of such banks as do not issue notes, other than the making known who their partners are. Suppremon of the Notea of Country Banks. — ^The Committee have, we are sorry to say, omitted all reference to what ia by far the moat prominent evil in our banking aystem — wn Vol. I.— K i " \%\\ ^.;'' t'' B 110 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). mean the power conceded to all private and joint stock banks and companies, whether «i||| I or witliout property or character, to issue paper money or notes payable on demand, tiiik. out Irt or hindrance of any sort. We have elsewhere endeavoured to show (Dletionan n 72.) that parties issuing notes ought, in alt cases, to be obliged to give security for their isiiii,. but further experience and reflection have satisfied us that this, though a vast improvemml on the existing system, would not be enough, and that nothing will suffice short of the i)i» iition of all private notes. Till this be done, or till the sole power of issuing paper moger be committed to the Dank of England, or to some one body, the country will necesgsriit |^ I exposed to those perpetually recurring fluctuations in the quantity and value of monev twj are productive of the most pernicious consequences, and which go far, indeed, to impact to f all industrious undertakings a sort of gambling character. At present, the currency !■ g^ plied by hundreds of individuals and bodies, all actuated by different and frequently con. Aiding views and interests. The issues of the Bank of England are wholly governed, u those of the empire ought to be, by the state of the exchange, or rather by the influx andd ^ux of bullion — increasing when it flows into, and decreasing when it flows out of tht country. But the issues of the provincial banks are not regulated by any such standjtj but exclusively by the state of credit and prices in the district in which they happen tobi I situated. If their managers suppooc that these are good or improving, they rarely hesiutc about making additional issues. Hence, when the state of the exchange, and the (lemaml on the Bank of England for bullion, shows that the currency is redundant, and ought to bi ' contracted, the efTorts of the Bank to effect its diminution are often impeded, and mctb;i contrary action on the part of the country banks. This, in fact, has been very remsrkahlr the case during the last few months. The excessive multiplication of joint stock banks, the great additions they made to the amount of notes afloat, and the still greater addition the; made to the number of bills, checks, and other substitutes for money, occasioned a redun- dancy of the currency, a fall of the exchange, and a drain upon the Bank for gold. But ■ while the Bank of England was narrowing her issues by 8U{>plying Iho exporters of bullion witli gold in exchange for notes, the country banks went on increjising their issues! Whit ■ the former did, by contracting, on the one hand; the latter more than undid, by letting outon the other. The vacuum created by the withdrawal of Bank of England paper was im. ' mediately filled up, and made to overflow, by the issue of a more than equal amount of provincial paper ; so that had it not been for the rise in the rate of interest, and the other re- pressive measures adopted by the Bank, tlie probability is, (hat she might have gone on pay- ' ing away bullion for notes, till she was drained of her last sixpence, without, in any degree; affecting the exchange ! But this is not all. Not only do the country banks almost uni ' Tcrsally increase their issues when they ought to be diminished, but the moment they ui I * Compelled to set about their reduction they run headlong into the opposite extreme. Tbe | ciy of 5auve quipmt then becomes all but universal ; and, provided they succeed in secur- ing themselves, little attention is usually paid to the interests of those they have taught to look to them for help. Were the Bank of England the sole issuer of notes, she would be able to regulate tlie ' currency without the least difBculty, and without preying more upon London than upon tuij I ' other part of the country. If from any circumstances the currency became redundant, and 'there were a drain upon the Bank for gold, then, as there would be no other description of | ' paper to come into the place of that brought to the Bank to be exchanged for gold, the ctit- rency would be in so far contracted, and the drain checked, without the reduction bcin; I carried beyond the required limit. But at present the efforts of the Bank, or rather of tbe public, who carry notes to her for payment, to effect a contraction of the currency, are, inthe first instance, invariably counteracted by the country banks ; and when the latter, in co^ aequcnce of the increasing difficulty of obtaining pecuniary accommodation in London arc, in the end, obliged to pull up, the chances are ten to one that the contraction is carried to u improper extent. A revulsion of this sort seldom nccma without destroying some of the provincial banks ; and the alarm, or it may be, panic, that is in consequence apt to bo pro- duced, may lie very injurious to the best established and best managed banks, and even to the Bcnk of England herself. In fact, we have no idea that it will bo posniblc for tiic iatlei and the country banks to go on together on their present footing. As matters now s ami, the Bank of England may be brought at any time into the greatest jeopardy by the proceed- ings of parties over whom she has no sort of control. The over issue of tho provincial bank.' by depressing tho exchange, drains the Bank of gold ; and then their discredit, and, porhap failure, may, by exciting a panic, bring her to a stand still ! Provided banks of deposit b( established on sound principles, there cannot be too many of them. But it is quite other wise with banks of issue. The more they are multiplied the greater is the chance of fluclua tion in their issues, and consequently in prices, credit, and so forth. Had the Bank of Eo; knd been the sole issuer of paper, the crash of 1825-26, and the difficulties of the past jegr never would have been heard of. They grew entirely out of the competition and proceed- 1 tngs of the provincial banks, and are in no degree whatever ascribable to any thing elit\ | (loraestic or foreign. Ajhton-under-tyne BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). Ill PrlwUe Banks. — ^It may be thought, perhaps, that the unprecedented increase in the nnm- ner of joint stock banks will have been productive of a corresponding decline in the number fnrivate banks, or of those having six partners or under; but such lias not been the case. The latter, no doubt, have decreased, some having been abandoned, while others have been converted into joint stock banks, but not to the extent that might have been anticipated. In 1833 S98 licences were granted to private banks; in 1834, 5S0 ; in 1835, 579 ; and in the nrcsent year (1836), down to the 18th of June, 559 licences had been granted. The issues of the private banks are seen in the table below. I Olflcial Return of ull Plncca where United or Joint Stncic Banks have been established under the Act 7 Geo- •*• •'• ^^- ' ^'''' '*"' Dates when such Banks respectively were established, and the Num- ber of Partners therein, down to the S6th of November, 1:^30. Subjoined is the paid up Capital of certain Banks, according to the Returns rendered to the Secret Committee of 1838. FllCM. Ashton-under-Lyne - Barnsley Birmingliani - Liverpool - " _ . M.iiichestcr, Stockport, Bolton, nnd Newton Caermartlien - Stockport WBlsall and Cannock Kendal and Ulverston Bilston Birmingham - Birmingham - Birmingham - lolton - - - Bradford Ditto - - - Bristol . - - Bury . - - Bury and Heywood - Carlisle and Wlgton • Cheltenham - Cheiterfleld - Manchester, Preston, Burnley, gkipton, Birmingham, Cbes ter, Leek, Burslem, Liverpool, Blackburn, Ashbourn, Rocb - dale, Shrewsbury, Ellesine'e, I'ttoxeter, Whitchurch, Han- ley, Newport, and Ludlow Gloucester, Cheltenham, Bur- ford, Cirencester, Faringdon, Tetbury, und Uursley Coventry - - . Ditto .... Workington, Cockermoutb, Ma- rypnrt, Wigton, Carlisle, and Penrith Darlington, Stockton, Stokes- ley, Barnard Cnstle, NorthnI lerton, Bedale, Egglestone, Durham, Masham, Yarm, Thirsk, Ilartlf^pool, Gisbo- roujih. Bishop's Auckland, Broiigh and Slngihaw Derby, Ashbourn, and Belper Plpnouth, Devonport, Kings bridge, TotncBS, Bodmin, Ash burton, St. Austell, Liskeard, Dartmouth, Newton Abbot, Eicter, and Collunipton Iluae of tlie Bank. Date whni nt*- bliilieiL Ashton, Stnleybridge, Hyde, and Giossop Banlc. *BarnBlcy Banking Company *Bank of Birmingham Bank of Liverpool *Bank of Manchester *Bank of South Wales . Bank of Stockport *Bank of Walsall and South StaflVirdshire. •Bank of Westmoreland - *Uilston District Banking Company. Birmingham and Midland Bank. Birmingham Town and Dis- trict Diinking Company. Birmingham Banking Com- pany. Button Joint Stock Banking Company. ♦Bradford Banking Company ♦Bradford Commercial joint Block JIankIng Company ♦Bristol Old Bunk - Bury Banking Company - Bury and Heywood Banking Company. ♦Carlisle and Cumberland Banking Company. Cheitcnhum and Gloucester- shire Bank. * Chesterfield and North Der- byshire Banking Company ( 'ommercial Bankof England yi. ♦County nf Gloucester Bank Coventry and Warwickshire Banking Company. Coventry Union Banking Company. ♦Cumberland Union Banking Company. ♦Darlington District Joint Stock Banking Company. I ♦Derby and Derbyshire Banking Company. ♦Devon and Cornwall Bank- ing Company. 18 June, 1836 25 Jan. 1832 2 Aug. 1S32 23 April, 1831 10 Mar. 1839 26 Feb. 1835 3 May, 1836 10 Aug. 1839 8 June, 1833 31 Aug. 1836 18 Aug. 1830 4 July, 1836 30 Sept. 1829 30 May, 1830 7 July, 1827 27 Feb. 1833 16 June, 1826 14 June, 1836 17 Sept. 1836 5 Oct. 1S36 19 May, 1830 21 Dec. 1831 1 July, 1834 1 Aug. 1830 13 Dee. 1835 12 May, 1830 13 Mar. 1829 22 Dec. 1831 Number nt Partoen. i"i: 28 Dec. 1833 31 Dec. 1831 328 118 227 441 553 7 390 113 154 140 314 311 160 173 160 8 101 48 S33 99 98 444 273 361 158 152 247 204 140 Paid op CapilsL £ t.d. t 25,150 73,785 258,100 500,000 31,850 25,000 S0,9?0 50,000 77,300 44,100 15,000 33,200 0! 260,005 35,000 28,050 55,435 20,000 40,380 11 s ! mJI" '"'u!?" '? wh'ch an asterisk (♦) Is prefixed, issue notes payabto to bearer on demand, t Where blanks are left no returns have been made. ■ 11 |i m 112 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). Table I.— c«ii(iiiu«<. ■.' \h«\' Dudley ud Weitbromwleh • Norwieli,Oreat Tsrmouth, Ipt^ wleh, SwaShkin, Lynn, Eait Dareham, Fouliham, Faken- ham, Harleiton, Eye, Sax- nuiBdliain, Banfay, Watton Loweitoir, Becclei, DUi, Bu- ry 8t. Edmund'i, North Waliham, and FramUngham Swanaea and Neath Gloueaiier > • - Gloueeiter, Stroud, Newnham, Eveiham, Tewkesbury, Cbel- tenbam, Newent, Cambden, Alceiter, Perihore, Reddltch, Btockley, Moreton, Cirencei- ter, and Wlncheorob Haliflts and Hudderifletd Halifax Ditto ... Southampton, Fareham, Bum- aey, and Btoekbridfe Helston Hereford, Roia, Ilerord, Bromyard, and Abergavenny Holywell and Mold . Httdderifleld, Holmflrtkt and Brigbouie Bull, Barton, Beverly, Brigg, Qalniborough, Ooole, Grims- by, Lincoln^ Louth, South Cave, Caistor, Market Baisin, Retford, Howden, SBaUb,ana Market Weighton Knaresborougf, Ripen, We therby , Easugwold, Hemaley , Thirsk, Borougiriiridge, Ma- sbam, Pateley Bridge, Otley, and Harrogate Lancaster, Dlvefstone, and Preston Leamington Prion - Leamington Priors, Bouthan, Warwick, Kenilworth, and Banbury Leeds .... Ditto .... Leeds, Harrogate, Pudsey^ Heckmondwicke, and Brad- ford Leicester, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Hinckley, Market Harbo- rough, aud Melton Mowbray Carlisle Litcbfleld, Bugeley, and Tam- worth , Lincoln, Gainsborough, Louth, Horneastle, Brigg, Market Raisin, Caistor, Sleaford, Al- ford, Spilsby, Epworth, Grimsby, Partney, and Bet- ford , Liverpool Ditto ... Ditto ... Ditto ... Manchester, Ltverpool,OIdham, Warrington, Ashton-under- Lyne, Uury, Blackburn, Wi- gan, Prcatoa, Btataybridge, •Dttdltfvand Weatbronwlcb Banking Companv. *East of England Bank Glamorganshire Banking Company. Gloucester County and Oky Bank. *Oloucestershire Banking Company. HallAis and Huddersfleld Union Banking Company Haliflix Commercial Banking Company. *Hal!(hx Joint Stock Bank- ing Company. *Hampshire Banking Com- NaM«(lk«lnk. twtmtm' NuBibtr nr Fuumi. aoDecisa 97 Feb. mo ^^^'- *Helston Banking Company ^Herefordshire Banking Company. *BalyweU Bank, North Wales. *HuddersfleId Banking Com- pany. *Hull Banking Company *Knaresborough and Clare Banking Company. •Lancaster Banktng Cont- paay. •Leamington Bank •Leamington Priora and Warwickshire Banking Company. •Leeds Banking Company Leeds Commercial Banking Company. •Leeds and Weft Riding Banking Company. •Leleestersliire Bankinc Company. •Leith Banking Company Litchfield, Bugeley, and Tamworth Banking Com- pany. •Lineola and Uadny Bank- Company. r Liverpool Borough Bank Llverjiool Commercial Bank- ing Ooip "^tiy. Liverjv' ji ' Tradea«en's Ban... Liverpool United Trades' Bank. •Manchester and Liverpool District Bank. 8 Sept. 18M 31 Dec. 1834 38 June, 1831 Minne, 1638 31 Jun9, 1830 11 Nov. 1830 39 April, 1834 4 Aug. 1830 A Aug. 1830 a Nov. 1834 7 June, 1837 30 Nov. 1833 14 Sept. 1831 9 Oct. 1890 8 May, 1839 37 Aug. 1839 99 Nov. 1833 91 June. 1830 98 Nov. 1835 « Aug. 1830 93 Nov. 1897 31 Nov. 1886 MAof. MM 98 June, 1830 39 Dee. 1889 33 Mar. 1030 19 May, U30 90 Nov. 1899 IW 034 83 93 305 173 178 141 300 7 335 347 100 m 157 135 451 390 lot 101 88 930 900 903 643 319 1,054 hid •PCipta ^ t.i XfiU t 7i,7a 10 10,730 100,000 g M,«» 34,170 OS,QO0 « 43,jl00 48,000 95,710 t 33,030 9 110400 S 45,000 7,80} 90,000 DO 90,000 «44,«I0 40,030 749,000 t Newcistle-upon-Tyi Newcastle-upon-Tyr and South Shields land, and Durham Newcaatle-upon-Tyi Norwich, Swaffham, Eaat Dereham, I Lynn, Harlestan,Bi Watton Liverpool, Dolgelly, Machynlleth, Ab Holywell, Wrexhai li, Bala, Denbigh, Llanidloes, Ruthin, Faitbiioi, Mold, Ht. Asaph, Chester von, Llangefni, Welcbpool, and An NewcBstle-upon-Tyii derland, North Shi wick-upon-Tweed, Hexham, South Shi ham, and Bishop's Manchester, Bolton, I tlieroe, Liverpool, St. Helen's, Presto Caernarvon, Bake« ter, Birmingham, Bi gleton, Knutsford, field, Nortbwlch, Halifax, Clecklieatc ley, Leeds, Sheffle field, Denbigh, Evesham, Worces well, Mold, Leomii tin^ham, Oswesti Shrewsbury, W Wellington, Tami Grantham Northampton, Davei lin;borou;h, Tbrapstone, Pet Oundic, Hyham Stamford, Spalding ket Harhorough Northampton, Dnve Wellingborough Newcastle-upon-Tyi BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). 113 Table l.—eontinuid. Fbca. Rocbdale, Hyde, Blockport, Nantwlcb, Hanley, «taffl>rd, Biirilem, Leek, Laue-End, CheAdle, Runley, Market Drayton, and Gloasop Manchuter - - - Huddenfleld, De wibury.Wake- ! fleld, and Bradford Newpurt, Ponty-Pool, Uak, Chepitow, and Cardiff Noitingham ... Aberyatwlth, Birmingham, Bre- con, Uandovery, Hay, Bath, Shepton Mallet, Boaton, Cat- tle Gary, Somerton, Bldeford, Houtbmolten, Torrlngton, Bury St. Edmund'i, Chelten- hm, Cardiff, Bridge-End, Dunley, Olouceiter, Here- ford, Honiton, Stowmarket, Ipiwich, Woodbridge, Lich- field, Bugby, Tiverton, Wal- Mll, Wisbeach, Wbltileiea, Chatterii, Long Sutton, Wor- eiiter, Ledbury, Wotton-un- der-Edge, Yarmouth, Bristol, Norwich, Lelueiter, and Dol- lelly Nevcaitle-upon-Tyne Newcaitle-upon-Tyne, North and South Shields, Sunder- land, Hnd Durham Newcastle-upon-Tyne Norwich, Swaffham,Foulshani, East Dereham, Fakenhani, Lynn, Harleston, Bungay, and Walton Liverpool, Dolgelly, Bancor, Hschynlletb, Aberystwlth, Holywell, Wrexham, Pwllhe- li, Bala, Denbigh, Oawestry, Llanidloes, Ruthin, Llanrooat, Faitinlof, Mold, Newtown, 8t. Asaph, Chester, Caernar- von, Llangefni, Conway, Welchpool, and Amlwch Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sun- derland, North Shielda, Ber- wick-upon-Tweed, Morpeth, Hexham, South Shields, Dur- ham, and Bishop'a Auckland Manchester, Bolton, CoLie, Cli- theroe, Liverpool, Ormakirk, St. Helen's, Preston, Bangor, Caernarvon, Bakewell, Ches- ter, Birmingham, Bri8tol,Con- (leton, Knutsford, Maccles- field, Nortbwich, Nantwich, Halifax, Cleckheaton, Keight- ley, Leeds, Sheffield. Wake- field, Denbigh, Wrexham, Evesham, Worcester, Holy- well, Mold, Leominster, Not- tingham, Oswestrv, Wem, Shrewsbury, Whitchurch, Wellington, Tamworth, and Grantbam Northampton, Daventry, Wel- lingborough, Kettering, Thrapstone, Peterborough, Oundle, Hyham Ferrars, Stamford, Spalding, and Mar- ket Harborough Northampton, Dnventry, and Wellingborough Newcaatle-upon-Tyn* i Nuw of Hit Buk. Manchester and Sal ford Bank. •Mirfleld and Hudderafleld Banking Companv. Monmouthshire and Olanor- gansbire Banking Compa- ny. *Moore and Boblnson'a Not tlnghamshire Banking Company. ♦National Provineial Bank of England. *NeweBttle Commercial Banking Company. ♦Newcastle, Shields, and Sunderland Union Joint Stock Banking Company. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Joint Stock Banking Company. •Norfolk and Norwich Joint Stock Banking Company. North and South Wales Bank. -.■a-vs'^" North ofEngland Joint Stock Banking Company. ♦Northern and Central Bank ofEngland. i 1 jStlLSC Northamptonshirs Banking Company. Northamptonshire Union Bank Northumberland and Diir' iiam District Banking Com. 15 DtttwhnMts- blltbnL Numlitr hrtnn. 19 June, 1838 955 30 Dee. 183S 903 38 July, 1830 960 13 July, 183e 98 97 Dec. 1833 487 18July,18M 318 11 July, 1830 430 27 June, 1830 130 31 Mar. 1837 195 SOAprU.lSSe 390 98 Nov. 1839 971 19 Mar. 1891 1,904 .-•yi. -•,-45.4 5, iffi\ ■ ■ 33Ma]r,1830 9N 13 Hay, 1830 404 S3 Hay, 1830 404 Vtii tf CspiM. :4. 390.000 .1 ..» P! 95,000 940,000 711,800 - ..I.-V ! - :•■ ! '. ! n ^i, 114 BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PR0^1N0IAL> Table I cmtinuid. riicM. Melkahnm, Dovizei, Drndrnrd, Trowbrldge,Culnn,Weiitbiiry, CliipiHuiham, WMminiter, and Comlmm NottiiiKlinin, Newnrk, Mani- fleld, uiid i.mifililHirniigh LulceHter, Hiiicklny, l.niiKhbo- rouyh, and Mellon Mowbray Liverpool . - - Saddleworth, Aihton, and Old- hnm Bhetticld and Rotherham Shemeld ... Sheffieldand Rotherham Shiflhal, Wnningtnn, Newport, and Oialbronk Dale Manchester ... Btnmford, Spalding, Ronton, Oundle, Rourn, Market Deep- ing, 8pilgby Hurgh, Wainfleet, Bwineshcdd, Peterborough, Ilolbeach, Oakham, and Up- pingham Stourbridge, Kidderminiter, Htrutf>ird-upon-Avon, Ilen- ley-in-Arden, Rromigrove, Redditch, Bhipgton-on-Stnur, Chipping Norton, AlceBter, and Moreton-in-Mnrah RriHtol, Axbridge, Bridgewater, Taunton, Wellington, Crew- kerne, Chnrd, Ilnilnster, Langport, Wcllfi, GListon- bury, Bhepton Mallet, Bniton, Wlncanton, Selwood, Fronie, Caitle Cary, Veovil, Bam' well, Weaton'Ruper-Mare, Williton, Martock, Somerton, South Petbeitoo, and Uchea- ter Sunderland • Liverpool ... Manchester ... Wakefield ... Warwick, I^eamington, Strat- ford-on-Avon, Boulham, Henley-in-Arden, and Bhip- Rton-on-Stour Bristol, Bath, Barnstaple, Ex- eter, Swansea, Taunton, Bridgewater, Cardiff, New- port, Wells, Olaitonburv, Bideford, Merthyr Tydvll, Stowey, Oalverton, Williton, Axbridge,Somerton, Llanelly, and Sidmouth Salisbury, Warminiter, De- vizes, Bradford, westbu- rv, Trowbridge, Melksham, dalne, Chippenham, Marlbo- rough, Swindon, Malmesbury, Wootton Bassett, Cricklade, Frome, Yeovil, Wincanton, Chard, Crewkerne, Taunton, Glastonbury, Wells, Bhepton Mallet, Bruton, Bridgewater, Dorchester, Blandford, Wim- tmrne, Wareham, Poole, Bridport, Lyme Regis, Bhanesbury, Sherborne, Weyhill, Highwortb, Ludger- ■hall, Mere,Weymouth, Stur- minster, Beaminster, Mel- borne Port, Fordingbridge, Christchurch, Lymlngton, and SinfwooA r.-,' f/ftiPH NuMof dwBuk. *North Wills Banking Com- pany. ^Nottingham and Notling' iiamshire Uiinking Cum. *Pares's I.i'lccstershire Bur.king Coniponjr, or the Leiceiiteriliire Union Bunking Company. Rnyal Bank of Liveritool *Saddleworth Banking Com. *Bhefneld Banking Com. Bhefllold and Hnllnmshtre Banking Company. Shelfleld and Rotherham Joint Stock Banking Com- pany. Shropshire Banking Com pany. South Lancashire Bank ^Stamford and Spalding .lolnt Stock Banking Company. *Stourbridge and Kiddermin- ster Bunking Company. *Stuekey't Banking Ctoa Sunderland Joint Stock Banking Company for De- von and Cornwall. Union Bank of Liverpool Union Bank of Manchester •Wakefield Banking Com. •Warwick and Leamington Banking Company. •West of England and South Walei District Bank. •Wilt* and Dorset Banking Company. jTrtrVr;-? w.' 'It**-,! .!-,rn'J (.ti. D>l< whan M)4- klulwd. 0Nov. 1835 19 April, 1834 IS Mar. 1630 SO April, 1836 30 June, 1833 94 June, 1831 90 May, 1836 as June, 1830 37 May, 1838 93 May, 1836 28 Dec. 1831 0AprU,ie34 « Oct. 1828 4 Aug. 18S6 9 May, 183S 6 May, 1836 35 Oct. 1833 10 Sept. 1834 39 Deo. 1834 Nuinbtr »r Firlmn. isa n IS 9tS 114 993 738 334 977 778 6S 933 3S 11 Jan. 1S30 toe S93 308 193 133 460 485 titV ■-# P»lil up Cipiui. xm 69,610 1S,8S4 91,1)80 99,650 II 7S,8U 44,000 43,000 fi 60,000 44,840 31,310 909,883 10 49,672 10 Wrnnport, Plymo Kln||ibrldge,Credlti Tnlpimoiith, 1 Holiworthy, Falmo lance, Truro, Hels rnth.St. Ives, and ( Whitebaven and Pen Wolverbampton York, Mttlton, Bolby, Hcnrhornngh, Boroi and Onnle York, Driffield, Bur Malinn, Ilelniils' Mnoraldge, Pickari lln^nn, Market and Tadrnster York, Whilby, Welhi caalir, Sherbnrn, Pickering, Maltnn rniith, Burlington, Pocklinginn, Qool mnnraide, Bedale, f routhbridge. Knar* Hnll, Wakefield, 1 Gaiingwold, Thlrnk lerton, Hawes, Bki Beverley LeeilA. York, Hull, Halifax, Doncastei Thirak, Malton, Pn BradfDrd, Pontcfra Knareaborough, Hu Beverley, Darlingt mond, and Dewsbui N. B. "TheMirfleld Banking Company ;" t II. A Return of Joint » (lie several Towns an Number of Partners Joint Stock Buki. 1.— The Hibernian Stock Company.^ l.-Ttae Northern Bi Company. > }.— The Provincial Bi I Ireland. 4.-The Btlfhat Bi Company. * This bank does not did, however, register taken from the registry Stamps, Ireland, Apr fit BANKS (ENGLISH, PRIVATE , AND PROVINCIAL). U5 Tabit l.—€tnUnut4. niM. NiasotOwBaik. Ma wlini nta. UMM. Munlar FvtiMn. raid ap Capiui. ■ KeTMiport, Plymouth, Totnei, *WeaUni DIstrlet Banking Company for Devon and Cornwall. 1 Sept. ISM m £ t. d. Kln(tibrldre,br«'JH''n, Eieter, Telinmoiith, TorrlBjton, Holiworthy, Falmouth, Pen- , lance, Truro, H«lilon, Red- ruth, 8t. Ivei, nndCalllngtnn Wliitebaven and Penrith •Whitehaven Joint Stock Hanking Company, 9S May, 1890 330 38,090 Wolverhampton *Wolverhanmtnn and fllaf- fordshlre Banking Com- 38 Dec. 1831 338 S0,00U Yorli, Mttltnn, Solby, Rowden, ♦YVirk " City and County Banking Company. 3 Mar. 1830 367 75,000 Bcnrhorough, Boroughbridge, and GnolB York, Driffield, Bury, Think, *York Union Banking Com- 33 April, 1833 377 57,450 Maltnn, Ilelmiley, KIrby Mnorildge, Pickering, Pnck- pany. * llnfton. Market Welglitnn, and Tadmiler York, Whitliy, Wetherby, Tad- Yorkshire Agrirultural and 37 July, 1830 004 cait«r, Sherbiirn, Howden, Coiiimereial Banking Com- Pickering, Malton, flearbo- pany. roiiRh, Burlington, Driffield, Pocklinjion, Goole, Klrby- monrsldit, Dednle, KIpon, Ho- rnuehbridge, Kniiresborough, Hull, Wakefield, Dnncaiter, Enilngwold, Thlrak, Northal- , 1 lerton, Hawea, Bkipton, and Deverl«y Lenda. York, Hull, Sheffield, •Yorkshire District Dank 30 July, 1834 080 311,110 Halifix, Doncaatnr, Belby, Tlilrak, Malton, Pocklington, Bradford, Pontcfrnct, Ripon, Knarcabornueh, Iludderefleld, \ Beverley, Darlington, Rich- mond, and Dewtbury N. B. "The Mirflflid and Hudderafleld Banking Coinpnny" la now culled "The Weit Riding Union '. Banking Company ;" the name of the bank havlni been changed. II. A Return of Joint Stock Bank* In Ireland! with the Datea of their Eatnbllahment, the Namea of tbe Bevernl To wna and Placet whore such Banki and their Uranchei have been eatabliihed, and th< Number of Partnerv in each. Joint Slock Btnln. Wbn wtiUliM. Toiriu nivl PUcm whm the Ranka or Qwlr UnDchn have bta aUililiihnl. Numbar of IVtiian. l.-The Hibernian Joint By special Act, 6 Geo. Dublin SSS Stock Company.* 4. c. ISO. 3.-Tbe Northern Banking Slst of December, 1634 Belfltst. Ballymena. 308 Company. i I.lahiirne. Cnlernine. N. T. Limavady. Magherafelt. I.urgnn. Armagh. Downpatrlck. Londonderry. 1 },— The Provincial Bank of Slat of Anguat, 1895 - Armagh. Athlone. 044 ' 1 Ireland. Baltlnn. Ballymena. Bnlly shannon. Banbridge. 1 * Bandon. Belflist. Cavan. Clonmel. Cflleralne. Cork. Downpatrlck. Dun(?annon. Dungarvan. Ennls. Enniskillen. Oalway. ■ ■ '■ (■. 1 ■ ; . •. - 1 , f . i ■ Kilkenny. Limerick. Londonderry. Lurgan. .- 1 1 - -'•,..■ >■ , - -^ : A>, .■■_,*■, Mallow. Monaghan. Moneymore. Omagh. V* t i •» ,'( . ^f Parsonstown. Bllgo. Btrabano. Tralee. Waterfnrd. Wexford Youghall. Relftist. Coleratne 4.-The BelAit Banking 1818 303 Company. (. ^'i^ . Rollymoney. lx>ndonderry. Ballymena. Lurgan. Dungannon. Cookstown. Armagh. Banbridge. * Thia bank does not tame notei, and la not, therefore, required to make a registry at this office : 1 I did, however, register its Arm and poitnera to 18B5, and the number of tbe partners above given ia taken from the registry then made. Btamps, Ireland, AprU 19, 1890. , , ^ J. 8. Ooopn, Compt. and Acct. OenL u I';; no 17 BANKS (SCOTCH)." "''*'^2) ''•''^^>'^ W Table II.-«mMiimiI. MdI stock Bute WhWMUIIllMi. TewM UNl riMM wlwn IIm iMki w Mr BrmDcba htv* bMn taUUiihal. NMto 9.— The AgrlculliirnI and nnminercml Bunk or 38th of October, 1834. Nanagh. Ennli. xm Bandon. Cnitlobar. Ireland.* i New Rnii. Ennlicorthy. Limerick. Tuam. Rnacroa. Hklbbereen. Killariioy. Birabane. 1 Mallow. Kilkenny. Cork. Longford. Bnlllna. Oalway. 1 Mtrokeitnwn. Kilruvh. Biilllnailoe. Tlpperary. Fermoy. Bllgo. Boyle. Parionitown. Londonderry. Carrlck-on-Bulr. Clonmel. -Th« National Bank of S4III of January. 1839. 230 Ireland. , Thiirlei. Caaliel. Cork. Ennlicorthy. Kilkenny. Longford. Tlpperary. Fermoy. 1 A ' .■ ' '^ MItohelitown. Iloicrea. ;> ■ . . 1 ' ' - ■ ■ ' Trslee. Cahlrclvaen. 1. . ( Dingle. Klllarney. Llitowell. Watvrford. Uungnnnon. New Rnii. 7.— The Limerick National 17th of Auguit. 1839. Limerick. Kllruih. W Dnnk of Irnlanil. Charleville. 8.— The Uliier Banking 19lh of April, 1836. - Belfkit 117 Company. 1 Account of the uirBregnte nmonnt of Notei cir' i :'nted In Rnsland and Walei by Private Hanki, and by Joint Htnrk liiiiiks and their Brnnchci ; di 'iinguiihing Private from Joint Stuck Banki.— (From Returni directed by 3 & 4 Will. 4.) Qiinrtera end! rrivita Baiilu. Joint Mock Buki. Tom. ng £ £ £ 38 Dec. 1833 - 8,83«,8n3 1,319,301 10.1.^3,104 39 March, 1834 • 8,733,400 1,498,437 10,101,837 38 June, - 8,875,709 1,613,887 10,518,683 37 Sept. - 8,370,433 1,783,680 10,154,113 38 Dec. . 8,5.17,659 3,133,173 10,650,828 38 March, 1839 . 8,331,300 3,188,054 10,420,160 97 June, - 8,459,114 3,484,ftJr 10,930,801 36 Sept. - 7,813,587 3,508,036 10,430,623 36 Dec. - 8,331,863 3,780.991 11,131,414 30 March, IS-W - 8,393.894 3,004,039 11,417,910 3SJune, - 8,614,133 3,988,064 13,302,106 34 Sept. - 7,000,131 3,960,131 11,733,945 Sup.) IV. BAWicg (Scotch). The act of 1708, preventin;; uiore than 6 individuals from entering into a partnership for carrying on the hurineaa of banking, did not extend to Scotland. In coniequence of this exemption, several banking companies, with numerous bodies of partners, have always existed in that part of the empire. Ban/c of Scotland. — ^'I'his institution was projected by Mr. John Holland, merchant of London, and was established by act of the Scotch parliament (Will. 3. Pari. 1. § 5.) in 1693, by the name of the Guvcmor and Company of the Bank of Scotland. Its orii^nal capital was 1,200,000/. Scotch, or 100,000/. sterling, distributed in shares of 1. 000/. Scotch, or 83/. 6». Sd. sterling, each. The act exempted the capital of the bank from all public burdens ; and gave it the exclusive privilege of banking in Scotland for 2 1 years. The objecta for which the bank was instituted, and its mode of management, were intended to be, and have been, in most respects, sin.ilar to those of the Bank of England. The responsibility of ttie •hareliolders is limited to the amount of their shares. The capital ofthe bank was itKreased to 200,000/. in 1744;and was enlarged by subsequent acU of parliament, the last of which (44 Geo. 3. c. 23.) was passed in 1 804, to 1 ,500,000/., ito present amount Of this sum, 1,000,000/. has been paid up. The last mentioned act directed that all sums relating to the affitirs of the bank should henceforth be rated in sterling money, that the former mode of dividing bank stock by shares should be discontinued, and that, fur the future, it should l>e transferred in any sums or parcels. On the union of the two kingiloms in 1707, the Bank of Scotland undertook the recoinage, and efifected the exchange of the currency in Scotland : it was also the organ of government, in the issue ofthe new silver coinage in 1 8 1 7. ♦ This Bank stopped payment in November, 1838. BANKS (SCOTCH) 117 The bank of Scotlftiul in th« only Scotch bank congtitiit«>f parliu nt It b«Kan to nUblith branches in 1 696 ; and iMUod note* for 1/. so can 1 704. The >ik also htigt% It sterr early period, to receive deponita on interest, and to ), iiir credit (>< "h m-rout ( minute of the directors with rospoct to the mode of keepuig th« latter, Urtnn 'lii< ■" iMck as 1729. It is, therefore, entitled to the Credit of having introduced and ciall diitinrtive principles of the Scotch banking system, which, whotever may bo its i< lo is prolwhiy superior to every other system hitherto established. Generally speaking. Hit- I K of Scotland has always been conducted on sound and lilwral principles; nor cnn th< > doubt that it has been prolic notlnnal fntnlili^liinent i erertnd and rnriilnted by tlifl Ifslnla- tiire Binne : and Gxpreanly as a piililic Duiilc In tliiii kinuilom ; for llio ItPiiellt ol ttie natinii, niid for tlie Klvoiid^mpnt of nttriciiltiirn. coinnit^rce mid nianufartiireii ; niul lor other olijccts of public policy, — (lli». Pari. 1. }9. ; H Oto. 3. c. 39. ; 31 Oeo. 3. c. 8. ; 33 Geo. 3. c. 33. ; 34 Geo. 3. c, 10. { 44 Geo. 3. t.iS.) II. Tlie (tntutory capital is at present 1,SOO,(X)0{. stcrlinar. It is raised by voluntary siibseriptioD ; •ml baa been aubscribed for. 1,000,000/. lias be«n railed for, and paid in.~(44 Geo. 3. c. 83.) III. Biihgcrihvrii, If not under ohlinntion to the Rank, mny, at plenaiire, irnnifer their right. If under olill|tation to the Blink, the nbliiration must he prnviuunly liquidated ; or, the prnceads of the inle, at a price to the salltfnctlon of tlie directors, niuit be applied towards such liquidation. Trnns- fers are made by a short nsfiignnicnt and acceptance thnreof, both In a reglaler appointed for that purnoie. Thn expense, beside the (rovernmont stamp, Is lis.— (Il'i//. Pari. I. ) S.) IV. Bank of Scotliind stock may be nrf]iiir(!d. In any portions, by any person, commnnlty, or other Inwftd pnrty whatsoever ; without selection, exclusion, or iluiltatlon of numbers.— (HW. Pari. 1 } 3. ; « neo. 3. c. 23.) V. Bank of Scollnrd stock mny be conveyed by latter will, and. If specially mentioned, without eipenne of cnnflrniatinn. It cannot be arrested: the holder's right may be adjudfcd. Dividends may bt- arrested.— (WiH. Pari. 1. ) 9.) VI. The Bunk of grotlnnd is a nublic corporation by net of parliament. The B.ink's trnnsnctioiis irf> illstlnrt from tho«e of the storkholderH ; and theirs from those of the hunk.— (H'ill. Pari. I. } S.) VII. The establishment Is expressly debarred from any other business than that of banking.— (IfiM.Parl. 1. }5.) VIII. The niaiiagement Is vested, by statute. In a governor, deputy governor, twelve ordinary, and twelve extraordinary directors. They are chosen annually, on the last Tuesday of Mnrrh, by the ttnckholders having 330i. of stock or upwards. Those above 350/. have a vote for every 3.'0/. i to 1,000/. or 30 votes. No person can have more than 30 votes. The giivernor must hold, at least, i,Ml. of stock ; the doputy governor l,SflO/. ; and each director 750/. They swear to be equal to nil persnns: and cannot hold any inferior otnce in the Bank.— (ffi//. Pari. 1. ) 5. ; 14 Gto. 3. c. 33. ; 44 (Jeo. 3. c. 33.) IX. Tlie executive part is conducted by a treasurer, secretary, and other public ofllcors, all sworn. TlinJB having the officliil charge of cash find due security. — (Will. Pnrl. I. } S.) X. The Board of directors sits for the general ndminfstrntion nf the Bank, nt the Bank's Public Head Office In Edinburgh. The local business of tiiat district is also conducted at that office. For tlie local business in the other parts of the kingdom, the Bank has Its regular public offices in the principal towns. At each of these offices there is tlie Rank agent or rnshicr, who gives due security, aiid conducts the Bank's business for that district, In the maiiner after mentioned. There is also the Bank's accountant for that office ; who is appointed by the directors. — {Hill. Purl. 1. i 5.) XI. Tlie Bank takes in immey, at all Its public offices, on deposit receipts or proniissory notes, or on current deposit account.* At the Head Office, draughts on London, or on any of the agencies, are piven : nt each agency, drauglits on London, or on the Head Office, are given. All these documents are on llie Bank's cKeek (and aealcil leitk the Bank's lealf) . They bear, in words, to be " For the Bank of Scnlliind ;" or, "For the Governor and Conipan ' of the Biink of Scotland." These documents are signed, if at Kdinburgh, by the treasurer, and countersigned by the principal nrcountiint : if at an aeenry, they must be signed by the Bank's agent, as apent, and counlersigned by the Bank's account- ant for tiiat agency ; otherwise they infer no obligation on the Bank.— (Aeiw/ution of Court, 38th Feb. 1:93) XII. Bills on London, Edinburgh, or any town where the Bank has Its official correspondents, nre discounted and purchased at all the Bank's public offices. The Bank's agents judge, in ordinary rnsps, of tlic bills prtiseiited : so that parties meet with no delay. The Bank does not scil, at any of ii.4 nitices, the bills which it has discounted and purchased. Its agents cannot indorse its bills, unless ofllcinlly to the treasurer.— (/i«o{uf ion of Court, "iM Feb. 178P.) XIII. Government stock and other public funds, transferable in London, may be purchased or sold, and dividends thereon may lie received, through the Bunk. XIV. The Bank gives credit on cash accounts at any of its offices, on bond, with security. The security may be personal co-obligants, conjunctly and severally ; or Bank of Scotland stock ; or both : (irsuch other security as may he specially agreed on. Applications for cash accounts are given in to tlie olfice where the cash account is wanted, and must specify the credit desired, and the security prii- puscd; and the individual partners, where copartneries are proposed. Cash accounts are granted by * The Bank has always allowed interest on deposits. The rate allowed varies, of course, with tlin vnrintions in the market rate. During the greater part of the late war It was as high as 4 per cent. | tut at present it Is only 3 per cent. t Tlie seal is now dispensed with, ex.cept on the Bank's notes. ,' . : !^ 118 BANKS (SCOTCH). 'l;''!l the dirnrlnri only i nnd nr* not raeiillml nnlfiii by th«lr ipflclnl nulhorlty. It li undxrutond ttim id^ crnillla nrn n«t imeil no ilriiri limiia, in proiliirit Intiri'al niily. In thn fnir rniiric ril' liiialiirii), thn I? Tiinlnili' (if tlin ll^iiik U nmiiiilti'il hy iiii nctivu rlrriiliiiliiii uf iu niitra. mii hv fr«(|iiHiii ri'iiaymrnu to It In n wny Init nfriMtliiR llint cirriilnlinn — {Hualiifion of Court, Btli .Nnv. (7%), aiii|*i.1it M. \1t>iiat>. Thxy niny l>i- driiwii aUlivr at the UBiik'i \\^ Ofllce, or Ht nny of iti nitior ciftlcei, ai inuiingreesble to the atutkhuldur. Uy order of the Omirt nf Direclori. etb Nov. m». Moit of tho other Scotch banka are conducted on the Mmo principlea and in the nnw wiiy IU tho Bank of 8cotlund, so that the dutaiU aa to ita management will nearly a|)|)|y i^ thnm all. Tho Kni/al Dank nf Scotland wan established in 1737. Ita original capital waa 15I,000[ At prraent it nmnunU to 2,000,000/. TliP British Linen Ctmpant/ waa incorporated in I74fl, forthe purpoae, or it« namt impliea, of undertaking tho manufacture of linen. But the viewa in which it originaUii were speedily abandoned ; and it became a banking company only. Ita capital amounhto 600,000/. 'Nona uf the other lianking companies estaMiHhed in Scotland are chartered assoriationi, with limited res|)on8ibility ; the partners t)eiiig jointly and indivirroi|rrangement lirilh the Bank of Ireland, by which joint stock companies were allowed to be established at la distance of 50 miles (Irish) from Dublin, and the bank was permitted to increase its capi< |Ul 500,000/. The act of I & 2 Geo. 4. c. 72. was founded on this agreement " But ministers having omitted to repeal in this act various restrictions on the trade of Ibanking that had been imposed by 33 Geo. 2. c. 14., no new company was formed. In 1824, In party of merchants of Belfast, wishing to establish a joint stock company, petitioned par- liiainent for the repeal of this act of Geo. 2. ; and an act was accordinl Billi. 1S80 of 5{. and upwards I under 3{. 1821 of52. and upwards under 5/. 1693 of5{. and upwards under SI. IriBh Currency. £ «. 9,894,777 5 1,314,800 15 3,501,119 11 1,710,603 3 3,618,111 1 1,558,331 8 £ 4,309,584 5,311,793 14 6,170,432 3 Yuri. 1833 1834 1835 Nntea and Billi. ndil. and upwards under 51. ofSf. and upwards under s;. of5I. and upwards under 5{. Irish Currency. £ t. 3,598,095 7 1,588,764 7 3,890,337 6 1,739,118 6 4,446,995 1,064,354 8 £ 5,117,389 II 5,022,^58 U fi,111,3i9 (Com;iun« Report of 1826, p. 89.) There is no Inter account of the circulation of the Bank of Ireland, nr of the other Irish bnnki. Tli) j •mire paper circulation of Ireland may now, ^.'obably, amount to between 7,000,000i. and 6,(AXI,M nerling. BANKS (FOREIGN). 123 /u.tiirnof (be An unt of the Notes of the Bank of Ireland (Inchidlng Bunk Post Bills) In Clrcuta- '* tion t the undermentioned Periods.— (PoW. Puper, No. 43S. Sess. la34.) £ >. d. £ ,. a. 1933. June 7. - 3,975,322 7 S 1834. Januarys. 3,090,841 7 6 1833. Januarys. 4,245.528 10 11 June 6. 3,781,951 19 4 July 4. - 3,7a0,653 7 7 Sup.) It appears from the statements given in the Report of the Commons' Committee of 1S26, that the average value of the notes and post bills of the Bank of Ireland of 5/, and upwards in circulation, during the five years ending with 1835, amounted to 3,646,660/. Irish cur- tency ; and that the average value of the notes and post bills under 51. in circulation during the same period amounted to 1,643,828/. Irish currency. The average value of the notes of all descriptions issued by the other banking establishments in Ireland, in 1826, amounted to 1,192,886/. Provincial Bank of Ireland. — This important establishment was, 9s already stated, founded in 1825. Its subscribed capital consists of 2,000,000/. divided into 20,000 shares of 100/. each, of which 26 per cent, or 600,000/., has been paid up. Its head office is in London ; and at present it has subordinate offices in Cork, Limerick, Clonmel, Londonderry, Sligo, Wexford, Waterford, Belfast, Galway, Armagh, Athlone, Coleraine, Kilkermy, Bal- lina, Tralee, Youghall, Enniskillen, Monaghan, Banbridge, and Ballymena. The last 5 have been opened since 1831. The entire management of the establishment is vested in the court of directors in London. The business of the branch banks is conducted, under the control of the head office, by the managers, witlf the advice and assistance of 2 or more gentlemen of respectability in the district, each holding 10 shares in the bank. The business consists of discounting bills ; granting cash credits, after the manner of the Scotch banks ; receiving deposits, on which interests, varying according to circumstances, is allowed ; in drawing and giving letters of credit on other places of Ireland, Great Britain, &c. ; and of other details incident to banking. It has had several pretty severe runs to sustain. In the course of a single week, in October, 1828, about 1,000,000/. in gold was sent from England to Ireland on account of the Provincial Bank ! This prompt and ample supply effectually :naintained the credit of the establishment, and did much to restore confidence. The notes of the Provincial Bank have always been payable at the places where they are issued. The Bank of Ireland began to establish branches in 1825 ; but the notes issued by her branches were not, at first, payable except at the head office in Dublin. This distinction, which tended to throw the principal pressure of runs in the country on the Provincial Bank, and other private companies, was abolished by the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 81., which made it obli- gatory on all banks to pay their notes at the place of issue. Notes of the Provincial Bank are received by the Treasury in payment of taxes, in the same way as those of the Bank of Ireland ; and it is the bank of government for the excise, post-office, and stamp revenues for those parts of the country beyond the exclusive privileges of the Bank of Ireland. The divi- dends hcve been at the rate of 4, 5, and, since the 25th of December, 1832, of 6 per cent. per annum. Its stock is now at a high premium, the 25/. paid up shares fetching 3bL or 36/. Northern Banking Company. — This establishment has its head office in Belfast, and its branches are distributed throughout Ulster. Its capital and operations are on a much less extensive scale than those of the Provincial Bank, but in other respects they are conducted nearly in the same way. There are very few private banking establishments at present existing in Ittland, at least compared with those in this country. VI. Baitks (Foueioh). To attempt giving any detailed account of the principal foreign banks would very far exceed our limits ; we shall, therefore, only notice a few of the more celebrated. The Bank of Venice seems to have been the first banking establishment in Europe. It was founded so early as 1171, and subsisted till the subversion of the republic in 1797. It was essentially a deposit bank ; and its bills bore at all times a premium or agio over the current money of the city. The Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1659. It was a deposit bank ; and pay* mcntswere macle by writing off sums from the account of one individual to those of another. According to the principles on which the bank was established, it should have had at all times in its cofTors bullion equal to the full amount of the claims upon it But the directors privately lent about 10,500,000 florins to the states of Holland and Fricsland. This circum- stance transpired when the French invaded Holland, and caused the ruin of the ba:.>k. — (See my edition of the Wealth of Nations, vol. ii. p. 333.) The Bank of the Netherlands was established in 1814. It is formed on the model of the Bank of Eiigl8.nd ; and was to enjoy for 26 years the exclusive privilege of issuing notes. The original capital of 5,000,000 florins was doubled in 1 8 1 9. The king holds one tenth of ! '!. m mm '■i--t iiit-t-^ 124 BANKS (FOREIGN). the sharei . The affairs of tlie bank are managed by a president, secretary, and 5 dircclni who are choaen every 6 months, but moy be indefinitely re-elecbcd. This bank discounii bills) of exchange with three responsible signatures; it takes continuations on stock, anj Eonietimrs lends on bullion at such a rate of interest and to such an extent as may be agreed iifion. It occaRionally, also, makes loans on merchandise, but never at less than Sperceni Its notes vary from 1,000 florins to 25 florins, that is, from 83J/. to 2 J^/. The ilividtndi have varied from 3 to 7 per cent. The shares are each 1,000 florins, and are at pregent 1 worth 25 per cent, premium ex-dividend. The responsibility of the shareholders i« limited to the amount of their stock. — {Consul's Answer to Circular Queries.) The Bank of Hamburgh is a deposit bank, and its aflfairs are managed according tot system that insures the fullest publicity. It receives no deposits in coin, but only in bulliog of a certain degree of fineness. It charges itself with the bullion at the rate of 442 schilliDn the mark, and issues it at a rate of 444 schillings ; being a charge of ^ths, or nearly I m cent, for its retention. It advances money on jewels to jths of their value. Thecitjii answerable for all pledges deposited with the bank; they may be sold by auction, if thet remain 1 year and 6 weeks without any interest being paid. If the value be not claimel within 3 years, it is forfeited to the poor. The Bank of Hamburgh is universally admitled to be one of the best managed in Europe. The Bank of France was founded in 1803. The exclusive privilege of issuing noiei payable to bearer was granted to it for 40 years. The capital of the bank consisted alfint of 45,000,000 fir., but it was subsequently increased to 90,000,000 fr,, divided into 90,000 shares or actiotis of 1,000 fr. each. Of these shares, 67,900 are in the hands of the public; 1 22,100, being purchased up by the bank, form part of her capital. The notes issued by tin bank are for 1 ,000 and 500 fr. The dividend varies from 4 to 5 per cent. ; and there ii, besides, a reserve retained from the profits, which is vested in the 5 per cents. A bonus i 200 fr. a share was paid out of this reserve to the shareholders in 1820. The 't'eserreji I Eossession of the bank in 1828, amounted to 6,623,000 fr. No bills arc discounted thit ave more than 3 months to run. The customary rate of discount is 4 per cent., but it { varies according to circumstances. The discounts in 1827 amounted to 621,000,000 ft, The bank is obliged to open a compie eourant for every one who requires it ; and perfonu I services for those who have such accounts, similar to those rendered by the private banh of London to their customers. She is not allowed to charge any commission upon current accounts, so that her only remuneration arises out of the use of the money placed in ber hands by the individuals whoso payments she makes. This branch of the business is eaid not to bo profitable. There are about 1,600 accounts current at the bank ; and of the entire expenses of the establishment, amounting to about 900,000 fr. a year, two thirds are said to be incurred in this department. The bank advances money on pledges of difiercnt kindi, such as foreign coin or bullion, government or other securities, &c. It also undertakes the care of valuable articles, as plate, jewels, bills, title-deeds, &c. The charge is i per cent of the value of each deposit for every period of 6 months or under. The administration of the bank is vested in a council general of 20 members, viz. 17 regents, and 3 censors, who are nominated by 200 of the principal proprietors. The kin; I appoints the governor and deputy governor. The first must be possessed of 150, and the latter of 60 shares. A compte rendu is annually published, and a report by the censoii, which together give a very full exposition of the affairs of the bank. The institution ii flourishing, and enjoys unlimited credit — (For further details with respect to the Bnnkrf France, see Starch, Cours d' Economic Politique, Paris, 1823, tom. iv. pp. 168 — 180., asJ I the Compfes Rendus of the different years.) Banks have also been established at Berlin, Copenhagen, Vienna, and Pctersburgb, Those who wish for detailed information with respect to these establishments, may consull | the work of M. Storch, to wliich we have just referred. In the 4th volume, there is an ad- mirable account of the paper money of the different continental states. The objects we ha\t I in view will be accomplished by laying before our readers the following details with respect to the Commercial Bank of Russia, established in 1818 : — "This bank receives deposits is gold and silver, foreign as well as Russian coin, and in bars and ingots. It has a department for transferring the sums deposited witli it, on the plan of tlie Hamburgh Bank. It dis- counts bills, and lends money on deposits of merchanmse of Russian produce or origin. IIj capital consists of 30,000,000 of bank-note rubles. It is administered by a governor and 4 directors appointed by government, and 4 directors elected by the commercial body of Peten- burgh. The property in the bank is protected against all taxation, sequestration, or atlacli- ment ; and it is enacted, that subjects of countries with which Russia may be at wnr shai be entitled at all times to receive back their deposits without any reservation. It is also ile- ' dared, that at no time shall the bank be called upon for any part of its capital to assist the government. All deposits must be made for 6 months at least, and be repayable at or before that period, and not bo less than 600 rubles : sums so deposited to pay i per cent. Tbt deposits, if in bars, ingots, or foreign specie, are estimated in Russian silver coin, and so regis- tered in the attestation; and if not demanded back within 16 days of tiie expiration of! BANKS (FOREIGN). I ^^nth), OT the necessary premium paid for the prolongation, the owner loses the right of I claiming his original deposit, and must take its estimated value in Russian silver coin. No Ibiili are discounted that have less than 8 days or more than 6 months to run. The rate of I discount w 6 per cent. No interest is allowed on money deposited in the bank, unless notice I be given that it will be allowed to lie for a year, and 3 months' - .xice be given of the inten- Ition to draw it out, when six per cent, interest is allowed." — 'Kelly's Cam&tj/, vol. i. p. 1303,) This bank has branches at Archangel, Moscow, Odessa, Uiga, &c. I The Bank of the United Stales was incorporated in 1816. Its capital is 35,000,000 doN liars, (lirided into 350,000 shares of 100 dollars each. Seven millions were subscribed by Ithe United States, and the remaining 28,000,000 by individuals, companies, corporations, l&c. In 1832, 84,000 shares were held by foreigners. The bank issues no note for less Itlun 5 dollars ; all its notes are payable in specie on demand. It discounts bills and makes liilnnces on bullion at the rate of 6 per cent The management is under 25 directors : 5 lofwboin, being holders of stock, are annually appointed by the President of the United istateSi Seven directors, including the president, constitute a Board. The principal office of the bank is in Philadelphia; but in January, 1830, it had twenty- (ten sui)ordinate offices, or branch baidcs, established in different parts of the Union. Sub- ijoined is a statement of some of the items in the afiairs of the Bank of the United States, oa Khe Ut of April, 1830, and the 2d of November, 1832. Notef discounted Domeitic bills discounted Funded debt beld by the bank - Real estate . . - Funds in Europe, equal to specie Sptcie . - - . Public deposits - - - Private deposits ... Circulation ... 1830. 82,138,370-89 del. 10,506,88S'&4 11,122,530'(K) 9,891,890'75 3,789,498-54 9,043,748-1)7 8,905,50187 7,704,856-87 16,083,89400 1833. 45,736,934-95 dol. 16,304,498 48 4,747,696-45 1,833,721-51 2,885,016-26 8,036,055-45 6,957,631-54 7,933,898-84 17,968,733-36 The total liabilities of the bank to the public on the 1st of November, 1832, including its bote« in circulation, deposits, and debts to the holders of public funds, were 37,296,950'20 Uollara; and its assets, including specie, cash in Europe, debts from individuals, banking lompanies, &c. were 79,593,870-97 dollars; leaving a surplus of 42,296,920-77 dollars, howing the stability of the bank to be equal to that of any institution of the sort in the itotld.— (/i«por/ to Secretary of Treasury on Affairs of the Bank of the United Stales, Dec. 1. 1832.) The charter of the bank expires in 1836. A bill for its renewal passed both houses of Congress in 1832, but was rejected by the President The probability, how- |tver, Kerns to be, that the measure will still pass. Of its expediency no reasonable doubt 1 be entertained. (We stated in our last Supplement that the President had succeeded in his contest with hia ntablishment, and that the probability was, that it would wind up its affairs in the course brthe present year. But since then it has been rechartered, in so fur at least as respects Pennsylvania, by the legislature of that state ; and it seems to be expected that it will be re- Chartered by the legislature of some of the other states. Although, therefore, the United plates Bank no longer exists, as a great national establishment it maintains its place as the leatest banking company of the New World ; and is, In this respect second, indeed, to bone anywhere to be met with, except the Bank of England. — Sup.) The establbhment of the Bank of the United States has been of material service, by afford- bg a currency of undoubted solidity, readily accepted in all parts of the Union. At the ieriod when it was organized, nothing could be in a less satisfactory condition than the paper nirrency of the United States; in fact with the exception perhaps of England and Ireland, ihcy have suffered more than any other country from the abuse of banking. In 1814, all Ihe banks south and west of New England stopped payment ; and it appears, from the Icial returns, that in ali, no fewer than 165 banks were in this predicament between the 1st of January, 1811, and the 1st of January, 1830! It ia of importance to observe, that Viott of these banks were joint stock companies. At present indeed, there are no strictly irivate banking companies in the United States. They are all incorporated by law, with a ixed capital, the shareholders being only liable in most cases, though not uniformly, to the litem of their shores. They all issue notes of 5 dollars : but the issue of notes of a lower hlue has been forbidden in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. A good deal has been laid in thiH country of the flourishing state of the New England banks, particularly those of Hissaehusetts, and they have been held up as a model for our imitation. But bad as our sys |cin of country banking undoubtedly is, we should be exceeding ttorry to see any attempt nii* ! improve it, by the adoption of even the beat parts of the Amt-^xau system. Among other l3 i I I' 126 BANKS (FOREIGN). regulatiuni, an act of the legialatuie of MaMachuMtts provides that no bank fortheuauegj notes can go into operation in any way, until at least half its capital atock 8hak be paid j, gold and silver into the bank, and be actually existing in its coffers ; and the cashier cI every bank is bound to make specific returns once a year of its debts and assets, on lidgi required to do so by the secretary of state. But such regulations are found, in practicTil be nearly if not wholly worthless. Instances have occurred of banks having borrowed u amount of dollars equal to half their capital, /or a single day; and of such dollars havim been examined by the commissioners appointed for that purpose, and reported by them ini sworn bif a majority of the directors to bo the first instalment paid by the stc^kholden cf the bank, and mtended to remain in it! — {Gouge's Paper Money and Banking in Ht United States, part iL p. 157.) We do not, of course, imagine that such disgraceful h^ stances can be of common occurrence ; but a system which permits of frauds of thia Km being perpetrated under cover of authority, must be altogether vicious. The publicity, tiu to which the banks are subject, is injurious rather than otherwise. They know when tli« are to be called upon to make their returns ; and in order to render them as favourable h possible, they are in the habit, for a month or two previously, of narrowing their diacounti to the great inconvenience of those with whom they deal ; and endeavour by every mean in their power, through temporary loans, and all manner of devices, to swell the amount of bullion in their coflfers on the day of examination. If the banks were obliged to make tegulii weekly or even monthly returns of their situation, they might afford some little useful Id. formation ; but it is abundantly obvious, that that which is derived from the present returu must be, even when not so intended, misleading and deserving of very little attention. Thi truth cannot be too often repeated, that it is quite impossible ever to organize secure banju of issue, — and it is with such only that the legislature has any right to interfere, — except h obliging them to give security for their notes. Every other scheme, how carefully soever it may be devised, is sure in the end to prove nugatory and to be defeated. That part of tht American system which limits the responsibility of the partners in a bank to the amount of their shares, seems to us to be in the last degree objectionable. It affords a strong tempti- lion to the commission of fraud, and we have yet to learn that it possesses a single counter. vailing advantage. We have been assured by those well acquainted with the facts, that it has been productive of the most mischievous consequences. Six of the Massachusetts ban^ having, or professing to have, a capital of 800,000 dollars, failed between the 1st of Janouj, 1811, and the Ist of July, 1830. We subjoin an official abstract of the state of the 84 banka existing in Massachusetts oi | the first Saturday of August, 1832. « ' ;< ' Abstract Account of the Massacbusetts Banks. Capital stock paid in - Bills in circulation Nett proAts on band - Balances due to other banlcs - Cash deposited, Ilc, not bearing interest ... Cash deposited, bearing interest Due from the banks Gold, silver, ke. in banks Real estate ... DoUtrt. 31,520,«)000 7,122,85600 1,031,90016 1,993,90413 2,938,970-33 6,268,981-61 43,996,900-00 902,205-78 738,612-64 Bills of Banka in this State - Bills of banks elsewhere Balances due from other banks Due to the banks, excepting ba- lances .... Total resources of the banks . Amount of last dividend — reserved profits Debts secured by pledge of stock — due, and considered doubtfUl DolUn. l,027,3«l'll) 174,566-8 2,3(l7,7M-» 38,889,7J?-« 44,04!i,00«'H 689,«;iN 436,708-;( 944,76in Rate of dividend on amount of capital of the banks, as existing when dividend was made, MI | per cent. Mr. Gallatin has given the following account of the number and capital of the banking » | tablishments existing in the United States on the lat of January, 1830: — SUtM Nuntar ofDtnlu. Capltil. DoHan. Massachusetts 66 90,420,000 Maine ... 18 3,030,000 New nampshire 18 1,791,670 Vermont 10 432,625 Rhode Island - 47 6,118,397 Connecticut . 13 4,485,lTr New York • 87 20,083,333 New Jersey - 18 8,017,009 Pennsylvania • 33 14,609,963 Delaware 4 830,000 Maryland ■ ' - 13 0,290,499 District of Oolumbia - a,875,7M Virginia 4 6,971,100 StltM. North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Louisiana Alabama Mississippi Tennessee Ohio . Michigan FInridia Delaware Total Number ofBuki. 380 CtpiU. Dc'lHl 3,l!(j,()(10 4,831,000 4,203,029 6,965,980 643,501 990,m 737,811 1,454,3* 10,000 75,000 110,101,699 For further informati< 1 12th of February, 1820, Ipessii'iepa'np'i'^^o*"^ lUnited States, Philadelp \ljmled Slates, Ac. An |CalltSTIA5IA, COPBHH I [Private Banks of I h Ipess that the banking 8 I sustained a considerable ■bank notes for less than Ipriceofall public lands f lliahed by order of the lei Ijars in circulation in tha I and these have since bet ■that iny official account ■but there can be no doul jiheir issue in New Yoi Iwarae of being withdraw lipecie will be required U ■camstance seems 8uffici< lie proportion of gold ar lincnt), very little silver ■question has made it pre ligetallic money is empl ■opened a new field for tl lefecting small payment liilver that would otherw Ineir mint regulations, w lActonnt of tho Progress ' ipecirvinf the Number o .jieir Capital. {Official 1 tUim • • • Niw Hmpdilra • Vannt • • Rlwlt Illud - CmMCiint • NewToik . Newjeney • • fnmjlnBoM • DtUnn Mujlud • • DntntoTColnnbia VirpaU • - • f 3ith CtroliDl . Soilh CiraliiB Gmrii . . • rA ■ • • liMRUU trHMpirf TeaimiM KeDtacky Mimiri MiDOJI . laJtau • (Km HiiUSIilei'buk I btiuMtapitalormaabuda from wbith no ntimi Totili ■ ■•';'pj'«f' . ly. (f BANKS (FOREIGN). *r MR For further infonnation with respect to the banks of the United States, see the Report, 1 12th of February, 1930, oftho Secretary of the Treasury (W. H.Crawford, Esq.) to Con- \m»; the pamphlet of Albert Gallatin, Esq. on the Currency and Banking System of the lunN Statfls, Philadelphia, 1831 ; Gouge's Account of Paper Money and Banking in the I Vnited Slates, ^c. And for further details as to foreign banks, see Bordgacx, Calcutta, |CallI'TU!»IA( COPBSHAOEN, NaPLBS, &C. I (Private Banks of the United States. — ^The following table shows the extraordinary pro- Ipess that the banking system has made in the United States. It has recently, however, |nistaine CipiU. Dctlin. 3,I!)5,CO0 4,831,0(10 4,mra) 6,fl65,S* 643,501 930,000 737,811 1,4M,M 10,000 75,000 lAccount of the Progress of Banking in the United States, from January, ISIS, to January, IS39 } ipecifyin; the Number of Banlta in the dilfurent States, at different Epochs, with the Amount of Ma Capital. {Official Letter by the Secretary to the American Treasury, 5th Janttary, 1836, p. 81.) MllM • • • NavHimi»hin Tenaoat • • • Miachoetli • Rbnle lilud - CouKticul • • Neir fork • • VewJavj • Pnnylniua • Dtlann Uarjlavi Dnirictrf Columbia VirninU • ■ • NsnhCaroliu Smtli Canlini Oeotfia • > • tA ■ ' • HiiMppi Teumce lenlnckir Mimiri ritooji • ladUna * Oliio . DiiU State' buk I bHmMetpHilormailwAi from wbich no nhini Totili ■ Janiury Ist, SOB Cipilal. 1,432,300 100,000 SM,96i 96»,I7S I,4«,7» 82,239,590 82,259,590 January lit. 308 208 82,259^580 308 137,210,811 330 Capital. DoUan. I,S54,900 1,005,276 44,»>5 10,485,700 2,982,026 3,6S»,337 1B,9SIS,774 2,130,949 14,681,780 974,900 8,708,191 6,525,319 «,2I2,I92 2,964,887 4,475,000 1,401,610 489,112 3,697,420 900,000 9,119,782 8,807,431 360,000 140,910 302,857 1,797,463 102,210,61 36,000,000 137,240,611 Januanr Isl, 330 Capital. J)oUan. 2,050,000 1,791,970 4^625 30,420,000 6,118,397 4,485,177 20,083,353 2,017,009 14,610,333 830,000 6,ri0^495 S,875,7W 6,571,100 3,195,000 4,631,000 4,203,029 ^000 643,603 {,gS6,980 950,600 737,817 1,454,998 100,000 no, 35,000,000 146,192,268 145,192,2691 807 June, 1834. 607 Capital. JMlart. 2,777,000 2l271,300 912,000 38,236,250 7,488,748 5,708,015 27^755,264 2,500,000 17,061,044 2,(<00,000 9,270,091 3,337,306 6,694,600 1,(04,725 3,156,318 6,534,691 1,000,000 4,308,207 23,664,755 3,666,805 2,943,^7 1,875,418 * 300,000 160,000 6,986.625 600,000 170,123,788 36,000,000 306,123,788 201,183,788 Jaonary, 1836. 667 668 131 146 Capital. DoUan. 3,549,890 3,666,006 l,i»l,S15 30,409,460 8,007,482 7J50,796 3l,t t \\ M b\ I ' ■ ^il ,1 > :\\\ lift 128 BANKS FOR SAVINGS. Aeeonnt of the Avemne Dlvldendi paid by the Banki of the State of New York, on their ptM g, Capitali, In 1831, 1839, W33, and 1334.— («»jM»rt «/ Bank Commu»hiur$ to tkt Le^uiuluri ijx„ York, 3Snd Jan. 183S.) ISSl. Country banki, capltuli of 100,000 dollari, and under . - - - - 9 do. cnpltnli over 100,000 dollari, and not over 800,000 dollar* 10 do., capital* over 300,000 dollari - Total • 18S3. 17 Country banki, lit clasi, ai above 11 do. do. 3d clan . - - 11 do. do. Sdclaia ... 13 New York city banU ! Totat - isn. ID Country banki, lit claei . . - 14 do. do. 3d clan ... 11 do. do. 3d clan . . - 14 New York city bank* Total - 1834. 90 Country banki, lit clan ... 91 do. do. 3d clan - . - 13 do. do. 3d clan ... 15 New York city banki Total - CapiUI. Amouutot Divldanli. lbti;«tNiL Dollari. 880,000 1,305,000 3,750,000 Dollari. 80,300 117.180 330,000 li'4fl 880 0,035,000 527,080 8'75 1,680,000 1,745,000 4,160,600 11,311,300 158.500 163,030 363,368 695,165 8'43 8'N «'14 18,005,800 1,379,363 7» 1,880,000 9,315,000 4,169,600 13,111,300 m,!>oo 306,080 444,196 760,787 lO'M »'30 lOU 6-18 80,375,800 1,608,493 7-8S 1,980,000 3,490,000 4,719,600 13,611,300 306,000 390,818 409,493 1,03S,'163 I0'4) 8.10 7-M 33.730,800 1.934,779 8'13 8i;.| VII. Baitks fok Satinos, Are banks establiihed for the receipt of small sums deposited by the poorer class of ptmni, I and for the accumulation of such sums at compound interest. They are managed by b dividuols, who derive no benefit whatever from the deposits. All monies paid into uj I Savings Bank established according to the provisions of the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 93. are ordered to I be paid into the Banks of England and Ireland, and vested in Bank annuities or Exchequa | bills. The interest payable to depositors is not to exceed S^cf. per cent, per diem, or 3/.{ b^d. per cent per annum. No depositor can contribute more than 30/., exclusive of cod- I pound interest, to a Savings Bank in any one vear ; and the total deposits to be receind | firom any one individual are not to exceed 150/.; and whenever the deposits, andcompo interest accruing upon them, standing in the name of any one individual, shall amount to I S00£, no interest shall be payable upon such deposit so long as it shall amount to !00i I Since the establishment of thu system in 1817, down to January, 1831, the sums receindl from depositors, and the interest accruing upon them, amounted to 20,760,828/., of whidi the depositors had received, in principal and interest, 6,648,838/. ; leaving at the period Id I question, a balance due to the depositors of 15,111,890/. The commissioners for then- 1 duction of the national debt have the disposal of the sums vested in the public funds on » I count of Savings Banks. The principle and object of these institutions cannot be too highly commended. In tlie I metropolis, and many other parts of England, public banks do not receive small deposli, I and upon none do they pay any interest. And even in Scotland, where the public banii I allow interest upon deposits, they do not generally receive less than 1 0/. But few poor per- [ sons are able to save so large a sum, except by a lengthened course of economy. Thetnilh, I therefore, is, that until Savings Banks were established, the poor were every where without I tho means of securely and profitably investing those small sums they are not imfrequenllj I in a condition to save ; and were consequently led, from the difiiculty of disposing of then, I to neglect opportunities for making savings, or if they did make them, were tempted, by tbt I offer of high interest, to lend them to persons of doubtful characters and desperate fortuio, by whom they were, for the most part, squandered. Under such circumstances, itu plan I that nothing could be more important, in the view of diffusing habits of forethought and I economy amongst the labouring classes, than the establishment of Savings Banks, where tin I smallest sums are placed in perfect safety, are accumulated at compound interest, and an I paid, with their accumulations, the moment they are demanded by the dcpositon. Thi I system u yet only in its infancy ; but the magnitude of the deposits already received, aeli I its powerful and salutary operation in a very striking point of view. We subjoin a copy of the rules of the St. Pancras Savings Bank, which may be taken a I a model for similar injutr.tions, 'nasmuch as they have been drawn up with great can, ui I closely corn^cpond with Uie provisions in the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 92. BANKS FOR SAVINGS. 120 1 Jfanv""""''""'''*''* ^'•"'' '" ""•''■' "'" ""i"i>K<'iii''iit nf n prnnlclont, vicc-prpildenti, truateei, and 'i|,,gi|,iin fifty nmiingors, iioiui "f wlinni nrii itcriiiitti'it to il<^rlvo iiiiy twiicRt wliBtnoever, direrlly m iralireclly, from "'« il«P'>"'t'' ror«lvuil, or thu producii tlivrcof, One or more of the managers attend •hen the Hank i« open for liimlncs*. 2 Stinrrinunding Commute,— K commlttmi of not Icdii than ten niannirrrii, three of whom form a riirirum I" cm|)owerii(l to Btipiiriiitvnd, niiiiiiiKn, nnil C(in(hirt tlin gnnprnl himineiia of thin Bank ; to gjrl 10 liieirnuiiibcr from among thii mana)(<'rii| to llll up vncanrleH in Iholr own body, and to ap|iohit I ireaiuf" or trim^nrcru, afU'M or aKi-ntii, aiidlKirK, iin uctiiiiry and rlerku, ord other officerii and sor- rnntii and to withdraw nnv niich nppcdntini'nii, and to appoint otlierH, hhonid it lie comiidtired nccea- ,'irv 10 tn du. The prucouilinifti of thlo comniitteu aro reKUlarly luid before the general mcetinga of S fi/fcrioM.— The fluporintendlng fommltloe la empowered to add to the number of manager*, until ihev amount tn one hundred and twenty, cxeliialvely of the preaident, vire-pregidenta, and truBteoa, And any vnrancies of pre . i, vIce-preBldentH, and trualeen, are to he filled n|> ul a general meeting. j Otneral Mertingf. j. ^ennral meeting of the preHJilnnt, vic«-preai Spteial Meellitfu. — The superintending cnnimltleu are uuthoriaed to call special general iiieetingi when they think proper; and also, on the requlHJtion of any ten managers, delivered in writing to the Miliary, or to the manager in attendance vt the Hank ; and of such meeting seven days' notice shall i Liab'tliiijof Tr-untees, Mannqert, Offir.ert, ^'n.— No tniatne or manugcr shall be personally liable eicppt for m own nets and deeds, nor for nny tiling done by him in virtue of his olflce, except where I |i« Khali be guilty of wilful neglect or defltiilt ; hut tlie trousuier or treasurers, the actuary, and every iilGcer intrusted with tlin recrpu»ir«.— DepoHita of not lima thiiu nne shilling; and not exceeding (Jirlji pounds in the whole, excluaive of compound liitereat, from nny one depositor, or trustee of a depinilor, during each and every year ending on the 20lli of November, will be received and invested, piusiiant to9(ieo. 4. c U2. s. 11 , until the Niiuir shall amount to one hundrrd and fifty pound f in the whole; and when the principal and Interest together shall amount to two hundrtd /taundg, then no iiiterenl will lie payable on such deposit, so long us It shall continue to amount to that sum. But dcpo- I (imrs whose acciiunts niiiouiited to, or exceeded, Itna hvnilrnt pounds, ut the passing of the said act, cnlhcSSthof July, 1W28, will continue to ho enllllid to interest and compound interest thereon. i 8. hierest to be allowed to Ihponilort. — In cmifiirniity with the iJlth clause of the 9 Geo. 4. c. 02., an inlerest at the rate of 3j(/. per cent, per duy, being 'M. Hx. !ild. per cent, per annum (tlie full amoant uHlharised by the said ucf), will be allowed todeposilors, and placed to their urcoiints as a cash deposit, II llie inonthnf JVoWHifcfir in each yeur. PepoHJtora (leniaiidiiig payment of the whole amount of li.nirileposils in this Bank, will he allowed the interest due on such' deposits up to the day on which notice of withdrawing shall be given, but nu interest will be allowed, iu any case, on the fractional parU of a pound sterling. 9. Dtfcriplion and Decluratinn.— Every person deKlroua nf making any deposit in this Bank, shall, at I the time of making their first deposit, and at such other times us lliey sliiill bereiiuired so to do, declare their residence, occupation, profession, or calling, and sign (either by themselves, or, in case of infants miller the ape of seven years, by some person or iiersons to be approved of by the trustees or managers, I orlhclrotficer) a declaration that they are not directly or indirectly entitled to any deposit in,or bene- t from, the funds of any other Savings Bank in Knglund or Ireland, nor to uny sum or sums standing in the name or names of any other person or perMons in the books of this Bank. And in case any such I dfclaralion shall not be true, every such person (or the person on whose behalf such declaration may liave been signed) shall forfeit and lose all right and title to such deposits, and the trustees and managers shall cause the sum or sums so forfeited to ho paid to the commissioners for the reduction of the national debt ; but no depositor shall be subject or liable to any such forfeiture, on account of I beini; a trustee on behalf of others, or uf being Interested In the f\ind8 of any Friendly Society legally I eitaUished. 10. Tnslees on behalf of others. — Persons may act as trustees for depositors, whether such persons are themselves depositors in any Savings Bank or not, provided that such trustee or trustees shall nialiesuch declaration on behalf of such depositor or depositors, and be subject to the like conditions in every respect, as are required iu the case of persons milking deimsits on their own account, and the receipt and receipts of such trustee or trustees, or tlie survivor of them, or the executors or adminis- trators of any sole trustee,orsurviving trustee, with or without (us may lie required by the managers) the receipt nf the person on whnso account such sum may have been deposited, shall be a good and valid discharge to the trustees and managers nf the Institution. 11. .tfinvrs.— Deposits are received from, or fur the henellt of, minors, and are subject to the same regulations as the deposits of persons of SI years nf age and upwards. 13. Friendly and Charitable &'0cie(ie.i.— Friendly focieties, legally established previous to the 26th of July, I82S, may deposit their funds through their Ireasurer, steward, or other officer or otflcers, with- out any limitation as to the uniouni. But Friendly Societies formed and enrolled after that date, are not permitted to make deposits exceeding the sum of IKHIf., principal and interest included; and no inlerest will he payable thereon, whenever tlie same shall amount to, or continue at, the said sura of Ml. or upwards. Ooposits are received (Vom the trustees or treasurers nf Cturitable Societies, not exceeding 1002. per annum, provided the amount shall not at any time exceed the sum of .100/., exclusive of interest. 13. Deposits of Persons unable to afrend.— Forms are given at the office, enabling persons to become depositors who are unable to attend personally; ond those who have previously luade a deposit, may lend additional sums, together mlh their book, by any other person. 14. Depositors' Book.— The deposits are entered in the honks of the Bank at the time they ore made, and the depositor receives a book with a corresponding entry therein ; which book must be brought to the office every time that any further sum is deposited, also when notice is given for withdrawing iiione)-, and at tiie time the re,)uyment is to bu niudu, so that tlio transactions may be duly entered therein. l.i. IVithdrairing Deposits. — Depositors may receive the whole or any part of their deposits on any day appointed by the managers, not exceeding fourteen days atler notice hug been given for that pur- .|K»e; but such deposits can only b:; repaid to the depositor persoriaily, or to the hearer of an order under the hand of the depositor, signed in tlie presence of either the minister or a churchwarden of ilie intisb in which the depositor resides, of tt Just ico of tbc peace, or uf a manager of this Bank. 17 < I I.' i, 'I .' I 'I Ji I , •I'l '« ■" '(' s'!i' 130 BANKS (UNITED STATEP). O-TAd Deptinkor' ti Raok mvkt uUraiit he proilurcil trhrn tiotirr nf irithlrairinp h fflrm. 16. Miineii wilhilrairH mail be rc-i/f;>».'.i'fil, iiiiil any prcviiniH ili'|iiiblt or (loiioKii* n|,j,k may liiivit Imcri iiiiiili: liy mail slti)r in the i'iiiiril' thu year, lakvn tijllii*r, hIiuII nut t'lcoej u ■nv tinin In Hiirli yi'iir, !li)> himii ><( .'10/., aililiiiiiil iniiiiey bi^arlnti liiti-ri'«t. ' 17. Hrliii-n or Hifuml I'f Deptii'itK.— 'I'Uiit Wiiuk I* lit liliirly to ri'tiirn llie anidiint nf the (li-pntiini, ■II iir any i)l° thu iti'iiiiHittirH, and may rvl'iiue tu recuivu dvixmlti In uny ease, wlivru It almll budeemU expi'illi'iit so to iln. JH, Oipofiln Iff a ihremiril Drpiisilor trreritlne Fiffii Poiimh.—h} rns(> nf llin dpnlti of iiny ilcnnilitit In tliM Hank, wliiiHti duiMwiln, and tlie intcici't lln'ruon, wliall exccfd In thi! wlinlr llm Hum (nii,, poiimlt, llm Haiiii- Khali only li« paid !» Iliu t'Xfi-iilor or pveciiliirH, adniliiUlrutor or ndniinisliator/oL thi- production ol' tliH proli.'iti.' oi' tlici will, nr li'tliT« of ndniiniatriition. ' 111. I>epi»il» of a ilireituril lirpofilor mil eirirjintr f'iflii Pi>iintlii.--Jn cn«B adt'ponltnr In thii Rgn^ lliiill die. vvlinm' di'poHllH, IncliiilliiK iiili>r«'»t thi'ri'iiii, hIiiiII not v.\recit tli« miniof hHy poiiinlii.aiKliliii llm triiHtci-ii ur iimnaKirs kIidII bi- eallnlliMl tliiit no will wna niado and Irn, and Ihni no leiirrtd adiiiii.lKlration will br tiikvn nut, they hIuiII Iio nt liberty to pay tli« yiini« lo llu' ri'liillvciiiir frriniti nf llii! (IriMMisid, or any or t'lthiT of tlmiii, or nciMiriliiiir to lliu Hlutntii nf diclribiilion, or roiinltf th, priKlnrildii of iHttern of ndininiiilratlon, ut timir dlm'ri'lion. And tlid ilank eliall bn iiKliiniiilleil bv uny Hiirli piiyini-ntK from all and cvi-ry ilalni in rcxpeil llmri'of by any iMTHiin wlialBiiovcr. SO. Crrlifi'cale. — In nil cnm's whoreln iiTtllliali;* iihall be reiiuirt'd of the uinoiint i>f drpimiia In Hi, Hank iH'lonirinR to dcpoxltorH Ihrri'in, fi r \\w piirpoM! nf dblaininK. frrc df Hlamp dniics, n pn biteif will, or Idti-m of adniini»lration, kiicIi ccrtlllciilu nliall bi' himicd by n ninnniH'r, and cduntcriiigiieilbi till' nfliiarv for this tinie bi'iiiu, as it trim I'viriift froin llie l,('tl(.'i'r di' tin; Instiimlnn. 21. .^r/iifVii/iiiii of l>iffrre>ii:rii.— \\\ cuHf any dit-pnlu hhall arise In twei^n llm Inihtci's or ninnagctx.f tlii8 flank, or any pcriiun or porsdiM ailiiiK under them, and any hidivldiial ilepiiKilnr ibeiriiMirany trnnteedf a depniiitor, nr any |)eiHi)ii claiinliiK to be snih e.M'Ciitnr, adininimrntor, or next of kin, tlim, niid In every Hiich rnBe, tim inatler no In difpnle xliall be referred td the burrinter at law appnintcilby the cdniniiHDidimrri for the rediiriidii of ilii' iiatinnal drbt, under the aulhority nf the tXieo. t. c.e{ «. i!i. ; and whatever award, order, nr deteriniiiutinn sinll be iniule by the said barrister, I'liall be biml! ing and cnncluoivo upon ull partiex, and xliiill be tiinil, tn all IntentH and inirponvM, witlidiu any ajipeij, Purchase nf Govertiment Amuiitiex hi/ depositors in Savings Jhinks, — The act 2 4 3 Wil/, 4. c, 14. cnalile8 di'positars in Saviiip[» Bunks and otitcra to purchase govcmmpnt ai|. nuitias fur life or for yrnrH, and either itnniediitto or dt-furrod. At prt'Kciit these nnnuilici arc limited to 30/. a year. 'I'he money advanred is returnable in ra.se the rontrncting party doeu not live to the ago at which the nnniiity is to become payable, or is unable to conlinw the montlily or annual instalments. That this measure was lienevolently intended, ud that it may 1* productive of advantage to many individuals, cm not bodoulrted; but we look upon all attempts, and particularly those made by government, to get individuals to ei- change capital for annuities, as radically objectionable; and as being lubversive of principln which ought to be strengthened rather than weakened. — (See Fcnos.) Summary of Bavin^s Hanks, &.c. in England, Wales, and Ireland, November, 1637 In F.i'i,'liiHil there were, on the lOlh of Nnveniber, IHM, :WI tfiavingx Hanks : nf theKc, 7 have made no return, the renmininK Hanks contain. Drjtmitun. £ Under 90 — ftO — 100 — 1.^50 — aoo Above 2U0 Friendly Soclellos Charitable ditto Account* • No. li»,'i,OS.'i 102,.'5,'!« 47,<.)0.'i 17,0.11 7,»08 3,756 374,lti9 4,102 1,<)96 Amount. £ 1,410,702 3,1 16,753 3.235,0"<3 2,042,42.'. I,3.S8,233 1)30,053 12,101,607* 62;),273 131, UB . 380,327112,916,028 Average amount of each deposit in England, Sil. *Thls is the amount given in the table whence thiB abstract lias been taken, but it does not quite agree with the items. In H'lileii Ihern were on the 10th of November, 1H32, 82 Savings Banks : 1 has made no retiin; thu remaining Utinks nmtain, I Depnflitun. DeiMisitors Friendly Societies Charitable ditto, Nn 10.374 It)- AnoiuL 352,573 i 2;i,3«j 3,S36| Accounts ... 10,591 349,"M Average amount of each deposit in Walea, 311. In [reliinii there were, on the 10th of November, lb32, 77 Suvinss Banks: 7liave muJeiio telurn; the rcmuining Hanks contain. Depoiitors. Depositors Friendly Societies Charitable ditto No. S7,H!W 2;m 347 Amount. £ 1,0(M,W lO.fiOO 31,011 Accounts ... .18,479] 1,045,925 Average ainoimt of each deposit in Ireland, 26/. Grand Total in England, Wales, and Ireland, on the 10th of November, 1839. SaviiiKi Buiki. Aceounti. AmouDt. Avnage Amount of each Dtpoiil. 483 429,400 £ 14,311,647 £ 30 (From the Statutkal Table compiled by John Tidd Pratt, £<{.) ■' " ■ V" '•*■" " ^ ,■ .. , ^■ Baxks (UlciTBn Statbs). [Historical Account of Banking in the United Stales, — Although various plans had tMMi formey law on the extent of its issues. The bank, however, went into operation in January, 17S2, with a capital of only f 100,001). Of this sum fS.'Ji.OOO were suliscritied hy Mr. Morris, in iMihalf of the general (rovcrnment ; thus making it the principal stockholder, and, in fart, giving it the entire con- trol over the institution. VN'hy the sum suhscrihed hy individual Htocklioldnrs was so small, 11 appears from this statement, was owing chiefly to the dixtruMt, which pervaded the com- munity, of the ability and willingness of the bank to maintain the notes they might issue at thriruiir or specie value. Ex|)crieiice had hitherto led the people to look with suspicion on evcrv tiling in the shape of paper money. Pa|)er promises to pay had been, for a long pcrioJ, put forth by the diiTcrent States of the Confederacy ; and the value of such promises hail uniformly, after a time, become depreciated, ond frequently exceedingly depreciated. The pulilie had also, very lately, witnessed the full to utter worthlcssncss of the " continental money" of Congress. In such circumstances, it is not singular that capitalists in general should have thought it improbable that the business of a bank of circulation could bo carried on with a sufficient degree of success to enable them to receive, after the payment of all tliu neceMry expenses, the ordinary rate of profits in other employments. Even the comparatively small amo jnt of capital, with which the Bank of North America hoj been stateil to have commenced its operations, was to a considerable extent merely no- niinal. The government took out of the bank with one hand what it put in with the other. Nay, the money borrowed by it from tlie bank left to the latter only the iiiconsiilera1)lo sum of iibout ?70,000 to constitute its proper banking capital. To what amount its notes were in fact put into circulation, we have no means of determining. But it must be obvious that, in the then existing state of public pjiinion in relation to paper money, this amount could . nt hive been very large ; notwithstanding every contrivance or artifice was resorted to which hnnwt men could make use of, in fnler to produce a general impression favourable to tho I credit of the bank. And wo may here add, that to us it appears altogether incredible that a kinking institution on so contracted a scale, o))erating too undor circumstances so unpro- I jiitious, should have had, as has often been very confidently ascerted, an extraordinary elFect I in restoring public and (irivale credit, and in aiding the fiscal operations of tho government. Dy a proper degree of caution at the outset in tho is^ue of its notes, and in consequence I of their being received by the States, indifferently whh specie, in payment for duties and taxes, such an amount was before long successfully put into circulation, as to enable the 1 hank to make dividends at the rate of from 12 to 16 per cent, per aiuium. In this condition of thinajs, capitalists, of course, no longer had any doubts of the expediency of engaging in tlie business of banking; and the project of a new bank was formed, to bu styled the Bank of Pennsylvania. To prevent its lieing carried into execution, the books of the Bank of North America were reluctantly opened for additional subscriptions. These were now pro- cured without difUculty ; and bank notes were thereupon issued to so groat an amount as to yield, as licfore, ext'uordinary profits to the stockholders, and on this account, as also on account of the successive expansions and contractions of tho currency which were exlen- fivcjy laid to the charge of tho bank, to excite against it a strong popular feeling. In con- sequence, the Legislature of Pennsylvania took away, in 1785, the charter which they had granted to it in 1783. Yet the bank still carried on its business, claiming the right to do so under the act of Congress above mentioned. It, however, obtained a new charter from the i>ta|e of Pennsylvania in 1787 ; and its existence has been continued, by successive acts of I incorporation, without interruption, down to the present time. When the general government went into operation under the present constitution, only I two other banks had heen incorporated jn tlie whole extent of the country. These were the I Bank of New York, in the city of Pfew York, and the Bank of Massachusetts, in Boston. I It was, then, with a very limited experience only on the part of the community, of the effects I of banking, that the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Alexander Hamilton, in Deceml)er, 1790, I presented to Congress h^s celebrated report, recommending tho establishment of a bank of I the United States. The advocates of the measure, besides maintaining the expediency of it, lasaircansof stimulating the industry of tho people and augmenting the national wealth, I held it to be a most useful, and therefore so desirable an instrument, for exercising the fiscal I functions of the government, aa to entitle it to be regarded, in the language of tho constitu- jtion, as "necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the powers vested in tho I government by the constitution. Its opponents denied both its expediency and constitu- Itionaliiy, Most of them preferred a metallic currency to one composed of bank notes ; whilst I the measure was by many regarded as uncouatitutional, because, however coavenicnt the U.' 132 BANKS (UNITED STATES). [tropoRcd Tmnk miKht Tie to th uct, |„rg^ poratinK the Hank of tlie United Htiiteii, panned l\w Henute on the 20lli of Jummry, 17'Ji , few nieniberH only of thin bixly having reuiiited itii pnnsiige, and tlie lloune of Ke|)ren('ni»iivfi l)y a vote of 39 to 80, on the 8lli diiy of Fel)runry followinn;. After great dililH'mtion, iivj oiler having reijueiited and received elul'orate opiiiioiiH for and agiiiiiNt the ndi)ptiiin of ||^ niensure from the nevernl riieinlHTH of liia cnliinct, wlio were equnlly dividrd on the lubjcii tlie l)ill was signed l>y tlie PreKldcnt and Imviimic ii luw on tlie I4tli of tlio Nanir iiKintli, Am the act incorpornting tltiH (iriit Dniik of the United Htaten, ia one of great in)|iortinriuii ; and will bo priiiluclivtul rnrsildernhle ndviintnired to Irnilr nnd Indnntry In yeneriil ; Therefore, j 1. Be it miirlnl. A'-c. Thiit n hank nf the Uniled HtnleH Hhiill be entahlliihed ; Iho ru|)lla| unrj whereof hIihII not exceed leri inillionK of dolliirn, divldeil Into iwenty-live thoiiniind Hliaren, eiirlulun heliiir fiinr hundred dillarH ; nnd that ynlii'c rlptli'im, lewiirdH eonriiilntini; the iiajd Htoek, nlmll, mi ihi tlr«t Mondny of April next, he opened nl the elty of l'hila<|e|p|iln, under the iinpeTiiileiHleiiicnf w^ p<'r>, not lei-H lliun three, nil Mhnll he nppoinled for Ihnt piirpoHe, by the I'reHldent of Ihn I'lnitt Staled, (who Ik hereby empowered to nppoint the »aid pernonn nieorilingly), which »iil)iicripliiiiii!lij|| eontiniie open until the whole nf the mtid Hloek nliall have been FUliKrrihed. t 2. That it nhnll he lawful for nny pernon, eopartnercblp, or iHidy polillr, lo KiibKrribe for Hurh nr ■ ninny i^luirnfi hii he, hIip, or they filinil lliink lit, not exi dinir one thoiiFand, exeept »* nliidl iK'lirtt- after direrlert relatively tn the t'niterl Hlatnii ; nnd that llii' hiiiiih rcupeetively hiiIihi rllinl, pxniJi,,, behalf of the I'nitpd HtnteHrlh>liilliit part of llie piiblir debt whieh, nrrorilinu in tin- lonn propoKcd in the fourth nnd fifteenth Heitiimioifilii net, entitled "An net maklne provifion for the debt of the tiniled Stalen," xlmll beiir uii afcruini Interem, at the time of piiMnent, nf »i\ per renliliii per anmiin, ami Blmll aUo be payable in fciiirwiuil IMirtu, In the aforefiald ratio of i<|¥>rie to debt, at the ili'tniiie of hIx calendar nmntliH from cutliullitii the firHl whereof tihall he paM at the time of (inbderliillon. i .1. That all Ihnne who nhnll beoonie snlmcrlbern to the «aid hank, their «iirreKiinr» nnd aniini, phnll be, and are hereby, cronled and made u eorporatlon uiid body politir. by the name and «ijli.ii( 7Hr freMilrnt. ilirertnre^ mid enmpuvij nf tht bank if tht f'litnl Uliilen ; and Hhall no contirin' until llv foiirlh day of Man h, one thouiinnd elRht hundred and eh yen : And by that name Hhall lu', anil an hereby, ninde aide and rnpnble, in law, to have, pureluii'e, receive, pokbohb, enjoy, nnd relain, lo iIimj nnd liieir sucrensorH, lands, rents, tenenieiitH, lierediiainentH, poodii, clmttels, and ell'ccis, of shji kind, nature, or quality, Roever, to an amount not excei'ding, in the whh, nnd iiiilii execution tiich by-lawn, ordinnnreH and reuul'itlona. hh nhnll veem necevtiary and cmivenicnt lortlx Bovernniont of the xnid corporation, not heins contrary to law, or to the conHlitution llieroof (iin which purpose general nieetinps of the utocklnddersi shall, and may. be called by the dlri!ctnr«. arnlii the manner hereinafter specilied), and (tenerallv to do and execute all and sinnular acln, niutlfrn.icj lliinCK, which to them It shall or may appertain to do ; subject, nevertheless, to the rules, regiilatiuti, restrictions, liniitatitms, nnd provlsinuH hereinafter prencrilied and declared. i 4. That for the well orderinir nf the affairs of the said corporation, there shall h^ l\vrnly-liv( directors ; of whom there shall be nn election on the Urst Monday nf January In each yenr, iiyilie stockholders or proprietors of the capital stock nf the said corpnrntioii, nnd by plurnlity of ilievoln actually Riven ; and Ihose who shall be duly choHen at any election shull b:i capable nf iiorviiii u directors, by virtue of such choice, until the end nr expiration of the Monday of January next twii. inft the time nf such election, nnd nn lonirer. And the said directois, at their first uieeting anereict election, shall choose one of their uuinber as president. i i. That as soon as the sum of four hundred thousand dollars. In gold and silver, shnll liavobc'i Rctunlly received on account nf the eubscriptionf tn the said stock, notice tliurer.f shall be givrii.b; the persons under whose superintendence the snine shnll have been made. In nl lenst two |iiiblit Cazettes priuted in the city nf Philadelphia ; and the said persons shall, at the same time, in like man- ner, notify a time and place, wllliin the said city, at the distance of ninety days frniii the lime ofnutS nnllflcntinn, for proceeding to the election of directors ; and it shnll be lawful for such election lobi then and there made ; and the persons who shall then and there be chosen shall he the tirsi diroitn, and shall be capable nf serving, by virtue nf such chnice, until the end nr e.Tpiratinn nf the Mondiyi January next ensuing the time of making the same, and shall forthwilh thereafter commence t,ie o|K. rations of the said bank, at the said citv of Philadelphia. J)nd provided farther, That in case it nlmuH at any time happen, that an election ot directors should not be made upon any day, when, purfuaii tn this net, it ought In have been made, the said corporation shall not, for that cause, be deemed tube dissolved ; biit it sh.ill be lawftil, on any other day, to hold and make an eiRclion nf dlrccturx, insuili manner as shall have been regulated by the laws and ordinances of the said corporation. .4iiil pi- rided lantly. That in rase nf the death, resignation, absence from the United Htates, nr removal nil | director by the stockhidders, his place may be tilled up, by a new choice, for Iho remainder uf the veai. J 6. That the directors for the time being shnll have power to appoint such officers, clerk.", and m^i- vants under them, as shnll be nccessnry for executing the business of the said cor|)ornti(in, and » I allow them such compensation for their services, respectively, as shnll be reasonable ; nnd shall In rapahle nf exercising such nther imwers and uuthorilies, for the well governing nnd orderiii|t i>| ibl alfairs nf the said corporation, as shall be described, (l.xcd, and determined, by the laws, rcgulatlou, ind ordinances of the same. i 7. That the following rules, restrictions, llmitatinns, and provisiona aball form and be fiuidt* auentat airtislea uf t)ie constUutioii uf tbe said cor^wratiuD, vi«. BANKS (UNITED STATES). 133 1 Thi' niimhiT of rnfM to whtrh curh •torkhnldcr nhiill h« ••ntltlod »h™i1 h« nrrorillnf to lh«i niim I wi'f •))""''' ^' "''"" ''"'''■ '" "'" l>r'>P"'tl"»* fiilliiwIiiK. tlint i« to any : Fur iirin icllii||iiiiK hiiiiilrvil, „ni'»"i'': A'"' '"' '■*'''''V "'" "tiiiren tiliovH ,)tiH hiiiiilreil, iiiin vote ; Hut no permiii, <'!irtiii'r!n holilcri Ihrci- cnlemlur mil I'm [iri'vl'iiH to th>> diiy of eli'ition. HlockholderH actiiiilly rualileiit within tliii UiiUimI rtlnlea, miil [, pcnihi-r. limy vuln l?i eleeljonn hy proxy. 'i. Net more tliiin Ihn-p foiirtlii of ihn ilirpctorx In ofTIrp, rtrliirlvn of ihit prniil(l(:nt, ■hiill h« eligihln frr ili<> iK'ft fiiriceiliii; ycur : Dili th« lUrititor, who ahalt hu pruiiideiit iit the tliiio of an iditctlon, may I ,|wiv« he re el Tted. 3 Nnne \>»< « Hloeliholder, lielnff n rltljsen of the Ifniled StnteH, iih'ill he ell:{lhlR n« a director. 4 Nil iliri'dor chilli hi' entitled In any einoliiioeiil, MtileiH the Kaine nhitll hiive ki'en iilluwed hv tlin iir,.iilio|ili'r«, III n irenernl ineetinf . The ntnckholijerit nhitll niiike hiuIi riiin;i "iiiiiitliin to Ihu primldiilit f)f hn I'Timorilliiitry nttfindanre iit th" hunk, n* xhiill nppeiir to the;n re iioniihle. } Not leHK Ihiiti iievini dlrei'ton* alinll ronmitiite ii hoiird for the triinK:ic'liiMi of hiiHlne^ii, of whom i |hi'|irc'!iration,or ilie landH, tenenionta, i!ood;i,or vhiit- Irl'inrthe same, frnin beinii alnn llnhlo for, and chiirKeahle with thii miid excesK. Much of the Hald dir'rtiirs who may have been ahneiit when the said etcesH wan contracted, or creatHil, or who may hivi ili«!rtivi'ly, exonerate theniHelvert from heinj ho llaiile. hy rorthwilh iiivinz iiotlci; of the fact, and of Iklriihseiice or dissent, to iIir presiilent of the United States, uiid to the stuckliolderd, at a general iiii"ilni; which they shall have power to call for that purpose. II). The said corporation may sell any part of the public debt xvhf reof itsi stock Hhall he composed bill shnll not he at liberty to piindiasu any public debt whatsoever; nor shall, directly or inilireclly, d.'nl IT trude in any lliing, except hilln of exchaiiKe* Kold or silver bullion, or in IIih sale of kooiIs, rfilly.ind truly ptedged for money lent, and not redeeim'd Indue tlm«; or of g N widi'li mIuiH bij the prndiice of its lanilH. Ncithor shall the Maid corporutUiii take more than at tlii! rate of six pttr centum per annum, for, or upon, Its loans or discounts. 11. .No loan shall be made by the said corporation for thn use, or on account, nf the cnverninent of the United Slates, to nn amount excpedinir one hundred thousand dollars, or of any particular slate. In .in amount exceedinir liflv ttionsand dollars, or of any foreign prince or mule, iinle.^s previouiily imliorisi!d hy a law of the United Slates. I'J. The stock of the said corporation shall bo nsalgnahle and Iransferaldo, according to such rulet as chilli he instituted in that behalf, by the laws and ordinances of the same. 13. The hills oliliKatory, and of credit, under the Heal of the said corporation, xvhlch shall be tnnde tunny person, or persons, shall be a.ssitrnable, by endorsement thereupon, under the hand, or bunds, nfmi'h person, or persons, and of his, her, or their nssiirni'iN or assiijnees, and so as absolutely to traiisl'iir, and vest the property thereof In each, and every, assignee, or imaiifiioes, succe.ssively, niiil tnpn.ihle such assignee, or asslBnees, to bring and luainf.iin an action thereupon, in Ids, her, or their, irnn name, or names. And bills or notes, which niav be issued hy order of the said corporation, siini-il liy the president, and coiintorsinned by the principal cashier,' or treasurer, thereof, prumising llie piyment of money to anv person, or persons, hi.s. lier, or their order, or to hearer, thoiiah not inijerihe senlnf the said corporation, shall he biiidineand ohiicatory upon the same, in the like man- niT, anil with the like force and elfect. as upon any private person, or persons, if issued hy him, or thi'in, in his. her, or their, private or natural capacity, or capacities; and shall be assignable and nego- liiiMi', in like manner as if they were so irisiied by such private person or persons ; that is to say, thns' which shall be payable to any person, or persons, his, her, or Iheir order, hIiiiII be as.signabli! by fiilirseiie-nt, in like manner, and with the like elVect, as foreign hills of exchange now ore; and Ih'ni! wliirli are payable to bearer shall bo negotiable, and assignable, by delivery only. 11. Iliilf yearly dividends shall he made of so much of the profits of the bank as shall appear to tho dirt'ilnrs adviseable ; and once in every three years, the directors shall lay before the stockholders, »l a teneral nieellns, for their infirinalion, nn exact and particular statement of the debts which ilnll hiive remained uniiaid after the expiration of the orlirinal credit, for a period of treble the term of Ihnt credit ; and of the surplus of profit, if any. lifter deducting losses and dividends. If there ihill he a fiiliire in the payment of any part of anv sniu suh.scrihed by any person, copartnership, or ixi'ly politic, the party failing shall lose the benetilof any dividend which may have accrued prior to lln" time for making such pavmeiit, and during the delay of the same. 13. It shall be lawful for the directors afiireeaid, to establish offices xvheresoever they shall think fit. within the United States, for the purposes of discount and dep i. dividnals, with the hank. } h. That if the said rorporntion, or any person or persons for or to the use of the same, thai! dtii or trade, in bnyinpor selling any goods, wares, merchandise, or commodities whatsoever, cnnlmrvi! the provisions of this act, all and every person and persons, by whom any order, or direction, for 1! dealing or trading, shall have been given, and all and every person and perscns, who shall have be. concerned as parlies or agents therein, shall forfeit and lose treble the value o(^ the goods, wj,J inerrhandiiies, and commodities, in which such dealing and trade shall have been ; one half thereof i,! llie use of the informer, and the other half thereof to the use of the United States, to be recovereii will) costs of suit. J 9. That if the said corporation shall advance or lend any sum, for the use or on account of ibi government of the United States, to an amount exceeding one hundred thousand dollars ; nr of ant particular Slate, to an ani' 'Ut exceeding fifty tlionsand didlars; or of any foreign prince or snil (unless previously authorised thereto by a law of the lliiilcd Slates), all and every person and »r. sons, by and with whose order, agreement, consent, approbation, or connivance, such nnliinfiii advance or loan shall have been made, U|ion conviction thereof, shall forf'it and pay, for every mti] offence, treble the value or amount oi the sum or sums which shall have lieen si) unlawfullv ait. vanced or lent ; one fifth thereof to the use of Ihe informer, and the residue thereof to the useofibe United States ; to be disposed of by law, and ne the better enabled to pay this l>onus, was authorised to add a milllion of dollars to the former amountof its capital. It was, ali^o, made obligatory upon it to lend to the government, at any time the latter might require a loan, any sum not exceeding five millions of dollars, at a rate of interest not exceeding six per cent per annum. The bank was further bound to pay to the United States, in conformity with the suggestion made by Mr. Gallatin, an interest at the rate of three per c^nt. per annum, on all sums of money above the sum of three rail- lions of dollars, which should accumulate in the bank to the credit of the Treasurer of the United States, or in any of its branches, and which should remain there for one whole year. And the government was to bo at liberty to subscribe to a certain number of additional shares, annually for a term of years, A new petition was presented to Congress, in the beginning of the next session (December, 1810), by the stockholders of the Bank of the United States, for the renewal of their charter ; which petition was, in both the Senate and House of Representatives, referred to n com- mittee, that of the House being composed of one member from each state of the Union. This committee, early in January, 181 1, reported a bill, for a renewal of the charter, not ur like the one above mentioiied aa having been laid on the table during the preceding session, After much debate, the bill reported was, on the 24th of that month, indefinitely postponed by a vote of 65 to 64. No report had as yet been made by the committee of the Senate. On the 5th of February, only four weeks before the close of the session and the expiration of the charter of the bank, they reported a bill for its renewal, the first section of which was, on the 20th day of the month, struck out by the casting vote of the Vice Presi- dent, George Clinton. The fate of the bank was thus decided ; and nothing remained for it but to close its business. To enable it to do so with more convenience to itself, and to prevent as much as possible the distress among the community which its friends confidently asserted would inevitably ensue from its affairs being wound up in a short period of time, application was made to both Houses of Congress, in a few days afterwards, for a temporary continuation of its powers, for this purpose only. The request so preferred was, nevertheless, refused. A com- mittee of the House of Representatives, to which it had been referred, slated, that they " are of opinion that a law of Congress, granting the powers prayed for, would facilitate the final adjustment of the affairs of the bank, although they do not think such a law indispensablti to that object. But believing, as your committee do, that, in granting the original charter tn the stockholders. Congress transcended the legitimate powers of the constitution, the same objection now presents itself to the extension of any of their corporate capacities." Trustees were appointed, who proceeded so expeditiously in acttlitig the Accounts of tho ii ii;ll*IS! 1^'' 186 BANKS (UNITED STATES). bank, that, in about a year and a half after the expiration of the charter, they had almd. paid to the gtockholders 88 per cent, of the capital stoclc. It ia proper to mention that 1 thia was accomplished without any extraordinary derangement of the currency, andwiihom any of the disastrous effects whirh had been anticipated and dreaded by many among the most intelligent men of the country. And it may not be uninteresting to note the fact, i!u{ the whole amount of the sums, which were received by the stockholders, from urst to Im, amounted to 108 j dollars, on every 100 dollars of stock. That no extraordinary Jerangement of the currency followed immediately upon the refnul of Congress to recharter the Bank of the United States, and the rapid winding up of its cod- cerns, was owing chiefly to the extent in which the notes of the other banks of the countn were issued ; an extent much greater, indeed, than would have sufRced to take the place of the United States Bank notes in the circulation. At this period, these institutions had become very numerous, especially in the eastern and middle states. The aggregate capitals of the banks " most deserving of notice" amounted, in the beginning of the year 1811, nccoiding to a statement in the American edition of the Edinburgh Encycloptedia, article Banks, to nearly five times that of the Bank of the United States. In the course of a single year, ihii amount was augmented fifly per cent. A sort of mania for the creation of new banb seemed every where to prevail, and often nearly as much in districts almost exclusivel; agricultural as in those where a great extent of commerce was carried on. Such was the anxiety displayed in Pennsylvania for the incorporation of local banks, that it probably con- tributed in no slight degree to the rejection there by the Legislature, of an application on the part of the Bank of the Uniteil States for a charter, with a capital of five millions of dollars, although a bonus was offered the slate of half a million of dollars, together with a loan of another half million. "During the session of 1818-13" (we quote the words of an able report made to the Senate of Pennsylvania, January 29th, 1820, by a committee, of which Condy Raguet, Esq. was chairman), "a bill to incorporate twenty-five institutions, the capitals of which amounted to nine millions five hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, was passed by both Houses of the Legislature, by a bare majority of one vote in each. The bill was riturn- ed by the governor, with his objections, which were sensilde and cogent, and on a recon- sideration the votes were 38 to 40. At the following session the subject was renewed with increased ardour, and a bill authorising the incorporation of forty-one ini.i ug institutions with capitals amounting to seventeen millions of dollars, was passed 'jy >; lajoiitj, This bill was also returned by the governor, with additional objections, ■ .t ,i airdsof each house (many members of which were pledged to their constituents to . ;il i ' . ;) agree- ing on its passage, it became a law, on the 21st of March, 1814, and thus hitiivted upon the commonwealth, an evil of a more disastrous nature than has ever been expoiienred by 'At citizens. Under this law thirty-seven banks, four of which were established in Philadelphia, actually went into operation. " Tlie immediate commencement of a number of these banks, with scarcely a bonafk capital equal to the first instalment, /or the convenient mode nfdincounting slock notes, to meet the subsequent payments, was soon discovered, increased the mass of paper crcilits already too redundant, and depreciated the whole circulating medium so far below specie value, as to excite a want of confidence in its convertibility. In the absence of a foreign de- mand for specie, a domestic one arose. The laws of the New England States had been w rigorous upon the subject of banks, which were liable to a penalty of 12 per cent, per an- num, for the non-payment of their notes, that no depreciation of their currency took place, The consequence thereof was, that the difference between the New England prices of com- modities, stocks and foreign bills of exchangre, and those of Pennsylvania, was equal to the extent of the depreciation of the latter ; and as our bank notes were redeemable on demanu, the most profitable remittance which could be made to New England, in exchange for her commoilities, was specie ; and this demand created a run upon the banks which they were not able to withstand. The situation of the southern and western banks was precisely simi- lar to that of our own. All had over-issued, and a general depreciation had ensued. The same causes produced the same effects, and a general stoppage of all the bunks in the United States, except those of New England, took place in August and September, 1814. The New England demand, it is true, was increased by two causes, viz. ^r.v/, by facilities m loreign trade through neutral vessels, which were afforded them by an exemption from the blockade of the enemy, and, secondly, by a well grounded apprehension that the southern banks, from their extensive emissions, would necessarily become embarrassed. Certain it is, however, that all these causes combined could not have produced a general suspension of iiayment, had our banks observed the same caution in their isbucs as that which characterized cne banks of the eastern states." The following table, from Mr. Gallatin's valuable little work, entitled " Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United Stutrg," presents the results of that gen- tleman's researches respecting the progress of the banking system in the United States, in the period from IRIO to 1816. lit Jan. 1611- -Bank o 88 Stati Tola 1815.— 809 Sta W16.— 246 do Mr. Crawford, in his mated the bank notes ii Piikin is of opinion thi I Cnwford. ,,.,.. The unequal distnt) iKConling to the first o "At lliat tin's t*"* '•*''' I Hsine, MasBachusetts, i Haraiwhire, tiad The States of Pennsy .iibtlie District of Colli And all the ottier State Not only did the bai I ,iew to augment their minal value; but this d eiample, soon after the I of the New York city Baltimore were at a dii I a greater or less extent I his report of the 13th ( charter of the Bank of the 1st day of July, U more were the points a . m these places was fro ( was considerably less, rior of the country, wl t Washington and Balti burgh, it was 25 per c« 1 specie had so entirely I marketing and other i paper money issued by fiduala. Scarcely had the su sequences above menti Alexander J. Dallas, o i ment of a national bar He proposed that si established at Philadel that the capital of the scribed by corporation that the former subscr \ fifth parts in gold or s I and in treasury notes, •■r cent- stock ; and tl k.jck. The United S amount of the treasur notes respectively bee \ tion of the capital of 1 for less than par, nor I of Congress; and the A bill was reported and Means, in confer '. those of the Presiden I payments, whenever I On the proposition, h ; on the bank to make capital was to be sub I by llicm, — and the « i notes to be fhfrenftn I dollars. While the I Vol. L m 2 BANKS (UNITED STATES). 137 i.t Jan l&U.— Bank of the United State* - '" 88 State banki Total ... 1SI5.— 809 State bnnki 1816.-246 do. do. Cipiol. Notm in eircuUtibn. 8p«it. flO,000,000 42.610,601 5,400,000 22,700,000 5,800,000 9,600,000 52,610,601 e2,2.'i9,590 8»,833,422 28,100,000 45,500,000 68,000,000 15,400,000 17,000,000 10,000,000 Cipital. #15,600,000 26,000,000 40,030,000 Circulation. 9,320,000 13,750,000 23,630,000 Specie. 8,200,000 3,000,000 5,800,000" Mr. Crawford, in his report to the House of Representatives, of January 12th, 1820, csti- ! Duted the bank notes in circulation in 1816, as high as 99 millions of dollars. And Mr. Piikin is of opinion that the truth lay between the amounts stated by Mr. Gallatin and Mr. Crawford. The unequal distribution of the specie of the banks, on the Ist of January, 1815, was, according to the first of these two gentlemen, as follows : — "At that time the banks of the four StnteB off Hsine, Massachusetta, Rhode Island and New > Hampsliire, had u », , j < The States of Pennsylvania and Maryland, \ wilb the District of Coliiuibia, had 5 And all the other States - - - - Not only did the banks which h'lA suspended specie payments enlarge their issues, with a view to augment their profits, so as to cause their paper to become depreciated below its no- minal value ; but this depreciation was very different in diflfercnt parts of the country. For example, soon after the suspension of specie payments, in September, 1814, while the notes of the New York city banks were 10 per cent, below their par or specie value, those of Baltimore were at a discount of no less than 20 per cent. This inequality, too, continued to a greater or less extent until the return of the banks to specie payments. Mr. M'Duffie, in his report of the 13th of April, 1830, to the House of Repres ilor of the country, where banks were established, the depreciation was even greater than at Washington and Baltimore. In the western part of Pennsylvania, and particularly at Pitts- burgh, it was 25 per cent." It may be added, that during the period of which we speak, specie had so entirely disappeared from the circulation, that the smallest payments, for marketing and other ordinary purchases of daily occurrence, were everywhere made in paper money issued by the banks, by corporations of various descriptions, or even by indi- viiiuals. Scarcely had the suspension by the banks of specie payments taken place, and the con- sequences above mentioned begun to be exhibited, when the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Aleiander J. Dallas, on the 17th of October, 1814, recommended to Congress the establish- ment of a national bank, as the proper remedy to be applied. He proposed that such a bank should be incorporated for a term of twenty years, to be established at Philadelphia, with a power to erect offices of discount and deposit elsewhere; that the capital of the bank should be fifty millions of dollars, three fifths of it to be sub- scribed by corporations, companies, or individuals ; and two fifths of it by the United States ; that the former subscriptions should be paid, one fiflh part in gold or silver coin, and four fifth parts in gold or silver coin, or in six per cent, stock, issued since the declaration of war, and in treasury notes, in the proportion of one fifth in treasury notes, and three fifths in six ^r cent stock ; and that the subscription of the United States should be paid in this kind of t.jck. The United States were to be at Hberty, also, to substitute six per cent, stock for the amount of the treasury notes subscribed by corporations, companies, and individuals, as the notes respectively became due and payable. No part of thepublic stock, constituting a por- ; tion of the capital of the bank, was to be sold during the war ; nor at any subsequent time I for less than par, nor at any time to an amount exceeding one moiety, without the consent I of Congress; and the bank was to be bound to loan to the United States f 30,000,000. I A bill was reported to the House of Representatives, Nov. 7th, by the Committee of Ways i and Means, in conformity with the views of the Secretary, which were also understood to be I those of the President; which bill contained a clause authorising the bank to suspend sperle j payments, whenever such a measure should, in the opinion of the President, be advisniile. On the proposition, however, of Mr. Calhoun, this clause, with that rendering it obligatory on the bank to make loans to the government, were stricken out of the bill, — no portion of the I capital was to be subscribed by the United States, and none of the directors to be appointed i by tlicm,— and the capital, the six millions in specie only excepted, was to be in treasury i notes to bo thfrenfhr issued. The capital was subsequently reduced to thirty millions of I dollars. While the bill in its present form was still pending, the Chairman of the ComniittoB Vui. I, M 8 18 If ■I 11 J! ' i \ I •: ■} m 138 BANKS (UNITED STATES.) of Wny« and Means adilrcfweil a letter to the Srcrctary of the Treasury, re(jnesfinp him t» cnmnumieate his o|)inion "iiirclulionta the effect which a considerahio issue of treasun notes (to wtiidi slioulil lie attached the quohty of being receivable iti subscriptions to the hank) niigiit have upon the credit of the governniont, and particularly on the prospects of a loan for 18 15." An answer unfavourable to the bill wua promptly returned by the Se- cretary ; and it was thereupon, on the 28th of November, rejected by a vote of ioi to4!) many of its friends being unwilUng to insist upon its adoption, after having been assured of its being unsatisfactory to the executive branch of the government. A bill was now introduced into the Senate, and passed by a vote of 17 to 14, in aubstan. tial conformity with the views of the Secretary, before stated. The thirteenth section of thu was as follows : — '•That if, during the continuance of the present war between the United States and Grnt Britain, and a period of one year after the termination of the said war, demands shall, at any time or times, be made upon the said corporation, for gold and silver coin, to an amount, and under circumstances, which induce a reasonable and probable belief, that the suid gold and ■ilver coin is intended to be exported from, and out of, tho United States, so as groatlv to diminish or endanger the specie capital of the government and country, as well as of'tlie said corporation ; or that the said gold and silver coin is intended to be wilfully witlidra\tn from the circulation, so as greatly to emlwrrass, obstruct, and dist^redit the pecuniary tran» tions of the people and tho government, as well as of tho said corporation ; or that the sail gold and silver coin is demanded, in consequence of a wilful and sinister accumulation ufihe bills and notes of the said corporation, with the intention to impair or destroy the credit of the said corporation ; then, and in every such case, and as oilen as such cases shall occur, i| shall lie lawful for the directors of the said corporation to suspend its payments in specie, and their duty forthwith, to represent the same to the President of the United States. And it shall bo thereupon lawful for the President of the United States to direct the said corpora- tion to resume, or to continue to suspend, its payments in specie, for such lime as he shaU deem it expedient; and the said corporation shall resume, or continue to suspend, its pay- ments in specie, according to such directions. And the President of the United States sliail cause a statement of the proceedings, in all such cases, to be laid before Congress, if in w». sion, immediately ; if not in session, then within ten days after the next meeting of Congress; and such suspension may continue until removed by Congress, or by the President." With such a section as the one now recited, not only did it pass the Senate by thn vote of 17 to 14 above stated, but it was defeated in the House of Representatives merely by the casting vote of the speaker, Mr. Cheves. This took plac? on the 2d of January, 1815. The bill was, however, reconsidered on the following day, and, on the 7th of January, passed the House by a vote of 120 to 37, having lieen amended by reducing the capital nf the bank from fifly to thirty millions of dollars, as well as by striking out from the bill those parts of it which authorised the suspension of the specie payments, and which obliged the bank to make loans to the government On the bill being returned to the Senate, as amended, it was again amended, by the increase of the capital of the bank from thirty to thirty-five mil- lions of dollars, and by the reinstatement in the bill of the section authorising a suspensiin, in certain cases, of payments in specie. These amendments not being agreed to by the House, the Senate, January 20th, receded from its amendments, and passed the bill without them. It was destined to receive tho veto of the President, Mr. Madison. "Waiving die question of the constitutional authority of the Legislature to establish an incorporated bank, as being precludctl," in his judgment, " by repeated recognitions, under varied circum- stances, of the validity of such an institution, in acts of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the government, accompanied by indications, in different modes, of a concur- rence of the general Avill of the nation ;" he objects to the bill because " the proposed bank does not appear to be calculated to answer the purposes of reviving the public credit, of pro- viding a national medium of circulation, and of aiding the treasury by facilitating the indii- pensable anticipations of the revenue, and by affording to the public more durable loans." And the President was not alone in being readv to waive the scruples which he had for- merly entertained as to the constitutiondity of a national bank, in consequence of a growing conviction of the necexsity of such an institution for the fiscal operations of the general govern- ment. The Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Dallas, had already expressed himseU'in rcfi-rence to this question of constitutionality in language very similar to that of Mr. Madison ; and the minority of only 37 in the House of Representatives on the final passage of the bill is hf^i suflicicnt evidence of tho opposition to a national bank having, at tho period of which we speak, very much declined, an well on the ground of inconsistency with the powers bestowfti upon Congress by the constitution, as on the ground of its inexpediency. Indeed, compnra- tively few (M-rsons were then disposed to take the former ground. Almost the only question at issue between the contending parties seemed to be what was the most desirable mode of organising a bank. The friends of an institution organised in accordance with the views of the PrcsidentanJ Secretary, did not yet doipair of uccoinplishiiig their object before the rising of Congress, An act to int BANKS (UNITED STATES). 130 nev succeeded in getting the Senate to pass such a bill as they desired, on the 1 1 th of Febru* ,»■ which bill was, however, indefinitely postponed in the House of Kepresentalives, on the iTthofthe same month, by a vote of 74 to 73. It is more than probable that, but for the news of peace with Great Britain, which had just arrived, the bill would have become a law, and the country would have had irremediably imposed upon it an institution authorised by law to issue millions and tens of millions of promises to pay specie to its creditors, and au- thoriscil at the same time to refuse the fulfilment of thoSe promises. During the session of Congress of 1815 — 16, the subject of the incorporation of a national lank was resumed ; and a bill was passed in the House of Representatives, on the 14th of Mari'h, 1816t by a vote of 80 to 71, iind in the Senate, «'ith amendments, by a vote of 23 to 1'] on the 3d of April. These amendments having been concurred in by the House, the [lili was approved by the president, on the 10th of April, and constituted the chai'tcr of the luie Bank of the United States. We give this bill entire, as followa. ^n act to incorporate the subscribers of the Bank of the United States. }1. Be it enacted i^e. That a hank of the United States of Ainnrica shall he establisheii, with i •amliil of thirty-five inilliiina of dollars, diviiled into tlireo hundred and fifty thousand shari'S, of on a taiiiml of thirty-five niilliona of dollars, diviiled uito three hundred and ntty thousand stiari'S, of one bmiilred dollars each share. Seventy thousand shares, aninuntinc to the siiin of sewn millions of diilliirs, part nf the capital of the said bank, shall be 8ut)scribed and paid for by tlie United Slates, in liic miimii'r hereinafter specified ; and two hundred and eighty thousand shares, amounting to the iiiniof twcnly-eisht millions of dollars, shall bo subscribed and paid for by individuals, companies, or corporations, in the manner hereinafter specified. ^2. Tliiit subscriptions for the sum of tweiity-ei$:ht millions of dollars., towards constilutinR the cnnit.il of the said hank, shall be opened on the first Monday in July nu. t, at the folluwin); pl;ices; Ihit is to say : at Portland, in the District of Maine ; at Portsmouth, in the state of N"W-Hampshire; al Boslon, in the state of Massachusetts ; at I'rovideuce, in the state of Rhode Island ; at Middle- Imvn, ia the state of Connecticut ; at Burlington, in the state of Vermont ; at New York, in the state nfXt'wYork: at New Brunswick, In the state of Now .lersoy; at I'liiladelphit, in the slate of Pennsylvania; at WilniinKton, in the state of Delaware ; at Baltimore, in tlie slate nf Maryland; al Richmond, in the state nf Virginia ; at Lexington, in the state of Kentucky ; at Clnt.nnati, in the gtitnor Ohio; at Kaleigh, in the slate of North Carolina ; at Nashville, in the stale of Tenirissee; at Cliarleston, in the state of t^outh Carolina : at Aujiusln, in the stale of Georgia ; at New Orleans, in till! state uf Louisiana ; and at Washington, in the District of Columbia. And the said snbscrip- tions shall be opened under the superintendence of five conunissioners at Phihulelphiu, and of three commissioners at each of the other places aforesaid, to he appointed by the president of the United filatps.who is hereby authorized to make such appointments, and shall continue open every day, from tlictiine nf opening the same, between the hours of ten o'clock in the forenoon and louro'dock in the afleniiion, for the term nf twenty days, exclusive of Sundays, when the same shall be closed, and iinmciliately thereafter the conunissioners, or any two of them, at the respective places afiresaid, jliall cause two transcripts or copies of such subscriptions to be made, one of which they shuU send ;n llie secretary of the treasury, one they shall retain, and the original they shall transmit, within ■even days from the closing of the subscriptions us aforesaid, to the commissioners at Philadelphia al'iireaaiil. And, on the receipt of the said original subscriptions, or of either of the said copies llipreof, if the original he lost, mislaid, or detained, the commissioners at Philadelphia aforesaid, or a majority of tlieni, shall immediately thereafter convene, and proceed to take an account of the said iiili8cription8. And if more tlian the amount of twenty-eight millions of dollars shall have been sub- EcriM, then the said last mentioned commissioners shall deduct the amount of such excess from the largpst subscriptions, in such manner as that no subscription shall he reduced in amount while any one reniains larger : Pru»i(/ei(, That if the subscriptions taken at either of the places aforesaid shall not esceed three thousand sliures, there shall be no reductiiigress. to the contrary thereof notwithstanding. Audit (hull also he lawful for the president, dlrecto,'s, and company, of the saiil hank, to sell and transfer fni fold and silver coin, or bullion, the funded debt subscribed to the capital of the said bank as afnreiaul: Protided alwaifg, That they shall not sell more thereof than the sum of two millions of dollars inaiif one year ; not- sell any part thereof at any time within the United Stales, without previously givin| notice of their intention to the seen tary of the treasury, and offering the same to the b'nited Suiei for the period of lineen days, at least, at the current price, not exceeiling the rates aforesaid. i 6. That, at the opening of subscription to tlie capital stock of the said bank, the secretary of tbe treasury shall subscribe, or cause to be subscribed, on behalf of the United States, the said number of ■cvcnty thousand shares, ainoiintine to seven millions of dollars as aforesaid, to be paid in goldor silver coin, or in stock of the United States, bearing interest at the rateof five per centum per annujii; and if payment thereof, or of any part tliereof, be made in public stock, bearing interest as aforoeaid, the said Interest shall be payable quarterly, to commence ftnm the time of making such payniemoD account of the said subscriptions; and the principal of the said stock shall be redeemable in aiiysiiini, and ot any periods, which the government shall deem (It. And the secretary of the treasury sliall cause the certificates of such public stock to bo prepared, and made in the usual form, and sliall pay and deliver the same to the president, directors, and company of the said bank, on the first day nf January, one thousand eight hundred and seventeen ; which said stock it shall be lawful for the caid president, directors, and company, to sell and transfer, for gold and silver coin or bullion, at their dii- cretion : Provided, They shall not sell more than two inillions of dollars thereof in any one year. } 7. That the subscribers to the said bank of tlie United States of America, their successors and assigns, shjill be, and ar6 hereby, created a cor|)oration and bi^dy politic, by the name and style of " the president, directors, and company, of the hank of the United States," and shall so continue until the third day of March, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, and by that name M be, and are hereby, made able and capable, in law, to have, purchase, receive, possess, enjoy, and retain, to them and their successors, lands, rents, tenements, hereditaments, goods, chattels, and effects, of whatsoever kind, nature, and quality, to an amount not exceeding, in the whole, litly-live inillions of dollars, including the amount of the capital stock aforesaid ; and the same to sell, grant, demise, alien, or dispose of; to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and lie answered, defend and be defended, in all state courts having competent jurisdiction, and in any circuit court of the United States : and also to make, have, and use, a common seal, and the same to break, alter, and renew, at their pleasure : and also to ordain, establish, and put in execution, such by-laws andonli. nances, and regulations, as tliey shall deem necessary and convenient for the government of the raid corporation, not being contrary to the constitution thereof, or to the laws of the United States; and generally to do and execute all and singular the acts, matters, and things, which to them it shallii may appertain to do; subject, nevertheless, to the rules, regulations, restrictions, limitations, anil provisions, hereinafter prescribed and declared. ^8. That, for the management of the atfairs of the said corporation, there shall be twenty-flvediretl- ors, five of whom, being stockholders, shall be annually appointed by tlie president of the I'nited States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, not more than three of whom shall be resi- dents of any one state ; and twenty of whom shall be annually elected at the banking liouse inlhs city of Philadelphia, on the first Monday of January in each year, by the qualified stockholders of thg capital of the said hank, other than the United States, anil by a plurality of votes then and lliete actually given, according to the scale of voting hereinafter prescribed : Provided alvaps, That no per- ■on, being a director in the bank of the United States, or any of its branches, shall be a director o( any other bank; and should any such director act as a director in any otlier bank, it shall foi'hnilli vacate his appointment in the direction of the bank of the United States. And the directors, euduly appointed and elected, shall be capable of serving, by virtue of such appointment and choice, fronillie first Mond.iy in the month of January of each year, until the end and expiration of the first Mon- day in the month of January of the year next ensuing the time of each annual election to be held i.y the stockholders as aforesaid. And the boardof directors, annually, at the first meeting after llieit election in each and every year, shall proceed to elect one of the directors to be president of the cor- poration, wh; shall hold the said office during the same period for which the directors are ap|>oinUd and elected as aforesaid : Provided also. That the first appointment and election of the directors nud president of the said bank shall be at the time and for the period hereinafter declared : ^iid prorM alao. That in case it should at any time happen that an appointment or election of directors, ot at election of the president of the said bank, should not be so made as to take effect on any day nlirn in pursuance of this act, they ought to take eflPect, the said corporation shall not, for that cause, l« deemed to be dissolved ; but it shall be lawful ut any other time to make such appointments, and lo hold such elections, (as the case maybe;) and the manner of holding the elections shall be regu- lated by the by-laws and ordlnancea of the said corporation : and until such aiipoinunents or eletliou BANKS (UNITED STATES.) 141 M m»l(!, the director! anri prestdent of the asid bnnk, for the time beinf;, ahull continue in office : Jnd „,,fiilti alio. That in case of the death, reaignntion, or removHl, of the preaidnnt of the auid cnrpo- ntiinn, the dlrcr.tnra ahall proceed to elect another preaident from the diri'Ctora aa afnreanlil ; and in cue of the death, reaignntinn, or ahaencn, from the rnitod.Stulea, or runitaction of the directora, in a auni not leaa than fifty thouaand dollara, with a condition for his good behaviour, and the fuithfui performance of his duties to the corporation. Seventh. The landa, teneinenta, and hereditaments, which it shall be law- ful for the aaid corporation to hold, shall be only such as ahall be requiaite for its immediate accom- modation in relation to the convenient transacting of its busineaa, and Bucb as ahall have been bona fide mortgaged to it by way of aecurity, or conveyed to it in aatiafaction of debta previously con- tracted in the course of ita dealinga, or purchaaed at aalea, upon judgmenta which ahall have been obtained for auch debts. Eifhtk. The total amount of debts which the aaid corporation shall at any time owe, whether by bond, bill, note, or other contract, over and above the debt or debts due for money deposited in the bank, shall not exceed the sum of thirty-five millions of dollars, unleas the contracting of any greater debt ahall have been previously authoriaed by law of the United States. In case of excesa, the directora under whoae adminiatration it ahall happen, shall be liable for the same in their natural and private capacities ; and an action of debt may, in aucb caae, be brought against them, or any of them, their or any of their heira, executors, or adminiatrators, in any court of record of the United Btatea, or either of them, by any creditor or creditors of the said corporation, and may be proaecuted to Judgment and execution, any condition, covenant, or agre>- iient, to the contrary nntwithatanding. But this proviaion shall not be construed to exempt the saia corporation, or the landa, tenements, goods, or chattels, of the same, from being also liable for, and chargeable with, the aaid excess. Such of the said directors who may have been absent when the aaid exceas wascontracted or created, or who may have dissented from the resolution or act whereby tlie same was 80 contracted or created, may respectively exonerate theniaelvea from being so liable, by forth- with giving notice of the fact, and of their abaence ordisaent, to the preaident of the United Statea.and tnthe stnckhnldera, at a general meeting, which they ahall have power tocall for that purpose, A'mrA The said corporation shall not, directly or indirectly, deal or trade ir any thing except bills of ex I'liange.gold or aiiver bullion, or in the sale of gooda really and truly pledged for money lent and not itdeemed in due time, or goods which shall be the proceeds of its lands. It ahall not be at liberty to purchase any public debt whatsoever, nor ahall it take more than at the rate of six per centum per tununi for or ujion iti loan* or digcount!. Ttntk. No loan shall be made by the aaid corporttttoDi for 142 BANKS (UNITED STATES). iho use or on nrcoimt nf the covprnmi-nl nf th-^ rnitpfl fltntpn, to nn nmotint eifppilint flvB hniiti lliniifnnil ilollnrs, or nf nny piirlidiliir filntc. tn nn niiioiint i-xccciliiiB fifty thoiipaiirt (lollnrii, or (if ,|,, rurcign (irlneo or state, inili'r<» previously niithnriziMl by n Inw of I lie United Stntus. Kl(rniih Tli« stock of tlio said rnriiiTiilion hIiiiII Iio usulitimlile nnd tfiinKfrriildc, urrordinK to siirli riil.'s nmiliiiiij! Instituted, in that liplialf, l|V' tliB laws aiul ordinances of the snmn. Tirrlfih. The liills (ihlieniorvaBj of credit, under the seal of^thc said corporation, which shall he made to any person or persons, jiuj hi! assiijiialiln hy endnrsenient there\ipon, under the hand or hands of such persoM or persnni.sniHi'i, her. or their, executors or administrators, and of his or tl.elr assignee or assii/tnees, and sn a« ahm' iuiely to transfer nnd vest the property thereof in each and every assignee or asBitrneea Rurcpniivfi," nnd to enalile such asslBncc or assignees, and his, her, or their, executors or ndniinistrators, to mji, tain nn action thereupon In his, her, or their, own name or names ; ProvUled, That siild cnrpnrntu ■hall not inike any hill obligatory, or of credit, or other obligation under Its seal, fcir the pnymcmi! a Euni li'?9 than five thousand dollars. And the hills or notes which may he Issued hy orilcrnfih s'lid corporation, signed by the president ami connlerslgned by the principal cashier nr trciidif,, tliereof, promising the payment of money to aiiy person or personn, his, her, or their, ()rilcr,(iri« bear(T, although not under the seal of the said corporation, shall be binding and obligatory niinn tin ninip, in like manner, and with like force ami etfect, as upon nny private pi>rson or persons, if Ihm by him, her, or them, In his, her, or their, private or natural cajiacity or capacities, and shall hpai. Bignablu and negntiahle In like manner as If they were so issued by such private person or pcrsnniii that is to say, those which shall he payable to any person or persons, his, her, or their, order, gtiiinj nssignahle by endorsiMnent, in like manner nnd with the like ettVct as foreign bills of eschiinue nnir nre ; and those which are payable to bearer shall be assignable and negotiable by delivery onlf Propiiled, That all bills or notes, so to be issued hy said corporation, shall liemaile payalilennilVniaml other tlian hills or notes for the payment of a sum not less than one hundred dollars' each, niidinva! ble tn the order of smne person or persons ; which bills or notes it shall be lawful for said onrponi lion to make payable at any time not exceeding sixty ilays fmni the dale thereof. Thirlerntli. IM( yearly dividends shall be made of so much of the prollts of the bank as shall appear to tlie ijirecion advisable ; and once in every three years the directors shill lay before the siockhnlders, at n spnmi meeting, for their Information, nn exact nnd particular slntemcnt of the debts which shall Imvere. niained unpaid after the expiration of the original cn-dit. for a period of treble the term nf ilmi tn. dit, and of the surplus of the profits, if nny, after deducting losses nnd dividends. If tliern shall he a failure in the payment of any part of any siun subscribed to the capital of the said bank, by ant person, copartnership, or body pcditic, the party failing shall lose the benefit of any dividenil wbkii may have accrued prior to tlie time for making such payment, nnd during the delay nf iiienaint, Fnarteenlh. The directors of the said corpornlinn shall establish a competent office of discninit anj drposite in the district of Columbia, whe>\evri nny law of the United Hiates shall recjnire siuhanes. tnblishmcnt ; also one such ofi'ce of discount and deposite in any slate in which two thnnsaail uliatei shall have been subscribed or maybe held, wheuevi-r, upon apidic?linn of the legislature cifsiirli state, congress may. by law, roquire the same : Proriiteil, The directors aforesaid shall nnt be tainil to establish such office before the whole of the capital of the bank shall have been paid up. Aniili shall be lawful f.)r the directors of the said corporation to establish otlices of discount and (Icpoiiin wheresoever they shall think tit, within the United States or the territories thereof, and to roiiinui the managenicnlof the said offices, and the Imsiness thereof, respectively, to such persons, and iinil'r ouch regulations, ns they shall deem proper, not being contrary to law or the constitution of ihi bank. Or instead of establishing su-'h offices, it shall be lawful for the director"^ it the said cnrporj- tion, from time to time, to employ any other bank or banks, to he firs", njiproved by the secretary of the treasury, at any place or places that they may deem safe and proper, to manage and trnnMct Ibg business proposed as aforesaid, other than for the purposes of disconnt.to be managed and tranpaclel by such offices, under such agreements, and subject to such regulations, as they shall di em jiisiaml proper. Not more than thirteen, nor less than seven, managers or directors, of every ofiiic esu. bllshcd as aforesaid, shall be annually appointed by thediriM'tnrs of the bank, to serve one year; the; shall choose a president from their own number ; each of them shall be a citi/.en of the United Slates, and a resident of the state, territory, or district, wherein such office is established ; and not ninrclbiD three fourths of the said managers'or directors, in office at the time of nn annual appnintnioat, M\ be re-appointed for the n(?xt succeeding year ; and no director sliall hold his office moro than ihtej years out of four, in succession ; hut the presiilent may be always re-appointed. Fifteenth. Tiinoffi- ccr at the head of the treasury department of the United States sliall be furnished, from time tniiin*, as often as he may require, not exceeding once a week, with statements of the amount nf the raiiilal stock of the said corporation, and of the del>ts due to the same; of the moneys deposited thcroini of the notes in circulation, nnd of the specie in hand ; and shall have a riglit to inspect sncli gcnerti accounts in the hooks of the bank as shall relate to the said statement : PmriJeil, That this aliall iwi be construed to imply n right of inspecting the account of any private individual or iiilliiliuil,iilmll l)ci iiiiidd In Niilit hunk iir liruiichr!) iiflhe iR'iisnry Bliall nt nny tiinii (itlicrwiHe oriliT luiil lUiuct; in wli I rhpiri'i>"iry <''>"" niiniu(liut*!ly my bufnru I'liniiri'itii, 11° In HrHHimi, uml, if not, immediately after the I' .,„„.>nt nf lint iii'xt si'HKlon. the ri'iiHiiriK iirmii'li iiriti-r nr iliriiitlon. gnid and ■lie in 8uld I kink or in »iiy "I >"* <«licpa i>i iimrnuni iiini iicpoiiiia. Aim ii inn niiiii rnrpnriiiuiii nniiii, ill any time, I "f ' „, n,.|!l(!Ct to pay, on demand, nny hill, nntii, or ohliuiillDii, inmicd hy the coriwrnlion, according I [' ,lij fnnlnict, proniiHU, or iindurtuklnv, tliiirnin cxprenMi'd i or Himll nc^ilect or rnfusn to pay, on irjjiiiiiil nny iiionnva rnrnived In mtid hiiiik, or in iiny ol' IIh nlllcnH iit'nri'Nnid, on depniiite, to the pcr- I inn or pprsnii" enlitlod to rei:eiv« tliH nunii', llirii, nnil In every kihIi rune, the holder of any such note, I kill nr nbliculioTi, or the person or ihthoiiii entitled In ileiimm! and rerelve Biieh moneys an uforeNald, ''""• "... I.. 1... .....i 1 1 - 1 1 i.i Kill 1, obliKutions, or tiiiii per milium. which the inid han't and , ^^ _ rn thereof, iiiileus the frcie- , ''''fYiie ireimiiry'Bhall at nny timii otlierwiHe order and dliutt; In which rune tlio secrutnry of I hp iri'iiniry'"'" m"''"<"'''«'y '"y '•"'<"" connremi, if In HeHnlon, uml, if not, immediately r*^— "■ ■ I ' I j,ii.,,i,ipnt of the next seimion, the reuminn nf miih order or direiilon. I ji; That the Huid rcirpuration uliull not, lit any lime, HiiHpiind uml refiiiio payment In I ih I r of iiiiy o'' ''" 'x't'^^i hillii, or ohllKUlionHi nor of uiiy inoneyit rureived upon deposili I tank or in any "' '" "Hicei of dlnrount and deponito. Anil if llin inild forpnrution nhnll, nt t ihail re»r.ei lively, he eiiljfled to receive iinil recover lliterent on lliii null! billn, notes, i nminii, until ('■<' xaino Hlinll he fully piild iiiid sullHlled, nt the rule nf twelve percentiii froniilieihiieofimchdeiiiniid iia ufureHiiid; I'miiiliil, 'I'lint roncrii'B may.iit anytime he I from I lie reafter, enact I l«»ii eiifurf hiR ■""' regiilnling the recovery of the nieoiint of llie noteii, hills, ohiiijutiona, or other lisliti of which payinent uluill hiivc Ixn.'ii rel'imed an uforeHUld, with the rulu of interest uhove men- liiiineii vi'SliiiK Jnrlsdiclion for that purpose In luiy cniirls, eillicr of law or eiiuily, of the courts of Illiel'n'ltoJCtnles, or territories thereof, or of the severnl slalen. iis they may deem eviiedient. I H8 That if any persnii hIiuII falsely nuike, fnrfin, or roiinterlVIt, or cuiisc or procure to he falsely I -,,|g' forged, nr counterfeited, or willlii;:l.v aid or iiHsiHt in falsely iinikinK, forgim;, or counterfeiting, I inv li'ill or note in iiiiltatinu of, or |iiirporllii|,' to lie, a hill or note Issued by order of the president, Idiriclnrs.nnd company, of the said hunk, or any order or check on the snici hank or corporation, oi ImcaBliicrllierenf; or shall falsely uller, or cause or procure to he falsely altered, or williniily aid of las'lm ill fiiliely alterinp, nny hill or note issiiid hy order of llin president, directors, and coiiipiiny, ol |lbi>saiil hank, nr any order or check on the said hank or corpuralloii, or any cashier thereof; or shall Ipafii, litter, nrpulilit^h, or uttempt to puss, utter, nr mihlisli, as triin, any Ihlse, forped, or counterfeited, I bill nrnoie, purporting to ho a hill or note issued Ity order of the president, directors, uiid company, j of ihe iiaiil bank, nr any false, forged, or coiinlerfi'lleil, order or check upon the said hank or corpora- It™, or any cashier thereof, knowing Iho same to hi' fiil.scly forced or coiinterfiiti'd ; or shall pass. Inner, or publish, nr attempt tn pass, utter, or publish, ns triie, any falsely nllered hill or note, issued 1 b« Ciller i)f tils president, directors, and company, of the said hank, or any lalsely ullered order or IciiHk on Iho said bank or corporation, or any ciisiiier Ihereof, knowing the same to be f ilsely altered, Iwilh inlentiiin to defraud the said corporation, or any other boily poliiic or person ; or shall sell, utter, Inrdelivcr, or cause to bo sold, uttered, or dellverinii niiv foriied or couiiterfnit note or hill, in imita- llion, or purporting to be, a bill nr note Issued hy order ot' the president uiid directors of the said hank, Iknoiviiig tbo same to he false, fnrged, or louiilerf iled ; every such person shall he deemed and Idiljiitadgailty of felony, and being thereof cniivlcted hy due cmirse of law, shall be sentenced to be J imprisoned and kept to hard labour, for not less that three years nor more than ten years, or shall be Ijiiiprisoned not exceeding ten years, and lined not exceeding live Ihousand dollars : Pruciikd, That I ,'olliinf herein contained sliull be construe;! loileprive the cutirtsof the individiiul statesof u jurisdic- 1 linn, unitcr the laws of the several states, over any oirence declared punishable by this act. I {19. That if any person slmll make or engrave, or cause or procure to be made or engraved, or shall |h,ivenihi8custrdy or possessioM, any metallic plate, eiigriived alUr the similitude of any plate from I ivhlch any notes or bills, issued hy the said cnrporatinn, sliall have been printed, with intent to use jer, or cause lorsiitTirllie same to be used, in (Virging or coiinterl'eiting nny of Ihe notes or hills issued by the said |for|Kiralioi, ; every such person, being thereof convicted by due course of law, shall be sentenced to I be imprisoned and kept to hard labor fnr u term nol exc.nedlng live years, or shall be imprisoned for a jteriii not exceeding live years und Pned in a sum not exceeding one tiiousand dollars. I { ai. That, in cnnsiderntion of tlie exclusive privileges and lienellls conferred by this act upon the I Hill hank, llie president, directors, ond company, tiiernof, shall pay to the United States, out of the I corporate triads thereof, the sum nfoiui million and live hundred liioiisand dollars, in three equal pay- I moms; that is to say: five hundred thousand dollars ut the c.\piralion of two years; five hundred |llm$tiiid dollars at the e.xpiratinn of three years; and Hvu hundred thousand dollars at the expiration jof f iir years after the said hank shall he organized and commence its operations in the manner here- linliefore provided. I i 21. Tliat no other bank shall ho established by any future law of the United States during tho Itoniimiance of the corporation hereby created, for wlilch the faith of the United Slates is hereby jtiii'iljicii; Providea, Congress may renew existing ciinrters for hunks in the district of Columbia, not iiiicreasing the cnpitul thereof, and may also establish any other bank or hanks in said district, with Itapilals nut exceeding, in the whide, six nilllinns of dollars, if they shall deem it expedient. And, not- Inillistanding the expiration of the term for which the said corporation is created, it shall he lawful to ■ Use the corporate name, style, and capacity, for tini purpose ot suits for the final settlement and liqui- Idaiionof the aHiiirs and accounts of thn cor|>nrath)ii, and for the sale and disposition of their estate, Iteal, personal, and mixed; but not for any other purpose, or in any other manner, whatsoever, nor Ifnr a period exceeding two years at^er tho expiration of the said term of incorporation. I ( ii. That if the subBcriptioiis und payments to said bank shall not he made and completed so as to lenalile the same to commence its nporntions, or if the said hank shall not commence its operations on Iir before the first Monday In April next, then, and iu that case, congress may, at any time within Ibvelve months thereafter, declare, by law, this act null and void. I } 'a. That it shall, at all limes, bo lawful for a cuir'.mhteo nf either house of congress, appointed Iforlhat purpose, to inspect the books, and to oxainliie Into the proceedings, of the corporation hereby Icrtateil, and to report whether the provisions of this charter have been, by the same, violated or nol ; iinil whenever any committee, as afuresaid, shall lind and report, nr the president of the United States lihall li'jvc reason to believe, that the charter has been violated. It may he lawful for congress to direct, lor the president to order, n scire facias to be sued out of the circuit court of the district of Pennsyl- JTaaia, in the name of the United States (which shall ho executed upon the president of the corpora- Itionforthe time being, at least tlfteen days before the commencement of the term of said court), leaning on the said corporation to show cause wherefore the charter hereby granted shall not bu Inoclared forfeited; and it shall ha lawful for the said court, upon the return of the said scire facias, Itneiainine Into the truth of thn alleged violalinn, and if such violation be made appear, then to pro- lioimceand adjudge that the said charter is furfuited und unnuUoU. Prtvided, hoKettf, Gvery iMua ;«.',• li lit, I ■<:: *1 144 BANKS (UNITED STATES). of fhct which may hn Ininpd hutwoen thn tlnitfld fllntcn nnil the rnriKirnllnn tt(!in>«nl(1, thiill hg 1,1 1 liy Jury. Ami It nhiill lin 1 1 wful fi)r ihn cniirt iiHin-Hiiiil to ri'iiuiri- thi- |irciiliirlii>n of mich i>( thr hn.1 of the cnrpornliiin ii> II may iliMim necesrmry for Ihu n«c<>rtalniiioiit of thn coiitrovertnil lltrli; undill flnal Jii(ii;iiieiit of the cniirt nforpsnid Mhnll bu o.\imliiiihli' In thn iiipri'iiiH cmirt nf thn United Huk by writ of «rr»r, and nmy hn thero rtveried or altlrined, nci'ordlng to thn iisngva um8 of specie, paid its notes and those of the offices, without reference to the placet where they were payable, at the bank and all the principal oflic«8 north of the Potomic, while they were, under the charter, necessarily received fvery where in payments of debUli the |,'ovemment of the United States ; and drafts were given without limit, on the patent bank and northern offices, by the western offices, at par or at a premium merely nominal, Ai soon as the notes of the southern and western offices were paid or received by the bank d iici*hcrn offices, they were returned to them and re-issued in perpetual succession. Thett- suit was, that the bank and the great northern offices were drained of their capital, and on the 20th of July, 1818, only eighteen months after the institution began its operations, itvn obliged to commenco a rapid and heavy curtailment of the business of tho bank and ita o( dcvs. During all this time, it had thn advantage of immense government deposites. .\tl|it moment that curtailments were ordered, the government deposites in the bank and if braucbes, including the deposites of public officers, amounted to eight millions of doUara,d BANKS (UNITED STATES). US ihryhulli'cn larger tl preceding poriix]*. CurtnilmentR werp ordered from time to time, at th« ioiiih«rn «n',i curtailment* were ordered at the oftlrca of New York nnd Donton, because there wai no room for thcni, yet necewity obliged them to reduce their buMinms very much. The cur- lailiiKnti at all point* w ithin the above mentioned datea, beint; eight mnnthii, were 6,n30,000 (lollam, 49 cent*. Yet after thcHc immense and rapid curtailment*, the most sensible and viinl pointi (Philadelphia, New York, and Boston) were infinitely in worse conditiop than when the remedy was devised. "M that moment" (the 1st of April, 1819) " the discount line of the important office at Boston was only 94,fi84 dollars, 37 cent*. And when in this wretched state, the southern inOHitoH lint) circnliitioii, "Tlio •unm whicli vvero cnllertcd daily on ttcooiint of tho rovcnuo, in lironrh paper, wrm (lomnndalilo tlio next day in l'liilitdol)tliiit, and, iit tliu Hniiio time, ut cvnry ufTko of ilir ,.,. tabliitiiini'nt, ot tlu> discretion of tiio olfirnrH of ^ovorninvnt. 'I'lio rovnnue wm chiefly jiajJin brnricli piipcr, nx well at Dimton and New York iih at Fliiliiilclphia, and while llii< duiip, were thiii) (mid at one counter, in braneh pit|M.>r, the ilelieiiliircH, whirh iiinuunli'il to „^ million of dolhira every three nioiiiliM, were dcniutidi'd niiil puid nt the other, in ii|MYi(> (ir u ei|uivulent — money of the jtluco. Muny addiiiomil detaiU, iiiercni*in(t tlin di(rieiiltii>N of i;,, moment, mi^ht be ndded, 'I'hu Mouthern ollicen were roiiiiltiiiK tardily, and tho wi'sUmiiui ut all. All the reiiotireeH of the hunk would not have RUHliiiiied it in thii* rouriio ami ni, and some of them so Rtraiigcly ovrt^ I looked so long, lifted the bank in tho short space of seventy days (from the fith of Marrhlj the 17th of May) from the extreme prostratiim which has been described to a state of saftfl, [ and even in some degree of power, enabled it to cease its curtailments, except at points whffi I it had an excess of capital, to defy all attacks upon it, and to sustain other institutions whidi I wanted aid and were ascertained to be solvent ; above all to establish the soundiiciis of ilii I currency, which had just before been deemed hopeless; and in a single season of liusiBMil (tho first) to give to every oflt(« as much capital as it could advantageously employ." Nothing more need be added to this exposition of Mr. Cheves, in order to enable Ik I reader to understand the injurious action of the bank, at the period of which we arc speil'l ing, on tho currency of the country, than to state the fact that the branches of tlic li States Bank made a practice of exchanging their drafts on the Atlantic cities for the note I of the local banks, upon which they required interest to be paid. The obvious consdjueiw I uf this proceeding was to stimulate those institutions to eidargc their business alsotnavfitl extravagant extent; thus contributing to render the contraction of the currency iniiii| western states, when it necessarily happened, both more extensive and more sudden th would otherwise have been. The mismanagement of tho affairs of the Bank of the United States could not fhilto'l ct the attention of Congress. It waa brought before tlie Home of Representatives bril DANKS (UNITED STATES). 147 nwlution offiTwl liy Mr. Hponcor of Niw York, on thn 2Sih of Nnvomlicr, 1818 •, which rf#)lulion wnn rcfcrml to u hcUtI coniniilU'O of which the mover of ihn rcnolutioii wan th« rhairmaii. TIiIh comniitltw, on thn IGlh of January fullowintr, nmilo an I'luliornto rcfmrt, foiiflu'liiR w''' "" rxplicit (Icclnrntion, that, in their opinion, tho rhiirtrr of the hnnit iiai! in (fvcmi infitnnfp* Iwcn violated. However, exrejitiiiR tlie paMfinKe of a hill to prevent the larijcr Blm-kholderH from having an undue nunilier of voten at electioim, they did not reconi- mi'iid liny n(>4Tific aelion, on tho (inrt of (.'ongrenH, to rorrecl " the niuny eviJM and iMiHchicfs" i!i'|iirtctl by them, " JHTaune, hy the provinionH of the charter, Ihc Mecrctary of tho TreaHury li.ifi full ptywer to apply a prompt and adeqnato renii-dy, whenever the Rituntiim of the hank shill roiiiiire it." HeHohitionti wero Hhorlly after olH-red to tin Houne, for taking the proper imtu'iirrii jireparatory to declarinpr tlio charter of tho bank to hnvo U'cn furftited ; Imt thoy neti'. volod down hy very large ninjoriticH. It in unnecessary to go into any detaiU hero coneerninp; thn history of tho Dank of the Uniti'il .'^latcH, from the period ut whicii we have now arrived until the mretitig of (Joni^reM ill Dfrcinlicr, 1889, when the Prenident preHcnIcd the (piention of itM rechnrter for the con- fiilfratiiin of llial hody. It« "expiuiKionn and eonfrucfionH," an well as those of the hanks of the counlry (jenerally, during the whole of thin lime wcro merely Hiich bh are incidental to the opcriUions of all hanks of circidation. 'I'lio Priwident ohnerved that " tho cliarter of the Bank of tho United States ex|)ircH in ISIIK, and its HtockhoIilerH will, niOHt prohahly, apply for a renewal of their i)rivilei{eH. In order to ovoid tho evils re8ultim( from proeipi* lanry, in a nieasuro involving iiuch important principles, and such deep jiecuninry iiiterosts, 1 ffi'l llmt I cannot, in justice to the [)iirties interested, too soon jircHi'iit it to tho deliberate ronsiilvrution of tho le;:(iHhitnro and tho peopk Doth tlio eonstltutijuality and tho ex|io- difni7, of the law crealiiift this hank, arc we" jucstioned hy a lar^e jiortion of our fidlow- atiie'm; and it must he admitted hy all, that it lias failed in lh( great end uf o8tabli;>hing a uniform and sound currency. "Under these circumstances, if such an institution i.i deemei' essential to tho fiscal opera- tions of the Koveriunenf, I submit to tho windoni of tho IcRi-ilature whether a nn'- )nal one, founded upon tho cred!' of tho government, and its reveni;..,, miiiht nr; o devixe I, which would avoid all constitutional dillieulties, and, at the same time, secure ; ' 'ho ndvantagcs to the (government and country that wero expected to result from tho jir i i. niink." Till' (^oniniitti'e of Ways and Means of the House of Heiiresentaliv a, i (irnugh their chair- man, Mr. McUudlc, made a report on tho 13th of April, 1" '0 ; in which, after an Inhornto oxaminatimi of the several questions prescmtcd by the ni' ".'■a;, of tho President, : -.d sul)- niitlod to them lor consideration, they eonciudo that Conp -ess ! /is tho constitutional power to incorjiorate a bank, such as that of the United States ; tliat it is expedient to establish and maintain kucIi an institution ; and that it is incx)iedii'nt to establish " a national bank, founded ujxin the credit of tho government and its revenues." In llic Senate, a resolution had heen referred, early in tho simo session, to the committee of finance, directing them to inquire into the expediency of establishing an uniform national currency for tho United States ; which committee reported on the 29th of March, and, like that of the House of Kcprescntalives, expressed opinions, concerning the currency and tho Bunk of the United States, in direct opposition with those of the President. No furtlier steps were taken by either the Senate or tlie House of Representatives on tho subject, until the session of 1831-32, when the hunk made application to Congress for a re- uewal of its charter. The President had, in tho mean while, a second, and a third time, in fuccessivc annual messages, reiterated his views in op|)OHition to such a renewal. 'J'hia did not prevent a bill from passing through hoth hranches of the national legislature, incorporat- ing anew the Hank of the United States; which bill was, however, vctind by the President, who stated his reasons for doing so in a 'ssage to the Senate, where tho bill had originated. Unas there promptly reconsidered; b"* '..t!'':ig to obtain in its favour tho con' .itutional ; majority of two-tliirds of the members oi s. "at body, it was finally rejected on the l.'lth day : of July, 1832. The removal by tho President of the government deposilcs from thn Bank of tho United I Slates, in the autumn of 1833; the " loption, in consequence, by Conajress of what has heen i styled the deposite hank system, a,-: r. means of safely keeping the public money ; the passage I of the act of Juno 23d, 18:'0, ''or the distribution of the surplus revenue among tho dillerent states of the Union ; tho issue by the Secretary of the Treasury of t!i(! famous sjiecue circular, ; of July 11th, 1836; the incorporation of the Dank of the United States hy the Legislaturo of Pcnnsylvanin, early in the same year; the derangement in the currency of the country, whicli led, in May of the following year, to tho general suspension of npecie paymeniB by the banks; the resumption of specie [layracnts by the hanks, in the summer of 1838 ; with the adoption by the State of New York, and one or two others, of a system of "free hank- ing;" constitute the principal events, in tho monetary and financial history of tho United States, during the last six years. They arc, of course, fresh in the recollection of our readers; and, on this account, as well as with the view of abstaining entirely from any in- terference on our part in the party contentions to which those events have afTorded an ampl* ijrating the Pennsylvania Bank of the United States, as also the act to authoriw the business of banking, passed by the Legislature of the State of New York, April 18th, 1839, .9n ^et to repeal the Stale Tar on Seal and Personal Properly, and to continue and extend the Improti. ments of the State, bij Railroads and Canals, and to charter a state bank, to be culled the " Viiitti Siaa Bank.'' } !■ Beit enacted, ^c. That all and every provision of tlie Acts of Asiienibly, poiised the twenty-Mh day nf March, in the year one tliousand ciglit hundred and thirty-oie, respectively, ciititlcilAiuti nsscsHini; a tax on personal property, to bi; cnllected with the county rates and levies, for the useot the cominonweRllh, and An iirt to liicreafe th:! county rates and levjuB fur the '.ise ofihe cnmimn. wealth, lie and t!ie same are hBreby repealed, except sofiriis rulates" to the collection of taxes asspfsej before the first day of Octubor last : Provided, That the said rep.ml shall not go into effect, uiiiiUU the terms and provisions horiMnafrer set forth shall Im fully complied with. i 2. That the present stockholders of the Dank of the irnited M'atcs, (evceptinf; the Uniteil Statti and the treasurer of the United .States,) and such oth.^r persons as may hcconie slockh(ild«r» airee. ably to the by-laws niadi; for tliat purpose, to an amount not exceedinR ni llie whole the proscnl cani! tal of the said bank, their successors and assigns, he and are hereby crimted a corporalinn aiulboilj politic, by the name and stylo of "The President, Directors, and Company of the Bank of tlie UniuJ Rtat'js," and shall so continue until the third day of March, in the year one tiionsand eiiilit huiidreil and sixty-six ; and by that nann; shall b" and are hereby made capable in law, to have, piirthase, anil receive, possess, enjiiy, and retain, to tliein and their successors, lands, rents, tenements, herelliia. ments, goods, chattels, and etficts, of wliatsoever kind, nature, and quality, and the suiiie tn sell grant, demise, alien or disprse of, to sue and be sued, to use a connuon seal, and the same tn alter a, in the city of Philndolpliin, on the first Monday in .lanuary in each year, byaplu. tnlity of viites, wliich shall he Riven by the (|ualified stockholders of the said bank, in persnnorliy proxy, twenty directors, who shall be capable of servinz for one year, and who shall, ut tlie fint meeting after their election in each year, procceil to elect one of the directors to be the ntesidem of Ihe coriioration, who shall hold the said ofiice during the same period for which the illreclorii irt elected ; but if an election of directors or of the president should not be made on that day, Hii; lai) corporation shall not for that cause be dissolved, hut it shall he lawful at any other time to iinlil mi I'lfc'ions; and until such elections he made, the directors und president for Ihe time biune sliall con. tiniie in office ; and in case of the death or resignation of the president, the directors shall elect ano- ther president from their own number : and in case nf the death or resignation of a director, tlie vi. cancv may be supplied by the remaining directors. i i. The following shall he the fundamental articles of the said corporation, to wit : 1. None but a stockholder who is a citizen nf the United States shall he a director, or vote atig election for directors, either in person or by proxy ; and all proxies shall be dated within siityda;! before the day of each election. The nnniher nf votes to which each stockholder shall be eiititledii voting for directors shall be as fidlows : for one share and not more than two shares, one vole; fot every two shares above two and not exceeding ten shares, one vote ; for every four shares alioveleg nnd not exceeding thirty, one vote ; for every six shares above thirty, and not exceeding sixty, one vote ; for every eight shares above sixty, and not exceeding one liunijred, one vote ; but no wrw, copartnership, or body politic, shall he entitled to a greater number than thirty votes: and after ihi first election, no share or shares shall confer a right of voting, unless the same shall have benn liell three calendar miuiths before the day of election. 2. Not morn than three fourths of the directors who shall be in ofllce at the time nranannnl election, shall be elected for the succeeding year, nnd no director shall hold his office for more thai | three years out of four in succession, but the director who shall he the president may always be n- el-icied ; and previous to each election of directors, the board of iMrectors shall appoint three stort- holders, not directors, to be judges of the election, who sliall conduct and regulate the same, ato I having severally taken nnd subscribed an oath or afllrmation, before some justice of Ihe jieatecr aMcriiian, well and f litlifully and lawfully to conduct the election, nnd who, alter the rnncliiiimi of the ballot, shall decile and opeidy declare who are chosen directors for tlie ensuing year. NnditeM of any other bank shall be, at the same lime, a director of this hank ; nor shall the governor, nraif executive or judicial officer of this commonwealth, or meinber of congress, or of the state legisbilurt, be a director. 3. Not less than seven directors shall constitute a board for the transaction of business, of whoi the president shall always be one, except in case of sicknoss or necessary iiliaenre, in which case hii place may he supplied by any otherdirector whom he by writing under his hand shall dc;inte forlhil purpose ; and in case the president shall not so depute, the board of directors may elect a directoilt act during the ahsonco of the presiilent. ■i. A general meeting of Ihe stockholilers for purposes relative to the institution, may at anrllni be called, either by the hoard of directors, or by sixty or more stockholders owning one thiiiisiind «t mori- sliares of tii'; capital stock, on civiiig at least six wefks' notice in two public iiews|iii|ier3puli- 1 lished In Ihe city of Pliiladelpliia,and specifying in such notice the object or objects of such mectin!, And there shall be a general meeting of the stockhid lers at Ihe hankine house, in the city n.' Phili. delpliia, on the first Monday of .lanuary in every vear, at which time the directors shall liiybei'ori I them a general and particular statement nf the affairs of the company. .*>. The lands, tenements, and hereditaments which it shall tie lawl\il for the said corpnratio>i I) hold, shall he only such as shall be recpiinite for its imincdiate accommodation in tran^iiclini! Iv I kMsine'll make to the auililor general monthly reliirns nf its condition, showing the ddailsiifhs operations, according to the form of thentiirns the Hank of the l!niled iSlnlesnovv makes liitlieSi-cretary of tiie Treasury of the United States, or according to such form as may be esta- blished liy law. }5. It shall at all times be lawful for a committee of the legislature, appointed for that purpose, to inspe-; the books and examine into the proceedings of the corporation hereby created, and to report nlielher the provisions of iliis charter have been by the same abused or violated, or not ; and if the Mliiersnf said corporation should rel'nse to be s'vorn or alfirmeil, or give evidence, or to produce ail (iii'hnf llieir books or papiTS as may be demanded before any such comniitlee, tlien the ll•gi^hltnre may by law declare tile said charter void, ami repeal the same; and whenever any commiltee ns aiiinsiiid shall find and report, or the Governor shall have reason to believe, lliat the charter has been viiilal.d, it may he lawful for the legislature to direct, or the Governor to order, » scire facias to be issiiud out of till' supreme court of Pennsylvania, in the name of the (.'oninionwealtli of I'ennsyl- vania (wlilcli shall be execnied on the president of the corpnr.ilion for the time being, at least ten (lays before llieconiieeiui'inent of the term of said court), calling en said cor|iorallon lo show cause Wliireforc the clnirtir hcri'by granted, shall not be declared forleiled ; and it shall be lawful fc^r said ciiiin iipiin the return of said scire facias to examine into the trnlli of the alleged violation, and i' niih violation be made to a|i|iear, then to iiroiioiiiice or adjudge that such charier is forfeited and an- iMilled: Provided, however, every i.ssiie of fact which may lie joined hetween tin; coinnioiiweallli or lliecdrpnr^itiiiii, siii'ii issiio shall be tried by jury, and on the trial tliereof, the commonwealth shall liavethe right to change the venue from the county of Philadelphia lo any adjoinieg county. And il shall lie lawful for the court al'ores.iid, to rei|uire the production of sucii of the books or papers of llie cor|ioration, as it may deem ;recesi;i;ry for tlie ascertainment of the controverted facts, and llie final Jadgmenl of said ciiurt shall be subject toall the usages of law in other cases. }l). la coiK-iidiTation of the inivih^ges granleil by this act, anil in Ilea of all taxes on dividends, the fai'lcnrporatioii shall pay into Ilie Treasury of tlie'Coinmonwealtli the siimol'two millions of dollars, 01 such time and in snrli instalinenls lis the Governor may rei|nire: Provided, 1'liat at least thirty i'ats| notice shall lie given by llie (iovernor, of the lime when each instalment will be rei|ulred : And I'iKViiled also, that for all sums the Governor sli:tll not so riiiuiie tube paid witiiiii three inonthi afletihe acceptance of this charter by the stockliohlirs, interest at the rate of five per cent, a year iliall bi> paid by the rorpuriilion, conimencliig at the expiration of the said three ninnths.and tenni- ooini! thirty days befor ' the linie fixed lorliie payment ofeach sum ; and the said corporation shall also, whenever roiiiiired by law, advance on pernianeut loan any sum or sums, not exceeding in tlib vliiile six millioiiii ul' dollars, and for each sum uf money so hmn'od, eiuill receive from the uummou ■ 5 2 :■!' m BANKS (UNITED STATES.) wealth a negotiable certificate of stock, rnimbursnbiB on the third day of March, one thnniand .uu hundred iindsixly-eiKlit, tiaiisfcruble lit IIih iliiiik (it'Pciiiisylvniiia, or such other place aBtlielerill ture may hcreiifter designate, bearing nn interest of either four or live per cent, per annum nanS' I Paj-ab|( half yearly at the Bank of Pennsylvania, or such otiier place n« the leglslat\ire may hereafter dfii nate, as the law requiring siidi loan may di'terniine, and in case the interest shall be five percfili' ■ " ly to the coniinonwealth one hundred and ten dollars in money f^reach hundred dollaKi or if the interest be four per cent, shall pay one hundred dollars in money for cacli humlN in stock; and the said corporation sh;ill he bound, whenevi^r required by law, to advancfi! Khali pay to the coniinonwealth one hundred and ten dollars in money f >r each hundredduih?' stock * r" ''* *'*" •"*""^'-* ^^'^ r.tti* >t#i» j...nt c.u»it »n.. r^..^ i...«.i.».i .I..II 1 i.-- ,uuiiarb dollars 1 , . . , .„„^. the conimonwenlth as a temporary loan, any sum of nutney not e.vceediiig one million of dnli'l", !! anyone year, at an Interest of four per cent, a year, reimbursablo at the pleasure of the coiuiiinn wealth, within twelve months from the date of the loan i and the said corporation shall furiheipj, to the Treasurer for the use of the conimonweiiltli, the sum of five hundred thousand dollars on S third day of March, Anno Domini, one thousand eiaht hundred and thirty-seven, and shall piyii,; further sum of one hundred thousand dollars on the first Monday of June ne.\t, and the liii, sums of one hundred thousand dollars on each succeeding first Monday of June, for ninett,! years thereafter, to be added toand paid over with the annualappropriation provided by the common wealth for common school purposes, and be distributed according to the several laws of tills comninii' wealth regulating the distribution of such appropriation; and the said corporation shall further ki bound to subscribe the following sums to the capital stock of the fidlovving named companies if,!! quested so to do by the directors of the said companies, or either of them, within one year fnini ihi passage of this act, namely. To the capital stock of the Ualtiinore and Ohio Kailroad t'oinpany Hi! sum of two hundred thousand didlars ; To that of ths VVillianisport and Elmira Uailroad Coinmn,- the sum of two hundred thousand dollars ; To the Monongahela Navijiation Company, (ifiy lliousaiid dollars, if the s-.ime lie incorporated, at the opening of the bonks of subscription for the capital simJ thereof, and the further sum of fifty thonsaml didlars as soon as one hundred thousand dollars wb. scribed by other persons or bndi 's corporate shill have been bona fide expended in the cnnslruninn of the said work; To the Cumberland Valley Railroad Company, one hundred thousand dollars- To the Warren and l'inegrov« Uailmad Company, twenty thousand dollars; To the Warren and Frank lin Turnpike-road Cinnpany, fifteen thousand dollars, if the said company be incorporated this sej Bion of the legislature; To the Warren and Uidgeway Turnpike-road Company, five thonsanil dni lars; To the Johnstown and Ligonier Turnpike-road Company, ten thousand dollars; To thu Snow Shoe and PackervillK Turnpike Company, twenty thousand liollars ; To the Koseburg and Jlcrti, Turnpike Company, five thousand didlars. Ail of which subscriptions shall place the said hanli on the same footing as to the rights and liabilities with the original subscribers to said companies respcci. ively : Provided, That such subscrijition shall not be made to the stock of the Balliinore and Oliio Railroad Company until a law of Maryland shall be passed, and assented to by said company, tni. Wing the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and any company or companies dniv anthnriseii by ilij said coniinonwealth, to intersect by Kailroad and unite with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, al iiny point in the state of Maryland ; and that the whole amount ho to he subscribed by the said bank.siiil be appropriated exclusively to the construction of the Railroad from Cumberland to PittsburgVanil that no payment shall be called for by the directors of the Balliinore and Ohio Railroad Company on jc. count of said subscriptiim, until at least twenty miles of the Railroad within the state ofPennsvlvaM shall have been bona fide placed under contract, and the cnnstruc.tinn tln'reof actually begun. " ll 11. The said bank may establish two otiices of discount and deposite in this state, one of wjiith nhall hf, at such place in the county of Beaver as the directors may select for the purpose. i l.'i. Nothing in this act contained shall take etl'ect until Ihe several sections and provisions relai. ing to the hank of the United States shall have bi'cn accepted by the stockholders thereof, at aeentrsl meeting, which acceptance shall be made known to the Governor on or before the third dav of .M;,rtb next; whereupcm every preceding section of this net shall he in full force. And within thirty dan after the acceptance by the stockholders of the existing Bank of the United rttates, notice sliall iii given by tlie directors thereof, that on a day named, not exceeding thirty days thereafter, an elcnion shall be held for directors Under Ihe charter so accepted, which election shall be held in like nanner as elections are now held in said bank ; and the directors so elected shall elect a President, and shill serve until the first annual election : Prori'leil, That from the said third dav of March to the lioldinj of the election authorised by this section, the President and directors in odice at the time of suchat- ceptancc may continue to act. In April, 1636, the United States Bank was authorised to establish, in addition to the two oIlitH sp^'citied in the 14th section of the act just recited, an ortice of discount and dejiosite in thetonnof Eiie ; but this olfice is not to be continued there longer than the first dav of January. IS.W. Tlu Dunk was also authorised to purchase and hold any real estate belonging to the (a^e Banltof Hit United Slates, and to purchase and Indd any bank stock. All proxies, moreover, dated at leiistsitii days before the date of any el<>ction, siiull be lawful, ^n Jlct to authorise the business of Bavkin/^, passed ^pnlV*,\8SS, The people nf the Slate af JVew York, represented in senate and a.s.itmWi/, dn enact as fuUatts: Jl. The comptroller 1.^ hereby authorised anil required to cause to It ■ engraved and priiitcilinlbt best manner, to guard against counterfeiting, such quiiiiiiy of circulating notes, in the siinilitniicof bank notes in blank, of the ditfiTent denominations autli.ir;si'd to be Issued by the incor|ioraU'd lianki of this state, as he may from time to time deem necessary, to carry into cHect the provisions of lliii act, and of such form as he may prescribe. Sinli blank circulating notes shall be countcrsizanl, numbered, and registered, in proper books to be provided and kept for that purpose intbooHKeot paid comptroller, niiilcr his direilion, by .such person or peismis as the said comptroller shall apiwisl for that piirjiose, so that each denomination of sucli circiilaling notes Av\\\ all be of the same simili- tude, and bear the uniform signature of such register, or one of such r -gisters. ij 'i, Whenever any persmi or association of persons, formed for the puriiose of banking unlprlbe prov'.siims of this act, sli-ill legally transfer to the comptmller any portion of tlio public ilcM im! created or hereafter to he created by the Uni'.e I .-^tales or by this stale, or such otlnir slates nf ins United States as shall he approved by the comptroller, such person or association of pi'rsonsslialib! entiili'd to receive from the co.iiptroller an eipial ninonnt of such circulating notes, of dilferi'nldcin- nniialiiin.", registered and countersigned as aforesaid ; but such iniblic debt shall in all cases he,(irk made to he, equal to a stock of this state, producing live percent, pet annum, and it shall nolbclan- ful fur the coin|ilroller to take any stock at a rate above its par value. J .'I. Such p.-rson or association of persons are hereliy aiilliorised, after having executed and sijnfil ■uch circulating notes in the manner required by law, to make them obligatory promissory notes pay- able un demand, at the place of business within this state, of such person or association, to loaiunj ciiculate the same as money, according to the ordinary course of biulting business as reguliitcil by Ihe laws ani usages of this state. J 4. in case the maker or makers of any of such cirnilnting notes, count;'isign''d and regiftcri'dil afur«s:,iil, shall ut any time hereafter on lawful demand during Mo usual hours of but-iiicss bclwec) BANKS (UNITED STATES). 151 hours of ten nnfl throe o'clock, at the pbce whTO s\ich note is payable, fail or reAise to redeem h note In the lawful money of the United States, the holder of suili iiole malving such demand '"• •raiije the same to he protested for non-pajinent hy a notary puhlic, under liir, seal of olfice in tlin "''■\l manner ; and the comptroller, on reeeiving and tiling in liiK ollico sndi prolCBt, shall forthwith "'"p notice in writing to the maker or inulierH of such note to pay tlie same ; and if he or they ahall li to do so for ten days after such notice, tiie comptroller shall immediately thereupon (unless he Tsll lio satisfied tliat there is a good and legal defence against the payment of such note or notes), '*' . 1^ akn sf(i*.i nfiii/,v thfif all ti\o /•iri'liliit infr iti)tii>j ia^iiml In- uiii'li i,ai*^Qjj ^fJ• USSOCiatioil Wilt ■fill fcir the coinp- sted notes to the ■I. notice in the state paper that all tlie circulating noted issued hy sucli persi rn'ileemcd out of the trust funds in his hands for tliat purpose ; and it shall he lawful for the comp I IliTloBPP'y •''* said trust funds belonging to the maker or maker:* of such protested notes to Ihi vmcnl and re(ieiU|iliou of sncli notes, witli cosIh of protest, and to adopt such measures fur the pay naviiicnl and irjiit of all such circulating notes put in circulation hy the maker or makers of such protested notes, mrJirant to the provisions of this act, as will in his opinion most efl'ectually prevent loss to the holders J 5 The comptroller may give to any person or asiiociation ol nersons, so transferring stock in pur- luanceofthe provNions of tiiis act, powers of attorney to lei'^ive interest or dividends thereon, !vliirli3''ch person or association may receive and apply to their own use ; hut such powers may tio jevokeil upon such person or association failing to ledeem tlie circulating notes so issued, or wlieii- ever in the opinion of the coinptrollBr, the principal of such slock shall become an insullicient secu- riiv •' and the said comptroller, upon the application of tlie owner or owners of sucli transferred stocis inlr'iist,niay, in liis discretion, change or transfi:rtlie sauiefirotlier stocksof the kind befire specifieil in this act, or may re-traiisft!r the said stocks, or any part tlieroof, or the niortgai-'os, or any of iheni tieri'iiiifte'r mentioned and provided for, upon receiving and cancelling an equal amount ol" such cir- tiilallnc notes delivered by him to siicli person or ai^sociation, in such nianncfr that the circulating notes shall always he secured in full either by stocks or by stocks and mortgages, as in this act } 6. xiie nills or notes so t" be countersigned, and the payment of w hich shall be so secured by the transfer of p iblic stocks, shall he stamped on their face, " f-ccured hy the pledge of public slocks." }7. Instead of tram-ferring public slocks as aforesaid to feciire tlie whole amount of such hills or note?, it shall be hiwfiil for ;oich person or associaliim of persons, in case they sliall so elect before receiving any of the said bills or notes, to secure the payment of one half of tlie wliile amount so to beissiied, by transferring to the coiiiptr and seals, shall make n certificate which shall specify : — 1. The name assiiiued to distiiigiiish such association, and to be used in its dctaliiigs. 2. The place where tlie operations of iliscount and deposite of siicli association a.e to be carried on, ilesifoating the piirticuhir city, town, or village. 3. The nmoimt of the capital stock of such association, and the number of shares into which the lame shall lie divideil. 4. The naaies auti places of residence of Ihe shareholders, and the number of shares held by each of tlii'in resperlively. 5. The period at which such association shall cnminence and terminnte ; which certificate shall he proved or aeknewledged and ri'corded in tlie ulllie of the diTk of !lie i-oiinty where any otlice of such Jssociiition siiall lie calublialied, and a copy thereof liled in the olhce of tlie secretary of stale. Si < 1(1 n| M' ! i t69 BANKS (UNITED STATES). } 17. The certificate required by the Inst procndinj Rnrtinn to be recorded nnd died in theoffif the clerij of the coiinty nrid secretary of stiite as nforesuiil, or cnpice thoreuf, duly cerllciert liv ill of those otficorg, may be uaetl aa ovidrncf, in nli cimrls and places for and afjahiBt nnyBucila«6(H■i^|■ J 18. 8iich assocl:illnn shall have p;)W(!r to carry oil ilie liiisiiiesg of liaiiking, by discoiimim ni'' notes, and other evidenr:'3 of debt ; by rncplviiip dp|inpitos ; by biiyind and selling gold bikI silver I i lion, fiiroiKn coins and bills of exchance in the niann"r Rp'.'ciflud in their articlim of UHBnciatinn r,,^ purpose authorised by this actj by loaniiiK money on real and personal security ; nmi l.v <>ii.rc'Vi (uch incidental powers ar, alinll be neceil' i]u'ir,j! ' ber aa pri'si4lent of suili association, and to appoii.l a cashier, utid such oilier oiliccrs nn,! iilw their busini^ss may require, and to remove such president, cashier, oihcers and agents at pleasute an! appoint others in I linir place. " j 19. The shares 23. No shareholder of any such association shall he liable in his individual capacity fi'ranyroj. tract, debt, or engagement of such association, unless the articles of association by him signed sliiii have declared that the sharehobler shall be so liable. i 31. It shall be lawful f>rsuch association to purchase, hold, and convey real estate for thefullotr. ing purposes :— 1. Suih as shall be necessary for its immediate accommodation in the convenient transaction of iu business ; or 2. Such as shall be mortgaged to it in good faith, by way of security for loans made by, or monevi due to, such association ; or 3. Such as shall be conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts previously contracted in the course of lii dealings ; or 4. Huch as It shall purchase at sales under judgments, decrees or mortgages held by such mo. elation. 5. The said association shall not purchase, hold or convey real estate in any other cn^e, or fornny other purpose ; and all conveyances of such ri^al estate shall he made to thi! president, or siicli otlitr officer as shall be indicated for that purpose in the articles of association ; a\id which prcsideiil oi olficer, and his successors, from lime to time, may sell, assign and convey the same, free from any claim thereon, against any of the sliareh(ddcrs, or any person claiming under them. ^ 23. Upon the api)lic;ilion of creditors or shareholders of any such association, whose dehis ot shares shall amount to one thousand dollars, and slating facts, verilied by ntlidavit, the cliiincrllni may, in hia discretion, order a strict evamiiiation to he mad'! by one of the ma.'ftern of his court of all the alfiirs of such association, for the purpose of ascertaining Ihe safety of its investments, ami tlw prudence of its management ; and tlie result of every such examination, together with the u;)iiiion«f the master and of the chancellor thereon, shall be published in such manner as the cliancellur M[ direct, who shall make such order iu respect to the expenses of such exantination and puliiicutiunai he may deem projier. ( 2fi. Such associations shall, on the first Mondnys of January and .Inly in every year after Invinf commenced tlie business of banking as prescril)cd by this act, "make out and transmit to the ci in]i- Iridler, in t lie form to lie provided by him, a full st temeiit of the alfairsofthe association, vurincl by the oath of the presid<'nt or casliier, which statement shall contain 1. The amount of the capital slock paiil in according to tne provisions of this act or secured to Iw paid. 2. The value of the real estate of tin' associilion, specifying what portion is occupied by the asmi- elation as necessary to thi> Iran.saction of its Imsiiiess. 3. The shares of stock held by such association ; whether absolutely or as cnllater.al security; ipe- cifyir.jr each kind anil description of stock, and the nmiiber and value of the shares of each. 4. The amount of di;bts due to the association, spncityiiig such as are due from inonied or ntlicrrnr. porations or associations ; and also specifying the amount secure I by b mil and mortijageor judgiiieali and the amount which ought to br; incliided iu the computation of losses. 5. The amount of debts due by such associaliim: specifying such as are payable on dcniatid, and iUch as are du" to moniel or other corporations or associaiions. 0. Tlie amount of claims against the association not acknowledied by its debts. 7. Tlie amount of notes, bills, or other evi lences of de:it, issued by sich association. 8. The amount of the los.ses of the as.sociation ; sp.iril'ying whether charged on its capital or prolil;, since its last preceding statement, and of its divi, lends declared and made during the same pi>riod. 9. The av ;?rai;e ammiiit in each montli duriug the preceding six months of the debts du'! to and frirai the association; the averiiae anio'int of sii'cie iiissessed by the same during each month, and i!ie amount of bills and notes issued liy such associaiion and put in circulation as money, and outstand- ing against the association, on the tlrst day of each of the preceding six montliM. 10 The average amount in each montli during the preceding six months due to the association, from all the shareholders In the association ; also the greatest aniouiit due to the association in e;icli :>f the said precedini! six months, from all the shareholders iu such association. 11. The amiiunt which the capital of th i said assnciaiion has lieeii incriMsed during the prccodiiii! fix niaiitli8, if there shall have been any4iicrcu8e of the said capital ; and the nuiiies of any persoiii Lhd nay !>•«'""« P""** 'taKedntyoftl LCisnd in the state '■'',"« if .uch associat I. 'Sianynftheprovis, K'outtef chancery, in 'Slf any portion of Jjewhiitever whilst an K « of Iho capital Sloe £« been made good, r_^l „„lii,oflhBB»sorintion Sutyoflhechaiicellor W„n,a«di!9 Snchnssocintion mnwv, the payinen' of Lhrefusalnnldthepnj > 30 Thi- president an ,hall at all limes keep a I (halllile ft cepy "'«"''•" linn may he located, and julv in every year. }'31. !t shall not be lav (fit? bills er notes of a nionev,imynMeal any o on anil conducted. » B. The legislature n } 33 No association ot itanvliincforttiespacf andahalfperceiit. insp It has been already I the 1st January, 1816, I of Ac United Stales, a I that, in 1830, their nu I to the present momeni [.teached, including brat I'tiisued of the oxpediei I difletent sources of a p I each other, and liable, i joflheirisBUCs. To guard against th( I obliged to make an am I amount of their capita specie in their vaults. I csaraine into the affair I relaliim to the bankin ["safety fund," as a I lianks. One half per ally, When the fund, I payment on their par I lates, until the failure I As soon as the fund si I mentioned is again c I Mcurity against over I tcrest, commonly 12 p I refuse to pay in specie I them. And in simo I below the denoininati( Notwithstanding, \ I acknowledgod evils of I at present divided, be I one to consist in part I fivoly by the general I by it, sulijected to oer I incorporation once ti I give it a control over l the introtluction of I I iiished an cxuinplo, I ilividcil ticlwcen the t two, constititlo as yet \Vc here abstain BANKS (UNITED STATES). 153 .^^,y(M«omo psrtleR to tho laid articles of aiioclntion, or may have withdrawn (herefrom line* ''ii'ihall be the duty "f the coinptrollnr to caugB the Btntement reniiirert to be made hy tliia section, to J iibli«l'-d in a newHpaper printed In the roiiiity where the place of biisir " ' ' " I »*'' . 1 .„H in ilifi utiilp naner : the expense of which shall Im paid by snr I Mialve nnt and transmit the slatunieiit required in the Inst tlie period when the same is reqnired to be made, or shall I '^'"uii mi in the stnip paper ; the expense of which shall be paid by snrh assoi-lation. '""« jf lucli association shall neglect to 1 Mtiint lectinn, for one ninnlh bfyond tli . ' lilcany «f the provisions nf this act, such association may he proceeded against and dissolved bjr te court (if cliancory, in ttie same manner as any nionied corporation may be proceeded against and ^'fw If any portion of the oriirinal capital of any snch association shall he withdrawn for any pur- ,.iih»teverwlillst any debts of tlic association remain uiisatistied, no dividends or profits on the 'hiM of till) capital stocit of tho association shall thereafter be n)a'le, until the deflcit of capital shall I hive been marie good, either liy snbscriotion of the sh^iretiolders, nr out of the siibsei]ucntl)r accruing mill! "f •'"' association j and if it shall appear that any such dividends liave been jnade, it shall be L duty of the chancellor ' " tiiiiinn acid distributing its property and ctfects among j jffl Such nssooiation sliall he liable to pay tho Imlder of every hill or note put in circiilnllon as I miiey. the payment of which shall have been demanded and refused, damages for non-payment llifteor ' Sie duly of the chancellor to make the necessary orders and decrees for closing the afltairs of the asso- I .Lmn and distributing its property and effects among its creditors and shareholders. .Such nssooiation shall he liable to pay tho Imlder of every hill or note put in circiilnllon as !, the payment of which shall have been demanded and refused, damages for non-payment icif. ill lieu of interest, at and after the rate of fourteen per cent, per annum, from the time of ''" jj^fpfiisal until the payment of such evidence of debt, and tlie damages thereon. , 30. Thi' president and cashier of every association formed piirsunni to the provisions of this act, I chill at all limes keep a true and correct li^'t of the names «f the sliarelioldersof such association, and (hall file a copy of such list in the oflire of the clerk of the county where any office of such associa- lion mny be located, and also in the ofl'ice of the comptroller, on the lirut Mondays of January and I Julv in every year. I }'31. h shall not be lawful for any ossociation formed under the provisions of this act, to make any lofilj bills nr notes of a denomination less than one thousand doiliirs, to be put iu circulation as I Dionev, jiayalile at any other place than at the office where the businuss of the association is carried onaniionductiMl. J 32. The legislature may at any time niter or repeal this act. > 33' No association of personsaiitliorised to carry on the business of banking under this act, shall I iiaiivtimc, for the space of twenty days, have on liar.d at their place of business, less than twelve and a half per cent, in specie on the amount of the bills or notes in circulation as money. It has been already mentioned, on the authority of Mr. Gallatin, that the State baiikR, on I the Ist January, 1816, a short time only before the incorporation by Congress of the Bank of the United States, amounted in number to 246, with a capital of alwut $90,000,000, and that, in 1830, their number amounted to as many as 330. From this date, iiowevcr, down to the present moment, their number has been continually increasing ; until it has at length fiteached, including branch banks, to between 800 and 900. A very general conviction has ensued of the expediency of some modification or change in a system presenting so many dilTetent sources of a paper currency, all of them in a considerable degree independent of each other, and liable, in consequence, to frequent and extensive expansions and contraction* lofllieiriBsucs. To guard against the evils of the banking system, the banks, in many of the States, an I obliged to make an annual statement to the legislature of their condition, specifying the amount of their capitals paid in, of their bills in circulation, of their deposites, and of the specie in their vaults. In Nev York, commissioners arc appointed by the legislature to ctamine into the affairs of the bank.i, and to make report accordingly. But the measure, in relalinn to the banking system, which is peculiar to that Slate, is tho establishment of a "safety fund," as a security to the public against losses resulting from the failure of I banks. One half per cent, on the capital of these institutions is exacted from them annu- lally. When the fund, thus obtained, shall amount to half a million of dollars, no farther I payment on their part is to be made ; and this amount is put out at interest and accumu- lates, until the failure occurs of some bank, whose notes it is then appropriated to redeem. Ki snon as the fund shall again fall below a half million of dollars, the half per cent, above nifntionetl is again exacttnl, and so on. Another measure, which has been adopted as a Mcurity against over issues by the banks, is the compelling of them to pay a very high in- terest, commonly 12 per cent, or even as much as 24 per cent., upon every sum which they refuse to pay in specie, whether of their notes in circulation, or of the deposites made wjth I them. And in simo of tho States the banks have been prohibited from iHsuiiig any notes I below the denomination of five dollars. Notwithstanding, however, all the contrivances hitherto invented for remedying the I acknowledged evils of our exi.sting banking system, the opinion of the public seems to be at present diviiicd, between first, a preference for a currency purely metallic ; secondly, for one to consist in part of metallic money, and in part of a paper money to be issued exclu- sively hy the general governmctit, or by some institutioti created, or cominissioners appointed by it, subjected to certain checks and responsibilities, to prevent over issues ; thirdly, for tho incorporation once more of a bank of the United States, with a cafiital sufliciently large to give it tt control over the other batiks of the country, numerous as they now are ; and, lastly, the introduction of the free system of banking, of which the State of New York has fur iiishecl an example. Perhaps, indeed, we ought rather to have said that jiublic opinion wag Jividcd between the two last mentioned schemes, since those who are advocates of the fornter two, constitute as yet, without doubt, only a small minority of the peoiilc. Wc here abstain altogether from expressing our own preferences ; contenting ourselves SO ^ ii 'li' M. cl'l ^1 «1i ; ( M.i ^i' 154 BANKS (UNITED STATES). W :!' ..1-?P with the remark, in reference to fhe proposed free oystem of banking, that in our view it « Binguliir that the principal evils which pertain to the existing system, and which pertain to it especially on account of the great multiplication of the sources whence paper money U issued, should look for a remedy to the enactment of a law, granting lilicrty to the invest. ment of capital without limit in the business of banking, and therefore also to the issuiiii of paper money without limit. It is comparatively easy to devise means to secure the publif against losses which may ari?e from the ultimate failure of banks to comply with their eni gagemciitd ; and it is against losses of this nature that the advocates among us of a free trade in banking seem to have been particularly solicitous to provide. These losses, indeeij have been sufficiently extensive, and injurious to the community. Mr. Gallatin enumcralcj as many as 165 banks which either failed, or discontinued their business, from thclst ot January, 1811, to the Istof July, 1830. Still there can be little doubt that the distreiaei and lasses which have arisen from fluctuations in the quantity and value of the circulatini medium have been of far greater amount Againot these evils, little or no provision seeiiu to have been deemed requisite. No. I.— Comparative View of the Condition of all tlie Bunks in the United States at four (liflereot periods. Number of ImnliB from which returns have been received, .... Nuniher of liranches from which returns have heen received, - . . . Nuniher of banks, the aflUirs of which have been cxliniated, for want of returns, Nuniher of branchi-s, the affiiirs nf which have heen estimated, for want nf returns. Whole number of hanks In oi»eration. Whole number of bronchos in operation, - Wliule number of bunks and branches in opi>rntinn, • . . . . Capital paid In, - . . - f.nans and diaconnls, - • . . Stocks, ..... Real estate, ..... Other investments, . . . - Due from other banks, ... Notes of other banks on hand, Specie fiinds, . . . . - Specie, ..... Circniatinn, ..... Deposites, - - . _ . Due other banks, .... Other liabilities, .... Atrerepnte of hank accounts, A^irregate of investments supposed to yield IncDme, ..... Excess of snch investments above amount of capital paid in, - . AifRrogate of deposites and circulation, Aceregate of deposites, circulation, and sums due to other banks, ... Aggregate of specie, specie funds, notes of other banks, and sudih due by other banks. Excess of immediate liabilities beyond imme. diate means, .... Total of means of all kinds. Total nf liabilities, exclusive oflliosc tostnck- hnlders, - . . . . Total of liabilllips of the banks to one another. Total of liabilities to all, except other banks ami stiickholders, .... Net circulation, .... According to returoi nearett Jin. 1,1M4. I Jan. 1, IMS. | Jin. I, ISM. J.n. l.isn, | 406 100 906 «2no,no.i,<>44 3'il,ll<),'t99 0,113,105 10,S.')0,0i)O 1,723,547 87,329,645 22,1.54,919 26,041,753 94,839,570 75,t>66,98fi 26,602,293 816,047,441 342,806,331 142,800,387 170,50ii,556 197,103,819 76,l'i0,317 120,982,.'),32 418,932,018 ir7,10«,S49 76,086,857 121,121,993 72,681,051 S15 141 43 5 958 146 701 #231,250.337 365,163,834 9,210,.579 11,110.107 4.612.221 40,081,038 21,086.301 3,061,819 43,937,025 103,692,495 83,081,365 38,972,578 19„320,475 974,643,887 390,156,801 158,906,407 186,773,860 225,746,438 108,109,783 117,576,655 498,326,587 245,060.913 100,142,917 141,n^3,9Vfi 83,eofl,lSl 559 146 8 567 146 ■13 #251,875,292 4,57,506,0K0 11,709,319 51,191.375 9,975.22(1 6l,870,9,'i5 32,11.5,138 4,f-00,076 40,019,594 1';0,S0I.038 11.5,101,440 .^O,402,.'?f.9 25,999.234 1,205,879,130 403,385,000 241,409,708 255,405,178 305,807,847 128,811,7031 176,996,084^ 622,196,703 331,807,081 131,394,162 I 281,401.712 108,185,900 631 IM S 154 *2!)0,77S,(I«I 52,M15;(R 12,l(r,ll5, 19,0M,451: in,42.1,f?ill 59.ti8,'!,lllO 36,53.1,5« S,3M,J«I 37,915.310 149,l().'i,M; 127,3!):,l«l l,r2,S28,;45 567,C'(l,e95 276,938,S« 276,fffl,0;5 339,004,19 I39.4-9,KT 199,521.01« 706,4i)0,i:!| 375, Wl,® 158,618,555 313.mSIH 112,652,363 No. II.— Condensed Statement of the Condition, at different intervals, of all the Hanks in the United Ht ites. Xnmber of N.imber nf 1 biriks from hinki tba T'lhl lymntiml dls- couutt. Ditc. which TC' ailtin of numb.-rof Specie. Circulilhn. Depoiitps. rapinl. turns are vvhi'h ire baiika. riiccivpil. L'sliinatcJ. Jan 1. 1811, 51 38 SO *l5,4on.oai' 2S,10().0n0 .52.«)l.«|: — 181.5, 120 88 208 ... 17.000,000 45,500,000 62.1;i!1.5!«li — wts. 131 112 2!6 — 19.0(10.0110 68,000.000 — S9,*H.J2'!i — IS^O, 213 05 308 — 10.S2«,2>n 44,^63,31! 35.010.170 137.110.611' — li^SO, 2S2 48 330 #•300,451 .2H 22,lU,9ir 01.3M,8«8 5.-i,559.»'W l).5.1')2.2f>*' — 1831, 406 100 .506 321,1 KMli!) — 9l,K39,.570 75,f.fl0.«S0] 20n,IKI.i.(l((| — 1S3\ 515 43 .558 .3n5,in3.s:!i 43.9.17.025 10:1.092.195 S3,0'^;i, 305 2.11, '^'O.??: — I'sno, 5. -9 8 .5*,7 457,.''0fi.fl>^0 40.019,591 MO.:iOI.03S 115,10l,4<0 2i;.K5.2M - 1837, 632 2 634 525,115,702 .37,91.5,310 119,18.5.890 127,397,18.-; 290.772.Wll 1 M^ a ■a »im a moT- tn i S 1- <»3 *i "■ — rf r ^ £ c a »s a i-' 1 & *ill % C 'rt XJ if »mi t I'^ii U i i 1 I *is S 1 om fe3> * Us li §11 ti li u Q to « n i .Si %■ OS - o — S^ £ !^6? U ^»§!o^ 8 I BS i 1 1 1 « if. 1 1 o or ■si ^1 ,! ^ Q a iS^' ^cf •n«^ c Branches. z Bitiki. ^S xi a. B !S>^; BANKS (UNITED STATES). 155 I i. 5 el 5 * g « i, J. I - I- « « a — « * Si jE "i ii o *£? S S ? "- iq S x1 fe T ?5 S o S §J f>C *^ (O 1 -^ O O r- 0_*";_ 1-3:31 oD » . V -* 2 « « ij^ 5^ *Q« Q — 'N OTO --"•r cfoO'Qor « — irTrf 2?'0POOXOXt-^l-.S-S»O^ iOXI-X 5 •?• ^ »;-? 5^ X ^X X O O X^-r 1.T O "T i?5 I^W ff^ ultO X ^ 0_ ^, •■* j2 ■:? Q « *« 't*"o fsf pTirf ;-ra{'--J'^''.-'"oror-r'?r p en •a 3> I I ^ » I I I t I I ( I I ^^ I I I I I I I I I O I I t I t 1 I I I I I I to -« Sag r:3 f o is 11 n ■II EC CD TJ t- X :j -r O O (?1 'O f — t f o CT n '.C »o O X X -« M M -iJ o O 5 "" ^ " ^ t^ ' ^ 'i- »' M * * ? w «o ?i o ^ --O X <--' -3 i-- X -^ lo — •-^^3'^0 I- '^^Ci^'O ir^^O M »0 O W^i-- 'T^M ^^*^ -H -O Si » 5S I -;, M-r-t<';cf r^ ^^"^Lr "• Vx"--^ o o — "cf!o''rr5r^en'to"ore*f rTi-Tirf o" fiftx x^^i:*'ocoi^5;aotr;("i<5^o-j^c<-x-rotoe^o«c'N5 Cf Opf ^ ^ ^ fff S2 ?f ; I ^1 V-3 -J^S «3^CJ^(W t- '-l.O^'W^'Ti^X^^ t- CI^T O ^ -^S: M O -O O -3 ^ I- « l-^^C* if> Oi, X !0 c» x^o Ji^xi O C^ G^ ^T«^*C -J^O ^ C» M ?c oTso" « — o H"if^"'/f f* od'o" k Tf r c; *« i ' 3 -fl -N to 5* CJ I ' t I r-T (M* ^ 3 (^ '^'o' So X :n 3 X in ;o a to S3 to Zh CN-o S" ISO BANKS (UNITED STATES). ! ' m i i- li't I a B a ft S I s B m E D J I I S3 I. a V o 8 il 3 w 3 II ©"•yfto'ff^oD— 'i-Ttffffirfj'ir cT'-i^oT^'^e^ ►If 1 1 iss'lil cii- -u -r c^'cTrsfi^a^co o o « r-ce m'c*5 i-Tin c /jTi rj /^cfs^n 'W^coi-^y £ S A iS(/5 J^cn ft ooi o^-r M^T*^-"_^35 X i- o « -«»< t-^ t/^(N ^^ ©• o Oi »^aj^(»;^?^.r o^i-M (?> ^ n- oi en c» »■; I- Mc» ,c ^r ^4 « m lO CO •igsi l||l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ig I |S8S o'» »^i-'3o"cn — I^^'j/'joT-^ I i^^afc'f-^srcc'ofo'rrirr ^ (O V c • lilt « I'CrTx'Q'w^in ;o-r i ef tf i 2i»ft i »ff«-^o i -xroT QC?!nS = SxCT3-. -/' — ■=!- — — = — -TOO —--'-■-•-'—'—•— "—-—'—■—*-»■—• o'g* I —'in'o'l-" I _ M I-. $) i~ — n c r- g S 5 -^ Cl fNC* X! f'- O O C4 *♦" •roi-* a- ;■■:■— u^ — t' 58 III |5£SS$gS§g U^ 1S3 IS I I I IS?? I C4 c< (o » --* c» C) «—■■» -r «y: I- -H .oi- 5» bi -i o o '^ •■£! — «m"^c-;.i-;.« •-r.'ft -^cr '3L;.'?n-;.i-;.'^rQ'«r QOi- ti x» o -.o i-^ ^ ^ — i--< -i o OT -* .^ %.3 Si .3 8 '■a S = ? t B » '§1 £.53 Sua •■—a V 7,- C J(:< m = S EIJ ^ w a) S SS h.^ aj •^o ^ 9^ to m o ^ n SSs I ifei jsgll sa QO C^ ooco — S a; "i; S « M 1^ si'^sf I'M! I «ssi^-tej|s"s "»< 00 SSSSsS S^ §s§ig§ ^1 § § ^§ I !fe;2'« 1 1'§ I s-^ 1 1" M II g -J.J ef of cf o'"''f /" O Q O GTl O I?* T M 2l-l0l-'6i05«-3p-jOJNJ^t^q;^Ot0*g ^W ?! 5^>h S l-;,^# l';'^^* O rt S ^ ^^30 5 !■■ »5 f^ t- V &i a> I- -* ^ fo — « o >-• I-" '^ X c^'o X'jD --io MtrT'iJ'w'WM (fir's -/T -Jc»-J''*'cor^M ifT $ I-. (5 S 7* s (T4 t- i?5 |^**_J5 to C' M 2* '"^ ■-■ ffl S) CI r- lo xj RS -"- '»« i- "<« s; t-^O WO QD^-T ■^ © O Ki. X 3 0-. S 2 ift i;i^' 3i r^ to T M^ifi tftX-^-^fOMO'O«0rt!0S c^i-^s^ i-^^fff cT^oT »nio -^^^t^ o »^ I^ * , F-* ^ CO Untqjo-ou >»M X t>e<<094^s>ns4(iooe<Ne4 SS232a§S*S'"""28*"2S-'"'*-»"-a52''- 3 S ^,^5^ " «5ii « « " "^t2S "JI,^ "1^ rt "^1*,^ a lsl§§ § § s§ § § i § B «B 2 .S fe ° A V aj Cl 9 .3 , t > iS 1 ^f Sm B tt 7 ? * - .= jO .-- ei-T B 5 ,2 = « 3 5 ■= S .'s ». n V- ~ t;. C tfc i* r <«2 o . •ia a B 1-.OC «-« Vot. I.— O V. '?l£!i.',i ; I II I I I I I I I s' I I I I s| I I II I II Igvl 11 Ig m 5 5 is^SgUfl? «^2 ».T rt e 3; o 'ti t» wi (jT /J V 'for: rs ri •xT O O >0 O «n C O '-S to I ^ {fiT I ^ go ci iSii^: X « 3i -f O C Tl C* — « C< O « ^ 5^ -T I" O -f -f W ff) M ^ £ 3> ■n *-• CO t< \^iV.-4,'i ' c^ — o en Z /J "1 iR ^ 3 •S 5 f ' rf ^ *:x' - « c.' © -■ c c^' — CO — — ri r. -o" o'l ^ -- i.T ci 6 5 * ^ iM- ■?» o -* b. I ^ -3 2* <5 ?J •* » r Zi ff» I - -^ •- 'i'' (5 l6 !0 I J i> e M » M •* t) « o 31 1- 1- X I- -^ c o -" Ti S — 4 -!• f m s^ •» ^ 5 # ^^^fff^^-iT^ r^ •f-T'W — ©fO(N©SI^(-» t— u^ ©©/;*. c^-f*rM»£*l OD^-i^'r »ft 5"».Th 'O S I' (^ -H^ *^0^-*^?» ^^71 -^ T» t* X-^-C « (Jl « -T © O S?JSi^l;SSS2SSySU:Sailiv:Sa2S2S2 I I 1 IS5;;s5|2sV*'?;fsvfifi;Vv:ii?Ss¥i£ -; - dV & ^M»»^tp»rt-^*rtD-i-"2?oiO'^f©o«a>QTrto«t' — — ■■«' e^ M_ » c5 I© IP 1-^©^ -V ** v^r-^v"^ ^ "^^ 'H."*V'^ "-^ '^»" o JL •-■ it c ■ I I o sn t5 ^' SP ^ '4 ^ "'^ iL '-i 'd '^ V '^^ ':^ 21 ^ "t^ '"^ "^ ^ ^^ ^ •*"r 'T £\ ,-H ^ -fl- 1^ c I CO X' i5 jp o a* x» T' -/5 ^ :f> ( • X © © (O -5 o i?^-r « n ?» CI 1 1 P9 31 7D S — •— — ^ " 'S '»<©3l-^©>OIN ©©(NO'O -.©-rc-3 7* — r3i30©:fC3XCi< a *r >tj *; >»e s g? s a 8 6 a r ?t ft 5 r ."I ■°9 3 .••is. i i BANKS (UNITED STATES). 1B9 I ^ ■^^sgg§^ t' = 4 t 9 «' 9 4 ? s' 4 9 2 i 9 I 5 g s' 5 « g S' i 9 5 S 12 ^' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I gg •» H "J At »i 5\ if_ ~ M ?* I. . o 1 - -r 1 •. o_ I -_ I - j> — r 4> -. b JS S^ '*)• M *! M 'iO 53 to X c ^' -^ ■; c* C3 cr:^''ci r- 1* c> fr! 3> in n ^^ n 'r' ^} *^ oi « o « — _CT «• to ©xfpg'£5©M;/'0-*-^*--.tS *C "^ _ -r 2 2 ^ 5 — i' ' 2' * •* ff^ S *^ -'""C ?? '^ =^ "5 1" '•• 9s 'jC S •-<"©" 'if (Ti -^ ifs !-<' ir> r- t* 1- ^ 5' c* i> •-• (-'t-'''^ ac^i*r©' uS ©i «' ©*irf p-T i^tO'-* — 2^'Q^f^''"?2"=2*!2'P »-«_M ri"^©^.:7J_o^'« j(;fi?To JC; M S; M M 35 © '6 rH •* iS © oT-iI'— I"— i-^i-' oT^ ffTirf .rfirj t^x* rr t' at' t' oo'c-rcjf ©"evT©' ,' i-TwS^ ^ _ ,-M F-i -4 »-i fx <7T C-f (M C-) (M r.l ^ CI Tt ':> '«! <:} !?* ©t ?l p-4 O tA © QO ^ ift CTi ■3'- © © to I* 5> 00 i/^ »'^ — 5* © © "^ © CT o in © ;•: o: © 1— X «!» 00 in /: — /.^> -3* -J- M JO in — © i- M -t © I- M — ^ m « 7I in ^ ■!* « ?CC-«'©'tt' £;« I- r- u*. r © A © © — < « M ct .^ rj * -io '* © *p jp o t'n (5 R ti: 1 4 ,- ? ■: .'•: « T- T- 55 S oB r? S? R s a U a ts 9 •O o ?^§' I " a o ■3 ■a •a n i ' ■ ^. * \i . 160 BANKS (UNITED STATES). ; i o H fc o g «a 2 m H i li £3 A n o c» ^ f it> e^io « « J* »o^ /v^ iD^ -3 O « 3i^ I - i -^ sf ^ "f 2* '^' ?** c' iT JQ »T »0 i-i ^ I- 'N 5 '-■^ — '" -r ^ ^ ^ rt -r" -^ *^* ^^ '^^ "^l "1 ' - — => 25 ro ^^^ rt ij^ -^ *> 3 o^ V ''^ *:f sT 3 ^ -^ 2^ • "^ 3*" ^3»^ o -r c Oi^ 3S^ j^» .^j^s o •^^-T'^ri /> -i 5 ra — •' r" ?f iT yi •£> i * c' 55 1- * to « © 5 -• "Z Oi^ H >'')^ — -N^ U^ 6^ Z)^ -1^ I ** --^ 3»" rf "»«" "jf 1 M ^of pfo^ ii^w rfi Iflf 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 |-V'<\0 *. '•i '^ *" ■ I I I I I I I I I i ■a J g§§il§l I »/^ o iC o cTtcT to s III III rt Co M C*J M *1 iitiR 1 1 1 s^^ss t&<0<0 T' S Z 3» 2 Si S 1 1 W ^ t» -M 'jO — M o o ^» *c ^o S«2 f3» « O O *0 "T 3 I'. CO I" «l « w -^ -H ^ a 7« G^ = - -»o25 M -H^fC^M^o -^^ It o c£ «■"§■' — as- ■? s • • 11 ill mm grids'- • -----.■ Is •Is i?.>.>. but; •; J i| SVSn^^ISlfffPl BANKS (UNITED STATES). mm iiiiJfi II i ' i^rf»-';<' 2 "riiS^i:5's'::t3,7!8s2»" I I I I I I asasi-oassfiss-spEan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8" H"ai r-a «;;; iir=8f=iifinr 3 8R?7a£r.1i =s»MKteeXS 3 B«,"!Jj!flP9="=fa?21fI5' 9 "I'^i^iS: •«"'- elitf 8 S i?lllPffii36S = ?I?5F :l I I 8 8 at 8 3 a s a R«p=83r?¥(S ^i"*!; 8SS'^?iaaoa28=a3?8 1 1 1 1 5SSiZSna!gS«SPi!:«!:S5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 !f'*l*i 3- S!;ss;i-isa"ff!r"as;33t:iS3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 3S8!;'.;;inr-?:.^s=?!P9« I I I I ?(«!( V-rf-- siarf' 3 8 fMMsf3l=r53 1 1 1 I i I /If ^ Mfi I' 1 I 3 6 25 8 nxa V01.L o2 . . .-Sir- .s» I. b. ti li! rlilllrilllUilal] lUl m ' ■ !■ ;i r; i ft I '!i '■* i. ,!!i til BANKS (UNITED STATES). No. IX.— Statement of tho Condition of the Bank of ilie United States in the Year 1838, on ihMj« mentioned. "'" RESOURCES. Bill!) and notes discounted, lit dh. day or Jan. of May. or Jung. ofNovmte, >3,t,870,2n8 ."il «31,035,913 2!) 930,069,002 23 #32.0.W,09i M •''.'■S.1,476;9 7.062,155 !S 25.7nD,?73Sl 1,515,11)1 fi Siieeie, . . - 3.770,8B 53 4,409,330 92 6,457,853 48 Notes and chccligof other b:inh», 1<),I•!0..^7,'^ 36 2ll,075,.';63 09 20,6!)9,03!) 62 Due l)y banks, - 38,470,200 (kS 29.3T9,fl!)i 40 27,483,106 .15 Ileal estate and other property, 1,5()4,772 53 l,5!)7,in3 83 l,.ViO,723 64 ICxpenses, - - - . 133,478 4» ll9,8r. 05 l.'!7,3.32 19 00,409 7' Stocks, ... . 14,802,108 93 17.0:<),078 03 18,1.56,084 29 17,4fi6,8li 71 Hills of exchange, - . 10,313,12!) 13 13.7«5,826 95 14,!)05,433 06 t'.5iS,I9ti kj Miscellaneous, - Totals, - - - LIABILITIES. - 4,123.5(>5 69 4,213,220 43 4,311,335 18 l,HO(l,il57 57 #120,203,881 84 $122,185,043 ya #123,770,690 01 «ff7,2l)'J,3l>7 M — C.ipitnl stock, - ' -* ' *"W 035,000,000 00 $3->,oon,ooo 00 #35.000,000 00 $35,non,ooo m iN'olcs in circulation, . 0,708,0117 02 0.451,005 17 0,077,738 98 4,220,651 11 Due to hanks, - . 28,970.01!) 13 25, !2:!..130 .IS 23,:iy7,305 10 If'.SjJ.SlS % KepiiailOH, . 2,.54),31fi 81 4,3lit,:Wl .33 3,8.)1,8I6 12 5,(168,121 37 Divldoiula unpaid, - . 72,ii;f7 !l!) 95.,V;4 49 81,326 49 S0,1H H C.intlncnnt funi* . I.lOO.fioJ !M 1,157,516 .'■.7 1,131,123 39 1.10!),17!IGj I'rolit and loss, - . 5.191,718 83 5.2.)5,il72 02 5,2J5,972 02 2,S!1,fii7 fO Discount, exniiange, and interest, 1,200,810 11 1.4!»5.12n 80 1,831.115 89 l.'lt'i.OIS'lS Aliscullaiieoiia, - . 4,'),319,M0 !Hi 53,2S-,181 23 47,138,201 i)6 ?fl,3H8,l)01 5j Tot.ils, ... .S12li,203,K81 SI '*122,I85,013 !)9 #123.770,690 04 fiTifimM «j "From docutnente" (wo quote from the Journal of Commcrpe of January 18,1 "apjii'mlcil (o the iinniiiil Report of the Comptroller, just piibiiehcJ, It appears that, undo I thf! (loneriil Bankiiii? Law passod at tho la-t srssioii of the Legislature, certificates lia« been filed in the oHlee of tho Secretary of Slate from fifty -Foiin bankitig assorialioiM, with an ajTujrpgato capital subscribeil, of ?12,.319, 17.5, and with a reserved right to inmaa I the same to the aggregate amount of $487,680,000. The articles of association are so jl framed ai to cover this enannouH amount, in ca.-ie it should ever be wanted. The diirs- ( lion of the associations, as contemplated by their articles, varies from 2.5 years to 4050 1 years. At the time of makini? out the Comptroller's statements, 24- of the fifty-six asgocii. tions had In-en organized, and had applied to that nlliecr fir bills in the aggregate amounlof ?2,493,090 ; comprising 290,000 one dollar bill.s, i;.'J.04.') twos, 20,000 threes, 2 lS,fiOOIiv«i 3:J.300 tens, 12.50 twenties, 900 fifties, 1150 hundreds. 00 five hundreds, and .50 thousjidJ Sixteen n.'-sociations had already made tiansfus of State storks, or State stocks and ninit. [ gages, to the Comptroller, in the aggregate amount of $1,170,090 of storks, and ?422,5m| of mortgaires. The particulars of these various items will bo found in the niinexed tal.k "Several as.i'»t commissioners to view tho premises on which mortgages arc od'ercd, and to makcaliil report to him both in regard to litlo and value. On the whole, we do .nt see but every [*| citutiun lias been taken to guard the intcretits of bill-holders, which the chso admits oI.' -4 i = §£ss§ §; |ll|ll|ll V I I * > .rC «1? ■£« to ,"5 X -4 O' O ri "i O - i.f I i \ «; « c_ei i- »- M io ■■ - Ivj JJS . . • .... 4 s 5 G e .o.us.t.--g t: 1 a' nil'? I. if"'' BANKS (UNITED STATES). 163 51 lilillPI iSlI § §§§§§ ^ 8S2'2S - o "« — " ■* § § ^ ^llll il 1^1 1^1 Mijl I III 11 I l£l I M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I Nl I I I 1 I I I ■O B 2 rt -.iS. =fl ■ c SOI o eg r «i ?•. 5 *? fii-^ 3 a. -. .n tgi - . c 3 i_ : c2 = ii ;y 5 : =«§ ■" c :3 ■I > "^ I S M I E-C ' c £ S H?- o III Jll ^'4 U V u t,?! -;0.> c llli HI i^o . . . ^' o ;c < ' -PCh • •^>'^ i' « => ' ;- aM'* . ' W ?< = T. - C _- t:«i« (J ES =•=■ = ! i.-i I? s B. *. .=-S,ol e. . I Is II e^ J 1 = ■ c — '^^'S^J « sJ^'*.!"'!'^^?^" -^• 1 ■§ is i- §■ ^^-s'^-.i ....■3,^s-'3 -a, 0.-3 . = .K.a' „-s |. .. Il^^r ?f ;, « It? « sa'r- a 1 1 If |i : ^t? |■•Et•I^E•.i=>'^•■t^^^:-iP;^•«••i••r•JI••"^••.?l -2?l-.5 i'^-zS^.t L-I'rli^ J ^^•?c" i ? si's 2?.? Si-e^ of ?'8'*.1's.5r;?£r|f°a-,Y| ;; ;: Rr !.^! >1 >!i ■ . Hliif:. 'ii 'III ^ *• IJ '■'i ■ i M; .'hi f ii J 4.' 164 BANKS (UNITED STATES). No. XI.— Statement of the Amnnnt nnd kindi of Securities plcdxcd hy the eevernl Banki wlilchhm ^B P'<^' gone into operation under the GenernI lliinking Lnw. ™ ^H !. . NamN of Buik<. Bank of Western New York, Rorhester, North Aniericnn Trust and Bunking Com- pniiy. New York, . - . Hnnk of the United States in New York, Mei'.hanicg'Biinkine Association, NowYork '^tnten Island Bank, Port Richmond, l.ockport Bank and Trust Company, Lock- pnrt. Hank of Syracnse, Syracuse, Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, of Gene- see, Biitavia, . - . . Farmers' Bank of Orleans, Gaines, Merchants' nnd Farmers' Hank, Itliica, - Willniiffhhy Bank, Brooklyn, New York State Stock Security Bnnk.New York, Millers' Bank, of New York, Clyde, The Powell Bank, Newburgh, - Bank of Central New York, The Wool Growers' Bank of the State of New York, . . - - Data. 1838. .July, 14 Nov. 1,14. Auk. 13. Nov. 6. Oct. 29. Oct. .31 epi. 3. J Sept. 17. Oct. 29. Oct. 24. Nov. 6. C Nov. 1. I Dec. 19. Dec. 15. Dec. 27. Dec. 20. Dec. 31. Sccuriliea, SUte Stuck!. Indiana, Arkansas, Micliigan, Maine, Indiana, AInhaina, Michigan, Arkansas, .Michigan, Indiana, Michigan, Maine, New Vork do. Arkansas, Michigan, Mii'liitran, Arkansas, Maine, Raie per cent 5 5 5 6 s 6 5 5 S Amount. $ 100,000 200,000 200,(H>0 1)0,000 'i5,000 100,000 50,000 100,000 .^0,000 40,000 .10,000 10,000 J 15,000 5 100,000 50,000 10,000 10,000 1,170,090 Unnrti ami MorlgaifFi 102,000 00,000 25,000 29,G0fl 20,800 48,300 27,200 50,000 50,000 10,000 To'it. 20fl.'iM| 50,IW l».(.|10 Mm io,w 4n9(lOJl^H,W^ In here concluding what we have thought proper to add to the author's article on banlbj, properly so called, we earnestly recommend to our readers, Iwsides the American woiki already referred to in the pri -ding pages, the Financial Re^i.iter, in two 8vo. volume t,-(iitod by Condy Raguct, F.m\. It emltracrs a great mass of information on cuncnoy and hanking, of high interest to the merchant as well as to the political economist, and reiiderej | accessible on tlie cheapest terms. In regard to Savings' Banks, we may mention that their introduction into the United Siatu dates from the month of December, 1816. The " Philadel|)!iia Saving Fund Socii'ty" wk then instituted by a number of intelligent and philanthropic citizens, with the olyert in vim of [iromoting habits of foresight and saving among the labouring poor of their vicinity, .(i was to have been expected trom the novelty of the undertaking, and the difficulty niik which the habits of a people, and especially of the comparatively uneducated portion oft people, can b| ferred to the corporation, they amounted to $45,IM.85. That the institution liad, inll»| mean time, Iteeii managed with due discretion and skill Wijs testilied by the Icgislaira I nmking the articles of u.ssociation and the by-laws of the society the bas^is of the ario( incorporation. From the date of the passing of this act. however, the deposites iK'saii » increase more rapidly than they had hitherto done. In 1821, they exceeded §200,000; k\ maximum of deposites tlien allowed lieing !?300,000. 'i'he legislature, by asu[)])lfmfr!ia'( act passed in March 1824, just as the deposites were approaching tlie sum just nicnlioiifj, extended the maximum allowed to an amount twice a.s large. And as the depositor c* linued to augment, the mnximiim was still further e.\tended, uiitiJ nt present )51,5OO,O0D»l the amount of deposites which is authoris«'d to he recciveil. I'he interest allowed to depositors, originally 4 f% per cent., was. in consequence of aM I in the general rate of interest, redui:ed in Ueci'inl)er 1820, to 4 per cent; and, since Ftbn- 1 nry I82S, no deposite greater than 200 dollars could be received from the same piTjou | any one year. The di'posiies receivejl in 1837, a year of extraordinary pecuniary pressure, aiii .r.ui I to $422,698.92 ; while the paymenU to depositors were $.712,44 1.90. In 18.18, «hep. 1^1 pressure was in a coiisideralde di'gree alleviated, the deposites received exceeded the |i'.t [ nients to the depositors ; the former amounting to $4.59.7 1 1 .38 ; and the latter to J419,084S< I The whole amount of deposites, since the establishment of the society down to thedoij of the year 1838, wa.s §6,794,913.03; that of deposites returned, during the same|)etioi[ «.'>,720,474.43. The l)enefits of the institution have been extended to 38,743 depo.-iilors. Since the eslaiiil.:hment of tlie "Philadelphia Saving Fund Society," and especially siM I the experience of its successful operation, other societies have sprung into cxi.-!tenre at.Xcl V/fk, I3o8t«ti| Baltimore, and cbiewhere in the United States, conducted on similar primi I ™,. The details givei is of the mode in whic We sultjoin, as a fartl Philadelphia Society ; payments. Jln J Wbehbas. a voluntary I iKidd, under tlie title of " I mil lias been established I liiil security on real estati I eh.iiiiiSi labourers, serva I (fciitily and interest. Ar I liiivf I'f")'"! <" '"^ liorpeln hj Uiv, with perpetual s-u I jsiiiihein may seem pro I iKsscssed of, or entitled t I ibe purpose of tlie said ini Tliereforc, { 1. Be it enacted by the I n Gtural ^ssemblij met, i I Saiiutnl Ardit-r, Richard I nof. Ri-nhon Ilaiiics, Tho 1 1!. Mortis, Isaac W. Norr I Saiiiiiel ^packman, John Sniiili, and Matlliew (,'. U .laleime hflily politic anil unti.PHiA Saving Tlnd I hprcliy made ablo and cap I lain, lothcni and their 8iii jeiTi'ilsof what kind, natii I mise, liiirpain and salo, tie I mwleipf coiiveyanci; or tri I a..iirp. Inmsfor, ulipn. pn; I ihi'V liavi' in thi' saiiu-, an I taiil sncicly by their by -la I Willi llie riMils, issues, pri I fffiiiillii? salf, :)lii;iiali(rn, i I fiiiiilinn. ncri.fdinii to tlu i ci>ri!iiij! to tlio provisions, I iselli'itu.'illy and tiilly, a siitiiliiiii ;u'.il law/ ot'll I .tiyli'iind title aforesaid, si [ !\VTCil, defi'iid, and bo di' I al^^ii m;ike, have, ami use jiuillhave power also to i: I tiL'iiliitions, as shall to ll ii'r lie directed), seem ii j iMry to the constilutinii ; I !iii!iilir suili act.", niattiT; I netessary for the piirposei [ latioiis, and |irovisioiis, hf }1 Jlnd If If fiirti er en \ prnvision?, shall fnriii and 1. The institution sliai I fir*t Monday in Jiuiiiary. < I Sfitelary, TreasuriT, luiil I (I'ii iif liny nianagor, « lio I be vacated by the board f I thi^ Imard. 2. Tin; maiiaKor? shall I whi'iini.iy oi'ciir in tlioir ( j ni(!v;i|« and new appointn j Hull tliirtt 101 iiiana^'ors nr 3. .N'ocnioliiiui'iit white 4. The money di'posit. il |a inynienls, mil, I they i I fills |iir aiiioini, or iwo f jbi'liulned, will hour intore I f. Iiiteri'sf is to he o.-tjiii I ii!^:i'l SII11I8, no inlereol wi livo or niori' iiianiiKi If i led by tho lioaril of nii If I'lunny shall be (Iriiwii I The deposits ami payi jllp,""itini; money, sli ill In'. |p!i:.iii(MitRhalt beri'|;iil!irly I II. A fasli hook ami lo^et ItKiiiiiiiiedialoly ontoriol. I 111. X lionk shall hp kopt |P'^Mii iir persons to whom I dm;' .ed of hy will. I II I'lie inaiiazors shall t [Tr iJ ir.T's aecoiiot,? ami i 1^. Thu D'.ttnagers shall I BANKS (UNITED STATES). 105 I nlw. The details given above will serve as n favourable illustration of their nature as well Lof the mode in which the; have liccn administered. We sulijoin, as a farther illustration of their nature, the original act of incorporation of th« Philndflphia Society ; together with its " rules and regulations respecting deposites and JIn Act iiuorporating the PhilaiMphia Saving Fund Snritly. Whereas, n voluntary nssnciation of a imint)cr of the ritizi'ns of Pliiladplpliia nticl its neiphbnar- I hodil under the tille of "The Philadelphia Savino Find Ho(ii:tv," lins l'(ir some time i^iisted, " I I'ljj been estiiblishod for the sole piirpofe of rcceiviiiK uml liivcsllnR in piililic Mtork or siitistan- lial si'curlty on real fstiitc, such small sums as may he 8;iveil from the earniiigB of tradesmen, me- I th.iriirs, labourers, servants and others, and of airnrdintt to industrious persona the advunlat'eg cif I jffiirily and liitcreat. And wlicrcas the members of this so( iety hy their memorial to the lepisliiture Ibvi' iirayed to be perpetuated, and brought into leiial existence liy beins! ineorpDraled and establishert bv law. wilh pcrpetnal suci ei^sion, for the purpose of rec, iving, lioldiiij; and improving, in such way I'toiliein may seem proper, all such real and personal extate, as the said iiislirution shall become li's'isfcil nf, or entitled to, hy cit'l, grant, devise, bequest, purchase, deposit, loan and payment, for llie piitiMise of the said institution. Tlicrefnrc, J I, Be it enacted hy Ike Siviite and IfoMse nf Reprrsentalire.i nf the. Cnniwov^rralih nf Pennnvlrania I jj Oriterui ^ssemblij met, and it in nereby enartnt by the aiilhiirilij nf llie fumr. That Andrew li^iyard, gaiii«i:l Archer, Uidiard Uaclie, Charles N. Uancker, Clement V. Middle, BamiwI lireck. Turner (Ja- nwr, R'Mihcn Ilaines, Thomas Hale, Adam Konlgmaclier, I.udwi!; Kriimhbnar, John ^T'Crea, t^ainuel II, Morris, Isaac W. Norris, Richard I'eters, .Inn., Condy Hneiiet, .lopeph Hotch, William Schlatli-r, giiiiiiiel Spacknian, John C. .Stocker, John iSlrawbridm', Unlierts Vaox, John Vauphan. Daniel H. gniilli.and Matthew (,'. Kalslon, and their successors, iVri^ver, he, and they are licrehy erected and wie one body politic and corporate, in de il ,>nd in law. by ilic name, slyl • and liile, of 'Thk I'lii- uiiHPHlA Savino I'ind Soi iktv," and liy the same name sinill have pirpcliial t-nccession, and arn hcrcliy made able and capable in law, to Imve, purchase, receive, take. In. id. |uif.sess, enjoy, and re- tain, Id lliem and their successors, lamis, r"nls, tenements, hercdilanienls, sloi k, gO'ds, cliattcls, and elfi'i Is of w liat kind, nature, or qnalily, socvei, whether real, personal, (ir mixed, liy gift, grant, de- mise, liargain and sale, devise. iH'quest, testament, lepacy, loan, deposit or advance, or by any other ttindeof conveyance or transfer wliatever. and the same to give, grant, bargain, sell, deniir-e, c pi.litic or corporate within this stale, by the fii siiliilieii and laws of this comnioiiwealtli, can d and pertVrm. And the said society, liy llie name, .•lyiaiid title afnri said, sliall and may sue, and be sued, plead, and be impleaded, ansv\ er, and be an- suriiL defend, and be defeiided, in all courts of !aw williin Ihi^ coiiimonwe.illl; and elsewhere, ami al-i make, have, and use a common seal, ami the same br, ak, alter and renew in llnir phasure ; and fhill have power also to make, establish, ordain, and piil in execiiliim, such by-laws, i rilinaiices and n;iilalinns, as shall to Ihem, or a majorit) of such (imriim of Ihem (as has alieady or sliall liere- .Hii'i lie directed), seem meet or cunvenieiil for the government of such corporation, not being ton- Ir.rj ID llie constitution and laws of tins .oinniiiiweallli ; and generally to do and exemle all and siiisiilir snrli arts, matters and things, w liicli to the said diriioralion shall cir may apiierlain, and he lii'iessary for the purposes thereof, siihjei t nevertheless, to the rules, regulations, restrictions, linii- liilimis, and provisions, herein proscribed and declared. ^i..1mlbr It fiiril er I'liurtfcl ly the. aiiiliarilij • f.iirsiiid. That the following rules, limitations and prnvisioiiF, shall firm and he fniidiimental iirtn hs of ih" conslitutimi of the 1 1 rpeiiiinii. I. The iiistitntioii shall he conducted by Iwenty-fiv," niamiL'crs, who shill annually, on the Hift Monday in January. < lionse one of their number as I'resiileiil, and shall have pewer to a]ipoint a Knrilary, Treasurer, and such other othcers, us the business of tlie corpoiation may leiinire. The fill III' any manager, \> ho shall lia\e i.egleili ' ■ : lieiid lor tlirei' successive staled meetings, may bf vuated by the board; and any ot theortlit the society may be r'jmoved at the pleasure of ihH hoard. '.'.Tlie leanagers shall have piuct to fill n ttlii li may occur in their own beily nr ollicers . nii'v;il< and new appointmenis ; and no anpoii.ime lli.ui lliiriii'ii nianagers are present 3. No caiiiliimeiil whatever shall he rece veil by the presl.'entnr mana"ers for Iheir service , I The innney ileposited shall bear ■ iiiliTeni at llie rate nf fnur and eicht-leiilhs perc'iit. per aiiiiiiiii.aiiil shall he repaid when reij,' . , iipnu iwo weeUs' nulice. Willi llie inlerest thereon, to tha tiiiii" iif siiiii net ice. S No sum Icsii than one dollar nil-ill be received as a depisit, am! no interest -hali be allmved nn J' V iiiyincnip, mil, I they amount to the sum of live dellars, the inlerest on wliich will be '.wt nty-lonr cms |ii'r aiiiiiim, or two cenls per calemlar innntli. Kvery additional sum of live dollars that may bi'lml.'i'il, will benr interest in the same mann. r. f. Iiilcrisi is Id be e^lilllalel| iiycalendir i.iiiinlis. and in order to avoid the calculation of days upon fi.'i'l Slims, no mleresl will lieal'low.'!! fir the IViiclional \<-\ti:' of a iniuiih. ivv" iir mere iiiaiiiiKers shall atiind at the nllice of ihe soci 'ly, at such limes as may be ap- [ ( li'l by the liiiard of imniagers, to receive deposils. ami to pay such sums as may he withdrawn. /■^ i'iHiii.y s|ii|i| lie drawn out under li\e. dollars, unless to dose aii account. " Tilt ile^nsils and payments shall he regularly entered in He hooks of the office, and every person df.i -iliag innney, sli ill b,^ furnished wi'h a duplicate of liiu or her utt.mnt, in which every deposit or piiii.cnt shall be regularly enlereil as sunn as niacle. I). .\ lasii honk ami le','er shall bu kept at .lie oiili:e, in whic:h tl..i deposit money and payments shaH bo iiiiiiK'diiitely entered. III. .\ liiiok sliall be kept at the office in which I'very depositor sball he at liberty to appoint soni« P"Miii iir pi-rsiins to whom, in the event of his or her ileatli, the r.ioncy shall he paid, if not ollierwis« din' -pil iif hy will, II The nianazers shall meet at least once in every month, and five shall be a quorum. The books, Tf- IS in'r's arcollnt.^ and other documents sh. ill b" produced at such meeliii!;s. 1^ Till! managers sliall be at liberty any time to ruluse deiiosiis, and on yiving one month'j notic« bv bail )t, after notice of one month, any vacancy :tt i-lhirds of the memliers present to UL'ree in all re- I'lit oi .enioval to take place when a less number i il l^'^''. ii ; :|-l %^ m il! 11* i h 1 ; !^ I n pr h ■ il m ^i-'Lld^t^.i -I If ;:!! Plbi ii-i BANKS (UNITED STATES). iti to return lucb as have been made, with intrrest Ihcreon, to be calculated to that time nml ]3. A report Rhall Iiu anmiilly prcpuri'd by tliren niulitfirs, wlin shnll nnt be nmnaeers nrnfflcorj I the corporal Ion, cl)0!"'iit by the hoard, mid siich report shall ho piihlihhiul in one or more of th/ y.ettea of the (Mty of l'!.iia(lnl|iliiii uml the iiiiinuKurs Hliall uniiiially transmit one copy oftlu'/'d rc'i'ort to the spoiker oT tlic SiMiile, iind oiu! copy to tli^! e:p.'iiki'r of the House of Heprospnlanvp' 11. Tlie iiiamigor.s shall mil receive ilcposiia from any diie p rscm, to a ((reater unioiint thnn fir liiiuilreil dollars iii any ime year, and the aiiuiiiiit of the deposits received liy the corporation shall i no tiioe excecil ilirce hundred thousond dollars. ' " H 3. ^nd be it. further enueleii bii the outliority iif.irc.iidtl, Tliat until the election of the officers afot. Bald, pursuant to this act. the otlicerH now elected and nppnititeii »haU be and continue oflicprsofii! Haidsdcicly; and t''''t no inisr.oirier of the said eorporalinn, in any deed, testau.M'l or gift onji' devise, or other inslrunient, or contract, or ronveyaiiC(s shall vitiaio or defeat the s:inie, ifitie,f!j rorporiilion, sliall he suliiei'nlly (le.scrihed to ascertain the intent of the party or parties, to give I vise, bequeath, assure to or contract with the corporation hereby created, by the name afornuaid \'m Bhall any of the iion-u.sers of the said privileges herel>y grantcpl, create any forfeiture of the gi'm. but the same may be . rcised by tlii said corporation ; and nolwithstanding any failure toiniciii aiiy of the tinicsnpp ! ; ^d iierein or by the by-laws anil ordinance.s of the said society, to hnlj iik'iI nnimal or other meeli. for eleiiions or other sulijecis lor consideralioii, the officers then iiio6« nhall continue to lioll and exercise their renfiective ofiires, until others shall be duly elected In siir. ceed them, at some I'ulure nieetini; of the said society, which the said corporation is hereby aullioN ised to hold, for .^udi purpose. J I. ^nd be it further enacted b;i the authority nf(ire>!itiJ, That if at any time the said corporation sluO misuse or nhu^e any of the privileijes Krnnted hy this act, or If it shall appear that the said privile,™ are injirioua to the citizens <>f this eomuKriwealth, the legislature sliail have power to revoke anJ annul tiieui, at any time they may deem the same expedient. Rules and Iiej;n!atii'ns re.'peeiinff Vcpoti's and Payments. "' ' 1. Of Depofitf. 1. Kvery person dcsirona of hecomini: a depositor with this society, shall, at the time of niatim the first deposit, si^n his or her n:ime in a Imok iirovided for thc^ purpose, atul shall slate lilsurliet bisinesH, oceupaliou or calliiiK, and place of residence, which shall he recorded in the same Imnk 2. No money will he r^'C-'ived from any d.'posilor, unless his or her lioiik he brought al tiiulimc and the soci.'ty will nol hold ilself acconnfible for any nmuey brou?lit to ils oliice to bo dppnsiifj' unless an entry thereof h" nrade in the hook of the depositor by the proper otBccr of the society d the time of makinc the deposit. 3. No sum li'ss lliin one dollar can be reieived as a deposit, and no person can deposit toagnrter I amount than two hundred dollars in ar,y one year. ■1. Whenever the nuun-ys standins; to the credit of any depositor shall amount to the sum of cm thousand dcdiars, ini further deposit can be received from sucli depositor; and compound Inlcreit (iiiall ecas" ro he eomp^ited in f.ivinir of such depositor. 5. Kvery deposit mad.' hy one person forIh(! benefit of another person, shall be expressed tolfii trust ;" and no deposit shv.ll be received or he expres.sed to be received, from one person "iij" jnotiitr person, or by one person "fur" nimlher [lersiui. fi. No deposit will he received in the name of any tmitirnrporrtfcil society or nssocialiiin nf porsrr!. In all cases in which any such society or association s'lall he desirous of making a depesit, tlv fia I may hi done in the name i f some person "in triitt fvr" such society or association; midii every such case, the trustee alone will lii; entitled to receive paymeptsj and !iis receipt, with ll»'ri«. duction of the hook, will he considered hy this soci oy, and is a^rei'd by the depr.sitors to l;i', asf. rient discliargi!. In case of the death of such Irii-'l"', or in cisp fh.' si'ciety or association i|i ' i for whom the deposit was made, shall be desiiniis of appointing another in his place, the vacauj nil it he tilled, or the subsliluti' ii made, according to l^w. 2. Of the intercut payable to DepnHtnr.i. tMa society at the rate of /.'j.t per ecnt, per annum ; but no intorcslii I Kvery additiiuial suiiiol'/ci 1. Iiiterest is allowed 1 allowed on any deposits until they amount to the suni of Jicii dtilUrs. dollars will bear interrst in tlo' same manlier. 2. Interest is estimated hy calendar moiillis, and no iiiterest is allowed for tile fractional parlsofi month. 3. The interest payable on deposits will, at the conclusion of every year, either be added to lb) principil, ;iu(l will from lini' to hnie beeoiin' princip.il, anil hear tile same interest, or wdl Lciuijli llie depositor, according to the rules prescribed for payments. 3. (f pnyntents to rjrpnsi'ors. 1. Nn depositor can receive any payment without having given two weeks' notice. 1. Wh<*"i notice is given, the bonk must lie sioit to the olhce, .'iiid the Tniasurer must be irformeilil I the time h w mucli is wanted ; and if the wliolo amount is wanted, the book must ho left at tlieoiiti | for settlement. H At the cvpiralion of ilii> two weeks, pa' inent will be made of the anuiotil required. se wiM!>^ f\nm*ttrA It ritii^ . a! Ito« ollice (tf iiie society. 'J. Incuse ..'' Ml' d^iih of / d.-;, il.'r, uayineh' can be made rnnly to his or bcr executors or tin I liisfiator. ir -■ ML' iho l*ook. iMHvtf«i«i lo-uiiceive the same, agreeably to the lUth article of the coiisliliil:«i I of this so. . 10 In all Cis.s HI whicUilfposils are madn in the names of iwn or more pr-rsons.eitlier iiitlicit'ii I right, or in trust I'or oihers, they must all apiiear at thentfc w the lime payment is desired,. 'nid!!!! | joint r.'ceiiit, e.xcepi in ctse <>f death or inability as aforesa''<. nnh'ss at til. time of niaMiisllicfc posit. II is rvtirc-si'd on the iioiik of I lie sociciy, and signed by ,iuch persons, that the depusii ii;ijlt | wiliidrawa t>y '•eiijter of ihtm," ur ''unj' two uf tjionii" ^ utA^wiacj as the case may Iju. BANGKOK. 4. f)/ flnuftw /(,*(, dcftroyrd, J^-n. 167 t Incase nny (Inpnsitor sliall Ihsb IiIh fir licr luiok, or th« fiaiiic slinll he dcctroytd or IVaudulently b alni'il from pmh ilopdHitdr, iimntMlhH' iidlicc llipreof in lo lii- pivcn nt Itie otiicc of llio poclcty. 2 AlVr lli« (ixpiniticin of llio two we ■!>« from llii; liim- of uotire )!lv(ti) lliai any book Ijhh been lo»l nli'slrciyoil, if a tinlisfi:cti,vtsonlyof luwrie shells anil silver. The deiioiiiinalioiis ari' as I'lllivv : — VKKIblaor cowries ninku I fi'lini-nunJ! ; •: p'tiai-nuiiL'S. 1 siiiL'-p'hai j i sing-p'liais, I fuang; 2 fuaniis, 1 salung ; 4saluiigs, 1 tal onirnl; SOtiiiils. I lailie; KKI ealties, 1 piciil. Tlii'Hiriniliinl coin is tin; iial. which r.iitopoaiis liav;' called a tical; len there are also coins, tnou(!h leta Ire^uciitiy, of tiie lower dunominutmns Tliese are of a rude and peculiar form. They are, in I I : Mi; '■ : I :i 5 I 1' 'I'M'if :'^ 'r :t: '!:. :f ii; I , iJ Ir '\ m it! \^]f *■■■.;.! .■ iJiWnlli-'if!! I'c'i les BANGKOK. fcct, nnthlni more thiin ini:ill bll» of n sliver bnr bunt, and thn endii bftnton lofelher. TTiMif, i. preneit with two or three siiiiill stniiips, nut nivc^riii)} ihi- wliohs siirlucc of the coin. Tlie miiclS pjcul are, of courifl. only usuil in »|MMikiiig of large giiiiiM of money. (Jubl mid illver are weijheiiJ, •mnll weights, which huve the lamedenoniiniitidnMiiH the coins. 'I'lir p'!iai-niing,the InweiiofihM la In this caae subdivided into 32 snitns, or red beiins, the Mrug p ccituriua of botitnisls. ™ The bnt, or tical, was assayed n the mint of Cab iiitii ; It wan tViund to wciRh 336 grains; iii||,gj «rd, however, was unr.ertniii, and Ihn valiio of dlflTT.Mit spni^iinens varied from I rupee 3 anii iij 3 pice, to 1 rupee Sanai and 7 pice. The value, therefore, In sterling money, is about i$. td.,tUi!k ■o considered. In rosperlto ordinary measures, the Siamese cattle Is double the weljiht of the Chinese rattle, «||U as is well known. Is eipial to It lb. avoirdupois. The picul, however, is of thr same weiitht, coniJ. Ing in the one case of .W catties only, and in the other of 1()0. In weifbing rice and salt, a large iii«" ■ure Is used, consisting, in respect to the first of 'H piruls, and of the last of 23 piculs. Rleeii % measured by the basket, of which IflO fn lo the large measure above-mentioned. The long measures arc as fullow :-'13 finger breadths make I spin ; '.2 spans, 1 cubit ; 4 cahlti ||^. thom ; aofnthdins, 1 sen ; and 100 sen, 1 yuta, or, as it is more commonly pronounced by the gJa'nitK yut. The fathom is the measure of most frequent use, and the Hinniese have a pole of tliiii|eni|k divided into its frnctionni parts. This, as nearly as can bo ascertained. Is equal lo alnt ad valorem, levied in kind. The tarilfon oxpnrts consists nf spocii'.v duties, nl' which the fdlowing arc specimens:— Ivory ...... pL-r picul - - 21 licalj, Stick lac------- - - \ 8ui.'nr, if exported umlcr a European flag - - . . ij Ditto — un Indian Mag . - . . i Cotton wool .--... ..^ Trade, — The I'oreiRii trade of Siain U conducted with Cliinn, Cochin China, Cambopj, and Tonquin, Java, Singapore, and the other British ports within the Straits or Malacci, with an occasional intercourse with Bombay and Siiriit, England and America. The moil important branch of tiie foreign trade is that with China. This is wholly carried on ia vessels of Chinese form, navigated by Chinese, but the ctreater portion of them are buili in Siam. The whole of the Chinese trade centres in Bangkok, with the e-tceplion of a few junks, which trade to Sungora and Ligor. The ports of (^hina wliich carry on trade wiih Siam, are, Canton, Kiang-tnui, and Chaiiiriim, in ilie province of tiuanlong; Amoi, or '^■■iiti in Fokien ; Limpo, or Ximpo, in ( !hekiuii'r ; with !Siaiig-hat and Saochen, in Kianj-nan; besides several ports of the great island Hai-nan. These junks are expected in Siam in the following onkr; — those of the island of Hai-nan usually arrive in. January ; and llioscfrom the provincvs of Canton, Fokien, and (Jhekiang, in the latter end of Feltruary, and iliran to thr l»eainning of April. They all sail from the Mcnuin in tlie months of Jinic and July, when the aouth-wi»8i monsoon is at its height, and, of course, there is but one voyage pof' formed yeurlv. The tmports from (Jhina are very numerous, consisting of what are called in eoinmercittl language " assorted cai'goes." Tile following is a list of the princi(>al coi* llio«iities: — Coarse earthenware and porcelain, .•■pelter, ijuickHilver, tea, laeksoy (vermicelli), dried fruits, raw silk, crapes, satins, and other silk lulirics, nankeens, shoes, fan'^, umbrfilas, writiwg paper, saiTilicial paper, incense rods, and many other minor articles. Not tlie le*« vitlualile part of the importations are itnniigranls. The ex|Mirts from Siam are also very various, but the followincr list eomnrehends liie iBUt I Cimsiderable : — Black pepper, .sugar, tin, cardamoms, enirle-wood, sapan-vvoixl, red Mianijroie bark, cose-wood for furniture and cabinet work, cotton, ivory, stick ' le, rice, nreca nuts, srf fish; •' : hides and skins of oxen, butfatoes, elephants, rhinocerose,^, deer, tiijers, itoiiarils. otters, civet cats, and pangolins; of snakes, and rays, with the belly-shell of u »}wcifs of land tortoise; the horns of the butllilo, ox, deer, and rhinoceris ; the Uuies of the o\, hullili), elephant, rhinoceros, and tiger ; drieil deer's sinews; t!ie feathers of the pelican, of seveiil species of storks, of the peacock and kingfisher, &e. ; and, lliially, esculent swallow-;' wf^ The tonnage carrying on the China trade amounts in all to probalily about 1.30 junks in number, a few of which arc of 1,000 tons burden, and the whole shipping is not short i 36,000 tons. The trade with the different countries of the Malay Archipelago forms the ne.xt mostin> poi-tant branch of the Siarae.se commerce, and the only one respecting whicli it can I* n«» ■ary lo give any particulars in this place It ib conducted with the following ports:— Palain, BANKHUPT AND BANKRUPTCY. tm Kilmtsn, Trinijnno, Pahonof, Rhio, Sinafapsre, Malncca, Pnnnng, Data\ia, Samarang, Chenhon! Palomhang, and Ponlianak. In thi« intercourse, the utajile exports of Siam ar« wit, oil, and rice ; to which may be added the minor articles of itick lac, iron pant, Jrse earthenware, hog»' lard, &c. The returns are British and Indian piece goods, opium, with a little glass ware, and some British woollens from the Eu7opean settlements, with commodities suited for the Chinese market, such as pi^pper, tin, dragon's blood, rattana, bichiHle-mer, esculent swallows' nests, and Malay camphor from the native ports. The following are lieiieved to be the quantities of the two grentest staple articles of Siamese export; viz. clayed sugar, 1U,000 tons; black pepper, 3,533 tons. (We are indebted for thiM, as we have been for many other excellent communications, to I our esteemed friend, John Crawfurd, Esq., who ascertained the psrtirulnrs on the spot.) BANKRUPT Ann BANKRUPTCY. In the general senHC of the term, bankrupt is equivalent to insolvent, and is applied to designate any individual unable to pay his debts. Bui in the Inw of England bankrupts form that particular class of insolvents who are en- mei in trade, or who " seek their living by buying and selling," and who are declared, upon the oath of one or more of their creditors, to have committre»king, llhciinlv persons liable to accidental losses, and to an inability 'if p:iyiiig their debts ft.Uiout |iiny Idult of their own. If person* iri otiifr sitiiatlijus i»f life run in debt without tiie jxjwoi lof payment, they must take the cwMe^ juencos of their owa indiscrvliou, ev«n though they "tiiant Diiiiii-a, licet ! 1 mil qiioil » . milii viii.'liir iliiiiile. iiii tiiliniunim til)i>ll . ■"■■el utilitntw uliertutv; supiTure.— TJe Vol, I._P ■ ifiT-i* OMlierritU; iiiniiiuni pliilnRopli rum iinua 'iiui I- Allen et iM[tila vidvrit et iiutiioritutis jxiQ I ; :: ■■■! !■ ^' ^'{ ■1 ^' f \iV hi! ) i : \- - t=i' X% 1 •'! ; M ' i'-ii 170 BANKRUPT AND BANKRUPTCY. iia'^la moot with sudden accidcnta timt mny reduce their fortuncfi; for the law hoKIa it to Lc » unjiimifiulilo pructioo fur any person but a trader to eiirunibor himHolf with debts of any cun. mdi!ral)lu v:iIur, If a i;untlcniun, or one in n lllierul i rofuiiHiiin, at the titnu of ('oiiliuciinrii^ di'bts hai a tmilU-ifut fund to pay them, the delay of payment is a specicH of diHbiinrxiv.'aiii] n temporary injustice to his creditors ; and if at such time ho has no Kuniciont fund, liie ilij. honesty and injustice are the greater: lie cannot, tiicrcforc, inurnuir if ho sulVer tliu puiii4 incnt he has vuiuatarily drawn upon himself. But in niurcantile transactions the ca-iiiiirai otht rwise ; trade cannot be carri d on without mutual crcJer may be declanj | bankrupt, for tho licnelit of his creditors as well as himself, it Ims also, to discourage cxttun. ginicc, declared that no one shall be capable of being made a b.uikrupt but only a trailer, iioi capable of receiving the full benefit of the statutes but only an iiidusirioua trader.' — (Cui^i mentarlcs, book ii. cap. 31.) ".\fter the various proceedings with respect to ba.ikrujitey haveheen gone llirnuMiiif nothing he discovered to impoaeh the honesty of the debtor, bo is allowed a certifiwic oi discharge, provided three out of five of his creditors both in nnn^ber and value agree to sifn it The bankrupt is then entitled to a reasonoblo allowance out of his elfects; wliicli ij however, made to depend partly on the m.ignitudc of his dividend. Thus, if bis cfTocts will not j)ay half bis debLs, or 10.';. in tiic pound, he is left to the discretion of the comini8.siunen and assignees, to have a competent sum. allowed him, not exceeding 3 per cent iipoiihii estate, or 300/. in all ; but if his estate pay 10s. in the pound, he is to be allowed .5 \m rent, provided anch allowance do not exceed 400/. ; 12,s'. fu/. then TA percent, under a limitaiion ns before of its not exceeding 500/.; and if 1.5.v. in the pound, then tho bankrupt shall U allowed 1 per cent, ujmn his estate, provided it do not exceed COO/. "According to our present law, when a person not a trader becomes insolvent, he miy after being actually imprisoned at the suit of .somo of his creditors for fourteen days, jircsont a petition to the court to be relieved ; and upon surrendering his entire property, hci^, uii. less something fraudulent be Ohtablislied against him, entitled to a discharge. While, how. ever, the ccrtilieate given to tho bankrupt vclicves him from all future claims on nc count of debts contracted previously to his bankruptcy, the discharge given to an insolvent onlr relieves him from imprisonment; in the event of his afterwards accumulating any pro])crl¥, it may be seized in payment of the debts contracted anterior to his insolvency. This |iriiici. pie was recognised in the cesaio bonorum of tlie Romans, of which the insolvent act is nearly a ropy. " It may be questioned, however, notwithstanding what Blaekstono has stated, 'vh .'.,tt there be any good ground for making a distinction between the insolvency of traikrs anil other individuabi. There, are very few trac'es so hazardous as that of a farmer, and yet should he become insolvent, he is not entitled to tlic same privileges he would have cnjiyeil had he been the keeper of an inn, or a commission agent ! The injustice of this distil ctiuii is obvious; but, without dwelling upon it, it seems jjretty clear that certilicates shouU lie grmted iiuliscriiTiinately to all honest debtors. Being relieved from all ccmcernastaliii previo\is incumbrances, an insolvent who has obtained a certificate is prompted to ncit himself vigorously in future, at the same time that his friends are not deterred from coming forward to his asf 'stance. But when an insolvent continues liable to his previous dehls, iw one, however favour.dily disposed, can venture to ai.l him with a liien ; atid he is discouragoil, oven if lie had means, fr.im attempting to earn any thing more than a bare livelilioou; .«) that, while ereditors do not, in one case out of a hundred, gain the smallest sura by tlii constant liability of the insolvent, his energies and uselulness are forever p.iraly-icd. "The p ilicy of imprisoning for debtsecMns al-io exceedingly questionable. Notwillistanil. ing the deference due to the great authorities who huve v:;iuicati'd this practice, I coiifosl am unable to diseover any thing very cogent in the reasijuings advanced in its favour. Pr* vided a person in iii'iolvent circumstances intimate hii situation to his creditors, and ollirlo make a voluntaiy surrender of his projierty to lliem, he has, as it appears to uic, donf all that should be p/qnireil of him, and ought not to vnulergo any imprisonment. If ho hiiJ Je- ceived bis creditors by false representations, or if he eoiieeal or fraudnleiillj convey away any jiart of his property, he should of course be subjected to the jiahis and penalties iitlaAiJ to swindling; but when pueh practices ar(^ not alleged, or cannot be proved, sound policy,! nnpreheiid. would dictate tliat creditors ought to hive no power over the persons of ikil del)tors, am! tliat they slmuld b^ e.ititled only to their cTeets. The maxim c.irvcr iwiifnU is not more trite tlian true. It is said, that the fear ot"iin;irisnnin;'nt operates as a chovtw prevent persons from getting into debt; and so no doubt it does. But then it must, oiilte othci hand, be borne in mind, that the power to imprison tempts individuals to trust toiu BANKRUPT AND BANKRUPTCY. 171 ' llucncc to cnforro paymrnt oftlicir rliiiiiiliiced on tiii'ir clHcaey is deceitful. A tradPHinan ou;(ht rather to triift to his own prudence and MiMcity to keep out of scrajiea, than to the law for redretts; ho may deal upon credit with thii* whom ho knows ; but he should deal for ready money only with those of whosa fircunwtaiiws and characters ho is cither ignorant or suKfiicious. By brini^ing penal Htatutes to Ills aid, he is rendered remiss and ncnlii?nnt. He has the only elltctual means of security in his own hands ; anil it seems highly inexpedient that he should be taught tu neglect them, aiiil put his trust in prisons, '•his pretty evident, too, that the eincacy of imprisonment in deterring individuals from running inio debt has boeii greiitly overrated. Insolvents who ore hoiicrt, must have suf- fircJ from misfortune, or been dimi|ipi)iiited in the Iioiich they entertained of being able, in oneway or other, to dischan^e their di.'bis, The fear of imprirtonincnt does not greatly in- (luonce such persons ; for when they contract debts, they have no doubt of their ability to rayliifin. And though the inipriHOnment of lioiiti fde insolvents were abolished, it would give no I'licouriigcment to the practices of those who endeavour to raise money by fiilsie re- iircacntations ; for these are to bo regarded as swindlers, and ought as such to bo subjected to aili'iiunte punishment. (8eo (Jukiiit.) "But the regulations with respect to bankrniitcy and insolvency differ radically in other important respects. An individual cannot be subjected to the insolvent law, except by hia Kiivi w/, that is, his |)etitioiiing for relief from actual imprisonment for debt; and, on the I otiier hand, an individual cannot be made a bankrupt and subjected to the bankrupt law, ex* fi'|ilby the act of ««r;/Acr, that is, of a petitioning creditor*, as he is called, swearing' that till' iiiilividual in question is indebted to him, and that he believes he has coniinittcd j ivliat is termed an act of bankruptcy. TheBC dilfereiices, cou|)led with the refinements ' introduced into other branches of the law, givi- rise to very extraordinary results. I "While the law of England gives the creditor an unnecessary degree of power over the I debtor's person, it does not give him sullicieiit power over his property. In this respect, in- . '"d, it is so very defective, lliiit one is uliiiost tempted to think it had l)een intended to pro- I molt ilic ]iiwtice8 of fraudulent debHrs. 'J'lie property of persoiw subjected to thcbunkrui)t I laws, as well na those who r/iante to suljirt tlirm.''clre,y the income arising from that property witli* out molestation. "Iliijtruc, the law s:\ys that the creditors shali be authorised to seize the debtors' lands CTl/ifwor/.v, — a descripliim which an unlearned perRoii would be apt to conclude was abun- ilaully comprehensive ; but the law is so interi)reled, that neither funded property, money, nor peouritit's for mone;', are considi'red goods. If the debtor have a copyhold estate, it can- rml lie touched in any way whatever; if his cstnle be freelnild, (he ciedilor may, after a tedious piociss, receive the rents and profits, but no more, during the litetinie of his debtor. i^^hould the debtor die before judgment against him in n enuit has bei'ii obtaini'd, then, unless llii'di'lit l>e on bond, the creililor has no reci)urse upon the land h It by the debtor, \\liatever niiiy lie its tenure : ' nay, though his money biu-rowed on note or bill has been laid out in lijyiiiK land, the debtor's heir takes that land, wholly dischai-gcd of the debt !'" -{Lord llimfi of juiitice and common aonRO. ■ Let ilu whole,' gays ho, 'of every man's property, real and personal — his reul, of what kind totnt copyholil, leasehold, freehold ; his personal, of whatever nature, debts, money, stock, rhatleli — 1)6 tuken for the payment of all his debts C(iually, and, in coses of insolvency, let ail luth America, has very much declined. The Unrhour, which is naturally bml, \» formed by n mole or Jetty, which has recently been 11 N deal t'lilargi-il, rtiiuiinK nut to a cons lieralile diKtunce in a snutlierly direction, ni\d li»\inKa liibi- huiixu anil sninv butteries nKiir its ev.remity. The depth of water within the mole \* t'ruiii Vixat feet; bnt them ia a bar between t'.ie mole and Monjiii, which has frcqnently not nmrc limn luffrt water ; and which woiihl, it in bi>n{(li cxpoHeil to the so itherly ^alcs, they are so well protected that no accident of iinyton- sennenci! has taken place since lie dreadful storm uf IH'il. I,ari;c ships must anchor oulxidutlip mole, and ill winter are much inrnmn.odod by winds. Vessels enterini; the hnrhoiir are iiniler noolillealiiii In take a pilot on Imard ; bit they are always in attendance, and it isgenerally deemed safest 10 liit) their axsistaiice in passing the bar. Tariff.— Of prohibited articles, the most important are tnbacco, cotton goods, salt, gunpowder, brandy, carpets, leather, baizes, soap, wearing apparel, hemp, fire-nriiis, copper, beds. iiiatinssM, furniture, maniilacturud tin, flour, and all sorts of grain and pulse, manufactured cast iron, euitbci. ware, blankets, paper, nil-cloths, sealing-wax, &c. The following were the duties on the principal articles allowed to he imported into Barcelona b 1833 :— Sn-tni>h Forpign Etii(. Nal. K"r. Arliclei. Span. VVn. National Fnrri^n Riy. Niiirml ft. VVli. riij. Fl.ai5. Wis. ill*. Fl«<. Fl.>s. Flag W«. KU<. 14 Slorl. Stcrl. Jiter'inj .. d. .. rf. .. .'. ..11 Cnlt.al'61 manin. 8 reala .— 4 1 i! Suiar amiha 4 realj 8 real* — 01 O-? Full do. |36 ffala IS reala — ' i '!l ill. 8^ finnvt. 1 ml — 0-6 ii Irfiiihoflli* iln. li!6 real. 3i reals — 6 J ! Ciicfrt lb. 10 iiianvi. 20 niaravi. — 0-7 1-4 Slavei 1,1 00 20 rfals 40 rcala l.oeo 4 0.(1 f OllSL- quitidl !l rrali 20 r^ali cut. 1 7 4 Lhtew quintal I2^it.a!9 I7i rralj CIVI. 2 6 J ) 1 lltieswax lb. •M mar in. ..',9 ntaravk 2)iO 4 lar jrmba 3 maravii. 1 real lb. 31 |D (J Huriii ((iiinlal ireaU t;20 reals cwt. 10 14 [lliitler lb. liriala ^iioala — * For proofs of this, see the articles Maritime Law, I.ssdrancp, &c. in this Dictionary. The.V(. ffloriiij lliatotieat tobrt la Mwina, Comertio, S[C. ilt Barcelona, by Capnmny, in 4 vols. 4lo, is one ni tin most valuable and authentic works that has ever been palilishedon the commerce, arts, and commer- cial and maritime legislation of the midille ages. The first volume is the most interesting, at tolU the gi'iieral reader; the others consisting princip.illy of extracts from the archives of the cily. TbHi <• a brief but preity good account of the early trade of Barcelona, drawn principally from t'aiUMiiJ In the work of Ueppiiiu, Histuire du Commerce eiUre le Levant tt I'Kurofc depuis lea Cruuadu, Jj't.tii* | 1. c. S. 1 All trtMf whptsvsr, „p,m«di Slid. *'•"<'•• k|l.l«ilo« of HP"'"' <", .oltenlhaireclprmltyb Mpiirliilen wilhuui an ] l,i iirotiiliil or restrict ih CvtM-lum »nd H'arrtWi Mill ; •lufh **•■ «. . „ 1 ";;, ( Mrira.-T1if r.illowln« jii inn banleo, uolofcllui »l»l Im;- Sp.»iAV».l. Real! iKhWlJl • • 7 S,«ili). - • rln«lii(«<|W'' ' Ui'tra • ■ . • ripuidotiMpo''./ LiiliMMuicotTirrifa lyillM(lrialp«rl'-w«x - i,ao Uom« 111,00 Specie M,40 Dve woods - l.'i.OO 70,00 Iron hoops - 22,00 Stavei 400.00 tTieiise 2,0fl Tar 7( Butler .' Indigo 20 Peiiper e( Cinnamon - 85 Grain is usually repre i Importation from ubrnai from the interior, or by or tile Imports specifli poiti from France are I dwindled to almost nntl ; liarilwarc, and woollen lupplied by Sweden am ontoaconBiderahle exl foporrt.— The princi| \ kt,. Hut no vessels, ex diea, arc loaded here ; i 10 be employed in the c neatly ceased. The coi incrcaninii. The princi nipntly fhlpped at Villn cork bark, wool, fruits, average 4/. per pipe, an of wine, and 6,000 no. I deal of brandy is sent of Xerci ; and the latt preparation of the wini Tarrasona to England. In mi, only m forei r2 Niiirml Fv. 1. ri.<. y^ Sltr'in,'. M 1, ,'. i.i 4 1 1 7 i 9) f, i 1) 4 .1 1 6 11 01 OlJ 31 ilJ BARCELONA. 178 111 irttelM my»\»i«r, the prnduc « of the ■oil, or the niMnnfkrtare of the Kotinlry, mey hi preeent b* •iiviilBii; ""dt "' ""'" '"•""<«ei, wlllioiil payinc any duly. In Ihli reipfcl there li nothhii In tM tot- Ihi no "ftii *««r<«— IT" ("llowlnf •« - ipuahVt «l. >'fW Ho. (imlnotpin* umrtD ■ • ■ Li|M'bouM ol TarriU LmdJDf (Inal per ton) i:ilniiirljMnr coaliibu- tiOII Hn Mit Roll. llrllUh VmmI. Hnli Ifjiiuiion of Hpnin In whif h li> ohiect ) but ihr govitrnniint neenn, like niiny i th«'ri, to liave ii'llfn lh»l rpil|iri"lty l« the liHglnnlnr, thi> middle, nnd the end of rnnunerce,— that there can I I Mnitlitl"n wllhuut an eniiivnient inipnrtaiion i and that, to prohibll ur reilrlct the latter la, In lo ijruhililt or reitrlct the former. Mil wii|lili mill \m rl|nrninl; irinirnltil. A nralui of S par ctnl, », lm»t»rr, ulliiwiil, III rmrr in) in«airliv>i in iV |iri'|«rlloll lj»- IwBrii lim\tn •nd N|iiinlih wrlu|.ir IS Mr (.inl. j on raltrt^ |«r ccul,, ii>i'liial«« III (III! I.ait«l| IraK, Kk, In ^liicji ii u conliiiMtl i tinn>ril lr|>p«r 9 ixr cam.) l'>ruaailiucocaiiop4IU. LarUii) nihar cmioa lib. 7J |»TC»I. 7 , Stntlmt of illanria ait il«r al IhrMlnna, IjuI Ihfjr may alwayi It ba obiaiuad. Veal coala about 7d. |nr lb., awl bixuii about b dullan 10 |«r «>»l. Monty.— Atcmnf ara brpi in litrai ot M nnUm, 3 tO if mfM, or t 4MI ii.Jllaa. 'IhaliLnlalikanueiliviJril Inio tiaii •>' plaid Cata- 211 Inn, III 3 ntitdot path ) and into nn/ai ardifra, of i miiilra aach* llriicB, U'7 of Ilia liiiihtri ur ID nf Ihe lallir, >^ I lilra I'uluJulk 2,4i'() '1 tio 'i*'n Valalan ii u 2i. 4rf. ali rlir.K nmly. 300 'I ha fui' ifwrii, iir liard ilnllar, ia valuta al 37 It lutUui Catalan, rijiht }U( ll \lo\Ui* niiikinx IA /i/.riu. 40 ll'i iiiMt ani/ Afiarui » — 1 lwr» ara anllan ililrrf panrira anion|n4 Ilia weinlilt mil nmuurra In llir diHarinl .Sgaiiluli |riitinri>, anil 3,140 lliari' » a <'"y (ml il.ai tr[nncy In Ilia arrnintf of ihn aiilln'ia oho liavo oriliau u|4iiilhtiii. The (ulluwiiii tlaliiiiieiiliaiu lakra liom 16P Nflkantrtrlier :— 1 lir quintal i( illvidrd into 4 arroitu, nr 104 Hit. of 12 m. to Iha piiuiiil. 'llinlHiunil b; t'l74 Ku|IMi |niii.> B'4kilol i-M13A'6 t of Hnllinil. too Iha, of narnlnna -- Mt 2ltl Ika. aviiitmi|'>ii. ^|.ji 1 1 he yard iilii.cd cana, iadividiid iolii |i | ajnioa. nf 4 itmrlif, a.id Ituil Ir.ihra rery nearly, Hniaa. ICO tanan .-u t3 4(11 inrlret si T'. ■& yarda of Aniatrnlam s* 5ti*&l4 Knuhtli yarda. Ilir i/iMr.Vffliur inraiure for (rain, ia itivirlad int'> (iTlmiei and 41 (ilioiim. ICO quarterai i> lUMO, or 23 I-.' -t incbnler I Dobaiik- 'luarten. ,.... ^ 1liaai>|a, ormruura fur lli|iilda, ia diviilRl Inlii Itmrfimetir Mivawa on ihipi ia tllecttd by iudividuali, l^ut iiiauruicca on j anftnl, H corfannai, and Ii miloditlai. It ii kc 3i 7 KiiMlmb knur*, li'ts Ar. axe iii;knoM u heni. M« inl; Kalluiia. 4 calf aa s 1 f if e. 'Jbe pipa&f Majorcao.lciiuiaiua rsiu.'Ai Uk Cubltiui.hbuie, rval tiiw only are allowed ; and the | 107 corlanea. /iii|»)r(<.— Account of the Quantity and Vnliir or tlio princtpal Foreign Artitlci Imported Into Bar- ! (elona during tliu Three Years ending with lf)3l. 7H 1^ 10 (1 b IC:i 300 40 16 67i ADrhoren Diiuliia do. Naw do. • riranini of port • (jtiitern Captain uf Ilia port > l.i Loallnifl rati par Ion) k^atrrfordinary cmitribu. liou Cnninlar I rvtiuired Tltlu Ibt raal at 4d,, Ihli would ba W, 1 1 diiPiUoM. oulheilriti>hil,ooo »,m) bnga 50,000 7,300 bags 41,000 Coffee 1,400 cwt. 8,H00 3,030 cwt 4,500 620 cwt. 1,800 Beei'-wax - i.aoocwt. 4,800 700 cwi. 1,100 460 cwt. 8,400 llonii 111,000 3,200 133,600 3,600 93,000 2,000 Specie 91,400 dollars 10,300 3U,8HH dollars 7,eoo 380,700 dollars 70,800 Dye wood! - Fiih l,%0()Ocwt, 9,000 5,mi0 cwt. 3,000 lfl,00Ocwt, 0,(500 70,000 cwt. 84,000 42,000 cwt. 50,000 ft»,3flO cwt. 77,000 lion hoops - 92,000 bundles 17,000 6,000 bundles 5,000 4,0(M) bundles 3,800 Slaves 400.000 6,400 830,000 14,850 702,000 16,000 C'lieese 2,000 cwt. 6,000 1,000 cwt. 3,000 2,000 cwt. 6,000 Tar 700 barrels 600 180 barrels 800 ~- Butter .10 cwt. 800 — — — __ Indigo 200 cwt. 8,000 750 cwt. 30,000 WIO cwt. 36,000 Pejiper 600 cwt. 1,800 HK) cwt. l,t.()0 700 rwt. 1,400 Cinnamon - S50 cwt. 10,000 600 cwt. 32,000 1,000 cwt. 40,000 Grain is usually represented as forming an important nrticle in the imports into Barcelona ; hut Its Importation from abroad is prohibited ; and the wants of the city are supplied either by land cttrria|« from Ihe interior, nr by coiisling vi^sselg from tbe Bpanifih ports more to Ihe north. Of the imports specified above, the greater portion are furnir>hed bvCuha iind I'orto Rico, The Im- pom from Krnnce are also considcriible. Those from Kngliind, wniih were once very large, have I dwindled to almniii nothing. The only goods now oiieiily imuorted from Great liritain, are iron hoon«, lianlwarc, and woollen etuflTit, and tlieso In too small iiuanlities to deserve notice. Fish is principally iupplied by Sweden and Ueiiniark. Bniuggling, particularly In tobacco and printed cottons, is carried 1 on 10 a considerable extent. Cijwrfi,— The princi|)al exports are wrought silks, soap, flre-arms, paper, hats, lares, ribands, Meel, kf,. But novesnels, exrept u fow that take on board ni»nnfactiired gnods fur the Sparish West In- . din, are loaded here; and even this trade is much fallen off. /Upwards of 2,000 hands used formerly 10 lie employed In (he city In the maimfUcture of shoes fur the colonies; but their export iias now I nearly ceiiHcd. The cotton nianufactiire has made some iiro^'rcss in the town and its virlnily, nnd ia incieaainir. The principal nrtirics of native prndiico that (/'atalnnin has to ex|)ort arc nieM coiive- nifntly fhipped at Vlilanova, Tarragona, and Salon. They consist of wine, brandy, nuts, almonds, cork bark, wool, tniUs, &c. Of these, Cuba takes annually about 13,000 pipes of wine, worth at an ivernje 4(. per pipe, and about .1,000 pipes of brandy, worth H. per do.; Hiiiitli America, 16,000 pipes of wine, and 6,000 no, brandy ; the north of Eurnpo, 2.0(10 pipes ot wine, and 2,000do. brandy. A good deal of brandy U sent to Cadis and Cette : most part of the former fliids its way into the wine vaulti of Xerci; and the latter, being conveyed by the canal of l.angiiedou to the Gnrnnne, is used in th« pteiiaration nf the wines of Dordeaiix. From a.'i.OOO lo nO.nOO bajis of nuls ore annually sent from Tarragona to Knglaiid. Tarragona also exports abnul I2,(l()() bags nf ulmnnds. ui im, only 128 foreign ships, of the burden of 15,130 tons entered Uartelona. Of these, 31 ' I'. M \i « t T 1 . r.ji if; Ii !l' lift itr ■'■ ! IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /y {./ ^ ^ A<^ ^^ 1.0 I.I i^lM |2.5 ■^ 1^ 12.2 1.8 11.25 i 1.4 PS 0% r. M Photographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. M580 (716) S72-4S03 '■m BARILLA, BARK. ^'."Ilil :i ; Tuton, Si flardinian, 10 flweiliih, IS English, 14 French, 8 American, Ste. The ■]iiptb«limt|.,h the port carry on no fori-ign train except to the Spanish West Indieo ; Ihey are fu# in mimter ,ij are daily decreasing. Those enirn^ed In the coiiitini; trade are usually of vciry small burden Th! cuatotiis duty In the same year did not exceed I00,000<. ' "" (We Imve derived these dntnils from various sources ; bat principally from the Cmul'tAmi^,,,. Circular Querica, and from Inglu't Spain in 1830, vol. 11. pp. !Wl-387. and 364.) "* : BARILLA (Da. Soda,- Fr. Soude, Barillei Ger. Suda, Barilla; It. Barrigliat Port Sofda, Batrilhat Rus. Soeianka; Sp. Barrillat Arab, Kali), carbonate of sodt—fji, Alkali Ktt), is found native in Hungary, Egypt, and many other countricB. It is larn|t used by blearhers, manufacturers of hard soaps, glass-miikors, Ac. The barilla of coranicw consists of the ashes of several marine and other plants growing on the sca-sliorc. TIicIm or Alicant barilla, is prepared from tho Salaokiaoda, which is very extensively cultivated fur this purpose in the huerta of Murcia, and other places on the eastern shores of Spain,. (T(.u)mend's Tiavelsin Spain, vol. iii. p. 105.) The plants are gathered in September dried and burned in furnaces heated so as to brhig the ashes into a state of iraperfeafusim when they concrete into hard, dry, cellular masses of a greyish blue colour, Sicily and Tencriflb produce good barilla, but inferior to that of Alicant and Cavthngena. Kelp.whjJi is a less pure alkali, is formed by the incineration of tho common sea-wrack. — (See Kbu.) The Saracens established in Spain seem to have been the first who introduced iht manufacture of barilla into Europe. They called the plants employed in ^ts prepa-ation kaH ; and this, with the Arabic article al prefixed^ has given rise to tho modem chemicil term alkali. Of 184,649 cwt of barilla imported into Great Britain in 1831, 61,921 cwt came frm Spain, 95,995 from Tencriffc, and 23,807 from Sicily. The values of these sjwifj arc, for the most part, in the proportion of about 13, 9, and 10; that is, if Spanbh barilla fetch 13/. a ton, TenerifTs barilla will fetch 9/., and Sicilian 10/. Prime qualit;io I barilla is tu be distinguished by its strong smell when wetted, and by its whitish colour. Pu. ticular attention should be paid to have as little smell or dust as possible. Tho duties oa | barilla have recently been very considerably reduced. — (See Tauiff.) At an average of the thre^. yeiirs ending v.'ith 18.11, tlic Imrilla entered I'or home consumpl']] I amhuiitrd to 35o,3Si) cwt. a year. In 18:)3, it prodnred \5,'Si'H. Ha. id. nctt revenue. (The duties on barilla used in the bleaching of linen are to be repaid to the poran using it, under such regulations as the commissioners of customs may issue. — (4 & 6 TO 4. c. 89. § \\.)—Sup.) [Barilla is imported into the United States, free of duty, chiefly from the Canary Utsik. I The value of it annually imported, on an average of four years ending with 1837, amount- ed to little more than 100,000 dollars; scarcely any of which was subsequently exported- Am. EJ.] BARK, the outer rind of plants. There is an immense variety of barks known in mji. | merce, as cinnamon, Peruvian bark, oak bark, quercitron, &c. The term " bark" is, lio». ever, generally employed to express either Peruvian bark, or oak bark ; and it k these oni; I that we shall describe in this place. 1. Peruvian or Jesuits' Bark (Fr. Qutnquinn i Ger. Kron-china,' Du. ChitiaiialA Sp. Quina, Quinquina ,• Lat. Quinquina, Corti'X Peruvianm), There arc three principil species of this bark known in commerce, which have been elaborately described by Dr. A. T. Thomson, from whoso account the following particulars are selected. The first species is the pale bark of the sho{>s. It is the produce of tho Cinchona laiuifiii, I and is the original cinchona of Peru. It is now very scarce. It is imported in che* covered with skins, each containing about 200 lbs., well packed, but generally misid | with a quantity of dust and other heterogeneous matter. It consists of pieces 8 or 1 inches long, some of them being scarcely one-tenth of an inch thick, singly and douklj I quilled, or rolled inwards; the quills, generally, being in size from a swan's quill to la inch and a half. It is internally of a pallid fawn or cinnamon hue ; but approxinute^i ' on being moistened, to the colour of a palo orange. When in sub.'^tance it has scitctli any odour: but during decoction the odour is sensible, and agfreeably aromatic, Tin | tosta is bitter, but not unpleasant, acidulous, and aui^tcro. Tho second species, or red V irk, is obtained from the Cinchona oblongifolia, growinRontlu Andes. It is imported in chests containing from 100 to 150 lb:<. each. It consisUof variously sized pieces, most of them flat, but some partially quilled or rolli^d. The intemil part is woody, and of a rust red colour ; it has a weak peculiar odour ; and its taste ia much less bitter, but more austere and nauseous, than tliat uf tho other barks. The third species, or yellow bark of the shops, is obtained from the Cinchona cordifoh growing in Quito and Santa Fe. It is imported in chrsts containing from 90 to 100 ' each, consisting of pieces 8 or 10 inches long, some quilled, but the greater part flat. Tin interior is of a yellow colour, passing to orange. It has nearly tho same odour in decocfa as the pale ; the taste is more bitter and less nuetero, and it excites no astrinRcnt fwlus hen chewed. The goodness decreases when the colour varies from orange yellow to [lii yuUow ; when of a dark colour, betwoon rod and yellow, it ahould be rejected. .TiVVi^^i 'BARLtJT. V?Wif / a W5 It it needles* to add, that bark is one of the most vahiable medical remedies The In I jiiD) were anacquainted with its uses, which seem to have been firet discovertd by the j JesuiU ft ^"^ introduced into Earope in 1632, but was not extonpively used tiP. the latter I Dart ofthc seventeenth century. According to M. Humboldt, the Jesuits' bark annually Hported from America amounts to from 12,000 to 14,000 quintals. Of these, 8,000 aro fiin^shcd by Santa F^, and 1 10 by Loxa ; Peru furnishing the remainder, which is shipped at Callao, Guayaquil, &c. 2. OflA Bark (Fr. Eeoree de la Chine; Gor. Eiehenrindf. ,• It. Corteeeia delta Querela { \u.i Quercus cortex). The bark of the common oak is a powerful astringent, and is pre* ferreil to all other substances for tanning leather. The bark of the larch is now, however, I used for the same purpose. The import of oak bark is very considerable ; but owing to the I cork tree being a siMJcies of oak ( Quercus Suber), bark for tanning and cork bark are usually I mixed together in the parliamentary returns. The latter, however, does not amount to a I tenth part of the whole quantity imported. The imports of both sorts amounted, in 1831, to 1 931 075 cwt., which is about the average importation. Of this quantity, no less than 1 608304 cwt were brought from the Netherlands (Holland and Belgium), 62;437 cwt from I Germany, &c. Cork bark is almost entirely imported from Ituly, Spain, and Port<7gal ; the I imports from them being, in the al)Ove-mcntioncd year, Italy 95,lfi3 cwt., Spain 78,067 cswt., I mil Portugal only 187 cwt. The quality of bark varies according to the size and age of I the tree, the season when it is barked, &c., so much, that the price varies, at this moment, I fiam about 5/. to about 10/. per ton. The duty, which is 139. 4 nileJ, that no act of the master or crew shall be deemed barratiy, unless it proceed from a trimim or fratidukit motiva " Barratry can only be committed by the master and mariners by some act contrary to thai I duty, in the relation in which they stand to the owners of the riiip. It is, therefore, an «( | fence against them, and consequently an owner himself cannot commit barratry. He mn, by his fraudulent conduct, make himself liable to the owner of the goods on board, but notb burrotry. Neither can barratiy be committed against the owner, with hit cmttntt k I diough he may be liable for any loss or damage occasioned by the misconduct of the imifei to which he ct>nsents, yet this is not barratry. Nothing is more clear than that a maneu never set up as a crime, an act done by his own direction or consent" — (Marshall on Iniv ottee, booki. e. 12. §6.) When, therefore, the owner of a ship is also th^ master, no act of barratry can beca» | Bitted ; for no rnan can commit a fraud against himself. It is a maxim in law, that firaud shall not be presumed, but must be clearly proved; ni I it is a rule in questions of insurance, that he who charges barratry must substantiste it tf ooncSuiive evidence. It is not necessary, to render an act barratrous, thtk. onld be committed with acrirni- 1 nal intent as respects the owners, in order to injure u ^r to benefit the captain orcrev, It may even be committed with a view to promote ihe owner's interest; for an ilie^dmi I done without the authority or privity of the owners, and which proves detrimental to then^ is barratiy, whatever be the motives in which it originated. Lord Ellenborough, in an ibli | judgment, has laid it down as clear law, " that a breach of duty by tlie master in respect ii( his owners, with a fraudulent or criminal intent, or ex makfie'o, is barratry ; that it mika I no diflerence whether this act of the master be induced by motives of advantage to hinueit malice to the owner, or a disregard of those laws which it was his duty to vbeif ; and ihitil is not for hiii to judge or suppose, in cases not intrusted to his discretion, that he is not breaking the trust reposed in him, when he endeavours to advance the intereetd of hi cwmers by means which the law forbids, and v/hich his owners also must be taken to his forbidden." 1'he circumstance of the owners of ships being permitted to insure against the bamti7of ttw master and mariners can hardly (ail, it may be not uncharitably presumed, of rendeiiii I BARREL— BATAVIA. 177 di'inlM Knipnioua in their inquiries with recpect to their character than they would other* mt be. Perhaps, therefore, it might be expedient to prohibit such insurances, or to lay wine icitrictions upon them. They were, indeed, expressly forbidden by the Ordinance of Rotterdim; and Lord Mansfield, whose authority on all points connected with the law of innnnce is so deservedly high, seems to have thought that it would be well to exclude bar« ntry entiraly from policies, and to cease " making the underwriter become the insurer of the conJuct of the captain whom he does not appoint, and cannot dismiss, to the owners who on do either." But though it were expedient to pievent the owners from making an in- nrance of this sort, nothing can be more reasonable than that third parties, who freight a ihip, or put goods on board, should be allowed to insure against such a copious source of joK— (For a further discussion of this subject, see the article Marixi Ixsub&hce; and MmluJlon Insurance, book i. c. 12. § 6., and Park on Insurance, c. 6.) Owners, masters, or seamen, who wilfully cast away, burn, or destroy ships, to the prejo* hm of freighters or insurers, incur the penalty of death. — (See Seamkn.) BARREL, a cask or vessel for holding liquids, particularly ale and beer. Formerly the |l«irelof beer in London contained only 32 ale gallons — 32^ Imperial gallons: but it waa mactnl by 43 Geo. 3. c. 69., that 36 gallons of beer should be taken to bis a barrel ; and by • I the 6 Qeo. ^ c. 58. it is enacted, that whenever any gallon measure is mentioned in any Incue kw, it shall always be deemed and taken to be a standard Imperial gallon. At pre> I Kill, therefore, the barrel contains 36 Imperial gallons. It may be worth while observing that the barrel or cask is exclusively the produce of European ingenuity; and that no such I uticle it known to any nation of Asia, Africa, or America, who have not derived it from I Earopetns. [In the United States the barrel in use is uniformly one of 31^ gallons. — Am. Ed.] BARWOOD, a red dye wood brought from Africa, particularly from Angola, and the I liter Gaboon. The dark red which is commonly seen upon British Bandana handkerchiefs I is for the most part produced by the colouring matter of barwood, saddened by sulphate of linw.— (BORcrv/} on ColuursA The imports of barwood, in 1820, amounted to 246 tons 16 |c«t It fetches at present (October, 1833) from 9/. to lU a ton (duty Ss. included) in the I London market BASKETS (Fr. CorbeiUes/ Oer. KSrbei It. Paniere,- 8p. Canastas, Canastost Rus. liTmnu) are made, as every one knows, principally of the interwoven twigs of willow, foiier, birch, &c, but frequently also of rushes, splinters of wood, straw, and an immense I number of other articles. They are used to hold all sorts of dry goods, and are constructed I of every variety of quality and shape. Besides the vast quantities produced at home, some lof the finer kinds are imported under an ad valorem duty of 20 per cent In 1832, this idnty produced 1,044/. Is. 9d., showing that the value of the foreign baskets entered for [home consumption in the same year had been 6,221/1 I8s. 9d. BAST, for straw hats or bonnets. See Hats. BATAVIA, a city of the island of Java, the capital of the Dutch possessions in the East [Indies, and the principal trading port of the Oriental isiands, in lat 6° 12' 8., long. 106^ Im' E., iituated in the north-west part of the island, on an extensive bay. The harbour, or I rather road, lies between the main land and several small uninhabited islands, which, during Ithe boiiiterous or north-western monsoon, afford sufficient shelter and good anchorage. |8hips of from 300 to 500 tons anchor at about a mile and a half from shore. A small river Inns through the town, navigable for vessels of from 20 to 40 tons, from the sea, a couple of Inilles inland ; a number of canals branch off from it into different parts of the town, afford* ling great conveniences for trade. Batavia was formerly so notorious for its insalubrity, that iGeneral Daendels was anxious to transfer the seat of government to Sourabaya ; but being nhwarted in this, he set about building a new town, a little fiirther inland, on the heights of |Weltevieden, whither the government offices were immediately removed. Most of the principal merchants have now their residences in the new town, repairing only to the old |atr, when business requires it, during a portion of the day. In consequence, the old town is t present principally occupied by Chinese, and the descendants of the ancient colonists, Kveral of its streets having been deserted and demolished. Recently, however, the Baron Capellen, whose enlightened administration will long be gratefully remembered in Java, lenaibie of the superior advantages of the old town ns a place of trade, exerted himself to «vent its further decay, by removing the causes of its unhealthiness ; to accompUsh which, he widened several of the streets, filled up some of the canals, and cleaned others, demolished Heless fortifications, &c. ; and the effect of these judicious measures has been, that Batavia • now as healthy as any other town in the isknd. The population, according to an accurate ieniiu taken in 1824, consisted of 3,025 Europeans and their descendants, 23,108 natives, |U,708 Chinese, 601 Arabs, and 12,419 slaves; in all, 53,861 persons, exclusive of the |irrison. As the population has increased since, it may at present be estimated at about pO,000, independently of the military, of which there are always a considerable number. Amongthe principal merchants arc Uutch, English, Americans, French, and Germans. The ■land of Java forms the most important portion of the Dutch possessions in the East, and ia, Voul 23 m ^*; BATAVIA. r^fr > ''3 ^fi ii;: 1 ' i !} in fact, one of the finest colonics in the worlJ. It contains an area of 50,000 square mJa with a population of 6,000,000 individuals, or 130 to the square mile. The annual revenue? the Dutch government, which possesses about two thirds of the island, amounts to about 3,000,000/. sterling; and the military force amounts to about 15,000; of which not less Jm 8,000 are European troops, teing about one tliird of the whole European force in British l2 which has a population of 90,000,000, and an area of between 1,200,000 and 1,300,000 miu, miles of territory. The staple products of the island are rice (of which 25,500 tons were exported in \m] a variety of pulses, vegetable oils, tobacco, sugar, and coffee. The production of mmt rapidly increasing. In 1832 the exporU were estimated at 200,000 piculs (12,000 tom). but it was supposed that the exports in 1833 would not fall short of 18,000 tons; and utC Dutch authorities have made extensive contracts with the owners of large tracts of land to talie sugar at very remunerating prices for some years to come, it has l)een calculated thit the exports of 1831 would amount to 400,000 piculs, or about 24,000 tons. The piodue. tion of indigo, cocoa, tea, and raw silk, is making considerable progress. The tin exponeij from Batavia is brought from Banca, the copper from Japan, tlie finer spices from tin Moluccas, and the pepiwr from Sumatra. In 1 828, the exports from and imports into Batavia were, in quantity and value, as follow ;_ TbffE Exporis. Imports. Articlei. Picuhor 136 lln. each. FlorliH. Artlcln. PieuUol 136 lbs. each Wm. Coffee 416,171 8,021,fl39 Cutlon maiiutacturot, Netherlaodi _^ 1S«' Mace • 600 96,07K Enslish _ Cloves ■ • 1,83] 22U,107 French ^ Nutiuen - 1,647 2iI.I2l VVoollon dllto Netlierhndt ^ Rice . . 419,499 1,194. 1!« En(lisli and French _ W Tin - • 19.'i54 666,5421 Pro?iiioot froia Enjlinil only . nranily iind senev* .... Wines - ...•,• Suynr* Birdi* neili Piece gtHvli 25,869 4>6,0M 62l,3!i2 499,470 - ^1 _ Opium, Levant • - - . • 559 7i;a Java tobacco — 401. 00>! Beaiial 110 i& Pepper ■ > 8,226 15I.,t37 Lead S,S91 'W tUtiani 31,301 141,506 Copper, Rurofw - . - - . 354 U.III SAit . 21,930 iw.ao J.ip.in 11,631 X Jnpan *nd suuUI wood ''f''!; 96,474 04.044 Steel from the Nethcrland* • . - 726 ■ • IBS EnglaiKl 404 nm Arrack . Le{.333 S8,362 Sweden - - - . 1^ iili Hides . . . - — 62.140 Iron tnm Sweden . • . • 8,900 tvn Turmeric • • • • . S.I12 42,oas KngUnd .... 4.593 x-ja Horsm 384 (lo the Isle of France} — «,»7S Nelherianda 9,033 1M« Tortoiseshell 37 67,941 Cotton pi«;e sooils, Benjal and Uidn* » Mi Japan camphor - - • • • 489 43,200 Cotton yarn fmm the Netberlandi 99 W •— 2,9W,:i3« ditto Giiiliih .... a\niliir (terra Japonica) • Rittans . • ... I'ripaiitf (Holothurion) Silk and cotton piece joods, Chineie ma- 249 HM I'rcMure "" 1,209,29.1 w«il XWai • • TT l7,49J>tl _ MW: i nufactur« ^ II«J1 Marine stores - - , , . «_ iSljS Articles nut spccifted . . • • ^ 3,38,!! »e3 *i^!... 'ireasure Total . . \;!,-m The following Table shows the different Countries with which Batavia CRrries on Trade, and tin | Value of the Export and Import Trade with each, in 1628. Imports. E.tports. Fraui MerchaodiM. Traunre. Total. To Merchandise. Tieasum Tom Florins. Flariii: rivrint. Florin: Flminf, Tiom. Netherlands - 6,459,932 1,001,013 7,461,765 Netherlands - 9,198,929 279,601 9,3«8JJ England 3,l(!6,515 — 2,166,515 England 200,962 165,750 3«,;ii France - 13!),302 — 139,302 France - 102,628 7,650 !10,ffl Hamburgh 59,93-2 16,830 76,7(52 lltiniburgh 85,174 — ews Gibraltar 18,275 89,250 107,525 Sweden 2,1,6,52 -^ 93,(9 Sweden - 30,384 — 30,384 U.S. of America 120,880 — 120,S U. a. of America 305,101 697,210 1,002,371 Cape Good Hope 1,970 — LW Cape Good Ilopo 1,624 — 1,024 Isle of France 89,547 62,523 I51,W IsIr of France 21.051 — 31,051 Mucha - 2,9,481 — m Persian Uulf - 1,510 — 1,510 Persian Gulf - 112,957 — vm Bengal • 737,'124 10,200 747,62j Dombay - 3,053 — m Siam 131,004 — 131.001 Hen gill - 77,197 9.010 79,ffl Cochin China - 4,909 — 4,009 Siam 77.451 92,785 100,9 China 685,500 S,40S 690,97 i Cochin China - 21,883 — 21.S Macao - 65,628 — 65,62S China 1,474,486 87,167 l,5«l,6iJ 93,«r Manilla - 29,01-9 29,',18'.» Macao - 78.361 15,536 Japan 1,087,231 — 1,007.231 Manilla • - 35,210 .37,500 mi New Holland - 7,013 2,550 10,163 Japan 991,203 22,050 Eastern Ar- /_ chipelago 5' Toul - 3,326,415 793,316 4,319,761 N('W Holland - Eastern Ar- \ chipelago y 75,083 271,544 1,377 605,314 76,(9, 4,r6,Si(| 15,3.>9,3?7 2,616,707 17,976,091 Total - 16,290,010 1,209,294 17,49!I,3II J jlfHerlandi Enelish - " ' American (0. States) • Chinese Siitmes* - Native - - Vaiioui other flags • _ J11I8J8, lie Number of S OuH Flaj. Netherlands Knflish - French Hamburgh Danleb Sweiiish - Rossinn - Spanish - rorttisuest American Chinese - Siamese - Other Asiatic ' Th« quantity of sugar exported in 1329 had risen to 80,000 piculs, and the indigo to l,Wlb!, .V(i/e,— Taklnsr the lap' I aid inwards 126,556 tons. fiirj tltgttlations.—1\a Ironimanderofa sliip arrit I pprs In Iniiii, until his vcsi I fol tfl wait on the mnetei I frst of the wholo car:;o m I in Ihe roads. — Itti. The n Jthen lie first lanilfl, Wlilcl I tame aiithnrity.— 5th , No I •-ftli, >'o goods can be sh Jlioivcver, is never refiisetl I'prnhiljllion does not exter Voril'.— With respect tr Itries to the westward nf ti J of 'Jfj per cent., and unde ||ifice at Batavia, not in t |iliil):,allother articles, if I.Taluc, of 16'36 per cent., a lilie maniifncture of the ^ Itinfcthe sepantion of Bel T;ilaimin(! this privilei^o 1 fir)', i«S florins per piciil ; itielherlands bottom to a N j»vfrcniiniry, pays Iflorin Viliilyfree. Kice, on wb wcoyangof 27 piculs. i |« Netherlands ship, 2 flori TratlinjCompanv. i GiMds are received in «i |Anjie in Java, and Rhio ii Tnmice value. .ifoney.— Accounts ars k( lepresented hy a proper co pne value aa the florin cti >un(! sterlinif, hut the con jfintinental India, aro rece pile.atlhernteof 100 ft)r 2l li'«^?to.— The Cbinesie ' IlirnnnhoutJava and the ol • ili hundredth part. The Miaviaithai been long as ^mpd'mi surVlledeJat *of Hi House of CtmnioTi torn the same.) Fluia Hun lata siui ■m U.III Uffi im IMI tSit 4i.a KH Trad e, and UK im TotiL IT, Fmni. i,fini 9.m^ ,750 !10,ffl ,650 „ 85.1? _ m - i2o,a ,523 1!1,M IIW _ _ 3« .010 79,9 ;,785 W» „ 21.8 ,107 ,53fi i,5«i.g 93,sr ,500 m „05( ,377 •,m ,3U 4,r6,a ,294 17,1»,3I1 - ."■v'BA.TATU.:7.fI The Etportt and Imparts under different Fltgi were m ibllotrt^ (1V9 Imports. ly'ftlierlsnds Entlisl' - imerican (U. Chinese - Siamese - Native VaiioM other States) • flags • Flcrint. 13,843,001 l,«8*i,7l3 1,715,306 47a,Oi« 814,802 473,083 328,163 17,076,094 Ctnl. 88 97 to 73 3S| 55 Exports. Netlierlands En|,'li!4h . - . French ... American (U. States) Biameso ... Chinese ... Portuguese Various other foreign Knriw Ctml. 11,986,010 36 3,312,449 3t 1C0,035 SO l,3a4,«0 34 814,803 er sunset, under n penalty of SOO florins. I '-{ih. No goods can be shipped on Sunday without a special permission from the water fiscal, which, I hwever, Is never refiised on application. — 7lh. No nmekets or ammunition can be iijiportcd ; but the IprohiljilloD docs not extend to fowling pieces exreertlns 100 florins valne. 1 7'ari|'.— With respect to the tariff, all foreign woollens and cottons, bcini the mnnnfhcfure of conn. I Irii-s In the westward of the Cape of Good Hope, imported under a foreign Hag, pay an ad ralorem iaty |i)f2f'j per cent., and under the Netherlands flag, of 121 per ccnt.ithiit is, a duty upon the wholesale IfHre at Baiavin, not in bond. With the exception of wines, spirits, atid opium, which pay a rated I dill jT, another articles, if imported under a foreign flag, pay an ad valorem Aaiy, rated on the invoice Inluc.of I6'3S per rant., and ^f under the Netherlands flng, of b'l9 pMod<,aM AnalnnUn i»a 16,651 »TS 108,340 I4,IUI n,i»< I8SI. NdlKb. I,3«>,M» 14,178,401 29>,09r I10,2M 18,637 42,841 30,266 I4,70»,I4« itat. NiUidi. n.uo I»,1I0,«W 314,173 3«0,lll 246,8:3 33,073 118,211 47,801 31,081,089 ini. roraifii 3,SM,0(H 17,M4,»n »I0,»4: 30,314 217,480 Ratura wutinf. 1834. IXmlpi 4,lll,3n 453,008 367,131 21,379 160,424 33,16 > u,03i,in w ""75 i«»r 'vHn 3 Amonc the aiticlei importAd into Java, In 1834, were copper. Iron, iteel, kt. value 8rs,lM(io,iu, lllati and earthenware, 990,3ttl do.; wlnea and ipirlti, 931,34& dn.; prnvliinnt,490,l$e, he. Tktiai value of the exporu, In I8S4, waa, 30,0)1,317 florlna, which, at SOd. to the florin, U equal tol,4l8tti We have not learned the exact amount of the Importf during the aamo year, but takioi t|Jm!| t,Om,(miN. the whole trade of the lilani would amount to about 4,400,000{. or 4,SOO,0(KU. Htmarlu on the itbovi Statemtntt.—TY^ne statement* »hnw, that the trade of Jtivahai IncreaieitTm materially since 1830. In fact, there wants nothing but an enlightened, liberal admlnistnukiii iL by dealing fhirly by, and giving confidence to the natives, should develope the resources oftiili'iii)^ Inland, to render Java by fur the mnet valuable of all the eastern colonial itossessions of snyEoroMi power. It is due to the Dutch to state, that their colonial government is now materially iraprovedu compared with what it formerly was ; but It is still susceptiblo of much amendment; and Ith ir'ti hoped, seeing the wonderftil Influence that a more liberal system has had in Cuba, and nthtr ronin colonies, and even in Java itself, that the administration of the latter will he still farther improrej It Is stated in the Dictionary (p. .) that the export of colTee from Java might be estimated ttitiii 18,000 tons I but it appears frnm the above table, that It has Increased so rapidly that it anioanted ii 1834-9, taking the picul at l.W lbs., to 61,681,088 lbs., or to above 37,000 tonal The export of inn | (luring the lame year exceeded 32,300 tons.— Sii;p.) QATTEN, a name in common use for a scantling of wood 2 J inches thick and 7 widt | If above 8 inches wide, it is called deal. BAZAAR, a term used in the East to designate a market, or building in which nriogi I articles of merchandise are exposed fur sale. Bazaars are now met with in most large cilia of Europe. There are several in London, of which the one in SohoHiquare u th« nut considerable. BDELLIUM (Arab. Aflatonn), a gum-resin, semi-pellucid, and of a yellowish brown « dark brown colour according to its age, unetuons to the touch, but britde ; soon, howm, softening between the fingers; in appearance it u not unlike myrrh, of a bitterish taste, vd moderately strong smell. Two kinds have been distinguished : the opoailpamm of lis ancients, which is thick like wax ; and the common dark sort It is found in Peniid Arabia, but principally in the latter ; all that is met with in India is of Arabic origin. Tin | tree which produces it has not been clearly ascertained. — (iltnajte's Materia Indiea.) BEACONS, in commerce and navigation, public marks or signals to give warning of I rocks, shoals, dec. No man is entitled to erect a light-house, beacon, &c, without beiii I empowered by law. The Trinity House corporation are authorised to set up beacon b I whatever places they shall think fit ; and any person who shall wilfully remove or run don I any buoy, beacon, &c. belonging to the Trinity House, or to any other corporation, inilii> I dual or individuals, having authority to establish it, shall, besides lieing liable to the exptnal of replacing the same, forfeit a sum not less than 10/. nor more than 60/1 for every mH\ fence.— (6 Geo. 4. c. 125. § 91.)— (See Bdots.) BEADS (Fr. iZo«a uaed in London, aa compared with the population, than any where else. — (For further detail* with respect to the consumption of beef, &&, sec Cattlb.) liEER. ^ ^^* '^^^ Bbkr. S) BELL-METAL (Fr. Metal de Fontt ou de Claehtai Ger. Giiekenguti Du. Klohpytt 1 8pb Camponilf Rus. Koloklnaja mjed), a composition of tin and copper, usually consisting of 3 parts of copper and 1 of tin. Ita colour is grryish white ; it is very hard, sonorous, 10(1 el«8til^ Less tin is used for church bells than for clock bells ; and in very amall bells, a I liiile line is added to the alloy. — ( Thomton'a Chemutry.) BEr»1^0IN. SeeBAisAM. ItERGEN, the first commercial city of Norway, situatnd at the bottom of a deep bay, in [III 60° 84' N., long. 6° 80' E. Populntion 21,000. The bay is inclosed on all sides by I nigged locks and islands : the water is deep ; but, owing to the number and intricacy of tha I passages, the access to the town is attended at all times with a goo 70 or 80 years of age before it anives at perfection. The planks or deals of Bergen itre, however, a good deal inferior to those of Christiania. The imports into Bergen prin- Idpally consist of grain from the Baltic ; and salt, hardware, coffee, sugar, &c. from England. I For.ViniH, Wtiirhl>,n.ni MeaBtiret, see Christiamia ; where there are further details as totha trade lind naviiratlnn of Norway. We subjoin an account of the principal exports from Bergpn in 1639. iBnnei . . - Itiih, Lobsters - Cod, smoked and dry - salt — Me, ditto Pickled sprats iRomi, nx and cow |llou,roclc SO tons. 35Q,OflO number. 15,873 tons. 184,064 iHurrels. 13,«27 do. 1,912 kegs. 178 cwt. 131 tons. Oil, whale - Skins, gnat, buck, and deer • sheep and lamb fo.x, martin, otter, &e. Tar . . . . Wood, timber and deals staves i 'i^jr. "i." 3,403 tuns. 440 cwt. ' 7i» do. 'l\ 97 skins. ,V 4.51 barrels ,- 3^0 tons. 800 number. (Private information.) The berries 1"?. BERRIES (Baecx), the fruits or seeds of many different species of plap.ts. piotedin London Price Currents are bay, juniper, Turkey, and Persian. 1, Bay Berries (Fr. Buiea de Lwirier ,• Ger. Lorbeertn ; It, Bacchi di Latiro ,• Sp. Saywi), the fruit of the Laurua nohilis. This tree is a native of the south of Europe, lut it is cultivated in this country, and is not uncommon in our gardens. The berry is of 1 oval shape, fleshy, and of a dark purple colour, almost black ; it has a sweet firagrant )dour, and an aromatic astringent taste. Bay berries, and the oil obtained by boiling them 1 water, are imported from Italy and Spain. — {Thomson's Dispensatory.) i. Juniper Berries (Fr. Genivrier t Du. Setenboom ,• It. Gitiepro/ 9p. Embro), the nil of the common juniper (J(mt;}eru« commuiits). They are round, of a black purple il'iur, and require two years to ripen. They have a moderately strong, not disagreeable, lut peculiar smell, and a warm, pungent, sweetish taste, which, if they be long chewed, or piieviously well bruised, is followed by a considerable bitterness. I'hey are found in this nuntry; but most of those made use of here are imported from Holland, Germany, and |lalj. They should be chosen fresh, not much shrivelled, and free from moukliness, which hj are apt to contract in keeping. On distillation with water, they yield a volatile essential jvery subtile and pungent, and in smell greatly reseml'Uug the berries. The peculiar Voul,— Q mi m BERYL, BETEL-NUT. ttnrom and cliurotio qnatitiM of Ocnov« d«ipend principollj on the prmenee of tfiiioil, 8,,^ lish ((in if) rniid to bo, for the mo^t part, flavoured with oil of turpentino.— (Lenn,*, j|5 Med.t Tkotmmt'i Difpe'isitfnri/.) The duty on juniper IktHok, previoaily to 1809, wm Mn. Id. a cwt., being monthuKK per cent, im their ftrice in himd. The oppreaoivoneM of thia duty •ocinn to have |)«fn ^ principal reason why turpentine, which in point of flavour and all other renperti is m jg, finrior, haabeon larg«ly U(cd in profKrenoe to juniper bcrriefl in the preparation of ((in, Thji opprcaiive duty wan reiluceil, in 1833, to 2s., and we entertain little doubt that thii wiMigj iiboral measure will at no distant period occaxion the receipt of a grenter amount of mnw, at the same time that it cannot fail materially to improve the beverage of a large propottiog of the people. Itiilian juni(K)r berries fetch at present (Sopt. 1833), in the London niarkol, from 9», 64 to 109. %d. a cwt., duty included ; and German and Dutch ditto, from 8«. to 9«. 3. Tttrkeif Yellow Bvrritt, the unripe fruit of tlio Rhamntr infudoriiu o( Linnma 'I'hcy are used as a dye f v.w.ty dositiiilloni^ purchnters ; rluK atones may bo had at a fi!W HhillliiKH each ; and larger, fur brooches or BtuU, (m U. to SI. and often lower."— (.Ware «» Oiamomh, S(c. %\ Edit.) BETEL-NUT, on ARECA (Sans, and Hind.Si4//f/ri/ Malay, Ftnang,- Javan. Jumii) the fruit of the Arecti CTtechn, a slendor and graceful palm, rising to the height uf about 30 1 or 40 feet ; it produces fruit at the age of five or six years, and continues bearing till iU23i or 30th year. The fruit, which is the only part of the jialin that i^ made use of, is cala | both in its unripe and in its mature state. When ripe, it i.s of tho size of a small pgg,i fifan orange colour; the exterior part consists of a soft, 8[>ong;y, fibrous matter, inclosing 1 1 nucleus resembling a nutmeg in shape, internal structure, and colour, but usually larger, nil always harder. A single tree produces, ncconliny to itii>'situation, age, culture, &c., from 200 1« 800 nub. They are objects of great importance in the East, forming the principal ingrcfatot a compound in universal use ns a masticatory in all Central und Tropical Asia. The olha ingredients are the leaf of tho Betel pepper — (which sec), in which the arcca nut is wta^ ped ; a little Cnrir am — (which see) ; and generally, but not always, a little catechu orlera japonica — (see C.iTECHu). The whole compound is called Met, and is used to an eitrat of which it is diflicult for a European to firm a just idea. All individuals, without exccptioo of age or sex, begin at an early period to accustom themselves to betel. They are unceisiiif | ly masticating it, and derive a gratification from its use that strangers can neither unJfr- stand nor explain. It reddens tho saliva, gives a bright hue to the lips, and, in course of I time, renders the teeth quite black. It is said to dispel nausea, excite appetite, and strengtiieii | the stomach. Besides being used as an article of luxury, it is a kind of ceremonial w " regulates the intercourse of the more polished classes of the East. When any person of I consideration visits another, after the first salutations, betel is [irosented ; to omit it on th< one part would be considered neglect, and its rejection would be judged an aftront on iIk other. No one of inferior rank addresses a dignified individual without the previous preci* tion of chewing betel ; two people seldom meet without exchanging it; and it is alwm offered on the ceremonious interviews of public missionaries. Tho areca nut is, in con* quence, an article of very extensive trade. The countries which yield it mo-st largely l« exportation are Malabar, Ceylon, and Sumatra. Of the extent of this trade, some nolin may be formed from the fact, that the imports of arcca into Bengal in 1629-30, were 695 .iy/nafu\ BETEL-LEAF— BILBAO. '0 Jl'^ leb Ml, ind into Canton, 2,S9'1 toni, though Dontrnl and Southcrr ""hinB iiro rountnps in which «««'• la'(l«''y produrrd.— (Hco the article Bftel in •'— ""— ' -'"''"■ "' •'•- »*— - "'Kiiannlttti Bell's liepiiu) of the Extfriial Commrrcf nf I Crau'tr I irchiotlnto, vol. i. p. 108., vol. iii. p. 4 14. ; Chintur. Knltnilar and Nrghterfot Brtel in the new I'diiion of the Eney. imfTcf nf Bengal I Crawford' t Indian fur 1832, &r.) "BirBL'i'BAF "(Hind. Van / Mnlay, Sireh ,• .lavnn. Sum), thr ji-af Bluidod to in tho I (jMoing orticle. It in the produce of a ipocics of popper vine {Piper betel), and Bomc- wli»tre«eniWe» the ivy leof. In their fresh itlate, \\eif\ li'ovrn form an important artirle of Etfttrn tr»lflc, being every where used in the preparation of betfl. The Piper betel i% a Mwlfi' P'""'' ""' po'"* '"''' I'l**""' '" t''" ground, roiinain, in the province of Biscay, on the river Ybai Cabal, about 9 milos I from Poitugolete. Population 14,600. Pjrt._Xhe bay of llilhan lies between Punto Ontru on Its ensf, nnd Pitnto T.mutrn on Its western I tide, dlitant ahoiit 3 miles. It stretches H. K. tn within } nf n mile nf rnrtiiiiiilctft, in int. 4;'!'' W 10" N., Inni;. V M}' W., neur the nioutli nf the fiver on wliieli llilliuu Ih linllt. The water in tlm Imy vn- [ies from ."i to 10 and llfiithnnis. There is a harat tlic niuiitli of the river, between Santnrre and PnrtuipWe, on which there in not nhove fonr feet water nt ebb tide. Ili(!li water ill tnll and rhaii^re gl3li. p. M. 6l>rinK tide!) rise about 13 feet; and l.irne Nhips lakinir ndvantat:e of them sometimes aicrnii the river na far as llilbun; but they usually load ami unload by liphters, eitlier at Pnrtuuelcte, oral OInviiign, 4 ndlea lielow the town. I'ilola are to lie had at .''aiitiiriB, withmil llie liur. 1m win- ter, nlicavy sea iometlmes sets into the Imy ; but if the pilot ciiniiot go off, he places himself on one (if the batteries tn tiie iN. W. of Snntnrce, and makes f>iirnnl8 with a red finir, so as tn direot the ship lothehest anciinraiie ground.— (See i-auric's excellent Chart uf the Bay of Biscay, w'Hh lUe builing I Dirutinu that accoinpnny it.) Trade. — Bilbao is favourably situated for commerce. The Biscayans arc distinguished I for the ical and courage with which they have defended their peculiar privileges, and for their industry and activity. Bilbao and Santandcr are the principal ports through which the extensive province of Old Castile, and large portions of Leon and Navarre, most easily fomttranicate with foreign countries. They have in consequence, particularly the former, a pretty considerable foreign trade. Wool is one of the principal articles of export ; but since the introduction of Merino sheep into Germany, and their cxtraordinar}' increase in that country, this branch of Spanish commerce, though still of a good deal of importance, has materially declined. Since the abolition, in 1B20, of all restrictions on the exportation of corn, flour, &c., tho shipments of wheat from Bilbao have been, in some years, very con- liderablc. The supplies arc principally brought from the provinces of Palencia, Valladolid, anil Zamora, which yield immense quantities of wheat. The distance is from 130 to 140 English miles; and owing to the badness of the roads, and the deficient means of transport, therateof carriage advances enormously when there is any extraordinary foreign demand. I If the Canal of Ciintile, intended to unite the Douro with Reynosa, Bill«o,anJ Santander, were completed, it would make a considerable revolution in this trade. Tho cainpoH, or plains, on the south side of the Douro, are amongst the iinci^t wheat countries in the hvorld; the crops being frequently so abundant, that the peasants decline reaping the fields |ata(]ifltancefrom the villages! In 1831, 146,234 quarters of Spnish wheat, principally jfrom Bilbao, were imported into Great Brit'titi. The iron manufactures of Biscay are in a I state of considerable activity, and some part of the produce is exportetl. The principal ar- j tides of importation are wove fabrics, cod-fi.sh, cutlery, and jewellery ; sugar, coflce, cacao, land other colonial products, spices, indigo, &c. In 1831, 210 foreign ships, of the burden ■ of 18,822 tons, entered (he port of Bilbao. The countries to which these ships belonged I are not mentioned; hut in 1828,49 British ships, of the burden of 6,051 tons, entered thu I port— (We have derived these details from the Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9. art. Spain ,• UhAnnmiredu Cam merce Maritime (or 1633, p. 265.; the i'ar/. Poper, No. 550. Sew. 11833; tni private ivfurmaiiun.) I Mniu, H'eigktg, and Measures, same as tbnsp of Capik ; whirh see. We may mention, however ItljatUielUueji'a, or measure tor grain, is equivalent lo t'U3 Winchester q\iarters. si.'! ■I'l. ■ill 184 BILL OF EXGHANOE--BILL OF LADING. -.•.._-«% iuJ M Bll/i OF EXCHANGE. 8«e Etcii*:viii. BIIiL OF HEALTH, ■ certiAcato or inntruiMnt fiipiod by conmil* or other pro|i«r i^ I thoriliea, delivered to the mMtrra of ihiiM at the time of thrir clrarinK out fmm til porti . Elacea Huapected of being particukirly auliject to infiTliuus ditordrn, fertifyinj the itiiKif ralth at the time that auch ahipe tailed. A ekan liill import*, that at the time thuthiriiii Bailed no infectioua diaorder waa known to exUt. A lutjttHtd bill, cnminonjr callHi tuuehed patent or bill, iraporta that there were rumoura of an inlt'ctioua diaorJnr, huttlaii had not actually appeared. Afoul bill, or the abaence of clean bill*, importa that tha iLi waa infected when the veaael Bailed. — (See QvARANTina.) BILL OF LADINO, ia % formal rrct'ipt aulwcribml by the maator of a ahip in hit « i pacity of canior, acknowledging that he ha* roceivetl the gootion«) to driiver tttem, in the like mi order a« received, at the place, und to the individual named in the bill, or hit aiaiKni, on hi or their paying him the atipulatcd freinht, dec. When gooila ere tent by a iliip hired k | charter-party, the billa of lading are delivere/ whatever nature and kind rnever, excepted." Billi of lading are not, in general, immediately given by the maatcr on rceeivin} ihi goods. The usual practice ia for the niaMter or liit deputy to give a common receipi for the goods, which is deliveretl up on receiving the bill of lading. The latter thotijij always be required within 24 hours afVer the goods are received on board. Three sets of all bills of lading are made out on stamped paiicr : one of these should })tn- mittcd by tho firet post to the person to whom the goods are consigned, a second b«ing sent to him by the ship; the third is retained by the shipper of the goods. The montcr ought i ways to retain copies of the bills of lading for his government A stamp duty of 3i, ii charged on all bills of lading, whether for goods exported or carried coastwise. The usual form of a bill of lading ia aa follows :— W. B. No. l.a. ■)JV. B, 10. i the fonil ihip called fllllPPED, In good order and wpII cnndilioned, by ./f. B. merchnni, in indiipm ilihip called , whiTL'ofC'. D. Is inaatur, now in the river Tliain)^i,in< hnuhd fur , the fnodH fiiilnwins, viz. [krrt iliteriht the ponilt.] marked anj numbered as per margin, to he delivKred, in the like gnod i>rdfr and mntiliion, at aforesaid, (the ael nf OuU, Ike king's tntmita, fire, and all and trert'lig i> danger! and aeeUenU of ike neai, rhen, and nartgation, of vkalrrer natvre and aiiii. titer, excepted,) unto tlio snid A. B. or his asiigns, hn or Wwy pnying fnr tti« mid (nodi at the rate of per pipcc freixht, with priniiiKf nndaveruK)' act Uiitdiiied. Inwilnes ■ whereof, 1 the said mooter of the ««' ' »hip, hnve ntilrnied Id three liilln of ifiillnj,(iflhii tenoiir and date ; any one of which biils being acconipliahed, the other two :i re tnbcvnil Loudon, this day of , 1834. V. U., Muln. But in the case of ships homeward liound from the West Indies, which send their boats to fetch the cargo from the shore, the exception in the bill of lading is usually expressed aa fol- lows: — "The act of God, the king's enemies, fire, and all and every other dangers anJani- dents of the seas, rivers, and navigation, of whatever nature and kind soever, save rlsh i/ boat», go far as ships are liable thereto, excepted." Other exceptions may be and are somt- times introduced ; Imt the above is the general form. Tranffr of BilLt of Lading. — Bills of lading are transferable either by blank or speciii indorsement, like bills of exchange. And whatever may be tho chnrdcter of the person to whom the goods are consigned, whether he be a buyer, or merely the factor, agent, orbrokn of the consignor, the Ar>nayfr/e holder of the bill of lading indorsed by the coimio^ncc, is en- titled to the goods, and may claim them from the master, if he can prove that he ms pu^ chased tho hill for a good ennsideralion ,- but unless he can do this, he b not entitled to ihi goods. — (Holf, Law of Shipping, 2d ed. p. 363.) Formerly, a factor, though he might sell, could not plertge the goods of his principal. But the hardship and inconvenience arising from this rule were such, that it was set aside hjtht act 6 Geo. 4. c. 94. The second section of this act declares, that any person in possessioa of a bill of lading shall be deemed the true owner of the goods specified in it, so as to nab a sale or pledge by him of such goods or bill of lading valid, unless the person to whom tht goods are sold or pledged has notice that the seller or pledger is not the actual and bona jilt owner of the goods. — (See Factor.) Delivery under BUI of Lading. — It being usual to sign and deliver three bills of laJinji it is possible that there may be conflicting demands upon the captain by the different holdeiii Nothing, however, is, in such a case, required of hun, except that he act with good faith, and From Mil January, 18M, BILL OF SALE— BILL OF Sl'ORE. hilM M of hi* jutlgment \ and that h« mak* dclWarjr of the good* to tha p«non who flnt ^1 them of him, U|x>n proaFiilment of the bill of lading, jmniidtd the eireumttatfea bt iiutk 01 tojuttifif M tufpieion of his having unfairly got potamwion of it If ha act dif- mllf, ha ii aniwerable, according to the pecidiaritie a of the caae, to the peraon injured by I ygligcnca ; the bill of lading biting not only the inatructiona of the merchant to him, aa eanu or lervant, but hia own eaiwcial agreement to deliver according to ita con* idonf* Who* Hveral billa of lading of ■ different import have been signed, no regard ia to be Ito lh( time when Ihey were flrat aigned by the master; but the peraon who flrata gfta J poMMiion of one of them from the owner or ahipper, haa a right to the consignment ; J where luch billa of lading, though different upon the face of them, are constructively , wM, ind the master haa acted bonafidt, a delivery according to such legal title will diih ^,e him from all.— (//o//, p. 37ft. and 377.) BILL OF SALE, a contrac* under seal, by which an individual conveys or paaaes away t righl and intcreat he haa in the gooda or chattcia named in the bill. The property of Jm ii tnniferred hy bill of aale. — (See Rcoistht.) BILL OF 8I0HT. When a merchant is ignorant of the real quantities or qualitiea of jDT goods assigned to him, so that he ia unable to make a perfect entry of them, he must ac< Laint the collector or comptroller of the circumstance ; and they are authorified, upon the ignorter or his agent making oath that he cannot, for want of full information, make a per- ttnlry, to receive an entry by bill itf tight, for the packages, by the best description which ibe^ven, and to grant warrant that the same may be landed and examined by the im- Mrttr in prrsenco of the officers ; and within 3 days after any goods shall have been so land* I, tbc importer xhall make a perfect entry, and shall either pay down the dutica, or shall Idoly wuehouse the same.— (3 6c 4 Will. '4. c. 52. § 24.) I In default of perfect entry within 3 days, such goods are to be taken to the king's ware- \i>m\ snd if the importer shall not, within 1 mouth, make perfect entry, and pay the dutica itreon, or on such parts as can be entered for home use, toguthor with charges of moving I warehouse rent, such goods shall lie sold for payment of the duties. — § 36, The East India Company are authorised without the proof before-mentioned, to enter I by bill of light, and to make perfect entry, and pay the dutica within 3 montha,— I ID, BILL OF STORE, is a license granted by the Custom-house, to merchants, to carry uh itores and provisions as are necessary for a voyage, free of duty. " '^3 act 3 and 4 Will 4. c. 63., returned gooda may be entered by bill of store, aa Frnm Jth jHniinry, 18SA, It shall be Inwflil to re-Import Into tho Untied Kin|ii1nm, frnm any pinre, in biliipof any country, anv goods (except as herein-nfter excepted) whicli hIirII Imve been lefially ex- pAited rroiii the United Kingduin, and to enter the name l>y bill of gtnre, referring to the entry nut- Kiril*, and exportntinn thcreor; provided the property in such goods continue in the person by whom kr on whole account the some have l>een exported ; and if the goods so returned be foreign goods which VJ b«riirc been legally im|Kirted into the United Kingdom, the same duticg sliull hu piiyahle thereon as (rniilil. at the time nf such re-iniportnlion, he payable on the like goodx, under the same circiiniatances of imimriation ns those under which auch goods liad l)een originally iin|iorted ; or auch gooda may be KiiehiiuKd upon a first Imporlalion tliereof ; provided alwaya, that the aeveral aorta of gooda eiiu- beraieil or described in the list following ahall not be re-imported into the United Kingdom for Aowi kit, ij|Kin the ground that the aiime had been legally exported f-oni thence, but that the aame ahall be Seenieil to be foreign goodH, wliether originally such or not, and shall also be deemed to be imported ■urllie lint tiuie into the United Kingdom ; viz. 1 Ooods exported, tekieh may not be ri-hnported for Home Vte. torn, (train, meal, flour, and malt ; hops, tobacco, tea. tooiii for which nny bountv or any drnwbacic of excise had been received on exportation, unless hv !|)eclnl pcrniisalon of the couimiasioners of cuatoms, and on repayment of auch bounty or auch drawback. II goods for which bill of atore cannot be issued in manner herein-after directed, except small rem- nant! of Britieh gooda, by special permiaaion of the comniiaaionera of cuatoms, upon proof to tlicir fatisfaction thnt the same are British, and lind not been aold,— } 33. The ptraon in whose nanic nny gooda ao re-imported were entered for exportation, shall deliver to Uii' searcher, at the port of exportation, un e.xact account signed liy hiui of tlio piirtlculnrs of auch koinli, referring to the entry and clearance outwards, and to the rnttirn iiiwnrda of the snnic, with yemarkinnd numbers of the packages both inwnrds and outwnrda ; and thereupon the searcher. Hi"? that ("urh gooda lind been legnlly exported, aliall grant a bill of store for the same ; and if Ihx (frmn in whose name the goods were entered fur exportation was not the proprietor thereof, but hi» kern, he aliall declare upon onth on such liill of atore the name of the per^'on by whom he was em- Vnyed aa auch agent ; and if the person to whom such returns are consigned slinll not lie such pro- nletnr and exporter, he shall declare upon oath on such bill of store the niinie ofthe person for whose peiiichgoods have been consigned to him; and the real proprietor, UHcertuiiied to be such, shall Take oath U|ion such hill of store to the identity of the goodn so cxpurted mid so returned, and ttint lewaaattlie time of exportation and of re-importntion the proprietor of such goods.nnd thntthesauio ladnotduring such time been sold or disposed of to any other person; and such athdavita shall ha We bet'ore the collectors or comptrollers at the ports ol exportation and of iniporliition respectively, Ntliereupnn the collector and comptroller shall admit such gooda to entry by bill of atore, and grant Weir warrant accordingly.—} 34. (The 6 & 7 Will, 4. c. 60. enacts, that goods legally, exported, and which are after- ra ,l3 re-imported, may, if the proprietor thereof be resident abroad, be entered by bill of tore, on the proprietor subscribing a declaration as to the identity of the goods, and that Vol. I.— n, 2 j}4 '^■:|j § 3 I : 1 I ! I- 166^ BILLINGSGATE— BIRDS' NESTS. , !.. i|' ; : I . tltey dill and do belong to him, and have not been aold or disposed of to any other person • such dccluratioii to bo subsciib.d bcfaiv the British Consul, &c. — (§ 8.) — Sup.) ' BILLINGSGATE, a market for fish, contiguous to the Custom-house in London. Ii' held every luwful day, and was established in 16tf9 by stat 10 & II Will. 3. c. 24. ETnt person buying fish in Billingsgate market, may sell the same in any other market-pUcea places within the city of London or elsewhere, by retail, with this condition, that none bm fishmongers be permitted to sell in fixed shops or houses. No person or persons shall our chase at Uillingsgate any quantity of fish, to be divided by lots or in shares amongst L" fishmongers or other persons, in order to bo afterwards put to sale by retail or othcrwL. nor shall any fishmonger engross, or boy in the said market, any quantity of fish, but wk shall be for his own sale or use, under the penalty of 20/. No person is to have in hii po.'ssossion, or expose to sale, any spawn of fish, or fish unsizeable, or out of seaMn.--(3c Geo. 3. c. 118.) The minimum size of the lobsters to be sold at Billingr,zate L> fixed W statute, — (See Lobsteii.) ^ No fish of foreign taking or curing, or in foreign vessels, is to be imported info the UniicJ Kingdom, unJer penalty of forfeiture, except turbots and lo^isters, stock-fish, live eels, ancho. vies, sturgeon, botargo, and caviare. Fresh fish of British taking, and imported in Britiih ships, and turbot, however taken or imported, may be landed without report, entry orwai rant— (6 Geo. 4, c. 107.) For some further remarks with respect to this subject, see Fish. BIRCH (Fr. Bouleau ,• Du. Berke ,• Get. Birke ; It. Beful/a,- Lat. Betuki Pol Brznza; Rus. Bereza; 8p. Abeditl, Betulla), a forest tree met with every where in the north of Europe. It is applied to various purposes. In Lapland, Norway, and Sweden the long twigs of the birch are woven into maU and twisted into ropes; the outer bait forms an almost incorruptible covering for houses;" and the inner bark is used in periodsct scarcity, as a substitute for bread. Russia leather is prepared by means of the empvreo. matic oil of the birch. It is an excellent wood for the turner, being light, compact mj easily worked. Its durability is not veiy great. It is sometimes used ui the manufaclDti of horring barrels. BIRDLIME (Ger. Vogellefm,- Fr. Glu,- It. Pania,- Sp. L;^.. Rus, Ptitselidm) exudes spontaneously from certain plants, and is obtained artificially from the middle bait of the holly. Its colour is greenish, its fiavour sour, and it is gluey, shining, and tenaciou, The natural is more adhesive than the artificial birdlime. — (Thonuion^s ChemiKtry.) BIRDS' NESTS (Ger. Indianische Vbgelnenter ; Da. Indiaansche Fugeliunljes i Yt. Nids de Tunkin ; It. Nidi di Tunchino ; Sp. Nldn>s de la China ; Java. Susu ,■ Malav, Sarungburuiig), the nests of a species of swallow peculiar to the Indian islands {Himik esculent a), very much esteemed in China. In shape this nest resembles that of other swal' lows ; it is formed of a viscid substance ; and in external appearance, as well ns corsistence, U not unlike fibrous, ill-concoctcd isinglass. Esculent nests are principally found in Jiti, in caverns that are most frequently, though not always, situated on the sea-coast Maot conflicting statements have been made as to tlie substance of nests ; some contending tbtf they are formed of sea-fuam or other marine products, and others that they are elaborald from the food of the bird, &C) But these are points as to which nothing satisfactoijii known. We borrow from Mr. Crnwfiird's vnltmWe work on llie Kiuttm ^retiipeln/ro (vol. lii. pp. 43?-4r), the liillnvving iiiitlipiitic and curious dctnils as to tlin trntik in tills siiipnlfir production:— "The bs I nests am those obtaiiiiMl in docp damp caves, iind siicli us are taken Ix'fore tlic l)irds liavc liiiil ilitii cutis. Tlie tonrso.-'t are tliose olitaiiied after Hie yonng are fledged. Tlio finest nests are tlie whiwi, that is, tliosc takonheforc the nest has tioen rendered impure hyf!ief>od nndfTrcs oftlie yoiins li*, Tliey nr(^ taken twice a-yeur, and, If re).'ularly collert"d, and no nnustial injury he niioreil to then, veriis, will produce very "eiiually, the qiiaiitiiybhinjj very little, if at all, imprtpved liy the cavmtei 1 left alld^ietlier unmnlosted fur a year or two. Some of the caverns are e.\tr<'niely difficult of nftf.i, anil the nests can only be roll 'cled by persons ncrustoined from their youth to the office. Theimn remarkable anil productive caves in Java, of which I superintended a moiety of the cellecilondi B^iveral years, are those ti( Karang-bahing, in the province of Haglen, on the south coast of the islinj. Here I lie cavi:s are only to \ie approached by a perp mdlciil.ir descent of ninny hundred fjet.hy laJte of Ijaiiiboo and rattan, over a sea rnlling vinlently against the rocks. When the moiitli of the cavm is att'diieil, the perilous otfice of takiii); the nests iiiiist often he perforiiied by torcli-li|.'lil hyivnr. trating into recesses of tlie rock where the slightest trip would be instantly fatal to the ndveiturtn, whe se.i notliiiiB bi'low them but Hie turbiil.Mit surf niaklnp its way into the chasms oftlie rnoli, '•The Lilly preparation which the birds' nests undergo is that of simple dryinsr. without dirpftn. posure to the sun, after which they arc packed in suiall boxes, usually of half a piciil. They aim. I sirled for tin; Cliiiiese market iiit.i three kinds, accurdiii!,' to their <|ualitii's, dlstinauisbed liilii,/ir,'ii!r beit, nec'iinl, and ihird (pialiries. Caverns that are reeularty managed, will afford, in 100 paMJ.Si) part., of tliose of the first (|ii.ility, 35 parts of those of the s 'cond, 11-7 parts of those of the third. " The common prices for liirds' nests at Canton nrc, I'lr the first sort, no less than 3,M Sinnii!! dollars tli.! picul, or5Z. IH.,-. IJi/. per lb.; fir the second, 2,800 rSpaiiish dollars per picnl; nmlfirllK lliiril, 1,000 Spanish dollars. From tlie.< ■ prices It \i suffiiicntly evident, that the birds' ncMsare i» more than an articli' of e\p;;nsive lii.xiiry. They are consumed only by th- creat j and, imlfed,* liest part is sent to tlie capital for the coiisuiiiplion of 111 ■ cniirt. The seiisuil Chinese use tliein.ml'r Ih:; iinattination tlint they are powerfully Htiinulatini; and tonic; but it is probable that tin irin'M valuable quality is their baini; perfectly liarmle..oeii sunk for the collection of petroleum, the annual Iproduce of the hill being about 400,000 hogsheads. It is used by the inhabitant'! of that Icoiintry as a lam]i oil, and, when mingled with earth or a.shcs, as fuel. In the United 8tates li'. is found abundantly in Kentucky, (Ihio, and New York, where it is known by the name |ol'&«ecfl or Ginestc oil. It is also obtaitied from wells in the island of Zante, Herodotus Jtflls us, that he has seen these wells — (lib. iv. c. 195.) ; and tbe description he has given of lllicm, uiid of thv' mode of obtaining the petroleum, corresjioiid:}, in all rc8i)ect«, with tho liocnimls of the beat modern travellers. The average annual produce of the Zante spiingai Is about 100 barrels. — (Ch^ind/er's Travels in Greece, 4to tnl. p. 301.; Holland's Travels fa (iVfwe, 4to rd. p. 18.) Petroleum is particularly abundant in Persia. ''When taken |from the pit, it is a thick liquid rescnibling pitch. The bottoms of most vessels which navi- nite the Euphrates and Tigris are covered with it, niid it is also used in lamps, instead of |(iil, hj the natives. The most productive fountains are those of Kcrkook, Menduli, and Badku, The wells in the iieighliourhooil of the latter seem to bo quite inexhaustible, being liw sooner emptied than they again begin to fill. 8ome of thoin have been found to yield ]froiii 1,000 to 1,500 lbs. a day V'—Kinne!r'a Persian Empire, p. 39. and S.'ig,)— 3. Mai/ha, I Sea-ioax, is a solid whitish substance, not unlike tullow. It melts when heated, ai>d in ; * I fl 188 BLACKING— BOATS. mn'' %.i..:[ eooling awumes the conststence of white cerate. This is, moat probably, the bitumm eoi, i didum of Pliny (^H'ut. Nat. lib. xxxt. c. 15.). It in not used as pitch ; but it affords t beiitr light than petroleum, and emits a less disagreeable smoll. It is found on the surface of i|ie Baikal Lake in 3iberia, at the foot of the mountains of Bucktiari in Persia, and in iom other places. — 4. Elastic Bitumen yields easily to pressure ; is flexible and elastic It etniti 1 a strong bituminous odour, and is about the weight of water. On exposure lotheiiritl hardens, and loses its elasticity. It k Hes up the traces of crayons in the same manner a caoutchouc, or Indian rubber, whence it has obtained the name of mineral caouklmie, ft has hitherto been found only in the lead mines of Derbyshire. — 5, Compact Bitunif) g Asphaltum, is of a shining black colour, solid, and brittle, with a conchoidal fracture. Iti specific gravity varies from 1 to 1'6. Like the former varieties, it bums freely, and Iwa but little residuum. It is found in India, on the. shores of the Dead Sea, in France, ig Switzerland, and in large deposits in sandstone in Albania ; but nowhere so largely m jg the island of Trinidad, where it forms a lake three miles in circumference, and of a thick- ness unknown. A gentle heat renders it ductile, and when mixed with grease or connioo pitch, it is used for paying the bottoms of ships, and is said to protect them from the teredo I of the West Indian seas. The ancients employed bitumen in the construction oftlw buildings. The bricks of which the walls of Babylon were built were, it is said (^Hemlulm, lib. i. § 179.), cemented with hot bitumen, which gave them unusual solidity. BLACKING (Ger. Schuhschwarze, WicJue.- Pr. Noir (de cordonnieru) i li,Nmk\ vgntr le searpe ,■ Sp. Negro de zapatos), A factitious article, prepared in various wan used in the blacking of shoes. It is in very extensive demand. BLACK-LEAD, OR PLUMBAGO (Du. Potloot ; Fr. Mine dephmh nmr,Vhmhit\ mine, Potelot ,• Ger. PoUloth, Reisshley ; It Miniera dipiombo, Ptombaggine, Cmnkf Lat. Plumbago; Sp. Piedra mineral de plomo), a mineral of a dark steel grey colour.and a metallic lustre ; it is soil and has a greasy feel ; it leaves a dark coloured line nhen drfiini I along paper. It is principally employed in the making of pencils; it is also employed in the making of crucibles, in rubbing bright the surface of cast-iron utensils, and in diminishii); friction, when interposed between rubbing surfaces. The finest specimens of this minenl | are found in the celebrated mine of Borrowdale, in Cumberland, worked since the days of Queen Elizabeth. — {Thomson's Chemistry.) Recently, plumbago, of a very good quality, I has been imported from Ceylon. BLACK-LEAD PENCILS (Du. Potlootpennen ; Fr. Crayons noirs ; Ger. Bleystljlt. It. Lapis nero; Port. Lapis negro ,• R\i9. KaranasiAil ; Sp.Lapiz negro), are formed of black-lead encircled with cedar. BLOOD-STONE (Ger. Blutstein ,• Fr. Pierre sanguine d crayon ,• It. Sanguignii Sp. Piedra sanguinaria ; Lat Hsematiles), or the Lnpts hmmatites, a species of calcedon;, I is a mineral of a reddish colour, hard, ponderous, with long pointed needles. It is fbuiid among iron ore in great abundance. These stones are to be chosen of the highest colour, with fine strin or needles, and as much>like cinnabar as possible. Goldsmiths and gilden I use it to polish their work. It is also used for trinkets. BLUBBER (Ger. Thran, Fisehtrani Du. Thraan i It Olio di pesce.- 9p. Grm, Aceite de pescadi) ,• Rus. Sato worwannoe, Worwan ,• Lat. Oleum piscinum), the fat of whales and other large sea-animals, of which train oil is made. The blubber is the «/<;/)) of the animal: it lies under the skin, and over the muscular flesh: it is about 6 inchoin I thickness, but about the under lip it is 2 or 3 feet thick. The whole quantity yielded bj one of these animals ordinarily amounts to 40 or 50, but sometimes to 80 ormorcnt Formerly train oil was manufactured from the blubber in the seas round Spitzbergcn, anil other places where whales were caught ; but the practice is now to bring the blubber home in casks, and to prepare the oil afterwards. It Is enactoil by the 6Geo. 4. c. 107 J 44., that before nny blubber, train oil, upermncetl oil, head nut- ter, or wh:\le fins, slinll be entered na being entirely tlm prodiicn of een-nniniiils cnnpht by the cree I to tailing turn as aforei I any other bout lying al I proceeded two boats' I« ] Tlie offices of Harbc I Blackwall. BOLE, a friable JHtoS. It is found I and in Armenia, Ital} I French boles were I medica, but they are I nian bole still conti Persian Gulf. It if I very frangible ; it is I I line flesh red, whi( [ such as the Ottoma( I cf hunger by ealin BOLE. <-\n 189 I^Monn, Mi the maiter'i name within lide of the traniom, In white or yellow Roman lettera, S Iwhei lone, on a black itround, under pain of forfeiture. Boats not belortging to ve^ieli, are to be I ^^j ,rjth the name of th« owner and place to which they belong, under penalty of forfeiture. All ItMiiliavini! double sides or bottoms, or sccr**' places tnr the purpose of concealing goods, or having Im holt pipe< "' other device for the purpose of running foods, are to be forfeited. I il(r>i^i«M »/ tVoUmm on tA< TAaniM.— From Ctaeltie- 'ridge towards Windsor, id. per half mile I Otm the water directly between Windsor and iJrc v' *vhnrf, Greenwich (excepting the Sunday Ittriet). tiM one person, id. ; two persons, ltd. each ; c . Ung two persons, Id. each. I TonrVrnnisliips westward ofOreenwlch, for one \tfz.. .i, 3d.; e.xcceding one person. Id. each; and, Ivhere ibe distance to the ship does not exceed the distance across the river, the fare across the river To or fVnm ships eastward of Greenwich, at the rate of 6d. [ler half mile. To or from vessels for passengers, for one person id. ; exceeding one person, 3d. each, with not lureedini M lbs. of luggage fur each. After this at tho rate of \s. per rwt. WaleroeD detained by passengers to be paid fur time or distance, at the option of the watermen. ». d. fy niM/or a Pair o/Oar«.— First hour - it iBeeomiliour - - - - - 1 6 $.d. 1 12 Each succeeding hour For the day . - - - To lut from 7 a. m. to S p. m. between Michaelmas and Lady Day ; and firom a. m. to 6 r. M. firom llidf Day to Michaelmas. . , , , ■ ' BovLLER'a Fares. ,'■ .'•!■/ Th» Bridget ^e. stand in the folUiving order. Uigdon Bridge Nine Eiina Shadwell Dock Stairs J goiiihwirk Bridge Red House, Battersea Kidney ditto Blackfriars Bridge Swan Stairs, Chelsea Limehoiise Hole ditto Waterloo Bridjie Clie<8ea Bridge Ditto, Torrington Arms ffestmlnsler Bridge Iron Gate Deptford, George Stairs Umbetb Stairs Union Stairs Ditto, Low-Water Gate Viujball Bridge King Edward ditto Greenwich, Crawley's Wharf. Tbe fate from either of the abo^ 'e places to tbe next is 3d., and so on in proportion. Paitagt Boat»,—Oi irs' Fare 8 Passengers. Sculler's Fare Passengeri. each each each london Bridge to t. d. London Bridge to t. d. London Bridge to «. d. Chelsea Bridge - .06 Brentford - . - 1 3 Walton-ui>on-Thames I Wandsworth . 7 Isieworth - - - 1 3 Shepperton ... 9 Putney - • - . 8 Richmond - . - 1 3 Wey bridge ... S Nbam - 8 Twickenham - - 1 6 Laleham . . . S Barn's Elms - - 8 Tide-end Town - - 1 6 Chertsey ... a Hammersmith ■ 9 Kingston - - - 1 6 Staines . . . e s Cliiiwiek - . Ildmpton Court - - 1 9 Datchet ... 3 Baraei ... . 1 Hampton Town - - 1 9 Windsor ... 3 Hortlike • - . 1 Sunbury - - - 1 9 Deptford - . Blackwall • - •00 Gravesend ... 1 e Greenwich - - e Woolwich - - -10 For a ftili boat load of luggage, same as for 8 passengers. For half a load, same as for 4 passengers PnitJIiw.— Taking more than fare, not exceeding %. Waterman to have a list of fhres in his boat, and on not permitting the passenger to examine it, th« jptienger is discharged flrom paying his fore, and the waterman may be fined not exceeding il. I Befuiing to take a paesenger, or not answering when called by the number of his boat, not exceed. |ln|«. Unnecetsarily delaying a passenger, not exceeding 51. Sefbaing to permit any person to read the name and number of his boat, or to tell his Christian or linniame,orthe number of his boat, on being paid kufare,ot making use of any abusive language, not I eiceedlng il. Rulti ami Bf-lawa made ty the Court of Mdermen, lith of April, 1838. — Letting his boat remain at any I niirs, while wilfully absent, or not being ready to take a passenger into his boat, not exceeding W. Refilling to give his name or number, or that of any other waterman, not exceeding W. Obitructing any other waterman in taking in or landing a passenger, or obstructing a passenger, not I eiceeding It. Towing or being towed by any other boat without the consent of all the passengers, not exceed- [iigSI, Agreeing to take any less sum than the rate allowed, and afterwards demanding more than the sum I agreed fiir, not exceeding !1. Only two boats to be placed aboard anv steamboat at the same time in turn. Waterman, previous 1 totalling turn as aforesaid, to lie with his boat upon his oars at least one boat's length distant from [ any other bout lying alongside, and shall not approach nearer, until after the former boat shall liave I proceeded two boats' length, not exceeding 9/. The offices of Harbour-masters are in Little Tharoea street, St. Catharine's ; and Canal Office, I Blackwall. BOLE, a friable earthy substance, a species of the soapstone family. Specific gravity 1 1*4 to 3. It is found in the island of Lemnos, vrheiice it is sometimes called Lemnian earth ; ind in Armenia, Italy, France, Silesia, various parts of South America, &c Armenian and I Fretich boles were at one time not uncommon in this country, being used in the materia I oiedica, but they are now entirely, or almost entirely, discarded. In India, however, Arme- I nian bole still continues to be in extensive demand. It is brought to Bombay from the > Persian Gulf. It is soil, feclb greasy to the touch, adheres strongly to the tongue, and is very frangible ; it is generally of a yellowish brown colour ; though sometimes it is seen of I I fine flesh red, which is the variety held in the highest estimation. Some savage nations, ■uch as the Ottomaques, described by M. Humboldt, are in the habit of allaying tho pains of hunger by eating boles. The Javanese, when they wish to become thin, eat cakes^ '^!. lii ■M m .M^ .i ' m rl9|0 BOHEA, BOMBAY. ;i rh t: : P!' i^mi V: : ' ir cMe<\ tanaampo, made of bole. — (Lewi$,Mal, Med'ca/ Thomaon^a Chemitlry . MntuX Mat. Indlca.) " '■ BOIIEA. a species of tea. See Tba*' '"" ' ;• '""' ';"" ' D0A1BAY, a lea-port on the western coast of British India, bein^, after Calcutta nvll ■ Canton, the greatest commercial emporium in the East; Int. 18° 56' N., long. 72° 57' p I It is situated on the south-eastern eztreinity of a small island of the same name, wpanyl from the main land by an arm of the sea, forming, with the contiguous islands of ColaU I Salsette, Butcher's Island, and Garanjah, one of the best harbours in India. BomSI Island was ceded by the Portuguese to the English in 1661, as the dower of Queen CaiJI rinc, wife of Charles II., and was taken possession of in 1664 ; so that it has been !o Ji occupation abnut 170 years, being by far the oldest of our ] -sessions in the East. In I661I it was transferred by the crown to the East India Compo y, by letters patent, in fiee injl common soccage, on payment of the annual rent of 10/. But, by the present charter, iilm I reverted to the crown, with the rest of the Company's assets, being held by the ComMntiil trust merely. On its cession to the crown of England, in 1661, its population did notfi.l ■ cecd 15,000 souls, the outcasts of the natives of India. It now contains 15,474 housal valued at 3,606,434/. and a population exceeding 229,000. The following etatcmcnl of liel population of Bombay, at ditferent periods, will show its progress : — lOfVt, when taken possession of 171fi, - - - . - 15,000 1 191« . 16,000 I 1830 - I6',5.M -V" ' n'i;,'l ning 50 or 60 years. Being for the most part built by natives, without any very stricttp'l plication of the rules of art, they are commonly, though not always, heavy sailers. Monies. — Accounts are here kept in rupees; each rupee being divided into 4 qimrtcrs.nncieacliqMiW I into IflO reas. The rupee is also divided into 16 nnnas, or 50 pice. An urdec is 2 reas ; a domiil reas i a dooganey, or single pice, 4 reas ; a fuddea, or double pice, S reus ; n paunchea is i nfuill and a gold mohur, 13 rupees. Of thesi>, the anuas and reas only are imaginary monies. TlieMl of Bombay are the mohnr, or gold rupee, the silver rupee, and their divisions; also ihoiimiblenJI iingle pice, the urdee. and doreea, which arc copper coins with a mixture of tin or leurt. Tli«foll«'| iny is tlm assay and sterling value of the preseut gold and silver coinage of Bombay :— BOMBAY. Idl Gold mobiir Silver rupee QixM Weight. gn. ITflO Vote Metal. (fr: 16i68 tlerilntVilUk sg'is 3-48 "i'( iiii> ■lit) .,,.i.,,;, SaU M$(uure. 'ift' euhic india m Adowlies = 1 Parnh - 160761 " " IflOPanhg = 1 Anna => J60761 '-''■' IH Annas = 1 Rash = 2572170 The anna weighs 2^ tons, and the rash 40 tons. Liquor Measure. '" ^'",V"'' (Spiriti and Country Amick.) The seer weighs 60 Bombay Rupees, and equal! 1 lb. 8oz, ^^. i and SO seers make the niaund. .''"l": tons' Metuure. I 16 Tiissoos - 1 Ilath ■ 24 TusBOOS = 1 Guz ■ 18 ^27 sti!:j 1 1, ^ Eatt India's Company's financial accounts rendered to parliament, the Bombay rupee !• Wkoned at is. 3d. Tlie charge for coinage in the Ronibay Mint is 21 per cent, for gold, and 3 per m[ foriilver, Including the charges for refining. The machinery for ibis mint was sent out from Iniiand « few yetin ago, and is complete, but very costly. At Bombay there are no banl(s, aa at ji^raiand Calcutta, and paper money is unknown in mercantile transactions. \ffciiUsuid Jlliaskre».—-'Iho weights and measuiea used at Bombay are as follow : — .>t>:.-oijTM Gold and Silver Weight. «». «■ dr. «^^ 7 Pailies = 1 Parah = 19 9 9-6 1 Wall » 4-475 8 Parahs = i Candy = 156 18 12-8 40Wall9= 1 Tola -= 170. ,;, , ,- Pearl fVeigkt. ■'- 1 Tucka ■» 0-208 ISlTtiokns = 1 Rnttee" 3 S4 Buttees = 1 Tank •= 79 Commtrcial Weight. Avoiplupoli. lbs, 02. dr. 1 Tank =00 2-488 TSTanks = 1 Seer = U 3-3 jOSeers ^lMaund>°28 I Theie weights are used for all heavy goods, ex- (emingealt. _ Oram ^^cas1ure. Vi. fiz. dr. 2Tipprees = l Beer =0 U 3-3 4 Seers =lPaily= 8 12 12-8 J All the foregoing standards are likewise divided into halves, quarters, &c. The preceding weight! Iiii mcaiiires are generally used in Bombay ; but it souietinies occurs in mercantile transactions, that IiNalioiis nre nmde in pounds and niaiindg, which lasl wclgbt is reckoned at 40, 401, 41, 43J, and 44 im; and sometimes in Surat candies of 20, 21, and 2-2 maunds. Shipping, Commerce, SfC. — At Bombay there is an insumnce society with a capital of Jlacsofnipecs, or about 200,000/. sterling; and there are also private underwriters who ksiire separately on ships. In 1820, and we believe the number continues about the same, Uierc were 45 registered ships belonging to this port engaged in the trade to China and Europe, the aggregate burden of which amounted to about 20,000 tons, giving at an average I tons to each ship. These are for the most part navigated by Indian seamen or Las- [ars, those of Bombay being accounted by far the l)est in India ; the master and superior lliceit only being Englishmen. Besides these large vessels, there is a numerous class of Jativecrafl^ under various forms and names. In 1820, they were computed to amount in II to near 47,000 tons, of from 2 to 175 tons each. These vessels, besides furnishing the bm with firewood, hay, straw, &c. from the neighbouring continent, navigate coastways rem Cape Comorin to the Gulfof Cutch, and sometimes cross the sea to Muscat and the Jkrabian Gulf. During the eight fair months, that is, from October to May, the largest sized Jessels perform five or six trips to Damaun, Sural, Cambay, Broach, Junibosier, and Cutch, (ringing from these ports, where they sometimes winter, and where many of tlieir owners sWe, cotton, ghee, oil, pulse, wheat, cotton cloths, timber, firewood, putchok, mawah, &c. ; Ind return to the northern ports laden with the produce of Europe, Bengal, and China. The capital employed in this trade, in the minor articles of commerce, exclusive of cotton, 5 been estimated to amount to 1,500,000/. sterling. The island of Bombay, a small and sterile spot, containing only iihout 18J sqiiare miles, ifTords no produce for exportation ; indetxi, hardly yields a week's consumption of corn for « inhabitants. Neither is the neighbouring territory fruitful ; nor does the whole presidency f Qoinlmy, although estimated to contain about 70,000 square miles, and from 10,000,000 1.000,000 inhabitants, yield, with the exception of cotton and rice, any of the great colo- p staples, such as coffee, sugar, and indigo ; a circumstance that seems mainly ascribable oihe impolitic restraints upon the employment of British settlers and capital that have been jitheito imposed by law, and acted upon with peculiar rigour in this and the sister presi- dency of Madras, in contradistinction to the greater latitude affDrclfd in Bengal. Bombay I. notwithstanding, a great emporium for the exports and imijorts of foreign countries. Its lincipal trade is carried on with the countries on the Gulfe of Cambay, Persia, and Arabia : ^ih Calcutta, China, Great Britain, and other Europcon countries, and the United Stales I America. From the countries on llic Gulf of Cambay it receives cotton wool and grain ; 1 from the Persian and Arabian Gulfs, raw silk of Persia, copper from the same country, Jii) also pearls, galls, coffee, gum arable, bdellium, copal, myrrh, olibanum, and asafuQtida, pin dates, and other dried fruits, horses, and bullion. Its exports to Arabia and Persia joosist of grain, raw sugar from China and Bengal, British cotton manufactures, woollens, ' metals, pepper and other spices. From Calcutta, Bombay receives raw silk, sugar, igo, and grain; and exfrarts to it oak timber, coir, or the fibre of the coco nut husk, with no nuts and Bandol-wood. The trade between Bombay and Calcutta has declined sinca :ii' \ i'Ui J J - 192 BOMBAY. : 10 the abolition of the reitricUve system in 1816 gave to Bombay a wider intercounei^ foreign countries. Previously to Uie opening of the tratie, Calcutta was the entnpU b2 which many of the productions of the neighbourhood of Bombay used to find a nurketb distant countries. In 1813 and 1814, according to the Custom-house returns of Calcuiii the value of the imports into it from Bombay amounted to 400,000/. sterling ; in I819 ^ 1820, to 360,000i^; and in 1837 and 18S8, to 200,000^ The exports from Ctlcutut Bombay in the first-named year amounted to 280,000/.; and in 1827, to only half ik_ ■mount The greatest branch of the trade of Bombay used to be that widi China; bgtJ has considerably declined of late years. The principal article of export is cotton wool J which opium has been added since we obtained possession of the province of Malna. t(|| minor articles are pepper, sandal-wood, Arabian gums, salt-fish, fish maws, and sharks' iiJL The imports consist of alum, camphor, cassia, nankeens, rhubarb, tea, raw sugar, vcrmiUoo,! and other paints, with a considerable quantity of bullion. In 1828 and 1829, the nuolnl of ships which cleared out from Bombay for Canton was 36, of the burden of 25,731 lonl but the number which entered from thence was only 30,of the burden of 17,534 tons; nml of the ships which cleared out having made intermediate voyages after discharging ihgi cargoes at Canton. I The principal export from Bombay to Great Britain is cotton wool, after which foUnl pepper, cardamoms, Arabian gums and drugs, and Persian raw silk. The chief impom ml cotton fabrics and cotton twist, for both of which Bombay is, after Calcutta, the grewtl mart in India ; woollens, iron, copper, spelter, glass-ware, &c Sec Bombay tradei mil France and Hamburgh, but not to any considerable amount. Neither is her trade witliiliil United States of America of much importance. The following statements, drawn upfhal paiiers laid before parliament in 1830 and 1831, show the whole amount of the trade wl ried on by Bombay, including Surat, with Great Britain, foreign Europe, and Amcria,ii| the years 1813 and 1814, and 1828 and 1829 :— < . -. Imports into Bombay and Surat. From Great Britain — France — ■ Hamburgh - — America Total . 1813 and 1814. Mtrehudba, £ 375,716 375,716 Bullion, £ 110 no Total. £ S75,826 375,896 1836 and 1839. Merchudiir. £ 761,318 63,391 7,339 1,401 853,394 BulUoD. Tml £ 781,M (3,%l| 7,]» 1,«1 8S3,3»I Exports from Bombay and Sorat. To Great Britain — Prance - — Hamburgh — America Total 1813 and 1814. MtrobaadiH. £ 135,343 135,343 BaUtoiL £ 160,811 169,811 Total. £ 305,154 305,154 1836 and 1829. Merdumliw. £ 694,654 5,905 700,649 Bullioa. £ 139,113 139,113 TM 833,78; m,n In some of the intermediate years between 1814 and 1829 there was some tradebetveal Bombay, Portugal, and Brazil, but not very considerable. It will appear from these sttl»| ments that the present imports into Bombay from Great Britain amount to above 780,00(11,1 and the exports to near 840,000/.; the first having increased since the opening of the k I trade by 500,000/1 sterling, or above 180 per cent, and the latter by somewhat more ihaj that amount. Dock Regulatimu.—Kt daylight the wickets of the gates are opened.nnd at ToVlnck theaenlrrnkl Half an hour after sunset the gates are ihut, the wicket of the centre gate being left oper till HI evening gun be fired. No boats, saving those belonging to the Company's marine department, 01 li I Majesty's navy, are permitted to come to the dock-ynrd stairs ; but muat use the piers expreiilrwl structed for their accommodation. No meat, stores, or baggage for the merchant shipping. 01 ijl description, are to be passed through the dock-yards. After the firing of the evening gun, noM)! belonging to the ships in the harbour, below the rank of a cominiaiinnnd officer, is to he alloweiliil land or enter the dock-yard, without the express permission of the master attendant, or other coin' I tuted authorities. . 1 Boats* crews are not to be permitted to quit their boat at the st.-iirs, after the hour of ihulUnf ijl gntes. Small craft are not to deliver firewood or any other lading within the limits «'^i''°!^l without the superintendent's sanction. The ships and vnggels in dock nre not to land anrlii^l whatever on the pier. No cargo of any description is to lie Itinded in or passed through the y^'^IJI or to any ship in dock, without the superintendent's peruiisslun in writing. No Ure uriigtatiialliinil LilwnHnTshlpnrves. L»e» for which either ma lEiportofCotton ftom Bt \ c m To China. 1 f Biln. Mm. II; Bala. Bi \i,\.<- tB,4in 76,788 3S iffi U,l» 70,885 !3,0I5 H m 14,686 109,537 118,228 21 in la^oB \m^ Mfiai 43 in ISSB 1(0,(00 117,1(0 «i n t*,4% ea,06a 100,558 23 m n^ 117,989 I40,27« 17 IBI 1* \ifiit 115,274 132,852 17 From l.MO to 9,000 bait liaiiy'svessi-is are noiiiinn |iip■ boinl *nr ihlp or veiael in dock, without tli« amhority of the luperintendent, to whom tho pur« I coKi for which either may be required, niuat bu siuied in writing. I Eiport of Cotton IVom Bonibny to China, England, &c., with pricei, Oeighti, Slc. from 1634 to 1831, ToChlM. 1 ! 4 6 % Onnd TottL PrioofSuntI Cot 00 ftt Ctaifol 784 (In. PrinoT Dbellira. RatMorrnifhl lo England ucrToo of 4i Bain, or atwul 1,630 Iba. lUlnor rnif hi lo China Mr Can- If tiln. i;,uc taim. 1 I X ^ 1 II X '4 BlllH. Bala. Balai. (Mm. Daln. Bilo. RipMt. Ruiwn. L. >. L. 1. Rupm. in a3,4o; 76,786 39,331 3,834 NOM. 64U 122,681 140 170 163 136 14U 138 (t lo 9 II 0-12 10 9 0-7 7 30, 40, SO io; 70^ 35 iSiS 12,130 TO,S85 ia,o\i 3^454 I4,I2» I,S5B 300 134,467 146 192 166 134 175 151 6 10 - 6 10 0-8 48, 40,48 m l«,6K 10O,SS7 118,238 21,262 7,404 4,838 2,097 163,824 l2r, 166 137 110 128 120 8 — 9 7 0-6 46,40^44 IB HM 10^,596 U4fi6i 43,870 10,118 8,S23 4,261 191,461 110 130 122 93 116 109 6 - 6 10 7 — 6 10 40, SJ, IS, » i«i 15,M I02,MO UlflDS 62,103 l»,6»4 10,811 3,9!>2 214,633 104 136 120 100 118 106 •■10-9 16 - 15 2>), 26,28 » U,499 SHOffl IOO,H8 23,608 II^U ll,0J8 3,442 160,208 ■ 16 140 126 105 128 117 1 0-9 16—10 1 16 — 3 10 4 0-4 20, 18, tH i» jyoo IIT,M9 140,272 17,308 14,458 7,542 2,960 182,671 114 120 116 80 no 89i a^ 38,40 161 1* I7,S« 115,274 133,852 17,666 22,233 9,470 3,413 189,938 100 no 104^ 70 81 75V 5 - 6 10 ; 8 8 — 6 10 25, 55, 4» From l,MO to 3,000 bulea may be added to the exports to China for each year, aa, after the Com- Ipiny'sveasi'ls arc nniiiiimlly Iciaded, the captains take from 300 to 500 bales, which are never placed lup6 73,063 66,763 73,697 91,755 Value. >. d. 9 11 13 9 19 8 11 11 10 3 Italy. £ I. 159 14 94 16 144 16 440 6 867 4 10 999 19 839 1 654 14 748 7 688 1 749 940 9 i. 4 4 1 3 V01.I.-R Sfi ?! i Ig^ BOOK, BOOKS, rf There are no means of (lis^nguMhing between the bones imported for manure ind for other purpoaes. BOOK, BOOKS (Gcr. Bilcher { Du. Bothen,- Da. Boger ,- 8w. Bdckeri Tt.Lm-.. It. Libri. I Sp. Libroa ,- Port. Livroa .• Kiw. Kiiigi ,• Pol. Ksiaski, Ksicgi • Lat. Libr!) ■ written or printed treatise or treatises on any bruncli of science, art, or literature, compoai^ in the view of instructing, amusing, or persuading the reader. Copyright is the right whicli the authors of books or treatises claim to the excluiivo pri, vilege of printing, pubUshing, and soiling them. Books are sometimes blank, as account books ; but these enjoy no peculiar privileges, ami do not come within the scope of our inquiries. Books are divided into the following classes, according to the mode in whicli the «Iit»u of the paper on which they are printed or written are folded : viz. foUn, when the ihcetij folded into two leaves; quarto, when folded into/>wr/ oeerseded bv the statute of Anno. There was some ditrvrcnco of opinion in the courts as to these points; but Lord Mansfield, Mr. Justice Blackstone, and the most eminent Judges, were favourable to the claims of the authors. However, it wos finally decided, upon an appeal to the House of Lords in 1774, that an action could not bo maintained for pirating a copy- right after the term specified in the statute. — (Godaun on the Law of Patents and Copy- righti,V.ZQ5.) The act of Queen Anne referred only to Great Britain ; but in 1801, its provisions were extended to Ireland ; the penalty, exclusivo of forfeiture, on printing or importing books with- out consent of the proprietor, was also increased from Id. to 3d. a sheet. In return for this concession, two additional copies of alt works entered at Stationers' Hall wore to be dulivcred ; one to Trinity College, Dublin, and one to the King's Inns, Dublin. Every one must be satisfied that 14 years' exclusive possession is far too short a period to indemnify the author of a work, the composition of which has required any considerable amount of labour and reaearch ; though 38 years is, porhapp, all things considered, as pro- per a period as could be fixed upon. Now, the grand defect of the statute of Anno con- sisted in its making the right to the exclusive possession fur 28 years contingent on the fact I of a person having lived a day more or less than 14 years after the publication of his work. This was making the enjoyment of an important right dependent on a mere accidental cir- cumstance over which man has no control. Could any thing be more oppressive and unjust tiian to hinder an author from bequeathing that property to his widow and children, that would have belonged to himself had he been alive T Nothing, indeed, as it appears to us, can be more obvious than the justice of extending all copyrights to the same period, whether the authors be dead or not. But though the extreme hardship, not to say injustice, of the act of Queen Anne had been repi!atcdly pointed out, its provisions were continued down to 1814, when the existing copy- right act, 54 Geo. 3. c. 166., was passed. This act extended the duration of all copy- rights, whether the authors were dead or alive, to 28 years certain ; with the further provision, that if the author should be alive at the end of that period, he should enjoy i the copyright during the residue of his life. We subjoin the principal clauses of thu itatute. Raring recited the nets 8 Anne, c. 10. and 41 Geo. D. c. 107., it enacts that ro much of the said seve- ral recited acts as requires that nny copies of any hoolis which shall be printed nr published, or re- printed and pul)li8hnd with additinna, aliull be delivered liy the printers therciif tn the wnrelinuse- keeper of the suid Cninpany of Stationers, for llie use of nny of tlie libraries in thcnaid aot nieiitinned, I and as requires the delivery of the said copies by the wureliouse-keepor for the nee of the said libra- rio, and as imposes any penalty on such printer or warehouse-keeper for not delivering the said I copies, shall he repealed. And ihiit 11 printed copies of the whole of every book, and of every volnine thereof, upon the paper I npon v.liich llie larcest number or iinpn-ssioii of such Imok shall be printed for sale, tngelhor with all maps and prints belimcini; thereto, which from nnd after the passing of thiii art shall be printed and I published, on demand thereof being made in writing to or left M the plane of abode of the publisher or publishers thereof, at any time williin twrlve montliH next after the publication thereof, under the hind of the warehouse-keeper of the Company of lr the full icim J (ie«iily>«^AI yean, to commence from the day of tiret puliliahing thniamet and aliio, irtheamhor iliall be living at the end of that period, fur the reiidue of hie natural life ; and if any bookwlici „ firlnter, or other person whatsoever, in any part of the United Kingdom of Ureal llrltain and lieliM n the Islet of Man, Jersey, or Guernsey, or in any other part of the Urilisli dominions iliKii, fn,. and after the passing of this act, within the timet granted and limited by this act, print, reprint, cr import, nr shall cause to be printed, die. any such hook, without the consent of the author, or oi'htr proprietor of the copyright, nrst had In writing t or knowing the same to be so printed, fcc. wiihuui euch consent, shall sell, publish, or expose to siiId, or cnuHe to be sold, die, or shull have in hjiuji. tesslou for sale, any such book, without such consent flr«l had and obtained ; such offender iluii bi liable to a special action at the suit of the author nr other proprietor of such copyright ; and er«n such author or other proprietor may. In such special action, recover damages, with double coitijinj every such oflnndur sniill also forfeit such book, and every sheet of such book, and shall dellvet iIm a.-ime to the author or other proprietor, to be made waste paper of, and shall also forfeit the mm ofu for every sheet thereof either printed or printing, or published or ex|iosed to tale i the one moieii thereof to any person who shall sue for the sunie.— f 4. And In order to atcertnin what books shall be from time to tlhie published, the publUhenorertrt book demandable under this act shall, within 1 calendar month at\er the day on which any lucli tm[ ahall be flrst sold, puhlishnd, advertised, or otTured fur sale, within the hills of mortality, or within J calendar months in any other part of the United KIniidoni, enter the title to the co|iy of every mcii book, and the namet and place of abode of the publisher, in the register book of the Company of Stationcrt in London (for every of which several entries the sum of 9*. shall be paid, and nu mn) under a penalty of the sum of it., together with eleven times the price at which such books iliiill k •old or advertised ; to he recovered, together with full costs of suit, by persons authorised to iiie,;iii4 who shall first sue for the tame : provided, that In the case of magazines, reviews, or otiier |i«[ini|kt| rubllcationt. It thull bo tufliclent to make such entry in the register hook of the euid Couipany wiihii month next after the publication of the first number or volume : provided, that no failure in mtkiu any such entry shall in any manner affect any copyright, but shall only subject the person uuk.ni dejaull to the penalty aforesaid under this act.—) 5. Provided always, that if any publisher shall be desirous nf delivering the copy of such bonk oi Yolume, on behalf of any of the said libraries, at tuch library, it shall and may be lawful for him ig dnllver the tame at such library ; and tuch delivery shall be held at equivalent to a delivery tuUie aald warehouse-keeper. And if the author of any book, which shall not have been pnblithed 14 yean nt the time of pMli| this act, ihall be living at the taid time, and if such author shall afterwards die before the expitaliui of the said 14 years, then the personal representative of the said author, and the aMignn of gucb pet. ■onal representative, thill have the tole right of printing and publishing the said book for the funbu term of 14 years after the expiration of the flrst 14. And If the author of any book which has been already published ihall be living at the end oft yean after the tirtt publication, he or she shall, for the remainder of hit or her life, have the wit right of printing and publlahing the tame. Aciiona and luitt thall be commenced within 13 montha next after tuch offence committed, ot bi void and of uo effect. — ) { 7, 8, 9, 10. Musical mpoaitions, engravingf, maps, sculptures, models, Sk. enjoy a siinilar ptiv toction. The great practical difficulty in interpreting the copyright acta, is in diatinguishing l» tween an original vfotk and a copy made, animo furandi, from one already in existence. The following is a summary of Mr. Godnon's remarlts on this subject : — "The identity of a literary work conalsts entirety In the stnliaunts and language. The aaRH (on. eeptiona, clothed In the same words, must necessarily be the tame composition ; and whatever melM it taken of exhibiting that composition to the ear or the eye, by recital, or by teriting, or by jniniinr, in any number of copies, or at any period of time, the property of another person has been riolaldi for the new book is still the Identical work of the real author. "Thus, therefore, a transcript of nearly all the seutimenta and language of a book Is a glarini pj. racy. To copy part of a hook, either by taking a few pages veriatim, when the sentiinenti ate not new, nr by Imitation nf the principal ideas, although the treatises In other respects arc differem, li also considered to be illegal. "Although It wat held by Ellenborough C. J. that a variance in form nnd manner is a varlince ii tubttttiut, and that any material alteration which it a mtUuration cannot be considered as a piracy; yet a piracy is committed, whether the author attempt an original work, or cull his book an ubtidf- ment. If tlie principal parts nf a book are servilely copied or unfairly varied. " But If the main design be not copied, the circumstance that part of the composition of oi:e anihor is found in another is not of ittfelf piracy sufficient to support an action. A man may fairly adopt pirl of the work of another; He'diay sd make u^e of another's labours for the promotion of scienrr.ud the benefit of the public, but having done so, the question will be. Was thu matter so taken uied^itlf with that view, and without what may be termed the animue furandi f " In Judging of a quotation, whether it is fair and candid, or whether the person who quolei Im been swayed by the animus /aiaiUi, the quantity takeu and thetiwaner in which It iiadapted,iif course, mutt be considered. " If the work complained of be in mbstanr^ a copy, then it it not necestary to show the intentlonu pirate ; for the greater part of the matter of the booic having been purloined, the intention ia apparenl, and other proof it superfluous. A pinicy has undoubtedly been committed. " But if only a rmall portion of the' work is quoted, then it becomes necessary to show that It m done animo /itrandf, with llie intonlfon of depriving the uuthor of his Just reward, by giving hii woik to the public in a cheaper form. And then the mode of doing it becouies a subject of'^lnquiryi fotitii BOOK. BOOKS. 107 ,n|i|(|«nt to eonitltate ii plmry, thnt pnrt nf one mithor'i honk It (Viiind In ttint of anoflier, nntcn fiL nMrly Ihe whole, or fo iiiuih ai will iliow (lirliin b qiieillon of fiicl for the Jury) tliat It wta iM wlih s !>■<' Ii>'*"l> *"<' ''"" "" t"*!'*!' which accuinpanlet it hni been eolovrailn Introduced."— ""ir * work be of inch a llbeMmm or miichlevoui nntiiro an to ofTrrt the puhlie moral; and that thfl ihnr cannot maintain iin action nl liiw ii|hiii it, a court of pqiiliy will not Inti-rpoHo wllh nn liijunc- ! . M nrotcrt ihnt which cnnnot be culled property. Kven if tliere be a doubt aa tu ita evil lendancy, ili lord Chancellor will not lnterfere."-(0«i/«n. p. 919.) n. Exptdimei/ oflimiiing Copyrlqhti to Twenty-right Years. — It ii argued by many ihitcopyrighta iliould be made per}ietual ; that were this done, men of talent and learning Kouid devote themaelvca much more readily than at preaeiit to the composition of worka xt- quiring great labour ; inaamuch a« the copyright of auch worka, were it perpetual, would be in ulequate proviiion for a family. But we duul)t much whether thcae onticipationa would be realiied. Mo»t booka or manuacripta are purchased by the bookaellera, or publiahed upon the prenumption that there will immediately be a conHidcrablo demand for tliern ; atid we ap« prebend that when copyrights are secured for 28 years certain, very little more would bo (ivcn for them were they made perpetual. AVIien an annuity, or the rent or profit ariaing out of any fixed and tangible property, with respect to which there can bo no risk, ia sold, if the number of years for which it is to continue be considerable, the price which it is worth, mil which it fetches, does not differ materially from what it would bring were it perpetual. But the copyright of an unpubliHhcd work is, of all descriptions of property in which to spe- culate, the most hazardous ; and the chances of reaping contingent advantages from it, at the diitance of 28 years, would be worth very little indeed. . Those who write books, and those who publish them, calculate on their obtaining a ready inJ exteneivc sale, and on their being indemnified in a few years. Very few authors, and itiil fewer booksellers, are disposed to look forward to so distant a perio advantageous to the public. Suppose an individual calculates a tuble of logarithms to fivo or seven places; if his computations be correct, no improvement can be made upon them, to the extent at least to which they go ; but is he or his assignees to be entitled, in all lime to come, to prevent other individuals from publishing similar tables, on the ground of invasion nfprivatc property 1 Such a pretension could not be admitted without leading to the most mischievous consequences; and yet there is no real ground (though the courts have at- tempted to make one) on which die claim in question and others of the same description could be rc8i«,ted, were copyrights made perpetual, and placed in all respects on the same fooling as other property. We therefore, are clearly of opinion that good policy sug- gests the limitation of the exclusive right of printing and publishing' literary works to such a reasonable period as may secure to authors the gieatcr ])art of the profit to be de- rived from their works ; and that this period being expired, they should become public property. Perhaps the period of S8 years might be advantageously extended to 35 or 40; but we are satisfied that more injury than benefit would resul* to literature, by extending it beyond that term. In France, copyrights continue for 20 years after the death of the author. In most of the German states they are perpetual ; this, however, until very recently, hardly in- demnified the authors for the ease with which spurious copies might be obtained from other states. But by a late resolution of the Diet, a copyright secured in one state is good in all. III. Taxes on Literature. — These taxes have been carried to such an extent in England u to be in the highest degree injurious. They are at one* impolitic, oppressive, and unjust ; imiwlitic, because they tend to obstruct the growth and difTusion of knowledge ; oppressive, lecause they very fiequently swallow up the entire reward of the labours of the most descrv- big persons; and unjust, because they are not proportioned to the value of the article on which they are laid, and are, indeed, much oftener paid out of cajiital than out of profit. These taxes consist of the duty on paper — (See Papkk), the duty on advertisement— (SeeAnvKRTisKMKNTs), and the 11 copies given to the public libraries. The follow ing statements, drawn up by a very competent authority (Mr. Rees, of the firm of Longman, Rees, and Co.), show the mode in which they operate. They refer to an octavo volume of 500 pages, the paper such as this, with the ordinary quantity of matter on the page, and sold ly retail for 12*. a copy. Estimate of the cost of such a volume, when 500, 750, and 1,000 copies are printed, ihowing what part of this cost consists of taxes. b2 101 BOOK, BOOKS. rivt Ilunirtd CopU*. Prinllni ind eorraelioM Pii|M>r HonrillnL Adverlla 1.- 11 eoplM to public llhrarlei. 14 cupls* (lujr) to kuthur. 479 enple* (br lala it 8s. M. . . - Uniluct coil . . . • • Proflt 10 aiithnr ar.rt puhllihnr, eommliiian, and inla- nit on capital, Kk*n aU ur$ soli . . • Btvin Hundrsd and Fift) CopUs. Priiillni and eorrecilona . • . - • Papnr -....-. BiHinUnii ..-•••- AdvurtUIng ..•-.. 11 eoplei to public tibrarlei. 14 copiei to aulhori. 733 cnpici fnr lale at 8f . M. ... Uoduct cult ..... Prnflt to author and puhllihcr, eommliilun, and Inte- X .qq reit on capital, wjkia all art sold - - - J £ I d. 100 17 II 107 6 S3 9 II £ s. d. !tOS 8 9 805 1 1 5 On§ Thousand Copisi, Printing and eoneetlons Paper Boarding Advackliing 11 enplea to public llbrarlei. 14 coplei to author. 07S cnpioR fnr inle at Ss. M. Deduct coit C '" "*"***• " miililiMoftheinbroi Ifiivf ih* cuHtoniary rii diirffpnt. The taiie f fidui individuals arc e> inil ev«n «« to the sale ilTnir, that a publisher Cfiliptrtof it»r.'gulBi liunii-nnkf r or the toh On I inte investigot ihilof 130 works pub the 80 that did pay, 15 iKond editions had n piibliihfd. ti fourth do pnled with advantuf. fc alTmn that not one Now, when such is nine duly on all work fall principally on the thor and jiublisher j bi nauy rancs tliore are i ofthe unfortunate out oisfsbyalhrowofthei V ihrK has Xtatn in t( l«oki must be taxed, I oliliijed to keep an ace not let the loss arising ■peculations are unsuc ti'inoftixBtinn, than \ The reduction of tb Dut the above stateme idfquate. It acknow dutv ought to have be( 170,000/. a year ; and peal, and b) thcrepea peater proiluctiveness lion. The advertisem un pamphlets : it may, in 80 far at least as the But we object altc published. It is not f wise than unjust. T! tifs according to the n however imposed, by i among the poorer an tame time that they c( have every quality tha The delivery of elev exjjensive class of woi iuch works would in i to make such a sacrifn A tax of this sort w( luch is not the object the eleven copies are iielonging to particula Why, when an authc Ihe lawyers of Edinbi tliese bodies pretend eipedlent, in order ti BOOK, BOOKS. 100 IJi, Urf. rf •'"•y ^'*^ • upwiiktlon hy which the •iillior hml lo«t all hU lihour, bimI the luiiMllvr 3AA "^"^ <*^ '■■* capital ! 'Phe nirri* pnmilliility of mirh ft aiinpoditinn \m\nt( rriliinli wouM he a iiifncipnt Krmiinl for a rpviiion of thn (hittm ; liiit, in |)oint of (net, aurh tun, itnt»B«l of IminB merely ix)ii«ili|e or rare, are of tvrry day imirrfnre f Tlirre i* a radical ilitreri'iice l)vtwcrti the drnianil for lioukN, or oi I'ikkI for the mind, ami M for the lio The latter in alwnya aure, under any circiimiitanrt's, to romtimnd • mIi*. Tlif demand for it in comparatively coPHtant ; it cannot lie diN|ienw'tl with. It' h lux be laid on mull, hil», omhoeii, it will, pcrhapa, aomcwhut leHKen the demand for these articl*"' ; but tho ninntiliw of them brought to market, in future, will aell for such nn ad iineed price mh will Ifiivf the lUtitomBry riito of profit to their proilucera. IJut wilh boi>!ia the ra*v i» aitoRither dllK'n'nl. The tante for them ill pruverbiallv capricinua; lo inuci ro, that the Mi»it sa(;a- rioui inilividuaU arc every doy deceived in their anticipationM an to ti, hHcm-hii of new woffcn, mil even m to the lale nt new edition*. Rut if a lionk do not take, it in in very ruinoun an ilTdr, thtta publiRlier i* ^Ind to diapoae of the greater [mrt of an impreanion ut a fourth or (All pert of itn regular price; and ia oi\en, indeed, obliged to aell it na watte paper to thu Itunk-niikf r or the tobacconiat. On t Inte invcatigation into the afTaim of an extennive puhliahinK concern, it wna found, ihitnf 130 works publinhed hy it in a pven time, A/Vy hod not paid their expense*. Of thc80 that did pay, 13 only had arrived at a aecoml edition; but, in muHt iuHliincea, theae iKond cditioni had not been profitable. In generol it n)ay be e«tiinnteil, that of the liookit niibliihed, nfmirth do not poy their oxpenHca; and that only orte in eiifht or ten can be re- prlnled wilti advantaf^e. Aaroa[)eclii pamphlet*, we know we are within tlie mark, when »f nHinn that not one in fifty poy a the exponwa of its publication ! Now, when tuch is the fact, can any thing be more glaringly unjuKt than to impoae the lamc duly on all work* before they are publiahcd 1 In a very few cosea, such duly may fall principally on the huyera, and l>e only a reaanimhle most despotical states treat au.hors better than they have hitherto been treated by the Ie,n4 ture of England. IV. Book Trade of Great Britain. — London is the great centre of the British hook tradf the number of new publications that issue from its preiisos being far greater than all ibi appear in the rest of the empire. Within the course of the last forty yoars, however, mam very important works, have been published at Edinburgh ; but the latter, us well as ihoi that appear at Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, &c., are principally disposed of by theLodiJon trade. The booksellers of Edinburgh, and of all the provincial towns, have agents in Loj. don to whom they consign a certain number of copies of every work they publish; and to whom, also, they address their orders for copies of such new or old works as they haveocci. si(m for. The London booksellers, who act as ageiitS' for those in the country, arc in ibe habit of regularly despatching parcels to their correspondents on the last day of each month with the magazines and other monthly publications; but if any new work of intere^ appears in the interim, or orders be received from the country that cannot bo conveniently deferred to the end of the Tionth, a parcel is immediately forwarded by coach. The bodk'. sellers of Edinburgh and T) ublin act as agents for those of London, and supply the Scotcli and Irish country trade with the metropolitan publications. The price of new works is fixed by the publishers, who grant a deduction to thcretai dealers of from 20 to 25 per lent. on the price oi quartos, and from 25 to 30 per cent, on that of octavos, and those of s nailer size. The credit given by the publishers to the tetaih varies from seven to twelve montlks; a discount being allowed for prompt payment at the rate of 5 per cent per anr am. From inquiries we nave made, we believe it may iie laid down that alx)ut 1,500 rnlumes of new p'- Plications (exclusive of reprints, pamphlets, and periodicol publicathiu not in volumes) arc annually produced in Great Britain : and, estimating ttie average im- pression of each volume at 750 copies, we have a grand total of 1,125,000 volumes; the value of which, if sold at an average publication price of 9s. a volume, would be 506,25Dl The number of repruited volumes, particularly of school-books, is very groat; and if to the* we add the reviews, magazines, pamphlets, and all other i>ublications, exclusive of newipj. pers, the total publication value of the new works of all sorts, and new copies of old work!, that are annually produced, may be estimated at about 750,000/. At an average of thi three years ending with 1831, 1,176 new works were annually entered in Stationers' Hall; but, as no account is kept of the size or price of these works, this return furnishes no clae by which to judge of the number of volumes, their magnitude or value. This deficiency might easily be supplied cither by the Stationers' Hall or tlie British Museum keeping la account of the size and price of all the new books coming into their hands, and making an annual abstract of the same. The old book trade carried on in Great Britain is very extensive, and employs manj dealers. The price of old books depends very much on their condition ; but, indepcndentlj of this circumstance, it is very fluctuating and capricious; equally good copies of the same works l)eing frequently to be had in some shops for a half or a third of what they ran In bought for in others. V. Res;ulalioi}s as to Iinporfalinn nf Works. — For the duties, see TAniFF. To prevent foreign books and maps, the property of individuals, from being charged with duty mote than once, the proprietor shall, on each importation 8ub:^equent to the original one, mak( oath, that the dutii-s were paid when they were first imported, or that he purchased tlieiDij this country in a fair way of trade ; that they are the identical books or maps he cx|ii)rtfil from tliis kingdom, and that they are now brought back for his private use, and not for salt, — (Treasury Order, 3d, and Ciisfonui Ordfr, 8th of October, 1818.) No books, first composed, written or printed in the United Kingdom, imported foi sale, except books not reprinted in the United Kingdom within 20 years, or being parts of colb tions, the greater part of which had been conipn.«ed or written abroad, shall bo imported into the United Kingdom, under forfeiture thereof. — (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 53. § 58.) Books first composed or written, or printed and published, in the United Kingdom, and reprinted in any otlicr country or place, may not be entered to be warehoused. — § 59, 'i'ho permission to import English works reprinted abroad for |irivate use, is limited tm tingle copy of each work, brought as a part of a passenger's baggage, for tlie private use of Uie parties themselves. — ^Treasury Order, 29tli of June 1830.) daring each of tli BOOK, BOOKS. 201 Amount. Teir. Amnunt. Tew. AmounL £ i. d. 12,987 8 9 13,035 7 11 15,339 1 9 17,2.37 17 3 1825 1820 1837 £ 1. d. 17,095 18 6 10,785 3 8 11,133 3 9 1828 1829 1830 £ « d. 11,028 18 1 11,400 8 3 11,869 4 4 L .nt nf the Ammint of Duty paid upnn the Foreign Bnnka Imported into the TTntted Kingdom r during each of tlie Ten Yeari ending with 1830.— (Port, Paper, No. 146. Scs8 1832.) Tar. 1951 1S« i*a m VI. Book Trade of France, — The activity of the French press has been very greatly Increased since the downfall of Napoleon. The Count Daru, in a very instructive work hiitions Statisliqites sur la Lihrairie) published in 1827, estimated the number of printed kMts exclusive of newspapers, produced by the French press in 1816, at 68,852,883 ; and 182,5, at 128,011,483 ! and we believe that the increase from 1823 down to the present leriod has been little if any thing inferior. The quality of many of the works that have ,„vntly issued '"rom the French press is also very superior ; and it may be doubted whether Bch works as the Biographic Universelle, the new and enlarged edition of the Art de verifier , j)f^oj in .38 vols, octavo, and the two octavo editions of Bayle's Dictionvy, could have jen puhlished in any other country. The greater number of new French works of merit, jr which it is supposed will command a considerable sale, are immediately reprinted in the Aelherlands or Switzerland, but principally in the former. To such an extent has this kinlical practice been carried, that it is stated in the Requite presented by the French book- yim to government in 1828, that a single bookseller in Brussels had, in 1825 and 1826, md the first six months of 1827, reprinted 318,615 volumes of French works! Having Cothing to pay for copyright, these counterfeit editions can be aflbrded at a lower price than lose (hat are genuine. This is a very serious injury to French authors and publishers, not jnly by preventing the sale of their works in foreign countries, but from the ease with which fpurious copies may be introduced into France. All the French booksellers are brevetea, thot is, licensed, and sworn to abide by certain pre- icrii)ed niles. This regulation is justly complained of by the publishers, as being vexatious ind oppressive ; and as tending to lessen the number of retail booksellers in the country, liiil to prevent that competition which is so advantageous. ' The discount allowed by the French publishers to the retail dealers is not regulated, as in England, by the size of the volumes, but by the subjects. The discount on the sale of hooka If history, criticism, and general literature, is usually about 25 per cent. ; in the case of mathematical and strictly scientific works, it is seldom more than 10 or 15 per cent.; while bpoii romances, tales, &c. it is often as high as 50 or 60 per cent. VII, German Book Trade. — " This trade is very much facilitated by the book fairs at icipsic; the Easter fair being frequented by all the booksellers of Germany, and by those of lome of the neighbouring countries, as of France, Switzerland, Denmark, Livonia, &c., in Lriler to settle their mutual accounts, and to form new connections. The German publisher lenilii his publications to the keeper of assortments d condition, that is, on commission, for a terlain time, after which the latter pays for what have been sold, and may return the re- mainder. This is not so favourable for the publisher as the custom in the French and Eng- |kh book trades, where the keepers of assortments take the quantity they want at a fixed late. In the German book trade, it is the custom for almost every house, either in the coun- or abroad, which publishes or sells German books, to have its agent at Leipsic, who mm and distributes its publications. A., of Riga, who publishes a book calculated for Sic German trade, has his agent B., in Leipsic, to whom he sends, free of expense, a number f copies of his publication, that he may distribute the now work to all the booksellers with Jthom he is connected, from Vienna to Hamburgh, and from Strasburgh to Konigsberg, each |fnhom has his agent in Leipsic. Instructions arc also given as to the number of copies to • sent to each. B. delivers those copies in Leipsic to the agents, who send them every keck, or more or less frequently, by the post or by carriers, at the expense of the receiver. !l.,ofStrastiurgh, who finds that he has not received copies enough, writes for an additional lunilier of copies to his agent D., of Leipsic : D. gives the order to B., who delivers the liiraber wanted to U., to be transmitted to C. This arrangement is advantageous to the Efniian book trade, as well as to Leipsic. The dealer receives every thing from Leipsic ; Ind as a great number of packets, with books from all parts of Germany, arrive there for lini every week, he can have them packed together and sent at once. Tlie can iagc is thus Bucb less than if the packets were sent to him sejiarately from the diflereiit jiiaces ; and tho pole businefi:^ is simplified. The booksellers are also enabled to agree with ease on a cer- liii discount per cent. No such intimate connection of the booksellers has yet been formed 1 any other country. The German booksellers rarely unite, as is the practice in England, 1 undertaking the publication of extensive works." — (German CunversationS'Lexicon, Imcrican edition.) : The literary deluge which commenced in Germany in 1814 still continues to increase 26 1 I |i I, >)i, ;! ;JI .1 ' i ; :m\ k i bl :i> l hi. ( : — (Foreign Qnarierly Review, No. XIV. p. 551.) *• (We are glad to have to announce that, during the course of the present year (1835) I the taxes alTectiiig books have been very materially diminished, — Ist, ))y the duiieil on paper having been reduced a half, or from Srf. per lb. to 1 J(/. ; and 2d, by iu havim been enacted that Jine only instead of eleven copies of new works are in future to be fur. nished, at the expen^se of authors and publishers, to public libraries. (6 & 7 Will. 4, can 110.) These important reductions will be of the greatest service to tlie interests of lib>n, ture, and will contribute, in no slight degree, both to lessen the risk of publication, ami u I reduce the cost and price of books. It is to bo hoped that, at no distant period, the remain. I der of the paper duty and the advertisement duty may both be repealed. However rediicni I all duties on books are liable to the fundamental ohjectiim (see Diet. p. 198.)of l)eiii|| imposed on articles that may not, and, indeed, very fre(|uently do not, sell ; and when loth I is the case, the duties have to be either partially or wholly paid out of the capital of ih« I authors or publishers. The advertisement duty is still very heavy, and it is, at the saim I time, most unfair. What, in fact, can be more subversive of every principle of justice tb I to impose the same duty on the announcement of the publication of a sixpenny pamphlct,ii on that of the sale of an estate worth 100,000/. 1 Luckily, this duty may be relinquiilied without any sensible sacrifice. The total produce of the advertisement duty, in ]$3i, amounted only to the trifling sum of 96,910/. ; and, as its repeal would be of as mucbjei- 1 vice to commerce as to literature, it cannot, surely, be permitted to exist much longer. Compensation is to be given by the public to the six public libraries that have abandonn! I their claim to copies of each new work. The Advocates' Library of Edinburgh Etill relaini its privilege of receiving a copy ; but it is not easy to see why it should bo entitled to anysudi distinction. It is essentially a /^Wva^e im/<7u<(on, from which the public arc carefully ei- eluded, and there neither is nor can be any good reason why an author should be obliged bi present it with a copy of his works. The following statement maybe substituted for that given in the i)/c/. p. 19S. Itii| derived from the same source, and shows the /we^en/ cost of printing and publishing u octavo volume of about 500 pages, — the paper such as this, with the ordinary quantity of matter on the page, — when 5U0, 750, and 1,000 copies are printed: It further shows vthii portion of the cost consists of duty, and the profits of tlio author and publisher on eacknli' I tion, supposing the volume to be sold by retail at 12.f. a copy, and the entire edition tol» | sold off. A similar statement is subjoined for a pamphlet of 80 pages. Five Hundred Copiei, Printing and corrections Paper BoardinK Advertising 5 cnpios to pnhlic lihrarlos. 14 copies to autlior, &c. 481 copies fnr sale at Ss. 5d. - - - Deduct co3l ...... Fnr prnlit tn aiittior and pul)li!d"=''"«'="°"" ...---. Paper --""■"*" " tmiiint --------- iilrertiiing . - - . . - - 5 copies tn puhllc librarlei. H copies to author, &c. .■ . . • £ f. d. DSI copies for Bale at 8*. 5d. - - - - 413 16 « Ucductcost 346 14 Total Co«. Wbr O11I7. £ s. d. 103 14 64 30 60 £ I. d. 8 13 1 11 15 346 14 14 14 5 5 5 13 6 10 35 3 ._ , i . . ,i 13 5 3 10 rnrDrollt to author and pubiwiier, commUBlon, ana in- J ib« o o ,f,„inn capital. wAenuH sow - - - f "o ^ » Pamplilet of 5 sheets, 500 prinUd. Prinlini? -_ "j,".. " Eitrs corrections and altcrationa ..... P«per -------- - flilcl)in« ....--... Advertising (say) -.------ U copies for author and public libraries. « copies for sale, at 25 for 3i. 14». - - . 51 6 Deduct cost - - - - - -35 11 6 35 11 6 3 3 S for profit to author and pumlsiicr, interest &c. vmen all > 15146 artsoU. ----- . i hmporiation of BooJcs. — Under the late law, such books as might lie imported were nd- Ittfll, provided they were of editions printed in or since the year 1801, on payment of a Ity of 5/. a cwt. ; but this duty has been reduced to 2/. 10s. a cwt ; with the additional ]i)viso,that the books, besides being printed in or since 1801, are in foreign livinij; lan- Ki^es.— (4&d Will, 4 c. 89 § 15.) This condition was inserted principally to obviate erisk of dictionaries, or the class books used in our schools, being supplied from the Con- leiit; the booksellers contending that the 2/. 10«. a cwt of duty was insuflicient to balance ! influence of the paper duty, and the peculiar burdens incident to the getting up of books ) this country. It has been alleged, indeed, that it will not elfect its purpose ; bocauee, as Iconlended, both Latin and Greek are living languages ; the former being spoken in cer- lin parts of Hungary and Poland, and the latter in Greece! But the intention of the ^slature is too ohvious to admit of its being defeated by any quibbling of the sort now men- bned, By a living language is meant a language spoken by a nation or people, and not by Ifew learned individuals ; and the dialect of the modern Greeks is abundantly diH'creiit loin that of their ancestors. The duty of 1/. a cwt. on foreign books printed prior to 1 801 Rght to be repealed ; it throws obstructions in tlie way of their importation, while it is quite ductive of revenue. ^miesling of English Boohs from abroad. — Very considerable loss is sustained by literary men and noksellerj, by the clandestine inipcirtation of English worlts printed abroad, of wliiili the copyright ijnolespircd. There is hardly, in ftict, one of onr popular authorB, copies . f whose works, printed jFrince or America, may not be readily procured in London ; and as tho«e by whnin they are printed Ire npitlier cnpyrisbt nor paper duty io pay, they are able niateriully to undersell the native article. [isfiirely iimiccesBnry to say, that every practicable efTort should be made to hiiidiT such an inva- p of private property ; anil in this view we ht'R to suppcst, that the permission given to persons fciiinc from abroad to bring with them single copies of all prohibited works, ought to be withdrawn. iopi 119 a dnnr for smuggling and fraud; and there is neither sense nor jiititire in allowing any indi- Idiiil loinviide the rights of another, merely because he has been across the Cliantiel. A sipecitic ■Tinliy, tecoverahle by a sumniary process, ought abo to be imposed on every individual offering Kli liiiiikft fur Biile. This would be much more elfectuul in preventing stich practices than the exist- I law-See Diet. p. 1«6.— Si/p.) I [In addition to the statements of the author concerning copyright in the difTcrent Euro- ian f ountrics, wc may mention that the government of Denmark, by an ordinance of the Ihof May 1828, not merely sanctioned a perpetual right of literary property in its own Ihjpcts, but even went so far as to assert a similar right in the couc of foreigners, by pro- piliiij; all reprints of foreign books, excepting by un itiithoritv' to do so derived from their pihors or proprietors abroad. Copyright in Russia, by law emicted in 1828, was conferred Jon an author and his heirs, until the ex[)iratiiin of 2.5 ycavrf after \m death. A law of the pth January 1817, common to both Holland and Uel^iuin, and proluibly still in force, not- lilhftanding the separation of the two countries, guarantees the right of literary property |ra|)criod extending from the publication of a book until 20 years after the death ol an I'T ; any edition of his work, published without his consent, being rendered liable to liillscalion. The publisher is also subjected to a penalty, e(iuivaU'nt to the price of 2000 1'ii's, to accrue to the benefit of the party injured, and is obliged to pay a considerable fine ) be appropriated to the support of the poor. On again ofFendiiig in a similar manner, the 1.1 If <■ JW:;.;: is If :>t .! ■ illiiil wm BOOK, BOOKS. :,: 1 I "\ ' publisher may be declared incapable of pursuing his occupation. The disturbed condip of Spain and Portugal, for some years past, renders what the law is in those countriei ceming the press and literary property of comparatively little moment. And in tesiMJ Italy and Switzerland, whatever protection to authors is professedly granted liy thei;^ nientfl of die different stales into which they are subdivided, these states are so numerous " BO independent of each other in their legislation on the subject of literary property, thitt, little protection is in reality afforded. A work which appears at Florence may, for em, be immediately reprinted at Modeiia ; and the possibility of any pecuniary advanUnb derived by the author from his labours may thus be at once entirely frustrated. An author, in the United States, by the act of Congress of May 31>it, 1790,'roiii encouragement of learning, &c," had, if a citizen or a resident in the country, an eicliu copyright in his works conferred upon hira for a term of 14 years, — a right renewablenL this term shall have expired, provided the author be then living, in favour of him ami l legal representatives, for the farther term of 14 years. By an act passed February 3d \m the privilege in question is to be enjoyed in the first instance during a term of 28yeats'|i if, at the expuration of this term, the author, or his widow, or any child of his, be still li'm, it may be enjoyed for 14 years more. The expense of procuring a copyright is very triiiu and only one copy of a work is required from the author, which is to be delivered to & Secretary of State, to be preserved in his office. Latterly, there has been almost every where a tendency to extend the right of litem property ; and the justice as well as expediency of assimilating it to the right of propeitr j material things, by making it perpetual, has been argued with much earnestnesg and foig The desirableness, too, of an international copyright law, placing the rights of authors same footing in every portion of the civilised and literary world, has been of latefrquem expressed in quarters entitled to the highest respect These topics were brought to the o sidcration of the Congress of the United States, in the winter of 1837, by a petition sii by 56 British authors, asking the privilege to secure copyrights for their works intheUoi States. The committee of the Senate, to whom this petition was referred, made a m favourable to the object of the petitioners, accompanied by the following bill, whicli \ however, not acted upon. A Bill to amtitd the act entitled "An Act to amend the several acts reipecling copyrigii." "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of JlmerUa in Ciii.. lusembled, Tliat tliu provisions of the net to amend the several acts respecting copyri^lils, uhicbr. Ka9ECcl on the third day of February, eighteen hundred and thirty-one, sli:ill be extcmleil lo,iDdii eneflts thereof may be enjoyed by, any suliject or resident of t>ie United Kingdom of Great Brils and Ireland, or of France, in the same manner as if they were citizens or residents of ilie liu Slates, upon depositing a printed copy of the title of the book or other worit for which a copjriiili desired, in the clerk's office of the district court of any district in the United States, aiidcomiM with the other requirements of the said act : Provided, Thnt this act shall not apply to any of if works enumerated in the aforesaid act, which shall have been etched or engraved, or prInteiliM published, prior to the passage of this act : And provided, also. That, unless an edition of theiij for which It is intended to secure the copyright, shall be printed and publish'-d in the United i\sn simultaneously with its issue in the foreign country, or within one month alter depositing asi(on said the title thereof in the clerk's uftice of the district court, the benefits of cnpyrigiit hereby alloiJ shall not be enjoyed as to such work." For a concise and excellent view of what has been done c;i the subject of copyii generally, both abroad and at home, we may refer the reader to the little work eniit " Remarks on Literary Property" by Philip H. Nicklin, Esq., lately published. He willj well repaid for the time he may spend in its perusal. The progress of publication and of the book trade in the United States has been eica ingly rapid. Previous to the year 1803, most of the books published, besides the BilJt were such as were adapted for elementary instruction in the schools. In that year tk\M of the Bible was set up by Mathew Carey, Esq., then actively engaged in the businesil bookselling and publishing, and kept permanently &t:indiiig in the 4to form. Longil wards, however, pocket Bibles and other kinds continued to bo imported, chiefly from S«l land. There cannot, at the present time, be less than 100 sets of stereotype plat(!s,ofii rious sizes, in use for the printing of Bibles. .^t the date above mentioned, such standard works as Shakspcare and the Pil;ni'| Progress were constantly imported. Now there must be half a dozen sets of plates of Siul speare alone. A fact evincive of the great extent to which the book trade is carried on is the divisiondl labour which exists among our principal booksellers and publishers. One deals exclusmlf in law books ; another confines his attention to medicine ; another again to theology; asiil fourth is concerned only with school books. The most extensive and costly works have been printed in the United States; i Rees's and Brewster's Encyclopoidias. The first trades' sale took place in 1824. Since that time the amount of books anniiJ disposed of at trades' sales has been constantly increasing; until the amount atpresciitl) probably reached the sum of half a million of dollars. Mpr. Forth Cash ; amount at Exchequer Bill Bills Becfivabl Three AND A HAL Debenture Acco Ship Amelia ; oi Adventure in If 7 James Bailey & a i Thomas Watson " William Spence iM ttpt. F 8 To Bills Pavab 3 To Insurance ; 9 To Morris Pitm 4 To James Fordf 7 To Simon Frazf 1 To James Alla* 8 To Qeorqe and Balance, being tli 1 BOOK, BOOKS. 205 I The sale of five bookselling establishments, it is said, amounted, in 1836, to f 1,350,000. And it was stated in a report made to the United States Senate during the late session of jwss "that the number of persons employed in the United States, in the various braiichea C^tfi with book-making and periodical publication, is estimated at 200,000, and the 11111 employed in those branches, at from 30 to 40 millions of dollars." fne progress of authorship in this country has been perhaps more rapid than in any It commenced, of course, with the books used in schools, for which there was a large miiu]. The authors of such books, it is probable, derive a larger revenue from their works 1 ia any other country. American school books are now constantly reprinted in Eng- This is even occasionally true in reference to American editions of the Greek and m classics in use for purposes of instruction. Books of science also, which are used in colleges and higher seminaries, have become almost universally American. Step by we have risen, until Irving and Cooper ha\e obtained higher prices for their works I bave been received in Europe, except by a very few authors. Of Prescott's " Ferdi- nand Isabella" 3,000 copies have been printed, and nearly all have been sold in 16 koihs. Of Bancroft's " United States" 4,00U have been sold. A single publisher is said Uare paid, in the five years preceding 1834, $135,000 for copyrights, out of which 001)0 were for two works only. Carey, Lea, and Blanchard subsequently paid $30,000 li'singleyearto American writers; and Harper and Brothers have paid about the same aforseverol years past. iThe imports of books into thiacountry, in the years 1834, 1835, 1836, and 1837, amounN Jin value to $175,635, $204,953, S293,371, and $248,164, respectively; and the exports (books, during the same period, to $42,543, $67,354, $61,553, and $4 1,438. The former lie chiefly from England and France ; while the latter were, for the most part, destined for (Mexican and South American market. It may be added too that the exports consisted itly of books printed in the United States. — Am. Ed.] fBOOK-KEEPING, the art of keeping the accounts and books of a merchant. Book- >pii)g by double entry means that mode or system in which every entry is double, that is, tbothadebtor and a creditor. It is called also the Italian method, because it was first I in Venice, Genoa, and other towns in Italy, where trade was conducted on an ex- uive scale at a much earlier date than in England, France, or other parts of Europe. This ihod, however familiar to merchants and book-keepers, seems intricate to almost all who |ve not practised it; nor is the dryness and difficulty of the task much lessened by the M works on the subject, which, having been compiled more by teachers than by practi- I merchants, contain a number of obsolete rules and unnecessary details. The most eiTect- I mode of giving clearness and interest to our remarks will be, first to state a few mer- JDlile transactions, and then to explain the nature of the accounts and entries which result ithem. |Thc Journal of a mercantile house ought to open, at the beginning of each year, with an neration of their assets and debts, as follows ; — oliorf SUNDRIES Drs. to STOCK. £ «. d For the following, being the assets of the house. 1 Cash ; amount at the bankers' this day (1st Jan.) ... 2,55 J 1 Exchequer Bills ; amount in hand ..... 5,?i0 / Bills RecEivADLE; in hand, ns per bill book .... 7,300 L-J 1 Three andahalfpgr cent. Stock, 6,000{., valued at 901. V lOOt. stock 5,400 8 Debenture Account ; drawbacks receiviible at the Custom-house - S13 6 Ship Amelia ; our three eighths of tlial vessel ... 3,000 7 Adventure in Irish Linen ; amount in hand, computed at cost price . 3,467 James Uailev & Co., Uverpnol; due by them .... 1,350 10 Thomas Watson, & Co., Dublin; do. ..... 3,530 12 William Spence & Co., Plymouth ; do. - 970 10 £ 33,391 17 10 4 STOCK Dr. to SUNDRIES. For the debts of the house, as follows :— ToBillsPavablbj amount of acceptances at this date To Insurance ; amount of premiums duo to underwriters To Morris Pitman, Trinidad : balance due to him ... To James Forbes, Deniarara ; do. To Simon Frazer, London ; do . To James Allan & Co., Kingston, JnmaicH ; do. ToGEORosand William Fox, Falmouth i do. .... Balance, being the present capital of the house ... £ t. i. 3,350 10 1,880 15 1,370 5 720 5 960 IS 1,150 10 330 15 8,753 15 83,638 2 10 JE38,391 17 10 Vol 1.-8 -* :i:^ ^m 'M 'ij V I: ,M , ! i -l 206 BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. BOG .|i ; t.^ f ■''■ :m.l: I 'I if :': f "! .' |l"!- Let the transaction to be first explained be an order for goods from a con„ abroad* A house in Jamaica sends instructions to the house at home to buv andiZ] quantity of manufactured articles, suited to the Jamaica market, as follows : ' ™1 Order fiom Jamen Allan tc Co., of Kingston, Jamaica, to IIenrt Bauolav &Do,,of Loni J. A. Linen; I.int SIrelitz OgnntxirRs, 14 bales, about (M. ^ yard. It Co. Heat tow StrKlitz do., >) bales, 4d. or Hd. Bt!8t white Platiling, 1 case. Linen ticic assorted, }ths width, Od., ]«., Is. Sd.; 10 pieces each, cut ug in e.. lengtlis. * *'" ffoollens ; 5 bales Penistones, |ths wide, best Indign bl\ie, U. u yard. Cottona ; SO pieces stout CHlico, 38 yards ouch, Jths wide, 4d. a yard. 50 do. do. do. Itlis, superior, 9d. a yard. 100 do. stout calico shirting, iths wide, superior, fid. a yard Hati ; 4 dozen gentlemen's superfine blacic, 30«. ench. 8 do. do drab, 20«. each. 1 do. youth's do. black, 15». each. SO do. tVIt hats, for negroes, 23s. ^ dozen. Shoen ; 10 dozen prime calf-sldn shoes, full size, O.ts. ^ dozen. 10 do. youth's do 539. ^ dozen. 9 do. gentlemen's dress do. 73s. ^ dozen. This order the London merchant divides among six, seven, or more wholesale dejia according to their respective lines of business. Each dealer, or tradesman, as he is c. monly called, provides his portion of the order in the course of the fortnight, three M or month, allowed him by the merchant ; and when the goods are packed and ready to s| be sends in his account, or bill of parcels, thus :— London, ^hFehrun/Mt Bought of Simon Fbazeb. Messrs. Henry Babclat & Co, J. A. &Co. No. 8. 10 pieces best tow Strelitz Osnaburgs, 146 yards each, at id. V yard Inside wrapper, 16 yards, at 3d. - - - - - • Cord, bale, and press packing . - . . . Then follow, stated in like manner, the particulars of Shales, No. 9. to 16. both inclusive, amounting to ..... J. A. Jfc Co. 39. 40. 41. Messrs. Henrt Barclay St Co. iiii oig London, 20(* feiriwr}, li Bought of J. Borradaile &, Co. Case, 1 dozen and 2 youths' bats and bands, at 15s. each Case (small) ...... Case, dozen felt hats for negroes, at 22s. ^ dozen - Case (large) ...... Do. the same ...... £ s. i. - 10 10 -040 £U 10 HI 1011 - 9 18 - 16 " • 1011 £Kil The merchant, having received the whole of the bills of parcels, fixed on a vessels agreed for the freight, proceeds to make an entry at the Custom-house, and to goods. That done, the next step is to prepare the Invoice, or general account of the d ment, as exhibited in the next page. This invoice, being sent out by the vessel to Messrs. Allan & Co. conveys to tlinl number of particular.^ in a short space ; viz. the mark, the numbers, the value, and then tents of each package. In former times it was the practice to miikc an invoice ven' 1) inserting in it a literal copy of each bill of parcels, but it has now become usual to n each tradesman deliver a duplicate of his account, to be sent abroad with the (jwli.i which case the invoice may be, like the above, little more than a summary of the \i\st parcels. This method has two advantages ; it saves time at the counting-house of theei[a er, and it affords to his correspondent an assurance that no more is charged to li has been actually paid for the articles. An invoice ought to be made out with the utmost care, for it is a document off importance in several respects : first, between the exporting merchant and his con«[ii ent abroad; and next, when in the hands of the latter, it may and gener;<'!. : I'l. 'Jl voucher for calculating the import duty, as well as for the sales etfected to .j' lili'jorot dealers. The sum insured by the exporting merchant generally exceeds the amount of thcinii by 2 per cent., because the recovery of a loss from insurers involves a charge of f " auount It is thus neccssaiy to cover not only the price of the goods, and the cbar^l ming, insurance, and (lo«,toc8ny to theci jiuction. iitoicrof Goods shipped Kingston in Janiaici 3. 3. 7. e.ioi9. lfl.(o24. |».lo38. 39. Puncheon e parcels Do. French calf 3 trunks Case linen \ g bales host of parce 1 cose whit 7 cases the 14 bales lint 1 case ynut! 2 cases felt Entry; dut; Cartage, wl Frelglit and Insurance c Policy c Commisaioi do At 6 month London Joi'n Mioof J For goods ship 1 To James .Iohj 1 To John Wu,s 1 To Simon Fra" 1 To John Mack a To James Bori 2 To Molling & 3 To FREtoHT A( 3 To l.NSURANCE 3 To Charoes ; 3 To Fbopit ani I The preceding invoice, uprises a variety of art »ont of sugar planters ^icB of Plantation Store Master, for Kingston, Ju risk. Jj.T. ■I. to 6. 6 bains lint Os derson Then ftillow, li riniis other packr posing the sliipm Custom-houRe Freight, prima CominiBsion oi Insurance on t Policy dm Commission, i j£*^,idofOetobtr, BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. 807 insurance, and freight, but such further Rum as may enable the shipper, in case 7^\o cany to the credit of his correspondent the amount of the invoice, clear of any iJuction. L ,.j gf Goods >htppe<1 by Henry Dabclay & Co., in tUo Raalin; J. Thnmson, from London to kintston in Jamaica, on account and risk of Messrs. James Allan tc Co. of Kingston. 1 3. 7, 8.1019. , "• If. to 24. li.lo38. 39. 40,1. £ t. d. 93 7 64 16 23 67 3 Funclieon strong calf-skin slioes, V" 3. Jolinson's bill of liarcels ...... Do. do. 4?'do. - French calf-skin slioes, ' 1001. . £30 Policy duty . - . - 3 18 9 Commission, 5 ^?' cent, on liSS.''/. - . . do \ >? cent, on 1»500{. insured £ B. 4 8 7 9 38 10 33 IS 60 15 7 10 £ «. i. 378 15 11 43 S36 5 41 287 4 367 10 10 14 21 8 1,284 18 3 158 n Errors excepted. £1,443 10 At 6 months credit ; duo 6th of September. London, 6lh of March, 18:i0. Henry Barclay &. Co. Journal Entries resulting from the foregoing Invoice. James Allan iSc Co. Drs. to Sundries. For goods shipped to them in the Rawlins, Thomson, for .Tamaica. To James Johnson ; amount of shoes, f his bills of parcels To John Wilson ; linen tick ^ do. To Simon Frazer ; tow Osnaburgs ^ do. To John Mackenzie ; lint Osnaburgs ^do. To James BoRRAnAiLE & Co.; hats ^^ do. To MoLLiNQ & Co.; for Platillas ^ do, To Freioht Account ; freight, primage, and bills of lading To Insurance ; premium and policy ... To CiuncEs ; entry outward, duty, and shipping charges . ToFrofit AND Loss; for commission ... * , ■' - » ■ £ $. d. 278 15 11 42 236 5 367 10 32 2 328 5 4 38 10 6 33 18 9 11 17 6 74 6 £1,443 10 I The preceding invoice, being for account of a mercantile house, who sell again to dealers, uprises a variety of articles : as a further specimen, we subjoii. two short invoices, for mtA of sugar planters, and confined to articles consumed on their entatcr. NICK of Plantation Stores, shipped by Henry Barclay k Co. Ir. the Mventvre, 3. Williamson, Master.for Kingston, Jamaica, by order of Mr. James Thomson, Planter, and for his account and risk. JJ.T. Il.loli. 6 bales lint Osnaburgs, ^ bill of parcels from James An- derson ..... £210 Then follow, in like manner, the mark, number, and contents of va- rimia other packages of plantation stores (hats, shoes, nails. Sec), com- posing the shipment ; amounting in all to . . Charges. £ s. d. Custom-house entry, and shipping charges - - 2 12 6 Freight, primage, and bills of lading . - 18 7 6 Coininission on 2,.'?742. ut 21 ^ cent, - - 5'J 7 Insurance on 2,550/. at 2i, ^ cent, Policy duly .... Commission, i ^ cent. ... 51 6 10 12 15 ^'^n,id of Oetoher. 1830. Errors excepted. Henry Barclay & Cu, i; I 's 1 ; lip 'it! 1 ' 1 li't f l .I'i .iiiji' a < i i 208 BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. iNTOloa of 80 Barrel! of Herrinri, ihlpped by HEimv Barclay A tin. of London In ik. . I Janiei Ferrler, bound to Barbadoei, by order and for account and risk of John IlmVL. ""^lil Planter, and coniigned to him at Bridgetown, Barbadoei. "■"ouioi, t^^^ London, ISth of Pa \iii J. H. I 00 barrel! prime white herringi, deliverable at Bridgetown, Barbadoei. fren I of charge!, at W*. V barrel - - . - - £6j n TIili Invoice Is very ihort ; the areement having been, that the herrings should be d^i,„.7' ■ 9xed price, all charges included. " ""ueiiveredinl AccovnT OF Saiks.— We come now to a transaction of a different kind ; to the hIi>.>I poods imported from abroad. A merchant in England receives from a corresoonl I whether in India, the West Indies, or North America, notice of a shipment of Funar Iff I iico, or other produce, about to be made to England, with instructions to elTect insurance I the computed value. This is the first step in the transaction ; on the arrival of the vJI the goods are entered, landed, and warehoused ; and a broker is instructed to report on iSI state and prospects of the market. On a sale taking place, an account is made outandn warded to the correspondent abroad, as follows: — ' Account Sale of 7 Hlids. Sugar, by the C»re!i, from Trinidad, for account of Mubris Pitticik h. of Trinidad. '^ Insiirnnre on Vtit. at 60s. ^\m. - - £S 9 Policy - - 10 6 Freight of79cwt.85lh«. nl 6s. 4?'cwt Priiimcc. picraep, and trade Duty nn 79cwt. 3S lbs. at 27<. V cwt. Entry . . . Dock dues . . . Landwaiters and entry Wnrehnuse rent, 10 weeks Sninpllnf; . . . . Inourancefl'om Are Interest on freight and duty Brokerage, 1 ^ cent. Commission, 3 19 33 19 Q 106 19 6 3 13 16 1 19 3 153 8 9 81 11 3 £334 M.P. l.to7. cwl. qra. Ibt. 7 Hhdi. welKhlng 87 3 31 Deduct draft - 14 Deduct tare t,.i Errori excepted. Henrt Barclay k Co, We have here on one side of the account, the quantity and value of the goods 9olil;oi| the other, the various charges attending the bringing home, the warehousing, and the sale if the articles. The quantity of goods accounted for in an account sale must be the samea«ig||ii| invoice; if it be less, whether through damage at sea, through waste or any otiier cause, lliil extent of the deficiency should be explicitly stated. By the " overtokcr" in the followii;! sale is meant the additional barrel or package required for the coffee taken outof suchofll>| tierces as have been opened on account of breakage or other damage. Allowances of Weight, — The tare is the weight of the cask, and difl'ers, ofcouneil almost every package: but trett (see the following sale) is a fixed allowance of 5 ikpl tierce in the case of coffee, intended, like draft in the case of sugar, to insure good mv^i\ the buyer, and to enable him to do the same to those who purchase again from him. Account Salb of 20 Tierces of CoflTee, tf' Vitloria, from Demerara, for Account of James FoiBt!,|| Esq., Demerara. CHARGES. Iniiurnnce on 3U tierces at 35f. a tierce, 7002. at SOs. ; policy 3Hs. 9d. I FreiKht on 114 cwt. at , 7s. td. ^ cwt. - £43 19 Primage, pierage, and 1 trade - - 17 6 Dr>ck dues - . - . . LaiidwHiters, entry, and part of bond - . . . . Insurance from fire . . . Carried forward ... £ a. 19 6 rf. 9 J. F. No. l.toSO. 44 3 10 6 1 1 3 PJ 6 6 £76 4 Gross WelRht. Tare. Ciot. qrt. tbt. Cwt, qn. Ibt. 5 tiercel 30 1 7 3 2 15 5 do. 33 3 5 4 5 4 do. 34 3 4 3 3 16 87 1 16 10 2 8 Trett 2 14 Deduct U 33 U 22 Nett 70 a2atl3ls.6(/,1 wt.; Carried forward «>cwt £ I. il GHAIOn. Brought forwa iMiHeialechsrgei - - I Brokerage. 1 f""'- - - lowlMlon.SHg:cent.ona7W. IComnilMlon, ^ . lit. Cwt.fn.U Overtakac 9 10 3; Trett 11 Daduet Nett 330 TTif 3 90 •t 117f. V cwt. : Errora excepted. Dlacount, 1 V cent. Groii proceed! IlENav Barclav Jt Co. £483 17 • 194 9 4 39 IS 863 3 8 lA I 7 £876 5 8 Freight ii charged on the weight of the produce only ; not of the produce and packages pther. This allowance is of old standing, and is to be traced leas to the reason of the ic, than to the competition prevailing among shipmasters. Journal Entries resulting (Vom the preceding Accounts of Sale. June, 1831. THOMAa KcMBLS k, Co, Dra. to Svhdribs. To BuoAR V Ctna. Proceeds of 7 hhdi., M. P. 1. to 7., aold by them at one month's credit, (Vom 3d of April .--...... To CorrSE r. Cork, 3 do. Falnio. Silo. Term< I do. I do. Drawn on T. Jonn, Dublin J. Adanii, L.oiidnD T. Altao. Liverpool To ordtr o/ A. Willlaini O. Wilaon 1). Jonn Diu. 1-4 M»jr 3-6 April S-8Miy L. sac 136 280 /low dttp, o/. Riinier k Co. Sniilh&Cn. Ovorend A Co. The JocRNAL Entries for theac billa are aa follows : — riiio of BILLS RECEIVABLE Dr. to SUNDRIES. For the following remitted this month : To Jamer Bailey k Co. Nn. 630. on T. Jonea, Dublin, due 4th of May To T. W.tTsoK & Co. Nn. 631. on J. Adams, London, due 6th of April . To William Spence tc. Cn. No. 632. oil T. Allan, Liverpool, due 8th of May - £ s. d, 390 139 !60 £745 Biua Payable. — ^The entries under this head are, of course, wholly different from the ding, being for acceptancea of the house given on account of sums owing by ittocorrea- fondenta. Each acceptance ia entered in the book of bills payable, thus : — ilnwn iy J.AIIukCo. G. AW, Fox |jj|l,airll PlMctand Dolt. Jamaica, 15 Jan. Falmouth. 7 Mar. Hull, 6 Mar. 2*0 Order >/ J. Jonea I. Thompaon 0. Darclay On Accowii of J. Allan ft Co. G. ft W. Foi J. Suiith ft Soni Trrm, 90 dajri' aight 16 daya' dito 1 monlh'a date W^CTi acfrp'td. 12 Marcli 14 do. 16 «kt. But. 10— 13 June 22-26 Marth 5— H ditto Sunu I. I. d. I7S 10 73 18 13.! ID The Journal entries for these bills are as follows : — SUNDRIES Drs. to BILLS PAYABLE. For the following bills accepted. James Allan b. Co. No. 151. their draft, due 13th of June 0. tW. Fox. No. 1,12. their drift, due 25th of Mnrch BiMON Frazeb. J. Clark's draft on his occount, due 8th of March -May, 1830.- CASII Da. to THOMAS KEMBLE & Co. 27th. Received from them proceeds of augnr V Ctres Less their brokerage 30th. Received coffee ^ VitUtria - . - Less brokerage ... 234 2 6 9 676 5 6 16 6 7 £ $. d. 175 10 73 15 132 10 £381 15 S31 13 3 669 8 U £901 2 3 WW ,l: U \:t\ \ ■•'['■ \-:'- n. ri ■ Mi tlfl BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. > 1 ^Ki«<>rta 1,600 IS 83 18 5 10 10 9 Dl. Crabobs. Cb. Mat. J 4 To eaih - - 15 a Mar. April 3 May 3 Dy J. Allan k Co. 11 By sugar ^ Ctrii 13 By coffee ' Ceru 107 5 Dl. CorrBB PBB Vittoria. On. AprUJ 3 To iundrlei - 070 S April 3 11 By T. Kenible ft Co. 070 5 Dl. Morris Pittman, Trinidad. Ch. ... ;. -■■..- • ■' " Jan. 1 April 3 3 11 By stock - By sugar ^ Ceres 1,370 5 81 11 3 Dl. James Forbes, Demarara. Cr. . - ! , '• ,Tnn. 1 2 May 3 13 By Blork - By coffee l^riMorio 720 5 571 13 1 Dm. Thomas Kemble & Co., London. Drs. April 3 11 To sundries ■ 910 5 6 April 7 30 May 30 11 13 15 By siiliar <■>■ Ceres By coffee^^ Vittoria By cash 3 fi 16 7 901 2 2 1 910 5 6 Dl. Bills Receivable. Cb. Jin. 1 Mir 3 1 5 To stock - To sundries _ 7,300 15 743 Mar. 1 4 By cash - 930 10 314 Ob. BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. Bills Pavabls. C». Mar. 7 4 To cash - - 338 5 Jan. 1 Mar. 3 2 5 By stock - By sundries 3,359 10 381 IS Dr. Ship Amelia. Ci, Jan. 1 1 To Btock - - 3,000 Mar. 1 4 By cash 175 ! Db. Adventure in Irish Linek. Cfc Jan. 1 1 To stock - 2,467 Dr«. James Bailey St Co., Liverpool. Cm. Jan. 1 1 To stock • - 1,350 10 Mar. 3 M.ir. » 4 5 By cash - By bills receivable 152 i: c 350 DBS. Thomas Watson & Co. Dublin. Cri, Jan. 1 1 To stock - - 3,530 13 Mar. 3 5 By bills receivable 135 DBS. William Sfenoe & Co., Plymouth. Cm. Jan. 1 1 To stock - - 970 10 Mar. 3 Mar. 5 4 5 Bv raph - By hills receivable m 010 260 DBS. Georqe and William Fox, Falmouth. Cm, Mar. 4 Mar. 6 4 To cash - To bills payable - 330 15 73 15 Jan. 1 2 By stock - 320 IS Ob. Debenture Account. C«. Jan. 1 1 To Block - - S13 Mar. 5 4 By cash - 15 SO Dr. Interest Account. Ci. Mar. S 4 To cash - 1 - » 1 10 The LedijDr is thus a refrister of all the entries in the Journal ; and a regi-iter so airanjrf B8 to exhibit on one side all the sums at Debtor; on the other all those at Creditor. Itii kept in the most concise form, the insertions in it hardly ever exceeding a line each, or cot I tuining more than the title of the entry in the Journal. On opening a page in the Ledger, a person unacquainted with book-keeping is apt to consider this brevity unsatisfactory; ud it was formerly the practice to add in each line a few explanatory words. Thus thcentiiti in the account of Simon Frazer, which in our preceding page are briefly £ 9. d. 3.14 a 132 10 March 2fl. To cash ..... 31. To bills payable .... would, at an earlier date in the practice of book-keeping, have been expanded to £ s. d. March IS. To cash paid for eonds per Rawlins ... 2.% 5 20. To ditto paid .1. Jiicksnn for hisncnrmiit - - 98 31. To bills payable, paid J. Clarl. Ilhe error or errors may b |«nd upwards which havi Ilhe whole; and young llthour of revising, adding Iples of the balance being Icarerul and experienced linj perplexity of balanc Ikeeping proccaa ; as wel Ijournal into the Ledger, |balance sheet, which is g Accuracy in addition i Ikeeper. Of the extent Ijudge who have experiei Rhich clerks in banking- balance which c ihe transactions of a yeai Ihcrefore, to divide each This lessens the risk of f Sim, than to do at oni Another important pc -edger entries ; in other Ihe Journal which are p .whether receivable kraount of each specific I inJ generally does, comp peneraily form so large wok-keepers directly frot Bent in the Journal form I rule it is better to tak( ) Ledger entries the tr Red 100. The time rei '■ amply made good, b) flfe of the Ledger at th We have said the clost [he period for striking a Thus, among We BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. m The same Lfilgcr may continue in use from one to five years, according to the size of the I Imok or the extent of tlio transactions of tho house. On opening a new Ledger, it is proper I niace in succession accounts of the same class or character : thus — Stock account ought 1 10 be followed by that of the Three per cent, consols, exchequer bills or other property bc- I kmsin? to the house ; and if the business be with the West Indies, it is fit that accounts ■ith Jamaica should be placed near those with Demerara, Trinidad, and other sugar Bakncing the Ledger. — ^I'his important operation is performed by adding up the Debtor jjid Creditor side of every account in the Ledger, ascertaining the difference or balance in I Mch and carrying such balance, as the case may be, to the Debtor or Creditor column in I ihe balance sheet. On closing, for example, a few of the preceding Ledger accounts, we 1 them to stand thus : — Debtors. Creditors. Cash - - Jaino! Allan & Co. £ t. d. 3,537 15 4 408 10 Simon Frazer Freight Account £ n. d. 780 5 107 4 11 And 90 on with every account except Stock, which, having no entries in the current year, lis put in the balance .sheet exactly as it was in the beginning of the year. Including Stock, I the total at the Debtor side of the balance sheet ouglit to agree exactly with the total at the I Creditor side ; and if it do not, it is a rule in all well-regulated counting-houses to follow up I tlic examination pcrseveringly, until they are made to agree. The apparent difference may Inot exceed a few shillings or a few pence ; still the search is continued, because the smallest Idiscrepancy shows the existence of error, and to an extent perhaps greatly beyond the fiac- ■ lion in question. It often happens, indeed, that, as the examination proceeds, the dilference luiidergoes a change from a smaller to a larger amount, and without increasing the difficulty I of discovering the error, which is as likely to have occurred in the case of a large as of a limallsam. Differences, when in round sums, such as 10/. 100/., or 1,000/., generally lie in I llie addition; fractional sums frequently in the posting. All this, however, is uncertain ; for Itbe error or errors may be in any month in the year, and in any one of the thousand entries lind upwards which have been made in the course of it. Hence the necessity of examining llhe whole; and young book-keepers are often obliged to pass week after week in the tedious lltbour of revising, adding, and subtracting. On the other hand, there are sometimes exam- Iplesof the balance being found on the first trial ; hut such ca?es are rare, and occur only to Itarcful and experienced book-keepers. The only effectual means of lessening the labour lind perplexity of balancing the Ledger, is to exercise great care in every stage of the book- Ikecping process ; as well in making the additions in tho Journal, as in posting from the Ijournal into the Ledger, and casting up the Ledger accounts ; and, lastly, in adding up the Ibalance sheet, which is generally of formidable length. Accuracy in addition is one of the main requisites in a clerk, and particularly in a book- Ikeeper, Of the extent to which it may be attained by continued practice, those only can Ijudge who have experienced it themselves, or have marked the ease and correctness with which clerks in banking-houses perform such operations. They are in the h-ibit of striking balance which comes within small compass ; but a merchant's balance, comprising ihe transactions of a year, extends commonly over a number of folio pages. It is advisable, Iherefore, to divide each page into portions of ten lines each, adding such portions separately. Ifbis lessens the risk of <>rror, as it is evidently easier to add five or six such portions in suc- mn, than to do at once a whole folio containing fitly or sixty sums. Another important point towards agreeing a balance, is to limit carefully the number of ledger entries ; in other words, to comprise as much as possible in those aggregate sums in Ihe Journal which are posted in the Ledger. Thus, in the case of the monthly entries for , whether receivable or payable, while the inner column of the Journal contains the kmountofcach specific bill — the final column, that which U carried to the Ledger — should, Ind generally does, comprise a number of bills in one sum. Entries in the cash book, which generally form so large a proportion of the transactions of the month, are carried by some wok-keepers directly from the cash book into the Ledger, without an intermediate arrange- ment in the Journal form. In some lines of business this plan may answer ; but as a gene- 1 rule it is belter to take the trouble of journiilising the cash, thereby comprising in 30 or ) Ledger entries the transactions of the month, which, when posted se[)arately, would ex- Red 100. The time required for re-writing or rather re-casiing them, will, in most cases, ! amply made good, by exhibiting the cash in a proper form, md by facilitating tho lm« »ice of the Ledger at the close of the year. We have said the close of the year, because, in nine mercantile houses out often, that is |lie period for striking a balance. In some branches of trade, however, the case is other- Thus, among West India merchants, the 30lh of April is the time of balancing, J I^M i !>■' -ij? .ii<:|iiJ ir 1 ! ir.!. <;il; : "f- ! ! != !s' 4- m 216 BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. ^if: becauie at that Reason the sales of the preceding crop are, in general, completed, and tk of the current year not yet begun. Arrears in book-keeping ought to be most carefully >• voided^-calctilated as they areini engender mistakes, and to produce loss from delay in adjusting accounts. The practiced I balancing the Ledger every six months, and of transmitting as often accounts current to tk correspondents and connections of merchants, will, it is to be hoped, become general. If ■ however, hardly practicable in cases where, as too often happens in the lesser mercanii I establishments, the book-keeper is charged with a share of the active management. Eienivl tion from interruption, and removal from the bustle of current business, are main teqiisiu,! to accuracy and despatch in accounts. In examining,, or, as it is called, collating the booli I the book-keeper requires not only a retired apartment, but the assistance of a clerk 1^1 purpose of calling tlicm over. A similar arrangement for another purpose — womoinkl composing the Journal, the book-keeper dictating from the subsidiary books to a clerk nliMi I writing forms the draught or rough copy of the Journal, has as yet been seldom ailopitj I although, when properly applied, it is highly conducive both to accuracy and expedition. I A Ledger must, of course, have an index ; but it is very brief, containing merely tlietiilal of the accounts and a reference to the page, as follows :— Allan & Co., James - Amelia, sliip - Folio 3 6 Bniley &.Co., James Bills payable 7 The Subsidiary Books. — In former times, when business in this country wagconducttjl by most persons on a very limited scale, the accounts of a number of merchants, or rather of I those dealers whom we should now think it a compliment to call merchants, were often keM I on a plan somewhat like that at present followed by our shopkeepers. The merchant or hii I chief clerk kept a daily record of transactions, whether sales, purchases, receipts, or piT.I raents, in a diary, which was called a Wustc-book, from the rude manner in whicii tlit| entries or rather notices in it were written, Itoing inserted, one by one, soon after the tnoi. I actions in question took place. From this diary the Journal and Ledger were posted ; uj I liook-keeping by double entry being in tliose days understood by few, one person frequenijl kept the books of several merchants, passing one or two days in Uie week, at the house of I each, and reducing these rough materials into the form of regular entries. Inproresjofi time, as transactions multipUed and mercantile business took a wider range, separate boob I were more generally required for particular departments, such as a bill book for all biiii of I exchange, and a cash book for all ready money transactions. This had long been the cue I in the large mercantile towns of Italy and Holland; and above a century ago it became 1 1 general practice in London and Bristol, which were then the only ])laces of ex tensive bii» I nessin England. But in English, as in foreign counting-houses, the bill book andevcnthil cash book were long considered as little more than memoranda of details ; not as books of I authority, or as lit documents for Journal entries: for that purpose the diary only nasuwdl In time, however, the mode of keeping these subsidiary books improved, and merchiulil Iiecame aware that, when cash or bill transactions were properly entered in them, the Jon- [ nal might be posted from them as well as from the diary. I Similar observations are applicable to the other subsidiary books, viz. an invoice book for I goods shipped, and an account of sales book for goods received and sold. When from thi I gradual improvement in the management of counting-houses these books wcrekeptiriil manner to supply all that was wanted for Journal entries, the use of the diary wasdispeiiWl with for such entries also. And at lost it was found, that in all well-regulated counlin^ I houses the books kept for separate departments of the business were sufticient fortheml position of the Journal, with the exception of a few transactions out of the regular courxi I which might be easily noticed in a supplementary book called a Petty .Tuunial, orabookdl occasional entries. The consequence was, that the diary or waste book, formerly thegroiiDJ'| work of the Journal and Ledger, became excluded from every well-regulated counting-houal This has long been the case, and the name of waste hook would have been furgotten, mil it not found in the printed treatises on book-keeping which have appeared from time toiimi;! •nd have been generally composed by teachers in schools or academies, who, unacquainril with the actual practice of merchants, were content to copy and reprint what the; Ul Uid down in old systems of book-keeping. ■ . ^ The subsidiary books required in a counting-house are, the Cash book ; Book of Acceptances of Uie house, or Bills PayaMe; Book of Bills Receivable, or bills on other merchants which are or have been in posseisiotj of the house. Bought book, or book for bills of parcels ; ' , , Invoice book, or register of goods sold or exported ; Account of Sales book ; Insurance Policy book, containing copies of all policies of insurance ; Pettjy Journal, or book for such occasional entries as do not belong to anyofltiil preceding. BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. I ire the authorities from which it is now customary, in evi y well-regulated house, I MmDOW the Journal. Their number indicates a repartition or st ^division, to a consider* \. j^t, of counling-house work, and nowhere is such repartition productive of greater i ntaie. How much better is it to enter all bills receivable in one book, all bills payable inother, and all cash transactions in a third, than in any way to blend these very distinct I tries ! 1'he c^^t of this subdivision is to simplify the Journal entries in a manner highly "'nducive to accuracy and despatch ; and to present such means of checking or examining I ta that many transactions may be stated, and an account extended over a number of jjliM, without a single error. The uw of most of the subsidiary books is sufficiently pointed out by their names ; but it I HUT be well to add a few remarks on the " Bought book," or receptacle for the accounts of I eooJs purchased. A bill of parcels is the name given to the account of good j supplied by a imuiufactarer, tradesman, or dealer, to a merchant Such accounts soon become numerous, I J jti, evidently of consequence to adopt the best method of keeping them. In former I times it was the practice to fold them up in a uniform size, and after writing on the back the lnamesoftlie respective furnishers, to put them away in bundles. But wherever the pur- I chases of a merchant are extensive, and the bills of parcels numerous, the better mode, after |imnxi?«> which ia nlwaya to he preferred, especially with a large ihip. The tides, both ebb Id lood itt through the chnnneis with Rreat rapidity, so that a good deni of caution is re(|uired on utiiithetiver; but having once entered, there is no further danger, i^pring tides rise from 14 to ii{Lt,andnesps frnmT t(i8; hut ttiey depend a good deal on the direction of the wind. All vei> kli eictpt French cnaateri under 80 tons burden, and small craft rnim the north of 8paln, entering ibironne are obliged to take a pilot on board ni» soon as one offers hiuiself. In sununer, pilots are aiuiifreaiiently met with 30 or 40 miles west of the Tour de Cordouan ; Itut in winter they HPldoin ligliire Ar beyond the hanks, and sometiines cannot proceed even thus far.— (See Laurit'* Plan of 1 In '! BiitAV, with the Sailing Directiniu, •(•c.) l^Uiniif.—ln 1831, the arrlvols at Bordeaux ware- French flrom French cnionlei • — foreign countriei - — fishery . . - — eoatting trade Foreign abipe f^om foreign countriei • Total Shipe. l03 Tons. «,7in 140 87,226 934 9,1M 3,341 108,370 114 ]e,4S3 . 8,938 18i,036 Ujtilsiiibtrstioa dei Douantt, p. 343.) It is stated in the Ruumi Annuel, published at Bordeaux, tha Ytlie 114 foreign sliips entering the port In 1831, SO were Kngllsh. In 1833, there were ninety-five Tinli from England ; and there was also a considerable Increase in the arrival! IVom the north. « entire produce of the customs dutiei at Bordeaux in 1S31, was 10,41.%6tt3 francs. < Cikirrw.— Account of Fort Charges, Brokerage, and other public Disbursements, payable in [ Bordeaux on accoitnt of a French or English Vessel of 300 Tons Burden, from a Port of r'ngland to I Boideaux, or from Bordeaut to a Port of England, or from or to any other British Possession In I Europe. Httun et Cbuict. limn ud pilo)i«< timn m to Bonteanz, Ibr i tomI dnwiog 14 FmMh I iiinurOSaS'Viii.BritUi) . .^ . . . . miamtaim .---■•••. llfcililiaKlopuiiimorlpf hor ...... lhchi){TCMliilCuitoin.|wiue,aiidl>n>li0ngatnw«nfc . . . lidmUnmk Ibr fnlglit in) TUHniim, 8 fr. (4>. lOd.) to steh imnptiwr |l^u(emoao7ioduvl|ationdunoQ300toiia . . . • lTiitiszofinnkelauuo«,lurl)ouroMiler, Ac . . , . llhmMudMfhtliit ... . . . . lliDKUIiaiaud<»il,irr,I5c.|).) . . . . . IConlVbill. Vntlb«(Ea(liihvcnib), IT(r.25c.(lSi.) . iNobfernnBoidettixtoiai ....... Ikte^couiaioi milwtnli, can and iltendance for eipedilini the fend * liilallul,We.|»rlon(M.),Mv liOfr. atinoil(4l. I6f.) ) Loidcd Mr cliarter or on owiwr^ account, I fr. (lOtf.) per ton Vsvaitn d In tr'-" "-*"-"- *-" — '— ' iMled b tniflil, I fr. H c> (Ih 34.) per ten Oo a Fr. or Brit. Vend. Un 1 For^gn Veael. InFmch Money. In 8lerlln( Muney. In French Munoy. In Slerlint Money. fr. e. £. «. d. fr. c L. $. a. >l8 9e 61 to 100 8 16 2 3 18 10 8 4 247 50 61 10 too 9 18 S 18 10 8 C 4 49$ 14 75 15 19 16 t) II 10 12 1,239 14 75 15 49 11 1 11 10 12 as 8 16 24S94 9 16 8 800 12 800 U 1,434 66 67 7 10 2.232 59 89 6 1 I * B.-No regard paid to the nature of the cargo, as all goods are Importable either for consump- ■nortiportation, which does not expose vessels to pay more or less charges. iBritliliveHels are on a perfect equality with French vessels when they come from British ports In lirope, otherwise they pay pilotage qnd tonnage dues like all other foreign vessels, ui stated in the keigo column. Umrcru.—The fbllowing is a note of the leading articles Imported, by the ships not of Europe, In ■Bind I8S8, since which they have not materially varied. They are taken from the ship brokers' nitt, no ofBclal account being published by the Customs. 1838. 33,748 hogsheads 4,783 boxes S40 tierces 1,808 casks 89,317 sacks 1,949 hogsheads 8,490 casks 608 tierces 97 540 J 'acks or ^'•'"t bales 51 hogsheads S35 casks 13^ sacks 343 bales 81 698 ( *''*'* '"oks, ' "^/andpackages Ceases and Cserons gmS bundles 3 to ' I 5 lbs. 333 casks 337 bales 434 do. a chests 9,093 do. 18J7. hpr • • 16,094 8,073 313 1,M0 8,717 WTee . - 3,273 4,800 736 88,fl«l beoa . 130 1,904 3J,494 imento • 1,996 epper - 88,498 DDimon 149 3,635 iorci . 543 f parcels. 118 I53< quantiUea . woods - 3 (.unknown Cochineal 1,348 3,930 serons Annotto 080 660 casks Gums(di(rerent7 kinds) 5 0,433 "•"' and sacks Quercitron - 340 116 casks Quino 4,793 35a serons Bablap 518 308 bales Jalap • 853 717 serons BarsaparUla - 390 830 do. and bale* Saltpetre 9,467 8,713 sacks SaflVon 110 bales Tea - 070 09 chests Rice - 8,530 4,300 casks White and yeU 7 low wax > 460 «8o{2S;' ■"''■• Curcuma 1,130- 3,034 sacks Ivory 38 70 teeth, Jke. Mother of pearl 003 canisters Cotton 0,439 ,ggg bales ana m } ■] : h^ ).■'. ■• .i)' ril \ w int ii :,'! m I m BORDEAUX. il:i' ' J.I' ik ■ufi ^«t ,j.i. .;,■, . 18Sr. .8M. Raw illk 40 .f rnnAiiand "t bnl«i Wool, ('nihmcre A hnlei l>o. Vvr» - 3 file ilo. Tiidn (new rum) I,0S1 4(iO piinchoona (Jnlntta bliifi ' Cinth -I' 139 400 balea American lildei 47.1IB 15,738 ilnRle IflU bnloi Ox horna 10,000 31,700 Olilnchllln 216 rinr.ena Raw Rkini S5 80 hnl«« Tohncco 4,5M 4 flirt J ''"«"''•'"'• ^''""landbnlea Cliinra 170,000 60,000 rifBr* Riittnni Qiiickfilvar • Tin, Peru and i Diinca ( I,.'nd Copper I'liclna Cold - Silver iwn. too 1,«04 3,739 9,759 4,400 5 7S5 8,9M) 105 35 33 ,„««» bom 10.370 Mcii,,, fi04 ban JI.MS ui„„„ 3>*'0 do. or bin '" mm 29 Injiiij Vn doubloon, ^1 cheiti 40 Inioii :iCliojfior 1,559,569 3,784,831 dolUr, In nililltlon to tile articlcR above aiipclfled. there were nliin received for re-expnrtmlnn coi»lii> i quantllleaof linr iron, nlenoila, and tools from Rnelnnd, Rpnin, and Sweden; zinc frnmrpmh and llntMiH from Enfilimd, Iliillnnd, anil Oerinnny : for consumption, lend, tin plates, mnl (iiilLii"'i' armiiiic-. litlinrire, niiniiim, &r. from P.nHlnnd ; lend, hIopI, olive oil, liquorice, paste, mltrn inH i n-anini from Hpnin ; stcrl from Rcrnmiiy ; olive oil from llnly ; llah, glue, and tallow from n, F tImlH'r fioni llultic ports ; cheese, stock-flsh, &c. from Hollnn'd. ""i' F.rpnrtM.—U Is Impossible to procure even approximate iuformatinn renardintt llie o»ii)i(i(i,,„fi| ■evernl articles of exportation. No reports are published by the Custonii, nor do tlicy allow pii of the entries outwards to be taken. The following is a list of the spcclca of articles exported from Bordeaux to the dl(rerfintMrii(ifiul world ;— ' ""i«| To Martinique and (Jiiada/oiipe.— Provisions, flour, wine, brandy, and a small quantity of nunniu tared goods. ""■ To JSowrfton.— Wines, provisions, cattle, flirnlture, coarse and flno hardwarei, perfumery illk « ton and linen atufls, stationery, fashionable articles, &c. ' To the United States.- fuctnred goods. TV( Spaninh America, Cuba, ^e.— Wines, brandy, silks, cloths, stationery, fashions, jBweilerr t ftimery, saddlery, &c. ''' 7V the South Sens. — Wines, brnndv, liqueurs, and all sorts of manufhctured articles. T^t the Fast Indies and CAinn.— Wines, brnnily, furniture, silver, &.c. 7>) /;it;r''""'.— Wines, brandy, liqueurs, fruits, tartar, cream of tartar, plums, chesnuti, vilm loaf sugar to Guernsey and .lersey, elover seed, annotto, corn, flour, skins raw and drei«ed,corli wn and corks, vinegar, turpentine, resins, tec. To the M'orth of Kurope.— Wines, brandy, spirits of wine, tartur, cream of tartar, colonial produl loaf-sugar, molnssfs, &c. ■ H'ine. — This forum the great article of export from Bordeaux. The estimated produce of ilie4_ partment of the Uironde in wines of nil kinds, and one year with another, is from%!0,(IOOto2!(ji| tuna ; the disposal of which Is, approximately, as follows : — -Wines, brandy, almonds, prunes, verdigris, and a trifling quantity of i Consumed In the department Expedited to tlie difli^rent parts of France Converted into brandy Exported to foreign countries The exporta to foreign countrlea aro as follow :— To Eneland , ~ , , Holland The north of Enrope ■....- ^ America and India about 50,000 turn. 125,000 - 35,000 - 50,000 - 250,000 tUM, 1.500 to 9,000 tuna. 12,000 - 15,000 — 97,000 - 34.000 — 1,000 - 1,200 — 41,500 to 52,000tun8. The red winea are divided Into three great classes, each of which is subdivided into tevenl km| Class I. embraces the Mednc wines, ! 9. — Orave, and St. Emilion, 3. — common, or cargo wines. The jlrgt class Is composed of the " grands crus," the "cms bourgeois," and the "cnuordinilm'| The "grnnds crus" are further distinguislied as firsts, seconds and thirds. Tbn firsts are the wines of Clidteau Mnrgnux, I.nlitte, l.nlour, and Ilaut-Drion. Tiie latter ii|»| perly a Grave wine, but it is always classed amongst the first Medncs. Tim seconds are tiie wines of Rau/nn, Leoville, l.arose, Mouton, Gerse, See, The thirds, wines which are produced by the vineyards touciiing tliose above named, udiiki diflriT little in quality from tliem. The quantity of "grands crus" wine of the above description does not exceed 3,000 turn, indrtl at from 1,000 (r. to 3,.')00 fr. \M-r tun on the tees. I The "crus hourireois" consists of the superior Marpaux, St. Jiilien, Panilinc, Rt. Eslaplie.kil quantity estimated aliout 2,000 tuns, and prices on tlu> lees 800 fr. to 1,800 fr. per tun. I The " crus ordinaires," soil at 300 fr. to 700 fr. according to the year and the quality. Qiiulit*! S.V000 to 35,000 tuns. Tlie whole produce of Medoe is therefore about 40,000 tims. Tile "grniKls crus"nnd "cms iiourgeois" require 4 years' care and preparation, before delimjsl use or for exportation ; and tiiis ancineiits their price I'rom 30 to 35 per cent. I The second class is com|)ose(l of tiie red wines of Grave and St. Kwilinn, which arc in grcnlerqM tity, and amongst them some of a very superior qiinlitv, tlial are generally bought for iiilxin!™! Medoc. The first quality of these wines sells from 800 fr. to 1,800 fr. per tun. Tiie second (liialiM Qneyrles, Monlferrand, Hassans, fee— 300 fr. to fiOO fr. ^ The third class consists of tile coiunion or cargo wines, the greater part of which is coniuinojl the country, or converted into brandy. Tiie portion exported ia sent ofT the yuur ofilifw™! Prices from IfiO fr. to 250 fr. per tun. The white wines of the first "crus," such as Ilaut-Barsac, Prclgnac, Beaumes, Snutfrne,«J only fit for use at the end of 4 or 6 years, and for exportation at the end of I or 2 years more. on the leea vary from 800 fr. to 1,500 fr. per tun. The "grand crua," of white Qruvt St. Bries, Carboiileux. lliilamcn, &.C., aell.in coodyetn,! 800 flr. to 800 fr. BORDEAUX. 988 hfrrlnrwhIW wlncii 1.10 ft. to •lOO ft. por ttin. Thr einenKeii n( nil klnda to llie wlnn-nrnwer nf Moilnr, fur the riiltlvatinn, (nttiRririK, nnd makins III ffiM. mil tlie caak, arc entiniuted to uninuiit, In the ninit fuvourulilo yean, to M Ir. por hogihead, "riumetchniitVln P'^nernl piirchniie np the flnniit erut nn iinnn ai iiifflclrntly ndvnncnil to tiidffa of fJifcliiraclfr; n ■ morn l'r«i|uenlly llify nrc hniieht up fur n nerlnB of yHiirH, whrlher »fMid or had. Svrvjrdranfipor.ed to lliolr celliim T ihn titlna of Chfttonu Miir|:niix, I.nflltf, nnd l.ntoiir, are niao mixed with the winea of ibeiurTOundlnKvlneynrdn, whirh, from liie n^ituro of the aoll, and proximity, riinnot be greatly dif- JftnnI Otiinrgnod winea are nUo anidto enter largely Into the compnailion ofthnae ccliibrntcd crtii; luulilioic of a auperior year are employed to bring iip the quiility of one or two bad yeara, ao that It Ikeiiy to conceive, that the famoua wineg of 1811 and of the yeara 1HI.1, 1610, nnd I82S, are not T„,^llyejhauited. Some houaei pretend to keep their winci pure; but tlie practice of mixing li, Cuny rate, vary general. The purclmno of the winea, whether from the grower or merchant, la nlwnya efTerted through a kfokfr. There are a few of them who have acquired a repntatinn for accuracy in dixaectlng the dlf- >Riil fltvouri, and in tracing the reaulls of the wince by certain meaaurea of training, or treat- Cniltnil take* off ;ienrly half the higheat priced winea, and very little of any other quality. Except h BiirdaaNX ilaclf, there la but a very moderate portion of the au|ierior Medoc consumed In France. The capital even dcinnnda only lecond, third, and fourth rate winea. 1 TlieDiitcti,whn are largo conaiimera of llordeaux wine.go more eronomically to work. Theyaend mielitothe river in the wine acnaon, with akill'ul aiiperrnrgoea, who go nmongal the Krowera, and Mrclmiethe winea thcniaelvca, cheaper even than a broker would do. They live on board the ship, bkclhcirown time to aelect, nnd wait often for moniha before their cargo ia completed; but they inain iheir ohject, getting a aupply of good aound wine, and at aa low a rate, with all charges of t»mmt Included, aa the wine merchanta can di^liver it into their atores In Hnrdenux. They never RTtliiiio old wine; they take only that newly made, which, being without the support of stronger Mird wines, miiat be conaumcd In the criumn of 3 or .1 yenrH. They follow the same system at Bay. Mne, where 'i or .lahlpa go annually for the white wines of Jurancon, &c. [The cargo winea are so manufactured that it is hardly posatbli- to know of what they are composed. Iityare put free on board fl>r S/. per hogaliend and upwards, according as they are demanded. They tiiichaa will net bear exposure in a slaas when shipping: the tasters have a small flat silver cup iipreiily for them. These wines are principally shipped to America and India, and some at a higher VlMtolhe north of Europe. fTlie principal wine merchants have agents In London, whose business is more particularly to intro> » their winea to family nso ; and it Is to that end they pay them from SOOl. to 800(. for travelling jeniei and entertainments, besides allowing 3 per cent, or more, on the amount of sales. Thef |eiitrally look out for individuals for their agents of good address, and some connection amongst tha upet claaie*. IBniiiiiiM and Spirits of H'ine. — The quantity distilled in the neighbourhood of Bordeaux It «ftl- ' ■ 19,(KH)| ited at about Ditto, In the Armagnnc Ditto, In the Matmaudui* I pieces, of SO veltes each. 90,000 ditto 8,000 ditto 48,000 pieces, ordinary proof. Kthiiqnantity,France takes off ahont 33,000 pieces for consumption; England, 3,900 ; United States, t,0OO; India, 2,500 ; north of Europe, .1,000; in nil, 43,000 pieces. lUn^edoc produces annually about 40,000 pieces, of 80 veltes each, the greater part of which Bnei to Bordeaux to be forwarded to the difTerent ports of the north of France, or to foreign prnitriea. I France eonaumes about two thirds of the above quantity ; the remaining one third goes to the north If Europe. I The pricea of brandy are from ISO ft. to ISO fr. per SO veltes, ordinary proof; spirits of wine, from IfrtoSfr. pervelte. lit is at the port of Formny, on the Chnrenfe, that the greatest shipments of brandy take place to ^gland. Cognac, from which the brandy takes its name, and where there are large distilleries, is a viraeuea up the river. The quantity exported ia far greater than what is made at Cognac— the boleading distillers there (Martel, and Ilenessey) buying great quantities from the small cultiva- jrs. The greater part of the wines made about Angoui^inc, and thence down toward the sea, are of prior (lualily, and fit only for making brindy ; nnd ao liiili! do the prices vary, that the proprietors tok upon it nearly in the same light as gold. When they augment their capital by savings or profits, lii employed in keeping n larger stock of brandy, which has the further advantage of paying the in- Tcit of their cipitul by its improved value from age. England is said to receive upwards of 6,000 fcce? annually from Charente. lAl Bordeaux, as at Paris and Marseilles, there is a constant gambling business in time bargains of wnis nfwine. It |g in the form of spirits of wine thnt nearly all the brandy consumed in France ia INiicd; aa in this form there is a erentsavingincarringe.— (For an official account of the exports Iwineand brandy from France, see Wink.) IThe fruits exported consist almost entirely of prunes and almonds. The latter come principally ^Uniuedoc. The policy of the Spanish government toward her American colonies during the last 10 years haa kn the cause of a great many very wealthy eipaiiiardd suttllne in Bordeaux; and their number haa m stiU further increased by the Spaniards cxpi>lli>d from Mexico, who do not choose to employ their rtiines in their native country.or find greater fhc.illtins for employing them in Bordeaux. These are ipoiiesilon of the greater part of the Spanish American trade of this port, and are viewed with a WJealouseye hy the old merchants. They have also contributed greatly to beautify the city, by ■litoyinii their wealth in building, which they have done to a considerable extent. They have also need the rate of interest,and contributed to the facilities of discounting billa : the Spanish bouses Tiall; diMount long bUl* at U or 3 per cent, lower than the Bank. : 1 '! lii I- ^r: .1' it! 4 ill i IE 2S4 BORDEAUX. l! M-^':n^H ?. ill Borilnniix potgnsfKS inmr Irnn rniinitnrlna, cotton fnetnrlM, iiignr reflnerlni, flnti wotitt, ke Ui I labour and llvinR arn too liiRli In admit nf Its bflcnniliiK a cnnalclrrohia mniiiifnctiirini city. ' Banking KttablithMiHti.—ThrKt li only one liiiiikliiK company In liorilttnux— Itin " lloriti>ii)<( |i,.|, » It hnH n capital of 3,000,000 fr., In »har«ii of l, SO principal ■hnreholil«rs. Thli Board Axes the rate of discount, and lli» number ofiinmciitliatiiiitM to guarantee ench bill ; It being left to the discount commltlen to Judye of tltH rospoimibiliiy of ,|? signatures on the bills presented. At prenent the bank discounts bills on Burduiiux, lmvln| 3 monih I to run, and guaranteed by 3 slitnntnres, at i per cent., and those on I'uris at 11 per rem. I Whim bills are presented, not having the rei|ulr«d number of names, or these deemed ■iiiplc{ii« thev take. In guarantee, public stock bonds or other eflecti— advancing to the extent of 9.|iHhio( their current value. I The hank advances |ths of tlin valua nf gnM and silver In ingots, or in foreign innncy, dtni^iKj 1 with lliem, at the rate of 9 per cent, per annum. It also accepts in deposit, diamonils, plate, and even I kliul of valuable property, engaging to redeliver the same in the stats received, for^p«r cent, m I quarter, or 1 per cent, per annum. ' Thoite wlin liuve accounts current with the bank may have all their payments made,nnil money rt- ■ eeivivd, by the bank, without fee. It allows no Interest on balances, and never makes advanceielllxr I on ptrtonal teeuritg or on mortgage. On the 3Ist of December, 1834, the bank notes in circulation amounted to IS.aso.nnfl fr. (sw.oooi.) The affliirs of the bank are subject to the inspection nf the Prefect, to whom lialf yearly rrinttiof I its situation are made. Tliese an; printed entire, and distributed to the SOprincl|iai sharij|ioldenii»| abstract being, at the same time, published in the Bordeaux Journals. I After the revolution nf .luly, 1830, there was a severe run on the itank; and owing to the dllllciih I of procuring gold from Paris, the directors were obliged to limit thtiir delivisries In ii|i«ci«loJ(lOfr. I (90^) in !i slnale payment ; hut notwithntandirig this circumstance, no noten weru pnitKitij amounted to 100,000 tuns a year — (Peiiehet, Statialiqut EUinentaire, p. 133.) ; but mtl 1830, they have only been as follows : — Tnns, Tims. Tuns. | Tuni 1820, 61,110 IMS, SO.ftM IM4, ,^9,825 1P20, l^.K 1821, 63,211 1823, 51,52a 1825, 46,311 | 1»27, «,<« It is also stated (Memoire, p. 33.), that a largo proportion of these exports has lie^^nc on speculation; and that the markets of Russia, the Netherlands, Hamburgh, iScc, ared ted with French wines, for which there is no demand. " Dans co moment," (35ili .^pil 1828,) it is said in the Mimoire, " it existe en consignation, a Hambourg, 13,000 ilS.d barriques de vin pour compte des proprietaircs du departement de la Girondc, quiitiq irop heureux s'ils ne perdent que leur capital." This extraordinary decline in the foreign demand has been accompanied by a coireip iiig glut of the home market, a heavy fall of prices, and the ruin of a great number of « chants and agriculturists. It is estimated, that there were, in April, 1828, no fewer l> |}pO;000 tuns of wiiic in the Gironde, for which no outlet could be found ; and thegliit^ mmufiitturing iiidus BORDEAUX. 227 A. j^,f departmnnUi, U ioitl to Imvi- Ikm-ii proportionally «roat. Tlio full in tlio prlre of ■ f |,|y, reacted on the vini-ynnlH, iinwt of which linvp brr onir qnito unnnliMiMc ; and a total it()ph«« I*'" P"' '" •''•"'■y ""^ "^ injprovrinrnt Nor have nrnttcrn Ix-rn in th« Iriist amrnd- (j'liurinn the nirrciit year: on tho contrary, they MPin to hf p^radtially (^ottinK worxe, teliiiih" jiovpfty of the proprietor*, that wine iH now fretpicnily ftcizi'd, and noli! Iiy tho n'vfniio iif'"'''f* '" pnvmrnt of arrrar* of taxPK; and it ap[)«ani, from nonio lato NtatcnicntH in iho ilfmorinl Hordeluii (a ncwHpaf)cr [luhlinliml at Uordeuux), that tho wino ho nold lian not nvfnliy iVtrhed more, at an average, tliaii almiit two thirrls of the rost of ita prnay llio lanilownors nnil nierclmnls of llin flhonde, "lit ^yciemn prolil- Ibiiif fit III pluf deplorable iles rrreiirs. l.a nature, ilunH sn varii'iC) iiiliiiie, a dilull!* Ft ili'D liexoins, qiiVllu » voiilii uiiir li.'s Iiiiiiiimi'h par nil lien niiivcririichemenlti qui out proiliiit lu roiuinerce et la clvillHaliun. I "QuelliM:«re de vie et de riclieuse ; elle nnroit untore nitlru snr iios plnveH le coinniLicedii nioiide ; et la Ifniice, nu lieu de B'(!rii»er avec cfTurt en pays innniifuctnrlor, auroit reciuninis, par la force dca choses, line iiiprrloritu incontpfUalde coinnie pays agrirule. "LeEysteniRCdiitraire a previdu. "k riiined'nn des plus iiiiportants departcmcnts de la Frunre ; la dttredpc des df'pnrtements cir- Itniivoiilnii; led^ptrisiienient gen^^ral dn Midi; unc iinincnn(3 pnpulation atln(|ii frnni any nthnr cniinlry! In 1831, lliei'orei|i| arrival* were I.OlM nhiju, innnage iini vtatuil ; or llieKi!, 843 weri; Aniurican, unil 311 Uritisli. I The arrivals coaslwisu in 1832 weru 3,S3li; nf tlivai! were Ii3 sliips, 51-1 briiJM, 3,332 sc|iooiieri,u4l S3H slnnpg. • 8*i|)piH,f C»«v«».— For an account of these, see New York. *By eompnrinsthls return with that Tor 1828, given in the former ertitinn nf this work, IlicrewmUl appear tn have lieun a r.nnsiderablu falling nff in Ihu iiilerini in ihe ainoiint nf Khippitigi lliH.h)i'[ M\w, is not reuily tlie easy Fur uii uxp|unu«iuii of tiie i^iiwrvpuncy, soo i^rt. New Yuhk. BOSTON. 229 *"^^ ft ^i^i^nk 1 \S %A (• ■ u- \p^ 'WWW >!^:^ i«j 5 \ s>«jav:,::*(»»7 rf^n- 1 Niulic Miles, It(far(.— In cnminp frnin the Allniitic, a ship should bring the Klht-hoiiae tnlu. by N. to W, N. W., and run direct for it. The Inrpost ihlpi may i)nsB it at witliTn tegii than nT.L . length. If there be no pilot on buirtl. or tlie ninster be unncqualnted with tlieharl)our nrihp -1 1)6 north-WRStRrly, wliicli is tlie most unfavoiiruhle for entering, she had lietlor steer W hv « ? Knntasltet roads, where she niny unclior, nnd get » pilot. ' ' "W Mooring, l(e. — Generally speaking, there is suliiciont depth of water to enable tlie Inrsest >lii come up to town at all times of the tide. They usually moor nionpside quayr ni whiirfs wliBr...," lie in perfect safety. Tliere ore in all about €0 wharfs j which, for the most lart, are b'liil o, nf' with a superstructure of stone and eiirlh. The two principal are " Long Wliari "' 550 ,iiril« in K? and " Central Wharf," 413 yards long by SO in breadth, having a range of loft- : icK store. a?,H 5'' bouses along iti whole length. " " *•"• Pilotuffe.—tio particular place is specified at which vessels must heave to for a pilot. But nil v». i I with the exception of coasters under 200 tons, and American vessels Inden wltli plaster of i'nri« • '' Hritish America, if bailed by a pilot within about li mile of the outer light, must lake lilm on iu»°? under a |)enalty of 50 dollars. If they have got within this disiiiiice before Iteinj! hailed, the oUiMi/ to take a pilot on board ceases. This regulation has obviously been dictated by u wish to liavp ikl I lilots constantly on the alert ; it being supimsed that musters not well acquainted with tlie liavu'i leave to to take one on board, tliough they have got witiiin the free limits. ' " | Table of the Rates of Pilotage on Outward and Inward bound Vessels in the Port of Bonon, Outwani. FroniNin'. 1. 1 1. May I. }shi))s drwjt. W:iler. 7 ft. 8 9 10 II 13 13 14 IS 16 DnI. .ShilK per Fool. dnvs. Water. Ot)0 17 ft. 000 IH O'UO 19 Oi»5 SO 100 31 105 33 1 10 33 MO 34 110 35 110 Dot. fcot. 110 180 1-30 1-50 SOO 8-50 3-75 3-75 9-75 FmniMiy I. loNov. 2. !ihi|i9 Wol. drug. t«r W.vrr. Fnni. 7 ft. 0-75 8 075 9 0-75 10 0-60 11 0-85 13 OHO 13 01(5 14 01)5 15 0-95 in 0»5 Slli|« ilrnx. Wilier. 17 ft. 18 19 30 31 23 33 34 35 per FOMI. 100 100 1 85 1-50 1-75 200 325 325 3-25 Inward. From Nov. 1. In May I. Shlpi drwif. W.il(r. 7 ft. 6 9 10 II 13 13 14 IS 10 l)nl. p.r Fool. 1-45 1'45 1-45 1-56 1-72 177 177 187 1-87 187 Shipi drwr. Water. 17 ft. 18 19 30 21 23 23 34 3S Uol. 1*' Font. 1-87 250 3-75 300 4-00 4 00 400 4 00 400 Careentn/r, Stores, 4'«-— ""s'"" •' " ^'•'''y fivoiiraldo place for careening and repairhig Ehlpi, All kinds of siipiilics may he had of the liest <|uiillty and at nioilnrnli! prices. Ciistomn lici:c»iic.—T\\e amount collecled at Hoston In lS3i Wiiti 5,227,502 dollars= 1,170,2081. ii.- (For an Account of the American warelioiisiii!: system, see New Vohk.) Immigratiun. — The niimber of imniipriinis arriving at IIokIiiii is not great, seldom exceeding l,600ii I n year. A city ordinance directs that the masters of vessels brinfiiiiK imniicraiils shall enlci iiiioi bund with sureties to the amount of 2Ufl dollars for each iiiimi).'raiit, that he shall not liecnme n clm;e i upon the slate for 3 years, or pay a coniiiiiilalioii of five dolliiix on aecoiiiit of each iiiilividiinl. lint this ref:iilatioii docs not apply to imiuipranis having a reasonahle amount of property; tile declualioi of the foreign consuls as to tliis jioint is commonly acted upon. Trade of Boston, i(C, — Boston has a very extensive trade with the southern states d 1 with foreign countries, and is also one of the principal scats of the American fisheries. Slit is wholly indebted to her southern neighbours, and principally to New York, Mar}'ianJ,d Pennsylvania, for supplies of flour and wheat, and for large quantities of barley, maiit, oatmeal, oats, &c., as well as for cotton, tobacco, staves, rice, &c. Of these, the imports of flour may amount, at an average, to about 400,000 barrels a year ; all sorts of grain to aloat I 2,000,000 bushels ; cotton, 160,000 bales; staves, 3,000,000, &c. Her returns arc madt, partly in native raw produce, as liccf, pork, lard, &c. ; partly and principally in the pnxlw of her manufacturing industry, in whi(;h MaHKachusctts is decidedly superior to every oik state in the Union ; iind partly in the produce of her fiwhcrics and foreign trade. Attn] average, Boston annually sends to the southern ports of the Union about 15,000 han'olsof licef and pork; 10.5,000 barrels of mackerel, herrinirs, alcwivcs, &c. ; 20,000 quintalsof dried nnd smoked fish ; 3,500,000 pairs of boots and shoes ; 600,000 bundles of paper; I* | sides a very large amount of cotton and woollen maiiufartured goods, nails, furnilure,con|. age, &c. ; so as to leave a large balance in her favour. Her ex|>orts of native produce to foreign countries consist principally of the same articles fhe tends to the southern slites; liit she also exports a largo amount of the foreign produce she had previously imported. Tlit imports from abroad consist principally of cotton and woollen goods ; linens, canvas, &x; hardware, silks, sugar, tea, coflec, wines and brandy, s]iicrH, hides, indigo, dye woods, &(i The total imports from foreign countries into the stale of Massachusetts in the yuareniliii; I 30th of September, 1832, amounted to 1 8, 11 S, 000 dollars; while the exports of native p dace, during the same year, amounted to only 4,6.56,635 dollars, and of native und forrigi produce together, to 11,993,763 dollars; the balance against Massachusetts being paiJo!f by bills upon the southern states, to which she exports much more than she imports, An York alone is, in fact, supposed to be at all times indebted to Boston about 6,000,UUU dollan Wc subjoin a stunmary .iceount of th Imports froi Ruisia - J givfilen and Denmarl Brazil England - - Brilisli East Indies Bo, West Indies Di). American proi Cnbaand Spanish W Cbiiis from other places to: Total value of import To oilier ports in Mas from various places Tola! value of ini Massachusetts 14 ,859,056 dollars = i(iiii*j.-In January, I Boston. Of the latter, I nrmci|isi circunistancci I lejder i< referred to thi Banki. U.S. Branch - American MaisaclHisettg New England Sl;ile Biinli - Wasliinflon - Conimonwealth Eagle - Globe - Union - Uoslon City - Fnlumliian - Franklin Treninnt ,\nnh Dank - giiflhlk Allaiillc 8vay are i I Hic nut thorniiglily bc< I impliiy none ^ ? l)>e m .Wmry.— hi MnsfHch I found sterling = W. 0». I tf. fee New York.) We have derived I !ie [ lion, and partly from tl [Actonling to a ce BOSTON. 231 teeount of the Trade of Bogtnn and MassachusettB with Foreign Couiitriei In 1831. iM)]f .to Not, 1. Dol. Shii, H Fnol. (Jnvf. fi MO ITft. 1« 110 J8 \fH I'Ifl 19 \n I'Sn 20 ]■» 125 21 SS(1 i:«) 22 .Tim las 23 m 135 24 SID 1'35 2S M 1-35 Importj from Collan. Eipniti 10 Dol tin. gS'en and Denmark - Brazil - - - Ennland ; ,,' BrlHliEastlndlM Dn. West Indies - D,,. American provincos - Ciiba and Spanish West Indies - China . • - - from other places to Boston Total value of imports to Boston To oilier ports iii Massacliusetts ) from various places - 3 Total value of imports into ' Massachusetts 14.m056 dollars = 3,210,527i. 12» i,m)«,soo 333,800 j06,500 6,030,000 685,000 02,000 02,100 1,901,300 763,000 Knssia . . . - Sweden and Denmark - Brazil .... Entflaiid .... British East Indies I)o. West Indies Do. American provinces Ciiha and Spanish West Indies - China • - • - To other places from Boston Total value of exports from Boston To various places from Other " I>ortg in Massachusetts - j ' Total value of exports from Massuchusetts 176,.100 285,600 428,.'500 200,000 426,000 80,500 831,000 1,077,000 335,000 13,278,000 1,000,000 3,530,000 2,000,000 13,278,000 991,056 5,530,000 2,303,763 14,260,056 7,733,763 . sterling. 7,733,763 dollars = 1,710,096/. 13*. 6d. sterling. ftiifa-In January, 1833, there were 84 Banks In the state of Massachusetts, of which 34 were in I ttKinn Of tlie latter, 4 or 5 were only recently established. We siilijoln a detailed statement of the Siinl circumstances in the condition of the Boston banks in 1830; and for furtlier particulars the reader is referred totlie article Banks (Fobeion). Banki. B.S.Branch - Amcricaa Mafiacbusetts New England Stale Bank - Wasliinflon - CoiiimoDweaith Eajle - filobe - Union - Uoslon Ciiy - Columbian - Franlilin Trenioiit Nonh Bank - Suffolk Allintic Ehaiea. Totals • 15,000 7,500 3,300 10,000 30,000 5,0'tO 9.000 or»i 10,000 5,000 1,000 5,000 5,000 7,500 5,000 149,200 Each. 100 100 850 100 60 100 100 100 lUO 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Capital, DaUan. 1,500,000 750,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,800,000 500,000 600,000 500,000 1,000,000 800,000 900,000 1,000,000 .■iOO.OOO 100,000 500,000 500,000 750,000 500,000 Timn and Rile of Dividend. .Ian. 31— July 3i April 1 —Oct. 3 April 3 —Oct. 2^ April 3 —Oct. 3 April 2i— Oct. 21 April li— Oct. 2i April 3 —Oct. 3 April 3 —Oct. 3 April 2i— Oct. 3 April 2 —Oct. 2} April —Oct. 3 April li— Oct. 3 April 2 —Oct. 2t April 3 —Oct. 3t April —Oct. 2^ April 3i— Oct. 3t April 3 —Oct. 3 April 2i— Oct. li 13,900,000 I Amount of Divitiend. DotlarB. 105,000 33,500 36,000 641,000 90,000 18,750 30,000 30,000 55,000 44,000 27,000 45,000 83,500 6,500 13,tOO 33,750 45,000 20,000 703,.N10 So that tliere were in 1830, in Boston, 18 banks with a capital of 13,900,000 dollars. The dividends on I iliisBum for tlie same year ninoiinted to 703,500 dollars, beiiip at the rate of 5'06 per cent. The paper I unileriliscoiiiit is estimated to have exceeded 70,000,000 dollars. — {tStaUment by J. II. Goddani, ji'ea 1 riirlli.«(lMrti..«r, 2!tth of .laiiuary, 1831.) ] hmravu Companies. — Insurance, both Are and marine, is carried on to a great extent by joint stock I companies, and to some extent also by individuals. The stocks of the different insurance companies I amounted in January, 1833, to 6,675,000 dollars. Only one company is established for insurance upon I lives. The stocks of the dilferent insurance companies produced, in 1630, an average dividend of 1 5113 per cent. I CreJii.— Foreign goods are frequently sold for ready mrney, bnt more usually at a credit of from 3 |tol!!iMontli.i: average lencth of credit, 6 months; but o. iron and some other articles, 12 months* I ciedit is given. Discount for ready money at the rate of I per cent, per animni. I Cmnirn'MiiiR,— 1'he rates of commission are arbitrary, varying from 2 to 5, and sometimes {del crt- im included) to 7i per cent. On small accounts, and West India goods, 5 per cent, is usually charged. The ordinary rate may he taken nt 2} per cent. ; but compel Itinii is so great, that cominis- I tion merchants may be found who will transact business on almost nn^ terms. Sometimes whole I i;ar|;iic9 are luld by brokers on an agreement to receive a specific sum in lieu of commissiou and bro- I keragc. I flii«*riip(ey.— The law as to bankruptcy in Massaehusctts seems to be in a most disgraceful state. I Preferences are very frequently given ; and property is in ninny instances conveyeil, fur lieiioof of llie I li:inhrupt'a ruinlly, to persons said to be creditors to a corresponding amount, without their having I niy real claim to such cbanicter. It is true that these conveyanoes may be cancelled ; but the difB- Millies in the way are so (treat, that they are seldom set aside. The safest course that a foreigner, or I Jiie nut thorniiglily acqiiHinted with llie city, can pursue, is to deal only for ready money ; and to tmpliiy none ^ • tl>i> nioet respectable agents. ihmtj.—Xn Mii^iachusette, and ibroiigliont New England, the dollar passes nt 6». ; so that th« found sterling - V. 0«. 8d. Boston currency.— (For further particulars as to Money, Weights, Meaiuret tf. seeNEW YiiBK.) 1 We have derived t.'iese details partly from the authorities referred to, partly from private informa* [ lion, and partly from the elaborate .inatcera of the Vontul to the Circular Queries. [According to a census taken in May, 1837, the population of Doston woa 80,395 .,,1,. !■ . 1 eas BOTARGO— BOTTOMRY. mm From an abatniet of the returns made by the banka of MaisachaMtta, *ho«ing their cob. i dition on the 10th of February, I83S, and published under tlie direction of the8<>cretatt^| the Commonwealth, it appears that at that date there wore no less than 188 banks in ilI State. No retoms were received fVom five of these. The aflrgrcgate of the amounts relumJ by the remaining 123, together with those returned by them on the preceding Istdatrf October, were u follows : — ' Circulation Balances to other banks - Deposites not on Interest Do. on interest Rpecle ... Bills of other banks Balances A-om other banks Loans ... Nett profits on hand Amount of last dividend Oct. I. #0,9(14,110 5,108,013 8,3.11,580 S,SI8,484 1,474,743 3,054,80* 5,(MI9,780 60,308,131 1,474,487 1,038,850 r*.i& ♦9,100,m •1,531,813 5,43«,53(l «,fl50,83J 1,701,460 8,:flO,«75 4,037,018 W,799,W7 2,414,578 1,041,350 For a later account of the trade of Boston with foreign countries than is given above, tin reader is referred to the article Imports and Exports. — Am. Ed.] BOTARGO, called in Provence Bouargiies, a sausage made on the shorcH of theMeiii. terranean and the Black Sea, of the roe of the mullet The best comes from Tuniiuj Alexandria. BOTTLES (Fr. Bonteilks s Ger. Boiiteilkm It. Bottlglie,- Fiatchi ,■ Rns. BulmA Sp. Botellan), glass vessels for holding liquids, too well known to require any (iewrinuoii They are exported in considerable quantities. The duty of 8s. a cwt. on bottle glass, like tin duties on other descriptions of glass, is both oppressive in amount, and is imposed and co|. lected in the most vexatious manner. The manufacture has declined considerably linte 1826. — (For further details, see Glass.) 1 (BOTTLES (STONE).— In 1812, a duty of 2».6rf. a cwt., increased in 1817to6»,m, | imposed upon stone bottles. The average nett produce of this duty has not recently ex- ceeded 3,500/. a year. But, to collect this insignificant sum, the manufacture had to li« I placed under the surveillance of the excise, and those engaged in it subjected to variom I troublesome and vexatious regulations. The duty did not extend to Ireland, so that a dtrn. I back had to be granted on bottles exported to that country, and a countervailing duty chartted on those imported from it. This unproductive and troublesome duty was imposed at tin instance of the glass bottle manufacturers, who contended, that if stone bottles were etempti cd from duties, they would be used instead of glass bottles, to the injury of those engaged ig manufacturing the latter. But the purposes to which stone bottles and glass bottles gn applied arc so very difTerent, that it would require a much greater reduction of the price of the former than could possibly be occasioned by the abolition of the duty, to makethemiie substituted, to any extent worth mentioning, in the place of the latter. These views wen ably enforced by the Commissioners of Excise Inquiry; aud having been adopted by go vemment, the duty has been abolished. — (4 A 5 Will. 4. c. 77.; see also F'fth Report lij Commiasioiiert of Excise Inquiry.) It is to be hoped that the duty on glnasi bnttlos may, alfin, be speedily pnt an end in. It prndnis about 110,0001. n year. We noticed (see art. Wine) tlie propriety of eiincling niid enlurcingsomeTe- gulatinns as to the siie of bottles. Tlie bottle is. In fact, a very important measure ; n g.-eat ddot ^vine and other liliiors beiiiKSold by tlie dozen. Hut there is, nt this iiionicnt, the greatest disctrpin- cy in the size of linttles ; and it appears to us thnt it would be liishly e.\p>-dicnt, in order In obviiii the numerous frauds arisinK Onm this source, to enact that all bottles he made to roiituin nolletiihu a certain spccifled quantity, and to plate them under the acts relating to weights and jueaiufti, ■ Snf.) BOTTOMRY ktit> RESPONDENTIA.— Bottomi^, in commercial navigation, is i mortgage of the ship. The owner or captain of a ship is, under certain circumstancti^ authorised to borrow money, either to fit her out so as to enable her to proceed on her voj. 4ge, or to purchase a cargo for the voyage, pledging the keel, or bottom of the ship (a partfin the whole), in security for payment. In bottomry contracts it U stipulated, that i.' tlie ship be lost in the course of the voyage, the lender shall lose his whole mnn"<} '^^ ^^^ goods, in the other. In all other respecta, these contracts are itiv the Mine, and are governed by the same principles. In the former, the ship and ile being hypothecated, are liable, as well as the person of the borrower ; in the latter, . lender has, in general, only the personal security of the borrower. 'Pliii contract, which mttat always be in writing, is sometimes made in the form of a i poll, called a bill of bottomry, executed by the borrower ; sometimes in the form of a i or obligation, with a penalty. But whatever may be its form, it must contain the _ies of the lender and the borrower, those of the ship and the master ; the sum lent, with /itipulited marine interest; the voyage proposed, with the commencement and duration i the risk which the lender is to run. It must «how whether the money is lent upon the lliip,or upon goods on board, or on both ; and every other stipulation and agreement which enrtiet may think proper to introduce into the contract — (See the Forms at the end of Jiuticle.) "It 18 obvious," says Lord Tenterden, " that a loan of money upon bottomry, while it ieves the owner from many of the perils of a maritime adventure, deprives him also of a t part of the profits of a successful voyage; and, therefore, in the place of the owners j^ee, where they may exercise their own judgment upon the propriety of borrowing toney in this manner, the master of the ship is, by the maritime law of all states, precluded tom doing it, so as to bind the interest of his owners without their consent. With regard ti jampi country, the rule appears to be, that if the master of a vessel has occasion for loney to repair or victual his ship, or for any other purpose necessary to enable him to igplete the enterprise in which she is engaged ; whether the occasion arises from any ex- locdinaiy peril or misfortune, or from the ordinary course of the adventure ; he nmy, if he innot otherwise obtain it, borrow money on bottomry at marine interest, and j>U-dge the liip, and the freight to be earned in the voyage, for repayment at the termination of the loyige. When this is done, the owners are never personally responsible. The remedy of Ic lender is against the master of the ship." — {Law of Shipping, part ii. c. 3.) [In bottomry and respondentia bonds, the lender receives the whole of his principal and litercsl, or nothing ; he is not answeruhk for seneral or particular ttverage*; nor will any 8 by capture, if subsequently recaptured, aftocthis claim. In this respect our law diifers a that of France {Code de Commerce, art 330.) and most other countries: the lenders 1 bottomry bonds being there subject to average, as our underwriters upon policies of insu- loce. No loLS can avoid a bottomry contract unless a total loss, proceeding from a ]>eril kibe gea, during the voyage, and within the time specified by the contract If the loss hap- 1 through any default or act of the owners or master, to which the lender was not privy, I may still recover. [There is no restriction by the law of England as to the persons to whom money may be nl on bottomry or at respondentia except in the single case of loans on the ships of reignera trading to the East Indies, which are forbidden by the 7 Geo. 1. stat I. c. 21. § 2. [Itdocsnut, however, appear to be necessary, in order to enable the master of a ship in a reign port to obtain money for her repair, outfit &Cm that the contract pledging the vessel jsecurity of the debt should be in die nature of a bottomry bond. Provided the person po advances the money do not choose to take upon himself the risk of the ship's return, i knot stipulate for maritime interest, "there seems," says Lord Tenterden, "to be no m why the master should not pledge both the ship and the personal credit of the iner." And in the case of money advanced in this way to refit a ship in distress at maica, which was captured on the voyage home, the lender recovered. — {Law of Ship- Ing, part ii. c. 3.) I Bottomry contracts were well known to the ancients. At Athens, the rate of interest was It filed by law ; but the customary rate seems to have been about 12 per cent But when ineywis lent for a voyage, upon the security of the ship and cargo, the interest on account ' superior risk encountered by the lender, was in most cases "^uch higher. In voyages > the Taurica Chersonesus and Sicily, it was sometimes as s 30 per cent — {Ana- Vnis's Travels, vol. iv. p. 369. Eng. trans.) By the Rhodian law, the exaction of such kh interest as in usual bottomry was declared to be illegal, unless the principal was really 1 to the dangers of the sea. — {Boeckfis Public Economy of Athens, vol. i. p. 177. hg. trans.) The principle was adopted by the Romans who gave to bottomry interest t name of na\Uietem famus ; and has been transferred from the Roman law mto all modem lies, •"Formerly," says Mr. Serjeant Marshall, " the practice of borrowing money on bottomry TO respondentia was more general in this country than it is at present. The immense paU now engaged in every branch of commerce render such loans unnecessary ; and pey is now seldom borrowed in this manner, but by the masters of foreign ships who put Dour ports in need of pecuniary assistance to refit to pay their men, to purchase provi * Mr. Serjeant Mari>hall doubts this j but it was so decided by the Court of King's Bench in Jom I WuiiwK, B, R. MicU. 23 Geo. 3. c2 . 80 ^ '•} h r ■rw , } n- j ii litih ^•i :i m i l I, ?:,.,<;: J'* ijii! il . 11 284 BOTTOMRY. Biona, &c. Sometimes officers and others belonging to ships engaged in longvoja* who have the liberty of trading to a certain extent, with tlie prospect of great fto&\'\^ without capitals of t^eir own to employ in such trade, take up money on reBpondeiiiiiu I make their investmenU; but even this, as I am informed, is now not very frequently Joaea this country." The term bottomry has sometimes been incorrectly applied to designate a contract, by 4, terms of which the ship is not pledged as a security, but the repayment of money, wiih, high premium for the risk, is made to depend upon the success of the voyage. Tbin, h«. ever, is plainly a loan upon a particular adventure, to Iw made by a particular ship, aixl 04 1 a loan upon the ship, and of course, the lender has only the personal security of the borronti for the duo performance of the contract. And it seems that loans have somutiincs been ouili in this manner, and probably also with a pledge of the ship itself, to an amuunt exceediiu the value of the borrower's interest in the ship; and such a contract is still legil in ijij, country in all cases, except the case of ships belonging to British sulyects bound to otfoa the East Indies, as to which it is enacted (19 Geo. 2. c. 37. § 5.), "That all siiins of money l«nt on bottomry or nt reiipnndnntia upon any ship or uhlps helongln. |, I Iii9 Mnjenty'g i^ubjects, bounil to or from tliu Hast Indies, aliall be lent only on the eliip, or on Iheom. I cliamliau or effects liiden, or to be laden, on biiurd of :iucli ship, undslmll lie aoexpreased inilieconij! tinn of the bond, and the benefit of salvage shall be nllowed to the lender, his ngenta or asBigni, tfti •nlone shall have a right to make assurance on the money so 'lent ; and no borrower cf money . n bili. tomry or at reepondentiu as ut'orcaaid, Hhull recover more on uny atsuruiicu than the value of bii iiitereat on the ^hip, or in the merchandises and elfurts laden on buiird uf such ship, excluiivtofilit money ao borrowed ; and fn case it almll appear that the value of his sliare in the ship, or in HitoH. chandises and elfecta laden on board, doth not animint to the full sum or sums he hnlh borraweSu aforesaid, such borrower shall be responsible to the lender tor so much of the money borrowed aibt huth not laid out on the aliip, or merchandises laden thereon. In the proportion the money not laidw shall bear to the whole money lent, notwithstanding the ship and merchandises be totally loit." Lord Tenterdea says that this statute was introduced for the protection of the tradeofihel East India Company ; and its rules must be complied with in the case of bottomry bj ilu I masters of ships trading to the East Indies. For a further discussion of this subject, see Abbott on the Law of Shipping, pattiLc,3,'| Mwnhall on Insurance, book ii. ; and Park on Insurance, c. 21. I. Form of a Bottomry Bond. KNOW ALL MEN by these presents. That I, .*. B. commander and two-thirds ownerof ttesbl F.xeter, for myself and C. D., remainiug third owner of the said ship, am held and firmly hnundugul K. f\ in the pennl sum of two thousand pounds sterling, for the payment of which well and truly to)( I made unto the said E. F., his heirs, executors, administrutors, or assigns, I hrreby l)ind myself, n I heirs, executors, and administrators, flvmly by these presents. In wUnemi whereuf I have hereuD I set my band and seal, this 14th day of Veeember, in the year of our Lord 1796. I Whereas the above bound j1. B. hath taken up and receiveilofthe said E. F. the full andjii)l!ii| of one tlionsand pounds sterling, which sum is to run at respondentia on the block and freight of tliil ship Kxeter, whereof the said .4. B. is now muster, from the port or road uf Bombay nn r. vnyueiil the |iort of London, having permission to touch, stay at, and proceed to all ports and iHaces within lie I limits of the voyage, at the .ate or premium of taeniy-fioe per cent. (25 per cent.) fur the voyage, hi consideration whereof usual risks of the seas, rivers, enemies, fires, pirates, fcc.are tobeonaKcml of the atiid K. F. And for the further security of the said E. F. the said A. B. doth by these prekjii I mortgage and assign over to the said R. F. his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, Ihenill (.hip RieterixnA her freiulit, together with all her tackle, apparel, &.c. And it ia hereby declared thu I the said ship Kutcr and Iter freight is thus assigned over for the security of the respondentia lilial up by the said A. B., and shall be delivered to no other use or purpose whatever, until payinem^l this iiiind is first made, with the premium that may bccmne due thereon. I Now THE Condition of this obligation is such, that if the above bound Jl. B. his lielrt, eitti.! tors, or administrators, shall and do well and trul^ pay, or cause to be paid, unto the said £7,1 or his attorneys in iMndon legally authori.-ied to receive tiie same, their executors, adinlnistraton,iil assigns, the full and Just sum of 1,0002. sterling, being the principal of this bond, together with liil premium which shall become due thereupon, at or before the expiration of nimty dayaiitlerllieHlil arrival of the said ship Enter at her moorings in the river Thumes, or in case of the loss of tlitiiill ship Exeter, such an average as by custom shall have become due on the salvage, then this obliniiitl to be void and of no ellect, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. Ilnvingsigned tnttireeMI of the same tenor and date, the one of which being accomplished, the other two to be void andofsl effect. Ji. B. for self 1 „ , And CD.* r Bigned, sealed, and delivered, where no stamped \ G. II. , paper is to bo bad, in the presence of 3 /. A'. • In this bond the occasion of borrowing the money is not expressed, but the money was In r(ilii)| borrowed to refit the shi|> which being on a voyage from Bcnirnl to London was obliged tn piitbattlil Bombay to repair. See The Exeteb, IVhiiford, \ Itoli. A. R. I7fi. The occasion therefore of !x.rto«ii)l thu money gave the lender the security of the entire interest of the ship. But this bund, alMl expressed to be e.xocuted by the master for himself and the other part-owner, would notbiiiillJil other part-owner personally, unless he had by a precionsdeed authoiised tlu) master to execulesukM^ fur Aim. — {Mbott on the Laio of Shipping, part iii. c. 1. } 3.) II. Form nf a Bottomry BiU. TO ALL MEN TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME. I, Ji. B of Bfn/r(il.niarinfr,|«ill owner and muster of the ship called {.he Exeter, of the burthen of five hundred tons and upwardjucfl rilling at anchor in Table Bay, at the Cape nf Good Hope, send greeting: I WiiERGAS I, the said A. B., part-owner and master of the aforesaid ship, called the F.iiUr, iwiil prosecution of a voyage from Bengal to the port of London, having put into Tabic Bai/ for the |WI|mI of procuring provision and other supplies necessary for the continuation aud peribrmsDU ofilil BOUNTY, md 338 .fgreiaid, am at thli time necesiitatpil to take up upon the adveriturn of llie iaid «hip, railed Ef'r f»r the !um of ovt thoueavd poinida sti^rling iiiuiiu'!« nid vojago Clni Wo'io the port of London, to pay unto the said C. /). his executors, administrators, or assigns, l.«ml( ivike kvndredond twenty pounds of law {u\ British mone^, within thirty days next after life arrival of the said eliip nt the port of London from the same intended voyage. F^ ' I iiig g^jd A. B. do, for me, my e.\ecutorN and administrators, t'oveiinnt and grant to nnd with L«taid C. D; his executors and adniiniatrators, by these presents, that I, the said A. B., at the time TMliiiianddelivering of these presents, am a true and lawful luirt-owner and master of the said tig aiidtnve (xiwer and authority to charge and engage the said ship wi'h her freight as aforesaid, y'lliatthe «nid iihip, with her freight, shall, nt nil times aller the said voyage, be liable and charge- Uefortliepaymeiit of thesuid twelve hundred and twenty pounds, according to the :rue intent and Eeininfof these presents. UxDlMilyi It '8 hereby declared and agreed by and between ">e s- ips to these presents, that I'^jfllif laid ship slinll be lost, miscarry, or be castaway ' c i. 'il at the said port of iu«. afrnm the said intended voyage, that then the payment of 'iid Iw- ndred and twenty poundu ^llnol be demanded, or lie recoverable by the said C. />., his execiitcu, ..auiinislrutora, or'nsi^igns, Ct stall cense and determine, and the loss thereby be wholly borne nnd sustained by the said C. D., hwcotnrsBiidHdniinietratnrs, and tliat then and from thenceforth every act, matter, and thing [trtin mentioned on the part and behalf of the said A. B. siiall be void ; any niing liereiu contained to KtoLliary notwithstanding. In wiTNEsn whereof the parties have interchangeably set their hands and seals to four bonds of this tenor and date, one of which being paid, the others to be null and void. At the Cape of Oood Hope, this 15th day of M'ovenber, in the year of our Lord one thouaaud eight hundred and thirty. ■)E.F. Ao.H. A.B. (L. ».) les the works referred to by the author, the reader may consult with advantage the bill Lecture of Chancellor Kent's Commentary on American Law. It contains a concise Ivery lucid statement of the subject of maritime loans. — Am. Ed.] I BOUNTY, a term used in commerce and the arts, to signify a premium paid by govcrn- lent to the producers, exporters, or importers of certain articles, or to those who employ kps in certain trades. 1 1. Bounties on Production are most commonly given in the view of encouraging the labluhmcnt of some new branch of industry ; or they are intended to foster and extend a nch that is believed to be of paramount importance. In neither case, however, is their klity very obvious. In all old settled and wealthy countries, numbers of individuals are _ s leady to embark in every new undertaking, if it promise to be really advantageous kthout any stimulus from government : and if a branch of industry, already established, ) really impottant and suitable for the country, it will assuredly be prosecuted to the neccs- ^Mtcnt, without any encouragement other than the natural demand for its produce. . Btmiiuen Exportation and Importation. — It is enacted by the 3 & 4 'Will. 4. c. Si., that a merchant lexpntter claiming a bounty or drawback on goods exported, must make oath that they have been pilly e.ipnrted, and have not been relanded, and are not intended to berelanded, in any part oftlie ■lied Kingdom, or in tlie isle of Man (unless entered for llie Isle of Man), or in the islands of Farn jt'eitu: nnd it is further enacted, that if any goods cleared to be exported for a bounty or draw- |(li,Mi:ill not be duly exported to parts beyond the seas, or shall be relanded in any part of the llird Kiiijidnm, or in the islands of Faro or Fcrro, or . prominent article in the exports of France; fcwshi] ■ailing from Bordeaux, Rochelle, or Nantes, without taking a certain quantity of it « I board. The following is an account of the exportation of brandy from France duiif I BRANDY. 887 jUtm ending with 1780, and the 14 yem ending with l8'M.—(Enquite ttw Ut Redalilm. Twni HtetolibM, T»«fc RKtolllnr 303,638 1817 . - 61,607 IS33 _ . • 310,039 331,499 1818 - - 99,403 1834 . . ■ 317,Siy 9S4,500 1819 - . 931,633 1833 . . . 330,037 1830 * . 333,349 1830 . • - 191,110 184,160 1831 . • 133,106 1837 . . - 373,374 137,S0H 1833 - . 330,180 1838 •• - . 403,307 hs • [i« • J, 11 ilw hectolitre la equni to 36'43 wine gallonf , «howa that the exportation In 1838 wai equlva* iitoili^%73Bgnlluns; but It hat ilnco declined conddercbly. {DuliamBrandi/ in Great Britain and Ireland. Quantities ennsumed. — In nothing, ijliM the injurioiu operation of opprsMive duties been so atrikingly exenaplifiod as in (ctMof brandy. At the latter end of the^ 17th century, when the duty on brandy did jleiceed 9^ a tun, the import) into England amounted to about 6,000 tuna, or 1,513,000 isif^{HistoricalandPolitiailJiemarktonthe Tariff of the late Treaty, \189, p. 113.^ ; new at present, notwithataiiding our vast increase in wealth and population since the Inferred to, we do not import more brandy than we did then ! Nor is this extraordi- I circumstance to be ascribed to any preference on the part of the public to other beva- I, but is wholly owing to the exorbitant duties with which brandy is loaded. The price fbnndy in bond varies, at this moment, according to quality, from 9a, to 5«. a gallon Lperial mcasureV while the duty is no less than 2S«. 6d. Had the imposition of such a Cn taken away tne taste for brandy, it would have been con)parativeIy innocuous. But it (done no auch thing. Its only ciffct has been to convert a trade, that might otherwise e been productive of the most advantageous results, into a most prolific source of crime il demoralisation. The temptation to smuggle, occasioned by the exorbitancy of the duty, I loo overpowering to be counteracted by the utmost penalties of the law. All along the ("f Kent and Sussex, and the districts most favourably situated iiit running spirits, t the whole of the labouring population are every now and then withdrawn m>m their 137 employments, to engage in smuggling odventures. The efforts of the revenue cen to seize foreign brandy and geneva have in innumerable instances been repelled by Bloody and desperate contests have, in consequence, taken place. Many individuals, io,but for this fiscal scourge, would have been industrious and virtuous, have become \ predatory, and ferocious ; tliey have learned to despise the law, to execute summary nee on its oificers ; and are influenced by a spirit that has been, and may be, turned t must dangerous purposes. I Neither can it be truly said that this miserable system is upheld for the sake of revenue. 1 the contrary, it is easy to show that, besides the other mischievous effects it entails on epablic, it occasions the loss of at least 1,000,000/. a year. In 1766, Mr. Pitt, by a wise itic measure, took 50 per cent, from the duty on brandy and geneva ; (the duty on thtter has been for a lengthened period the same as that on brandy;) and instead of lb; diminished, the revenue was increased. In 1790, when the duty on brandy and geneva I M, the wine gallon, the quantity retained for home consumption was 2,223,590 gal- During the 3 years ending with 1803, when the duty was 9«. 2ari a (U,^ ignorant rapacity, to bo paralleled only by thnt of the aaviigps, who to got at the fmit * down the tree — fhould be permitted for a much Innijer period to dixkfraco our fmcal Those only who are anxious for the continuHnee of smuggling, with all its connenutnttm and misery, cnn be hostile to a reduction of the duty on brandy. By fixing it at Oi gallon, neither the consumption of Uritish spirits nor rum would be sensibly aifoctcd middle classes would, however, be aWe to use brandy, on occasions when, perhnpii'ul pent, they use nothing ; its clandestine impirtntion would be prevented ; tlioie eiimM] smiiggling would bo obliged to have recourse to industrious pursuits, and the minuftthi of the abominable compounds, that are now so fre<]ucntly aulHititutcd in iu atead, wutiijk put an end to. It is not easy, indeed, to suggest any measure that would bo productiTeJ to much advantage, and be attended with fewer inconveniences. RcfulationH a> to Importations, dj-' Driiiiily, Rnncva, and oilier rureign «rilrlt>, niiial be lmi»ri(d J Incaiik4,lii Clinks ri>ntitlnlni: not Ic-tdth'in 40 gfillnnn, under |i<:n[tlty l)rl'llrl'lMlllrt^— (:ID.<) iai kiu^ Gt. Brillio. Ireliul. I'nited Kiatf^lofil. Gral Brilain. InUnil. Onite.1 Kinptom. Ot. nril, 1 h<^ Imp. tat. Inp. gal. Imf. gal. L. , 1. d. /,. ». d. r. : r.'. i. 1. il|( 1 1 1314 500,.'i92 7,169 807,761 ."iRl.OSfl 1 1 6,618 13 4 987,674 IS 5 1 2 6jiii;i 18IS 656,5.% 9,160 601,715 740.747 12 1 4,701 6 1 745,4 19 18 2 „ 1816 6.57,0ofll(i| porter, in such public or other wnreliouscs, ats chall be designated by the collector or surveyor, fil port where the same shall he landed, and shall be removed therefrom in the manner iirnHriMlfl HCt, entitled "An act providing for the duposite of wines and distilled spirits in public wirebr^ aud for other purposes." } 2. That brandy, imported in casks of a capacity not Ii?ss ihon fifteen gallons, may be cipc tbs boneflt of a drawback of the duties which shall bave been paid thereon, and tlie exponcitiM BRASS— BRAZIL WOOD. 830 ■imof brnnrfy •" Imported. tb'Ol h«t en(lll«fl fo trtoWt a rtHhonttira or dphenlnrxt, for tho iimonni £ nrhilrawba-K, asrrenlily lu the rxlRlInn Inwa t nnil hIi iirti now In forcn rpniilatinit iho nxporla- I nnfinlrlK •"'I t''" nll^wnnfR ami PRymenl uf druwhitrkit nnd debiititiiriii, ihitll bo deiiniotl appll- al°, w brandy, Iho Inipoitatlon ofwhich la permlUed by thli act." 'Thii ict was limited in its duration to three years; but it wm rcd into Ihil country li hut Inconilderable, Ha price In the London m.irket,'a)ir.liiiiiV I'^l duly (iU. per ton), varlei from W. to HIM. per Ion.— (/)e. Btntrufl (h lo4. cit. A'wm Jir<(r<.. r '*■ Tra^'cllir, vol. ixix. p. 87. i Jtfa/(i Brun, vol. v. p. 595. Eng. ed. ife.) ' '' BREAD, the principal article in the food of moat civiliaeJ nationi, conaiiU of • put, dough farmed of tho flour or meal of dilTerent aorta of grain roixed with watnr, iml b|J >Vhcn atale dough or yeaat ia added to tho freth dough, tn make it awell, it ii lul (JlI kavened ,• when nothing of thta aort ia added, it ia aaid to be unltavemd, I 1. Iliittorieal Sketch of Bread,— Tha Preaident de Goguet haa eiidcuvourcd, wiii J uiuai aagocity and learning, to trace the aucceaaive atepa by which it ia probable men i led to discover the art of making bread — {Origin of Laws, Jj^e. vol. i. pp. OS— 105, £,. trans.) ; but nothing poHJtive in known on the aubject It ia cert;iin, however, from thcit^l meiita in the sacred writiiiga, that the u^e of unleavened bread woa common in the dm ^1 Abraliam — (Wen. xviii. 8.) ; and that leavened bread waa uaed in tlin time of MoshJo,/ prohibits eating tho Paschal lamb with such bread. — (Exod. xii. 15.) Tho Oreeki aiiirg. Uiat Pan had instructed them in the art of making bread ; but they, no doubt, were inJtliiL- (br this art, as well as for their knowledge of agric-uituro, to the Egyptianx and Phanidigil who had early aettlod in their country. The method of grinding corn by hand milln J practised in Egypt and Greece from a very remote epoch ; but for a lengthened pcrind |J Komnna had no other method of making flour, than by beating rnaRted com in mmtjl The .Macedonian war helped to make the Romans acquainted with the arts and refiiKonJ of Greece; and Pliny mentions, that public bakers were then, for tho first time, utaliuiil in Rome— (tfM. Nat. lib. xviii. c. 11.). The conquests of tho Romans dilfuwd, tmoKj many otl..3r useful discoverioa, a knowledge of the art of preparing bread, as practiaed io II through the whole south of Europe. The uae of yeaat in the rutaing of bread seema, however, from a passage of Pliny (lib, ni(| 0. 7.), to have been practised by the Germans and Gaula before it was practised In il. Romans; the latter, like the Greeks, having leavened their bread by intermixing (beiiA dough with that which had become stale. The Roman practice seems to have supentul that which was previously in uae in France and Spain ; for tho art of raising bread b; toJ mixture of yeast waa not practised in France in modem times, till towards the end of i aeventcenth century. It deserves to be mentioned, that though the bread made in tUimjl was decidedly auperior to that previously in use, it waa declared, by the faculty of medidiil in Paris, to bo prejudicial to health ; and the use of yeast waa prohibited under the ktiii penalties ! Luckily, however, the taste of the public concurring with the interest of theb^a^l proved too powerful for those absurd regulations, which fell gradually into disuse ; inJ jmI has long been, almost every where, us(h1 in preference to any thing else in the manufactml of bread, to the wholeiomeness and excellence of which it has not a little contributed. I'he species of bread in common use in the country depends partly on the twteoflliil inhabitants, but more on the sort of grain suitable for its soil. But the superiority of uliail to all iitlter farinaceous plants in tho manufacture of bread ia so very great, that wheremil| is easily and successfully cultivated, wheatnn bread ia used, to the nearly total excluiioD» moat olhera. Where, however, the soil or climate is less favourable to ita growth, lyt.iXtl &c. are used in ita stead. A very great change for the better has, in, this respect, lilal place in Great Britain within the last century. It ia mentioned by Harrison, in hit deiai^l tion of Erigland (p. 168.), that in the reign of Henry VIH, the gentry had wheat suS for their own tables, hut that their houtehold and poor neighbours were usually obligeij It content themselves with rye, barley, and oata. It appears from the householu hook ofSil Edward Coke, that in 1596, rye bread and oatmeal formed a cx>n!iidcrable piirt of thedirtn Ncrvanta, even in great fomilies, in the southern counties. Barley broad h stated in li|| grant of a monopoly by Charles I., in 1626, to be the usual fpod of the ordinaiy Mrtofjt pie. — (Sir F. M. Eden on the Poor, vol. i. p. ,56 1 .) At the Revolution, the wheat prodM in England and Wales was estimated by Mr. King and Dr. Davenatit to amount to \XM quarters. — (Daoenunt'a Works, vol, ii. p. 217.) Mr. Charles Smith, the very well inta author of the Tracts on the Com Trade, orir^iiially published in 1738, states, that in bitii wheat had become much more generally the food of the common people than it had \mt 16^9, but he adds (2d ed. p. 1S2. Lond. 1766.), that notwithstanding this increase,** wry intelligent inquirers were oi' opinion that even then not more than half the people ^1 England f«l oo wheat Mr. Smith'a own estimate, which is very carefully dnwaiip.iiif BREAD. 341 mill' hiituff ; for taking the population of Eiiffland and Waloa, in 1760, at 6,000,000, h« ir««d *»• Si^OOi^OO were coniumen of wheat ; 739,000, of barley ; 88H,00O, of rye ; '^'i;23,0OO, ofoat*. Mr. Smith further auppoaed that they individually conauraed, th« linlclwi, 1 quarter of wheat; the aecond, 1 quarter and 3 buihela of hurley; the third, 1 I uirtcr ind I bunhcl of rye ; and tho fourth, S quartera and 7 buohria of oata. I ^ About the middle of laat century, hardly any wheat waa uaed in the northern coontiea of Ieii(I"ii1- '" Cumlwrland, tho principal fiimiliea uied only a amall quantity about Ghritt- I ' Xbecrutt of thegooae pie, with which altnoHt every table in the county ia then aup> \m »••< It ')>" period referred to, almoHt uniformly mode of barley inoal. — (Eden on tht I Enry one knowi how inapplirahin thcae itatemcnta urn to the condition of the people of ■Jniitodtt the preaent time. Wheaten bread ia now univcraiilly made uie of in towna and liillim uid almost every where in the country. Barley ia no longer uaed, except in the IdiililleHM trwl in brewing ; oata are employed only in tlio fecdinR of horaoi ; and the consump- lioiiof ry« bread ia comparatively inconsiderable. The produce of the wheat cropj haa |bMi,itthe very leait, Irebkd aince 1760. And if to thia immenae increaie in the supply Itf «heil, we add the atill more extraordinary increase in the aupply of butcher'a meat — ■(wirtCiTTLit), tho fact of a very signal improvement having taken place in the condi- livgofthe population, in respect of food, will be obvious. I Bat great as has been the improvement in the condition of the people of England since |n60, it ii but trifling compared to the improvement that haa taken place, since the same liod, in the condition of the p«!ople of Scotland. At the middle of last century, Scotch agri- Uture wu in llie most deprcfiscd otato ; tho tenants were destitute alike of capital and skill ; Kncropi were almost wholly unknown; and tho quantity of wheat that waa raixed waa igite inooniiderable. A field of 8 acres sown with i\\w grain, in tho vicinity of Edinburgh, 1 1737, was reckoned so great a curiofiity that it excited the attention of the whole neigb- )kM—{Hoberl aim's Rural llecoUrd'uma, p. 267.) But even ao late as the American II, Itie wheat raised in tho Lothians and Berwtckahira did not exceed a third part of what toon grown in them; and tiking the whole country at an average, it will be a moderate iUDUt«, to iay that the cultivation of wheat has increased in a tenfold proportion since ^780. At that period no wheaten bread was to bo met with in the country places and vlU I of Scotland; out eakea and barky bannocks being universally made use of. But at lent the case is widely diflerent The upper and aliio the middle and lower claiaes in HI and villages use only wheaten bread, and even in farmhouses it U'vory extensively uiiumeJ. There is, at this moment, hardly a village to be met with, however limited ita ntent, that has not a public baker. In many parts of England it is the custom for private families to bake their own bread. ~ I it particularly the case in Kent, and in some parts of Lancashire. In 18U4, there waa tiiingle public baker in Mancheater ; and their number is still very limited. 2. Rtgiilutions as to the Manufacture tf Bread. — Owing to tho vast importance of bread, bounufacturehas been subjected in most countries to various regulations, aome of which kve had a beneficial and others an injurious operation. u. Astize nf Bread, — From the year 1266, in the reign of Henry III., down to our own hyi, it has been customary to regulate the price at which bread should be sold according to I price of wheat or flour at the time. An interference of this sort waa supposed to be lary, to prevent that monopoly on tlie part of the bakera which it waa feared might lerwise take place. But it is needless, perhaps, to say that this apprehension was of the Nt futile description. The trade of a baker is one that may be easily learned, and it iquirej no considerable capital to carry it on ; so that were those engaged in the businesa liny particular town to attempt to force up prices to an artificial elevation, the combination ^ouJil be immediately defeated by the competition of others ; and even though this were not ecaw, the facility with which bread may be baked at home would of itself serve to nuUify I efforts of any combination. But the assize rcgulationa were not merely useless ; they Kie in many respects exceedingly injurious : they rendered the price of flour a matter of |iniparative indilference to the baker ; and they obliged the baker who used the finest floui-, 1 milk the best bread, to sell at the same rate as those who used inferior flour, and \ ; i\oim 1 was decidedly of a worse quality. But these considerations, how obvious aoevr r tboy lay now appear, were for a long time entirely overlooked. According, however, js the use Y wheaten bread was extended, it waa found to be impracticable to set assizes in amall towiia 1 villages ; and notwithstanding the fewness of tho bakera in such places gave them iater facilities for combining together, the price of bread waa aloiost uniformly lower in lem than in places where assizes were scL In consequence, partly of this circumstance, ^t still more of the increase of intelligence as to such matters, the practice of setting an 3 was gradually relinquished in most places; and in 1815 it waa expressly abolished, J an act of the legislature (55 Geo. 3. c. 99.), in London and its environs. In otltor places, plough the power to set an assize still subsists, it is seldom acted upon, and haa fallen into Dfuative disuse. Vobl-X $1 fvl ' i > \f J,ll jl i'. '^ ' II liitvH" i I :*'r «lt BREMEy, ■ b. Regulations as to tht Weis^ht, and Ingredients to be used in making Bread.— K^ mi. ing to the assize acts, a sack of flour weighing 280 lbs. is supposed capable of beir.jr | into 80 quartern loaves ; one fifth of the loaf being supposed to consist of water and I I and four fifths of flour. But the number of loaves that may be made from a sack of II I depends entirely on its goodness. Good flour requires more water than bad flout and"!! I flour than new flour. Sometimes 83, 83, and even 86 loaves have been made from a ^ I of flour, and sometimes hardly 80. ^ ' Under the assize nets, hnkcrs nre restricted to bake only three kinds of lirend, viz. wheaten ard wheaten, and hoiisnhold ; the firet being made of the finest flour, llie 8ecnn(i of the whoip 5 mixed, and the third of the croirser flour. The Inaves are divided into peck, half-peck nndauirt loaves ; the legal weight of earh, when baked, being, the peck loaf 17 lbs. 6 oz., the half DeckJu? 11 oz., and the quartern 4 lbs. 51 oz. avoirdupoig. '' ""•■ Now, however, it is enacted, thot within the city of London, and in those places in the con I ■ niikeandsellbreod nmilenftth.,71 liarluy, rye, outs, buckwheat, Indian corn, pens, beans, rice, or potatoes, or any of them, alons »'i' I union salt, pure water, ej;).'9, milk, barm, leaven, potato or other yenst, nndnimj •» j«c* nr.!! I where an assize is not set, it shall be lawful for the bakers to ninl< 'wkfai,! common salt, pure water, eggs, milk, barm, leaven, potato or other yenst, nndnimj iajMi l*'"! tion.i as they shall think fit.— ( 3 Oeo. 4. c. 10ft. } '2., nnd 1 & 2 Cfeo. 4. c. 50. i 2.) '">"• I It is also enacted, by the same statutes, that bakers in London, and in the country, that is (..gi places 10 miles from tlie Royal Exchange where an assize is not set, may make and sell hreadli A weight nnd size as they think fit, nny Inw or assi/e to the contrary notwithstanding. But it jg jilrl same time enacted, tiiat such bread shall always be sold by avoirdupois weiglit of 10 ninices in lI pound, and in no other manner, under a penalty for every olfc^nce of not more tha- '" ■ however, French or fancy bread, or rolls, which may be sold without previously weigl...., „„,, Bikers or selli^rs of bread are bound to have fixed, in soiilo conspicuous pan of tlieir shop ,"™f I and scales, vvitli proper weiglits for weighing bread ; and a person purchasing bread may require jti I be weighed in his presence. Bakers and others sending out bread in carts, are to supply them m! I beams,~8cales, &c., and to weigh the bread if required, under a penalty of not more than 51 -no, I 4.3. 106. }8.) ■ ''"*| Bakers, cither journeymen or masters, using alum or any other unwholesome itigrcrtient,anilMi L victed on their own c.uifession, or oti tlie oath of one or more witnesses, to forfeit nolcxcecilinjjii'l and not less tli:in 5/. if beyond the environs of London, and not exceeding lU;. nor less than 51} I within London or its environs, .lust ices are allowed to publish the names of otfendera. TlieaJill teration of meal or flour is punishatile by a like pi-nally. Loaves made of any other grain thainvlai I without the city and its liberties, or beyond 10 miles of the Royal Exchnnge.tolieniarkpiln'illialiml lionian M ; and every person exposing such loaves without such mark sli:tll forfeit notmoretlunlkl nor less than 10s. for every loif fo exposed. — (1 & 2 Oeo.i. c. .M. JO.) I Any ingredient or mixture found williin the house, mill, stall, shop, &c. of any miller, mealmn vl baker, wliich after due examination shall be adjudged to liave been placed there for thepiirpojend adulleralion, sh ill be forfi!itc 8.) I Bakers in London and its environs are not to sell, or expose to sale, any bread, rolls, or cakpi, i),l bake or deliver any niuat, pudding, pie, tart, or victuals of any sort, on Sundays, except belweeiilil hours of nine in the morning and one in the afternoon, under penalty of lOs. fur the first offencf,4l for the second otTunce, and 40». for every suliseqiient olfencc. — (3 Geo. 4. c. 100. J 16.) ' I Bakers in the country are prohibited from selling, &c. any bread, &.C., or baking or delivennjirl meat, &c., on Sundays, any time after half past 1 o'clock of the afternoon of that day, nidiuiniittl time of divine service, under penally of ts. for the first olFi-'nce, 10«. for the second, nnd 20». for ik third and every subsequent oflence. — (59 Oeo. 3. c. "0. i 12.) There are several regulations in the acts now in force with respect to the sale, &c. of bread vim, an assize Is set ; but as the practice of .setting an assize is nearly relinquished, it seems nnnetessti) to recapitulate them. The weight of llin assize bread has already been mentioned, and llic pmci|l( oil which its price is fixed. Notwithstanding llie prohibition against the use of nlnni, it is believed to be very gencrallKi.| ployed, particularly by the bakers of London.— "In llie metropolis," says Dr. Thomison, (StfjUi Ennje Brit., art. Bakinir), "where the goodness of bread is estimated entirely by its whilonci.'.iiij usiuil with those bakers who employ flour of nn iiitVrinr quality, to add as much alum astoinin ■alt to the dough ; or, in oilwr words, the quantity of salt added is rtiminislied a half, iind llicil-i. ciency supplied by an equal weight of alum. This improv.s the look of the bread, remleringnniil whiter and firmer." There are believed to be about 1,700 bakers in London, Westminster, &c. The trade whith iH carry on is in general but limited, and it is not reckoned a very advantageous line of bujiiicss, [Government in our own country, too, has undertaken to regulate the quantity and quitlil of a loaf of bread. There is a law in Pennsylvania inflicting a penalty of five poundsonuJ baker who shall mix up or ailulteratc his bread with any impure or unwholesome in^litiilj and he is obligctl to make his loaves of a certain weight. The legislation of other $bieit(| the subject is of the same character. — Am. Ed.] BREMEN, one of the free Haiiseatic cities, situated on the river Wescr, abt ut 50 mikl from iU mouth, in lat. 53° 4i' N., long. 8° 48' E. Population about 40,000. Its siluiliiil on the Wcser renders Bremen the principal emporium of Hanover, Brunswick, H''3,'ie,d| other countries traversed by that river. 'J'he charges on the buying, selliii?, and slu'ppajl of goods, arc very moderate. The principal exports are linens, grain, oak bark, glass, saul! J hams, hides, rapeseeii, beef and pork, rags, wool and woollen goods, wine, &c. Thenlflll nnd barley shipped hero are mostly very inferior; but the oats arc useful common ft ' lieana are good. The lincn.s arc mostly the same as those from Hamburgh. The ini{)(iti| consist of coflee, sugar, and other colonial products; tobacco, whale oil, iron, ricc,l" wines, raw coMon, cotton stuflti and yarn, earthenware, brandy, buttc. tar, tea, djevoo^l limber, hemp, Ac. A Slalement of the Q Barilla - cwts. Brandy - hhds. Baiter - cwts. Coals - - lasts. Mee - lbs. Copper - cwts. Copperas - do. Colion - lbs. Currants - cwts. Eirihcnware - fuslic - cwts. iBdlgl) - lbs. Iron tons. linseed - hrls. Hides - - No. Lopwood - cwts. .Maboirany Oil, Greenland brls. -..Newfoundland rio.| -, Norwegian do. -, .Archangel do. -, Sonlh Sea do. Pepper - lbs. Fiinento - do. Pilth - - brls. BREMEN. 2i3 TiJnut to Bremen.— T^B entrance to the Weser lies between the Mellum and other sandt on the ih-western, ard the TepliTS Plaat, Ir.c. nn the north-oaslern side, lis courHe from Krcmerlehe to ^''"'".liij nearly S. E. and N. W. It in buoyed throughout. The buoys on the riglit or sti^rboard 'i!! when entering, being biacic and marked with letters, while those on the Icit or larboard are white Jmimtered. The first or outer bliick buoy has a gilt key upon it, and is, therefore, called the '°iiimI or key buoy ; it lies in 10^ fathoms, bearing N. £.A miles from Wrangeroog light. This is an 'iSliiil! ''?ht, having replaced in 1H30, the old coal-fire beacon on the island of Wrangeroog, miiie to the northern extremity of East Fricsland. It is, according to the most authentic state- ml8 in lat. 53° 47i' N., long. 7° 51' 55' ' E.; is elevated 65^ feet above high water mark, being alter- iiflvviiible and invisible for the space of a minute. A liglit vessel is moored in the fair-way of the \Ve^ Directions for tin JVorth Sea, published by Mr. Norrie.) 1 1 Slatement of the Quantities and Value of the principal Articles of Merchandise imported into ' Bremen, in the year 1835. — {Consular Return). Imports Importi. Doeriplion. Dacription. QiiantiUn. Value. Quaniities. Value. £ £ Barilla - cwts. 6.277 2,216 Raisins - - cwts. 7,990 7,383 Brandy - Butter hhds. 1,284 6,741 Itice - - do. 33,655 33,921 cwts. 10,377 23,003 Resin - - do. 3,810 961 Coals lasts. 2.'}4 842 Rum • -casks. 852 15,720 Coffee - lbs. 10,103,000 263,138 Salt - - lasts. 684 2,118 Copper - Copperas - Cotton cwts. 1,107 5,700 Saltpetre - - cwts. 4,070 6,2?7 do. 8,268 2,220 Sugar, raw, - do. 108,691 215,571 lbs. 753,700 31,404 , refined - do. 17,9S1 35,1)64 Currants - cwts. 3,241 6,518 Syrup - - do. 9,675 8,310 Ejrthcnware - — 6,087 Tallow - - do. 1,157 1,941 fastis - cwts. 11,607 1,9S0 Tiir - - brls. 6,119 4,035 fodigo lbs. 20,800 5,100 Tea - - lbs. 415,800 46.785 Iron tons. 2,817 47,.325 Tinplaffis - -boxes. 1,RS6 3,394 linseed - hrls. i\,'m 22,878 Tobacco, leaf - lbs. 21,170,870 478,380 Hides - - No. 27,100 32,205 605,634 27,017 Lopvood - cwts. 12,080 3,252 4,8'J3,417 55.031 Maliouany — 3,705 , segars No. 1,633,000 3,8)0 Oil, Greenland brls. 3,400 4,.500 Miscellaneous - — 271,617 -iNewfoundlaim im. -, Norwegian do. 6,7K0 - 106,440 Total 1,802,553 -, .\rchangel do. 600 Further imports by watc r from the"] -, South Sea do. 22,000 small towns situaler 1 between i 32,553 Pepper - lbs. 320,900 S,347 Bremen and the mm ith of the f Pimento - do. brla. 381,360 501 7,1.'!0 324 river Weser ■ - -J Pitch Total in ports 1,835,106 rjpor/s.— I-incns are one of the most important articles of export from Bremen. They are mostly ■old bv the piece. The dimensions of the pieces, and their prices, are similar to those of^ Hamburgh, irhichsee. The Westphalia hams are mostly shipped from this port. Diili«.— An export duty of | per cent., ad valorem, is charged on all merchandise shipped from iBmnen. The Import dnty is I per cent., ad valorem, on all articles ; he 'ing been increased a third per cent, by (Hioordlnanceof 1830. The value of the imports is calculated according to the invoice price, adding thereto the freight and fcheraleof insurance current in Bremen ; the value of the exports ia cstimateil from the invoice pric« linly. fhoiild there be no Invoice of imports, it is the duty of the Importer to make a correct estimnle Bribe value ii|ion his oath as a citizen ; but the Custom-house has power to institute a stricter ox- ^iiiinilion, If the estimate appears too low. Kjiifriirton— Bremen has become the most considerable port on the Continent for the shipment of ^inlirants to the United States, and other parts in America. In 1832 the number of emicrantsanioum- I to between 9,0(10 nnd 10,000; and their conveyance has become an object of much importance, pnictilarly to the American ahip-owiiers. A lnr((e proportion of the emigrants are from Hesse. Siip-kroifrs are licensed officers, and give security, to the amount of 2,000 rix-rtnllars, for the faith- M discharge of their duties. These are to engnee freights, to sell vessels hy auction, to enter ves- eli. anil udlect freights. They are not permilted to liiive piirtnera, to triinsiut any commercial ttiiness on their own account, to accept commissions <>x consignments, to sell ur purchase bills of jifliangp, or to enEnue in any mercantile concerns. None but appointed brokers of this class can undertake any of the duties assigned to them. Any person employinga non-appointed broker, is deprived of It'gal redress against the unauthorised agent y whose conduct he may sustain hijury. i Shiii-broliers lire obliged to keep a register of all vessels coming In or going out, of the names of Ike captains who employed them, to procure manifests of cargoes, and ;o attend to the payment of lulionand nllicr dues chargeable on vt'ssel or cargo. \ The fees ■ ,iwed to them are, for chnrtcring a vessel in bulk, 18 grotes per grain last ; of this tho ■ nerpajd l2grotes, and the freighter six grotes. I Foroiitward-bouni) vessels, taking morchandi,se as it may be ofTered, 2 per cent, on the flreiglit. I For entering a vessel from sea measuring 50 lasts, 5 rix-dullars ; measuring 100 ditto, 7i rix-dol ■ In; and If she measure above 100 lasts, 10 rix-dollars. { Entry due> are to b« paid by the consignees of foreign vesseli out of Uie commisBion they maT Vrg«. U* u ■ w J '.\ ■mil'' Si ?i ! ■ tLl'ilK ■m '31 :; -; •in 244 BREMEN. •;i! !'.r^ It ;; Per the eolleetioii offlrelght money, the broker ti entitled to receive one per cent., but ths cmiitM, of tiftrtifn veiiBl li to pny tliiii mm. '™ XtfHlationt of the Harbonr of Brnatn Ilavm.—KW veisola entering the harbour are subject to ih> ■uperintendence of the harbour-niuiten, whoie directions are to be obeyed by ibu captalni u! crewi. ^ I No bnllait or rubbli^h ii to be thrown overboard, under a penalty of 10 rix-dollitn for the Hm I ni7unce, which is iiicreaxed in case of repetition ; tlie otfundur, too, i* obliged to remove the articlei^ I may have lo cast into the liarb-iur. I It l8 not permitted to keep (tiinpowder on board, and any which may be in the veisci mint be dti;, I ▼ered up within two hours after she has ronclied her berth : non-coinpiiance witli thig mibjecit ii» I party to a flue of from 10 to 50 rix-dnllars ; nor is it permitted to dlschargu any fire-armi in pon I The use of all fire on board, from sunset to sunrise, is prohibited ; the captain, bowover, mav hin a li^ht, in a closed lantern, in his cabin. ' The crews are not allowed to cnrry on shore -ly Are-arms, dirks, or other weapons. Vessels passing in and out of the drawbridj^o, or which niuy remain in the harbour dutiDt tn I months, are subject to the payment of the following rates, viz. :— ' ' ' nx.n.ot. 1 . 40 . "J . j> . as fl • 20 . 17 30 • 15 . 15 n • 112 36 12 30 • 10 Below en Into to 40 littt — 40 — to 30 — , is > E I( vmkU nmiala lonnw lima two nHmthi, lliei in to m i. I every aOJItioual moalh, calcultlieftlweiitnixeoiiiHviuL. I k full ninnlll. ^* | Veneli of 300 taitt and upwanlt • • , — to 2ia lula Dulutv 300 2-10 — la 200 — V» — to 100 100 — to 00 or 900 Usti and upwards • BalowSOO — to2S0luis • — 250 — In 200 — — 2U0 — 10 IM — — ISO — to 120 — — 12J — lo liiO — M)iiare-rl7^ • — 121) — lo too — Kalliiils, he. — |f^ — to 90 — ilquareTK^ed • — too — k> 80 — gallioli, He. — W — to flO — iquiro-riilfed — M — to 60 — (illio'.i, ke. • .^rHeiih.— During the year 1831, 1,006 ships entered the port of Bremen. Of these, 19t were Troi Hanover; III from Great Briluin ; 103 from th(! United Htntes; 44 frciin I'rnnce ; and the reniilniJei from the Netherlands, Russia, South Atnuricii, Spain, 8 weilcii, &c. The shipping cliurgcs at Btem are particularly low. Jfuney.— Accounts are kf>pt in thalnrs, or ri.t-dnllars, of 72 srontes or erntes ; thn grntes bcini ft vided iiitoSswnres. The Bremen rix-dnllar current is worth 3*. 2J. sterling ; undtliepurofeicluife is 1(. sterling ^ 6 rix-dollars 11 protes 4 swnrus. fVcighta and JfM»«re.«.— The coininercial pound = 2 marks = 10 ounces = 32 lotln =7,600 Enilkj grains. IIiMice, 100 lbs. of lircmnn = 1098 iivoirdiipois, or 4y-h85 kilog. A load of pfunil8c-,hwer= Wllj but C'lrriers reckon it at 30S lbs. Acentner- IIOIIis.; ushi[>pound = 21ccntnerg,nr21)0|l,a.; jBaaj! f)f iron =: 120 lbs. ; a stone of fl.ix =10 lbs. ; n stone of wools 10 lbs. A ton of butter great niei. sure - 300 lbs. ; and a ton of do. small measure =^ 2:10 lbs. Thodry mi-asures are, 4BplntB =:!l viBrtel : 4 vlxrluUal srhelT!!; lOscheffoIs^l quart; 4iiiiitti. I last ; the Inst =8070 butt). is Wincheiiter measure, or 10087 quarterii ; that is, 10 qimrtersamlCt bushel. A barrel of salt =:= 3^ schetTds. A last of coals -2 chaldrons Newcastle measure, The liquid measures are 8-8 quarts :=1 vit-rtelt 5 viertels »1 anker; 4 ankers- 1 tierce; IMieni coxhoft ; the oxiioft -- 58 English wineirallons. Wine is sometimes soldbytheuliniut'lanken:^!;) Kng. winuKalloiis, A barrel of whaieoll r:::6 Bteckaii,or 216 lbs. nettcSU Eng. winogalluni. Aiti) last of herrings, salt, and coals = 12 barrels. The Bremen riot= II'3S Eng. inches: hence, 100 Bremen feet:>&18 Eng. ditto. The Bremen ell i 8 feet ; and 100 ells of Bremen =< 63'2 Eng. yards. 7Vre«. —Tlie usual tares are, on sugar in casks and Brazil chests, 17 per cent. ; on IlavnnnahboiM, 70 lbs. ; Maryland tobacco, 90 lbs. per hocshend; ditto Virginia and Kentucky, llOllis. por hoaM; cotton, round bales, 4 percent ; square ditto, percent. ; tea ((green), 20II)B. (ler quarter clu'stijiiit (black), 321bs. per quiirtur chest. Most other articles, such as East India indigo, rice, coffee, gpito, &c. real tare.— (Drawn up principally from the communications of Bremen merch.ints; andfroiuik Digest of Customs' Laws printed by order of the American Congress, vol. 1. p. 434. &c.) [The mercantilo marine of Bremen has of late years been very much augmented, d I may be now estimated at about 40,U00 tons, Since the construction of the iiarboutof I Bremerlehe, above mentioned, ship-buildiiif; has chiefly been carried on there, instead ofii I Vegesack, a.^ wa.s formerly the case. And some very fine ships and ht'igi have been ludj I constructed on American models. The commKrcial intercourse of Bremen with the United States is extensive and importiii I Tliis small city is the principal market in Europe for Ami-ricaii tobacco. The average i|iii» tity imported by it approaches to 30,000 hoqnjhnads annually ; and of this amount the la:^ I ])ortion is Maryland. It is distributed from Bremen all over Germany, Prussia, Aiislrii, I and even through Italy and Russia. A considerable number of Bremen vessels resort foiii I ti Baltimore; some to Petenburg and Richmond. The inspection I.itoly c jtabluheJ in I Philadelphia his already augmented the direct intercourse between it and Bremen; and i| regular line of packcU is to sail between the ttwo ports. The quantity of cotton annually shipped to Bremen from the United States doea nit ^ I beyond six or eight iL asand boles. Five or six thousand casks of rice are annuolly expon. | cd thither. For many years past the Bremen vcsscN have brought to this country a large rmkii I Oerman emigrants, consisting chiefly of industrious fanners, mechanics, and labourer.*, During the years 1830 and 1837, they supplied us with grain; but their cargoes o(4 1 naiily consist of goods manufactured in varioi'.s parts of Gurmany, such as Silks, manufactured mostly at Fllbcrfold and Crevelt, in Prussia. Cotton goods, principally hosiery, made in Saxony. Woollens, chiefly merimics, some coarse woollen hosiery, aomo light BummcrcIotlu,iiill « small quantity of broad cloth. Hardware and steel, manufactured at Romschcid, Solingcn, and neighbouring placei|ii| the Prussian dominions. UoUow glasaware, im;b w tuntbleri of (he commonest tieicription, and winoudp»| lAccountof t' Rates ( ■ Account of the Rates ( SlWiB. 5 I 1 Common Larse - I'ulishcd BRIBE, BRICKS AND TILES. 245 • • S I • Ml • s» • • illl I • Illl '««. 19t were fron and the tmmia iliurgesatBieiiiti ttiliottlei. Tlie importation of those articles is gradually decreasing, aa our own glass* ,oflu aw improving' Linens. All kinds of German linen goo-l,03a 40ti,'1.S9 I-S.-iO 21,089 "21 QumiHy. i82ri. 2J,741,r.82 3«fi,187 0,528 2.'i,l'!4,2. ; tack. I 17,000 734,742 52,000 126,009 7,900 143,073 750 1,424 £ >.l 975 9 5 44 14 6, Great Britain 17,000 786,742 134,809 143,823 1 1,424 1 1,020 3 iT JVofe.— Bricks and tiles made in Ireland arc not subject to excise duty. BRIMSTONE. See Sllphur. BRISTLES (Fr.Soiesf Gcr. Borsten .- Da. Borstels ,- It Setok,- Sp. Cerdas, Selai, Pol. Szczec' ly ; Rus. Scktsclidina ,• Lat. Selw), the strong glossy hairs growing on tie hack of the hog and the wild boar. These are very extensively used by brushmakers, sliofr makers, saddlers, &c., and form a considerable article of import. Russia is the great icait for bristles ; those of the Ukraine being held in the highest estimation. Of the total quan. tity imported in 1831, amounting to 2,070,306 lbs., Russia furnished 1,867,096 Ibs.,aiiil Prussia (KiJnigsberg) 136,721 lbs. At an average of the 3 years ending with 1831, ili« entries for home consumption amounted to 1,780,801 lbs. a year. The duty, whiciivaria from ^d. to 3^^. a pound, produced, in 1832, 25,613/. 2s. lOd. nett. BROCADE (Da. Brokade ; Ft. Brocade,- Get. Brohal ,• It. Broccah ; Hub. Pttflstk; Sp. Brocadii), a stuff made of silk variegated with gold and silver. BROKERS, jiersons employed as middlemen to transact business or negotiate bargaiu petween different merchants or individuals. They are sometimes licensed by public authority, and sometimes not. Brokers are divided into different classes, as bill or exchange brokers, stockholders, ship and insurance brokers, fmwnbrokers, and brokers simply so called, or those vho selloi apprai.se household furniture distrained for rent. Exclusive, too, of the classes now ii» tioned, the brokers who negotiate sales of produce between different merchants usually coH' fine themselves to some one department or line of business ; and by attending to it exclu- sively, they acquire a more intimate knowledge of its various details, and of the credit of those engaged in it, than could be looked for on the part of a general merchant ; and are consequently able, for the most part, to buy on cheaper and to sell on dearer terms than tte less familiar with the business. It is to those circumstances — to a sense of the advaiitajei to be derived from tising their intervention in the transacting of business — that the esleO' sive employment of brokers in London and all other large commercial cities b whollj'tolK ascribed. The number of brokers in London is unlimited ; but by the statute 8 & 9 Will. 3.c,!(l thoy arc to be licensed by the lord mayor and aldermen, under such restrictions and lliiiil* tions as they may thhik fit to enact. By the 57 Goo. 3. c. fiO., brokers acting without kiai duly admitted are made liable in a penalty of 100/. The fee on admission is fixed bv ilj same act at 5/. ; and there is, besides, an annual payment also of 5/. The following arc some of the regulations estalilished by the mayor and aldermen pew ant to the act of Will. 3. : — That every person shall, upon his admiitsion, tiUce an oaliiirBly and faithfully to execute and perform the office of broker between party and parly, in all ♦ (Compiled from the Parliamentary Papers, No. 191, Sosa. 1S30, and No. 334. Seas. 1831.) BROKERAGE. 847 ibinn pertuning to the duty of the said office, without fraud or coUugioii, to the best and utmost of his skill and knowledge ; that he shall in all cases reveal the name of hia princi- Lil' and neither deal in goods on his own account, nor barter and sell again, nor make any Liii in goods beyond the usual brokerage ; and that be shall regularly register all the con- tracts, &c. into which he enters. Brokers grant a bond under a penalty of 500/. for the faithful performance of the duties ffim to in the oath of admission. I ^ gjgjgi jg delivered to the broker, with his name engraved thereon, which he may pro* I duce, if required, as evidence of his qualification. Twelve persons professing the Jewish religion are permitted to act as brokers within the I city nnder the same regulations, and receive the silver medal accordingly. This medal ia llransferable; sold generally at from 800/. to 1,500/., exclusive of the expense of transfer, I vfMch is uncertain. Upon the decease of any of the holders of the medal without its hav- lingbeen transferred, the appointment falls to the lord mayor for the time being ; and for it sum of 1,500/. has not unfrequently been given. — {Munt^fiore's Com. Diet. art. If goods in the city of London be sold by a broker, to be paid for by a bill of exchange, I the vendor has a right, within a reasonable time, if he be not satisfed with the sufficiency I of the purchaser, to annul the contract, provided he intimate his dissent as soon as he has an I opportunity of inquiring into the solvency of the purchaser. In a case of this sort (Hudg' \mf-Davies, 2 Camp. N. P. C. 536.), Lord EUenborough was, at first, rather inclined to llliink that the contract concluded by a broker must be absolute, unless his authority were I limited by writing, of which the purchaser had notice. But the special jury said, that inless the name of the purchaser has been previously communicated to the seller, if the ivment is to be by bill, the seller is always understood to reserve to himself the power of Idisapproving of the sufficiency of the purchaser, and annulling the contract." Lord EUen- Iborough allowed that this usage was reasonable and valid. But he clearly thought that the liejection must be intimated as soon as the seller has had time to inquire into the solvency lof the purchaser. The jury found, in the case in question, that^ue days was not too long a IferioJ for making the necessary inquiries. I Brokers, Bill, — propose and conclude bargains between merchants and others in matters ■of bills and exchange. They make it their business to know the state of the exchange, and Ithe circumstances likely to elevate or depress it. They sell bills for those drawing on foreign Icountries, and buy bills for those remitting to them : and, from their knowledge of the Imattiai wants of the one class as c< 'mpared with those of the other, a few of the principal llrokers are able to fix the rate of exchange at a fair average, which it would not be possible Itodoifthe merchants directly transacted with each other. Their charge as brokerage is I. per cent. "Those," says Mr. Windham Beawes, "who exercise the function of bill brokers, ought Itobc men of honour and capable of their business ; and the more so, as both the credit and Ifoitune of those who employ them may, in some measure, be said to be in their hands; and, llherefore, they should avoid babbling, and be prudent in their office, which consists in one lK\i\io\nl,thaXis, to hear all and say nothing ,- so that they ought never to speak of the Inegotiations transacted by means of their intervention, or relate any ill report which they Ihave heard against a drawer, nor offer his bills to those who have spread it." I Brokers, Stuck,— are employed to buy and sell stoclc in the public funds, or in the funds lof joint stock companies. Their business is regulated by certain acts of parliament, by Iwhich, among other things, it is enacted, ihat contracts in the nature of wagers, or contracts lapparenlly framed for the sale or purchase of slock, but really intended only to enable the parties llo speculate on contingent fluctuations of the market, without any stock being actually sold, Uiall be void, and those engaging in them subjected to a penalty of 500/. — (7 Geo. 2. c. 8 , linade perpetual by 10 Geo. 2. c. 8.) And by the same act, any one contracting to sell stock Icfwhich he is not actually possessed, or to which ho is not entitled, forfeits 500/. Brokers |not keeping a book m which all contracts are regularly inserted, are liable in a penalty of W. for each omission ; half to the king and half to those who sue for it. The charge for tokerage on ail public funds, except Exchequer bills and India bonds, is 2s. 6d. per cent. ; Icn tiiese it is U. per cent. No transaction with respect to the purchase and sale of stock ■in the public funds can be concluded except by the intervention of a licensed broker, unless ■by tlic parties themselves. I brokers. Ship and Insurance. — The chief employment of this class of brokers is in the Ibuving and selling of ships, in procuring cargoes on freight, and adjusting the terms of Icnartprparties, settling with the master for his salary and disbursements, &c. Their charge Its ship brokers is about 2 per cent, on the gross receipts. When they act as insurance ■brokers, they charge 5 per cent, on the premium, exclusive of a discount allowed them on ■Kltling with the underwriter. The merchant looks to the broker for the regularity of the Icontract, and a jiroper selection of underwriters. To him also the underwriters look for a fiir |iiid candid disclosure of ail material circumstances alllicthig the risk, and for payment of H : ^. I 'I ' lb if '■ > ,1 ■1 i ii '• I' I !■ ' 1 [-1 i||Hl i I i; 'j .1 248 BROKERAGE— BUBBLES. i ;jl iPl!iil^'--'''i^ : I. ! their preniiuins. From the importance of their employment, ship and inraiunre brokm I ought to be, and indeed generally are, p«*rson8 of reitpectability and honour, in whom foil I confidence may bo rcpoaod. A ship broker is not within the various acts for the reiultiiog I and admission of brokers.— (fifi 6 Aon,* v. Rule, C. P. 27th of June, 1837.) I Brokers, Ctutom-house. — It is enacted by the 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 62., that no person iM be authorised to act as an agent for transacting business at the Custom-house in the ponof London, relative to the entry or clearance of any ship, &c., unless authorised by licence g( the commissioners of customs, who are to require bond with one surety for 1,000/. fonbe faithful conduct of such person and his clerks. This regulation does not, however, apoly ig the clerk or servant of any person or persons transacting business at the Custom-houiem his or their account The commissioners may extend this regulation to other ports.-^! 144. & 148. ^' ' Broktn, Pawn. See Pawnbrokebs. Brokers, simply so called, in their character of appraisers and sellers of goods distniotil I for rent, are regulpted by 57 Geo. 3. c. 93,, which enacts, that no such pernon making ag> distress for rent, where the simi due does not exceed 20/., shall tike more than the Mmt gums: VIZ. For levying - . • - For men keeiiinft possession, per day . . - AdvertiHeinenti, if any ..... Catnlngnes, sale, coniiniesion, &c. intlie ponnd on the nett produce Stamp duty, lawful amount. £ I. i. 3 9 10 1 Appraisements, whether by one broker or more, 6(f. per pound on the value of the gooik, under a penalty of treble the amount of the money unlawfully taken, with costs to be reco- vered summarily before a justice of the peace. In Franco, the brokers who deal in money, exchange, merchandise, insurance, and jlod, I are called aeenls de change, and their number, at Paris, is limited to sijcfy. The compaoT of agents M change is directed by a chamber of syndics (chambre syndicate) chosen annu. ally by the company. They are severally obliged to give bonds to the amount of 125,0( fr. for the prevention of abuses. They are also obligiMl to keep books; arc restricted lot | charge of from i to j- per cent. ; and are interdicted from carrying on, or having anjii rest in, any commercial or banking operations. — (See Code de Commerce, § 74. Ac,; and I art. BonnKAVx, in this Dictionary.) In the United States, brokers are not licensed, nor do they give bonds. BROKERAGE, the commission, or percentage, paid to brokers on the sale orpurchaseof I bills, funds, goods, &c. — (See FACTonAHK.) BRONZE (Get. Sliickgut, Stukmetall .- D\j. Stiickgoed ; It. Bronso,- Sp. ilWn Cammes ; Lat. Meiallum tormentontm), " a mixed metal, consisting chiefly of copper, wiih I a small proportion of tin, and sometimes other metals. It is used for casting statiiH, { cannon, bells, and other articles, in all of which tlie proportions of tho ingredients vai;," -iUre.) BROOMS (Ger. Bcsen ,• Fr. Balais ,• It. Scope, Granafe ; Sp. Escobas,- Rus.ilMi), are principally ms^de of birch or heath. Vast quantities are manufactured in Soulhwark, for I tlie supply of the liondon market. BRUSHES (Ger. Biirsten .- Fr. Brasses,- It. Setole, Spazzolc; Sp. Brozai, Ceplb, I Escobilbis ; Rus. iSc/i/scAe/At'), well-known implements, made of bristles, and manufaettmil of various forms. BUBBLES, n familiar name applied generally to fraudulent or unsubstantial commercial 1 projects, which hold out hopes of rapid gain, for the purpose of enriching the projectDrsit | the expense of sanguine and ignorant adventurers ; and particularly used to designate thox projects, tho funds for which arc raised by the sale of shares or sub.scripiion to a transferal stock. In consequence of the mischief produced by the gambling in transferable sharosof bubble companies at the time of the South Sea project, 1719 and 1720, the stat. 6 Geo, I, c. 18,, reciting that several undertakings or projects had been contrived and pracliscJ, fftich " manifestly tended to the common grievance, prejudice, and inconvenience of i!;roatni)!j hers of his Majesty's subjects in their trade and commerce," and describing, aii.ongolte practices of the time, tho ordinary mode of raising money by shares and subscriptions toJ pretended transferable stock, enacted, that the undertakings and attempts so describoii.anj public subscriptions, assignments, and transfers for furthering them, and particularly lie raising or pretending to raise transferable stocks without authority of charter or act of pari* inent, should be deemed illegal and void, and prohibited them under severe ponaliics. Sobm I decisions limited llie o[)cration of, and linally the stat. C Geo. 4. c, 91. altogether rtpealeil, these enactments and prohibitions. The projectors of bubbles, therefore, are now punishA only when they can be deemed guilty of frauds or conspiracies at common law ; anJ ihw is no other check on the adventurers than the loss and troublesome liabihties under theltf of partnership, in which participation in these projects often involves them. BUCKRAM— BUOYS. 340 BUCKRAM (Tt. Boiigran ; Gcr. Scfiettre, Sidfe Leinwand ; It T//a eoUata ogom- ii/ii' Ru9. Kleanka ; Sp. Bucaran), a fiort of coarse cloth made of hemp, gummed, calen* i/t((l,«nJ ilyci ^■^14 « ' \U[ S60 #^ 3U0YS. "if i| Subjoined ia an Account apecifying the Biioyn and Beacons imrter the Conlrnl of the Trlnlty-IIoiiae, Deptford Hi™^ with Ih ' Italics (if Chargi! on accniiiit of tliii siiiiiu on Ilriliiih and Korei|;n Ships, ami the ivli"^ of the Untua In each of the Three Yeurs endhig with lH-i2.— (Puri. Paper, No. 315, 8cii. 1633) Rfttn or Chwga. Coulen. DrilUh hikI Fo- reiffn privilfRAl Vef M-'li Uveriea, |)er TuD. For«l|(nVi««li not privileged Uvertu, per Ton. In the port of London the following ratea are payable for the inwurd pua aage only ; viz. — The rates vary from 1 penny to 1 far- thing |ier ton, according to the deacrlption of tile veaaeU' cargoes, and the places from whence they arrive. 1 penny 3 pence Kor the buoys and bencona in the chan- nels loading to the riv«r Thanif^s and port of Lon- don,incIuding loadatnannge and priinai^e, alaoincluding the dues for- merly return ed under the head of Tri nily Houae duties from stranger's ships. These dues are also received at the ports of Grnvesend, Sheerness, Rochester, Faver sham, Leigh, Maldon, Colchester, Ipswich, Wood' bridge, Harwich, and Aldborough, at which they are payable lor the inward passage only. The rate on foreign vessels not privileged, is 2 pence per ton, but in other respects the rates are determined by the ancient usage of the respective places, and are generally one half the amount of those iu the port of London. Buoys off Yar- mouth Buoys and beacons in the river Tees Bxettir buoys Conway buoys Carmarthen buoys Aberdovey buoys Harthing perl i farthing I i farthing ton. I I 4 pence per vessel under 40 tons, 6 pence on all others. Stone boats, 51 1 penny - l 2 pence shillings per annum. I I 3 farthings per ton, each and every time of passing. 3 farthings per ton, each time of pass ine. 1 half-penny I 1 penny - I 1 penny - Amount! eolleeteil. 1830. £ (. 4. 8,623 7 fl 1,800 10 2} 462 7 8 303 14 48 IS 2i 110 12 9i per ton. Total 1831. £ $. d. 0,313 16 H 1835. < M 1,835 U 4i 452 17 2 SS6 5 10 49 2 lit 105 14 11} 31 14 m 8,449 It 91 1,809 8 II 465 7 .J 3N19 ; 43 SH im 7 3 40 9 ! £ 11,357 10 3t| 12,085 3 U\ 11,8 61 16 )| Trinity House, London, Oth of March, 1833. (Errors excepted.) J. IIerbebt, Setrnm, Private Buoys are so called from their belonging to private individuals, Vncy are piij. I cipally employed to mark the place of the ship's anchor, being fastened to it bv a rojieo I chain, so that the men who go in the boat to weigh it may readily find out where it is. By the I k 2Geo. 4. c. 75. } 11. it is enacted, that if any person or persona shall wilfully cut an;, I cast adrift, remove, alter, deface, sink, or destroy, or in any way injure or concenl, any buoy, biinj. I rope, or mark belonging to any ship or vessel, or which may be attached to any anchor or cablt b(. I longing to any ship or vessel, whether in distress or otherwise, such person or persons bo offcDdg) I sliall upon conviction be adjudged guilty of f,;lony, and shall be liable to be transported foranytenl not exceeding 7 years, or to be imprisoned for any number of years, itt the discretion of the court. Public Buoys, being intended for the public service, cannot be placed, altered, or leratwd, I except by competent authority. They are generally of a pretty large size; and arefimljj moored hy chains or cables to rocks, large stones, anchors, &c. By floating on the surtol of the water, they serve at once to mark the channels through which it is safe to steer, i to point out dangers to bo avoided, such as sunken rocks, shoals, wrecks of \ci:sels,&(. I The places in, and the purposes for, which buoys are exhibited, are always specifiedingixdl ^harts : and as the leading buoys are generally of a peculiar figure or colour, which isibl indicated in the chart, the navigator, as soon as he recognises them, shapes his counl accordingly. Hence the great importance of having buoys properly placed, andofllal Iwing carefully marked in charts. |( required, ^'„Jf »"^ ' jt Imperial bushel, mul I Bj H 6 Geo. 4. c. 74 yk, culm, lime, fish, p (aped measure. The b hiud, v.ith a plain and long 7 and 8 direct th l($ee WiioHTS AKi) ] I The standard moasur kuured by heaped met 1 water weighed i rometer being at SO Llaining 877'274 cu pertain proportions, ol Hitth part, and the pin insshailbeapcck, and n or othei dry goods i JBUSHIRE on ABUS ■rth-east coast of tlie Pi jit estimated by Major '' n eitremity of a sandy nivcnient anchorage fo I to S8 feet water ; but Irth, about 6 miles fror leslerlj! gales, they are i land about 15 leagues e town is deep, but tl sels drawing more tha imD 8 to 10 feet. The } Caplain Ritchie, &c leitreraely hot, particul II of the year. JrimiSf, <(c.— Bushire ' iBiiras, Its merchants i il many of those brou BJj,and spices are tli ler, and is made into e Illy supplied by Mocha Ithstanding the admittei Ive already gone far to iBileniandforthemisri esiJeb those imported BURDEN— BUSHIRE. 201 1,81 4(5 7 .1 ssoit ; 4S 841 107 7 3 40 9 I °n> ^^^^^ vemel, buoy, or bcauon, ■hall, heiidei making good all damage occasiuned Ci'''h forfeit fur every luch olTencc, any HUin not exceeding 601. nor lew tliuo 10<. BURDEN of a ship. See Torn* aos. BURGUNDy. See Wtiii. BURGUNDY PITCH, a reun, the produce of the Pinua Abies, or spruce fir. It is ined by "laliinK incisions in the bark down to the wood, whence it flows thickly and _ immediately concreting into flakes that adhere firmly to the tree. These being I noi are milted in boihng water, and strained through coarse cloths. It is of a close Mtftence, rather soft, has a reddish brown colour, and a not unpleasant smell ; it ia very Jhfsive. The greatest quantity is collected in the neighbourhood of Neufchiitcl, whence it [brousht to U8 packed in casks. A fictitious sort ia made in England, and found in the ops under the title of eommon Burgundy pitch; it may be distinguished by iU friability, Jt of viscidity and of the odour which characterises the genuine sort. [a species of Burgundy pitch exudes spontaneously from the Norway spruce fir. This, ibicli undergoes no preparation, is the resin or Ihua of the old London Pharmacopoeias. It tiiiiported in the form of tears or small masses, packed in casks, each containing from 1 to |(,t It fetches about half the price of that which is strained. — {Gray's Supplement to \t fharmacopaia*, T/iomson's Diapengatory.) [bushel, a measure of capacity for dry goods, as grain, fruit, dry pulse, &c. containing I pecks, or 8 gallons, or i of a quarter. I The Winchester bushel contains 2150-42 cubic inches, while the Imperial bushel con- i'j2l8'192. Hence to convert Winchester bushels into imperial, multiply by the frac- !ii»jJL or •969447, or opproximately deduct jSth, and ir'nth ; and if great accuracy iwoired, tj^^tj and TSAfttt ntore. To convert prices per Winchester bushel into prices rlniperialfiushel, multiply by the fraction ¥r'A"'iV' <»' 1-0315157. By the 5 Geo. 4. c. 74. § 7. the bushel shall be the standard measure of capacity for i,fu/m, lime, fish, potatoes, ot fruit, and all other goods and things commonly sold by (1 mcaiure. The bushel shall contain 80 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water, being made T.'ilh a plain and even bottom, and being 19^ inches from outside to outside. Seo- 7 and 8 direct the mode in which the bushel shall be 'used for heaped measure. (gfe Wkiohts and Measuhks.) The standard moaiiure of capacity, by this act, as well for liquids as for dry goods not uured by heaped measure, shall be the gallon, containing 10 lbs. avoirdupois weight of lied water weighed in air at the temperature of 62° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, the meter being at 80 inches; and such measure shall be the Imperial standard gallon inlaining S77'274 cubic inches) ; and all measures shall be taken in parts or multiples, certain proportions, of the said Imperial standard gollon ; and the quart shall be the irtb part, and the pint shall be an eighth of such standard gallon ; and 2 such gal* IS shall be a peck, and 8 such gallons shall be a bushel, and 8 such bushels a quarter of or olhei dry goods not measured by heaped measure. BUSHIRE on ABUSHIRE, a sea-port town of Persia, in the province of Fars, on the irth-east coast of tlie Persian Gulf, in lat. 29° N., long. 50° 5U' E. Population uncertain, itestiinated by Major Wilson at from 15,000 to 20,000. Bushire is situated at the north- extremity of a sandy peninsula, to the north and east of which is the bay. There is a ivcnlent anchorage for largo ships due west from the town, 3 or 4 miles distant, in from to S8 feet water ; but ships of 300 tons burden or thereby lie in tho inner roads, to the I, about 6 inilcs from shore ; the anchorage is pretty goo/. , 't during violent north- isterly gales, they are sometimes obliged to cut their cables, and bear up for Karak, a small d about 16 leagues W. N. W. of Bushire. The water immediately to the east of town is deep, but the passage to it is obstructed by a bar, which cannot be passed by lis drawing more than 8 or 9 feet water, except at spring tides, when there is a rise of im 8 to 10 feet. The variation in 1811 was 'i° 'i3' W.— (Chart of the Persian Gulf, Captain Riichie, &c.) The climate here, as in all the other ports of the Persian Gulf, extremely hot, particularly in June, July, and August. Tho unhealthy season is in the " of the year. Ttmk, <|-c.— Bushire has a good doal of trade, particularly with Calctitta. Bombay, and [ailras, Its merchants supply almost all Persia with Indian commodities ; as, also, with a "many of those brought from Europe. Of the imports from India, indigo, sugar, sugar iJy,and spices are the most imi ' mt ; the steel of India is preferred in Persia to every ler, and is made into excellent sabres : tin is brought from Banca ; and coffee is princi- ly supplied by Mocha and other ports on the Arabian Gulf. English cotton goods, not- ilhstanding the admitted inferiority of our red dyes, — a colour in great esteem in Persia, — le already gone far to supersede those that wercformerly brought from Hindostaii ; and demand for them is rapidly extending, and is susceptible of an almost indefinite increase, Idoi those imported at Bushire, a good many are introduced through Buesorah, and \ I- t ■ ..■ u 853 BUSIimE. '. i'i •ome through Turkey tni Ru»ida ; the InMcr by way of the Black Sea, the f'lrmsr of 1%,-^ I and Constantinople. Hitherto, indeed, a considentble part of the cottons imported tbr^ I the laat mentioned channel* have been lupplied by Switzerland and Ocrtnany -Ju I fabrics having been, in aome reapecta, better fitted, than oura for the Turkiah and Pc marketa ; but thoy aeem to hav-t lost this advantage, as our oxporta of cotton* to Turkn I are now rapidly increasing. V/oolIen goods, cutlery, watches, Ac., »cni to India 60' I England, are thence exported to Bushire. Imitation shawls, of the proper size and patien I are said to meet with a fair sale. 'I'he exports principally consist of row silk, Kermon wool I Kcrman and Cashmere shawls, carpets, horses, silk goods, dried fruits, wine, grain ropMr I turquoises, asafiiiiida, gall-nuts, pearls, and other articlea of minor importance, luiul annually suppUea Persia with a very considerable amount of bullion, most part of whidi^ I •ont to India. I Of the Persian exports, raw silk is the most important It is produced to some eitentjgl every province ; but Gheelon and Mazunderan are those which are most cclcbrai«d fat is i growth. In the former, about 900,000 lbs. are annually raised. Russia is a lar^e cusionw I for this article. Dried fruits and dates are sent in considerable quantities to India. Uom I are largely exported to India both by sea and land ; they serve for mounting our Indjul cavalry, and fur supplying the large private demand that always obtains in Hindoitanfgd this noble animal. Though neither so swit\ nor so Iwautiful as those of Arabia, tho )>erni I horses are large, more powerful, and, all things considered, t)ettcr fur cavalry. Therm capable of supporting an extraordinary degree of fatigue. Wineof Shirazenjojiailetnl of celebrity, to which, judging from the few samples we have seen, it seems but ill enlititi I Mr. Frazer says, that it is made in so careless a manner, tiiat, in choosing it, not morelliig I 1 bottle in 4 or 6 can be mode use of. Persian tobacco and yellow dye berries are hijUi I esteemed ; the former enters to a considerable extent into the trade to Turkey aa nelluti I India ; the berries bring a very high price in our markets, but the imports hitherto htq I boon inconsiderable. Turquoises, asafcetida, and various sorts of drugs, rose water, niili I other minor articles, form part of the exports. Sheeps' and goats' wool is also expoiH I The best is that of Kerman. The down furnished by the goats of this province is almxt I aa fine as that of the Thibet or shawl goats. Cotton is extensively produced in Persia; k I Russians carry away some, but the greater part is used in the country. Grainiasenlit Muscat, but not in large quantities. The pearl trade is now principally centered at Muscil, The imports of copper into Calcutta from Bushire, Bussornh,and other ports of thePeniiil Gulf, during the 7 years ending with 1827-28, were valued at about 30,000/. a year. Tliii I copper is principally the produce of the Persian mines, mixed, however, with some Ruaiu I copper from Georgia. Of manufactured articles, the principal aro carpets of tlie mostbew I tiful fabric ; shawls, partly native, and partly brought from Cashmere ; velvets, silii gooli, I gold and silver brocades, and a few other articles. The trade between Persia and Ruai I by the Caspian Sea is very considerable. Most part of the paper used in the former ii m^ I plied by the latter. The furs of Russia find a ready market in Persia ; but it is a fact voiti I mentioning, that Persian merchants have recently been seen at the Lcipsic fairs, canvin; I gold thither for American furs! — {Urqufutrt on t/ie Resources of Turkey, p. 155.) Thtl Russian provinces on the Caspian derive tlicir supplies of indigo from Persiabymjctl Bushire. The ofti in\ r<>tiims show thntthr total value of the entlrdtradR, imports ns well as expnm, cami I on betW(^«n Rritish India and the Persian Gulf, at nn averugo nf tlie 7 years ending with \i% >u I (inkin:; tlie rupee 11 1 3s.) 1,337,163/. a yenr. Ol' this nninnnt, Calcutta piirtlcipnted to thee.ileiiiii(| 559,fiH(!Z., Madras of r.t,9SU., and nomliay of Tii.Wl. This, however, includes tlie Irarle tii)tal I and OuKsorah, as well as to Bushire, and we hnve no means of discriniinatinKthosepnrnteamnunlif I eacli. It appears, indeed, from an account in the same paper wlience these statements art! lak(n,iliii I of 34 ships lielnnging to the Persian (iulf that arrivi^d at Bombay during tlie 7 years refer/eil lo,!l I beloneed to Muscat, and only 7 to Bushire. But it must not ho supposed that the trade to these piico I 1h in tliis proportion, inasmuch as nmst nf the Arabian ships trading to Biissorah bcinn; In Jlii- 1 cat. It may, liowever, be fairly presumed, that the arrivals of Gulf ships at Calcutta and Mulnil would be in about the SKine pmportion as those at Biunbay ; but the destination of Iho British sbipi I Irnding to the Oulf not beins given, and it being customary for most ships to visit both BushireiM I Bussiirah, it is impossible to say whether the value of the trade to the former, as coinpsredwillilbill to the liittcr and Muscat, corresponds witli the number of ships they respectively send to India. I W'Mtcr at Bushire is excessively bad and dear ; but excellent water, and in great abundance, nui I be hi I at Karak. The anchorage at this Island is safe at all times ; and ships may lie closelofc I beach. Sir John Malcolm suggested, that the permanent possession of Karak would bennolijmjl ciiusiderable importance; and we are rather inclined to agree with him. It is of no value to llie Pti- 1 sians. and there seems little doubt tliat they would he glad to cede it fur a trifling consideration. Ill possession would not only enable us to command the navigation of the Persian (Julf; bnt it \r»iH I form a depAt where goods destined for Bushire, Bussorah, &c. might lie kept in perfect Earely.anlil a situation the most convenient, being readily accessible to all sorts of Arabian vessels. Ata^leif I British cottons and woollens is now forming In all the vast countries watered liy the EiipliraiiiJill the Tigris, or which derive their supplies from the cmporin erected on their banks : and it is of Iheneii- 1 est consequence thai nothing bo omitted that may serve to facilitate the diffusion of tbis taile.ai I the means of gratifying It. I .»foii«y.— Accounts are kept in tomans of 50 nbasscs, or 100 mamoodis. The toman is a Perslanjw I coin, containing, according to the report of the Bombay mint, from 7r.S to 67 gr. pure metal, N I consequently equal to from lis. 7|i2. to 11«. 11(2. sterling. The toman nf Bussorah is north abnutA, I and that of Gombrjon about 114*. These, with Persian and foreign silver coins of all denomiMi«ml BUSS— BUTTER. 253 . h.mi tt Bttiblrfi t bnt thA tuto* of tha (brelKti eolnt are perpatuilly varying, and ilia walfbl of K- If. Mini !• al'O •"'■J''^' «" frequent changei. rd/>" •«' JVxunrM.— Oold and silver are weighed by the mtaeal of 3 dwt. 33 7-13 gr., or 3 dwt. ^iL^rnmrn'rclfll wrighti Tary according to the cnmtnoditlei anid, and the plar«>a whnro ihey are IT The niiund tahrce weighi 61 Iba. nvnirdupnii at the Cuitom-hniiie, but rmly (Si Ibi. at tho ha> TbiiweiKbt ii <»"' by dpalert in augar. coffee, copper, and all lortiof iimifi. The mnund mii'llb!. nt tbe Cuitom-houie, and rron)7| to7i Iba. at the basaar. Uealeri in rice and other ''lunf oroTlfinn uta thii weight. Th<^ inaundahaw la doubia the maund tabree, or 13^ ibi. vvliUt weighed by the alihu« - 39J ^t. 1 roy. Thrie are rnrliiui inrti of giiz'i or cubiti. One called the royal gus >• 37) Eng. Inchoa | the eom- Jn fill li two Ihirils of the former, or W Inrhea. The Penlaii Ifaniie or pnrnaang is l-'Jl)tli ofa degree of the equator, and abould, therefore, be equal J].|l„3 fuiloiifis and 36 poles English. Thciri.iba, nr priririiml corn measure, is equivalent to about 3 Winch, quarters. tnp further' particiilnrs, see A'i«t«Ar, Foyagt «a ^rabii, tome 11. p. 75.; Knvtir'i Mrmtir ef th» Per- .tmttri P 70. 1 Fratir't Trartl* vn rA< iktrtt of \U Catfian, Jlpft*- PP' 333— 3IM.S Pari. Paper, £lm-li- Bess. 1833. pp. U33-436.; KtUy'a Oriintal MetroUgy ; 'ilamton's £ I oke of Bagdad - 47^ oa. avoir.; 1 nmund atteree- 38 Iba. 8 LaTolr.; 1 maund soiy *■ SO lbs. 4 oz. avoir.; 1 eiitra of indigo - 138 lbs. 13 oz. avoir. I Tbete are the weights used by the Europeans settled at Bussorah ; those used by the Arabinna dif- kta lllile from the nhove, nnd frequently also among themselves, — a circumstance to which the mer- pnt muit pay particular attention. [ The long mensiirea are the Aleppo yard for ailks and woollena = 3 feet 3'4 inches ; the Ilndded do. ^i coKimi and linens » 3 feet lO'S inches ; the Bagdad do. for all purposes " 3 feet 7-6 inches. [For further details ns to the commerce of Bussorah, see Kinneir't Memoir on the Persian Kmpir*, p. K3.itbeart.llusHiaK in this Dictionary; Kelly'* Oriental Metrology ; TTiomton't East Indian C'aleuU- |ir, p. &i. Niebuhr has given a plan of Bussornb, Voyage en vjt-aftw, tome ii. p. 170. RUTLERAGE. See PaiaAeE. liUTT, a vessel or measure for wine, containing 2 hogsheads, or 126 wine gallons. BUTTER (Da. Smtfr/ Da. Boter ,- Ft. Beurre,- Ga. Butter ,- It. Burro, Butiro , »t.Butyrumt Vo\. Mailo j Fort. Manteiga i Rus. Matslo Kttrowe; Sp.Manteeaf 8w. d'Aor), as every one knows, is a fat, unctuous, and, in temperate climates, a pret^ firm sub uice, obtained from milk, or rather from cream, by the process of churning. The various circumstanres attending the introduction and use of butter in antiquity itre been investigated by Ueckmann with great learning and industry. The conclusion at Rhich he arrives is, "that butter waa not used either by the Greeks or Romans in cookioff VouL-y '•t ^:. Irl; 294 BUTTER. • !|ii : r'i '!:;{ m or thfl preparation of fnixl, nor wan it brounht upon thoir tiililoi hy wny adntni, ni,. whuro cu«tiimiiry at prcicnt. Wo ni'vor fliid it mentioned liy (Julrn and niHf ,„» thnti[(h they linvc iipoken of it a^ npplioiitiln to othnr piirpo»c«. No noli,, i , Alpiciiia; nor ia there any thing laid of it in that ronpect tiy the authon* <>i):> .' culture, thouiih they have given ui very particular infurniation with rciinf>ri ii , and oil. Thin, aa hai< lieen rumarke^l by otiiori, muy bo easily accounted for, liy having arciiatomed themielvea to the unn of good oil ; and in thr like manner butter i,'! Iittl(< employed at prenent in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the luuthrrn parti of PrvMl — (///.v/(iry i)f InvenliniM, vol, ii, p. 4 1.3. Eng. cd.) 13 utter is very extensively uaed in thia and moat other northern countrica; that of E land mill Holland ia reckoned the lieat. In London, the butter of Kppioff and Ctmlinji lain (ho highrat repute ; the rowa which prolk and Yorkshire ia ofVen anld for that of Cambridgeahira, towliiclii is little inferior. The butter of SomeraetMhire is thought to equal that of Eppini;;iii] brought to market in dish"s containing half a pound each ; out of which it ia liiken, wu and put into difToront forma, by the dealers of Bath and Bristol. Tho butter of(J|iiiict_ ihire nnd Oxfordshire ia very good ; it ia made up in half pound packs or prititi, packril up J a()uarc baskela, nnd sent to the London market by wngnn. Tho butter of themouiitiioij Wttic!) and Scotland, and the moora, commons, and heaths of England, is of Mccilont qui! when it is properly managed ; and though nut equal in quantity, it often is cimfesacilly nJ rior, to that produced by the richest meadows. — ( LoudwB Enci/, of Airriatlture.) Considerable quantities of butter are made in Ireland, and it forms a prnmincnt anitliiJ tho exports of that country; generally it ia very inferior to that of Britain; butiliiiil consequence rather of the want of cleanliness and attention, than of any inferiority in || milk. Some of tho best Irish butter brought to London, after being washed and repid is sold as Dorsetshire and Cambridge butter. The salt butter of Holland is superior to that of every other country ; large quutiij of it are annually exported. It forma about three fourths of all tho foreign butter weinpg Ttin proiliiction and ronsiimptlon nf butter in drnat Britain is very great, 'I'Iir cnnnumpiinniiiij Metrnpniis way, it is lii'lieved, be averngflii at about one tiaif pound ppr week for egcli imliiiilii being at ttie rale of 36 ibi. a year ; and ■iippogina Ihn po|iulation to aiiiount to 1,'1Jo. 3. c. 73., the princlpul rctnlilioiiJ wliirh iiri! sulijoined. It is very doubtful, however, whether they have jienn productive ntinjef effect. It might be proper, perhaps, tonnler the weight uf the butter, exclusive of thi; vcsnel. iii41| dairyman's or seller's n:\iae, to be brandod on tho inside and outaiilc of e:ich vessel; but muilodlj other regulations, especially those as to tha thickness of the staves, and the weight of the rei ' seem to be ntonce vexatious and u.selesB, Kvury cooper or other person who shall make any vessel for the packins of buttor, shall wXiU same of good well-seasoned timber, tight and not leaky, -ind shall groove in the h:!:id9 and botltd thereof; and every vessel made for the packing of butter, shall be a tub, firkin, or bulf-firkin, ui l^ other, I Every tub shall weigh of itself, including the top and bottom, not less than 11 lbs. normntethnl lbs. avoirdupois; and neither tlie tup nor the bottom of any such tub shall exceed inanypirtr eiglulis of an inch in thickness. Every firkin shall weigh at least 7 lbs. including the top and the bottom, which shall not cicttdh eighths of an inch inlckln any pan. Iliilf-iirkins to weigh not less than 4 lbs, nor more than lbs, including tho top and lhob«s| which shall not exceed the thickness of three eighths of nn inch In any part; upon pain Ibiilr cooper or every other person making any such vessel, in any respect contrary to the proceJinj d« tions, shall forfeit every such vessel and 10s, Every cooper, &c. shall brand every cask or vessel before going out of his posscssinn, on tbdl side, with his name, in legible and permanent letters, under penalty of 10»., together with Iba r weight or tare thereof. Every dairyman, farmer, or seller of butter, or other person packing the same for sale, ihall |i It in vessels made and marked as aforesaid, and in no other, and shall properly snnk and kK •very such vessel ; and on the insi wanllni l(bt wiiviry nf \\m lume 1 \iirhi'i'Di'mon;ier, denl liT^rdiih, flililn, or half. Viithiit In this act ahni {ii»t{ii'nallli'afor using |nger conic jliHcniicled by statute 4 |iili'r.inilc,hi'i'sn, nball re( ■line ri. nnd ship th .■ aan bill: and If he shall inaki Irrniirefslon, forfeit for c Ifllie poor, and hulf to th .InJ every inch person i Ir 6J. fir fvery firkin of t [Tbpnnjler nf a ship re •leseiiionscr's own ship ■ilforevery weigh of ch I Tbii act does not extenil I Butter made in hot c ally prepared from IikIc of hide, each of w lie commercial importi I The Arabs are the gr liiarommon practice ■to or ghee! and thej Vsal; and tho poorest i jnicr for dinner, and bu sfir, Souakin and ^ iliian ports.— (Burci, e Jveraf p contract pri( kn as fujlows :— Tiin. PricM |j«p lb. : d. ITM i ™ n S liJO 5} s| 175,^ I7« 81 i:b 51 8( 1770 ins 64 m 6X 178} 6l IIM il ^-: BUTTER. 8S5 iBinlciBr" "' ^x^ff •»«'y •"*'' ei»»k, th* Iriw welcht or liir« of «T»rjr «iifh vmwI, when It «h«H IliMlifrri •nnl!''') I"*' '""'"""'' ' nnd nUniliiill hrnnil hl« nnnift nt Ifrimli. nn thn hoiiaii nr thn hotly IH^f^^iiirh v'lirlt '><^">" two illfnln of forfitltltig ,„ii.(inf liiiltiT iliiill ronmln, oxcliiiilvo of ihn inrf, of gooil nnil niiTilinntntilB hnllor, H-i ibn ; vilrklnMllxirvi'ry linlf llrklntHIha tnnil tinnlil or rorriipl hnlumliHll liu nilxvil.or piirkeil Innnjr luwIwhntntiT- with >»rtlvii Hnrlimliiillhii purkcil iippnriilcly, nntl thr wliola L.,,1,1,.,11, Ihrniighoiil.hit ofonn inrt nnd eiimlncK*; nml nnhnltur hIkiII lipanltcil with nnyiirciit inlt, Im tlMiiiiler nhiill tii i»., half for tbo una ilk poor, anil half to the informer. I.tnil every such person shall keen n book of entry of receiving and shipping the goodi, on pain of |r U. for ovcry firkin of butter and weigh of cheese. [Tlii>m»«lerura ship refusing to take in butter or cheese before ho is full laden (except it be a liit';< IM I, '( I'i 'I "'■ ;m i'i M nvera^c contract prices of the butter furnished to Greenwich Hospital from 1730 to 1833, have kn t! follatvs :— Teia PricM i«r lb. Vnn. Pricei per lb. Years. Prices per lb. Years. Prices per lb 1. i. *. i. ». d. s. d. 13 5 1795 8^ lit llf 111 1813 1 3 1S23 7i nw 5 1800 1814 1 3 1834 hi 1150 51 si 1803 1815 1 3 1825 10^ 171,1 1800 1816 91 8} 1836 »^ i;60 5^ 1807 I Ot 1817 1827 Si 8| m 5^ «} 1808 1 oi 1818 It 1828 m 1809 1 1 1819 11 1829 8 1775 6| 1810 1 >f 1 Si I8'20 01 18.S0 6^ 1780 6i 1811 18SI 8) 1831 91 17S5 1790 6l ei 1813 1 3i • 1833 7* 1833 8} (See art. Pbices.) i'\i ii m' \MM \u ii f' w ill I i i ' I' I I 286 BUTTONS. An Account of the Total Quantity (in ntindred Weight*) of Butter Imported Into OreitBrii i <. I ForeiRii Countrlei and Ireland, In each Year, from 5th of January, 1801, to Sth of Janii. ,""1 diitinKniahini the Quantity iVom Ireland, from the Isles of Jorney, Uuerniey, and Man r '^ ^'l land and the Nethcrlandi>. and from all other Foreif n Countries t and stating the Rate aiid A I of Duly ill each Year paid thereon. Tun. 1801 1803 1603 1801 1H0,5 lhO« 1807 isas 1809 1810 1811 1812 1811 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1839 1823 1821 1635 i82a 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 I 1633 Cwta. 186,831 254,348 340,388 196,037 343,441 301,911 314,386 312,408 317,676 311,551 353,791 311,475 351,832 315,421 320,655 380,586 305,663 353,538 429,614 457,730 413,088 377,651 466,834 ••31,174 435,670 t - (lainlitif* of Bnlttr imported Into Oraat Bri- dill from all Par^t (aiopt Ireliml). IP CwU. 339 09 as 50 56 143 61 46 36 611 359 37 1,864 944 327 358 1,917 1,356 275 190 391 887 305 304 131 366 493 445 585 623 331 It Cvti. 71,206 61,100 53,683 100,6a5 64,616 06,541 68,315 73,727 44,061 9,956 33,415 CvU. 43,583 8,819 80,411 35,989 33,169 18,968 18,970 5,816 33,185 36,676 3,451 3,451 115,130 ai,018 104,190 126,734 96,843 &'i,6j7 87,316 79,590 76,283 33,344 2,810 35,894 Amount of Duty r«criv«] la Great Rritain on Foraiia Butlv. £ t. d. 66 4 7 3 II II 060 10 S 4 10 344 13 3 13 10 IU«iofDuljo«ronipB«lie, 190 4 4 the records were destroyed by fire. 96,560 106,885 61,753 80,379 66,333 63,498 65,980 99,345 108,501 101,549 132,093 160,018 136,779 143,658 145,647 1 16,233 77,025 80,000 92,409 17,373 1I5,7M 17,470 125,300 3,063 64,143 153 20,690 19,544 6.1,U9I 3,395 66,0J0 3,395 68,557 16,291 115,827 9,627 118,420 30,394 12i,331 38,255 160,654 118,975 279,418 59,388 196,200 68,117 311,141 55,533 201,673 31,185 118,104 31,232 10^,854 42,147 123,670 38,460 131,303 7,397 13 33,301 10 48,737 II 20,540 10 63,550 10 65,836 16 68,578 15 115,960 13 118,363 13 10 133,164 14 10 160,854 10 3 363,661 10 6 303,130 8 8 209,427 I 3 195,850 7 9 147,997 4 I 102,881 15 II 121,3.16 13 6 128,330 9 6 ». i. 3 »Vcwt,8ndSJ.^«„,|,„, ad valorem. 04?'cwt.8nd3M2».^>t«|„. V™ "''/"'nreni (ftos ISthofMay). I .?»f ew'-CroniStbofJul,) 4 0-45les m Lveof clothes nr ivoolle: Liiilar|ien»Ily-(7 Oeo [To present the frauds n bii!,anact,30Oco. 3. c. Lim!; and imposes ppti tRordj"gilt"or "plat Liniuch as this statute Lde for the regulations p flbeimpiirtntinnofbiitto |,|JI.) 58. repealed this p ^madwtlereiit duty. f [Buttons constitute i hineriija.— ilm. Ed.] . Rope Cables are in K verj frequently made iticularly on the Red £ je fracd of three prin |tiit3. The twists have le cable. All vessels h K ft'wnon Jhsll make, sell, or set upon any clothes, or wearing garments wliatroever, any button* ' iffifclolli iition, and they may now be imported, for home consumption, on pay- i{aii«liii;/e''«"'iuty. [Buttons constitute an article of exportation from the United States, chiefly to South kineriM.— jlm. Ed.] u"- C. j CABBAGE, tt biennial plant (Brwiska Ijin.), of which there are many varieties. It ia ) well itnown to require any particular description ; it is extensively cultivated in the tdnity of Lomlon. Sour crout, or properly sauer kraut, is a very favourite dish in Ger- uiv ; it consist of a fermented mass of salted cabbage. [ CABLES are strong ropes or chabs, principally used in the anchoring or mooring of lipa. I, Bepe Cables are in Europe principally manufactured of hemp; but in the East they nrj frequently made of coir, or of the fibrous part of the coco nut, and in some places. icularly on the Red Sea, of the coating of the branches of the date-tree. Hemp cables firmnlof three principal strands, every strar.d of three ropes, and every rope of three ists. The twista have more or fewer threads according to the greater or less thickness of le cable. All vessels have ready for service three cables which are usually designated the 'ort cables and cordage for tho most i>art from Russia, and export these aiticlol to the South American States and the West Indies. — Am. Ed.] I CACAO, or, as it is commonly, but incorrectly written in this country, Cocoa (Fr. jgl| 8p. Cacao ; Ger. Kuhui), the seed, or nuts of the cacao tree {Theuhrnma cacao), grouinJ in the West Indies, and in many parts of South America. It is said, by Mr. Bnan El-I wards, to bear some resemblance, both in size and shape, to a young bluckheari rkmM The nuts are contained in pods, much like a cucumliiT, timt proceed immediately from iJ parts of tho body and larger branches ; each pod contains from 20 to 30 nuts, of the siieofl large almonds, very com[)actly set. The sliell of tho nut is of a dark hrown colour, Irialif and thin ; the kernel is both internally and externally brownish, divided into several nm i portions, adhering together, but separating without much dilPiculty ; it h;w a light ii.t,, , smell, and an unctuous, bitterish, rather rough oiul peculiar, but not ungrati-ful tasie, f nuts should be chosen full, |)lump, and shining, without any mustiness, and not noiu oaten. They yield, by ex])resHion, a groat deal of oil ; but they are cultlvatfil only watiaijl may bo employed in the preparation of the exc^dent bevenigc cacao, and tlic maniifactiireol chocolate, of which they form the principal ingredient. The finest cacao is raid to fceii^ of Sot^omusco. 'J'ho principal importations arc, however, derived from the CaraoM i Guayaquil, particularly the former, The price of the cacao of the Carra. is is, also, Jin average, from 30 to 40 per cent. Iiighei liian that of Guayaquil. M. Humboldt estimated the conHumption of cacao in Europe, in 180(1, at 23.00 lbs., of which from 0,000,000 to 9,000,000 wore supposed to be consumcil in Spain. TJ production of cacao had been languishing in the Cariiccas for several years prfviousljj the commencement of the disturbances in South America ; and latterly the cuhivaiioaol one or other of the great staples of cotton, sugar, and colTcc, seems to have been m whore gainuig tlie ascendency. — {Humbvldt Pcrs. Narrative, vol. iy.])it. 236— 247. EiJ trans.) Duties. — Very little carao is consninod In En(?lnn(l ; a result whirh wo arc inclined to nsnib-lnft oppressiveness of tlie iliiU(is with wliicli it liiis liillierlo hfcn Inudeil, rind not tn its lieini! iinOTiil^ to llie piiMic ta.Jle. It is mow many yiars sinci' Mr llryan K.dwnrdK decland lliat the ruin rfH cacao plantutluns, witli wllicli .lainaiia cinci- ali iiulcd. was llu rlW-xl ti( " !hc hentij hand if -m teriul exaction." — {Hist, of Uc.it Indim. vol. ii. |i. ;tii.!.) And, unai'counlable as it may si'cm.lliiipnt snr.' was not ninlerially alialrd till 18;i2. when Itie iliitii'-t on cncao rrnni n Ilritisli plaiilalimnvtiei^ (luced from .Vij. to 18«. Hi/, a cwt. I'oreiitn cacao is silll fuljiirt to the opprosslve duly of .Wj.jrri The entries of cacao for home oonsnm;)lion, at an avrrai; • of thi^ tlireo years ending willi 1*31, ««l •140,;i7S Ihs.ayear. In IR3-2, lhi> nitries were .'iDi.^ilT Pis. : and then; can he lillli.' doubt iMt !li(W diiction ill the rate of (Inly will nccasion a (:(in'iid''rMM(' increase of rons\iniptiiin. f'scliisive rfli nliove, ITO,tK)Oll>». of cacao werf Hikmi olfin \H'.Vl I'nr tin' nsu of llh! navy ; tills, not liciiig liable loll( duty, was oiitirely t'ori'ien. Tli>- lii;.'!! discriniiiialinL' duly on Ihf l.itirr is the greatest ilefeiii' new urranueinents. Had the duly on forciiin cacao h;'en li.^ed at 2-'.<. per cv/t., it is priMl.v C'lt thai a good deal of it would li ivi' li mmi liki'ii t'lrcoiistiiiiplion. Kven on this footing, tlicrewaiiU.'na lieen adiscriniinatinsdnty of no Ivnn than .'>0|icr cent, in t'uvsiinri>jir hi! to pxcliidi! the fonMiin iirticle allogothi r, this is surelv an ample pri'fornnce. The dalii's «^'A produci'd. ill 1S32, 12,221/. 12*. llritish cacao is worth, ut (ireseiit (August, I'<33,) from Ok to ;*| rwt. ill lioiid. t'acao nut Au.vt.» and nhrlls arc allowed to lie imported under a duly of 0,i. ^l'. a rwt. XfinpiiflVl are imported into Oreat Britain ; lull, in li*.12, .l:it'.').')l Ihs. were iinported iiiin Ireland. Tli"« hrought not only from the West Indies, hut I'rom (..'ilirultar and ullier places, boinjj the icfii.'Ci chocolate nmniifictories carried on in llieiii. r i vJ Cacao cannot he entered as heini; the produce of some Ilrllish possession in Anierii a, orofili'1''l riliiis, until the master of the ship by which it is imported delivers to the colliclor or tiniplr*! errl{liratf. and iiinkes oath that the goods are the produce of such places.— (II and 1. (Ci//. 4. c i- f*l ISeillier shall they be ileeiiied to he the produce of such places, iiiili'ss imported dlrerl from llmii.y (7 Oeo. i. c. 48.) Permits are no longer riMinired lor the removal of cacao.— (M Oeo. I r.41, J5.1 CADIZ, the principal commercial city and sea-port of Spain. It is situatcJon A^m western coast, on the rocky and elevated extremity of a narrow, low |)eiiiiisala, ortonjiKI land, projecting from the l«l;i de Leon, N. N. W. about 4 i nautical inile.-i. It issurrvtiM^ on all sides, except tho south, where it joins tho land, by the sea, and is very stroiijlyifl fied. Population from 00,000 to 70,000. It is well built, and has, at a ili.staiice,3«4 Mtriking appearance. Tho tower or lighthouse of St. Sebastian stands on the westorns.«l the city, being, according to Tofiiio, in lat. 3(i° 31' 7" N., long. 6'= 18' 03" W. Itisa^r conspicuous object to vessels approaching I'rom the .\tlantic. Tho light, which is ' high, is of great brilliancy, revolves once a mi- ute, and in fair weo.llier way be sccni than leagues ot£ j,j»/(?*f/j.— Theem |»fllol»,l«'aringN. W. I; |io'i"'*"" has been I limoath nearer than wii TnWilief'iii'hinns, the 1 iin I'.ir first two at abn fom lie city. Vessels i; ir .raHinj more than 1 hj ViivBPn the Cochiniu Etbjy, is famous for bei Enii'il, is separated fro jlilazonia, which appror E'iiliin llic inner bay is tl f ntailiT"' kc. At spriiii lireediiliet.— (Forfiirlli TiiV.Viirii/ Oaietteir ; ai Hislory, Trade, ^c- m about 1,200 ycar£ lonour of Hercules wi IIe'mbm Colanie.i, p. Ion, favourable alike fo giniaii.s, Romans, M( le rommercial and poll le Spanish naval force. psiy been exclusively Jilualilc monopoly till , ■n;i), Porto Kico, rind pebcndils resulting f 3 of .America was o|) by. which, not being tidpatp in this privilc] iraerchants, and thei iolitij,! of the monopob e colonies achieved the nlively narrow limits ; It a total change ofpoli jfiii,pa8.iim; Townscnl I The white wines of X Wii The quantity ex| Im 13/, to 65/. per pijie la medium, at about 2") Itlie whole comes to Ei Ik olive oil, wool, quit ■iiiieHavannah and I ]J cotton manufactures, J 1S36, the Spanish gover ■neminiDoiliiies iniportei •""■nt; but as it is the bt ppven. Wehaveconvei Note of the m Article* liar - mi . M^f) "'".Cinnimon £05,420 flllVrs . 40, inn Pepper - w,,wo '""lofallkinds- . bat . . 102,270 8,110 iifish . r flee " iwoii . ;; ■ Iter . 57,,W0 an. Hege - 17,060 CADIZ. S69 . a I . /pjjjj,._The entrance to this noble hnRln lies between the city nnd the town nnd promontory IjrIiIii bpariiig N. W. hy N., distant about 1} league. The bay is of very sniiil extent, afl'ordinp, in I iiilifes. good anchorage. The port is on the eastern side of the city, when; a mole of considera- Ijf,,' 'j,i,jioi,glias beenionstrncted; hut the water is not gutflciently deep to allow large vessels to I moath nearer than within about I of a mile, wliere they nnclinr in from 5 to 7 fathoms. The rooks KiN ilie ( iirhinns, the I'uercas, and the Diamante, lie to the north of the city in the entrance U> the ,1 .first two at about 3-5tlis of a mile distant, and the Diamante at rather more than IJ mile li iieclly. VcsKcIs may enter between the Puercas and llie Diamante; hut none, except those [iwlni! more than \!> tvd water, and well acquainted with the channel, ought to attempt eiitcr- iWweenlho C'ochinos and Puercas and the city. The town n(At. Mary's, on the opposite side of (bjv lsf;ininiis for beinclhe depflt of the wines of Xercs. Tlie oulc'r bay, or that of Cadiz properly (all'il issepaMli'J from the inner biy hy the promontory havini; at its extremity the castle of iiiajirin. which approaches within about J of a mile of tlie Piinlalcs castle on the Ib1:i de I.eon. fi'liiiillio inner bay is the famou:» arsnnal of the f'araccas, the town oC San Carlos, the canal of watern.&c. At spring tides the water in the hay rises 10 or 11 feet, l)ut at neaps the rise does not ,ij,e(|iir.:el.— (For further particulars si.'e the excellent Cliart nf the Buy of Cadiz, by Tiifino ; Mat' m'lXiical Oaiettetr ; and JPurdy's Sailiiiir Directiuns for the Bay of B'ucay, S;c.) HMoiy, Trade, Ji-c, — Cadiz is a very nncient rify, having been founded by the Phoeni- '»in about 1,200 years before the Christian era. The temple whicli they erected in it in kinour of Hercules was one of the most celebrated iti atiti(iuity. — (Sainie Crnix, Des ptMiM Colonies, p. 14. ; Pomp. Mela, lib. iii. cap. 0.) Its excellent port, and its situa- favourable alike for commerco and security, liave mad(! it, whether possessed by Car- kiginians, Romans, Moors, or Christians, and und( r every vicissitude, a place of considera- te coinmercial and political importance. It has iona: been one of the principal stations of tSpanish naval force. In 1720, the commerce with Sjyanish America, which had pre- KUily beeu exclusively carried on from Seville, was transferred to Cadiz. It enjoyed this UuaWc monopoly till 17G5, when it was partially relaxed by the trade to Cuba, St. Du- ingo, Porto Kieo, and the other islands being opened to all the greater ports of Si)ain. Jliebciwfils resulting from this relaxation were so very great, that in 1778 the trade to all j of .America was opened t*" 4jius from every considerable Spanish port, except those of icsy. which, not being subjPi, /le general laws of the kingdom, were not allowed to itifipate in tiiis privilege. In Cdi.seiiuence, however, of her situation, the great capital of naorchants, and their established connections, Cadiz contidued, notwithstanding the cliliiiof the monopoly, to preserve the largest share of the American trade. But since e wlonics achieved their independence, her commerce has In-ei) o^ntrarted within coni- ralivelv narrow limits ; nor is there much prospect of its being materially improved, with- it a total change of policy on the part of the Spiinish government. — ( It ilierl son's America, I viii, passim; TownxemVs Travels in Spain, \oi ii, pp. 395 — 'JOI. id edit,) iThe white wines of Xcres in its vicinity form i>y f\r the principal arlicle of export from iilit The quantity exported may amount to about 20,000 |)ipe8 a year. The prices vary Im 12/. to 65/. per pipe ; but, as the lower (pialities predominate, the price may be taken, la medium, at about 2.5/., making the total value of the exports 500,000/. More than :('th* Itbe whole comes to England. The other articles of export mo brandy, oranges, and other p, olive oil, wool, quicksilver. ^n Hides £120,fi(in mi - 101,400 00,12') < oiion wool 160,M70 V,S20 liiio . 4,770 00,030 Ditto y;irti fin.ftio lifei.Cinnimon £95,420 Ditto iiianiifnrtures VO.'hU ridvi's . 40,ino l>Vciollcii il'il'i iii,o:i(i Pepper - b7,500 203.020 lli'inp aii't 1' IV I.inen niaiinfactures I(u.70O 2-J2,S70 ™l of all kinds - - 187,500 21,410 Ditto thread 12.070 fe - 102,270 Silk manufaiturea 100,170 beat . 8,110 110,380 Iron and hra'-'') ditto (Jiilil ami silver, in coin 108,700 litish . 7 See . • 200,5fiO and bars 81,880 15,280 - • 7:.,S30 Eirthenware l!l.7l)0 Iveoil . . 1H,I30 t'oiM'er - . . 12,100 2,200 Iter . 57,5fiO Tin 11.0.10 «ese . 17,000 75,220 Crystal and glass ware - 37,000 I i 1 1 '! I K ■ ! i' IM.i- !Mi,0 :! :' :m :i i i CADIZ. Not* of the most eonaldenble Arttelei of Exportation firom Bpain In 18M, litidai. WiiicB - . - Fruits, Almondn £34,355 . FilhcrtB - - 29,165 I,i'iiinii8& oranges 36,210 Kaifiiiis - - 50,905 Grnpi'R, nlives.and figs - - 2,410 Branily . . . Olive oil - 8airr(tti - - - Lend . . . Diltn ore - . - Quicksilver Barilla - . . To Eumne, Atia, Africa, and Vnileil Slain of America. £137,350 152,075 107,715 7,170 14,610 215,3r.O 7,7(i'i 66,300 70,2a0 To Spaniih American CoInDi«,in- cluiiveoflhe Philippinea. £51,700 3,030 2,615 1:1,156 6,030 8,800 ArtielM Raw illk ... Iiidign . . . Silk manufactures Wool Woollen maniifactiires . Cork-wood and corks Leeches - . . Paper of all kinds Gut, fishine - j.: , 80 for guitars • ' OO Threiid lace Cast iron ... Garlmni'us, beans, and wlieut - . - Flour - - . To Europe, Asii, Afriu, •npiii;r-— In 1H31 there arrived at Caniz from foriHgn c<)uiitrips 475 sliips, of ihe hiirilpnif ?sa| tons ; and from the Spanish colonies, that is, from ("iiha, Porlo llico, tiui I'liilippinc Ishinl* 4r M ships, oflhe hnrden of 17,!?12tons. The arrivals from Knglatiil are not specified j liul, in ii.3 lU; Urilish ships entered Cadi/.. The coasting trade is very consiihrahle. ' ' Money. — The innnifH, weijriiti', and measures, ni'od at Cadi/., are those of rasliU'. Arrnni.iunl kept by the rtal (of olil plate), ol'which thnre are 10} in the pc^o diiru, or hard dillar : anil a* idHutl lar - 4.?. SJrf. Ihe real = 4}J. A real is divided into 10 iiiiiitos, o; 31 maruvcdis. The ducailo tic tki duciit of plate, is worth II reals. greater anil lliiMcsser: they are lo each other as 32 to ar); the fornnir In ing equal to II Kiislblnvini gallori.i, the latter to 3| do. A mi/yd of wine = Ifi arrolias. The Ao»« = 30 arrolws ol wini, ll^^lo(l oil. A pipe ^- 27 arrobas of wine, or 341 of oil. Hence Ihe botta = 127i English wine gallons, and Uil pipe 1I4| do. I Urili.-h Irarle lei'h Spain.— Notwithstandinp tile anti commercial influence of prohil'itior.s jintop.! pressive duties', we larryon a very considerable triiile with Spain. In 1831 we iiiiimrteil fidiiilml 61,921 cwt. barilla, 7h,067 cwt. oak and cork hark, 140,231 quarters wheat— (see llii,3.u)).TMcM iftj 972 t ins leail, about 'W.OOO packases oranges and lemons, l,213,()8li gallons olive oil, 20',),jl)8 llw. .m J silver, 10.'),06l; cwt. raisins, 3,700 cwt. sumach, ll,lH4 1bs. silk, 69,310 galloiis hriinily, 3,li«ahl wool, and 2,.'>37,968 (lallons wine. No account of the declared or real value of Ihe iiii|)nrlsiskf|ili|| the Oiistom-hoiise ; but the officw/ value of the imp.irts from Spain in 1831, exclusive of th(isei'ri«ii CanarifS, was above 1,000,000(. sterlin?. Uiiriiii? Ihe 8''.me year the i-eal value of the varioii-? articles of British produce anil nniiiifjtliitl cleared luit from our ports for ."^pain was 507,848/. Oi liese articles linen was lb I'.iiiKiiial, iimiIhI being estimated at 222,83-i/. <;ottous amce.-nted to above 1 18,000/. The other an- .ies were liinlivin,! iron ami steid, tin, &c.— (PnW. Paper, No. 550. Sess. 1833.) Siim^s;l!ns;, y liberal idea* respectini trnd' imUvdi* Ihe present iitninent, some of their liest poliiieal writers resninble lar hounds hnnliiir nwi'ii''' whilst the flieti'st are already in possession of the game. InH* iitaliil eoininerce, they labour 10 rontr ,ct its limits, under the vain li^-y* if «»«abli»li»i«' •• "n 'iH!'**' considerina either Iheir own w^nt of cspit il, of iiMliistrj, am' ^ an rrlerpi-'***!*' -iHril, ortlin Impossibility of preventing »*iugirlinB, whilst other nail us .th greaiT «4vaHnji period shall arrive whew. utut'M' the f,»iirectiiin nf 11 (nfn* nient, they shall have restored public credit, and placi,"! it on a firni foundation : all tlieir lunhiMi all iheir severities even ised on llic property and persons of ll,e illicit tradeis, nil ili'ir iiiiiiineit Irealies. and all their eouiiin rcial warfi into which niiibilion may betray thein, will li'' "'"'""'i vniii ; b'xause no efforts will ever prevail against the united interests uf^tbeir own»ul>jertHliiilecoMmiercin (tirieil ton Iciiclh ahsoli Jniurnti' duties upon ailii: lilrnsivi'ciinlrab.ind trai llernilly, llirouiilionl tin [bIii llie iiiierinr, in iVoni M^nefilnil by |ierinitliiis piild allow till' sale of I iler. As one cxninple of Jih,Ilic r.niirns of which llntcilyn'iis made a free | Iri'f |«irtiif Oiliralt'ir, in mttM f.'rihe illiril. trade, iti! aniile U more than pifniy-fivi! pi>r rent.; so 1 Bill' is fold 7,1 per cent, d "The duties upon Urilit ilVi|iiTi'i'iit.. anil this Irii Tliifii. undiT a more wliol talpf is ulsfi irreatly assi. fciiii;' limited quantity of if!ll^. mill's air(„p, „iii Jtiii'luirii. A mnle projei pm:i.inl)»r> faili.inis « prat llie siiu;li ai',j;|c , fciiloi unull craft Alt. I/»purr.< and F.,r^^^.—\ "11 Its fiwst ao(i in its llliejirlnoiiial annle of CAGLIARl. 26i •Ptm III hoTHK- the wntr hfiilnew nnil *>neriry of nvery povemment hn ve nfivnr benn able to enforce . , l,ll,jlli,nii ; fur, imlwithfiliindinK llii'se, when I wns lrnv«llinK tliriiii);li Rp.iln, all the men ap- Mrfd ill MnncliHstiT cotton conrtB, iind no wnmnn was si-en williniit her iiinslin vnil. In Spain, ai I BToiiriinut Enrii|W, It is f')"iiil that when the price nf insiirnncR In loss Ihiin IhR iliiti«B imiHmed on the I mrnoilityi "" ''"*■' "'* siifHcient to control tlie operations of illicit tradRra."— ( Vol. ii. p. 391.) Ju: the Spanish government has been proof against such considerations. Instead of I diniininhing, they have materially increased, the number of prohibitions and the pressure of I lk duties i and the consequence is, that in many extensive provinces there is no regular Ijjjjj jnJ thnt every thing is carric! on by the agency ^f the smugglers, partly in defiance, Ibulrrincipally through the connivance, of the revenue ofliccrs. Notwithstanding their leiclueinn, English cotton goods may, at this moment, be bought in Madrid, and generally Ithroueliout Spain, at from 20 to 30 per cent, above their price in Gibraltar, where they are liioutasoheap as in Manchester! While Cadiz wns a free port, about 6,000 persons are Inidtohave been employed in it twisting cigars, which, as soon as finished, were forthwith |^„,mlcJ into tlie interior. Three fourths of the foreign trade of Spain may, in fact, be said Itobe carried on in defiance of the law. And where such is the case, need we wonder at the llow slate of industry, or at the prevalence of those predatory and ferocious habits that uni- Ifomily mark the character of the smuggler ] ♦ III the valuable work of Mr. Ingliss, entitled " Spain in 1830," we find the following litatfinciil under the head Cadiz. Though written more than 40 years after the paragraph itviously quoted from Mr- Townsend, it shows that not one of the flagrant abuses do- liouncnl liy iIk! latter has been eradicated ; but that, on the contrary, they all continue to Tlioumh in still ranker luxuriance. "Til' »linlfCi>iiiiiiriTiiil system of Spain is most prroneoiisly conceived. The proliililiory system is Unieil toa liiiglli ahfoliitcly riiiiiinis to tlic fiiir triider, niid liiclily injiiiiuiiii to tin; revenue. Tlie |niiai'i!«f iliitii'S npoii iidinipsilile iirtii'li'S, niiil llip l.jliil prohiliitioii of mher?'. ha;" occasioned a most lilfnsivi'fiiiilrabnnd trade. Iiotti eMerniilly with the virions ports, aliniir tlie const of Spain, niid tletnilh, Ihroutlioiit the uliole of llie kiiiiidom ; and liy this trade iidniisfihle articles areinlrodiiced [liitlieiiilerinr, at from 100 to HOO per cent. Iielnw (lie diitii^s iiiipusiMl. (Joveriinieiit could not fill to Kbiwlllcd by licriiiitliii!; the iinpnrliition of iirlicle-i of j;eiicr;il use, upon piiyment of such ailiity as fcoiild allow till' sale of the art ii'le at a lower price than is now piid hy the consiiiiier to the sniiiK- Ker. Asnnc example of the iiiipolii'y of the system, ! may die a fict respeclinsj the trade in s:ilied Mllic r.'Uirns of wliirh 1 have liefore me. The impnrl of this arlide jnio Oadiz in one year, iief ire (ijlcily\v:is made a free port, amounted to -1 vessels, who.ie cargoes reiiched 4,0!)2 cwt.; while at the ' |mri(if fiiliralfir, in the same yeiir, 41 vessels entered with K'JA<'li KWt., the irhole iif wliicji iras Vittli'lUrtheitlicil. Iriule, and passed into Sptiiii throiish the hands of the smujjalers. The duly upon fc; iirlicle i.< mnre than 100 per cent.; the siiii|i.'!,'l"r loiividers liimself romiin rated hy a (;aiii of *fnly-fiVBp(>r cent.; sd ilijitthe article which finds ils way into the iiinrkel liiroiich the coiitialmnd Wp is sold ".I per cent, cheaper than that which is iidinitteii upon payment of the rCL'iilar duties. I "Tho duties iiiimi iirilish maiiiil'ictnred goods amoiini nliiiost to a proliiliition ; iliey oflea reach flpcri'i'iit.. and this trade is therefnre also in the hands of the smii^iclrrs, who olitiiin the profit kliiili, under a mure wholesome system, tnijrht en into the trenMiry of the kiiiedom. The frainluleiit bIt is aliin irreatly assisted hy the custom of L'lanlina a mjal licence to i' ilividiials to import a (Itiiia limited qiiaiitily of prohiliited goods; .in expedient ri'so'rted to in or.ler to meet the exii.'i"i:cie» filifjlale: and miller the licence to enter liK) tops of miTihaiKlisi', the inerchuit enters p'Thaps ICIW loni; a dcreplinn easily practised in a rou!' v where, iimoec the puliljc. otiicers, ut'ile of ViliTjisiU'rlei'lly undeistoiid and acted u.|)oii." — (Vol li. pp. I'.il — UO.) liutfar tlie .system of misrule to wliich Spnin has been subjected, there c.in be no rftir.onn- le iloulit tlmt her commerce would have been about the mo.st extensive of any E'lropcan lato. Her natural advantages, Buperior to mo.st, and not itil'erlor to those enjoyed by any icr kingdom ; her wine.'i, brandies, fruits, &,c. ; her wh^at, of which site niitjht jiroihicc the w^pst supplies; tier wool ; her iron, which is of the best (juulity ; her lead und quicksilver bine.?, ro?portively the most productive in the world; the number and I'MolIeneo of het rhoiins; tlic enterprising and adventurous cliariicter of her inllahilaiits, and her favourable Station; wouLI, were she permitted to avail her; of retrul'.ition ; and all pits of industrious pursue* will speedily revive from the deidly lethargy in wliich they have Efnso lon^ sunk. [Tim trade of the United States with Cadiz is not of much importnncp. Wines and salt Plhc principal cominodities we get from there. Hee the article M\nr, v. — Am. Ei'.] I l-'.\GIil.\RI, the capital ot Sardinia, situated on the north-east rfhore of a spacious bay on Icsouth coast of tlic'island, lat. 39° 12' l:l" IN., long. 'J° 6' 44" E. Population 2I!,0I)0. Jliocity stands on a rising ground, and has an itn;>osinfl: elU'ct from the .-ea, The public liiiKsoid churches are nutrK rous, and some of them splendid ; but the streets are, for the pit [lart .larrow, steei), and tiitliy. riiefJulf of OaFlturi extemls from Pnla on fie west to Cane f'^irhonaro on the east, n distance nf |n«l"i miles aiTiiss, and aliont I'i in depth, with food iinclioraLe every where afier (reltin!; into toliii;*. A moll' jirojccts from the Prati(|iie ott'ice, •■iiid sliips nsiially lie iihinit I mile S. VV, hy S. intiiir s [.iih.ini.s water, mi an e\. el lent hot lien nf imid. Thert^ is a viTy convenient pier har- ilir.illliesouih ui;j;lc i,f the tnv.er wall, eapiihle of conlainini; 14 or l(i vessels of a toleralile size, Tfi'lf- Mimll rraft Altnffeiher. «'ai;liari is oiw (if the liest and safes' |,.irt8 in the .Vl.'dilerranean. i'i> avd F,Jiu-''ti.—\Uw,f:t all the trade of i^ardinia is carried on liy strann^-rs ; .and even the 111 I'll lis •■oust line III its harhiiiirs iscao^'lit hy Sicilian^. Neapolitans. Tuscans, and (leimese. Corn ^llit|iriiiii|ial aiiKle of c.vport. In good yeate, the e.xpurts frum the whole ialanJ may amount to ' \ '■' ■ ' ■ \f- \. iff IHI ' .. \\ I 96e CAGLIARI. 'SHi , or ahniit .100,000 hiiphtlft, of whcnt, 200.000 stnrnlll of barley, fl.OOfl (iitm »» , I I)(!iiii8, 2«n,(l(10 of prns, mill l.OIHI dilto of Iviitila. Tlie cultiirfi of vines i« tr ? 'I )re liiiportince ; anil aliimi 3,500 Cittiilun pipes lire expiirUMl, priiicipnlly from A k"* I !i8lra. Cliefliio U nil iiiipoitiiiit dlijiict in the riiriil ecnnimiy of Snrdinlii, and comid i I s arc pxportiid. Salt is ii roynl iiionopoly, and iitfi>rds a considiirnhlB revuniij, Umil r. I ilrr'W nlniosl all lior supplies of lliis iiiipnrtaiit iii>(:c« ary froiii Hardinia, iiiid U conliniirf ill 400,000 vlnrplli, or alinnt 100,000 ditto of I bcconiliiKof more i and Oitliatitr:!. ({iiaiititics I Hu OdeU drt'iv amillHI mi m-l I«ll|i|ilit;B in [ilin iiii|iiii |<| rii iii^i.t;;. my iiimm mirillinil, RlKI It COnllnnp t III cxporlcd in considerable qnaiitilies. Flax, linseed, liidcs, oil, satlron, raRS, alipiifoiix tc arpn I tile urtiidos of export. The tunny and coral fisheries employ a good many hands ;'biit'iiiti"!l'l observed, they are almost wholly managed by foreiifiiers. ' "'™/| Almost every article of dress, whelhcr for the gentry or the peasantry, ia iinporteij. ery, L'lass, eartiienware, and furniture, as well as iiigar, coffee, drugs, iplces, kc, arearsofun r,j| ^ Soap, ,ij|i„, by fiireigneis; and notwhhslanding tlie Sards possess many rich mines, severiM of which w'r!' cessfiilly wrouglit in anilqiilly, they import all their iron and steel, Tlio only inamifiictiir,;jci""i on in the island are those of gunpowder, salt, lolmcco, and woidlun caps. In ItSI, there eMiTcH'ik! ports of .Sardinia 106 foreign vessels, of the burden of O.O'i'i tons. Of these, the greater number « French ; and next to them were Neapnliians, .\iislrinns, Tuscans, Sic. '" Miiiieij, H'tishls, avil Mfuaures. — Accounts are kept in lire, reall, and soldi, f, soldi = ] rcali. = n,, 4 reali =■ 1 lira = Is. tii/.j ID rcall ^ 1 scudo =■ 3» Ud. The paper money consists of notes forS lo'ij SOsciidi. ' ' " Farm produce and the coarser inetals arc weighed by \.\\e pe»i iH ferro : 12 Hard. oz. = I |b =iiii,i| dr. avoirdupois ; 20 lbs. ■= 1 rulibo ; 4 rul)!)i= 1 cantaro 113 lbs. oz. 8 dr. avoirdupois. ' The sinrello, or corn measure, is equivalent to 1 bush. IJ peck Eiig. The palm " loj Eng, inrhn CauKcs of the deprrsned slate of S/tnli>iia. — Tho altovc statctnniiU suflicienlly shuw ilij the coinme'ce of Sarilinia is very far from bcincj what iniglit naturally bo expected fromij extent, fertility, adinirablo situation, anil the excellence of its many harbours. It eoniaiji an area of about 9,500 square miles., being, in point of size, but little infvrior to Sicily {gJ in antiquity it was hardly less celebrated for its productiveness : — " Noil opimas Sardinim scgetes feracis." — Hor. lib. i. Od. 31. But a long scries of wars and revolutions, followed by the cftublishmpnt of the I system in its worst form, and the subjection of the island, fii>t to iSj/ain, nnd morcrecentlil to the house of Savoy, have been attended by the most ruinous consequences, 'fheRol mans encouraged the exportation of corn ami other produce from the provinces to lioml where it always met with a reatly and advantageous sale. But tho modern rulers of Jir.l diniiuhave followed quite an opposite policy ; they have prevented the 'UYupicrsof ttielanil from carrying their productions abroad ; and as, owing to tho want oi' a commercial aojl manufacturing population, there was littlf- or no demand for il at iionie, no surplus khI raised ; so t!\at the wish, as well ns tlie mcins, of emerging from |)overty and barbarism hal been well nigh eradicated. It is to tins impolitic coudni-t on Ihe part of govenrnfiiJ ond to the insecurity arising from tho want of police and of occupation under Ihe worst soit| of feudal tenures, that we are inclined principally to attriliutc that habitual idleness, anil indilVcience to the future, that distinguish the modern Sards. We are glad, however, to have to state, that some improvements have been made witliJol these few years. A good road has been formed from Cagliari to Sas'^ari, and cross ro»li| are being carried from it to some of the most considerable places in the island. The|i0ijo lation, which, in 1816, amounteil to only 352,000, is now estimated at 480,(100 or. ^mO.OiKrj and some meliorations have been introduced into various departments oi' industn-. B* without the establishment of an effective system for the adniinislralion of justice anj linl prevention and punishment of crime, the introduction ot"a better system of letting Ian 1, anil the total abolition of tho existing restraints on tlic exfK)rtation of corn and other prodial from the island, it will be in vain to expect that its ci^ucities should ever be fully dcvelopeil At pre^;>nt, it is usual to hire land, for the purpo.scs ot tillage, by the year; no corn can l»| exported if its price exceed 30 rt'als the staiello; and a heavy duty is laid on all ihatiieiT ported, as a substitute for a general land-tax. Nothing can [)e more prepo.sterously aKiu than su -h regulations. Th-y havo panlysed tlie exertions of the husbandman losiickul extent, that this " bcnifunant nurse" <»»' ancient liome| is soinetinres, notwithslandin; ilil scanty population, under the necessity of iinporling a portion of its supplies! Most oikl artiiles of export have been loaded with simil.ir lUitics; .so that the industry of the isladkul beei>, in efli'ct, coMipletel\ s, critic: i o a short-siahled rapacity, of which, l'orti\nalily. theil are not many examples. • .tlhib asgrrtceful sy.stem, which, if possible, is even more ii'I jurious to the government Man to the people, 1h' pi ' an end to, — let the freidtm of ciff*! ation, with reasonalilo d:.- •• on imports, and t.., curity of iiropcrty, be eslalilislicd.-m we venture to predict tha; ■'.trilinia will, at no very remote period, recover her ancient \i»t perity ; that the revenues of the crown will be iiicre.ised in a tenfold proporfum ; aiiilllilt| the population will cea.se to be conspicu.ius only for ferocity, idleness, and (:onteiii|it of ii> j novation. In rmnpilitis this article, we have consulted Captain Smyth's valuable work on i^nrdinii, priirt-I '.atly pp. 100— i'iS Sui (lie most complete work on the island is that of Marmura, already relWifillll litoiniMralion. We hav, |p,|S,tc. I CAJEPUT OIL, ttv lUtifiidendmn Lin.). 'J Loodoil; because the I Jtoi'li. This tree is con ||iydi.in Siiivtb reckiiua the popiilaiiiin, at an average of Ihe 10 vears oniling wilh IC'A"! "'**| •"•-U*" - (p. I*- ) ..I t 3k.aia,iu« Sariuiiain, licnigniDamiiii urbis nontric nudiccs."— Val. Ma.xinius, lib. vii £.'• _ Cijetiul oil not being i Ijiilr.l'Sl.itKnId inliond i Iff ihe most cnici(^iit reiuc lilt, m mince ! lint it soi Itedi obtained frma Holla ||Si|jleiiilicr, 1S33) worth i C.U..\BAR SKIN tfyCris pCi^ueno), the |tip[)ft.s and trimmings f (;AL.\BA8H, a ligh line Indians both of the inJ the natives of Africi ji Africa. CAL.\MANCO (Di %hi. Kubmenka ; Sp. < |£n;land and the Netht cbecb appear only on tl C'AL.\MANDER V ' It ij 80 hard that comnin ptio^lape. It is I'ingnlarl fcisaliiiei'lincolate, nov fiwn and croiiin coloe.rs. lyiiiiduetihdwiiioss. It Jttik. Sirltobort Brown ■In Mnnmoothshir:! made i BllMij in tire:it Dritain liu TiwiiiiM'. It is by far tlie lol'ili'Mr"e, the liner it ia.- iw.p. 1711.) CALCUTTA, the p Hominions in hidia, and Jheea.aM3,13S; .Mnliiumii.Ml J .Ureal pari, liiuvuvur, B'"iiin"s, nier'.niiii's, and lill.u.'s; comiii;; into tow lsli«i]t*d liy Ihe magistral Wii!anls which is adaiilte fcayboesiiiiiuled at almut hnkiif tile river, v.-ilb ai P Ill's line »iilf (>( the ri\ liV'Mliatii wuald renuirt pneaiadvantaBe.j forinii pnlityoniho Ciifiun^ ami ■»l»iw of at least l.UOO i llnna.'h. Ipf principal laorchanti Pli" Europeans, Piirlii!,'ii( l"»ati(iiili; conii;ionl\ riniallyeilliprc.r ilii''lli piir: of adult male lirili CAJEPUT OIL— CALCUTTA. i6» trufhm vnry (fcntly on the (jross nml Bcnndnlniiii nhiiscs thst infcrt evny part of th* I'i I Iruliun. VVe liavu burrowed huiiio ilvtuilH from tliu Mnnalca du Comment Marilime fur 1H33, I mjgpUT OIL, the volatile oil olitainod from the leaves of the cajeput tree (Mildlenea IhiitnJeiidfon Lin.). The name is a corrui>tion of the native term cayu-puii, tliat is, white- I ooJuil; because tlie bark of the tree which yields it has u whitish appearance, like our Ifcli This tree is common in Amboyna and other Eastern islands. 'J'ho oil is obtained IlivilistillaliDn f''"'" the dried leaves of the smaller of two varieties. It is prepared in great Ifliiiintities in Banda, and sent to Holland in co|)per ilasks. As it comes to us it is of a gre^ii liulour very limpid, liglitcr than water, of a strong smell resembling camphor, and a strong iMii'n'nt taste. It burns entirely away without leaving auy residuum. It is often adulterated IbiIi' other essential oils, coloured with resin of milfoil. In the genuine oil, the green colour liepeiiJs on the presence of copper j for, when rectified, it is colourless. — {Thomson's Dis- V-) ^^H Qiigput nil not being nsed exoopl in tlie materia medir.a, only ! liit Tii. nil (iiiiicK ; imi iiii idnu liavii Ijiilv 1^31 it Boia 111 I'oiui lu iiwuiii lu. iiii iniiii:,; i mil ii ii iiinti iiaviiig tlien got litirond tiiut it WUS OIIB Ijfiliemosl (!tnci(,'iit ruiiindii^s in casus of clioli'ra, its price rose in NovimiiIxt, ls31, to no less tliaii lllf nnniinrc! Hut it snon after fi'll into discredit willi tli« faculty, and ndditioniil supplies liavlni; Iktii oblniiieil friHii Kollaiid, its price di^cliiied almost as fast na it liud risen. It is not ut present |(3i»leiiiliir, 1S3H) worlli more in lioiid, than from H. to Uii. an ounce. CAI/AB.VR SKIN (Fr. Pelit-grls ,■ Ger. Grauwerk ,• It. Vaor, Fajo ,• Rus, Bjel/ca ,• \it.Gm ne;iMn()),t\vi'ti\hcndin squirrel skin, of vaiious colours, used in making luulfij, ippets, and trimmings for clothes. CALABASH, a light kind of vessel f)rmed of the shell of a gourd, emptied and dried. iTne Indiaiis both of the North and South Sea put the pearls they have tished in calabashes, uiii the natives of Africa do the same by their gold dust. They also are used as a measure J Africa. CALAMANCO (Du. Kalkmink, Kulrnink ,• Fr. CahnaiuL, Culmrmdre ; It. Durante ,• XhiSnhmmkuj Sp. Calmaco ; 8w, Kalunnk), a sort of woollen stulf, manufactured in liiri^land and the Netherlands ; it has a fine gloss ; and being chequered in the warp, the iecks appear only on the right side. CALAM.\NDER WOOD, a beautiful species of timber brought from Ceylon. Ii is so liaril that common edge-tools cannot worlt it, so tlial it niuiil lie rasped and almost prouiirt Ruojliape. It is singularly reniarkalde for IIib variety and admixture of colours. 'I'lie most prevail- iiijisaliiierlincolatft, now doo|)eniiig almost into ahsolute hiacit, nnw fadinsr into a nicdiiini between bwn anii crfiim colours, 11 arrests the rye from the rich beauty <]f the iniermin(,'led tints, not from finyiiiidiiflshowimiss. It Inlies a very higli polish ; and is wrought into cliairs, and particularly Into ■tills. SirU.itii'rt lirownricK, late governor of Ceylon, had the donrs of the dininji-rooniof his seat Tin llnnniiimhsliir: made of calaniander. It is scarce in Tciylnn, ainl is not regularly imported; all pal 19 in Great Britain has been imported by private iientlenien, returning from the colony, for their BMiis. It is by far the moft beautiful of all the fancy woods. The nearer it is taken from the root jol 111- ipe, till! finer it is.— (j)/ii4ur»'jf Orient. Com. ; Lib. of Entertaining Knowledge, Vegetable Sub- |liai:ri-s. p. 17'J.) CALCUTTA, the principal city of the i-nA-ince of Bengal, the capital of the British Idotiiinions ill India, and, with the exception perhaps of Canton, the greatest emporium to lieea-stward of the Cape of Good Hope. Its citadel is in lat. a2° 33' 64" N., long. 88° 20' lli"E, It is about 100 miles distant from tlio .sea, being situated on the eastern bank of the Western branch of the Ganges, denominated by Europi-aiis the Hooghly River, which Is the plv arm of the Ganges navigable to any coiislderalile distance by large siiips. At high Rater the river opposite to the town is about a mile in bieadth ; but during the ebb the side Bite to Calcutta exposes a long range of dry sand banks. Owing to the le gth and iii- licacy of the navigation from the sea, it cannot be undertaken witliout a pilot; so that, Ireii if it did not exceed our limits, it would be useless to attempt any description of it in 'is place.— (See the reduced Plan of the Mouths of the JLmghli/ ILver, in tlie Mercalor's Sir/ in tills work.) ; Inl'lT, Calriilla was a petty native village of paltry huts, with a fi!W hundred inhabi'.ants. Little Nie'.hiiiii ciiiiiiiv lal'r, or in 'S22, thi- fnUowing were the returns of the population; viz. Cliris- i«ns.i;i,i;«; .Moliamme(lans,48,ira; Hindoos, llS.aiCI: (;hin.'.-e, lit, niakini,' in all, 17'.'. ',117 .\!ren purl, limvever, of what "lay be i'airly consideri'il the |iopulati>'ii "f Calcutta, censisting of i''"iirfs, iiiirliiuiics, and per-ons , engaged in trade, resident iiiuht in tlr -nSnrbs, or neighbouring liltes ; tomini; into town ear y in tlie inorning to llieir resiie live emploviiients. These have been |iliiinif(lby the magistrates, on t(derably goml dala, at 100,(11)11; and allowing for the intreaso of in- Hlanls wliich is aduutted to li.ive t.ikeii place wiUiin the lusi d^e/en years, the existing population pvboestiiriaied at aliout :iOO,(.MUI. Tlie town, pxc-liidiiig s^uburbs, extends to r(bfe,u 4; "loles along ihe iiikiifiiie river, with an average breadth inbiiid of iibout l,^uiile. Fort William, the citaiiel^ lies liilhesiinBsiile cjf the river, a little lower ilown. It is a strong regnltr fortifiearinn ; but so exten- Jivi'ilKi it would require a garrison of lO.OWl m.'ii for its eflT.xtual def.iice. Calciriti possesses great pliinladvantiises for inland navigalicin ; all sorts of foreign [iroiluce being traris;»irted with great pfilitjiinlho (iimaes and its siUnidiary streams to the nortl.-wesl>'rn quarter* of llindostan. over a l['liiK.:o| at least 1,000 miles, while the productions of the interior are received by the sasue easy Bin*'!*, [Tli,-|)riiicip;il inerclianls and traders of Calciitia consist of the following classes; vz. ftnitirti amt P'rF.iiropnns. Portuguese liom in India, .\roieuians, t;re«ks..lews, I'ersiiins ( 'u t' e coa«l •■' the fffsautiiiii", coiniiionly calleil Parsees. Mogiils, .Mohanimi'daiis of Hind<.stan, ai . Hi, i, loos; fl.e lat- F'lsTilly eitliiTof the llraliniinical or iner. •nude castes, and nati\-,« ot liengal. In ISKI, t»»>' twal P'lHui'.'oradult mule British subjects, in the liongal provinces {lUe j;real uiajurily bui;:g in C'ali-«Hw, if a: i 1 ' 1,1 -I ' S>l I i' B '(■I 264 CALCUTTA. It was 1 ,7(rr. TJilg ia the Matement tlTtn kr fk. , imrllciilarlv for tli« liint year. The naiiv/pl? miy declined in wi'nilli and iijipcirlaiict Oniii engRRAd In trade or ngrlciilturc, waa 1,W5 ; In 1830, It waa l.TOT, printed refiiDter ; but it ia iiroliulily iiiutli umlerruted, pn-'— ■■-' tURiieac and Arini^nlnii reliant* Imve of lale greatly _ other lianrt, the I'ersian nifirchnnia liiivc incr.aned in nninliera and weollli, "cvtriil of i||p„ i»„ worth 250,000/. aterliiig. 'I'ho Inriie fiirtunea of tlic Hindoo luerulianta have been much bnikendi.t! of IaKh V(*Iirtl bv litilfUtlolT *" *^"' '">■•**■ tuxl ■■uturnllv thrfiiiuli ihii Inw i\( uniiiil i>niiii>. * brottieri. To cnuiit»rha1 augtnentntinn of the dm . but few Hindoo inHrchniiis ut prnti^'iit wIiuhp w*'iillh t'Xce'Mlii a(K),tO(J/. «tf!tUi)U. Jon in liie toiiris. and nuturully lliniuttti iliu law v{ eqtiul co|!urceiinry m-J halniice iIi'ip. Ihere liuv been, Fince tlir optiniiiff (if the free irtde in I8li »vil mntbor of inforlur niorrlmntH, worili from 2(».()00/. lo 50,0()0/. »tcrlinf. limul eriinit. Tber.!wl Tbe principal forelKn buhinut*8 is mnductt-d by Ihe Eiifjlittb nieicliums; but ibe othrr p&riieftkl ...__f ..1 — '•»■"- »^-a|ii,h, or on Ibeir own accounr, ppccnliite Inrcrly to Eiin tie k^l cither in pnrtnerNhip wiilk the En. j., rica, and eHpecially to China. Tha Iirokors known underlh« name of Sircars und Uabooinrealliiii. doos. The Kenerul rates of acency cunimiHsion are as fcdlow : — I. On Ihe ule or ptirchue of iliipa, vcwelt, hoiucft Biid Uiidi 2 1-2 per rent. 1-2 do. do. do. do. • 21.2 do. 2 1-3 do. 1-i pfr Cfiit. pi-r ni«iiwu. 5 per cent. 2 1^ do. 5 do. 21-2 do. do. do. S. ()d the Kile, purchaie, or Bhipment of bullion lk>. of Jewellrry, duuitoitdi, or oilier preciuut ■tonrt • • • • '2 Du. of indi^, lac-Hve, rntintry ji'recr ffoodi, Hilk, opium, ce<;liiiie^I, roni, tpict**, coltee} cup- pvr, till, aii'l ttjteii'gus ■ • • 2 1*2 Do. or all other kiiidinr foods > - 5 5. Ua $ooit or trraiure, &c. rnniiitned, and aflrr- ih arUi n itNlmwu or Mot to Rurtii'D ; «nd on icnodi couiigoed for cooditiuiul delivtry to ollieri .••>•• l-2cou:iiiiision 4. On all adnnm of monvv for the piirpoM» nf trade, » ht-ilicr the enoDiibill- } ty of )wr«nn« to whom K'toM are loM j K On :iclinj(f)r thu es'att-t t.r |H::r»oi)A deceased, u e-tecutora or adininiBtrattjn • 6. On t!.e nianajcenient of estatt-t for olben, ou tho amount recelvud .... 1(K Onnricurinxfrcii^htf oradreriismicaithea^ent nf o'-vi.erf orcmmianderB: on Oie amount of ■'reifch^ whether thn i-ime pa^!e• through the liaii'ls nf the acnl or v.n\ 11. On charierine thips for oilier pirMea 12. On nixkin; insurance, or wriling orden for iii^unnce ..... 13. On tettlimc insunnce loiiBlM|isMi..bunt('nietit! - * • 2 1-2 do. 19. On nerntia^iiijr I'lanson mpondentia • ■ 2 do. 80. On Ictien nf credit gnnted forniercan'ile pur- poses . • . • 2 1-i do. 81. On pirchwinj; i)r selljnif jrovprnmen* securi- tirn, and on earli excli.mee of the iime, in the Iransfpr from otu loan li another • 1-2 do. 22. On t'eiivering up (tovfirnment sectirilies, or deiioiitiin the same in the Iruasury - • 1-2 do, 23. Ou all a'lvanm not pinictiinllv liqiinlnted, the af;*!!)! lo have Ihe option of ch.ir|i)iivin, a! u|>on a fi«sh adv;tnpf, pro* Ti(!eil the charge does not occur twice in tlio K>nie J rar 24. At the npt'on of the arent, on the amount debi'cii or crvditri within thi-year, incluNnif iu'frcst, at.d mrvpunx only ii'enis on which a rommissii'n of » pir cei.'i has been ch^nteJ I do. A' H. — This charge not lo apjly tn payitijr nvcr a lial.tntc due on an acciunt nniie I'p tn a piriiru- l;tr [lerioit, unlcM where such balnnce is Willi triwn without reas'inable notice. .Wiifrt/.— Arcouiits are kept hrrtt in mnpnary money called ru- pm, ej'lii:r current or sicca, wiih their subdi\isi' os, ai.iias and pier : 12 pit^'f ui-ike t anni ; 16 .innai I ruiue ; and 16 rupees I gvid niohur. To thti rnrrcney must alt the real sperif I* ronvcrt»1, be- Tire any mm cm be rcziilarly i;uli n-d in a mercl.antV lionkn. The Contpiiiy Itffp their acrounis iti sicca rui»ees. which hear a bat'a (prtmium) of 16 prr cent, nvcr thoturient. The coiiia ruricnt are fnlJ mol urs, with Iheir sulidiviti'ins— lialvesaii'l ipiai-ters; •.jctn ru« rrw, halves and qmriers; annas, pice, and hall plre. The t\*o Iwt are o copper. There are two mints un'lsr (he r^-npil presi- (Viicy : th:tl at CalcuMa; and that of Feriui-kniiad. in (lie north- wi-sttTn prfivinres. The firil is prob.ibly iha m'-st splet.iiiit ea'a- I li»hMiws:— 'I (irwi niiuin I'rjunil ■t.-llllil Sic. nip, 10 C«|ie cf Goal llni)« K » dnlhr (2i.) ^. Malru 100 runecl J- S3 (lolnlny - • ICO — ^ U Crvlnii Hii-dnllar China 1 tale 1 Rimiiah I23llcliali 100 M.iiiilla - tJiianifth dollar K t l',)rMii!»l • . I.CflO rra. BS 1 Fruiice ■ • 84 fraut. ES 10 IIoIIjiiJ 2J- Boriut B-. 1 Ihmburfh and Co- ) lii-rihascn • 5 H ■"■''C banco rx 1 Li-^liorn 100 piTIll = 202 Oilier sorts of rupees are met with in Hi-'ninl, fliirerini in (lmI and wei<;hl, lhou';li their denominaliom be Ihe sitnr. fmr. ;!s| anl triKtiifitf the cn^lom of implf'yinjt throjfx^ or iioi;ry-fliin(m.*lfl|l hiitiiifsa Ih let set a value upon tb^' .lilli -tni ciiniiici»,.<(r)rJ.u|l cvi-iy ciicumstance, either in their favour or iLiirn-ijUKt, vp^l a auiit fif rupees is brought to one uf these almitli, httruDiibniial pipci- bv pure, and arran^e^ them according (n 'hfirfindns-Vrtl by iheir ve);{ht \ be Iheu allows for the ditfircnt tr|p| UtAiwl Kiccnsaiid si)unilsj an I Arna. 4 AniLts B I Caliann. 4 Cabauns == l sirci rupee, 16 hicca rupees ^ 1 (told inohur, W'-igfirf.— The ?rea( weights \rc n.muJs, seen, chiltub, Hi I ■iccas or rupee weights, thus diviJud : — f) Sircas c: i CInttack. Ifithitlacki = I Srt-r, 40 Setrs ^ I Ahuud. Thcrr are two mannds in use, v it tie f.irtoryniai;BJ,»liiAk| 74 1U. 10 oz. I(^'fi60 itrs. avoiirtii| nis; and tt.eLiza.irDaEnri.iai| is 10(»cr cent, belter, viz. b2 lbs. 2 oz. 2-1^3 dii. ?0 Slrca weight c= a CalcuMa ban^irwtr. CO Ditto K a Seramjiore iii;er. K2 Dillo B= a IhHiKbly tier. S4 iM'o t- a Hfn.»n» M rjsnnrr iii ^ 1 Ruty 6 l-t Hut>iei — 1 Anna. 8 RiilliM ^ 1 M.i>«a. 10 Mum, C 1 Sicca wcijM = 1T9 Tm. •^J or ti 5-OJ dii. »v«4il< inOR,ii|:p, - 1 T"hh. 1: 1 2 Misni 1 '1 nl.ih. IK Annls «= 1 T0I.1I1 I6lil.4llullia •= 1 M'lliur. l.'i-2S M.-^.via = 1 .M'llmr. 17 Anm, = 1 Mnhur. Till- iol.\h h equal toM4-.i?8!!rvTri.y. Liquid AUaiun. 5 Sicca «et|;ht - 1 Chitlirk. 4 Cluitiit ka ^ 1 rui':\li, or pice ■1 l'<»IUlil «= 1 Sior. 40 '■nrj c= 1 Viiind. SSrera = 1 ruRMR-f, or mnnm 8 Measurea n^ 1 HAZ ||W« htarilla llCtoiila ||IW> OMi Cdnuinreltl Welghta am 1 1 Cmwreial Meaiuita, UnBalurodancilliea nuehairflOrelly ►SlwiloflOOatiiM (oiotolaln' • - ....btiurmsiind • jrtj-unlfofWniaun'li tenhituonJo' 76 "!>■»• :_. 0(21.11110 t^\c» mm\ n( 100 pooll tfoipnul'f imcalllea • Cx.'i.Dcioil) of Wnniindi t«!wB Uuwr Cindy • SinoJyiiHlnnunJi , Mtwl.^n lativ nf 8 cipim Uilninalrof'IOniaundi llilra\b!l«rrf 3p«uli »(*atCii:'>m-h'>n*e nnuml KmtindrnfTnnralii fiOHlljrntlSOvil H,iM|wiil-f I'Ocalliot ^tintuDl of 40icen •* Putta tniund r.KlKny andy nf 20 maunda iM*j,Bii»Wnw.— The [ ga«ko/ Bengal.— TM* jjlo 500 slurea'of 10,000 s (hirfjarenow at a priMii iiiinl"ii hy Kovnrnment, a n«!ecrel«ry to gnvernin biiier,aretlieeii)//ici«Kn\ hiiil. This hank pnascsn Bvelieen. its niilfls are iilllliedlstrictB below I: ifcru very brffe and the' Hmlile slijreholrters, too, llfllhereof ; anil It enjoys, ut iisefiilneKs which, wit lainlyatieiitleil it. 1. the BDVcrnment reqi ►■ciirily fur tlie notes recii Ibrf, llicir means npplica lialfoniminiily, were crif 1 8. Byllieir charier, the) liiwoiliirdsof paper,— ii i?li in th'ir "Irons liov. I J Tli'irriilps for cranll IvoiWair.ilicalloiii' to tin VinflhelisiiBal Bank v |oiii|wiiy'9 papor. In ISv fllie Eiverniuenl, nccas hwrlnCilcmtadid noti kWamiTOIaca. jTiieincniivtMiii'nce of tl P'lKTalinn: and we iini pecie lob? reduced to a fi Swy; and greater facilill y** soon as lliLs a!!;;raiin (I'lf mnncvm-irket in C [Tk' Ihiiin Bnni-.— This " psisliiii; ill RenL'nl; "'i-filiiiths fiiriiier I'dili Jfili'Tnion naak is 50 la |ec(iininiinity. lis noti'i r}'i lieinj received at ll pSiusiitwastolillnpih fii'' nf ll"ngal by its clini Kn iii nnies nut being jj pi'il lhnl( may, in some f 1llvmlrileeslallllshllll■ l'»ofCalclltla; its t liaiii?foniinerciiil credit i ITit' rules (if (|i«|.oiiiii va into|,vpr,..,it|iiei;nioii Vol. I._Z Sic. rup. Ai. S: c 10 t 1 t — S3 1 1 B U n 1 C: u t r- 3 i < SI 100 O =: i 4 t = ■i li = 10 1 =•■ t 4 t r: 1 t r= »] 1 ( CALCUTTA. 366 I(4,.l»«l'7 4 30 I4'3 19 16 129 10 Sl'4 17 27 4-3 17 13 10 17 34 «-6 405 4iO 16 15 16 IB 1 24 14 18 171 16 2 257 lliKitCiiliin'h'tute nnuna B 12 4 II 3 32 12 15 Mmnwivnf Tniiralu MO 20 ii 3 8 20 PsiHi»lri(IMv!i .... N..t|«in-f '.;<)MlllM • • • btnimiuiil of 40ieen .... 500 29 20 17 31 8-6 133 5 5-3 31 6 6 3 20 4 30 143 37 6 6'3 20 1 3 379 1 13 10 u— Pucniiniund . . 74 10 107 1 2 7 3V7 2 26 20 klKbrny andf o( 20 miondi . 600 » 2 24 31 17 4 3 ft«*«, Bmillinir — The paper currency of Caicntta is supplied by the following banks : — Sink of Benfttl.—'TMfi is the only bnnl( in Ciilciittatlint has n charter. Its caplliil is .'^0 lues, divided JtloSOOiiliareaof lO.OOOsicca rupees each, nfwlilrh the East India Company hold 100 shares. Tho fiiri'iiirennwat a premium of 5,000 to 0,000 rupees. It is managed hy nine directors; three np- mnHil by uovnrnment, and six elected hy the proprietors : time of service, for the latter, ttiree years, hesecretary to (tiiverninent in the flnanciiii department, the ii.:countant-peneriii, and llie suli'-trea- liiter,iiri!tliee.t »//ici» Rovernmont directors. Tlie hank secrei'ry and treasurer is also a civil ser- Itint. Tills iiank possesses peculiar advantages, hut has not iictn so useful to the puldic us it nil;;lit lavelieen. Its nntes are received at all the public offices, in pay ncnt of revenue, liy llie ciillectors Jill the (ilslrlcis lielnw Benares; and, cnnsoquenlly, its circul:itio i. nveraainj; 80 to 100 lars, exteiidf Crfrivorylarjieundtlie wealthiest purl ion of our Indian territory The povernmont hciiii;8Uchconsi- HmUe sliirehnlders, too, it is Reiierully supposed liy the natives tl it the Ilensal Bank is part and par- Itrlikrcnf; ami It enjoys, therefore, tlio same credit. But ntiier c cunislances liavc operated against Ue iiseftilnefs which, with tile advantages alluded to, it might iiu ve been supposed would have ccr- Uinlyalteiiflcd it. 1. the Bovornment required a deposit in their treasury of 20 lacs of rupees in Company's paper, as fdirily for the notes received at tlie piildic otHces and the district treasuries. To tiiis extent, tliere- Jbrr, ilieir means applicable to commercial purposes, or rather tu tiie assistance of the cnnuner- lljlminmiiiiily, were crippled. 1 2. Dyllieir charter, they were required to issue their notes in the proportion of one third of specie Biwolliirdaof piiper,— ill otiier words, for every 90 rupees of notes issued, tliey kept 30 rupees of It'll inih'ir strong Im.v. J J Tli'ir rules for craiilin? accommodation on personal credit were so severe, that the public rather lv'iilnla|i;>i|raiini>!< tntlieni, if they could obtain discounts elsewhere; and, consi-quently, tlie husi- Vs'if ihe H^nsai Hank was oiiiiost entirely conflned to tlio granting of loiins on tlie security of the |iiii|i;iiiy'9 pap-r. In 1821), 1827, ami 18a8,"when tlie Burmese war, and tli" fiiianci.il arraiigeinenta Tfllie Biveriiinent, occasioned a preat demand for money, the nmonnt nf (ii.acoiints of mercantilB Bwrin (Mriitia did not e.xceed lOor 12 iaca or rupees, whilst loans secured by Company's papt, rose bi<"l.inii;01aci. |Tiieinfiinvoiiii'nce of this system having been felt, the government of Calcutta has recommended nsltmtion: and we iinci"rsland the capital is to he iiicreiised to 75 lacs; tlie proportion of a tliird peeittoberiMiiiced to a fourtii ; the deposit of 20 la.s of Company's pap'r at the treasury to he done iviyi ami jreater liicililies to ho uflordcil to the merc'iintiii' coiimiuiiity in ubtaininL' aciommoiiatinn. l.\;!0(inas this a!!L;iation is carried into elfect, there will unqnestionabiygie a great iniprovcniont liliemnney market in Calcutta. tVi' f/m'oii Bail*.— This estaldishment was founded in 1S29. It in the only private bank at present pVi) existitic ill RetiL'ai ; for the Bank of llindostan, the Commercial Bank", ami the Calcutta Bunk, f'iml In Hie f inner editioti of this work, have nil, though srivent, bei'u discontinued. The CTpiial jflfci^ninn naak is 50 lacs of rupees, rtnisisling of l.OOOshares of 5,000 eacli, Iwld hy nil classes of Itmiiiitiiitiily. lis notes circulate only in Calcutta and ils imniivdiale neiglihoiirli.iod ; no pr'vate ri'i Iwinj received at (lie cnllectors' treasuries in llie provinces. Tiie ninin oliject of tins i'.«ta- fciiiiifiit was to till lip the space in the money market, occasioned by the restrii'li.ins inipor-ed on tlic "lilt iif Hniigal hv its clmrter; but it has not yet lieeu iilile toetfect its iiiii'iiliiins to llwir full extent, »nis notes nut being genernliy ciri'iilated ;' and it is possible that Ihi.' priipns^d allerations in the pal lliiik may, in some measure, limit its operations Tliere is no donlit, Innvever, liiit that it will liliviiuriieiwtablishmeut ; and slionld iiolitain a charter, it will prohalily get most of the banking lffli»!«of Calcimii; jiB rules iieing well adapted for facilitating commercial transactions, and sus- •wiiUfoimnerciiii credit and confidence. ITlis tales of dNcdiirii vary, friiin time to time, will) tlie state of the monev market. Tlie last ratci •"W wrs. at ihu Union Bank, per cent, per annum on notes at 3 mouths, 5 ditto, at 2 ditto ; 1 |*oi„I.— Z 34 ■i:l iM 'i J.I »;l i> r <- •1=1 "SI ;i ■] :■;' i i;i, 1 . I ■.I in ;!■! ! ;ti ■ \r ■ ' i 1 [i '• f 1 'i fl' i 1 ;• if! tM CALCUTTA. i i \ F\ ¥;!:h,: ;jf'aft^ ; ditto, (It I Hlttn! the Hunk of B-^mI, illnroiiiit on privnto lilIM nt 1 monthii, ti ;ier tent Mr iinin dtttii Kdvcniiiii'ill hillii^, ditto, A dlnoj lntcri'iit on louiis, on ilepomt, ditto, ,'i ditto. ^"1 'ilii> ilittil j>> lilt rfii>liiil tttr IIki Itiiliiiii ifi iL-iifiilllimf 11(1 tliii in....^li.. > . I luvfcui tin iiuf riALfluqiiiT Ifiiin , iiiiu lliu a April, IsaU, wua a* l(dlu\Ys ; tor Uuiii,'ul. Stuli'iiiunl of tlio Amount HtandiiiR on tlii; itnnprni Re^intern'f the PreBldency of UcnBul, ^n i|i|K.q, of Europuann and Niitlveit. ^ I Dubt. A per cent, loan of 1829 IM« i8ttt>-;to 18-Jl-2.'i 18(IO ■10-',71t„MI0 lU.Al.TlK) 7,oi,:;oo 3.ia,(lllO 6,^fi,'J00 B,63,lHHJ 5,«4,ll)0 1,975,34,100 077,50,rino Total 1 1 *■ i'ii nipffi W7,15,4w •ti,33,ni« «,11S,'» is,4:,:iio a,6i2,()3,iK)0 Th. ! per rent, loiui of 1S29 is irrcrteoniulili! onlll tlin pxpirntlon of the Tonipnoy's prMcnt ch>ii»t i and llhii 1'' irionllm' ndice to be (linn pn^viiMi^ly to diHCliiirue : lhi( iiilorenl on tiiia Lin it .iniiul eilhwr liall-yriir'v in India, or. If Hit' .iroprintor In! ri'sidcnt in Knrope. ho linn the oiiilon.nsaii'aiwl of right, of di iiiiiidiiiK ii hill upon the "onrt of ilirt'iiorH fur the intiTcst, piiyiihlu at la iiionllw' jli, nt 'in. III. llui ^i(■r!^ rnpcp. The .'i pt'r cciif l^nn it I vj;) v\n« not paynhle. In any part, until aftonht 3 1. It of Marili, If^ij, and tlii'ii only ti i ruro in anj n' year, afliir dO dajx' noiirp ; the Interest ii pat. I ahli- n|Hin the name ti'misuH that on lli>' Ii pi'r vent. Ii an, witli thiii iiii|Mirtant dill'eroiice, tlii.t tlieiiri. vih'ffewlii' li llit^r. aidi'iits in Eiiropc possess of rcii-ivi'iK iiitfrcst in r.nKland lielonijs usofrlijlitioilu lloliliTs (il 'I lipirci.'iit. loan, niid is only cnjoyi'd hy ilii- holders of tliU Inaii Jurinir tht flmmii\ tile lii'iiiM iiliorilics. Of llic 5 per cent, loan of IBSJ, no part was disclmrgealile lillnfler IlieSOlbf I April, ISt'J, and then prrvmiifi iiolit'e of 3 innii'lis to he Kiven ; the intercHl npon thin lf|ii(| yi^ars, home a preniinm of from 30 to 40 per cent. The 5 per cent, loana have (leiieraily liorne a pre. I niiiiin of uliout S percent.; and even the 4 per cent, ceciirities have been at little more thiiii anc>niiiill discr.niit. We have been thus particular In descrilnng tlie nature of the Indian nntimial liiii(l«,lirtig>il In II country whiire Eiirop !\iis have been hitlnrlo precluded from holdinp propiirly in hind btjuiiiliiil narrow boundarieii of the principal cilieti, am! where the principal holders rusidu in Europe, tlieylu <| been Justly considered as a very desirable iiecurity. /'i7(rf(i^(.— Tlie ii.i\iAAtiuii of (lie rivtr Uoontily fmni Uie S.iiu1 HfAiU lo tnlc) 1U, A di»lanc« ot «l>oul K'vl niili^, is naturally (tan- geniiis .ui't iiitricaic; but riT..'5reJ cri i>ara'ivtly ut'e ty a sliillul and rxcellt'iit, though vcrv o»tl/ jM.pt cT,liil.ljiluiirnt. 1 liis cnii-'>i»ls f>f twelve vtfiMli, t-ritig b'ri r T l.vt \rpii 150 anil 2L0 torn burtlieii, cap.alilR uf uiaiiilaiiiinf tli^ .' a'a'jiir.s ill Uie moat Loisltruus leaMiu, Ti' '''.' of Kates of full inin broken Pilotage, charpenlile to Ships and VesselB inward anil oulwarilof| the lliver lliioghly. Mhlch r>ti>nei»ttn*0}]>i!0»| luulfers. t:)Ch (jraiicii [lilct has a salary of T0(. a n.oij'h:tj^l tliasler 271. : firat iii.-ops I.V. ; and sciond'nialpi ami tnluolMiil each. Ilie fullowing table ealiibila the rutea of |)il(itase: Di. ufiit of Wjltr. fuK F'llolaiie 'i, Hard. J^ Milinnal l'ilotai!B oulwarJ. Inward Froporlion. Outward Prepcrlitii. Feft. I.. i. From Sea. From Cilcutli. 9tu 10 10 ■, To Saujor 4 I2tlii To Moyapore or Fulta iifli 10 II 12 l t To Kct.'s'Te« 6 lit 1,1 To Fulta harbour - • ]!.>!■ tl 12 14 To Cnl|*e 8 12lha To CuliKte • • ■ To KiJijerM • • • (IJ-k 13 13 16 Tn Culpee harlmur 9 I2lha tia 13 14 18 1 Tu Fulia, or Mnyauore • TQCalcuttl^full|>llala(g 10 I2tlii To Simnr • • • HI.'':! 14 IS 21 \ « To ika, full pilolas& 13 16 ^■i 1 16 17 30 1 17 18 3S )■ 4 18 19 40 . F ' ■ " 19 20 4S 1 20 21 M 1 ' 21 22 65 22 23 60 J A'"/c.— A"l forcik^n e-aela pay llic tame piii.'aare as thiwe uni'tT Bri*i?.li rol'.ura. Hy bnikfii pilotife ia niiwijl the itropnrllon of full pi!ot3«e l.-twtvn the ditTefLnl atanea nr jtl icei of aiichoraije. AM aljps, the property of foreiKneil, aa well Asiatic as Ruropcan, are f uhject lo the rharge tennena and npwardf L'ndt r 300 tona April to October, 7 mnnitia. Per diem Dillo L. t. a. 16 14 Noveniber tn March. 5 n<.fithi Per diem Ditto ;, .. I. li 10 t Hire of the chain nioorines at Diamond Harbour, II. per diem. | blishwl rale pi r dicm for every day exceehng 'J- Tl^' *f,JI Tl.elowi-al rharsu to a ship reipiirinn the arC"n:iiiodalion of Hie | Iranspi.ilMiKa ship fr■' inxnnl <<t C- Imnailtfl'UillA'rbH '*'<'• ^^*\ I lwJ«o!'ilil)f to Ihnae coiiaTUitetl n |bw*"t '*"'t always nf the infi IBri.uUtlwIliioir.tiprerw'ir^*, J I liT >i I'l'QAlwtl aliiuMi entirely i.^int I Ii 1^ 'Iw ouiuber of ir,(iatcred I fL.^ A "11 ItO, if the burthen of I I ,( lS III 3r0 1^ for each. The I an I |Vt^'< ■ ' u' 'hiM (Irtivinf ao niiicli Ib< ' V Hfwunly. Nut Uili^ ah 1 1* r " FTcrivf pirl of their cari(o Is itirkrilnffn the river. The I tn.ri^sKii Calcutta, and Cun>|H I Mt^ t^.-At Calcutta there ai I tl JV fiv Ibe ita, and t he oilier for lliiri of Duty clinriteahle Eiimiv.anii the United ^ PrefiJency of Fort Willi U Qxdi, thi hahut or Manvfa !l. Fiiilioa and eoio tHriM 1 MiniM atirr* iXriali, irn>ughl and uownujtit S, 0|iium ■ t Prsdousstcnea and pearia ISill • t Spirituotu liquors |.T(jBf(0 11 WllfS 11, nvolltni Ahiiiclesnotiiirluli'l ] in the at»re itemi HCtalillit Pndua of fnreiKn f. vf Amai itiiiclulpl > re eleven > 24 rs W f 3n. t<2 iwi 10 pr 4 am of pri 10 pe F 21-2 t. .tmrk at a filed vatua. ) to:i of 30!. per cask J Cf l^HjS'llllS .) p. 'xm and coin i Horses • . tilpain . .J iPntiwjitOiii and pearls tSilt • . .5 10 pe f2 pel 10 pt 4 aijt of .„!"■' ♦ This partiality to the government bills is objected to. The Union Bank makei< no dislintlini. ■ 7, Sfiritl ■ • ItiTL^acci' • • ,3 IllVira . Ill ircira not Included J in t):r above nine iteuta { |M. ttmfi.lVft'odufenr .\fiimif:u [hM Umidom, Fmirn Eur iuaica. I. A'lipice • . llA'.«»oad • • 1 1 Alhh . . Il..(li.'ia . . I i. An-t-'ir^ria J i Amck, aatavii I ■ A-racli. from foreign } I ftri'.irid ill Asia . ] I I *-i,ic, nhitc red, or ) I fl'i" .( J I .(H'llHl . . ' |HAalri«l,orinorind» . I ''''»■'• tiialai, or roaariea ■ lill"tlml(fualnnia) ■ l>i'li(lfiHDdutv) ■ 11. BrDijmin,nrliiban ■ ll-Bnnfiv, ftnni foreien > I trrritnrira in A'ia . ( I * I'M. "rough! anil un.) I wttiu^ht . . I ■ 16. Brimi'onr lii. BiTOjf, iBi) cDlbroi- ) I 'frel px.l) . J l» n i'"' " niyf'lalan |« J-.«™'"r8a|'anivo 10 ( CALCUTTA. 307 . I •_u« njlnliw MffT iMl' I" rti»r»i"iMf »llh ih» h'tn I li wlih ilw (Inl nnljr. TTw fipnrt >m( lirnnrl .IciIIbi Jiid dmwturrt l*^' i^Tmiii «in»h"i •'«■ ("r» l"rtl ""lif O"' '!■'•"■ ^"'i I »"■ rmuUlr.l l.y m iinlinJii.t lit llir jrar IhA'H'l •" lh« "ind ft* ^,nwi"« I ' |,,f III, ihinl cl.iM, Mi. IK hli- v>n« fvcry pnrl iimlrrihe J>ivrrnriinil ul Bfiifil i or, Ji II li IH'hi.ii;>ll» '*'" k linTwiBi •< K(>il«i-ric. (i>r wlilrh lh« rliirito "ii kiIIihI, ih« Priiii.liiif)f of Foil Williniii, llw tnrilf li rcdilii.-.! I,f KTu^^^' «'C< » •' "h* '•" "' •■^ M" "!" i''!- ,»"'"""• ■' ''•■'- - ^ llliB. 1 1 Vtlmnt muil IhjbI Ihfir run|»»»Jrr >i llix iw*- *"'r^ >i(.fP"r« 1 ll>« '■''•"«• '•«> "'• «'" "' ' '•■"■ •'", T -Z' .(" Till *Mt plliit r.ial.inhninil lal IIk can- .f H'.'Si. ili' n'"' uniler the nuinn.ii.fiil u( icnv'Tii- IV J JVM ) I ' ^ ..',.:„„ lu^snl with ■ niutar atlriulBUt l^„*«mwr. 1^^ ^1 n,|f,iii,, in which vu,\n of iny Lt-Kurr^-rJ. «h.i.. buih .1 I'akuita, .„.. of Inie- ■ ■•ihitht built W*t*- ■-' — ' „ . # .L ■•| „hTiti«lbnMMiikn»tl« ii ftmiUy, in cimMrquenco of the Kuu .f«U.i«, upFf r « "r «*, »i*'l ''wki, nlone, of iHk ; w hi. i. I, HH, t!ie DUiiitwr nf rvjcuteml^ ihij* belon|ciiiic In the port i.f f i-ii 190. n( llic burthen r.f 41.36H I'lini l^finiC »l *i» *viraM K^JsTOtnuVfor each. The Urctet cl.t*. of vwwl. cany ncyly IVi' l«i'hiH'l«wi"^wmucliwtitirfcr«uuh( for (be Mvi«a- lb* IIM ir' 1. ftceivi U"l of 'heir car^n at l)i*n»oml Harbour, ab.nil 34 1 ^.r'hff Jown itw rivw. The nio«t convBiiiMit iiitd ibip fw ditM Ctlculta, and Eun-i*, ifid America, - *""' -'«« •" I frum 300 tu ftiiA*f -At Calcutta there are two fliitinct Cuitom.hertivrlir Itm ntn nf :[i iiiit>urlii>l by H>.i. th« (IrnwlMi rn illniteil on rf^f >|>nrtii, nnd tb* r.itf^ lit fluty thart^t-able aiut (Iraubat-ktallownl oh •i(xirtfiil artirlr* I" iii« the iipMbice ami ininnfictiirf of Ibe roniiirv. Iha July on xmhtiand nifrcbaiHltM> iinportcd by ma ii iiii|»>M'<) (ui mhirritt^nr .itrnnliiiit (o their iiiarket valim il Iba lime df inijNir'aiion, eirvpt wl.rti ntbrrwlM iprnally (irovi'li'.l. 'I'bn valun or all inch t(i>'*^* and iiierchariUiie must Im ■t.itrd on Ih** lace nf ih<* npiilicadnn la clmr the Ktnie fmiH rhe Ciiatnni>hoiise preirntrd I y the imtvirtrr, niiiiii(nt'fl, >u- |ini[irii!tiir of lurh irnod*, or htn Ittxiwii ir«fil or ftrlnr. ^vtlfl nui»t aiihjoin lo mkIi appliratim a ileclaraliLo uf Iha truth i>t thr lanir, acrorttinc to ;i iii-uacrilN d form. Thfl fidlowiiiK lablr rnn'aiiia Ibe Import dutlea on (rnotln pn>'ltirf>i| or tiiaiitifacluieu iti Ibe Diiitrd Klnfil')m, forritn Kiin>pr, ((irlr finiclei on wbirh ihi-y nrf rhariTB't arn t-i' uirted in Brlliih vr»»fls and of rmt third when tbey are ri|)OTlrd In foretfii vetscU. Thr drawbacln allowed ••«> re-riporiiof ff-n-i/nar. tic*iM iii)|iurliid in British veveli vary f mm half lu Imo itiinln and three f.iurilia of the inip'iH duty; nn re-fi|'..in(lthe lliiitftd Htutes, imported by Uua intu Ciilcutta^ur any I'ort ur Tlucu belunglng t < Uiq Presidency of Fort Wiliiani. EcBnirniion of GocnU. Imported on a Dnliih Ibttnni. IdtportttI on ■ I'orvij^n Ktilioin. U Go:4t,th$ Frcuhut or Manvfacturt of the Unitid Kingdom. Trrn, Vrtr. 2 14 pf-cent. 2 I -a ditto. Ui^llinniodcoio I Mjpm ilirfi iMctili, wn'Ught and uawroujht S. {^ium • • -f iFndouitooei and pearls T.Silt • iSpirituouillqtion Free Free Frtw rr.e 34 r^. a acer of SOai. Free 3 ra. a nid. of t<2 sn. \v|, l>Hr ver 10 ppi cent. • 4 anna^ a md, aeer of > ,«t. •} I) nid. of J n. wl. % •er .) M;nt. • i anna^ a md. ) of SO aa. wl. ^ 10 per rent. Free 2 1-2 per cent. 48 rs. a teer of eo M. w t. Free 6 rH. a innnnd of Hi sa. wl, per aifr. 20ptr cent. S aniiat a nid. of bd sa. wU per ater. 20 per cent, 2 1-2 dilto. 5 ditto. ■;s 11 Wart II. W'flllfJ ihincleinotitirlul'-l in llw above tievrii iltrai U Gucdi iSt PrDdtia of Fnreifn FAirapt^ or of tht Unittd Statu vf .imeriia, I, Knti at a fixed vatu^' in I'f 30t. per cask o( i2*i piil'ini iP, '"in ami coin 1 H-IV1 ti;ani - A i Frcijusito:;;i aoil pearls ISiil - - •) I Spiriti • • M.lac&' . • .] AOir'cIrt not inclurled \ in it:> above r>ine iteuia \ lOpercmt. - Free 24 r^. a icer of Free 3 n. a md. of 82 an. wl. per «iT 10 per wnt. 4 aiiiAi a md. ) of 80 aa. wt. > per M-er • ) lOperctDt. • 5 ditto. 20 per cent. Frre. Free. 43 n a seer of 60 M. wt. Free. 6 r<. ■■* Diaund if yZ sa. wt. per ■eer. 20 ptT cfnt. S annaa a md. of yo s.1. « t. per aeer. 20 |H:r cent. 10 ditto. 1 3d. Ciiftii. tht produce nr yfanufitcturr of Placn o'her than the i'n:tffl A'injrfoMi, Furtign Eurcftf or tha Uniicd States of i-iicrm- I. AUtpice • • I I A'. » wood • I I Whh • < I i. Mm • - I S. An.^r^rii j G. Arnck, Ettavii 7. ATick. from foreiiin } - tirl'iviti in Asia • ) I i A'^-hk, white, red, or \ li!i. Ai^lMflt.ormorind* . III M'sDial;)!!, nr roiiriea 1 12. B'*cl nut (custnnii) I IV"i(tt>wniluiv) 111. brniimin, orli'ian IliBnmJy, finni f'tre i^n 7 I irrtii'Tin in A«ia - S ■ !i.Bn»,«mughl ami un* ) I »riii;ht • • J |lf R'iiTj'nnf I". Bwilf , vii cmbroi- ( '■^rel TM|i3n wood ■!0. P,;1,nnan'lcoin ■ •". ^V.;^*Mb,or^'igelIah mL v.'iiiji>)jirs - • 10 per rent. • 7 1-2 ditto 7 1-2 ditto 10 diMo 7l2ditto 55 sa. ri. per \ learer - ( 30 CT. rs. per ) ie.mer • 5 10 per cent. - 10 ditto - 7 1-2 diMo 7 12dilto 7 1-2 ditto a ditto 7 1.2 ditto 30 ditto 10 ditto 10 di'to - 7 1-2 ditto to ditto 7 I -2 ditto Fren 7 1-2 [icr cent. 10 ditiu per 20 per cent. 1A ditto. 13 dilto. 20 ditto, 13 dit'o. 110 s.t. re. per J) aa. n leaj^t-r, 20 per cent, 20 ditto. 15 ditto. H dilto, 15 ditto. 10 ditto. 15 ditto. 60 ditto. 20 ditto. 20 ditto. 15 ditto. 20 dilto. 1j ditto. Free, li percent, 20 ditto. Enumeration of Gooda. ilorhcr- I tied in r rmporte-l on a Itri'iah flottoni. 23. (hiivai, rxc.'ptmit can ' VRS nixle of suim or hemp, IT f}'hpr male' rial, the t{rowih orma* iiuf iclui e of plncei Hiib- ject to tliB f'tve'nment of the F.n!>' India Com- pany, which ia ex- finiiled tn-nt clLarfl;e of duty on importation by sea • 21. f'ardinnima 25. Carriagea and convey- aiirL* 26. TsMia 27. (hanks 2H. Cbrnyta 29. Cliiiw it'>odii, or fnodn fn»m China, not wisp rniiuiL'rale< thidtablo 30. ClovM 31. Corhineal, or crimdauah 22. Cortl* 33, Coir, the proliice of^ placca not aithjert t.i | tht (toverniueiitnf the J- E.ist India Company ( in India - .J 34. Coin and bullion 3^. roliinilio mot 36. Cona-hMn fuel, or saf- 1 flnwpr • • ; 37. Copal, or kahn>l»a 38. Copper, wrought and iiinvrought • 3«. Cnral 40. Cordnge, — excepii"p' corlaije made of sunn, iiemp, or nlber mate- rial, th^ prfv'uce of places aobipcl to the I pivernnifiiitnf the Ka>t Iiidii Company, wbivh aliall he exempt fr^ni the charge of dnty on iii'pnrta'iiin by aea J 41. Criniilaiiab, or cochineal 4^ l>hvr flortcr 43. EI.-i'hantBMpKth 44. EmbmidiTeii goixlaand > brncaliis • . S 45. Frank incenac, or gun-? (libi rr>2a • - S 4C. Oallanum 47. C.aliieall 48. flhee (nislomO Ditto (town lii'v) 49. din, frrm ffirri^n tcril- > riinrics in Asia - ( 60. Gdopi-e n iittee, or yel- \ I'uv ocbr^ - - \ 51. Gi>oniootoo, auiin, and ) Iittmp - - S f=2. Outo Anhic • 53. Gondii croza, or frank- > iticcTise - - S 54. Hemp, aimn, or gDo. > nnotrrf) • .J 55. Hurrah, or myrobalan fS. H;»n*es ."i?. Hunthinsrhnr fl'-wfr • 58. Hnrtaid. or orpimen*, ) or yellow anenic - \ 69. iron, wrought or un- > wrtiuiht - - I «0. Ivorv ■ ditto 7 1-2 ditto 7 I -2 ditto 10 ditto 7 l-3illilo 10 ditto 10 flltto 7 1-2 dilto 7i-2aitr> 5 ditto Frre 10 i,ii*r cent. 7 1-2 ditto 10 ditto 10 ditto to ditto ditto lit ditto. 15 ditto. 15 ditto. 20 ditt.i. 15 ditto. 20 ditto. 15 ditto. 20 dittow 15 dl'to. 15 ditto. 10 ditto. Free. 20 ptT cent. lb ditto. SO dilto. 20 ditto. 20 ditto. 10 ditto. 71.2(111(0 7l2ailto 71 2111110 IS ditto. IS ilillo. 15 dilto. 7 1-2dillo - 15 ditto. 7l-2ilillo ISdillo. 10 per rfnt. - 7|.|!itillo 'i ill to 10 dilta 20 per cent. ISdillo. 10 lillo. 20 dillo. 30 dilto • CO dilto. 10 pfr rent. - i^O p«r cent. Free Free. 10 jier cent. - 20 per cent. 7 1-2iimo tSdilln. Free Free. 10 per cent. • Free 7 1-2 per cent. SO per cent Free. 15 per cent. 10 ditto 20 ditto. 10 dilto . 20 dilto. 7 1-2dillo 19 ditto. .\] \ ' r' A .|. fl ii ^1 . I 'i ifi iiv 'ilM ^!' I I ■•.! ■! \\n' i i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // # S// ^ ^ A%^ 5< c <^^ ^d ^ 4. <^ ^ %^ 1.0 I.I *ii M 12.2 Ui llii 2.0 1.8 1-25 i 1.4 i 1.6 V] % / ^5. 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation ^N^ V <> fv 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716)872-4503 <^ <, m ^.^ 'S. %' '/.. s Id % 866 . f....^. . j*«« . CALCUTTA. Ratei of dutlei— «0n(iiiK«i. KuBtntlon of Ooois. ■1 61. JttllMittiiMu, or qiike- > nard • • -) 62. Kttlllalam 60. iMii, pig, iliMt, miUad, I 40 1 iiuJI tblli • ( 64. Imdh n. I/>baii, or Iwnjamla • e& Mice - • 67. MittrfM', or munjeet - 611 M^ijanTiiDdulothor) •om or wood ined in C obliMl-woik • S 66. Mut;ck . • 70 Miiifum, or red lead • 71. M.triodjL, or awl root ■ T2. Muajeet, ornuddor > 73. Muik 74. Myrobtluit, Tig. (mIw. I rif humlkandowiila i 75. Myrrh • • 78. NulinoKl 77. Uili, t<>(glabla or wi- i mil (ciutouu) • i Ditto, ditto (town ivtj) 76. Oil Kodfi (oiilomt) Ditto (town duty) • 79. Oils, nerfumid or at- •oiitul, or otttr and fooloyl tejtl SO. Opium, forclfa •} 81. Orplmen', or yfllonr} aneoic, or huTiaul • ) 82. Oiler, oroatnliil oili ^. 0-vnla, or mvrobaUn 84. Prp|ier,bltcKandwhil» 85. Piece i^rtt, — cot'oo,' fitk, and partly cot- ton and ptrtly lilk, the minufacture of the Honourable Com. fiiny'a lerritoriea in ndla S^ Di t(i,dilta, ditto. when' not the manufacture of the Honourable Oompany^ territoriea in India 97. Pioiento, or allspice > KS. Pipeatstea 89. Precioua atonea and pe-iris M. PninianblM 91. PulchiDMt 99. Q'lickiriTer • > 94. ItilUni • • 94. R»l aandal wood S'l. R "I lea I, or minium - 96. R38e-irater Imported at ■ BritMi Bottoia. to ditto . 7l4ditto • 10 ditto • 7 !•! ditto 7 !•> ditto • 10 ditto 7 14 ditto • 7 14 ditto • 10 ditto • 10 ditto 7 14 ditto • 7 1-2 ditto 7 14 ditto 10 ditto 10 ditto 10 ditto • 714 ditto • S ditto - 7 14 ditto • i ditto • 7 14 ditto • 24 fi per aeer) of k Ctl.> •a. wL .) 10 per cent. • 7 14 ditto • 10 ditto 10 ditto • 2 14 ditto 7 14 ditto 10 ditto 7 1-2 ditto Free 10 per cent 7 t-2 ditto 10 ditto 7 1-2 ditto 7 1-2 ditto 10 ditto 7 14 ditto Imported on a roni(n Bottom 10 ditto. I* ditto. 20 ditto. 16 ditto, l« dltta 20 ditto. IS dlitok IS ditia 20 dittos 20 dilta 15 ditto. i» ditto. IS ditto. 20 ditto, 20 ditto. 20 ditto. 15 ditto, 10 ditto, 15 ditto. 10 ditto. 15 ditto. 48 n. per wer of 80 Cal. •a. wt. 20 par cent. 15 ditto. 20 ditto. 20 ditto. S ditto. IS ditto. 20 dlHo. IS ditto. Free. 20 percent 15 ditto. 20 ditto. 15 ditto. 15 ditto. 20 ditto, IS ditto. Enumentloa of Oooda. 67. Rum, from fbreiia te^ riloriea iu Aaia • ; 98. SalTnio 99. IJafllower.or fool • lOa 8a(D • 101. Salt, forelp 102. Sandal wood, red, j white, or yellow . I 103. Sapan, or buckon wooo 104. Senna 103. Soooamookey leaf • 106. Spikenard, or Jutta- > munaee - -j Itff. Spirituous liqitofi, not 1 otherwiie doKribed > in Ihii table - -) 109. Steel, wrought or uD' ( wn>u|ht • • I 100; Storax 110. Stones (precious) and { pearls • ( 111. Sugar, wet or dry, in* ) eluding Jaggery and> lilola«es(cuitnins) •) Ditto, ditto (town iluty) 1 12. Sulphur, or brimttooe IIX Sun hemp, and foo- } mootoo • • J 111. Tape • 115. Tsircpaut. or tutlirunj leaf 116. Tea 117. Teak limber 118. Thmd 119. Tin and tin WI :} ISO. Tobacco (cnstoms) •' Ditto (town duty) 121, ToonI flower 121 Tu^ier wood 123. Turmeric (customi) • Ditto (town duty) 124. Tiitenigue • 135. Ugjer, or aloe wood • 128. Vermilion 127. Venlluril I2|i. Wm and wax candles 129. Winrs and spirils, not otherwise piovii' ' for 130. Wood of all toils nsad in cabinet-work 131. Vellow ochre, or goo- pee mutee • • 132. Articles not enumer- ated al»ve • uies not) idelj Importol en * Briilth Rotten. HID ■ 30 ditto 10 ditto 7 14 ditto T 14 ditto 3 n. per md. ' ofSlst. peri 7 1-2 per cent 7 14 ditto • 10 ditto • 10 ditto • 10 ditto • 10 ditto • 10 ditto • 10 ditto • Free S per cent 5 ditto • 10 ditto Free 7 14 per cent 10 ditto • 10 ditto Free 7 12 per cent 10 ditto . 4 as. per md of) Mu.wtpcr> seer •} 10 per cent 7 1 4 per cent 7 14 ditto • 5 ditto • 5 ditto 10 ditto 7 1-2 ditto 10 ditto . 10 ditto 1(1 ditto 10 ditto - 7 14 ditto • 10 diltr S ditto • f mportcft on a Foreign Bottoa, 60 ditto. 20 ditto. 15 ditto. IS ditto, 6 rs. per md. of 82sa.wtpar seer, IS per cent 15 ditto. 20 ditto. 20 ditto. 20 diHo, 20 ditto. 20 ditto. 20 ditto. Free. 10 per cent 10 ditto, 20 ditto. Free. 15 per cent 20 ditto. 20 ditto. Free. 15 per cent 20 ditto. 8 ss. per md. of SOsa. wt per sser. 20 per cent 15 per cent 15 ditto, 10 ditto, 10 ditto. 20 ditto. 15 ditto. 20 ditto. 20 ditto, 20 ditto. 20 ditto. IS ditto. 20 ditto. to ditto. Trade of CdUutta. — Kzp«rf«.— During the last SO years the trade of Catcntta has e.tperienced some very strikinjr vicissitudes. Previously to the opening of the trade in 181 i-15, cotton piece goods formed the principal article of export from India : the value of tliose exported from Calcnttn, at an averase of the 5 years from 181 1-I5 to 1813-19, being (at is. per sicca rupee) \fitiO,736l. a year. Tlie extreme cheapness of labour in India, and the excellence to which the natives had lone alttiined in veverul deinrtinents of the manufhcture, would, it might have been supposed, have sufficed to place this iin[)ortant departinnnt beyond the reach of foreisn competition. But the wonderful genius of our mechanists, the admirable skill of our worlcmen, and our immense capital, have far more than coun- tervailed (he apparently insuperable drawback of high wages, and the expense of bringing the raw material of the manufacture from America, and even India itself; and liavc enabli-d our manufac- turers to bear down all opjiosition, and to triumph over the cheaper labour, contiguous material, and tr'iilitinnul art of the Hindoos. The imports of British cottons and twist intQ India have inc^reased cilice 1811-19, with a rapidity unexampled in the annals of coniineri'.e; and the native nianufucMre h IS sustained a shock from which it is not very likely it will ever recover. — (See art. East Indies.) Tlie influence of these circumstances on the trade in piece goods has been very striking, Durinethe yetir liH^II-Sl, the value of those exported from Bengal was no more than 77,1731., being only about ono ■i.xteenth or one seventeenth part of what it amounted to 16 or 18 years previously ! An e.xtraordinary change has also taken place in the trade in bullion at Calcutta. At no distant pe- riod it was one of the principal articles of export from Europe to India ; and in 1818-19, there wera imported into Calcutta from England only 1,31(1,1151. of gold and silver ! But the current began soon alter to change ; and now sets so strcngly in the opposite direction, that in 1833-33 the exports of the prei'.ious metals from Calcutta fur England amounted to .516,419/. The export of bullion from Eneland to India at the funiier period, tlioiigh influenced hy other causes, was mainly occasioned by the dilliculty under which we were then placed, of providing articles of nierchmdise siiittible for the Indian markets, sutficient to balance our imports. Th^ astonisliinii in- crease of our exports of cotton goods, besides completely obvlatinit this ditiiciiliy, has actually, as we have Just seen, produced an importation of large quantities of bullion from India. Hut it shimid lie oliservcd, that India derives most part of the bullion sent to Europe from China and Singapore, in payment of opium and other articles, so that the drain upon her is by no means so h'.'avy as has Iic'ti represented ; and it may well b» doubted, notwithstanding the nuni'^rous allegations to the contrary, v> hether it has had any injurious influence. Undoubtedly, however, it were much to be wished that liie returns made by India to Europe in articles of native produce and manufacture, should he materi- ally increased. The taste f>r British produce is already widely diffused over most parts of Ilindosmn ; and it will, no doubt, continue to gain ground according aa the natives become better acquainted wUb onr language, only obstacle to presumed, that meaaurei calcu of the injudicin Ing their capita the culture of i land revenue, ■ the country, ar of the poverty i former should, bo wholly uboli train, indigo, s inhabitants are only (he adnptii to lay the fount At present th of grain, silk a funnies and gu Quantity and ^ It appears fr< by private trad exports of mer been stated. I are considerab have been inuc Destination o. Kingdom, from South America Persian Oulfs, Statement exh Calcutta on Total sicca i or at ii. pel CALCUTTA. 260 onr langusM, arti, and habiti. The dlflleultjr nf pmenring retur - eartrnca la now, in fliet, almoat tba only obstacle to the rapid and Indefinite exteniinn of the trade with India. And it maybe reaaonabljr presumed, that thia difficulty will progreisively diminish, by the adoption of a course of policy and of measures calculated to develope the viist resources and dormant energies of the country. The repeal of the injudicious restrictions that formerly hindered Europenns from acquiring Innd, and ft«ni apply- ing their capital and skill to most sorts of industry, carried on in the interior, with the exception of the culture of Indigo, will doubtless be of considerable advantage. But the exorbitant amount of thn land revenue, and the restrictions and duties Imposed on the transit trade and internal commerce of the country, are iinqnestlonalily the principal cnuses of the depressed etate of agriculture, as well a« nf the poverty of the InhRbilants, and their inability to furnish equivalents for foreign products. The former should. If possible, be materially reduced ; and it is not ensy to see why the latter should not bo wholly abolished. The soil and climate of Bengal are both admirnhly suited for the production of firain, indigo, sugar, opium, silk, cotton, saltpetre, and a vast variety of other desirable articles : the nhabltants are not deflcient In Industry, nor In a desire to Improve their condition ; and there wanta only the adoption of a sound and liberal system, to render the country prosperous and flourishing, and to lay the foundations of an Immense commerce. At present the principal articles of export from Calcutta are, opium. Indigo, rice, and other species of grain, silk and silk goods, sugar, saltpetre, cotton and cotton piece goods, lac-dye and abell lac, funnies and gunny bags, A,e. We aubjoin a statement of the Quantity and Value (taking the Sicca Rupee at 9«.) of the principal Articles of native Produce, ez> ported from Calcutta during the Years 16.33-33, and lb33-34. Aiticla. 1938-83. 1833-34. I qoir.liijr. T>lu*. l)uantlt]r. Valur. Opium chests B,40S £ 1,177,6.59 13,006 £ 1,910,389 Indigo ... . Fy. mds. 131,016 1,310,160 go,3i7i f 02, 179 Rice .... . Bz. mds. 1,630,140 910,5.12 2,667,465 461,455 Raw silk ... — 12,440} 3)3,121 13.550^ 376,919 Silk piece goods pieces 4.10,073 2)0,061 479,578 247,951 Sugar . - - . Bz. mds. 229,347 182,100 2«0,3C3i 250,829 Saltpetre . . - *- 3.14,853i 190,813 490,554 954,801 Raw Cotton ... — 126,913 127,038 143,.''i55 143,2;0 Cotton piece goods . pieces 478,189 82,289 477,571 77,174 Lac dye ... . Bz. mds. 9,0821 10,956 9,590 22,416 Rhelllae . . - — ig,063i 39,114 26,056^ 60,419 Stick lac ... _ 1,979 1,2-19 lot 199 nuniiiea and gunny bags . No. 3,528,038 94,577 2,615,979 19,567 Skins and hides — 1,013,348 97,238 1,251.577 66,004 Siifflower ... . Bz. mds. 6,073i 17,339 7,030* 18,763 Ginger ... — 91,488 7,053 39,8nt 13,524 It appears from the following table that the total value of the merchandise exported from Calcutta by private traders in 1833-34 was 4,015,7901, and nf treasure, 949,.573/. Tiie value of the Company's exports of merchandise during the same year was 5.52,959(. { but their exports of treasure have not been stated. In these statements indigo and raw silk are valued at the Custom-house rates, which are considerably below their real value. Altogether, the exports from Calcutta in 1833-3-1 cannot have been much under 5,900,000{. Destination of Kxports.—TTom 40 to 50 per cent, of the exports from Calcutta are for the United Kingdom, from 90 to 95 for China, 6 or 7 for Singapore and Penang, 7 for France, 4^ for North and South America, the residue being for the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel, Pegu, the Arabian and Persian Gulfs, the Mauritius, fcc. We subjoin a Statement exhibiting the Value of the Merchandise, and the Value of the Treasure, exported ttom Calcutta on private Account, in 1839-33 and 1633-34, specifying the Shipments for each Country. COOBlriM. 1839-34. 1833-34. 1 Mnrhudiir. Tnuun. TM»I. Merchandiu. Tinuure. Total. Sieea Rupfa. Sicca Itupta, Sicca Ihipr.t. Stem Rupm. Sitea RitjMs. S'ia-o nupm. Great Britain 1,27,15,091 51,61,189 1,78,79,983 1,18,88,475 19,68,257 1,38,56,739 France ... 99,07,422 900 29,97,922 35,54,9.17 — 35,54,937 Sweden ... — _ — 90,064 — 00,004 Portugal . . - 1,60,814 — 1,60,814 — — — North America 90,16,903 5,900 20,92,403 28,46,361 — 28.16,361 Coast of Coromandel 13,99,108 19,000 13,41,198 98,22,372 90f 38,S3,.572| Ceylon - - 99,645 — 99,615 38,588 30,000 68,588 Maldives and Laecadives 80,610 — 50,610 53,211 — 53,341 Coast of Malabar - 17,84,330 — 17,84,330 29,93.998 — 22,92,998 Arabian and Persian Gulfii 9,77,629 — 9,77,699 0,68,577 — 9,68,577 Singapore ... 94,22,202 33,100 91.55,309 90,99,168 9,025 91,01,193 Penang and Malacca 9,13,151 — 5,13,151 9,39,9.T? — 3,36,237 China «r,«3,5ll 39,000 07,95,511 1,09,08,120 37,497 1,00,45,547 New Holland 10,684 — 10,684 87,031 6,979 91,006 Sumatra and Java 99,460 — 29,460 98,189 — 98,189 Pegu ... 8,44,982 — 8,44,982 9,67,574 4,659 9,72,229 Mauritius ... 7,51,121 6,49,7781 14,00,8991 12,07,596 3,76,188 15,83,780 Bourbon ... 1,13,331 — 1,13.?31 2,17,371 — 9,17,371 Cape and St. Helena Total sicca rupees . 58,816 — 58,816 78,003 — 78,003 3,65,68,903 58,97,06-1 4,94.65,970! 4,04,.'i7,204 94,95,797 <'?^i22'Sl or at it. per sicca rupee £ 3,656,890 589,707 4,9-16,5117 4,045,720 919,573 4,288,203 Total amount, merchandise and treasure, exported In 1833-34 Total amount, merchandise and treasure, exported in 1832-33 tt Difference in ikvour of 1833-M tiera Rvftti, 4,28,82,931 4,94,65,V70f >l ;i 270 CALCUTTA. The Cninpnny'g oxporti, in 1833-33, were, merchandisB and treasure together, 1,00,14,430 sicca rn. peuf, or 1,001,4431. Kemarkt on Kzportt.—The reader will elsewhere And (see artlrlos Canton and Opicm) prett} ainplA informntlnn in relation to the trade in Opium. It is sutlicient hore to state, that it ii rapidly Krowiiif in niagnitiide and importance. At an average of the 5 years ending with 1828-29, thr ez|)orisfrom Calcutta were 6,369 chests, worth 944,07 U. a year; hut nt an average of the 5 years end- ing with 1833-34, the exports had increased to 9,014i chests, worth l,163,b09i. a year, being an annupi increase of 2,A45i chests, and of 219,738{. of value. Cliinn is not the principal merely, but almost the only market for opium ; so that the trade between Calcutta and her, is now second only to that between the former and England. 8ome oniuni is shipped for Singapore, but China is its ultimate destination.— (BeN's Review for 1833-34, p. 45.) Previously to the close of the American war, the exports of indigo {torn Calcutta were compara' lively trifling. Hut about that period Europeans began to engage in the business ; and the culture of the plant lias since been so much extended, and the preparation of the drug so much improved, that it lias now become an article of prinmrv commercial importance — (See Indico.) Next to Great Britain, France is the principal market for indigo. The crop of indigo in Bengal, which hud, at an average of the 4 yean ending with 1832-33, amount* ed to about 126,000 maunris a year, fell oif in 1833-34 to 93,802 maunds. This great decline was occa- sioiicd partly by the inifavourablcness of the Reason, but more by the dimininhed cultivation occasioned by the previous low prices, and the failure of some of the principal parties engaged in the trade (^ep.pnst.) Rut notwithstanding this decrease of the crop, and the great reduction in the imports into England in 1834 as cunipareil with previous years, prices have not sustained any very njaterial advance. The consumption of indigo in England has fillen otf considerably since 1830, the ed'ect, at Is supposed, of the decreasing use of blue cloth. Subjoined is a statement of the Exports of Indigo ftrnm Calcutta during the Five Years ending with 18,?S-34, specifying the Countries for \ hich it has been exported, and the Quantities sent to each. ram. GRit BriUls. Fiuce. N. Anwrlca. Hamhurgli, Sweden, and rortufil. Arabian nni] Persian Gulfs. Other Places. ToW. 1829-30 18.30-31 1831-32 1833-33 1833-34 Total Fac Mb. 104,724 85,741 85,3301 93,929 51,906} Fac Ud$. 16,451 23,151 15,219 36,319 30,213 Fac. Mdi. 4,737 5,890 10,488 6,625» 5,481i Fac. Mdi. 244 3.15 357 far. Hd>. 0,021 10,939 7,110 2,99li 12,114 Fac. Mdt. 319 583 9031 915A 1,145) Far. Mdt. 132,235 126,5.16 119.051^ 131,016 90,217 421,63U 111,352 33,33li 736 28,2-8i 3,866} 599,095} Average total annual exports, 1829-30 to 18.33-34 Average total annual exports, 1831-25 to 1828-29 Fae. Mis. - 119,819 • 115,840 or the various articles exported from Bengal, sugar is that of which a large increase may, perhaps, be most reasonably anticipated. The processes fullo%ved in its culture and production have hitherto been of the rudest description ; b .al is shipping immense supplies of rice and other grain to distant parts, a large part of her o^ 'lation is frequently in a state of great want and suffering. Ireland is not, therefore, the oni> .^ry In which the most abject po- verty and wretchfidness on the part of the inhabitants, are found combined with great fertility nf soil, and a large exportation of food. The exports of saltpetre from Calcutta have increased tnaterially durine the last dozen years, and were greater in 1833-34 than they have been for a lengthened p'eriod. It is doubtful, however, owing to the competition of nitrate of soda from South America, whether this increase will be maintained. France is now principally supplied from Aini'rica.— (See Sai.tpktKB.) Besides the articles of native Indian produce exported from Calcutta, she re-exports pretty consi- derable quantities of various articles brought from other parts. The value of the British cotton goods re-exported, amounts to about 90,0001. a year. They are principally bartered witli the Burmese for silver. The conveyance of the latter out of the Burmese dominions is strictly prohibited ; but in Burma, as in England and elsewhere, the ingenuity of the srnueglcr is too much for the vigilance of the government, and the trade is carried on vvithout much dlfliculty. Imports.— The great articles of import into Calcutta are, British cotton manufactures and cotton twist; bullion; copper with spelter, tin, lead, iron, and other metals ; woollens; wines and spirits; ale and beer; haberdashery, millinery, jtc. ; coffee; hardware and cutlery ; pepper; coral, glass, and bottles; plate, Jewellery, watches, Jic. ; books and stationery ; tea, &.e. CALCUTTA. 271 '1 Btateroent exhibiting the Quantity and Value of the Principal Article* (clRRBed In Alphabetical Order) imported into Calcutta during the Yean 183^33, and 1833-34. !^ Specln o( MntbtodlMf 1833-33. 1833-34. Quantlly. Value. QuiDtilf. Value. Betel nut - - . . Bz. mds. 29,931 £5,574 12,602 £5,504 Bottles, empty dozens 77,825 9,464 100,785 10,833 BooKb and |«mpblets — — 22,700 — 16,735 Buffalo horna No. 090,001 6,766 1,166,905 7,090 Camphor - - - . Bz. mds. 793J 3,085 1,3931 6,428 Coflfee . . - — I3,530i 22,047 17,9Mi 26,020 Coals ... . ^— 64,B42 2,942 140,717 44,100 Coral, real . . - . Sa. wt. 115,630 8,197 388,804 14,117 GlasB - - - - Bz. mds. — 12,447 — 13,577 Guns and pistolB - .- — 6,132 — 4,318 Haberdashery, millinery & apparel — 31,569 — 34,565 Hardware and cutlery lbs. — 26,548 — 16,882 Lanietta ... Metals : Copper ... corge 44,669 13,831 66,076 15,356 . Bz. mds. 84,640t 292,907 89,189 285,187 Spelter ... Tin, block 30,71Q^ 13,095 24,941 9,631 12,54.^1 21,383 9,476 16,973 Tin plates boxes 890 LS-W 3,017 3,825 Lead - . Bz, mds. S8,12U 14,930 12,407 5,843 Lead shot bags 6,S54 1,636 3,296 991 Iron ... . Bz. mds. 155,173 41,905 135,141 43,584 Steel . . - — 9,019 6,841 12,757i 6,987 Quicksilver — 1,321 11,275 l,234i 10,088 Brass, ingot _ 419 1,075 1,183 3.513 Metal, sheathing — 338 4S9 — Ironmongery, machinery it anchors — 15,893 — 20,315 Oilman's stores and grocery - Bz. mds. — 15,103 — 19,071 Pepper, black Piece goods : White cotton - — 69,273i 56,451 31,219 38,389 pieces 909,135-) „ f 1,036,2277 4,630 S- 493 i yards 3.1,809 J- 273,233.? 339,699 dozens 2,0493 I pieces 346,2971 ,» s 174,320 ■> Coloured cotton yards 8,74'? J- 153,237^ 8,631 V 89,150 dozens 103,325 > (. 36,9533 Silk and mixed goods . pieces 13,S99 36,691 26,524 70,848 Plate, ji'w ellery, and watches . -.— 20,800 — 12,948 Salt- . - . . Bz. mds. 8,438 2,468 13,496^ 3,659 Spices, mace and nutmegs — 8551 6,813 1,100 8,787 Segars and cheroots — — 2,833 — 5,329 Stationery and cards — — 12,283 — 14,626 Spirits — — 30,323 — 30,536 Ale, beer, and porter butts 252') ».» f 332-) hogsheads 8,011 Y 42,483-J 7,193 J. 26,973 dozens 2,293 J I 3,0833 Twist and yarn - - " lbs. 2,993,715 238,781 3,036,631 251,649 Tea ... — — 19,831 — 18,850 Vermillion chests 952 4,430 1,941 16,559 Wines ... - Bz. mds. — 81,805 61,391 Wood ... — 33,609 — 14,475 Woollens ... — — 80,370 — 115,173 The totnl amount of all sorts of mer'^handise imported into Calcutta by private traders in 1833-34 was l,956,627{., exclusive of 586,3941. of treasure. The Company's imports, during the same year, amounted to 90,3351. Sovrces of /mpor«».— These differ in different years, but, speaking generally, Great Britain furnishes about 60 percent, of the wholn; France, ahout3 per cent.; North America, 2i; China, from 12 to 15; Singapore, from 6 to 8; coast of Coromandel, from3to4; Malabar, from 3 to 4; Pegu, from 3 to 4, &c. We subjoin a Statement exhibiting the Value of the Merchandise, and the Value of the Treasure, imported into Calcutta on private Account, in 1832-33 and 1833-31, specifying the Imports from each Country. Countrin. 1832-33. 1833-34. 1 Merchandise. Treasure. Total. Merchandise, Treasure. Total. Sicca Rupm, Sicca Rupea. Sicca Rupta. Sicca Rupus. Sicca Rupca. Sicca Ritvea, GmlBrilals 1,40,28,707 —. 1,40,3707 1,39,91,801 2,900 1,39,94,701 France .... '7,90,283 — 7,96,2S3 10,04,133 3,825 10,07,958 Sweden .... ,~ ~- 67,623 _ 67,623 South America • • . 20,831 1,24.S75 1,45,706 19,004 .— 19,004 North America . • - 3,69.677 2,0S7S6 1-4 6,7(1,46314 3,03,807 3,40,424 6,44,231 Com! of Coromandel 6,56,328 1,88,1)62 3-4 8,47,190 3-4 7,18,013 l,8l,9U5 1-2 8,99,918 1-2 CeyloD .... S.976 — 6,975 25,!)9I .. 25,991 MaldivnandLaccadiTM - fl8,6.W _ 98,659 91,698 .. 91,698 CoasI of Malabar - 7,92,430 3,000 T,96,430 7,23,750 — 7,23.750 Arabian and I'enian Gulfli • 3,2g,0M 16,400 3,44,4'iO 4,39,462 211.900 4,63,362 Sin5apor« . - - . S,8I.S9S l^,6^72i 1-4 18,47,320 1-4 6.5g.3S3 »,nfl,906 15.69,28» IVnanc and Malacca 2,65,906 i,G2.nl 4,28,081 2,28,3,17 1,51,173 8,79,510 China .... 9l34,228 ^,12,431 31,16,0S» 10,ISI70 37,58,524 1-2 47,76,694 1-2 New Holland 5,347 — 5,347 20,f92 _ 20,892 Sumatra and Java - • . 34,441 .. 34,441 28,.50l 24.216 62,716 Pegu .... 2,56,471 4,«9,444 7,45,916 2,0fl,3?S 2,86,2981.2 4.92,687 1-9 Mauritina .... 34,S22 24,864 59.386 30,967 90,870 1-2 1,21,837141 Bourbon .... 73,77S 73,775 95,100 %10O Cape and St Helen Total aieca Rupeea 6,074 — 6,974 3,247 — S,147 '«;1S 46,96,663 14 469,656 2,39.87,762 M 1,95,66,270 68,63,942 2,64,30,2» at Zi. per iicca rupee ■ • L. 2,398,778 1 ,956,627 686,394 2,648,021 I hi 273 CALCUTTA. Total amount, merehandlae and treainre, imported In I83M4 Total umount, mercliandlie and treasure, imported in 1832-33 Difference in fovour of 1833-31 • Tito Company'n Import* In 1833-31 were ... 8ke* Kupe$t 9,54.30,913 1,39,87,762^ 14,49.1401 8,00,321 Account of the Value (in Sicca Rupee*) nf the private Trade between Orent Britain' and Bengal, from the Ut of May 1813 to 30tl) of April 1831.— (B«U'« Comparaliet View for 1833-33 and 1833-34, p. SS.) Iraporta lulo Caleulia. Eijiorn from C«Icui !». 1 Mm-dundiia, Tnuure. Total. MarchandiM. Trauu™. Tatll. Sicca Riipm. 8i»m Rupyt Siaa Ruf—t. .Stow J)urt.«. aiccanupeo. Sum Auitn I8l3-lt 53,76,775 39,750 d4,0i>,595 1,19,63,403 ^^ 1,19,63,405 1811-15 40,99,165 5,95,137 46,2I,9«2 1,31,42,383 — 1,31,42,283 1813-10 57,53,886 11,43,596 68,95,489 1,64,44,208 — 1,64,14,203 1816-17 80,51,113 18,50,853 90,10,065 1,38,06,960 — 1.. 18,06,1160 1817-18 1,33,63,963 61,57,981 1,07,30,913 1,69,12,905 ... 1,69,12,905 M8.19 l,.50,44,4gO 1,91,61,159 8,81,03,651 1,38,72,335 — 1,38,A325 lHU)-30 66,80,873 63,07,519 1,39,88,393 1,25,01,391 — 1,25.64,391 1830-21 87,19,664 14,89,017 1,03,08,681 2,07,98,860 4,106 2,08,03,966 I«3|.3J 1,3.%68,3I8 1,61,758 1,43,15,676 M,I0,405 13,500 94,33,905 1832-33 1,67,98,083 1,70,758 1,69,68,810 1,27,10,960 5,460 1,27,16,420 1*23-2 1 1,37,67,035 6,21,033 1,43,91,067 1,33,64,851 9,31,767 1,37,88,618 I83t-3S 1,61,81,4.54 13,250 1.61,97,701 1,39,30,093 2,69,466 1,41.99,559 1835-36 1,34,93,958 1,96,078 1,26,50,936 1,71,31,915 48 1,71,31,963 1830-37 1,36,96,147 30,180 1,26,40,.W 99,61,591 3,78,033 1,03,39,623 i8«r-*s 1,86,43,«» 73,690 1,87,17,06-1 1,38,83,130 7,06,979 1,35,90,109 l83.S.a9 2,90,29,791 1,887 9,20,31,178 l,16,40,'i99 13,41,413 1,38,81,743 1839-30 1,61,33,811 — 1.61,85,841 1,03,40,687 12,a),257 1,90,60,911 1830-31 3,00,73,351 1,000 2,00,74,351 1,18,40,971 S0,16,.1»l 1,48,57,3.55 1831-33 1,73,73,763 — 1,73,72,763 1,18,10,701 37,06,397 1,55,17,158 18.13-33 1,40,36,707 — 1,10,26,707 1,97.1.5,091 51,64,169 1,78,79,983 1833-34 1,39,91,801 2,900 1,39,94,701 1,18,88,475 19,68,357 1,38,56,733 Account of Bhlpa and Tonnage, arrived at and departed fl-om Calcutta, durinc the Yean 1832-33, an< 1833-31. (Fractions omitted in thii Table, but allowed for in the aumming up.) Arrivala. Departure*. | Brillih Importib l<<«-33. l>C»-34 British Eiportb f^SJ. lf<)3-34. 1 fb. Tnnl. Sh. Tow. Sh. 8 69 2 III 27 168 3 448 15 i: 12 41 "4W Tons. 9,391 4,atu 29,716 591 S3,5n 21.012 35,793 3,416 4,415 490 Hon. Company's rtjular ships Hon. Company's chartered ships Shins cleared tor England, ria Madras, Ac - - Ships cleared fhr Africa (Cape) for Asiatic ports Dhonias Ships laden with nain < Arab and Turkish In ballast Buimeao • Total • Forei^ Exports. Ships cleared (or fonlp En- rope .... Ship* clcaml for Noith America for Asiatic p,irU Total • Grand total ■ 44^ 110,571 165,299 110,550 795 168,^ 15 15 8 4,942 4,4«4 it,!e4 23 22 9 3 7,708 7453 3,131 992 IIJP9 5,105 3,906 17 18 16 g8« 5,932 4,9s3 39 12,321 57 "mi 19,tS5 184,485 14,407 16,767 486 122,992 124,957 8461 18^230 1 Du^'s«.— Aceoont of the Gross Amonnt of Duties collected on Mer- chandiae imported at Calcutta by sei. I83Z-33L 1833-34. L. I. tMarnrltith colours (inelndlngtown duty) S7.I50 64.267 Foreign colours (ditto) • ■ 14,786 13,037 Total £.71,936 67,304 i)u MIthinentf In this city (hiled for imnienie lunit. To exomine minutely into tne origin of llieie ditastert wmild lead ut Into inquiriei fbreimi to the object of thii work, and with reipeet to whicli it ii difll- (uU to acquire accurate Inforniation. We believe, however, that the main source of the evil wai lb* (oniliinatlon, by most of the principal hoimet, of the buaineit of merchant! with that of bankeri. Their credit being hi; h, at the end uf the war large iiimi were depoiited In their handi, for which they encaged to pay a high rate of intereit. But Tnitead of employing them depoiiti, ae bankera In England would have done, in the dieeount of bille at ihort datei, or In the purchaie of government lecurities readily convertible into monev, they employed them, probably brcauie they could with ditB- eiilty (litpof e or them otherwlie, in all monner uf mercantile fpenilHtinni,— advancing very large luini to the Indigo planters, exporting gooda to Euro|)e, either directly on their own account, or IndU lectly by lending to thoae who did,— becoming ownen of Indian shipping, fcc. Most of those specu- lationa turned out exceedingly ill. The production of indigo was so much increased, partly in consa- quence of the large capitals turned tn the business, and partly of the high prices In England, that " fin* blue violet," which had brought, in the London market, at an avern^of the 3 years ending with 1IJS7, from IS*. lOd. to 13*. 4d. per lb., fell, at an average of the 3 years ending with 1833, to from it. 8d. to ti. 4d. per lb,, and other sorts in proportion. At these prices the production would not pay ; and very heavy losses were sustained, and much capital sunk, by the planters and those who had supplied them with funds to extend their undertakings. The investnients in Indian shipping turned out even worse tlian those in the Indigo plantations, the shipping of England having nearly driven that of India nulof the Held. The embarrassment occasioned by thislocklngupofthe^ capital, and by the ruinous nature of the adventures in which they were embarked, began to innuifHst Itself simultaneously with the scarcity of money occasioned by the drains on account of the Burmese war. The great mercan- tile houses began then to And that they were entangled in dilflcullles from which they have been whnllv unnble to extricate themselves. After struggling on, some for a longer and some for a shorter period, most of them have since fbiled, the greater number for very large sums. But, however distressing in the innnn time, the embarrassment and want of confidence arising fVom the fnilnres alluded to could nnl he of long continuance. In the end they will, no doubt, be productive of a better order of things. It is of the utmost cnni>eqiience that the vicious combination of the busi- ness of a merchant with that nf a banker should he put an end to It is singular, indeed, that indi- viduals sliould be found willing to intrust large sums in llie hands of those who, they arc aware, are employing them in the most hazardous adventures. The liipher the interest promised by such persona, the greater ought to be the caution of the public in dealing with thepi. Sdine, perhaps most, branches of the import trade nf Calcutta seem also to have been completely overdone. That of cotton twist is an instance. In I8S9-30, the imports were 1,099,333 lbs.; in 183&- 31, tliey were 3,449,044 lbs.; and in 1831-39, 9,433,393 lbs. Ruch a supply was far beyond the want* of the country; and the returns were so very inndequitte, that the imports were reduced in 1639-33 tp 2,993,719 lbs. In 1833-34, tlie imports amounted to 3,036,C3I lbs., and the trade is now comparatively steady. The imports of capper were also carried to an excess ; but the greatest excess whs in the arlicle spelter, which has for some time past been almost unsaleable at Calcutta.— (Sec Spei.te*.) Tnr further details as to the points now touched upon, tlie render is referred to the clear and able cvidenc* of G. G. de H. Larpent, Esq. before the Committee of the House of Commons on Manufac- ture- ')merce, dec.) Tliib xle has been compiled fl-om the f)>llowing authorities :—,tfi{t»m's Oriental Ctmment; A Rtriete of the fxtemal Commtrtt of Bengal, by Horate Ha^man H'i/oon, Eta., 18S0; Bell't Compara- tive n»te tfthe external Commerce of Bengal, for the years 1832-33, and 1833-34 ; The Bengal Dirut' enj; Thornton's East Indian Catevlator; Parliamentary Papers relating to the Finaneet of India ant the Trade of India and China, 1830—1833 ; an ' private eommunicationi. Internal Traruit Dutiet. — A very great improvement has recently been effected in the domestic economy of our Indian empire, by the abolition of the dutiea on tlie transit of goods from one part of the country to another.* These duties have existed in India from ft veiy remote period ; and, by obstructing the intercourse between its different districts, have been singularly pernicious. After the East India Company began to acquire a footing in India, they availed themselves of a favourable opportunity to procure an exemption iirom the transit-duties in favour of their own trade ; " the goods which they imported being allowed to pass into the interior, and those which they purchased for exportation in the interior being allowed to pass to the sea, without either stoppage or duties." — {Mill's India, 8vo ed. vol. iii. p. 289.) They were not, however, long permitted to monopolise this privilege. Im- meJintely aflcr tho victories of Clive had raised the Company to the situation of a great territorial power, their servants engaged lai-gi'Iy in the inland trade, and endeavoured, partly by fraud and partly by force, to extend to their own goods the exemption from transit duties established in favour of those belonging to the Company. Every reader of Indian history is aware of the multiplied abuses atid disturbances that grew out of thia attempt of the Company's servants to release themselves from duties and charges that pressed with grinding severity on the natives, and, by consequence, to engross (for such was their object) the whole internal trade of the country. Tho Company endeavoured to obviate the evil by strictly forbidding its servants from engaging in internal traffic. But its orders to this effect were long either totally disregarded, or but very imperfectly ol)cyed. .\t length, in 1 788, Lord Cornwallis adopted the decisive and judicious measure of abolishing the duties. They P/ere, however, again renewed in 1801. Tho exclusion of Englishmen from all participa- tion in the interior traffic of tho country having been gradually carried into complete effect for a lengthened period, they were less alive than they would otherwise have been to the injurious influence of the duties, so that their rc-establishmcnt met with comparatively little ♦ This important measure wag preceded, and, wn believe, principally brought about, by the publica- lion of an elaborate and very valuable report on llie inland customs ot Deiigal, by Mr. Trevelyan,on« of the Secretaries to Oovcrnniert. We aviiil rursclves of this opportunity to slate, that the most ample detaik nslo the foreign trade nfDnnenl areenil^rdied in I be Comparative Reviews thereof, pub* lished annually by Mr. liell, of tlie cnslonis' ifstaliliBlinient .it Caltultu. They contain a grraler fund of information, coniliincd with sound renmr)(!<. tlian arc to be met with respecting the trade of any . other emporium with which wc are acquainted. 35 '. r # 974 CALCUTTA. oppoaition. In IS 10, anew tarifT wu introduced hj which the duties "were frightfullj augmented;" and they have continued from that epoch down to their recent abolition aeriouRly to obitruct all sorta of internal traffic, and to oppoae the moat formidable obttacle to the improvement of the country. Had the inland tranait dutiea been productive of a large amount of revenue, that would have been some aet^ff againat the enormoua evila of which they have been productive. But auch has not been the caae. The expense of collection, and the interruption of communis cation, have been ao veiy great, that tha nett produce of the inland transit dutiea haa been quite inaignificant ; ao much ao that, according to Mr. Trevelyan, it has not exceeded, in the extensive province of Bengal, the miaerable pittance of 87,500/. a year. (Report, p. 163.) We have no reason to doubt the accuracy of this statement; and assuming it to be correct, we are warranted in affirming that there is not another instance to be found, in the history of taxation, of a tat so fruitful of mischievous results, and so barren of revenue. Tnm Duliu.—Thete were chorKed nn the nrincipnl artirlei of consumption In 23 of the chief towns of Bengal. They were In many reapucti limlliir to the oetruh in France ; and, ihoiixh not nearly lo injiirlouf ns the internal tranilt duties, were productive of much inconvenience. We are flad, how- ever, to have to state that they, as well a« the trnnsit duties, have recently been aboliahed ; and that the Internal trade of Bengal li now as free. In ao ftir at lenut iii stntulory regulations can malie it, «a the internal tradt> of England. TbU oniaiici|iation will undoubtedly be productive of the niom benr- (icinl results.—" When," anys Mr. Bell, "the transit duties sliall have been Bbolished, an impulse w.li be given to every ainew uf commerce, which will cause na only to wonder how such an execrnble ayatem should have been permitted to exial for a day."— (Asvists of the Catnmerte cf Benral, 1833-34 and 1834-33.) JVe» Cvftomt DutUt.— There are no good grounds for thinking that the revenue would have lost any thing by the abolition of the transit and town duties, even though no new taxes had been imposed In their stead. But siune buiiiII additions linve been niiide to the customs duties, or to the duties charged on the Importntlon and exportation of ccrinin nrtivlea. The present customalaw, enacted in May 1836, and the dutiea charged under it, are subjoined :— uj Voric ^ ACT No. XIV. Hi iSM T. It l« hsrchy fln«ctc<), tM fmm the lit June neit, lucli ptrti nf R^latHim IX. nA X. 1810, Reculationi XV. IS2i, and of any otiMr ranilationa of th« Bcufal rnalJtiiqr « (ireacribe tile levy of Inunit nr inland ciiatomt duties, or of town dutiea ; and likcviie ttia Klie* dulci of dutiea and pmviaiona of any kimi conlalned in these nr any other reffulatiow for fliinx ttie amount of duty to ho levied upon Konda in|jor1ed into or oiportcd from Ui4 said Prcaideney by sea, shsll be repealed. II. And It is hereby enacted, that dutiea of customs shall be levied nn (onds imported by sea into Calcutta, or into any nihrr place wiih- in the praviocea of Rencsl and Orisa, acfording to the rateespeciAed in Schedule A. annexed to this Act. with the ricoptioos specified therein, and the laiJ scliedule, with the noles attached thereto, shall be fakeo tn be a part of this Act. III. And it is hereby further enacted, that datiea nf enstoais shall be levietl upon country Knods ei|iorted by tn from anv port of Ben* gal or Oriaaa, aecaidin(to the rates specified in Schedule B. aniwnd to this Act, with the eicrptiona therein speciRe I, and the said sche- dule, with the notes attached Iheroto, ahill also be taken to be a pert of this Act. M A— These duties are to be onllected under the same rrfulstlons •• (tanner dutiea > and banMe la lo be passed b> the eolleetar of «» loms u heretofore. The remainder of the Act relates to ngulatioaa respeetinf ships' ■tanifesti, So. SCHEDULE A. Rales of Duty to be charged on Goods imported by Sea into any IH>rt at the Frsaidancy of Fort- William in BengiL EniunentieB of Goods. Itallion and eoia Precious stones and petrb flraln and pulse Hoiaos and other living animals Ice • Coal, coke, bricks, chell^ imI Books printed in tho tTniled Kingdom, or in any British posaeasioo Torrign books Marine stores, the pmdnee nr Manufacture of the United Kingdom, or of any British pnaKMioD Da da, the pruJuee or aianu* Ikelun of any other place or country Metali, wrought or onwrought, the pndoce or maBiifhctuiv of the United Kingdom, or any British poesessinn Slelals, da da, eicepiing tin, the produce or maavikctare of any other place Tin, the produce of anv <.lher Slace than the United King' iwn, or any British posses- sina WoolleiM, the produce or ma ■uhdure of toe United King- dom, or any Briliak poasee- sisit When Imported on British Bottoms. Free Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 3 per cent. S per cast Spercsot 3 per cent* 6 per cent- 10 perceoL tpertml. When Imported on Foreign Bolioms. Free, Ditla Ditto. Ditta Ditto. Ditto. SpercenL 8 per cent. S per cent. 12 per eeiib S per cent. 12 per cent. SOperceaL 4p«reiat 8CHEDDUB A.-(»nNmuit EnuDiention of Goods. Woollens, the pnxlure of any oilier pl.ice or country Cotton and sillc piece goods, cotton twist ant yam, the Sroduce of the Unileil King- offl, or of any British pQ» seesion Do., the produee of any ether place Opium • • Sett ' •*' K> • Alum • • Camphor ... Cnssfa (loves . . • Coffee ... Coial ... Nutmegs and maca • Pepper ... Rattans Tea .... Vermilion ... Wines and llqnon - Splrils, cnnmtidsted doty, in eluding that levied hereto- fore through the police of Calcutta - And the duty on spirits shall be f«>eablv 'incrv-ased aa the strengtn exceeds of I^ndon ftmnt, and when imporied n bottles, five quari liotllea shall be deemed equal to the Imperial gallon. All artidr^ not included in the above enumeration When Imported on British Bottoms. 4 per cent. S 14 per cent T per cent • 124 rs. per aeer I of M tolu j Rs. 3-4 per md. ofW tolas per seer 10 per cent. • ID per cent • 10 per cent. ID per cent, • 7 l-2percejlt 10 per cent. - 10 per cent. 10 per cent. - 714 percent. 10 per cent. 10 per cent. • 10 per cent. • 9 B& p. Imp. fU. 8 1-9 pereent When Imported on Forcin Bat loms. S per cent 7 per cent 14 per cent 24 rs. per seer or Wlolaa Rs. 3-4 per ml of MIolssptr seer. 20prrcent 20 per cent. 20 per cent 20 per cent 15 per cent 20 per cent 20 per crnt 20 per cent 15 per cent 20 per cent SO per cent 80 per cent l6M.p.Im.tiL 7 per cent And when the duty Is declared to be ad valorem, it shall be leviol on the market value withont deduction ; and if the collector of oni- toms shall sea reason to doubt whether the goods come from the country from which they are declared to come by the importer, it shall be lawful for the collector of custoais to call on the imiwrterlo furnish evidence as to the place of manufacture or production, ant if such evidence itiall not satisfy the said collector nf the truth of the declaration, the goods shall lie charged with the higheat rates of dnly.subject .ilways to an appeal to the Board of Customs, salt and opium excepted. And, upon the reexport by sea of cnoda imporied, excepting oiiium and snli, pmvided the re-export be made within two yean of the dste of import as per custom-house register, and the goods be itientified to the latiitfaction of the collector of customs, Ibrra shall be retained nne-^ighth of the nmonnt of diitv levied, and the remainder shall be repaid as drawback. And if icoodi bo re-exported in the same ship without being landed, (always except- ing opium and salt, in regard to which The special rules in force •hall continue to apply,) there shall be no import duty levied thersoa. InJlp CALCUTTA. 276 •ClflDULEa lata of Dntr to bt ehuwd upon Ooodi ti poHtd br Sea fron uf Srtwtlioo ii tho BNiZncr of rort WMlitm fa BwQl. CnuntrttkM of Ooodii Bullion sod coin • • } rrcioui itonM uw mrlt • fnok* printed ialodU lloTMiindltvincuiinuli • Upiuo) uurchaiM >il lovtra* ment nlflt iu Calcutta • Cotrunirooi eipnrted to Bu*' p>p«, the Uoitod atalM of ( America, or any Brittab ' tiumeiinm in AoMrica Do. do. eiported to placea other than above 8iif ar and mm etporled to tfie Doitad KiuKduin, or to an) Brltifh pne«t9ion • Do. eiported to ujr other place Ortin ud putao of all wrto ladlp Eiported OB Britiah fiul.uiiui. Free Uiuo Unto - Uitio • Ditto • Ditto - Aiu S. p. md. o( lM)toluieer free . 3 per cent. 1 anna per bag, not exceed iofc 2 niJi. of M) tolas totlie9eer,or if eiported otber> nhti than in ba^ li an an- na per nuund. Ra. 3 p. md. of 80 tulai to the Cipurtedon roreiga fiottuait. Free. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Saa. p. nu). t4 ifOtoluiolbe aeer. At. 16 p. md. of M tola* to Spercmt. 6 per ceoL ana. perbainot eicecdiog 3 mdi. of HO to* lai to the leer, or if expuried ntlierwi^e ihio in b ige, I auaa . per inaund. fRs. 6p. BO tolaa to the . 6 p. rod. of KHEDULB %-tontimi»i» iDUtotratioo of Ooodi. EznortedoB brltlih Buttomi. 4 per cent. 3l'3aa.p. Hwrof an i»i.. 80 loL ) at. p. Mer of 80 tnlaa 4 aa. p. Biauod 3 per cent. Eiported oa rofelgB Bottoma. 8 per cent >^ai.perieircr t W lolaa. l6aa.peraaaror J Mtotaa. 8 at. p. luaiind. leperaeat. Lac dye and ihetl lae Silk raw, ilatura • | Silk, Bengal wound • } Tobaceo All rminfry artifice not enti' Bierated or named abof e • And when the du*y ii declared to be at valrrem, the aame ihall b« leviad on the narkel Talue of the arlii-le at tha placa cf axport. without deduction. And In Mitlioff for the dutlea on etporta by M^t eredll thai! bo given for pnyment of inland cuatonu duly, ind draniieck iliall be allowed of any eiec« of duly paid upon produotinn of ruwnau under the following cunditlona, until the lit April, IK17 :^ firtU That the pmHi ihall be Identified, and daitlnallon to the port of exporl proved In the uaual niantier, .Scemirf, That Iha ruwiinu -iliel) beardate before the lit April, 1896^ and the Koodi stiall not have been protected tberebyi or by the origl' nil Iherpof, mnre than two year*. Aitd after the laid Itt April, I W. credit ihall not be flven, nor lAinW dm.vtiack bo atlnwej of any inland cuitonia or land frontier duty, pild at any cuitom-houae or chnkee of the Jumna frontier lion, or of Benarea. oiccpt oolr upfjn Ihe article nf collon wool, coverca by ruwanaa taken out at the ciiitoin'hnuved to hkve been deetiued for eiport by eea, when paaaed out of thoie provincee. W. II. MACNAUriTKN, Secy, to th* Oint. y hulku Remarks on the above Dutiea.—Thft policy of chnr^lnfr fititles on exported articles, and of mnktnff so great a diatlnctinn between the duties on articles iinporitid und exported In firltlsh ami In foreign nMpv^ geema very questionable. The great dlffictilty under which India labours, in a commercial pointer view, conslata principally in her inability to furniah equivalents fur foreign imported gooda, and to make the neceadary payments abroad ; and when such la the case, it la certainly not a little contradict- ory to lay duties on exports. The most obvlnus coitsiderntinns of expediency and common aennc would suggest that they should be allowed to be exported duly-free. There can be no doubt that the atiinu- lus this would give to their production, would, by increasing the public wealth, Infinitely more than compensate the fovernment for the loss of the inconsiderable sum produced by the duties with which thny are charged. The duties on most articles of importi^tlon do not appear to be at all excessive, provided they were equally distributed. Rut it seems quite InconslRtent, seeing that wc h;ive admitted the reclprorlty principle into the trade of Britain, that we ahould exclude it from that of India. The beat informed piirtica concur in opinion, that the etfect of the discriminating duties is to diminish trade, without proinnting, in any innterial degree, the employment of Hritisli shipping, and to provoke retaliatory nieasureaon the part of the foreigner. The sooner, conaequently, that this distinction is abolishetf, the better will it be for all partiea. Regulations of this sort are never productive of any real ad- vantage. PiMage^ 4«.— The Marine Board at Calcutta have ncently hiued the follr.wiiix rejEuUtions, with n-epecl to piloUge, &c. 1, CominAndcie are requeated. prior to quiiiin<; their veasfia, oti arrival off (^teutta, toft'l upand certify, or ciuse to ho tilled up and certified, a form of certificate, vhnwing (tie ictu^I rcgislt-rcd turinafct-, the draft of water, and whether the vewi.1 hu or his not Iteen ''igfced by a ite-inier any part of the way, or has or hu not had the uk of a TOW boat; which form will be nirniihed to the pilot, in order to the bit'* of the void being corractly made out 2. Conmumiers are further requente.), u eariy after their arrival aa pnsiilile, to notify in wriiinff, to ttie Sflaiter Alteadaat, the n»ie and r««t'lniice of the referencu for the piynient of his ve^ePs bills. .1. On the receipt by ihf Master Attendml of Ihe almve certificxiR, and wiitien reference for payineitt, a ainxle bill will be prepared, including inward pilotan, liiht'bouse cfuty, Mnyapore nia^axine duty, and row-boat hire (if any^ which, together with the certificate, will be forwarded to the marine pavmaster, for collection within 15 da)i of the arrival of the venal, and having on it the name and mi' deoce of tha rarty referred to for payment, which commanden ire requested to turxMh to the Matter Attendant, in writing^ aa early after their arrival as practicable, that officer will more readily be enabled to present it. B> this ananrement, all the chai^^ connected with Ihe vessel, up to her arrival off Calcutta, will be embodied in one bill, instead nf, as hitherto, being nude up in aeparato bills. 4. In the event of vessels docking, or being transported at the de- sire of the cominaitdofj it U reijuested that a certificate may he given by tlie cnmi in onter to : the referee. by tlie commanding ofncer of the nporatlon having been performed, in onter to its acoompauying the bill when presented for payment to 5. The pnctlce of charging for hauling to the chain-moorings for their monthly hire, and for hauling from the moorings in separate bills, is Jiscontinued, and henceforward one bill will be prepin-d, incliidjnr the charg* for hauling lo Ihe moorings, that for occnpyimr them, and that for hauling from them ; and commanders are rri)ue»il«^ to give, or cause their commanding officers to give to the Mister At- tendant, or the harbour-master, certificate of the date of hauling tn and from Ihe moorings, which certificate, as before, will accompany the bill irhen preseiittid for payment The hire nf tlie ntoorings will tw charged for tlie day on which the vevel is t^auletl thereto, without reference to the period of the day ; and, in like maimer, no charge will be male for the day on which she hauls from her moorings, however late in the day she may quit them. The charges connected with the chain-irionrings will thus l>e emliodied in one bill, and be discharged in one payment instead of three or more, according to tbe number of months the vessel occupied the moorings. 6. The system of charging outward pilohige on an estimated drauglit of water, with an nddition of 10 per cent., subject tn adjust- ment after the vessel has sailed, and nf charging a certain number of days for a row-boat, tubiect toa like adjiutment, is abolished; nnd in futan the outward pilotage and chaige for row-boat hire oa out' ward-feOQKl vcMdi will ba made at foUowi i— • When the vmsel is finally laden, the commander Is to |Hve notice tlwreof to the Mister Attendant, when the ilnft of water is to be as* ccr'ained ami certifie^:ii>&viiiw to despatch, to cause an in livi-tual to attend nt the Ban' '-.'.^ .e ; and to forward it, tngelher with the certificate, to the marine board for audit and pi) ment 9. In (.ises where a vessel leaves Calcutta avowedly intended to fill up cir>;n at s^inie place below, Ihe pilotage will be charged at the dnfi at whirh she lenves Cileutta in like manner, ihouect to the siitMcquent pilotage charge, fmm tM place at which tbe \ incs at CalcuUa. The moorings will, of course, be available to vce- scfs not in distress from loss of anchors and cables, but the harim«^ master will be instruct.d at all times to keep two seta vacant daring the S. W. mouioon, to meet catualtiae. . ^ i ^■■'■'^i II B •r im CALICO.^ CALICO (Oer. Ka/tun / Du. Kalom/ Dan. Knttun ,• 8w. Caltun t Fr. Colon, Tnk dl Ootm I It Ttla Bamhagina, Tela dipinta ; Sp. Tela de Algodon / Port Pano de Algudao/ Riuk Wilboika / Pol. Siwelnika), cloth mule of cotton ; so mlled from Calicut, on tha Malabar coast, whence it waa first imported. In England, all white or unprinted cotton clothe are denominated ealicoca ; but in the United State* tliia term ia applied to thoie only that are printed. Hiilorieal Notice of the Art of Calleo Printing. — Thia art, though apparently one of the moat diffWsult, haa been practiMx] from a very remote era. Herodotus mentions (lib. 1. ^ SOS), that a nation on the snores of tbo Caspian were in the habit of painting the figures of animals on their clothes, with a colour formed fi'om the leaves of trees bruised and soaked ir water ( and he adds, that this colour was not eflkceablo, and was as durable as the clothes themselves. It is difficult to imagine that the colours could have been so permanent, had not those using them been acquainted with the use of mordants. There is, however, a pa*. •again Pliny (Hi-t. Nut. lib. xxxv. ^ 11), which, though in some respects obscure, shows that the ancient Egyptians were fully acquainted with the principle of calico printing. " They paint," aays he, " the clothes, not with colours, but with drugs {imrbentibua mediea- mentis) that have no colour. Thu being done, they immerse them in a vat full of boiling dye, aiM leave them there for a little ; when they take them out, they are painted of various colours. It is extraordinary, seeing that there ia only one colour in the vat (unua in eortina color), that a variety of coloura should be produced by the operation of the drugs." Pliny further states, that the colours were so adhesive they could not be washed out ; and that clothes were the stronger for being dyed. A simiUr process ia known to have been ful< lowed in India firom the earliest times. The chemical and mechanical inventions of modern ages have been the cause of vast improvements in this ingenious and beautiful art ; but the passage now quoted shows distinctly that we have, in this instance, been only perfecting and improving processes practised in the remotest antiquity. Calico Printing in thia Country. Dutita on CuVeoea. — In Great Britain the printing of cottons hoa formed, for a coiuideroble period, a very im|>ortunt and valuable business. It has been calculoti'd that there are not Icsa than 230,000 individuals employed in, and de> pendent upon, the print trade for subsistence, receiving the annual sum of 8,400,000/. in wages. Thia important and valuable business may be truly said to have grown up amongst us in despite of repeated eflbrts for its auppreasion. To prevent the use of calicoes from U)tor- fering with the demaiul for linen and woollen stuffs, a statute waa passed in 1781, imposing a penalty of bl. upon the weaver, and of 20/. upon the seller, of a piece of calico I Fifteen years after, thia extraordinary atatuto was so far modified, that calicoes manufactured in Great Britain were allowed to be worn, " provided the warp thereof was entirely of linen yam." Thia waa the law with respect to calicoes till after the invention of Sir Richard Arkwright introduced a new era into the history of the cotton manufacture, when its iin« policy became obvious to every one. In 1774, a statute was passed, allowing printed goods, wholly made of cotton, to be used, after paying a duty of 'Jid. a yard (raised to 3 jd. in 1806) ; and enacting some regulations as to the marks to be afiixod to the ends of the pieces, the stripes, &c. This set continued In force down to 1831 ; but, (honith an ment upon the old law, it wss much, and Jniitly, complained of. Iti injuitice and inJurUiua operation were very forcibly pointed nul by Mr. Puulutt Thoinpion, in his excellent ipeeeh on taxation. " It ii a luatlur of siirpriBe to me," said the Right Hon. gnnt. "tliat thia moat impolitic inipoat ahonld have been nllowed to con- tinue, eapecially whnn it waa declared by thecnmmiltBe of 1818 to be ' partiul and opprtirive, ami that Its repeal waa moat deairable :* who, indeed, can examine it, and not feel the truth of thia obaervu- tioni Ih it credible, that in order to raiaea nett revenue or509,(i6iU., a Rfuaa tax ahould he imposed o. t,OI9,73T{. f and yet thia waa the return, according to the papKron ynurtabl>!, for 1838. And theas flsurea are still I'ar Troin ahowing the rHal coat of the cullGftii>n of this tax ;— that inuat be tnl(en upon tlie groaa produce; and auppoaingthe rate of the collection fur iheexciaeto ha S per cent ,which(aleia than it really is, you have a coat of 20 per cent, on the nelt produce of thia lax, for charsra. In addition to this, from all the Inquiry I have been able to nialr printing linena, cotlnna, ealicoca, or miisiina, ahall have the solo right of printing and rs- prbting the same for three mouths, to commence from the day of flrat publiahing. The following table* exhihii the qoanlity of printed eintha produced in O mat Britain, the qiianltty rxpnitsd, and the amount of revenue and drawback tliercun, during the year endudMh of January, CALOMEL— CAMEL. w I Raiam of the Niimtwr of Hqiura Ynrdt of Cnlk'^Ai, Miiillnt, I.ineni, nnit Miuffi. nia4R •lllwral Cotlun 1)1 1.iiiuo, printiitl, pnlnicd, ■tuliiaU, nr dy. ., In CUnol UiUntii (t)ice|it •inn •■ ihall liava b«iin dyd oronn I'nlnur tliroii|liiiin), with (ha Aiiinunt of Kxclin Diill)>i collpclcit Ihttreon In Bnfl> hnd and Heollnnd, In the Yttir ended Sth of January, lt)90t diilln(iiliihlni( iha Nuiiibar of Mquara Yarda and Amount of Duly cullaclad Ihaiaun.— (/>«rl. Partr, No. ZHi. Hum. IttSO.) Nitwknotjtrk. IwMofihMy, ronign all- flow. Liiwmnri •lulfe C*lioo« tnl Mi» Knfland . . - ficuilaad . ■ . 33,338 l,7(M.7fll b,7S9 103,3.14,494 80,109,990 £ 1. d. 1,9111,431 14 10 380,833 13 3 Year ended Sih Jan. 1830 33,338 l,718,SI« 138,340,004 1,837,309 7 1 II, Return oniirt Tntil Number nf Square Ynrdinrprlntml Ciillinea, Muiillni, Mneni, and 8luffli,ei- pnrtod frnm Eneland nitd flcniland, In the Year muled Mh nf Junniiry, 1830 1 the Aninunt orUraw< bavka pnid nr allowed I hereon; dlitlnguiihlng the Uunritltiea and Ainnunt of Urnwhncki allowed to Kort'lRn rnrt* rroni ili« Quantltlea and Urawbucki paid ur allowed on the like Artlclei on tha Ra~ movnl coniitwiee to Ireland. Enitland - . » Scotland . . - Year ended 9th of Jan. 1830 Exported lo rmlfii Coimlf kt. Numlier of Vardi. AmoiMil nf Onwlack. Number of VaLfJi. Amount nf Drutlark. ClIicJM. Mnrm, SlBlTi, Cillcon, and MuiliiiB. I.inem, Siiilk, Calieiea, au4 Miiiliil*. 3,673 81,449,434 8,417,009 £ f. d. I,I87,SS3 17 4 1-«,718 11 9,169,683 8A0,3.t8 £ 1. d. 79,301 4 3 l«,6T8 3 3,679 89,H(I3,433 | 1,310,600 18 3 0,039,011 88,009 11 CALOMEL. Chloride of mercury ; frequently called mild muriate of mercury ; and fometimca, hut lesa properly, Hubmuriate of mercury. CAMBRIC, on CAMBKICK (Ger. Kammerltuht Du. Kameryhadutk t Fr. Cambray Ball tie; It. Cambrajat i^p. Cambrai ; Port. Cambraiat Rua. Kamerlusf), a apcciea of \nry flue white linen, firat made at Cambray, in French Flaiidera, whence it dcrivea its ap- pellation. It is now produced, of an equally good quality, in Great Dritniii. CAMEL (Fr. Chameau t It and Sp. Camtlo s Ger. Kametli AraU IVimel; \M, Camthts I Greek, K>/UitM() ia indigenoua to Arabia, and we only mention 't m thia place on aocou"* of ita extreme importance in the commerce of the East. The cb..,ol ia one of the moat uaeful of the animals over which the inhabitants of Asia and Africa have acquired dominion. These continents are ' .toraccted by vast tracts of burning sand, the seals of desolation and drought, so as, apparently, to exclude the posaibilitj of any intercourse taking place between the countries that they separate. " But as the ocean, which appears at first view to be placed as an insuperable barrier between dilFerent regions of the earth, }>aa been rendered, by navigation, subservient to their mutual intercourse ; ao, by menus of the camel, which the Arabians emphatically caU the Ship nf the Datrt, the most dreary wastes aro traversed, and the nations which they disjoin arc "nubled to trade with one another. Those painful journeys, impracticable by . ly other animal, the came! performs with astonishing despatch. Under heavy burdens of 600, 700, and 800 lbs. weight, they can continue their march during a long period of time, with little food or rest, and soinetiinca without tasting water for 8 or 9 days. By the wise economy of Providence, the caiiicl seems formed of purpose to be the beast of burden in those regions whffr*; he is placed and where his service is most wanted. In alt the districts of Asia and Africa, where deserts arc most frequent and extensive, the camel abounds. Thia is his proper station, and beyond this the sphere of his activity does not extend fur. He dreads alike the excesses of heat and colli, and does not agree even with the mild climate of our temperate zone." — {Roberlson'i Lhquidtiun im Ancient India, Note 53.) The first trade in Indian commodities of which we havetmy account (Genesis xxxvii.25.) wns carried on by camels ; and they still .'intinue to ho the instruments employed in tha conveyance of merchants and merchandixe throughout Turkey, Peruia, Arabia, Egypt, Bar- bary, and many contiguous countries. The merchants assemble in considerable numbers, forming themselves into an association or earuvan — (see Cahavan), for their mutual pro- tection agiiinst the attacks of robliers, and tlie dangers incident to a journey through such ruJc and inhospitalJo countries. These caravans are often very large and usually consist of more camels tiian men. The capacity of tlic camel to endure futigue, end the small sup- ply of [iTovbions that he requires, is almost incredible. " His ordinary burden," says Vol- ney, " is 750 lbs. ; his food, whatever is given him — straw, thistles, the stones of dates, beans, barley, &c. With a pound of food a day, and as much water, he will travrl for Vot. I— a A I! 1 r*/ 978 CAMELS' HAIR— CAMPHOR. wecki. In the journey from Cairo to Sun, which it 40 or 46 houn, thoy neither eet nor thrink ; but ttieao long fttnte, if oflon ropoatetl, wear them out. Their ueual rate of travellinK ia very alow, banlly above two milita an hour t it ia in vain to puah them ; they will not ijuickun their pace ; but, l^allowrd aome abort reat, they will travel 15 or 18 houra a day." — ( fot/age en Si/rir, torn. ii. p. 383.) The Arabian* rri;ar(t the cnmol nn a Mcrod nnimal, the gift of Iloavon, without whoie aid they could noitlior Hubiiat, nor trade, nor travel. ItN milk i* tlieir ordinary food ; they alto cat ita flei>h, cApi^cially that of thn young camel, which they reckon excellent ; ita hair, which ia renewed every year, U partly manufactured into RtuiT* for their clothe* and furniture, and partly vent abroad a* a valualile article of merchuiidiko ; and even it* face* *eive ihem for fuel. Bleiit with their camel*, the Arab* want nothing, and fear nothing. In a ainglo day they can traverae 40 or ftO roilea of the deaert, and intorpooe ita trackloaa aand* a* an im- |)cnetrable rampart between them and their foca. — (See tlio admirable dcacription of the camel, in BnfTon.) Bui, however uaoful to the inhabitant* of parched, aandy deaerta, it may be worth while, perhapa, to ob*ervo, that the camol ia of very little aervice elsewhere. He cannot walk lUO > ardii on wet or ilippery ground without (tumbling. Ho i« totally unknown in all hilly or woody countries ; and, with few exception*, may bo said to bo aa great a atranger in the Eufltern Island*, Japan, the southern part* of China, the whole country lying between China and India, and all the aouthorn parts of the latter, including Bengal, a* he i* in Europe. In nil those vast countries the ox is tho most useful of the lower animal*. It ia used for draught (for which the camel is totally unQl), in the cart and plough, in the carrying of burden*, in treading corn, in tho oil press, 6cc., and fmuUy as food. CAMELS' H.\IR (Oer. Kaineelknar / Fr. Foil de ehameau, Laine de chevron / It Peh dl enmeUo ; Sp. Pelti 6 lana de cdmellu). The hair of the camel imported into this country is principally used in the manufacture of fine ponril* for drawing and painting. In the East, however, it is an important article of commerce, and ia extenaivoly used in tho arts. It serve* for the fabrication of the tents and carpets of tho Arabs, and for their wearing apparel. Cloth i* aI*o manufactured of it in Persia and other places. The most esteemed hair comes from Persia. It ia divided into three qualities ; bluck, red, and grey. The black is the dearest, and the grey is only worth half the red. Considerable quantities of cameln' hair are exported from Smyrna, Constantinople, and Alexandria. It is used in tho manu< facture of hats, particularly by th«f French. — {Reii'a Cyclopaedia, art. Camelua.) CAMLET, OK CAMBLET (Ger. and Du. Knmelut ,• Tt. Cameht,- It. Ciambelhtlo.- Sp. Camelule ,• Rus. Kamlot), a plain stuff, manufactured on a loom, with two treadles, as linens are. There are camlets of various colours and sorts: some wholly of goats' hair; others, in which the warp is of hair, and the woof half hair and hiilf silk ; others, again, in which both the warp and the woof are of wool ; and, lastly, some, of which the warp is of wool and the woof of thread : aome are striped, anme watered, and some figured. CAMOMILE (Ft. Camomilie ; It. Camnmilla .• 9p. Mansanilla / La.t. Chamomilla), a well-known plant, whose flowers are used for medical purposes. Most of what is brouglit to the London market is grown about Mitcham, in Surrey. CAMPHOR, on CAMPHIRE (Ger. Kampftr .- Du. Kamrpr ,■ Fr. Campkre.- It. Canfira ,• Sp. Aleanfor ,■ Rus. Kamfora ,• Lat. Cumphora ; Arab, and Pers. Kafuor ,• Mai. K'lafur), There are two description* of this valuable article, which must not not lie confounded. L Camphor of Commerce, or that met with in Europe, U obtained by boiling the tim- ber of a species of laurel (Laurus Camphora), a tree found in the forests of Fokien, in China, near the city of Chinchew, where there is annually produced from 2,500 to 3,000, nnd sometimes aa much as 4,000 piculs. Most of the camphor imported into Europe comes from China ; but a small quantity, considered of superior quality, comes from Japan by way of Batavia. The exports from Canton in 1830 and 1831 were respectively 3,452 and 2,043 piculs, being, at an average, 306,266 lbs. ; if to this we add the exports from Batavia of Japan camphor, amounting to 489 picula, the total annual produce of China and Japan for ex- portation will be 432,770 lbs. It is brought to this country inchests, drum?, and casks ; and is in small, granular, friable massen, of a dirty white or greyi»h colour, very much resembling half-refined sugar. When pure, the camphor of commerce has a strong, peculiar, fragrant, (wnetrating odour, and a bitter, pungent, aromatic taste. It is in reality a concrete essential oil. Camphor, when refined, is in thin hollow cakes of a beautiful virgin whiteness, and, if exposed to the air, totally evaporates. Great care is therefore requisite in packing camphor, to prevent serious loss. 2. Camphor, Jl/o/ay, commonly called, to distinguish it from the last, camphor of Barus, from the port of Sumatra, where it is mostly stripped. It is a product of the Dryobalanups Cumphora, a forest tree confined to Sumatra, Borneo, and tho Malay peninsula. It isfonnd in concrete masses in the fissures of the wood ; there are, however, but very few trees that afford it ; and those that do, only in small quantities. This species of camphor is more fra- grant and less biting and pungent than that yielded by the laurel, and is in high repute CAMPHOR OiL— CANALS. tn •monKtht ChlneM, hj whom it U almwt wholly coniumed. There U en imiMnM dis> paiitjr in the price* of the two ipedea in 'hina. In • price current reneiiUjr puhliahed tl C'tnion, the Anrat Chineae camphor la qiiot -d at 30 dolliira |N>r picul, while the Malay cam- ph(ir i» quoted at 30 dollara per catty, making the price of the latter 1 00 time* Rreatrr than that of the former ! Malay camphor ia wholly unknown in Europe aa an article of trade.— ( Pri- tale informatinn.) [The quantity of camphor importnl into the United Statea haa of late year* been rapidly incrcnfinif. Ituied tolw procured moatly by way of England and Holland. But it nowromea to ui directly from China ; and i« in part »ul>ao<|uently re-exported to Bumpe.— ilm, Ed.] CAMPHOR OIL (Malay, Minyak), a fruffrant enaenlial oil, obtained in large qiiantitiea by boating the wood of the Drydlialnnopa Cumphiira. It ia nearly aa cheap as apirit* of turpentine, but ia not held in any eateom by the Cbinvie, It miftht, perhap", be profitably imported into Englnnd aa a aubatitute for apirita of tiir|)«iitine in the arta, and for medicinal piirpoae*. We may add, that the timber of the Dryiibatanupn CampHara ia not inferior to any produced in the countriea where it uruwa, f»r the purpoaea of houae and ahip building. —(rriviUe vtfirrmalion, and Crawfitrd'a Indian Arehipelaifo, vol. i. p. ft 16.) CAMWOOD, a red dye wood, flrat brought to Euri)pe from Africa by the Portugueao. It in principally obtained from the vicinity of Sierra I<«one. The colouring mailer which it alTon!* differa but little from that of ordinary Nicaragua wood, either in quality or quantity ; and it may be employed with aimilar mordanta. — {Baner(fi4m Coloura. Bee alao Dumpier, vol. ii. part ii. p. M.) Camwood ia at preaeiit worth, in the London market, fctm 16/. to 18/. a ton, duty (A«. a ton) included. In 1828, 47ft tone of camwood were imported ; but the importa in 1829 only amounted tn 1 10 tona,— (for/. Paper, No. 661. Beaa. 1830.) CANAL, CANALS. A canal i« an artiticiul channel, filled with water kept at the de- aired level by meana of locka or aluicea, forming a communication between two or mora placea. ( I .) Hislorieal Sketch of Canah. Ancient Canah, — The comparative cheapneaa and facility with which gooda may be conveyed by aea, or by meana of navigable rivera, aeem to have Rtiggeated, at a very early period, the formation of canala. The beat authenticated ac- counts of ancient Egypt repreaent that country aa intcraected by canala conveying the watera of the Nile to the more distant [mrta of the country, partly for the purpose of irrigation, and partly for that of internal navigation, The elTorts made by the old Egyptian monarchs, and by the Ptolemies, to construct a canal between the Red Bea and the Nile are well known ; and evince the high sense which they entertained of the importance of thia species of com- munication. — (Ameilhtm, Commerce dee Egypliens, p. 76.) Greece was too small a territory, too much intersected by arms of the sea, and subdivided into too many independent states, to afford much scope for inland navigation. Atterapta were, however, made to cut a canal acroaa the Isthmus of Corinth ; but they did not succeed. The Romans did not distinguish themselves in canal navigation. Their aqueducts, the stupendous ruins of which attest the wealth and power of their founderB,'were intended to furnish supplies of water to some adjoining city, and not for the conveyance of veascls or produce. (3.) Chinese Canab. — In China, canals partly for irrigation, and partly for navigation, have existed from a very early period. The most celebrated amongst them is the Imperial or Grand Canal, forming a communication between Pekin and (/anton, said to be aboul 1,660 miles long. But there can '^e no doubt that this is a very great enaggi.. ktion ; and that it includes the various rivera which really form the greater part of the navigation, the excavated portion being of comparatively limited dimensiims. The canal is aaid not to have, at any time, mure than from ft to 6 feet water ; and in dry seasons, its depth is frequently reduced to 3 feet. {De la Lande, Canaux de Navigation, p. 529.) The locks are con- structed with very little skill ; and as the vessels are generally dragf^ by men, the navigap tion is extremely slow. The canals are mostly faced with stone ; and the bridgca acroaa them are said to be very ingeniously contrived. (3.) Italian Canab. — The Ituiiuns were the first people in modern Europe that attempted to plan and execute canals. They were principally, however, undertaken for the purpoae of irrigation ; and the works of this sort executed in the Milanese and other parta of Lombardy, in tiie eleventh, twelfth, and thirt<'enth centuriea, are still regarded as models, and excite the warm admiration of every one capable of appreciating them. In 1271, the Navilio Grande, or canal leading from Milan to Abbiate Grasao and the Tesino, was rendered navigable.— {Young's Travels in France, ^c. vol. ii. p. 170.) (4.) Dutch Canab. — No country in Europe contains, in proportion to its size, so many navigable canals as the kingdom of the Netherlands, and particularly the province of Hol- land. The construction of these canals commenced as early as the twelfth century, when, owing to its central and convenient situation, Flanders began to be the entrepdt of the com- merce between the north and south of Europe. Their number has since been astonishingly incieased. "Holland," says Mr. Phillips, in hia Histuri/ of Inland Navigation, "is inter* sected with innumerable canals. They may be compared in number and size to our public roads and highways : and aa the latter with ua are continually full of coaches, chaises, !| ) i S80 f^ T i r* t - CANALS. wagons, carta, and horMtfien, going from and to the difil^retit cities, towns, and villages; mt, on the former, the Hollanders, in their boats and pleasure barges, dieir treckschuyts ami vessels of burden, are continually journeying and conveying commodities for conaumption or exportation from the interior of the country to the great cities and rivers. An mhabitant of Sotteidam may, by means of these canals, breakfast at Delft or the Hague, dine at Ley- den, and sup at Amsterdam, or return home again before night By them, also, a moat prodigious inland trade is carried on between Holland and every part of France, Flanders, and Germany. When the canals are frozen over, they travel on them with skaits, and perform long journeys in a very short time ; while huavy burdens are conveyed in carts and sledges, which are then as much used on the canals as on our streets. " The yearly profits produced by these canals are almost beyond belief; but it is certain, and baa been proved, thAt they amount to more than 350,000/. for about 400 miles of inland navigation, which is 626/. per mile, the square surface of which mile does not exqyd two acres of ground ; a profit so amazing, that it is no wonder other nations should imitate what has been found so advantageous. " The canals of Holland are generally 60 feet wide and 6 deep, and are carefully kept clean ; the mud, as manure, is very profitable ; the canals are generally levels ; of course, locks are not wanted. From Rotterdam to Delft, 4he Hague, and Leyden, the canal is quite level, but is sometimes affected by strong winds. For the most part the canals are elevated above the fields or the country, to enable them to cary off the water, which in winter inun- dates the land. To drain the water from Delftland, a province not more than 60 miles long, they employ 200 windmills in spring time to raise it into the canals. All the canals of Holland are bordered with dams or banks of immense thickness, and on these depends the security of the country from inundation ; of course it is of great moment to keep them in the best repair ; to effect which there is a kind of militia, and in every village is a magazine of proper stores and men, whose business it is to convey stones and rubbish in carts to any damaged place. When a certain bell rings, or the waters are at a fixed height, every man repairs to his post. To every house or family there is assigned a certain part of the bank, in tlie repair of which they are to assist When a breach is apprehended, they cover the banks all over with cloth and stones." (5.) Canal from Amsterdam to Niew^iep, near the Heldtr. — The object of this canal, which is the greatest work of its kind in il!olland, and probably in the world, is to afford a safe and easy passage for large vessels fron. Amsterdam to the German Ocean. This ciiy has 40 feet of water in the road in front of it( port, but the pampus or bar at the junction of the Y with the Zuyder Zee, 7 miles below, lias only a depth of 10 feet ; and hence all shipg of any considerable burden entering or leaving the port must unload and load part of their cargoes without the bar. As the Zuyder Zt« is every where full uf shallows, all orJinary means of improving the access to Amsterdam were necessarily ineffectual; and tlie resolu- tion was, therefore, at length adopted, of cutting a canal from the city to the HelJer, the most northern point of the province of Holland. The distance between these extreme points is 41 English miles, but the length of the canal is about .50^. The breadth at the surface of the water is 124^ English feet (120 Rhinland feet) ; the breadth at bottom 36; the depth 20 feet 9 inches. Like the Dutch canals generally, its level is that of the highest tides, and it receives its supply of water from the sea. The only locks it requires are of course, two tide-locks at the extremities ; but there are, besides, two sluices with floodgates in the intermediate space. It is crossed by about IS drawbridges. The locks and sluices are double, — that is, there are two in the breadth of the canal ; and their construction and workmanship are said to be excellent They arc built of brick, for economy ; but bands of limestone are interposed at intervals, and these project about an inch beyond the brick, to protect it from abrasion by the sides of vensels. There is a broad towing path on each si^lc, and the canal is wide enough to admit of two frigates passing. — (Fur the expense of towing, see Amsterdam.) The line which the canal follows may be easily traced on a map of Holland. From the Y at Amsterdam it proceeds north to Purmcrend ; thence west to Alkmnur Lake ; again north by Alkmaar to a point within 2 miles of the coast, near Pctten, whence it runs nearly parallel to the coast till it joins the sea a little to the cast of tltc Htlder, at the fine harbour of Niewdiep, formed within the last 30 years. At tlie latter place there is a powerful steam- engine for supplying the canal with water during neap tides, and other purposes. The time sjient in towing vessels from Niewdiep to Amsterdam is 18 hours. The Hclder is the only spot on tlie shores of Holland that has deep water ; and it owes this advantage to its being -ppoaite to the Texel, which, by contracting the communication between the German Ocean and the Zuyder Zee to a breadth of about a mile, produces a current which scours and deepens the channel. Immediately opposite the Helder there are 100 feet water at high tides, and at the shallowest part of the bar to the westward there are 27 feet In the same way, the artificial mound which runs into the Y opposite Amsterdam, by contracting the water-way to about 1,000 feet, kceiw a depth of 40 feel in the port (at high water), while above and below there is only 10 or 12. CANALS. «|fl The canal waa begun in 1819, and finished in 1825. The coat waa estimated at 10,000,000 or 12,000,000 florins, or about 1,000,000/. sterling. If we compute the magni* tude of this canal by the cubic contents of itn bed, it is the greatest, we believe, in the world, unless some of the Chinese canals be exceptions. The volume of water which it contains, or the prisme de remplissage, is twice as great as that of the New York Canal, or the Canal of Languedoc, and two and a half times as great as that of the artificial part of the Cak'donian Canal. In consequence, however, of this facility with which the Dutch canal was dug, and of the evenness of the ground through which it passes, the difficulties with which the engineer had to contend in making it were trifling compare<1 to those which had to be overcome in constructing the canals now mentioned. We have not learned what netums this canal yields ; most probably it is not, at least in a direct point of view, a profita« ble concern. Even in Holland, notwithstanding the lowness of interest, it would require tolls to the amount of 40,000/. u year to cover interest and expenses ; and so large a sum can hardly, we should think, be raised by the very moderate tolls laid on the ships passing through it. — (Sec AMSXEan am.) This, however, is not the only consideration to be attended to in estimating the value of a work of this sort Its influence in promoting the trade of Amsterdam, and, indeed, of Holland, may far more than compensate tor its. cost. It is evi- dent, too, that the imposition of oppressive tolls would have effectually counteracted this advantage ; that is, they would have defeated the very object for which the canal was con« structed. — (We have derived these details, partly from an able article in the Scotsman, and partly from private information.) (6.) Ditviah Canak. — 'ITie Holstein Canal, in Denmark, is of very considerable import- ance. It joins the river Eyder with Kiel Bay on the north-east coast of Holstein, forming a navigable communication between the North Sea, a little to the north of Heligoland, and the Baltic; enabling vessels to pass from the one to the other by a short cut of about 100 miles, instead of the lengthened and difficult voyage round Jutland, and through the Catte- gat and the Sound. The Eyder is navigable for vessels not drawing more than 9 feet water, from Tonningen, near its mouth, to Rendsburg, where it is joined by the canal, which com- municates with the Baltic at Holtenau, about 3 miles north of Kid. The canal is about 26 English miles in length, including about 6 miles of what is principally river navigation. The excavated portion is 95 feet wide at top, 51 feet 6 inches at bottom, and 9 feet 6 inches deep (Eng. meas.). Its highest elevation above the level of the sea is 24 feet 4 inches ; to which height vessels are raised and let down by 6 locks or sluices. It is navigable by vessels of 120 tons burden, or more provided they are constructed in that view. The total cost of the canal was about 500,000A It was opened in 1785, and has so far realiseil the views uf its projectors, as to enable coasting vessels from the Danish islands in the Baltic and the east coast of Holstein, Jutland, &c., to proceed to Hamburgh, Holland, England, &c. in less time and with much less risk, than, in the ordinary course of navigation, they could have cleared the point of the Skaw ; and conversely with ships from the west. The smaller class of foreign vessels, particularly those under the Dutch and Hanseatic flas^, navigating the Baltic and North Seas, have largely availed themselves of the facilities afforded by this canal. During the 5 years ending with 1831, no fewer than 2,786 vessels passed each year, at an average, through the canal. This is a sufficient evidence of its utility. It would, however, be much more frequented, were it not for the difficult navigation of the Eyder from the sea to Rendsburg. The dues are moderate. — {Coxe'a Trmiels in the North of Europe, 5th ed. vol. v. p. 239., where there is a plan of the canal ; Catleau, Tableau des Etats Dawiis, tom. ii. pp. 300 — 304. ; and private information.) (7.) Swedish Canak. — The formation of an internal navigation connecting the Cattegat and the Baltic has iong engaged the attention, and occupied the efforts, of the people and government of Sweden. Various motives conspired to make them embark in this arduous undertaking. The Sound and other channels to the Baltic being commiindcd by the Danes, they were able, when at war with the Swedes, greatly to annoy the latter, by cutting off all communication by sea between the eastern and western provinces of the kingdom. And hence, in the view, partly of obviating this annoyance and partly of facilitating the convey- ance of iron, timber, and other bulky products, from the interior to the coast, it was deter- mined to attempt forming an internal navigation, by means of the river Gotha, and the lakes M'ener, Welter, &c. from (lottenburgh to Soderkoeping on the Baltic. The first and most dilficult part of this enterprise was the perfecting of the communication from Gottcnburgh to the lake Wener. The Gotha, which flows from the latter to the former, is navigable, thrp-jgh by far the greater part of its course, for vessels of considerable burden ; but, besides ot'iors less diil5cult to overcome, the navigation at the point called Trilllhietta is interrupted by a series of cataracts about 1 12 feet in height Owing to the rapidity of the river, and the Btui)born red granite rocks over which it flows, and by perpendicular banks of which it is boiindi'd, the attempt to cut a lateral canal, and still more to render it directly navigable, presented the most formidable obstacles. But, undismayed by these, on which it is, indeed, most probable he had not sufficiently reflected, Polhem, a native engineer, undertook, about ihe mi Idle of last century, the Herculean task of constructing locks in tlie channel of the 2 a2 36 ! fi Wit" CANALS. river, and rendering it navigable ! Whether, hoTtrever, it were o^ng to the all but insupen. ble obstacles opposed to such a plan, to the defective execution, or deficient strength of the works, thry whem wholly swept away, after being couriderably advanced, and after vast sums ha*l been expended upon them. From this period, down to 1793, the undertaking was abandoned ; but in that year, the plan was proposed, which should have been adopted at first, of cutting a lateral canal through the solid rock, about 1^ mile from the river. Thu new enterprise was begun under the auspices of a company incorporated for the purpose in 1794, and was successfully completed in 1800. The canal is about 3 miles in length, and has about 6^ feet water.* It has 8 sluices, and admits vessels of about 100 tons. In one part it is cut through the solid rock to the depth of 72 feet The expense was a good deal less tlian might have been expected, being only about 80,000/. The lake Wener, the naviga< tion of which was thus opened with Gottenburgh, is very large, deep, and encircled by some of the richest of the Swedish provinces, which now possess the inestimable advantage of a convenient and ready outlet for their products. As soon as the Trollhetta canal had been completed, there could be no room for doubt as to the practicability of extending the navigation to Soderkotping. In furtherance of this object, the lake Wener has been joined to the lake Wetter by the Gotha Canal, which admits vessels of the same size as that of TroUheetta ; and tlie prolongation of the navigation to the Baltic from the Wetter, partly by 2 canals of equal magnitude with the above, and partly by lakes, is now, we believe, about completed. The entire undertaking is called the Gotha Navigation, and deservedly ranks among the very first of the kind in Europe. Besides the above, the canal of Arboga unites the lake Hielmar to thr lake Maelar ; and since 1819, a canal has been constructed from the latter to the Baltic at Sudertelge. The canal of Strcemsholm, so called from its passing near the castle of that name, has eifccted a navigable communication between the province of Dalecarlia and the lake Maelar, &c. — (For further details see, besides the authorities already referred to, Cuxe'a T/'avek in Hit North of Europe, 5th eut 11,000,000 francs. Its summit level is about 240 feet above the level of the Loire at Digoin ; the breadth at the water's edge is about 48 feet, and at bottom 30 feet ; depth of water 5| feet ; number of locks 81. The canal of St. Quen- tin, 28 English miles in length, was completed in 1810. The canal joining the Rhone to the Rhine is the most extensive of any. It stretches from the Saone, a little above St. Jean de Losne, by Dole, Besan9on, and Mulhouse, to Strasburg, where it joins the Rhine, — a distance of about 200 English miles. From Dole to Vogaucourt, near Montbeliard, the canal is principally excavated in the bed of the Doubs. It is not quite finished. The canal of Burgundy will, when completed, be about 242 kilom., or 150 English miles in length ; but at present it is only navigable to the distance of about 95 kilom. In addition to these, a great many other canals have been finished, while several are in progress, and others pro- jected. There is an excellent account of the French canals completed, in progress, and projected, in the work of M. Dutens, entitled Hisiuire de la Navigation Literieure de la France, 2 vols. 4to, and to it we beg to refer the reader for further details. He will find, at the end of the second volume, a very beautiful map of the rivers and canals of France. It is probable, however, that the railroad projecta now set on foot in France may tend, foi a while at least, to check the progress of canalisation. We may observe, too, that the stitc of the law in France is very unfavourable to tlie undertakiiit; and success of all great public works; and we are inclined to attribute the comparative fewness of canals in France, am • Thi* is the stntenicntnf Catteau, TabUaHiU la Mer Palliqne,tome ti. p. 77.; Oddy, in hia F.Kropt4n Cntmerce, p. 30C., and Bnibi, Abrigt de la Qiograyhit, p. 'iAa., say tUut the depth of wiuer ii 10 feut. CANALS. 283 the recent period at which most of them have been conatructed, to its influence. In that country, canals, docks, and such like works, are mostly carried on at the expense and fur behoof of government, under the control of its agents. No scope has been given to the enterprise of individuals or at'soniftione. Before either a road or a canal can be constructed, plans and estimates must be mi •■•X and laid b<..ore the minister of the interior, by whom they are referred to the piett^;t .n department, and then to the Bureau des Fonts et dea ChatKtis t and supposing tbti -.ject to be approved by these, and the other functionaries conralted with respect to it, the work must after all be carried on under the superintendence of some public officer. In consequence of this preposterous system, very few works of this description have lieen undertaken as private speculations. And while not a few of those begun by government remain unfinished and comparatively useless, those that are completed have, as was to be expected, rarely proved profitable. There are some good remarks on this subject in the useful work of M. Dupin, on the Forces Commereialea of Great Britain. (9.) Prussian Canab. — The Prussian states are traversed by the great navigable rivers the Elbe, the Oder, and the Vistula ; the first having its embouchure in the North Sea, and tlie ot'iers in the Baltic. The formation of an internal navigation, that should join those great water-ways, excited the attention of government at a distant period ; and this object has been successfully accomplished, partly by the aid of the secondary rivers falling into the above, and partly by canals. In 166S, the canal of Muhlrose was undertaken, uniting the Oder and the Spree ; the latter l)eing a nav^ble river falling into the Havel, also a naviga- ble river joining the Elbe near Havelburg. But the navigation from the Oder to the Elbe by this channel was difficult and liable to frequent interruption ; and to obviate these defects Frederick the Great constructed, towards tlie middle of last century, the Finnow Canal, stretching from the Oder at Oderberg to the Havel, near Leibenwalde ; the communication is thence continued by the latter and a chain of lakes to Plauen ; from which point a canal has been opened, jouiing the Elbe near Magdeburg. The Elbe biein;^ in this way connected with the Oder by a comparatively easy navigation, the latter has been united to the Vistula, partly by the river Netze, and partly by a canal joining that river to the Brahe, which falls into the Vistula near Bromberg. A vast inland navigation has thus been completed ; barks passing fi:eely through the whole extent of country from Hamburgh to Dantzic ; affording the means of shipping the products of the interior, and of importing those of foreign coun- tries, either by the North Sea or the Baltic, as may be found most advantageous. — (^Catteau, Tableau de la Mer BaJtique, tome ii. p. 11 — 18. (10.) Russian Canab. — The inland navigation of Russia is of vast extent, and very considerable importance. The reader will find some details with respect to it under the article Petebbbuhoh. (11.) Amtrian Canab, — ^The Austrian empire is traversed in its whole extent by the Danube ; but the advantages that might result to the foreign trade of the empire from so great a command of river navigation, have been materially abridged by the jealousy of the I'urks, who command the embouchure of the river, and by the difficulties that are in some places incident to its navigation. Two pretty extensive canals have been constructed in Hun- gary. That called the Bega Canal is 73 English miles in length : it stretches from Fascet through the Bannat by Temeswar to Becskerek, whence vessels pass by the Bega into the Theiss, a little above its junction with the Danube. The other Hungarian canal is called after the Emperor Francis. It stretches from the Danube by Zambor to the Theiss, which it joins near Foldvar, being 62 English miles in length : its elevation, where highest, does not exceed 27 feet. Besides the above, the canal of Vienna establishes a communication between that city and Neustadt. It is said to be the intention to continue this canal to Trieiite ; but, however desirable, we doubt much whether this be practicable. A railroad is at present being made from Munthausen on the Danube to Budweiss on the Moldau, a navigable river that falls into the Elbe. This promises to be a highly useful communication. — (Brig/it^s Traveb in Hungary, p. 246, ; Baibi, Abrege de lu Geographie, p. 216.) (12.) Spanish Canab. — No where are canals more necessary, both for the purposes of navigation and irrigation, than in Spain ; but the nature of the soil and the poverty and ignorance of the government as well as of the people, oppose formidable obstacles to their construction. During the reign of Charles II., a company of Dutch contractors offered to render the M an; anares navigable from Madrid to where it fulls into the Tagus, and the latter from that point to Lisbon, provided they were allowed to levy a duty for a certain number of years on the goods conveyed by this channel. The Council of Castile took this proposal into their serious consideration, and after maturely weighing it, pronounced the singular decision — " That if it had pleased God that these two rivers should have been navigable, he would not have wanted human assistance to have made them such ; but that, as he has not done it, it is plain that he did not think it proper that it should be done. To attempt it, there- fore, would lie to violate the decrees of his providence, and to mend the imperfections which he (leslgncdly left in his works!" — (Clarke's Letters on tlie Spanish Nation, p. 284.) But such undertakings are no logger looked upon as sinful ; and many have been projected since Ii' i )(: W ^* M4 CANALS. Ae aoeesaion of the Bourtion dynasty, though few have been perfected. The canal of the Eliro, begun under the Emperor Charles V., is the most important of the Spaninh canals ; but it is only partially completed, and during dry seasons it suiTera from want of water. It runs parallel to the right bank of the Ebro, from Tudcia in Navarre to Mow Saragossa ; the intention being to carry it to Sastago, where it is to unite with the Ebro. The canal of Castile is intended to lay open Uie country between the Douro and Roynosa, and to facilitate the conveyance of grain from the interior to Santandar and Bilbao. It passes by Valladolid, Palencia, and Aguilar del Campos; a small part has been executed, and is now in operation. A company has recently undertaken, what the Dutch contractors formerly offered, to render the Tagus navigable from Aranjuez to Lisbon ; the free navi(;ation of the river having been stipulated at the Congress of Vienna. A project for deepeni the Qnadalquivir, and some others, are also on foot.— {Foreign Quarterly Renew, No. \i. p. 8fi. / BaU)i, Abrigi de la Geo^raphie, p. 349.) "" (13.) British Canals. — Owing partly to the late rise of extensive manufactures and com- merce in Great Britain, but more, perhaps, to the insular situation of the country, no part of which is very distant from the sea or from a navignblo river, no attempt was made in En;;- land, to construct canals till a comparatively recent period. The eflbrts of those who first began to improve the means of internal navigation, were limited to attempts to deepen the beds of rivers, and to render them better fitted for the conveyance of vessels. So early as 1633, a Mr. Sandys of Flatbury, Worcestershire, formed a project for rendering the Avon navigable from the Severn, near Tewkesbury, through the counties of Warwick, Worcester, and Uloucester, " that the towns and country might be better supplied with wood, iron, pit- coal, and other commodities." This scheme was approved by the principal nobility and landowners in the adjoining counties ; but the civil war having broken out soon after, the project was abandoned, and does not seem to have been revived. Afler the restoration, and during the earlier part of last century, various acts were at different times obtained for cheap- ening and improving river navigration. For the most part, however, these attempts were not very successful. The current of the rivers gradually changed the form of their channels; the dykes and other artificial constructions were apt to be destroyed by inundations ; alluvial sand banks were formed below the weirs ; in summer, the channels were frequently too dry to admit of being navigated, while at other periods the current was so strong as to render it quite impossible to ascend the river, which at all times, indeed, was a laborious and expen- sive undertaking. These difhculties in the way of river navigation seem to have suggested the expediency of abandoning the channels of most rivers, and of digging parallel to them artiflcial channels, in which the water might be kept at the proper level by means of locks. The act passed by the legislature in 1755, for improving the navigation of Sankey Brook on the Mersey, gave rise to a lateral canal of this description, about 11^ miles in length, which deserves to be mentioned as the earliest effort of the sort in England. But before this canal had been completed, the celebrated Duke of Bridgewater*, and his equally celebrated engineer, the self-instructed James Brindley, had conceived a plan of canalisation independent altogether of natural channels, and intended to afford the greatest facilities to commerce, by carrying canals across rivers and through mountains, wherever it was practicable to construct them.f The Duke was proprietor of a large estate at Worsley, 7 miles from Manchester, in which were some very rich coal-mines, that had hitherto been in a great measure useless, owing to fhe cost of carrying coal to market. Being desirous of turning his mines to some account, it <»ccurred to his Grace that his purpose would be best accomplished by cutting a canal from Worsley to Manchester. Mr. Brindley, having been consulted, declared that the scheme was practicable ; and an act having been obtained, the work was immediately commenced. " The principle," says Mr. Phillips, " laid down at the commencement of this business, reflects as much honour on the noble undertaker as it does upon his engineer. It was resolved that the canal should be perfect in its kind ; and that, in order to preserve the level of the water, it should be free from the usual construction of locks. But in accomplishing this end many difficulties were deemed insurmountable. It was necessary that the canal should be carried over rivers, and many lorge and deep valleys, where it was evident that such stupendous mounds of earth must be raised, as would scarcely, it was thought by num- bers, be completed by the labour of ages ; and, above all, it was not known from what source •o large a supply of water could be drawn, even on this improved plan, as would supply the navigation. But Mr. Brindley, with a strength of mind peculiar to himself, and bein;; pos- •nssed of the confidence of his great patron, contrived such admirable machines, and took * This truly noble person expended a princely fortune in the proBecntion nf his great desiens ; nnd to iiicriiase liis resources, is siiid to have restrirted \i\a own peisniiul expcnHOU to 400/. a year! But liis [irojecta were productive of great wealth lo himself and hiHSiicrexsors; and have promoted, in no ordinary degree, the wealth and prosperity of his country. He died in UstU. f Tiiere is a good account of Brindley in Aikin'a Bingruphkal IHcliotuiru. His intense appliiation, and the anxiulY of mind inseparable from the great enterprises in which he was engaged, terminated Ilia valuable lite at the early age of SO. CANALS. 28S lach melb«vk to farJIItato the progreu of the woik, that the world mod hegk^ to wondw bow it could be thought so difficult. " When th« r*no\ vim completed as far a* Barton, where the Irwell is navigable for large tewelii Mr. . ' indley proposed to carry it over that river by an aqueduct 30 feet above the lurface of tlie water in the river. This, however, being conaidered as a wild and extrava- gant project, he desired, in order to justify bis conduct towards his noble employer, that the opinion of another engineer might lie taken, believing that he ;:ould easily convince an intrlligent pemon of the practicability of the design, A gentleman of eminence was accord- ingly called, who, being conducted to the pince where it was intended that the aqueduct should be made, ridiculed the attempt; and, when the height and dimensions were commu- nicntcd to him, he exclaimed — ' I have often heard of castles in the air, but never was vhown before where any of them were to be erected.' This unfavourable verdict did not di'ter the Duke from following the opinion of his own engineer. The aqueiluct was immediately be- gun ; and it was carried on with such rapidity and succesa as astonished those who, but a little before, thoucht it iniposHible." Before the canal from Worsley to Manchester had been completed, it occurred to the Duke and his engineer that it might be practicable to extend it by a branch, which, running through Chester parallel to the river Mersey, should at length terminate in that river, below the limits of its artificial navigation ; and thus afibrd a new, safer, and cheaper means of communication lietween Manchester and its vicinity and Liverpool. The execution of this plan was authorised by an act passed in I7C1. This canal, which is above 29 miles in length, was finished in altout 6 years. It was constructed in the best manner, and has proved equally advantageous to its noble proprietor and the public. " When the Dnke of Bridgewater," says Dr. Aikin, "undertook this great design, the price of carriage on the river navigation was 12«. the ton from Manchester to Liverpool, while that of land carriage was 40s. the ton. The Duke's charge on this canal was limited, by statute, to six shillings ; and together with this vast suiteriority in cheapness, it had all the speed and regularity of land carriage. The articles conveyed by it were, likewise, much more numerous than those by the river navigation ; besides manufactured goods and their raw materials, coals from the Duke's own pits were deposited in yards at various parts uf the canal, for the supply of Cheshire ; lime, manure, and building materials were carried from place to place ; and the markets of Manchester obtained a supply of provisions from districts too remote for the ordinary land conveyances. A branch of useful and profitable carriage, hitherto scarcely known in England, was also undertaken, which was that of passengers. Boats, on the model of the Duteh treckschuyts, but more agreeable and capacious, wore set up, which, at very reasonable rates, and with great convenience, carried numbers of persons daily to and from Manchester along the line of the canaL" — (Aikin'a f)eaeriptwn of the Country round Manchester , p. 116.) The success that attended the Duke of Bridgcwatrr's ranaJR stimulated public-spirited individuals in other districts to undertake similar works. Mr. Briiidley had early formed the magnificent scheme of joining the great ports of London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull, by a system of internal navigation : and, though he died in 1772, at the early age of 9^, he had the satisfaction to see his grand project in a fair way of being realised. The Trent and Mersey, or, as it has been more commonly termed, the Grand Trunk Canal, 96 miles in length, was begun in 1766 and completed in 1777. It stretohes from near Runcorn on the Mersey, where it communicates with the Duke of Bridgcwater's Canal, to Newcastlc-under- Line; thence southwards to near Titchfield ; and then north-westerly, till it joins the 'i'rent at Wilden Ferry, at the north-western extremity of Leice»terahire. A water communication lietween Hull and Liverpool was thus completed ; and by means of the Staflfordshirc and Worcestershire Canal, which joins the Grand Trunk near Haywood in the former, and the Severn near Stourport in the latter, the same means of communication was extended to Bristol. During the time that the Grand Trunk Canal was being made, a canal was under tukcn from Liverpool to Leeds, 130 miles in length; another from Birmingham totho Statfonlshire and Worcestershire Canal, joining it near Wolverhampton ; and one from Birmingham to Faznley and thence to Coventry. By canals subsequently undertaken, a communication was formed between the Grand Trunk Canal and Oxford, and consequently with London, completing Brindlcy's magnificent scheme. In 1793, the Grand Junction Canal was begun, which runs in a pretty straight line from Brentford, on the Thames, a jittlft above the metropolis, to Braunston in Northamptonshire, where it unites with the Oxford and other central canals. It is about 90 miles in length. There is also a direct water communication, by means of the river Lea navigation, the Cambridge Junction Canal, &C., between London and the Wash. In addition to these, an immense number of other canals, some of them of very great magnitude and importance, have been constructed in dilfercnt parts of the country; so that a command of internal navigation has baen obtained, unporaW led in any European country, with the exception of Holland, In Scotland, the great canal to join the Forth and Clyde was begun in 17G8, but it wnt , M I M A\ 286 CANALS. •uf . -s ■■■■^ .•■ '" Purchase of land, and payments nn account of damiges Purchase and hire of horses and provender , Incidental expenses ..... Roadmaking - - . • ' • I Total coat ... Some other canals have been projected and completed in difTerent paru of Scotland. Of these the Monkland Canal, for the supply of Glasgow with coal, has been the most successful. The following extract from the share Ust of Mr. Edmunds, Broker, (9. Change Alley, ' Oomhill, 12th of October, 1833,) gives an account of the number of shares in the princi- pal British canals, the cost or sum actually expended upon each share, the dividend payable upon it, its selling price at the abovementioned date, and the periods when the dividends are iwyable:— ,. r . , , £ t. d. 30,691 13 10} 79,317 1 % 198,886 4 SOO.OU 4 lOf 11,710 1 6 0,539 10 6 5t,209 1 If 418,351 16 8. 47,056 13 9 3,638 13 9 9,830 18 10 4,579 3 61 £986,934 1 «i CANALS. 287 N«»bero( MuneiofCuub. Amiuiil or Slur*. AmnnCott Siiare. Di«. per Annum. Dl>id lis l.'M 5 Ap. Oct. 780 Barnsley . . . 160 317 390 14 Feb. Aug. l.SdO Bnalngmnka . . . 100 — 5 5 Ditto bonds . . . 100 ^ __ — April. 4,0fl0 Rirmingham (|thfh.) 17 10 — 333 10 12 10 Ap. 0«t. 4,01)0 Ilirniingham It Liverpool Junc- tion Bolton and Bury 100 100 Opd. 30 477 9S0 _ 105 6 January. 1,003 Breclcnocli and Abergavenny • 130 — 65 4 Jan. July. 000 BridgcfWater and Taunton (.'alder and Ilebble 100 100 Opd. 70 — 400 1,000 Carliile SO 31 10 Opd. 400 Chelinor and Blackwater 100 — 103 SOO January. 1,500 Chesterfield . . . 100 — 176 8 •500 Coventry 100 — 600 33 May, Nov. 1,8S1 Crinan - - - . 50 — 3 '460 Cromford . . . 100 — SOO 18 Jan. July. 4,946 Croydon - - . 100 31 3 10 1 11,8I0{. Ditto Imndl . ^ . 100 — SO 6 5 600<. Derby . . - . 100 110 117 6 .l:>n. July. 9,061) Dudley . . . 100 — 50 3 10 Mar. Sept. Edinburgh and Glasgow 100 siws Ellesmere and Cheater 133 133 80 S IS September. 331 Erewaah . - . 100 750 70S 47 May, Nov. 1,8W Forth and Clyde 100 400 10 545 25 June, Dee. 600 GlamorgBDihire 100 172 13 4 890 ip IS 6 ^Ma. June, . Sep. Dec. 1,187 Olouceater and Berkeley 100 — 13 10 899 Ditto (New) of 10 per cent. - — -^ 45 11,600 Grand Junction 100 334 10 245 13 Jan. July. 1,541 Grand Surrey 100 — 23 — Apr. Oct. 1S0,000{. Ditto loan . . . -* — 80 4 Jan. July. 8,849^ Grand Union ... 100 — 31 1 lit Oct. 3,096 Grand Western 100 100 Opd. 21 •749 Grantham . . . Hereford and Gloucester ISO 100 190 300 10 May. 6,838 Huddersfleld - 100 57 a 6 34 1 10 September. 148 Ivel and Ouse Beds 100 100 Opd. 115 10 SOO Jan. July. 3S,338 Kennet and Avon • 100 39 18 10 W 1 5 September. 'l50 Kensington . . . 100 100 Opd. It) 11,6991 Lancaster . . . 100 47 6 8 86 I April. Leeds and Liverpool - 100 — 470 20 May, Nov. ' 181 Ditto (New) - ^ — — 10 May, Nov. MO Leicester - . . — 140 175 10 Jan. July. S Ditto . . . . 90 80 13 10 Jan. July. 1,897 I^icester and Northampton - 100 63 10 80 4 Jan. July. 70 Loughborough — 143 17 1,830 124 Jan. July. 3,000 Macclestleld . . . 100 100 Opd. 50 SSO Melton Mowbray 100 — 190 July. 800 Mersey and Irwell 100 — 750 40 June. 101 Monkland • . • 100 — 90 3,409 Monmouthahire 100 100 196 10 Jan. July. 700 Montgomeryshire 100 — 85 4 Mar. Aug. 600 North Walsham and Dilham - 50 50 Opd. 10 — January. 947 Neath . . . . _ 107 10 390 15 Aug. Feb. SOO Nottingham . . . ISO — 365 13 AprU, Oct. 130 Nutbrook . . . 109 *— — 6 3 S33 Oakham . . . 130 — 44 SOO May. 1,766 Oxford . . . . 100 — 595 32 Mar. Sept. 2,400 Peak Forest . . . 100 48 77 3 10 June, Dee. ?,520 Portsmouth and Arundel SO SO 10 91418 Regent's . . . 100 33 16 8 16 15 13 6 July. 9,669 Rochdale . . . 100 85 111 4 6 May. '500 ShrflWBbury . - - 125 — 255 11 May, Nov. SOO Shropshire . . . 135 — 138 7 10 June, Dec. 800 Somerset Coal 50 — 170 10 10 Jan. July. 49,000 Ditto Lock Fund 13 10 — 13 10 5 lOp.ct, June, Dec. Feb. Aug. 700 Stafford and Worcester 140 140 610 34 300 Stourbridge . . . 145 — SOO 9 Jan. July. 3,647 Stratford-on-Avon — 79 8 36 1 5 August. 800 Stroudwater . - . ISO — 500 33 May, Nov. 533 Swansea . . . 100 180 280 12 November. 390 Tavistock - . . 100 — 105 SOO 4,805 Thames and Medway - 100 30 4 3 1 3,344 Ditto New . . . 3 10 3 15 Opd. , Ditto 1st loan . . . — Sfl — 3 10 Ditto 2d loan . . . — 40 — 3 :.£i?J/r>l't X Ditto 3d loan . . . —. 100 — 5 ■ -' ■ ■ ' Ditto 4th loan 100 — SOO June. 1,150 Thames and Severn, New — — S3 1 10 June. 1,300 Ditto Original Trent and Mersey (i) • —. -.- 27 7 1 10 June. '•SiS 50 — 640 37 10 May, Nov. 1,000 1,0001 1 Warwick and BIrmlnghaffl - flOO 1 50 — 978 10 May, Nov. *9eo' Warwick and Napton 100 ^ 310 13 May ,Nov. fl' •fi ■ ■>£ . B ; Mi ^''-'M \i:u Vi MM S88 CANALS. li Nanbtrol nlunt. NuiM at Camla. AmoiiDl o( Blun. Annm Cat pur iSkut. Prin iwr Bhura. DlT.per AllBVUI. lil^'Mi I^)r4bli. 003 SO,(KW 156 8,000 SOU Way and Ariin Wllti and Uurki Wlihonch Worr.o»l ^nd Birmingham - Wyrley a. 1 Jiigton 110 lOS laTo no 109 83 A 10 40 88 10 79 ol 4 Mny. June. Faliruary, Foil. Aug. Kebfuary. (14.) Irish Canuh, — Various canals have been undertaken in Ireland, of which the Grand Canal and thn Koyal Canal are iho principal. The Grand Canal was liegun in 17)6 by « btxly of ■ubacribors ; but they could not have completed the work without very lari^ •dvancca from government The canal commencca at Dublin, and atrctchcs in a wcstrrly direction, inclining a little to the south, to the Hhannon, with which it unite* near Biinni;lier, • distance of 87 statute miles. But, exclusive of the main trunk, there is a branch to Athy, where it joins the Dairow, a distance of about 26 miles ; and there are branches to Portar- lington, Mount Mellick, and some other places. There is also a westerly branch, recently constructed, from the Hliannon to Bnllinasloe, about 14 miles in length. The total length of the canal, with its various branches, Is about 166 Eng. miles. Its summit elevation is S78 feet above the level of the sea at Dublin. It is 40 feet wide at the surface, from 24 to SO feet at l)ottom, and has feet water. It cost, in all, above 2,000,000/. In 1829, 191,774 tons of commodities were conveyed along the canal to and from Dublin, and alwut 67,000 passengers. The tonnage dues on the former amounteil to 31,435/., and the fares of the latter to 10,575/. In 1831, the produce conveyed by the canal had increased to 237,689 Ions, and the tonnage dues to 36,730/. We have not learned the number of passengers for this year. Two capital errors seem to have b«cn committed in the formation of this canal, — it was framed on too large a scale, and was carried too far north. Had it been 4 or 4^ instead of 6 feet deep, its utility would have been but little impaired, while its expense would have been very matciially diminished. But the groat error was in its direction. Instead of join* hig the Shannon about 15 miles above Lough Derg, it would have joined it below Limerick. By this meanfi, barges and other vessels passing from Dublin to Limerick, and convcraely, would have avoided the ditllcult and dangerous navigation of the upper Shannon ; (he canal would have passed througlj a comparatively fertile country ; and it would not have been necessary to carry it across the bog of Allen, in which, says Mr. Wakefield, " the company have hurried more money than would have cut a spacious canal from Dublin to Limerick." — (ilc'own/ of Ireland, vol. i. p. 642.) The Royal Canal was undertaken in 1789. It stretches westward from Dublin to the Shannon, which it joins at Tormanbury. Its entire length is about 83 miles ; its highest elevation is 822 feet above the level of the s<'a. At bottom it is 24 feet wide, having G fttot depth of water. It has cost, exclusive of interest on stock, loans, &c. advanced by govern- ment, 1»421,964/. llie tolls produced, in 1631, 12,729/. 6jr. Id.— a sum hardly adequate to defray the ordinary wear and tear of the canal, and the wages of the persom employetl upon it, without leaving any thing for interest of capital ! This caual seems to have been planned in the most injudicious manner. It has the same defect as the Grand Canal, of being extravagantly large ; and throughout its whole course it is nearly parallel to, and not very distant from, the latter. There are consequently two immense canals, where there ought, perhaps, to be none. At all events, it is abundantly certain that one canal of comparatively moderate dimensions would have it&aw quite enough for all the business of the district, though it were much greater than it is at this moment, or than it is ever likely to become. Besides the above, there are some other canals, as well as various river excavations, in Ireland ; but hardly one of them yieldsna reasonable return for the capital expended upon it They have almost all been liberally assisted by grants of public money ; ond their history, and that of the two great canals now adverted to, strikingly corroborates the caustic remark of Arthur Young, that " a history of public vaorka in Ireland would be a hiatory vfjobs." —(Tour in Ireland, part ii. p. 6G. 4 to ed.) Those who wish to make themselves fully acquainted with the history and state of the canals of Ireland, may consult the valuable Report by Messrs. Henry, Mullins, and MMahon, in the Appendix to the Report of the Selret Committee of 1830 on tlie State of Ireland. The previous statements hove been derived principally from it, and from the evidence of Nicholas Fleming, Esq, before the same committee. (15.) American Canals, — The United Stotca are pre-eminently distinguished by the spirit with which they have undertaken, and the perseverance they have displayed in exe- cuting the most magiiiticent plans fur improving and extending internal navigation. Besides ina'.iy others of great, though inferior, magnitude, a canal has been formed connecting the Huiison with Lake Erie. This immense work is 303 miles long, 40 feet wide at the surface, 88 feet wide at the bottom, and 4 feet deep. The locks, 81 in number, exclusive of guanl CANALS. loeki< v* "^ ^ fert long and 14 feot wide, the average lid of each being 8} feet; Ihej ■!• eonitrucfa. ■ .' stone, and finished, like the roat of the canal, in asubatantial and haniboins manner. Chi riae and fall along the entire lino ia 661 feet. This great work was opened on the 8th of October 1843, but was not finally completed till 1825. It cost nearly l,80U,00OA ■terling, and was executed at the expenae of the state of New York. It has completely anawered the viows of the projectors ; and will remain an example to the other atutes ; fully juitifying the encomiums Uial have been bestowed upon it Besides Erie Canal, the state of New York has completed Champlain Canal, stretching from the Hudson, near Albany, to the lake of that name, and two smaller ones. The length, cost, and revenue of these canals are as follow :— bralt, Unith. Cott. Tnlll, IMS. Tiiiii, iRia Tolli,IW. Erie Champlain - - - Oawego . - - Cayuga and Seneca Navigable feeders MiUi. 303 03 38 10 DoUan. 9,097,43003 1,170,87I95 S9},II.V37 914,000'3I IMIan. 707,88349 87,17103 9,439'44 8,Ot3'49 DoUan. 054,39803 78,14M-fl3 19,333-18 11,V67-81 DiiUan. 1,091,714-90 109,800-98 10,971 10 19,990-30 484 8 409 10,9 10,44368 613,137-43 1,050,79907 1,999,801-90 The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is the largest by far of those now in progress. This truly gigantic work was commenced in 1838. It licgins at the tide water of the Potomac River above Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, and is to terminate at Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, a distance of 341^ miles. Its dimensions considerably exceed those of the Erie Canal ; its breadth at the surface of the water being from 60 to 80 feet, do. at bottom 60 feot, with a depth of water varying from 6 to 7 feet. The locks are of stone, 100 feet by 16 ; — amount of lockage required in the whole line, 3,215 feet. At the summit level on the Alleghany mountains, there is a tunnel 4 miles and 80 yards in length. The estimated cost of this vast work was 32,375,000 dollars; but it is believed that it will be finished for less. — (American Almanac for 1833.) A great number of other canals have l)ecn completed in different parts of the Union, and many new ones are now in progress. (16.^ Canada Canals. — The British government has expended a very large sum upon the Ridoau River and Canal, stretching from Kingston, on Lake Ontario, to the Ottawa, or Grand River ; but this work was undertaken as much in the view of improving the military defences of Canada, as of promoting its commerce. The expense has been enormous, while the benefits are contingent and doubtful. (17.) Utility of Canals. — The utility of canals, when judiciously contrived, and opening an easy communication between places capable of maintaining an extensive intercourse with each other, has never been better set forth than in a work published in 1765, entitled "A View of the advantages of Inland Navigation," &c But the following extract from Mao- phenon's Annals of Commerce (anno 1760) contains a brief, and at the same time elo- quent, summary of the principal advantages resulting from their construction. — " They give fresh life to established manufactures, and they encourage the establishment of new ones, by the ease of transporting the materials of manufacture and provisions; p.nd thence we se« new villages start up upon the borders of canalti in places formc-^y condemned to sterility and solitude. They invigorate, and in many places create internal trade, which, for its extent and value, is an object of still more importance than foreign commerce, and is ex- empted from the many hardships and dangers of a maritime life and changes of climate. And they greatly promote foreign trade ; and consequently enrich the merchants of tha ports where they, or the navigable rivers they are connected with, terminate, by facilitating the exportation of produce from, and the introduction of foreign merchandise into the inte- rior parts of the country, which are thus placed nearly on a level with the maritime parts ; or, in other words, the interior ports become coasts, and enjoy the accommodations of ship- ping. The price of provisions is nearly equalised through the whole country ; the blessings of Providence are more uniformly distributed ; and the monopolist is disappointed in his schemes of inii|uity and oppression, by the ease wherewith provisions are transported from a considerable distance. The advantages to agriculture, which provides a great part of the materials, and almost the whole of the subsistence, required in carrying on manufactures and commerce, are pre-eminently great. Manure, marl, lime, and all other bulky articles, which could not possibly bear the great expense of cartage, and also corn and other produce, can be carried at a very light expense on canals ; whereby poor lands are enriched, and barren lands are brought into cultivation, to the great emolument of the fiirmer and land- holder, and the general advantage of the community, in an augmuntcd supply of the neces- saries of life and materials of manufactures ; coals (the importance of which to a manufac- turing country, few people, not actually concerned in manufactures, are capable of dulv VoIm I.— 2 B 87 I I ^- too CANALS. •pprecratitiR), itone, lime, iron ore, and minenla in general, a* well aa many other articlaa of ((real bulk in proportion to their value, which had hitherto lain uicleaa to their proprietor! by reoaon of the expenie, and, in mony caxea, impoasibiiity, of carriaKO, are called into lif« and rendered a fund of wealth, by the vicinity of a canal; which thua ffivea birth to a trade whereby, in return, it ia maintained, 'i'he cheap, certain, and plcamnt conveyance of tra- vellera by the treckachuyta in Holland, haa been admired by all who have been in that country ; and it muat iie owing to the universal denire in thia country of flying over tha ground with the greateat pomible rapidity, that a mode of travelling ao exceedingly eaiy to the purae and the |ieraon ia ao little uaed here. Neither ought wo entirely to forget, among the udvanlngea of canal*, the pleoaure aflurded to the eye and the mind by a beautiful mur- ing landHcapo of boats, men, hones, ice, busied in procuring aubaistenco to themselves, and in diflfusing opulence and conveniences through the cuuntrj'. And, in a word, we have now tho experience of about 40 yeara to establish aa a certain truth, what was long ago aaid by Dr. Adam Smitli, that * navigabk canala are among the greateat of all improve- mentt.' " (18.) Increaieii Speed of ThtvelKng by Cana/*.— Great, however, as have been the advantages derived also tlie nuuibur ufpasaungurs carried before and after the Introduction of the new system. 1830.* 1831. t 1839.t Speed, 10 hours - - - miles Number of passengers carried - - Number of milca run each day - - Gross expense In the year - - - Cost per mile, year taken nt 312 days 4 32,831 4S £ $. d. 700 4 7 11 10 79,455 varying £ «. d. 1,316 17 5 10 148,501 l.« £ $. d. 218 5 11 10} The power of conveyance thus established on the Paisley canal may be Jitdged of from the fad, that on the 31sl of Docouibcr, 1832, and 3Ut of Janunry, iKtS, lln-re wcio conveyed in tliexe bouta nearly 2,500 piissengers. The increase still continues. The nnnib-r canted in April, 1833, being •0,000, o- ^t the rate of 210,000 a ye\\t.—(Maentill on the Retistunce of H'ater, 4>e. p. 5.) (19.) Profit* of Canals. — It is a well-known fact, that canala, at an average, and allow ing for tho length of time that must elapae from the first outlay of capital before they yield * These charges are the bare outlays. t These charges include loss on purchase nnd sale of additional horses, and 10 per cent, on cost of ^rscB and boats, deposited in a contingent fund. or 13J, .K] CANARY SEED, CANDLE. A.3 danger tny ntum, are not v«ry productiw. When, indeed, thny connect plam that have an eitnniive intercourie, and when no very extraordinary diffuiultica have to lie aurinounted in their coniitruction, they most commonly yield vei^ large proflu ; but, generally iipeaking, tliia dot* not appear to he the caae ; and, on the whole, they aecm to have been mure bciioflcial to iho public than to their prnjectora. It in cuatomary to insert clauaes b the acts authoriainur canala to be cut, limiting the chur^e which the proprietors shall be entitled to impose upon the goods conveyed hy them. But wo think that the dividend ought also to be limited ; and thnt it should be sti(>ulatud that whatever a moderate toll yielded over and above defraying this dividend, and proviiling fur the repair of the canal, should be accumulated af a fund in order to buy up the stork of the cansi, so that the toll may ultimately Ims reduced to such a sum as may auflire merely tw meet the necessary repairs. We are not aware that any good ohjoction could Im niude to a plan of thia sort ; and had it been adopted in this country, there ore several inHtancea in which it would have been very advantageous for the public. When the canal of Lunguedoc was completed, the most likely method, it was found, of keeping it in constant repair, was to make a present of tlio lulls to Riquet the engineer. <• These tolls constitute," says Dr. Smith, " a very large estate to the different branches of the family of that gentleman ; who have, therefore, a great interest to keep the work in con- stant repair. But hod these tolls been put under the management of coinmissioners, who had no such interest, they might, perhaps, have beon dissipated in ornamental and unnecossarr expenses, while the most essential parts of the work were allowed to go to ruin." Or. Smitli ought, however, to have mentioned that Kiquet advanced afmirth part of the entire sum laid out upon the canal {Dulena, Navigation InUmure de hi France, tom. i. p. 119, &r.) ; and tiiat olFicers were appointed by the crown to seo that the tolls were not rendered opproNs- ive, and the canal kept in good order. At the Revolution, most part of the pro]ierty of the canal was confiscated; but at the restoration of the Bourbons in 181'!, such parts of thrt confiscated property as had not been sold were restored to tho successors of M. Riquet, who have at this moment the principal mnnagomont of tho canal. * ,* For a map of tho canala, railroads, &c. of Great Britain and Ireland, the reader ia referred to tho magnificent six sheet map, published by J. Wnlker, Esq, of Wnkofield, This map, which is equally correct and beautiful, is a truly national work, and well desfYvea the public patronage. "An Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers ond Canals, fic, uf Groat Britain," in 4to, attached to it by way of Index, is both nn accurate and a useful publication. [To avoid unnecessary repetitions, it is deemed expedient to treat of the ordinary roads, tho railroads, and tho canals of the United States, or, in other words, of our "internal improvemcntH," as we choose to style them, under one head, to wit, under that of Roaus ; to which article the reader is accordingly rcforred.— j4m. Ed.\ CANARY SEED. See Serp. '' CANDLE (Got. L'chter, Kcrzen i Hxx.Kaamni Ft. Chandelle t It. Candelkf 8p. and Port. Velas ; Rus. Suyetse/ii ,- Lat. Candela;) a taper of tallow, wax, or spermaceti, the wick of which is commonly of several threads of cotton 8i)un and twisted together. Dr. Ure gives the following table, as containing the result of certain experiments he had made, in order to determine the relative intensity of the light, and the duration of different sorts of tallow candles :— 18M.t 10 8,901 m 1. rf. i 5 11 ) 101 Number Id a Durmtimiara WtliM ill Oralu. Connimpiinnpor Proporlion of LighU Kcoiinnijr of Candlf^ niim] fouaJ. Cudle. Hour In Oraiiu. Light. one Anfau'l* 10 mould, 5li. 9 m. 683 laa m 68 5'7 10 (lipped. 4 86 wa 130 13 65t 9-a9 8 mould. 6 31 856 133 m 991 6-6 6 do. 4 do. 7 at 38 1,160 1,787 163 186 ^ «6 do 90 39 Arvand oil flame. 913 69.4 100 «' A Scotch mutchkin," says Dr. Ure, "or i of a gallon of good seal oil, weighs 6,010 gr., or 13^', oz. avoirdupois, and lasts in a bright Argand lamp 11 hours 44 minutes. The weight of oil it consumes per hour is equal to 4 times tlie weight uf tallow in candles 8 to the pound, and 3^ times the weight of tallow in candles 6 to the pound. But its light being equal to that of 6 of the latter candles, it appears from the above table, that 2 lbs. weight of oil, value 9d,, in an Argand, are equivalent in illuminating power to 3 lbs. of tallow candles, which cost about fla. The larger the flame in the above candles, the greater the economy of light." Until 1831, when it was repealed, candles were, for a lengthened period, subject to an excise duty ; and their consumption was, in consequence, pretty exactly ascertained, . . ^.^ ■'■' <«;♦ m M ■-> \v SM CANDLESTICKS^CANTHARIDES. An Account of the ■■!•■ of Duly miMrauljr eharcad an Tallow, Wti, and Hparmaeatl Cnndlfi, ib« Number of Pnnniti' Waif hi ur <>acii Mori prndurail, and iha TuInI annual Nell Kavanus derivid rrom ' Oindlai, In Oreai Britain, In each Year irnce 1890.— (Part. Papir, No. 4M. Meii. IHSO.) r«M, r>a»li> Wtl(M of luMm. WotI RnnM. iUxof . mil of Rtio of Tillow. Duly p«r Ik. Wtl. Doly ft lb. Spomuoil, Duly por Jb. d. i. 4. £ I. d. ino 8S,S3«,161 1 099,705 3k 103,403 31 87.1,4 J3 11 S ini g3,HIA,l4tt — 1107,190 Hw.on 3W.9I1 H 7 18-M W,3l|,«U)l _ WM,»II _ 170,908 •ll.'i.flnfl 15 8 IMtU l03,lftl,W70 — «OI,IUI — IHO,401 483,.5S7 15 8 IWH IW.S 10,900 — 759,7.M — I7tf.45» 400,019 10 1 IMOS 1I4,187,M0 — 8.11,870 — • •0«,S77 — > 4H.\0II 8 1830 110,109.643 — 703.015 — aui,7iM 4»7,0«)a 19 1 i«n 1 1 l,»3U,»78 — 7I3,6.M — 99H.in7 — 4H7,3IM 3 4 IMH ll7,3ia,lJ7 .« 748,*i93 — 970,903 _ 497,770 9 IMD tlMMI,H08 — 7«,05a — 3.'H),0(«3 — 489,059 1 [Both •permaceti anJ tallow candica are exportrd to n v«ry conaiderablo atnount from the United Statea to the We^t Indtea, Mexico, and South America. New Uediord, in MuMa- chuMttH, ia the principal place where the former dcacription of them are made ; although Judd'a candtea, from Now Vork, are thoae which are in the highest repute. — Am. Ed.] Oanule, Sale or Auction by Inch of, ia when a aniall piece of candle being lighted, the byaUindcra are allowed to bid h>r the niorchandiM that ia ac'iling : but the muinent the cundle ia out, the comtnod history of cannons in Reea's Cyclopaedia ,• but it was published pre* vionsly to the appearance of Capmany's work referred to above. CANTHARIDE8, on SPANISH FLY (Fr. Cantharidea, Mimehen d'Espagne,- Ger. Spaniaehe FUc^n i It. Canterelle ,• Lat. Cantharui; Rua. Hiackpanskie muchi ; Sp. Caniaridaa). This insect is found on a variety of shrubs in Spain, Italy, France, &c. Thoae used in this conntry are imported partly from Sicily, but principally firom Astracan, packed in casks and small chests. The best are of a lively fresh colour, a small size, and •-|0t mouldy. ThejT %Te fre^uentl^ adulterated with the MeLlontha vitit ; but this is diatin- CANTON. soa i 1 a H I liiUhatile hy ita form, which \» tqimrrr than (he ctntharii, and by ita Mark feat If thar b)) pri>|)«rl]r (Irivkl and prolMted from the air, (hay may ba kept for a vary long parioa. — ( T/ionuon'i Ditpeiua/ory.) CANTON, one of the (greatest einporiiim* in the Eaat, rankinir, a« a port of trade, either bcriiri>, or iinmeJiuti-Jy after Calcutta, liliiatoJ .1 ilieiirovinorofCjuaiitonR, inCliina; boingtha oiilv placte in that rinpiro frequented l)y Kiimpfmi trailitrii : lut i'-i" T \0" N,, Ion. 1 13° 1 V B. ('miton itanda on the onKturn bank of the Pi'kian|{ Kivcr, whirh tliiwt!i fVom the interior in A niiviff.ilile atrcam of 3U0 milca t<> tlii* city, where it i« riithnr liroadcr than the Thamra tt London Bridge ; falling, after an additional < mme of 80 mil* ^ into the louthem a<'a of China. Nenr ita jiinrtion with the ai'ii. it is called tiy for<-ii(i\oni Uocca Tiiirii. The town in mirroundud by a thick wall, built partly < Rtone and pn, Jy of brick, and iadivideil into 3 partM hy another wall running eait and m> .t. The northern division ia called the Old, anli; hut, on account of tlwir convenience fur common ui>e, their price i« pomelimcB so mucli raised that only 750 cash are s:iven f.ir (he tael. Foreign coins, however, circulate hero, particularly Spanish didlnrs ; and for small change they are cut inlu very exact proportions, hut afterwards weiiihed; for which purpose merchants generally tarry scales, calh:d dotchin, made somewhat at>cr the plan of tin; Kn^tlish steelynids. Tile tael is reckoned at 6s. Sd. Blerlingin the hooks of the Kast India Company : hut its value varies, and is generally computed according to tlie price paid per ounce for Hpanish dollars in London. The tables given for this proportional value may be calculated in pence sterling, hy the multiplier 1'2U8. ThUK, if the price of tht l^panish dollar he 00 ' per ounce, the value of the tael will he CO mnlliplied by I'ms = '•2i>'it.i If at Wd., the value of lii tucl will ho 70 lasj.j and for any other price in the ■Blue pruportluu. Into ion L 93tnachl The fiif English L 11, the «l the tnucl lomiiti'if Silnfrl by their I Oiildi deternili and the I ICei/'j candariiL tael e(iu| The pi Into lOOl CANTON. 295 w> with g- The [iropean ul con- houses ated at FlneitMn of Oohl and Sileer.—The flneneng of pold and sflvor U expressed by dividing the wetgh« Into ion parts, called tnqiics or touch ; siinihir to the niortern priictice of Franco. ThiiH, if an ingot bs 93 touch, it is understood to contain? parts of alloy and 93 of pure metal, making in the whole 100. Thfi fineness of the precious molals, expressed in these decimal proportions, may bo converted Into English proportions liy the follnwini; analogies :— Suppose gold Is 9IB6 touch, say, as lOU: Ol'Afi : : 12: II, tliestanilird.nnd vice versa; and to convert standard silver into touch, say, as 2 10: 232: : 100: 92-5, the touch of sterlinti silver. Pure gold or silver without alloy !* called by the Chinese sycee ; and iomitlimes, whun of less purity, tlie metal is accepted as sycee. ISihrr Ingots are used as money, and weigh from i a tael to 100 taels, their value being determined by their weight. These ingots are of the best sort of silver : that is, ahont 91 touch. Oold ftigots.—GoM IS not considered as money, but as merchandise ; It is sold in regular ingots of a deterininert weiglit, which the English call shoes of gold ; the largest of these weigh 10 taels each ; and the gold is reckoned 9t touch, though it may he only 9'i or 93. (f«i»»(*.— Gold and stiver are weighed by the catty of 16 taels ; the tael Is divided Into 10 mace, 100 candiirines, or 1,000 cash. lOU taels are reckoned to weigh 120 oz. lOdwts. Troy, which makes thu tael equal to S'U'B English grains, or 37'560 grammes. The principal weights for merchandise are the picul, the catty, and the tael ; the picul being divided Into lOO catties, or 1,600 taels. Lbs. or., dwts. 1 Tael weighs, avoirdupois • - 1 &'333= U oz. IftTaels.orl catty - - - 1 5 5 333= H lb. 100 Catties, or 1 picul - . - 133 S 5333 = 133i lbs. ' ' Hence the picul weighs UU 472 kilogrammes, or 102 lbs. nz. 8 dwts. 13 grs. Troy. The above weights are sometimes otherwise denominated, especially by the natives : thus, tho catty is called gin ; the tael, lyang ; the mice, tchen ; the candarine, (Ivan ; and the cash, lis. There are no commercial measures in China, as all dry goods and liquids are soM by weisht. In delivering a cargo, English weights are used, and aflerwurds turned into Chinese piculs and catties. Lmg' Measure.— T\iiit used in China is tho covid or cobre ; it is divided into 10 punts, and is equal to 0'3713 metres, or 14,625 English inches. Tlie Chinese have 4 ditferent measures answering to the foot, viz. Metres. Eng. Inches. The foot of the mathematical tribunal = 0-3.S3 = l.'( 125 • m. The builder's foot, called congpu -= 03228 = 12" The tailors' and tradesmen's foot - = ;«83 = 13-33 The fool used by engineers - - = 0'32ll = 12-65 The 11 contains 180 fathoms, each 10 feet of the List mentioned length ; therefore the II = 1,8971 Eng- lish fset ; and I92i lis measure a mean degree of the meridian nearly ; but European missionaries in China have divided the degree into 200 lis, each li making 1,826 Eng'lish feet ; which gives tlie degree 69166 English miles, or 11131 French myriametres. European Traileat Canton. — As soon as a vessel arrives among the islands which tVont the entrance to the Canton river, she is generally .boarded by a pilot, who conducts her into Macao roads. The entrance is, however, so safe, that ships push on without waiting for the pilot, who, if the weather ha bad, is sometimes long in coming on board. The pilots' names are registered ut the Keun-min-foo's office, near Macao ; and for a licence to act, the sum of 600 dollars is paid. The person who takes out the licence sometimes knows nothing about ships or the river ; hut employs fishermen to do the duty. On the vessel's arrival at Macao roads, the pilot goes on shore, to report her at the ot&ce of the keun- niin-foo, who, when he has received answers to his inquiries, gives a permit for her to pass thraid as if the goods were brought up to Can- ton. Provisions are not included in this regulation. Bhips' boats are not allowed to carry up or down any thing chargeable with dutf . Gold, 8ilv«r, copper, and iron are prohibited to be exported s a few culinary utennils are the only ex- ception. When It is desired to export treasure, the hong merchant must make an estimate of the value of the import and export cargoes ; and whatever balance there may be in fitvour of the ship, may then be shipped olf as treasure. The whole amount of tutenague that is allowed to be exported by foreign ships, including the Portu- guese at Macao, is 100,000 catties ; hut regulations of this sort may be easily evaded. If more cargo be sent to a ship than she can lake on board, and she wishes it to be shipped on board another, it must be done within three days alter announcing the goods at the Custom-house, and a hnng merchant muni state it to government; if granted, a hong merchant and iinguint are ordered to go to Wiiampoa and lake an account of such goods ; all which, with the expense of Imnts, runners, 4tc. at Wbampoa, costs 40 or SO dollars.— (C'am;iuNiuii(«^n/{— lui.) Hong, or Security Merchants. — It may be gupposed, perhaps, from the previous state- ments, that difficulties are occasionally experienced before a hong merchant can be prevailed upon to become security for a ship ; but such is not the case. None of them has ever evinced any hesitation in this respect. The Americans, who have had as many as forty ships in one year at Canton, have never met with a refusal. The captain of a merchant ■hip may resort to any hong merchant he pleases, and, by way of making him some return for his becoming security, he generally buys from him 100/. or 200/. worth of goods. Indi- viduals are, however, at perfect liberty to deal with any hong merchant, whether hr, has secured their ship or not, or with any outnide merchant ; that is, with any Chinese mtr. chant not belonging to the hong. So that, though there are only 10 hong merchants at Canton, there is, notwithstanding, quite as extensive a choice of merchants with whom to deal in that city, as in either Liverpool or New York. Duties, — It is very difficult, or rather, perhaps, impossible, to get any accurate account of the duties on goods exported and imported. They are almost always paid l)y the Chinese, though they must, of course, frequently lie borne by the foreigner. Imported goods are weighed on board, and the duty paid by the purchaser ; the duty on those exported is paid by the seller. The officers- are notoriously corrupt ; and it is a common practice to give them a douceur to under-rate the weight of the goods. Foreign Merchants. — These consist of British, American, French, Dutch, Danish, Swed- ish, Spanish, and Portuguese, with Persce and Indian .Mohammedan British subjects, and in 1832 amounted in number to above 110. The principal mercantile firms consisted of 8 British establishments, 7 American establishments, and 1 joint French and Dutch establish- ment The Americans, French, and Dutch have each a consular agent; and though these functionaries be not publicly recognised by the Imperial government, all public busine.ss is con- ducted with them by the provincial government, through the agency of the hong merchants. JVfwspapersand Public Aeeommodaliona. — At Canton, there are 2 English newspapers ; viz. tne " Can- ton Register," once a fortnight, with a Price Current; and the "Chinese Courier," once a week. There are 3 hotels, a billiard room, and 3 Europenn shops or warehouses upon a large scale, with surgeons, apothecaries, watch-makers, and boat-builders. Otntral Ratet of Agency Commhaittn in China, agreed upon the 1st of November, 1831 ; in confirma. lion of tliose fixed by a meeting of merchants on the 1st of Marcli, 18U. 1. On all Bales or purchuci of goodi except the follnwin; .... 2. Od all nlefl or purchaiea of opium, cotton, co> ' chinfal, quicbiilver, c-iinptmr birroes. liirdi* neatf, diinioDils and other precious ilonaa, or pearls, ahi|is, and tl >uwi 5. On retiirni, if In piodt 4. On ditto, if in treasure, bullion, or bills • 6. On sile, purchase, or shipment of bullion & On all foods, treasure, Stc. cousij^ned, and af- ter^vanls willwlrswn or sent to auclinn, and on icnods consigned for conditional delivery to others .... 7. Orderinf foods, or superintendinc the fulfil- iMnt of contracts, where no other cuDioiis. sioii is deriTcH 0. On all advances of money for tlie purposes of trade, whether the Roods are cunsifned to the aj^ent or not, and Miiuru a commission of ft per cent is not charfpd 9. Ikt crtdtn, or guar&Dteeins sales, when spe* cially requireiT ... 10. Guirantoeing bills, t>nnds, or other engage* nieiits .... It. Procuring freii^ht, or adverlising as Hfnni of owners nr comtnanders, on the amount of freizht, vvhelber the same passes through the hands of a^nls or not • 12. Receiving iiivvanl freight - - 13. Ship.' di&bunienients ... 14. CharterinY ships for other parties > 15. Ktfcrting insurance or writing orders for In- surance .... 16. Settling iD*ursnce losses, total or partial, and on procuring return of premium 5 per cent ditto. 1 ditto. ditto. ditto. 1-2 commission. 2 1-2 per cent. 2 I .i ditto, 2 12 ditto, 2 1-2 ditto. dito. 1 ditto. 2 1-2 ditto. 2 1-2 ditto. 1-2 ditto. I ditto. 17. EfTectini^ remittances by bills of the agent or otherwiie. on purchasing or uegociatiug bills of exchan^ . - . - IS. Dills of exchange returned, iwteJ, or pro- tested . - . - 19. NoKOciiting loins on respondentia _ • 20. Debts, where a iirocess at law or arbitration is necessary, 2 1-2 per cent, j and if reco- vered .... 21. CollactinK house-rent ... 22. l.el'eis of creJit granted for mercantile pur* p-wes .... 23 Acting fir the estate of persotis deceased, as pxecut'irs, or administrators 21. The uianigeiiieiit of the estates of others, on the amount rcceivjjd 23. All cash receipt.., not serving f ; viz. 'I'aeli. Iflt, Vessels of IfiOcovlds and upwards, pty - ... - 7-874,7.W pcrcovid. 9d. — above lUO and under ItiO covids ..... 7-2il,091 — U. — of 130 covids and under ...... S'0Cside3 se- veral unauthorised sums exacted by the inferior local officers. Lists of these clinrges have been printed ; but they vary so much in particular instances, that it is next to impossible to attain any certainty with respect to them. The following is an example of a vessel of the 1st class subject to the highest rate of measurement charge, from which an idea of the amount of port charges on other vessels may be obtained : — The Glenelg, 867 tons. tenp:th from mlzen to foremast, covids ..... 83-1 Which multiplied by the breadth, from gangway to gangway . " > - 260 And divided by 10, gives the dimensions ... Multiply that sum by - ... - The measurement charge will be 1,701-418 taels, which, at 72 taels per 100 dollars, Spanish dollars ...... Cumshaw, or present, taels 1,600-683, at 72 per 100 • Pilotage in and out -...., Bar boats and other small charges, about . . - Linguist's fees, about ..... Comprador's fees, about - - . ; . Spanish dollars 4,959 Vessels of the 2d class are charged In measurement flrom 1,200 to 1,600 dollars, and those of the 3d llze from 600 to 800 dollars. The covid employed Is equal to about 1 ij inches. The consequence of this mode of imposing the port duties is, that while they are very moderate on ships of 400 or 500 tons burden and upwards, they are very heavy on small ships: and hence small country ships frequently lie off Linting Flora, or Larse Bay, till some of the large European ships come in sight, when they shift their cargoes on board the latter. They are commonly carried up to Canton for 1 per cent., by which means the duties and cumshaw are both saved. Chinese junks are exempted from tlie port dues. Captain Coffin, the commander of an American ship of about 400 tons register trading to China, in- formed the late committee of the House of Commons, that the whole charzes of every description falling upon his ship, in entering and clearing out from Canton, inciu'ling measurement duty, cumshaw, pilotage, victualling of the ship, and consul's fee, amounted to between 7,000 nnd H,000 dollars. —[Companion to Anglo-Chinese Calendar, pp. 101—103. ; First Report, Eoidence, p. 121.) British Trade with Canton. — Tlio trade between Great Britain find Canton hits hitherto been entirely monopolised by the East India Company and its officers. Ten has always been by for the principal article of import ; and it is mainly owing to the diffusion of the taato for this article, and its consumption by all ranks and orders of the community, that the trade has increased, notwithstanding the pernicious influence of the monopoly, to the e.-stent that it has done. Besides tea, the Company formerly imported from China raw silk, silk piece goods, naniteeiis, mother-of-pearl shells, sandal wood, and a few other articles ; but of late years the value of these articles has been quite inconsiderable. The articles exported in the East India Company's ships from England to China con- wstod principally of woollens, copper, iron and lead, glass, earthenware, and jewellery. Bullion used, formerly, to be largely exported ; but recently the current has begun to set in the opposite direction, and bullion has been imported from China into England. 38 fill I , t ■\: I i i I 1' ill ii{iM< \mw I i Hii li! i! .? 298 CANTON. The invoice value of tha Company'ii trade between China and England in the iinder-mentionefl years has been— Vetn. Import! Into China rrom Eofliiiil. Eiporti from China 10 Englinil. Total ImimrU ind Mercltandiic Treasure. Tool. MHrchudin, 1814-15 1815-16 1830-31 1831-33 £ 860,093 026,920 593,755 398,475* £ 127,695 1,127,518 £ 987,788 S,054,433 593,755 398,475 £ 1,967,978 9,231,366 1,861,960 1,814,013 £ 2,955,766 4,2«5,:99 2,455,^35 2,212,518 • .Sfem.— There Is nn apparent rednctlon in the value of exports of merchandise from England nrisins from cargoes to the amount of 192,310/. of this season having been dfspatclied after the 1st of May, 1832 : allowins for tlie consignments so defi'rred, ilie imports into China from England would be augmented to 590,785/., and the total at imports and exports to 2,404,828/. East India House, 25th of April, 1833. It appears from this account, that the merchandise exported from England to China during the years 1814-15 and 1815-16 nnioiinted, at an average, to 893,50n. Cimreil mil for KiiuJ. Charges in Taels, Sale per lb. |»er lb. per lb. Lbx. ». rf. U». a. d. lbs. \s. d. I.ha. s. ll. Bohea 3,589,804 9.WI 4.198,904 9512 87.310 10 9-.101 100,385 9-401 Congou 18,773,989 1 3,W 10,951,171 1 2-587 81,733 1 3-600 914,616 1 O.S49 Canipoi 214,153 1 6-427 507,881 1 7-461 — Houchong 269,450 1 10-501 183,498 1 10-870 61,SI2 1 3007 19,768 1 9-599 I'elsoe 33,973 1 11 -.W.) — — 3,539 2 0-594 Twaiiltav 3,791,405 1 4-460 5,471,633 1 3-810 .579,120 1 3-H31 146,753 1 6-796 Hyson skin - 178,596 I 5526 154,707 1 4-238 103,939 1 3.31)9 10,195 1 4800 Young hyson — — — 173..3-17I2 20.-,8 Hyson 666,562 2 7094 1,149,371 2 2-263 S6,830 2 4-730 33,2S1 3 6037 Guniiowder - — — — 4,9J3 2 6-511 27,517,938 28,617,280 1,179,1.50 1,229,054 Whole exports U 3r,517,938 In 1838-29 28,017,280 ■ 1 in the yea r 18-24-9.5. ) Britain ant 1 Americ 28,(197,088 29,847,234 In 1R3I-32 tlie total exports of tea by the East India Company were, to England, 30,203,098 ll's. ; If Nrirlli Anicrii-an culoiiies l,276,''.5fi ll)s. ; being together 3l,479,9.')4 11m. The atigrcgale prime cnst (pai ticuiars not staled) was 1,907,616/.— (A*. £.— For full details us to the tea trade, see art. Tea.) CANTON. 209 The Company's builneis in Chinn hai been carried on by nn establishment nf public nfflceri, cnn> ;,.)„. of 13 supercargoes and as many writers, promoted according to seniority: the former wera mid by a commission chiefly derived from the monopoly sales of ten in England, and the latter by 6xei salaries ; both being supplied with lodging and a public table at the Company's expense. The 3 •enior supi rcargocB, cullod the selixt committee, constituted the governing liody, and hud the whole cnntroi not only of the Company's trade, but politically of all British interests In China. The entira charges of the Company's China cstabllsbuient in Ib'^O-^U were 13ti,52ti(. ; being Twelve supercargoes . . . - Twelve writers ..... Persons filling profeHsional and other distinct offices Bents and repairs of private apartments - Kent of factory, port charges, and other e.xpenseg £ S3,m 10,226 8,807 16,782 49,440 The Company's business was wholly conducted with the hong merchants, to the exclusion of the unlicensed or outside merchants, as tiiey are called. The select committee divided amongst such of tlie BOlvent hong murclmnts as it pleased, the whole amount of the Company's export ami import cargoes, and the business was done by a kind nf barter ; a system long banished among (lie free traders. The ships employed by the East India Company in tlie China Iriule were commonly from 1 000 to between 1,400 and 1,900 tons burden, the greater proportion being from 1,300 to 1,400 tons. Trade between British India and China. — The trade ia of decidedly more value and im- portance than that carried on between Great Britain and Chirm; a result which seems mainly ascribahle to the circumstance of its being principally in the hands of private in- dividuals. The greatest article of export from India to Canton used to be cotton wool, prin- cipally from Bombay ; but it is now far surpassed by opium, the imports of which into China have sextupled since 1816-17, and are worth, at present, about 13,500,000 dollars ! This increase is the more extraordinary, seeing that opium is contraband in China ; but tlie edicts of the emperors are as unable to prevent ils introduction, as the proclamations of James and Charles were to hinder the use of tobacco in England. It is every where smuggled with ease and safety. The trade was at first principally conducted at Whampoa ; but the exac- tions of the Chinese authorities drove it to Macao, where it increased, but whence it was subsequently driven by the exactions of the Portuguese. It is now principally carried on in the Bay of Lintin. Here the opium is kept on board receiving ships, of which there are frequently not less than 12 quietly lying at anchor, without danger or molestation of any sort. The exports from China to India consist of sugar for Western India, tea, porcelain, nan- keens, cassia, camphor, &c. ; but the amount of these is not very considerable, and the re- turns are principally made in bills and bullion. Opium is sold by the resident European or American agents ; and, on an order from these for its delivery, it is handed over to the smugglers, who come alongside the ships at night to receive it ; putting tl'.e naval force. Custom-house establishment, and police of the empire at defiance. We suljoin an Account of the Imports of t'.ie different Sorts of Opium into China from 1816-17 to 1830-31, both Inclusive. Seanni. FatnA and B«nar«9. Malwa. Total. Turkey. No. of Aver. Total No. of ; Aver. Total ■No. of Value. Dollnrit. So. of Aver. Total CllW.t. I'rice. Value. Chests. | Price. Value. Chests. , Ches'a. Price. V.iluf. Dollar). Dollart. Buliarl. DoUart. DoUm. Dullars. IS16.18I7 2,610 1,800 .3,132,000 BOO 875 525,000 3,210 3,657,000 750 300 375,000 IS17-IS18 2,530 1,2«5 3,200,4.'50' 1,150 612 703,800 3,680 3,901,230 l,eOO 610 610,000 l8l8.lti|U: 3,050 1,000 3,O.JO,000 1,.-j30 725 1,109,250 4,580 4.l59,2:i0 700 625 4.37,500 I8I9-I8'J0 2,i)70 1,235 3,067,950 1,620 1,175 1,915,250 4,600 5,583,200 200 975 195,000 18'2n.lS2l 3,0J0 1,900 5,795,000 1,720 1,515 2,605,800 4,770 8,100,800 30 l,.525 45,750 bai-18i2 2,910 2,075 6,0.38,250 1,718 1,325 2,276,350 4,6-28 8,314,600 500 : 1,023 512,-500 lbi!i-IS23 1,b22 1,552 9,828,9.30 4,000 1,290 5,160,000 5.h22 7,988,9nfl «26i 1,270 287,080 1S23-1821 2,910 1,600 4,656,000 4,172 925 3,859,100; 7,082 8,515,100 ■\ ' 1824-1823 2,055 1,175 3,1 19,025 i 6,000 750 •l,50fl,(H)0 8,655 7,(119,(i2.i 18-!.).lK2fi 3,412 013 3,111,7.55! 6,179 723 4,!60,4.5fl 9,i;2i ".(•■08,2(I5 No account has 182(1.1827 3,001 1,002 3,668.5651 6,308 912 5,941.520 9,i'(i9 9,010,085 bt'oii lii'pt of Tur- IS27-1H2S 5.114 998 5,105.073! 4,361 1,201 5,251,700 9,175 I0,3.-6,833 key o|iiiini during lN28.1S2!)j 5, >,iJi il'^ iM! I"! ! :i i'i 800 CANTON. Aeennnt of the Annual Value of the Trade between the fliibjrctt of flrcat Britain and China, from 1814-19 to 1830-31, both Incluiive, dlstingulihing the Trade of the East India Company frnni that of indlviduali. __ Vilua or Im- Imt, Tilna of Eiporti tail Im- Total. porM »id Bl- porti bMwMll EdcImcI and Chriia oa Ac cniint of ih« Tohl Vilne el Iba Briliih Tnde with China. Vllueof Traile «r Initilrliluala with China. Value or Trade of tne Company Willi China. On Aemunt of On AcoHinl of lodiriduab. th« Comptny. Compuy. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 1814-19 9,973,910 981,989 9,795,599 9,099,776 6,751,299 9,573,040 3,177,r55 iHi3-in 9,370,026 396,470 3,739,490 4,985.799 7,081,299 9.379.096 4,612,269 181(»-17 3,034,031 930,083 3,264,114 2,962.063 6,226,176 3,031,031 3.1C2,IJ5 1817-18 3,387,770 710,100 4,037,870 9,183,088 6,220,899 3,.197,770 2,893,122 HI8-1I1 3,916,333 364,943 3,880,879 9,065,389 5,946,264 3,516,3.13 2,420,)139 1810-20 8,190,137 334,807 9,994,944 3,099,456 5,617,400 8. 190. 137 3.427,863 1H20-91 3,338,030 603,994 3,931,033 2,935,904 6,866,9;t7 3,328,01)9 3„'i,1S,S98 iriui-aa 3,011,010 469,657 3,480,667 9,700,495 6,181,003 .3.011.010 3,1:0,08? 1804-23 3,047,793 189,304 3,837,096 9,643,849 9,879.941 3,017,792 2,MJ,l'lt» 1823-3t 2,734,900 721,485 3,455,934 9,815,048 6,870,989 2,734,509 3,5,'!fl,473 182»-25 9.832,191 326,591 3,158,783 3,600,060 5,758.848 2,832,191 2,026,651 1825-88 3,943,789 291,603 4,8. 3,795,966 433,388 4,929,354 9,917,726 0,747,080 3,793,966 2,951,114 1829-30 — 308,767 — 2,400,947 — — 2,7(f«,714 16311-31 — 863,741 — 2,983,487 — — 3.317,228 The statements from India for 1899-1830 and 1830-31 are not yet received. Account of the Quantity of each Article of Chinese Produce imported into the United Kingdnn), in each Year, Oom 1793 to 1831, both inclusive. Mimllanmiu Misrelbneoui '- Tea. Silk. Niinkeen Clothi. Articlea of Chineta rroduM. Tean. Te». Silk. Nankeen Clolhi. Anic'es of Cliineee Pmlute. tte. £te. Pitai, yalwL. Lb$. Lbl. Piece*. yaliuL. 1793 16,067,331 171,998 77,808 26,693 1813 Tin recordi of Ihii yeai were dMlroye i by lire. 1794 23.710,774 99,671 374,398 19,809 1814 26,110,550 150.629 783,253 29,054 1795 27,208,003 158,825 146,.365 19,186 1819 25,602,214 216,129 8(16,797 19,474 17<.)6 6,184,628 1-2,968 48;644 93,063 1816 36,234,380 88.987 396,453 29 050 1797 16,235,125 78,520 77,338 93,853 1817 31,467,073 103,367 504,^20 35,703 1793 44,873,119 136,196 357,473 25,054 1818 20,065,728 148,878 409,349 19,510 1799 15,090,0S0 63,604 181.4(10 17,131 1819 23,750,413 141,335 623,8.'52 55,595 1800 15,165,.368 98,!?85 170.917 95,960 1820 30.147,994 371,115 869,746 70,827 1801 89,801,739 131,335 366,851 39,293 1821 30,731,105 8-?9,110 569.062 39,654 1802 87,356,502 75.588 274,021 19,054 1823 27,362,766 222.673 287,431 2,1,419 1803 30,843,134 74,538 232,894 9.3,134 1823 29,046,885 392.717 412.076 73,635 1801 26,680,784 90,363 261,407 26,184 1884 31,681,977 293,014 1,010,494 69,618 \mb 28,533,825 76.359 8.'i2,207 15,198 1829 29,345,699 142,676 392,998 75,903 \m\ 32.155,557 18,607 376,234 10,504 1826 29,8IO,'101 40.5.185 431.520 121,569 1807 18,539,236 55,877 72,135 11,474 1827 39,746,147 208,287 99.698 97,752 1808 35,747,824 117,859 481,647 17,617 1828 32,678,946 288,916 ,529,608 95,418 1809 21,717,310 90,603 287,720 14,268 1829 30,544,362 606,444 919.255 103.077 1810 19,791,356 .54,376 305,009 14,890 1830 31,897,546 456,991 593,339 94,131 1811 21,331,819 81,397 316,616 9,630 1831 31,648,922 476,698 857,171 89,796 1818 38,318,153 86,197 503,276 12,929 Account of the Number of Bhipg, and of their Tonnage, that entered Inwards in the United Kingdom from China in each Year, from 1793-91 to 1831-32, both inclusive. Y«n. Shipi. Tona. Veart. ships. Tom. Yiaia. Shii'j. Tom. 1793-4 18 17,436 1806-7 9 11,083 1819-20 24 28,451 1791-9 21 20,234 1807-8 24 31,797 1820-21 23 2*1,602 1795-6 9 4,856 1808-9 15 19,290 1821-22 19 24,,490 I73,4ST 1,173,957 Joll«n. I.Tn),466 lln. 323,W0 — • X(Ot.era — (4 To Engluil, dollara • Sycee, cqusl to dolUn Caleulla, dollan Sycee, equal to dollan 1,134,623 VoOan. 842,307 l,976,gM 171,541 168,798 S40,3« Bonbay, do'Un ■ l,t>j3,328 S. Amprican lilver and itcm ) »m oit equal to dollan . ' \ ^^" l,'>Tr,M» Sundry plana, dollan • > - 77,0011 Total export of bullion, ayen loclndad. Eollan 3,97I,«M ir. A— Tb* lycM to calculatod at 711^ witk 6 per eenL piVBiiua idM ;■ 1 li ,11 n h 802 CANTON. Si ■A mi 4J- J- rf J- II' !_' I i.| sis € -a Q > lllll it 8, ^ ?, I- -4 S I' ll I 31 B" I S |s "^ a 2'°*' 1*1 R I t i5 a.2 £ S III. "'8 CANTON. 80a TOTAL BRITISH TRADE WITH CHINA. 2^ ■■ii''] i a •5—13 ■•Vi%^ ',-•$ « e'j eK"^ .a :? .- -I A •' a ^1 J ft: ;:••;-!» I'll! \7* 2|' TruIi Ij; till Comiiiny tiul Ihtir OSlMra. Tnilr b; liHIvlituali. ToUI nlim or Cn llrMlih Trvli wllb Clnin, 1830-31 1831-39 loiporu. Kip-irii. Tiitil. Impor'*, Kipiirta. ToUI. «,073,9«1 0,133,010 DdXart. 11,350,437 ll,'081,339 /Mian. 17,310,398 10,313,368 m\au. 15,«77,5fi9 13,40H,335 8,A({),3H0 O.I'AIOO nainn. 9«.59fl,HSS 31,MI,39I Diitttn, 41,H.)«,9.M 37,7H,fl5» j East India Ilouie, 35th of April, 1833. iVew Ref^itliitions as to the Britlah Trade with Canton, — NotwitliBtandinsf the opposition made by the Eaat India Company, tho trade to China hast at lcn;;th heon ttirown o|)eii to all classes of his Majesty's subjects ; and British niori'liantH muy nnvv freely trade to all places, acceiwible to Europeans, to the oast of the Straits of Mulucca. Wo coinrratiilatc our readers on the opening of this new and almost boundless field for tho display of commorciul enter- prise. It is not, indeed, a channel in which it would bo prudfiit for any one not posKCsacd of adetiuate capital and the necessary Rkill to embark. But tho example of the Americana, and of tho free traders from India to China, shows conulusividy thut tliere is nothing in tho nature of the trade to prevent its being as succrssfully prosecuted by individuals as that to any other country. We are satisfied thut tho intercourse lictwecn the Eastern and Western worlds is as yet quite inconsiderable, compared with what it is destined to become, now that tho incubus of monopoly is removed. Tho opening of the ports of Hindo^tan, in 1814, has more than trebled our trade with India ; and a similar result may be fairly anticipated in tho cose of China. In making these remarks, we are very far from moaning to throw any reflec- tions on tho conduct of the East India Com])any. It is due to its directors to state that they have always evinced the greatest anxiety to extend tho trade with India and China, and to carry it on in the most economical manner. But it was not in the nature of things that they could succeed. Tho oiToirs of all great associations must necessarily bo managed accordinjj to a system of routine, by tho intervention of salaried ofllcers. And it were an insult to com- mon sense to suppose that such persons should display tho same enterprise, or that they should manage tho ofTairs intrusted to their care with tho same watchful attention to details, and the same regard to economy, as private individuals trading on their own account, and reaping all the advantage of successful, as they muf.t abide all the loss resulting from unsuc- cessful, adventures. Speculations may be eminently profitable to tho latter, that would havo been highly injurious had they been attempted by the former. It is true that the too great ardour of competitors may occasionally ren(ier even the best business unprofitable to those engaged in it ; but if this be an evil, it is one that is inseparable from all commercial under- takings ; and there is no reason whatever for supposing that it will be oftener or more •everely felt in the trade to Canton, than in that to Petersburg or any other port. In conducting an intercourse with tho Chinese, — a people whoso institutions and habits differ so very widely from those of Europeans, — it is essential that due circumspection should he used, and that nothing should be done by any one to give them rea arririnfin Iiiuin t» bt dttivtrtd to Cffiuri i.f Cittomii. — The |H>r*on In eoii.rnnnd of any ihipor vuMet arriving at any nlnce In the poiiewlon of or under the Rovernnmnt of the anid Company ahall make out, iil|n, and deliver to the principal ofllcer of the ciiitonin, or miier peroon lawfully iiuthoriand, a true and perfect Hat, aiiecifying the niimeit, capiicitlei, iind deirrlptlnni of all pervoni who ahall have been iin hoard inch ship or veaaol at the lime of its arrival; nnd ifiny parann having tlie cnninmnd of inch ship or veiiel ahall not make out, tlirn, nnd deliver lurh li»i, he ahall forfeit 100/., half tnauch person or perioniaa shall Inform or sue fVir the same, and the other half to the Company i and if the Company ahall Inform or sue fur the aame, then the whole penalty shall belong to the Company.—) 3. Ptnaltiu kow recoverable. —Tht penalties and forfeitures aforesaid to he recnvernhle by action of debt, bill, kc. in any court of record in the United Kingdom, or In India, or elaowhere, to which Juris- diction shall bo aOerwarda given.— ( 4, Three Superintendent* to the China Trade to be appointed.— \Vt\wtM it is expedient fi)r Ihe objects of trade and amicable intercourse with the dominions of the emperor of C^hina, Dial pruvlNlou he made fir the establishment of n Brilish authority In Iheni ; he It enacted, that it Khiill bu lawful for his Mn- Jesty by any commission or warrant under his royal sign manual, to appoint 3 auporlnlciMlents of the trade of his Majesty's subjects to and from Ihe said donilniona, for Ihe purpose of protecting und pro- moting such trade, and to appoint such officers to assist '.item in the execniion of their duties, and tu grant such salaries to such luperintendenta and ofllcera as hit Majesty ahall from time to time deem expedient.—} 9, Hie Majeely mayisent Ordere and Commieeiune to hare force in China.— U shall be lawAil for his Ma- jesty, by any such order or commission as to his Majesty in council sinll niipear expedient andnaiii- tary,to give to the said superinlendenl9, or any of them, powera and nuthorillRs over nnd In respect of the trade and commerce of hia Majesty's subjects within any part of the said dominions! und to issue directions and reiuiationa touching the said triule and eomincrcp, and for the giivernincnt of his Majesty's suhjects within the said dominiona ; nnd to iinpofiR pennllles, forfuilureK, or inipriennmenls, for the breach of any such directions orrcgniations, to be enforced In such manner as in the Duid order ahall be specifled; and lo create a court of Justice with crimlDUl and ndniirnlly jurisdiction fort he trial of oflTencei committed by his Majesty's suldects within Ihe said domlnhms, nnd ih'! ports ti 1 havens thereof, and on the high seas wiihin 100 miles of the coast of China ; and to appoint one of tue super- intendents herein-before mentioned to belheotncertohold such court, and other officers U:r ^oscuiing the process thereof; nnd to grant such salaries to such officers as may appear rensonah^e.— } li. Superintendente, ^e. nat to accept Oifte.—Nn superintendent or cnminissioner ap|)ointcd iinder this act shall accept in regard to the discharge of his duties any gift, gratuity, or reward, other than the salary granted to him ns aforesaid, or be engaged in any trade or traffic for his own bencfll, or fr>r the benefit of any other person or persons. — i 7. Jl nnnage Duly to be impoecd, to defray the Rxpenie of Ketabliehmtnte in CAiaa.— It sliall be lawful for his Majesty in council, by any order or orders to be issued from time to time, to iiupnse and lo em- power such persons as his Majesty in council shall think fli to collect and levy from or on account of any ship or vessels belonging to any of the suhjects of his Majesty entering any port cr place where tbeaaid superintendents or any of them shall be stationed, such duty on lonnnge and goods as shiill from time to time be specifled in such order or orders, not exceeding in rleV>Iiw Dollan. Tolal Vilue. Total Value. 1899-30 1830-31 1831-33 Dollan. 9,793,988 9,871,320 3,383,685 J> llari. 1,133,614 183,655 667,959 mian. 3,917,633 3,054,075 3,050,937 Mlnrt. 4,108,611 4,963,551 5,857,739 Diittnn 8,026,213 7,318,.«9 8,908,609 ' Bills of exchange negotiated by the Americans in 1899-30, 393,650 dniinrs ; ditto in 1830-31, 1,168,500 rioliars ; ditto in 1831-32, 3,480,871 dollars.— (Part. Paper, No. !239. Boss. 1833, p. 13.) We have obtained from the irnited States the subjoined account of the American trade at CantOD in 1831-33. This inlerein (rad* »y nctlon HllollM • 37,1111 inuchnng 19I2TkuIu? r/,871 HiTMi tk\a Wjauiamttiimm *,34iii • 2liii duuik Cimleti - Wbila poii|(M • Suichnen do. Mi»d lulMlrinp • 13-4 7 6 Bt-2 8 8 9 12 14 IS 18 9 11 4 18 7 400 370 M,700 picen Rlua NtnkMM ■ TO 67,V rtdvan- lagcii. It npiwurn from ttie olflrinl iicroiint*, piildlilmd liy tlin Prenrh Bovcrnim'nt, timl In IH3I, niily li ulilpo, of tho hiiriltiii of 5NS tonK, rlfliiri'd iiul from Krcinh porti for Clilnii. Tlim, wc IwIIkvii, la prln- ripnily to bit imcrilicil tn thu trlHIng extent to which tlni grum urtkia of Chlnen* produce, lua, In euu> tiiiiKMl III Friiiicii. Triufe wilk the Indian Inltinrh, ^e. — In hb oviilonro befoiv the boIitI committeo of (ho H0U80 of ConmiDiiit, Mr. Cruwfuril gave (he fullowing iiiitructive dctuiU with rcapcrt to tho Dative forciRn trade of China : — JViifim Foniirn Trmh of China.—" Thn prinrlpnl pnrt of Ihn junk tindo ii corrlwd on by the four con- tiKiioiiH provinci!ii of Caiiliin, I'^iklnii, ('bi'kliinii, uikI Klanii:ili. " No forolirn IrndH I* iiKrinillnd with thi) li>lnnd nf rnriiinit'i ; nnd I hn\r. no mninii of dnKcrliilnj thn pxtiMit of till! Irartii' wlili'li may h.' ronrtiii'tiMl bol\vt-cn (Miinu, Oreii, and llir l.i'cchuw InliiiMlK. The followiiiK iiri'thn roiintrii>» with which C'hiim CHrrliiH on 11 trade In Jiinkii : vi?.. .l:ip-in,ihR I'hillpplni'it, the Hod-loo ialitnilH, t^'IrliiN. Ilin MoliinaH, llornHo. Java, Siiiiiairn, Kiniraporn, Ithio, tliu cuftt rmiKt of till' Malaynii pi'iilnxiila. Hiain, ('ochln<'lilnn, ranitioditi. andToni|iiin. Tin- purtH of (hiiia at which thin trade In roihlui'lod aro (.'anton, Tcliaou-trhcon, Noinhonir, Ilni'iirhi'on, SiiIiimik, Kniikiiiuon, provliicoof Inkicn ; Niniiiio and Slnnu-hai, in tliii province of ("hcklnnir ; and Hoiitchcon, in the province nf Kiaiiiinn. The lollowliiR may he looked upon an an approxliimtlun tu the number ufjnnkii currying on trade willi the ditfereiit plauea already eniiiiiprated, vi7.. Jiinka Japan lOJnnkn, two vnynjHS . - 20 Flillipplne Itlaiida - - 1:1 Hno-loo Idhmdii . 4 I'.onieo 13, Celebes 3 - . - 15 Java . . - m 7 Huiiiatra • - 10 tmtisnpore 8, Rhio I . . Kaitt conat of Malay peniniinla - Siiiiii . . . . Coi'liiii ('liliia ... Caniliodia . . . Tuni|uiii . . . . Jilnka. 9 ( Flillipplne Itlaiida - - - i:i Maat conat of Malay penlniinla - 81) 20 S SO — Total 221. "Thia statemiMit dooi not Include a great number of amall Jiinka belonslnu to tho inland nf Hainan, which carry on trade with Tonnuin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Slam, nnd SiiiLMporo. Thnae for Siani nmniint yrnrly to about .tO, and for the Cocliin (;hlne ; nnd those traillnj; with the I'liilippliies 5; iiiakirii.' in all 45, nf which the ftvcra({e burden does not full short of l7,(Hlfl tons. I am the more particular in de- iicribinitthia brancli of thn Chliipaeconiinercp, aa we do not ourselves at present partuke of it, and ns we pnaaeas no dirnci means of obtaining liifoniintinn in ruiEiird to it. All tiie junks carryinit on this trade with HIam are owned In the latter country and net in ('liinn ; and I am not aiire how far it may not also he so in the other cnaea. 1 do not doubt hut that a similar cninmercr will, in the event ol' a free trade, extend tn Singapore ; and that through this channel may eventuafly be obtuined the green teas of KInnnan, and tho raw silks of Chehlanir. " Ilesldes the Junks now described, there is another numeroua class, which may he denntniiiati'd the colonial shipping nf the Chinese. Wherever tlie Chinese arc seltlid in any niiinliera, junks of this description are to be found; such aa in Java, Hiiinatrn, the Straits of Malacca, &c. ; hiit the laruoat tommerce of this description is conducted from the Cochin Ciiincse doniiiiion», especially from Slum, whore the number was estimated to ine at 200. Several jiiii\a of this descri|itioii I'liiin tin; lalior country come annually to Ringapore, nf whicli the burden ia not less tiiaii finni liOO to 400 Ions. "The junks which trade between ('hina and the ailjacent cniinlries are aome of tlieiii owned nnd hiiilt in China ; but a considerable iiuinbi'r also in the latter countries, particiil.irly in Siaiii and Coi liia China. Of llin.^e carrying on the Siamese trade, indeed, no l.'.ss than HI out oftlie HO, of consaloralile tii/.e, were represented to me as being hiiilt and owned in Slum. 'I'lie amall junks, however, carrying nil th^ trade of Hainan, are all biiiit anil owned in Clilna. "The Junks, whether colonial or trading direct wiili (;iiinn,vary in burden from 2,000 piciila to 15,000, or carry dead weisht from 120 10 OOOIona. Of those oftlie last size I have only seen Iter I, iind these were at Siam, and llie aanie which were commonly employed in carrying a inisslim ami triliule yearly fnoii Siam to Canton. Of the whole of the l.irge class of junks, I shuulil tiiiiik tlie averaee iiiirden will nut be overrated at 300 tons each, which would make tlie total tioinag' eiii;iliiyi'ii in III • native foreign trade nf China between (10,000 and 70.011(1 tons, e\i tn.-ive of the small jiiiika of Hainan, vhich, estimated at 1.10 tons each, would muUe in ail ulioiitMl.iillO tons. "The junks built in China are usually conatructed of fir nnd oilier inferior woods. When they ar- rive in Cainhndia, Hiani, and the Malayiin islands, they coniinonly t'lirnl.-^li tlieniselv.a wllli masts, rudders, nnd wooden anchors, of the superior limber of these coiinirii's. The jiiiiks Imilt in Slam are a superior clasanf vessels, the jdaiika and upix;r wnrka lieinsi invarialil} teak. The cost of ship hiillil- ing is highest at the port of Ainoy in I'okien, and lowest in Siam. At these places, and at Cliaiiif-liiii ia t.'unton, the cost ufa junk of 8,000 piculs, or 470 tons burden, was stated to me, by several cnniiiiand- era nf Junka, to be as follows :— At Siam ...... 7,100 didlars. Chang-liin ..... 10.000 — Amny ...... 21,000 — A Junk of the size Just named has commonly a crew of 90 hands, consisting of the following nfficera, besides the crew ; a commander, a pilot, an accountant, a captain of the helm, a captaifi nf the aii- rhor, and a captain of the hold. The commander receives no pay, but has tho advantage oftlie cabin nr.conimodation fur passengers, reckoned on the voyage between Canton and Bingupore worth l'>0 Hoanitii dellars. lie ia also the agent of the owners, and receives a comnii:isioii, coniiuonly of 10 jier CANTON. s^r cent, nn the prnjil* nt nurh «hnrf of ihfl ndvetilnrn, (ri-nornlly « roniMf rnMd nnn, In wlilrh tliry nrs rnnccriicd. Tlie pilot rerfivna for the vnynxii SiK) dollnri nl' wnvri, mid 'lO plniii nf l'r«i|rlit out inil limiii'. 'I'hP lii'liiiiiiiiiin liBii IS |iliiila ut' Iri^lylit mill nil wngf*. 'Hie CHiiliiliig nf tlin niii'linr miil the holil h.'ivi) U jilciiU nf frKlvht h i nnil Ihn leBinHii 7 pii ula cm li. Nunc of thi'ac Imvi* any wngi!*. 'I'tii' iillUpm and iii'iiinnn iif till' I iiiiiiiliil Jiinki ar« iliiriiri'iitly rcwnntnl. Inn Hliiini'att Jiuik, I'nr nx- aniplK. iriiilInK liHtwvi'n lliv Hliinimi! ciipltiil nnil Hlniiupiirn, iil° 0,IKN) pIciiU biirili'ii, tint rniiinianilvr anil pll'>t Iniil eaili IU(l (li)llara I'nr tliii voyagit, Willi I'i piriiU of frrliihl apitiL-e. '1 liu nci niintniit iinii hiiliiiiiiiiiin Imil hull' of lliln nl|iiwiinrt!,anu cuch ■cmiuiii liiiil III ilnllarii, miiIi S pliiila of frtilyht. •' III riiiiai ruction ami ilge of lliii conipiiiiii : iiolwllli«tnn>mmeri e, iiiini kiiowliilKi-d liy the Clilneia laiva, hilt !iaa In every caae at leaat the nxpreiia aiini lion of tlm viceroy or Koveriiir of llie prnvlnce, who, on pellthin, decidea the niiiiiher of Jiinka that ahall he allouud to eni^iit!(' in It ; and even enu- iiinrnteM the artlclea which It ahall he legal to exiiurt and im|Hirl. At every port, airo, where auch a fori'lRii trade la aanclioned, there iiu honu or IhiiIv of aei iirlty inerchanlH aa at Canton ; a fact which allows clearly enoiij(li that tliia liialltiilion la parcel of the lawi or cuHloniii of China, and not a pecu- liar rcKtraint inipoaed upon the Intercoiirao with Knropei.na. " Tlio ('hineao Junka properly cniiatrucled pay no meaniireinent duty, and no nimahaw or present i dutiea, however, are paid upon gooilit exported and imported, which t^eein lo ililfir at the dlll'erenl proviiicea. 'I'hey are hlvhesl nt Aiiioy, nndlnweat In the iiland of IliiliKin. The Chlneau Iradera of HIaiii informed me that they carried on the faireat and euaieKi Iradu, vul'ject to the feweal realricthmi, la the port!) of Ningpo and HIang-hai in Cliekluni;, and M.iutcliiMHi In Kiannan. (ireat dexterity aeemi every where to he excrciai'd hy the Chli eno in evadioK the diilii-K. One practice, which Im very oflen t'lillowed, will afford a good example of this. The coaHtiiiK trade of China Ih nearly free from all du- lica and other ImpoKlH. The merchant takes ndvaiitagu oI'iIiIh; and intending in reality to proccett 10 Hiani or Cochin China, for exaniple, clears a junk out for llu- iKland of Hainan, and lliud avoidatho payment of diitieH. When ahe retiirna alie Will lie, 1 or 5 daya oll'lhe month of the port, until a regu- lar liur^aln ho made with the CnHloni-hoiiae olhcera for the reduction of duliea. 'I'ln^ threat held out in am h caaes Ih to proceed to nnnlher port, and thiia deprive tl,n piildic iHlcera of their cuatomary pcrqiiixitea. 1 wau ai ley, or Yellow l^'cu, and ua far north us the 37th dogreo of latilude."— (Wj»;(CHi/ij-, llcpurt uf 1830, p. 'JW.) A Chinese ship or junk is seldom the property of one individual. Somrtimes 40, 60, or even 100 ditTerent merchants purrhase a vossei, iiiid divide her into ns ninny dilU-riiit compart* nicnts as there aro partners; so that each iinowa his own particular part in llieship, which ho is ,it liberty to fit up and secure as he pleases. The bulk-heads, by which thcM! diviHinns are formed, consist of stout planks, so well caulked as to be coinplclely water-tight. A ship thus formed may strike on a rock, and yet sustain no serious injury ; u leak springing in ono division of the hold will not be attended with any dunin^'e to nrticlis placed in another ; and, from her fa-mness, she is qualified to resist a more lliuii ordinary Bliock. A coiit^idertt- blc loss of stowage is, of course, sustained; but the Chinese exports frenerally contain a considerable value in small bulk. It is only the very liiigtHl class of junks iliut liuvc so mmy owners; but even in the smallest class the number is very consiilcralile. Population of China, — The most conflicting accounts have been yiven of the pniiuliUion of the Chinese empire. According to the statement of llie Chinese uulhoritics, it wns found, by a census taken in 1813, to an.ount, for China I'roper, to 367,821.0(10! Vast as tliia number must certainly appear, it does not, taking the prodi^jtinns extent of territory over which it is spread into account, give more than 208 individuals to ii K(|iiiiie mile, — a density inferior to that of several European countries. It is said that the inhabitants are in the practice of under-rating their numbers in their returns to governnieiil. — {Companion to Aiif(lu-C/iin£ie Calendar, p. 156.) We are, however, wlinlly without the nieuns of coming to any positive conclusion as to the degree ol' credit to be attached to the census. Price Current.—A perusal of the suhjoined Price Current, piihlitilicd at ('anion, the lat of December, 1832, will give the reader a tolerable notion of the various urliclea and their pricea nilho Canton mar* kct, at the very height uf the shipping seuaon. . , „,i:t t Canton, 1st of December, 1832. ^^ ■ ' • 3j-4 • 4 — per eatt| , per pic. 'mporfi. n«ilet DUt - • BuA ■ 4 Amber - • > . Sp.dn. 8 to 14 iwrcfttlv. ! Utrdi'nisli ■ 2« . 40 Aaafxlidt • • 4 12 . per picLiI, Caiuphor, K,irus • ■ 10 • 30 Dictie de mer • 8 to IS — Cloves, Molucca • - 30 . 3J verr luperior . 38 . 50 — Miuriliui . .18-20 B««'w«x. • • 24 • as — Cocbioeal, turope, girbM .UO • UC ; ,v'.-^ \ni \ 'i (!>] ! S\ ':w >> 1 i ij 'i m St ''^P 4 '^ i If S08 CANTON. OtppaTi Scmlb Auwrica • *l Untin for expoiUlioa Jipu • Canlhumati • • Gotkiii, Homlar • Bangal MidniteU) 10-31 (MW) Cotton |iiai Bntiin, Tii, ChiDtKs Hydt, L^MClotht 40 do. • MudiM aOdo. • Cunbria li do. • Montollh't budunooi, Mwlot Uua, t Cottoc.«^.No.I&to20. Na aa to aa Na ao. to 4a No. 4a torn Co»be»>r Cwltau • • Cutck, ran Kboiqr, MiiirlUin • in • MO pirplml. .15-16 — • ss-w • — . 18 • 10 — . SO • 60 — lull 8 - 10-4 — . S-S to 104 — . 11 - — ap.dn. 31.2«o4l4|>CT|>i«M. . 3 14 • 4 M — .3 •11-3 — ■ 1 1-3 ■ 13.4 — . 3 M • 3 M — 0. • I 14 • 1 M — - as • perpioul • 43 • — mi muted. 30 Si to Ctjplon BloBhull ttctb. Ill, 3 to 8 to 1 ploil ^ 8d, lltol& do. 3d, 18 to 25 do. cuttion mnmtn • niatt Oambior • OtaHHf, end* oteriaal • Im b>r, I to 3 inch nd, M iach ud andar •crap lMd,pi( Mac* Myrrh Nulmaga . - - - Ollbanum, pitlad, 10: imgublad Oplmn, Mm (Dranintl) - Banarca do. BnmlMy do. Danuum do. Turkey do. Jtef^' ; QuickNlfer • Rattaia • ■ Rica • • RnM, Makna SallpatR at Whaapo* Lintin Saadal wood, India* Sandwich Maud 'Suwn wood Skarka'Sna aerr tna 8Ua,nbb!t aaal « hod da. IxaTar fct • Smaltv (for a aimll iopply) SlaeL En^liah SwadUb, la kita Stockbh • Spelter Thratd, (old ni Mm Tin platea Tin,Biuca Slimita', lit quality Weoneni, bmad-clolh 4 3 3 (0 80 70 • TO • 60 eti.60 Sp.dia. I • TO M par catty. 38 per picul 4 1-3 - 4 — 31-3 — (o TO - to I 14 — . 80 — 83 — 314 — 3M 3 — 3 to 31-4 — 4 14 • — BOB*. 4 to IS — • S to -•M ■ aw 6 — * per cheat. per picttl. • 800 • 73-4 to 3 • 14 • 15 ■63-60 - 33-4-31-3 • 3 - 3-90 3 14 to > — 10-16 — 113-7 — i-eo to 8 — 33 to 34 — 38-40 — 45 - 60 per too. 1-80 to 3 each. 45 to SO — 614 — • 614 — 90 60 WeoHaDa,LoBsana Scarlet cutUnfa IkraU. oSher* Alnm, at Macao, 1 3-4 itniwedi ilar oil of • Bamboo canea • BnuakaT - Camphor, at Macao, nonet at Canton CaMia (ihipped nutiide), 9 ! at do. budi toaw) - China root - • Cttbeta Dragrn'i blaol Gilaogal - • Oamboce ■ • Olaabeada Harlall Lead, white i«d Mother-of pearl ihella Mnak Nankaeae, Company^ tit lit 3d. do, twrt Sd, •mall - blue Nankin, amall |9 lam (ID 14 Canton on or Caiala Rhubarb - Silk, raw. Nankin, Tayaaam Tntlce Canton, No. 1. - No 8. - do. No. 3. Mo. 4. Ho. 6. ■{i 5 • 414 da. TO • .-.. Sp.dra.30 - 60 per picul. - 414 • — • 5 • percwt. • 6 to 6 per picul. • 313 to4 — • 83 to 35 per catty. - 6 • per boa. Sp. dn. 15 - per picul. ^ - 14 to 14 14 - ■>.., un»u-c.mi. - - • 1-40 to 1-60 per yard. Camlela, Gnriiih, 56 yda. by 30 Im. 14 to 15 par place. 7 :>ut ydi. 18 ina.) do. ' 13da) 8S to 90 - 62 - 63 - 1 14 ■ • 68 to 6S • 333 ■ 352 Iaeli260 to 365 -325 to 230 - 140 Sp. in, go - - TO - 63 lae!a 5-2 to SS • 6-2 ■ 6-4 Sp.dn. II taela 6-6 none. - 13 to 15 - 20 per catty, perioa per catty perpleaL 19 • 18 - 5* - 36 - 45 - 64 - .W - 3D - 30 - 30 Sp.dia. S - 13 • 34 to 33 - 32 28 30 85 60 30 TO 35 SO 66 33 il 82 514 perboK 35 per l,00a BuUian. Gold • 98 touch - • • dn. 33 3-4 pcrlaal. Sycee ailTer at T.in>in, I to X per cenL pienhim. Spaniih dollars, entire • • . none. Republieaa do. • • • • do. ferft/n^fra; London, per Sti. dr., 6 montbi* slirht. Billi tiiitebla for necotiaiiou to India, An. 4-3. Other bllli . - dm. 4-4 to 4-S. BenipU Co.! 207 Sko nipcea, per 100 Sp. dn., 30 diyi' aiiht PriTalebiUa2ID do. - do. Jo. Oooibay 318 Bombay mpeee do. do. (Account of the Import Trade by British imd Amerlcsn Vessels at Canton, fWrni 1st July, 1838, to SOth June, 1837. ImpofH. BritiihShipa. American Sbipa. Total Quantity. Price per >ani, piece, «c. ToUl ValuB in Spanish Dnilm. Broad Cloth - yards 1,895,979 863,344 1,558,623 dal. 120 1,S70.348 Camlets - pieces 18,257 5,648 91,299 v>- 532,475 Lonft ells — 89,194 84,479 193,590 9- ,112.364 Bombazettes - — 4,613 6,344 10,957 11- 120,527 Woollen yarn - pis. 185 76 811 100- 21,100 Flannel - - yards 8,400 — 8,400 '33 702 Blankets pairs 1,S99 1,251 8,573 4- io,2(a Velveteens - yards 4,996 4,400 9,390 •20 1.879 Cotton yarn ■ pis. 18,431 4,2.19 92,863 40' 906,520 I^nc Cloths • yards 5,699,849 3,605,826 9.'«5,675 •12.> 1,I.M,458 Ditto .— . — 391,117 .391,117 •11 54,756 Unmeet ' ) 7,986 489,520 498,800 •10 40.0S1 Ranrtkerchleft • - dozen 85,620 20,783 56,403 1-50 84.603 Chintzes • yards 119,808 191,984 314,773 •19V 39.316 Cambrics 99,850 8,nno 95,850 •12i 3,231 Mnen - — 10,090 6,796 16,646 I- 16,640 Canvas - . bolts 198 480 ei8 12^ 7,416 Gold thread • catties 167 — 107 40^ 6,680 Cochineal pis. S49 180 133 481 180^ 66.580 SiualU • • — IM 88- 6,3(6 CANTON. Account of liDfOTtn.—ecntintied, 809 Inporti. BriUib Shipc American Shipi. Total Qoantily. Price per nnl, piece, ic. Total Value in Spaaidi UoUan Oiineng pis. 59 1,509 1,561 60- 93,660 Quicksilver 3,054 501 2,555 115- 293,825 Tin plate* boxes 1,800 — 1,200 7-50 9,000 Tin . - - pis. 15,738 834 16,506 19' 814,754 Spelter . - - 8,955 3,049 6,004 5-50 33,022 Lead - - - — 14,061 9,946 24,907 6- 149,442 Iron ... — 10,838 3,490 19,788 3- 59,184 Copper ... — 54 3,288 2,343 20- 40,840 Amber, false - chests 43 — 43 20- 840 Betel nut jpls. 23,755 3,005 25,760 3- 77,280 Kiclio de mar - 134 — 134 6- 604 Birds' nosta catties 373 — 373 20- 7,460 Camplior baroos — 131 — 121 40- 4,840 Cotton, Bengal - pis. 240,198 — 240,198 T. 9- 3,002,400 Bombay 347,5S0 — 347,580 8-5 4,103,375 Madras — 89,579 — 89,579 0- 1,119,738 Cornelians value 135,700 — 135,700 — 135,700 Cloves - - - pis. 198 122 320 28- 8,960 Ebony - . - 9,796 — 9,796 3- 29,388 eiepliants' teeth — 538 — 533 85- 45,220 Fish maws — 1,501 — 1,501 55- 88,555 Glass beads chests 10 ^ 10 18- 180 Gum olibanum - _pls. 3,820 — 3,820 3- 11,460 animi 157 — 157 4- 628 myrrh — . 205 — 305 6- 1,025 copal — 67 — 67 20- 1,340 bdellium - — 1,234 — 1,234 4- 4,036 Horns, Rhinoceros ... 30 — 80 20- 400 Unicorn — . 63 — 63 40- 3,.520 Knyabuco wood — 33 — 33 5- 165 Mother Cloves - ** 46 — 46 10- 460 Mother o'-l'earl shells — 1,649 449 2,068 4- 8,272 Nutmegs — — 39 39 120- 4,680 Opium, Patna - chests 7,192 — 7,192 778- 5,595,376 Benares — 2,575 5 2,580 683- 1,762,140 Malwa — 17,687 — 17,687 675- 11,938,725 Turkey pis. 298 446 738 611- 450,918 Pearls ... value 120,000 — 120,000 — 120,000 Pepper £U. 12,311 2,293 14,603 8- 116,624 Pimento 30 ^ 30 10- 300 Piitchuck _ 357 — 357 IB- 6,426 Rattans _ 8,155 3,781 ll,93fr S' .,694 — 735,&94 Ba'.anco Spanish dollars - ^ "** — — — 352,891 — — — — 38,579,358 Account of the Export Trade by British and American Vessels at Canton, from 1st July, 1836, to 30th June, 1837. Eiporti. Briljsh Sbipl. American Shipe. Total Quanllly. Trice prryurd, piece, Xic< ToMl Value Id bpaiiikh U Pouchong - — _ 2,322 2,322 58,050 ■ '•'■, ■', ■"■' Campnl — 287 287 8,010 •■ ^ ;? . Ankoi — 1,274 __ 1,274 26,754 ■■'- /■ Ilongmuey — 3,989 ._ 3,080 1«,648 . ^ J' , Pekoe — 2,952 802 3,7.04 2,-!3,652 Orange Pekoe Black Hj'son - 7,08-! 7,089 910,728 11,131,581 224,442 21,873 — 8,014,740 10,923 9,993 iO.Olfi 1,664,988 Young hyson — 5,118 6;l,278 ( 8,3!M1 1,966,268 Hyson skin — 12,013 12,524 S5,l:!7 603,406 Twankay - — 31,448 3,181 .'•4,029 1,001,060 Gunpowder — 4,587 7,700 12,377 655,516 Imperial - Green Not specified - 3,149 5,722 8,871 442,129 8,796,468 3i7.0l8 76,838 102,488 — 6,333,457 6,n2'> 6,925 235,450 Tilps - No. 21, OIK) — 21,001) 10 210 Toliacco pis. 400 — 400 25 10,000 Trunks sets 329 157 486 10,SI9 Umbrellas chestii 200 200 20 4.000 Velvet ... boxes 119 . 119 70 8,3,'!0 Vermilion — ],nf)6 _- 1,006 63 60,048 Sundries value 62,61. ■S 2,257 6 '.,902 — 6-»,9fl2 Treasuie, gold - tacis 4;t,910 — 43,919 23-.'i0 1,032.096 sycee — 2,058,754 — 2,058,754 5 per cent. 3,002,3''9 dollars, Sp. . — — — — 1^,M'> ditto, S. A. - 68,301 — 68,304 3 per cent. 66,255 Diabiirsements on 171 British ships ' 90 American do. • Spanish dollars - ■ 561,000 177,000 — — 73i:;,ooo - — — — 38,579,358 [Wa States I Youn! I Hv»<"i Ilvsiin ToiikH Oimi'ii' 1 Imperil Boliea SnuclK Pouch! Pecco Congo Sup.) CANTON. 311 [W« And the following account of the Te< States between June 30th, 1837, and the sai and Silks exported from Canton to the United (late in 1838. Tew. Sllu, 1 " Chests. Crnpc shawls . _ _ _ 19,811 Vouns hyson . . . - 70,146 Hanilkerchiefs . - . piocea 38,212 Hvdim • . . - 13,112 I.ini'hcwB . - . — 2,5.16 IlVsiin skin • . . - 20,98B Sarsnets . • . — 2,ti92 ToiikHy - . . • 561 I.evHntliieg . - . — 375 GiiiiiHiwiler _ . . - 8.343 8ntin do. . . . — POO Inipcriai . . . - 6,911 Satins - • • — 1,200 Onliea ■• • • - none. Satin dnmusk - • - — 50 Souchong . . . . 51,378 (:nnil)lets . . . — 74 rmichong • . . - 7,720 Pongees - - . — 24,215 Pecco «i;,*» 't . . - 3,18« Mixed lustrings - . . — 5f-0 Congo . . . 757 Crapes . . • — 22 Sewings - - - peciils 31 Total - - - - 183,100 The above amount of teas is stated to be about 10,000 chests less than the average of the six yeaxa preceding. — Am. Ed.] C.\NVAS (Fr. Toiled voik; Gcr. Segelhich ; I(. Canrvaszn, Lmia ; Rua. Pantxsnne pohtnii, Paruss'mn; Sp, Lona), tinblcached clnth of hemp or flax, chiefly uped for sails for ehipping. Masters of ships are required to make entry of all foreign-made sails and cordage, not being standing or running rigging, in use on Ix^ard their respective ships, under a penally of 100/. Sails in actual use, and fit and necessary for such ship, are imj)orted free ; but when otherwise disposed of, they are liable to an ad vahirem duty of 20 per cent. — !! & 4 Will. 4. c. 56.) It had been the practice for a considerable period to grant bounties on the exportation of canvas or sail-cloth ; these, however, finally ceased on the 1st of January, 1833. By an act passed in the reign of Geo. 2., new sails were ordered to be stamped with the maker's name and place of abode ; but this regulation was repealed by the 10 Geo. 4. c. 43. § 9. CAOUTCHOUC. " This substance, which has been improperly termed elastic gum, and vulgarly, from its common application to rub out pencil marks on paper, India rubber, is obtained from the milky juice of diftcrcnt plants in hot countries. The chief of these are the Jatropha elastica, and Urceola elastica. The juice is applied in successive coatings on a mould of clay, and dried by the fire or in the sun ; and when of a suiHciont thickness, the mould is crushed, and the pieces shaken out^ Acid.s separate the caoutchouc from the thm- ner part of the juice at onc%by coagulating it. The juice of old ])lants yields nearly two thirds of its weight; that of younger plants less. Its colour, when fresh, is yellowish white, but it grows darker by exposure to the air. The elasticity of this substince is its most remarkable property ; when warmed, as by immersion in hot water, slips of it may be drawn out to 7 or 8 times their original length, and will return to their former dimensions nearly. Cold renders it stiff and rigid, but warmth restores its original elasticity. Exposed to the fire, it softens, swells up, arid burns with a bright flame. In Cayenne it is used to give light as a candle." — ( t/re's Dictionary.) Caoutchouc promises to become an article of very considerable importance. M. do la Condamine, who was one of the first to communicate authentic information with respect to it, mentions, that, owing to its being impervious to water, it was' made into boots by the Indians. — {^Voyage de la Riviere des Amazones, p. 76.) It is now employed in a similar way here. Means have, within these few years, been discovered of reducing it to a state of solution ; and when thin filaments of it are spread over cloth, or any other substance, it is rendered impervious alike to air and water. Air cushions and pillows arc manufactured in this way ; as are water-proof cloaks, hats boots, shoes, &c. It is also extensively used in the manufacture of braces and other articles which it is desirable should possess considerable elasticity ; and there can be little doubt that it will be employed still mure extensively, and in a still greater variety of ways. Previously to 1830, the iniportiitions of caoutchouc were compnrttively incnriFideralile. In that year tliey amounted to about 52,000 Ib.s.; wliile, during the year ended the 5t)i of April, l'>3.t, the quan- tity entered for consumption amounted to 178,t)7fi Ihs. Its price varies from 6i/. to 'is. (>d. per II). The duly has been Judiciously reduced from 6d. per lb. to U. per cwt. CAPERS (Fr. Caprea ,• Ger, Koppern ,• IDu. Knppers ,• It. Cappari/ S^. Alcapar- ras ( Raa, Kaperazil ; Lat. Capparis), the pickled buds of the Cappuris spiiwm, a low shrub, generally growing out of the joints of old walls, and the fissures of rocks, in most of the warm parts of Europe. Capers are imported into Great Britain from different parts of the Mediterranean ; the best from Toulon in France. Some small suit capers come from Majorca, and a few flat ones from about Lyons. The duty of Gd. jier lb. on capers pro- duced, in 1832, 1,553/. 5». \d, nett, showing that C2,13U lbs. had been entered for home consumption. CAPE-TOWN, the capital of the British territory in South Africa; lot. 33° 55' 56" 8., long. 18" 21' E. It lies ot the bottom of Table Bay, about 33 miles north from the Cape of Good Hope ; and on tlie western side of the territory to which it givea its name. The I) . ^'.' u, I 812 CAPE-TOWN. town was founded by the Dutch in 1650 ; and remained, with the territory aubject to it, m their pjMossion till it was taken by the British in 1795. It wai restored to the Dutch by the treaty of Amiens ; but being agam captured by the British in 1806, it was finally cinlcd to us in 1815. The streets are laid out in straight lines, crosHing each other at right angles; many of ihcra being watered by canals, and ])lanted on each side with oaks. The popula- tion in 1839-30 amounted, according to the statement in the Cape Almanac, to 13,103 free persons and 5,838 slaves, making together 18,491, The town is defended by a castle of considerable strength. Table Bay is capable of containing any number of ships; but it is exposed to tlie westerly winds, which, during the months of June, .luly, and Aui^ust, tliruw in a heavy swell, that has been productive of many distressing accidents. This in fact, \t the great drawback upon Cape-Town, which in all other res]>ects is most admirably fitbd for a commercial station. At the proper season, however, or during the prevalence of tlie easterly monsoon. Table Bay is perfectly safe ; while the cheapness and abundance of pro- visions, the healthiness of the climate, and alwve all its position, render it a peculiarly desira- ble resting [ilace for ships bound to or from India, China, Australia, &c. The subjoined plan of Table Bay is taken from the survey of the Capo of Good Hope, executed by Lieut Vidal and others, under the direction of Captain Owen. CAPE-TOWN. uw Stftmeei ta tke Ptan.—A, 1lBW-hmi«e, fiirnlsherl with doiilile 1I?W». TTiey m«y be iit«n etesrly r>ff deck At 16 ■"■'•^■' diatniice i but thuy do nut nppeur adi- nets to let go. When the vessel is properly moored with bower anchors, or well secured with a bower and stream anchor, and witli good cal)lo8, buoys, and buoy- ropes, the master will then take the exact place of the ship by the bearings of 2 land-marks, and the depth of the water ; and should accident occur, by which the vessel may drift from this situation, or lose her anchors, a good bearing and depth of water must be taken at the time, and the same must be notified in writing to the port captain. It is particularly recommended that vessels be kept as snug as pnssit)Ie, to counteract the efldcts of the periodical winds, which at times blow with considerable violence. The district subject to Ca[)e-Town in of very great extent, and contains every variety of ■oil, from the richest level land to the wildest mountain, and tracts destitute of even the ap- pearance of vegetation. The climate fluctuates between the two extremes of rain and drought On the whole, its advantages and disadvantages seem to be pretty equally balanced ; and the prospects which it holds out to the industrious emigrant, if not very allur- iiig, are certainly not discouraging. Population. — According to the official returns, the population of the Gape Colony, in 1834, consisted of— ■ Whites and Free Coloured. Main. Fenialea. 60,440 66,418 Negro Apprentices, formerly Slaves. MiilM. Femalra. 19,580 16,580 Total I53,03T Produce. — Large quantities of corn of a very good description are produced in the imme- diate neighbourhood of Cape- Town ; but '\X'j free exportation is restrainetl ; none being allowed to be sent abroad, except a specified quantity decided upon by government after an investigation into the state of the crops ! This restriction, Mr. Thompson tells us ( Travelt in Southern Africa, p. 396.), has neither produced regular prices nor averted scarcity. It has, however, been in no common degree injurious to the colony ; and it is really surprising that systems of policy universally condemned in England should be allowed to exert a per- nicious influence over any of our colonies. The Mauritius and Rio Janeiro are the principal markets for the corn of the Cape. Large quantities of wine, and of what is called brandy, are produced at the Cape ; but, with the exception of Constantia, they are very inferior. Objections have been made to the duties recently imposed on Cape wines ; but, as it appears to us, without any good founda- tion. The real effect of allowing their importation at a comparatively low duty is not to occasion their direct consumption, but to cause them to be employed as a convenient meana of adulterating others ; so that, besides being injurious to the revenue, such reduction of duty promotes fraudulent practices, and detracts from the comforts of the public. Considerable quantities of hides, skins, and horns are exported. They are principally brought from Algoa Bay, on the eastern side of the colony ; and the trade has increased very fast during the last 6 or 7 years. Horses, butter, beef, ivory, whale oil, aloes, argol, and various other articles, are among the exports. The imports at the Cape consist of woollens, cottons, hardware, earthenware, furniture, haberdashery, soap, paper, books, and portions of most articles used in this country. Piece goods and teak timber are imported from India, tea from China, sugar from India and the Mauritius, &c. Revenue, 4-c. — The total revenue of the Cape Colony for the year 18.33 amounted to 130,808/. 7». S^rf.; the expenditure for the same year' was 126,889/. Os. 9Jrf. ; leaving a balance of 3,919/. 6«. 10Jy, 29,160 lbs. 79 Beef, fresh. 137,662 lbs, • • . 717 Ilnrtes. 314 in number . 8,753 Biscuit, 2i9,lil6 Ihs 2,a->9 Ivorv. '25,497 lbs. and 227 tusks, bundles and Bread, soft. 118,480 lbs. 740 casks . - - . 3,7.59 Flour, 37, 122 lbs. • • • • 632 I.ime, 72 half aams 10 Hay, 3,630 lln, .... »! I«lher, 2 ca.ws 10 Rvisins. 10,722 lbs 191 Mules, 48 hearj 688 Sheep, 34 in number, and oxen 23 - 83 nil, whale, 34,662 callons and 90 ouka 4,(H3 6 Vetetablfs, 30,013 lbs 306 Oxen, iMws, and calves, 444 bead 1,782 Wine. ordin.-iry, 18,001 Imperial quarts l,4S2 Polonies - , . , Poialoca ud onions, 367 muidt 63 169 Total estimated value of colonial pm.^ duce and manufactures exporleil > L. 285,247 IS ICi Poultry .... 138 durincHieyear IS29. • - ) CusTOM-Houae Reouiutions, Feea, &c. ,iA^ n' On AdminUm of a Ship to Entry, ofttproe— 1. The sliip's register must be lodged In the Custom-house, until the venet cItMr as;ain for ipa, 2. The imnifest of the cargo on boanl for this place must be de* pn^tited 'hfre. 3 The cnc-kets of ranpes shipped fmm tmj phce In Great Britain or Ireland for Ihii place must atsn be deposiVd there. From the etiJorseineiit of such cockeN, an extract is to be male, which will show the aintcnts of the dilTerent package? on brard, and facilitate the makin;; out nt the entritis. 4. In making "ut the dectaralinni, the value hj Invoice of the different cnnmio lilies muBt be (fiven by the Importer, in order In enable Ihe Cuatimi-house to estimate the'duties payable, and to scivl ii: to envcnmient, aiin'iilly, the rftjuirel at.atement uf Ihe total duties receive.1 upon the several articles imported. In tHe clenring of a Ship ou'uwfi, ofcierwf— 1. The mMtt-r must produce a certiftcate frnm the harbour muter, flrtt Ih* 'oniia^^ duties nf "he port have * an paid. 2. The (tx'i'irt minir-st m'J^t l« exA^.ninel with the pftrmits Kran*i-'l, in rirlt^r to aicerUio whether package* have teen shipped without a peruit. 3. Export declarations must be lent In by *he several shlppe^^ o,* the quantity and value nf i»ort'ts or pntduce Hlilppftt by them, in or- der to airertain the amount of the export^ of the cr)totiy. 4. Wh.'n Cape wine is shipped for exportation to Entrland, afliJ^- vft of Ihepirlicniar diKrripiinn of such wine must Iwleliiered, and a certificate irniiied, ti^ the collector or pomptroller of customs, to thi* master, of hi^ hivmt received such affidavit 3. Manifeits, in tiiplicate. of sut^h )' his M-ijrsty's subjects usually reii>tiiiK m this colony ; and (fietollecloror coniptioller is tn srant a crrlitioate under his tiand aiid leil to the master, '.eatifyinf that such oath bath beea made tie* fore hiiii> 7, When sailed seal skim are shipped from the Cape for EnflarJ, thrihii'per is lo mnkeonth bernre the collector or comptroller, thai the ssme are really anni, Great Ilriiain or Ireland ; and Ihe collector or comptmller is to unnt a certificate to the mahtei- accord iuij;ly. H. Ihe orii{lnal manifest, an.! a copy thereof, oi ships touching at the Cape of Good Hope, with cargoes from the eastward for CoKlaiid, to he delivered and sworn to by tho master before Ihe col> lectnror comptroller. The original to be returm^ to the master, ind the copy forwarded from the Custom-bouse loibe commiasiouer of cus'omi. 9, If any pirt of such cargo alia]] be discharged at the Cape of Good Hope, the collectororcomptrulteris to endorse u|)on theoiani' fejt therirt of the cargo so discharged, and verify the lanie. 10. Tne usual fet.s to be charged, vl&— En'rance - . - • • Clearance .... Unding (ir shipping) cargo Ijndinf (^r shipping) part cargo ' C.wsi«iH- : finding (or shipping) part cargo Miuifest of gofxis taken in here 6 fl 15 7 1 I Coutwtae: Entrance— gratli Cleartnce • • • • • • \ tk Landing (or shipping) cargo • - • •030 hi obtaining Penniht obierve-- 1. No credit will be given to any pinwrn whatever. 3. The duties are to be eoUecti^i on all imports, whether intended for private use, for pretrnls, or for trade j except on wearing appa rel accompanying the proprietor. Or on specie. On garden seedf. On hortes (en lusive of geldings). On goods lodged in the Custom hiinte s^om for exportation. On goods transhipped in the bay for other ports (provided neither bargain nor sale of thdfii have taken place). On naval stores. On goveriuueot stores (provided an order be sent from govern- ment). 3< If. 6d. fs charged for every permit for goodn exceeding the value of 7/. 10«, ihippeo or landed, and 9(1 on goods under 7i. lOt. value ; ai also 9d. for every bog^ge permit, WharfagB Pun. L, ». d Every pipe, puncheon, or cask equal in size or lai^er than a pipe 10 Every half-pipe, or any description of cask larger than a half>i)am • • - - - • • For every hoist at the crane • • • -000 For every bono • - • • • -076 For all oien • ■ • • - -01 For ft sheep - • • • • -00 For a pig- - • - - - -00 Forevery case measuring )-2 a ton, or larger • - 1 Port Duti. Upon alt vessels enleriug this port for the purpoees of trade, pei ton, 4 l'2d. Upon all vpsstds entering this port to procure refreslunents, or for .luy purpose short of trade, per too, 2 1 -Ad. t Regulations as to Trade. — All Roods, the produce or innniiractiire of tlie Cape of Good Hope, or the tcrriforiea or dependencies thereof, are subject (on imj>nrlation into Enplnnd) to the same duties :i« are imposed on the like articles, the produce or manufacture of the Uritish possessions within the liniits of itie East India Company's charter, except when any other duty is expressly laid on them.— (3ki mil. i. e. M. i 9.) TliB 6 Geo. 4. c. 114. enacts, that it shall be lawful for his Majesty, by any order In council to be is. tued from time to time, to i;ive such directions and mal 'f* . i"l *M 'i, CAPITAL— CARAVAN. n^hlt and Meaiuret.—TTue weights made iiie of in the Cape are derived flrom the Rtandnnl pound «r Aniiterdaiii ; and thoie asilzed are from 60 Ibi. down to 1 loot, or tho 3'U part uf a pound, which ia regarded ai unit^ m ! ■ «: m i S '1 '■H Liquid Muuurt. 16 Floslii . 1 Aniter. 4 Aniceri • 1 Aam. 4 Aams tm 1 Leaguer. Cam Mtaiuri. 4 Schepeli _ 1 Muid. 10 Muidi - 1 Load. 107 ichepeli 83 Winch, buibeli, or 4 icbepeli - 3 Imp. buib. yery nearly. The muid of wheat weight, at an avernire about 110 Ibi. Dutch, being loniewhat over 1B6 Ibi' Engllih. Cloth and Long Meaturtn. 13 Rbynland Inehei •= 1 Khynlnnd foot 37 ditto « 1 Dutch ell. 144 ditto - 1 S(|uure foot. 144 Square feet = 1 Rood. 600 Roodi » 1 Morgen. CtUnhU WHgkU and Meaturea eompand with tho$* of England. tVeightt. 00 Ibi. Dutch • nearly 109 Ibt. Engllih avoirdupois. IJO lbs. English •• nearly 03 Ibg. Dutch. nine or Liquid Meaiurt. 1 Flask > 6 Old gallon, or 4'OiO Imperial gallons, 1 Anker » 0^ ditto, 79 ditto. 1 Aum " 38 ditto, 3I| ditto. 1 LetiRuer •> 133 ditto, 1366 ditto. 1 Pipe " 110 ditto, 01-6 ditto Satdanha Bay, in Int. 33'' 6' 8., long. 17" 59' 15" E., belni 16} leagues north of Cnpe-Town, is one of the bent and most coniniodious harbnurs in the world. It Is perfectly safe at all seasons. Besides the Cape Mmanae, one of the best of that clans of publications, and the other nuthnrilies referred to, we have derived part of the above details from papers laid before the Finance Com- mittee. CAPITAL, in political economy, is that portion of the produce existing in a country which may be made directly available, either to the support of human existence, or to the fitcilitating of production. — {Principles of Political Economy, 2d ed. p. 97.) But in com- merce, and as applied to individuals, it is understood to mean the sum of money which a merchant, banker, or trader adventures in any undertaking, or which he contributes to the common stock of a partnership. It signifies likewise the fund of a trading company, or corporation ; in which sense the word stock is generally added to it. Thus wc say tho capital stock of the Bank, &c. The profit derived from any undertaking is estimated by the rate which it bears to the capital that was employed. [The definition of capital given by the author seems to be too general. It makes no real difference between wealth and capital ; for surely every portion of wealth " may he made directly available, either to the support of human existence, or to the facilitating of produc- tion." The editor has defined capital to be that portion of wealth which is not simply liable to be applied to the purpose of again producing wealth, but which is actually so applied. See his Principles of Political Economy, book L chapter 4. — Am, Ed.] CAPSICUM. See PKPPtR. CARAVAN, an organized company of merchants, or pilgrims, or both, who associate together in many parts of Asia and Africa, that they may travel with greater security through deserts and other places infested with robbers ; or where the road is naturally dangerous. The word is derived from the Persian kervan, or e&rvan, a trader or dealer. — (Shaw's Tra- vels in the Levant, p. 9. 4to ed.) Every caravan is under the command of a chief or aga (caravan-bachi'), who has fre- quently imder him such a number of troops or forces as is deemed sufficient for its defence. When it is practicable, they encamp near wells or rivulets ; and observe a regular discipline. Camels are used as a means of conveyance, almost uniformly, in preference to tho hor^ or any other animal, on account of their wonderful patience of fatigue, eating little, and sub- sisting three or four days or more without water. There are generally more camels in a caravan than men. — (See Camei.) The commercial intercourse of Eastern and African nations has been principally carried on, from the remotest period, by means of caravans. During antiquity, the products of India and China were conveyed either from Suez to Rhinoculura, or from Bussorah, near the head of tho Persian Gulf, by the Euphrates, to Babylon, and thence by Palmyra, in tin Syrian desert, to the ports of Pha:nicia on the Mediterranean, where they were exchanged for the European productions in demand in the East. Sometimes, however, caravans set out directly from China, and, occupying about 8.50 days in the journey, arrived on the shores of the Levant, after traversing the whole extent of Asia. — (Gibh-m, vol. vii, p. 93.) The formation of caravans is, in fact, the only way in which it has ever been possidle to carry on any considerable internal commerce in Asia or Africa. The governments that have grown up in those continents have seldom been able, and seldomer indeed have they attempted, to render travelling practicable or safe for individuals. The wandering tribes of Arabs have always infested the immense deserts by which they are intersected ; and those only, who are sufficiently powerful to protect themselves, or sufficiently rich to purcha ;e an exemption from the predatory attacks of these freebooters, can exn^ct to pass through territories subject to their incursions, without being exposed to tho risk ol robbery and murder. CARAVAN. 817 Since the eBtablishment of the Mohammedan faith, religious motives, conspiring with those of a less exalted character, have tended to augment the intercourse between difTerent parts of the Eastern world, and to increase the number and magnitude of the caravans. Mohammed enjoined all his followers to visit, once in their lifeiime, the Caaba, or square building in the temple of Mecca, the immemorial object of veneration amongst his country- men ; and in order to preserve continually upon their minds a sense of obligation to perform thia duty, he directed that, in all the multiplied acts of devotion which his religion prescribes, true believers should always turn their faces towards that holy place. In ol>edience to a precept so solemnly enjoined and sedulously inc>^l'~*od, large caravans of pilgrims used to Bueemble annually in every country where t'' ..ohammedan faith is established ; and though, owing either to a diminution of religious zeal, or the increasing diiGculties to be encountered in the journey, the number of pilgrims Ixis of late years declined greatly, it is •till very considerable. Few, however, of the pilgrims are actuated only by devotional feel- ings. Commercial ideas and objects mingle with those of religion ; and it redounds to the credit of Mohammed, that he granted permiesion to trade during the pilgrimage to Mecca ; providing at the same time for the temporal as well as the lasting interests of his votaries. "It shall be no crime in you, if ye seek an increase from your Lord by trading during the pilffnmage"—{Sak'a Koran, c. 8. p. 36. ed. 1764.) The numerous camels of each caravan are loailed with those commodities of every coun- try which are of easiest carriage and readiest sale. The holy city is crowded during the month of Dhalhajja, corresponding to the latter part of June and the beginning of July, not only with zealous devotees, but with opulent merchants. A fair or market is held in Mecca and its vicinity, on the twelve days that the pilgrims are allowed to remain in that city, which used to be one of the best frequented in the world, and continues to be well attended. " Few pilgrims," says Burckhardt, " except the mendicants, arrive without bringing some productions of their respective countries for sale : and this remark is applicable as well to the merchants, with whom commercial pursuits are the main object, as to those who are actuated by religious zeal ; for, to the latter, the profits derived from selling a few articles at Mecca diminish, in some degree, the heavy expenses of the journey. The Moggrebyna (pilgrims from Morocco and the north coast of Africa) bring their red bonnets and woollen cloaks ; the European Turks, shoes and slippers, hardware, embroidered stuils, sweetmeats, amber, trinkets of European manufacture, knit silk purses, ice. ; the Turks of Anatolia bring carpets, silks, and Angora shawls ; the Persians, Cashmere shawls and l&rge silk handkerchiefs ; the Afghans, tooth-brushes, called Mesouak Kattary, made of the spongy boughs of a tree growing in Bokhara, beads of a yellow soapstone, and plain coarse shawls manufactured in their own country ; the Indians, the numerous productions of their rich and extensive region ; the people of Yemen, snakes for the Persian pipes, sandals and va- rious other works in leather ; and the Africans bring various articles adapted to the slave trade. The pilgrims are, however, often disappointed in their expectations of gain ; want of money makes them hastily sell their little adventiues at the public auctions, and oflen obliges them to accept very low prices." — {Traveh in Arabia, vol. ii. p. 21.) The two principal caravans which yearly rendezvous at Mecca are those of Damascus and Cairo. The first is composed of pilgrims from Europe and Western Asia ; the second of Mohammedans from all parts of Africa. The Syrian caravan is said by Burckhardt to be very well regulated. It is always accom- panied by the pacha of Damascus, or one of his principal officers, who gives the signal for encamping and starting by firing a musket. On the route, a troop of horsemen ride in the front, and another in the rear to bring up the stragglers. The different parties of pilgrims, distinguished by their provinces or towns, keep close together. At night torches are lighted, and the daily distance is usually performed between 3 o'clock in the afternoon and an hour or two afler sunrise on the following day. The Bedouins or Arabs, who carry provisions for the 'troops, travel by day only, and in advance of the caravans; the encampment of which they pass in the morning, and are overtaken in turn and passed by the caravan on the fol- lowing night, at their own resting place. The journey with these Bedouins is less fatiguing than with the great body of the caravan, as a regular night's rest is obtained ; but their bad character deters most pUgrims from joining them. At every watering-place on the route is a small castle and a large tank, «t which the camels water. The castles are garrisoned by a few persons, who remain the whole year to guard the provisions deposited there. It is at these watering-places, which belong to the Bedouins, that the sheikhs of the tribe meet the caravan, and receive the accustomed tribute for allowing it to pass. Water is plentiful on the route ; the stations are no where more distant than 11 or 12 hours' march; and in winter, pools of rain-water are frequently found. Those pilgrims who can travel with a litter, or on commodious camel-saddles, may sleep at night, and perform the journey with little inconvenience : but of those whom poverty, or the desire of speedily acquiring a large sum of money, induces to follow the caravan on foot, or to hire themselves as servants, many die on the road from fatigue. — {Traveb in Arabia, vol. iL p. 3—9.) 2d2 :| I :.U !' ■ ,■ I i> I' n. :t 318 CARAVAN. The cnravan which sets out from Cniro for Morcft in not (jonprnlly ho lurgc an that of DamascuB ; and its routo Rlonn; the ihorcg of tho R»'il Hen is morn ilani;oroiiM and fiilinuinL', Bill many of tho African and Egyptian mnrchants and pilRTintM mill from Sutz, Cowir, ami Other |tort« on the western shore of the Ked Sea, for lljidda, whence tho journey to Mecca h short and caMy, The Pcrninn rarnvan for Mecca sets out from Bagdad ; hut many of the Persian pilirriina are now in the habit of embarking; at Uusnorah, and coming to Djiddn by sen. Caravans from Bagdad and Bussorah proceed to Aleppo, Dnma»i<'u*i, and IJiarbeltpr, laden with all sorts of Indian, Arahii^n, and Persian commodities ; and largo ((uuntities of Murniienn goods, principally of Eni^li^h eottons, imported at Bussorah, are now distributed tbri. Bppoinl ilcKi'n'n. ' during i llie Unii Note 54 thouah 1 CARAVANSERA— CARDS. 810 appoint iomo one cIm In hii place. When a number of merchants associntc together in tho (luiii.;ri, ihcy elect a chicf^and appoint oflieem to decide whatever <'oiiirovcrHie8 may ariso (lurinct the journey. — (For further details with respect to caravans, see tlio Modern I'art nf the Univerml History, vol. xiv. pp. 814 — 843. ; Kohcrtnon't Disquisition nn Ancient Iiidh, Note 54. ; Reef's Cychpadia, art. Caravan, most of which is copied from IlolMirtson, thouch without a single word of acknowledgment ; llurekhardl' s Travels in Arabia, vol. li. yns^im ; Unmliart on Turkey and its Kenmtrces, p. 137. p. Ifil., &c.J CARAVANSERA, a largo public building or inn appropriated lor the reception and lodgment of the caravans. Though serving in lieu of inuM, there is this radical diircrciico between them, — that, generally speaking, the traveller finds nothing in a curavanaern for tho use either of hiniHulf or his cattle. He must carryall his prDvinions and ncccHsarieK with him. They arc chiefly built in dry, barren, desert places ; and arc mostly furtiiMhrd with water brought from a great distance and at a vast expense. A well of water is, indeed, itidisjiensable to a caravansera. Caravanserns are also numerous in cities ; where they i«ervo not oidy as inns, but as shops, warehouses, and even exchanges. CARAWAY-SEED (Fr. Cum, Cumin des prh ,- iicr. Keumme/, nrndlcilmmel ,• It. Carvi), a small seed, of an old oblong and slender llgurc, pointed at both ends, and thiekett in tiie middle. It is the produce of a biennial plant {Carum curui), with a taper root like a parsncp, but much smaller. It should bo chosen large, new, of a good colour, not dunty, and of a strong agreeable smell. It is principally used by confectioners ; and is extuiibivcly cultivated in several parts of Essex. CARBUNCLE (Ger. Karfunkel .- Fr. Esearboukle ; It Carbo7ichio ,- Sp. Carbnnculo t hat. Carbunculus), a precious stone of tho ruby kind, of a very rich glowing blood-red colour, highly esteemed by the ancients. — (See Runir.) CARD (Fr. Corrfca; GcT,Knrdiittc/i£n,Karden,Wollkratzen{ h, Cardi ; "Rus, liardil ,• 8p. Cardas), an instniment, or comb, for arranging or sortiiig the hairs of wool, cotton, &c. Cards arc either fastened to a flat piece of wood, and wrought by the hand ; or to a cylinder, and wrought by machinery. CARDAMOMS (Fr, Cardamomes t Ger. Kardamom ,• ll. Cardumomi ,• Sp, Kard-tes iljmicr.- Ger. Karten, Spiel karten ,• It Carte du giuoco ,• Rus. Kurtii ; Sp. Ciirras, Naipes ,• Sw. Kort). The only thing necessary to be noticed in this place with respect to cards, is tho regulations as to their manufacture, sale, and the payment of the duty. It is regulated Iiy tlie Gen. 4. c. 18 , tliat an annual license duty nf Sx. stiall lie paid by every niakei of pliiyinji cards and dice. Tlic duly nn every pack nf cards is Is. and is to lie specified nn the ace of tpades. Cards are not to be niude in any part nf (ireat liriliiin, o.\cept tlie mntrnpnlis ; nnr in Ireland, except in Dublin and Corit ; uiidur a punuliy of lOOt. Curds arc lu lie enclosed in wrappers, witli sucb i' (■ lit. M'|i> ( D20 CARMEN— CARRIERS. mark! aa tha enminliiiloncra of atampi may appnfnt. Bnfnre lleaain can he hiid, bnnil muit be (Wen til the aniiiiint nf 500<. lor the paymnnt of the iliittni, &c. Hfilllni or oipoilnit (o hiiIh any puck cf onrdH not duly ttlarnpiid, •iihlcciH a llcnniied nifiker to a penalty nf Ml. i and uny oiiu elue in it pxnnlly of lot. Any permn hnvlng In lili poeaeaiiiuii, iir uilni , or pcrinittlng to be uii'il, any pack »( cards nut duly itninped, to forfult 3/. Hecnnd-hand cardi may be i»ld hy any perion, if iidil without the tvritp- per of a llcenied maker i and In packi containing not more than 33 carda, Inttiidlnir an ace of ipadGi duly atamped, and encloaed In a wrapper with the wordi '* Sietnd-haHd Carit" printed or wrlllcn In diatlnct cbaracteri on the outalde i penalty for aelllng aacond-hand carda In any other niannvr, 3Ui. An Account of the Duty received on riaying Card* In Oreai Britain and Ireland In ench Year ftum 1830, apeclfylng the Raloa of Uuty charged,— (/>dW. Paptr, No. 437. H«a«. 1833.) Tmr. Great Britain. Ireland. Rata. AaHXinl of Daly. Rata. Amouol or Duly. 1830 1N31 lh33 18M 1831 1893 1830 1897 1838 1839 1830 1831 9(. M. per pack It. per pack ft'om May £ 1. i. 91,307 5 91,317 5 91,179 17 93,000 13 93,874 13 83,577 17 8 18,300 IS 90,804 19 17,303 5 15,343 14 14,300 7 14,400 3 3(. per pack - r 9f .per pack to 6th of Ju- ") < ly, l». per pack for the V (. remainder of the year. ) If. per pack - £ f. d. 9,019 14 1 1,H3I 10 8t 1.013 11 1,057 4 31 1,308 13 Hi 1,330 N 1,037 19 1,001 13 3 040 19 403 11 344 13 104 18 CARMEN, of the City of London, are conatituted a fellowship by act of common coun- cil. The rates which they are allowed to charge, and the regulations by which they are to bo guided, are settled at the quarter sesaions. In other respects they are subjected to the rule of the president and governors of Christ's Hospital, to whom the owner of every cart pays an annual licence duty of 17«. id. Carmen are to help to load and unload their carts ; and if any carman exacts more than the regu- liir rnt«a, upon due proof, before the Lord Mayor, or any two magiatratea, hu shall aufler Impriton* mrnt for the ipacc of 31 dnyi. If any pt-raon ahnll refuae to pay any carman hia hire, according to the rpgular mtci, upon com- plaint made, the prcaldent of Christ's Iloapltal, or a Justice of the peace, may compel payment. Merchants or other persons may ihooao what cart they please, except 'such aa stand for wharf- work, tackle-work, crane-work, at shops and merchants' houses, which an; to he taken In turn ; and every carman standing with his empty cart next to any goods to be loaded, shall, upon the first de- mand, load the same for the accustomed rates ; and if any person shall cause a carman to attend ot his house, shop, warehouse, or cellar, with his loaded cart, the carman being willing to help to unload the same, he shall pay the carman after the rate of VU. for every hour after the Arst huif-hour for his attendance. Every licensed carman is to have a piece nf brass fixed upon his cart, upon which is to he engraven a certain number; which number, tngHther with the carman's name, is registered in a register kept at Christ's Hospital ; ao that, in case of any misbehaviour, the party offended, by taking notice of the number of the cart, may search for it in the register, and the name will be found. Carmen not conforming to these rules, or working without a numbered piece of brass fixed on tb« cart, may be suspended from their employment. Carmen riding upon the shafts of their carts, or sitting within them, not having some person on foot to guide the horses, shall forfeit lOf . CARMINE (Oer. Kartnin ; Du. Knrmyn ; Fr. Carmine ,• It. Carmtnio ,• Lat. Car- minium), a powder of a very beautiful red colour, bordering upon purple, and used by painters in miniature. It is a species of lakt, and is formed of finely pulverised cochineal. It is very high priced. CARNELIAN. See Aoats. CARPET, CARPETS (Gcr. Teppiche ,- Du. Tapyten, Vher-tapytm ,- Pr. Tapis ; It. Tappeli ,• Sp. Alfombraa, Alcatifas, Tapetea ,• Rub. KoivrU, Kilimi). Persian and Turkish carpcta are the most esteemed. In England, carpets are principally manufactured at Kid- dcnninster, Wilton, Cirencester, Worcester, Azminster, d:c. ; and in Scotland, at Kilmar- nock. Those made at Axminster arc believed to be very little, if any thing, inferior to those of Persia and Turkey. ■ i » CARRIAGES. See CoAcacs. CARROT (Daueus carota Lin.), a biennial plant, a native of Britain. Though long known as a garden plant, its introduction into agriculture has been comparatively recent. 'J'ho uses of the carrot in domestic economy are well known. It is extensively cultivated in SufTilk, whence large quantities are sent to the London market. ' Horses are said to be remarkably fond of carrots. CARRIERS, are persons undertaking for hire to carry goods from one place to another. Proprietors of carts and wagons, masters and owners of ship!), hoymen, lightermen, barge- men, ferrymen, Sec. are denominated common carriers. The master of a stage coach who iwi/y carries passengers ftir hire, is not liable for goods; but if he undertake to carry goodi and passengers, then he is liable for both as a common carrier. The post-master general is not a carrier in the common acceptation of the term, nor is he subjected to his liabilities. .ki »< a( Duly. f. u. I» U 1 )l ID Hi 13 11 1 57 4 Si ON 12 »k .1« h 17 la 6 01 13 i 10 IS CARRIERS. m 1. Dttti'ei and LtabiliHu of Currieri. — Carricra are bounJ to rfccive and carry the gooJa af iill periton*, for a rea«onable hiro or ruwanl ; to take pro|icr caro of itieiii in their iiaMage , to (Itliver tlicin lafvly. and in the aaino condition as wht>n thov were received (i'xrp|itini' only auch loaa«ii as may arise from the uct of Giid or the kitt/fn ctirmirn) ; or, in dpfauit tlirrruf, to niuko coiDpensation to the owner for whatever Iosk or damage the g(X)ds may have received while in Iheir custody, that might liavo been provcntod. Hrnco a carrier is liable, though he be robbed of the goo tafciy adopted ; for if a carrier wero not liable fur losses unbrs it could be shown that ho IjuiI conducted himself dishonestly or negligently, o door would bu opened for every s])ecies ol' fraud and collusion, inasmuch as it would bo impossible, in most cases, to ascertain (vhctlicr the facts were such as the carrier represented. On the same princi])le a carrier luia bt'on held accountable for g(H>ds accidentally consumed by tiro vtliilo in his wandiouse. In (Irlivering the opinion of the Court of King's Dunch on u case of tiiis sort, Lord Mnnsflpld laici — " A carrier, by the nature of his contract, obliges himself to use all due care and dili- gence, and is answerable for any neglect But there is something mere imposed on him by cuKtom, that is, by the common law. A common cnrrier is in the nature of art iniiurer. All the coses show him to be so. This makes him liable for every thing except the act of Uoil and the king's encmiea; that is, even from ittevitubU accidents, with those exceptions. The question then i*, What is Ihr act of Cod ? I consider it to Iw Inid down in opposition to the act of man ; such as lightning, storms, tcm))CNt.'i and the likn, which could not hap- pen by any human intervention. To prevent litigation and collusion, the law presumes negligence except in those circumstances. An armed force, though ever so groat and irresist- ible, does not excuse ; the reason is, for fear it may give room for colluNion, which can never happen with respect to the act of God. We all, therefore, are of opinion that there should be judgment for the pi iiintifl'."—(Fw warrf v. Pitturd, I T. K. 87.) A carrier is not obliged to have a new carriage for every journey ; it is sufHcient if ho provide one that, without any extraordinary accident, may bo fairly presumed capable of per- forming the journey. A carrier moy I* discharged from his liability by any frai r concealment on the part of the individual employing him, or of the bailor ; as if the latter represent a parcel as con- taining things of little or no value, when, in fact, it contains things of great value. But when the carrier has not given a notice limiting his responsibility, and when he puts no questions with respect to the parcel to the bailor, the latter need not say any thing with respect to it ; and though tne bailor should represent the thing delivered to the carrier as of no value, yet if the latter know it to be otherwise, he will be responsible in the event of itH lieing lost or damaged. If the bailor deliver goods imperfectly packed, and the carrier doea not perceive it, he is not liable in the event of a loss occurring ; but if the defect in the pack- age were such that the carrier could not but perceive it, ho would be liable. On this prin- ciple a carrier was made to answer for tlie loss of a greyhound that had been improperly secured when given to him. A carrier may refuse to admit goods into his warehouse at an unseasonable ttm(f, or before he U ready to take his journey ; but he cannot refufo to do the ordinary duties incumbent on a person in his situation. It is felony, if a carrier open a parcel and take goods out of it with intent to steal them ; and it has been decided, that if goods be delivered to a carrier to bo carried to a R{>ecifie(l plai'c, and he carry them to a diflferont place, and di:HCs to a civil action. No carrier, wagonman, carman, or wainman, with their resjiective carriages, shall travel on Sundays, under a penalty of 30». — (3 Chas, 1. c. 1.) A carrier is always, unless there be an express agreement to the contrary, entitled to a reward for his care and trouble. In some cases his reward U regulated by the legislature, and in others by a special stipulation between the parties ; but though there 1)C no legislativo provision or express agreement, he cannot claim more than a reafouahlr. compcnt^ation. 2. Limilatton of Responsibility, — Until the act of 15;i(), a currier might by express stipu- lation, giving public notice to tliat effect, discharge his lisdiility from all losses by robbery, accident or otherwise, except those which orose from niifftazancc andij^ross neifliijence (froni which no stipulation or notice could exempt him), and provided thu notice did not contra- vene the express conditions of an act of parliament. Notices generally bore, that the carrier would not be responsible for more than a certain sum (usually 5/.) on any one parcel, the value of which had not been declared and paid for accordingly ; so thot a person aware of this notice, entering a box worth 1000/. without declaring its value, or entering it as being worth 20(1/. would, Bhould it be lost, have got in the first case only 5/., and in the tatter only 200/., unless he could have shown that the carrier had acted fraudulently or with gross negligence. But, to avail himself of thi.< defence, the carrier was bound to show that (he bailor or his servant vras acuuaintcd with the notic« ♦I ■ . ■■ ■ - •'••• n ,!:! MM I'M. I !' U\ I u ) ■' 322 CARRIERS. at the time of delivering the goods. No particular manner of giving nntice was required. It might be done by express communication, by fixing it up in a conspicuous place in the carrier's office, by insertion in the public papers or Gazette, by tho circulation of handhillg, &c. ; it being in all cases a question for the jury to decide whether the bailor was really acquainted with the notice of the limitation ; since, if he were not, he was entitled to recover, whatever efforts the carrier may iTave made to pul)Iish it. Thus, a notice stuck up in a carrier's warehouse, whore goods were delivered, was of no avail against parties who coulj not read : neithef was it of any avail against those who could read, and who had seen it, unless they had actually read it. On this principle it was held, that a notice in a newspa- per is not sufficient, even when it was proved that the bailor read the newspaper, unless it could also be proved that he had read the notice itself. These attempts to limit responsibility gave rise to a great deal of litigation and uncer- tainty ; and to ob\'iate the inconveniences thence arising, the important statute, 1 Will. 4, c. 68., was passed. This act declares, that carriers by land shall not be liable for the loss of certain articles specified in the act, when their value exceeds 10/., unless the nalitre and value of such articles be staled at the time of their delivery to the carrier, and an inorcasetl rharge paid or agreed to be paid upon the same. It is further declared, that no publication nf any notices by carriers shall have power to limit their responsibility at common law for all other articles except those specified in tho act ; but as the act is of great importance, wo subjoin it. From and after tliH passsinp nf this net, no mail contrnrtor, Ptape conch iiroprietnr, or other coininnn farrier by land for hire, shall be liable for the loss of or injury to any artlele or articles of prnperlv of Ihe description following, viz. gold or silver coin of this realm or of any foreign stale, or any gnl'd or silver in a inanufactnred or iinniunufaciiircd state, or any precions stones, jrwelh^ry, walrhps,rlniks, or time. pieces of any description, trinkets, bills, notes of the Governor and Company of the Kaiiks nf Knpland, Scotland, and Ireland respectively, or of any other bank in (jreat Dritain or Ireland, orders, notes, or securities for payment of money, Kiigliiih or foreiiin stamps, maps, writings, title-deeds, jiaintinKS, engravings, pictures, gold or silver plate or plated articles, pliiss, cliina, silks in a inannfnc- tnred or unmanufactured slate, and whether wrought «p or not wronght ii. 'vitli other innteriiils, furs, or lace, nr any nf them, contained in any panel or package which shall nave been delivered, either to be carried for hire or to accompany tiie person nf any passeiiaer in any mail or slage cuiich or other public conveyance, when the valut; of such article or articles or property aforesaid contained in such parcel or package simll exceed the sum of 10/., unless nt the lime nf the delivery thereof at Ihe office, warehouse, or receiving liouse of such mail contractor, &c. the value and nature of siith nrii- i;le or articles of property shall have been declored by the person or [leraons sending or delivering llie kame, and such increased charge as hereinafter mentioned, or an engagement to pay th" same be ac- cepted by the person receiving such parrel or package. — } 1. When any parcel or package containing any of the articles nbove specified shall be so delivered, and its value and contents declared as aforesaid, and such value sliall exceed the sum of Iflf., it shall he lawful for such mail contractors, stage coach proprietors, and other common carriers, to demand and receive an increased rate of charge, to be notified by some notice, affixed in legible character in some public and cnnspicuons part nf the nlhce, warehouse, or other receiving house, where su(h parcels or packages are received by them for llie purpose of conveyance, stating the incren.sed r!\tes of charge required to he paid over ami above the ordinary rate of carriage, ns a compensation fur the greater risk and care to be taken for the safe conveyance of such valuable articles ; and all persons sending nr delivering parcels or packages containing such valuable articles ns aforesaid at sncli eDiru shall be bound by such notice, without further proof of tlie same having come to their knowledije.- }•,'. Provided always, that when the value shall have been so declared, and the increased rate nf rharee paid, or an engagement to pay the same shall have been accepted as herein-heforc mentioned, ilie person recei. ine such increased rate of charge or accepting sucli agreement shall, if required, sign a receipt for the package or parcel, acknowledging the same to have been insured, which receipt slinll not be liable to any stamp duty ; and if such receipt sliall not be given when required, or such noiiirt ns aforesaid shall not have been affixed, the mail contractor, stage roach proprietor, or other conwiioa carrier as aforesaid, shall not have or be entitled to any benetit or advantage under this act, but shall he liable and responsible as at the common law, ui.d be liable to refund the incri'ased rale nf charge.—} 3. And be it enacted, that from and after the 1st day of September, IS.'IO, no public notice or deiliira- linn heretofore made or hereafter to be made shall be deemed or construed to limit or m anywise utfect the liability at common law of any such mail contractors, slag.'- cnai h proprietors, or othiT piih- lic comimm carriers as aforesaid, for or in respect of any articles or goods lube carried and coiivejed by them ; but that all and every siich mail coiMraclors, stage coach proprietors, and other coninioa carriers as aforesaid, sliall, frnm and after the said 1st day of .Sepieiuher, \»'. lialile, I's at the ((idmiihii law, to answer for the loss of any injury [su Ui the net'] \t> tiny artid.s and goods in respect whereof they may not he entitled to the benefit of this act, any public notice or declaration by them made and given contrary thereto, or in anywise limiting such liability, notwi'.lislandiiig.— J 4. And be it further enacted, that for the purposes of this act every nflice, warehouse, nr reieiviiig house, which Bh:ill be used or appointed by any mail contractor, nr "stage coach proprietor, or itbcr Httch common carrier, for the receiving of parcels to be conveyed as aforesaid, shall he deeineil and laken to be the receiving house, warelionse, or otlice of such mail contractor, stage coach pn |)iii'ter, or other common carrier ; ami that any one or more of such mail contractors, Ktage coacli |iro|irielor?, or commnu carriers, shall-be liable to be sued by bis, her, or their nanie nr mimes only ; tind that no action or suit commenced to recover dnma'ies for loss or injury to any parcel, package, tw persea, shall abate for the want of joining any co-proprietor or co-partner in such niuil, singe coach, or otluT public conveyance by land for hire as aforesaid —J ,'i. Provided always, and be it further enacted, tliat nothing in this act contained shall extend oi ho construed to annul nr in anywise alfect any special contract between such mail contractor, staiie roach proprietor, or common carrier, and any other parties, fur tho conveyance of goods and mer- chandises.— i 6. Provided also, and be if further enacted, that where anyparcel nr package shall have been delivered nf any such office, and the value and contents declared asaforesaid, and llie increased rate of i ii:irg''8 been paiil, and such parcels or packages shall have been lost nr damagerl, the fiarty entitled to ie((>vi'r damages In respect of such loss or ilamage shall also be entitled to recover liark such in'i Msod charijei so paid m aforesaid, in addition to the value uf lucli package or parcel.—) 7. CARTS—CASHEW NUTS. 823 Providod alto, and be It further enacted, that nothing in this act shall I o deemed to protect any finil contrnctor. Binge coach proprietor, or other common carrier fur hire, from liability to answer fctr loss or injury to any goods or articles whatsoever, arising from tho felonious acts of any coachman, guard, book-keeper, porter, or other servant in his or their employ, nor to protect any such coachman, eiinrd, hnnk-keeper, or other servant, from liability fur any loss or injury occasioned by hi» or their own vtrsindl vegUct or misconduct. — } 8. « Provided also, and be it further enacted, that such mail contractors, stage coach proprietors, or oilier common carriers for hire, shall not be concluded as to the value of any such parcel or package by tiie value so declared as aforesaid, but that he or they shall in all cases be entitled to require, from tl'.' piirty suing in respect of any loss or injury, proof of the actu:il value of the contents by the ordi- iiiiry IfSal evidence ; and that the mail contractors, stage coach proprietors, or other common carriers lis nfiiriv^aid, ehall he lialde to hucIi damages only as shall be so prQved as aforesaid, not exceeding the ileilared value, together with the increased charges as before mentioned.—} 9. And he it further enacted, that in all actions to be brouglit against any such mail contractors. Sic, tiie defendant or defendants may pay the money into court.—} 10. It will be observed, that carriera continue, notwith.standing this act, liable, as before, for the felonious acts of their servants, and their own misfcazaiice or gross negligence. It is not possible, however, to lay down any general rule as to the circumstances which constitute this offence. Differing as they do in almost every case, the question, when raised, must be left to a jury. But it has been decided, that the misdelivery of a parcel, or its nondelivery within a reasonable time, is a misfeazanco that cannot be defeated by any notice on the part of tho carrier limiting his responsibility. In like manner; the sending of a parcel by a different coach from that directed by the bailor, the removing it from one carriage to another, are misfeazances. Where a parcel is directed to a person at a particular place, and the car- rier, knowing such person, delivers tlie parcel to another, who represents Iiimself as the con- signee, such delivery is gross negligence. Leaving parcels in a coach or cart unprotected in the streets is also gross negligence. At common law, there is no distinction between carriage performed'by sea or land ; hut by the 7 Geo. 2. c. 15. and 26 Geo. 3. c. 86., corrected and amended by the iiS Geo. 3. c. 159., it is enacted that ship-owners are not to be liable for any loss or damage happening to goods on board through the fraud or neglect of the master, without their knowledge or privity, further than the value of the vessel and the freight accruing during the voyage. — (St'e OwjfBiis.) 3. Commencement and Termination of LlahilHy. — A carrier's liability commences from the time the goods are actually delivered to him in the character of carrier. A delivery to a carrier's servant is a delivery to himself, and he will be responsible. The delivery of goods in an inn-yard or warehouse, at which other carriers put up, is not a delivery so as to charge a carrier, unless a special notice bo given him ol their having been so delivered, or some previous intimation to that cffi'ct. A carrier's liability ceases, when he vests the property committed to his charge in the hands of the consignee or his agents, by actual delivery ; or when the property is resumed by the con- signor, in pursuance of his right of stopping it in transitu. It is in all cases the duty of the carrier to deliver the goods. The leaving goods at an inn is not a suflicient delivery. The rule in such cases, in deciding upon the carrier's liability, is to consider whether any tiling remains to be done by the carrier, as such ; and if notlting remains to be done, his lia- bility ceases, and conversely. A carrier has a lien upon goods for his hire. Even if the goods be stolen, the rightful owner is r.ot to have them without paying the carriage. For further details as to this subject see Jeremy on the Law ofCarriem, passim ; Chilty^s Commercial Law, vol. iii. pp. 309 — 387 ; and Burnn Juxtice of the Peace, tit. Carriers. There arc some excellent observations with respect to it in Sir William Jones' Essny on the Law of Bailments. — (For an account of the regulations as to the conveyance of passengers ill stage coaches, see Coaches, Stage.) CARTS. Every cart, &c. fi)r the carriage of any thing to and from any place, tvlicre tho stiect? are paved, within the bills of mortality, shall contain 6 inches in llie folly. No per- son f.iiall drive any cart, waggon, &c. within 5 miles of the General Post Office, unless the nan e, surname, an.l place of abode of the owner, bo painted in conspicuous letters, at least 1 inch in height, on the right or off side thereof, under a penalty of 5/. Any per- pon may seize and detain any cart, waggon, &c. without such mark. — (1 & 2 Will. 4.c. 22.) CASH, in commerce, means the ready money, bills, drafts, bonds, and all iuiniuJiately negotiable paper in an individual's possession. CASH ACCOUNT, in book-keeping, an account to which nothiu'r but cash in carried on the one hand, and from which all tho disbursements of the concern are drawn on tho other. The balance ir the cash in hand. When the credit side more than balances tluMlebit, or disbursement side, ilio account is said to be in cash ,• when the contrary, to be out rfr.'i.ih. Cash Account, in banking, is the name given to the account of the advances made by a banker in Scotland, to an individual who has given security for their repayment.— (See Banks (Scotch).) CASHEW ^UT9, (Ger. Akojunilsse, Westindlfche Anakarden ,- Da. Cafsjocnoofen t Fr. Noix d'acajoit i It. Acaju ,• Sp. Nueces d'acajii ,• Port. Nozes d'acaja) the produce of tho I : M*:,;' x 1 1 V ii r.M ■.■h■\■\^ \ i ; > m ' 1 t :1 824 CASPIAN SEA— CASTOR OIL. Atuuardium oeddentale. They are externally of a greyish or broisnish colour, of the ghape of a kidney, somewhat convex on the one ride, and depressed on the other. The shell is very hard ; and the kernel, which is sweet and of a very fine flavour, is covered with a thin film. Between this and the shell is lodged a thick, blackish, i iflammable oil, of ouch a caustic nature in the fresh nuts, that if the lips chance to touch . , blietors immediately fo|. low. The kernels are used in cooking, and in the preparation cf c locolatc. CASPIAN SEA. See Taoawhog. CASSIA. There are four species of cassia in the market viz. Cassia Fulula,- Cassia Lignea, or Cassia Bark ; Cassia Buds, and Cassia Senna. 1. Cassia Fistula {Fr.Casse; Ger. Rhonkasie ; It. Polpa di eatsia ; \Ai. Castia: puU pa ; Arab. Khyar sheber) is a tree which grows in the East and West Indies, and Egypt {Cassia fistula Lin.). The fruit is a woody, dark brown pod, about the thickness of the thumb, and nearly 2 feet in length. Those brought to this country come principally from the West Indies, packed in casks and cases ; but a superior kind is brought from the East Indies, and is easily distinguished by its smaller smooth pod, and by the greater blackness of the pulp. 2. Cassia Lignea, or Cassia Bark (Fr. Casse ; Ger. Cassia ,• Port Cassia lenhosa ; Arab. Seleekeh ,• Hind. Tnj ,• Malay, Kayii-legi), the bark of a tree (Luurus Cassia Lin.) growing in Sumatra, Borneo, the Malabar coast, Philippine Islands, &c. ; but chiefly in the provinces of Quantong and Kingsi, in China, which furnish the greatest part of the cassia met with in the European markets. The tree grows to the height of 60 or CO feet, with large, spreading, horizontal branches, the bark resembles that of cinnamon in appearance, smell, and taste, and is very often substituted for it : but it may bo readily distinguis-hed ; it is thicker in substance, less quilled, breaks shorter, and is more pungent. It should lie chosen in thin pieces ; the best being that which approaches nearest to cinnamon in flavour : that which is small and broken should be rejected. A good deal of the cassia in the Indian markets is brought from Borneo, Sumatra, and Ceylon. Malabar cassia is thicker and darker coloured than that of China, and more subject to foul packing; each bundle should be separately inspected. — {Ainslie's Materia Indica ,• Milbum's Oritnt. Com. ^c.) TliR diitynn cassia was reduced in 1625 from 2s. Cd. ppr lb. to !»., and in 1829 to fid. Owing partly to these reductions, and partly to tile hnnvy duty on nnd high price of cinnniiinn, the cnnsnniptinn nf CMssiii has more than doubled giuce 1820. Still, however, it is very incoisideruhle when conipnrcd with tlie importation. In 1832, the duty of 6d. per lb. produced 1,807/. 'it. Ifld., ihowintr Ihnt T2,SH5 Ibg. bad been cleared for consumption. The imports in ordinary yeara, vary from about -lOOiOOO Iha. to at)out 800,000 lbs. ; the excess over what is nmde use of ut home being principally soiit to Germnny, Italy, and Russia. Of 837,580 1I)b. imported in 1830, 700,71.') lbs were brought from the East India Company's territories and Ceylon, 25,560 lbs. from the Philippine Islands, 0,200 His. from Brazil, nnd S.SO.') llig. from the Mauritius. Cassia was quoted in the London niarkels, in August, lb33, at fioni 8ti«. tu eOs. a cwt. in bond.— (Pari. Paper, No. 367. Sesi. 1833, &c.) [See Imports and Exports. — Am. Ed.] Cassia Buds, the dried fruit or berry of the tree (Laurus cass.'a) which yields the bark described in the previous article. They bear some resemblance to a rlove, but are smaller, and, when fresh, have a rich cinnamon flavour. They should be chosen round, fresh, and free from stalks and dirt Cassia buds are the produce of China. The exporti from Canton in 1831 amounted to 1,334 piculs, or 177,866 lbs. The imports into Great Britain in 1832 were 75,173 lbs., but the entries for home consumption arc not specified. They were quoted in the London markets in October, 1833, at 80s. a cwt in bond.— (iV/;7Ziurn'» Orient, Com.i Anglo-Chinese Kalendarfor 1832 ; and Pari. Paper, No. 425. Scss. 1833.) Cassia Senna. See Senna. CASTOR (Fr. Ccw/orewm ,• Ger. Kastoreunt ; It. Casforo ,• Sp. Ca"?/orfo), the produce of the beaver, in the inguinal regio?i of this animal arc found four bags, a large and a small one on each side : in the two large ones there is contained a softish, greyiiih yellow or ligiit brown substance, which, on exposure to the air, becomes dry and brittle and of a brown colour. This is castor. It has a heavy but somewhat aromatic smell, not unlike nuisk ; and a bitter, nauseous, and subacrid taste. The best comrs from Russia ; but of late yean it has been very scarce; and all that is now found in the shops is the produce of Canida. The goodness of castor is determined by its sensible qualities ; that which is Mack is insiiiiJ, inodorous, oily, and unfit for use. Castor is said to be sometimes counterfeited by a mix- ture of some g^mmy and resinous substances; but the fraud is easily detected, by comparing the smell and taste with those of real castor. — {Thomson's Difpensutary.) CASTOR OIL (Fr. Huile dn Ricin ,• Ger. Kzinunohl ,■ It. Olio di IVcinn ,• Sp. Riiin- roe!) is obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi, an annual plant, found in most tropical countries, and in Greece, the south of Spain, &c. The oil is sepa- rated from the seeds either by boiling them in water, or by subjecting them to the action of the press. It is said, that though the largest quantity of oil may be procured by the lirst method, it is less sweet, and more apt to l>ecome rancid, than that procured by expression, which, in consequence, is the process now most commonly followed. Good expressed castor oil is nearly inodorous and inRi|)id ; hut the l)est leaves a slight sensation of acrimony in tho '.hroat after it is awallpwed. It is tliicker ond heavier than tho fat oils, being viscid, trans* CATECHU— CAT SKINS. 925 of the shape The shell is with a thin 'i of Much a 'ediately fol. lof Cassia parent,andcolourle88,orofa very pale atraw colour. That which is obtained by boiling the seedii has a brownish hue ; and both kinds, when they become rancid, thicken, deepen in colour to a reddish brown, and acquire a hot nauseous tai«te. It is very extensively em* ployed in tlie materia medica as a cathartic. — ( Thomson's Diapemuiory.') The quantity ricared Tor home consumption In 1831 amounted tn 327,910 lbs,, being about dnuMe the qunntity clKiired fur consumption in 18'M ; an increase principrilly ascribniile to tlie reduction of tlie duty from I*. 3d. to id. Of tliu total quantity imported in 1H30, amniiiitiiiK to 490,558 lbs., no fiwer than 441.207 Iba, were from the East Indies, 39,40d lbs. from British Nonli Aniprica, 5,139 Ibx. from the Vniied States, and 4,718 lbs. from the British West Indies. Castor oil from foreign countries, beliiit loaded with a duty of I«., Is almost wholly re-exported. The price of East India castor oil in bond varies from lOd. to \». Id. per lb. ; that of the West Indies is much biglier. — (Account* publisktd by tki Board of Trait, p. 118, ; Pari. Paper, No. 367. Sess. 1833, tec.) CATECHU (Pr. Cnehou ,• Ger. Kaschu ,- Hind. Cut ,- Mai. Gambir), i brown astrin- gent substance, formerly known by the name of Terra Jupanica, because supposed to be a kind of earth. It is, however, a veg^etable substance obtained from two plants ; viz. the Mimnsa, or more <$orrectly the Acacia eateehu, and the Uncaria gambir. The first of these is a tree from 20 to 30 feet high, found in abundance in many of the forests of India, from 16" of lat up to 30°. The places most remarkable for its production arc, the Bur- mese territories ; a large province of the Malabar coast, called the Concan ; and the forestg skirting the northern part of Bengal, under the hills which divide it from Nepaul. The catechu is obtained from this tree by the simple process of bailing the heart of the wood for a few hours, when it assumes the look and consistency of tar. The substance hardens by cooling ; is formed into dmall balls or squares ; and being dried in the sun, is fit for the market. The price to the first purchaser in the Concan is about I5«. a cwt. According to Dr. Davy, who analysed it, the specific gravity of Concan catechu is 1-39 ; and that of Pegu, 1-28. The taste of this substance is astringent, leaving behind a sensation of sweet- ness: it is almost wholly soluble in water. Of all the astringent substances we know, catechu appears to contain the largest portion of tannin. According to Mr. Purkis, 1 lb, is equivalent to 7 or 8 lbs. of oak bark for tanning leather. From 800 grs. of Concan catechu. Dr. Davy procured 109 of tannin, 68 of extractive matter, 13 of mucilage, and 10 of earths and other impiiri'ies ; the same quantity of Pegu catechu afforded 97 grs. of tannin, 73 of extract, 16 ofinirii: -1!, and 14 of impurities. The uncaria gambir is a scandent shrub, extensively cultr. <> ,ii! the countries lying on both sides of the Straits of Malacca ; but chiefly in the sin^ a: ' ; at their eastern extremity. The catechu is in this case obtained by lioiling the let. '>:. ' ■■■: inspissating the juice; a small quantity of crude sago being added, to give the mass consistency : it is then dried in the sun, and being cut Uke the Concan catechu into small squares, is ready for use. There is a great consumption of this article throughout ail parts of India as a masticatory; it forms an ingredient in the compound of betel pepper, areca nut, and lime, which is in almost universal use. Catechu may be purchased at the Dutch seltlement of Rhio, or at Malacca, in the Straits of .Singapore, at the rate of about 10s. a cwt. The quantity of it, under the corrupted name of cutch, impi>rted yearly into Cal- cutta from Pegu, at an average of the .i years ending with 1828-39, was about 300 tons, at a cost not exceeding 9.?. per cwt. From Bombay a considerable quantity is annually im- ported into China. The quantity of catechu, under the name of gambir, produced in Rhio by the Chinese settlers, is equal to about 4,600 tons a year, about 2,000 of which are ex- ported for the consumption of Java ; the rest being sent to China, Coclxia China, and other neighbouring countries. Catechu, particularly from Singapore, has lately been imported in considerable quantities for trial in our tanneries ; but with a duty of 1/. per cwt, equal to twice the prime cost, we fear the specidation is not likely to succeed, — (See Ainnlie's Miteria Indica t Ure's Die- tlonarif ,• Singapore Citron -le .• Buchanan's Joimey through Mysore Canara, and Mila- bar ; Bell's Heviciv of the external ^Commerce of Bmgal.) CAT'S EVE, a mineral of a beautiful appearance, broujht from Ceylon. Its colours are grey, green, brown, red, of various shades. Its internal lustre is shitiiu;?, its fracture imper- fectly conchotdal, and it is translucent From a peculiar play of light, arising from white fibres interspersed, it has derived its name. The French call the appearance chatoyant. It scratches quartz, is easily broken, and resists the blowpipe. It is set by the jewellers as a precious stone. CAT SKINS. The skin or fur of tlie cat, i'* used for a variety of purposes, but is prin- cipally dyed and sold as false sable. It appears from evidence taken before a late Committee of the House of Commons, that it is a common practice in London to decoy the animal and kill it for the sake of its skin. The fur of the wild cat is, however, far more valuable than that of tlie domestic cat The wild cat skins imported into this country are brought almost wholly from the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. The animal from which they are taken is a good deal larger than the Englidh wild cat, and is sometimes called the loup cervier, or Canadian lynx. It is very courageous. At an average of the 3 years enJini^ with 18-U,the number of cat skins imported amounted to 40,006 a year, of which about 24,000 a yeor were retained for home consumption. Vol. I.— 2 E I i\ I i tw !) I Vf I I i h I I 826 CATTLE. ri.;^ I Ji :« ' CATTLE, a collective term applied to designate all those quadrupeds that are used either as food for man, or in tilling the ground. By neat or homed cattle is meant the two species inchuled under the names of the ox (Bos) and tho buflalo (Bubulus) ; but aa the latter is hardly kncmi in this country, it is the former only that we have here in view. The raising and feeuing of cattle, and the preparation of the various products which they yield, have formed, in all counuies emerged from the savage state, an important branch of industry. It would be quite inconsistent with the oojccts and limits of this work, to enter into any details with respect to the different breeds of cattle raised in this or other countries. They are exceedingly various. In Great Britain they have been vastly improved, both in tho weight of carcase, the quality of the beef, and the abundance of the milk, by the extraordi- nary attention tiiat has been given to the selection and crowting of the best breeds, according to the objects in view. This sort of improvement began almut the middle of last century, or rather later, and was excite crease in the demand for butcher's meat, improved systems of breeding, and improved breeds, have been very generally intro0 1755 1760 1765 1770 1775 1780 £ «. a. 1 9 8 16 U 8 3 3 6 e 7 ei 11 6 7 3 8 6 13 S 12 6 CATTLE. at per cwt. at Greenwicl £ $. d. 178S - - 1 17 Oi 1790 - - 1 16 10 1795 - - S 2 10 1800 ■ - 3 4 4 1605 • ■ 3 4 1810 - - 3 12 1819 - • 3 8 1820 . - 3 10 4i ISiil . - 2 18 10 1822 . . 1 19 51^ £ ». d. 1823 . • 3 3 7t 1824 - - 2 2 8i - 2 19 ol 1825 - 1826 . - 2 17 8 1827 - - 2 13 4 IS28 - - 2 10 7 1829 - .263 1830 . -236 1H31 - - 2 4 3 1832 - - 2 6 2^ 827 The contract price* of butcher's meat per cwt. at Greenwich Hospital, since 1730, have been a« t>«Iow :— 1730 ■ 1733 . 1710 17« IT'iO ■ 1755 . 1760 . 1765 1770 . 1775 17S0 '.Ve suspect, from what we have heard from practical men of great experience, that tho weight assigned by Sir F. M. Eden and Mr. Middleton to the cattle sold in Smithfitld is ii little beyond the average. It must also be observed, as already stated, that it iathe^O'.* weight of the carcase, or the weight of the animal under deduction of blood and refuse ; and therefore to get tho nelt weight, we have further to deiluct the oifal, or the hide, tallow, entrails, feet, &c. We have been informed that the following quantities may be deducted from the carcase weights, in order to obtain the nett weights of the dilTerorit animals; viz. from neat cattle, 2.50 lbs. each; calves, 3.5 lbs.; sheep, 24 lbs.; lambs, 12 lbs. If theso estimates be nearly right, wo should be able, provided wc knew the respective numbers of sliucp and lambs, to estimate the total quantity of butcher's meat furnished for London by Sinithfield market, exclusive of hogs and pigs. Sheep and lambs are not, however, distin- Ruislied in the returns ; but it is known that the former are to tho latter nearly as 3 to 1 ; so that we may estimate the average gross weight of the sheep and lambs at about 70 lbs., and their average nett weight at about 50 lbs. The account for 1830 will then stand as under :— Number and Speciei of Animall. Oroa Weight. Oflal. Nttt Weight. Bul.'her-s Meal. 159,007 Cattle ... 1,287,070 Slieep and lambs 20,300 Calves ... Lht. 800 70 110 \.U. 200 'iO 33 550 50 lOJ Total 87.918,850 et,.153,5()0 2,131,500 15t,434,850 This quantity, estimated at the average price of Qd. would cost 3,860,871/. ; at id., it would cost 5,147,828/. A part of the cattle sold at Smithfield go to supply the town in the vicinity ; but, on the other hand, many cattle are sold in the adjoining towns, and slaughtered for the use of London, of which no account is taken. We have reason to think, that the latter quantity rather exceeds the former ; but supposing that they nmtiially balance each other, the above quantity of 154,4.34,850 lbs. may \m regarded as forming the annual supply of butcher':* meat at present required for London ; exclusive, however, of hogs, pigs, suckling calve.s, &c., and exclusive also of bacon, ham.^ and salted provisions brought from a distance. Tho quantities thus omitted from the account are very considerable ; nor can there, we appre* hcnd, be any doubt that, with the addition of such parts of the otfal as are used for food, they may be considered as more than balancing the buti^hor's meat retjuired for the victual- ling of ships. On this hypothesis, therefore, it will follow, assuming the population of the metropolis to amount to 1,460,000, that the annual consumption of butcher's meat by each individual, young and old, belonging to it, is, at an average, very near 107 lbs. This, though not nearly so great as has been sometimes represented*, is, we believe, a larger consumption of animal food than takes place any where else by the same number of individuals. According to M. Chabrol, the consumption of butcher's meat in Paris amounts to between 85 lbs. and 86 lbs. for each individual. At Brussels the consumption is a little greater, being supposed to average 89 lbs. each individual ; being rathir more than 3 lbs. above the mean of Paris, and 18 lbs. under the mean of London. Arrording to the reports of the ins' s of liides and skins, tlii< followini nre the nninhers of cattle, calves, and ebeop, slaughtered ii. lool, Manchester, Luudd, and Shbftield,l'roni 1813 to 1820 iiicliiBive : — * Liverpool Manchester Leeds Sticliield Totals Ciillle. 1 alvf^. Sheep. 74,671 95,054 22,976 .W,097 11)0.329 00,.')74 31,5'.)8 4.57,268 489,5.57 317,642 181,859 222,798 259,9.^6 1,443,326 ,1 > ' m .t t '. i t; I' ^i '"'inPii ui> to think i« very near the mark. Dr. Colquhoun estimated the total hedu of cattle in England and Vv uics only, in 1818, at 5,500,000 ; but he assigns no data tor his estimate, which is entitled to very little attention. Kxcliisive of the cattle raised in Great Britain, we Import considerable supplies of beef and of live cattle from Irolund. Account of the number of Cows and Oxen, and of the qnnntities of Beef, imported into Great Britain from Ireland, from 1801 :— Ton* Cowi mil Una. Beef. ye»r«. Cowi ud Uxen. Beer. Ye»™. Cowi and OxeD. B«r. No. Uarrttt, JVo. Barrtta, No. Bnrrttt. 1801 31,513 58,911 1810 44,553 71,605 1818 58,105 80,587 1808 42,501 59.448 Iblt 67,080 108,288 1819 52,176 70,504 1803 28,0lfl (>8,286 1812 79,! "2 IU,501 1820 30,014 58,591 18Ut is,6in 59,318 1813 4H,973 101,516 1831 20,725 65,905 lens 21,8f)3 88,519 iyi4 16,435 83,102 lh88 31,059 43,l;i9 180ff 27,704 91,361 1815 33,809 00,307 1823 40,351 69,079 1807 20,258 85,855 1616 31,752 39,495 1834 62,314 54,810 1808 l.'),938 88„166 isn 45,301 105,555 183S 63,519 63,557 1809 17,917 89,771 In 1885 the trnde between Great Britain and Ireland was placed nn the footing of a coastini; trade, ■ntliat there nre no means of continuing this account to a later date ; but for some further pnrticuliirH, the reader is referred to Liverpool, art. Docks ; for an account of tlie nules of cattle at the great fair of Ballinaeloe, see Fairs and Makkets. Catlle of the Continent. — Baron Malchns has given. In his work on European Statistics, published at Siultgard in 1886, an account of the minihcr of horned cattle, slieep, swine, &r., in most European countries. In so fir as respects the Britisli empire, the statements are mostly copied from (/'oiqiilioun, and are ludicrously inexact. Perhaps, liowdver, tliey may, in so far as regards the Continental states, be better entitled to credit. The following arc some of the items in his Table : — Countriet. Cntile. Counlrioe. CitOe. Sweden and Norway - 2,647,000 Baden . . - . 421,900 Russia . . - - 19,000,000 Bavaria ... 1,895,700 Denmark ... 1,007,000 Austria ... 9,912,500 Netherlands . - - 2,500,000 France ... 6.081,900 Prussia . . - . 4,275,700 Spain - - . - 2,.'.00,0ll0 Saxony . . - . 315.000 Portugal ... 6,'>n,0fl0 Haiinver ... 794,000 Switzerland ... 800,000 Wirtemlierg ... 713,000 lluly .... 3,500,000 On the whole the Baron estimates the neat or horned entile of Europe, including the British isles, hilt excluding Turkey, at 70,370,974. At best, however, tliis estimate can only be considered as a very rough appro.\iniation. iairs as to Cattle.— Nn salesman, broker, or fiictor, employed in buying cattle for others, shall buy fur himself in London, or within the bills of murtalliy, on pennlty of double the value of the cattle boiipht and sold.— (31 Geo. 2. c. 40.) Catlle not to he driven on Sunday, on penally of 20«.— (3 Clia. 1. c. 1.) Any person unlawfully and maliciously killin);, wounding, or niuiiuiiig any rattle, shall he guilly of felony, and, upon tonvictiin, may be transported, at the disiretion of tlin court, bcjniid seas for lilV, or for any term not less than 7 years, or be imprisoned for any term not exceeding 4 years, and kept to hard labour ; and, if a male, may be once, twice, or thrice publicly or privately whipped, if the court shall think lit so to order.— (7 & 8 (lev. 4. c. 30.) Persons wantonly and cruelly abusing, beating, or ill-treating catlle, may, upon being convicted before a Justice of such offence, be fined in any sum not exceedinsr 5/. and not hrlow lOs. ; and upon nnn|iaymeiit of line, may be committed to the house of correction for any time not exceeding 3 months. Complaint must be made within 10 days after the offc^nce. Jnsflrcs arc Instructed to order compen- lation to be made, not e.xceeding 80«., to persons vexatioiisly complained aguinst.- (3 Oeo. i. c. 71.) fill I th h {f'< K\ 880 CAVIAR— CERTIFICATES. CAVIAR JFr. Caviar, Cavial/ QeT.Kaviar,- It Caviario, Cavwiti Sp. Cavtano/ Rub. Ikra ; Lut. Caviarium), a sutmtance prepared in Russia, conaiating of the nulted roei of larf^e fish. The Uralian Uossacka aro celebrated for mailing excellent caviar. The best is made of the roe of tiie sturgeon, appears to consiiit cutirely of the eggs, and does not easily become fetid. This is packed in small coults or kegs ; the inferior sort liemg in the form of dry cakes. Caviar is highly esteemed in Russia, and considerable quantities arc exported to Italy. It is principally made of the sturgeon caught in the Wolga, in the neighbourhood of Astrachan. — (See Tooke's Russia, 2d ed. vol. iii. p. 345.) CAYENNE PEPPER, on GUINEA PEPPER. See Ciihhkb. CBUAK (Ger. Ztder , Du. Ceder ; Fr. CeJre .• It. and Sp. Cedro , Rus. Kedr • Lat. Cedrtis). The cedar of Lc))anon, or great cediir (Pimta cedrui>), is famous in Scripture j it is a tall, majestic-looking tree. "Behold," says the inspired writer, " the Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon with fair branrhes, and with a shadowing shroud, and of an high stature ; and his top was among the thick boughs. His height Mfoa exalted above all the trees of the field, and his boughs were multiplied, and his branched became long. The fir trees were not like his boughs, and the chesnut trees were nut like his branches ; nor any tree in the garden of God was like unto him in beauty." — {Ezekiel, xxxi. 3. 5. 8.) The cedar grows to a very great size. The timber is resinous, has a peculiar and powerful odour, a slightly bitter taste, a rich yellowish brown colour, and is not subject to the worm. \U durability is very great; and it was on this account {propter xlerni'dlcm Vitruvius, lib. ii. § 9.) ein- -ployed in the construction of the temples, and other public buildings, in the formation of tlie statues of the gods, and as tablets for writing upon. In the time of Vitruvius, cedars were principally produced in Crete, Africa, and some parts of Syria. — (Luc. cil.) Very few are now found on Lebanon ; but some of those that still remain are of immense bulk, and in the highest preservation. Cedar exceeds the oak in toughness, but is very inferior to it in strength and fciifTiiess. Some very fine cedars have been produced in England. 'i'here are several other kinds of timber that are usually called cedar ; thus, u species ot cypress is called white cedar in America ; and the cedar used by the Japanese for building bridges, ships, houses, &c., is a kind of cypress, which Thunberg describes us a beautiful wood, that lasts long without decay. The Jttnipcrus ovyccdrus is a native of Spain, the south of France, and the Levant ; it is nsually called the brown berried cedar. The Bermudian cedar (Juniperus Bermudiana'), a native of the Bermuda and Bahama islands, is another species that pro<1uce3 valuable timber for many purposes ; such as internal joiners' work, furniture, and the like. The red cedar, so well known from its being used in making black-lead pencils, is produced by the Virginian cedar {Juniperus Urginiana), a native of North America, the West India islands, and Japan. The tree seldom exceeds iH feet in height. The wood is very durable, and, like the cedar of Lebanon, is not attacked by worme. It is employed in various ways, but principally in the manufacture of drawers, wardrobes, &c., and as a cover to pencils. The internal wood is of a dark red colour, and has a very strong odour. It is of a nearly uniform texture, brittle, and light. — See Tredirold's Princi' pits of Carpentry ; Lib. of Enter tulriing Knowledge, Veget, Substances; Recs's Cyclop, Tli« duty nn cellar (2i. lOn. a ton from a foreign country, and 10». (Vom n British possession) pro- iluced 2,640/. 198. l\d. in 1833. Its price in bond varies from 6d. to yd. a foot, CERTIFICATES, in the customs. No gotxis can be exported by certificate, except foreign goods formerly imported, on which the whole or a part of the customs paid on ira portation is to be dra^n back. The manner of proceeding is regulated by the 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 58. § 68, &c. The person intending to enter outwards such goods, is to deliver to the collector or comptroller of the port where the goods were imported or warehoused, two or more bills, specifying the particulars of the importation of such goods, and of the entry out- wards intended to be made ; and the otficers, if they find such bills to agree with the entry inwards, are to issue a ccrtificale of such erlry, with the particulars necessary for the com- putation of the drawback upon the goods, the names of the person and ship by whom and in which the goods are to be exported, &c. The merchant then enters the goods outwards, a^ in the common way of exportation. The cocket granted upon this occasion is called acerli- ftcate cucket, and differs a little in form from comnum over-sea cockcts. Notice of the time of shipping is to be given to the searcher. Some time after the departure of the ve-ssel, the exporter may apply for the drawback. The collector and comptroller than make out on a proper stamp a debenture, containing a distinct narration of the transaction, with the export- er's or merchant's oath that the goods are really and truly exported bn the former, and within Ii leagin; it is never wholly d:irl<. The light may be seen In fine weather at from 3 to 4 leagues olf. After getting Into the channel, which U marked by tlie breakers and buoys on eacli side, the proper course for a ship to steer is to bring the lighthouse to bear N. W. by W., and stand direct for it till you get within the banks, when the course is N. by VV. But it is unnecessary to enter into lurtlier detallH on thef^e points, as all ships entering Charli^ston harbour are hiiiind, provided they nre hailed by a lii-eniied pilot off the bar, to pay him full pilotage fees whether the]^ accept his services or not. In puint nf fact, however, they arc always accepted ; for the shifting of the sands, the inllnencc uf the tidi's,&c. render the entrance so dlliicult to those not perfectly familiar with it, that even the packet sliipx lliat sail regularly to and from New York uniformly heuve-to williout the bar for a pilot.— (See I'lan uf Charleston Harbour, reduced from the original survey of Major II. Bache.) Ships usually moor alongside quays or wharfs, where they are in perfect safety. Dtparlura from CAorludm.— The followlnj li An Account of Ihe Numlwr of Ship", with lh« Sjiedftrttlon nf Iheir ToniHcr, uid Ihe Countrin lo which the; belotiKnl, thai cleareij frnm Ch trlnlflo for f orei|D lV>rli during uch of the Thrve V«ir> eodinf with lt3 269 64,742 186 43,3«) lU 6,431 11 2,7:7 6 1,>M^< Spanish Brenii'n .<> 420 U 1,106 27 2,071 3 811 6 872 3 371 Diiirh 1 183 — ^ ^ — rinriifh 1 45 I 125 I 12'i To«l . 545 87,7"5 349 85.ST2 314 7'.,0I'> Shipfing C/iflffe*-— The ch-iTcet of t public na'ure •nteriiie 'hii pnrl differ but Utile in amount on a ns'ive ihip. On a ve«*el luppoied to be of 300 tons burdent loAdinx, takin< on boanl a mixed car^o, and cleari; iTouI J b« u un>ler :— Dollan. centi, . 2 60 • . 5 (K) . - 3 00 • - 8 00 . 10 00 . |Ald by ihipi and a fnrciKn enlarin^, ud* ng out, tbey Fee on enfij at the cuitomhouie Survevor"* (ee, on a foreiin «hip - , ^itio. on a nttiv« ihip • ■ Hirbtiiir'msstert fee • I^irt warden's survtjr, when required Fen on cWarance »> ihe custoiiihouw, of > A nalivrihtp - • " J Ditto of a foreign ihip . L. ». II 1 I 12 8 2 2 I \-4 4 14 9 3-4 61-2 8 1.2 14 II M on 6 1-4 I. f. 4 10 13 6 12 Dotlart. cmtt. Pilotage )n^vArd■ and ouiwardt tu|i>> p^ ^^ P'lsiiiif ihcibintodraw 14 ft. waler J "" "" ' Wharfafce, per djeni • . . 1 CO • 4 3 1-4 Tlie Jiiri'reim In thr ft-ea on the clearance at the CiHlnin-h^useof a native .inii a rnrelKii ship, li ntvin? to the foniier bring obliged lo give certain bondi which »re not rctiuired of ihu litter. The greater or Bnnller toniiajce of the nliin niake* no dilferenccon any of the above rharitei, except that of pilolagf, v. hich U In pm. p;irliun to her draft of »aier, and ii ihe unio nhethcr fur a tori-fn or a native ihip. Ratet of Cnmmiw'on —The ntm of connn'mion or f.ictnraw iMually chanced and allowMl at Charlcaton on tnuuaciiug ditri:reat lort&uf hu!ti[ies% are ai fdllowi, vis. — For iclliiij ilome^tic produce 2 1-2 per cent far selliiif fnreier omt. for tiu.-inirite-iiiii either ot Ihtae i-iks, 2 1-2 jier cent. aJ Ulinnal Ii coiiminnly nllnwed. Tot purchisiiiK with fundi In Iiaitd, or drauing domestic bilh i'.>r reniihur»f»ieiit, 2 1-2 per ri-nl. F'tr purchaiini{ gihxiain'i drawing foreign bills hr reinibursenient, ■> per cent, ii ciinrncd. Fo.' Ihe mIc of rc»l or |ier«onal estate, the rcziil (r cliarge Is 5 i-er c -rit. ; bui whore the properly lo be si)Id is of any considcribie value, Ihe parllci In ceneral enter Into an aaretnient btfurelaud, Aod a niueti lower mlc uf comniiniuu ii allowed. Charga on Rict and Cotton thipped at Charleston.. Ctntl. Dray-iKe, wharfage, he- • • 13 1-2 perbarrel. Cooperate - - • •183-4 ditto. Total 31 1*4 cenls per barrel. * Tliifl statement is taken from an American paper, and la believed to be ^eqrlv accurate, but it ib KOt official. CHART, CHARTERPARTY. 888 01 .«Hi« Itw rturcw ti»- Tfito. • 10 p«r b«la, • 10 41110. Total SO emd par btl*. On mum) bal« or ba^ l>riir^4«, Hhirfui-, Ac. Labour, maiutaK Ui|4iiig, fee. • 10 par tall . It dliw. TobI 2\ I Tor nmmlaiinii, m* ahna. ThM rarMcului liiva baaa prlnrlpall; )n to rrcovrr tho dniiiiiKrM \w huH HUHliiuu'd, The manner in whicli llii< owner ix to hide the riiri^o in, fur the nioMt |iart, ret^'iilnlnl liy Ihe riiNtoin nml iiMiign of the plACO where lie u Id Inch' it, urilcHi* there lie iin cxpresi Htiiiiilu* lion in tho eharterparty with rr»|>ect to it. Oenernlly, however, the owner in Imuiul to arriiiiKu the dillereiit artielen of the curKo in tlic nuHt proper inunner, tind to tike the ({reiitrvt cure of then). If a rank l)o aeeidentnlly staved, in lotting it down into the hold of the ■jiin, the mnHter nnint nnHwer for the Iohi*. If the owner eovenniitn to load a full and complete cargo, the maxtcr inUHt take om much on hoard iia he ran do with iafety, and without itijury to tho veH.sel. The mailer must not take on hoard any contrubuiid Roods, whereby tho ship or cargo may bo liable to forfeiture and detention ; nor muat he take on buiird any fiJHe or eolouralilo pa[>cra ; but he muHt take and keep on hoard all the |>aperM iind ilocumentH required for (Iih protection and munifeHlation of tho nhip and cargo by {\w law of the cuuntrteM fiom mid lu which the nhip ia hound, by the law of nations in general, or by any treaties between \m- ticulur Htnten. If the master receive gomln at tho quay or bc.ich, or send IiIh boat for them, his rcHponsi. bilily cornnienecH with the receipt in the port of London. Wilh recpect to goodn inteiidul to 1)0 flciit coiiHtwiso, it huH liocn held, that the ruspooHibility of tho wharfinger ceastes by iho delivery of thcin to the mate of the vensel u/xm Ihe w/iarf. \n twon aa ho receives llie goodii, tho miLHter mu^t provide adequate meani* for their protection and Hccurity ; for even if the crew Iv overpowered by a superior force, and tho gomls taken while the ship is in a port or river within the country, the master and owners are liable for the loss, though Ihey may have committed neither fraud or fault. This may seem a harsh rule ; but it is necessary, to put down attempts at collusive or fraudulent combinations. Tho master must, according to the terms of the charlcrparty, commence tho voyage with- out delay, as soon as tho weather is favourable, hut not otherwise. Sometimes it is covenanted and agreed upon between the parties, thot the specified num- ber of days shall be allowed for loading and unloading, and that it shall l)c lawful for tlio freighter to obtain tho vessel a further specified time, on payment of a daily sum ns (lemur- rage. — (Nee DKMfnnAiiK.) If the vessel be detained beyond both periotis, the freighter is liable to an action on the contract The rate of demurrage mentioned in tho charlcrparty will, in general, be the measure of the damages to be paid ; but it is not tho absolute or necessary measure; more or less may lie payable, as justice may require, regard bemu; huil to tho expense and loss itirurred by the owner. When llio time is thus expressly ascer- tained and limited by tho terms of the contract, the freighter ia liable to an action for damages if tlie thing be not done within tho time, although this may nut he allrihutubkto any fault or ominsitm on hh part ; for ho has engaged that it shall be done. — ^Ahhott on the Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 1.) If there has been any undertaking or warranty to sail with convoy, the vessel must repair to the place of rendezvous for that purpose ; and if the master neglect to proceed willi com- voy, he will be answerable for all losses that may arise from want of it. Tho owners or master should sail with tho ship for the place of her destination with all due diligence, and by the usual or shortest course, unless in cases of convoy, which the master must follow as far as possible. Sometimes the course is pointed out in tho charterparty. A deviation from the usual course may be justified for the purpose of rejiairs, or for avoiding an enemy or the perils of the seas, as well as by the sickness of the master or mariners, and the mutiny of the crew. By an exception in the charlcrparty, not to be liable for injuries arising from the act of God avid ihe king's enemies, the owner or master is not responsible for any injury arising from the sea or the winds, unless it was in his power to prevent it, or it was oecasiuncd by bis imprudence or gross neglect. "The question," said Lord .Mansfield, in an action brouglit by the East India Company, " is, whether the owners are to pay for the damage oeeasioiicd by the storm, the act of God ; and tliis must be determined by Ihe intention of the parties, and the nature of the contract. It is a charter of freight. The owners let their ships to hire, and there never was an idea thot they insure the cargo against the perils of the sea. What are the obligations of the owners wliich arise out of the fair contiiruction of the char- terparty 1 Why, that they shall be liable for damages incurred by their own fault, or that of their servants, as from Jefects in the sliij), or iin()ro{)cr stowage, &c. If they were liable for damages occasioned by storms, they would become insurers." Tho House of Lords confirmed this doctrine by deciding (20lh of May, I'iSH) that the owner is not liable to make satisfaction for damage done to goods by storn. The charterer of a ship may lai'e it citlier with his own goods, or, if he have not suflkient, ■may take in the goods of other persons, or (if uot prevented )iy a clause to that edect in iht charterparty) he may wholly undenet the ship to another. — (For further details, see Abbott on the Law of Shif>ping, part iii. c. 1. ; Chitty^s Commercial Law, vol. iii. c. 9, &c. ; and tho articles Bill or Lkvisq, Fusigut, Misxtn, &c. ia this Dictionary.) Tho I '•IT Khip , - CHARTKRPARTY. 335 Formi nf C/iarlerpurlieii, •» Tho rollowlno; u one of the mott uiual formii of a chitrtrrimrty :— Till' fhirterpurly, InildiiUd, milili*, Arr., Ii>il\vi>i>n A. II., Ac, mnrlniT, ninftlcr, nnd fiwniT, nf th« innil ulilp i)r vi'iirI. mill!!!, ice, now rlit lliu ciin>lili.'t:itiiin hi'ri'hinfknr iiifliitloiii'd, linlh uranlail, anil In I'rtvlKlil lt-lti>ii, niiil liy tliHic |>ri'lii Idiiniifit n<' (ha hnM, atprn-iihpiil', iiiiil hitif diMJc nf Ihn iinlrt of l/>'Mil'ii>< ti>. kt., Ill a viiyniin Icr Im ninile hy tlic anlil A. H. wlih llin tiilct ahlp. In iiiiiniii'r lii'ri>innrii-r iiiniiliiiiii'il, (tliiit In K> my,) tu aail wllli tliu nrtt Tuir wiml iinil wcitlhi-r Unit nhull Iniiipmi iiiicr, Jti., next, frnin lli<^ port of Lnnilnii, witli ttin unoila nml nii'ri'hiiinllai! nf Hit* Hfilil ('. It., IiIh t'lirinra iii n»- •li(iir<, I'll bmril, til, Ac, ariireinlil, (ilip net nf (l«il, llin king') cnPinlnu, flrn, nml nil iiinl I'Vrry I'llur diiMKiTK iiiid atcldentR of Ihn anna, rivra, nnd niivliiiitliin, of wlinlcvrr imtiirit mid kind, In an far iia ililp^ iir anid iriiola nnd nifriliaiifiixi'M ; mid iilfo ahnll tliiri! lakH li'tn and iin linard tho aiild ahlf> ndiln, till! (iioda nnd iiiirrliniidlHc>a iit' tim anld ('. 1)., hi" fmiora or aa«l|{na, nnd aliiill llifn rfliirn tii thi! |«- nitnt, priinil^n, nnd Rrmit, (ii nnd wlih tin' aald .\. II., hU iixi'riitorK, niliiiliimtriilnra, or nuaUiia, hy thi'nc pri'aonta, that thn anld C. 1)., hU i>xtM'iitorH, ndinlnlatraiora, riutora, or naaJKna, ahall and will woll :iiwl truly pay, or raiian to liii |inld, ii.ito tliii nnld A. II., Ilia exiHiilori, ndiiilnMrntcira, or a.iHiKnn, f.ir III!' tVi'lalit of tho «itid ahip nnd gooiln, ilm aiiiii of, &iv (nr ao iniii'li por Ion,) wllliln Hvioity-onn ilava nflpr thn anld ahip arrived, and kooiIh r.'tnrniMl. and (limliarvi-il at tliv port of London arori'anid, for the end of thu anid voymrn i mid alHo hIiiiII nnd will piy for di'iiiiirrairi', (if miy aliall Ih> hyili'faiilt nf lilai, th> a lid ('. I)., hia fartnra or nKalKiin.) thu aiiiii lU', Itr,. piir day, dnily, and cvi^ry day, aa tho aiitnu Klinll crow dm-. And thn anld A. 11.. for hiiiiai'lf, hia I'Xui'.iitora, mid ailinlnlxtrulorH, ilolh cnvo- irint, pronilaR, mill Kraiit, to nnd with tin' aald ('. I)., hia pxeciitora, adiiilniHtr:>iora, and aKaixna, hy these proaHnta, that the anid ahip nr vi'iarl ahall Iia rniidy nt thn |iort nf London In tnki- in rooiU hy the aald ('. I>.,nn or bnfore, Stc, nuxt coming. And Ihi' anid (.'. !>.. for hlni«p|l', hi' &.r., dnili loviinmit nnd proniiac, within tiM) dnya nlli'r tho aald ahip or vchiiuI ahull liii lima ronily, Imvo hia iriioda on lionril Ihi' aald ahip, to prnrnt'd on In Hip aald voyai?i! i nnd niao, on arriv.il of llio anld ahip at, *r , wllliiii, &.r. ilaya to liavo Ilia (fooda ready to put n'li lioard llic aald ahip, to riliirn on the anid voynj|i<. And tin- aaiil A. 11., for hiniai.'lf, hia e.xnrntnra, uiid adinlnlalralora, doth fiirthor covenant nnd itrnnt. to nnd nilh Hot anid C l>., hia exociilnra, adiiiinlHtratora, mid naaiicna, Hint tint anld ahip ii- vrasid ii \v ia, and nt all lliiii'a diiriiiK lliu voym!i< ahall he, to th>' lirat eniliMivoiira of hini, the aald A. II., liU e.x- uciitora and uiliiiinialrntora, mid at hia mid th mil kppt aii>r, atniiiirh, atroiiir, well appari'lled, fiirnlHliiMl, ,ind provideil, na well with men nnd iiiHTinors aiilHrlent and ahle to aail, Rnide,mid Kovirii tlie a:iid ahip, na with nil manner of riKuli'ir, lionla,t:ickl", and nppnrel, fiirnhnre, provialon, nnd appiirtenanrea, lltllnu mid nnreaaary for the auld men tiiiU niuriiiera, uiid for the anid alilp during the vnynge ufurcaald. In witneaa, Ac. The Rrcut variety of cirrumstanccn unJrr which ilifTorcnt voyages ore made pr" 'uce a corrc^poiiiiinR diversity in chartcrpnrtios. 'J'he chiirler|)iirty of wliifh tho following i u '. ,iy allbrds a good example of tho more complex Bpccies of thcac iiiNtruinentm. It Is Ihia diy miitinlly nereed hetwcon Mr. T. fl. Rnnn, owner of the (rood alilp nr vnsnol rnlled tho Mnrnmlil, William Hennlker, mnaler, of tho ineaaurenieiit of 472 tona, or therealioiilH, now in tlie river Tlianiea, nnd Mr. David 'riioiiison,of the linn of MesarH.Thoniaon, I'uaainore, mid I'linniann, of Miiirltiiia, merclianta, that the aald ahip, liein:; tiuhl, f.laiim h, nnd stroiiif, and every way tilted for the vovnt'e, ahull with nil eonvpiilpiit apeed, sail nnd proieed to l.'aleuitu, Willi leave to take oonviil!* out In S'ew South Wulea, nnd from tlienie Iroopa, inurcliundiau, nr paaaeiiRera, to the aforenieiitinni'd port of ralciitla, with li-nve to touch nt Mndraa on her way thither, if reijuired on owner's account, nr an near thereiiiiln aa alio may aafoW pet, and there load from the firtora of the anid merc'ianla at ralcuita. n full and cnniplete cargo nf rice, nr any other lawful ({ouda which tho charterer ei ;ngea to ahip, and proceed with the same to I'ort Loiiia, in the Isle of Krnnce, and deliver the aaiiie free of frciiilit ; nflerwarda loail there a full nnd complete cnrKo of an;:ar in hn^ta, nr other lawful niercliandiao of as ftivoiirahio lonnaire, which the charterer enK'ii»eB tnahip, not exceeding what ahe can reasonably alow and cnrry over and above her tackle, nppnrel, proviaiona. nnd fiiriiitiire ; and, hcinK ho loaded, aliall therewith proceed to London, or ao nenr thereunto aa ahe may aafely get, and deliver the aainii on bcinK paid freinht, vii. for audi i|iimititv of aiigar eiiiial to the nctiial (|uaiitily of rice, or other gnnila, that may be shipped nt Cnlinttu, at th" rate of 5/. li«. di/. per ton of 20cwt. nctt, shipped there ; and should tho vesael deliver more iiPtt aiigir in tin" port of London than the quantity nf rice, or other gnnila, actually shipped in Calciillu, thu owners to be paid nii the e.xcuaa at the regular current rate of freight for sugar which other vessels, loading nt the saiin.' liiiienl I'ort I i«, receive j the tonnage of the rice, wheat, or grain, to he reckoned nt 20cwt. iiett per ton j that . ' '''"r gooda nt the iisuiil measurement (the net of Ood, the king's eneiiiiea, lire, nnd all nnd every ■ le- .Inngera and accidents of the acna, rivers, nnd navigation, of whatever nature nnd kind aoev, ,, wring tlie aaid voyage, nivvays excepted). The freight to be paid on unloading mid right delivery ot the cargo, na ia cin-loin- ary ii'i tho port of Lniidnn. Ninety running days are 'n be nlhiwed the aaid merchant (If the ship is n i| sooner despatched) for loading the aliipnt Calcutta, ilisclnirging the cargo nt I'nrt LniiiH.and toad- hig the cargo lliere ; the aaid laydays to coniineiKe on the vessel 'elng ready to receive cargo, thn masler giving nidlce III writing of the aniiie at Caleiilta, nnd to i iiiiniii' diii-lng the loading there j nnd from the time of her arrival at I'ort Louis, nnd being ready to dischurgn, till the final Inadlng at that port, and to lie diachnrged in the port nf London wit>! ii>: pi/ silmt despatcii ; and '.20 days on de- murrage over and above the said laying days, nt \it. per day. I'citalty for non-perrornimice of this aareeinent, 4,000/. Tlie cnrgn to be brniiiiht to and taken from alongside at the expense and risk of the merchants. The neceasnry cnah for the dishiiraeinenta nf the vessel nt (lulcuttn, not e.xceediiig !i'VJ, i! IMI ■I I,- ■ i • I t.r I r( ';.;i;. lb 336 CHAY ROOT— CHEESE. &^' h Th(i fVelght on the intermediate voyages (if any) to be paid on delivery of the cargo, in cath, or by biile on London at usance, at the option of the master. The vessel to be addressed, both at C'alcutti> •nd Isle of France, to the agents of the charterer. In witness whereof, the said parties have here anlo set their hands and seats, at London, the 3d day of December, 183!). Signed, sealed, and delivered, ) (Signed) TIIOS. B. RANN. (L.H.) in the presence of f *" ~...^.. (Signed) E. FORSYTH. D. THOMSON, (U.S.) Stamp Duty on Charterparties. — The statute 65 Geo. 3. c. 184. enacts, that any char- terparty or any agreement or contract for the charter of any ship or vessel, or any memo. randum, letter, or other writing, between the captain, master, or owner of any ship or vessel, and any other person, for or relating to the freight or conveyance of any money, goods, or effects, on board of such ship or vessel, shall lie charged with a duty of 1/. 16s. And when the same, together with any schedule, receipt, or other matter, put or indorsed thereon, or annexed thereto, shall contain 2,160 words or upwards, then for every entire quantity of 1,080 words contained therein over and above the first 1,080 words, there sliall be charged a further /}ro§re«8tve duty of 1/. 5s. CHAY OB CHOY IIOOT, the roots of a small biennial, rarely triennial, plant, growing spontaneously in light, dry, sandy ground near the sea ; and extensively cultivated, especially on the coast of Coromandel. The cultivated roots are very slender, and from 1 to 2 feet in length with a few lateral fibres ; but the wild are shorter, and supposed to yield one fourth part more of colouring matter, and of a better quality. The roots are employed to dye the durable reds for which the Indian cotton yarn and chintzes have been long famous, and which can only be equalled by the Turkey red, Chay root forms a considerable article of export from Ceylon. Only a particular set of people are allowed to dig it. It is all bought up by government, who pay the diggers a fixed price of 75 or 80 rix-doUars a candy, and sell it for exportation at about 175 rix-dol- larx. — {BertolaccCa Ceylon, p. 270.) This root has been imported into Europe, but with no success. Dr. Bancrofl suspects it may be injured by the long voyage ; but he adds, that it can produce no eifect which may not bo more cheaply produced from madder. It is a very bulky article, and is consequently burdened with a very heavy freight. — {Permanent Colours, vol. ii. p. 882 — 303.) CHECKS, CHEQUES, oh DRAFTS, are orders addressed to some person, generally a banker, directing him to pay the sum specified in the check to the person named in it, or bearer on demand. The following is the usual form : — g^ <• • London, ZQth October, \%2,X cdbioo. aeeount Pay Mr, A. B. or bearer, One Hundred Pounds, on "ay of C. D. Metara. Jones, Loyd, and Co. In point of form, checks nearly resemble bills of exchange, except that they are uniformly payable to bearer, and should be drawn upon a regular banker, though this latter point is not essential. They are assignable by delivery only ; and are payable instantly on prexcnt- ment, without any days of grace being allowed. But by the custom of London, a banker haa until 5 of the afWrnoon of the day on which a check is presented for payment to return it ; ■o that where a check was returned before 5, with a memorandum uf " cancelled by mis- take" written under it, it was held a refusal to pay. If a check upon a banker be lodged with another banker, a presentment by the latter at the clearing-house is sufficient. Checks arc usually taken conditionally as cash ; (or unless an express stipulation be made to the contrary, if they be presented in due time and not paid, they are not a payment. It is diffi- cult to define what is the due or reasonable time within which checks, nolcH, or bills, should be presented. A man, as Lord Ellenhorough has observed, is not obliged to neglect all other business that he may immediately present them : nevertheless it is the safest plan to present them without any avoidable delay ; and if received in the place where payable, they had better be presented that day, or next at furthest. If a check be not presented within a rea- sonable time, the party on whom it is drawn will be justified in refusing to pay it ; and 'ho holiler will lose his recoui'se upon the drawer. Checks drawn on ban!.„rs re.siding 10 miles or more from the place where they are drawn, must be on a stan.^' .if the same value as a bill of exchange of an equal amount; but checks drawn on a banker, acting as such within 10 miles of the place where they are issued, may be on plain paper. — (C/iitfy on Commer- eiiil Imw, vol. iii. p. 591. ; Wnolryeh on Commercial Laui, c. 3. § 3., &c.) CHEESE, (Ger. Jfa«e; Tixi.Kaass Fr. Froinage ,• It. Frorawj^i^io, C ado,- S[>.QueiiO{ Rus. S«r; Lat. Caseus), the curd of the milk separated from the whey, and pressed or hardened. It has been used as an article of food from the earliest ages : vast quantities of it are consumed in Great Britain, and in must countries in Europe. There U a;i immense variety of cheeses, the qualities of which depend principully on the richness and flavour of the milk of which they are made, and partly on the way in which they are prepared. England is particularly celebrated for the abundance and excellence of CHEESE. Id cheese. Cheahire and Gloucestenhire are, in this respect, two of its most famous conn- ties; the cheese produced in the former has been estimated at 11,600 tons a year. There are two kinds of Gloucester cheese, double and single ; the first is made of the milk and cream, the latter of the milk deprived of about half the cream. They are of various sizes, from 20 to 70 and even 80 lbs. ; but they generally run from 60 to 60 lbs. A great deal of cheese is also made in that part of Shropshire which borders upon Cheshire, and in North Wiltshire. The former goes under the name of Cheshire cheese : the latter was, till lately, called Gloucestershire cheese ; now it receives its appellation from the county where it is made. A strong cheese, somewhat resembling Parmesan, is made at Chedder in Somersiet- ehire. The celebrated rich cheese, called Stilton, is made in Leicestershire, principally ia the villages round Melton Mowbray. It is not reckoned sufficiently mellow for cutting un- less it be two years old ; and is not saleable unless it be decayed, blue, and moist. A rich cheese is also made at Leigh, in Lancashire. The other cheeses made in England, which have acquired a peculiar name, either from the quantity made, or from the quality, are the Derbyshire, Cottenham, and Southam cheeses. The two last are new miUc cheeses, of a peculiarly fine flavour : the places where they are made are in Cambridgeshire. Bath and York are remarkable for their cream cheeses. The county of Warwick, and Banbury in Oxfordshire, are also remarkable for cheeses ; the former for the quantity made in it, about 20,000 tons being annually sent to London, besides a very large supply to Birming- ham. Banbury cheese is distinguished for its richness. Scotland is not celebrated for its cheese : the best is called Dunlop cheese, firom a parish in Ayrshire, where it was originally manufactured. Dunlop cheeses generally weigh from 20 to 60 lbs. each ; and are, in all respects, similar to tliose of Derbyshire, except that the latter are smaller. Turmeric, marigolds, hawthorn buds, &c. were formerly used to heighten and improve the colour of cheese ; but annotto (which see) is decidedly the best ingredient that can be employed for that purpose, and is at present used in Cheshire and Gloucestershire to the exclusion of every thing else. An ounce of genuine annotto will colour a hundred weight of cheese. Large quantities of very good cheese are produced in Holland. In the manufacture of Gouda cheese, which is reckoned the best made in Holland, muriatic acid is used in curd- ling the milk instead of rennet This renders it pungent, and preserves it from mites. Parmesan cheese, so called from Parma in Italy, where it is manufactured, is merely a ihim-milk cheese, which owes its rich flavour to the fine herbage of the meadows along the Po, where the cows feed. The best Parmesan cheese is kept for 3 or 4 years, and none ia ever carried to market till it be at least 6 months old. Swiss cheese, particularly that denominated Gruyere, from the bailiwick of that name in the canton of Fribourg, is very celebrated. Gruyere cheeses are made of skimmed or par- tially skimmed milk, and are flavoured with herbs. They generally weigh from 40 to 60 lbs. each, and are packed for exportation in casks containing 10 cheeses each. According to Mr. Marshall the average yearly produce of cheese from the milk of a cow in England is from 3 to 4 cwt, or more than double the weight of the butter. For further details, see Loudon's Ency. of Agriculture ; art. Dairy in Supp. to Eney, Brit ; Stevenson's art on England, in the Edinburgh Ency., ^e. The imports of cheese, in 1831, amounted to 134,459 cwt, almost the whole of which came from the Netherlands. The quantity re-exported was but inconsiderable. The duty of lOs. 6d. a cwt. on imported cheese produced, in 1823, 69,049/. 2«. Sd. ; showing that the quantity entered for home consumption amounted to about 132,000 cwt The contract price of the cheese furnished to Greenwich Hospital, in the undermentioned years, has been as follows : — Van. Plica per lb. Vean. PricnpcrlU Vmn. Fricet per lb. Tan. Pricn per lb. d. d. d. d. 1730 3 ISOO 6 1814 8» 1894 4 1740 3 1H05 7: 1815 8 1835 8 1750 3 1806 7 1816 6i 1820 6k 1760 S 1807 7 1817 6i 1827 S 5 1770 3 1803 7 1818 6 1833 1T7S 3 1809 8 1819 8 1820 5 1780 3 3 1810 8 1820 7 1830 4 1785 1811 6' 1821 6 1831 4' 1790 4 1812 8. 1822 5 1N33 .1» Prices. i;»5 »t 1813 81 1823 4 See ort. It is not possible to form any estimate of the value of the cheese annually consumed in tireat Britain. Dr. Colquhouti states that the butter and cheese consumed in the United Kingdom must be worth at least 6,000,000/, a year, exclusive of the milk of which I hey are made ; but he assigns no grounds for this statement ; which we are inclined to think is veiy greatly exaggerated. — (See Buttkh.) [The quality of the cheese made in the United States has been gradually improving, and Vol. I.— 2 F 43 1 '( i[ I ■'! II 338 CHERRIES— CHOCOLATE. is in such estimation that while, on an average of fonr years, the value of the foreign artici* consumed in the United States has been only $12,80U, the annual amount of American cheese exported to foreign countries, chiefly to the West Indies and the British North American colonies, has been as much as $650,000. — Am. Ed.] CHERRIES, tlie fruit of a tree (Prunus Cera.sus Lin.) too well known to require any description. They derive their name from Cerasus, a city of Pontus, whence the tree was brought by Lucullus, about half a century before tho Christian era. It soon after spread into most parts of Europe, and is supposed to have been carried to Britain about a ccnturr after it came to Rome. The principal supplies of cherries for the London market are brought from the cherry orchards in Kent and Herts, The wood of the cherry is close, takes a fine polish, and is not liable to split. — {Rees's Cyclopaedia ,■ Loudon's Ency. ofAgric, ^c.) CHESNUT, a forest tree (Fasua eastunea) growing abundantly in most parts of the southern countries of Europe. It Jtaa at one time very common in England ; and is still frequently met with. It is long lived ; grows to an immense size ; and is very ornamental. The wood is hard and compact ; when young, it is tough and flexible ; but when old, it is britUe, and often shaky. The chesnut contains only a very small proportion of sap-wood ; and hence the wood of young trees is found to be superior to even the oak in durability. It is doubtful whether the roof of Westminster Hall be of oak or chcBnut ; the two wopJs being, when old, very like each other, and having been formerly used almost indifferently in the construction of buildings. A good deal of chesnut has been planted within the last thirty years. — {Tredgold's Principles of Carpentry.) CHESNUTS (Fr. Chataignes ,• Gcr. Kastanicn ; It. Castagne ,• Sp, Castanas), the fruit of tiie chesnut tree. Chesnuts grows in this country, but are very inferior both in size and perfection to those imported from the south of Europe. In some parts of the Conti- nent they are frequently used as a substitute for bread, and form a large proportion of the food of the inhabitants. This is particularly the case in the Limousin, in Corsica, and in several districts of Spain and Italy. The inhabitants of the Limousin are said to prepare them in a peculiar manner, which deprives them of their astringent and bitter properties. Chesnuts imported from Spain and Italy are frequently kiln-dried, to prevent their germina- tion on the passage. In this country they are principally served up roasted at desserts. Durinn! the 3 years ending with IfiSl, the ontries of foreign chpsniils for home consumption nveraiied 80,948 hushela a year. Tlie duty of 2s. a bushel produced, in lb32,2,32U. 12«. lOii, nctt, allowing that the consumption must have amounted to 33,216 bushels. CHET WERT, a measure of com in Russia, equal to 5^^- Winchester bushels, so that 100 chetwerts =« 74J Winchester quarters. CHILLIES (Hind. Gas Murridge ,• Javan. Lomhok ,• Malay, Chabai), the pods or fruit of the Capsicum annuum, or Guinea pepper. This is one of the hardiest and most pro- ductive plants found in tropical climates ; growing luxuriantly in almost all dry soils, how- ever indilTerent. In the wild state, the pods arc small, and so pungent and acrid as to blister the tongue ; but when raised on rich soils, they are large, and comparatively mild. The plant is said to be a native of both Indies. It is very extensively cultivated ; and, with the exception of salt, is far more extensively used than any other condiment. In tropical countries, the pods are frequently made use of when unripe and green : when ripe, they be- come of a deep red colour ; and in this state they arc exported dry and entire, or reduced to powder — that is, to Cayenne pepptr ,• which, when genuine, consists wholly of the groiiml pods of the capsicum. — (See Pkppem.) CHINA ROOT (Get. Chinawurzcl ,• J)u. Chinawnrte! ,- Ft. Squine, Esquine ,• Sp. Raiz China, Coctilmeca ; Arab. Rhitbsinie), the root of a species of climber (Smiltix China Lin.). It comes from the West Indies as well as from China: but that from the latter is best. It is oblong and thick-joined, full of irregular knobs, of a roddixh brown colour on the outside, and a pale red within ; while new, it will snap short, and look glittering wiihiii ; if old, the dust flies from it when broken, and it is light and kecky. It should be chosen largo, sound, heavy, and of a pale red colour internally. It is of no value if the worm be in it. — (Milhum's Out lit. Commerce.) CHINA WARE. See Porceiaiw. CHINT3 or CHINTZ (Fr. Indiennes ,- Gpr.ZilzCf U.Indiane.- Rus. S!z ,- Sp. Cliite^, Ztiraza), fine printed calico, first manufactured in the East Indies, but now largely manu- factured in Europe, particularly in Great Britain. — (Sec Calico.) CHIP HATS. See Hats. CHOCOLATE (Du. Chocolade ,- Fr. Chocolat ,- Gcr. Schokolutc ,■ It. Cioccilata ,- Tor. Chocolate • Rus, Shokolad ,• Sp. Clwcolatc), a kind of cake or confection, prepared princi- pally from the cacao nut. The nuts are iir:it roasted like coffee ; and being next reduced to powder and mixed with water, the paste is put into tin moulds of the desired shape, in which it speedily hardens, being, when taken out and wrap[)cd in piipcr, fit for the market. Besides cacao nut, the Spaniards use vanilla, sugar, maize, &(;. in tiie preparation of choco- ,«te. This article which is celebrated for its nutritious qualities, is Imt little used in Great Britain ; a circuinstonco tiiat seuais to be principally owing to the very heavy duties with iv- , i' CHRISTIANIA. [i- which it has been loaded. Hie importation of chocolate used formerly to be prohibited ; and though this prohibition no longer exists, yet, as the duties on it are proportionally much Heavier than upon cacao, we manufacture at home almost all that is required for our con- sumption. British chocolate is said to be very largely adulterated with flour and Castile sm^.— {See Edward's West Indies, vol. ii. p.*364. ed. 1819.; and the art. Cacao.) The quantity of chocolate brought from abroad, entered for home consumption in the United Kingdom, in 1830, only amounted to 1,321J lbs., producing 160/. of revenue. "Alike easy to convey and employ as an aliment, it contains a large quantity of rutritivo and Htimulating particles in a small compass. It has been said with truth, that in Africa, rice, gum, and shea butter, assist man in crossing the deserts. In the New World, chocolate and the flonr of maize have rendered accessible to him the table lands of tho Andes, and vast uninhabited forests." — {Humboldt's Pers. Nar. vol. iv. p. 234. Eng. trans.) CHRISTIANIA, the capital of Norway, situated at the bottom of a fiord or gnlf, in the province of Aggerhuus ; in lat. 59° 55 J' N., Ion. 10° 48J' E. Population, according to tlie Weimar Almanack for 1833, about 20,000. Christiania is about 60 miles from the open sea : the gulf is in some placss very narrow, and its navigation somewhat difficult ; but it is eiifTiciently deep for the largest vesaelj, having 6 or 7 fathonis water close to the quay. It is compulsory on all ships to take a pilot on board at the mouth of the bay. The trade of the town is considerable. The principal exports are timber and deals ; glass, particularly bottles ; linseed and oil-cake, iron and nsils, smalts, bones, oak bark, &c. Salted and pickled fish, one of the staple products of Norway, is principally exported from Bergen. Tho deals of Christiania have always been in the highest estimation ; a consequence of the excellence of the timber, and of tho care with which the sap-wood and other defective parts is cut away ; and not, as Mr. Coxe seems to have supposed, of the skilful sawing of the plank. The saw mills were formerly licensed to cut a certain quantity only, and the proprietors were bound to make oath that it was not exceeded. — {Coxc'h Travih in thfi North nf Europe, 5th edit vol. iv. p. 28.) This absurd regulation no longer exists. There are far fewer restric- tions on industry and commerce in Norway than in Sweden. In the former, British manu- factured goods are admitted on moderate duties, and are very generally made use of. The principiil articles of import are corn, colonial produce ; woollen, linen, and cotton goods ; butter, wine, brandy, &c. Trade of Norway. — The following tables give a comprehensive view of the foreign trade of Norway. htforts.—Kn Account of the Quantities of ilie priiiclpnl Articles imported into Norway, during each of the Three Yeiirs ending with 1831. Articles. 1829. 18,30. 1831. NorwijiMiWiifht ! English Wfi.;lit NnrwpTiinWtii-'Iit English Wr;;M Norwegian Weight Eni!lUh Weight and .MeiRure.' and .VlL'a.-urJ. anl Measure. aii:<. 758-31 tons 1,. 576. 130 lbs. 772-30 tnnsil,614,185 Iba. 688-95 tons Vinegar 101,430 pot. 26.(126 (lalg. IlO.SWpot. 30,552 sals. 1 73,050 put. 18,8,56 g.ilfi. Hemp 2,20»,e.')3 lbs. l,082-73tons 1,369,540 lbs. 671-08 tons l,410,2«lb8 693 96 tons Hops 96,931 47-52 7.5,164 36-83 66,807 32-73 Flax 763,973 .374-35 651,802 319-38 462,5.59 236-65 tons Grain, wheat 13,766 tond. 0,700 qra. 15,675 tond. 7,635 nra. 11,963 tond. 5,822 qrs. Hyc 232,602 113,219 2,52,105 123,858 305,300 148,607 Biirley 300,644 116,338 304,019 147,081 330.730 160,082 Oats l.'),179 7.384 10,3,10 5,028 32,015 15,597 Malt 42,.'530 20,701 .56.210 27,374 36.277 176.57 Wlieaton flour 573,087 Iba. 280-81 tons 683,071 Ills. 3.34-21 tons 6HH,610 lbs. 337-43 tons Rye flour - 27,393 1342 00,525 44-.35 110,104 71-70 i;:"ir|py flour 116,815 . 71-94 165,616 70-25 6.5.600 32-18 tons I'e:i3 11, 202 tond. 5,452 qrs. 8,'264tond, 4.023 qrs. 9,3.30 tond. 4,,541-30nrs. Oil 203,423 lbs. 99-68 tons 223.144 lbs. 109-,34 tone 254,023 lbs. 121-70 tons CAv'sn 23^,438 110 83 223,363 I OS -HO 215,F83 105-78 Hire 273,093 133-81 341,110 107-11 25.5,917 125-10 llaisins 102,271 5011 103.S,36 •50-88 117,955 57-I-0 Rum 12,142 pot. .3,095 gala. 17,3SR pot. 4,433 gals. 13,815 pnt. 3,522 gals. Salt 284,373 tond. 138,419 qrs. 283,600 tond. - 294,799 tond. Sailcloth - 3,580 pes. - V 3,013 pieces i&49.1'l01bs. 1 2402 tons f 2.35 pees. & 1 160,;)10 Ihs. 78-55 tons Silks 4,270 lbs. 200 tons 4.S.S3 lbs. 239 4,002 1I)S. 2-40 Syrup 720,738 353-18 807,035 395-74 719,031 352-e2 Grindstones f 133chnld. 1 & 5,,W pea. " (■22oh;.ld. & (.1,337 pieces V - No return. liiUler 417,824 lbs. 201-73 tons 305,808 lbs. 179-2t(ons 391,818 llH. ini-OOtons Coals 39,.Mmiond. 4.S07-t8c)i!iId. 27.001 tond 3,3S5-75clial. 21,2:i8lond. 2,5,S3-.83rhal. Sii?ar 2,195,752 Iba. l,07.'i-91 tons 2,313.325 1,117-69 tons 2,131,810 1!,3. 1,180-09 to, B Soap, green 196,219 61-85 145,774 71-43 137,708 67-48 Soup, white 100,456 49-22 123,0 '3 00-28 1.33,939 65-15 Tea 41,435 20-;!0 4.5,.5flO 23.33 41.317 21-f>S Tobacco 1,405,952 688-91 2,90!),4(.9 1,082-03 1,OS3,103 630-70 1 Woollens - 180,926 88-65 180.058 91-17 l'.13,!H)0 f5-01 Wine 474,218 pot. 120,911 Rails. 63S,791pot. 10-2,873 pals. 189,001 pot. 48,313 g Is. Mnon cloth 1626. 1827. 182.S. 1 30.5,291 lbs. 1 100-59 tons 159,226 lbs. 780'2tons 303,325 lbs. 1-29 03 inns] .' : i f t I i; 1 !i J ! . i; f ' ;r i 840 CHRISTIANIA. Kxport».—An Aceonnt of tbe Qiiantltiet of the principal Artlciei exported flrom Norway durtnt each of llie Tliree Year* ending wltii 1831. * Ai^m. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1 NorwffiuiWeijhl aod Measure. Ei«liih Weifht and M<^asure. Norw«ian Weifhl and Measure. Enillih Weight and Meaiure. Norwegian Welgbt an! Measure. Euglijh Wtijhi aud Meaiuie. Anchovies, ' (pickled - sprats) Oak bark - 7,390 kegs — 0,173 kegs — 0,413 kegs . _ — 6,8768k. lbs. I,078-15tons 13,380 sk. lbs. l.OSl-Trtont Bones 820,916 lbs. 402 35 tons 1,097,755 537-89 955,743 463-31 Bottles 161,520 bot; — 144,038 bot. — 344,987 bot. Smalti 308,418 lbs. 10313 357,310 lbs. 136-09 183,700 lbs. 00-01 Chroinateof 7 lead - / Lobsters - OT8,6J8 S83-S3 538,608 363-91 694,500 291-30 1.034,90? lobs. — 1,I96,«)« lob. — 872,944 lob. Dried flsh - 41,417,718 lbs. 81, 764-67 43,447,887 lbs. 21,289-46 25,418,885 lbs. 12,469-95 :jalted fisb 397,816 tnd. 38,039 bar 313,093 tnd. 300,218 bar. 469,659 tnd. 449,051-15bar. Horns 36,198 lbs. 18'83tonB 52,391 lbs. 25-67 tns. 39,858 lbs. Ifl'41 tuns Iron 6,458,192 3,161-51 6,133,037 3,000-28 5,135,677 3,516.48 Rags 6,686 3-27 14,838 6-97 8,640 4-23 Copper 010,33} 399 751,825 368-39 534,894 257-20 Caraway seed 1,605 0-78615 1,518 074383 1,535 0.75215 Fish roes - 17,039 tnd. 16,283 bar. 32,677 tnd. 31,683 bar. 17,011 tnd. lB,264biir. Buck & gnat ) skins i Rock moss 84,101 lbs. 41 -30 tons 113,847 lbs. 85-78 tns. 114,951 lbs. 86-32 tons 357,515 ■ 17517 109,?03 53-80 tns. 91,613 44-08 Tar 1,257 tnd. 1,201 bar- 1,017 tnd. 973 bar. 604 tnd. S77-50 bar. Train oil - 31,806 20,849 20,476 19,577 18,708 17,8S7 Wood, tim- \ ber & deals 5 183,802 — 191,615 — 172,979 wnodiiester 360,251 -92 tons woodlasster 3SI,415'4tns. woodliEHter 339,038'84tna. Zaffre 33,860 lbs. 16-59 tuns no return — 610 lbs. 0-29,H!IO Trade with Eit ff land. —Accordinfi to the offlcini accnunla rendrrrd by the British CiiBtom-house, there w«re imported from Norway, in 1831,48,151 cwt. oak bark, 377 tons iron, 18,219 goat skins, &00,810 lbs. smaltfit 118 cwt. tallow, 8,439 great hundreds batluns and batten ends, 10,457 great dn. deal and deal ends, 4,82tt masts, &c. under 12 inches diameter, and 23,527 loads of timber, cxchisive of about 1.000,000 lobsters, of whioh no acrnnnt is kept. During the same year we exported to Norway 53J,491 lbs. coffee, 7.705 lbs. indigo, 8,189 lbs. pe»pper, 4,981 lbs. pimento, 4,585 rhIIoiib rum, 3,109 cwt. muscovado sugar, 360,024 lbs. tobacco, 83,566 lbs. cotton wool, 3,774 tons coal, 4.^4,714 yards cotton rioth, earthenware of the value of 3,402/., cutlery of the valtie of 8,fi'18/., 92,150 bushels of salt, snap and cuudles of the value of 2,9.38/., woollen manufactures of the value of about 13,000/., and sume minor articles —(Part. Paper^ No. 650. Sees. 1833.) Nothing would do bo much to extend our trade with Norway, and not with it only, but with the whole north of Europe, as the repeal of the discriminating duty on Norwegian and baUic timber. And, as this measure would be, in other respects, highly advantageous, it is to be hoped that its adop- tion may not be long deferred. previously remarked, these, when compared wUh the Swedish dutieB~(8ce floTTENBUROH), are moderate. Th Customs Duties.— Kb . K are moderate. They amounted, in 1831, inwards, to 161,840/. 5s. M.; outwards, to 47,3811. Ss. 3i/. ; making together, 209,221/. 13«. Od. To these have to be added 27,436/. Ida. 5d. received on account of tonnage duties, liglus, &c. Cui((muAniIafi(m«.— Within 24 hours after a vesMl hu Rot to her mnoriiiKi, the niaitt-r ihuuld deliver to the collector lui gf iie^al report » to iliip and canjis or present the requiitie dociiniftitB for having inch report ni.^de out wiih the asiislance of a ihip broker, wboK Mrvice« marten of foreif^ vessel* cannot entirely diipensv V\\\}, Oo tnal^in^ this general report, the measuring bill ti to t>e ex- bibilcd, and payment of the toniia^ and other due* inward ii io t*e nude. If the fthip have not tiecn prcvinuiily measured in NorwRV, ■ nd ii^coniequenl^, not provided wiiha Norweg an measuring bill, alie is tn be meagtired. to ascertain herlmrden in Norwegian com- mercial luta, for the calculation of the toanagn duty. Thegenen) report having I>t'en m\A>\ the CuitomhoiiM nflicen fn charge of thv vessel are furnished with the books for delivery, and the diMharge of the car^o c.iiimicncus uutler their insfiecrjcn; and the consifntfee may make th^ir special n'ports under their re^iHinsi- bility and »i|(n:iture. If they are without precise inform ition as to the contents of any or att of the t>4okaffi« nr hales to their ad 'resK, theae tales nr \)n*k^%f\ may, at their rarjuctt, l>e open'>d in the pre- sesre of the ofHcers before report is made. If a c>niiiicnee omits avAilinj; himself of this permission, his prHendiii^ thereafter that tann nr oilier |onds than be h\d ordered, or been adviael of, have been sent to his iddreis, will not be attended to. fn the rrpnrli or rntries ii to be stated, whi4her it h inteoited tu pay (he duties forth- wiih, whether the sooda are intended for eiporlatioD, or whether tbey are t4> be landed. iVior to commencinif loadini^ outwards, the nuster Is to ptlve ver- bal notice of his intention at tbe Customhouse, If heh.ive no Nor- Wfi^ian mraiuriiiK bill, the veev-l is to be mhutired. This beinc done, ttie slup|>rr or shippers of the outward bf)und c.-ir>^ are each of Ihem to make their special entries as to the quality, weicbtj and measure of Ibd gooJs they mean to load, A copy of ^ajch eii'.rm is to t>e de(>osited at the Cuitonihouw, and the loadin;^ coninifnces under the eon'rol of the oflTicere. I'his applies to all mixed carKo«-s; but if the outward houni cargo roiisist e)(ciu<:ivejy of wods brmight from abroad may be bonded or warehoused, with a view to their being ag^iii ttxporiH at fm>9 imiff99iU4t 0o9d» «At#rf4 for b(X>u> cu|uuai|)ltOD lua^ also be bonded for a eertilo period, In order to facilitate the paTmest of the dutiM. The former H called •' trnntit OfXng^ that Is, fiepniiting or warehousing gomis for exportation, subject to transit duiies only. The latter is C4l(cd **crtdit optagy" that is, warehousing or boudlcg oo credit 1. Ttansit Op/ag.— Under this sjrstem, goods from ahroad may be warehoused for ex|)nrtatton free nf import duly, paving on ei|torta- tion a transit duty, whi^h, in moat casts, is l>IOth of what Ihey would pay if rntered for home onsumption. If the gnodn are deposited in the Cu.->lom hi931'77ton» 4Cd'31 0001 991 '30 13,46995 449,05M5biir. „ 1911 torn 2,516.48 4-83 257-20 0.75215 lfl,264bar, 86-32 tons 44-08 577-50 bar. 17,8S7 On • qoarttr of what, lor Iha Snl 3 Dlntittu ■ Afiarwanli On a Ion ol raw lugar, for Iha fini 3 mon'hi • . • . Allerwaida • • • 841 t. i. ■'3 1 0-SS3B pn BODtk. 1-1076 — I II-J384 |wr month. 1 ll'07<» — u),v||Mhecmla afl ihall cover tbe liuliua { and in caae of do* ■inier, an ntaliliihad claim tor ihe nmaiodar on Uw Mtatoof Uu jeceuel (ir baiikfjpt, aa the ciie may bo. Id char. Shipi. LaalB. Tona. ' 1829 15 .ST6 910 508 13,172 33,930 Sweden - - - • 18:40 10 217 542 423 10.323 25.807 IMl 11 .S03 7.^5 516 13,220 33,065 p 1829 117 1,899 4.747 2,063 24,442 61,105 Denmark, Altona excepted < 1830 126 2,216 5,540 1,968 24,390 60,990 L 1831 155 3,678 6,695 2,0U6 26,817 07,043 Russia - - • < 1830 _ __ _ 117 4,537 11,343 I 1831 1 17 42 133 6,038 16,595 ( 1829 3 44 110 354 11,827 29,567 Other Baltic porti - < 1830 2 tiO l.'iO 2-22 6,092 15,230 1831 8 31)2 755 210 7,210 18.025 1 naniburgh, Altona, and , 1629 1830 A 7 207 239 517 5!I7 89 07 2,067 2,2f« 5,167 6,670 Uremcn - - - ^ 1S31 9 328 615 114 2,b05 7,162 c 1829 96 8,144 20,360 228 44,027 110,067 Great BriUin and Ireland ■< 1830 86 7,189 17,972 810 44,819 112,017 (. 1831 122 9,981 84,952 970 53.735 131,.3.37 Holland, Hanover, and 01- S denburgb - - ^ 1829 1830 1 5 60 381 150 952 983 1,030 43,595 50.170 108,977 125,425 1831 5 349 872 823 33,0-24 8-2,.560 f 1829 127 8,b25 22,062 579 35.708 89,265 France - - - ■< 1830 145 9,683 £-J,'>07 569 35 120 87,>^00 (^ 1831 101 6,085 16,712 421 25,855 64,637 f 1829 — — — 86 3,674 9,185 Portugal and Spain - •< 1830 — — — 81 3,;S9 7,972 (_ 1831 1 91 227 63 3,015 7,537 1829 — — 05 4,307 10,767 Other Mediterranean ports ' 1830 — — — 90 6,3!)7 15,892 \ 1831 _- ^^ .« 67 5,00 1 12,510 f 1829 — — 3 71 177 Ports beyond Europe - *) 1830 1831 .Sftip^iHy CA/if|r«.— The varioiii chirjfw nf a public oalure pay* able by i ship <orte(l Ivy native iblps an I uch pritilegej fore;i(i)fthi|is. (Jrtjat Britain inn privil''a:ed coimtry. The ihippin? t'f Nnnvny haa declined ongtderaMv of Inte ycara; » pro'.f, if any vurU ««re wanting, of ho nr'-'nullt'^sneas f>f the elanifiiira k^pt up in thin country m lo Ihv supposed peruicioufl indu- ttW't'iif nriprcity trMtJM oii ntir shipping. BaiiKi7ix*-^'V re arc no urivate banking eiUbliihoicDli ii, Nor> way; hut there is a public bank, havinfr it* frincipil office at Dron- theiin, with branches it ChriKtiinia, Rerf^en, and Ctirislians.iiid. It was established bv a compulsory aMebsnient in 1S16. Its capital consisli (f ijOCOjOOO sptcies dollars, in transfer.ible shares, divided amongst those who were forced tn contribute to its forinStion. Thece »h;ire8 are now at a premium <-<{ 30 per cent. Its niaiiaifera are :ip« pointed by, and are accniin table to, Ihe ^tor'hing or NirwcKian par- liam-rnt. It iHues nnici for 100, 50, 10, and V3 low as 1 species dittlar. These note^ slioiild be pa\able in .specie on dtmartd ; but Ihfy are at a diacount of 35 per ceiit., and are paid hv the bank at th.it rale. It discounts bills at 2 and 3 nmntlis date at 6 percent, per aniiuin ; adv:inct^s nioiu'y on mort^^e at 4 per cent. ; and transacts theordiniry banking huBinesB of individuals. It dai.y atCIiriatiwiia, which is giiiraiilecd by llie s'ate. The pnniirm is modt-nte, beinp, nii tuildiii^s situated in lowni, I -4th, and on Uuac aiiua'eil in the cuun* try, l>th percent. Sonietlnu-s, liov ever, when very dcstructivo fifes occur, it is niaid. /Vouhkou, JJ-f.— Chri«iiiTti'\ Ii not a fivourable place for careen* Inland rej 4ir;ri< ships ; but supplies of btef, br«id, water. and other sea stores, may be bad as chrap or chraper tiian in any other prirt o/ Norway ; but i!s distance from the sea is too n-eat li allow of iti leiiiK visilcil by ships dcssirnus merily of vIchnlUng. — fWe havede. rivf'f Ibi'se i'ctail< fmni varions sourrc, but princiiwlly from l^e abl*" Jliiiweta nf ihe Cnvntf ai Christiania to the (.'irtit'ar Q%unes ) Tiwttr. — Aslaiidaril Chrihti.mia deal is 11 fi[>et loiip, I 1-4 Incb (hick. 11 1 9 iiicht'S broail : and .M*2 »urh d»als nialce a load. Freivht of deils fmni Norway to Kn^land in calculated at the rate of sinKlf deals, ilies ar-Tanl nieisure nf ^^hich for Chrislianiaand al! (iie southern {loris of Norway, except Dram (•! »s*all tuvkO cu Un 1 ^ ilB In *if Mb 1 ji ffl 1 :l, ill 1 M' I }'•• I 1:1: •ii )^ 'M 342 CHU NAM— CINNAMON. Drammen, nbont 2t mites S. W. of CTiriillanh), li II feet lonv, and ■ 1-4 inch in liuclinctB, A tingla deal Irom Dram if redioued 10 fcel lonj^iinit I l>2 inch thick. Balteni —Three tKit'ens ni»lfc 2 deilt, retaining Ihoir own Iffiglh and thicllneas. Half denii .tre onljr countnd u deal endi, if ihey run under 6 feel ; but if ih^y run G nr 7 feet lonKi then 2 hjlf deal! are counted a run inches wi hin the aip, which not a twen- tieth p.trt of a car^o does .It present ; liut, thriuifh soine nviy be above inches wide, mauy are only 8, therefore one must ntake up for llie other. Timber^ or lltvm Ooorf*— cannot he exactly eomputod according to the contents in de.ils, because it cannot be stowed m a ship in tile •ame manner as deals: the freight is, therefore, agreed fur by tlie laup, or accnrdlng lo the ntimber of dealt which the vonl uti have taken on boaril on a former occaiion. ^^ One hunlred deals a 110. A ton =11 40 solid feet of timber, cut to a squar*, Une load of balk, or tinitjer, » uOsoiid feet. Two Imds of timber are rt'Ckon>kt for 150 deals. The sevenil bills of lading contain together an eiact account of the can^o which (he captain has received on boant his ship, cousequenlly Lin ling him t'lduliveracconliiig to their contents : wlien, tli^rcf')!^ the dftils are mentioned as usual 9and 10 feet, and 11 ami \X feel, lie cannot insist on more freight than half of the lcn>;lh, accordiiig to its deicription. One thnusind Norway standard deals are rr:ckonad equal to a keel of coals, wiiich is 21 tons, B twipritf pay duty as masts ; capravens are atiovn I J and unuer 18 inclit'S in circiunferencuai the middle, an'l witliout Uirk. CUp. boanl iscxported i-i wh'do piecee and unquartered. Uwls from (jfr. many pa« aa Norway deali ; sjiruce deals are upwards of 20 fwt in leiigtii ; dealb from Norway, above 7 feet long, are counte/1 as wIkjIq deals : aliove 5 feet, ani not above 7 feel in lenxth, are accouutul as iLlIf JcaU, nnd 2 of them pis^ s one whole deal. The dnfunnice between the Christiaiiii an>l Dram slandard being nearly Mlth part, the freii^hfs to Dram ought to be varied propoi^ tionatty. It his s'linetiiiies happened that snips lio'h for Clirialiaiiia and Df.ini have been in company anl llnse for Chris'taiiii ti.ue got up, lonited, and aaileJ, befoie the others for Dram luve gut over UniiHtnioin. which runs very strong down in the spring of the year, — (iioriiintz' Eurupcan dnnnurce.) CHUNAM, the name given in India to lime. The best, obtained by tho calcination of shells, is employed in the composition of Betel — (which see), to prevent, it Ls said, its injuring tho stomach. CIDER, on CYDER (Fr. Ctdre ,- Ger. Zider, Apfdwein.- It. Cidms Rus. Sidwi Sp. Sidru), the juice of apples expressed and fermented. The produce of tho duty on cidj • and perry (the expres.<«!d and fermented juice of pears) amounted, in 1828, to 37,220/.; wnich, as the duty was 10s. a barrel, shows that the quantity produced must have amounted to 74,440 barrels, exclusive of what might be clandestinely manufactured. The perry is sup- posed to have amounted to about a fourth part of this quantity. The duty was repealed in 1830.— (See Applks.) CIGARS. See Tobacco. CINNABAR (Ger. Zinnober ; Du. Cinaber, Virmilioen ; Fr. Cinnabre ; It. Cinabro; Bp. CinaOrio f 'Raa. Kinowar ; hat, Cinnnbrium), 1. Native Cinnabar — a mineral substance, red, heavy, and brilliant. It is found in va> rious places, chiefly in quicksilver mines, being one of the ores of that metal. The cinnabar of the Philippine Islands is said to be of the highest colour; but that of Almaden in Bpain, is tho richest. The best native cinnabar is of a high colour, brilliant, and free from earthy or stony matter. . 8. Artificial Cinnabar. — " When two parts of mercury and one of sulphur are triturated together in a mortar, the mercury gradually disappears, and the whole assumes the form of a black powder, formerly called Elhhps mineral. When this mineral is heated red hot, it sublimes ; and if a proper vessel be placed to receive it, a cake is obtained of a lino red colour. This cake was formerly called cinnabar ; and when reduced to a fine powiler, is well known in commerce under the name oi verm' lion." — (Thomson's Chemistrij.) CINNAMON (Da. Kaneel { Fr. Cannelle.- Gat. Zimmet, KunM ,■ It. Ca'iella ,• Lat. Cinnarnory.'m, Canellu ,• For. Canclla ,• Sp. Canela,- Pens, and Hind. Z)arcAenJe ,• Arab. Darsini ; Malay, Kaimanis; Greek, Kiv^^cv), the bark of tho cinnamt^n tree (Laiirus ciima- momum), a native of Ceylon, where it grows in great abundance ; it is also found in Cachin China, but no where else. The cinnamon said to be found in China, Borneo, &c. is merely Cofisia lignea. It is brought home in bags or bales weighing 9'3i lbs. each ; and in stowin? jt, black pepper is mixed with the bales to preserve the cinnamon. The best cinnamon is thin and rather pliable : it ought to be about tho sul)stancc of royal paper, or somewhut thicker ; is of a light yellow colour, approaching nearly to that of Venetian gold ; it is smooth and shining ; fractures splintery ; has an agreeable, warm, aromatic flavour, and a mild sweetish ta.ste when chewed, tho pieces become soft and seem to melt in the mouth ; it i.'; not so pungent but that it may be borne on the tongue without pain, and is not succeeded Ity any after taste. Whatever is hard, thick as a half-crown piece, dark-coloured or brown, nr so hot that it cannot be borne, should be rejected. Particular care should be taken that it be not false packed, or mixed with cinnamon of an inferior sort. — {Mllbuni's Orient. Cumm. ; Marsfmtl'a Essay, quoted below.) The cinnamon of Cochin China grows in the dry sandy districts lying N. W. of the town of Faifoe, between 15° and 16° N. lat It is preferred in China to tho cinnamon of Cey- lon : the annual imports into Canton and other ports vary from 250,000 to 300,000 llts. There are no fewer than 10 varieties of this species in the market. It is not cured, like tliat of Ceylon, by freeing it from the epidermis. — (Crawford's Embassy to Siam, S(C, p. 475.) Cinnamon Mmiopoly. — Down to the present year, the cultivation of cinnamon in Ceylon was restricted to a few gardens in the neighbourhood of Colombo ; the production and sale of the article being whi>lly monopolised by government Upon the transference of ihe icland from the East India Company to tlie king's government, the former agreed to ]iay CINNAMON. 848 Cinahroi 60,000/. a year for 400,000 lbs. or 4,342^ bales of cinnamon ; it being stipulated, that if the quantity collected exceeded this amount, //i« attrplus was to be. burned .'* But this Bgreemeiit was afterwards broken off; and, for thcRe sumo years past, the cinnamon has been sent to England hy government, and sold on its account at quarterly sales. The revenue derived by the Ceylon treasury from the cinnamon monopoly, in 1831, it said to have amounted to 106,434/. 11*. llrf. ; but it is not said whether this is the nett or gross revenue, that is, whether it be exclusive or inclusive of the expenses attending its manage- ment. — (C'e///«« Almanac for 1833, p. 82.) As the monopoly could notl)e enforced except by confining the culture of cinnamon to certain districts, it necessarily led to the most op- pressive interference with the rights of individuals, to the creation of numberless imaginary ofTonces, and the multiplication of punishments, forming a heavy drawback upon the pros- perity of the island. We are, therefore, glad to have to state that it hns been at length abandoned ; and that we are no longer liable to the charge of upholding, without improving, the worst part of the Dutch policy ; but have restored to the natives their right to cultivate cinnamon any where and in any way they think fit. We subjoin a copy of the advertise- ment issued by the Ceylon government in reference to this im[iortant suliject. Notice is hcrnhy given, tliat in direct pursuance or instruct inns roceived from the secrrtury of slate, from and after the lOlli of July ne.xt, tlie Rnni'ml export of ciniiaiuoii friiin tlie ports of Colmnlio and i'lilntdii Galle exclusively, in the Island of Ceylon, will be allowed, on imyiiifiit of an export duty of 3s. per pound, without diKtinctioii of qunlity. From the B'lniH period, all restrictions and prohibitions against the cnltivniion, possession, or sale nf cinnamon by private individualg will cease ; and such quantities of ciniianmn as eov>'rnnieiit now has in its possession, or may lierenltcr be dbliged to receive in payment of rent, or from (he givern- mcnt plantations (until they can ollierwise be disposed of ), will be sold at periodical sales, subject always to the payment of the said export duty, and under conditions as to the completion of the jnir- cliase, and the actual payment of the purchase money in cash or covernment bills, on delivery of the cinnamon, similar to those heretofore stipulated at the sales held in London, and which will be fully mrtifled and explained herentler. No collections will, for the future, bo made in the forests on account of Kovernment. The first sale will be held on the 10th day of July next, at the offlce of the comniissinner of rc- veiine; when 1,000 bales of cinnamon will be put up to sale in lots ut the undermentioned prices, and will be sold to the highest bidder above the reserved price. s. d. 1st sort, per lb. - - - - - -36 2d— 20 3d — 09 The proportion of each sort to be put up will be nntifled hereafter The stock of cinnamon in the hands nf the auent in London, in Hcptember, 1832, and which wag to be sold at the 4 usual quarterly sales, in October. 1832, and January, April, and July, 1833, amounted In 4,fiS8 bales ; two consiftnments, amonntini! to 826 bales, have since been sent to England, viz. SUO bdes in July, 18.'!2; 326 bales in October,-1832; since which no shipments have been made, and none will be made hereafter. The sales for the 2 years ending with that of July, 1S32, somewhat exceeded 5,500 bales per annum. Chief Secretary's office, Colombo, March 0, 1833. Duties on Cinnamon, — Nothing can be more satisfactory than this document, in so far as the free culture of: 'nnamon is concerned ; but it is deeply to bo regretted, that the abolition of the old monopoly system should be accompanied by the imposition of the exorbitant duty of 2s. per lb. on all cinnamon, exported, without distinction of quality. Its natural cost docs not, we believe, exceed 6c/. or 8d. per lb.; but taking it at Ix., the duty is no less than 300 per cent. ! So enormous a tax, by confining the export of cinnamon within the narrow- est limits, will go far to deprive the island of the advantages it would otherwise derive from the repeal of the monopoly, and will be, in all respects, most injurious. We have heard, that it is contended, in vindication of this oppressive tax, that Ceylon having a natural monopoly of cinnamon, it is sound policy to burden it with the highest duty it will liear; as the largest revenue is thus obtained at the least expense (o the island. But in addition to the cinnamon produced in Cochin China, and which it is more than probable will speedily' find its way to the European markets, the exlimt to which cassia lignca is substituted for cinnamon, shows that the monopoly possessed by Ceylon is of very triiUiig importance. But lliough it were otherwise, though cassia lignea did not exist, and cinnamon were to be found no where but in Ceylon, we should not the less object to so exorbitant an exjiort duty. So long as it is maintained, it will confine within the narrowest limits, what might otherwise become a most important branch of mdustry, and a copious source of wealth to the island. According to the crown commissioners, the average quantity and value of the diireront sorts of cinnamon annually sold of late years has been, — Sorts of Cinnamon. First sort Seconil sort Third sort All sorts - Quality Rue. lbs. 00,000 2:in,n(io IbU.OOO ». d. 7 2} S lOi 4 3i .'100,000 ♦ See an article by H. iMarshall, Esq., stufT surgeon to the forccB in Ceylon, «/ Philoaopliy, vol. x. p. 350. Amount. £ s. 32.812 15 67,502 10 38,437 10 138,343 15 in Thumsun'n AnnaU A. M: ''■•■■ '1,1 1 I l\i\ wn tfc( "^m Ii i ill 844 CINQUE PORTS. It is not at M probable that the eipoiib will matcnally increase under the new ayiiteni but had the dutjr varied from about Bd. per lb. on the beat, to 3d. or 4d, on the infurior Horta, wo have little doubt, now that the culture in free, tliat the exports would, at no very distant period, have amounted to aome roilliona of pounds. It is the high price of cinnamon, — a price not cause<1 by its scarcity or the difficulty of its production, but by the oppreflsive monopo- lies and dutiea to which it has been subjected, — that has mode it be regarded as a luxu^ attainable only by the rich. There ia no other spice that is no universally acceptable ; and there is none, were it charged with a reasonabk duty, that would be to sure to command rq immense sale. We know, quite as well as the writer of an article on this subject in the Colombo Journal, " that the cook who employs I ounce of cinnamon to improve tho flavour of his dishes, will not employ 4 ounces when the spice is a fourth of the price ;" but we further know, what the journalist would seem to be ignorant of, that were its price reduced, as it might be, to a third of what it haa hitherto cost, it would be used by trn or a dozen cooks, for every otie who employs it at present. In fact, the entire consumption of cinna- mon in Great Britain is under 20,000 lbs. a year ! Should the exports of cinnamon from Ceylon under the now plan amount to 500,000 lbs. a year, government will receive from it an annual revenue of 75,000/. ; and supposing them to amount to 600,000 lbs., the revenue will bo 00,000/. And to secure the immediate pay- ment of this trifling sum, every ulterior consideration of profit and advantage has been sacri- ficed. It is, however, pretty clear, that this short-sighted rapacity will be, in the end, no less injurious to the revenue, than to the industry and trade of the inland. Were cirmamon allow- ed to be exported for a few years under a low duty, or till such time aa the taste for it was fully diflused throughout this and other countries, it would then be easy, by gradually raising the duty, to obtain from it, without materially checking the consumption, a very large revenue ,• at least 6 or 6 times more than it will ever produce under the present plan. Suppose that we had hod the power efTcctually to monopolise the inventions by which Sir Richard Arkwright and others have so prodigiouisly fariiitated the spinning nf cotton; what would have been thought of the policy of those who should have profioscd laying a duly on exported cottons equivalent to the peculiar advantages we enjoyed in their production 1 Had this been done, we should have got a monopoly value for our exports of cotton ; but instead of amounting, as at present, to 17,000,000/. a year, they would not, under such a plan, have amounted, to 170,000/.; and instead of afTordiiig subsistence for some 1,300,000 or 1,400,000 individuals, the cotton manufacture would not have supported 50,000 ! And yet this is the mischievous nostrum, for it would be an abuse of terms to call it a principle, — on which we have proceeded to regulate the export of the staple product of Ceylon. The following table shows the quantities of cinnamon retained for home consumption, the rates of duty, and the nett amount of the duties in each year, since 1810. <2iiaitlili«s Qij:tntilir. 1829 29,720 1,.343 8 4 rCFroin .Iiiiie 21.) J Gil. pur lb. from "1 Ilritiah possos- IHIfl 9,863 1,M5 14 1 do. LsioiiB. mi 10,689 1,324 9 do. 1830 Nil.* 709 5 do. 1818 11,381 1,4S4 18 1I do. 1831 2.1.172 5S3I7 6 do. 1819 13,077i 1,637 1 1 (■ (Frnm April 10.) \ -in. U. pnr lb. 1832 l."),271 435 10 do. In the London market, cinnamon is divided into 3 sorts. Tlie first is wnrib, nl present (Sp.it. 1633), duty included, from 8«. 6d. to 10«. per lb,; the second, 6s. to 7s. 6d.; and the third from 5a. to (is. [See I.MPORTS ANn Exports. — Am. Ed.] CINQUE PORTS. These are ancient trading towns, lying on the coast of Kent and Sussex, which were selected from their proximity to France, and early superiority in navi- gation, to assist in protecting the realm against invasion, and vested with certain privileges by royal charter, " The ports so privileged, as we at present account them, are Dover, Sandwich, Romney, Hastings, Hythe, and the two ancient towns of VVinchelsea and Rye ; although the two lotter places appear to have been originally only members. The services which they were ♦ The export aaving exceeded the quantity charged with duty within the year. CITRON— CIVITA VECCHIA. 845 ippointed to perform, were either honorary, viz. nuistini; the coronation and lending members to parliament ; or auxiliary to the defence of the realm, aa furnishing a certain iupply of vesHela and seamen, on bcini; summoned to that service by the king's writ. •'In process of time the Cinque Ports grew so powerful, and, by the posscHsiun of a war- like fleet, so audacious, that they made piratical excursions in defiance of all public failh ; on tome occasions they made war, and formed contcdcracics as separate independent states. It seems, however, that these irregularities were soon suppressed, when the government was ftrong, and sufficiently confident to exert its powers. 80 long as the mode of raising a navy by contributions from different towns continued, the Cinque Ports alforded an ample sup- ply; but since that time their privileges have been preserved, but their separate or peculiar services dispensed with. Their charters are traced to the time of Edward the Confessor ; they were confirmed by the Conqueror, and by subsequent monarchs. William the Con- queror, considering Dover Castle the key of England, gave the charge of the adjacent coai>t, with the shipping belonging to it, to the constable of Dover Castle, with the title of Warden of the Cinque Ports ; an oflice resembling that of the Count of the Saxon coast ( Cornea llltoris Saxoniei) on the decline of the Roman power in this island. The lord warden has the authority of admiral in the Cinque Ports and its dependencies, with power to hold a court of admiralty ; he has authority to hold courts both of law and equity ; is the general returning officer of all the ports, — parliamentary writs being directed to him, on which he issues his precepts ; and, in many respects, he was vested with powers similar to those pos- sessed by the heads of counties palatine. At present the cflicient authority, charge, or patronage, of the lord warden is not very great ; the situation is, however, considered very honourable, and the salary is 3,000/. He has under him a lieutenant and some subordinate officers ; and there arc captains at Deal, Wulmer, and Sandgate Castles, Archclilf Fort, and Moats Bulwark. " There is an exclusive jurisdiction in the Cinque Ports (before the mayor and jurats of the ports), into which exclusive jurisdiction the king's ordinary writ does not run; that is, the court cannot direct their process immediately to the sheriff, as in other cases. In the Cinque Ports, their process is directed to the constable of Dover Castle, his deputy, or lieu- tenant. A writ of error lies from the mayor and jurats of each port to the lord warden of the Cinque Ports, in his court of 8hepwa^-, and from the court of Shepway to the King's Bench ; a memorial of superiority reserved to the crown at the original creation of llie franchise ; and prerogative writs, as those of habeas corpus, prohibition, certiorari, and man- damus, may issue, for the same reason, to all these exempt jurisdictions, because the privi- lege that the king's writ runs not must be intended lietween party and [larty, and there can be no such privilege against the king." — (Chitty's Commercial Law, vol. ii. p. 12.) CITRON (Gcr. Succade ,• Da. Sukkat ; It. Confetti di eedro ; Sp. Acltron verde ,- Fr. Citronat verd), an agreeable fruit, resembling a lemon in colour, smell, and taste. The principal difference lies in the juice of the citron being somewhat less acid, and the yellow rind b«ing somewhat hotter, and accompanied with a considerable bitterness. — (Lewis's Mat. Med.) It is imported, preserved and candied, from Madeira, of the finest quality. CIVET (Get. Zibeth .■ Da. Civet; Fr. Civette,- ItZibelto,- 9p. A/galia), a perfume taken from the civet cat. It is brought from the Brazils, Guinea, and the interior of Africa. When genuine, it is worth 309. or 408. an ounce. CIVITA VECCHIA, a fortified sea-port town of the papal dominions, on the Mediter- ranean, in lat. 48° 4' 38" N., Ion. 11° 44' 52" E. Population 7,000. Harbour.— The port of Civita Vecchia ts nrtificial, and ia formed by tliroe larRe mnlos. Two of them projucting from the mainland, iiicli Me to tlie nortli and the other 10 the ooiith, form the sides nf tlie iiarbnur ; wliile a third nio!e, nr nreakwater, cunslriicted oppusite to the gap between the other two, sKrveg to protect the liarhnur from tlie lieavy eea that would otherwise hn thrown in lijr the westerly galea. A lightliotise, having the lantern elevated 74 feet above the level nf the gea, is erected on the southern extremity of the outward niolej the distance frnm its extremities to the ex- tremities of the lateral moles, on which there are towers, being about 90 fathoms. Vessels may «Htcr either by the south or north end of the outer mole, but the soutliern channel is the deepest, having I'rom 8 to 6 and 4 fathoms. Ships may anchor witliin the port, in from 10 to 18 feet water, or between It and the outer mole where tlie water is deeper. Within the port there is a dock and un arsenal.— (P/un of Civita yecehia.) tliaiorical JVu/icc— This harbour, which is liy far the best on the western side of the papal domi- nions, owes its origin to the Emperor Trajan, and affords llie most unequivocal proof, not of his power merely, but of liis sagacity and desire to promote the interests of commerce and navigation. There is in one of Pliny's Letters (lib. vi. epist. 31.) a clear and iiitereslingnccount of this great work, which Ims obviously been planned and constructed with equal skill and jnds^ment. The outer inolo was mostlv furnied, precisely like the breakwater at I'lymoiitli, by sinkiiie inuiiense blocks of stone into the si vhich became fixed and consolidated by their own weight, till by decrees it was raised above the « iuirs. {.^murgit autem arte visendii: ingentia saxa io(i.->«imo naris prnrehil. Contra hire alia super alia dejecta ip.w ponderc munent, iic sensim iiiiodiim reliit ai'gere ronntniiiiilur.) Originally it was culled Trajanus Partus, and it is to be regretted that it did not always bear the name of its illus- trious founder. But in the latter ages of the Roman empire it was called CnUum Cella, and in nioilurn times Cicita yeechia. — (Cellarii Jfotilia Orbis .^ntiquir, i. p. 734.) Mmcy ^Accounls are kt^pt jierri, and tlmiii;I)out tlie pap.i! HhtK, | a spccr • of Ijaiik nnttfs ; liul lliese, not being payable in ipecie oo Id croiviis or t.uli, called sciidi R ^niaiii and ^ciidi mnnrt^, I itv^o \ (Jeiiitiit, are nirfoniily at a dittrniuil. = 10 ;'(|i./i, and 1 pattli ~ 10 bnjtKclii. 'I lie sciido ciiilairi* 40.1 I tVe'^htt. — 'llie /t^^a,or jmuud of 12 onci or 6,!>I2 ^rnnt, cnnUtiD* irains of Kiiijlihli slanilani silver, ind Is, c 00,ijti8 lbs. truy = S3,U0ti kilo^raiumet =i 70,(jOo Ibl. 44 [\ j:j;' i I =; ; VI 1' » J ■(ft '■ t m ' m :i 3<:e CLARET— CLOCKS. \ . 6f lljmliurj. TtitM tn lhrt« .lldhrtnt (nn'u.^or quliililii »ii. of ino, INO, «niH -0 In. Tin. nii«li ilo n l.orxi ||„, Nmuru — Tin Hnniaii fool- 1 l-7i Kii|(.iiich«ii ; lh«raniio-783l I.Ui!. Iii.-l.pjj llie ri„iu uwJ ly liuilJin => »7 W) KjitHili linhen; IliB Inrrtl of irln* - 11,8.11 Imi . f\\\m; anil the barr«| rH nit , Ii8-llni|i. «a'li. 1 Ihntmn/infoll - Ki'il Imp. ,lo.; ihx nibbm 3 era •. KHi imp. liiuluili.--(/tUlk'l t'a«itii(; fiiHuiiLiujiMf \tiiiiuf' Ifmifiiel ) ' Impurinanil F.rpiirli'. —Thnngh tlin wnulih nnil p(i|iiitiilliiir<>iiAt of Kiiino, ami eii|triii«i'9 nliiioat till iiitire truiln of lli« |iu|iul iloiiiiiiliiiin on the «iilu ul' llii; MiMliti^rru- iiftiiii. The liii|iiiru rniiHlKt priiiii|iiilly iil" inltoii, wonllrii, Hllk, niiil llni'ii HtiiffH j i-otri'ii, Hiigiir, cnnia linil iillii>r riiliniLiI proiliirls ; h.II iiml k.\\\i'.i[ flxli, wiiio. Jrwcillery, cliiiifi anil eiirllii'iiwririi, kc Tin! I'xpiirn coiinI*! nf Ktiivi!* and (Inilinr, corn, cohI, wool, choeae. piitaih, p'.iiiiirn-iilone, iiliiin, frum liilla, ill Iho vicinity, and othnr iirticleii. Tlio tiilHl viiIhb of tliii ImpurtH iimy lie mkiiiied lit Criiin n30,fl0()/. to lO'i.oiUl/., and It nniy in' fairly pri'miiiiud lliul lliii ri'iil viilim of tlii> r\pnrt« Ih not nnicl' infHrlor. Mnr^i.illi's imd (Jenoa liiivo tho lorgist ilmro of the fonilgn trade of flvita Vccrhln ninl lULXt til thi-iii England. />«/n;j>.-('ivit» Vecthia la a free port, that li, a port Into wlilih prodiire nmy he Imported, and eitlii'ri-oiniiiiiiMl or rfl-e.\portiid, fri'c of limy QiianiiiriHf i giilatlona are ilrliHy enfurred ; iin venel with n foul hill of hi-iillh heing permlttod to enlur any of the pupal ports.— (j»BK«ai.« du Vommerce JUarilime, loni. ii. p. 30(1, 4ic.) Ilcturn of the Number and Tnnnnjfn of VesHols, dlatlngniahiMR the Cnilnlrh'i to which they belonged which entered inwurda in the I'apul Mtalea in IttJ.I. ' or Ihi' vetMli millriiii Ilia porli on the ,\lFdil«rraiw«li, fully t|ira« fourllit iinl«retl I ivila Voci hla. <' ' riio. In PorNnf the Mttlllorraiwaii. In Porti Inihe AJri.lllf. Tnuctiliicor Toucbiiig or — 1 Tnr Tra !inf Puri>oK** C4lliiii(. ii'il Tur TraJiin Fur- ruiilni VmkIi, Fur Tnilinn FurpoiM. I'allinl, nut for Tnuiint Pur- Filhiiii VeiKlf. fHHiri. IKJlCi. SAtfi. Tlo'ii. Hhipi, Taia. Mi;ii. Tunu S/li|i>. 1,1 (») r.ii it Afdn- Venetian • — — — .. « .. 442 I4,!itll 48 2,1:21 3,393 23.001 Ltccht^fl 14 J 3.4'^^ 4^ «97 1 4 ; 1 Neapitilaa 7V» ii,m 4211 19,1147 244 8,08 it, 8,766 as 1,2S7 49 «42 P.trni.\ — — » — -~ 4 ft! 1 41 r.,ui mi 31,433 217 11,711 sa 791 S,IF« 127.440 4J4 15,(12>l ll,HB 151,586 ^tirJiiiiu 166 I3,*17 109 10,321 w ^ 44 5,lil4 1 &31 Siiitiiih 27 1,132 H^v^Wih — .^ — — .. S 842 1 ie3 I'uMaa Totals 412 17,722 183 8,813 3 9 2,2 il 126,823 I,0J1 6.'i,8JI •m 3,478 fi,0!l6 2M,)^I2 573 22,069 18,431 1 361 Sup.) CLARET, one of the best French wines. See the articles BonnKAUx and Wink, CLEARING, "among Lomlm Bankers, is a method adopted by them for exchiinging the drafts on each other's houses, and settling; tho dilfcrences. Thus, at half-past 3 o'clock, a clerk from each banker attends at the clcaring-ltDuso, where he brings all the drafU on the other bankers, which have been paid into his house that day, and deposits them in their proper drawers (a drawer l)eing allotted to each banker) ; he then credits their accounts separately with the articles which they have against hira, as found in the drawer. Balances nrc then struck from all tho accounts, and the claims transferred from one to another, until they are so wound up and cancelled that each clerk has only to settle with two or three othRrs, an ! their balances are immediately paid. " Such drafts as are paid into a banker's too late for clearing, are sent to the houses on which ' ley arc drawn, to be marked, which is understood as an engagement that they will be p;ii 1 the next day."— (/ic//y's Cambi.st,) — (For an iicciiuiit of the saving of money effected by this d'-vice, see ante, p. 71. The technical operations carried on at the clear- ing-house have lieen described by Mr. Gilbart, in his Pradical Treatise vn Banking, pp. 16— -io.) OLE.VRTNG-HOUSE, the place where the operation termed clearing is carried on. CFiOCK, CLOCKS, (Ger. Uhren, Grosse U/iren, Wianduhren ,- Du. Uuren, Vurwerken, Horoloj^ien ; Fr, Hnrlmren ,• It, Orolniriri, Oriuoli ,• Sp, Ilefujcs ,• Rus. TVcAfwii), a kind of machine, put in motion by a gravitating body, and so constructed as to divide, measure, and indicate the succes.^ive portions of time with very great accuracy. Most clocks mark the !;jur by striking or chiming. It is a highly useful iiiritruincnt, and is extensively ctn- ploycd for domestic and philosophical purposes. Clocks are made of an endless variety of materials and models, so as to suit the different uses to which they are to be applied, and the different tastes of their purchasers. Their price consequently varies from a few shilliiiijs to more than 10(1/. The Germans and Dutch are particularly celebrated for their skill in the manufacture of wooden clocks ; while the English, French, and Genovese, especially tho former, have carried the art of making metallic clocks, so as to keep time with the greatest precision, to a hiijh degree of perfection. The history of the invention, introduction, and successive improvements in the manufac- ture of clocks has boon carefully investigated by some very learned and industrious antiqua- ries — (sec B'ckmnnn's Hist, nf Inventions, vol. i. pp. 419 — 4G2. Eng. e^l. ; and R'^es^n Cy- elopxdiii) ; but. notwithstanding these researches, tho subjtict is still involved in considera- ble obscurity. It seems, however, that tho middle of tho fourteenth century may be regard- CLOTH— CLOVES. 847 VorchU bi> •'iilrR|irti of Ali'iliti-rru- rn, ic. Till, »liini, t'n.in i"'il lit Cniiii iiiit Hiiich Vecchln, und 7,l!35 64J 131/186 «! R« the epoch when clock*, having wcifrhUi lunpendoil ax a moving power, anil a reKulabir, bogan to lie introduced. The priod whnn, ami i\\o individual by whom, the |)en(iulum wan firHt applied to clockwork, have been subjecta of inuvh contention. Unlileo and liuygena have diopulrd the honour of the dincovery. " ])ii* ^vlioovor may have been the invvntur, it U cKljin that the invention never llouriihed till ii came into the handa of Huytcenii, who iiiMHti), that it' I'vrr Galileo thought of auch n thing, he never brought it to any ilegri'c of perfection. The first pimdulum clock made in England was in thoyear 1662, by one Fr(>> mnnti'l, a Uulchinan." — (Hulfon'i Math. Dictionary.) The clock manufacture ia of conaiderable imi)ortunce and value. It ia carried on to a gntat extent in London. Tlio ad vuliircin duty of 25 per cent, on foreign clocka produced, in 1832, 6,02n/. 8s. iiett. It IB principally derived from the wooden clocks brougtit from Holland and Gurinuny. Under the article WATniEft, tho reader will find auiiie atuteineiUa aa to the im|iurtaliurt and exportation of clocka as well as watchea. (^Inrkiinkom nro nliligiMl to eiigrnvn upon tlin dlnl-plnte of .ill clorku inndo hy Ihi-in flicir iinine, nnit llii' \\[m-v. of tliiMr rfl^Uliiiii'u. No oiitu ^iril or liiwiiril box, cnsi>, or (linl-plnte of niiy dork or wiilrli, Willi the mitknr's name cngrnvcd lliiTHon, ■Imll Iih t- xportiid willioui tlin tiiovHinniit or iiiuclilnery bi.'iiig ill or witli siicli box or cnHe, un^lur forroitiiro of doiiblH Ha value. — (3 St I (I'l//. 4. ('iip. U'i. i Kll ) It U llli^cal to liiiiiort, or to eiiti'r to bH wiirfihoiiBml, luiy ilork or wntch iMiprriiMiid with iiiiy mark purjinrtln;; to rrprenent any legnl Brltiali murk, or not Imvina tim iinim; of lu Ibrulgii innki'r vlaUile on lilt' frainn, iiiid alio on tlie face, or nut lieinv; In a complete atate.— (j '>!.) It III Hulil, bowuvor, not to be an niicoiniiioii priirlko, aiiioiig Ww Ii'hh rcpulahli* portion of tlio trndn, to ('ML'ravn tlii;lr name* and " London" on fori'lgn clocks nnd wiitchnu, and to si-ll tliriii to the pilbtio BH Kiiglinb work. The I'raiid may bn detected by referrinit to any ruvpectablK vvalrhinaker. U) a Treasury order of the 4th of Heptenibur, IM'ZN, cIocIch and wuuhen fi>r privule iihi', Ihoiieh not marked in lliii maiinur now npecined, iniiy be admitted on pnyincnt uf the duty, on Ihu piirtlea making Bindiivit of Ihi'lr entire iKnornnce of the law in qiieHtlon. Penionii hired by or in the employment of, clock and watch mnkem, who shall fruiidnlently aai- Iic7,/.le, Hi'crete, oell, Jcc. any iiietnl, nuiterlal, or precious Htone, with which be may bappi'ii to he in> lriipwdia of Agriculture.') Culture for seed ia, however, very precarious, and of uncertain profit. Tlie entries of foreign clover seed for homo conauiiipllon, at an overaae of llie .\ years eiidiiiB with 1831, were 99,040 cwt. a year. But for the high duty of 20s. n cwt., there can be little doubt that tho iinjinrtatloii would be much more considerable. Tiie price of f.ircipn cluver seed in the London mar- ket, at present (September, 1833), varies, duty included, from SOii. to (i(i«. a cwt. CLOVES (Ger. Ndglein, Gewilrzm.lkm ,• Du. Kraldnngekn ,• Fr. Clous de girnfle, Gi- rnjles { It. CJiiovi di gari)fano, Garofani ,• Garoffuli; Sp. Clams de e.tpecia, Oluvillns ,• Rus. Gimmdikui Arah. Kerenful ; Ma'my, Chntikee), the fruit, or rather cups of tho un- opened flowers, of the clove tree, or Cari/nphj/llus aromnlicus. The clovo tree in a native of the Molui'cas, where it was originally found ; but plants have since been carried to Ciy- cniic and other places, where they succeed tolerably well. Cloves are shajicd like a nnil ; whence tho name, from the French cluu, nail. They are importi'd from the Dutch settle- ments; tho best in chests, and an inferior kind in bags. Tho boat variety of the .\ml)oyna cloves is smaller and blacker than tho other varieties, very scarce, and as a mark of pre-emi- nence, is termed tho Royal clove. Good cloves have a slronif, fniijratit, aromatic odour ; and a hot, acrid, aromatic taste, which i.s very permanent. 'J'hcy should be chosen largo sized, perfect in all parts ; the colour should be a dark brown, almost approacliing to black ; and, when handled, should leave an oily moisture upon the fingers. Good clovea are some- times adulterated by mixing them with tlioso from which oil has been drawn ; hut tlioso aro weaker than tho rest, and of a paler colour; and whenever they look shrivelled, havin.? Inst tlie knob at the top, and aro light and broken, with but little smell or ta-,le, they choiild be rejected. As cloves readily absorb moisture, it is not uncommon, when a quantity is ordered, to keep them beside a vessel of water, by which moans a considerable iidililion is inadn to their weight. — (Thomson's Dispensaforj/ ,• Milburn'.i Oriciifut Cturnuerre.) I'olici/ of the Dutch as to the Trade in Cloves. — From the expulsion of the English from Amboyna, in 162.1, the Dutch have, a few short intervals only excepted, enjoyed the exclu- sive possession of the Moluccas, or Clovo Islands. In their conduct as to the clovo trade, tliey have exhibited a degree of short-sighted rapacity, which has been, wo believe, seldom equalled even in the annals of monopoly. Their object has not been to encourage tho growth and trade of cloves, but to confine both within the narrowest limits. Tliey have preferred deriving a large profit from a stunted and petty trade, to a modeiiite profit from n trade that might have atlbrded employment for a very large amount of capital ; and to pre- vent their narrow and selfish prefects from being counteracted by tho operation^) uf the ua« :^.. >!j ■ i f 1 ifi ; f !!i Hi CLOVES. tlvet, thev have lubjoctiN) thnm to the moat revolting tyranny, " That they rr < Crawfurd, "roKulate and control production and price iuat aa they thuittcf^' ; ht ," anyi M/. v^iC', :liu clove ; ariil thg kun ':• de-ill urtijii ' iJj.jl. The Ueoa were extirpated every where but in Amboyna, the aeat of tbrii ^n'V" rounding princca were bribed, by annual atipenda, to league with them 1 r of their aubjccta' property and birthright. Thia plan waa begun about the y» cuntmcta are atill in force, and an annual fleet viaita the aurrounding iMianda to RupprcM \h» growth of clovea, which, in their native country, apring up with a luxuriance which thine inea«ur('a of Hutanic rigour and of aacrilege towanU bountiful nature, can aratcc ropreita, By the plan on which the clove trade ia now conducted, — a pliin carried into cH'ect tliruuxh ao mud) iniquity and bloodshed, — the country of apicea ia rcnditred a |ietty farm, of which the natural ownera are reduced to the worat condition of predial aluvery ; and the great inonopoliiier and oppreaaor ia that government, whoae duty it ahould have been to inaure freedom and aflbrd protection. Human ingenuity coulJ hardly deviae a pliui more dciitruc< tivu of industry, more hoatile to the growth of public wealth, or injurioua to moralM, than thia ayiitirceiit. 181S 50,463 5,708 3 do. - do. - < ndvnlorcm,eniiul to (.about 1«. 6(i. per lb. 1816 16,470 1,867 n 10 do. - do. . do. 1817 73,»73 6,390 13 6 do. - do. - do. • ISIS 18,281 1,777 5 3 do. - do, lio. IHl!) 3l,2:.t| 3„154 4 7 From 5thor Jiily28.^lb. is. per lb. 3s. per lb. 1820 3«,5MJ 3,657 5 do. - do. do. 1821 32,«33 3,285 a do. - do. - do. 1832 4!»,7fl5i 6,026 16 8 do. • do. do. 182a 57,780} 5,747 14 4 do. - do. do. 1821 60,323i 6,035 10 do. - do. - do. leas 1836 45,261 S2,70U 4.543 5,979 4 10 do. - do. - do. Of Britiill PoMeniniu. or Foreign PoncniuDi. - 8». per ID. • . 3*. per lb. - 1627 83,990* 8.603 1 g do. - do. - - 1828 61,2lfii 6,148 19 3 - - do. - do; - - 1829 48,637t 4,875 13 3 do. - do. - - 18.T0 60,111 6,061 7 do. • do. - - 1831 83.885 8,379 8 3 do. - - do. - - 1832 82,072 8,169 6 do. - - do. - - COACHES. 849 Tu/y on Chvti. — This wai ooniiderably reduced in IfllO ; and there hu, in coniequnnca, been a decliird incrra«e in the connumption of the artirle, though not nearly to great a« it would have been, had it been aupplied under a more librral ayotem. The cloves at prmont entered for home consumption in Onat Britain amoun* tu altout 80,000 lbs. a year, of which t part comes from Cayenne. Uut the cultivation of the clove in Cayenne dopttnils entirely oil the existence of the present system in the Moluccas. The superiority which the Inttar enjoy over every other place in the production of cloves is so very great that were any thing like freedom given to those engaged in their culture, they would very speedily exclude every other from the market. It is nut to bo imagined, that so lilwrol and intelligent a govern- ment as that of Holland can much longer continue insensible to tlie difigrnce of support- ing a system like the present, and to the many advantages that would result from its abo- lition. The price of cloves, r rduilvs of the duty, In the London market, Is, at present (October, 1833), as follows i— Amiioyna, Bencoolcn, &e. • - \: U. to If Od. per lb. Bourbon, Cayenne, Ac. • • I«. U. to If. 3d. per lb, [See iNPOHTtiNDExroRTa. — Am. Ed.] i Clovrs, Oil op, it procured from cloves by distillation. When new, it is of a pale red- dish brown colour, which becomes darker by age. It is extremely hot nnd fiery, and sinks in water. The kind generally imported from India contains nearly half its weight of an insipid expressed oil, which is discovered by dropping a little into spirits of wine, and on shaking it, the genuine oil mixes with tho spirit, and the insipid separating, the fraud is di*> covered.— ( Mitburn.) COACHES, vehicles for commodious travelling. They have sometimes two and some- times four wheels. Tho body of the coach is generally suspended, by means of springs, upon the framework to which the wheels are attached. They are usually drawn by horses, tut recently have been impelled by steam. The forms and varieties uf coaches arc almost innumerable. 1. HLitmcal Nutiee. — Beckmonn has investigated the early history of coaches with his usual care and learning. It is certain that a species of coaches were used nt Rome ; but whether they were hung on springs, like those now made use of, is not certain. Af\er the suhversion of the Roman power, horseback was almost tho only mode of travelling. AI)out the end of the fifteenth century, however, covered carriages began to lie employed by per- sons of distinction on great occasions. In 1050, thoro were at Paris only three coaches ; one of which belonged to the queen ; another to the celebrated Diana of Poitiers ; ami the third to a corpulent, unwieldy nobleman, Ren^ de Laval, lord of Boia Dauphin. Coaches were seen, for the first time, in Spain, in 154G. They began to be used in England aliout 1580 ; and were in common use among the nobility in the beginning of the seventeenth century. — (/fu/. of Invent, vol. i. pp. 111. 127. Eng. trans.) 2. Manufaeture of Carriages. — This is a department of considerable value and import* anco. The best built and handsomest carriages are made in London, where only the trade of a coach currier is carried on ; but the carriages made at Edinburgh, and some other places, are also vera superior. Down to 1835, a duty was laid on all carriages made for sale ; and it appears from the following account, that in 1812, 1,531 four-wheeled carriages, 1,700 two-wheeled ditto, and 106 taxed carts (small carriages without springs), were made for sale. 3. Duties on Carriages. — ^These duties have been long impo.ied, and have fluctuated con- siderably at difTerent periods. The table on p. 350 shows the iiumbcr of four-wheeled and other carriages (exclusive of hackney coaches) charged with dui'es in the years 1812, 1825, and 1830, the rates of duty on each species of carriages, and tho produce of the duties. (Compiled from ParL Paper, No. 686. Sess. 1830. and Papers published by the Board of Trade.) Hotel of Dnty en Carriofu.— On those having— rourwhwli. L. I, d. L. t. d. rvwiu kaepiu 1 • t fmoaa kaeplng S • S 4 — 9-«10 — T700 — S-SISO — 4 • 7 10 tudapmnb ••16 — 5 - T IT « iditltinnlMIn SSO Cirriaj^ let to liir« • • • • 'fiOO PostchAiiet • - • • *650 Carriafs with whadt of lea dtaneler ttu* n inchee, diami by poaieeor mulMBol eieMdlog UhaoJj • • • • • -tSO Carriagei drawn bj one hofw - • Carrlnfrt uied by comDioo carrlen • • Two wlierle. DnwB by I bono • ■ • • Drawn by 3of nuin . • • Additional bodie< Dncribnl is act 3 ft 3 Will. 4. cap. 3X No. I. charnd • . . • Ditto, ditto. No. II., nmmoa itage carta I.et out to hir* . . . • Catriajw uierl by auBBon orrttn • • t.: i 4 10 ( a 10 t 3 S 4 10 1 II I 10 I 10 > a I t I r! \ ': i \\\1^ ?l'i U:i -.ii' Vol. I.— 2 O I ':t i%, 11 I. i. S50 COACHES. n ooe oo I o 8 S5Jfig2fe 'S 8 I, d o' o o e c d d t- PHO(0 — 0*0 If IS ■^ O O O O «fi 9 I lO (J "T c^ XMN in « •Q o oootcooote 4c o ocoh-foto-H ^ to «0 r» t- t- oo 00 QD Ci nQOOc4eo If) »n tc h^ t-^ T) ;^ o» m-t* g r- o c !» r* to I »n or; o •-• »^ g so e e oo m o u§ ii oe oo IP) ^ 9 o o oooo o II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1. ■vs>.'"j:: , c V I ^ « 1 I l§ I V *^ I £5 S ^ ** rt m u B ». .2 c a •O rt 3 * 3 -<; i; a, eu fe *- "* 6' a a o fc* rt « •A CD Iff < 1 ( " tn u a u M bt B C . .a "ttt- n " ^ »> "V c o ■CO 5S& £h "^ 2 ? rt ^ "S r/, — rt j5 = 2: rt -3 "T w P ts "" >- - e 2 X = r i X rt c ' * « E-u, hf- 4, Hackney Crtnchex are conches stalionod in the streets or other imhllc places, iind bound io carry such persons as require their services, for certain rates of hire according to the dis- tances travelled. They liavo grnerully been licensed by authority, and subjected to certain regulations, intended to prevent strangers and others using them from fraud and im(iosition. It may be doubted, however, whelhcr those regulations have had any good eflcct, and whether the putilic would not be as well accommodated, al leiist in all large towns, by throw- ing the business open, and trusting to ronipctition to rectify abuses. As respects London, nothing can bo said in favour of its hackney coach estiiblishment. Speaking generally, the coaches are the dirtiest, most disagreeable vehicles that can well be imiigiiicd, and the hotscs and drivers arc but litllo superior ; forming a striking contrast to the elegance and cotutnot the serv Hack tioned ii consider Wished I berofc( under and cab the folio © to "~^ o a y tlK hour or niilp, but not by the day. Ttie tenni ar^ wheu charged by diS' tantXy for every hackney coach drawn by 3 hones, for any distance within and nut exccedin; I mile, Is.; and for eveiy distance exceeding one mite after the rate of wf. for every ^ inlle, and for any fractional part <>- ^ a ntile over and nbove any num* ber of I mllEs completed. Fares when taken by tin .. are— For any time ivifhin and not ft- ccediiig 30 inil'iules. It : alvive GO minutes and not exceeding 4.1 'to., ts. Gd. ; above i-j minutes and not exceediae I hour, 2*.; atid for any fuitber liinc txcetdin^one liour, then after the rate and proportion of 6rf. for every If, minutes com* pteted, and 6a. for any fractional part of the period of 15 minutes. Cabriolets, or carriages with one horse, are entitled to two thirdt, and no more, of the rates and charges above mentioned. — s. 3i. and schedules. Back Fare.— The driver of a hackney coach dischargett beyond the limits of the metropolis, that is, beyond 3 miles from the General Post Office, after 8 o'clock in the evening, or before 5 o'clock in the morning, shall be entitled to full fare from the place of such discharge to the nearest part of said limits, or to the stand where the coach shall have been hired beyond the limits, at the option of the hirer. Coaches discharged during the day beyond the limits, are entitled to a hack fare at the rate of M a mile ; but such back fare is not payiible for any distance less than 4 miles. — J 311. Coaches wailing are entilli^d to a reasonable deposit, to be accounted for in the fare. Penalty on drivers refusing to wait, or to account for deposit, 40s. — } 47. Hffiisal to pay Fare, or defacing or injuring any hackney coach, maybe punished, unless reasonable satisfaction be made for the same, by imprisonment for I calendar month.—} 41. Drivers exacting more tluni legal Fare linbla to a penalty of 10.?.— { 42. Agrtrment to pay more than legal Fare, not binding ; Kiitn paid beyond such legal fare may be reco- vered hack, and driver be liable in a penalty of 40s. — } 43. Drirers demanding more than Sum agreed vpon, though distance be exceeded, or it be less than thu I'ril tare, forfeit 40.-.. for each offence.—}} 44, 43. Drivers to hold Check Strings, under a penally of 20s.—} 48. Property left i.; Hackney Coaches to be carried to Stamp Oflice, under a penalty of 20/. If not claimed within a year, to he given up to driver ; or if not applieil for, to be sold.—} 49. Cni;,( of Aldxrinen authorised to make orders for regtilnling haeUney coaches in city. — } 51. Offences mai, he tried cither l)y a justice appointed for that pur|)ose by tho secretary of state, or bjr any other of his Majesty's justices.—} 62. Hackney coaches were first eHtablishc.l nt Edinburgh in 1673 ; but the number licensed was inconsiderable till after the American war. 5. Slitfre Coaches, TVavelliiig by, — Ovvin^ to the improvement in the breed of horses and tho bt'.il ling of carriages, but, above all, to tho c.ctr.inrdinary improvements that have been effect:,!, within these few years, in the laying out, construction, and keeping of roads, tho ordinary rate of travelling by stage coaches is seldom under 9 or 10 miles an hour, stoj)- pn!,'03 included, and, on some roads, is as much aa 11 or 12! The stages having been Bhorlened, this wonderful speed is not found to be materially more injurious to the horsen IT A : t [i h-jiii,;s ^■ ■ ii >i '■i ill , !| 5!l.ii:fi m:hu. {\ w 1^^ 1^-. i i ^ :^ 852 COACHES. than the slower rate at which they travelled some yean ago. The surface of the roads Ks ing perfectly smooth, and most sharp turns or rapid descents having been got rid of, travel- ling even at this speed has been rendered comparatively safe ; and it is astonishing, consider' ing the number of coaches, how few accidents occur. They are occasioned, for the moat part, by the misconduct of the driven ; and principally by their endeavouring to make i,p by increased speed for time lust at stoppages, or by their attempting to pass each other. 6. Law as to Stage Coachet.—Thia is now embodied in the acts 3 & 3 Will. 4. c. 120. and 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 48. D^nition.—K stBfje coach is any carriage travelling along tlie road at the rate of 3 mileR or more an hnur, withnut re^nrd to form, provided the passengers pay separate fhrcs for their places therein ; hui hH rarrlaces used wholly on a railway, or impelled by staam, are excepted from this definition — (2&3 H'iH. 4. c. 120. H) TAcenset, Dutiu, ifc.—K large portion of the act is occupied with regulations as to licences, duties, plates, &c. But it is sufficient for our purpose to give the following schedule of the duties :— For ami in mpect of every origlniil lieeiue to be taken out yearly by the (lersnn who shall keep, uje, or em- ploy any sta^ carriage in Grrat Britain, (that ii to «ay,) for every fucll «!a?e carriage AnA for and in reaped of every supplementary Ileenefl for the Mtne carriai^, for uhich any aurh oricinal licence ihall have teen granletl, which shall betaken out in any of the leveral casta provided for by thil act, durinj^ the period for which such original licence was granted. ...... And for and in reapect of every mile which anytuch sta^e carriage shall be licens&l to travel, the several sums following respectively, (that is to lay,) if auch itage carriage ihalt be licensed to carry— Not more than 4 paiMngen ... >lore Itian4.\nd nntmore tlianSpaMengefi . More than 6 and not more than 9 passengeri . More than 9 attd not more thin 12 pisaetigera More than 12 and not more than l'> p.useni;en More than 15 and not more than 18 jiaasengen Moi-e than 18 and not more than 21 passengers Duty. L. t. ± S I Dnty per mile. Duty. L. I. J. And If mrh stage carriage shall be licensed to carry more than SI passengers, then for every 3 ndli. tional pnssengera exceeding 21 which such slate car* riage sttall be licensed to carry, the additional duty of 01 Attd where sucfl excess above 21 shall not be exactly 3, or a p u]. liple of 3, then such additional dut of ^tf. ahall l>e payable for any number of such excess being Ienthan3, or progrrssively h-ss than any multiple of 3, which such stage carriage shall be licensed to carry. Pmvided always, that the number of pa«sen«t?rs for ca'r)*ing of which any stage carriage shall be licensed, shall be reckoned eiclu. Bive of the onchman or driver, and also ei- lusive of the couductor or guard, if there shall be a pondiu-tor or guard. And also the duties on passengers conveyed (Or hire by carriages travelling upon railways; (that is to siy,) The pntprietor or cuni}iany of prijrrietora of every railway in Great Britain, along which any p.-usrti^ris shall be conveyed for hire, in or upon carriages drawn or impelled by the power of steam, or otherwise, sliall pay for ' gers at and after the rate of ^(f. pe, conveyed. I in rcspec' of all such jiauen. ile Tor every 4 passengers so Want cf I.icevce, Sft. — Keeping, using, ic. any stage cnrriuge wlthont a licence, or wUhniit plates, or with recalled plates, or rontrary to their licences, or with improper plates, arc offences punishablo each by a penalty of 20?.— J J 27, 28. Penalty on Drirtrs of Coaches withovt Plates, if not the owner, lOJ. ; if the owner 20/.— J 30. Forging Plates, a misdemeanor. — } 32. Jfames of Proprietors, ^-c. to be painted oxitside, in legible and conspicuous characters, the names of the extreme places between which piii^h carriage glial! be licensed tn go, and also the greatest num- ber of passengers licensed to be carried inside and outside. Penalty for neglect in this particular, 5{. —J 30. Certain. Carriai^ei net to carry outside Passengers or Luggage, vlit. those, the top or roof of which shall be more than 8 feet !) inches front the ground, or the bearins of which on the ground, that is, the distance between the centres of the tracks of the wheels, shall be less than 4 feet 6 inches. Penalty 6/.-) 37. Luggage on the Roof not to erreed a certain Heirht. viz. 10 feet 9 inrhes frnn; the ground on a carriage drawn by 4 or more horses ; and 10 feet 3 incln- from ditto, if on a carriage drawn by 2 or 3 horses. Driver of any carriage where such offence is coiiiiiiilted liable in a penalty of 5(. — D 43. The clauses in the net 2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 120. relating to the distribution of outside passengers, &c, have been repealed by the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 48., which substitutes the I'ollowing in their stead. J^umher of outside Passengers, S,-e. — Any licensed stage carriage with 4 wheels or more, the top or roof of which shall not he more than 8 feet 9 inches from the ground, and the bearing of which on the ground shall not be less than 4 feet inches from the centre of the tracks of the wheels, if such car- riage shall be licensed to carry any number not more than 9 passengers, shall he allowed to carry nnt more than 5 of such passengers outside ; and if licensed to carry more than 9 and not more than 14 passengers, shall he allowed to carry not mure than 8 of such passengers otilside ; and if licensed to carry more than 12 and noi more than 15 passengers, shall be allowed to carry not more tliun II of Bucti passengers outside ; and if licensed to carry more than 15 and not more than 18 passi^ngcr.", shall be allowed to carry not more than 12 of such passengers outside ; and if licensed to carry any greater liiiniher than 18 passcnzers, shall be allowed to carry not more tlian 1 additional passenger's outside for every 3 additional passengers which such carriage shall be go licensed to carry in the whole ; pro- vided that in no case a greater number of passengers shall be carried on the outside than is authorised by (he licence. If more lie carried, driver to forfeit il.—jii. Driver, Guard, and Children in lap, not to be counttjW as passengers ; 2 children under 7 yeori reckoned as 1 passenger.—? 3. A*) Person to ait on Luggage on the Roof, nor more than I person besides driver on the box. Pcnulty 51.-1) 14. Justices, Road-furre.yors, Toll-keepers, ^r. authorised to cause stage carriages and luggatrc to he measured; any passenger ctitborised to require the driver to stop nt n toll-gate, mid to require the gate-keepitr to measure the carriage and luggage, and to count the number of inside and outside pas- sengers. Penalty on driver refusing to stop, 5/. ; on gate-keeper neglecting to provide a measure, u' refilling to measiire and cotint, 5/ —(2 & 3 H'iH. 4. c. 120 J 45 ) Conduct of Drivers, ^e. — Drivers quilting the bor before a proper person sh"!! stand at the head of the horsef ; such person leaving the horses before some other person shall bo placed in like manner, or have the command of the horses, or iiefore the driver has resumed his sent on the box and taken the reins ; driver allowing any iiasseneer or other person lo drive for him, or leaving the box withtiut any rca.«onaUl« occasion, or for u longer time than is alisolutely necessary ; coiicealine or ttiisplacing plates; guard dischareinif flre-nrms unnecessarily; driver, conductor, or guard, neglecting lo take rare of lu?gage ; asking more than the proper fare; neglccline to nc.cotiut to his employer; or as- sanltine or using abusive language to any person having travelled, or about to travel, as a p'lsscnger, or lo any person accompanyimr the same : shall in each and every biii»> case forfeit 51.— i} 47. Drunktnness, ^-i;.- I'rivers, coniluctors, or guards having the care of any stage carriage, entlanirer- Inp, thrniigh into.xication, negligeiire, or wanton ai , ftirioiis driving, the safely of any passenger or other i>er.«on. or the property of the owner of lU Ji carriage ot other person, thull each person so offending forfeit 61.— i 49. COAL. 353 Ae roads he. rid of, travel- ing. consider, for iho mogi g to make i.p !h other. DutT. 1. 1. i, a H be licenied t» Oanert HaHe for pennltles, when driver or gunrd li not known, or cannot be fonnd.— > 49. Hailutay Proprietors ore to render nccoiintgofthe passengers conveyed along the game to the Stamp Oltice, and to give security to Iceep and render sucli accoiinis, and to pay the duties.— J} SO, 51. TrMsxirij way compound with proprietors of railvvays fur the duties cliargeable on passengeri con- veyed by tiieni.— J .V2. Mail Coaches are under the regulations of the post-master general ; and the enactments in this art as to plates, inscriptions, outside padsengers, and luggage, do not extend to them j but the other repiliitions as to the conduct of drivers, guards, &c. do apply to them. Mail coaches have only four oiit.-iile passengers ; one on the box, and three imnirdiately behind the box. No passenger allowed tn sit hesiile Ihe guard. The rate of travelling, the time allowed for stoppages, the iiuantity of lug- iragc 10 be carried, &c. are all regulated by the post-nuister general. CO.\L (Da. Sieenkttlf ; Tin. Steenkookn ; Fr. Charbon de terre ,• Get. Steinkohkn ; ll. Carboni fossili ! LdU Lithanthrax ; Fort. Carvuea de terra, uu de pedra ; Uua. Ufrnlj, Kamennoe ; Sp. Curbones de tierra, Carbones dc pledra ; Sw. Stenkol). This highly important coiubuBliblo mineral is divided by miucralogista into the three great families of black coal, uninflammable coal, and brown coal ; each of these being again divided into niaiiy subordinate species. All the common coals, as slate coal, foliated coal, cannel coal, &c., Itelong to the black coal family. Slate and foliated coal is found in vast quantities in Durham and Northumber- land, at Whitehaven fft Cumberland, in the river district of the Forth and Clyde, &c. The best Newcastle coal kindles easily ; in b'trniiig it cakes or runs together into a solid mass, emitting a great deal of heat, as well as of smoke and flame; it leaves a small (juantity of heavy, dark-coloured residuum or ashos. M./st of the Scotch coals are what arc familiarly called open burning coals. They do not last so long as the Newcastle coal, yield less heat, do not cake or run together in burning, and usually leave a ccn.iiderable quantity of light, white ashes. They make, however, a very pleasant, cheerful fire ; and, for most house- hold purposes, the best fire ix said to be made of a mixture of Scotch and Newcastki coal. Cannel coal is sometimes met with in the Newcastle pits, in Ayrshire, &c. ; but the largest beds of it, and of the purest kind, are near Wigan in Lancashire. It Imrns with a beautiful clear flame, emitting a great deal of lia;ht, but not a great u. •' if heat. It takes a good polish; and articles made of it are often passed off for pure jet. The uninflammable coals are those known l)y the names "f Welsh culm or stone coal, Kiikc.iny coal, and the blind or deaf coal of Scotland. These coals are ditficidt to kindle, which has given rise to their name ; but when once thoroughly ignited, llicy burn for a long time: they make a hot, glowing fire, like charcoal, without either flame or smoke ; but owing to their emitting noxious vapours, they cannot be used in dwelling houses, thougli they are in considerable demand among malsters, dyers, Ac. Brown, or Bovey coal, so called from its lieing principally foimd at Bovcy near Exeter, ia light, yields but little heat in burning, and is seldom ustid as fuL-l. In all, about .seventy species of coal are said to be imported into London, of viWich forty- five are sent from Newcastle! Of course, many of them difier from each other l)y almost imperceptible degrees, and can only be distinguiished by those thoroughly conversant with the trade. Origin nf Coal. Phenomena of Citmbtistion, SfC. — Coal btvls, :>.■ strata, lie among those of gravel, sand, chalk, clay, &c. which form great part of the (iresont surface of the earth, and have been evidently accumulated during remote ages by the agi i , I" ' moving water," —siintlar to accumulations now in process of formation at the uio - of all great rivers, and in the bottoms of lakes and seas. When these strata had, by ■\% coi-tpct and pres- sure, been solidified into a rocky crust to the earth, this crust, by su > ,>i]iirnt convulsions of nature, of which innumerable other proofs remain, has l-.ecn in various parts broken and heaved up above the level of the sea, so as to form the greater part of our dry or habitable lajiil ; in some places appearing as lofty mountains, in othci ' exicnf a precipitous clilf, these edges appear one above another, like the edges of piled planks or books- but often also titey aio met with in horizontal succession along a plain, as the eili^cs of a pile of iMoks laid down upon a table ; or they may be seen surrounding hills of granite which protrude through them. Coal, and <>»her precious minerals, were first discovered by man at the fractures of tlic strata above described, aii/( by his continued digging of the strata or veins he has gra- dually formed the vast excav.itions called mint's. When ii was at last discovered, that all the world over, the mineral strata occur among themselves in nearly the same order or suc- cession, so that the exposure any where of a portion of one itratutuis a good indication of the other strata lying near, the operations of the miner hecanic of much surer res.ait, and expensive l>oring through superior strata might be prudently undertaken, even where no Biu'iiiiien of the desired but more deeply buried substance hud yet been seen. Uel'ore the discovery of coal mines, or the invention of cheap means of working ihem, wood was the general fiiil of the earth ; and in many coiintrics where the arls have not niuch flourished, it is still the chief fu"l. Coal, however, for many puvposes, answers much better than wood. Now, coul and wood, although in appearuiicc so dillVreut, arc in tUeii 3oSt 45 _^!l|41| !5! I ui'iMWI 1 :H -if! m ' 1 854 COAL. uUiniato compoRition very no nrly nllioil. They both hnvo fcir thoir Imsis or rhicf indmdimt tho substiinco called by tlio du'inlhU atrlimi, anii for Ibi'ir chirf other iiinrcilioiil, tin- hhI). Btiiiico t'lilk'tl iiydrofi^cn, which, whflii sp|)nriitc(i, fxiKts in the form of iiir or Ka«. 'I'lic liy- dro^'t'ii in oiisily driven awiiy or voliitiliHcd l'ri)i>( cillicr coal or wood, by hcaliriff in ii cIoho |ihicc ; and when it is caui;ht and prciiorvod, it forln^< the ^as now ii-^ed to lii;ht our Hirects unit pnblic buililin|;s, M'hat remains of coal, alter beint; ho tn>atn of the steam cn.^ine, he makes heat perl'ortn a threat proportiim of the work of soi'iety. From th^se eorisiclerations may ho perceived the im[K)rtance of Imvintr fire at com.oand; and, as tLt cheajiest mtans of co:nmanding the, of haviufr abundance of coal. In respect to the natural supply of coal, Uritain, amoucr the nalion<>, is most -inc'darly fnvoured : much of the nurface of the country conceaii' under it continuous and thick Unh «if that valuable mineral. — vast'y more |)reri()U.s to i» than would have been mines of llie pri'ci'ius met.als, like those of Peru and Mexico; for coal since applied to tlie sti'am eurrino, i.-- really hoarded |)Ower, applicable to almost every purposi which hmnan labaur directed by inscuuitv can accomplish. It is the possession of her ci>al mines wlii'-h has rendered Uritain, m relation to the whidc world, wh.tt a city is to the rural di^lri(•t whic h surrour.'Js it, — the producer and dispenser of the ri«h products nf art and indostry. fallionr her coal niii\ea the coal collars of the great <;itv, ther*' is in th<'m a su|iply. w-'o"' at the prc.-.'ot rati) of exprniliture. will last for 2 tX'O years at least; and therefore a yruv, which, as c.uiin'; improvements in the arts of life will naturaliy < fVect ecooDiuy of fue;. yr substitution of other means to effect similar purposes, may be r^aarded as inexhaustilile. The comparative values of the ilitferent kmis of fuel !:i\c been »scertaini'd by fimlinc; how much ice a certain ()uantity of the dillcrcnt kinds, wliiic Imrnitiij, will melt ; and than, 1 It), of flood cnal - - iiralls nf ic« SO lbs. — CdlO! - - — 91 Ao. cliarcoal of wood — ilS .'i. 1 lb. of good H'ond — peat — hydrogeiigus melts of ice .'ii Ma, — I'.iilii. — 37 U da. COAL. 355 The kinds or differcnrcs of pool depend on the comparative projiortionfi in them of carbon and hydrogen, and of earthy irnpiiriticH totally itieonilniHtihle, While Koine specieH of coal rontaiii nearly u third of tlieir weight of liydroRcn, othiTH have not a fiftieth. The fornii r kinib are lluminpt coal, pleasinff in parlour fireH, and fit for the maiiufiicture of gas. The other kinds— -Homo of the WeUh stone coal, for iiiBtimre — will only hurn wh(;n in large heaps, o, when mixed with more inflammable coal ; they have no flame. When flainin;^ coal in bun'c'd where a auineiency of oxygen cannot paws through or enter above the (ire, to conil)iiie with and conBume the hydrogen as faHt as it rises, a dense smoke is given out, con- fiHtirig of hydrogen and carbon combined in the projiortiona which form a pitchy xubstanre. Till) Welnh coal above mentioned can as little give out smoke an flame, and hence id now much used in great breweries, and in the steam engine furnaces uf towns, vv)i<.ro smoke is a icrious nuisance. _^ According to Mr. Kirwan, ""'" ' '~' ' ' ton pnrtH Kilkenny rnni yinid CluiTonl. ni'iimrn. K.tnli. Sp. KT. 1 073 3-7 1-52(1 — niiii|i. riiniiul ... irri aifiSniallha .VI I'm — Hwniinea ... Tfr,:t !2:i'l 1 iiii.xt. 3-3r> \'xa — 1,1'iirim .... 71 IS i!;i:i7 (111. r.". !■ ftl — Wit'ir.i - . - . ni 7S :!(r7 do. 1-57 ' Mii — NcwonRlli! ... .'iHOO ■ino do. — I'i7l — \Vliil(!lmv(in ... 57 4t ;t 1-7 i-a.w — Hliily ciiriMcl „ . . "17t>2 :i'2r.2 milium 200 i-i'^fi — HH|>linltiim ... .Tl (j^0 hiiiiiiKMi. — 1117 — inalttiii - . - - Hd -- — 207 100 piirts of till! lioKt KiigllHh eoul ftWo, of I'oke r:iO hv Mr. .larH. 100 do .... - 7:i() llii.lni. 100 do. Ncwrnstle do. ... SHO Dr. Watson. The filiated or culiicid coal, and Klatc co;d, are chiefly used as fuel in [irivato houses ; the c'lkiiiu; coals, for Kinitliy forijcH ; the uliitocoal, IVoiii its keeping open, answers best for giving Rrciil bents in a wind furiuice, as in distillation on a large seulo ; ami glance coal, found in Stiill'irdsliire, is used for drying grain and malt. 'J'lie coals of Soutii Wales contain less volatile matter than either the l''nL;lis!i or tlie iScoteh ; and hence, in e.|ual weight, pnjihice a ilnuli'e (]uaiitity .if cast iron in siiieltinti; the ores of this metal. It is sujiposed that 3 parts of good Newcastle coiil are eiiuiviiluiit, iis fuel, to 4 piirts of good Hcotch coal. Consiuiip/iiDi of Coi.'l. Ntiinh'r (if I'l-t-Kdn/i r.iii^iigril in the Trtu/e. Suppli/ of Coul.-^ Tim great reposilories of eonl in ibis kingdom are in iNorlluimlierlund and Durliani, wlienco Lnnilon and most piuls of the south of England are , it present supplied ; in (>umlierland, whence large (piaiitilies of coal are eiportid to IrdiUid ; iuiil in ."5l:illl)rdsliiri, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Vorksliii" I.eieestersliiie, Warwieksliiro, .Soutli Wales, t^a". In Scotland, co.il is found in the Lothiaris, Lmiarkshire. Kenfiew.^hire, Ayrshire, and other counties. la Ireland, roal is both delicient in cpiautity and inferior in quality to that of Great Uritain ; and turf forms the great article of fuel. Mr. 'layliir.nn nxpcrieiiceil coal owner anil coal agflnt, estimates the animal cnnsiiniption of coal in 'Jti'al llrilain, as fuilnws : - The annual vcn'i of cnnls carrieil coastwise fmni Uin liaiii and Nortliiinibvrland is Iliinii' cm siiiniiti'.ii, say one liflli ..--...- Wliiih (iiianiity Kwp|ilii's alieiit 5.000,000 personn ; anil iiijiposiini! the wIioIb population 111' (;ri'\I lirilain to In' ir>,OIIO,(K)0. lliis must li- Irclileil ; fir llioii^'li lliest! two Iliirils of popiit ilii'ii ;iri' pi'rli.ip-; less alilc m aiTi.rd fiii'l. m'I latdni; iiitu i'iiiisil"r;iii.iM tlic iiimin- f;irtiiriii),' (li.«iricis, and Itic cliiMpm^sH of coal iii llie inlerinr, till! estiiiiad: will not lio tun liitrll ...,..-.--- • '..iisnnieil by Iron works, say COO.OOfttoiis of inftal, to produce which retiiiir«s at l"a" ■* liiiics till' i|ii:inlity of coal in making even pi;; iiictal, and tlic extraordinary cnnsiiiiip- tiiin in llii- Cornwall. &,c. mines - - - - - -- Totii. 3,:(0(i.ono tiOU.OUU 11,880,000 r'onsnined in crrnt llrilain KipurliMl to Ireland, say Total tons, excliisivc of foreign exportation ,^,0{)n.ooo 1 l.KSO.flOO 7(10,000 1.0,5811,000 Thi» pslin-ate duns not differ mntcially from thiit of Mr. Hti'venfon {Kdinburfrh Knrtjc. art. Kayland, p. 71(1 unit Mr. Hakewell— (see pnut) ; ami may be re(i»rdeil ni< siitlicienlly uciiirate. Mr. Huddle of Wallsend, an extremely well informed coal engineer, gives the following estimate of the number of persons eimaged in the dillerent departinents of the coal trade on the Tyiie ami Wear, in the conveyance of coal to London, and in the London coal trade : — "I hold a paper in my hand stating the number of people employed in the coal trade in each department. I wonld beg to ohserve, the ret'.ims from the Tyne are ofliciil doeumeiits; from the Wear I have no leliirns, but it is by an ap|ru\iinate calculation. The number of J)cr80iig emphiyeii under-ground on the Tyiic are, — men, 4,'J37; boys, 3,.').jl; togelher, 8,4S>1 ; above-ground,— men, 2,745 ; boys 718 ; making 3,403 : making the total employed iM!.ia I , I ' » ill'- 'Mil Ay. '1 qf 356 COAL. li I In the minot above and below ground, 11,054, which in round numbers I call 13,000, Nv cauw I am pretty sure there were some omissiong in the returns. On the river Wear, I conceive there are 9,000 employed; making S 1,000 employed in Jif^i^ing the coal, and delivering it to the ships on the two rivers. From the best calculations I have been able to make, it would appear that, averaging the coasting vessels that carry coals at the size of 220 London chaldrons each vessel, there would be 1,400 vessels employed, which would require 15,000 seamen and boys, I have made a summary. There are, seamen, 15,000; pitmen and above-ground people employed at the colleriee, 21,000 ; keelmen, coal-boatm°n, castors, and trimmers, 2,000 : making the total numlter employed m what 1 call the North- ern Coal Trade, 38,000. In London, whippers, lightermen, and so forth, 5,000 ; factors, agentH, &c. on the Coal Exchange, 2,600 ; — 7,500 in all, in London. Making the grand total in the North country and London departments of the trade, 45,500. This does not, of course, include the persons employed at the outports in discharging the ehl))s there." In another place, Mr. Buddie states, that " colliers are always paid by the piece," and con- sequently their wages, although at the same rate per chaldron, vary according to the quan- tity of work they have to do ; and it is difficult to form an average, they vary so very con- siderably : they have varied from 14s. a week, to, in some in^tana's. 40s. " The colliers can earn up to Us. or even more per day ; but there is not full eni]>loynient for them ; t)>py sometimes do not earn more than half that sum ; 2.^ dd. is the certain wages that they are hired to receive from their employers, whether they are employed or not ; that is, conse- quently, a tax on the coal owner, during the suspension of his cuiiiery from any accident. The men have the option of finding work elsewhere ; but if they cannot do this, they may call upon their master to pay them 14». per week ; it was 15?. a week till 1828." We regret that we are unable to lay any estimates Iwiorc our readers of the number of persons employed in the other branches of the coal trade ; but taking into view the propor- tion which the trade on the Tyne and the Wear liears to the trade of Great Britain, as shown in Mr. Taylor's statement, we are inclined to tiiink that the totnl n timber of persons directly engaged in the coal trade may be set down at from 160,000 to 18ii,000. The importance of coal as a necessary of life, and the degree in 'vhich our superiority in arts and manufactures depends upon our obtaining supplies ot' it at a cheap rate, has natu- rally attracted a good deal of attention ^o the question as to tUu period when the exhaustion of the coal mines may be anticipated. But the investinations hitherto made as to the magni- tude and thickness of the different coal-beds, and tlie extent to which tliey may be wrought, are too vague and unsatisfactory to afford grounds for forming any thing like a tolerably near approximation to a solution of this question. But such as they are, they are su.licieiit to show that nmny centuriea must elapse before posterity can feel any serious difficulties from a diminished supply of coal. According to Mr. Taylor, wiio.se estimate of the con- sumption of coal is given above, the coal-fields of Durham and NDrthumberlauJ are p-'"- quale to furnish the present annual supply for more than 1,700 years. We subjoin Mr. Taylor's estimate. Estimate of the Extent and PaoDecE or the Durham and North cmcerland Coal-field9. Durham. s^.mtt. " From Soiuli Shields southwanl to Castle Eden, 91 nil*-!* ; thence westward to West Auck- Iniid, 32 iiiilea ; north-casl from West Aiickluiid i» EUriiii;liuii:, 'Si niilos ; and tlien to Bliiclda, 22 miles i being an extent of nreu of ...... S94 M'orthuviberlafUi. "From Shields northward, 27 niitef, by an average lireadlh of 9 miles - • •343 Portion gxcavated, " In Durham, on Tyne, say ........ — on Wear -- ...... 337 39 40 jmm -- so — 105 732 " In Northmnberland, sa T mile> '.'- 1 " Estlmalins the workahie mal strata at an average thickness of 12 feet, the contents of 1 siiuare mile will be 12,390,000 tons, and nf 732 s(iuiire miles ... 9,OC9,4Sn,00fl " Deduct one third part fur loss by small coal, interceptitins by dikes, and other inter- ruptions - - - - . ' . "^ . . . . . 3,023,160,000 Kemainder - 0,016,320,000 "This remainder is adequate to siijiply the present vend from Nowcasdi-, Sunderland, Uarlley, Blyth, and Stuokton, of S.M'O.OOn iiwis, tnr a period of l.*27 yeiiro. '• It will be understood tliiit this ustlmate of the (|itaiiiily of coal in Durham and Norlluimlierland can onl) be an approxiinaiinri, e»peiially as the Biiiitli-eaiiteni ioal dii-lrii t of Diirliaiii i>" yet almost wkMlyuntiplored ; Imt the iMltMtipi is marie, in tlie hope of satiyfyiiii' loiir I.otclship!< that no •rf*'<'«>«nsMa need be unlerlumed uf this valuable mi'ieral being exhausted I'l^r many future jene- COAL. 857 *• There in Rt»n • eonnlderable eTtent ofcnnl-flcld in the northern and innth-wealern districts of Kortliiiiiiberland ; but the fiir«i{niiig ccmiprliiKs thnt which i» continuous, and must suitable andavull- ible for exportation."— (ior(/«' Rtport, IbSU, p. 134.) Dr. Buckland, the celebrated geologist, coniidera this estimate as very greatly exaggerated ; but in his examination before the committee of the House of Commons, he quotes and ap- proves a passage of Bakcwell's Geoloiry, in which it is stated that the conl-bcdH m South Wfiles are alone sufficient to supply the whole present demand of England for coal for 2,0i)0 years. The passage is as follows : — " Fortunately we have in South Wales, adjoining the Bristol Channel, an almost exhaiist- Ie>is supply of coal and ironstone, which are yet nearly unwroiight. It has been stHtod, tliat this coal-field extends over about 1,200 square miles ; and thnt there are 23 beds of worka- ble coal, the total average thickness of which is 95 feet; and the quantity contained in each ocre is 100,000 tons, or 65,000,000 tons per square mile. If from this we deduct one half for waste, and for the minor extent of the upper beds, we shall have a clear supply of coiil equal to 32,000,000 tons per square mile. Now, if we admit that 5,000,000 tons from the Northumberland and Durham mine^ is equal to nearly one third of the total consumption of coal in England, each square mile of the Welsh coal-field would yield coal for 100 years' consumption ; and as there are from 1,000 to 1,2U0 square miles in thiii coal-field, it would supply England with fuel for 2,000 years, after nil our English coal mincu are worked out!" It is therefore quite idle either to prohibit, or impose heavy duties on, the exportation of coal, on the ground of its accelerating the exhaustion of the mines. The abolition of tlie expensive and destructive process of screeiimg — (see poiinion, generally made on tlieir capital employed 1" he replied, ''Ac- cordinpr to the best of my knowledge, I should think that bi/ no means ten per cent, has been made at simple inttnst, without aUoiving any extra intereM ftr the redemption afcipitul." (p. 57.) In addition to the vast experise attending the sinking of shafts, the erection of steam en- gines, &.f., and the ris'f of accidents, the coal, alter l)eing brought to the surta-e, has tVc- quoiitly to be conveyed 7 or 8 ndles to the place of shijiynng ; and those whos3 collieries are in that situation, Imve to pay way-leai'e rents, amounting, in some cases, to .'; lO/. a year, for lili'-rty to open a comnmtiication, or a railroad, tlirougii the properties lying between tl'pm and the shore. .Vluch has freiiuently been said of the monopoly of the coal owners on the Tyne and the Wear ; but wo are satisfied, after a pretty careful investigation of the circumstances, that no siK'i', monopoly has ever existed; and that the liisrti price >! coal in the metropolis is to lie ascribed wholly to the various diilies and eharnes that have lieen laid upon it, ^l"o^n the time that it has passed from the hands of the owner. |.» the time that it is Iodised in the cellar of tiie consumer, VVhat means have tbs coal owners of ohtainiiic^ a innnojidly price for their coal \ They enjoy no exclusive privileges of any sort; thev are a numerous l>ody ; and the trade is as onen as any other to all capitalists to engaire in. The number of plarc* on the ea»t and west coasts, lioth of England and Scotland, and liw southero parts of Wa!»»H. frora which coals are exported, render it quite visiona to suppote that amy jsenhTi! agfeei« rif to keep up prices can take place aniougiit the various coal pr<*(>f.^ti>r». Ami ' , mgh so- li an agreement were entered into, it is impossilile it could lie main'ur.^ii. Tin /)vove this level, new mines would bo opened in Uurham and Northumlicr- lutiil ; the imports from the Tees, whence a large eup|)ly of excellent coal is at present 'jriiufr/U to the London market, would be augmented ; and fresh competitors, from Bwansea !«hould en- courage and promote this fair competition ; but it ought, at the same time, to do eijual jus- tice by all the competitors. It is not to lend assistance to, or remove burdens from, on» eet uf adventurers, which it din's not lend to or remove from others. It is no part of its duty to sny /low coals, or any species of prmluce, shall he carried to market. It is bound to give every reasonable facility for the opening of new channels or modes of conveyance between all parts of the country ; but it would bo glaringly unjust to lay a tax on the coals conveyed by a particuler channel, from which those conveyed by other channels were exempted. Mr. Buddie thinks that the aggregate capital employed by llie coal owners on tho Tyno amounts to about 1,. '500,000/. exclusive of the craft in tho river; and supjwsing this esti- mate to be nearly correct, it will follow, allowing for the value of the shipn, that the total capital employed in the coal trade may I.J moderately estimated at from e/if/// to ten mil- lions ; an immense sum to be almost wholly at the ri»k of the owners, without any insur- ance upon it. I'lviri-ensive Consumption of Coal. Duties and Regulationn affecting it, parliculttrly in llie Port of London. — There arc no mines of coal in either Greece or Italy ; and no evi- J(MK'e has been produced to show that the ancients had learned to avail themselves of this most useful mineral. Even in England it does not seem to have been used previously to the beginning of the thirteenth century ; for the llrst mention of it occurs in a charter of Henry III., granting licence to the burgesses of Newcastle to dig for coal. In 1281, New- castle is said to have had a considerable trade in this nrlicle. About the end of this century, or the beginning of the fourteenth, coals began to be imported into London, being at first used only by smiths, brewers, dyers, soap-boilers, &c. This inn )vation was, however loudly com])lained of. A notion got abroad, that the smoke was hi ;hly injurious to the public health ; and, in 1316. parliament petitioned the king, Edward !., to prohibit the burning uf coal, on the ground of its being an intoleral)le nuisance, His Majesty issued a proclamii'ion conliirnmbly to the prayer of the petition ; but it being but little a'teuded to, recourse was had to more vigorous measures; a commission of oyer and terminer being issued out, with in- structions to inquire us to all who burned sea-coal within the city, or parts adjoining, to pu- nish thorn for the (irst offence, by " pecuniary mulcts ;" and upon a second olVenco to de- molish their furnaces; and to provide for the strict observance of the proclamation in all time to come. But notwithstanding the efforts thai were thus made to prohibit the use of coal, and the j'rrjudice that was long entertained against it ; it continued progressively to gain ground. This was jiartly, no doubt, owing to experience having shown that coal smoke hati not tho noxious influence ascribed to it, but far more to tho superior excellence of coal as an article of fuel, and the growing scarcity and conseioiic on increasing with tho growing magnitude and population of tho city ; being, in IT.'iO, about 500,000 chaldrons; in 1800, about 900,000 clialdrons ; and at present about 1,700,000 elialdinns. — {Cam/ibclts rolilicalHurvty of Great Britain, \o\. ii. p. 30.; Edlnglon onthb V,ul Tradr, p. 41. &c.) If niinht have been supposed, considering that coal is, in this country, a prime necesjsarj' of lite, and by far tlic must important of all the instruments of manufacturing industry, that it would liave been exempted from every species of tax ; and that every possi'ile facility \\ oidd have lu'en given for its conveyance from the mines to the districts in the south of England, and other places in want of it But such, we regret to say. has not bci n the f ase, 'I'he coal tiade of Great Britain has been for more than a rentury and a half Bubjected to the most oppressive regulations. From a very early period, the corporation had under- taken the task of wetsjliin'!; and measuring the coal brought to London; nnd had l.ien UctustilPiiied to charge 8(/. a ton for Ihoir trouble. In Hi 1 3, llie power to maiic this chaij^'e COAL. 8S9 was confirmrJ to tho city by roynl chnrter, it bcini? at the satne time onlorotl that no coa. should be unladen from any vesucl till the Lord Mayor had given leave. 'I'he right to cliart5« this sum according to the chaldron of coal, has since l)ecn conlirincd to the city liy aot of parliampnt; and ils tho lahnuriiig meters, notwithHtanding they Imvo bcim very well nnid, have received oidy 5rf. out of the 8rf., tho balance of 3(/. jter chaldron, pvuducing at prcsi'fil about 20,000/. a year, goes to the city treasury. Dill liesidoa the above, duties for civic purposes have been laid on the coal ini|ior(Rd into Loiiiliin from the reign of Oharles II. downwards. They were originally imposed in MJ07, alter the great fire, in order to assist in the rebuilding of churches and other public edifices ; and have ever since been continued, to enable the corporiitioti to execute iinprovemetits in tilt' city; though it is probal)le most of our readers will bo inclined to thitili that few ini- priivenicnts could he so great, as a reduction in the price of so very important an article ai coal. At present, a duty of \0d. per chaldron, denominated tho orphans' duty, is appropriated, until 18.'J8, to defray tho expense of the approaches to London IJridne. Exclusive of the corporation duties, a duty piiyai)le to government was laid on ail fCit' borne coa\ in therei^n of William III., which was only repeaU^d in ISUO. This duty was at once glaringly unjust an{l oppressive: unjust, inasmuch as it fell only on those parts of till! empire to,which coals had to be carried by sea; and oppressivt;, inasmuch as it amonntud tot'uliy?//,y per cent, upon the price paid to the coal owner for the coal. It is not very ear (laninf{c ii> th« ground." — (/•'/>*/ LimU Hip, p. 72.) The waxtu of coal hiu heen in tli ww\ enorinniia; and the coal owner han been obliged to charge a higher price upon the coul hoKI, in onltT to indemnify himself for tlie loss of so great a quantity, and for the mischief ho does to othore in burning. The I ii't, that so monstrous a system should have been persevkjred n'. for more than a century, Hcts the power of habit in reconciling ux to the most perniri'^cj'i aOdurditieM in a very striking ])uiiit of view. Happily, however, the nuisance has been at last abnted; the sale of coal by weight taking away both the temptation to break coal, aiil the necenNity uf screening. But th>' aliuecs that have infected the coal trade were not confined to those that grew out of the duties, and the sale by meusuro. They have insinuated themselves into most de- inirtments of the business ; and ' i such an extent iiave they been carried, that it takex, at this moment, a larger sum to convey a chaldron of cimI from the jxml, a littlu 1m>Iow Lniidon Bridge, to the consumers in the city, than is sufficient to defray the entire cost of thr ciul in the torlh, including the expense of digging them from the mine, their conveyance to the shore, landlord's real, iSic! T.'ic followiiit; statement shows tho various items that made lip the price of coal to the London ( .sumer, in ()ctol>er, 1830, diHtribuled under tlicir )>roper heads. They have been carefully ubsti-ictcd from the evidence before the parliamcntui'y committees. ( iiAROEs IP TO Tiiu Time of Akrival in tub Pout of London. £ .... 1 £ ». d. Coni Otcver. Pniil coal owner (\ir ronln ....-- Deduct river duly piiiil by him for Improvement of Sunderland liurboiii Coal Filler. Keel dues, and flttage (Including 7 miles' water-carriage) " 11 n 3 13 U 3 3 Ship Oiitner. , For freight, includinc insurance of ship and cnrRo, pllotnije, seamn wear and tear ni' t!ie ship and matoriula, discliarging ballast, S n 'swages, 0. 8 6> Mnvifipal Dues, ' . Fiver duty, as above ..---. Tier duty, ligiits, Hlk.. |uid by ship .... «'H\f)a)?s IN THE PonT or London. £ ». (7. 3 8! U J} \Ji'remmt%l 7Vix- Miiviapitl l)>iii' Triiiity tani, Nore lights, tonnage duty. Trinity Ilouie for bal- lsy, &r. EntrinH, &r. ....... Corporatio-. of London metage - - - - - Ditto orphi..iB' (iiicB -.-.-. Ditto mi'tfr'a pnj and allowance . . . - Ditto mari.et dui's ...... Ditto Lopl Mayor's groundage. Ice, .... Ditto Ian j( metage ...... Ditto un lertaker ....... Coal-wh:p,>ers ....... Coal Fa/tor. Facto/age r.nd del credcro commission .... 9 21 ■» 10 4 1 05 1 1 7 6 4 4J ii . Cull M'ereh.mt. Ituvf r'f. commission ...... Jj(.'lilerage -.-..--. Cuitage ........ Cr'dit ........ 81 ootaee ........ Ai)d fur even money ...... I 2 fl 2 1 a 3 (See Com. Rep. p. 8.) Aid for discount, aeorajie, and inffrain* (see same Rep. p. 9.) 11 2 6 2^ 14 8i 1 5 n 2 10 7i Mating the price paid by the consumer ..... VVliich is thus apportioned : — Coal owner for coal ....... Shipowner, &c. for voyage to London .... Government duty, corporation charges, and London coal merchant I 13 II r^; .1 5i 1 2 10 :i • ♦ Scorage and Ingrain were allowances that prcw out of the syalein of selling by measure. As this systeai is now repealed, it is unuoc-odsary to dedcribu them. Jasure. As COAL. 861 of the"" fh«fiie« ''"'"••'• "'<''"'•'"'' n""' h" I""!""!! for In thnxo Innirrcd In Ihf rlv^r»Tyne «n< Wfiir, nnil In the ruin of frflirlit ; BntI ni llie uovrrnnK'nt duly of «j. per ctinlilron Im* l)««n nhnllilieil, the chnrtfo il*"' it of piihlir tfix. Ho nnnn, hovvpvnr, an tlin term for which Iha orplinn (tiily li nppriiprliUiMl hiia viplrcil, It oiillit 10 he nImllKlii-il ; itml it wniiM b« hlRhly (|Miir:ihlt- w^e «oni« rnoiin* then iiNi> found nf Indoiniil- (\inKlhH rorporiition nir the 4r/, of melnire cIh lined liy Ihein ; Inimninch ni the Hhnliilon of Ihi-ae dm lea wiMild not only nceiialon n direct invInK In thn price of rnni, hnt would nfTord grcut fucllltlui for lit di'llvnry.— (Hoc pout, fur nn nccount nf th« local dullea In I'-.'W.) The nioKt Iniportdnt Ih iii. In thoan formlnR the chnrgea In the port of I.nndon, la the fee nf the nml- ftHpfcr, or coBl-henvcr— ihnt la, the deliverer of the roRia from the ililp to the liaree or llf hter, Thia fde it iihont U. ^ll., and U lit Innat 3 tlinea na Rrent ni It ought to he. At Ncwcnatle and Hiinderlund thetllliiiK of H chulilron of cohI Into the wngon rnata frniii Ijrf. to l)(i. ; nnd iidniitllnir tliiit to riilitc cmil from the hold la h little more dlllicnlt, atlll, If id. were iillowed, It woiiht be n moat llhcrnl piiyimnt. But tho truth la, thiit thia lluin ahoiild be atruck off altom'ther. It Ih ccciiHlonnd l>y u ri'Kiiliilion pe. (ulliir to the Thninea, which prcveiita the crewa nf collli'ra from pi'rformlnii thla Indlspi'iianhln purl of their peculiar duty, in tlie outporn.ln which luckily Itiia prepoHlcroiiH rf'UMliilInn dnua not exlrnd, thcrri'Wa uct na ronl-henvera, and they dn an without eitlii'r iiakinu or oIiimIiiImi; nildllloniil wnffa. Anil there ccrtalnlv la no reiicon whntever for auppnalni tliitt Iheciiai- udiild hi' iiiiiterlally illll'iri'nl Inihe port of I,onilon, were It not for the reftnliitlnn rcforred to. In If^'iH, the ttiliil iiinount of nioiii>y nnlil totliecoHl-heavera waa 107,.1flfi/. 13«. ; of which nt Icnat 1)0,(1 by dimply ttUowing the crow to perform the function of ciml-lo'iivei may h« auved to Iho cItUciia, ncotiiry crniinltteea eslii- >lii; U'henlniiili'd with llliihor I ro:il Luckily, liowi'ver, tha II" !• crew, or nuch other hat wliili' thn roct of .,. .if the aiMne bunion, a, certainly, la a aulijuct ).m)t. by minply aHoicing tho crew to perform the function of coal-h''averH. The evidence given by the fhip ownera and cnptnliia hcrite tlo' i lillshcn, in the fulleat nmnner, nil that hna been atnled. To ilidchnrf Is admitted to he rather more difficult than when aho la loaih'l ■ manlcra of all shipa other than rolllera may employ. In their dli« iiiboiirera na they think lit, without nny aort of Interference. A; ili>chiir|!ln« a ahip of DOO lonN, Inden with coal, umoiinla to nh> lailiiii with timber, may he diachnrired for IW. or 10/.— (Cum. Hep. deaervinit of thn immediate ottenlion nf parliament. Rt'xiilea the charge of Hrf. on nccount of ahip metnce, there i'^ m u a i^r' r charge nf 0//, per chnlilron on nccount of land metnite. But the new reiriilationa I'lil' rnoK aale ''> v i'i|.'ht will lead to tlicalinlilion of the land na well na the ship iiielcra. Their Inetliclcncy for all useful piirpoaea WHg cniicliisivcly ahown by the wiineaaea examined by the pHrlliinieiitiiry commitlcL'H. In fact, the lyalein of mctaue hna rather been a ineana of cnncnaling than nf iliHcoverinir friiiiil. The diitlea apprnprlnted to pttlilic purpoaea, thnae claimed by the cily i,( London an private properly, anil llioHe remilred to defray thn coKt of the coal exchange, nnd the welifhluK eHliilillaliiiii'iilH, Ac, are, in future, to ho charged in the ngt'regiite nt ao much a ton on the coal Imported, and paiil Into the (.'ity Ch.imliirlnin'a office : Recounts of the dlutributiun of the produce of the duty belli); annually prepared anil hid before parliament. Diit the charges on account of the delivery of coal from the ahIp to the consumer arc tho moat oiM'r'HxIve. They amount in all to no lets than Hit. 8|r{. ! One item h U^hlcriige, being a anm of 'in. a olialilron paid for conveying the coals from the ahip to the wharf. This charge seems to be in no ordiniiry degree exorbitant. It Is mentioned by Mr. Huddle, In bin evidence (,Ftral Kunle' Hep. p. \'1\.), that the Tyne keelmen, who take the coals from the spouts or stalihs, us they are trrnied, to deliver thi^iii to ihi' ships, are paid only li». M. n chaldron, Ihoiigli they have to navigate their kerh from 7 la imilo, and though It Is far more ditficult to shovel the coals Irom the keels into the porl-lioles of Ilia 8lii|i!i, than from n lighter to n wharf. Were the charge for lighterage reduced to the snnie level hi the Thames as in the Tyne, it would not certainly exceed Hd. or Pi/, a chaldron. Il.it before tliii licvirahle result can be accnmpliahcd, thia department nf the trade must, like all the rest, he thrown nprn. Here again tho trammels of monopoly interfere. At present no indiviilnalcaii act as u lighter- limii, who Is not free nf the Waterman's Company, and wlio has not served 7 years as an appii'iilica n|Miii the river, r'ompetltinn Is thus wholly excluded, and tho charges rendered fur higher thuii they would he under a different system. The next item in the charge for delivery is Os. a chaldron for cartage from the wharf to tho con- siinicr'a residence. The best way, perhaps, to Judge of the rensonableiicss of this i .laige, is by cim- piiriiig it with the sums charged lor similar work done elsewhere. Now, assuming the avi rage weiglil of llii' chaldron to be 27 cwt., and the average distance to which coals are carted li inihs the chargo will he 3.«. S-irf. per ton per mile ; but In the north, in Durham, Lancashire, &c., it Is usual to let tlia cartasn of coals, including the loading, by contract, nt from Id. to tji/. a ton on turnpike roads, nnd \)d. ami lOrf. on heavy country roads. So that the expense of cartage In London is fmir or jiitt tiines ai much as it costs in the north. It seems diflicult to account for this difference by the groater expense atleniling keep of men, horses, ic. in the inotrnpolis, though that certainly Is very heavy. I'erhaps a p:irl nf it is owing to the sjstem nf licensing carts, and regulating the fees of curtugc. At all event! the Riilijeit is one that ouglit to be Investigated. E.ni liieive of the charge of 6.1. for cartage, there Is n further charge of 1«. firf. for shoutinir, that la, for unloading the wagon into tho cellar. Next to the Item for whippers, lliis is the most oiitragi'oiis overclmrge in this lengthened catalogue of abuses. There are thousands of labourers in London who wiiiihl he glad to bo allowed to perform the same work for 3rf. or -W., for which the i iiizens are obliged topay Is. I J. Indeed, we bellave it might be done for a pood deal less. Mr. Hud. lie kuvs, "At Iha rate we pay our wagon-men for filling the wagons, I believe they would be very glad, for W.. to heavo thfise same coals out of the cellar again up the hole," — (Fimt J.ords' Hep. p. 1'21.); an ojieratioli whicli, every one knows, would be ahoiit 10 times as troiililesoine as pmiriiiL' tliem down. Siicli of our readers as may have pone through these statements will, we think, feel hut little dls- pnseil to ditfer from the committee of the Ilcuise of Lords, who olnerve, in the Secovd hcpurl, '•that in every stage, from the port of shipment to the coal merchant's wharf, and thence to the consumer's cellar, the regulations under which the trade Is conducted are productive of delay, of an upgravatioii of expense, and an encouragement to fraud I" — {Hej\ p S.) The sale of coal by weight, and the abolition of the iiietage system, have undoubtedly eruilicated lonio of the more flagrant abuses that infected the trade. Itiil iho Ktati'inenrs now laid before tliti ri-ader sliow that there are other departments that require to be Ihorouihly evamined. 'I'lieexorhiiancy of the existing charges for the delivery of coal from the ships to the wharf, anil for carting, shooting, &r. demand that nothing should be left untried that may have any cliuiic" of contrihutiiig to their etr.'itiial ri'duclion. Keiriilalinvs cis In Sale in f.ovdnrt.—K seller's ticket is to accompany all coal sold within the city nf Loniliin and its environs, specifying the species of coal, anil the niiniher of sacks and weight of i oal S'lit. 'I'lii! co-.ils mav be either in bags contaitiing 1 or 2 cwt . or in hulk. The caroi'm is in all ca^es liiii'id to I iirrv a weighing machine with the coal, which machine is to be m;ide conformably to renu- Vol. I.— 3 H 46 JI.M I <\ w ^ Lc ill .* it = i- lij I 1 1 I ■I: . i i' •! UJOi 1 i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 5< V*'^ :/. ^< % 1.0 I.I 11.25 Hi 121 ■UUu U Hill 1.6 v^ ^''■^ >=» ^'' '^ 7 ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716)873-4503 362 COAL. ' ll m latlon, and, upon being desired, he ta to weigh anyone inck, or the whole lacki In Ms wannr. Pennlty on refusing to weigh, or otlierwise ohstriicting the weighing, 20/. Ptiniilty on non-delivery of tiuket to piirch.istr, 20/. In the event of the weight being deficient, a penalty is impneed nf loj. or .'^0/., nccnrding to deficiency. Quantities of leas than 560 lbs. may be sold without being weighed.— (Its Hill. 4. c. 76.) In order to save trouble in collecting the duties that still attach to coal in tho port of London, the corporation is authorised to conipiiiind with the owner or muster nf any ship or vessel iniportiiiK coal, for tlie tonnaec upon which the duties are to he pnid. A certificate of such composition, expressing the number of tons of coal, cinders, or culm, agreed to be taken as the careo of the vliipor vessel roin- poniided for, is to be given to the master or owner of the same, and to be taken as evidence of the quantity on hoard. When no composition is entered into, the coal is to be weighed in the prexcnce nf an officer of the ciistnnm at the port of uliipment ; and the duties are tn be paid upnn the weight so sliipped. The shipment of coal in the Tyne is at present regulated by the act 5 Geo. 4. c. 72., cnnimonly called the Turn .Act. The object of this act is to make all ships engaged in the trade of the Tyne be loaded in the order in which they arrive. It prevents any preference being piven to particular shipx ; nnd renders it nearly impossible for any coal owner to give constant employment tn any vessel in the trade which he may wisli to employ. In some respects this act is probuhly uilvantageous, hut, on the whole, its policy seems very questionable. Why should a cnul owner lie prevented from em|iloyin;{ certain ships in preference to others f Under tliia act, if mnre ships engage in the trade than can be profitably employed in it, the loss produced by detention in port, and wailing for a carsn, instead of fulling, as it naturally woulil, were the trade free, on particular ships, and driving tliein from the business, fulls equally on every ship employed, and depresses the whide trade. There is no regula- tion of this sort in the Wear. Kxpiirtation of C.il Prfflliice of each Duty, Duty on coals delivered in tho year ending 5th of .lanunry. 1827. pursuant to the net of the 5th & Otiiof Will, fc Mary, c. 10., fur the relief nf the orphans and ditto ditto ditto Annual rro:luce of eicn Duly. 59,292 9 9 63,211 11 r 05,029 14 10 6fi,0S9 10 11 65,304 15 6 71,020 5 4 6.619 8 10} B,n!tl 18 2J 6,(72 15 U 0,031) 18 5 J 6,785 9 11 6,865 S Oi 8,877 10 8 26,624 1 4 21,367 12 11 25,S93 13 11 W,^M 13 10 27.111 19 5 26,390 14 35,510 S 8 999 4 7i 003 11 3\ 912 11 9 c & *« £ It! a > B tj Cf ■c B ^ Xd -3 rr CS c A K-o ^■a o s «R C4 c •fi cu (§5 V A •m o E ^ c li o "O aj-3 r s o cd « C 0) o 1 U J3 •a e » •E ■o U a rt o ^ o >. -1 s c a « ^ 3 V •4 iC v« o Dl O C J3 P ^ •aiJiaiiojalliaioji n id "a U 11 i! 11^ ill 111 II ii if Pi 0-* liS ■iisi •m»!»M mot n; pivis vs|M ^n°«"b i'i"x 1* F ill lis |5| i-5tf J mu in e« e< an >o t- »i « , <5 G5 30 00 ^i-^o (-^"^S o t- o ■*• ^^ of OOCQ fff to ofcQ cf GO — « M ^ -^ •^ Tf •<)• u SSSS ?♦ ■^ go -M fl* _ M fj ^ *< O^-r '^00 31 31 Ci 05 38; OD :C — «o n- ^ « ©' cT cT (C <-«' o" c*r si" -^ ^1 ^ rt -H ^^^eii-i©i •^ in ©• as QD — '.-J M •^ "S- CO O li^ w »- FN CO CO f^ I I I fNCO CO' III -.-ef ft-^O-^eo — — T-'ciS •O^ r--^ to Ol^ M^ »_ 3D K, 5*^ O^ «(* gT yf to CO » -Tar I J" '^"{^ »rj cv >.-) ( - I- -^ :2 o 5 CO eoeoc^cococococoeoro 2R S 5 ?| -M io l'-^ O 00^ 31^ (D oT ^ ■^'o^'^sr as^'B*' tT trt«^i?sdtO'rtco»3j qocpoo^O)'^Wt^i)»o QOQt*SC^|--.rO — — 'CO ?) a* w ©» 00^ "O ^ CO fo^oi irt — co — ('-d-c?5:to ^Ol^l'^X^CO CO cc t^'S^^'O CO CO CO CO "1 ■■ ^' ^ •* ^ 5P CO 'I CO — c» >c*» l^ O Cft CO CitN « .O ©* W »-»L"-0©» Iff X coo C« l^ O i-. »c of CO CO r Iff tr> Meotocico-rcowoo>-t« n* -** f *** "0 o o io «n o cc X r, /: X Tj X X X 00 ill Ifil $0 to ■< •S'S'S-3 ? Is ■S2."-3 of— jf . o '"■-" m II •Sag oz* ill Hi 1-5 S U-rt I & l«^ FN C0 10 te m CO h- to b. 355 »- fr- o» ei OS CO X »i", .^ S !"• t: ♦:: « 55 O"- -• d r^oi N w o ^o ^3 m r^ S cuo ■^ooror-^co'n»'.''-jr ,^FNO>^«otagoaoco« tBt*eoeo^tftto-N|^o6»o *j i/> eo^oi t\9 X -T m — Tt« •091b*OC4—4tOC(x»0(Oxc: x3i© (J !- tC 3> (J ~ uO X — C L— »aooix 01 O-f O JDtO Si -O •* s « — i- i?s CO a ^ -fl^ 1^ V « "o «o o" »o ifl S*h- 1^ ©"op ©f © CO tc ©f ■" © Oi O* n? r~ "~ •-NQ«i3l9eO©t^X0» OkOoototQiomoxti li^— * — C5 — Ol'I'fl <-«(?» (M O O I- C» TT C«»0 — '-CNCOtPCOO— « (^ ..-. c> "n« IN (N c» r- *-; -:: eoQO-^ — eo»r:'»*toc»o l-iOOXOCOtOOXCO c-i" c^' -^ co" I -T itT -^ — ^r « Q — tpCOOl — to — C-t ifi x w ("^c o o T*^ j:: 31^ c* cT «f ©f eo CO CO eo' c* cf ©1 to — 'O Ol <0 fm CI CO to rocor-cJi-xocJO-o 1-. LT to •* *n I- in ff* -f » OiQ — C»CO--«tn(fit-X <— CICI'flCICIClCJC'C* IX 'J- X X T X X X r « COAL. CC(r tB.1-!d siiale, and surrounded by a barrier of long and sharp mountain ridges. Two of these fields, iV.e first and the second, run side by side, ranging a little north of east ; the remaining one is somewhat apart from them, and has a more northerly direction." Of the above mentioned districts, the most important, at the present time, are the Schuyl- kill, Lehigh, Beaver Meadow, and Lackawanna. The Shamokin district is just opening, and will soon take a station among the first in the quality of its coal and extent of its products. The first field is remarkable from its containing Red Ash coal, which is supposed to exist in none of the others to any extent. This coal is easily ignited, bums freely, and its residuum is more ponderous than that of the White Ash. It occupies nearly two-thirds of this field. The White Ash produces a more intense heat, and leaves less residuum than the lied Ash. It is free from what are called clinkers, which a white heat produces in all the Red Ash coals. On these accounts it is better suited for stoves, and for manufacturing purposes. This is the product of the northern portion of the first or Schuylkill, as well as of the other two fields. The consumption of anthracite coal is rapidly increasing. It is superseding all other kinds of fuel in a considerable part of this country for almost every purpose. It is now very generally used for domestic purposes upon the seaboard. In stutionary steam engines it is now a common fuel ; and in locomotives it is every day becoming more general. During the last year it has been cffectunlly introduced into steamboats. It is the common fuel in the curI regions for blacksmith's forges, in preference to any other. And it has lately been 2u8 p' 'iUiii !;'?:.»« r ii!ii. !| m 306 COAL. introduced with aucccm in the manufacture of iron ; in Wales on t large scale ; in thia country on a scale sufficient to prove its economy. It may Ihs fair to put the saving ia the use of anthracite coal, instead of wood, as high as fifty per cent. The progressive consumption of anthracite coal, for the first fifteen years after its intro. duction i' feranre be granted for any gnodi prohibited to be exported, or luhjert to any eX|Mirt duty ntlicr llian any ad luiloreia rinty, tlio ninBtcr or owner nf nny luch ahip, or tho ahipper of micIi goodii, shall i;iv« bond with one sntnclenl aurely, in treble the vufiie of the goods, that tlie anme f>hall be landed at tlie port for whirl) Riiih BiKTi'rnnrp ia required, or shall be otherwise accounted for to the latiaruction of thn ciimniiHalonora of ills Majesty's ciiatonis. — i 111. Mister nf Cvaaiin/f Vessel to keep a Cargo Bonk.— The master of every coasting ship sliall kepp nr cause to lie kept a cargo book nf the same, stating the name of the ship and of the niaater, and ol^the t irt to which she belongs, and of tlie port to which bound on each voyage ; and in which hook hhiII entered, at the port of lading, an account of all goods taken on lioard such ship, ataliiig the desrrip. tioiia of the packages, aiid the iiuiintities ond desriiptloiis of the goods therein, and tlie qunnlltius and descriptions of any gixTlla stowed loose, and the names of the respective shi|i|H>rs and consignees, ni fir »K any of such particiilnra shall be known to him ; and in which book, at the port of dlsclmrge, »linll bo noted the respective days upon whii'h any nf such goods he delivered out of suth ahip, niid also the respective times of depiirtiire frniii the port of lading, and of arrival at any port of iiiiliwljng; and surli master shall produce such book for the inspection of the coast-waiter or other proper otiiccr, so oficn as the same shall be demanded, and who sliall be at liberty to uiuke nny note or reniurk therein ; and if such master shall fail correctly to keep such book, or to produce the same, or If at any time there be found on lioard such ship any goods not entered in the cargo hook as Inden, or any goods noted IIS delivered, or if at any lime it be found that any goods entered as laden, or anv goods not noted as delivered, be not on board, the master of such ship shall forfeit the sum of 5U/. ; and if.'upon exanilnn- lion at the port of l:iding,any package entered in the cargo book as containiii:- my foreign gouda elmll be fiund not to contain such goods, such package, with Us contents, sliiill he forfeited ; and if at the iMirt of discharge any parkiige shall be found to contain any foreign goods which are not entered in such book, such goods shall he forfeited.— $ 113. Accounts of Foreign Goods, ^c. to be delivered to Collector.— Before nny cop.sting ship shall depart from the port of lading, nn account, together with a duplicate of tho same, all fairly written, and signed by tho master, shall be delivered to the collector or comptroller ; and In »uch account shall lie set forthsuch particulars as are required to he entered in tho cargo book of all foreign goods, and of all poods subject to export duly (other than any ad valorem duty), and of all corn, grain, meal. Hour, or malt, laden on hoard, and generally, whether any other British goods or no other British goods be ladea on board, as the case may hu, or whether such ship be wholly laden with llritish goods not lieing of any of the descriptions het'oro mentioned, as the case may be ; and the collector or comptroller shnll select and retain one of such accounts, and shall return the other,dated and t^igned hy him, and noting the clearance of the ship thereon ; and such account shall be the clearance of the ship for the voyage, and the traiisire for the goods expressed therein ; and if any such account be false, or shall not cui- rps|)ond with tho cargo book, the master shall forfeit the sum of 502.—} 113. Traitsire to be dclirered to Collector. — Before any goods be unladen fr(>m any masting ship at the port of discharge, the master, owner, wharfinger, or agent nf such ship shnll deliver the trniisire to the collector or comptroller of auch port, who shall thereupon grant an order for the unlading of such ship at tho wharf or place specified in such order : provided always, that if any of the goods on lionrd sncti shl|) be subject to any duty nf customs or excise payable on arrival coastwise at such port, the muster, owner, wharfinger, or agent of such ship, or the consignee of such goods, shnll also deliver to the collector or comptroller a bill of the entrjr of the particulars of such goods, expressed in words at length, together with a copy thereof, in which all sums and numbers may be expressed in figiircB,and shall pay down all duties of ciistimis, or produce a permit In respect of ail duties of excise, which shall he due and payable on any of such goods, as the case may be ; and thereupon the cidlector and comptroller shall grant an order for the landing of such goods, in the presence or by the authority of tho coast-waiter. — } 1 14. Collector in certain Cases mat/ grant general Transire for Coasting Fissels.-lt shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller, In tlie cases nercln-afVer mentioned, to grant for any coasting ship a general transire, to continue In force for any time not exceeding one year from the date thereof, for the lading of any goods (except such giKnls, If any, as shall he expressly excepted therein), and for the clearance of the ship in which the goods shall be laden, and for the unlading of the goods at the place of dis- charge ; (that Is to say,) For any ahip regularly trading between places in the river Severn eastward of the Holmes ; For any ship reeularly trading between places In the river Ilumber ; For any ship regularly trading between places in the Frith of Forth ; For any ship regularly trading between places to be named in the transire, and carrying only manure, lime, chalk, stone, gravel, sand, or any earth, not being fullers' earth : Provided always, that such transire shall be written in the cargo hook herein-beforc required to be kept by the masters of coasting ships : provided also, that if the collector and comptroller shall at any lime revoke such transire, and notice thereof shall be given to the master or owner of the ship, or shall be given to any of the crew when on board the ship,or«liall be entered in tlic cargo hook by any ofiicer of the customs, such transire shall become void, and shall be delivered up by the muster or owner to the collector or comptroller.—} 115. Coast-iraiter, 4[C. mail go on board and examine any Coasting Ship. — It shnll be lawful in any case, and at all legal times, foi the coast-waiter, and also for the landing-waiter, and for the searcher, and for any other proper officer of the customs, to go on board any coasting ship In any port or place in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, or at any period of her voyage, and striclly to search eucti ship, and to e.xamine all goods on board, and all goods being laden or unladen, and to demand all documents which ought to be on board such ship.—} llf!. Times and Places for landing and shipping.— tio goods shall be unshipped from any ship arriving coastwise In the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, and no goods shall lie slilppeil or wiiterliurne to be shipped. In the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, to be carried coastwise, hut only on days not lieing Sundays or holidays, and in the daytime, (that is to say,) from the 1st of ejepteniber until the last day of March betwixt sun-rising ami sun-setting, and from the last day of March until the 1st of September between the hours of 7 o'clock in the morning and 4 o'cloc k in the atti;rnorn ; nor shall any such goods be so unshipped, shipped, or waterborne, unless in the presence or with the authority of the proper officer of the customs, nor unless at places which sliall be appointed or approved by tlis proper officer of the customs.—} 117. Ooods prohibited or restrained.- Vfhenc\PT any goods which may lie prohibited to be exported by proclamation or by order in council under the autlKirity of this act shall be ho prohibited, it shall lie .awful in such proclamation or order In council to prohibit or restrict the carrying of such goods coast- Vt'ifB i and if any such goods shall be carried coastwise, or shall be shipped or waterborne to be carried coastwise, contrary to any such prohibition or restriction, the same shall be forfeited.- } 118. Duet of the City of London.— Fot the purpose of enabling the dues payable to the city on articles COBALT— COCHINEAL. 969 Imported ronotwlie to be auertalned and enllectnd, It I* nnacled, that if nit or any of the foltoTrlni •nnili vix. flrklni of butler, Inni of cheein, AmIi, efgn, «nlt, fruit, room natnlilo, and onloni, brouiht coashvise into the port of llin inld city, iinil whirli nre liiiblo to the «iiid dues, be landed or unililppnd at nr In the «nld port bnfore a proper certlHcnte of tli« puyment of the v Id dues ihall "lave been ob- tained, such goodR Rlinll hn forfeited, nnd inuy be lelzed by nn oftlcer of > latnuiit eninowered to lelza any goods timt may be landed witliout due entry thereof.— (7 k, 8 Oto. A. c. SU. } 19.) Arcnunt of the Tonnage of Vessels employed In the Coasting Trade, which have entered at and rlnarcd out from the I'orli ofGreut Britain, from 1637 to 1831, both Inclusive.— (/>url. Papir, No. 43tt, Hess. 1833.) Tmi* Inwanli. Tontiiii(« cleared Oulwinli. Tmi*. Toiin«tf any other metal. One grain gives a full blue to 240 grains of glass. — ( Tlwmsoii'a Chemistry, and Ure's Dic- tionary.) COCCULUS INDICUS, or INDIAN BERRY (B^ns. Kakamari .• Malay, Tubit- bidgi), the fruit of the Menispermum Cocculus, a large tree of the Malabar coast, Ceylon, &c. It is a small kidney-shaped berry, having a white kernel inside, of a most unpleasant taste. It in of a poisonous and intoxicating quality, and has been employed to adulterate ale and beer. But its employment in that way is prohibited, under a penalty of 200/. upon the brewer, and of 500/. upon the seller of the drug, by the 56 Geo. 3. c. 58, COCHINEAL ((Jer. Kos.-herilje i Du. ConclenUji: ,• Pr. Cochenilk ,• It. Coectniglia,- Sip, CiKhinilla, Grana,- Port. Cochenilha { 'R\\». llomsenel), an insect (Cocctts cacti) found in Mexico, Georgia, South CaroUna, and some of the West India islands; but it is in Mexico only that it is reared with care^ and forms an iinport.int article of comnverce. It is a small insect, seldom exceed) .ig the size of a grain of barley; and was generally believed, fur a considerable time after it Iwgan to be imported into Europe, to he a s(Ht of vegetable grain or seed. There are two sorts or varieties of cochiiioal : thi>, ln-Bt or domesticated, which the Spaniards called f^rana^na, or fine grain ; and the wild, which they call i;rn7i't sylvestra. 'J'lic former is nearly twice us largo us the latter; pi-ol)a!)ly boc.iuse its size has been improved by tiiu favourable elfects of human care, and of a more copious and suitable nourishment, 47 f^\ !'! 1} Si ti -:li I 870 .-' COCOA, COCO. ) dcrlvpd grtlcly from the Cnctun encMnelfiftr, during mniiy Rcnomtioni". Wild rochipcnl ii collcctud NIX times in tho ycnr ; hut thnt which i» rultivatrd in only rnllcrtcd thrirn Jnring the Httme pertml. Tho inxoclH are dotuclicd from llio plnntii on whiih they riod liy a lijoiit knife; they h re then put into hnq[i, anil dip|>rd in IxMlinar water to kill thorn, aflrr which thi'y arc dried in the »un ; and though thi-y Ioho nliont two thinld of th«ir wright hy this proci'tM, nhout 000,000 or 700.000 llm. (fuidi pound Ix-inK iiuppoM'd to contiun 70.000 in- wtIh) iirc brought nnnuiilly to Europe. It in prinripnily ust-d in th«' ilyi'in)^ of Hnirlet, rrinimm, ar)d other t'Hti'i'meti colours. Tho watery infunion is of n violet crimson; tho alcoholic ntn deep crim, or rather violet hue. It in impiirteil in hniftK, each containini^ about UOO ll)». ; and \\an tho appearance of ■mall, dry, Hhrivelled ruijDHo Imrries or HcedH, of n deep brown, pi!n)le, or ntullMjrry colour, with n white nmitcr between the wrinkloH. In thin stiite they suflTer no ehanRo front length of keepini;. Dr. Dancrol^ says that that cochineal ia the boHt, which " is large, plump, dry, and uf a nilnr white colour on tho surface." 'I'he opecieg of cochineal called grnnilla, or ihmt, is supponcd by Dr. Bancroft to be prin- cipally formed of griiria ni/lrestni. The insectH of which it concists are Hmaller than thom composing thu fine cocbinenl ; nnd it do<'H not yield more than a third of the colouring mat- ter that ii« yielded by the latter. The cochineal insect was* introduced into India in 1795, but a very inferior nort only u produced. It has also been infroducod into Java piid Hpain, but with what Buecess reinuinii to be sceti. — {Thummm's Dispennntory t Bancroft m Colours, <^r.) The imports of cochineal usually vary from 1,100 fo l.O.IO bags, or from 220,000 to 330,000 lbs. In 1831, the (|uantity imported omoutifed to 224,371 lbs.; of which 9.5.728 lbs. were brought from Mexico, C'J,824 llis. from the United St.itoh. B1.140 lbs. from tho British West Indies, and 4,370 lbs. from ('uba and the frircign West Indies. Tho exports during the same year amounted to about Ott.OOO lbs. The duly im foreign rochineal was reduced, in 1826, from !.••■. jicr lb. to fir/. At an average of the three years ending with 1831, tho entries for homo consuni|ition omounted to 148,131 lbs. u year. Tho price of cochineal (lucluuted very n'.ach during the war, partly on account of tho obstacles \?hich it occasionally threw in the way of imporiation, and partly on occouiit of its l)eing an article of direct government expenditure. In 1S14, tho price of tho bent cochineal was as high as 30.». and 39.«.; and it has since gone on regularly declining, with hardly a single roily, till it has sunk to 8.«. or 10.». Previously to the war it had never been under 12.V. or 13.«. Lnc dye has recently been employed to some extent in olish, and used for many domeslic. [lurpoi-cs; tho kernel is white, in taste and firmness resembling that of a hazel nut ; it is hollow in the in- terior, the hollow being filled with a milky fluid. While the nut is green, tho whole hollow of tho shell is filled with fluid, which is refreshing, agreeable, and pleasant to the taste. The solid part of tlie ripe kernel is extremely nutritious, but rather indige.-itible. 'J'he kernels yield by expression a great deal of oil, which, when rweni, is equal to that of sweet nlniomls, lint it soon becomes rancid, and is then employed by painters. A tree generally yields alioiit 100 nuts, in clusters near the top of about a dozen each. The wooil of tho tree is made into boats, rafters, the frames of houses, and gutters to convey water. The leaves are used for thatching buildings; and are wrought into mats, baskets, and many other thingfi, for which osiers are employed in Europe ; so that every part of it is a]iplied to some useful purpose. If the body of the tree he bored, there exudes from the wound n white liquor, called palm wine or toddy. It is very sweet when fresh ; kept a few hours, it liecomes morn poig» nant and agreeable; but next day it begins to grow sour, and in the space of 24 hours is changrd into vinegar. When distilled, it produues tho best spicies of Indian arrack; it COD. 871 alM yielilii ■ great ileal of ii ir. Toddy in obtained from anvrrnl iprrinx of palina, but thttt of the Cuan nuciftra is the boat. — (Wco Aiiulie'i Multiia Iiidieu / Keet'$ Cyelu- pxdiit, ifC.) All iinprovoment haa recently been effocted in the preparation of cocon oil, which pro- n\iv» to be of much importance ui the arta, by making it nvailalilfl in tho manufacture of ranillr* and loap, and fur various purpoaea to which it wan not prcviouHly nppiirulilo. Tlie palm oil met with in tho market la not obtained from tho ('ncnn tnielfrrrt, but from uiiothcr apecieit of puliii. It it chietly imported from tlio count of (.Juiiica. — (S^-u 1'alm ""••) Coi'oa nuta aro produced in immenae quantities in Ceylon, forminir, with their prrMhicta, — oil, orruck, and coir, — tho principal urticlea of export fri)in that ixlaiid. Thry are niao very uliuiidunt in tho Maldive lalanda, Hium, and on aeveral pInctM of the coiinI of Hray.il, C(M-oa oil is in very extonnivo une all over India, and larire iiuantitius are maiiuficturrd in tho lower provincea of Bengal. Thia latter ia aaid to bo aupcrior to that imported from Cuyion. The duty on cocoa nuts, which ia imposed by tale, wuh judiciously reduced in 1832, front 5.9, per 12U on thoHu fri>in a Urilish poaKcasion to Is. per IfiOii ; thoHO from a foreign country pay 20 per cent, ad valorem. COD (Oor. Kahljau, HakalaH; Du. Kahrljaautr, nnnkacljit; Tin, KiibHan, ShreUnruk, Ihthelaui Sw, Kiitii /111, Bakeldu ; Vt. Muruc, Cahilliiud ,• It. liiicculii, ISncai/ure ; Sp. Bttcalao I Port. Baculkaii ,• Lat. Gadus), a species of linii, too well known to roi|uirc any lioficriptlon. " It is amazingly prolific. Leewcnhoek counted 9,:!8 1,000 eui?M in a cod-ligjt of a middling size; a nuinlwr that will bafHe all tlie ctfort^ of man to cxtcrmiiiiite. In uur Ufa* they beji^in to 8|)awii in January, anil deposit their ej^'^s in ruiigh ground, among rocksi. 8umo continue in roc till the beginning of April. "The cod is only found in the northern partA of the world ; it i» an ocean finh, and nover mi't witl» in the Meditornmean. Tho great rendczvoun of llin cod-liKh id on tlic Imnkn of Ncwfimndland, and the other sandhankH that liooirthn cotiKtaof Cape lireton,rs'ova Scotia, ami Now England. They prefer those situations, by reason of tho quantity of worina pro- duced in thiwe sandy bottoms, which tempt them to report there for foiwl. But anothfr cau'io of llie particular attachment the fish haVe to those spots is their vicinity to the polar m'ua, where they return to tipawn : there they deposit their roes in full security ; but want of f lod forces them, as soon as the more SDUthern seas are ojien, to repair thither for Hubsisten;'e. Few are taken to the north of Iceland, but they abound on its south anJ west coasts. They are iiiso found to swarm on the coasts of Norway, in tho Baltic, and olF the Orkney and Western Isles; alter wliicli their numbers decrease in proportion as they ii^lvancc towards tho Bniitli, when they seem quite to cease before they reach tho ni.mth of the Straits of (Jib- rnitar. '• Before the discovery of Newfoundland, tho greater fisheries of cod were on the seas of Iceland, and of our VVo'tern Isles, which were the grand resort of hliips from all Iho com- mercial nations ; but it seems that tho greatest plenty was met with near Iceland. The Eiitflish resorted ihiiher before the year 141.5; f)r we find that Henry V. was disposed to (jive satisfaction to the King of Denmark, for certain irregularities committed by his subjecta on those seas. In the reign of Edward IV. the English were excluded from ihe fishery, by Ireiity. In later times, we find Queen Elizalieth coiulescciidinL; to a^k permission to fish in those seas, from Christian IV. of Denmark. In the rei;^n of her siicci's.ior, however, n.) fewer than 1.50 English ships were employed in the Iceland lishery ; which indulifciiee mii^ht arise from the marriage of James with a princess of Dcmiark." — (I'cniunl'n Brithh '/(Hlli^fl.) Cod is prepared in two diffVrcrit ways; that is, it is either gutted, salted, and then bar- relled, — in wliich state it is denominated green or pickled cod, — or it is drieil and cured — in which state it is called dried coj. Heady access to the shore is uidispensable to the prosecu tion of the latter speeies of fishery. Cod FUhrri/, Br.'tm/i. — Newfoundland was discovered by John or Sebastian Cabot, in 11*1/; and the extraordinary abundance of cnd-lish on its Icinks wis speedily ascertained. 'i'li; French, Portuguoric, and Spaniards engaged in the li>Iiery soon afior this discovery. The English were later in coming into the field. In 157S, f'ranci; had on the banks of Newfiundland 1.50 vessels, Spain 120 or IHO, Portugal .'lO, and England fron ;!0 to .50. During tho first half of last century, the fishery was principally carried on by the English, including the Anglo-Americans, and the French: bnt the capture of Gape Brixton, and of their other possessions in America, gave a sevore blow to the fishery of the latter. TUe American war divided tho British fishery; that portion of it w i;ch hail previously been carrioJ on from New England, being thereafter merged in that of the United States. Still, however, we contrived to preserve the largest share. At an averago of the 3 years ending ■with 1789, we are said to have had 402 ships, 1, 91 1 bouts, and 10,S56 men, engii'ied in tlin American fisheries. During last war, the French being cxcluerity ; the total value of the producu It 873 COD. of the Newfoundland Atherr in 1814 having exeeeilcd 3.fl00,000/. Dut liiico the peace, the Dritikh flihery on the NowfoundlanJ banka haa rapidly ilcrlincJ ; and ran hanlly, in* dwd, In) Raid, at thia momrnt, to exint It i« now ciirrifd on altnoHt rntirrly by the French and the Americana; the facilitiea cnjoyrd liy the latter for ita proarctition lieins greater tliun thoae of any other people, and the former being templed toenictge in it liy thoexlraordlDiiry fneouroffementa aflorded by government. At preaent, the BritiHli tUtiitry rnrricd on by the inhnbiinnti of Newfoundland, i« confined entirely to the abnre or boiil nMiery. Dut tliiii, thaut{li prnlrably not mi good n nuraery of aailora aa the bank finhery, in admitted to be "the moat produetive of morcliantublo (l«h ond oil." — (M'drt/for'ii Hrilish Ainrriea, 2d rd. vuj.i. p. 2U6.) The nveraa[e annual produce of the fiahoriea of all aorin, ineluding aeal, iidmciii, <&e., exported from Newfoundland, during the 3 ycara ended with 18:12, is utated by Mr, M'Gregor at 616.417/. — (vol. i. p. 161.) .\ comiidprttble Huhery ia alxo carrioil on from (he jiorta and hnrlioura of Nova Mcotia and Cnpo Breton, New Brunnwick, itc. But next lo that of Newfoundland, the principal Britiah Hnhery ia carried on aloni^ the coait of IiiibrHdor. We Iwrrow from the valuable work now referred to, the following recunt and authentic atalc- inonta with reapect to it :— " Diirinf lh« flahlny •cninn, from 590 lo SOO ■cbnnnrra prnrBod from Ncwfniindland lo the dlfrcrctil fl'liiiilt •tnllcini on Itit* niiiit of Lnhriiitiir, wlH^re uhoiil 'ilt.nOO llrltlxh miliji-rlii nrc i*tn|iliiyK(l Tur the Mtnanii, Altniit one third nf thi> ichdoniTi wnkn two rnynei^n, lundeil Willi dry ftali. hack in Ni>w. foiiiidlaTid diirlnj the ■iiriiiner ; and vnveriil iiit-rrhant vi-Mnviii |irnen«d from LnbrRiior wltlilhuircariiiii'i dlrncl lo Eiirnpn, Icuvina, ir>-nornlly, full c.ir;roug for llin flHliliiir vejitt'lK lo nirry tn Newfimiidliiii'l. A fonsldcrtthlw part of ilio fluh of llm necnnil voyngc U In a arncn nr plckliid (lute, nnd drlinl nflcr- ward* HI Nnwfiiuiidliind. Kl|;li( nrfliii'h»nner« from Qiir>liev fyiiqiiont tlin ronat, hnvlnr nn hoard Hhniit >*niinimen iind IIHI llitlii'rmHn. Some of ihn f\*\\ ciiiiirht hy Ihem Ih aent lo t'nrope, uiid the rfBl lu UiKihiT. ; hcKidea which, thi'inaelve». In llii! aprlnir niid fill. I'alrliiiie aenlii II nela. The olln^r two tlilrda live conalnntly nt l.nhrnili>r, ua fiirriera and ai'iil-ralrhera on their own acniiint, hill rhietly in Ihe furiiior caimcily, diiriiiK winter ; anil all nru eiic»H>' I in llie llalieriua during viinriier. II ilf of theae people are Jcraeynien mid ratindiiina, innal of wlioin have fiiniilies. " Fnun 10.000 to IS.OOO aeala lire taken iit I.'ihrnilnr In Ihe hesiniihiK of wliiler and In apring. Thf y urn very laru'e : iind the Canndinna, and other winter reaidenla. are anid to feiiat and fallen on llii-ir fle»h.—Altout 4,000 of tlieac aeala are killed by the Eai|ninianx. The whole iiiiniher cunjjht pruducg ahoiit .1MI tuna nf oil. value ahoiit H,l!00(. " 'i'hi^re nre or 7 Eniiliah hoiiaea, an I 4 nr 9 Joraey hnnaea, eatahll'hnd nt I.nlirndor, iiiicnnnnctiid with Newfoundland, who export their Hah and oil direct to Europe. The iiiuntlly exported luat your (1833) to the Mediterrunean wai ab.mt St.OOO qnintnla rnd-flah, nt I0«. ... £27,nOf) I.O.V)tierceaaalmon, atOUf. > . . R.l.VI To England, about 900 tuna cod oil ..... S.'2(K) S'» do. seul do 4,SS0 Fura 3,150 By Newfoundland bouiet, 97.900 qiilntaU end-flah, at 10*. . • . iaO tiercBB lulinon, at lO^i. . . . . Total direct export fVom Labrador Produce aenl direct to Newfoundland from Labrador : — 32.120 quintala cod-tlah, nt 10*. beat qitallty 312,000 i|uintnla rod-Aah, ut ba. I.SOOtunaroduil, ut20/. . . . . Salmon, tec. . . . . . Fish, lie. aent tn rnnndn. nhont Do. curried to Novu ricoiia and New nriinawick, I ahould be in value at Ie:iat - - > Estimated valiiB nf the produce of Labrador, exclusive nf what the Mo ravlani mud to London • • . - - • . £13,380 13,7.')0 HIO £j-,r>o IB.OfiO ISI.SIKI 3(1,01)0 3,'>-20 12,000 52,000 J JE:)02,050 "The Labrador flahery hag, since 191 1, Increaaed more than eiifuld, nrinclnally in cnnaeqnence of onr fiahermcn being driven from the Rrniinda (on Ihe Nowfiiiindlniid coast) now occniileil I'y tin French. In 1829, the Americana had about 900 veaaela and H.OOO men em|>loyed on the conat ; and three 'catch' amounted tn 1,100,000 quintala Huh, and about 3,000 tuna oil; value together cbiiil 610.000/."— (ari(i.i">. 4. c, SI. contnlni anvernl re|iilutl«na with rnpurl in ilm Nawri'iinillnnil nihKrln* AlliMt iirx prolilhittiil rroiii h»hln| on tliiM'iuiti*. or In Ilm liiiya nr rlvvrii nf .Ni-wt'ininill'inil t (•iirrpi. Iiiir, liiiwi'ViT, till' rldiU nnil |>rlvll«|iKi grniil(>il liy irniily in rnrclKn itnlii ill ntiilly wlili til* Mnjcaly. All ItrllUh miliJiM'la niiiy tnkr, ciiri>, niiil ilry (Ull, (iccu|iy vai:niil pliivva, cm down Iruva I'lir liullilinir, (nil (III nllicir tlihiit* uniifnl I'or llin Mni\*.—i .T Orlllli nlia ulinll lii< irriinti'il In \<>»»i'\» rlciirlnir nut fur th<' tWli<'ry i nriil nn iirrlvnl it Niiwfiiiinillnnil M ii'|iiirl •liiill bii mnilv nf lurh CKrililialn, mid r«vl»l«r)Ml i iiiiil nn ItiuvliiK llin tlahvry llif iiaunl cleiiriiict) iihiill li« nhlHlned. VeitvU having nn biiiird any gouiU olhur lliuii Hah, lir. In riirr«U the llalilnji'erllrtfOtB.— H. (•rrxiiiK tliniwIiiK nut hultnat, he. to thu iirejudlco of the hnrbniiri In Nawrnnndland, iliall be iiib- JKi lit 11 pi'n^illy.- j S. A riiiitriicl In wrltlnR, ipeclfyinR wngra, and how tn he paid, muil be cntercil Into nllh icnnion anil ndii'imen.— }7. A li«li''riiiiin Im |irnhllil(i^d rprt-lviiig ninro Ihnn Ihror fmirlha nf lila wmca diirlii|t aiTvlio i bin Ihj lijiliiMrv ilili' In hlin la In lin piiid liiinii'iljiilrly iipun lllo cxpiriitlnii i I tliif rnviiiiiiiili'il limit ii|° aorviii-. Nil liiilii'riiiiin In bi; liirnt'd nil', I'xrppt fur wlll'iil ni'llli'it nl' ilmy, nr ulliur aiilllrii^iit cuiihr, under ii pcriiilly. fnr vnrli nllViii n, nf nnl Icaa limit M, iinr iiinri! limn Mt. Ill (ircior tn fiillll lliiMiinilllloiia In miy Irnnly wllli ii liinli'ii aliilo, hia MnJi'Hv nmy •■ntpnwpr Ihn fovi'rnnr of Newfniiiiillnnd lo rvntnvo niiy wnrka ititIi'iI by Hrlllsli Hiiliji-i'la li'r liif piirpnan nl'rnrry- UK (III the lUlivry belwvun Cape HI. Juhn and l.'upe lluy, and tu cniiipol thuiii In dupurt to unntlu'r pl«(c.-} U. Kvi'ry poraon lo ri>fiialn( to di'pnrt almll flirfell tiOl.— i \tl. The gnveriinr la einpnw'ured tn a«ll or lunae pliicci wllliin the iaiiind called Sliip-rnnma.— ) II, Tlicro are no mranii whatever hy whi' . to fnrin any cHtimata of the luiinlwr nf Mhipn and lioatH employed, either ri'fjuiarly or occnih into (Srent Dritain, see Ftmi. It ia doubtful whether tho distant cod flxhery may not have paHsnl it>i zenith, Spain, Italy, and other Catholic countries, hnvo always been the great markets for dried flNh ; but the ubjcrvancc of Lent is every day becoming; less strict ; and the demand for dried fn-h will, it imiost likely, sustJiin a corresponding decline. The relaxed observance of J.c I in thu Netherlands and elsewhere has done more than any thing eUo to injure tho herring fishery of Ilnlliind. Cud Fi>}ury, Amtriean, — The Americans have at all limes prosecuted tho cod fishery with Krcat vigour and success. Their fishermen are remnrknble for their activity ond enter- priric, sobriety and frugality ; and their proximity to the fishing grounds, and the other fucili- tii'i thoy possess for carrjing on tho fishery, give them advunt;iQ;i's with which it is very (liincult to contend. In 1795, the Americnns employed in the cod-fishery about :)I,0II0 tons uf ahipping; in 1H07, they are said to have employed 70,300 Inns: but it suliseipieiitly ile< cliiied fir several years, ond was almost entirely susipcnded during the lute war. According to the ofiicial returns, thd Americans had 85,687 tons of shipping engaged in the cod fishery inI82S; but owing to the slovenly and iiinceurate wny in which the navigation account* lull! before Congress have Itcen prepared, — (for proofs of this, see Nt.w Yoiik,) — this stiito- mcnt is entitled to no credit. The corrected accimnis for 18.11 (laid before Congress tho loth of Ffbruiirv, 1833) represent tho Khipping engaged that year in tho cod fi«bery as amounting to 60,977 tons. During tho year ended the 30lli of September, 1832, tho Ampricuns exported 250,511 quintals of dried, and 102,770 barrels uf pickled cod ; their agt^regnto value being about 1,050,000 dollars. "The Aiiicrlcniis fnllnw two or more inndcs of fillli'e nut for Ihn flobiTJcs. The first Is nTi'inpliKhcd by fiiir 7 fiirniiTa, nr I heir sniis, biilldiiiKH nclmnnBr ilnritiii winter, wliiih lliey iiiiiii IIii'iiikoIvi's (;ih nil th<> Aiiterleniis on the pell eonst are more nr \e«* seaiiteii nn wtill ris riirinerH) ; niiil ill'ter lilliiiB Ills vi's-el with iii'ci'ri-nry Htori's, Ihey prni'citd In Ihn liiliili!!, Oiilf nf ft. I.invmifH, or l.iihrnilnr : iittil. lii!|iliiti[ their ve^»'l Willi \U\\, iiinke n vnyiiic hi'tweeii sprint' unci haivi'Hi. The prneeeilM they divilll^ after pnyInK itny hnlitncR Iliey iiiny owe for oiillil. They riMiiuin nt home to iisnini In s itherin!; iheir cr(i|is, unci proceed u)filn fir «iinthere.iiri!o,whiih is sillied down, ninl not ufierwanU dtieil: IIiIh is leniieil nind-ii-'h, iiiiil kept fur hntni! cotistiiiiplioii. The ntl'er plan is, uheii ii iiiereliaiit, nr any other, nvv!iiii2 H VHsel, leti< her lo 10 or Ij men on sItart'H, II." Iliids tho vessel iiinl nets. The nieii pny Inr ,ill the proviiiniis, hnnk», nt\d liiieH.anil fnr the v\\^ nete-sarv tncnre Iheir propnriion of llio fish. One 01' llitMiiiiiiher ill acktiiiwl(u!;;eil master i l>iit lie liaa tn catch linli ax well as tliL> others, auil reeeivea only nhoiit 00,<. per nii)iilh for iiaviBitiiij; the vepael : llie irew have Hveeigl.lh:! nf ihu li.-iii cuiiglil,unil Ih.' (uvners Ihre.! eidhllis nf tlii! whole. "The (irst sprinL' voyasp ia iiindein the hanks ; the second pitherlntho haiikH,(^iilfof St. F,nnreiice, or the coast of Labrador ; tin! third, or fall voyiiL'e, isiiKaiii In \\\<: lianka ; and a foiirlh, nr second full Vi'Viiee, i.s iiIho made. t"niiietimis, to the hntiks."— (.U'f.'re'fiir, vol. i. p. 'i::^) It \* slipiilat.'d in the lirsl arlicle nf neon vent ion helwoetifJreal lliilain an.I the United StaleB.sieneri HI l,, ,* il 8T4 COFFEE. describi'd; and of thn const of T.alirndor ; l)ut «o soon as the inme, or any 'portion thereof, ihrtll h* dcllled, it hIi.'iII not In- lawful for tliu mild tif^iiornion to dry or cure fisli williout previoua iigr««iiient for Mucli pnrrtosn with the iiihul)il:int!i, prnprle.'orH, or pnnseasors of theacc :— Account of the number of Ships, with their Tonnage, Crews, and Cargoes, that have entered tlin diflerent Ports of France from the Cod Fishery dnrint' the Nine Years ending with 1831.— (Fiom the Tableau Oiniral dii Commerct di la »iine« for ItiSI, p. 34fi.) Vran. Shiia. Tnniia];e. Crew. t'lxl, green. CoJ, dry. Oil. Kil.-ir. Kt'1- A'l'loT- 1823 18t 10,2.-S8 3,055 4,4l)7,7.?0 4.423,739 415,210 lK3t 348 3H,B«» 0,073 7,077,824 14,091,189 1,353,898 1S25 3:t0 3.=>,IT2 6.311 7,288,'.) 1!) I5,8r.';),7;ii 1,291,. '130 iwao 311 38,1):!8 7,088 8,027,311 I5,59l,«04 1.063,070 IS'27 387 44,868 8,'.U8 »,016,II5 I5,!)70,2,'.0 1,201,023 KS28 .181 45,0i»4 7,'.»7 12.8:i8,2',)l 17,2.')(i,l;.5 l,3'.)5,h97 1899 414 50,i574 9,428 10,518,878 30,:»77,.'5g4 1,909,117 1830 3T- 4.5,03t> 8,174 10,410,302 13.015,790 1,150,059 \ 1831 302 35,180 6,243 9,'.»22,C''0 12.817.9 13 1,103.229 The qnantities of oil are exclusive of draehet (huiles non epur's) ; there are also sounds, Ut. Mar!d. The consequences of this wise and salutary measure were most benelii-ial. Instoad of being reduced, the revenue was immediately raised to near tfiree times its previous amount, or to 7,200/. 15.v, 9d., showing that the consumption of legally imported cotfee niimt have increased in about a ninefold proportion .' — a striking and coticlusive proof, as Mr. Bryan Edwards has ob.«ervcd, of the etievt of heavy taxation in defeating its own object. — {Hist, of the West Indies, vol. ii. p. 340. 8vo ed.) Tlie history of the coffee trade abounds with similar and even more striking examples of the superior productiveness of low duties. In 1807, the duty was \s. 8d. a pound ; and the quantity entered for home consumption amounted to I 170,164 lbs., yielding a revenue of l(il,24.5/. lis. id. In 1808, the-duty was reduced from Is. 8d. to 7'd.; und.in 1809, there were no fewer than 9,251,847 lbs. entered for home consumption, yielding, notwitliHtandlnti the reduction of duty, a revenue of 245,856/. 3s. id. The duly having been raised, in I81J, from 7d. to Is. a pound, the quantity entered for home consumplion, in 1824, was 7,91)3,041 lbs., yielding a revenue of 407,.544/. 4s. 3d, In 1824, however, the duty being a';iun reduced from Is. to 6rf., the quantity entered for home consumption, in 18^5, w:m 10,760,112 lbs., and in 1831 it had increased to 22,740,637 lbs., yielding a nett revenue of .583,751/. The consumption of the United Kingdom may, at present, he estimated at about 23,000,000 lbs., producing about 600,000/. of revenue. We subjoin I. Quantltios ofthe different Sorts of Coffee entered for Home Consumption iu the United Kingt'^m, eucli Year since 1822. Yean eaded 5tll .Inn. 1822 — 1823 — 1821 — 1825 — 1820 — 1827 Brllish riaiitation. r.li. 7,38ti,0fl0 7,491,218 8,218,342 7,047,890 10,fi22,37fl 12,100,000 Foreign I'lant 7fi4 3,416 S81 I..") 10 9.819 2,753 Gait India. r.u. 200,177 171,717 235,097 313,513 457,745 791,570 Total. I.la. 7,593.001 7,009,3.')! 8,454,!»20 8,2H9,013 11.082,970 13.203,323 Yean cnJed Drilish Plintatinn. itIiJiin. I818'14,076,968 — 1899 1 16, 15 1,239 — I8.i0|l8,19.'i,-I07 — lHX1j91,()97,9«fi 1832121. .501, two Fdrei^ri Manl- atioii. 1.210 2.984 0.197 3,97 East Indiiu Tolal. 8S8,198 15.riliti,;i70 973,110 17,127.033 974,570il9,;7«,l9,5I2 1,054,588 Per lb. t. d. lot l~i Per lb. ». d. 2 0[ Furccnt.al valnri-ni. £ K. d. Ml. £ a. d. 40.980 17 11 50,700 7 4 57,0.''9 5 11 48,825 2 07,3.'i7 1 1 9 74.430 4 05,788 3 7 ♦ riinrlcs II. ntteniptod, by proclanuition iBsiied in 167!i, to suppress coffee-linuseB, on the Rrniind of tlieir licinu re«orteil tn by disiiffei-tiMl persons who "dcviseil unci tiprciid iilimud ilivers falsi-, iii.illciouit nii'l »c-.inilii|()U8 rejinrts, to the (lefiimtition of his MiijcptyV Boveiiiinenl. iind to the diHtiirlmnie ofllni pi':ii(- nml qitietot iIim niitioii." The opinion of the. IikIkpb ImviiiR liecn taken as to the lep.illiv of the procHnrliiiir they resolved. "That retuilinK rotlee nii|.'lit lie an iiuMU. m traili^ ; hut uh il wiiri used to ll'iunsh sclitioii, spread lies, and scundaliae ,f rcat men, it iiiiglit also bu a common iiuisuiice!" .m :\l 'i ;i !i iii f II 876 COFFEE. n. An Account ofth* Quantity of Coffee retained for Home Coniuinption in Great Btita\n—tantiniui ■ 1 Tom. ror Home CoMumplioB. lUIn of Duty en Itutt RevnuA of Cuitoma tod Eiciw. Britidi Flaniailnn. Ewl Imlia 1 11*. Fbrlb. Fwlb. Porrenl.ulTalorain. £ 1. d. «. rf. t. d. £ *. d. 17M ■ 3W.0S3 1 5 3 6| Nil. 30,048 6 11 1797 637,001 1 5 3 7 92,469 3 U 1788 997,487 1 5 3 7f 3 7| —w 78,966 6 9 17W 682,432 1 5 3 74,001 9 3 1800 82e,5U0 H9.h67 11 5 1801 750,801 1 ~5i 3 7 9 100,076 9 7 1809 83»,4.-U 1 6 3 7t 9 79,1S3 9 3 1803 005,533 1 61 1 lU 3 ei 9 16 3 72,003 IS 8 1804 1,061,337 1 7 3 3 6 151,368 11 1805 1,301,730 1 7 9 04 9 3 3 9 130,179 18 7 1800 1,157,014 1 7 3 7 U 1,'>2,7:)9 6 1807 1,170,104 lfll,2l5 11 4 1806 1,069,691 0~7 10 3 7 11 299,738 10 6 18(4 9,851,837 7 10 3 A 8 315,S80 8 4 1810 8,308,096 175.567 1 4 1811 6,390,123 _ .. _ 919,h90 12 10 1813 8,118,734 ^^ 255,184 7 1 181S 8,788,001 71 101 ui 3 19 3 Cuiloin r«t)nlnlMtroyed. 1814 6,324,207 7} Nil. 213,513 18 4 1815 6,117,311 258,762 18 3 1810 7,557,471 _ mmm ^^ V 2110,834 11 1817 8,688,726 _ ^_ _^ 20S,MO 5 i 1818 7,967,857 ^ _» 250, KM) 4 10 1819 7,42!),3.'S3 1 1 6 _ 292, LM 8 10 18-20 6,809,2S6 _ 340,223 6 7 1831 " 327,283 « __ „_ 371,2.^2 5 6 1823 <0 1,201 _. .^ ^_ 374,.^06 19 7 1893 8,309,245 _ _ 416,324 3 9 18-M 7.993,010 — ^ ^ 407,544 4 3 1825 10,766,112 6 _ 307,204 14 3 18-M 12,724,139 — _ 32l,ti67 11 1 1827 14,974.378 — .. 384,994 13 2 1833 16,522,423 — .» 4-2,'i,389 3 7 1829 18,906,373 — 484,975 10 8 1830 91,840,590 — 658,544 3 10 1831 31,747,813 — 55«,431 19 6 1832 32,053,326 ^ — 575,261 18 8 III. Account of the Qiinntitjr of CnfTee imported into the ITnited Kini^ilnm firnm thn sevnrnl British Colonics and Pliintalinna, from the British posgnggloiis in the Kasl InilieH, nnd t'rnni P'orci^n Conn- tries, in the Year ending the 5th nf January, 1830; distiiigiiigliiiig the si^vural Boris of Coffee, and the Colonies and Countries from which the same was imported. — (Furiiisliud by the Custom Hoiite.) oriheRriliih 1 Colonin ami Countries rrrnn which impnrted. Fr>!w^(inna in Ainfrira. nnd of Sinn l.eooe. Of the »;ai> tn.lies anJ Miuriliua. Of the Fnntijn Flanliliam. Total Quantity Imported. J.b$. Ui. Lbs. Lbs. British cnlnnies and plantations in Ame- rica ; viz. Antiifua - . - - S80 — — .ISO Barbadoes - . • - 57,825 — — 57,825 Dominica . - - - 112,557 — — 112,:'.'57 Grenada . - • . 8,230 — — 8,2Pfi Jamaica . • . - 11,154,307 — — 11,151,307 St. Christopher . . - 40 — — 40 8t. I.iicia - - - - 53,582 — — 5.1,5^2 8t. Vincent's . - - Its — — 118 Trinidad . . . - 21,950 — 11,110 33,o<;o Tortoln .... 28 — — — ss Bahamas • . - - — 2H0,I56 9Rfl,ir.O Peinerara - - • - 1.139.054 — — 1,1 39,054 Bcrlilce .... 2,027,0.-)7 — — 2,027.(13? British North American Colonies - 5,416 — 8,K99 14,315 Esypt .... West Coast of Africa - - - » _ .50 SO 32,306 — 31,032 63,S.1S Cape of Good Hope . - - — SS"* — 33S Eastern Coast of Africa — . 214 — 211 Nanriliiis .... — 243,2«6 — 213,S9t) 'Britit'h possessions In the Rast Indies; viz. — East India Coinpiiny's territories. ^ etcliislvo of Singapore - Sinpapore . - - - Ceylon . . . - 'ijava . - - - • = 3,4W!,SI3 849.900 1,870.143 — 2,402,813 210.«00 1,870,143 1,034,262 — l,034,2fi2 'Philippine Islandi^ - - - — 34,019 — 34,01(1 'fMher islands of tne Indian Sens — 449 — 442 'China — "7 ■— 27 «. d. 18 6 n 19 3 11 Wei 1 3 a 7 11 5 « 9 7 3 3 3 i IS 8 9 Jl 2 18 7 i 6 i 11 4 ) ir> s i 8 4 1 4 1 13 10 7 1 iru« (lettroyed 18 4 18 3 11 5 1 4 10 8 10 6 7 5 « 19 7 3 9 4 3 14 3 11 1 13 3 3 7 10 8 3 10 19 6 18 8 sso 57,825 112,.'i57 H,2?fi 1,151„'?07 40 53,5^2 118 33,(l(;n SM ?sn.i,',fl , 1 39,05 ♦ i,()2r.(ir 14,313 SO 63,S,1S 3SH 21 » 243,SUti COFFEE. 877 m. Account of the Quantity of Coffoe Imported Into the United Kingdom— C0ne<«ve<(. CoMmuJ C'Uii.'r' '-;rom which ImpoiM. (» th« nriiiih Pmmioni in Amtrica, and of or the Kut IndiM ud Mauritiui. or tha Foniipi Flantiliou. To'al Quantltj Impurtad. Npw SoUtil Wu. ... I ort'i«n colunlei in the west Indie* j tIi. Culm .... Ilnitnil Statei of America (iiiiitfiiiinla .... r^iliiiiibia .... Brazil ..... Europe . . - • . Totnii Lbt. 4,010 Ut. no 673,350 Lbt. 1,134,313 600,418 37,360 57,530 328 4,117,094 336,434 Lbt. 110 1,134,313 600,418 37,360 57,539 238 4,117,091 1,013,794 14,617,046 7,167,914 1 6,013,533 38,308,403 IV. Ancnuntof the Quantity of CoflTeo exported from tho United Kingdom, In the Year ended the .5th of Jiinimry, 1836 ; distinRiiishlng the eevornl Sorts of Coffee, and the Countries to which the sani* W.1S exported.— (Furnished by Ciulom Hotiie.) or llie Rrlliili Cotinlrlei to wliich ciportad. l^memlnns in America, and of Siena Lennc. Of the E'lit Tnilin and Mauriliut. Of the Forelun Flanlaliuua. Total quanllly cxportwi. Urn. Lb». Lbs. Lbn. R\lB»ia . " . - 18,853 3,750 1,319,652 1,342,254 3wn4en . . . - ._ 103 9,085 10,087 \nr\vBy .... ^^ 732 »00,7.17 310.459 Dnninaric .... 13,839 61.5,328 629,167 Prussia . . . - 31,156 13.3.013 157,769 ficriiinny . . . - 44,867 194,081 866.730 1,105,678 Tiie Netherlands ... 43.597 2,008,468 4,307,527 6,449,592 Fin lire .... — 95,951 — 95,951 Pr rlii^iil, the Azores, and Madeira 30 643 7,534 8,206 Spiiiii and the Canaries — 479 149 628 fiihraltar ... — 6,379 6.279 Imly .... 35,513 309,686 1,489,905 1,7.35,103 Multa .... 43,036 4,967 364,888 411,881 The Ionian Islands - . . -.. 260 .17,021 .37,881 Turkey and Continental Oreece — 8,821 7.39,114 747,935 Morea and Greek Islands — — 104.139 104,1.39 Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Man . 8,802 10,488 3,837 23,217 103,776 2,576,413 10,406.0.38 • 13,176,226 OapeofOoodllopo ... -^ — 34,776 34,776 Oilier parts of Africa • . • 3,108 5,ro 5,255 12,733 I'ast Indies and Cliina . . • — 906 303 1,208 New South Wales, Swan River, and Van DlGMinn's Land - - . 3,447 9.719 7,348 19,544 nritish North American Colonies 1,648 14,702 .12,819 C9,l(i9 nrili.'h West Indies ... — 8,676 10,988 28,604 United States of America — — 6-10 640 nrazil .... » 761 — 761 Slates ofthoUiode la Plata . — — 781 781 Chili .... 113 345 1,330 1.687 Peru .... Totals from Great Britain British North American Colonies Total quantity exported firom the — — 121 131 200,091 2,616,881 10,.52n,398 13,346,370 167 — — 167 United Kini;dom 200,258 2,616,881 10,!i29,398 13,346,537 t of the Amonnt of Duties received on Coffee in Orenf Britain and Ireland respectively in enrtimr.IlM of .January, 1830; distinffuishiiiK each Sort of CnifeB, and the nett Produce of the I PnfFun ill Itin ITliitpil ICinirHnni In Biipl. vnni. _rl?iir,iiBlir>fl liv tliH nitntnin^hniiiif ^ V. Arcount i the Veareri ^ ,..,. ... .,, .., ...... , ...o,.,,,...,,,..,,^ ^^^ - -, Duties on Coffee in the United Kingdom in such year. — (Furnished hy the Custom-hou.ie.) Year ending SIh January, tSW. In Gieat Ilritairi. !n Irelamt. In tlie t'rtiled Kln^lntn. Of the British possessions In America and Sierra ) I.eone .---.. 0'' the East Indies and Mauritius ... Other sorts ...... Total gross receipt .... Nett produce ..... £ 428,416 203,310 143 £ 14,581 6,120 £ 442,997 209,110 I 146 ' 631,901 20.702 6:)2,fi03 631,422 20,702 652.121 The introduction of tea and coffee, it has bfcn well n^tnarked, " has led to tlie most won derfiil fhanire that ever took place in tho diet of modern civilized nations, — a change highly im|mrt;int Imtii in a moral and physical point of view. These beverages have tiie ndmiralile advaiitane of affording stimulus without producing intoxication, or any of its evil contw* 2 i2 48 11 378 COFFEE. : J qucnces. Lovers of tea or ooflt'O arc, in fact, rarely drinkers ; and hrnire the use of tlipss hcvernges has benefited Ijotli manners and morals. Kaynal obwrves tbiit Mie use oCtra hag contributed more to the sobriety of the Chinese than the sevorpst lav/s, the most eloquent discourses, or the Iwst treatises on morality." — (Scnlsmaii, I7th of October, 1827.) S:ipph/ and Consttmption nf Coffee, — Owing to the rapidly increasinff cnnsuMiptioii of coffoe m this country, the Continent, and America, the great value of the article, the liu'^e amount of capital and labour employed in ils production, and the shipping required for it« transport, it has become a commodity of primary commercial importance. It deserves par- ticular attention, loo, inasmuch as there arc few, if any, articles that exhibit such variatiois not only as to consumption, but also as t !;rowth and piicn. These are occasioned pattly by changes of commercial regulations a duties, and partly, also, by the plant rcquirinir 4 or 5 years liefore it comes to bear ; so thiit the supply is neither suddenly increased when the demand increases, nor diminished when it falls ofT. St. Domingo used forinerlv tu tie one of the greatest sources of supply, having exported, in 1786, about 3.'),000 tons ;" iind it is supposed that, but for the negro insurrection which broke out in 1793, the exports of that year would have amounted to 48,000 tons. 'I'he devastation occasioned by this event oaiiseJ, for a series of years, an almost total cessation of supplies. Rerently, however, they have again be<;un to increase ; and are understood to amount, at present, to aliovu 20,000 tons a year. From Cuba, the exports of coffee have within tliese few years rather declined, owing partly to an increased consumption in the island, and partly to the efforts of the planters having, a little time back, been more directed to the cultivation of sugar ; they may at present amount to from 18,000 to 20,000 tons; or, including Porto Rico, to 2.5,000 or 27,000 tons. In Java, also, the exports of coffee have, of late, been on the decline, but not to any consi- derable extent. In Jamhica and the other British West India colonies, the cultivation of coffee was greatly extended during the prevalence of the high prices, but the imports have fallen off from 12,000 tons in 1829, to about 10,800 tons in 18:32. In Brazil, the growth of coffee has increased with unprecedented rapidity. So late as 1821, the quantity of coffee exported from Rio dc Janeiro did not exceed 7,500 tons; whereas it now amounts to attout oO.OOO tons !• This extraordinary increase has probably been, in some measure, owing to the continuance of the slave trade ; and it remains to be seen, whether the growth of coffee may not now be checked by the late cessation of that abominable traffic. The culture of coffee in India and Ceylon is daily becoming of more importance. In India, it is raised chiefly on the coast of Malabar, and the quantity exported is, at present, believed to exceed 4,000,000 lbs. The exports from Ceylon, in 1830, were 1,669,490 lbs. The total imporU of coffee into Great Britain from the East Indies, in 1832, were 10,407,897 lbs. The following may, we believe, be regarded as a pretty fair estimate of the aimuul exports of coffee from the principal places where it is produced, and of the annual consumptiun in those countries into which it is imported from abroad, at the present time : — Rzportl. Mnrhn, Hodeida, and other Arabian ports Java -...-- Sumatra and other parts of India Drazil and the Spiinish Main ... St. Doniineo ..... f"nlm and Porto Rico British West India colonics ... Dutch West India colonies ... French West India colonies and the Isle de Bourbon CnnsumpUoD. Great Britain ...... \elli«rlanilH and Ilnlland . . . . . (■erniaiiy and counlries round the Baltic ... I'rani'e, Sjiain, Italy, Turlvcy in Europe, the Levant, &c. Amurii-a ....... TnTu, lo.nno 18,(MI0 8,0(10 49,(100 20,000 28,00(1 11,000 .'i.t'OO 8,000 -147,000 -138,500 Of this quantity, the consumption of Great Britain and America amounts to nearly a fourth part, ami may be said to have arisen almost entirely since 1807. Of the entire export of coffee from Arabia, not more, perhaps, than bfiOO or 6,000 tons finds its way to the [daces mentioned above ; so that, supposing tliese estimates to be about correct, it follows that the supply of coffee is, at present, about equal to the demand. 'J'ho latter is, however, rapidly increasing ; and it is impossible to say whether it be destined to outrun, keep pace with, or fall short of the supply. On the whole, however, we should lie inclined to think, that though they may occasionally vary to the extent of a few thousand tons on the one side or the other, tho probability is that they will be pretty nearly balanced ; ♦ M. Montveran Is plRaxed to inform us, in his lUmai de Stnlhtiiiiit nur Us Cilovifa, a work in other ropects of conslcliTiilile niiTit (/'iteji JiM(iffro/u-i.v, p. II.), that llie e.xtiorts of r (ifl'cM! from lltnzil in )H:)0-3I amounted to 1,865,000 kilog. ^ 1,^36 tons ! In point if fact tht- y were more tlian '20 tinici Mipurh COFFEE. 379 10 that, snppoilng peace to bo pretiervpcl, wc do not anticipate any Very great variation of liricc. Tlio prices of 1827, 1838, 18*9, and 1830, seem to have been a good deal liclow the avcMge. ''"'"s depression naturally cheeked production and stimulated consumption, so that prifiH rose considerably in 1831, 1832, and 1833 ; but the advance, in the last, has not l>een maintiiincd, at least to the whole extent Such oscillations will, ni> doubt, continue to take place ; but unless the cost of produuing coflfee should be permanently increased or diminish- ed, tliey can only be temporary. 'I'lie consumption of colTee in the United States has been more than quadrupled since 1821, in which year it amounted to 6,680 tons. Part of this increase is, no doubt, to be ascribed to the reduction of the duty, first from 5 to 2 cents per pound, and its subsei^uent repeal; part to the fall in the price of colTee; and a part, perhaps, to the increase of tenifwr- ancc societies. Probably, also, it was in some degree ascriliable to tlie comparatively high dutii'.s formerly laid on the teas imported into the United States ; these, however, finally ceased in 1833. Aconiint of Itie Inipnria of CnflVe Into the Unitetl States, the Exportu from the snmo, ami the Quan- tities lct> for llonie CdiiHUiiiptioii, during each of the Fifteen Years ending the 30th uf 6c|iteiiibor, Vi35.— (Papers published by Order uf Congress.) Yein. laiporn. Eipoili. Left fr>r HoiTiC CoiiMimption. IM. Ui. U, T:>:>. 1821 21,a73,B59 9,387,598 ll,a80,003 5,309 lt.21 2,'i,T92,.rjO 7,267.119 18,51,5,271 8,266 1823 37,337,732 2I),900,0S7 lfi.4.'t7,OI5 7,3.38 18i!l 30,221,251 19,427,2'27 19,797,021 8,838 lH-i5 45,190,fi30 24,512,568 20,678,062 9,231 IHSe 43.319,497 11,5«4,713 31,7.14,784 14,167 1827 50,051,086 21,097,739 2H,354,I97 i'i,ms 1828 55,101,1)97 10,037,(164 39,l.'ifi,733 17,481 1829 51,133,538 18,083,813 33,019,195 14,751 1830 51,48.^,218 I3,121,.')61 3H,303,687 17,127 mi 81,7.M),3H8 6050,029 75,702,7.'J7 33,706 1812 91,722,329 55,2.-, 1,1. '58 40,471,171 18,067 18M 99,9:)5,0i0 21,897,111 75,057,906 3;i,508 18.14 8(),153,36l> 35,800,801 44,346,.';05 19,797 1835 103,199,577 11,446,775 fll,752,b02 40,961 Mr. Conk gives the following statement of the Imports of coffee Into the Continent and Great Britain, and of the stocks on htiud on the 3l8t of Deceuil)«r each year : — Flaui. imiwrli. Stticks, 1830. 1831. 1832. 1830. 1831. 18.12. Tmt. T^mn, Tim. Ttrnt. Tvnit. Tint. France - . - • 13,000 8,300 13,1S0 6,1.50 2,!i00 5,100 Trii'ste, Genoa, and Leghorn - 12,100 6,430 13,.')T0 4,300 1.2.'.0 6,200 Antwerp - - - - 21,2110 5,130 8,100 4,000 2,8.'i0 1,960 Itoltordiitn ... 4,.50O 11,710 14,200 ::,6flO 4,.'i00 7..5flO Ainstnrclara . - - 9,000 10,700 lO.S.'iO 5,800 6,000 7,480 Ilain>)iirgh ... 20,250 17,380 2a,.5()0 10,700 7,500 11,000 Bremen .... 4,960 4,3:;o 6,130 2,000 1.7,'.0 2,6S0 rii|)ciih:ieen . - - 1,340 1,570 1,670 S50 490 61)0 I'dersburgh ... Totals 500 1,200 i,:oo 300 1,000 2b,2IO 960 86,850 60,780 91 ,8.i0 37.200 43,120 Great Dritain ... Coiitini-nt and Great Ilrilain 18,290 105,140 19,350 22,;rro 1,3,120 12,5.10 12,180 86,130 114,220 50,620 40,1 70 55,61:0 ifilale of Commerce of Oreat liriliiin fur 1832, p. 19 & 21.) Aororrting to Mr. Cook, the prices of Jnmnica nnd Pt. Dnniinpo (llayti) coffee, exclusive of duty. In thb London market, at the close of each year since 1814, have Ijeen— ork in other im llinzil in lan 20 tiiiini Vkiti. Januii-a. St. Domingo. Yean. Jamaica. St. DddiIii^. 1811 8i«. Iol05s. pcrcwt. 90».tol01«.purt\vt. 1826 42.V. to 9.').-. per.cwl. 50.V. lo51s.perc\vt. |fi,-> 61 — 110 72 — 80 1827 3(»— 80 37 — 39 It-It) 68 — 102 74 — 75 1828 28- 80 36 — 38 IHI7 86 — 105 93—98 1829 SO— 75 32 — .14 1818 134 — 155 144 — 148 1830 32— 78 34 — 35 1819 1 17 — 105 128 — 1,14 1831 .M)— 86 45 — 46 18-M 112 - 1,15 lis — 120 1832 fo— no .55 — .57 IS2I 85 - 125 98 — 102 1833 77 — 110 05 — 66 lN-22 85 — 135 95 — 100 1834 68 - 124 48 — 52 18-2:) 79 - 117 75 — 79 1835 80—113 51 — 53 IvJI 50 — 102 58 — 61 IM Nov. wa 48 - 100 55 — 50 1836 71 — 120 51 — 54 I w 880 COFFEE. The (hllowlni extract flrom Prlnce'i Price Current ihowi the pricei of the different lorti of coffee In London on the 4th of November, 1830. ». d. I. d. Duty. 61 la M 0'\ E i„ 11. » W.I. B.H. M. r.E. 1 fd. r. Juniica Cuflbe, per cwt. in bond,— ' rfliw mid. and Am • '- middling • • luw do. • • fliMnrd. • • good ord. - ,nrd and tritj^ • ^i^nnd mid. tfl ftoo • I iiii( • \ giiod and fine ord. • LnnHuary > • (mid. and flna {guod and fine ord. • ( triago and ord. - CofTre ti mid in bond { the btuinoM !i dnne in the public market. •Ittier by public aale or private contract. The ternii are— B. I, and W. I. Hritiih riaotation, I month, I percent, ditcount, altowlog 4 T cent for caiih ; Eait India at k prniiipt nf three monlhi fmn (he ly t}{ ule, without diKouut; Foitsl^n 1 month, i^ per cant, dii* t.d. t.d. Duty. no 10 lit 0-1 E. IdJ. Brit. PI.* W. 1. B. P. ' (id. r. G. Ltd r. I<.3ii. peril). M 0—106 to 0- 93 8S 0- te 7>> 0- 80 «3 0— 72 lOT 0-118 93 0-ioe 17 0- 91 70 0- 1« 93 0-116 80 0— tl 70 0- 76 Oj St. DnmlB|0 • • • • Braiil . . • - . Havannah and Cubn, good and flne ord. . . • • . Porto Rico . - • . Cast Iiidiaf Jan - > - > Cheribon and Bat. good • Cey Inn certificate * • fnreipnrt . • • • Sumatra and Samarmi« • Mocha . - • • « 48 — 78 &3 0- -,2 40 0- 48 SO u- 71) n 71 0- 72 44 0- Ai as — 48 eoanl, .nd 4 pw c«n'. for cuh. Th. tern ire the ume »i allowed l.jr lb. reteime. The ilraft on B. P., lumelv, uiki of 5 cwt. ,,„) ^ w.rdi S ll«. ; umter 6 cwl. 4 lU. J Urreli ud bui 2 lu, i Forcia and Eui Indi* I lb. * s; Notwithstanding the great reduction of the duties on cofllee in 18S4, there ran be no duuht that tliey are still too high. At this moment they amount to 50 per cent, on the price of very fine cofTee, and to 76 or 90 per cent, on the price of inferior sorts. Wrre the duties on British plantation coiTce reduced to 3d. per lb. (28s. a cwt.), and those on Mocha and Foreign India coffee to 4d. per lb. (37s. Ad. a cwt), the consumption would be so miuh extended, that, instead of being diminished, the revenue would be decidedly increased. The increase of consumption mentioned above must not, however, be wholly attributed to tbo reduction of the duty in 1824 : the low prices from that year to 1830 had, no doubt, a iim- terial effect in facilitnting the formation of a taste for coffee. The great reduction in the price of low brown sugar (at least \\d. per lb.) must also have assisted the consumption of coffee, — the one being so necessary to the extensive use of the other. The small increase of consumption since 1830 is wholly to be ascribed to the rise of prices; but wrre the duty reduced to 3(/., this rise would be counteracted, and the consumption would again rapidly increase ; nor, provided East India were admitted at a duty of Ad., and foreign at a duty of %d., is there any reason to fear that the increased consumption would have any material in- fluence on the price. Species of Coffee, Roasting, Ibe act 3 (Jeu. 4. c. 53., peraons who nre not dtaltri in coffee may take it lieeiise I'ur roasting and selling COFFEE. 381 nt lorls ofcoffet to M 0- 64 S 0- 78 3 0- 72 0- 48 » 0- 70 0- 72 0- ^^ 0— 40 . 0— lOi ••"'. Duty. Bril. M.» W.I. B.P, (W, r.r. In r. u.u, per lb. ■"»«.» 11* >•&;; •an be no douht on the price of Vrre the duties on Moiha and ilii be so much ncreased. 'J'lie ttributed to thu 10 doubt, a ma- nduction in iho orisumption of small increase were the duty 1 agnin rapidly n at a duty of ly material in. meJ the best ; lA, Martinique, Ihe best being lot suitable for 1 deep soil, fre- crop; but the t and vapid." ■Java.— (fiw/ on becomes of fjrecnish light ig size, clean, r care should of a greenish jire an adven- le, so iniprcjj. ' bags of pep. ue and asrcc- nary method. Bsurcd by tlie il how to pre- ind, in use, it nt, and bitter IS an astrin- 11 sum ; and , unless ffow ' fact in, very }r tlii.s fraud 1 them other- rxmder, linve lies I'lir c-iill'iie 100/. Kiii lij ig and selling «om, peia, beam, or nnrincpi, labelling the parcel! with Ihe namci, and conforming to the varlont Mjulatlnni prcirrihed In the act. Healnri In cofTee niiiit take out ■ licence, renewable annually, which, at present, coiti lU. Ko cnlT'O can be imported In Packard of less tlinn 100 Iha. nut weight. ]4oahntoment of diitiei la made on ai-cniint n( any diiinnitH cnfTee may have received. Cofr.?e ciinnnt be entered aa being the produce of any liriflah prigacBiiion in America or of the Man* ritiut, until the master of the ahip In which the cnffeu la imported deliver to the collector or i4iinp> trailer n certilicate of Iti origin, and declare that Iho coflue i« llie produce of such place,— (3 &4 iViU. 4 c. «. M Sfi. 37.) We luhjoln two tiro formA aeconnta, one of Ihe sale of 100 b.igs Brazil colTee, the other of the ante of to llerceH Jamaica coffee. They may be dependnd upon us accuriite; and nro intoreatiug from llioir showing in detail the various charges, exclusive of duty, atTicliug this iniportant article. Pro forma AcmwiU Sntt of A. B. tOO Big* Coffe« p«r ** Lnndon," from Rin Janelm, oa Acoouot of C. 1). and Co. tni. OclM Bj E. r. for 100 liagi. Pmni|it I imnlli. Cwt. qrt. Ibt, Lotilto6.»«Uhiii( 14} Ogmti 3 2 8 TanSlb. Drtfl 1 lb. per taf. 141 I UBtit Chargm To Sei Inmimim on 400r. kl 21. per nut • • Tolicy ^1. 6if. iwrceiit. . • . . ComiiiiMJon 1-2 percent . • • • Docli ntn on 143 cwt. qr. >4 Ibe. at t>. M,* Uitting Irf. per btf • • • ■ iDttirence efatntt flr« • . • . Frrighl on 143 cwl. qr. 24 Ibi. •! 3>. Priiniie S per cent. II. If. 6il Fienfe It. id. Public nie ctiantn ITi. td. Fetljr npeniet If. td, BnikKnge t per cent. ■ • • . Comniiuion 2 1-2 pur cent. • • • Errett eiceptel. lonim, td of NmitmUr, 18391 • St 31.91. Dlicounl 2 1-2 per cent I. t. d. .800 • • '12 3 8 7 1 8 4 21 1 9*8 3 7 L. 1. d. 445 to 11 2 9 . i f , 11 2 8 1^ 12 R 5 22 13 1 6 4 11 2 8 1 9 Nelt proceed! I. t.d. 4?4 7 3 €0 II i.374 9 4 (Cuh, settlor NovcDilver, IS33.) Pro forma AcaunI Salt at G. H. 10 Tiercce CoRee per " Kioitlon," rram Januica, on Account of I. K. and Co. 1833. Gel. 30 B« L. M. for 10 (iereea. Prompt 1 moath. CiuU Cu)U m. lit. Lot 4. 6 wtlfbiiq; V> S 15 Ciott. art. Itt. Tkra 3 2 18 Draft 25 31 13 sen IS - Tare 3 Draft 1 18 IS 31 13 sell « ClkarfMb TaSeatnninneeim309t. ttStperceot. • Policy Si. 6ii per cent ... Commiuion I'Z per cent . • • Dock ralea on S cwt 2 qre, 20 Iba. at 1>. (iL* Lotting at 8i<. per lieica • • • . at SI. lib. • tl ilSt. DiKonst I per tent £.1. d. 6 16 6 1 10 4 14 7 6 Imnnnce aralnal Are ... Freitlit on 62 cwt 2 qre. 20 Ilia, at 6f . * Primage St. awl pierage 3t.9d. • • Public lale chanree 7i. Petty eipemee 7f. 6dL Brnkeraee I per cent ... Commiuioo 2 i-2 per cent ... 18 16 8 L. t.d. 171 2 9 132 4 10 303 7 7 3 8 6 19 4 10 14 6 3 8 7 118 Error! cicepted. Lmdon, 2d of ffu v tmbtr, 1R33 Nett proceeda /..2.5.'i 19 L. i.d. 300 6 11 44 7 1 (CMh, SOIh or November, 1833.) We pointed out (art East Indiks) the injustice antl impolicy of chargint; 2d. per Ib.more on the coffee of our Eastern dominions, when imported for home consumption, than on that imported from the West Indies. This distinction has, however, been put an end to; the 5 and 6 Will, 4. c. 66. having cnactrd that coffee, the produce of British iiossesnons within the limits uf the East India Company's charter and of Sierra Lconc, shall pay, when entered fur home consumption, a duty of Gd. per !b. Such coffee must, however, be accompanied with a rerlifaife nf oricin, that Is, a certificntc rub- icrilied by the proper officer of the place where It wns shipped, bearinp that he had rereived frntn tb< ii'flster, and examined, a declaration under the hand and seal of the shipper of the coffee, stalini; thai it wan really and bona file the produce of some such British poesessioii, and that he (the olTiccr) he. * Coffee In bags pays U. id., and In casl;s }g. Cd, of dock dues. Ml COINS. Ileved Riich itt^rliiratlnn tn h« true. The mnitor miiBt nipn, when he nrrivna In thli rnnntry, ninkn dthI mib'irrllip B (li'i'larnlion hi'l'iire the rollpplnr or rniiiinriillcr. FlnliriK thiU Ihp Cfrlltlraie nr orlsin wai received hy him lit the pnrt where Ihe piitree wiih titke'i on hoiiril, uiiil tliiit the uiil)\'ii iinporttil in |j,„ ■nniH till! i»i iiii-iitioiuMi ilii'riiiii. (We lieiievo timt tliiii i* ilii- si'imi- or lliu cltimn (2) nlatlug to i|j^. r.crtitlrnle ; Ixit, from Moine error iif the press or ollierwiae, it ia ull but iiiiinti'lliKihle.)'— &»;i.) [The ronHumption of roflfec in the Tlnitcd Stiites w very Inrj?**. As much a« 91,321,000 pouniN of it wrro annually imported, on an ayora^f of tlip four yenrti rndins? SpptoniluT 30lh, 18:)7, chicHy from Brazil, Cuha, Iliiyti, Uuloinbio, and Java. Of iIum aiuouiit, how. pvrr, nearly 19 niillionit of pounds were re-exported to France, the llaniH* townii, Holland Dcla[iiiin, Trieste, Turkey, the Levant, &c. — Am, Ed.] (X)INS, pieces of metal, most commonly gold, silver, or copper, impreosed with a pnlijic stamp, and frequently nmdu legal tender in payment of delit^, either to a limited or an un- limitA-d extent. 1. €ircHmsfitnce,i tuhi'ch ltd tn the Jnlroductinn and Use nf Coins. — When thi! prorioiw melals fnst began tu lie used ax money, or ah ctiindardd liy which to nieatiure the value of did'orenl aitides, and the ei|uivalentH for whieh they were most coiniiioiily exchiiiigeil, tiny were in an unfu-^hioncd state, in bars or iiigotn. The parties having; agreed ujinii tlie iiuaiiiiiv of metal to be given for a commodity, the exact amount waH then asccrtiiiiieil by weight, liiii it is obvious that a practice of this sort must have been' attended with a (jreat de^il of trciilijo and inconvenience. There can, however, be little doubt that the greatcwt obsiacli! to tlie use of unfashioned metnis as money would be found in the dilllculty of determining tlicir quality, or the degree of their purity, with MulTicient precision. The operation of ussav in;,' is one of great nicety and difliculty ; and could not be performed in the early ages otherwise than ill a clumsy, teilious, and inaccurate manner. It is, indeed, most probable, tli:it \\lu'ii the jirecious inctals were first used as mimey, their quality would be appreciated only hy their wci'.jht and colour. A very short experience would, however, bo sulHcicnt to sliow the extreme inexactness of conclusions di'rived from such loose and uiisalisllictory criteria; iiiul the devising of some method, by which the ilneness of the nietiil might be easily ninl cor. rectly ascerliiined, would very foon be ft'lt as indispensable to the general use of gold aii.l silver as money. Such a method was not long in presenting itself: it was early discovered, that, to ascertain the purity of llic metal, and also to avoid the trouble and expense of wriijli- ing it, no more was necessary than to mark each piece with a stamp deolaiing its weight and fineness. This invention was made at a very early perioil. According to Herodotus, the Lydians were the first who coined money. — Lib. i. e. 91. Other ancii nt autlier cent) upon the coinage. To prevent the lilver coins from Incoming redundant, government haa retained the power to iwue them in its own hand*. Under these regulations, silver has ceased to be a standard of value, and forms merely a subordinate or subsidiary species of currency, or change, occu* pying the same place in relation to gold that copper occupies in relation to itself. Thin sya- t«ni has been found to answer exceedingly well. A good deal of diiTerence of opinion has existed as to whether gold or silver coins are best fitted fur being made a legal tender. It does not seem that the one possesses any very •triking advantage over the other; none, certainly, that would justify a change, after a •election had been made, and acted upon for any considerable period, Down to 1626, a scignorage or duty upon the coinage was UHually charged upon the gold and silver coins issued by the mint; and it may !« easily shown that the imposition of •uch a duty, when it is not carried to an undue height, is advantageous. A coin is more uieful than a piece of uncoined bullion of the same weight and purity ; the coinage fitting it for being used as money, while it does not unfit it for being used for any other purpose. When, therefore, a duty of seignorage is laid upon coin equal to the expense of coinage, it circulates at ita real value ; but when this charge is defrayed by the public, it circulates at ilcMthan its real value, and is consequently either melted down or exported whenever there u any demand for bullion in the arts, or any fall in the exchange. It is, indeed, true, that were a seignorage to be laid on gold coins, it would be necessary, to prevent an enhancement of the value of the currency, that their weight should be proportionally reduced ; and it u on thin account better, perhaps, to let them remain on the present footing. But when a seignor* ago was laid on the silver coins, in 1816, it was not necessary to take the circumstance now alluded to into consitlenition ; for as they were mode subordinate to gold, and were in- tended to serve as change merely, ita imposition had no tendency to raise the value of the currency, at the same time that it was calculated effectually to prevent the fusion of the coins, and to yield a small revenue to government. 6. Coinage since 1790. Amount of Coin in Circulation. — No. V. of the subjoined Tables shows the amount of the gold and silver coinage at the British mint, each year, from I79U downwards. It will be seen from this account, that gold coin to the amount of about 47,000,000/. haa lieen coined at the mint between 1817 and 1831, both inclusive. It is not easy to form any very precise estimate of the portion of this immense sum now in circulation. In conse- quence of the exemption of our gold coin from any seignorage, large quantities of the coins carried abroad during an unfavourable exchange find their way to the foreign mints, where tliey are meltetl and recoined. We are not, however, wholly destitute of the means of a;^ proximating to the quantity of coin in circulation. The mint works wholly, or almost wholly, for the Bank of England, so that, by comparing the issues of coin by the Bank with the coin paid to her, and allowing for the export, we are able to get at a tolerably accurate result. We are indebted to Mr. Horsley Palmer for the following estimate, made up on this principle, of the gold coin in circulation in February, 1833. It may not be quite accurate, but we are sure that it is as accurate as it is possible to make any estimate of the sort.— (See next pa^.) 7. The Exporfaiion and Importation of Gold and Silver Coins was formerly prohibited ; but in 1819 it was enacted (59 Geo. 3. c. 49.), that they might be freely exported and im- ported, without being liable to any charge or duty whatever ; and they may be imported without being either reported or entered at the Custom-house. This regulation has rendered it next to impossible to ascertain the value of the bullion imported. 8. Forgery of Coin. Isstie of forged or spurious Coins. — The forgery of coin is an ofleDco that is practi>ied more or less at all periods. The most effectual means of preventing it is to improve the fabric of the genuine coins, to cut the dies with great delicacy, and occa- sionally to vary the form of the coins. During the lengthened period from 1770 down to 1816, the genuine silver coins in circulation were so much worn and defaced, that it was very difficult to distinguish between them and counterfeits, which, in despite of the severest penalties, were thrown into circulation in immense quantities. But since the issue of the new coins, in 1816, forgery has been comparatively rare. There has, however, been a con- siilcnilile increase of forgery during the last 7 years, as compared with the previous 7. Sufficient time has not yet been afforded for determining the influence of the law exempting the oUbnce of counterfeiting from the punishment of death. \m !-J. I ,\ .1 s.f I'lii!- \ \ ' Vol. L— 2 K 49 y'. flSG m COINS. '■•liiMU of QM Ootn in clNalmkm In Fthruarr. 1U>. kHM4 bf Uw 9%ik. From Jiinusry, 1831, |o July, 1891, inci ilvu From Aitfiiit, ItOI, lf> niTnmber, IWS, Inolutlva • From Jnniiary, IWd, in April, isas, I llUniVM Frnm May, IMS, I'llh uf Fubruary J83U "I 17,3f7O,O0O t,fl60,000 9,370,000 0,000,000 Otoir>ill(iw. nodMel frfr «»port. 1H9l-3ft £0,0011,000] Frnm 1Mb of Pebrii nry, IHM, to tSth Februnry, 1830. eo,uoii,oooi 600,000 >■ 3,000,0003 11-7 "'I "'1 Ucdiict the itock the brunch bunki which hug hRPii tnken ni pnrt nfthe ifiHiie from the Bank In I/indon - . T.n;ivlii|{inrirciilntlnn In thn hands of the public nn the ISth ofFeliruary, 1833 - . 88,000,000 8,300,000 Sl>,&00,000 1,800,000 31,300,000 1,300,000 30,000,000 f Tlw eiKhangei durln* thia porind wert In (kvovr of ilu l country, and (cild wui luiportpd, 'The aichanfea during the mujnr pnrt of tlil« pi thi^n illitrri'ililcil, IraviiiK (|0()0,onOi iii llin eillmaled pxiHirt of riiln, In addition tn the hnr and other uncolnad geld lold by thii Bank during ibis p«rlnd. fTho exrhanira dnrlnir Ihla period were In Aivnur nf iht I country, and (old wiii Importtd. lat. The exfhanfft* Were atainut the country from Nnvotn- ber, I89S, to February, ItiW, diirlng whith jiarlnd thn \,,»„ anmuntvd to l,50n,(KM);. of wlilili 1,000,000/ U mtliiiiu,.,! to hiivn been annlii-d In the withdrawal nf ihit ronntry 11 noti-i, li>avlii( .MIO,(IOOI. as the amount ofeitiiuatcd eiport durinc thill period. ad. From Anunat, 1830, to Felirnary, 18.W. ihn exchonMi wore aliio nriiinpt the eniintrv, during which perlnnrtatli>n for life, or fir not less ibnnT ypnrH, or Imprisonment for not etreedins 4 years i and every sucb oflbnoe shall be deDmed to he com- pictp, nTlhongh the connterfehlng Im not finished, — } 3. C'olouriag counterfeit coin, or any pieces of iiietnl, with intent tn make them pnoii for gold nmllrtr coin ; colouring or altering genuin>: rnin with iiilent to make It pans fi)r lilffhprenin) transpiirtaliiin fur lif<^ or for any term not lesH than 7 years, nr imprisonment for any term not exrei'riing 4 years.— ^ 4. lni|inlring tne >nld nr silver cnin, with intent tn make lite coin *n injpnired (tass for gold nr silver coin of full weight, transportation tut not exceeding M, nor less than 7 years, nr Imprisonment for not exi'i'cding 3 years. — ) .^. Haying or selling, ftc. rnnnterfRit gold nr silver cnin fnr lower value than Us dennminalinn, linnofl- In? cnuntPrfRlt coin (Vom beyond seas, transportation fur life,ur for not less than 7 years, nr iuiptuon- niunt fnr not exceeding 4 years.—} 0. Uttering cnunlerfeit cold or silver coin, Imprlsnnmnnt fnr nnt exreeding I year; andulterimr.scroni- pnnlcd by pnasessinn nf other rnnnterfeit coin, nr followed by a second ul'tering within lOdiiya, Im- priiinninent for not exceeilinR 3 \eara ; every second nffence of uttering after a prevlnuit eoiiviclinn, •hall he t'elnny, transportation for life, ur for not less than 7 years, or imprisonment for not exoeciling 4 years.— * 7. Having 7nr mora pieces of cnnnterfelt gold or silver coin In possession, with Intent tn utter lti« •ame. Imprisonment for not exceeding 3 years ; iincond offence, transportation for life, or fur nut Ua than 7 years, or Imprisonment for not excecdini/ 4 year-).—} H. .Making, mending, having pnoiession of, nr selling any mould, 4ce. nr coining tools, nr any preia or engine, conveying tools or monies nut nf the mint withnut authnrity, felony ; traiMporlation fur life, nr for not less than 7 years, or imprisonment for not H.xcHeding 4 years.—}} 10, 11. Counterfeiting any cnrrunt copper coin, nr making, mending, nr having in his pnrspsnion anyrnln- lug tool, or buying, gelling, &e. any counterfeit copper cnin fnr lower value than its dennniiinilinn, Iruiisportatinn fnr not exceeiling 7 years, nr imprisonment for not exceeding 3 ye'irs : ami uttering • ny counterfeit copper coin, or having in his possussion 3 or uinre pieces of counterfeit copimr coin, imprisonment for not exceeding I year. — } 13. CJold or silver coin tendered to any person suspecting any piece to bo counterfeit, may he broken by gneh p H' Tha nranaally of Iha evidanca of any offlcar of Iba mint lo prova eouplaifvU coin dlapaniail wUh ' i I7- Thi' oiHirt Miny nrilcr hnnl Intmul ' mliliiry cnnflncm^nl.— } 19. Till' W'iriji) "klni'ii nijn" III) liiili! ill loln Inwriilly nirreiit In Ilia Unllint Kiiifilnni i n ml wilfully hnvlnir, III any dwullliii-liiiuaii or iiihir Itiiililliii, IeniH>l IikvIiIk m ht" ixiixi^aainn M llhlii DiIh iirt. -i 21. rcrtiiiiii iirlliiR In Ihn ivMiciitlnii «( thin net, proliM mil In llie iiniiil iiiuiiiier, hy tvipilriiiK noiira of ittlmi, kf I nod nllowliiK t«>iiil«r of iimi-tiiN, lic.—i 23, 10, Ciini>lrlion» fur Ciiintii;r anit t'tterini;. In Hie 7 yrnt* enilinKwIlh IMlH, 03 pttranni wrr* eon- vlctuil III Klillloixl nnd Wiilrri i>l' (!t T yauni ll convk-tlnnii r r ruining \v«r«> n-iliii'iiil to It, hut nf tlion "i wi'ro (icriilril. In tbn Inat aeptaimliil ; md, andliig with li^'I'i. the mnvirlldiia wi^nt 3t, and lh« <>t»cii- lliitm?. Thi> I iinvktlnna T'r laaulng furgitd coliia In Iha llrat of >bc above porluila wxre 'il,lji tho •iicoBd 9, und In Iha tlilnl, 39. and amendeil by T*Bi.ca IICI.A1IVI TO Till CoL-ta or OtCAT DRtTAiN AND ornrn Colntrib". N(i' i KNni.iKii RoiNa.— Areoiiiit of tbn RtiRllih Rllvrr ami dold ruin* j ahnwlng Ibrir ViiIiip, ilio fli-IHiinriitH or Priiflt u|ion Ihn Oolniiir<>, and tha Prlre of ilia i'liiiiid 'I'ny nf Htniiilard (Jnlil and ftilver, iVotii tliii Conqiinit to Iha preii^nt liiiio.— (Thia niiil IIih ncit'l'iiMr, Nn. 11., are token from Part 11. of Kttayi an Munin, Kxehanget, nnd PulUUal KeBniimf, by Henry Jiiinoa.) nilnr. OolJ. '} 1. i 3. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 8. RqiMl In Ihv Mini Vrc EniMl In tha .Mini Pi Ira rim^^M fnund IV.«i Of FhiTWi rmiti'l rrrdi nt i.D. Anno iltfnl. r Iha Sil- Wil|ht at !l«i*lh iif Rdwiird I., 20 slillllii(.'8 In lalt; were e.\;ictly n pmijul in weichl. t ltV6— 18 flhiirlea H.] The BeiRiKiriitfe on the loiiiaffe w;is (it thin tiii'ie j;ivi'ii up, iind llii' eolj builinn hrniighl to the mint hiia ever since been eiiincd t'rccof cxpcnuc. Ascigiior'ageof ' 1 percent vtasimpoHedontbecoinHfeofallver by SOGeo. 3. *' ■■i \->'\ (UV ■ U.>^j V (. '" , ,-• , (• ■.M I, I ■ n .All • ,-■■[ - • r \['i '■:'( 888 COINS. No. II. ENQLlsn CoiNl.— Account of the Quantity of Fine Silver coined into 20». or the Pound Rtnr. ling; tile Quantity of Standard Siiver, of 11 oz. 2 dwia. Fine und IH dwIH. Aliny, cniitainud in 261 or (he found Sterling, in the dlfTcrent Keignn, from thi; Time of IMwurd I. to tliu llei^'n of Wdlinni . IV.— A limilar Account with respect to Gold. — And an Account of the propnrtionul VniiiR of Fine Gold to Fine Silver, according to llio Number of Grains comainud in the Vuhia.— Catmilaltd ■■ OruiiM and lOOOt* Partt Troy iVeight. . D. lOfifl 1280 1.1 H 1319 I3'.ft liOl 1421 ItHI 1 1(>5 1170 H82 isog l,Vi7 1513 1515 1510 I5t7 1519 ♦1551 1552 1.553 ISfiO IfiOO I tin I lli'20 1006 1717 fI81fi Anno RcgiiL Conquest - - 8 Rdward I. 18 Edward III. 23 30- 3 ftonry IV. 9 IfHnry V. - 4 Edward IV. 5 49 Henry VI. 22 Edward IV. 1 Henry VIII. 18 S» ■ 36- 37- i Edward VI ■ 1 Mury - - 2 Elizaoeth - 43 2 .Inines I. • 2 Charles I. - 18 Charirs II. 3 GeorvR I. 50 George III. Silver. Numlwr nfGniini of Fine Silver ia 90 ShilliiiKsor the Ptniiht stor. line, ai coined by Ibo Mint Indea- turu. Graini. 4,995000 4,995000 4,933 333 1,410000 3,996 000 3,990000 3.330000 2.C«40<)0 2.f>61 000 2,60ttin0 8,604000 9,601000 8,368 000 2,000 000 1,200000 SOOflOO soomto 800 000 400000 I,7(i00fl0 l.TOSIMH) 1.760000 1,776000 1,718-709 1,7I8'7II9 1.718709 1.718-709 1.718-709 1,611-545 Nunitwrnf Onlni of Stiii.dirtl Sil- ver. II .17.. 2itwti. FilK ililiOSIill- lioKS, or the rnunil Slcrlinf, K^ cnliifit tiy IliQ Mini Inilfnture^ (iraint. 8,400-000 5,400000 6,!)33-333 4,800-000 4,320-000 4.320-000 3,600 000 2,880-000 2,880000 2,880-000 2,asoooo 2,880-000 2,.580-000 2,162102 1,25)7-297 861-861 861-864 864-861 1,002-702 1,011 -.351 1,902 702 I,>luoiif F.iie „ t«)IJ li tiM Jlii'fr, afvnnlin^ t" Dm tjmntity of t»< h Mel,-vl cun. taint-d iu the Gohftii .filter. 1 to lanai 1-11.571 1 — llLW l-ll-i.-iS 1 — w:m 1 — 10-,TII 1 — ll-l-)8 1-11-1,58 I -11-1,58 1-11-158 1 — 1|-2IkS 1 — 10-431 1 — 6MH 1 — 51100 1 — 5-0110 1 — 5 151 1 — iiono 1 — 110.'0 I — II0,-)7 1 — 11-100 1 — lo-uni 1 — 12-109 1 — 13-.1I6 1 - 14-485 1 — 1,V209 1 — 14-2B7 No. III. Scotch nours,— Account of the Number of Pounds, Shillings, and Pennies Srntch. whirh have been coined out of One Pound Weight of Silver, at different Times ; willitho Degree nf Purity of such Silver, or its Fineness, from the year 1107 to the year 1001.— (From CarJonnel't JVamismalo ScoltJi, p. 24.) A. I). Frnn, 1107 to 1296 From 1.306 to 1329 1.160 1367 From 1.371 to 1.390 1.393 U21 Anno Refni. Alexander I. David I. VVIIIInm Alexander II. Alexander III. John Buliol I Robert I. David II. 1: 38 39 Robert II. Robert III. 4 James I. 19 Purity. Alloy. Oz. pw. ,Oz.pw. II 8 II 9 11 2 11 2 U 8 11 8 II 2 IS 18 18 18 18 IS 18 Vtlueof the Money p.in- ed oil' nf a Lb. Woi,'ht of S.lver. £ s. d. I 1 I 1 5 I U 4 1 g 4 I 13 I 17 6 A. D, list 14,56 H75 14S1 ! 11SS Anno Regni. James II. James III. j{2f, ;}.IamesIV.| 1 529 1.544 1,556 1505 I. '.67 1571 1.576 1.579 1.581 1597 lUOl Jatnes V. Mary James VI, Purity. Alloy. Oz. yw. Oi. pu\ 11 II 11 II II 8 11 11 II II fl 11 It 8 11 11 11 11 U 18 18 18 18 18 Value of the Mrtnev roil). eil out fit n I.h. WrJKliI of SiUer. £ s. rf. 3 1 4 It) 7 1 7 7 9 12 9 12 1,1 18 IS 16 .4 16 14 22 21 n 30 30 ♦ 1.551— S Edward VI.] The rnlnaffe of debased silver nmrey In the 5th year of Edward VI. nf 3 or., fine, ought more properly to lie considered as Tokens. Tbu sum of lao.OOOf. only was so coined - (See Jamm'a F.ssatjf, chap. Iv.) ■|- 1816— 56 Oeorse 111.] The government having taken (lie rolnnge of »ilvor Into Its own liards, there is at presptil no flxird price paid lo Ihf jmlilie, by the iniiit, for Hlamlard hIIvit. And siipjuising the government to 1 ntltitic the iircsent mint rogiilalioim, and to kei-p fold at T*.*. 101 J. an Olllli-e, a) t^« price 01° lilver varies, tl(u culutivu value of gold tu silver will vary in iil;e propurliun COINS. 889 the Pniinrt Bfpr, foiilainoil in 20,. lelati of W.liiHm ml Valiin of Fina ta.—Cttletilalti 11, Proponim.i, *>luoiTF,i,« '"'lioljmnii,,, , «'ll MrUlc'i,. lainnl iu iiie WdliiSilttr. 1 to lanai J-IIS71 -111,18 j - KI'Ml 1 — in.Tii J — IIIM I-IIIS« 1-lllSH 1 — IIIM 1 — lliiiVS 1 — lOl.Tl 1 — fi-MS 1 — SOllO I — S'fldO 1— 5151 I — n nno I — 110.-0 1 -iio:i7 I — IIIIIO 1 — I0«04 1 — 12109 1 — i:t-3i6 1 — 1I'4H5 1 — 15 ai9 1 — 1 ISflT I Hcntcli, which 'ogrei> of I'liriiy tel'a JV«mi«/im(« V.ilur of the Mniipy miti. oy. fni nut rif a I.b. Wfinlit of Silier. DW, £ s. rf. 18 3 1 II 18 4 111 n 18 7 4 n 18 7 18 n 7 12 n 0, 12 ! 12 1 1.) n 18 1 is , I(( i4 Hi 14 22 n 21 n :m n 30 1 Iwnrd VI, nf3 IS so coined - 1 own hnnils, till fiiippiiFitiit an uiiiiri', ui n «n IV. flcoTcn Cones.— Arcoiirt of the Niiinber of Pniind*, Bhilliniri, and rcnnlei Scotch, whlcti Imve been coined out «>f One I'ound Weiglit of (Jold ; wilh the degree of their Purity, and the l'ro« niirtlon that the Gold bore to the Silver.— (Cartjonne/, p. 25.) A. D. 1371, &c. l.lW.ic. M3t MM 1I5« 1I7J list IISS 1.121,1 I5,W I5li7 I37» 1,VI7 ItiOl 1033 Anno Re|nL Robert II. Rnhert II. James I. Jamci II. Jnineg III. .Tames IV. .Tiimcs V. Mary James VI. Charles I. 19 15 an 10 St 1 10 14 1(1 13 81 35 » FiiienM Alloy. Value of tlie Coin coined rut of Onu I'numI nt Gold. Oz. pu). gr, II 18 18 11 18 18 11 18 18 It 18 18 II 18 18 11 18 18 11 18 18 II 18 18 11 18 18 11 11 10 10 11 II 11 Oz. fw, gr. 1 A I 6 It £ 17 II) 22 33 50 78 78 78 108 144 210 210 300 432 4U'i s. d. 13 4 ..und of l^ureGuld wtiglii'il of fure hilver. 10 6 15 15 15 Ll4. vt, II 1 II I II I 8 8 10 3 pw. gr. 17 22 17 22 17 83 10 5 lU II 12 12 13 3 14 14 20 U U A n su I) 11 No. V.~Accniint of the value of tlie Gold mid Silver Coins, specifyin? encli. mined at IIk; Mini, cacll Yenr siiii-c 1700.— (PurZ. Paper, No. 138. Scss. 1833 j and papers published by the Board of Trade.) Yan, OolJ coineu. silver coined. Vears. Gold coined. Silver coiiu^I. £ g. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. JE ». d. 1T90 2,000,521 10 Nil. 1812 Nil. 52 1 1 17(11 2,156,560 17 6 Ml. 1813 519,722 3 6 89 18 I7!)2 1,171,863 251 17 6 1814 Nil. ini 4 1793 2,747,430 Nil. 1815 Nil. Nil. i;u4 3,558,8M 12 6 Nil. 1816 Nil. 1,80\251 16 U 1795 49.3,416 393 11 II 1817 4,27.''.,3.37 10 2,4.10,297 12 rut 404,080 3 6 Nil. 1818 2,862,373 10 .576,279 1797 2,000,297 5 Nil. 1819 3,574 10 8 1,267,272 12 1799 2,967,501 15 Nil. lh20 919.516 10 817.717 4 1799 410.901 15 Nil. 1821 9.,520,7.')8 13 10 433,080 MM) 189,937 2 6 Nil. 1822 5,3:)fi,7H7 12 3i,j;m 7 1 1801 4.10,243 2 53 7 1 1823 , 759,748 10 2t..>,a7l 10 1^02 4.37,018 18 6 62 1821 4,005,075 2'«2,o:0 16 |K03 596,144 12 « 72 6 8 1825 4..'>hO,919 4l7,.i:i,'< til l!-01 718,,39fi 17 6 77 10 1826 5,890.461 7 6 Olh.Oll.i 10 IMS 54,i')68 5 182 18 U 1827 2,512,0.36 17 6 ;i.'t,019 16 18(lfi 405,105 15 Nil. 1828 l,IM)8,,5.'i9 2 6 lO.asH 3 IH07 Nil. 108 10 1829 2,410,701 12 6 I08,av.i Hi IS08 .371,744 3 Nil. 1830 2,387,881 2 6 1.11 10 it-og 398,916 11 114 14 1831 587,9.19 14 5 33,0110 5 8 IMO iNii 316,9.35 13 312,203 3 A 120 18 Nil. u 6 Total £09,856,894 8 9 1 9,183,259 6 Nn. VI. Gold Coin.s ok difi^'erknt CouNTniES. — A Table containini; tlie Ahsbvs, Wc'i(;hts, niiil Viiliips of the principal Gold Coins of all CouiitrieB, coiii|iiitcd acfordiiiL' to the Mint I'rii e of (,'idd ill England, and from Auaays made both at London and Paris, which have been found to verily each oWv't.* *«*The publishers of ihls work have purchased the ripht lo publish this Table from Dr. Kelly, in the second edition of whose Cambist it originally appeared. COINS. As3»y. Weigt.l. St.iiidanl Wcishl. CorjtciiK in rim Gold. Vihic in Mcrlititf. t. il. Car • ?'■ Ilwl.sr. /Ill'/ er. 111.. GlIl'IIT. ArsTBUN 7 Soiiverain . - - . WO Oi 3 14 3 13 15 7^■6 13 1002 Do.MiiNioNs 5 Poiihlc ducat ... B. 1 2i| 4 12 4 20 5 lOOl 18 9 07 Diirat Kreiiinitz, or Hungarian 11. 1 3 3 5} 2 10 3 y.i-3 5 91 D.VVARIA - ('arolin .... W. 3 3 3i 5 5 10 115- 20 423 Mii.x d'or, or Maxinillinn \V. 3 2^ 4 4 3 14 i 1 ' 13 7-44 Ducat .... II 1 '■if 2 .-i} 2 19 11 .52-8 9 4 12 DEnN - - Ducat (double, ice. in proportion) - II. 1 13 1 23 2 2 1 4:)-9 8 l-IS Pist.de .... \V. li 4 21 4 19 105-5 18 7 -Hi lim'NSWICK - PJHlole (double in proportion) \V. li 4 21 J 4 19 5 105.7 18 8-.lh Ducat .... 11. 1 Oj 2 SJ 2 8 9 51 8 9 2' Poi.nnNR - DlK-Ilt .... II. 1 2 2 53 2 9 8 .')26 9 3T0 1)!;.NMAIIK . Ducat current . . - W. 3K 2 I) 1 21 19 42'i 7 502 Dilcut specie . . - 11. 1 2 2 5J 2 9 H .',20 9 3-70 Christian d'or ... \V. 1 4 7 4 5 10 933 16 614 say ati ♦ The London assays in this Tiihio were made liy Robert Hinsrley, Esq. F. R. 8. llie KiiiK's Asi Mnsicrof tlie Mini, and those nt Paris by Pierre Frulrric Ilonnevllle, Ussayeiir du (;oniiiicre«, piililislied in his eliihnrate work on the coins of nil iiaiions, SpcciinPiii of all the foreijin coins broiiKhi to l.cuidnn for coniniercini purpetieR have been supniind fur Ibis Talile from the Hiillimi-ollice, lliiiik of Kniiland, by order of Ihe Hank Dir.clors, iiml Iimvo lii'cn seli'iiiil by .hdin lluiiible, r.sii.. the chief clerk of that otlice. who nl?o exiiiniiicd Ihe TiiIiIi'h in their prouresM, ll may likewi,i7-4 17 2-M Ditto of 179ti .... W. 1 01 4 14 4 8 14 95-9 16 I|-«7 Miiria ThercRn (1818) W.O IJ 4 34 4 1 10 89-7 15 10 5 Piedmont . Pistole coined since 17S5 (i, &c. in proportion) ... W.O u 5 20 5 17 125-6 22 2-75 Bcquin (i in proportion) B. 1 2i 2 51 S 9 13 52-9 9 431 Carlino, coined since 1785 (i, tc. in proportion) ... W.O u 29 6 28 20 634-4 112 3.38 Pi(!ce of 20 francs, called Marengo w. a 4 3i 3 18 4 82-7 14 7 03 Poland - Ducat .... B. 1 2i 2 5J 2 9 13 52-9 9 4-.34 POBTUOAL . Dobraon of '24,000 rees Stand. 34 12 34 12 759- 134 a% Dobra of 12,800 rees Stand. 18 6 18 6 401-5 71 0-70 .,.. Moidore or Lisbonnine (J tc. in pro. portion) .... Stand. « 22 6 22 1522 26 11-21 Piece of 16 testoons, or 1,600 rees . W.O Of 2 ti 2 5 14 49-3 8 8-70 f Old criisado otMOO rees W. 0.! 15 14 18 136 2 4-86 ' New crusado of 400 rees Milree (coined for the African colo- W.O Uj lOi 10 3 14-8 2 7-43 nies 17,55) .... Stand. 19j 19 15 18-1 3 244 Prussia . Duiul of 17-18 ... B. 1 a; 2 5J 2 9 14 529 9 4 04 Dncntofl787 B. 1 2 2 5J 2 9 6 .V2-B 9 371 Kr.'dcrinit (double) of I7fi9 - W.O 1} 8 14 8 9 18 18.V 32 8!-0 Frederick (single) of 177H . W.O u 4 7 4 5 4 9-i8 Ifi 5'll8 Frederick (double) of IHOO . w. a 8 11 8 9 6 lM-5 32 7«t Frederick (single) of 1800 . w. a 4 7 4 4 13 92-2 16 342 Rome . . Hequin (coined since 1700) . ». 1 3i 2 4i 2 9 52-2 9 2-^0 Scudo of the Republic W u 17 Oi- 16 10 6 367- 01 11-1.1 Russia . Ducat of 17!)6 ... B. 1 2i a t) a 10 U .M-a 9 4-98 Ducat of 1703 ... B. 1 2 2 ij 2 9 8 52 6 9 3-71 (Jiild rulde of 1756 . Stand. 1 01 1 10 22-5 3 11 TH Ditto of 171W ... W.O Oi 1S» 18 14 171 3 0-31 Gcdd poltiri of 1777 ... Stainl. 9 9 8-2 1 .V41 Imperial of 1801 ... B. I ai 7 Ui 8 b 8 181-9 32 a.'d Half Imperial if 1601 H. 1 ai 3 ao.; 4 3 4 110-9 If. l-ll') Ditto of 1H18 B. IH 4 3i 4 3 la 91 3 10 I'HJ Sardinia - Cirlino (t in proportion) . w. aj 10 7i 9 23 1« aiw8 30 810 1 Saxunv . Ducat of 1781 ... B. 1 2 2 5J 2 9 8 52-6 9 3-Tl 1 Diiral of 17!t7 B. 1 a* a .ij a 9 14 529 9 4-31 j AiigustUBof 1754 ... W.O as 4 li.1 4 3 8 91-2 Hi II.!) 1 Aui{uiitusori784 . . - W. 1 ? 4 Oi 4 4 12 82-2 10 3-|! Sicily* - O'ifire of 1751 ... W. 1 2i a 204 2 15 8 5h-2 10 3110 Donl'lo ounce of 1758 W. 1 2 5 17 5 7 14 117- 2U t-M Spain - . Doubloon of 1773 (double and single in proportion) ... W.O 2i 17 81 61 21 16 372- 65 lOfl.'i Quadruple pistole of 1801 . . W. 1 1 1 17 9 16 9 300-3 63 9-02 * Much variation is found in the flue ness of the Sicilian (Old coini 1. COINS. sfti :■ •• V"Tn." COINS. .»•■■( ' . . » , Amy. W«ighl. Standard Weight. CoDtenri in iiure Gold. Value In : ■Slerling. ■ Car. gr. Dwt. f. Dwt.rr.mi. Graiiu. t. H. Spain - - Pistolo of 1801 ... W. 1 1 4 8i 4 2 6 901 IS 11-351 C>>roiiiUa, gold dollar, or vlntem of ISOI W. 1 2i 1 3 1 18 22 8 4 042 Sweden - Ducat .... B. 1 2 2 5 2 8 13 519 9 2-22 awiTZERLANO Pistflla of the Helvetic Republic of 1800 - . - - VV. u 4 214 4 19 9 1059 18 891 Treves - Diicnt .... B. 1 3 3 51 3 9 8 52-6 9 371 TuBKBV - Sequin fonducli of Constantinople of 1773 .... W. 8 2i 9 51 I 23 6 43-3 7 7-91 Bequin fonducli of 1789 W. 2 Si 2 5i 1 2-2 Iti 429 7 711 Half inissinr (1818) W. 8 3i Ibi 13 5 1216 2 182 , 1 Hequin fonilnc'li ... W. 2 3 2 5 1 32 7 425 7 6-26 YenncRbeslilelt ... H. 35 a u 3 4 13 70-3 12 5-.fO TuscANT - Zecciiiiio orsi'qnin . . . ». 1 3} 3 S» 2 in 14 536 9 5 83 Kuapono of Die Kingdom of Etruriu K. 1 3} 6 17i 7 7 13 I61' 26 6-93 United States * Gaile (iand i in proportion) - W. 04 11 6 11 4 8 21U1 43 666 Venice - Zeccliino or sequin {i and i in pro- portion) .... U. 1 3i 2 6 3 10 10 536 9 5-S3 Wibtemoeho Carolin .... VV. 3 2 6 34 5 4 113-7 20 1 17 Ducat .... B. 1 3 3 S 2 8 13 51-9 9 222 Ducat (double and 1 ducat in propor- tion) .... B. 1 3 3 5J 3 9 8 62-6 3-71 EAST INDIES. Mohurofl770 B. 1 2} 7 22i 8 11 1.1 ISO'S 33 0-72 Mohur, Half (1787), i in proportion B. 1 21 3 i!.t4 4 16 10 91- 16 7-64 Mnhur Sicca of Uengal B. 1 3f 7 23 8 13 189 6 30 101 Mohur of the Dutcli East India 1 Company, (1783) j W. 3 3i 10 3 8 8 183-4 32 5-50 Mohur, Half Ditto (1801) . W. 3 U 5 34 4 18 18 96-2 17 C-30 Rupee, Bombay (181.S) B. 04 7 11 7 11 13 lt)4-7 29 1-78 Rupeeof Madras (1818) Stand. 7 13 7 12 165- 29 242 Pagoda, star .... W. 3 3 4) 1 21 11 41-8 7 477 y I Ko. VII. Silver Coins op different Countries.— A Table contninini; the Assays, Weiphts, and Valupaof the principal Silver Coins of all Counlrii'S, ci>niputi;d at the rate of 5s. 2d. per Ounce Standard, from Assays made both nt tlie London and Paris Mints. COINS. i Amy. Weight. S'.Tnilaril Weight. Content! in Pure Silver. Val Stcr le in ins. nz. dwt. Dinl. fr. Dvrt.tr, tni. Craim. 1. rf. Austria . Pixdollar of Francis 11., 1800 W. 1 5 18 1 16 4 355-5 4 164 Rixdollar of the kingilom of Hungary W. 1 2 18 1 10 6 1 3tiO-9 4 2-.?9 Half rixdollar, or florin, Convention W. 1 3 9 04 8 2 1 179-6 2 107 Copftsiick, or 20 crculzer piece W. 4 3 4 64 8 10 3 59-4 8-29 17 Creutzer piece ... W. 4 8 4 3 9 18 .53-5 7-47 Halbi! copf, or 10 creutzer piece W. 5 5 2 11 1 7 1 28-8 4-01 Baden . - Rixdollar .... W. 1 4 IS 2 16 3 1 358-1 4 2- Uavaria - Rixdollar of 1800 (4 in proportion) W. 1 44 17 12 15 13 13 345 4 025 Copftsuck . . . - W. 4 3 4 64 8 16 3 59-4 8 29 Bern . . Patngon or crown (4 in proportion) W. 7 18 22 18 7 14 406-7 4 8-79 Piece of 10 batzpn ... W. 1 2 5 3 4 14 17 1025 1 2-31 Bremen . Piece of48 grotcs ... W. 2 2 11 8 22 1 198- 2 3-64 Brunswick . Rixdollar, Convention W, 1 3 18 1 16 4 4 359-2 4 215 Halfrixdiillnr ... W. 1 3 9 OJ 8 2 2 179-6 2 107 Gulden, or piece of }, fine, of 1704 - tt. 16 8 104 9 1 1 900-8 2 4-03 Gulden, cnnuiinn, of 1764 - VV. 1 2 9 8 9 10 ISO- 2 1-13 Gulden, ditto of 1795 W.2 2 II 14 8 2-3 7 199-1 2 3-80 Half gulden, or piece of }, of 1764 . VV, 1 2 4 12 4 1 5 90- 1 0-56 Denmark - Ryksdnler, specie, of 1798 . VV. 13 l.« It 17 11 17 38K-4 4 6-23 New piece of 4 marks VV. 12 12 9 11 16 14 259-8 3 0-27 Half ryksdaler ... W. 13 9 7 8 17 8 191-2 2 3-11 Mark, specie, or 4 ryksdalcr W. 3 1 4 3 21 12 64-4 7-59 Rixdollar, specie, "of Sleswig and HoUtein (pieces of i and | in pro- portion.) .... W. 12 18 13 17 12 fl 389-4 4 6-.'!7 I Piece of 24 skillings VV. 4 7 5 21 3 2 10 6S-9 962 Knqland - Crown (old) ... Htaiid. 10 8', 19 8 10 429-7 5 0- Hal'-crown .... Slaiid. 9 l()| 9 16 5 214-8 2 6- Sliilling .... Stand. 3 '!! 3 21 85-9 1 0- Sixpence ... Stand. I 82! 1 22 10 429 6- Crown (neie) ... Sian Sciido, or crown (coined since 1733) Mezzo Bcndo, or half-crown Testone (1785) Paolo (1785) .... Groaao, or half Paolo (1785) Hciido of the Ronmn Republic (1700) Itl'SSIA . • Riihle of Peter the Gr<-at • Ditto of Catherine I. (1725) Ditto of Peter n. (1727) Ditto of Anne (1734) Dittoof Eliziiheth (1750) . DittoofPeter III. (1762) . ^ Ditto of Catherine 11. (1780) Ditto of Paul (1799) Ditto of Alexander (1802) - Ditto of ditto (1805) - - . 20 Copeck piece (1767) Ditto (1784) .... 15 Cop«ck piece (1778) 10 Copeck piece ... Ditto (179S) .... Ditto (1802) .... 5 Copeck piece (1801) Sciiilo, or crown (i and i in prop.) Rix-dollar, Convention (i and i in proportion) ... Piece of 16 groschen of Leipsic Rixdollnr current of Saxe Gotha . l-6lh Thaler of 1801. Ditto of lb08 .... Ditto of Jerome Bonaparte of 1S09 - Scudo (I in proportion) Piece of 40 grains - - . fDolhr, of late coinage Hiilf dollar, ditto ... Me.xican peceta (1774) Real of Mexican plate (1775) Peceta provincial of 2 reals of new plate (1775) Real of new plate (1795) Rixdollar (I7U2) Rixdollar of late coinage SwiTZEiiLAND Ecu, or rixdollar of Lucerne, 1, Ice. in proportion (1715) Old guidon, or florin of Lucerne (1714) Ecu of40batzcn of Lucerne (1796) Halfditto ... Florin, or piece of 43 schillings of Lucerne (1703) Ecu (if 40 biilzi-n of the Helvetic Re- public, 1798 (i in proportion) Ecu of 4 franken (1801) TUHKEY . Piastre of Scliin of l.soi Piastre of Crini Tartary (1778) Piastre of Tunis (1787) Piaslre (1818) Tuscany . Piece of 10 Paoli of tlie Kingdom of Elruria (1801) ... ■ '•' Scudo Plsii of ditto (IS03) - Pioce of 10 lire ditto (1803) - Lira (1803) . - - . United State.s tDtillar, 1793 (1, &c. in proportion) Dnllar (ITOS) ... Dollar (ISOi) - - - . Dollar, an avcrace of 8 years Dinii', or one-tenth dollar (I7U6) Half dime (1T96) ... Sardinia Saionv Sicily Spain Sweden A~y. Weliht. SUndard Wel|lit. Content! in Pure Si.ver. ammt. Valut ta Sterliuf. Ot. dial. Dial. p. Dwt-Sr.mi. : d. W. 9 7 13 7 4 14 159 8 1 10 31 W. 9 5 13 9 7 13 118- 1 4-47 w.o y 8 le 3 13 8 781 10-90 W. 8 5 14 6^ 11 9 252'6 3 1187 W. 1 3 18 1 16 4 a 359- 4 a- 13 w.a 3 11 3 832 8 108 4 3 3-70 w. a 2 9 II 7 16 170-3 1 1178 W. 3 3 S 6i 3 20 4 85-3 11-91 w.a 8 3 14 a 19 6 623 8-69 w.o 4 17 1 16 17 13 3715 4 3-87 w.o 4 8 m 8 6 16 185-7 a 193 w.o 5 5 a 4 83 4 1103 1 3-40 w.o 4 1 17 1 16 4 37 3 519 w.o 5 20i 20 18-5 3-58 w.o 6 17 1 10 13 18 J68-1 4 3-40 W. 2 7 18 1 14 1 8 312-1 3 7-58 W.a 4i 17 11 13 33 309-9 3 7-97 W. 2 12 18 5J 13 83 4 Slo- 3 728 W. 1 11 16 I4i 14 6 16 ans 3 829 W. 1 7 16 12 14 11 16 3218 3 8-93 w. 2 a 15 10 12 12 277-5 3 375 w.a 4 15 13 18 10 275-9 3 2-58 w.o 14 13 12 18 15 10 280-8 3 381 w.o 13 13 U 17 7 a 273- 3 813 W. 16 13 12 18 13 18 278-1 3 2-83 W. 2 2 3 10} 2 19 626 8-74 W.a 3 3 3 2 13 18 56-2 7-84 w.a a 3 6 1 19 18 40-5 5-05 w.a 6 3 1 1 14 16 35-9 S-ll W. I4i 1 9 1 6 16 28-5 3-97 W. 13 1 81 1 6 11 88-3 395 W. 13i 16i '5 10 153 313 w.o 7 15 ii 14 15 324-7 3 9-34 W. 1 3 18 16 3 4 3.58-3 4 301 W.a 8 9 9t 7 14 16 109-1 1 11 61 W.4 4i 18 1 U 4 3 248-1 a 10 64 W. 4 11 3 11 a 19 45-3 6-33 W.4 llj 3 5i 1 21 8 42-1 5-87 W. 5 4 3 17 1 23 6 4.?-7 6-10 W. 1 4 17 14 15 16 6 318-2 4 0-62 w. 1 a 5 21 5 7 8 117-5 1 4-40 w.o 8 17 8 16 17 .370-9 4 3-79 W.O 8 8 16 8 8 10 185-4 a 188 W.o 8 4 7i 4 3 16 92-3 1 0-88 W.O 8 a 3} a 1 80 46-1 643 W. 1 9i 3 18 3 6 72-2 10-08 W. 1 9i 1 81 1 15 36-1 5-04 W. 18 18 20 17 19 10 395-5 4 7-33 W. 14J 18 17 17 13 388-5 4 6-28 W. 14i 17 8{ 16 5 8 360-1 4 3-28 W. 1 19 8 14i 7 3 8 157-5 1 9-99 W.o 5- 19 18 13 14 4123 4 9-57 w. 1 a 9 20 8 20 18 196-7 3 346 W. 1 5 4 22 4 8 14 96-8 1 1-51 w.o 6 18 S3 18 10 14 409-5 4 918 W.o 7 18 iS 18 8 18 407-6 4 9-18 W. 5 8 6 4 7 8 9J-7 1 1-36 W. 6 13 10 5 4 3 4 90-9 1 0-09 W.O .oi 10 4 8 6 96-5 1 1-47 W. 5 14 6 6i 3 1 4 67-7 945 W.O 4 17 131 17 5 18 .382-9 4 5-16 W.O a 17 12 17 8 4 38.r0 4 5-76 n. 7 25 6 20 1 12 .')78-7 6 8-80 B. 7 2 8 2 9 16 53 4 7-45 w.o 6S 17 8 1 16 19 16 .3735 4 415 W.O 7 17 101 16 21 6 374-9 4 4-35 W. lOi 17 10 16 14 .3('8-3 4 3-12 W. 8i 17 8 i 16 16 3701 4 3i58 W.O 4 1 m I 18 14 305 5-71 W.O 7 m 21 10-5 372 ♦ Tlin Prussian coins, hnvini! been debased at different periods, vary in their reports. JTIiis is the coin which is universally circulated under tlie name of tlic Spanish dollar, t Tli(^ American dollars, and inferior silver pieces of late coinage, vary in fineness from W. 4 dwtl, «o VV. Oi dwts. a , } 'i \'.''X t'ni )i, ; ; 1 1 1. 1 1 I ■J k 'I so ':^\f I ■''! ; ; 304 COINS. COINS. - .V, 1 ,..>. Amy. Weight. 8(»n• Bnniltay, new, or Burat (18)8) W.O 0^ 7 11 7 10 4 mi 1 11(11 ' Fanam, Ciinanore ... VV. H 1 III 1 II 10 .12« 45 ' ■' nnniliny, old ... n. 13 1 111 1 13 16 .15- -t'SS , •■ ' Pondlcherrv ... It. 5i 1 m I 1 3 228 3iH • ' ' Ditto, double - . - W. 3 1 1S| 1 18 3 •IB- 5 II ' ■ Onldnn of the Dutch B. I. Co. (1820) VV. 7i a 22 6 16 G 148-4 1 872 The sterlin? value of the forolpn coins. In the forceoinp tallies, hns been computed from the assays as follows:— Let It be required to nssicn the valiir' in sterlhiif of a French double I.onl.'t rt'nr cnirnd Bincft ITSfi, the assay master's report being as fullows : — " Weieht, 9 dwts. 20 fjrs. j assay W. IJ grs.," that Is, car. U grs. worse than the English standard. Wc proceed as under : — From 23 car. gr. the fineness of English standard gold, 1 H ■., ' Take Ugr. Remains 31 21 Then, ns 22 car. ; 21 car. 9} grs. : :9dwts.20 grs. : 9dwt. 16prs.,thepfBiidard gold contained In the I,niils rt'or ; and hence, ns 1 or.. : 31. 17«. 10^. : : dwts. 10 grs. ; W. 17s. 7irf., the value of the Louis in sler- ling money, ar.d so for any of the oilier coins. .Annenl'Ciiivs — We snlijoin, for the convenience of such of our readers ns may at any time have occasion to rnnsult works in which reference is made to nnrlent coins, the following Inbli-s nf ihniie that were principally current anioni.' the Jews, (Jroeks, and Koroans. lliey were calculated by Dr. Arbiithnot ('rnhlen i 3 2} 5 0! 7 3 I 3 2 3 7 3 3 3 part, of brass, denarius; though there COINS. 395 !n>i y.'luB In d. olefliiig. — nu »• rf. it im !-fl 4M li •(■Sj »I 4 aij »S 8-35 ■8 9 OM !» 8 «:,8 •7 1 11 (11 •w 45 4-SS ■s 3'IH 5 11 •4 1 8'72 T8 qrs. <> ''4'5 h\ 2rV 1 1^ 2 2f 5 0} 7 3 J 2 ! 3 Tilua In SMIok £ t. d. The Orerlm Knid coin was llio stater aureiii, weighing 3 Attic drachnii, nr balf of the > n loy s mctHJiic money for that purpose, will save from 86st. to 30s. by using gold rather than silver. This has certainly been the principal cause of that exportation of gold to the United Btater from Europe that has been carried on at intervals during the last four years, though it, no doubt, has been partly owing to other causes, and especially, perhap, to the suppression of notes for luss than 5 dollars in New York and other States. — (See Basks, ^merica/i, pp. 130-168.) Amount of Gold received annually from the Gold Region of the United States from I93i to 1838, both inclusive. Vara. Virginli. N. Carolill.1. S. Cimlina. Gforgi-i. Tennessee. AtaUnia. Not asctrlaiticd. Tolal, Dotlart. Dotlart. DoUnri. Dottarl. DAlart. Do\lnrt. Mlart. Ikltan. 1824 _ ft.OOO _ .. _ .. 6,000 18ii — 17,010 _ ^ .._ _ I7,CiO I!31 2«,(lO0 294,'Tn 2J,O0O 1711,000 1.000 1,000 — 620,000 1-JJ ai.iko 4 ■'■•-.()' 4 '.(VO I19..«:0 l.(.01 6-h.uai IHM loi.oix) 47'i,IKfl 6(!.l.O) 2l(i."ifl 7,11110 .. f SJ.! 00 IKH tiiuOO a«>,0(lO 3)<,(HM ,11,000 3,000 _ 89^,(00 lOi RI.40O 2(i.i.!mi 42,1X1 aiii.wm 'loo _ 12,200 6»l.0lO • i»ao £2.(»M I-IMOO fi'i.ai 1 201.. 'CO 300 _ 41i7.0uO I8J7 6j,inn IIU.OOO 2!l,4(0 Ki.eoo 2TJ.IKH) IBJH 5.j,000 6li,0l,0 I3.00i) 3'j,0(!0 1,'iOO — 200 171,700 ■182.000 2,n4S,.VlO .140. '.00 1,71)9,9(1 I3«00 1,00(1 12,400 ^,298,200 'i I U' n 1.1 i- i' Itii I'l', n :'!' i 'A\ ♦ The amounts for the last three years have been add'id by the American Editor. 1 : • 800 COINS. I' ' i « ,;l ; m tli; Value of Fonign (fold Coin* in the Ciirreney of Ht Uniird SfafM.— It wni nrdrrrd hy nn art nf rnn- Rrraa, panseil nt tlin aaine lime with iIir Nkw Mint Act, Hint lliere " flinll |iob8 t'lirrcm dk iiinney, nnd I! rnreivniile in nil pnynienti, by weiRht, for the payment of nil deblfi nnd dvninndii, IVnin niiil uller the Hint dny of July, 1S3I," viz. I. The (inid coins of Great Britain, l'orniK»l, nnd Hrnzll, of not lem thiin 23 rnrntH (Inn, nt tlie rnte nf U3 8-10centi per penny weiitht ; 3. Tlio (told roins nf Kmnre, 9-IOt|ii Ann, nt the rate of 1)3 1-IOcenta por pennyweight ; and, 3. The frold coinn nf Hpnin, nf the tiiieiicaa nf 80 cnrnts 37 16 jtrnina, at the rate of 80 tf-lO centi per pennyweight. On thii principle the fulluwint table bai been calculated, * Cold Coini or OrnI Driliin, I\>rlii|nl ft nnzll, 22 nnli Una. Oolil Colniof Fnnct, 9-IOllui finr. O. BRITAIN. Guiiiu, (hair and 7*. iiicce in pro- pnrltnn) Sov-ercif^ (hilf io nrofi.irtiin) piikTfuAr. Dobnnn nr 21.000 nn (hair ia pro> porlion) Dolin of I;!,800ree9 M>l'lore • Milrw-, ITIi HR.\ZI(. Dfibrnoii • I>>l.n MoiJore ■ cfuit. P 30SO 31-1621 34 12 IH U 6 32 193.4 34 12 IH 6 C 22 i frami 1186 7=19 401'? IJ22 181 7W 401-5 132-2 rf. c m. II Valuo in U. S- cur- rency, «•• tinuicd bjr Iha quantity of pure K"! 1 cnni|iarcd with thai in the new ea!(Ie ot 232 Kraini. d. c. m. 4 87* 32 71 17 30 M 78 71 30 64 Double InniR, coInH Buice 17^6, (single in pmpfirtinn) Double iiapolenit, (bIq- )tle in pn)porlion) Hew louii ;i 1 is * 1 11 Welfht. .9 -ii 1 ^ ¥ cIwIm gr. fraiiii d. c in 212-6 9 13 4 8 7 179 7 71 y 4 3 1-2 W-O 3 M li VdiiB n 1'. S. ciir rency, n liiiiiled by llir ipnnti'y n( pure lold ciiu.ptrtii oilli that n ihf ni-w fie'- of -•S! K.-iini. it r. m. g 16 3 AVre.— The double louii, Iniiis^ ami ilcnii Iniii^ooini"! licforB ITWi, not beingS-IOth* fine, are not inclu led ii> llie l.ible, because tl>rv are not le^al tfnderi. Nt-ilbrr areihe ilnutjiu aiwl li ^\a n^tuilpon, or the new louis, txartly 9-t0lt>B Hne, but the dtfirierry it xi ven- ■uiall that ilii believed it ia cuveicd by uhat iicallcd llic rcnitily I'f the mint. Gold Coini or Spain, 20 nr>l<3 7.|6 Knin> fine. N.tl.— There are levenU cold rnina ot Portufal and Braril, the jmnneae, the pieces or 16, 12, and 8 rrsloona, ami the old .'»nd new cniia to. which are n'd included in llie above tatple, because they are not 22 rarati finw, and or course are not le^al tenders, the wonlt or the .act lieing e«pre>8.— " The ?il I coins of Gnat Britain, Forlugal and Brazil, of not leii than 22 carali/Iiu. * In the above table the coins are .all presumed to he of full weijht, but fractional par:i of a mill have wen disrerarded in the . , , , calcu'ation of their value. ■ It will be f lund to be a suffl^icnl approjc- Quadruple pistole or iroaion to the truth for all nnliiiary purposes. To those nho wish ] doubloon, coined be- perfect acruncy, it may he oliSfrvc-l that the quantity of pure gnttti '''•'e 17)2, ('loublc, in ibe »ivprci(5u is 113 18-11. 214 drains, and that the true value of| sinfle, and half in the sovereirn, compared with the new ea^Io of 232 sralns, is ptoiKirtion) 4 87-7100. This i< also the true par ff eicbanje between the Quarter pcs;nle,nr rold Unilel Slalet and Inndon, and is equal to a premium of 9 7-10 iierj f']'2'> ™"'*' '^''"' crit., as near as can be catculatcti, OD the nomiual par of 4 44 or' , ' 'J. . ._-. . , 109 7-10 for 100. Doubloon of l772,(.lou- bie and single in pro- porliont llair pisliileor 1772 Quarter pistole or 1772 Woighl. dwt, |r. 17 81-2 I 3 81-2 4 3 24-2 372 46-3 23-9 US'! si d, c. m. Ij tiS I 01 I V,)lue in U. S. cur- rency, es- tiitiated liy ttie nuanli- ty 01 pure KtdJ^&c, c, m. 16 17 e I ld moliiirs or l.'i rti|iiH> piercx (witii tlio siibilivislniis), ciiiilititiiiit.' laili in.') |!r,-iins (il-l'2lhs) pure sold, nnd 15 grains (l-l'2tli alloy. Smli molnirs nrn i'iiiisi-i|ii(>n|l}Mt nrlli S !.«■. ill. each. These coins are inarl;itnry of the TreMnry, from time to time, na nuid rierrcinry shiill require, le.tiiiK furtli nil Ihn o;)"rntlf Hi ^ mint, in liiillion and coins, iKith with ihedlici'rAof tlic mint and I lie ilcpiiiouir^ ; mill ^hall pri'Henl, quarlnr yearly, to the Treasury UepnrtmBiil of tlio United Htati's, nccording to Hin-h fiirni'< an Hliall lie preHrrilvd liy llint department, nn account of the receipts and disbiirscmuntB of tlia iiijiit. fur till! purpiiHe of bi-inir ndjiinted and settled. Tliiril. Thi! nscayer shall cnrefiilly assay nil metals used in rninnRe, whenever such assays aro repilri'il In the operations of the mint; he shall also make assays of coins whenever iublriicled to d» to liy III • ilir.-clor. f'liurlk. The nu'llor nnd refiner shall execute all the operations which nre necessary in order to form IniiiilK of standard silver or gold, suitable for the chief coiner, from the metals legally delivered to iiini fur lliiit piirpoue. Fifilt- 'I'lio chief coiner shall execute all the npcrntlons which arc necessary In order to form coins, rmil'irmulile in all respects to the Inw, from the standard silver and gnld ingots, and the coiipor pluiicli'is, legally delivered to him for this purpuso. Si/'l'. The encraver shall prepare and enprave, with the legnl devices and Inscriptions, all the dli'K usimI In th'! coiiiaiie of the mint and its brunches. H 3, Jlnit be it further enncleil, Tlint the director shall appoint, with the approbation of the President, assinlants to tile nssiiyer, melter, and refiner, chief coiner and engraver, and clerks for the director nnil Ireasnri'r, whenever, on representation made by the director to tliu President, it shall be the npiuinn of the President that such assistants or clerks are necessary. And it shall be the duty of the nssistanis to ai I their principals in the execution of their respective oftlces, and of the clerks to par- furiii sncli (liilii's as shall lie prescribed for them by the dircrlor. } 4. Slid be it further eiiiirJeil, That wlienever any officer of the mint shall he temporarily absent, on aoroiiiit of slckiie.-'s, or any other sufficient cause. It shall be lawful for the director, with the consent nf the suiil olKior, to appoint some person attached to the mint to act in the place of such olHcr diir- iiiir 111:* ahxence : and to employ such workmen and servants in the mint as he sh-all from time tu time find necessary. } 5. ^iid lie it further enacted. That every officer, assistant, and clerk nf the mint, shall, hefnre 'i8 enters upon the execution of his office, take an oath or ntfirmatinn before some jiidKo nf the United .Slat" <, or .IniL'e of the superior court, or any court of record of any State, faithfully and dillgeully to pi'rfnrui the duties thereof. } li. An.t be it further enattr.i. That the following officers of the mint, before entering upon the exe- fiillnii of their respective otiices, shall become bound to the United Htates, with one or more sureties, to tlin sill isfic.t ion of the Secretary of the Treasury, In the sums hereinafter mentioned, with condition llir the faithful and dilluent performance of the duties of their offices, viz. : The treasurer in the sum uf t<'n llmiisand dollars ; the assayer in the sum nf five thousand dollar.^ ; the meller and refiner in till' "11111 nf toil thousand dollars ; "and the chief coiner In the sum of ten thousand dollars. And that similar bonds may also he required of the assistants nnd clerks, in such sums as the director shall d-j- tcrmiiie, with the approbation of the Secretary of the Treasury. J 7. And be it further enacted. That there shall he allowed to the officers of the mint the followinu pilarles p.'r annum ! To the director, for his services, includini; travelling expenses Incurred in visit- iiiK tiie dltferent branches, and all other charees whatever, liiree thousand Ave hundred dollars ; to the treasurer, assayer, melter and refiner, chief coln«r, and engraver, each two thousand dollars ; to the assi.^lants and clerks, such annual salaries shall be allowed as the director may determine, witll the np|irohalinn of the President : Provided, That on assistant shall not receive more than fifteen hiin.lred dollars, and that n clerk shall not receive more than twelve hundred dollars. To the work- mi!n anil servants shall be allowed such waf;es, to be determined by the director, as may he custoin- nry nn'l r'Visonable, accordinc to their reapective stations and occupations ; and tliat the salaries provided for in this section shall he payable In quarterly instalments. ))H. And be it further enacted, That the standard for both gold and silver coins of the United 8tatc:< shall hereafter be such, that of one thousand parts by weight, nine hundred shall be of pure metal, and one hundred of alloy ; and the alloy of the silver coins shall be of copper; and the alloy nf the col. I coins shall be of copper and silver, provided that the silver do not e.xceud one half of the whnle alloy. J 3 And be it further enacted, TUnt of the silver coins, the dollar shall be of the weight of four hanihed .ind twelve and one half grains : the half dollar of the weight of two hundred nnd six and one foailh grains ; the quarter dollar of the weight of one hiimlred nnd three and one eighth grains ; the (lime, iir tenth part of a dollar, of the weight of forly-on'! and one fourth grains ; and the half dioii, or i\v,'.iili''th part of a dollar, of the weight of twenty and five eighth grains. And that dollars, half (Inlliirs, quarter dollars, dimes, nnd hnlf dimes, shall be legal tenders of payment, according to tlieir nnininal value, for any sums whatever. >i to. And he it /iirfAerenucffrf, That of the gold coins, the weight of the eagle shall be two hundred and filXy-elglit grains ; that of the half eagle one hui.dred and twenty-nine grains; and that of the (|iavlere'it'lc sixty-fiinr nnd one half grains. And that, for all sums whatever, the eagle shall be a Ii\<.mI li'iiditr of payment for ten dollars ; the half eagle fjr five dollars : and tlic quarter eagle for two Biid a half ilollars. } 11. And. lie it further enacted, That the silver coins heretofore issued at the mint of the United Smti'-i, and llie sold coins issued since the thirty-first day of .Inly, one thousand eight hundred and thiriy-foiir, shall continue to be legal tenders of payment, for tlieir nominal values, on the same lerin? as If tliey were of the coinage provided for by this act. } \i Aiidhi: it further enacted. That of the copper coins, the weight of the cent shall heone hundred and sixty-eight grains, and the weight of the half cent eighty-four grains. And the cent shall be coimidereil of the value of one hundredth part of a dollar, and the half cent of the value of one two- handriHlih part nf a dollar. } 111. And he it further enacted. That upon the coins struck at the mint there shall he the following devil es and legends : Upon one side of each of said coins there shall be an iniprnssinn emblemilic of lihcrly, with an inscription of the word Lidertv, nnd the year of tlie coinage ; and upon the reverse ofeachnf the gi Id and silver oiiis, there sh^Ul bo the figure or representation of aiie:igle,with tiioin- Vot. I.— S I. i tfl ■ . ; M I I ■! f I V I 'It I J J ' ■ t r i i ! iir' ■>i , •■ i f ,i 111! :.-i m '; 't :i . ,■ it m: lh I'J 'y 308 COINS. ■cdplinn United Rtath* or AMmoA,aniIa deiiiiinalinn «f lh« vnliie of ths rii|!ht to llie mini, fur rninnni', ^imn be ri'iiii Bd and coinnd, liy lliu |iro|«)r nlllrcm, fur lliu lii'iifHl of lh« di!|iniiltnr ; I'mvultd, 'Ibai jt ,(, ii| he lawful to refiiMi, iit thci mjiit, uiiy di!|Hitll« of li^tti vuliio lliiin one liiiiidri'd dnlliirH, iind uny iMiliinii •o liHsn nn to be unmilliiljli! for iIik o|H'rutl<>na of the mint : Jl-nil proruliil, alio, 'Miiit ttlmn iiuld imi rdver iirr conililned. If I'lilier of llii-au mulnU lt« in ainh aniull |iro|ii'riion Unit it ciiniinl lie ai'piiri>i«i| tdv>intiit:i-oii8ly, no ullowuiicu •iliiill h« niiidu to Ihv depoailor l'<'r thit vniiic of rinli nii'tul, j 13. ^11(1 ft6 it fuwAer eniirled, Tliiit whoh hiilliiin ii liruiiflit lo lti« mini, fur toinaue, It ainill be wcIkIii'iI liy the 'Iruiiaiirnr, in thu pri'seiiru of lh« dt'poaitor, when priiiliinblH, mid ii rii'Kiin ki ,. whirli hIiiiII Htiitu lliu de>>criplion iind Wiiiglil of lliii bullion : fruniiltil, 'I'liat when I he biillmn la in ii.li II alMli' iia to rei|ulrii nu'lll.iK liufuri! iiK viiliiu run ho uaCertnlncd, the weighl afli.r iiKdling ihii I ii cooKliltrMit iia thu triiK tvuleht of the Imllion depoiilnd. i Hi. .iltid bt it f II tiller enacled. That from every pnnel of biillinn di-poallcd for rnirHnc, Ihn trcn- aiirir ohall dcllvor to the nitsuyor, u aiillli.iunt portion for llic porpoau of beioK nasnyed ; Imt nil ,m\^ hiillinii ri'muinlng from the opcrutloni of lli^ iiiauy ibull b« relumed to tliu iruiiaiircr hy t||i> RHsnver. } (". ."Jfirf he it farther enaclrd, Thnt IIib nianyor ahall report to the Irenaurnr the iiimliiy or •tan'hird of the hiillion naHiiyi'd hy him; and ho bIiiiII oIko < rniiMiiiiiiilo lo ihc ireaanrcr aiiili in. foriniiliiiii iia will uniilje biiii to ominiiitii the amount of tliv cbiirifrs hi'roliiiiiti'r |*. .Ivil be Ufuillier tnactcd, 'ri'iit the only iiilijiwti of chnrye hy llie mint to llii- dc|»ifl|cT ali:i|| ln^ the fi'llowii^:— I'lir rcflninx. wh vi thu bullion 1« hiMow aliiinlurd ; fur loniheiiliiit. wlii'ii niiiiilK nrc rnnuini'd In It which render it unlit for roll ii|>i- ; fur coppor uacd lor nlli'y, w iii'ii iliii biiliion Ik iihove atmidiird ; for ailver iiilrudiiced inio the iillny of Kold ; und for aepntaliiiK Uio )!<'l>l nnil fdvir, n .uii thciii! metiiN cxhl tognthur In tho hiillio:i ; und lliiit the rnle of thcHe c linriics ahull lio tixeit, rruin i|ii;« to time, hy llie illrettor, with thn comurrrncu of the Heereliiry of Ibi' '■'ruiiviiry. ao iia not lo i .xieiij in their judiiiiieni, the hcIuiiI rxpciiae to the mint of the muleriiila iind Inliotir eiiiployed in eiiih nlilie tUKca iHiiri'iiientioned ; and that tliu anmniit received from ilioiie iliariiea nhall lie uucoiinlud I'er, und approprlnled fordefruying the rontinf.'<'nt expintiea of the mint. } 11). .IhiI be it further enacted, Tliat froni Ihe report of ilie aannyer, and the weight of the bullion, the trensiirrr ahull estimate the whole value of (-ach depoHite, and al»o the niniiuiit of llio i harvi » iir deductii>iia, if any; of all whicli hu shall give a detailed mumoraiidnni io lliu depiwitir ; and hi' slmll also (live, at lliu aume time, under hia hand, a vurtilliale of thu nutt iimount of tlio dupoalte.io lie puiil in ciiina of the aunic auecies of hiilHon ai that depoaitud. i 'iO. ^nd be it further tniicted. That pnrccla of bullion ihull he, from time to lime, iruneferred liy tlio treasurer In thit ineller und refiner ; that a careful record ot Iheae trao. ii ra, ni'llni.' tliu weiglif und churacti'r of the bullion, (hall be kept; and that Ihu bullion liiiiN pinci'd in nie liaiula of the ineller und relinitr all ill bu ■ubjecled to the several proiieaaHa wliiuli may be nect.i.-u ,, to foiin it into inguta ut' the legal Hlandard, and of a quality aiiitablo for coinage. J 21. ^ii(i J8if/ur//ier enac/erf, Tlmt the inirotalliUH [irepari'd ahall ho apaayed by the oaaayer, and if they pr»vc to he wilhin the limits allowed for deviation fromlhe alund.ird, tiiey ahull he iraurilVrreii by the nielter und refiner lo tbo Irraaurer. nccoin|miiled hy the aaaayer's tcrtificale of their tine- neaa ; and lliat a careful record of lh» tranafer ahull he kept by the treuanrer. i 22. jlnJ be it further enacled. That no iiigiiiR of gold ahall lie uaed for coinage nf which the qiiiiliiy diliura more Ihuii two thouaaniltliR from tliu legal standard ; ami ihut no iniruta ef ailver ahull he uaed for coinnirc of which the qiiilily differg mora than three lliouaandlha from the legal ataiidarit. f SJ. Jlndbeit further e»acfr(/, Tlint in the Ireuaurer'a nicount willi the nielier and reliner, the melier and reliner ahull he >li'hitcd with thu ntuiidard weight of all the hnlHon phiccil in liia hnn(J!i, thul ia to auy, with the weight of metal of legal alunduid fineiieaH wiiich It will make ; and tliut lie shall he credilcd hy the mnndurd weight of all the ingola delivered hy lilni to the ireaaiirer ; anil Unit once at loaal ill every year, at bugIi time as the direct' r c'liull iippiiiiil, Ih'' nielier und reliner Kieill deliver up to the Ire laurer all the bullion in Ilia |io!<:ii ... '-^n, in order that Iiik uccuuiiIh may he seithd up to that time ; and, in Ihia eetUeiiient, he ahall he eii.riied to u credd for the dUfereme between ilie whole amount of bullion delivered to him and received from him, aince the lual aelileineiit, as an allowance for nectaaury waste : Provided, That this allowance ahull not cxicuil two lliourijiidllis nf the whole amount of gold and ailver bullion, raapevtively, that hud been delivered to iiliii hy iliu treuanrer. J 21. .Inil be it further enacted. That Ihn irenauror shall, from time to time, d(divpr over lo the chief coiner, ingoiH for the purpose of coinage ; and he ahull keep a careful reinril of tlieae tr.uiKri'rs, noting the weight and descriplion of the ingots t and that Ihc ingola thus pluied in Ihe huiidn uf the chief coiner shall hu passed through the several processus necessary to iiiuke from thi.'Ui coins in nil resitecls confonnalde to law. i 2.i. ^inl h- it further evarted. That in adjusting Ihe weights of the coins, the following deviations /roni llio standard weiizlit shall not be exceeded in any of the singh' pieces :— In Ihe dolhir ami hull' -ftollar, one grain und a half; in Ihc quarter dollar, one urain; in the dime and Imlf dime. In. if a iriuiii; in th^iL'oM coins, one quarter of a grain ; in the copper coins, one gruin in the penny wei|;ht ; unil Unit in weiirhiiig a large niimher of pieces toiieiher, when delivereil freni ihc chief coiner to tlie Ireu- surer,aiiii from Ihe treasurer lo the depositors, Ihe deviations from thu slaedMnl weight sliull nut exceed Iho fdlnwing liinits : Four penny weights in one llioiisnnd doll irs; three peni'yweiilit.j in one thoiisuml Inilf diillurs ; two pennyweigiits in one llioiiRnnd (luarler dollars ; one peiiii) U'ei;:lil in one liioiifand dimes ; one pennyweight in one liionsund half-diines ; Iwn [leiinyweiijlits in one ilicn-nad nugles; one and u half pennyweight in one thousand half eagles; one pennyweight in one Uiimsuiid quarter eagles. { 20. ^nd be it further enaeltd, Thnt Ihe chief coiner shall, from lime lo lime, as Ihe coiiis ure pre- pured, ileliver them over to t lie treasurer. \vlii> sliall keep a careful nv unl uf I heir kind, nomlier. aid wei'.'hl ; and that in receiving Ihe coins it ehall be Ihe duty of tin- IreuMir.-r lo see vvliellier ill,- cuim of that delivery are within the legal limits nf Ihe standard weiL'ht : and if liis trials for lliis piiriiuae •hall not prove iutiafactorjf,ho shall cause all ihe coins of thin delivery tu he weiglieil soji;:rM|. Ij.uiid ■ ach us ure nut of le'.'ul weight shall he delivered to the luelter uiid lellner, us stunilurd liulliun.to he Mgain furiued into iniiois and recidned. J 27. And bt it further «nae/rd, That at every delivery of coins made hy Ihc chief coiner to the treasurer, it sliili he the. duly of the treasurer, in the jiroaeiice of Ihi'ussayer.lo luke. iuilisirlniinale- |v, a cerluin niinilierof pieces of each variety fur Ihe annual iriil uf euina, (ihe niimher hen g pre- scribed hy the director,) which shall he carefully lahelled and depusiled in a client upproprlaled fur Ihu purpose, kopt under the joint cure of Ihc treasurer und assuyer, and so s. 'cured tliat neiihercan kave access to its coutonls without the presence uf the other. i 3S. ^tur porllnni nf hnlllnn romnlnlng after Ihe ptnetitf of • •<\i, d tl irMinror xhiill kH>-p n car fill record nfiheir nniniiiit. }*i. Anil 'r rliill hi- dnliiloil with tin.' nriioiint In witiidit of Htrinilanl iiit'tal of all i n iiUccil in « liiiiil^, iind iriMlltiid Willi tliK ninnnnt, nitin liy WRlcht, nf nil tho rninii, c'll|>|iin)ii y ih:ill appnint. (hit chliif tnlnor nlmll deliver to this tn-otiiirer nil tli« coina and bulliun in liiii imhwhk iil'in, Ko lliHt hix nvinnnu may he mittled up lo Ihnt limn i nnd, in IhiH miUleinenI, hu hImiII l>e iMitiili ln«t (etllenuint, aa iiii nllowiincH for ni^ceitiiary wuatu s Pro- ri/Ji.A I'hit IIiIh nllowiince kIiiiII not iixinHd two tli'Hii<:incUlH of tln' wliolo iiinoiint oi lint nilviT, nr mil' uiiil out.- liiiir thunaiindtli of the whole amount of thu void tliiil Ind lii-en dullvurud to him by tho ircamiriT. ;:ill. j^iiil 'id i(/»r/A«r tiuieftii, Thnt when the colni wbirh nre the oqnivnlent to any depniite n{ bnlliiMi an; r>tady for delivery, theynhiill be pnld over lo the dopoxilor, or IiIh order, by the tronfnrer, nn i> wnmnt from tho director ; nnd the pnyini'iitH Nhnll he made, if domiindiMl, In thu rrder In which 11)11 biillliin 8h:ill hnvo henn liroiiEht to Iho Miiiit.Rivinn jtriority according to irriorily of di!|ioHilu only ; mill III It in Ihe denoiiiin:itionH of coin ili'livcred. Ihn trenitiirer iih:ill coui|ily Willi Ihe wIhIius of thu di'pimilor, nnlciiH when hnprnrtiiable or incoiivenleiil to do 10,111 wlilch cuau thedunoinintttlimiof coin ■hill III! ileHiKiiiitcd by the director, }:il. .-fniJ ht Ufnrlhtr enarltil. That, for the piirpniio of ena'ilinir Ihe mint to mnke thn reliirnR to drpmltiirx with nH little delay nH ponaihlu, it chall he the duty of Iho Secretiiry of the Truamiry to keep III the riiiid mint, wh<;n the stiiti! of tho treasury will ndiolt then-nf, u di'|iii!iiiii of giicli nmoniit of piihlii' iniitiey, nr of bullion procured fur the piirpufin. nn he hIiiiII Jmlit t convenient and neruHKiiry, not (•xi'UC'Iinir r:ni! million of lollnri, nut of Willi h thoofl who hriiiK hnlllnn to ihe mint may he paid Ihii valiiiMliiT'of, au siion nn prncticnhle lifter this vnlni! has lii'en nxierinined ; that the hiillioii no do- p»»il('il Hliall b.'enmi' the property of ihu llniled Slat 'K ; that no dUioiint or interent chall ho charnoft nil iiinriry 80 advanced ; nnd that the r4erretnry of the Treasury may nt any time withdraw Ihe Haid d !p»Kili'. '>' '>ny part Iherenf, or may, at hli) Uiacretton, allow Iliu coiiiu forniud nt the mint to ho glvun fur tlU'ir ii(|iiivalviit in oilier money, J 33. ■'inil be it furlhcr eiiacie,!, Ti'mt, to seriire a dne conformity in the pold nnd Hllver cnlnn to their fcs;iiH:tive alanilardrt and wnightx, an annual trial shall be made of the pieces ros-rved fur this pnr- poni! at the mint and its branches, huf TO tho Juilfre of the district court of the United Ktntns fur the eiisterii dwlrict of I'onnsylvnnia, the ottorney of Ihe Uiiiled States for Ihe eastern illHtricf of Penn- jjlvanla, anil the collector of the port of Plilladclphia, and such other persons as the President shall frmn time to time desljfiiate for that pin ixigo, who shall meet as commissioners for Ihe performance of tills duty, on th'i Becond Monday In Pobriiary, annually, and nmy continue their meetlnirs by ndjoiirn- iniMil, if necessary ; and if n majority of the cnmnilsHinners shall fail to attend at anytime nppolnleit fur their mei'tliig, then the director of the mint shiH call a nieeline of the comiiilssionera nt such other timn as he iiiay deem convenient ; nnd that before Ihcse'lomnilssloners, nr n mnjority of them. and in the presence of tho nfflcers of the mint, such examination shall he made of the reserved pleoer' as shall be jiiilofed suincieiit; and if it shall appear that these pieces do not ilifTer from the ■land trd liiienes.^ and wnlght by a greater quantity thin is allowed hy law, the trial shall he consiilered anil repoiti'd as satisfictory ; but If ony Kreafer deviation from the legal standard or weight shall appi'.ar, this fict shall be ceilllled to the President of Ihe Uniti'd States, and if, on n view of the clr- canist inceg of Ihe case, he shall so decide, the otl^cor nr nfticers implicated in the crrnr shall he theiici'Tirward disqunlilled from holding their respective ntflces. }.'l.'). JInd be it fifrther cnncteilyThnt copper bullion shall hn purchased for the mint, firom time tntime, by the treasurer, under instructions from the director ; that the cost shall be paid from the fund he4°e- liiarter provided for; and that the cupper bullion shall be of good quality, and in the forinof planchets lit for pa'Jisiiig at once Into the hands nf the chief cnlner. } SI, Will/ be it further enacted, Tliat the copper phinchcts shall bo delivered, frnm time to time, bjr the tri-asiirer to the ciii!>f roinor, to he by him coined ; nnd all such copper shall be returned lo tho treasurer by the chief coiner, weiuht for weight, without allowance for waste. J n.5 JIndhr it fiirtbirenMieil,ThM It shall be Ihe duty nf the treasurer of the mint to deliver the cop- P"r cuius ill exchange for their legal equivalent in other money, to any persons whn shall apply for thinii : /Viii'ii/r7, Tint the sum asked for be nnt less than u certain ninonnt to b^ determined by the director, and that it bit not so great as, in his judgment, to interfere with the capacity of thu mint to ■upjily oilier applica>its. j.'Iti, ./?rt(i be it further enneled, Thtiit thn copper coins may, .it thi) discretion nf the director, be de- livered in nay of thu principal ciiius and towns of the Unilud s^talus, at thu cost of tho mint fur truispiirlatiiin. j;t7. Jlnit be ii further enarled,T\inl the money received hy the treasurer in exchange for copper coins, shall firm a fund in his hands, which shall be used to purchase copper planchets, nnd to pay the expense of tran':portatiiin of copper coins ; and that if there be n surplus, the same shall be appio- prht.'il to (h.'fray the contingent expenses nf the mint. J ,1i JInd he it further eniieted, TIml nil acts or parts nf acts herctnforn passed, relating to the mint nnd coins of the ilniied ,'^iatus, which are inconsistent with thu pruvlsiuns of this act, be, and tha •nine are hereby, r«;)ealed, A>;iri(fe(/, fun. Itlli, 18,37. Other legal Provisions still in force, I. Provinions of the Constitution of the United Statfs, Th"! foneress shall have pnwer to coin money ; regulate the value thurcof, and of foreign coins | anil (Ix the standard of weights and measures. -(Art, I, J H.) \o Slate shall coin money, or make any thing out gold and silver a legal tender in payment of dcht8.-(.\rt. I, }I0.) - 11. Ratablinhinenl and location of the AHnt. " ' Beitrnnrieil, .^•c— That n mint, for the purpose of a national coinage, be, nnd the same la establishndi In h- sitMHie and carrieil on nt the seat nf governnient nf the United Hiatea for the time being. — (Act of April ai, IT'.tt: the seat of government belli!,' then at Philadelphia ) Rrit rnn.rie,l,,^-r.. That, unlil the 4lh day of March, 1^*01, the mint shall remain in the cily of Phila- delphia, and he carried on as heretofore, under the laws now in forcu, any law to the contrary not- tvilhstanding.— (ActofMay 1 Ith, 1800.) Be it rnnrted, ^c, Th.it the mint shall remain In Philadelphia until the 4th day of March, in the year 18n.1.-(.\ct of March 3d, 1901.) This act was revived and cimtlnued In force and operation, for surcesHivo ix-rinds of five year*, until thn 4th of March, lS2j, when the location of the mint at Philadelphia wan made perinauenti by the following enactment : 1 I: 5:1 400 COINS. BiUtnar.l$d,te.,'ntMtht att enlUI«d"An act concerning th« mint," apprnved Mnrch th« ttilnl turn lliiiiiiiunil nlKht hiindrutl and cina, li«, and tlis laiiis hereby If, iRvlvrd and cuiilliiuod In furcu uud oparatlon, unlll ulharwiM prnvldad by law.— (Act uf May lUlh, iOSM, 1 1.) III. Montf of attouid of tht VniUd Stttu. B$ U tnatttd, ^e.. That Ihn nxinry nf account of the l''ill*d 8lal<'i ihall ba expraiaail In dnilnri ot linlta, d(ni«* or tanthi, canU or hiindrndtlia, and mllli or llioiuuudllii i a diniu bi'liiv ibe trnih iwrl iif A dollar, a crni lh« hundredth part of a dollar, a mill tha thouiandlh part oC a dollnr i and iIihi all ncronntH In tli« public nincri, and nil proreailingi In the court ' ol'ilia Unlird Mlatuii, atiull b« kupi and had In cunlornilly to tbli regulation.— (Act of April 9d, I7U8, i W.) IV. Copptr Coint turrml. J>' i> tnaettd, let.. That aOxr the expiration of tlx calendar monthi f^nui thr timn when th(>re ihiit h'lve lii*<>n piild trilo thn trcnuury, by Ihn aold director, In centi and half ci'tila, a iinni not Ii^m t||„n nHy tliouDAnd dollari— which tIniH vhall lorthwlth bo announced by the trnuurrr In nt Icinttiwo I iKctle* or ne\v«|i',iperi, piihliiihpil nt the neiit of the novitrnnient of the llnll«d Mliilfn, for thK linm bt'lng-no cnpiirr roln> or pIccRK wliatfioevt>r, tixrept tlip snid cenm and hiilf centf. rliiill pn» currvnt an money, or ihall he paid or nlfitrfd to be paid, or recplved in pnynu-nt for any diht, tieniand, cloiiii, niittler or tlilngwhiitonver i and all copper coinH or plecei, except the tnld cetiln iiiiil half renin, which •h'lll liK piilil or citr^'red to l>« paid, or riicclvt'd in pnynieni, contrary to the prohihiiioii aforeaHid, ilmij bo forfeited i and every |ieraon by whom any of them iihnll have Iiein lo paid or offiTed to lie (hiiiI or received in payment, ihall nlxo forfeit the nuni often dollars \ und lliu iinid furfi iiiirv and (lenaity nhall nnd niny be recovered wll*i co«l« of tult, for the benelU of any pernon by wlumi Infxrniatlon nf the IncurrinK thereof Hhiill have been given.— (Act of May 8th, I7ln, j 3. The announcement rii- quired having been duly made by the Treaiuror of the United Htatei, thie enactment la In •'ull rurce.) V. F»Tt\gn Coint Curr$nl. aoLB coina, ' I. Btit inaettd, ^-c., That, from and after the Ihirty-flrKt day of July next, tha following gold rnlni ahall pBM current ni< money within the United Kiate«, and bo receivable In ail pnynieniD, hy weiglit, for the pnymcnt of all debia nnd deninndi, ut |li« rates following; that is to say— the gold coins of Great Uritnln, Portugal, and liruzil, of not leiia than twenty-two cnratft line, at the rate nf ninety, four cent! and eight tenths of a rent per pennyweight; the g(dd coina of Krance, nine tenths fine, it the rate of ninety-three cents and one tenth of a rent per pennywctKhl ; and the gold colna of Hpnln, Mexico, nnd t'(donihia, of the fineness of twenty carats, three grains and seven •ixteeniha of a grain, at the rale nf elghly-nlne cents und nine tenths of a cent per p>enny weight. i 2. ^nd be il furlhtr enacted. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to rnuu assays of the nli>resaid gold coins, made current hy this net, to be had ut the mint of the United fltatci, at least once In every year, and to make report of the result thereof to Congresi. >. aiLvr* coma. \ 1. It» it tnaeltd, S(e., That, frnm nnd after the passage nf this act, the following silver coins shall be of the legal value, and shall pass current as money within the United Ktntes, by tale, for the pay- ment of all debts and demands, nt the rate nf one hundred cents the dcdiur ; that Is to say— the dollars of Mexico, Peru, Chili, and Central America, of not less weight than four hundred ami flftecn grains each ; and tiiosc rcstaniped in Brazil nf tha like weiglit ; and of not less tincness than ten ounres fifteen pttnnyweighis pure silver in the Troy pound of twelve ounces of standard sliver. And the flve-frunc piece of France, when of not less Aneness than ten ounces and si.\teen pennyweights, in twelve ounces Troy weight of standard silver, and weighing not less than 384 grains each, at Ihe rut* nf ninety-three rents enrh. i 3. And be it farther enacted. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary nf the Treasury to cans* assays of the afriresaid silver coins, made current by this act, to he had at the mint of the United Rtates, nt least once in every year, nnd to make report of the result thereof to Cutigreas, (Acts of June 8bth, 1831.) , ., VI. Old Standards and WeighU of Coint. SILVER COINS. Be it enacted, J^c, That the standard for all silver coins of Ihe United Blades shall ba one thousand four hundred nnd elghlv-flve parts flne, to one hundred and seventy-nine parts alloy ; and, accord- ingly, that one thousand four hundred and eigiity-tive parts, in one thousand six hundred and sixty- fiiur parts of the entire weight of each of the said coins, shall consist of pure sliver, and Ihe remain- ing one hundred and seventy-nine purls of alloy— which alloy shall be wholly of copper. (Act of April 34l, 1TU2, i 13.) This standard corresponds to 6ft9'4 thousandths. Ry } of the same net, the weight of the dollnr is fixed at four hundred and sixteen grains of the above standard, and Ihc weiirht of Ihe parts of the dollar in proportion. This stan.lard nnd weight were retained until the end of the year 1830 and the coins of this period are still legal lenders of payment. OOLD COINS. fie il enacted, JJ-c, That the standard for all gold coins of the United States shall he eleven parts fine to one part niloy ; and, nccordingly, that eleven parts in twelve of llie entire weight of oatli of Ihe snid coins shall riinaij't of pure gidd, and the remaining one Iweinii part of alloy; und the ie received in all payments, when of full weight, according to their suid respective values} COINS. 401 enactincnif M(l. «hiin of Imi than Aill walfhi, tt t«H ¥•!•••, proportbnad to tbtir raipoctlv* actual wciibta. (Act nf Jiin« !»lh. 1H,U, J I ) gtH/urtker tmuted, 'I'liiit all (nlil eolni of tha Uiiltnii 8talei, minimi antarlor tn tha thirty.flral H:iy iif Jill) II xt, iilmll iHt recrlvKbIa In all paviiiunlt at Iba rata »t iiluaty-four and alglil tmilha of » cnni |inr penny w«lfht. (i S of tliit lame net.) Thi^ alMire ■taniluril, whlnii ciirr«iipnndi to 91 earala i U>41 frnlni, or SOO'SU Ihniiiaiidtlii, conti' Bind uiilll lli« '»:( ol' Jiiiiuary, 1037, whan It wai chaiifiiil lu OW) tUi'iiauiiilllK. Tlia walglitH oftho K<>l-ir nominal valuea. VII. Againil Counttrfitling Coim. Bi U tnitefd, ^c. That If any pemon or imriona nhnll fhUdtv nial«>. fnrgn, or cnuntrrfiill, or cauia oriiriicurii l« bu (liUdly nindn, forKKd, or coiiiiterfeited | orwIllinKly aid or oailit In nilanly innklng, fulling, iir o iiil>^rri:Ulnir, aiiv coin In reaeniiilanco nr iiuillltiida of Ihv gold or Mllver coin whlrh liua lii'i'ii, (If hi'r> itfU't iiiuy hii,r(iiiit>tl at ihe Mint of ihii (TmIiimI Ht»loii| or in tli« ru«<ld or allvcr coin whlrji by luw now la, or hnrKafler niiiy b« niiulu, currunt In Hie UmIihiI Hiali'K ; r ihall paH, utter, iiublUh, or aell, nr attenipt In pnai, iillur, piihlUh, or aell, or brini Imki till! Unitcil siaiua from any foroign uliicn, with Inlinii tn pasH, iiiiur, puhllib r aell, ai true, nn* inch TiiIkh, fiirci'd, or rniinterrKlInd coiii, knowing thn iiiiiie In bH ftilHc, forged, ' . I'.iuntcrfititod, with inlonl to defriiud any body, pnlltlc nr cnrporalH, or iiny other pi>rxon or iwrn nawhaUoevvr; every pfrmin, (o otrnndlni, tlialt bu di.'eineil |(iillly of frlony, niiil iiliull, on ronvlctinn thereof, be imnlihi'd by nnii, not excoedlng Ave thouiuiid dnllura, and by iiiijirlsoiiinent und cuullneniuiit at hard labour, nnli'«'<^ediiig tan yean, according to the aggravation of the oflTeiire. ^mlbe it furthtmarUil, ThnI I'any nerann or pcmnni ihall hiUely make, forge, or cnunlerfHlt, nr rtiiiie or (irocure to bo fnUely iiiude, forged, nr coiiiiti>rfi!ited, or wllliniily aid or aNHlst In fnUely makliix, firKiiig, or counlertuitliig iiiiy coin In the retenililiince or Hiiiillituiiu of any copper coin which lull liiMP, or hor«nfter may be, roliied »t the mint of the United Htali'H ; or ahull paaa, utter, piibllah, or aell I or ultonipt to paaa, utier, publish, nr aell } or bring Into the United Htntea from nny foreiirn place, with Intent tn |iaaa, utter, publlah, or aell, aa true, nny aiich falne, forged, or counterlultod coin, Willi intent tn defriiud nny boily, polltle, or cnrimrnte, or nny perHoii or periona wliutaoever ( every )i"ri>on ao olTending *)>n\\ he dueiiied iruilty of felony, and aliiill, on eoiivinlon tlierenf, be piiiiiahed by line, not exceeding one Ihnuauiid doltara, and by ImprlKnninenl, und confliieincnt to hard labour, nut cicemllng three yoara. (Act of March 3d, \»i5, H 30, 21.) VIII. Jlgaiiut offcncf at thi Mint. Br It enactfd, l^r.. That If any of thn gold or ailver cnlna, which ahull be atruek nr coined at the mint or till! United Httttea, ahnll be dehnaed, nr made wnrae aa tn the proportion uf line gold or fine ailver llii'in cnntaliied ; or ahall be of lean weight nr value than the anine ought tn be. puraiiunt tn the K'veril acta relative therein, through the default or connivance of nny of the officer* or peranna who Hliull lie employed at the aald mint, for the piirpoae, in respect lo wlilch a longer duration is upecially assigned by law, for more than two years after the expiration of the calendar year in wliich the act of appropriation ahall have been passed, such appropriation ahall be deemed lo have cased and bvcn determined : and the sum so unexpended sliull be carried to nn account, on the buuka of the treasury, to be denominated, " The surplus fund," &c. (Act of March 3d, 1705, } 10.) XII. Frnvinion for the purchnac nf bullion for coinage. Proriied, That it may be lawful for the President of the United States to direct trinsfera of the pulilir niniiey to lie made from time tn time, In the mint and branch mints of the United States, for Bupplying metal fur coinage. (Prmito in i 13 of the luw regulating the deposites of public monu>fe: approved, July, 1830.) XIII. Att to establish branrhea of the viint of the United Stairs. Bt it enaeled, r^c. That brnnchea nf the mint of the United Htntes shall he estalilished as follows .- - One hruiich at Ihe city of New Orleans for the coinage of gold and silver : one branch at the town of Charlotte in Mecklenhiirg county, in the state of North ('aroiina. lor Ihecoliiape of gold only : and one branch at or near Dniiloiicga iu Lumpkin county, in Ihe stale of Georiria, also for the coinage of gold only. And for Ihe purpose of purchasing sites, erecting suituble buildings, and completing the necca- 2l2 51 iir ii Iff!' ,ih 402 COINS. I ^1 Mry comhinntinns o'mnflilnory for Hip several hranchps nforesnld, the followlnjr mtnn, to bn ,-,nij om of nny iiinm'y in llin ireiisiiry, not olhiirwlsn niiiirnprhilccl, Hlinll he iiiiil hi'rehy nre upprnprmied : dn thi! liriMcli III \i>\v Orleiins, llic sum of two liiiiiilrRil lliniisiind (lolliira ; lor tlio brunch at (;iiarlotie fifty IhniH'uiil (lolliirs ; nnsary, for the purpose of carryini{ into etloct the inteniiini of this art 111 estalilisliiim the said briiiiches : also, for discriiniiialins I he coins which shall be slainpod at each branch, and at Hie mint itself: also for tlie purpose of preserviii!; iiniforniity of weiijlit, I'orai, and lineness ill the coins stamped at each place. And for that purpose, to reijuire the iransaiissli.!! and (lelivi ry lo hiai al Ihe mint, from lime to time, such parciN of llie coinage of each branch as iiu ■ball tliiiik proper, to he sulijecled to such assays and tests as he shall direct. {5. .'i/ii/ 6c (( /«i-(/if;- c«ac/c/. That all the liiws, and parts of laws, made for the repulation of llin mint of Hie United .Stales, and for Iho govorninent of the otlkers and persons eiiiplnyed tlierejn, aiiij for Hie piiiiishnieiil of all olVences connected with the mint or coinape of tlii> llniled States, shall he, and llie same are hereby declared to he, in full force. In relation to each of the branches of the mini, by this act established, so far as the same shall be applicable thereto. (Act of March 3d, lH'ii.) XIV. ,/fnieni/iii. nt to the f,ircgoing act enlahUehing Branch Mitits. Be it enarJfil, ^-c. That theotlicers of Iho branch mint at New Orleans shall be one superintendent, one treasurer, one assayer, one nielter and rullner, and one coiner ; and that Ihe oilicera of iho braiicii mints at Cliarlolle and Dahlunega, severally, shall be one siiperiitleiident, who shall also per- forin Hie duties of ireisiirer; one assayer, who shall also perform tlie duties of nieltcr and reliner; Bnil one coiner; and the annual salaries of the said othcers shall be as follows: for Hie branch al New Orleans, to the saperintendent, Iv.o thousand five liiimlred dollars; to the Ireasurer, Hie as- saver, the meller anil reliner, and the coiner, each, two Hioiisand dollars; for lli.i briiiiches al ('li;ir- loiie and at Daliloneaa, lo the siip.'riiileiidont, two th'Hi.saiKl dollars; and to the assayer and Iho Coiner, eii'li, lili.'en hundred dollars. i i. JInil hi- ii further eiiiicliJ, Thai so much of tho net enlitled " An Act to pslablisb branches nf Hi ' mint if the I'niled States," approved the third day of March, one thousand eislil hundred anil lliirtv-iive, as ij inconsistent with the provisions of this act, he, and the same is hereby, renculcd. Act of 1S3T ) Tho followiii(T talile exhibits the amount of coinaste at the mint, from tho commencement of its operations in 179'J until tho 31st of Decemher, 1833, inclusive. Tabular Sliiteiinnt of the Ainnunt of Colnaee at the Mint of Hie United Slates, riiiladelplila, iu Hie several D'-iiotulnations of Coin, from the cominenccment of its operations until the 31sl of Ue- rember, 1838, inrlilsivR. yclrs. Half r.nf}". Q'Wier Ki;;li!«. Diilljri. Hlir llolliri. iluarlcrll.ilhM l)llllr>a. Hair Dimm Ctllll. 171)2 I7'.)3 I7ftt 8,707 — 204,791 323,114 — — 86,410 l,(3i',03.' I7!tr> 17;« n,iofi 903 72,P2n ,3,913 0,Sfll 2'2,1,3.-) lo.nin n7l,,-na I7U7 3,(ilHI 8-i'J 7,770 — 2,-ii '2r>,w] • ■ll.5'i7 Mir.Mi) 170'! 21.867 Oil S27,'.36 — — 87„')50 ti7o,:no I7fl'> 7.151 4;>o 413. •) I') — — — '.1',11,,'SM 1*^00 11. (I'M — 2',"),02n — — 21,7(1(1 24,000 2h'«,i: 1 Mil 2(1.001! — .51.1')! ,^(),'i'^(1 — 3i.(ilO ,33.1110 l.;!i 2.-37 mi 5:i,l7ii 2,(112 41,(lJ0 2:i,8!KI — lO.Or-'i 13,010 ;!,i:ri,"(i 1.103 3:)..'i(H5 4'23 fili.llOt HI, 71.') — 33,114(1 ,37,H:,0 2.i:i,:;.« 1KI)4 3( .IT-) ;);.in3 .1.3^7 1U,3T0 l.M!,5H) 0,7:!i< 8,2fi.'i 7.'0.-:^ I'M'!.') 1,7SI 321 2ll.7'i2 121,301 120,7^0 i.i.noo Oll.llfl' IHX) «I,(I'J.1 l,filrt ___ 830,5711 20(1,121 — ^ 3tS,(Mitl 1 1O07 m,(W3 C.sii — l,OJl,7iO S'«l,ni3 105,000 — 727,2'21 . for the won cnn- ipointeil iiiiDii iiie le siiiicrimniil,.,,, ic snperiiitfiiili.iii tvnrkiiinii un,| gpr- ■Inrks Khali !>(> ^n, 111" lW(i||i,,usarii| ff coiner, llicsiini mil (IdlliirB (Mill: 1011 and scrvaninj ■asonahlo.iiicnr.l. nd Dahlniioga, m liscliari!!! the duly d didlnr.H: to i|i,| rs : t(i tlio ilorkf, iritlnato wnrkiiion wnjros anil allow- daliiins ami iici u- nil ihfi inriiloiit.il !d iinil thirty-live iprialoil:-inri|i'n III Chorlutt., uiid act, bornri! piit^r- lie IJniiKil Sinii'H, nrt to iht) IJniiiii Iho Mint, aiidilie 'c of the dntlusoi reBulatiiin of iho lyoil thori'ln, anil StalRn, shall \m, flios of Iho mint, li .Id, 1S35.) J snporlntcndont, 10 Dllicor.i id' the liu shall alsi) pi'r- tir and ndiiicr; ir the branch at '(.■asiiror, tlio as- ramhos at Char- as.iayur and tho dish hranrhos of L'lit hiindnd and lereby, rBpeulod. cominciiccmcnt Philadolphia, iu 1 tlio 31bl 111' Uii- nw. Ctnii. 410 l,(3i',03; ';.io 071,. •(VI .Vi7 wir.Mi) 979.:no 991, .^M mo 2i-M,i;> 910 I.:ii2.si7 no :!,t::.,"o i:,0 2,i:i,:;.« 7,'ii.>:s m 941,1111 3tH,nii(i 787,221 COINS. 403 Tabular Statement or the amount of Coinage— eond'BHeil. Yrari. InOS Ililf Kif\et. Qu^ner Eauln. Dollar!. Ihif IJnIlars. (i'larter Dollars. Diniea. Half DiniM Ci-nli. 55,578 3,710 1,308,000 ,^ __ 1,109,000 ]-»'.> 33,S75 — — 1,405,810 — 44.710 2a2,M17 ISIO 100,2H7 — — 1,270,270 — 6,355 l,4.',h,.'.()n Ml 99,5sl — — 1,203,0 H — 65,180 2I8,0C5 ISI'J 5S,0S7 — — i,6a8,o:.» — 1,075,500 IJJI.') 95,128 — — 1,241,903 — 418,000 1811 15,451 — — 1,039,075 — 421,500 — 357,830 W.l 0J5 -~ — — 69,232 — — MO — — — 47.l,'>0 20,003 — _. 2,820,982 1SI7 — — — 1,12.-),.M>7 — — . 3,9 18,400 ISIS 4H,.588 — — 1,900,322 301,171 3,107,000 1.^19 51,723 — — 2,208,000 1 14,000 2,071,000 1 I'-SO 203,800 — — 751,122 127,411 912,587 4,407,550 ISil 31,041 6,448 — 1,305,797 210,851 1,180,512 3^9,O00 ifii 17,796 — — l„^'i9,.573 64,0^0 100.000 2,072,339 l>-2:i 14,485 — — 1,091,200 17,800 410,000 ISil 17,310 2,fi00 — 3,50 1.O.'^ — 1,202,000 \Hi:i 29,009 4,434 2,913,100 168,000 610,000 1,'I01,100 m< lH,(Mi9 700 — 4,0flt,|h0 — 1,517,125 iy>7 21,913 2,^00 — 5,193,100 4.000 1,215.000 2,:i-,7,732 l-'H 28,029 — — 3,07.0,200 103,000 12-),000 2,2f,0,C,2 1 1>J9 57,442 3,403 — 3.712.|:,6 — 770,000 1.230,000 1,411,500 ISiU 120,351 4,5)0 — 4,701.800 — 510,000 1,210,01)0 1,711,500 mi 140,594 4,,'i20 — S,873.(i(i0 398,000 771,350 1,212,700 3,359,2C0 b;w 157,487 4,400 — 4,797,000 320,000 522,5(1(1 965,000 2,302,000 im 193,630 4,100 — 5,200,000 150,000 4h5,000 1,370,0(10 2,739,000 1 1H.M 7.32, lO'J 117,;)70 — 6,412.004 2SO,000 035,000 l,4S0.OOO 1,8.'„5,I00 \b'M 371,5.34 131,102 — 5,352,0TO 1,952.(M)« 1,410.000 2,7(0.000 3,878.100 l?3t) 553,147 547,9f<6 1,000 6,540,200 472,000 l.liKI.OOO 1,900,000 2,111,000 ih;i7 207,131 43.080 — 3,029,H20 252,100 1,012,000 2,270,000 5,558,300 IH.IS aS0,!)88 47,0.30 — 3,516,000 832,000 1,992,500 1,255,000 6,370,200 Totiil. 4,220,422 019,130 1,1-10,517 91,443,993 i 6,524 ,0('.» 14,8.54,000 15,981,213 82,211, ,302 The! above table contains the number of the several denominations of coin, eagles and liulf cents cxi!''|ili'd. rrovloii? to 1805, tlie whole nunihor of cncles coined amounted to 1.32,592. Sinrn then none liavo hoin I'liiiii'd until the yoar 1838, diirine which the niimbor of oaclcs coiiiod annmiitcil to 7,209. Tlu mnaliur of half centa coined, down to the end of the year 1838, was 7,838,713. Doposites and Coinage at the Mint and its Branches for the A'cai 1838. DEPOSITES. Mint!. Gold. Silver. Tolat. U. S. Gold. fDrei^n Gold. Tdial iif Gold. Philadelphia Chiirlolte - . Dahliinega - iNuvv Orluana Pollnrf. 171,700 127,000 135,700 700 D'Unr%. 1,452,800 3,000 6.100 39,900 1,624,500 130,000 141.800 40,600 2,3"1.2«0 237,000 3,925,700 130,000 lll.'Oil 277,600 1 435,100 1 1,502,400 1 1,9.S7,500 2,538,200 4,475,700 ! MinU. COINAGE. j Gold. Silver. Copper. Total. l'i.c«t Value. Pirrti. I V.ilue. Rem. Vilu". rii't I'3. Villi,.. 1 Philadolpliia Cliarhdte - DahlonoL'a - .Now Orleans 310.818 •-'0,780 20,.'83 Dulliin. 1,62:,5I5 84.105 102,915 iK.tl.irs. 8,625,500 2,29:1,000 402,130 40,2 U 0,370.200 /), Hat 1. 03,70l' 15,33 2 2 4( 0.518 0,780 0,5h3 2,130 lli'lhirt. 1 3,979,217: 81,IO(i; 102,915 40,213 382,181 1,809.595 «,027.930 2,333,'il3 6,370,200 03,702 15,78 0,311 4,200,540| COIR, a species of yarn m:>nufiirtun'd out of tlio IiukIc of cocoa rmls, 'I'lio hiit^kH Imint^ s'('P|)nd in water, the dry dusty siibsluiico, mixed witli the litiros in ,s(>|)arntri1. 'J'hosn nn; at'lorwards spun into yarn, and niaiiufiictured into conlaajo, that is docmcd by some superior to tliat made of hemp. Tho Roodiicss of coir depiMids on the fineness of the filaments, iiml on ihoir heing of a bright yellow colour. About .'),000,000 lbs. wciujht are aiiiiuaily ex- |iiirU'il from Ceylon, principally to (Jalcutt.i, and olher jiorts in the Ciist Indies. It is also propari'il in tho Maldive Islands, and many other places; and is very extensively used tlinniuhout the East. — {HcrtnlticcVs Cei/liin ,■ licWn C/i ii merer of fifnisa/, i.\c.) COI.OCYNTIIIS, COLOQUINTlb.\,t variety of valuable productions with which Mexico and the other Spanish colonies abound, the extreme richness of their soil, and their advantageous situation, would, had they been only tolerably well governed, have occasioned their rapid increase in wealth and civiliza- tion. But a blind and intolerant despotism paralysed their energies, and fettered and retarded their progress. All the abuses and defects of the government of Old Spain wcro transferred to, and multiplied in, the colonics. The whole property of those vast regions was considered as vested in the crown of Spaui; and every law or regulation, whether of a local or general nature, affecting their government, emanated from the countil of the Indies, in which it was supposed the king was always prenent. We cannot stop to describe the sort of rcgulitions to which the colonists were subjected with any degree of minutene.ss; but we may notice a few of them, to furnish the means of judging of their general spirit and probable efi'cct. It was, for example, made a capita/ offence to carry on any intercourse with foreign- ers; and the inhabitants of the dilferent colonies were even forbidden any intercourse with cai-li other, unless under the strictest and most vexatious regulations. There were several articles, such as flax, hemp, and wine, which they were not permitted to cultivate ; at the same time that the crown reserved to itself the monopoly of salt, tobacco, gunpowder, and some other less impo; tant articles. The alcavala, and other oijpressive imposts, which had proved destructive of industiy in Old Spain, were rigorously levied as well on the exports as on the imports of the colonics. No situation of power or emolument could be filled exce[it by a native of Old Spain. The Cathalic religion was established, to the exclusion of every other; and bishops, tithes, and the inquisition, followed in its train: while, in order still better to consolidate and strengthen the f )undations of this monstrous despotism, the go- veriinicnt endeavoured to make the colonists insensible of their degradation, by proscribing every spi'cies of instruction, and watchfully opposing the introduction and progress of all uset'id knowledge ! Under auvh circumstances, we cannot be surprised that the Continental colonists, amon^ whom the monopoly system was maintained in its greatest finrity, should have languished fur above two centuries in n state of sluggish inactivity. 'J'hoiigh surrounded by all the means of producing wealth, they wcro not generally wealthy. Oppression rendered them iniliilent ; and went far to dejirive them not only of ibe power, Itut also of the wisli, to emerge from poverty. Tlio progress of the colonists who occupied the West India islands was not quite so slnv. It is certain, however, that down t() the middle of last century, Spaui reaped no 'greater ailvantagc from the po-se.^siou of Cuba, Hispaniola, and I'orto Hico, than England or I'" ranee from the smallest of its dependencies. In proof of this we may mention, that the noliie island of Cuba, which could without diirieully supjily all Europe wiih sogar, did not, in 175<), produce a sufficient quantity even for the consumption of Old Sp;iin. But the C'wnliined influcnee of an arbitrary and intolerant governmnt, and of a degrading supersti- tion, could not balance the means of inijirovenient, which the fertility of the soil, and the command thence arising over most of the necessaries and many of the conveniences of lite, gave to the colonists. Owing also to the total iueajiacity of t)M Spain to furnish her trans- allmtic provinces with a sufficient sup|)ly of the articles she had forceil them to import from Eiiropi', and the consequent extension of the contraband trade carried on with them by the other European nations, she had been compelled gradually to relax the severity of her com- niiircial monopoly, A new impulse was thus given to the spirit of industry. The colouisU H It i.vl- !i: I , .. 4t ■i 1 i 1, '^ IH li:L;i; 406 COLONIES AND m n brgan to be more sensible of the natural advantasies of their situation, and less inclined to subiriit to the blind and bi(r,)ted policy of the Spanish Court, In 1781, a rebellion brokeoul in Peru, in consequence of an attempt made by the government to establish anew monopoly in th;it province, which threatened to end in the total dissolution of the connection between Spain and South America, and v\asnot quelled witliout great dillicuity and much blnoilshcil. Hut t!ie spirit of liberty, when once excited, could not be suppressed. It continued to pin (jround i)r()gressively, until the conmienccment of the late contest between Franco and Spain interrupted the communication with the mother country, and i^ave the colonists an oppor- tunity of proclaiminij; that imlependence wliich, after a lengthened and bloody struggle, they happily succeeded in achievin;;. (4.) Britinh Colonies. — The English, who, like all the other nations of Europe, had liocn impressed with mingled feelings of admiration and envy by the extent and importance of the acquisitions made by the Spaniai'ds in the Nevs' World, speedily entered with enthusiasm and ardour into the career of discovery. Owing, however, to the Indl which Fenlinimd and I^;al^^'lla had obtained from the Po]ie, conveying to fliem the ample donation of all the cnun- tries inhabited by infidels that the Spaniards had discovered, or might discover, the English, to avoid encroaching on the dominions of their rivals, directed their cHbrts further to the nortli. Several attempts to founu»e of Coni- mon.=. It was not long, however, bef)ve the king and the company quarrelled. The latter were in conseijucncc divested of all their rights, partly by o|)en violence, and partly under colour of law, wi'.hout compensation, alter having expended upwards of 150,(100/. in found- ing the colony; and a governor and council of slate ap[) linted by the king succeeded to the powers of those appointed by the conunittec. — {lioLerhvii's HLsto'\i/ of America, book ix. p^i-^aini,- Jijf:niin't,- N j/e-i on Virginia, [t. 179.) The founders of the colony in Mrginia had been actuated solely by the hopes of gain: but. the coloni.'S that were soon after estahlished in Xevv England, were ehiiifly planted by men who /led fristn religious and political persecution. 'J'he form of government in the .\ew England colmiies, though at first modified a good deal by the jieculiar religious ojiinions en- tertaiiied by the colonists, was in its leading principles essentially free. For a consideral)le jxiiod, the colonists elet'ted their own govertiors, coined money, and exercised most of the rights of sovereignty ; while the English, wliolly engrossed with the contest between free- dom and [irerogative at home, had no leisure to attend to their procei.'dings. Suliscijucntly to the restoiation, however, the governments of most id' the New England states weio es- tablished ne.nly on the same footing as iliat lion of the prnprietary governments of Pennsylvania and Maiyland. lint also for those that were estalilihed in the M'est India islands. But under every vicissitude of ujovemniejit and f irtune, tlie New England colonists were dislingtdshed by the same anient and enlluisi- ustie love of liberty that had first induced them to ipiil their native land. Every thing relat- ing to the interna! regulation and administration of tile diireient <'olo!iies was determined, in the ciilDiiiid assenil'lies, by re))resentatives freely chosen by the settlers. The personal liherty of the citizens was well secured and vigilantly protected. And if we excejit the restraints «in tlieir eonunerce, the inoiKipoly oir supplies diHiciiliies ill- e-*sful : and it lent t'stahlish- were gru'itcJ m the e\p;mso n into a coni- iffS the nioni. '■'.)"rily of the hI .sustenance the colonists fflishinen, the {,' only, as the Imis, one fifth lid to his Mu. np:iny issu.-d, u constitution partly in the iuincd hy (he itativcsofihe usp of Cm- The latter pui-tly under ^l- in found- :c(!dcd to the f«, liook ix. of gain: but iti'd by men in tho \ew ipinions en- -■oiisideral'le most of tiic 'tween fiee- jbseyuonlly ;t's weia es- tlie fivour- it, with I he ") for tho.so :overinneiil III enlluii^i- hin;r relat- rminefl. in nal liberty restraints r eountry, ' Kanie de- J imwcrful .^public of North Amcr'ca. Their progress in weahh and population was in (.'onsequence ■)iiitc unprpcedeiited in the history of the world. The white population of the colonies had 'iicreased in 1V76, at the couimnnrement of the revolutionary war, to above 2,()()(),000, and ihc value of the exports from Great Uritain to lliem amounted to about 1 ,300,000/. a year ! It is not dillicult to discover the causes of the uncxatnpU'd prosperity and rapid gro.v th of Mir North American colonies, and generally of all colonics placed under similar cireuni- stiiiii'es. The North American coloni.^ts carried with them a knowkd>re of the arts and sciences practised by a civilized and polished people. They iiad liceii trained from their inlancy to habits of industry and subordination. They were praelieally acquainted with tiio ln'iit and wisest form of civil polity that had been established in Europe ; and they were (ilaeed in a situation that enabled them, without difliculty, to remedy it* dcfccU, and to try cverj' institution by the test of utility. But the thinness of tho aboriginal population, and the consequent facility of obtaining inexhaustible su[>plies of fertile and unoccupieil land, must certainly be placed at the head of all the causes which have ]iromolud the rapid ir.cica.so (if wealth and population in llie lj'nit<>d States, and in all the other colonics both of North nml South America. On the fust foundation of a colony, and for long after, each colonist pts an ample supply of land of the hc^t ijualHii; and having no rent, and ficarceiy any taxes to pay, his industry necessarily becomes exceedingly productive, and he has every means, ami every nintivc. to amass capital. In consei|nence, lie is eas^pr to collect labourers from all i|imrlers, and i:i both willing and able to reward tbern with liij;h wa^os. But these high wni,'es itf.ird the means of accumulation, and, joined to the jilenty and chcaymess of the land, spcidily rhangc the more industrious labourers into proprietors, and enable them, in their turn, to |)Ccon)e the employers of fresh labourers; so thut every class particijiales in the general ini- (Tovcincnt, and ca|iital and population advance with a rapidity hardly conceivable in old ij( Itled and fully jxiopled countries. It has been frecjuently said, that the establishment of our American and West India rulotiics was a device of the supporters of the exclusive or mercantile system — that they f.iunded them in the view of raising up a vast agricultural poindation, whose commerce lihould be confined entirely to an exchange of their raw products for our manufactured goods. There is, however, no truth in these assertions. On tho contrary, the charters granted to the founders of the settlement in Virginia distinctly eiupowtr the coluiiisls to cttrrij on a direct Infircowse loith foreign stuten. Nor were they slow to avail themselves of this pern)i^sion; for they had, so early as 1G20, established tobacco warehouses in Midillebnrf;h and Flush- m;j. — {li(ibaiifou\f America, book ix, p. lO'l.) ; and the subsequent (irocccdingii of the British (f'lvcriiment, depriving them of this freedom of commerce, weie the chief cause of those t'isputes, which broke out, in IC7C, in an openrcbellionof ominous and threatening import. — {llitkrtsoii'is Aiiiericu, p. M7.) It was not until the colonists had surmounted the difll- fuliios and hardships incident to their first est;d)lishment, and had begun to increase rajiiiily in wealth, that their commerce became nn object of importance, and that regulations v>cre funned in the view of restricting its freedom, and of renderin"^ it peculiarly advantageous to the mot! ler country. The act of 1650, passed by the republican parliament, laid the first fnundatiinis of the monopoly system, by coulhiinjr the import and export trade of the colonies pxclihively to British or colony built ships. But tiie famous Navigation Act of 16G0 (13 diaries 2. c, IS.) went much further. It enacted, that certain specified articles, the produce of the colonies, and since well known in comineree by the name of cmiinerutid articles, ►liiiuld not be exported directly from t!ie colonics to any foreign country; but that they should first be sent to Britain, and there urdadcn (the words ltiiie), before tlii'y could be forwarded to their final destination. Sugar, molasses, ginger, fustic, tobacco, cotton, and indij^o, were originally enumerated ; and the fist was subsequently enlarged by the addition of cotfee, hides and skins, iron, corn, luudn'r, &c. In 17:50, the monopoly system was so far relaxed, that sugars were perniittcil ^o be carried directly from the British plantations to any port or place southward of Cape Finistcrre; but the conditions under which this indulgence was granted, continu' il so strict and numerous down to J 803, v.hoii they were a good deal sinqililicil. as to render it in a great di'grce nugatory. — (Eduuirdjf^s West Iiidien, vol. ii. p. 'llJZ.ed. 1819.); and with this exception, the opiiressivo and vexatious ri\.lii('tioiis on their direct exportaliun lo foreign cnunlries were maintained on most of the dtl'.er enuinerutid commodities of any iniportanee. down to the leeeiif idlerations. But besides compelling the colonists to .«(// their proiUiee exclusively in the English tiiarkels, it was next thought advisable to oblig:' them to Ijui/ such fori ii;n iirtii les as thi'y niif-hl stand in need of «'ntiieiy from the men haiits and miiniifaetun rs of England. For this purpo.se it was enacted, in llifiS, that "no cominodity of the tuowlil, pro'Iuetion, oi manu- I'aetme of Europe, shall be imported into the British plantatimis, but sui h as are laden and put on board in England, Wales, or Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in English bnilt sliiiqiiiig. whereof the master and throe fonrthsol thecicw arc Eiigli.sh." The preamble to this statute, \vhieh eHectually excluded the ccdonists from every market for European produce, except tliat of Eiiijland, as^'igns the motive for this restriction to be, " the inaintaiiiing a greater concipoiideiice and kiiidncs!) between the subjects at home and those in the plaiitutions ; [ Jj !« Mi :iH I! i a f ri; m COLONIES AND keeping the colonies In a firmer depemlence on the mother country ; making them yet mote beneficial to it, in the further employment and increase of Eni^lisli shipping, and the vent of English manufactures and cohimodities ; rendering the navigation to and from them more Bafo and cheap ; and making this kingdom a staple, not only of the commodities of the plan- tations, but also of the commodities of other countries and places for their supply ; it beiiij the usage of other nations to keep their plantation trade exclusively to themselves." It was also a leailing principle in the system of colonial policy, adopted as well by Eii;;. land as by the other Euroj)ean nations, to discourage all attempts to manufacture huc'i articles in the colonies as could be provided for them by the mother country. The hi«tory of our colonial system is full of efforts of this sort; and so essential was this principle dwmral to the idea of a colony, that Lord Chatham did not hesitate to declare, in his plaie in par- liament, that "the British colonists of North Amoriea had no nioHT to miiwifuctun evma nail fur a horses fine.'" — (Erfwcrib's West Indies, vol. ii. p. 566.) And when such were the ptiacttnents made by the legislature, and such the avowed sentiments of a great parlianiontiiry leader and a friend lo the eoloniw, we need not be sur[>rised at a declaration of the late Ijorj ShcflicKl, who did no more, indeed, than express the opinion of almost all the mcrcliuiiiB and politicians of his time, when he alFirmed that "the oxit use nf American cxAimksor West India islands is the aioxoeoLr of their consitmption, and the carriage of 'hdr produce.'" II. Inpioexck or thb Mosopolt op thb Colosv TiiAnE. — Slaveht. It is not necessary to enter into any lengthened dis()uiaition3 with respect to this pnrt of our subject The rules by which we are to form our judgment upon it, are unfolded in th« article CoMMEacK. Here it is sufTicient to observe, in the first place, that, though it couM be shown that restrictions on the colony trade were really advantageous to the mother coun- try, that is not enough to prove that they should lie adopted. In d'aling with a colony, wd are not dealing with a foreign country, but with an integral part of our own empire. Ami hence, in order to show that restrictions on the colony trade are advantageous, it must not merely be shown that they are beneficial to the mother country, but it must further be shown that they are beneficial, or, at all events, not injurious, to the colony. The advantnge of one part of tlie empire is not to be purchased by the depression of some other part. The duty of government is to promote the prosi>erity, and to maintain the eipial rights and privileges of all ; not to enrich one class, or one province, at the expense of others. This principle is decisive of the whole question. Owing to the identity of langun;^, manners, and religion, the merchants of the mother country must always have very grent advantages in the colony markets ; and if the commodities which they have to sell be about as suitable for them, and as low priced, as those of others, none else will tie imported into thoin; but if they be not, it would plainly be to the injury of the colony to compel her li buy from the mother country what she might procure chea[)cr from others. It will iniine- diately be seen that such forced s;\le could be of no real advantage to the mother country; but whether that were so or not, its mischievous influence upon the colony is munifcst. Were Jamaica, for example, obliged to import any article from England which cost her 100,000/. a year more than she could procure a similar article for elsewhere, she would manifestly lose this amount; and though it were true that every shilling of this sum found its way as extra priifit into the pockets of the merchants or manufacturers of England, that would be no sufficient justification of the policy of such a sj. lem. The protection due tiy a government to its subjects does not depend on the varying ile[»reesof latitude and iongiliulo under VI' liich they ha|)pen to live. It vvould not be more glarin rly unjust to lay peculiar burdens on the Lothians for the sake of Middlesex, than it is to lay them on Jamaica for the sake of England. In point of fact, however, the monopoly of the colony trade is of no real use, but the reverse, to the mother country. If, an has been already observed, slio can supply her colo nists with goods a.s cheaply as they can be supplied by others, she will have no competitors in their mnrkets; nnd if she cannot do this, the monopoly is really hostile to her int. 'rest?. Each country has some natural or ac(piired capabilities that enable her to carry on ceilaiti branches of industry more advantageously than any "ne else. But the fact of a couulry being liable to be undersold in the markets of lier culonies, sh.iws conclusively, that instead of having any superiority, she labours under a disadvantage, as compared with others, in t!ie production of the peculiar articles in demand in thu.ii. And hence, in ))roviding a lorcpd market hi the colonies for articles that wo should not otherwise be able to dispose of, wb really engnge a portion of the capital and labimr of the country in a less advantageous chan- nel than that into which it would naturally have flowed. VVe im|)res3 upon it an artirifial direction ; and withdraw it from those secure and really beneficial biisines-ios in which it would have been employed, to engage it in business the existence of which depends only on the continuance of oppressive regulations, and in which wo are surpassed by foreigners. Even Wore it conceded that the possessicm of an outlet in the colonies for gootls that could not otlierwise bo disposed of, was an advantage, it is one that can exist in theory only COLONY TRADE. 409 Practically it can never be rcallBed. The interests of the colonists, and the dexterity and devices of the Rniugfi;ler, are too much for Custom-houde regulations. Cheap goods never fail of making their way through every obstacle. All the ty rannicitl laws and giiardu castas of Old Spain did not hinder her colonies from being glutted with prohibited commodities. And we may be assured that the moment a competitor appears in the field capable of supplying^ tbc Canadians and people of Jamaica with cottons, woollens, hardware, &c. cheajicr thun we can supply them, that moment will they cease to be our customers. All the revenue otlicers, and all the 8hi(i8 of England, supposing them to be employed for that purpose, would \x unable to avert this result. The consequence of tlie American war ought to have led to sounder opinions than those that are still current as to the value of the monopoly of the colony trade. Has tho inde[)end< ence of the United States been in any respect injurious to us 1 80 far from this, it is cer- tain that it has redounded materially to our advantage. We have been relieved from the expense and trouble of governing extensive countries at a great distance from our shores, at tlie same time that we have continued to reap all the aiivantage that we previously reaped from our intercourse with them. It is visionary to imagine that we coidd have succeeded eilhtr in preventing them from establishing manufactories at home, or from importing pro- ducts from abroad, had any one been able to undersell us. Our command of tho American market df pends, at this moment, on the very same principle — the comparative cheapness of our goods — on which it dc|)ended when we had a governor in every state. So long as we preserve this advantage, we preserve the only means by which the monopoly of any distant market can be maintained, and the only means by which such monopoly is rendered of tho least advantage. But it is not to be supposed that, because restrictions on the trade of colonies can be of no real advantage to their mother countries, they arc not oflen very injurious to them and to the colonies. We could not, however anxious, exclude manufactured articles, and such foreign goods as are valuable without being very bulky, from our West India islands, pro- videil they were offered cheaper by others. But such is not the case with lumber, provi- sions, &c. They are too bulky to be easily smuggled ; and may be, and indeed are, very much raised in price by restrictions on their importation. For many years past, all direct intercourse between our West India colonies and the United States was interdicted ; and, in consequence, the planters were compelled either to supply themselves with lumber, staves, &c. by a distant voyage from Canada, or, which was by far the most common practice, from the United States, through the circuitous and expensive channel of St. Thomas and other neutral ii>lands ! In papers laid by the West India merchants and planters before the House of Commons (No. 120. Session. 18.31), they estimate the increased expense they thus in- curred on lumber, staves, flour, shingles, fish, &c. at 15 per cent, of the entire value of these articles, or at 187,570/. a year. And it will be observed, that no part of this sum went into the pockets of any British merchant. It went wholly to indemnify the Americans and others for being obliged to bring their products round about by St. Thomas, instead of direct from the States. This system grew out of the American war ; but it is due to Mr. Pitt to state that it received no countenance from him. On the contrary, he introduced a bill, in 1785, for reviving the beneficial intercourse that existed previously to the war, between the United States and the West India islands. But being opposed by a powerful party in parliament, and by the ship owners and Canada merchants, ho was obliged reluctantly to withdraw tho bill. The following remarks of Mr. Bryan Edwards on this subject arc as applicable at this moment, as they were at the period (1794) when they were written. " This," says he, " is not a business of selfishness or faction ; nor (like many of those ques- tions which are daily moved in parliament merely to agitate and perplex government) can it be dismissed by vote. It will come forward again and again, and haunt administration in a tiiousand hideous shapes, until a more lilieral policy shall take place ; for no folly can pos- sibly exceed the notion that any measures pursued by Great Britain will jirevcnt the Ameri- can states from having, some time or other, u ainimercial infercnurse ivitk our West India 'emtoriett mi their own terms. With a chain of coast of 20° of latitude, possessing tho finest harbours for the purpose in the world, all lyin;? so near the sugar colonies and the track to Europe, with a country abounding in every thing the islands have occasion for, and winch they can obtain no where else ; all these circumstances necessarily and naturally lead to a commercial intercourse between our islands and the United States. It is true we may ruin our sugar colonies, and ourselves also, in the attempt to prevent it ; but it is an experi- ment which God and nature have marked out as impossible to suceced. T/ie prenenf re- striiininsr st/sleni, is forbidding men to help each other,- men who, bi/ their ncce.ssitiis, their elimiite, a/id their pniduetiom, are standinir in perpetual need if nutual assistance, and ubk to Kupphf UP— {Hist. West Indies, Preface to 2d ed.) We have also thom;ht fit to interdict the Wtjst Indians from the refining, or, as it is tech- nically termed, the claipng of sugars. This is one of the few manufactures that might be advanlajteouslv set up in tho islands. The process adds considerably to the value of sugar; VoL.I.— SM 63 ■I.M. ||i ■1! ! i !■ % \W m ■\- '.\ ll i 410 COLONIES AND li: i , and it migl'it he cnrricd on in the liuilJin^js, and liy thn hands tliat aru roijuircJ to boil the cnnc, or to pnparc the raw or iniLscovadn fiuj?ar, luHtcad, howevrr, of hoing iillowrd loroline thoir siieafH on the spot, and where it ini;hil)iti:d from uni;aa;in); in this lirancli of imlustrv ; And hiive hev.n obliged to export all their sugars, cither raw or crushed, to EnKiand. IS'oihinir can cxi'crd the oppre^Miveiics!< of mich a regulation ; and what ia most singular, it has nut l)e(>n enforced, like niOHt rcgulalions of the Hort, in order to bolster up any of the leading in- terests of the country, but merely to give a factitious employment to a very small class,— that of the sus^ar refiners, wh(Jse natural residence is in the West Indies. The planters and mer- chants estimate the loss caused by this preposterous regulation nt 75,55U/. a year. The distillation of spirits from sugar has cdy been occasionally allowed ; but provided the duties were so adjusted os to give no advantage to the planters over the growers of bar- ley, or to the latter over the former, we think tliu distillers should be, at all times, bIIowciI to diiitil indiscriminately from sugar, molasses, or grain. It is the duty of government to take care that the duties be so arranged as to give no unfair advantage to any party over anullu'r; hut, having done this, it should do nothing more, 'i'o prohibit distiliution from su.;ar, tlmt a forced market may bo opened for grain ; or distillation from grain, that a forced market may be opened for sugar; are interferences with the freedom of industry, for which no i;oud reason has been, nor we believe can be, assigned. Tiie interests of the plaiiters have l>een sacrificed in many other ways besides those now pointed out, in the view of securing some illusory advantage to our merchants and ship. owners. Perseverance in this line of policy is the less excusable, as it is in direct opposition to the pri'nc'pk of the measures introduced by Mr. Itobinson (now Lor.l Goderich) in 1823, and Mr. Iluskisson in 18"i5 ; and sanctioned by the le;>islature. The avowed object of these measures was the subversion of the old colonial system, and the repeal of the vexa- tious reslriclions laid on tho trade of the colonies. " If we look," said Mr. Kobinson, " to the dominions of England in the Eastern hemisphere, we shall fmd tho rcstiiclive system lias been entirely and systematically abandoned. The whole of the East India (Company's territories have never been shackled with the peculiar restrictions of the navigation laws ; and who will say that the interests of commerce and navigation have siilTered ! or rather, wlio will dtnif iJiat Ihci/ hive lucii mttter'mllij benefiltd by the freedom thej/ huve injui/ed ?" — '• I propose," said Mr. Huskisson, in 183.3, '• to admit a free intercourse between all our colonies and other coimtries, either in British ships, or in tho ships of those counlrios, allow- ing the latter to import all articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture of tlie country to which the ship belongs ; and to export from such colonies nil articles wliatcver of their growth, produce, or manufacture, either to the country from whicli such ship came, or to any other port of the world ; the United Kingdom and all its dependencies only excepted." Unluckily, however, the conditions and regulations introduced into the bills were, for the most part, in direct contradiction to the principle laid down in the speeches now quoted ; nor is it easy, indcid, to conceive for what purpose the latter were made, unless it were to ex- hibit the impolicy of the former. Among others which will subsequently be specified, the act of 1825 imposed the following duties for the express purpose of securing to Canada and to British ships the supply of the \\'est India islands with food and lumber. TlUcof Dtities impinf>d hvfiOeo. 4. c. 114. on certain Arliclfi of I'rovision, atnl uC VVimk) ami Luitibbr, not l)t;iii< the CliMwlli, IV»- cliirtiori, or Mliusf.icturf of Hip L'mfeit Kini'iorii, iinr«if any Rii* tisli i*(»sew>i'in. iniporteil or hmlr^ht into (he llritUh Pris.se5sions on (he Cnutiiitfiit of > -u'b Aii.crica, ur iu tlie Wei( ImJie*, (he Ba- hauia an4 Bemiuda hUucii mclt.(led. Provi'ioii% vir. L. $, d. W'ral.iliehiuhel • - ■ • -010 Wht-K fi'mr. (lie liam'l • - - .050 Bralil or hilftllt, Ihu cirl. • • • -016 Fli'ur or meal, n.it of wheit, thehsTTe! • -026 FtM3, \teAm, rye, calivancea, oais, tarley, InJiao corn, llitjliiuliil . . . • . .007 RiiT, (hr I.OOO Ilia, nelt nei;ht • - -026 Live slock, to [-trceiil, Lunihrr, viz. Shiiiili-e«, bf-'in^ more than 12 inches in length, the I.OOO 14 Slaves aiiii lien linzi. vit 11 -.1 ,i.ik, Hie l.ffJO IS Whih'mk, the 1,000 12 6 Wmxl ho'ins, !ha 1,000 ■ • • -053 Whi'f, vpil»«, aii'l pitch pine lumber, the 1,00(1 Tet ol 1 inch lli.ilt • • • • I 1 I. t. if. Cher wood rnJ Inmtier, the 1,C00 feet of I inch thick I 8 Fish, hccf, pork, iiiohihili'l. The revenue dei ive^l fr-im these and the other dnt'M imltricl t j the act of Uii'i, amounte'I to aljout 7.'i,(j00/. a year, auil tiie clorgot of rn'Ueiion lnah..ot (ii'.nOO/.: 'i'he oftW-lt of iheae duiits in ariJin;? to the prices of the f«od and lilnilter importei liy the )iliii1ers, n exltit^ej in (lie fulinim sratenieiit 'if (he prices of some of (he princioal of (he^ear-itl-s iu (lie L'liiieil status auJ the Cunlaiuul, and in (Jauaila nud the Tailed Kin^'toni : — Tlerrinrs flVinisli) at the I-land of St. Thomas, the harrel Ditio (British) in the colonies, the barrel - Mess I'eef, ill lhiliit:ili<.jh, the harrel llit'o, ill the I'nilel KiiKlom, ditto P irk, in Manil.'iir','ti, the iMrrel Di'lri, in the I'li'lel Kii'l 'in, .lilio Ke.l oik st.tvus, in the United States, per l,(iO0 * Oillo, a( (iue''ec, p.Tili((" .... White oak ^(a ves, in the Uni'ed States, per ditto ■ Ditto, at liiiet'tc, per dill'j • Flour, in the T'nitwl States, the tjirrel - . Ditt'i, at CJllelkV, ditto .... Shlnales, ill 'lie (■nile'I Stales, per 1,000 - Ui(to, in Canada, per ditto /.. I. if. I I II 3 4 ■.> B 3 S 't 7 •< 6 to 10 (i I I 1 5 U IS The United States, who felt themselves aggrieved by the imposition of such oppressive duties on flour, wheat, and lumber, refused to accede to those conditions of reciprocity under v/hich the colonial ports were to bo opened to their ships ; and, owing to this circumstance, it was not till the end of 1 830, when fresh negotiations were entered into with the Uiiiti-d States, and it was agreed to modify some of the duties, th' t the West India colonics derived any sonsiblo advantige from the chan.'j.'s, such as 'iiey were, that were made in 1825. Bui notwithstanding tlic modifiLutioiis intioduced by the act I Will. 4. c. 21., and now COLONY TRADE. 411 uirt-J to hoil the iillovvi'd ta reliiie e tlmt is rf(|uire(l It'll of inilusirv ; kIuiuI. JS'oihing «iilar, it lias not ' tiio leadinij in- nail class,— tiiat aiilers uuj „icr. year. i ; I'Ut provided growers of bar- iiios, allowed to ernmont to take ly over aiiutliprj roin sii'jar, ijiut n forced market wliich 110 'i;ood sides those now laiits nud ship, ircct oj)po.siiion icrich) in 1823, owed object of ca! of tho vexa- . Koiiinsoa, " to stiictive system liia Com()any's Jvic;alioii laws ; red ] or rather, 'luve iiij(ii/ed t" lelwceu all our ounlriLy, allow- tlie country to latcver of their hip came, or to )ly excepted." Is were, for the iw quoted ; nor s it wnc to ex- c specified, the to Canada and I. .1. A I mdi thick I 8 hprd and ill-J ijl tllf fo|,„A||i» ).-il of these ai'id.n in iiiaJa aud llic luilcd /.. I. (L , the barrel I • I II • 3 - 4 .•.'BO - 3 5 ,400 - 7 S 4 o . . 6 10 a ■ 10 C 2 • 1 I • I 5 5 ■ U . IS jch oppressive !il)rocity under circiiiiistaiicc, til the L'liitiil lion it's derived n 1835. "i'i., aiid now otnhoJicd in tho act .3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 59. — (see pout), — tho rcgulationii uniler which tho colony trade is nt present conducted, are in tho highest detrree olijcctionahle. There is, for example, a duty of ."i,*. n barrel on all flour brought from a foreign country into our posses- (ioM in the West Indies and South America, and also into Nova Hrotii, New Hrunswick, and Prinee Edward Island. At first sight there seems nothing to object to in this reg;uhition, cM-ept the imposition of the duty ; in point of fact, however, this is its le.ist objcctiouablo f.'atiire, mill is used merely m, a pretext to conceal its real object. The necessity of • lising a revenue might, in some degree, excuse even the imposition of a duty on the food of the colonists; but there cannot be v ..v,h as the shadow of an apology for taxing it for the htnrfl iif another elms. Such, ^o'wevtr, is tho solo end and purfiose of this ingeniously contrived regulation. It will be observed, that though no wheat flour can be carrieil duty free direet, from a foreign country to our possessions in the West Indies, or to our posses- sions to the north of the United States on tho Atlantic, it may be imported liiity friv into Cnnnda, where it is not needed ! The consequence is, that a large proportion of (he United States' flour intended for the West Indies, instead of being fihip[icd direct from New York, Philadelphia, &c. for the islands, is carried, in the first inslancc, to Montreal and Queliec, ami is theiiee conveyed in Uritish ships to its final destination. The duty is imposed to force this trade ; that is, to make the food of the colonists be carried to them by a round- about course of more than 2,000 miles, in order that a few hundred pounds may \k. forced into tho pockets of the ship-owners, at an expense of many thousand pounds to tho eolonists. Such, indeed, is the influence of the system, that there have been instances of wheat having been carried from Archangel to Quebec, landed there, and again shipped for Jamaica ! Shingles, lumber, &c. aro subjected to the same regulations, with this dilVerence merely, that thoy may be imported duty free into Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, &c., being thence car- ried to the West Indies; whereas, by confining the importation of duty free tlour to Canada, it must pass, before it can reach the consumers, through the lengthened, dilKcutt, and dan- gerous navigation of tho St. Lawrence. It is unnecessary to make any commentary on such regulations. None more objectiona- Ms in principle, or mischievous in practice, are to be met with in the worst parts of the old Siiaiiish colonial rt^gime. All duties on and regulations with respect to the importation of articles of provision, lumber, &c. into the colonies, ought to be wholly abolished. Jamaica, and our other West India eolniiics, may be viewed as immense sugar, rum, and cotlee manufactories, which, though situated at a distance from England, belong to Englishmen, and are carried on by English capital. But to promote the prosperity of any manufacture without injuring that of others, there are no means at once so obvious and efli'ctual, as to give those engaged in it every facility for supplying themselves with the materials necessary to carry it on at the lowest jirice, and to keep the duties on its jiroduce as low as possible. This is the sound and obvious principle that ought to liave been kept steadily in view in legislating for the colonies ; though, as already seen, it has been totally lost sight of. That the system of forcing importation from Canada may be advantageous to that province, we do not prcsuma to deny ; but we are not to impoverish one part of our dominions that we may enrich another, raore especially when it is certain, as in the present case, that the advantage conferred ii) trilling indeed compared with the injury inflicted. In other respects, the operation of the present system is most pernicious. Sugar is an important necessary of life, and enters largely hito the consumption of every individual in Great Britain. Surely, then, it is highly impoitant that every means should be res(ntcd to fur reducing its cost; and as we have ex- cluded foreign sugars from our markets, the only way in which any such reduction can be efl'ecled is by abolishing the existing restrictions, and allowing the planters to furnish them- selves with the materials necessary for their manufacture at the lowest rate, and to dispose of their produce in the state and at the places they prefer. The vexatious regulations now alluded to, have been, for the most part, imposed to benefit the niollier country at the expense of the colonies. There has, however, been, in this re- spect, a reciprocity of injuries. Being obliged to buy whatever thi^ wanted in the markets of the mother country, the colonists early succeeded in obtaining, what, indeed, could not, under the circumstances of the case, be denied to them, the monopoly of these markets for the sale of their peculiar productions. And hence the high discriminating duties on foreign sugars, cofli.>e, timber, art from aound principle have notliing hift l)ut to endeavour to buUtcr up one absurdity by anutlier. It is time, surely, that an end were iiiit to 80 ruinous a nystcni. It u as much for the interest as it is the iluti/ of Ent^lnnJ, to ttiiiovo all restrictions from the colonists, not essential for the sake of revenue ; for l\m is tho only mcau'i by which she can provide for their real prosperity, and rid herself of those mono- jwIIps that form the heaviest clog upon her industry. VVc hope it will not bo 8up|>used, from any thing now stated, that we consider the founda< lion iif colonial Critablishrnciita ns, generally H|M!aking, inexpedient. We entertain no .s\ich opinion. It is not to tho cstabliHhment of colonies, provided they be plucod in advantageous litimtions, but to the Iranuncls that have l)een laid on their industry, and the iiitcrfiniMire cxcriiiHcd by the mother countries in their domestic concerns, that wo object. Every iiidi* vidual ought to have full liberty to leave his native country ; and occasions very frca,iiciitly occur, when governmcntH may advantageously interfere to settle emigrants in fori^ign coun- Iriff), and when the soundest policy dictates tho propri4>ty of their supporting nnd nrotertlng them until they are in a situation to support and protect themselves. 'I'here can be no (|ues« tioii whatever that Europe has been prodigiously benefited by tho colonisation of America, The colonists carried the arts, the sciences, the languug<>, and the religion of the most civi- lized communities of the Old World to regions of vast extent and great natural fertility, oc- cupied only by a few niiserublo savages. The empire of civiliiiation has in ronseiiui'nce been immeasurably extended : and while the experience atforded by the rise and pro;rrcss of comniuniticti placed under such novel circums'.ances, has served to elucidate and establish many most important and fundamental principles in government and legislation, Eurupv has licen enriched by the vast variety of new proally to be found in the mercantile policy of this country and France, cannot be of long duration. Their mis- chievous operation is no longer doubtful ; and they will disappear according as the know- ledge of sound commercial principles is more generally difTused. Slavery. — Since the publication of tho former edition of this work, a law has been made which will elTect a radical change in the condition of society in the British West Indies. The abolition of the slave trade has been consummated by the act for the freedom of the un- happy persons now in a state of bondage. The statute 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 73. enacts, that on the 1st of August, 1834, slavery is to cease throughout the British dominions, and that the then ex'jting slaves are to bccr,ne apprenticed labourers ; the term of their apprenticeship partly ceasing on the 1st of August, 1838, and partly on the 1st of August, 1840; when tlie black and coloured population will become altogether free. A sum of 20,000,000/. is to be distributed in certain proportions, and according to certain conditions, to the planters, as a compensation for the loss of their slaves. — (See article Slavks and Slav/. Tuadk.) 8uch are the prominent features of this famous statute, by which the British parliament has endeavoured at once to meet and satisfy the claims of humanity and justice. The pay- ment of 20,000,000/. to the colonists, though not more than they were fairly entitled to, is, perhaps, the most striking instance to be met with in history, of a resolution to vindicate and maintain tho right of property ; and reflects as much credit on the wisdom aa on the liberality of the British nation. Nothing but vague conjectures can, of course, be indulged in as to the future working of this measure in the colonies. We believe, however, that tho^'e who have contended that it will not be productive of any falling off in the industry of the blacks will be found to have taken a very erroneous view of the matter. Field labour in the West Indies has hitherto been always associated with slavery and degradation, and lieeii enforced by the lash. The fair inference, consequently, is, that when the fetters are struck oil' the slave, and he is left to follow his own inclinations, he will be desirous of escaping from what he cannot fail to consider an ignominious occupation. Necessity, no doubt, will prevent him from becoming altogether indolent ; but the etfect will in this, as in other instances, be proportioned to its cause: and necessity in the West Indies is very ditt'ercnt from necessity in Europe. Most articles that arc here deemed indispensable, would there be positive ciicutubranccs ; and those 8if 2 > .1 1 < ■ ■ ,1 i ■ "' !i, VH COLONIES AND PMciitin! to Hubiiiiitciiro mriy l)i> prnriirrd with lo«» rortainly tlmn liiilf tlm l:iliour hithI i(riitiru-(itii>n4 hiiit lii-rii iiitrMtlin'i.,] nni'innKt thorn, llicy nny Ixicomo nioro inilimtrimin ; hut liiii) i^ ii iliMtuiit niid a very unccrtiiin |)mH|ii-ct, V\'i', thfrrlorc, look, Bt firnt, tor a very miiHiih'rahht (Ifclirio in tho iiuhiHtrv iit'ilio ■lavi'H, iind II ))ro;iiirtinii.il riilliiur oil' in tho export!* from tliu i.'iiaiufM. It will kIvo um i)|i'iisiire •hoiild our aiiticipntioiiM ho (liNiippoiiiicii ; niiil nsHundly we tlo not Mtntii ihoin by wuv ot oIh jot'tiori to, or ilcthiction Iroiii, tin* Rrpnt iiii'iiMuru of cniiiricipution. It would ho lllOll^tr()^,^ to Kiippo.fo, 84. of the EdinhurKli Review, to tho eiiapter on C^ilanita, in iSjr Henry ParnellH invahmhle work on " financial Ueforin," and to the Parliamentary Paper .No. I'^ti, Sess. 18;M. This paper, heincf prepared hy n coinnuttceof WeHt India nierehanl:* and pjiiut- prs, o<-cn8ionally, probahiy, oxagnerates the injury they ttustain from the existing reijuliiiioiiM; it in, however, a very inKtruclive and valuable dorumcnt. Some of the previouH Ktatemcnls are taken from the article in the l-Jifinhurirfi Kti'i'cwi but we are not, on that account, liuWu to the charge of appropriating tho labouri* of otlierH. r.; !:l; I ii III. MAOXITUnE, PoPUlATIOW, ThADK, KTC. of TIIK BiUTISII CoLOXIKfl. Notwithstanding tho loss of the Uniteil States, tho colonics of Great Britain, exclusivo of India, cxreed in number, extent, and value, tho*! of every other country. Previously, in- deed, to the breaking out of the late conteiits, tho colonial dominion!) of Spain far exceeded in extent and importanro those of any other power. Hut Cuba, Porti) Hico, and tho Pliilip. pine Islands, are now all that remain to her. These, indeed, aro very valuable possoddions, thouirh inferior to those of England. • (1.) Niirlh Amrriran Coloiiie.i. — In North America wo possess tho provinces of Lower and I 'pper Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Urunswick, with their dependencies. The situa- tion and boundaries of these provinces will he more easily luarncd Irom tho inspection of the ocronipanying map, than they could be from any des<'ription. The ahorcs of .Nova i^Jcotia and New Urunswick are washed by the Atlantic Ocean ; and tho noble river ISt. Lawrence, by its communication with tho great American lakes, gives to Canada all the benefits of a most extensive ii\land navigation, and forms a natural outlet for her surplus protlucc, as well as for tho surplus prmluce of that part of tho United States which is washed by the lakes. There is every variety in tho soil and climate of these regions. In Lower Canada, the wmter is very severe. The surface of tho country is covered with snow (or nearly half the year. From the beginning of December to the middle of April, the St. Lawrence is frozen over, and affords a smooth and convenient passage for the sledges by which it is then covered. But though severe, tho climate is far from being unhealthy or disagreeable. Tho weather k generally clear and bracing; and the labour of artisans, at their out-door employments, is rarely suspended for many days in succession. On the breaking up of the ice in the latter end of April, or the lieginning of May, the powers of vegetation almost immediately reaunui their activity, and bring on the tine season with a rapidity that is astonishing to a strani;er. The highest temperature in Lower Canada varies from i)B° to 103° of Fahrenheit; but the purity of the atmosphere abates the ojipressive heat that is folt in most countries where tho mercury ronges so high; and tho weather is, on tho whole, decidedly [ileasant. In 1814, it was ascertained that the province of Lower Canada contained about 335,000 inhabitants; at present the numlier may amount to about ■'580,000. Tho population is chiefly confined tj the hanks of tho St. Lawrence. That part of the province of Tipper Canada, which stretches from Lake Simcoe and the rivers 'J'rent and Severn, westward to Lake Huron and the St. Cl^iir River, and southward to Lake Eric, and part of Lake Ontario, has a soil of extraordinary fertility, capable of pro- dncinu the most luxuriant crops of wheat, and every sort of grain. "The climate," says Mr. Uouchette, surveyor-general of Lower Canada, " is so particularly salubrious, that epi- demic diseases, either among men or cattle, are almost entirely unknown. Its intluinee on the fertility of the soil is more generally perceptible than it is in Lower Canada, and is sup- posed to Im5 congenial to vegetation in a much superior degree. 'J'he winters are shorter, aiid not always marked with such rigour as in the latter. The duration of frost is always ac- companied with a fine clear sky and a dry atmosphere. The spring opens, and the resuin|). tion of agricultural labours takes place, from C weeks to 2 months earlier than in tho neij;U bourhood of Quebec. Tho summer heats rarely .prevail to excess, ami tho autumns are usually very friendly to the harvests, ond favodrable for securing all the late crops."- {Bnuchctte's Topographical Description of Canada, p. 595.) The ground on tho shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, as far west as the junction of the Thames with the St. Clait Lake, is laid out in townships, and partly settled. But the population is so very thin as COLONY TRADE. 41S not, on an nvcrn)^, io nmotint to mnro tlmn tinfn/i/ pcmoim to n nqtmro mile, in urttlpJ tawnMlii|)'*; vvhilu llio furtility uf ihcmiil in mirli, tliiit 120 |ii>ri«iiii tii n M.|ii:irit mild wniilil not he * ili'iiM' |Hi|iuliilii)n, To the nortli of tl\<' Kivrr 'rhiitiicri, iiUiiir tlio ImiikH of lh»' Mr, ( !|nir, and tlio uliorcH of I.iiko Huron, round to iht^ Uivrr Hfvcrii, luul ihctico to the river tlint joitiii Lake NippiiMinK niiJ Iiuko Huron, in a iiouiniii^H.-i rxtont of coiitilry tikiit U iiiiuoHt nitirciy umKru|)ii'(l. Tho interior of thiw Kpiire hiiH hitliprto Iipimi hot iiii|ii'rr>Ttly nx|)h>ro(l ; Ixit the bank" of tho St. CInir and the nhorci of I,iil
  • it'M!4ionH in Ainrrica, or Hhall lie ho nnporfciror broiifthl only nniirr llm rrfitririintiH nii'it- llonnl 111 Niirh Irihlo. uccortlniif hh tho severul aortii oi' mich gimiU urc H(it lurili Ihurein ; (ilutt U tu •:tyO j5 Table of Prohibitions and Be $trif lions. Giiiipow.l ■■, »nii«, snniuiiitioi'B or uIhimIi nf w.ir, \lr'•\\^ ii^^l 'r' Ic iii)[M)i'e !. ' X''i [ii rniiii Itio L'liiltrJ Kiri^iimii, or iM'iti M>riy the FViil In»lti r rri|Jiiiy, or *Mth lluir lirrnce duiitig ilie cfpulimianre nf thflr r?( Ii.-iiu'rUlit l, tiliiM -•<, flii«, nr ikii.i, thf jmiiluct- t>t rrm- turtii ivnit ill lilt wi, jirnhiliilfil *<* W iiti|»"rfri, exicpt fmin 'hf I'difcf Ki' / I.i]i, nr .'hHii n-'iiip ttlli.T flri'i*Ii |vfi*«-»'iini, or iii:lt*it lakni hy HMtc'i s\\\\% ti'ttf'i nut (mm tlir I'liiii^l Kin^ilonmr ffitm Miih<' nii'j^li ]>i>tKr ^ilMl, .(ml liMiiflil in fn>i)i llie tiilicry, in I fX- rc).l Irrrriiffn U^nx tlit- Mr of M;mi, taki'n am! ciirfl hy iht ii>|ifr I t* ijiini-f. ColliM , Hti^ir, nl mm, tn ing nf forr icn j-r vlur ion, -t 'ha |in>itui'ii^.ii nf any y\A\r \\\\\i\\i Wa' liiinU t f ihe Kiii (riiii. jmiiV^I ^h^rl^r, proli-liit.' I \n If inip^rtr I into .iny ,.f ihi- l!r,i|,h jn'»«'Mi,i. % on ltii» cniimnil nf Simtli Aiiiprin or in the Wi-it III lit! iihi n.ih.iin.i itn'l Ili-niiuiU Ishii's nof li)''>ii Inl). fict-iii m \n iMm-lmivi f iritiMh possi'tisionH in AnnTica, into ubirh r^mli (Is, h 'iriL' if f u iun prod net ion, rnnnot he Icfrnlly imported, or into the I'nite-i Kingdom, be di enint to lut ot't'oreiiM) pr'idm tion, and nliall ht^ lialde, on snrli linporiatioii respoolivi ly. to the natie itntieH nr ilio 8.i:ni' t'nrr.'hiiri'H as »riiilc*4 of the like description, lit inj; of forriaii prodnrtion, w onbl be liiiliic m, iiide^-s ihi- same sli;ill have bot^n warelmuKed under the provisiotifi o; tliin art, ami exported tVoni Iho \\arehoiiHe direct to audi other UritiHh possosHion, or Co thu ITniiud Kingdom, us the cah^u may bn. nntit-.t of [aiportation in Auierifa. — There shall he raised, levied, collected, and piiid iintn lijj Majesty t)ie se*. cril dnlien of ciistomo, an the Hanie are renpei tively Met forth In li iires in tlie lahb* nf diiLies lii'rein-afU'r contained, upon good^, \vare.ro-hioi' of ;»i,v HritinS prwM^inn in N'orlli Ame- ri^.^ 'irof t!ie Uni'eJ Kiiij'*oni,nnil imporfcl fntin the I'oiVl Kiiudoni. nr fiDiii any Rrjllsh p<4W:«btuQ hi Aiiit ri'-i. ttio C'ill')i) • • ■ •016 Iii:ii rrtd from any oihcr pl-irp, in hn dpemed I •rei^ii. M} \ ♦'» y>r clia»(fe I h iih duly as such, Bpiriti MiMnfc I intoCToada ; viz. llri- prr-'iir"" of niiv Rriii«i| po<'*"^ion in South Ame* r'ri "f Ilie VVi-iit Iti.tit'", and iif;pnrlcd from nrijr Tl-i'i^ti i^Mw^sion in AniiTica, or from Ihe L'oited Kin:!ftn>, 'liP o'l/^n • • • • C litppor'ed fi-oiii atiy oilipr place, tn he dt>«meJ r iH'ilfll, III I to Itf* ChlfTi* I rt'i'h dll'V II sucli, ynte.—W en iinptr'el from the t't;.iptl Kmt'oni, Ihit duty h n'>t 1.1 I.e .iliAtiJ upon the ^louiiJ of anv duly uiidi-r any colonial lav. I)ii'i»5 pavaldf ii[)on cnoflii, wa^M, and niftrlnnilinf, not Iifin? nf the ?''t«i|i, pnotuc'ion, or nimiifar'iir'5 fit 'hr !'■ ile-l Kiii?l'»ni, or of any if 'he nr-'ish f>nl or Iro'ir'i' I'fi'o my of ihf P:i'i>li fcjiseMiorj in America, liy sea or \y ii lint cirri^ie or naviealion. Imrnv'e'! in'otbe nr'li*-h pfweMittT* in thf iVt-^f fiidif-* nr on tor*el fumi ;tiiv Rrl'tsh po«?fssion in North Aiiiei.M. or finin 'lie » ar;-li'iii3H in 'lit- I'riileil Kin^iom ..... rrec. rliin'!-*. nri mn-f tVan I2iiichi'« in IfnetV. the 1,000 7 iiiorf tl.in liiiirh'sin len/ili.th*- I.OeO ■ 014 in;iiiri''I fr-iipi nnv RrHi^li p^ss'fiion in Nr-rth Aiiirrici, or from the warelutuse ia the Uiilleil Ktt^Jom • • . • . FrM. RitJ nak •ilavn and heading; vix, until llm U{ of Janu-iry. IVU, thr l.nmi . on and fn'ni tho tst.f .hiti'inv, IKU, iitdil (tie U\ of .lanuarv, 18.16. thf MieO onanil from the' Ist of ,7.im;.try, is^l, thf IX-OQ - iinporlPtI fnmi any Rriti^li it**e in Uie ruiii^d K n;'i ni White and yiilow pinf lundicr, I incti Ihiilt.tlie 1,0(0 feel J viz. until lie i«t(.r .Tinmry. b'^-l nu at)d fniiii ll.e N' of January, 1634, until tne 1st 'f .lanuirv. I^^O . . . . on a:«l fr'piii thu Kt of JmnMry, mtC inip'irlp.l frfini any Rntisli Iio*'^■s^ln^ in Vonh Anieriti, or from Ihe warchouM- in the L'ni eJ Kin-'! Pv^ "onl inl nhhifl'-nnkcr'i ivrwvl • Othi-r ki.vN of wiKiil ai, 1 tun.Lcr, 1 inch thick, the 1,01)0 feet Wool lirK>p!i,thc 1.000 . ■ ■ - • it;ip rli'I frfim .utv Rrl'isli po^Tssioji in N'irih America, or frem the warL-house in the ItJi't-d Iiill<'OiU ..... Reff Ml ' p'-rk, •altcd. nf all *"rt«, ihr r"t. iiiii'diipl fr^'m any Itii Amei (W Imii-irte' into New* Bnirswitk, E-lvvnid's Nl.md ; v. 7. Wh It (lour, tlie Iirnd Bei-f ,i!i-l poik. dal'fl. nf all /.. I. d. 1 6 3 I 2 3 IJ Free. t 3 9 (1 ir 9 12 6 Fref. 1 1 Fr«. 1 8 t 6 1 I Fire. Frte. I n 5 3 li py laiiJor inland nivi^ation Tnr. li Free. ^ t li Free. 1 anil curnl by ihc i|,|,^ L.,.d. nmi . 1 6 3 ayi\M* 1l Kiii^ilmu. Euni, tliu cill'ni • . . . . ADilfiiiUior, t(i« itni'Hint of :^nytliiiy piviM* fur IU« tiiiifi biiii.f uii rum of liia >lriti«ti i>()«M'Hit)ut iti Siiuth America nr ilia NVvat tr.'llW. N. U.-Kiim, nUhnufh llriliiN if iiri[K>rtrm m whidi f'rii!(ii ntiii i* not (irittiiliitwl, I& trtriiio I .u [urui^u. mi- li'H't il ht>l btTuuw«reliuiisoiSanil i-x|K>jtvi fruut tllB wwhnuM. Wine III ('••' ivMhtniiii . . . * tiul furiti'T, lor every lODt. nf (lie valii* • lllil IM liiC liOt'liI, !lli' ilnxrji - buitltvl ill 111 I ini)K)rtui til boill»«, fnr rvsrjr 10(1/ iif thrvaSis luiyirtu^i iii'i' •!'• Hiiii'li ji '".-tiMiitii* in Nortli AitnTica fnmi (iihrslMrur M.illt, suI'Jiti Ij> nn \uiUrr .luty ihiii if iutiMtrte.l rrniii Iho Uiiit«i Kinii«r'it 111 NouU) Anierici or the Wt^i Iiiiliea. Cl'trlt!! iiil \vjtfhn. Ifi!tipr ni.iniifirltjr(% line , iiiuiic-.il iiniii ■*, wirf» of all itofti, (Mink'* airl ii.t|wrir.\(-tiirt'i, I'l.i)', nfliir.l "tuir, nuar runly, to lMiT"ii>i"tifi'lurtiit,c(>t'.imiiianufutiiri-itforev(!ry 100/. of 'h»v.iliii' ...... jU\bi-ti!r, aiich^vifv arnnl, anNwl, amber, alniimti, linniiturir, li(t'ar»i). \tnx \voot, riirrtn'd, r.i|KTS. cnsra- cm, niiiiniiii M't^I, cumI, ctiik, ciiimljar, (i.ii.-n ; rati'iico of Uri^uiior, of leuion, (if roiti, uf cilrun, rn nraiiju, /. t.d. 1 7 7 7 It) 1 7 10 Frw. 7 lU ft 5 5 3 30 20 437 £.•.« 7 10 rift nftiv.mlor.if niwiwljr | enifrjr ttiin. j ftuil, pnnrnrnd li< »unr nr li'aiilyi (lol h hi'V ; .Vim in l'.ii», Ull- »*niiil-ilu k< lie fur I iiililiiiit.tiriihUi mar* lilc, miuti Jifl Wiirjlitij 1 litiiMiC wnrh, inihUlt, iiintjc, luii'i-nrniii, null ii( 4II kiii'U [ ml nf (iImu, ml of a'> luiii.li; iir'i» r'l-il. i*lrli h f.ilinir*, 'ilirf, nriitc*' Im '• imt |>rvt,('llVi'l,filtrh, linklm III j^mn: t, itiii^^ juitil' iint^, |Hi/«.)t4li.i. piiriii'*iMliini. vmik* I'anti'viii dlicir|il iliaa'CuiN)) (|iri:k*ilvni, rtiHiiif, uumi(M, fl|i'iltiij( Vfiliiiltun, varniicclli, wli lllniieii i>r .very HXV. uflh. V^llIM ....••• <.0'M'i, iv»rf«, mul ^l.^h>nli■l', not (>lti*Trti«» clurni^fl v^rti iliii)' ™'i'l lint tinpin Juiliritl li> b« lrt« "i »iii:)» fur evi ly IIXJ( nr llm viluu • • • -15 Coin, bulfiiin, »i|.| UiiliiiniiNi hnnn, IIihIm, llMit, liml railln, ml « tiiiirt: rirp ; riirii nn I (T»jii, nincrnnnil : liiwiili 'irltlt;.nl ; nirw nr tldiir (lXi-c il uliait lliiur; ; (n»lt oitMl, frttli lUlii Mi-ri-iitu (if lr,ivi-lliiri . . . . • Wnfll (I lur, liff nil pork, Inn.i ind iKlrnn, W("vl in I jiiiiili'^r, lln|inrt(tl into ('mitdill uniHl and liiliiWr, im EHlnd iniii ^'cw Brti 'Hwlck, Nova S'cniiili 'it I'nnctt dwirPt I^Uihlj tuy ui'l «haw, fruil .111(1 V » ,(*-t-iM C ■iniiiiiy'i ckirlct, iiiipnrlrl fniiii lli'iw I lAcru, nr IMiii the Diiili^t Kiiin* diim, (ir fniin hiniti plii'c in Im tdiiMtl d.iuiini'inei liur* rino laAi-n and vui'tft ly llio inti.ilj.l.tnli nl' (lie Mu nf Mm, ail I impdrled frciu lliiiiil'i liimlicr, the pr»i.liirl of and tniiHirtoil fioni any liriliili [i-iwKM^ion 'm Out w«'il oiat< of Afrir^il auv rut of rrali j fo.d ani » clui;*, iH' rrpt •pirlt^i an I any i«iH nf cliiilnn<, and iiii|ilfinniH an 1 inift-riali. lif in 1 nw-v-try fir 111' lliii.»!i II linri'-l in Aiiniiira, Imp ir'rl Into illK pU. e a* nr fnm w'h-nf« ■UL'h fldiiTV in c.irrii^il on ; tlriir^, ^uiiis or rrtiitiK, dyt Hi>c| an(| liarl woo.!, (■il(iiie'.*ii..Ut:r'i wikhI, liirtoifct;' iiSrII, lienip, llix, an I tow . . . • Fiee. St-c.Ii, uli 11 (I (iir, f(H(i», pliklft, ivooIb nf all lort-t, oakil-n, pttrli. t.tr, tlirprn'iin', nclirm. Iiriiinlone, ant* phur, ffKBliliie iiiIb. hnrr fttonn, (l(H ^tonw, linp% corki ■a«n, tapioci, «pon;rf «ii«re', cllni*if,rijBr, wii,l,spico«t lalt'iv*', inijiortnd diikct fniiii the uartdiousu iii the I'nilrl Hiind'iii. f"*- All HO.KU ini|i.trf-d fr^iin ttiel'nitcl Kin/'l' m.afinrliavinc there pai(| tlir tiilieaof c(itiiiiii.ptiuii,aiid being ei^MirtcJ from thence » iilwul dinwlmcli .... Fret. And if :iiiv (if till! Rdotls hrrclii-lipfnrc monlicnitd shall h(> linnnrteil llirniisli tltp ITiiUcil Klnidom (hiiv- ini! hi'i'ti warBliiitiMiHl ihitrt'iii, iiiiil nvpiirioil 1 r mi ih>> wnrclifinni", nr llio iliilii's tin ri"m, If ttioru |i;ilil, iiiiviii.' lif 'It ilriiwii tinek), oiip tttiilh purt of Hit: ilutlua liurcin itii|iii.'ii.'(l ttliull hu reiiiitli'il in ri-Hin'ct of lilrll ;;iiii(h.— { D. .Irit ii.it rc/wd/fK/.— Nnlhliiir In IliU nrt nr in nny nthor piiRsoil In ili«< prciX'tit upssinn of parlitiinpnt uliill I'Mi'iiil In rclM'iil or nhrmmti'. nr in iitiy wiiy to sillor nr nlfi'rt nil mt (H 'iitn. S. c 12.), itititiilitrt "All All fcr ritiiinvitig :ill Oniilils iiiiil Ap|)rfili'n«i(iii.» cntit(>riiin8Tii\alio-i liy tit' I'lirlliiiiii'iit nf (Jront Ilflliiiti ill iiMV nf lint Cnliinic!', I'rnviiicps.antl PI inlnll<>n< of Nnrlh Aiintrini iiiiil thn Wrsl Imlii's, iind f.ir ritpLViliiii,' sin iiniili nf nji Act iniiilit in tlin 'III Voir nf the Kcitfii nf liis [iriMi'iit M;iji'.-ily ns iiii|inKP8 a Hilly nn 'IVii iiiipnrlnil from <;rc it Uritiiin iiitn any Tnlnny nr I'lanlalinii In Aiiii'rii:i, ii« rclnti^H lh ri'l" ;" "nr in n.-ptial nr in iiny w.iy nltnr or iiirurt tiny an now in fnrci' wliii'h wih paMHiMl prinr to tliR la PmvIim'i- nf (in ilii'c in Nnrlli Aniurica, anil to inuke furl lie r I'rnvisions fnr tliii (Jn\ I'minent nf tin; naiil Hrdviiici!.' "— J 10. Wd'tc i'liniLiFil liri pri'if Jirt!) Id he npiiJiril to Pnrii'isrs nf tlione .Irt.^.—'VhP iliilio3 inipnticil by iiliy nf tlin :tris jidniiii-lii'lnrit iiicnlinni'il nr ri'li-rriid to, passoil prinr to the s.iiil Tt (1^ flcn. :i. c 1'2) slial'l bi rcr.'lv(t(|. ai'Cdiinli' I l"nr, anil appliivl lor tint piir|)ns!>s of lliiisi; in ts: prnviiloij ahvavH. Iliat no irri'iitHf liropdrlinii nf till' ililticji iiitpnscil liy this act, ivxri'pl ■,\* lii-r.'iii-lii'firi! rvrciilcil, iilrijl lii- 1 h iriji'd itpnn any arliiio wlii' li is «iiliji'rt al.^n tn iliiiy ntiiliT any nf lliu ^aiil aits, nr siitijoi i aNo tn iliily iiM(li'r any Cdldiii il law, tlnn llin amniint, if any, hy wliirli ttitt duty iliari'"il liy ilii:" ai t »li ill oxccimI siiili ntliiT (I'llynr (laliiM : pinviilcil. lit it tlin fiiil anioiinl of tli(t iliiiiiti nK'titiniiitil in this ai-i.»li"tliiT nn ai-iinint of saili I'd! liter aitii, or on iicrnnnt nf sinli cnlnnial law, nr nn acionnl nf lliiri art, shall lio lovieil anil rj.'i iv ■il iiiiiliT ilie r-'snl iliniH aiiii pnwoi.i nf this act. — } 11. Qnrriiirii. IVei:'lils, aiil .1f,'i(.<«r(!y.— All sitiiH nf tnnncy !;raiitiM| nr iinpnqi<.| liy Ihi-i art. nlllidr n» iliilii'ii, poll iltii'j. or fdrfciliiritti, in tlin llrili.^ih iinssos-'iniis in Anifrira, ant li'Trliy de' lar.'il tn lie sier- liii? tii.-.'.i'y of (ireit llritain, ati'l shall he rnlloi'teil, .i.iil paid In the iiiiioniit nf lite vtiliic which sttrli iiuiiiiirti natiis hi'ir in (iieat Hiitiin; and that such monies may he received and fikeii at the rate nf 5<. Ii(/. Ill .' ounce in silver ; and all duties ah ill hi? paid and receive I in every part nf Hie llrilisli pns- l"^■:^i(llH in Aineriia accnrdiiijl tn llriiisli weinhtif anil itteasiirea in ns t nn the lilli day of July. 1— J'l ; an I ill all cases wliere such diitios tire ittipnsed accnrdini! to -iiiy specific ipi inlity nr any sp'cific Vila '. the sanie shall lie deeined tn afiply in lite sanie pnipnrlii;-. to any '.'r ' ncr or I ss ipianiily or v:ilii ' ; and all sili:li duties shall hu tinder the ltiattai;eiiient of t lit; coininissintiers nf lite cnstoitis. -0 11 l>tiiit.< fi'iii h;i Collector tn Treasurer of Ct'l.,nij in wliirh leriril. — The produce nf the ilnlies so re- leiv 'I under this act, e\cept siti h ditties ;is are [layahle niiiler any act pas-e.l prior tn the IS f!en. 3. a,i alercstid. sliall he pal. I hy the collector of the ciistniiis into lite hfels nf the treistirer nr rflcjver- C'li'ial of the colony, or nllier proper oHiter aitllinri/ed tn receive the sain.-, to he apnl.ed to siicli u-i!s as sliall 1),! directed liy Hie local le^iislainresnf such cnlnnies ; iiinl that Hie prnditce of snrli diitiei 5(1 rcceiv."! in colonies wiiich have no local lei;is!altire tii ly he a|iplied in siicli iiiantier as shall bo direiti'd hy the cnininissioners of Ills Majesty's treasury.— J 1!!. .'Ill Hri'i.ih l^r.ii-li shall he Kiilijer.l to esselg ' it|iloy(;il in C'lastin;; ur droj^iiein;;, all such and the like dtuies nf tniinagu and sliippin;; ducB uti are or I' [ if J'' 11- ;l li I' f-i;. 'l'\t ' :, ' i;| ; y • I : 4as COLONIES AND ^i ■hall lir pnynl)li- In nny iitrh poiiici<«loiii iipnn the llkn BrllJKli vnaaclii liiiitt In other parti of liU Mil. Ji!iily'a (liiliiliiliiriii, or nwiii'il i>y pcrNonn mil rPKldiMii in mii li pnnacKMliiiiii.' i l\. Iirawbath nn MNm,iij-c.— 'I'liiri! khiill lit* iitloui'il iip'ri lilt' I'.xpiirtiitiiiii t'r<uii| pinnf liilii Nt^wl'iiiinilliiiid, provided prixil'iin nnlli be niiidt* to ll.i* Hiitint'iirtlon nf \\\c rdlli-iior iinil ii>iii|iiiu|. Il r III' tliH ciinloiiin ui iliu port «vh«nc« miili rum or nllii'r •ptrltn In tixpnrlnl, tliiil llu- lull ilnu,^ „„ llie iiiipiirlulloii III' iiirli ruui iir uihor •pIrUii Kt lliii nuiil port liiiil tii'i'ii piild, iinil Ihul u ii'iiiiii n\,, \„^ |iriiiliii'i'd iindur the hiwiiln and •kiiU iiI' liiti rnllector niiil I'liinpiinlli'r nl' tliti iukIiiihh iit ((in li, , , ||,„| iiii'h nun or ntlicr niilrllH liud lii'Uii duly liindi-d In t'liniida: provided Hint no driiwlxiik ajiiill ii',i „|. lowed ii|iSAi/i uitd t'arpt tu bt riported on Arriral. — The niiiilpr of rvi^ry uhlp arrivinf In any nf lliti llriilnh fioHMi'imiiiiia in AiiKirlt^ii. or Ihu lalunila of (iuvrniii'y, Jcrii y, Aldrriify, or Hnrk, wlitilhi^r luliiu nr m iiilluMl, shall roinn diri'ctly, Hiid bufore hulk bu hriikun, to ihu I'liHloni-hiiuiiH t'l^r lliu purl nr diniriit when' liti iirrlvt'*, nnd lliRrc inoko u report In wrIliiiK to Ihu loili'i'lor nr coniplrolirr, or nllnr |'ri<|H vo}H|iu, UM hIiiiII Iiu di'iniiiidud ol' him by mnh iitlhur ) nnd it any kooiIh hu luiladi'ii Irom any Nlilp i,,,. loru ■null ri'iinri bu niadu, or if Ihu niiiiilur fail In inuku hiiiIi riiiinri, nr inaku an iinlriiu ri'pnri, ur ilu iinl iMily aiiHWur tliii (iiiuHliniiH di'innndud of him, he Hlnll Inrfuit thu kiiiii uf \Wt, ; und if any (ji.wli hu iinl rupnrli'il, Ihuy kIiiiII bu forfulluil.--} II). Knirii ouivaalH of Ship for Cuij(o.—'l'\\u niaater of every fihip honnil from nny Ilritlsh piidinHsliiii in Aiiiurii'U, nr thu inlaniU of (iiiuriiNuy, Jumuy, Aliluriiuy, or hark, nhall, liul'niu any koi iIh bu l.nlia thrruin, di'livur In Ihu rolluiior iiiallinakuiiai iiinl givu III lliu nniHtur u turliricnin of ihe iluuraiKe of siiuli »liip for hur inluniiud voyH|iu,unntiiiniMViiii iic- iniint nf lliu lnlult|nanlilluauf tiie auveral Hurts of (;ouda lailun Ihuruiii.or a lurlilii atu ol liur iluaiMiice in ball.'iHl. aa the laai; may be ; and If the Khi|i de|>Hrt wilhniit kikIi uluariim u, nr IT lliu niiiBlur ilulivutu faint! uiiniifiil, ur ahall nut truly uiiawer the i|uesliuii8 demanded uf him, he hhall tnrl'uil Uiu i>aia uf lUO/.— } 17. (iiiods nut siuitd in Ctrtifieatt to bi Produce of BrilifK Posfeffionii lo be Jmiied nf Furcijin frodnclioii, — No gnnilH Hhall he slated in ailtli certiticntu of clearam.u to bu Ihu prudnce of Ilrilihli pnaiiusHliina in Ainurica, iinlusa auili guoda have been expreasly ataled 80 to hi; in lliu entry inilwariU of thu naiau; und all KDuda nut u.\pruaBly ataled In auuli rerlilicalu of uluaranuu In bu thu pioiliicu of ihu liriiikli [ms- anssliiiiH in Amurica aiiall, al the plucu of impnrtalluii in uiiy uthur bUih pnuiiuHtiionH, or in Ibu linliiid Kiii^'dmn, bu duuniud tnbu of fnrui|{ii priiihiclliiii. — i lU. JVcirf.iuiiilland t'inliing Certificates in lieu uf Clearance. — Whunevur any phip nliall bo rluartd nut frnin , New fniindlanil, nr any oilier part of liix .Majuhly'a dominhins, for lliu ilKlnrii.'H on lliu Umlvii ur cnasta urk, until due untry In- inaili.' nf aiiili tiooils, and » arrant ui iiileil for the lailiiig or unludinc nf tin! aaiiie ; und no fitonilH ahall be hii ladun or walur-bornu, or tin unlaili'ii, exiupt at aoiiiu place at wliiuh an otficer of the ciiHlninK la a|ipninluil to uttund the lading' and iiiil:iiliMjj of nnoila, oral unnie place for which a auH'irunce ahall bu grantud by thu cnlluclor and cnnipuullur; and no ^Moda shall be ko luilun or unludun except in thu prusuiiin or with thu iiurniiafinii in wilting' ul' thu proper othcer : provided alwaya, that It ahull be lawful for the comniiaKionerK of cuKloina tn make and appoint such otiier regulutiona for the carrying coaalwiau, ur for Ihe removing of any gnnda I'ur I ipmunt, ua ahull appear expedient ; and tiiat ull gonda ladun, waler-bornu, or unladen cunirury to the rugiilatlons of thia act, ur contrary to uny rugulatlniia ao mailu, be I'urfuilud.— { W. I'articttlara of Entry of Guuds, inwards and uutiruri/s.— The perKon entering any such gondj simll deliver tu the culloctur or comptroller, or other proper utiiuer, u bill uf thu entry ilieruof, fuirly » riituu COLONY TRADE. 439 r pam of I.U M«. iiiiij anil III,' iii;i«. Inwnriianlltnith, ennlnlnlni tho nnmc nttUn ctporlnr or liii|>ortfr, nnil nfthx ahlp.iiniinf ihn mailnr, tiiil iif III!) liliii'ii In or rroiii wlilili lioiinil, niiil nl' thii |iliicn Wllliln lllx |Hirl wIiith thn vikiiIk urn In h« 1,1 (I'll iir iiiiUiiti'ii, nnil tha piiitliiilurH iil' thu qiinlily niiil iitiaiilUy ol' Hut iiuoiln, nnil Ihn |iiickui{i'« nin- liHiiiif till' miinii, anil tlio iiiiirkK uml iiiimiIhti iiii IIh' pnchnKim, ami khIIIiiii I'nrth whi'lhcr mirli (noil* h'llii' iiriiiliii" i>f lli« lirUlali pinmcaiijonit In AiniTlrn nr noil nml iiiii'li pi-mon uliiill iit llin miinit limit nj) il'iivii nil iliitli!* iliii! ii|Kin thii Koiiiln I mill thii nillf-rt'ir nnil riiinplriiili-r, nr uthxr prnpiir ntni:vr, ili:illilii'r>'ii|i>Mi Kfittit lliuir wiirruni lor llii> liuliiiR iiriiiiluillniiiil' aiirli koimIn.— ,; ■,il. F.'i'ri/ liiirttriti bj) Hill »/ Hight.—l( llii> liii|Mirti'r of nny Riiiiitii iiiaki- iinil mihHirlhn n dnrlnriitlnn Irlnr,: ilii' rnlU'ctnr nr roinplrii||ir, It aliiill Iih Inwiul lor thn rnllpctor nnil rninptrollpr to riTplvn un entry liy hill •<< aiKliI ("' til' pii'kiiKDii nr piirri'U iil' itiirh itiioiU liy tlin liiiiit ili'mripllnn wlilill run Iih vivimi, iiiiil t>iii ii,il;iiiil(i rnilt ofaiirh iMitry mirli irnoilit iiliull bn tukcii to tlio KInii'ii w iri:lioiiHi>, nml If tliu linporltir hIiiiiI Hill, wiililii I inniilli ullrr >iii'li liinilliiK, iiirtkB porft'Ct iintry iif mirli kooiN nnit pny tlin iliilixa itiie llvriMiii, tiiKi'tlii'r Willi rliurvpt «( riiiiiiivul uml wnri'lioiiait rent, iticli gomU iliiill hii'anlil Tur thu pay- iiK'iit lliiTi'iil', and llii- iivprpliiii. If nny, (hnll bo (lulil tn the proprtetor of the uooiU.—j 'i'i. (i^uilii tiihjtti to ad yaUrrm Duty —In nil rniiei where thn iliitle* linpiiiii'il liy thin net upon thn Im- piirl.itlnn otiirlirlet Into Ilia MuJes'ty'H piiaaeaaliina in Anu'ricaurn ilmrueil, not ui-rnnllnKtothi' woIkIiI, lull-, Ki>il4>'i '" ■ii>''>"l>l'i!> I'lit accorilinK to thn vuliie thereof, mich vnliiu ahull lie narertiilneil hy ilio ilii.'liir illiiii of the importer of aiich artlclea, or hi* kiiuwii agent, In innnner uml furui fullnwing s (Hint lut'imiyi) 'I A. B. ito h'rehy ilnclure, that the nrtlcle* mnntloneil in the entry, and contained In the pncknKna ■[/irrr nfnifying tht teveral packaget, and dmeribing the uterral marki avil Hiiiiibera, at the cute muij ■fl^] an- of lint v.iliie of , Witneaa my huiid thu diy oi' Jl. H. •Thii nhove decluruti'Mi, alined tho dny of In the preaenco of C. 7) collector ' l.if iilher principal iiJiciT].' WliKlidi'iliirullon ahull lie written on the hllinf entry of such nrliclea, and almll he aiihscrihed hy tha imp'iriiT llieritiif, or hia known nifi'nl, in the preaenre of the collei ir or other prlnripul ollli r of thti ciKiiiuiii ut lliit port of iiii|iiirtutinn : provldeil, tint if upon view r. < eKaininntlon of aiich uiticlea hy tli'j propi'r olhi'er of the nifiioiiig It ahull nppeur to him Hint the anid urtinlea are not v.i'ued ncrordiiig 1 1 lint true price or vuliie thireof, and nccordiiigto the true intent uml iiieuniiii{of lliia,ict, in aiicli cuae till! hii{iiirlor or hia known niiitnt ahull he rei|iiiritil to ducluro on o.ith before the rollei'lor or voiiiptroller wliiil la tliH Itivohe price of aiieh nrliclea, nml thnl ho verily belicvi'a mihIi in olcu pi -i ig the current viiliM iif the nrliclea ut the pluce from whence the aiild urticlua were Imporied ; nn ihia oil chilli he churned nud paid: provided ulao. Hint if it ahull uppeur to the collector andcoiii|i. 'ler, or iillii'r propi'r olllcer, that am li urticlua havo been invoiced below tlie reul nml true vnliie "le.. i, , ui till! place IVdiii whence the aume wure imported, or If the invoice price la not known, the m ,e ahull ill -iicli c;iBi' b I exuiiiiued hy two rninpclent peraona, to he noininnted and nppointi'd by tin uoverni/r nrritniinaiidi'r-in-cliiefof thu colony, pluntnlion, or iaiaiid into which the aald "ticlea nre imported, anil such pcranna ahull declare un ontli before the collector or coniptrnller, or oil ,1 <;iiirolHcer, what iilliii true and real vuliin of auch nrticlea In anch colony, plantntioii, or iaii nl ^ uml the vuliie an d'M'hri-d iin the oaths nf aiirh peraona ahall be deemed to he the true and real ulue - f such urtlclcg, ami iiiinii which the diitiea iin|Hi8cd by thla act ahall he churgod and paid— j 3.1. // Importer rrfiiae to pay tuck Duty, the Ooiids may be tuld. — If tlie Importer of auch artlclea Hhall rrfiHi' III puy thu diitlea herehv iinpoaed tlicr'>on, it ahull be lawful for the cnlluctor or other chief of- liniriif the ciiatuina where auch nrliclea ahall be imported, to takennd aecure the aume, with the cnaka nr oilier |iackai{u thurenf, nnd tocauao the anine to ho publicly sold within the apact of UOduys at tlia inD.U aner audi refiiaul made, nnd ut auch time and place na auch olDcer aliall, by 4 or mnredaya' pub- lic luilice, nppdnt for that piirpoae ; which nrliclea ahnll be aold to the lieat bidder ; and the money nrisiiiK fnini the aale thereof ahnll he applied in the flrat place in payment of the auid dutica tofselher Willi the cliariea that ahall liuve been occaaioncd by the aaid aale, and thu ov rplim, if any, ahall be piiil tn such importer nr proprietor, oruny other person authorised to receive tiia aamc.— } 21. // f/iwrf.i be not entered in 20 Days, the Officer may land and secure them. — Every importer of uuy goodi (li'ill, within '20 dnya after thn nrrivnl of the iinportiiig ship, make due entry inwards of audi gooda, mill land Ihn aume ; nnd in defuult of auch entry and landing it shall he lawful for the olHcera of the riii'tiiaiii to convey such gooda to thn king'a wurehouae ; and if the duties due upon such gooda be not p:ii I williin 3 iiinniha nftitr auch 29 days shall have expired, together with all charges of remnval nml warchiiuse rent, the sninc ahull be sold, nnd the produce thereof applied llrst tn Hie payment of Intiitht anil cliar^es, nc.\t of duties, aud the overplus, it any, ahall be paid to the proprietor of the goods.— } 25. (Iiinis iinn:>rted from United Kingdom or Britinh Possessions must appear in Cockct,Sfc. — No goods sliuli oe Inipnrted into any British poaaeaainn us being iniporte'' ''rnni the IFiiiled Kingdom, or from nny nili'r llritlah posanasion (if nny advantage attach tn such 01 ;> ..I'on), unleassuch gnoda appear upon till' iiic'ii'ts ornthnr proper docunienta fnr the same to ha\- .,■ July cleared outwards nt thu port nf cciifirtation in the United Kingdom, or in auch othtr Uritiaii ,. ^sseaaion, nor iinluas the ground upon whidi auch advantage be dnlincd hn stated In such cncket or document.—} 26. Gondg imported from, to be deemed of th: Orou^th nf. United Kingdom. — No goods shall, upon importa- tion into any nf the Kritish posaeaeions in America, be ileemed to bo of thu growth, prnduclinn, or iirinufacture of the United Kingdom, or of nny Brit! '1 possession in America, unless imported iruiii llie United Kingdom, or from some British pnssessio'i m America.—} 87. Kniry nut to be valid, if Goods be not properly desi 'ibedxn i«.— Noentry, nor nny warrantforthn land- ins of any goods, or for the taking of any g' 01' •. out of any warchousr, shall hit deemed vulid, uiileaa 111" pirllciilara of the goods nnd packages in such entry correspond with the particulars of the good* nnd packages in the report of the ship, or in the certificate or other dnciiiiicnt, where any is reiiuirnd, liy which the importation or entry of such goods is nuthorised, nor unless the goods shall have been propnrly descrihed in such entry by the denominations and with the characters and circiiiiistances aiiiirilliig to which such goods lire charged with duty or may be imported ; uml any goods taken or delivered out of nny ship or out of any warehouse hy virtue of any entry or warrant iiol correspond- in? (ir agreeing in all such respects, or not properly describing the same, shall ho deemed to be goo.l» lindeil nr taken without due entry thereof, and shall b,; forfeited.—} %-i. Cfrlijicate nf Production for Sugar, Cuffec, Cocoa, or Spirits. — Before nny sugar, coffee, cocoa, or apirits shall he shipped for e.xportatinn In any British possession in America or in the island of .^[aiiri- tlus, naheingt;">proiluce ofsuchpnssessioiiornf such l.^laIld, the proprietor of the esl.ite on which audi rnii.ls were produced, or hia known agent, aliall make and sign an atndtvit in writing before Hie col- Icctur or coinpiruller at the port of exportation, or before a justice of tbu pcacu, or ottier oiliuur duly 11 7,1 'k '• Mi Iir ■li ; \<)\\ h-t k;i ( ^H' 480 COLONIES AND t I i ; I. aiithnrieed to ndminlHlergncli oath, dpcliiriiiir that mirh goods nrntlioprodiicoorsiirli pstntc ; and such QtKitiivit sliitll Hot forlli the niiiiio of the eslnlc, uiid tlit; descrl|itiiiii and qiiiintity of tliti cciiMhl ni„| •>," packntEfiii coiitiiiiiiiig lliu «iiiii<', with tliiiear lirl'nre liiiii and he sworn to the triilli of the Biinie, siirli jiiKtice of the peace iiriiiliicr^li'iii f irf.'it and pay for any siicli oireiico tlie sum of 50Z.; and tlie pu rson entering and sliippiny such ijiioiU Bliall (|.-liviT such adidavil to the collector or comptroller, or other proper oificer, and shall make und siilHcrilie a dodarution before him that the poods which are to he shipped by viriun of such entry arc those ineptiiniiMl in such alKdavit; and the master of the ship in which siichpiods shall he laden sliiiii beluro clearance, inako and subscribe a declaration bi^t'ore the cidlector or cmnptridler that tlie cijiuja shipped by virtue of such entry are the same as are mentioned and intended in such altidavit in the best of his Knowh^dfie and belief; and lliereiipon tin- collectoror comptroller, or other proper (jllic'r Bhall sicii and iiivu to the master a certificate of production, slntlnclhat proof has been made, in niun- Jior recpiired by law, that such poods (describing the same) are the proiluce olsuch llritish possession or of such Inland, and setting furtli in such cerlilicate the name of the evpiuier and of ilw! eApnrilie ship, and of the master thereof, and the destination of the poods ; and if any sii(;ar, colfep, ciicoa, i,f spirits he imported into any llritisli possession in America, as beinp the produce id° some other sial] |ii)ssessioii or of such island, without such certili(ate of priuluction, ihe came shall be fort'iited,— {a'l Cn-liJIi-ate rf Prhitiirliini un He-eipnrlalus<'l or boat on such iidnul waters or lakes, which shall liave wholly belonped to British subjects before the ;i|li day of .Inly, U'25, and which shall not have been since that day repaired as aforesaid in any foreipn place.— } 'M (fiiods iiiii.1t be l)riiu>i. Sfinrai;e nf (Jooils in lt'urclioiise.—\\\ goods so warehoii; d shall be stowed in such parts or divii inns of Ihe warcdioiise and in such manner as Ihe collector and comptroller shall ilirei i ; and ihe ware- house shall be locked and secured in such manner, and shall be opened and visited only at siicb t^ncs, anil in the prc'suncc of such ufllcer.s, and under such rules and regulations, as thu c> lluclur and COLONY TRADE. 431 cninptr.)ller ihnll dirfict ; and all such (tonds slinll. after bnlns landnd upon impnrtntlon, bn rnrrlcd to the wnrehoiise, or sh:ill, after being taken out nt' the warehniifie t'nr exportation, be cnn'ud to be jlilp|,,.il, miller audi rules and reRUlatioim aa the collector anil comptroller shall direct. — } Jilt. Bierwards he taken out of il nillioiit line entry and clearance, or having been entered and cleared for expnrtation hIhiII not bo iliilv curried and shiiiped, or shall afterwards be relanded except with permission of the customs, mucIi gnuils shall be forfeited.—} 41. Jinoiinl of Oooa'n to he liiken nn Idndinrr. — Upon the entry and landing of any goods to lie warn- lioiiscil, tlieproper olticer shall take a particular account of the same, and shall mark the conienU on t:\cli p:ickau'C, and shall enter tho same in a book to be kept for that purpose ; and no gnoils which liave be.'ii sn warehoused shall be taken or delivered frnm the warehouse except upon dun eni ry, and iiiiil'T c'lre of the proper otlicers for exprirtalion, or upon due entry and payment of il'ly fur lionie use | mill wlicni'ver the whole of tlie goods warehoui'eil utidor any entry shall be cleared i'rom the ware. Iiiiiis'i, or wlien.iver further time shall be granted for any such goods to remain wiirelioiivi,.||, nn nconiiiil shall he made out of the iiuanlity upon which the duties have been paid, and of the i]u:inlily .■niiiTtcd, and of the quantity (to be then ascertained) of the goods still remaining in the wiirt'liouse, as 111 I ciise may be, deducting from the whole the (piantity contained in any whole pacliagi's (if any) which iii.iy hive been abandoned for the duties ; and if upon such account ihere shall in elilier ciisii n|i|ic:ir to he any deficiency of the original quantity, the duty payable upon the amount of such dot)> cleiicy shall then be paid.—} 12. Siimplr.t mail he taken.— \l shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller, under such regitlalions n* llii'V.-'liiM see lit. to [lerniit moderate samples to be taken of any goods so warehniised, without enfry, iiii.l wilhoiit payment of duly, except as the same shall eventually become payable, us ou a dellriuncy iif llic original quantity. — } 4S. Ol, iil.i moil he sorted and repacked. — It shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller, under such reiriililions as they shall see fit, to permit the proprietor or other person having control over any wiri'h.iiw'il iroods to sort, separate, and pack and repack any such goinls, and to make such lawful nlleiiilions therein, or arrangements and assortments thereof, as may be necessary for the preserva- Ijiin iif such goods, or in order to the sale, shipment, or legal disposal of the same; and also to permit any purls of such goods so separated to be destroyed, but without prejudice to the claim for duty upon llii> whole iiriirinal ipiantity of such goods : provided always, that it shall be lawful for any person to iili;iiidiised imnj he delivered for Removal iciihout Payment of Duty.— fini^Aa warehoused at any w.irelioiising port in any of the British possessions in America, being first (i;i!y entered, may be dell- vi>n"l, under the authority of the proper otiicer of the customs, wilbo-.it paymint of duty, except for iiiiyileliiicncy thereof, for the purpose of removal to another w:ir«hoiisina port in the siiiiie posHession, iiiiilor lionil, to the satisfaction of such otiicer, for the due arrival ami rewareliousing of such goods at fuih III her port.—} 4.'), ^/i (fo'id.i lo he cleared within 2 Yearn, or sold. — All goods which have been so warehoused or reware- lioiisi'i! shall be duly cleared, either for exportation or for home consumption, within two years from llii' ilay of lirst entry for warehousing ; and if any such goods b" not so cleared, it shall be lawful for I ha riilli'ctnr anil comp.roller to cause the same to bi sold, and the produce shall be applied, first to tim |iaviiient of the duti_', next of warehouse rent and other charges, and the overplus (if any) slmll liii fill I III ihe proprietor : provided always, that it shall be lawt^ul for the collector and enmplroller tii (.'riinl fiirlhiT lime for any such goods to remain warehoused, if they shall see fit.— } 411. fi/iK.' i.ii f.'iirri/ fi/r KTpur^o.'fim.— II|iiin the entry onf wards of any goiiils lo be expnrled fimn tlia Witriihouse. the person entering the same shall give security by hniid in treble the duties of importa- lliiii on sni li goods, with two sufiicient sureties, to be approved by tho collTinr or complinller, thai Mil! siine shall be landed at the place for which they be entered outwards, or be othurwiso accoiintej for.—} 47. Piiircr to appoint oilier Port.i. — It shall be lawful fur bis Majesty, by order in cniinc I, from tlind to liiiii' In a|i;iiiiiil any port in iiis Majesly's pessessiiuis in America to be a free wni-elniiising purf fur all IT liny of the purposes of this act ; and every such pert so a|ipoiiiteil by his M;ijesty shiill he, for nil liii' fiurpo-ies expressed in such order, a free warehousing port under this act, as if appointed by tlm name — } H. (Iiioili from Mauriliits liahle to same Duties and Re/rulations a.i West India Goods. — } 49. — (f3(^u PiiiiT l.ons.) Ctipe of finoil Hope iriihin Limit of the Companii's Charlcr.—h\ all trade with theHrilish possess inns In America, the (.'ape of Ciood Hope, and the territories and dependoncies thereof, shall be deemed lo Im wiiliie the limits of tlie East India Company's ciiartor. — } .10. Dutch PnnpnttTons. &c. Viitrh Proprietor in Demerura, Ussefjniho, and Perhice, vi'iy supply thi'ir E^tote:^ from 1Ivlhnid."\i fli.ill lie lawful fur any of the siihjerls of Ihe King of llie NelherlaiiiN", lieing l)iitih proprii liirs ill Ihu fii.ill lie lawlul liir any of iiie siilijerls ot Ihe l\ing ol llie ^eltlerla{lll•^, lieing I)iitili proprn lors 111 lliu ri'l lilies of llemerara, Kssequilio, and Berbice, to import in Dutch «hi|is from the \eiheilaiiils into tlie s.iiil cnloiiies all Ihe usual articles of supply for their estates Iherein, and also wine im|iorted for Ihe piirposi'S of medicine only, and which shall he lialile to a duty of Ifl.v. per ton, and no more ; and in ciise seizure he made of any articles so imported, upon the ground that they are not such supplies, or lire Inr the imrpose of trade, the proof to the contrary shall li" on the Dutib proprietor linporling Ihn «anie, and not on the seizing odicer: provided always, that if siiflicient security by bond he given In niiiirt to abide the decision of the cominlssioncra of custoiiiH upon aticU solzuiu, the goodB no ngliirl (liall be adinitled to entry and released.— } 51. m wn t'iSl II 11 t' ! • i ::i ! !: .1 I i I ,1 {^; : : V fr : I I f! t a-WBJK.iJitM.mU MTiJrit.'tNlMiBlM 4M COLONIES AND pnlch Proprietors mnij not export to United Kingdom. — Tt ihnll not bo Inwfiil for iiicli Oiitcb pro. prictors to export the prndiice oflheir eatatefl to the United Kingdom, or to any ofhis Majesty's sucar colonies in America, except under the conditions herein-aflnr provided.— J SS. n'hat Persons shall be deemed Dutch Proprietort. — All euhjcctsofhia Majesly the King of the Nether, lands resident in his said Majesty's European dominions, who were at (hn date of the convention between his Majesty Georse III. and the King of the Netherlands, dated the ISlh dny i>f AugiiHt. mij Eroprietors of estates in the said colonies, and all suhjccts of his siiid Majfsly who may hereafier ecouie possessed of estates then belonging to Dutch proprietors therein, and all' such prnprietorB •at being then resident in the said colonies, and being natives of his said Majenly's dominions iiitlii! Netherlands, may have declared, within 3 months after the publication of the aforesaid convcnlidn iii the said colonics, that they wish to continue to be considered as such, and all sulijecis of his said Majesty the King of the Netherlands who may be the holders of mortgages of estates in the saij coiiinii's made prior to the date of the convention, and who may under their nmrlsage deeds have the right of exporting from the said cuhmies to the Netherlands the produce of sueh entstes, shall be deemed Dutch proprietors under the provisions of this act : provided, that where linth Dutch and Britif^h subjects have mortgages upon the same property in the said colonics^, the produce to lie cnn- signed to the ditferent mortgagees shall be in proportion to the debts respectively due to ihciu.— } 5;i. f'fmona not wishing to be considered Dvtch Proprietors to sign u Declaralian to that Effect. — Whereas it Is eipi'dient to pern it any of such persons, at their option, to relinquish siicii character of Dutch pro- prietor ; he it therefore enacted, that if any such person shall make and sign a declaration in wrilin", attested by two credible witnesses, setting forth that he is desiroits and has elected not to he deemed to be a Dutch proprietor within the meaning of the said act in respect of any such estate or mortgage lolie mentioned and named in such declaration, and shall cause such declaration to he delivered to the commis!iing Goods liable to Fi'rfeitvre. — All vesselii, boat?, car- ringng, and cattle made use of in the removal of any goods iialde to t'orfeitnre under this act shall be forfeited, and everv person who shall assist or he otherwise concerned in the unsliipptmr, landing, or removal, harhouriiig, Ice. of such goods, or into whose possession the same shall knowingly come, shall f )rfelt the treble value thereof, or the penalty of lOOJ., at the election of the ollicers of the cus- toms.—} 59. Oocd.i, fessels, ll(c. liable to Forfeiture, may be seized by Officers.— All goods, ships, vessels, hoats, r.nrriages, and cattle, liable to forfeiture under this act, niay he seized and secured by any ofli;er of the cui!|oms or navy, or by any person cmidoyed for that imrpose witli the conciirnuce of the cnni- missi'iner:» of his Majesty's customs; and every person who shall in any way luiider or obstruct fuch ofhcers or persons employed as aforesaid, or any person aiding him, shall for every such otfence forfeit the sum of 900<.—^(H). , . , H^ril of .Issislanee to search for and seize Goods liable to Forfritnre.—Vn^rr authority of (l writ of mwistann granted by the supreme court of justice or court of vice admiralty having jurisdiction in tl)' plice. it shall be lawful for any officer of the customs, taking with him a peace olf cer, to enter hnilding or other place in the daytime, and to searcli for. seize, and secure any goods liable to t in 'iinre under this net, and, in case of necessity, to hre.ik open any doors and any che.-ita or other packages for that purpose ; and such writ of assistance, when issued, shall lie deemed to be iu force dnrina the whole of the reign in which the same shall have been granted, and for 12 months from the conclusion of such reign —} fil. . Obstrmlion of Officers by Force.— U tiny person shall by force or violence assault, molest, hinder, or ob«trii't any oihcer of the customs or navy, or other person employed as aforesaid, or any person acting in his aid, such person U|)on conviction shall be adjudged a felon, and piinitbed ul the discre- lioH of ilie court.— } ("S. . .,, ,. . , Gonth sri:ed to be secured at the nejt Cnstom-hovre, and sold by ,»Kc/iun.— All things seized as liable to f.irfeiture under tliis act, or under any act made for tlie prevention of smuggling, or relating to the customs, or tn trade or navigation, shall he delivered to the collector and comptroller oftlin cuxtoins next to the place where the same were seized ; and after condemnation they shall cause tlio same to lie sold bv public auction to the best bidder : iirovided always, that it shall he lawful for tlio c.iiinnissioners of the customs to direct in what manner the produce of such sale shall b ; applied, or, ill lii'ii uf cuch tale, to direct what things tball be destroyed, or be reiictved fur the public sotvlco. —J 03. _C1_ COLONY TRADE. 483 The next 17 clnuses relate to the mode of proceeding in actions as to seizures before the courts, th* application and recovery of penalties, &c. It seems unnecessary to insert these in this piace. The Ring may regulate the Trade of certain Colonies. — It shall be lawful for his Majesty, by any nriler or orders in council to be issued from time to time, to give such directions and malM8 tnuching the trade and commerce to and from any British possess Ions on or near the continent of Europe, or within the Mediterranean Sea, or in Africa, or witliin the limits of the East India Com- pniiy's charter (excepting the possessions of the said Company), as to his Majesty in council shall appear expedient ; and if any goods shall be imported or exported in any manner contrary to any 8111'h order, the same shall be forfeited, together with the ship importing or exporting the same. -J 81. Kant India Company may carry Goods from India to Colonifa.—M shall be lawful for the East India Ciinip'uiy, during the continuance of their exclusive privileges of trade, to export from one place within tile limits of their charter any goods for the purpose of being carric^d to some of his Majesty's pisaussions in America, and so to carry and to import tlie same into un^ of such possessions, and nisn to carry return cargoes fn.-u such possessions to any place within the 'imits of their charter, or to the Unitod Kingdom ; and it shall be lawful for any of his Miijesty's subjects, with the licence or iniii«r the authority of the said Company, to lade in and export ;rom any of the dominions of the Em- P'Tor of China any goods, and to lade in and export from any place within the limits of the said C'niiipany's charter any tea, for the purpose of being carried to some of his Majesty's possessions in Aiiiericn, and also so to carry and to import the same into any of such possessions.— ) 63. Cfrtifieate of Prodiietion of East India Siiffar. — It shall be lawful for any shipper of sugar the pro- duce of some Uritish possession within the limits of the East India Company's charier, to be exported from such possession, to go before the collector, comptroller, &c. of the customs at such place, or, if tlifre he none such, to go before the principal officer of such place, or the Judge or commercial resi- dent, and make nn affidavit that such sugar was really and bon/i fide the produce of such British pos- session, to tlie best of hiii knowledge and belief; and such officer, &c. is to grant a certificate thereof, Bi'itine t'lirth tlie name of the ship in which the sugar is to be exported, and her destination.— $ H3. Shipn huilt prior to the \st of January, 1818, deemed British Ships tcilhin certain Limits. — All ships built within thH limits of the East India Company's charter prior to the 1st day of January, 1816, and nlii'h were then, and hove continued since, to be solely the property of his Majesty's subjects, slial' 1 1! (Ivcrnod to be British ships for all the purposes of trado within tile said limits, including the C.ip« ofCiinrI Hope.— } 81. Certificate of Proditrtion of Cape JVine. — It shall be lawful for the shipper of wine the produce of the Cape of Good Hope, or of its dependencies, which is to be exported from thence, to go before the fhii'f officer of the customs, and make an affidavit that such wine was really and bona fide the produce nl' llie (Jape or its depend'^ncies ; and such officer is required to administer such atndavit, and to priiiit a certificate thereof, stating the name of the ship in which the wine is exported, and her desti- iialion.— } 85. Certificate of Production of Ooods in Ouernsr.y, S'c. — It shall be lawful for any person who is about lo export from tJuernsey, Jersey, Alderney,or Sark, to the United Kingdom or any British possession in America, any goods the growth or produce of any of those islands, or any gootls manufactured from ninterials the growth or produce thereof, or of the United Kingdom, to go before a magistrate of the island ''om which the goods are to be exported, and sign a declaration that such goods are of such growth, produce, or manufacture, and such magistrate shall administer and sign such declara- tion i and thereupon the governor, lieutenant-governor, &c. of the Island shall, upon the delivery to him of such declaration, grant a certificate under his hand of the proof contained in such declaration, staling the ship by, and the port in the United Kingdom, or in such possession, to, which the goods are to be exported ; and such certificate shall be produced at such |)orts, in proof that the goods men- tioned therein are of the growth, produce, &c. of such islands. — } 88. The next section relates to tne importation of tea into Guernsey, ice. during the exclusive trading privileges enjoyed by the East India Company. Guernsey, ^-e. Tunnitge of Ships and Size of Pncka pes for Spirits. — No brandy, geneva, or other spirits (except runiot'tlie British plantations), shall be imported into, or exported from, the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, or Sark, or removed from any one to any other of the said islands, or coastwise from any one part to any other part of either of the said islands, or be shipped to be so removed or rarrieil. or be water-borne for the purpose of being so shipped in any ship, vessel, or boat of less bur- den than 100 tons (except when imported from the United Kinedom in sliips uf tlie burden of 70 tons at least), nor in any cask or package of less siise or content than 40 gallons, (e.xcopt when in bottles, anil curried in a sijuare-rigged snip,) nor any tobacco or snuff in any ship, vessel, or boat of less burden than 100 tons (except when imported from the United Kingdom in ships of the burden of 70 tons at least), nor in any cask or package containing less than 450 lbs. weight, (save and except any such spirits or loose tobacco as shall be for the use of the seamen belonging to and on board any such shiip, vessel, or boat, not exceeding 2 gallons of thefi)rnicr, and 5 lbs. weight of llie latter, for each sea- in.\n, anil also except such manufactured tobacco or snuff as shall have been duly exported as niei- chandise from Great Britain or Ireland.) on pain of forfeiture of all such foreign bnindy, geneva, at oilier spirits, tobacco or snuff respectively, together with the casks or packages containing the same, and also ofevery such ship, vessel, or boat, together with all her guns, furniture, &c.— J 88. -V.if lu extend to Vessels of 10 Tons siipphjing- iKlnndof Sa.-k, having licenre sn to do. — Nothing herein contained shall extend, or be construed to extend, to any boat not exceeding the burden of 10 tons, for having on board at any one time any foreign spirits of the quantity of 10 galbuis or under, in casks or packases of less size or content than 40 gallons, or any tobacco, snuff, or lea, not exceedinir 50 lbs, weight of each, for the supply of the said island of Park, such boat having a licence from the officer of cusl(uns ut either of the islaiiils of Guernsey or Jersey, for the purpose of being employed in carryina Ciiniuiodities for the supply of the said island of 8ark : provided that every such boat having on lioaril Bt any one time any greater quantity of spirits than 10 gallons, or any greater quantity of tobacco or snnfl' than .50 llis. weight of each ofthe said articles, unless such greater quantify of spirits, t<>liacco, or siiiitf shall he in casks or packages ofthe si/.e, content, or weiglit heriMii-before required, or having on hoard at any one time any greater quantity of tea than .50 lbs. weight, sliall be forfeited. — i 80. Prtiiil'ij on Persons fiiind on board Vessels liuble to Forfeiture witliio I Lrapvc uf Gvernsrti, JJT— Every person foiiml or discovered to have been on board any vessel or boat liable to forfeiture, for being found within I league of ilie islands of Guernsey, "Jersey, .\lilerney, or Sark, having on boanl or in any luunner attached or affixed tlierelo, or conveying or having conveyed, in any manner, such goods or other things na suhji-ct such vessel or boat to fnrfeiture, or who «liall be fonrd or .lls- covereil to have been on lioard any vessel or boat from wliic !i any part of the lariio shall have been thri'wn overboaril during cliace, or staved or destroyed, sliall forfeit llie sum of 100/. — (f'O. Brilifh Coals not to be re-exported from British Po.ssessions wiilioiit hoUj. — It hliali not be lawful to re-expnrl from any of his Majesty's possessions abroad to any foreign place niiy coats the produce of the 1,'hiled Kinedom, except upon payment of the duty to which such coals would he liable upon ox- porlatliui from the United Kingdom to such foreign place ; and no such coals shall be shipped at any ,of stich possessions, to bo exported to any British place, until the exporter or the nianter ofthe sxpott- Voi. I.— 8 63 ■ll'i i .1 \V i!;i: hi' I. \ ' M ' ; h m iff i'i 1 ! , \\ 1:: r :( 1 f 1 ; t ' i i m i )k 434 COLONIES AND A> li* m ItiR vessel shall hnve plven bond, with nnn giifflclpnt surety, In double the value of the conls, that such coals slmll nut be landed at any furi'lRn place. — } i'l. Penidhj for using Dociimcnia coiinierfiiied nr fnl.-ijitil—\(nny person sball, in any of his Mtijosly's ponsrssiDiis abrind, cnunliTfcil or fuUify, or wilfully use when counlerl'fllcd or falailied, any fiu'rv wiirrant, cockot, &c. for tlie unbidiii!?, lallin;;, entering, reporting, or clearing any ship nr vesiJi'l,or;;';r the landing, shipping, or removing ot' any goods, stores, baggage, or article whatever, or shall liy imy iSlso BlatenwMit procure any writing or document to lie made fivr any such p.irposes, or Kiiall lalsily make any oatli or alhrination required by any act for regulating the trade of the British posscssidiis ahrnad, or shall fnrse or cnuntertVit a certifiiate of the said oath or aflirniaticm, or shall knowiiitly pulilish such ccrlllicatc, he shall for every sucli otfence forfeit the sum ofiOU/.— $ 9*2. The American (jovernmcnt having declined complying with those conditions of r<;cipro- city under which the trade between the United States and the Britiuh colonies was to Iw opened by the net (J Geo. 4. c. 114., it was directed by an order in council, dated tiie 27ili of .luly, 1R2I), thill a duty of 4s. 3r/. per ton should bo charged upon all American vessel:! enlPriiii; his Majesty's possessions in the West Indies, as well as an addition of 10 per cent, upon tlie duties imposed by the above-mentioned act on all and each of the articles named in it, when imported into the West Indies in American ships. In the course cf 1830, however, the negotialions that hail been entered into with tlio United Slates nlalive to this subject were hap;)ily terminated by the Americans agreeing to the conditions of reciprocity above mentioned ; so that the discriminating duties iinposiil upon the shi[)3 and goods under authority of the above-mentioned order in cotin':il nro wholly repealed. Subjoined is the circular letter of the American government, and an extract from the British order in council, dated the 5th of November, 1830, relative to this new arrange- ment. Circular to the Collectors of Customa Tr(!asury Dnpartinent, Ort. 6, 1830. Sir, — You will perceive by the proclamation of the president herewith transmitted, tliat fioni and after Ihe date thereof, the act entituleil "An Act rmicerning Navigation," passed on the Lltli 01* April, ISlf; an ait supplementary therein, passed the \M\ of B!ay, 1820; and an act entilnlrd "An Act to ri'gnl'itu llie roniiniTrial IiiliTconrse between the United Slates and certain Dritish Ports," pass(>il on the 1st of March, l!S23, are absolutely rrpcnle'l ; and the ports of the Uiiitrd Slates ureopen tu BriuMi vessels and their rarirocs, r.omiiifr from the Brilish eohvinl pussessimis in the ll'est Jiidies, on the cm.n- iietit ,if ^"iitlt America, the Bahnma l,-laiiils, the C'uicos,and the licrmitila or Somer L-ilands ; alsii fr.m the islands, provinces, nr eidunics of Great Britain on or vnr Ihe Korth American rontincvt, nud n irlh or e.ts' of the United Stales. liy virtue of the authority of this pniclainalion, and in coiil'iiriiiiiv w illi tlii! arran!:u/nent made between the United States and fin.'at Britain, and under the saiMiinii „\ 1h^ [ir'sident, you are inslracted to ailniil to entry such v!' (Jrnat llrilain (ir her said colonies, subject to t he same duties of tonnng'! and impost, and other charges, as are levieil on the vessels of the United States, or their cargoes arriving fr(HU the said Brilish culo- uies : you will also gram cliMrames to Ilrilitili vessels for the several ports of the aforesaid Cdloiiial poss'>s'sions (d' Clrcat Ihitain, such vessels luring laden with such arlichrs as may be exportiMl (nnn tlio United Stales in vessels of tlie irnited States ; and llritish vessi'ls coming frcnii the said colonial pus- tessions nniy also he cl.'are.l for foreian ports and placiis other than those in the said Uriiish colimi^l possessions, being laden with such urticles as may be exported from the United Stales in vessel.-; of the United Slates. I am, &.C. (Signed) S. D. INGHAM, Secretary to the Treasury. Kitract from the British Order in Council, dated the Hth of A'anember, ISSO, relative to the Trade betireai the United Xtatea and the British ll'est Indies. "Whereas it hath been made to appear to his Majpsty in council, that Ihe restrictions herotnf;irii im;)ns"d by the liws of the United States upon British vessels naviirated between the said Statfis anil liis Majesty's possessi(ms in the West Indies and America, have been repealed ; and that the i\'n- criminating duties of Kmnagc' and of customs heretofore imposed by the lawsof the said United Stalis upon British vessels and thi'ir cargoes entering the ports of the said Siati's from his Majesty's ^ill'l possessions, have also been repealed, and that the ports of the Uuifeil States are now open to liriiii'i vessels and th"ir cargoes coming from his Majesty's possessions aforesaid. His Majesty dutli. Ih'n-- f.ire, with tin? advice of his privy couiniil, and in pursuance and e\ercise of tlie powers so vestiil in him by the ait passed in the sixth year of ihe reign of bis said late Maji'>ly, or by any other ad nr acts of parliament, declare that the said recited orders in council of the 'Jlst of .Infv, 1^'23, and of t!:e IsTth of July, IS'Jrt, and the said order in council of the Kith of July, If-i' (-io f,ir as such lasf-minilieii.,! order relates to the said United Slates), shall he, and the same are hereliy respectively revoked. "And liis Majesty doth further, by the adviei- aforesaid, and iu pursinece of the powers af>re':ii I, ilerlare Ihaf the ships of and lieloniring to the said United States of .\meri(a may import frnni lli'i United States aforesaid into the Uritish possessions abroad, goods the produce of tliosi! State..;, anJ may export goods from the llritish possessions abroad, to be carried to any country whatever." Ciinnectlnn nf the Planter and llnme Merchant Mnile of tranfnctins; liu^hirfu in Eiii^ltmd. — The mode of transacting West InJia business is as follows ; — A sugar [liaiiter forms a connection with a mercantile house in Jiondon, Bristol, Liverpool, or (ilasrrow; stipulates fur an advance of money on their part; grants them a mortgaizc on his estale; nn I hinds himself to send them atmually his crop, allowing theni the full rate of imrraniile commissions. Tlieso coinmis-;iuns are 'i\ per cent, on the amoimt of sugar .sr.l.l, a:i' II': 'n\ .1 ■ I *■; '.:; M!, 48ft COLONIES AND if 'I I well u of the intemiptioni to work from the heavy raine, to attempt loading veasels in the augnr iBlanda during the autumnal montha. The unloading of West Indiamen in London usually takea place at the West India docks, and did so uniformly from the autumn of 1802, when the docks were first opened, till Au- gust, 1823, when the dock monopoly expired. The delays in discharging, occasionally complained of during the war, arose from two causes ; from the vessels arriving in fleets (in consequence of sailing with convoy,) and from the imperfections inseparable from a new establishment The latter have been long remedied ; and as to the former, though at paiti* cular seasons, and afler a change of wind, the vesiicls still come close on each other, the crowd- ing in the docks is by no means to be compared to that arising from the arrival of a convoy. Cargoes are discharged very speedily, the time seldom exceeding 3 days. The dock dues have also been materially reduced since the i)eace : and the whole exhibits a striking ex- ample of the advantage attendant on transacting a mass of business on one spot ; an ad- vantage which can be enjoyed only in great sea-ports, such as London, Liverpool, or Amster- dam. — (See Docks.) The rates of freight during the war were, on sugar from 7s. to 8«. per cwt, and on coffee from 10«. to 1 15. ; whereas they now amount, the former to 4«. and 4t, tu (ix a minimum upset price ; but the market price must entirely depend on the qnunlity put up for sale, compared with the number and means of the buyers. And, as the regulation of this quantity must necessarily be lefl: to the local authorities, they will, in fact, have the power of fixing the price. A system of this sort can hardly fuii of leading to very great abupcs ; and will give rise to perpetual complaints, even when they are not deserved, of partiality and preference. The best way, as it appears to us, would l>e to order competent persons to fix certain prices upon all the lands to be locateil, according to the various cir- cumstances for and against them ; and to grant specified portions of such lands to all who claim them, according to the amount of capital they proposed to employ in their cultivation. We do not, however, think that the maximum price ought in any case to exceed 12s. or lSi5, >g vfiascls in the COLONY TRADE. 437 in sere : a price of this magnitude would accure a rafficient degree of concentration, with* out rarrying the principle ao far as to make it injurious.* Di»pu»d of Land in Canada. — ^The followini^ advertisement, dated at the ofltce of the Cotnmissiiiner of Crown Lands, York, Upper CsTiada, 27th of May, 1833, explains the terms on which lands are in future to t>e granted in that province ; — In conformity to Instructioni recently received from his Majesty's secretary nfslate for the cnlnnles, the fiillKwinR arriiiiRemciits for dIepoEiing of the waste lands of the crown in Upper Canada, are made iinntvii tor lli« infiirinutlnn of emiiirnntB and others. Except in the rose of II. E. LoyaliHta, and other persons entitled by the existing regulations of the •nveriinient to free grants, no person can obtain any of the waste Innda of the crown otluirwise than by piirdiaiiing at the public sales, made from time to time under the direction of the coinmissiunerof crown l:inda. TliodR sales will be made on the 1st and 3d Tuesday of each month, and will either be continued Ihrniigh tiie following day, or not, as circumstances may appear to the iiguiit to require. Ilcsidi^s tlii^se gonernl periodical sales, there may be occasional salits liyaurtiim in other dislricls,of iiicli town lotH, or otiier lots of land, as may remain to be disposed of; and of these sales ampiu notice will lie civen. Tlie conditions of every sale by public auction will be as follows :— One fourth of the purchase mo- ney tol)e paid down; and the remainder in 3 equal annual instsilniunts, with interest at 6 per cent, on eoch instalment, puyiible wilh Ihe instalment. The lands will he put up al an upset price, of which notice will be given at the time of sale, and In thii prcviinis adverliseuieiils wlilcli will be published of tlie lands intended to lie put up at eiuh sale : ami in cai>(! no offer shall be made at the upset price, the land will be reserved for future sale, in a similar manner, by auction. A patent for the lands will bo Issued free of charge, upon the payment in full of the purchase money anil interest. Tiie commissioner for crown lands, acting also as agent for tho sale of clergy reserves, requests it tn be noticed, that such clergy reserves as have not been hitherto occupied by authority, or leased by the government, will be dixposed of, l)y pulilic auction only, either at the periodical sales of crown lands, or at occasional sales, to lie duly advertised, and that the terms of payment for clergy resi^rves will continue to be as follows : — 10 per cent, to be paid at the time of sale, and the remainder in 9 an- nual instalments of 10 per cent, ouch, with interest on each instalment, to be paid with the instaN Dient. Such clergy reserves as have been leased, or .^ccupied by Ihe authority of the government, must be applied for by letter to the commissioner of crown lands, and when disposed of, will be sold by private sale on. the same terms of payment as those disposed of by public auction. Ttrma vpon which the Crown Lands Kill be disposed of in AVir South IValea and Van Diemen's Land. It has been determined by his Majesty's government that no land shall, in future, be disposed of In New South Wales or Van Diemen's Lund otherwise than by pulilic sale, and it has llierefiire been di-cined expedient to prepare for the inf :;i jR h^if ■( r ' :i ; , ' 1 ; , ■ ■ r 'III ■ i; 1 ; '' ' ii '■ ^1 I •' : i I i I , ■' , ill' M '!|| i I HI 'I ^11 : I !( ;■'' I i li i^Plw^ wi pp ^Kw ^gS wm M« I I f li -I 438 COLONIES AND lodkt fertile, and is covered with herbage. He f( rthwith report* all these fircumstances, duly einliclliKlicd, to the Admiralty, strongly rccornmcndin? the situation as an adiniruble one at which to found a colony ; and in nine cases out of ten this is all the information that is required in taking a step of such infinite iniporlancc ! No wonder, thcrefarc, tliat, many fine schemes of colonisation should have ended only in loss and disappointment; and that situations whieh the colonists were taught to look ujmn as a spci-ies of paradise, liii\e p-oved to l)e any thing hut what they were represented. Botany Bay, though described by Oaptiiin Cook as one of the finest places in the world, had to be abandoned by the colonists that were sent out to it; as the country round it, instead of being favourable for cultivutinn, is a mere sandy swamp. Is it possible to suppose, had the jjroper inquiries bi-rn enlortd into, that any attempt would have been made to estnblish a colony in so pestilential a climuta as that of Hicrra Leone 1 The colony in the district of Albany, in the Cape of Good lIo[te, was founded upon the representations of an individual, who, whatever might be his infornm- tion in other respects, had not the slightest kno-,- ledge of agriculture; and the distresses the s<-ttlers have had to enrounter were the natural consequences of their relying on such au- thority. The late establishment at Swan River may be adduced as another instance of mia. placed or premature confidence in the reports of those who were really without the means of foriiiing a correct estimate of the variouti circuinslances necessary to bo attended to ia forming a colony. We do, therefore, hope that an end will be put to this system, — a system which is in no common degree injurious to the public interests, and is highly criminal towards those who embark as colonists. The founding of u colony ought to bo looked upon in its true point of view — as a great national enterprise. It is not an adventure to be intrusted to jjresuini)- tnous ignorance ; but should be maturely weighed, and every circumstance connected with it carcfolly investigated. Above all, the situation in which it is proposed to found tlie colony should be minutely surveyed : and its climate, soil, and capacities of production, deliberately inquired into by competent persons employed for the purpose. Were this done, govern- ment and the public, would have the best attainable grounds upon which to proceed; and neither party would have much reason to fear those di8ap()oiiitinents, which have hitherto bo often followed the exaggerated representations of those to whom tlie important and dilGcuIt task of selecting situations for colonics has been delegated. v. Fonr.io?r CotoMES. 1. f^pnnhh Cnliinici. — Spain, whose colonial possessions extended a few years ago from the frontiers of the United States to the Straits of Magellan, is not, at present, possessed of a foot of ground in the whole American continent. Still, however, her colonial posses- Fions are of great value and importance. In the West Indies, she is mistress of Cuba and Porto Kico; — the former by far the largest and finest of the West India islands ; and the latter also a very valuiible possession. In the East, Spain is mistress of the Philippine Islands, which, were they in the hands of an enterprising people, would speedily become of very great commercial importance. — (See the articles Havanna, Maxilla, Pohto Rico.) 2. Dutch CitJonie.". — Java forms the most important and vaUinhle of the Dutch colonial possessions. — (See Batavia.) In the East they also possess the Moluccas, Bencoolen on the coast of Sumatra, Macassar, and the eastern coast of Celebes, Banda, &c. 1'liey have several fort-? on the Gold Coast in Africa; and in the V/'U Indies they possess the islamls of Cura^oa and St. Eustatius, Saba, and part of St. Mait.n ; and on the continent of South America, they are masters of Dutch Surinam. Curafoa and St. Eustatius are naturally barren, but they have been both highly improved. From its being veiy conveniently situated for maintaining a contraband traffic with the Caraccas and other districts in South America, Curaooa was formerly a place of great trade, particularly during war. But since the independence of South America, Curaeoa has ceased in a great measure to be an evire- pot ; the goods destined for the Continent being now, for the most part, forwarded direct to the [ibices of their destination. That district of .Surinam ceded to the British in 1814, comprising the settlements of Demerura, Berbice, and Es-'cipiibo (see anli', p. 421.), finned the most valuable portion of Surinam, or Dutch (Jniana. 'J'he viislrict which still belongs t > the Dutch lies to the south of Berbice. It contains about 'iri.OflO sipiare miles, and a po|)ulation of about 00,000. It is ihn\y becoming of more value and importance. .3. French Cu/imies. — Previously to the negro insurrection that broke out in 1792, St. Domingo was by far the most valuable colony in the West Indies. But this disastrous event, having first devastated the island, terminated in the establishment of the independent black re|iublic of Ilayti. — (See Pokt au PiiiycK.) Having also sold Louisiana to the Americmi-'. and ceded the Mauritius to the English, without making any n?w acquisitions, the colonial dominions of France arc, at this moment, of very limited extent. They consist of Guadeloupe and Martinique, and the small islands of Marie-Galante and Deseada, in the • West Indies; Cayenne, in South America; Senegal and Gorce, in -Africa; the Isle de COLONY TRADE. 480 Bourbon, in the Eastern Ocean ; St. Marie, in Madagascar; and Pondichcrry and Chander* nai^or, witli a very gmall surrounding territory, in the Eant IntlicR. 'i'ho tuLiuiar statemcnti anncxuJ show the population, trade, t,^c. of thu French ooluiiica. Table of tlie Population ortlie French Cnlonlpg, nnd of their Conimorrc with France. — (Monlvtran, t^$ui lit atutiitique lur Ui CuloHie$, Piiceg Jutlificatit'ea, No, 5.) CoIodIm, Sarl'i America. Si'iil I'it-rrp nii'l } M.iiurl IS3I i •/•n.'fMilM. Mininiiiue (Jan. } I. I-Ji> J CiuTicl'i'ipe (Jan. / I. I-Ol) J N(fi7i Aiivrifn. CMiiiiit', (Jaii. 1. { I SI.' I i Ajrica. noiirli'iii fJau. 1. / lOO) i !ie.ir,;illlW5) • J.iVi. J'rfncli liicltiriw } iij liiliii (1823} S •r.ilAl Populallori In IK!9, oracconllng (o tliti lut Ccnaui. I>6I 9,410 10,i96 1,291 Peoi'lpoffolour Fr.e. IS, '32 10,7 2,220 2401 3,J73 1,021' 107,986 43,419 I •■6.0-3 .S'aiM. Total. No. 90,743 19,173 66,000 12,20: 1,191 271 1, 1 a' No. S6 109,99:) 112,111 !n,roo 16,110 Cumnierce wlib ill al Value, It3l. Iitiporli Kx|>i>r(t intfi , fiiirii France, ' rniiri:. Fiat. CI. , Francr. 6,700,016' 476,117 i 2fl,l2J,-,M I2,633,.M0 1 26,642,222 12,l4e,8i;3 2,4-12, ISM 1,738,792 l!i,nf,7,2T6! 5,732,9C8 3,44J,0b7 3,723,27C 7:l,l.r!.Hi3 Navigation. I'utereJ. Shi) a 154 I9!i 3,19.'.,818 763,235 31,Svo.2IO: 4'4 3.W 40,906 47,623 r..l22 3,0.•.^ 1,14' iio.7'r CItMred out. Cod if the Frfucl Fiilieriua. Sliipi. 136 194 23 02 2i Tnn- iM^e. 35,037 47,772 4,0)6 IS,3I5 2,7C« Ini|orliM In IK)I. Kihgr. 1,744,618 2,b2C,0:: 131,157 210,34' 1,241 I(i9,!27* ■l.'jIlC.lfl.l 0(?i.l.,. Vaiue. FtaJict, 436, 1 Ui 705,01'J 32,7^9 68,584 Alilel'olii"! I'hK'kl UI I nieti, cnihiitn. n[ liotli srxua and kick 191,141 individuals. I ColoniM for Cd'nriial produce :— linporlaliiM.t 61.2,'!'), 2')0 franca. 7.'>,9'<9 — I Uilto K»|«>rlali. Cuttom Uutiei. Clindetonpo Mirlinique • R iiirbnn • raj-fnriis - Sfilreil . ^ - K.ictoriM in Inlia St. I'ii-rrc .ii.il Finli. ) erieinf.Miqueliin j Total Kilner. .i6.')7ii.><.'}(; 2".n.|<).fl<'n l6.22!i.O(VJ 1,4;12,07J 43,023 9«-'.4«' 3-9,04 1 761,SI4 42,426 4'7;2S2 Kilntr. 9.01'.' 1J7,I1I ■ til 22 Kihfr. 2S,S92 B.1I7 3,174 169,520 81^ KllogT. __ 82,122 Kilogr. ~2e,i I2,7J4 A'.lrsr. 677,040 Khgr. 12,898 A'i7(.|rr. 211,012 9W.'.l0 31,90) C«.729 S3,2SJ Frar.ea, If,(i|3,3'i7 13,S>4'.,T(.-. ^C»2,.'10.-S S'.I.IOS 1 I4,75i 424,608 6,:p9 Sl,332,9.17 2,199,(46 lesai'. 268.935 (••2,122 13.030 677,C40 12,S9.-' l,3-4,»89 1 41,14C,984 | Pmliice of tlip tVnrh colonics iniporfc-I, but not t.iiPD'd for con* sumption, in 1S3I. Tot.il 6,)R2.K1.1 93!=,3I7 ^ 7,91 '.,770 2,199.046' 16?,a4^> Sfij-.W. 2.16,967 1 S.',122 l3.(-36 677,010 12.S9S l,3-4,l!S9 1 42.0S7,30I V.ihie in fri-nc) - 1 .'.2 .-.19.4I.2 l.ft(9.2'.6' 116.442 I7M4« i.Sfin.tiTO 1 114.211 130.361' n.l7,s-.6 2'i.7!i« 31(1.222 ir)f..C74.4S6» JV. i?.— The kilogramme = 2-2 lbs, avolrdiipoig. 4. Danish Cohmics. — In the West Imlies, these consist of the islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John : of the.se, St. Croi.x only is vnluahle. It is about 81 8i]imrc miles in extent, and contains about 37,000 inhabitant", of whom 3,000 are whites, 1,200 free lilnrks and niulattoei', and the remainder slaves. The soil is fertile, and it is well cultivated. Tlio prinripiil jiroductions are sugar, rum, nnd coll'ce. In Iiuliii, the Danes possess Tran- quilmr, near Madras; and Serampoor, near ('alcuttn. The former contained, in 1809, aliout 19,000 inhabitants ; but it has greatly improved since the peace, both in commerce and population. Sor.impoor is a neat but not very considerable place. It serves as an a.sylum for the debtors of Calcutta, and is the cajiital station of the missionaries. The Danes have a few forts on the coast of Guinea. f). fswedlik Cohmlen. — The Swedes only possess one colony — the small island of St. Bnilholomew, in the West Indies. It is only about 25 6ftl Tolal Ei| n„ll|„„ liiMjriiit lijr (■real llriUia. L. t.d. llniw /.. <, il AMi/flry am/ Marttimt .Slaliuiu. I. i.d. £. <. 4. L. $. d. L. 1. i. (iilinltir 'lU,HM 3 9 — {50 S 9 164,617 9 8 127 a 9 )64,3ro 2 9 Malla IOO,HO\ 17 1(1 — t.2)I 7 6 311 13 634 ir«,7ii n II u ('l|lf nf (Vxid Hop* • M.MT IH t 1,204 4 3,3bU 14 3 111.223 18 8 67,W2 10 « ^Uiiritiuf ll«J^^ 11 3 «!■> a 1) 117.(174 IH 3 ^ 117,171 H i Hrrlnud* t»;m 1 10 29,4«4 15 II M I3,2!l« IB 6 llJ.nW) 17 a 1.4 _ 1I2,W!1 17 ,1 KcniAihlo Po «)^^ IB Ifiii i » H,'p2U 4 9 __ tl,'i.'6 4 9 Airrnnifin • • l,4>7 II 10 — .9,764 2 C 11,171 14 7 _ II, Ol II 7 HtllxililKl . MW (J Ml 19 5 Wl 19 S __ Ki"! 19 -I Iniiiau l«Ulv(t S7^IW 17 4 — — B7,bW 17 4 — (7,W0 17 4 P/anfad'oriiarid 5t(* lUtntuh. J«mair« Cou.iniiuli Juuiair.i Itnluiiiiil • • > H(iiiffllr.-tl - 210,753 14 S >,6U 18 9 2,879 II 3IB,«7 13 1 - 819,087 -2 1 A )iil(K* . Ciraiia.la SI. Viureilt Tut'lKO AiiilKiia Mm ImjiTftt • SI Clirialoilier^ • NcTia • • ' 409,612 6 6,990 IB 3 468 416,000 19 T M 423,725 10 li Anfiuilla ■ Vin(iii Ulaiidl a IK'niiiiica . SI. Lucia • a Triiiidatl • llriiiih Guiana 'J a 234,778 14 6,!I03 ID 1 I'4 2,377 10 263,249 14 1 M — 263,249 14 1 1-J N'lva Srolii Command : .Nnva Si-nlia -■) Nftt Hruiiswirk Triiici' E'luanlf h. f 128,^20 3 5 20,439 10 6 1-4 7,f02 IS 156,584 10 10 m — 162,312 8 4M Newfrnndl.md .j Sntm (.eoua • • { (iillilji^ - >5 W,199 18 7 11.061 16 I 1,600 40.761 13 8 — 40.761 12 S Vsff Ciiait • _ 3„^00 _ 3,500 ^ 3,5«) liylcm I2>I,I67 17 3 1,005 1,064 13 f< 131,137 10 II 17,797 10 4 1-2 113.340 612 Weilern Auitralla . 6,371 IS 1 l9,Ctl2 3 4 — 34,454 1 6 — 24,454 1 6 Ptnal MlUinenll. New Soiilh Waira • } Vin DiMii.in's Liud •{ 92,321 3 2 311,418 7 6 3-4 — 403,739 10 7 3-4 5 26.670 IS 7 1-4 j 6,062 6 3 1-4 1 371.010 01.4 Oeiicnl clt:tri(ua Toialj . !!),II4 8 1 l,».'0.iS7 16 - tl.OOO — 37,114 H 1 1 1 Vl,^^ r. 5 3-41 37,114 8 1 2,364,:tC9 6 9 431.211 14 A 1 i| :'i0,n3 14 5' 2.401.703 6 5 1-2 .Vof«.— In the nUive totals 1"^ romnn'hf ii-te I, In ^ddi'lon In ttie iperifif-l expend ilurra, the f'>llowii:ie ndwtnrtt iti nid nf Colonial rtve< rtiia, lo wit, C.HH 6r. Hd. fur Barbatlw-a, L-titla I4>. 7|d. fur Itritiili Guiaua, and I. .5,747 15«. 6d, fur Nova £)ci,li.i, 4,c.— >ViijJ.) [The only colonics which have been hitherto plnnted by the people of the TJnitcJ Sinlps ore tho.-se ( lii.-scd together under the general name of Liberia, on the western cnuat nf Africa. They present a remariiable, and indeed singular instance, of establishments of the kind iiav- iiiif been formed, and conducted from their origin, with views of a purely disinterested and philanthropic character, viz. the facilitating of the gradual emancipation of the slaves in the t 'nited States, and the spreading of Christianity and civilization aiiiuiig the surrounding tiilirii of savage men. We extract the following account of " Liberia as it is"' from the report of the Pennsylva- nia Colonization Society for 18138, 17 years after the tirst settlement was made under the auspices of the American Colonization Society. This account is given by Mr. Hiicliannn, who resided about a year in Africa, and who made himself familiar with the condition uf all the settlements. " Liberia extends from the St. Paul's river on the north-we.ist to the Cavally river oii the Houth-east, a distance of 300 miles along the coast. Its extent inland is from 10 to 40 miles. Four separate colonies are now included within its limits, viz. " Monrovia, established by the .American Colonization Society, including the towns of Mon- rovia, New Georgia, Caldwell, Millsburgh, and Marshall. " IJassa Cove, established by the United Colonization Societies of New York and Pennsyl- vania. This colony includes Bassa Cove and Edina. The latter villaf;c was founded by the American Colonization Society, and lately cedeil to the United Societies. " Greenville, established by the Mis-sissippi Colonization Society at Sinou. " Maryland, established by the Maryland Colonization Society at Cape Palmas. " In the nine villages enumerated above, there is a population of about 5,000 — all of course coloured persons, of which 3,500 arc emigrants from this country, and the remainder natives of Africa " The commerce of the colonics, though in its infancy, is already extensive. From $80,000 COLUMBO. 441 vfrnlMlllt(ify,„j ■(•riiritil liv t"'MI llriliin. /•• ... A }ti4yV0 J ( t'7,WJ III K 1 117.1-1 H .1 I •i2,(if>) 17 :i ,?.''.'ll 4 » '".'II II 7 , mi w ", I ".WO II 4 I 819,087 i I «>,725 10 i-i 263,249 14 I U I62,3H 6 41-4 <0.76l 12 8 .''.'■•on 113.3)0 612 M,464 I 5 I 371.010 91.4 37,114 8 I 2.3«4,;'09 6 9~ c.-.s«;j.) TJnilrJ Stnles !onst of Africa. thn kind hav- iiiitfrcstt'cl and n slaves in the uuiuliiig tiilifs le Pcnnsylva- iJc iiiitK'r the rr. Hiiclian;iii, Jiiilition of all y rivor o:i the 3 to 40 niiifs. iwns of Mon- and Prnn.^yl- 8 founded by an, -all of course inder natives to $135,000 M exported annually, in camwood, ivory, palm oil, and hidoa; and an equal or nralrr amnunt of Iho inanufurturt'4 and pniductiotia of Etiro;i(t and America are brought into the colonii-a in return. Monrovin, which U the larReRt town and principal aeaport, car- ries on a coniiidernhle cooMting trnili' liy moiiUK of amall veaiicU built and owned liy her own riiizcni. Not I<>m than 12 or 15 of th«>m), averaging from 10 to 30 touH Imrdon, mainiod and iiavigfltrd by the coloiiinta, are constantly engaged in a profitable trade along 700 niiica of ihi- coiiJtt. " Tilt) liiirboiir of Monrovia ia »eldom cloar of foreign vewelg ; more than 70 of which, from the United States, England, France, Sweden, Portugal, and Duninark, touch thcro annually. '< HuHB.! Cove and Cape Pulmai have both good harboura, and pomicjia great advnntngea for cflinmerce. Already their watera are gladdened by the frequent presence of tradcrti from other ountricit, and in a few yearn, when the hand of enterpriM Khull have develojicd tho rich minex of wenltli which nature has so abundantly provided there, these growing towna will hecnine the cetilr<>4 of nn extensive and important business. "Siiioii, too, posHCHi'cs an excellent harbour, and is the natural outlet of a vast tract of rich and pr>)diictive country. Under the fostering hand of its entcrprining founders it must soon lifcome an important link in the great maritime chn' of Americo-African eHtnblishrnents. The productions of the country, which may be raiwa in any quantity for exportation, are coffi'c, cotton, sugar, rice, indigo, palm oil, together with the gums, dye-woods, ivory, d:c., which arc collected from the forests." The fact may bo mentioned that a regular packet has commenced plying between Liberia ami the port of Philadel[ihia. — Am. Ed.] COI.ilMBO, the modem capital of Ceylon, situated on the southwest coast of the island, lat. 0° 55' N., Ion. 79° 45' E.* It is defended by a very strong fort, nearly surrounded by the sea, in which is a light-house 97 feet high. In 181G, the population of the town and fort was 84,664; and in 1831, 26,357.— (Co/«m Jo Journal, 17th of Octolwr, 1832.) The houses are generally only one story high ; they are of stone, clay, and lime ; and the town has more of a European appearance than any other in India. The inhabitants are principally Cingalese. In 1821, there were only 32 Europeans in the placequalificd to serve on juries. The temperature of the air is remarkable for its equality ; and though very humid, the dimnto may, on the whole, be esteemed salubrious and temperate. There is no harbour at ('olumlio for htffe vessels, but oidy an open roadstead. A projecting rock, on which two batteries are erected, atTords shelter to a small semicircular bay on the north sido of the fort, having a wooden quay to facilitate the loading ond unloading of boats. The depth of wator is not suiricient to allow sloops or large dhoiiies to come alongside the quay ; those exceeding 100 tons burden lying at about a cal)!o's length from it A bar of sand, on some parts of which the water is not more than 7 feet deep, extends from the projecting rock across this bay. The channel where it may be crossed by the larger class of ships is liable to shift ; and it is only in the fine weather of the safe season that they venture to go within the bar. The outer road alli>rds secure anchorage for half the year, from the beginning of October to the end of March, during the prevalence of the N. E. monsoon, when the wind blow» off the land : during the other, or S, W. monsoon, when the wind blows from the sea on shore, the road is very far from safe; and the ships that frequent it are sometiineA obliged to slip their caMesand stand out to sea. — {Milbum's Orient. Comm.; Hnmil/oii's Gazct., /fC.) Aa n'spects its harbour, Columbo is, therefore, very inferior to Trineoinaico, the harbour of which is accessible at all times, and is one of the best in India : but the country in the vicinity of Columbo is more fertile ; and it has the command of an internal navigation, stretching in a lateral direction along the coast, from Putlam, to the north of the city, to Caltura on the south, a distance of about 100 miles, partly obtained by rivers, and partly by canals. Many flat-hottomed boats ore employed in this navigation, the families dejiendent on which reside mostly on board. Nearly all the foreign trade of Ceylon is carriii'.! on from Columbo; and it has also a large proportion of the coasting tradic. J/oiiei/j.— The rixdollar - Is. 6d.i but accounts are kept in pounils, sliilllngs, and pence, as In En j- laml. Wtiithts, J\Teasiires, S;r.. — The weights nre divided into niinccs, poiincis, lie. and am the same as In Ore:it llritiin. The caiuly or hahnr = 500 Ihs. nvnirdiipois, or 401 Iha. Dutch Troy weisht. TIih prin- cipil (try iiiiNisiires are seers or parrahs. Thu former is n perfect cylinder, of tli'e deplli and diameter underiiiuntioned : — Seer - n^pib. 4'35 inches. ninmetPr. i'S5 iiiclieg. Ttie parrah is a perfect ciihp, its Internal dimensions huine every way 1157 inches. The liijiiid niensuro consists of gallons, and their multiples and sub-multiples. 150 gallons ■> 1 leaaucr or Icjriier. The bale of cinnamon consists of 99i lbs. very nearly. li ■|M' \ ■Vi • li; i ' :iiB! •om S80,000 ♦This is the position as given bv Flamilton. pon, it is in lat. 0" 57' N., Ion. 79° 58' E. According to Mr. Steuart, master attendant of tin 56 ;il .1 '■.I !■: • ::«:' l» I 44S COLUMBO. Rflto of fiihtitf I'njralle hlar lUO Otllr- Vcu iKifinOdina . • All >iul ijii ler TiHn • *«) — 4i»l - liO — 900 . ui»lar 100 • /,. ». . It r%\\\\ r<<. In ('dIi.iiiImi ku'I Mick lliy, al 1 nut.niii.tli-1', 1hi' chtrKi- \ull r>iilv 1« tii«d«, if lite tttwl niakit »if lul, Aiitl 1 1'ltol icttull/ rr)<«ir nn U>inl. net m P»t C '» rtflnri'fl pval'lt ^l^ Sfrrclmnt Shlng HbJ VmhiIl (»f <• »i« l*,ali>(t|iii, (jrKli(H>i.(irBj vii. . .1,... Inlf JtrHOC /.. I. d. I 1 I') 4 I lu 4 << V IW* uii tor Dhonlri,' \i». Uf ;t(l|(l .liffns illioni»-s, wNfii iti»«iii)(fr.ii,i |i',rt t'l imrl wnluii III** t1i»trirn III. y U'l'ii>i( !'», nr fmni M^iiir lo Jnim htiti or r'Hiii l'i*, nrvict I'trm, to |>iy im'l of ihi^ilH.^s rv,\ Hi'i'i, vfu.t!l!i,^ ilhi>i)if^, tcr'.ft'-l trt tiilni, r t(.ii.\ jinrt i.f Cu'.n, I'riri/ miller Uie ^ K«rcf or 1,UUU |itrnlui burden, »tt lo pivufr TriliT nO I'lrnli*, • £>0 .1.(1 uii'lur 'il al X 'Imlimn in llm ripim'ry. '1 lie li th incimriiri Imvlii/ on It a «hnrp i-niiri, milt J A't-int'i I't tk, Wt\% tnw (.'nlimilm E. 7*' 8 . l 12 \-Z leaciit-i t ■'• l«-i iIm IovcI nl lliu wn Uraiinitttnl it a^Hxil 7,(H)ri fm>t, icronlnig 'n > riiurli trli(niinii< -trictl ine^turi-nieiil by Cnlmii'l Wiltcniitii. VVIieii ttie aiinnt|)li(Tf it rlrir. it may lie Kncn 30 li-.ifut^ Durlnc
    Jiii< nof |i\\anl lo- vaMi Nfp)nilK) (whtre lis inrf.ir« i« rnn I), ani] \ few niilm to the a-iuthwirJ n( Colutnbo ; oultitlv the b-mk Ihe watrr ilrppctii at nnca tn2>Ht'hom!^,»n I ill i Diilt-i to-i-^ faMi'int. t^rerni^li baii-l, whirh is not ftr fmni ihf nlt^nf •nuiiilinn< Within llio bank there are 25 fiiilioiiii •;raJiially fthoilii^c tnw.ivili ihr iliora. A tw I of I'ltiken n>ck«. riMfl the Drunkcu S.\il'T. IIm S W. hy W. 1 'i VV. fnmt Coluinbo Liichthniifh.*, diit.-iiii I.OjO yrtnli. The ln\;'Mi fpf tlir IfUf iiiiv be cH'iiiiili^I »t 100 yirli, .iti I tlio l)n''»'l*h 20 yarJ*; nn 111 N. tntt \ uu\\l s|H)', tbniit the iitttnf the hull of a 20 loll b-ia% ii ^:ii 1 to h.ivft only 3 feet H.ittT >i) It »t low w.-itir; but duriiiK wviT.il meul viiili, when tome of ihe rural frnni iin tiir* fate vvai bruiixlil u|>t Ihcrn dil mil apprir bt \>r. Ict^ than 7 (eel 6 linli^'« witrr on the sli:»tl<)\vf«t pirl: en Hip o'lic-r parti of the luil ajipean tn bt* no doubt, thil the Drunk* n Siitor it ^ranilP, or atone of thonme deieriptlon ai th" mrki on the ihorr, with itt wrfxcr Inrruiilaied with coral ; if ibtre ever waa lo little water ai 3 feet on it. it m^y be :4Upftoatf 1 In be flinkin)(. Tie Drunken Sailor fth.)uld not be appniachel under 9 fithomi durin< Ihe mtch', ai there are 8 fathoii>9 very near lo tt, and iu hi tirrjrn tn Mie vtuihward. In the Nw E. nioo*oon n IR26, the E. I. Company'* bri^ of war The'i* ttnuTinl iifi the Driinkt-n Siilor, havin< atnol Irvo clt*-' to (be land in beatinc up to Ibu anrhnrack, it luty be easily avoi Ind. Thr |iaH*a.|iinil"i nial atr'TliKoo! anrlin;-ai:e, ftee from f.ml (j'''>un! ; ani it frequented al all ai^uoui of Ihe year. Tt ** bent iiu!n»rt n^Hui fniin Nnyiiidi-r lo April, it I* ni'im C'>:ivpn. or a. ti K., nuA \U« l)nt( h cltu'-cii K. S. K. Mnpi retpiiniiit plbit* to ondiict llieiu to (he anction^n ihould nuke Mm uiiiil siir ^ itotai;e is I j/. TliR bar [i a bank of i-ind wi h 7 feet wa'er on its slinllntvmt pirt, Ihe ii'irttinnieKiieinily bc\i\% alxnit 4(0 yarU N. W. o| the Cusioin* house poln' ; tmaH ve«»e'» 'hal draw liu than m fi-el watur, riJa wiihin Ihe bar pnileeted from ihcS. W winlandwi. Wlieii the »ra is hi.;h. it breiki ^ith ?rp.ii foiiT ..n the bir, and renders the pawaxe frmn the shippinK in the outer roid dan«nni| for small ImmIb: the ualive boats iceiiTally piu out and in tn the s'tMtluvanl of the \rxr, close to the breakem'on the Dckv p'lint nf tlj Custonidiouse; bul as (h>< paaace is tnrrnw, il should n->i heat* tettiptpd by srriti^rn : wh.n tlif sea breaks rn tlir t.ir. it i* l>r';er ro i-n'Ci'pd niund to (he nnrUiwarJ of the bar, which may be eaiily itii< iittifu>ih''l by Hip breakci-s. Whit isiiricMy undentooil by a yije of wind, is :% rare ohe c:iurt cbtiii, or the ehiin cimiim un* shackled; an instance ojcurreil in ('ohuiibn nnt, of two iihi|i r'i'rivi;i< cirif'i di.riti^ Ihe S. W. ninr.ioon, who«e cliaiutablii tuna uii«)Lickloni i's sib', a sinifle recltil main top-t,iil, fon-^iii. fore an I ni\iii try* ills anil driver, and retiirnul tnanchonce oiithcM'h. Init nices of ships pul'Inp to sen are rare,.-ind when it M contidfrit that alihuoj^li ihrsia is li.ijh, the wnil n tiM lenl ; and as al these lim*« thf run liavim fallen in Ihe interior, s1roin( fresbtTt i-scai v to Ihe 8. W , fpiiii the KaUnv Ctau'^i; it iiby n>) nn?ani siiqiriinn; that I'oluinb ■ roal prtjves asiFe ani'hunk'a Trade and .ViirifTnthn of Cfylnv. — The quantity ami ostiinntod vriltio of Ihe prinripal nrticlos exjiorted from Coyton in IKIO, h^ciTiiiintr witli cinnaninn, tlie (nnnt iinitortunt of nil, wt-re iis ;'nllov\': vi/. Citinaiiinti >0,00() llw., vuliie I l'V>Ol)/. } nrrack7.V.». 17*2 saljons, valiifi 2i,00il/. ; coir, and cuir mpi'S and cahlos, I,i'.M>,45:i lbs., value 5,43:1/. ; cotoji nuts '2.Hia,in:>. vuIih! 'i,',*!)?/. ; rorici nuloil US..'j11 lmI- Ittns, value H,f)'.W/. ; rhanka and rhaiik rimrs H*2'2,Hm p](trp-», valiin 3.(H'.7. ; |iliiioh ti;i> riO.tiU!) Ih^., v;iliie 18(1/.; la-.'ucry 'ilW.iSaUw., value 3,001)/. ; roir«!0 l,iiii'J,MHMI)S., value I'2.'23 7. ; artMU niitM 3,3 18,074 Hm., valiit! 1*2,01)1/. ; tohacco and shorruois 1,0115,073 ilim., value l,HDt>/ Thtt d<;s1iiiatioii anil total valiii> uf thf cxjiorlrt from C-'vlon in 1H."0. wi'ri', tn (Jreai Britain. MW^)'^ Ihs. ; to Ilrilisii nd'inii's. inrlmlin:,' India. Mn.(i7r»/. ; to furHJirn ntatf-i, \,'>M\l. ; hf.inj, in all, 2.*0,7.i7/. ; hiU t(» this \m^ to be added, for tliti valiti* of the pearl fishery in li^'JO, '*\S>'Z:*l. ; niakins an •i;rL'reffnte si;. a of •27l,J^IO/. Of Ihf inipnrlH. the principal are rire and other erain, the eKiiiiiated value of the quantity importi'd ill IS;:Oh imr 1 11.701/. ; the next arliile of i in port a me is toitnn i I'Hli, iriDsUy bnniirhr. IVotn Iiidiii. e.'*!!- inateil at 1'23,75*J/. The imports from Great Uriiain are very tritliim; their entire value in l^.iO htinJ! only estimated at -10,777/. The t« tal iinportH duriiiL'that year amounted to 3 lU.iibi/.; of which *271,j7ti/. were t'rom Rriiish colonies, includinj; India and Cliina.'" Tiie nunihcr and tnnnaije of the yhips eiilerint; Ceylon inwards in 1^,10 were as follow : — From Creit DrilAJn. From Brillih C'lInniM and lii'lla. Frniii Foreign Stalti, T.tal. 11 Tm,. 3,911 Shipt. 878 Tout. f 0,157 Kh lit. 109 Tr.m. 1-J,«UJ v..;. T-n. 77,0301 • Dr. roli|iilii)'»n (2(1 ed. |i. 111.) esliin:itcil tlio i-xports of Ci'vlnn nl l,50.'l,0l)0;. a yar, and llic iiiiports tt l,IIIIO,UIKI/. ! I'crlmps II tlilril uf tlie Dnitiir's ealiin.itos urn iihuiil c(|ii:ill,v re^ir llii! murk. t No accurate returns of Ihe trade uf Ceyluu fur 1!J31 liuve aa yet (lutii of Uctuber, 1S33) been r^-i.,„,^h;p,.,.jrc.„„ I) «iif I 4 i I lu 4 ;i i li « j ^ I 17 II I 7 i: irlr.ini M4ii.,r i.,J,'||m h«'l III ihi'il.,i,„,,» I" ii> l"ir-l'.(C,i',.n liunlin, ar> to |.n«,(„J / >. .1. (I 3 n II s II U 7 II M C (I ■ U I iiHler Jitltnianl. " wnmlyli, f. ,„,,„, II 1"». ' riiniMenl.ln v\ri;.ilr,„, ;"""■,'"•• '"•li'l I, >iii„h III fillltr niiiiw,,, ,v,i,|. rfmrn f.ml jrounlj »nj ■""fSW. ,.i,„|,frnm in. Willi ilir li<|i|.|i,iu„ y H. Ill llir N. K ,„„„. iiivpn'riit I,, «.„.|| , II, •■•'irS. liK., auJii, lo llin jncliuram ihiiiilil « Iji. li.N.W. i,f iiicrui'„ml lli;in in f,.,.| »a,„ „j, II I an I MM. I '"ii-c < II llif l,ir, ,„J If fiuler niiil il.innniiii (iiM mil mil ill i„ III, 111 Ihe rirliv piinl nf ttn "■ il nhduM ir.i hr au 111 III' Inr. ii il !»■;,., ri) wliuti Bay Ue tmly ,ljv inil, li a nrr oiTiimnw ity of Ihc ,11 i.ii.ir, II,, nnil .iri- frii ,„ ,i,„|| iviiil l.fiiln,ii(ern.,.e|, ', sliiim hrt! y-iiifiimii IIlil»IC.mM.|l8f.i„j, !,„ micli.ir iir c.iUe, :i lij^lil ■ Ihe cliiiii riiniiiiK un- bo nnl, of luii ,1,1,, ihiwcliaiuMliiiiiiiin 1 iiliip. ve in a mnilli |„vlrn Ihr jTOiii.J ancliiir: but lip, Ihi-y male MifanJ Ihe ma.lj ini-ler Jhuhl?. '< »!»■, a liiif Ir rpcH in.lilriviT, aii.Iri'liirnut l'lnniinoaaienre,Mil !ih.!!li, thiMvinlii nit I fallf n in the interior, KaiaiivCi.in?!; Hit by ■s a site 3111 luiritn. irincipiil .Triiclos Wure as '.iillim-: ir, and cnir nipi'S 111 I'll I IS,:)! I tal- riO.Ci-iOll.).., v.ihia IN .■».:! |N,(J7-i II,,., 1(1 tiitiil valucof I'liiii'-i, iiifliiilin:; le ailduil, fur the lanlily iiii|iiirlrd rroiii liiilia. esli- iitt in iKiO hriiii; r\vliitli2?l,J7i)/. w:— TiiLal. r->i. rT,n.i!if aii(ltlieiiii|ii>rt9 lark. ber, 1»33) biieo COLUMDO ROOT, COMBS. 443 Extent, Vopnlntion, Riveuue, «Vc. of Cei/lon.—The orra of Ceylon lm» been rmtiputcd at njfiiil rti|imrii iiiiluH. ItM |iIy, friiii) thnitn in the ('ei/ltin Almanac; hu much so, that wliilo, nrcording to the former, llicri' w;i :, in 1H23, on exeexs of ox(>endituro over revenue of .'i5,S'J(i/., lliere wiis, uccorJin)^ to lliP l.uicr, an exeew of revenue over expenditure of 16,323/. ! Of courMe, wo do not jire- miiiic to Hiiy which of theHO acrount« ia moat to bo relied u|iun. I'rubably our rcidcra will bii iiu'lincd lo think that neither iii entitled to implicit credit. .\ I art, nl leii^t, of the former cxreHi4 of oxpemliture tniiy ftiily be ascribed to the nature of tlii'i'.sliililiiihmcnt kept u|) in the inlnnd; which, in p)int of inagnitudeand expeiiKtveneMH, M-oiiH to have been a i^uod deal beyond what wan really reiiuired. Wo are, however, diit- posi'il to believe that the greater part of the excenn is to be ancrihcd to the poverty and hiick- wiiril stale of tho colony, ariHinii; from the perpetual interference of governnicnt with every liniiih of industry. All tho rentrictivo rectuiationii enacted by the Dutch more than a century Hzo were kept up till 183'<2. The cultivation of cinnamon, tho tlrihcry of pearU and cluinkK, tlu> ilia:'Ain'j[ for chaya root, the felling of timber, &c.^(8eo thcne nrliclcn) — have Ixuni all moiio|ioliHed by government, and were carried on exclusively either by its servants or Ij^ thiwe whom it had licensed. A country where most of the principal branches of induKlry \iere subjected to Huch re.strictions, could not bo otherwise than laiii^uiidiing. Wo believe, tod, that mo8t of thcKU nionopoliea have not been worth the expense attending them. In fai't, the whole revenue of the iaiand, including land rent, customs, cinnamon monopoly, Aic, very seldom exceeds 300,000/. a year; but looking at its extent, its fertility, its tlivourablo eiluatlDn for eoininercc, and tho advantage it enjoys in tho posscssiuii of cinnamon, can any one doubt that, were it rii^htly governed, its trado and revenue would bo far greater tliaii they arc? Nothing is wanted but the adoption of measures calculated to give freedom and nerurity to industry, and the imposition of moderate duties on im[)orts and cxporti<, to increase ihi'iii both in a veiy high degree. We are glad to have to state that government seems, in part at least, to have at length cnme round to this way of thinking; and that, under the aus|)iceH of the present governor (Sir K. W, Horton), tho system of compulsory labour has lieen relinquished, and most niiiiio|ioIics, including that of cinnamon, been thrown up. This wise and liberal conduct will, no doubt, be productive of tho most beneficial effects. These, however, will be niate- rially ics.scntui by the exorbitant duty of 3.«. per lb. laid on the exportation of cinnamon. It is dilHciilt, indeed, lo imagine for what other purpose so oppressive a duty could bo imposed, except it were to countervail the advantages that would otherwise have resulted from tho abulition of the monopoly. It is not, however, possible that so mischievous an inipo.st should Iw mainlnined. — (See Cixn,\mos.) Among other improvements recently introduced into tliH island, may be mentioned the establishment of a mail coach from Columbo to Caiidv. Cdf.IiMDO ROOT (Du. Cuhtmho worttli Fr. Racine de. Cnhmho,- Ger. Columbo. ivtir^cl,- It. Railice di Columbo, •Port. Raizde Coluinba,- Sp. Raizdf Columbo; Mosainb. Kulnmli), tho root of the |ilant of that name. It is a stajile export of the Portuguese from Mosamliiipie. It is not cultivated, but grows naturally in great abundance. It is itnimitcj in circular pieces, from A an inch to 3 inches in diameter, generally from i to | of an inch tliifk; the hark is wrinkled and thick, of a brownish colour without, and a lirightish yellow wiiliin; the pith is spongy, yellowish, and slightly striped : when frcs its smell is rather aminatic ; it is disagreeably bitter, and slightly pungent to the taste, somewhat re.seinbliii^j mustard that has been too long kept. Chois,' the large.st pieces, fresh, and of a good colour, as free from worms as possible, rejecting that which is small and broken. 'I'he freight is raliMiiatcd at 16 cwt. to a ton. — (Milburn's Orient, Com.) ("O.MBS (Ger. Kamme ; Ba. Kammen ; Fr. Pei^nen ; h, Pel/ini ; Sp. Peine.i ; Rus. (h-ijioil ■ Lat. Pecttiii'.s), instruments for combing tho hair, soineliines made of horns of l|iill)cks, or of elephants' and sea-horses' teeth; sometimes also of tortoisoshell, and some- times of box or holly wood. rQceiviii] Iq England. fur 1^30. Those given in the papers printed by tlie Board of Trade for 1831, are roallj il I , ) !', lii 11 !i k '1 i; - . I 1 ■'! ,«:-' i ir 444 COMMERCE. *' ; :ji t COMMERCE, from ecmrAutaiio mereiwn, is aimply, as its name imports, the exchangg of commodities for commodities. I. Orisiit or CoMMEBCB. — Mbrcaktilk Classes. II. HoMB Trade. III. FoBEicir Trade. IV. Rebtbictions on Commebcb. I. Oribiit of Comxerce.—Mkrc antics Ci asses. (1.) Thi Origin of Commerce is coeval with the first dawn of civilization. The mo. mcnt that individuals ceased to supply themselves directly with the various articles and accommodations they made use of, that moment must a commercial intercourse have begun to grow up amongst them. For it is only by exchanging that portion of the product; raised by ourselves that exceeds our own consumption, for portions of the surplus prndiico raised liy otiicrs, that the division of employments can be introduced, or that diifercnt individuals can apply themselves in preference to ditferent pursuits. Not only, however, docs commerce enable the inhabitants of the same village or purish to combine their separate efforts to accomplish some common object, but it also cniibles those of (lifTerent provinces and kingdoms to apply themselves in an especial manner to tiiose callings, for the successful prosecution of which the district or country which they occupy gives them some peculiar advantage. This territorial division of hbour has contributed more, perhaps, than any thing else to increase the wealth and accelerate the civilisation of mankind. Were it not for it, we should be destitute of a vast numlier of the necessaries, comforts, and enjoyments, which we now possess ; while the price of the few that would remain would, in most instances, be very greatly increased. But whatever advantages may lie derived, — and it is hardly possible to exaggerate either (heir magnitude or iniportiuice,— from availing ourselves of the peculiar capacities of production enjoyed by others, are wholly to be ascribed to commerce as their real source and origin. We do not mean to say any thing in this article with respect to the practical details con- nected with the diflferent departments of commerce. T .esc will be found under the various tithes to which they refer. Our object, at present, is merely to show the nature and influence of commerce in general, and of the restrictions that have sometimes been imposed upon it. We shall begin by endeavouring, first of all, to give some account of the nature of the servioos performed by those individuals by whom commercial undertakings are usually carried on. In the second place, we shall consider the induenco of the hmne trade, or of the intercourse subsisting amongst individuals of the same country. In the third place, we shall cnnsiiler the influence ai foreigpx trade, or of that intercourse v('hich subsists amongst individuals be. lunging to dilTerent countries. After these topics have been discussed, we shall offer a few remarks on what has been termed the restrictive system ; or on the principles involved in the rei^ul.itions enacted at dilfcrent times, in this and other countries, fur the govertunent and direction of commerce. (3.) Mercantile Chisscs. — While the exchange of different products is carried on by the prtxiucers themselves, they must unavoidably lose a great deal of time, and experience many inconveniences. Were there no rrcrchants, a farmer wi.^ihing to sell bin crop would bo obliged, in tlic first place, to seek for customers, and to dispose of his corn as nearly as |ios.^il)le in such quantities us might suit the demands of the various individuals inclined to buy it; and after getting its price, he would next be obliged to send to 10 or 20 dillerent and, per- haps, remote places, for the commodities ho wanted to get in its stead. So that Ixsidi's being exposed to a world of trouble and inconvenience, his attention would be contiiuwily divi rted from the labours of his farm. Under such a state of things, thu work of production, in every different employment, would bo meeting with perpetual interruptions, and many branches of industry that are successfully carried on in a commercial country would not be undertaken. Tlin establishment of a distinct mercantile class effectually obviates these inronve.iienccs. When a set of dealers erect warehouses and shops for the purchase and sale of itll descrip- tions of commodities, every producer, relieved from the necessity of oueking custoiners and knowing befo'ohand where he may at all times l)e supplied with such products as he reciuiics, devotes his whole time and imergies to his proper business, 'i'he intervention of mcrchftuls gives a continuous and uninterrupted motion to the plough and the loom. Were the class of traders annihilated, all the springs of industry would lie paralysed. The nunil)erless didi- cultici< that would then occur in effecting exchanges would lead each particular family to endeav lur to jiroduco oil the articles they had occasion for : society would thus be tlirown back int( [iriinioval barbarism and ignorance ; the divisions of labour would be relin(|nislud ; and the desire to rise in the world and improve our condition would decline, according as i* iK'came more difTicnlt to gratify it. What sort of agricultural management couKI beexpectcd bom farmers who had to manufacture their own wool, and make their own bhocti ! And COMMERCE. 445 vhat sort of manufacturers would those be, who were every now and then obliged to loava the shuttle for the plough, or the needle for the anvil 1 A society, without that diittinction of employ mcnta and profesnons resulting from the division of labour, that is, without comvurce, yioM be totally destitute of arts or sciences of any sort It is by the assistance each ituli< vidual renders to and receives from his neighlwurs, by every one applying himself in profor- ence to some particular task, and combining, though probably without intending it, his cf< fjrts with thotic of others, that civilised man becomes equal to the most gigantic olforts, and appears endowed with almost omnipotent power. The mercantile class has generally been divided into two subordinate classes — the whole- 6ale dealers, and the retail dimlors. The former purchase the various products of art and iu> du9try in the places where they are produced, or are least valuable, and carry them t» thoHU where they are more valuable, or where they are more in demand ; and the latter, having purchased the commodities of the wholesale dealers, or the producers, collect tliem in shops, and sell them in such quantities and at such times as may best suit the public demand. These classes of dealers are alike useful ; and the separation that has been effected Itotweon their employments is one of the most advantageous divisions of labour. The ojMiralions of the wholesale merchant are analogous to those of the miner. Neither the one nor the other makes any change on the bodies which he carries from place to place. All the ditlbrenco between them consists in this, — that the miner carries them from below ground to the sur- fa of the earth, while the merchant carries them from one point to another on its surfu(!u. Hence it follows that tlie value given to commodities by the operations of the wholesale mer- chant may frequently exceed that given to them by the producers. The labour or oxpenso required to dig a quantity of coal from the mine, does not exceed what is requinnl for its coiw veyance from Newcastle to London ; and it is a far more diiTicult and costly alTair to fetch a piece of timber from Canada to England, than to cut down the tree. In this respect there in no ditrurence between commerce and agriculture and manufactures. The latter give utility to matter, by bestowing on it such a shape as may best fit it for ministering to our wants an derstood, better cultivated, and carried on in the cheapest possililo manner. But whether carried on by a separate class of individuals or not, it is obvious that the retailing of com- modities is indispensable. It is not enough that a cargo of tea should bo imported from China, or a cargo of sugar from Jamaica. Most individuals have some demand for tlioso articles ; but there is not, perhaps, a single private person, even in London, requiring so largo a supply of them for his own consumption. It is clear, therefore, that they must bo refaileil; that is, they must be sold in such quantities and at such times as may be most suitable for all classes of consumers. And since it is admitted on all hands, that tliis necessary business will be best conducted by a class of traders distinct from the wholesale drilers, it is iinpoi'si- ble to doubt that their employment u equally conducive as that of the others to the public interest, or that it tends equally to augment national wealth and comfort. t\ ; !■■ I II. Home Tb4db. The observations already made serve to sl.jw the influence of the home trade in allowing individuals to confine their attention to some one employment, and to prosecute it without interruption. But it is not in this respect only that the establishment of the home trailo is advantageous. It is so in a still greater degree, by its allowing the inhabitants of the dilfcr- ent districts of the empire to turn their labour into those channels in which it will be most productive. The difiercnt soils, different minerals, and different climates of ditl'orent dislriot.'t, fit them for being appropriated, in preference, to certain species of industry. A district, liko Lancashire, where coal is abundant, which hac ::n easy access to the ocean, and a coiiiiidrra- blc command of internal navigation, is the natural seat of manufactures. Wheat and oth.T »l)ccies of grain are the natural products of rich arable soils ; and cattle, after beins rciirun m mountainous districts, are most advantageously fatteneil in meadows and low groumN. Hence it follows, that the inhabitants of different districts, by confining themselvis lo ihoso brandies of industry for the successful prosecution of which they have some |M!culiiir cup i. hiiity, and exchanging their surnjus produce fur that of others, will ohtain an ini;oiii|)Uiiil)ly larger supply of all sorts of useful and desirable products, than they could do, worn ilicy lo apply themselves indiscriminately to ever/ different business. The territorial division ol lit- biiur is, if posHiblc, even more advuntaseous than its division among individual:*. A iii-rmni may lie what is commonly termed Jack of all trades,- and Uiougli it is iioxl to corioin liiut Vol. I.— 2 F ..< I » A.l i I i I', i':-i : I •.:) I- I! I 'I '■ ' Hi { » f M'3 Hi I 111 ' 446 COMMERCE. lie will not be well acquainted with any one of them, he may nevertheless make some sort of riide etTorts in them all. But it is not possible to apply the same soil or the same luinorals to every diflercnt pm-pose. Hence it is, that the inhabitants of the riciirst and most exten- sive country, provided it were divided into small districts without any intercourse with rach other, or with rorein:ncrs, could not, how well soever labour mip;ht Im? divided anuiii;; tli|.,i,. solves, be otherwise than poor and miserable. Some of them mijjiit have a 6nj)erahuiul,nnre of corn, at the same time that they were wholly destitute of wine, coal, and iron; while others might have the largest supplies of the latter articles, with but very little (,'riiiti. but in commercial countries no such anomalies can exist. Opulence and comfort are there imi- \crsally difiused. The labours of the mercantile classes enable the inh.diitants of each dis- trict to apply themselves principally to those employments that are naturally best suited to them. This superadiling of the division of labour among diflercnt provinces to its (iivision among dilfcrent individuals, renders the productive powers of industry inrnjcasuuihly gmiler; and augments the mass of necessaries, conveniences, and enjoyments, in a degree that couM not previously have been conceived possible, and which cannot be exceeded except by tlu; ii;- troduction of foreign commerce. " With the benefit of commerce," says an eloquent and philosojihical writer, "or a roadv exchange of commodities, every individual is enabled to avail hinisi'lf, to the utmost, ol' the peculiar advantages of hia place ; to work on the peculiar materials with which nature has furnished him ; to humour his genius or disposition, and betake himself to the taKk in which he is peculiarly qualified to succeed. The inhabitant of the mountain may betake himself to the culture of his woods and the manufacture of his timber; the owner of pasture lamU may betake himself to the care of his herds ; the owner of the clay-pit to the mannfailure ot' his pottery; and the husbandman to the culture of his fields, or the rearing of his fatil;\ And any one commodity, however it may form but a small jiart in the accommodations of human life, may, under the facility of commerce, find a market in wbi'h it may be exchauiied for what will procure any other part, or the whole : io that the owner of tiie clay-pit. or tlie industrious potter, wi»!-.>iut producing any one arti'ti- 'minediatily lit to sujiply hi.s own ne- cessities, may obtain possession of all that he wants. And connncico, in which it appiMis that coinnioditic.< are merely exchanged, and nothing produced, is, nevertboloss, in its ctli ets, very productive, because it ministers a facility and an encouragement to every artist in niidli- plyiiig the productions of his own art; thus adding gre.itly to the mass of wealth in the world, in being the occasion that much is produced." — {Fcrguaoti's Princtjjks cf Mml Sckiice, vol. ii. p. 424.) The roads and canals that intersect a country, and open an easy communication botweeii its remotest extremities, render the greatest service to internal commerce, and also to aaricui- ture and inannl'actures. A diminution of the ex(ienRC of carriage has, in fact, the same elTect as a diminution of the direct cost of production. If the coals brought into ■» cily sell atiiO'. a ton, of which the caniiire amounts to a half, ( r lO,*., it is plain that in tho event of an im- proved communication, such as a more level or direct road, a railway, or a canal, beiniioiJi'iifii for the ccmveyance of the coals, and that they can, by its means, be imported for half the pre- vious exiiense, their price will innnediately fall to 15,f. a ton; just as it would have done, had the expense of extracting them from the mine been reduced a half. Every one acquainted with the mcnst elements of political science is aware (hat rni])lov- ments are more and more sniidivided, that more powerful m.icbincry is inlioihiced, and iho productive powers of labour increased, according as larger masses of the po))ulation congre- gate together. In a great town like Lonii of wealth. With the exception of die monopoly of printing Bibles, and flio restraints imposed by the charters of bodies le- gally incorporated, the frecilom nf internal iridustiy has ever sine been viL;ilantly prolected ; full scope has been given to the prinfi[)le of ■ ■leli.ion; the whole kingdom has been sub- iecti'd to the same equal law ; no obstacle ^ I i\e been thrown bi tho wav of the freest tnins- fer of coiumodilies from one county or pla' i lo another ; the home trailo has lieen jierfuctly unfettered; amA Ihou'di the public haven .t boensu;>;)lii'd with commodities at so low a [irico as lli'y might have obtained them for. had tliero been no restrictions i>n foieign cumincrcc, th. ¥ have obtained them at tho lowest pri<-c tl'.at wonbl sullice to pay the home priKfiirrr.s tho ro.st ('producing and bringing Ihejo lo market. It is lo this iVi'cdom that the conqi.nutively fliurishing staw of industry in Oieat Britain is maitdy to be ascribed. lil. Fonr.irjf Trade. What the home trade is to the dilTorent province) of the same country, foreign trade la to all die countries of the worbl. Particular countries produce only particular conunodilics, and. were it not for foreign commerce, woidd be entirely di'stitnte of all but •■ueh as are indigenous to tlieir own .soil. It is diliieult for those who have not reflected on tl;e subject, to imagine what a vast deduction would be made, n.it only from the comforts but even fi.im the neccs- Mries, of every comnn-reial |ieople, were its intercourse with strangers put an end lo. It ii not, perhaps, too much to say tliut in Great Britain wc owe to our intorcoursu with others a 'iii •ijintr i^i 'III •|;- 'M I i i .4:1 ! i '.'at I] 446 COMMERCE. full half or more of all that we enjoy. We are not only indebted to it for the cotton and n\ manufactures, and for supplies of wine, tea, coiTee, sugar, the precious metals, &c. ; but we are also ndebted to it for most of the fruits and vegetables that we now cultivate. At the aame time, too, that foreign commerce supplies us with an immense variety of most important articles, of which we must otherwise have been wholly ignorant, it enablen us to employ our industry in the mode in which it is sure to be most productive, and reduces the price of almost every article. We do not misemploy our labour in raising sugar from the beet-root, in culti- vating tobacco, or in forcing vines ; but wo employ ourselves in tliose departments of manu- facturing industry in which our command of coal, of capital, and of improved machinery, give us an advantage ; and obtain the articles produced more cheaply by foreigners, in ex- change for the surplus produce of those branches in which we have a superiority over thoni. A commeicial nation like England avails herself of all the peculiar faculties of production given by Providence to different countriet Vo produce claret here is perhaps impossible; and at all events it could not be accomplishv unless at more than 100 times the expense re- quired for its production in France. Wo do not, however, deny ourselves the gratification derivable from its use ; and to obtain it, we have only to send to France, or to some country indebted to Franco, some article in the production of which we have the advantage, and we get claret in exchange at the price which it takes to raise it under the most favourable circum- stances. One country has peculiar capacities for raising com, but is at the same time dosti- tiite of wine, silk, and tea ; another, again, has peculiar facilities for raising the latter, liut is destitute of the former ; and it is impossible to point out a single country which is abundantly supplied with any considerable variety of commodities of domestic growth. Non omnisfirt omnia Icllus. Providence, by giving to each particular nation something which the otliors want, has evidently intended that they should be mutually dejiendnnt upon one anothor. And it is not difficult to see that, cxterh paribus, those must be the richest and most abund- antly supplied with every sort of useful and desirable accommodation, who cultivate the arts of peace with the greatest success, and deal witn all the world on fair and liberal principles. " The commerce of one country with another is, in fact," to use the words of an able and profound writer, " merely an extension of that division of labour by which so many benefits are conferred upon the human race. As the same country is rendered t!ie riclier by the trade of one province with anothei' ; as its labour becomes tlius infinitely more divided and more productive than it could otherwise have been ; and as the mutual supply to each other of all the accommodations which one province has, and another wants, multiplies the ac- commodations of the whole, and the country becomes thus in a wonien maintained, that w^halever one nation mi'v gain by her foreign cure- merce. must be lo:it by some one else. It is singular, indeed, how such a notion should cvw have originated. Commerce is not dr.^e//i/ productive^ nor is the good derived from it lo be estimated by it* immedi»*e effet-ts. What ther specie^ of niaiiufactux»'ii goodn. By this means we obtain two • ory important arliclf-s «'liiirtj-les, at the price at which they can be produced in this country, and cotiseciucntly fur far lex* than tlieii COMMERCE. 440 direct production would have coat them. The benefits resulting from an intercourse of this tort arc plainly mutual and reciprocal. Commerce gives no advantA;;e to any one people over any other people ; but it increases the wealth and enjoyments of a^ in a degree that could not previously have been conceived poiisible. But the influence of foreign commerce in multiplying and cheapening conveniences and enjoyments, vast as it most certainly is, is perhaps inferior to its indirect influence— that i», to iti< influence on industry, by adding immeasurably to the mass of desirable articles, by inspiring new tastes, and stimulating enterprise and invention by bringing each people into competition with foreigners, and making them acquainted with their arts and institutions. 'i'he apathy and languor that exist in a rude state of society have been universally re- marked. But these uniformly give place to activity and enterprise, according as man is rendered familiar with new objects, and is inspired with a Hcam to obtain them. An indi- vidual might, with comparatively little exertion, furnish himself with an abundant supply of the commodities essential to his subsistunce ; and if he had no desire to obtain others, or if that desire, however strong, could not be gratified, it would be folly to suppose that he should be laborious, inventive, or enterprising. But, when once excited, the wants and desires of man become altogether illimitable ; and to excite them, no mor<3 i^ necessary than to bring new products and new modes of enjoyment within his reach. Now, the sure way to do this in to give every facility to the most extensive intercourse W'*H foreigners. The markets of a commercial nation being filled with the various commodi i.- of ev ry country and every climate, the motives and gratifications which stimulate and reward 'ae efibrts of the indus- trious are proportionally augmented. The husbandman and manuCxcturer exert themselves to increase their supplies of raw and manufactured produce, that they may exchange the sHr[)lus for the products imported from abroad. And the mercht nt, finding a ready demand for such products, is prompted to import a greater variety, to find out cheaper markeu^, and thus constantly to aflbrd new incentives to the vanity and ambition, and consequently to the enterprise and industr)', of his customers. The whole powers of the mind and the body are tlius called into action ; and the passion for foreign commodities — a passion which has sometimes been ignorantly censured — becomes one of the most cfTicicnt causes of wealth and civilisation. Not otdy, however, does foreign commerce excite industry, distribute the gifts of nature, anil enable them to be turned to the best account, but it also distributes the gifts of science and of art, and gives to each particular country the means of profiting by the inventions and discoveries of others as much as by those of her own citizens. The ingenious machine in- vented liy Mr. Whitney of the United States, for separating cotton wool from the pod, by reducing the cost of the raw material of one of our principal manufactures, has been quite as advantageous to us as to his own countrymen. And the discoveries and inventions of Watt, Arkwright, and Wedgwood, by reducing the cost of articles we send abroad, have ken as advantageous tn our foreign cuatoniors as to ourselves. Commerce has caused the bless' 3= if civilisation to be universally difl'u^ed, and the treasures of knowledge and science to lie conveyed to the remotest corners. Its humanising influence is, in this respect, most important ; while, by making each country depend for the means of supplying a considera- ble [lortion of its wants on the assistance of others, it has done more than aoy thing else to remove a host of the most baleful prejudices, and to make mankind regard each other ai friends and brothers, and not as enemies. The dread, once so prevalent, of the progress of other natiims in wealth and civilisation, is now universally admitted to be as absurd as it is illibrral. While every people ought always to bo prepared to resist and avenge any attack upon their independence or their honour, it is not to be doubted that their real prosperity will l)e lit'i^t secured by their endeavouring to hve at peace. "A commercial war, whether crowned with victory or branded with defeat, can never prevent another nation from becom- ing more industrious than you are; and if they are more industrious they will sell cheaper; and consei[ueiitly your customers will forsake your shop and go to theirs. This will happen, though you covurcd the ocean with fle«ts, and the laml with armies. The soldier may lay waste ; the privateer, whether successful or unsuccessful, will make poor ; but it is the eternal l.iw of Providence that ' the hand of the diligent can ahne make rich.' " — ( Tueker't FmirTraelx, p. 41.3d ed.) Mr. Hume has beautifully illustrated the powerful and salutary influence of that spirit of industry ami enterprise resulting from the eager prosecution of commerce and the arts. " Men," says he, " are then kept in perpetual occupation, and «-njoy, as their reward, the occupatiiMi itself, as well as those pleasures which are the fruits of their labour. The miiid acquires new vigour ; enlarges ito powers and faculties ; and, by an assiduity in honest in^ dustry, Imth satisfies its natural apijetites, and prevents the growth of unnatural ones, which commonly spring up when nourished with ease and idleness. Banish those arts from socio ty, yon deprive men both of action and of pleasure; and, leaving nothing but indolence in till it pliicu, you even destroy the relish of indolence, which never is agreeable but whcii it succeeds to labour, and recruits the spirits, exhausted by too much application and fatigue. "Another udvaiitage of industry and of refinements in the lucchauical arts is, that ih^y iv'i 57 ' ' .'•1 f\m i;i i'i 1 ■ : :h« ■; • li ;i * €«• COMMERCE. a commonly pri duco some rcfincmcntw in the litwral ; nor cnn tho one bo carried to perfection wiiliout being occompanied in gome degree with the otiier. Tho same ago wiiicli pro'lutvi preat philooopherfl and poHlicianR, renowned irenerala and poets, usually aboinulH with skil- fid weavers and ship-carpenters. Wo cannot reasonably expect that a pioco of woollen doili will be wrought to perfection in a nation which is ignorant of astruiioniy, or wiirre ctliii'8 are nejiliTted. The spirit of tho nge aflccts all the arts ; and the iDinils of men, being once TouM'd from their lethargy, and put into a fermentation, turn themselves on all sides, and carry improvements into every art and science. Profound ignorance is totally haniuhed ; and men enjoy the jmvilege of rational creatures, to think as well as to act, to cultivate tho pleasures of the mind as well ns those of the body. "M'ho more these refined arts advance, the more sociable do men licconic; nor is it possi. ble that, when enriched with science, and possessed of a fund of conversation, they should be contented to remain in solitude, or live with their fellow citizens in that distant manner which is peculiar to ignorant and barbarous nations, .They flock into cities ; love to receive and communicate knowledge ; to show their wit or their breeding ; their Uisle in convcrsa- tion or living, in clothes or furniture. Curiosity allures tlie wise, vanity the foolish, and pleasure both. Particular clubs and societies are every where formed ; both sexes meet in an easy and sociable manner •, and the teni|M;rs of men, as well as their behaviour, rclino apace. So that beside the improvements they receive from knowledge and the IIIhtuI arts, it is impossible but they must feel an increase of humanity from the very habit of conversing; together, and contributing to each other's )ileasuro aiivl entertainment Thus ivdimln/, knuwlafgp, and httmanili/ are linked together by an indissoluble chain ; and are found, from experience as well as reason, to l)e peculiar to tho more polished, and, what arc commonly denominated, tho more luxurious ages." — (7,'>.w?/ of Rffinmenl in the Arts.) Most commercial treatises, and most bo.ks on political economy, contain lengthened stato ments as to the comparaiive advantages tierivcil from the home and foreign trade. But these statements are almost always bottomed on the most erroneoiis princifdcs. The quantity and value of the commo<1iliRs which the inhebitunts of an esleni'ive coutury exchange with c;ich other, is far greater than the quantity and value of those they exchange with foreigners: but this is not, as is commonly supposed, enough to show that the home trade is propor- tionally more advantageous. Commerce, it must lie borne in mind, is not a direct but an indi- rect source of wealth. The mere exchange' of commodities adds nothing to the riches of society. The influence of commerce ois wealth consists in its allowing cmplo) monts to bo separated and prosecuted without interruption. It gives the means of pushing the divisions of lai)our to the furthest extent; and supplies mankind with an infiiutely greater quantity of necessaries and accommodations of all sorts, than could have been produced, had individuals and nations been forced to dci)end upon their own comparatively feeble elVorts for the sup- ply of their wants. And hence, in estimating the comparative advautageousness of the home and foreign trades, the real questions to lie decided are, which of them coistrihules most to the division of labour? and which of them gives the greatest stimulus to invciitiun and industry 1 These questions do not perhaps, admit of any very satisfactory answer, 'J'he truth is, that both home trailc and foreign trade are most prolific sources of wealth. Without the former, no division of labour could be established, and man would for ever remain in a barbarous state. Hence, perhaps, we may say that it is the most indispensuMe; but the length to which it /•oufcl carry any particular country in the onrcer of civilisation, would be limited indeed. Had (freat Britain lieen cut olffrom all intercourse with strangers, there is no rrason for thinking that we should have been at this clay advanced i)cyoiid lh« point to which our ancestors had attamed during the Heptarchy ! It is to the products .ind the arts derived from otlu-rs, and to the emuiiition inspired by their compwtition and exaiiipio, that we are mainly milehteii lor the extraordinary progress we have aheaily made, as well as for that we are yet deRiincil i make. Dr. Smith, though he has satisfactorily demonstrated the impolicy of all restrictions on tho freedori pfcotnmcrce, lia«. nolwilhslanding, endeavoured to show that it is more for the pui'iic advc ; I '0 th ' jpit.'d should be employed in the home trade than in foreign trade, on the gromi'^ ; iiat tho capitals einpl<'_ed in the former are more frequently returned, and that they set agre-^' ■>• (juantity of lidunu .' ^otion than tiiose employed in the latter. But we Lave ehe- whe' fideavour«id to show iiiat the rate of profit whi<^h dilVercnt busiiu'ssea yield is the only u>r of their respective advantageousness. — {['rinelpkn of I'lililicul Ecimiiiit/, "d ed. pp. 16l) — 180.) Ni'w, it is quite evident that capital will not be enqiloyed in foreign trade, unless it yield as much. j)rofit as could be made? by employing it at home. No nicnliaiit sends a ship to China, if it he in his power to realise a hirger profit by sending her to Dili)- lin or Newcastle ; nor would anyone build a ship, unless he expected that the ciqiiial so laid out would be as productive as if it were employed in agriculture or nianulactuns The more or Was rapid return of cajntal is a matter of very little importance. If flic avencjc rate of profit 'le 1(1 per cent., an individual who turns over his capilid 10 times a year, will make orw ]»er cent of profit each time ; whercas if ne turns it only once a year, he will get the whole 10 per cent at once. Comjielilion reduces the rate uf nell pruiit to about the COMMERCE. 461 ume level in all bnwnowiPt ; anJ we may lio quite certain that those who employ tliomselvoi in the departments in which capital in most rapidly returned, do not, at an uverago, gain more than those wiio employ thomHulvus in the departments in which the returiia are most distant. No one is a foreign merchant because he would rather deal with foreigners than with his own countrymen, but because he believes he will be able to employ his capital more advan- tflgcDUBly in foreign trade than in any other business : and while he does thin, ho ia follow- ing tliat employment which ia most beneficial for the public as well as for himself. IV. RESTnicTroNs ox Commehce. The statements already made, by explaining the nature and principles of commercial trans- actions, are sufficient to evince the inexpediency of subjecting thcin to any species of restraint. It is obvious, indeed, that restrictiiuis arc founded on false principles. When individuals are left to pursue their own interest in their own way, they naturally resort to tli(>.-io bniiu^hes of industry which they reckon most advantageous for themselves ; and, as we have ju^t seen, these are the very branches in which it is most for the public interest that they shuuld be employed. Unless, therefore, it could be shown that a government can judge bettor ns to what sort of Iri^nsactlons are profitable or otherwise than private individuals, its regulations cannot be of the smallest use, and may be exceedingly injurious. Uut any such pretension on the jiart of governuiont would be universally scouted. It is undeniably certain tliat a rcgird to our own interest is, if not an unerring guide to direct us in such matters, at least incomparably better than any other. If the trade with a particular country or in a par- ticular commodity bo a losing one, or merely a less i)rofitable one than others, it is (juite as unnecessary to pass an act to prevent it from being carried on, as it would be to interfere to prevent individuals from selling their labour or their commodities below the market [irice. It appears, therefore, t!'at all regulations alfecting the freedom of commerce, or of any branch of industry, are cither useless or pernicious. They are useless, when they are intended to protect the interest of individuals by [ireventing them from engaging in disadvantageous businesses ; and pernicious, when they prevent them from engaging in those that are advan- taseoiis. Tlie self interest of the parties concerned is the only safe principle to go by in such matters. When tho acts of the legiiilaturc are in unison with it, there is nothing to object to in them, save only that they might as well not exist; but whenever they are incun- sistent with it— that is, whenever they tend to divert capitiil and industry into channels, into whic'i individuals, if left to their own discretion, would not have carried them — they are decidedly injurious. No one denies thiit it is possible to confer, by means of a restrictive regulation, an advan- tage on a greater or les* number of individuals. This, however, is no proof that it is ailvan- tageous in a public point of view ; and it is by its inducnce in this respect that we arc to decide (.oricerning it. If the exclusion of an article imported from abroad, in order to encou- rage its manutacture at homo, raise its price in the home market, that circumstance will, for a while at least, be advantageous to those engaged in its production. But is it not clear that all that is tlius gained by them, is tosl lij/ those who purchase the article ? To supiKise, in- deed, that the exclusion of commodities that are comparatively cheap, to make room for those that are cimparatively dear, can be a means of enriching a country, is e.iuiva'ent to supposing that a people's wealth might be increased by destroying their most powerful machines, and thriwirjg their best soils out of cultivation. Bat it is contended, that though this might be the case in the instance of commodities pro- duced at homo, it is materially dilfcent wiien the commodity excluded came to us from abroad. It is said, that in this case the exclusion of foreign produce increases the ilcmand for that produced at home, and consci(Ucntly contributes to increase the di'inand ''m labour; so that tiie rise of jmce it occasi(ms is, in this way; more than lialanced by tlie other advan- tages '..hich it brings along with it. But the fact is, that thcugh the demand for one s|)0- cies of produce may be increitsed by a prohibition of impoitation, the demand for some other s;iecies is .sure to be at llio same time e(|ua!ly diminished. There is no jug'4ii'ry in commerce. Whetlicr it he carried on between individuals of the same country or of dilii-rent countries, it is all in cases twitomed ' produee of En.;lisb iirJnstrj', whereas when vve drink port or claret we cjusuine the piodi*':e of th^ industry wf th.; I'lrr- tugue.se find French, to the obvious adva.Trta.-e ot the hUer, asd the prcju'isie <.'' lyyr i-ooa- tryinen !" But, how paradoxic-' soever tSj* »wert4u»n may at fir»t Mgiit »|«|ital to the silk manufacture bi> stopped, till such an increased supply of silks had been brought to market as lO occasion a glut. This reasoning is not fonniioil upon hypothesis, but upon the widest experience. When a business is carried on under llio protection of a restriction on importation, it is limited by the extent of the home maiket, and is incapable of further extension. It is, in e.onse(juence, particularly sulijcct to that Huctuii- tion which is the bane of industry. If, owing to a change of tiishion, or any other cause, the demand be increased, then, as no supplies can be brought from abroad, prices suddenly rise, and the manufacture is rapidly extended, until a reaction takes place, and prict-s niiik below their usual level : and if the demand decline, then, as there is no outlet abroad for the superfluous goods, their price is ruinously depressed, and the producers are involved in inex- tricable difficulties. The businesses deepest entrenched behind ramparts of prohibitions and restrictions, such as the silk trade previously to 1825, the West India trade, and agriculture since 1815, have undergone the most extraordinary vicissitudes; and have been at once more hazardous and less profitable than the businesses carried on under a system of fair and tree competition. A prohibition against buying in the cheapest markets is really, also, a prohibition against idling in the dearest markets. There h no test of high or low price, except the quantity of other produce for which an article exchanges. Suppose that, l>y sending a certain quantity of cottons or hardware to Brazil, we might get in exchange 150 hhus. of sugar, and that the ■ame quantity, if sent to Jamaica, would only fetch 100 hhds. ; is it not obvious, that liy pre- veiitinfT the importation of the former, we forc>! our goods to be sold for /«•« thirds of the price ih>'y would otherwise have brought? To suppose that a system productive of such tinent to pay for man who drinki ;ar8 only Saxon ■ BritiHh cottnn, of his country, ntlucctl at home. 'cly of the same langcd it for tho ih lalwur is con- )mn by rosfrain. rdictiiig the ex. lupply ourselves o j)roduco them is, if any thing or industry liy ijurious, in sure to diminish the home demand '8 no more than fer the distribii- iporfa any com- majority of in liome, without th of any com- duco cannot bo this sort,— and arc rnactpil,— if, supposing it or .500,000/. a into the colfers mount of other )ncd by an in. toad of gaining )0,000/. a year. Hate advantage emark tliat this ved by a periml stance, by nar- in the first in- ! common level, nimcdiately set gaged in other ?ct: nor would creased supply is not founded 1 on under tlio le market, and o that fluciua. y other cause, 'ices suddenly id prici-s sink abroad for the ■olved in inex- ohibitions and nd agrienlture been at once i!m of fair and bition against .e quantity of rtain quantity , and that the I, that liy pre- thirds of the ctive of such COMMERCE. re import French wine and brandy shows that we do export to Franco, or to some other country to which France is indebted, an equivalent, in some sort, of British produce. Tlu; fear of being glutted with foreign products, unless we secure beforehand u certain outlet for our own, is the most unfi>unded that can be imagined, 'i'he foreigner who will take nothing of ours, can send us nothing of his. Though our ports were open to the merchants of all the countries of the world, the exports of British produce must always be equal to the imports of foreign produce ; and none but those who receive our commodities, eitherat first or second hand, could contirme to send any thing to us. "Li's ctrangers no pcuvcnt dcmander ni licsirer riun niieux, que la liberte de vous acUeter ct do vous vendrc chcz vous et duns vos colonics. II faut la leur accordcr, non par fuiblesso et p.ir iaipuissaneo, niais parce(|u'elle est juste en e!le-mpme, et qu'elle vous est utile. lis ont tort sans doute de la ret'user ehez eux: inais cette fiutc d'i.ijnoratice doiit, sans le savoir, iis sont punis les premiers, n'est pas un ritison qui doive vous porter a vous nuire u. vous- meme en suivant cct excmplo, et a. vous exposer aux suites et aux depenses d'une guerre pour avoir la vai.no satisfaction d'user des reprusailles, dont relict ne pent mani|Uer de relom- lier Bur vous, ct de rend re voire commerce plus desavantagcux." — (^Le Trusiic dc I' Oidre Social, p. 416.) There are some, however, who contend, tha", though restrictions on importation from abroad be unfavounilije to opulence, and the advi,ncenient of individuals and nations in arts and civilisation, they may, notwithstanding, be vii.dicated on other grounds, as contributing essentially to iiidepcndeiicc and security. The short and decisive answer to this is to be found in the reciprocity of commerce. It does not enrich one individual or nation at the expense of others, but confers its favours equally on all. We are under no obligations to the I'ortu- guesu, the Kus.-.ians, or any other people with whom wc carry on trade. It is not uiir ad- vantage, but /heir awit, that they have in view in dealing witli w. We give them the full value of all that we import; and they would suller quite as much inconvenience as we should do were this uitorcourse put an end to. The indepe:idcnce al which those aspire who would ■;.' 'M ji fti^ .,^1 ■'t ! i I ' .■ i i ■: ; I ;-i4: m 454 COMMFRC.; promote U by layini; rcrtHrtions on commorcc, ia the irulcpf ntlrnco of the solitary and un- Btirial «nvnp:e ; it i'4 not nri iiKlcpi'ndonoo jirodiictivo of HiriMigth, Imt of wpo'inc».(. "The niotit flourii*hiiiqf Btatco, at the inoinont of tlioir higlicfit olcvatiDO, when tht-y v i>re cIoNely con- ncrfeil with every part of tlio riviliapi] world by the guldun rhuina of Biiccur-Cid coriiiiicrciul I'l.tcrprisc, wore, acvordlnp; to this dortrine, in the moHt pc-fc-ot state of ahsoU to deiH-ndonco, It wiiH not till all tht'Recnnnrctions were di«Bolvcd, and thi had tunk in the scale of naliuim, tliat their trnc iiulepcndcnco commenced! Such Rtateriu'nt!* curry with them their owji rcfu. taiion. There in a natural dependence of nations upon each other, as there in a natuitil ile. prndenco of imlividuals upon each other. Heavfn lasi ■ •> ordered it. Some soilH, noinn rlj. itiiites, some situations, arc productive exclusively of s-.mo peculiar fruits, which caimut elsewhere be profitably i)rocuic(l. Let nations tMlow (his as their guide. In a rich mij risinij community, the opulent capitalists may lie as (impendent upon the poor labourers, ns the |>oor laliourers upon the opulent capitnlists, Bo it is \v ith nations. The mutual de|)end- cure of individuals upon each other knits and !>inds s(K'iety together, and leads to the mini rapid advancement in wealth, in intelligence, and in >>vt'ry kind of improvement. It is the same, but on a t':M- iiirger scale, with tlin mutual dependence of nations. To this alone do we owe all the ■ ii^hty efforts of cottuncrce; aii.l what li(,'hts, what generous feelings, and multiplied means of human happineiss, has it not every where spread!" — {North American Jiei'iew, No. ftl.) The principles of commercial freedom, and the injurious influence of restrictive regtila- tions, were set in a vci y striking point of view by Ur. Smith, in his great work ; and they have been aim-e repeatt .liy explained and elucidated. Perhaps, however, the true doctrines upon this subject have no w'lere been better stated than in the |>etition presented by the iner- clianls of London to the House of C'vunmons on the 8th of May, lA'iO, This document is one of the most gratifying proofs of the progress of liberal and enlarged views. It was sub- scribed by all the principal mcrclianls of the metropolis, who have not scrupled to express their conviction, that the rejK'al of every prolecfive. regnlatMn would be for the pul>lie ad- vantage. Such an address, confirming, as it did, the conclusions of science, by the approval of the best informed and most extensive merchants of the world, had u powerful innueiice on the legislature. During the last 10 years several most important reforms have been made in our commercial system ; so that besides being the first to promulgate the true theory of commerce, we arc now entitled to the praise of being the first to carry it into eflect. No dimhi our trade is still fettered by many vexatious restraints; but these will gradually disap- pear, according as ex pcrience serves \o disclose the benefits resulting from the changes already made, and the pernicious operation of the rct.trictions that are still allowed to continue. The jietition now referred to, is too important to be omitted in a work of this sort. It is %.■' follows : — "To tlic Ilonoiiraljle tlic Commons, &.C., the Petition oftlio Merchants of tlie City of London. "tvernm«nt of this nnd every (Uher country ; each trying to exclude the produc- tions of iiiher countries, vilh the specinus and well-meant desiuu of encourau'ing its own prodiatinns: thus inHiciJiii; on the bulk of its sul>je( ts, who are consuii'ers.tlio necessity "f-iulimltting to privuiiiins in the quarii v or tpi i'ily of eomnindities ; nnd thus rendering wliat iiughi m be the source of nuitiiul benelit and ii barmoiiy .■tniimg states, a constantly recurring occasiiui of jealousy ami hostility. " That the prevuiling prijudici.'s in favonr of tin- prutective or resttirtive system may be traced to the ernuieons snppiisitiiiu that every impurtation of fnrei!.'n cnnniindilies occasidiis a dunin.itinn or discouraffement of (inr own productions to the same extent ; whereas it maybe clearly sliiiwn, tli.it although the particular ili scriplion of production which could mu stand UL'ainst unrestrained foreign ciimpetilion ivoulil be dii^i oiirasred. yet, ns no iniporlatiMsy ami hostiliiy. system ninv lie traced to ccasiniisa diiiiiti.itinn or i' lie cIiMrly siK.wn, V.iM ist iinrestraliied Ibreigii id fiirany leiigih (iltiiiiB I'licoiirappiueiit, fiirihe iiiielit I)., belter Huiieil; boneliciui, eiiiplDyiiicjii code, it may he prnvi'd nnvareof niiviiltiiiKiiB une to tlie extent of the B least Is. (lint tlifliirtl- ign competition, is s.t J reasoiiiiijr upou Hliiili sisleiitly, it uoulil nut 'I'll'; train of aru'iioient, rouiloreianiruUe.miglil COMPANIES. 435 tnWnMSlit fcirwnrd to lii«llfy the re-en'ictnient of rentrlclinni upon the Intrrrhnnffo of productinnf ililic revuiiu ul' ihi- '•iiiiii' kiiiuiliiiu. (unrni r I'di'il with liiilil line) uiuoiig tliu Ithiii'loiiia cmiiposliiK tliu union, or uiiiong the couiillv* llMi an invr-.-llBntlon of tin- efTect^ nf the rc»itrlctlvn nyBtpiii at tills time Is pecitllirly calli'd fur, a» illii'ij, ill ; opinion of your pent loners, lead to a xtroiii; pri'aiiinplliMi. Hint Hie ilislroi'H, wlilcli now lip C'le rally prevails, i» coiisidir ildy »|ji;ri»v:iti'il by thai ny leiits persisted in preserving impolitic re^ii- hllioiH. That, upon the whole, tho most liber oconsions. "'lb It independent nf the direct benefit ti^ CiMircssion or relixatioii, a meat iiicidiiit;r prihiiple or stiiinliinl, tn wliirli all siibse'im liitiiience which a promiiieation of siiili jii cnalil not f,iil to hive on Hie policy of other ^ 'Tlint in thus deiiarliiK, as yoiir pelilinii Id pr .v." to be tilt) most p [V c> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 ^ ^ '4> 4' ^ 456 COMPANIES. tmount of the aharra they respectively hold. Charters of incorporation granted by the Crown were also, until lately, supposed necessarily to have this eflect ; but l>y the act 6 (ieo. 4. c. 96. the Crown is empowered to grant charters of incorporation by which the members of corporate bodies may be made individually liabk, to aueh extent, and subject to mch virt^. lotions and resirietionf, as may be deemed expedient. Hence charters are now frequently granted for the purpose merely of enabling companies to sue and be sued in courts of law, under the names of some of their office-bearers, without in any respect limiting the responsi- bility of the shareholders to the public. This limitation cannot be implied in a chartei any more than in an act of parliament, and will be held not to exist unless it be diotinctly ii«* forth. " In a private copartnery, no partner, without the consent of the company, can transfer hir share to another person, or introduce a new member into the company. Each member, however, may, upon proper warning, withdraw from the copartnery, and demand pnymenl from them of his share of the common stock. In a joint stock company, on the contrary, no member can demand payment of his share from the company ; but each member may, without their consent, transfer his share to another person, and thereby introduce a new member. The value of a share in a joint stock is always the price which it will bring in the market ; and this may be either greater or less, in any proportion, than the sum which iu owner stands credited for in the s'ock of the company." — ( Weafih of Nations, vol. iii. p, 238.) 2. Utility of Joint Stock Companies. — Whenever the capital required to carry on any undertaking exceeds what may be furnished by an individual, it is indispensable, in order to the prosecution of the undertaking, that an association should be formed. In all those cases, too, in which the chances of success are doubtful, or where a lengthened period must neces- sarily elapse before an undertaking can be completed, an individual, though ready enough to contribute a small sum in connection with others, would, generally speaking, be very little inclined, even if he had the means, to encounter the whole responsibility of Huch enterprises. Hence the necessity and advantage of companies or associations. It is to them that wc are indebted for those canals by which every part of the country is intersected, for the formation of so many noble docks and warehouses, for the institution of our principal hanks and insur- ance offices, and for many other establishment:! of great public utility carried on by the com- bined capital and energies of large bodies of individuals. 3. Branches of Indttstry, fur the Prosecution of which Joint Stock Companies may be advantageously eslablishtd. — In order to ensure a rational prospect of success to a company, the undertaking should admit of being carried on according to a regular systematic plan. The reason of this is sufficiently obvious. The business of u great association must be con- ducted by factors or agents; and unless it be of such a nature as to admit of their duties being clearly pointed out and defined, the association would cease to have any etlcctual con- trol over them, and would be, in a great measure, at their mercy. An individual who ma- nages his own afliiira reaps all the advantage derivable from superior skill, in mit to the measures, or to bear their due share of the expense, required fur the common pro- tection of all. The Kuse' in Company, the Ef^t India Company, the Levant or Turkey Company, and most of the other great trading companies which have existed in this country, teem principally to have grown out of a real or supposed necessity of this sort It was not believed that any safe or advantageous intercourse could be carried on with barbarous coun- tries without the aid of ships of war, factories, interpreters, &c. And as government was not always able or willing to afford this assistance, the traders were formed into companies or associations, and vested with such peculiar privileges as appeared to be necessary for en- abling them to prosecute the trade without any extrinsic support. " When," says Dr. Smith "a company of merchants undertake, at their own risk and expense, to establish a new trade with some remote and barbarous nation, it may not be unreasonable to incorporate them into a joint stock company, and to grant them, in case of success, a monopoly of the trade for a certain number of years. It is the easiest and most natural way in which the state can re- compense them for hazarding a dangerous and expensive experiment, of which the public is afterwards to reap the benefit. A temporary monopoly of this kind may be vindicated upon the same principles upon which a like monopoly of a new machine is granted to its inventor, and that of a new book to its author. But upon the expiration of the term, the monopoly ought certainly to determine ; the forts and garrisons, if it was found necessary to establish any, to bo taken into the bands of government, their value to be paid to the coni])any, and the trade to be laid open to all the subjects of the state." — ( WeuUh of Nations, vul. iii. p. 268.) It may be doubted, however, whether it be really necessary, even in such a case as that now mentioned, to establish a joint stock company with peculiar privileges, and whether the same thing might not be more advantageously eflfected by the establishment of an open or regulated company. 4. Open or Regulated Companies. — The affairs of such companies or associations are managed by directors appointed by the members. They do not, however, possess a cnmmon or joint stock. Each individual pays a fine upon entering into the company, and most com- monly an annual contribution : a duty applicable to the business of the company is also sometimes charged upon the goods imported and exported from and to the countries with which they trade. The sums so collected are applied by the directors to fit out ambassa- dors, consuls, and such public functionaries as may be required to facilitate commercial deal- ings, or to build factories, maintain cruisers, &x. The members of such companies trade upon their own stock, and at their own risk. So that when the fine, or tho ^um payable on admission into a regulated company, is moderate, it is impossible for its members to form any combination that would have tho effect of raising their profits above the common level; and there is the same keen and close competition amongst them that there is amongst otlicr classes of traders. A regulated company is, in fact, a device for making those engaged in a particular branch of trade bear the public or political expenses incident to it, at the same time that it leaves them to conduct their own business witii their own capital, and in their own way. Should, therefore, government at any time refuse, or be unable to afford, that pi jtectiua to those engaged in any branch of trade which is necessary to enable them to carry it on, their formation into a regulated company would seem to be the most judicious measure that could be adopted ; inasmuch as it would obtain for them that protection which is indispensa- . ble, without encroaching on the freedom of individual enterprise. The African, the Levant, and some other branches of trade, were for a long time conducted by open or regulate 1 companies. These, however, have been recently abolished : the African Company, by the act 1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. 28. ; and tho Levant Company, by tiie act 6 Geo. 4. c. 33. 'J'he Russia Company still exii-ts. — (See Uussia Compant.) In so far as relates to protection, it may perhaps lie thought, for the reasons given by Dr. Smith, that a joint stock company is better calculated to afford it than a regulated company. The directors of the latter having, Dr. Smith alleges, no particular interest in the prosperity Vol. I.— a q 58 'h 1 468 companies; nf the general traJe of 'the company, for behoof of which, ahips of war, factoricf, or fixd, have to be maintained, are apt to neglect them, and to apply their whole energies to the care of their own private concerns. But the interest of the directors of a joint stocli company are, he contends, in a great measure identified with those of the association. They have no J>rivate capital employed in the trade ; their profits must depend upon the prudent and pro. itiblo management of the common stock ; and it may, therefore, it is argued, be fairly pre- , sumed that they will be more disposed to attend carefully Ut all the meims by which the prosperity of the association may be best secured. On the other hand, however, it is seldoia that the directors of joint stock companies stop at the proper point ; having almost invnriahly V attempted to extend their commercial dealings by force, and to become not only merchants but sovereigns. Nor is this any thing but what might have been expected, seeing that tiie consideration and extensive patronage accruing from such measures to the directors is gene- rally of far more importance to them than a moderate increase of the dividends on tlieir stock. Whenever they have been able, they have seldom scrupled to employ arms to ail. vance their projects ; and instead of contenting themselves with shops and factories, hav« constructed fortitications, embodied armies, ond engaged in war. But such has not been ths case with regulated companies. The businesses under their control have uniformly been con- ducted in a comparatively frugal and parsimonious manner; their establishments have been, for the most part, confined to factories ; and they have rarely, if ever, allowed themselveg to be seduced by schemes of conquest and dominion. And hence, considering them as commercial machines, it does not really seem that there can be any doubt as to the superiority of a regulated over a joint stock company. The latter has the defect, for which nothing almost can compensate, of entirely exrludinff individual enterprise and competition. When such a company enjoys any peculiar privilege, it natu- rally, in pursuing its own interest, endeavours to profit by it, how injurious soever it may be to the public If it have a monopoly of the trade with any particular country, or of any particular commodity, it rarely fails, by understocking the home and foreign markets, to sell the goods which it imports and exports at an artificially enhanced price. It is not its object to employ a comparatively large capital, but to make a large profit on a comparatively small capital. The conduct of the Dutch East India Company in burning spices, that their price might not be lowered by larger importations, is an example of the mode in which such asso- ciati. ns uniformly and, indeed, almost necessarily act All individuals are desirous of obtain- ing the highest possible price for what they have to sell ; and if they are protected by mcani of a monopoly, or an exclusive privilege, from the risk of being undersold by others, they never hesitate about raising the price of their products to the highest elevation that the competition of the buyers will allow them ; and thus frequently realise the most exorbitant profits. And yet, notwithstanding these'advantagea, such is the negligence, profusion, and pecula- tion, inseparable from the management of great commercial companies, that even those that have had the monopoly of the most advantageous branches of commerce have rarely been able to keep out of debt It will be shown in the article East Innik Compant, that that association has lost by its trade ; and that, had it not been for the aid derived from the reve- nues of India, it must long since have ceased to exist To buy in one market ; to sell with profit in another ; to watch over tlie perpetually occurring variations in the prices, and in the supply and demand of commodities ; to suit with dexterity and judgment the quantity and quality of goods to the wants of each market ; and to conduct each operation in the best and cheapest manner ; requires a degree of unremitting vigilance and attention, which would be visionary to expect from the directors or servants of a great joint stock association. Hence it hail happened, over and over again, that branches of commerce which proved ruinous to companies, have l>ecome exceedingly profitable when carried on by individuals. 6. Constitution of Companies. — WK -- ->onlication is made to parliament for an act to inoorporato a number of individuals in. .it stock company for the prosecution of any useful undertaking, care ought to be *<• .t to concede to them any privileges tliat may be rendered injurious to the public. If n cui.ipany be formed for the construction of a dock, a road, or a canal, it may be necessary, in order to stimulate individuals to engage in the un- dertaking, to give them some peculiar privileges for a certain number of years. Bui if othei persons were to be permanently hindered from constructing new docks, or opening new lines of communication, a lasting injury might be done to the public. It may be highly expe- dient to incorporate a company for the purpose of bringing water into a city ; but supposing there were no springs in the vicinity, other than those to which this company has acquired a right, tlicy might unless restrained by the act incorporoting them, raise the price of water to an exorbitant height ; and make large profits for themselves at the expense and to the injury of the public. In all cases of this sort; and in the case, indeed, of all joint stock companies established for tho formation of canals, railroads, &c. ; it would be sound jiolicy to limit the rates charged for their services, or on account of the water, ships, goods, &c. conveyed hy their means, and also to limit the dividends, or to lix a mdximum licy ond which they should not be augnicntcd ; enacting, that if the rates charged by the company produce more than •uflicient to pay the maximum rate of dividend, and to defray the wear and tear of the aijiie- COMPANIES. 460 duct, canal, &c., thej ohall be allowed to reduce them till they only yield this much ; uid, in the event of their declining to do so, that the whole surplus above paying the dividend ihall be applied to purchase up the stock of the association, so that ultimately the charges on tccount of dividends may be entirely abolished. Had this principle been acted upon when canals first began to be formed in England, the carriage of goods conveyed by some of the niOBt important lines of communication would now have cost almost nothing ; and this de- sirable result might have been accomplished in the way now suggested, without, we believe, diminishing in any degree the number of those undertakings. There are few who, at the time they engage in such enterprises, suppose that they will yield more than 10 or 12 per cent.; and vast numbers will always be disposed to engage in them, if there bo any reasona- ble prospect of their yielding this much. Now, when such is the case, is it nut the duty of government to provide, in the event of the undertaking becumiiig in an unexpected and un- usual degree profitable, that the public should derive some advantage from it ( This is not a case in which coni|>etition can reduce profits to the common level. The best, perhaps the onlv practicable, line for a canal or railroad between any two places will be appropriated by those who are first in the field ; who thus, in fact, obtain a natural monopoly of which they cannot l>e deprived : and hence the advantage of limiting the charges and dividemls : with- out discouraging enterprise, it affords a security that private individuals shall not reap an unusual and unlooked for profit at the expense of the public In all those cases in which companies are formed for the prosecution of undertakings that may be carried on, with equal advantage to the public, by individuals ; or where there are no very considerable difliculties to overcome, or risks to encounter; they ought to enjoy no privilege whatever, but should be regarded, in every point of view, as if they were mere in- dividuals. For accounts of the principal joint stock and regulated companies established in this countrv, see the articles Bank of Exoland, Docks, East India Compant, Ixsurakce, Russia Company, &c. &c. 6. Companies en Commandite. — In France there is a sort of companies denomin.?.ted tocieles en commandite, A society of this description consists of one or more partners, liable, without limitation, for the debts of the company ; and one or more partners, or com- mundilaires, liable only to the extent of the funds they have subscribed. A commanditaire must not, however, take any part in the business of the company ; if ho do this, he loses his inviolability, and makes himself responsible for the debts of the association. The names of the partners in such societies must be published, and the amount of the sums contributed by the commanditaires. It has been proposed to introduce partnerships of this sort into this country ; but it seenu very doubtful whether any thing would bo gained by such a measure. Partnorships en commandite may be very easily abused or rendered a means of defrauding the public. It is quite visionary to imagine thai the commanditaires can be prevented from indirectly influ- encing the other partners : and supposing ont providing a fund for the support of such as accident or misfortune might reduce to a state of indigence. Hence the origin of apprenticeships, the refusal to allow any one not a member of a corpora- tion to carry on any business within the precincts of any town corporate, and the various re;;ul!itions that had to be submitted to, and the fees that had to be paid by the claimants for inrolment in corporations. For a lengthened period these privileges and rei^julations were very oppressive. Within the last century, however, their iniluencu has been progressively diminishing. In France, where the abuses insei>arat>le from the system had attained to a very great height, it was entirely swept off by liie Revolution : and though corporations slill exist in this country, they hove been stripped of their peculiar franchises; and should now, for the most part, lie regarded more, perhaps, in the light of charitable than of political insti- tutions. It would be well, however, were they reduced entirely to the former character; and were the few political and commercial privileges, which they still enjoy, communicated to the rest of the citizens. At their first institution, and for some time after, corporations, considered as poUtical bodies, were probably useful: but such is no longer the case; and iti .,i,r P li- 460 COMPASS. n far u they now possess aiij special immunities, they tend to obstruct that free competition that is so advantageous. Th*- ibllowing extract from a Report on the Commerce and Manufutturea of (he UnHeJ States, drawn up by Albert Gallatin, Esq., then secretary of the Treasury, and Inid li.l'iire Congress in 1816, sets the superior advantages resulting from tlte unrestricted freedom of -n* dustry in a very striking point of view. " No cause," says he, " has, perhaps, more pro moted in every respect the general improvement of the United States, than the absonre of those systems of internal restriction and monopoly which continue to disfigure tlio state of society in other countries. No laws exist here, directly or indirectly, confining men to a particular occupation or place, or excluding any citizen from any branch he may, at any lime tliink proper to pursue. Industry is, in every respect, free and unfettered ; every s\M.'c\ea of trade, commerce, and profession, and manufacture, being equally open to all, vuitlwui remtir- ing any regular apprenticeship, admission, or licence. Hence the improvement of America has not been confined to the improvement of her agricallure, and to the rapid formation and settlement of new states in the wilderness; but her citizens have extended their commerce to every part of the globe, and carry on with complete success even those branches for whicli a monopoly had heretofore been considered essentially necessary." There is in Rees's Cyclopaedia, article Company, a list of the diflerent Civic Companies belonging to the City of London, in which the periods o'f their incorporation, and various other important particulars with respect to several of them, are specified. COMPASS (Ger. Ein Kompass ,• Du. Zeekompas / Da. Soekompass ,• Sp. Siocnmpass . Fr. Boussole, Compas de mer / It. Bitssola ,• Sp. Aguja de marear ,• Port. Compaino de marear ,• Rus. Kompass korabtlnili), or mariner's compass, an instrument composed of a needle and card, by which the ship's course is directed. The needle, with little variation, always points towards the north, and hence the mode of steering by the compass. The common opinion is that the compass was invented by Flavio Gioia, a citizen of the once famous republic of Amalphi, very near the beginning of the fourteenth century, Ur. Robertson has adopted this opinion, and regrets that contemporary historians furnish no de- tails as to the life of a man to whose genius society is so deeply indebted, — (Hist, of America, vol. i. p. 47. 8vo ed.) But though Gioia may have made improvements on the compass, i has been shown that he has no claim to be considered as its discoverer. Passages have been produced from writers who flourished more than a century before Gioia, in which the fo- larity of the needle, when touched by the magnet, is distinctly pointed out. Not only, how- ever, had this singular property been discovered, but also its application to the purposes of navigation, long previously to the fourteenth century. Old French writers have been quoted {Mucpherson's Annals of Commerce, anno 1200; Rees^s Cyclopaedia), that seem fully to establish this fact. But whatever doubts may exist with respect to them, cannot aftect the passages which the learned Spanish antiquary, Don Antonio de Capmany ( Questionen Crili- COS, pp. 73 — 132), has given from a work of the famous Raymond Lully {De Conlempla- fume) published m 1272. In one place Lully says, " as the needle, when touched by the magnet, naturally turns to the north" (sicut acus per naturam virtitur ad septeiitrioiiem dum sit facta a magnele). This is conclusive as to the author's acquaintance with the po- larity of the needle ; and the following passage from the same work — " as the nautical needle directs mariners in their navigation," {sicut acus nautica dirigit marinurios in sua naviga- tione, 4-c.) is no less conclusive as to its being used by sailors in regulating their course. There are no means of ascertaining the mode in which the needle Raymond Lully iiad in view was made use of. It has been suificiently established — (see the authorities already referred to, and Azuni, Dissertation sur VOrigine de la Boussole,) — that it was usual to float the needle, by means of a straw, on the surface of a kisin of water ; and Capmany contends that we are indebted to Gioia for the card, and the method now followed of sus- pending the needle ; improvements which have given to the compass all its convenience, and a very larg^ portion of its utility. But this part of his Dissertation, though oquaily learned and ingenious, is by no means so satisfactory as the other. It is diificult to conceive how mariners at sea could have availed themselves of a floating needle ; but, however this may be, it seems most probable that Gioia had considerably improved the coitstruciion of the compass ; and that, the Amalphitans having been the first to introduce it to general use, he was, with excusable partiality, represented by them, and subsequently regarded by others, as its inventor. The reader will not consider these details out of place in a work on commerce, wliich the compass has done so much to extend. " Its discovery," to borrow the language of Mr. Mac- pherson, " has given birth to a new era in the history of commerce and navigation. The former it has extended to every shore of the globe, and increased and multiplied its opera- tions and beneficial etfects in a degree which was not conceivable by those who lived in the «!arlier ages. The latter it has rendered expeditious, and comparatively safe, by enabling the navigator to launch out upon the ocean free from the danger of rocks and shuals. By the use of this noblo instrument, the whole world has become one vast commercial common COMPOSITION— CONSTANTINOPLE. 401 hat free competition wealth, the most distant inhabitants of the earth are brought together for their mutual advan* tage, ancient prejudices are obliterated, aiid minkind are civilued and enlightened." — (Vol. i. p. 366.) COMPOSITION, in commerce, commonly implies the dividend or ram paid by an inaoU Tcnt debtor to his creditors, and accepted by xhem in payment for their debti. CONEY WOOL (Ger. KaninchmwoUe ,• Du. Konynhair.- Fr. Poilde lapin ,- It Ptb di Caniglio s Sp. Conejuna), the fur of rabMts. This article is extensively used in the hat itianufHCture ; and besiJea the large supplies raised at home, a great deal is imported. The iiiiporls usually range from about 300,000 to about 600,000 skins a year; but, in 1831, they exceeded 900,000, while, in 1827, they virere only 197,000. CONSTANTINOPLE, formerly the metropolis of the Eastern, as it still is of the Turk- ish Empire, is situated on a triangular point of land, on the European side of the Sea of Marmara (Propontis), at the point where it unites with the Bosphorus, or channel leading to the Black Sea, in lat 41° O' 12" N., Ion. 28° 69' 2" E. Population variously estimated at from 300,000 to 600,000, but believed, by the best authorities, to be about 400,000. The tituation of tliis renowned city is, in a commercial point of view, one of the finest imaginable. Standing on tlie narrow straits uniting the Mediterranean and Euxine Seas, «he at once commands, and is the entrep&t for, the commerce between them. The harbour, whence the Turkish court has taken the appellation of the Sublime Porte, I* most excellent It consists ofan extensive inlet, or arm of the sea, stretching along the north-east side of the city, which it divides from the suburbs of Galata and Pera. It has sufficient depth of water to float the largest ships, and can accommodate more than 1,000 sail. The strong current that eets through the Bosphorus into the Sea of Marmara strikes against Seraglio Point — (see Plan) ; a part of the water, being in consequence forced into the harbour, runs along its Muth-western side in the direction marked by the arrows — (see Plan), — till, aniving at its extremity, it escapes by the opposite side. In the middle the water is still. On leaving the port, it is necessary to keep well over to the northern side ; for otherwise the ship might be taken by the current, and driven on Seraglio Point It may be worth while, however, to remark, that notwithstanding this inconvenience, the current has been of signal service to the city, by scouring the harbour, and carrying away the filth and ballast by which it must otherwise have been long since choked up. The distance across from Seraglio Point to the opposite suburb of Scutari, on the Asiatic coast is rather more than an English mile. Within less than ^ of a mile of the latter is a rocky islet, upon which is a tower and light-house, known by the name of the Tower of Leander. Foreigners reside in Galata, Pera, and the luburbs on the eastern side of .he harbour ; and it is there, consequently, that the principal trade of the place is carried on. The quays are g^od, and ships lie close alongside. The Bosphorus, or channel of Constantinople, runs in a N. E. by N. direction about 15 miles, varying in breadth from 1^ to ^ mile. It is swept by a rapid current which it requires a brisk gale to stem, and has throughout a great depth of water. The Hellespont, or strait of the Dardanelles, leading from the Archipelago to the Sea of Marmara, is about 13 leagues in length. Its direction is nearly N. E. Where narrowest it is little more than a mile across. It also is swept by a strong current, and has deep water throughout The subjoined plan of part of Constantinople and its port is copied, without reduction, from the beautiful plem of the city and Bosphorus, drawn and engraved by M. Merzoff Robert of Munich, and published by Mr. Wilde, of this city. Nothing can be more imposing than the appearance of the city when seen from the sea, but CD landing the illusion vanishes. The streets are narrow, dark, ill-pavcd and irregular. Owing to the want of any effective system of police, and of the most ordinary attention to cleanliness, they are extremely filthy ; and are inte!>ted with herds of dogs, and also with rats, which perform the functions of scavengers. The houses are mostly built of wood, and fires are very frequent Most of these happen designedly ; the burning of a few hundred houses being deemed the readiest and most effectual means of making the government aware of the public dissatisfaction, and of procuring a redress of grievances ! JfoMy.— Accounts are kept in piastres of 40 paras, or ISO aspers. The Turkkh coin has been so much degraded, that the piastre, which a ffaw years ago was worth 3«. sterling, is now wortli little more than id. A bng of silver {krfcr) " SOO piastres, and a bag of gold (kitie) — 30,000 piastres. Wiight$ and Meaauret. — 1'be couimercial weiglits are — 176 drams = 1 roitolo ; 2'372 rottoli ~ 1 oke ; 8 okes » 1 balDian ; 7^ batmnns = 1 quintal or cantaro = 1S4-497 (1341 very nearly) lbs. avoirdupois 1= 56'437 kilogrammes °> 116'S27 lbs. of Hamburgh. The quintal of cotton is 4S okes = 1U7-2 lbs. avoir- dupois. The pik, or pike, is of two sorts, the greater and the less. The greater, CRiled halebi or artehim used in the measurement of silks and woollens, is very near 28 inches (!n''9). The lesser called emir«e, need in the measuring of cottons, carpets, &.c. ° 27 inches. Hence 100 Ion? piks - 77'4!)S English yards, iind 100 short piks= 75'154do. But in ordinary commercial aflbirs, the pik is eatimutcd ut |cf nn English yard. Corn is measured by the kislot or killow = 0'941 of a Winchester bushel ; 81 ki>iloz - 1 quarter. The fortin = 4 kisloz. Oil and other liquids are sold by the alma or meter = 1 gallon 3 pints English wine measure. The oini.i of oil should weigh 8 oket.—iM'elkevbrecher and Dr. Kelly.) The Port Charges on account of English vcsaeis ill the harbours of the Ottoman empire are tixed bf treaty at 300 aspers, neither more nor less. 2«2 462 n *^ CONSTANTINOPLE. 00 Refereneei la Plan.— A, Sernglio Point ; B, Galata ; C, Scutari ; D, Tower and IlghtbQuse of lean- di:r. The arrow shows the direction of tlie currents. The soundings are in fiitlionis. ^ Trade, ^e. — Owing to the vicious institutions of the Turks and the disorganised state of the empire, the trade of Constantinople is very far from being so extensive as might be sup- posed from its situation and population. The imports consist of com, iron, timber, tallow, and furs, principally from the Black Sea ; and of cotton stuffs and yarn, tin, tin plates, wool- lens, silks, cutlery, watches and jewellery, paper, glass, furniture, indigo, cochineal, &c.from England and other European countries. Corn and coffee are imported from Alexandria ; but a good deal of Brazil and West India coffee is also imported, particularly in American liottoms. Sugar is partly imported from the East, but principally from the West Indiex. The exports are very trifling, consisting of silk, carpets, hides, wool, goats' hair, potashefi, wax, galls, bullion and diamonds, and a few other articles. Ships carrying goods to Con- CONSTANTINOPLE. 46a fWitinopI') either return in ballast, or get roturn cargoca at Smyrna, Odeawi, Sulonira, See., en whico places they frequontly procure bills at Constantinople. Trade is chielly in tho buMl-i of Biigliiih, French, ami other Europran merchants (denominated Pranks) and of Armenians and Ureoks. Bargains are negotiated on tlieir account by Jew Lrokers, some of whom are rich. Cnmmerclal Poliei/ of the Turks. — It is singular that as respects commerce, the policy cf the Turkish government, whether originating in design or carelossness, is entitled to the highest praise. " No restrictions," says Mr. Thornton, " are laid on commerce, except in •iieTristance of a general prohilnlion of exporting the aiticles necessary for the support of kuman life to forei^i countries, especially from the capital, where alone it is rigorously tnforced; and this impolitic restraint will no douht be removed when the Turkish go* wmment shall I)ecome sensible, that what is intended as the means of securing abundance, «, in fact, the solo cause of that scarcity which is sometimes ex|ieriencod, Willi thi» one nception, commerce is perfectly free and unfettered. Every article of foreign or domestic ^wth or manufacture is conveyed into every port, and over every province, without any interference on the part of tho magistrates, at\er payment of the duties. On this subject I ipeak from actual experience, and may appeal to every foreign or native merchant in Tur- key fur its general truth." — (Present Slate of Turkty, vol. i. p. 82.) The duties, too, are extremely moderato, being only three per cent, on imports, and as much on exports ; so that in almost all that relates to her commercial regulations, Turkey is entitled to read a lesson to the most civilized European powers; and this she has done in a very able manner, in an official paper published in the Moniteur Ottoman, in September, 1833. We extract a few paragraphs from this very intt^resting document "It is rerngnised ttiroti^hniit Eiirnpo lliat It wnirid lie iisefiil to the frent innjoritjr to siibstttiite, for the syslniii of itroliihitinna, that of liberty, wliirii thKoretli'ul im>ii advorale; the difficulty is, to And Dieana toneparate the future from the pubt without a viulcnt rupturu. lIuiicvlheililHrultieri of^ovHrn- Blent In sniiitfyliig all the exigencies of npriciiUuru, industry, and coiiiiiierce, Urivcu in a circle whore every men«ure in ftivour of one, nets Immediately In on invHrne sense on the other. The eiuleiivour If vain toestatilUh, between somany crosaingintttredts, a fiictitinus equilibrium which absolute liberty of exchange alone cun give. "Thii9,onc of the most importiint (luestions which occupies the medltnlion of stntenmen in Europe, Is, to diicover how tho pnlings which pen commerce up in narrow spnccs may be thrown down with- OHt ahocki that mlKht cndan)!er public order. "Uood eense, tolerance, and hospitality, have lone ago done for the Ottoman empire, what the other states of Europe are endenvourinsj to elTect by more or leps happy political combinations. Since tho throne of the sultans has been elevatinl at (Constantinople, conimerciAl prohibitions have been unknown ; they opened all the (lorts of their empire to the commerce, to the mnnutiictures, to the ter- ritorial produce of tho Occident, or, to say better, of the whole world. Iiibcrty of commerce has reigned iiere without limits, as large, as extended as it was possible to he. "Never has the divan dreamed, under any pretext of national interest, or even of reciprocity, of reatricting that faculty which has been exercised, and is to this day, in the most unlimileii sense, bf all the nations who wish to furnish a portion of the consumption of this vast empire, and to share in the produce of its territory. "Here every object of exchnnRe Is admitted, and circulates without meeting any obstacle other than the payment of an inhnitely small imrtion of the value to the Custom-house. The chimera of a balance of trade never entered into ho.ids sensible enough not to dream ".. i^lal liberty r and in no portion of the globe aru the ofScers charged with the collection, of more t ' •:< i:!:ig facility for the valuations, and ol^ so decidedly conciliatory a spirit in every transaction regnrdin cnunnerce. "Away witli the supposition thattliese facilities granted to strangers are concessions e-itorted from weakness! Tho dates of the contracts termed capitulations, which establish the rights actiiiilly en- Joyed by foreign merchants, recall periods nt whiih the Mussulman power was altogether predciini- nant in Europe. The first capitulation which France obtained was in 1535, from Soiimun the L'unonist (the Magnilicent). Tlie dispositions of these contracts have become antiquated, the fundamental principles remain. Thus 300 years ago, the sultans, by nn act of munitkeiirn and of reason, nntici- patsd the must ardent desires of civilised Europe, and proclaimed unlimited freedom of commerce." Did the policy of Turkey in other respects harmonise with this, she would be one of the most civilised and powerful of nations, instead of being one of the most abject and degraded. Unfortunately, however, this is very fur from being the case. Tyranny, corruption, and insecurity universally prevail. " The cultivator of the soil is ever a helpless prey to injus- tice and oppression. The government agents have to suii'or in their turn from the cruelty and rapacity of which they themselves have been guilty ; and the manufacturer has to bear his full share of the common insecurity : he is lixed to the spot and cai.'uot escape the grasp of the local governor. The raw material monopolised by a bey or ayan, may be forced upon him at a higher price than ho could purchase it himself, and perhaps of inferior quality , fines may be imposed upon him, he may bo taken for forced labour, or troops may be quar- tered on his workshop." — {Urquhart on Turkey and its Resources, p. 1390 This miserable system has overspread some of tho fairest provinces of Europe and Asia with baibarism — turned their cities into villages, and their palaces into cottages : but the !■ il t il th r- M t^i«i- - r-nr^n 'y 404 CONSTANTINOPLE. degradation in whicli they are involved, would have Iteen atill more romplt'te, but for iht freedom of commerce they have alwayi enjoyed. Thi« ham tendrd to krnp alive the tttdt of industry, and to countera. ' the deitructive influence of oppreaiion and iniecurity. Hid their intcrcourae with forcignera been either prohibited, or placed under opprecttive rmtrie- tiona, the barbarism uf Turkey would have been completed, and itii ditlicult to luppotn thit there could have been either wealth or industry in the empire. 7VWe nf Turkey xoith England. — The trade Iwtween this country and Turkry in of much greater value and importance than is generally supposed ; and appcira to lie suaceptibla of an almost indefinite increase. Cotton stulia and twist are the grcnt articles of rxport from Great Britain to Turkey ; and notwithstanding the convulsed and dislrortcd sthteoftha latter during the last 5 yean, she has continued to take oflf a rapidly increa«ing amount of them staple articles. In 1625, for example, we exported direct for Turkey, (Including what is now the kingdom of Greece), 13,674,000 yards of cotton cloth, and 44G,40!t IIm. of cotton twist; whcrcaa, in 1831, we exported to Turkey (exclusive of the Mores), 24,666,000 yards of cloth, and 1,735,760 lbs. of twist, being an inrreane of nearly 100 per cent, in the exporta of atufls, and of 400 per cent in those of yarn ! The Turkish nian» facturea of muslins, ginghams, handkerchiefs, &c. have sutl'ered severely from this extraor- dinary importation of British goods ; so much so, that of 600 looms for muslins huiily employed in Scutari in 1812, only 40 remained in 1831; and of it.OOO weaving establish- tnents in Tournovo, at the former epoch, there were only 800 at the latter ! — ( Urqultart on Turkei/, ^. p. 150.) But the great consumption of Turkey consists of coarse hoim- made fabrics ; and we are assured by the very intelligent author now referred to, that thii great branch haa not been sensibly affected by our imports. Hitherto, indeed, thry hava been principally intended fur the wealthier. part of the community; but as cottons are universally worn by the mass of the people, the trade will not attain to any thing like tha extent to which it may be carried, till we supply the peasantry with the stuiT) suitable for their use. It is creditable to the discernment of the Americans, that they were the first to perceive the superior importance of this class of customers, and to set about supplying them with coarse unbleached atufis. The Manchester manufacturers immediately followed in tha aamc track, and with signal success. Plain gixxla now form the half of our investments for Turkey ; and it is impossible, seeing the extent to which articles of this sort are made uh of in all parts of the empire, and, indeed, of the East, to form any clear idea of what may b« the future magnitude of this trade. Of the European states, Austria and Switzerland have been our most formidable rivals io tho supply of Turkey with cottons. The stulfs were, in several respects, well fitted for the Eastern markets ; but owing to the difficulty they lay under of getting returns, and the con- tinued and rapid reduction in the price of English cottons, we seem to have gained a decided advantage over them, and are now nearly in the exclusive possession of the market. Cheapness is every where the grand desideratum. Though our muslins and chintzes be ilill very inferior in fineness to those of the East, and our red dye (a colour in great esteem in Turkey, Persia, &c.) be inferior in brillitincy, these defects are more than balanced by tha greater cheapness of our goods; and from Smyrna to Canton, from Madras to Samarcand, we are every where supplanting the native fabrics ; and laying the foundations of a com- merce that will be eminently beneficial to all parties. Exclusive of cottons, we exported to CnnstantinoplK, Smyrna, nnd ntlier Turkish porta, In 1831, arms ami ammnnitinn of tlie value of 3I,76.'' Turkey Ih to be ascribed to the prevalence of tlie iuriiicr, whlcii hna •very whore, nnd at all periods, been n fruitful source of oppression nnd misery. The most super- ficial redder of ttiis wotii will see that we are no ixieuds to exceMlve ciutonis duties; but it is tothair CONSUL. 46S CONSUL, in commerce, an officer apiiointpcl by competent authorlt/ to rctiido in foreign eoutltrir^ in t)ie view of facilitating and oxtending tiie commerce carried on lirtween tha lutijecti of the country which appoint* him, and thoto of the country or place in whicll lie U to reside. On'giii and Appomlment of Conmft. — The oflice of consul appeani to hnvo originated in Italy, about ttio middle of the twelfth century. Soon nficr this, tlio French and other Christian nations trading to the Levant began to itipuhtc for litiorty to appoint conMula to nwide in the porta frequented Iw their ihki|)S, that they might watch over the intereiita of their (ulijecta, and judge and detcrniine luch diflorencrt with renpect to commercial at)!iirii as arose amongHt them. The practice was gradually extended to other countries ; ami in the sixteenth century was generally established all over Europe. — (Mttrtenii, Prki) du Droit dea Gent, ^ 147.) British consuls were formerly appointed by the Crown, upon the recommendation of grrat trading companies, or of the mercliants engaged in the trade with a particular cnuntrr or place ; but they are now directly appointed by government, without requiring any suca recnmtncndalion, though it, of course, is always attended to when m:ide. The right of sending- consuls to reside in foreign countries depends either upon • tacit or express convention. Hence their powers diiTer very widely in dilTurmt Htates. In some they exercise a very extensive jurisdiction over the subjects of the state which ippnints them ; but the extent of this jurisdiction is not discretionary, and must, in all OLVB, be regulated either by an express convention between the state appointing and tho itnte receiving the consul, or by custom. Consuls established in England hnvc no judicial power; and the British government has rarely stipulated with other powers for much judicial authority for its consuls. Turkey, however, is an exception to this remark. En;;li9h consuls enjoy in that country several peculiar privileges conferred by ancient trcntics, and confirmod by that signed at tho Dardanelles in 1809. It is there stipulated and agreed U[)on— "That if there happen any suit, or other dilTcrence or dispute, amnng tho Enclish thRmsetves, tht iicuioit thereiif shall bo left to their ban iimhaeMidiir or conaul, according to tliclr custuni, witliout the JikIer or nthRr frnvernnra, nnr sinvus, inti'rmedillliiK Ihpreiii. "That if nn RnirlHhiimn, or other suhject of thut nrittnn. shall bo Involved In nqy lawsuit, or other iffUIr connected with In w, (with a Turk,) the JudituHlinll not hear nor deiidetlntruiin, until the ainlms- lailnr, consul, or interpreter slinll be proount ; niiij nil suits exceeding tiiu value of 4,000 aspers, iliall bo liu.'ird nt the Hnhliino t'orie, nnd nn whriro else. "That the consuls appointed hy the English anihussndnrs in nnr sacred domlninns, for the protection ofthoir niBrclmnts, shall never, under any pretence, lie liiipriiinned, nor their Ijonses eealed up, nnr tlienwives sent uwny ; hut all suits or dinurencea in whicli they niuy be involved, slmll be rcpKesented to our Sublime Porte, where their ninbasnador will answer for them. ^ "That in case any Englishman, or other peMon subject to that nation, or navigating under its flag. aliduld happen to die in oursucred dominions, our fiscal and other olHcers sliall nut, upon pretence of its uol being known to whom the projierty belongs. Interpose any opposition or violence, hy taking or Kizing the effects that may be found at his death, hut tliey shall he delivered up to such Engllslininn, nhoever he may bo, to whom tho deceased may have left them by his will ; and should he have died inteatate, tlien the property to be delivered up to the English consul, or his reprL'sentntive who may h) then present; and in case there be no consul, or consular representative, th"y Hhall be reeistered by the Judge, In order to his delivering up the whole thereof, whenever any ship shall be sent by the luibaaaadur to receive the same." Conformably to these capitulations, and tho by-laws of tho Levant Company, Nos. 39, 40, snd 41., the consuls were authorised to administer justice in all cases of contention amongst British subjects within tho Turkish dominions ; and they were further authorised to send to England, in safe custody, any British subject residttnt in Turkey, who should decline their jurisdiction, or appeal from them to the courts of the Grand Sigiiior, or of any other potentate. And tho acts 6 Geo. 4. c. 33. § 4. , for tho abolition of tho Levant Company, expressly provides for the continuance to the consuls appointed by his Majesty, of the same rights and duties of jurisdiction over British subjects in Turkey, that were enjoyed by tha consuls appointed hy the Company. At present, therefore, consuls in Turkey enjoy extensive judicial powers, but owing to tho freedom of Turkish commerce, and the simplicity of the regulations under which it is carried on, their other functions, with the exce[ition of furnishing statistical detail.Ti, none of which they have hitherto communicated, are extremely unimportant.* Mr. Urquhart, whose opinion as to all that respects Turkey is deservedly of very great weight, seems to think that tho judicial powers enjoyed by tho European consuls in that country, havo abuse, and not to the duties themselves, that -vr object. Tho duties we impose on brandy, for exam- ple, have been carried to such a huiL'ht as to di'feat tliiMr object, and to be productive of an inimeiisu amount of sniupiling and demornlisatioii. And yet there can he no uiori! propi;r sniijeit of ta.xation; nnr, provided the duties were rediiciMl to 8«. or lO.i. a galliiu, is it po.?sil)le to imagine any less unex- ceptionable tax. Tile dFifects inherent in our system of customs duties might easily be reniovei^ not oaly without any diminution, but with a large aiceasion, of revenue ; but though it wore otherwise, wn are satisfied that the imposition of direct taxes on property or income would occasion more injury la the course of 4 or 5 years, than the present customs duties, with all their delects, would occasion in hair a century. * Nn answer has hitherto (tSth of October, 1833} been received to the Circular QKcriw flum anr one of the Turkish consuls. 09 If 4M CONSUL. ^ \mtn proiIuctiTfl of murh miichirf. Rtill, however, wa doubt whether thej couul }^ entirely im ; so that he may admonish all British sulijects agaiuHt carrying on an illicit comnicrce, to the detriment of tho revenues, and in violation of the laws of cither. And it is his duty to attend diligently to this part of his oincc, in order to prevent smuggling, and consequent hazard of confiscation or detention of ships, and inii>risonment of the masters and mariners. — (Beaiuea, Lex Merc. vol. ii. p. i'i.) It is also his duty to protect from insult or imposition British subjects of every description within his jurisdiction. If redress for injury eulVered is nut olitaincd, he is to carry his complaint by memorial to the British minister residing at (ho court on which the consulship depends. If there be none, he U to address birnsclf directly to the court ; and if, in an important case, his complaint be not answered, ho is to transmit tho memorial to his Majesty's secretary of slate. — (Beawes, Wurden, <^c.) " When insult or outrage is ollcrcd by a British subject to a native of the plaoo, and the magistrate thereof complains to the consul, he should summon, and in ease of dii^obedionce may by armed force bring before him the ofl'oiider, and order him to give iiinnediato sutis- ikction ; and if ho refuse, he resitjUH hira to the civil jurii>diction of the magistrate, or to the military law of tho garrison ; nevertheless always acting aa coitruclwr or advocate at hh trial, when there is question of life or property. " But if a British subject be accuucd of an offence alleged to have been committed at sea, within tho dominion or jurisdiction of his sovereign, it is then the duty of the consul to claim cognizance of the cause for his sovereign, and to require the release of the parties, if detained in prison by the magistracy of the place on any such accu.«ation brought before them, and that all judicial proceedings against ttiem do instantly cease ; and he may deinnnd the aid of the power of the country, civil and military, to enable him to secure and put the accused parties on board such British ship as he shall think fit, that tliey may be conveyed CONSUL. 467 to Oriat Britain, to bo tHo<] by their proiwr Juilgti. If, contrary (o thif rof|uiMlion, the mtitiitritt"* "i* ('■<> country pertiat in proct*c«iinK to try the oflenre, the conaul NhouM then draw up Biiil transmit ■ ini-murial to the Urittiih miniMter at titc court of that country ; and if tliiit court Rive an evaiivo aiiawer, tlin contul ahoulJ, if it be a nca ollitnce, apply to the Board of Adiiiiralty at Iiomion, atuttng the coae ; and upon their rt«s consigned will make himself renponHiblc. — (Beaivet, Lex Merc. \o\.'u, p. 42.').) •• It is also his duty to claim and recover all wracks, cables, and anchors, bclonginp; to British ships, found at sea by flshermen or other persons, to pay the uiual salvage, and to cointnunicato a report thereof to the Navy Board. " The consuls and vice-consuls of his Majesty are, by express enactment (46 Geo. 3 c. 08. § 0.), empowered to administer oaths in all cases re8|)rcting quarantine, in Uke manner ai if they were magistrates of thu several tonrns or places where they respectively reside. It is also laid down, that a consul is to attend, if requested, all arbitrations where property i* concerned between masters of British ships and the freighteni, being inhabitants of tuu place where he resides." — {C/tilti/ on Commercial Law, vol. L pp. 68 — 61., and the numerous authorities there quoted.) Any individual, whether he be a subjedt of the state by which he is appointed, or of another, may be selected to fill the office of consul, provided he Iw approved and admitted by tho government in whose territory he is to reside. In most instances, howevo*, but not always, consuls are the subjects of the state appointing them. Much, however, of the peculiar duties of a consul must always .depend on the nature of the intercourse with the country to which ho is sent, and of the instructions given him. British consuls are regularly supplied with copies of all acts relating to trade and navigation, ())iarantine, slave trade suppression, emigration, &.C., and with tho trentiea between this and other countries, and must, of course, shape their conduct accordinijly. They ore strictly forbidden from corresponding with private parties on public matters. We subjoin an extract from the General Inslruetionsfor Urilish Consuls. "lie will bear in mind thai It is his principal duty to prntpct and promote the Inn'fiil trade and Iradinu Inli^reHta of Qre:it llrltiiii by every fair und proper iniiaiiB, liiUin;; care tn cniiforiii tn ilie luws and r«xiiliilloiis In qiientinii; niid whIUt be i» fiiip|iortiiij( Ih'j l.iwful nude oT UriM\[ lirii.tin, be will take »|ii!ci:il notice of all prohililtioiis with respnct to the eTpurt (ir iinpiirl of Bi)»i-iiicil urti ' ■<, n» well on llio p:\rt of the state in which he rcsldea, a» of tho governinetit uf (ircnt lirituiii, so iii li ho iiiiiy caulidri nil lli'itli tl:o deliiiin'.nt iirnu- n^viniue, nnil in vidliillon of thn luws und regulations of citlicr country ; nml he witl not fail to give to this de|i.irlinont Immediate notice of uny ntteini't to cnntravi^no those liws und ra^jiilalions. "The consul will itive liis best advice and nssistance, wli^'ii cnllc.l npon, !■) his MnjestyV tr.tdlnd iiihjecis, qniutinK thoir dllfirenceu, priiniotinx puucK, harmony, auil jrood-will aoiongAt ihiMn, nnd concilialinK a» ninrh us possible the snlijcets of the two ciiunlri.'s, npii. all polms of dir.'n'iK'e whicli may fill tinder his roirni/.anin. In the event of nnv utu-ui it iKiini! made l>< injnrv Ilritish i^iilijc^rts cither in their pitrsons or property, he will npholil their r;i;lilful iiiii!ri!«ts, and tliu privilu'.'cs vuciired to Ilium liy treaty, by due rupresentatlon in thn proptir oihoiil i|'nirt'rr. He will, al th.: sumkj tiiu ', be fari'fiil to cniidiict himself with inildni.sd and niiid'nlio:i ia all Irs trans ^-t:;s with ili.- puhjio aiitliorilif^s, und h; will not upon any nccount iiri(f> cliiini.-!, on lii'li.lf of hiit il.ijisty'rtsnhjrds. to \vliii:b they are not justly ttiiil filrly Miililltid. If ri!ilr<>sH cinnot h.' ulituliiol \\ i I'lo loial ailniinis- tralion, or if the matter of complaint b>'. not witliln tliuir jurindiilion, 111! ' a siil will imply l(> bis M.ijesly's consul-!.'eneral, or to his Mij. 'sty's ininistiT, if lliir.- lie no cons i|..i;r"r;'l iu tin- co ir.lry wlieroln he resides, in order that he may make u repr,>'r lake luch other steps in the case as he may think prop^.r ; and ilii; consul wilt pay strict utluntiun to the inBlructluiig which he may receive from tho minister or consul-giMural." Emoluments of Conmls. Proh'bit'on of Trading, t) — are but itiuonsiJ^'rablo ; but the deficiency has been, partly at least, compensated by salaries allowed by government. ■f.^ ita ill ii m CONSUL. At preaent, British coniuh arc, in lonie inBtanren, pennitted to carry on tnule, while in others they are interdicted from having any thing to do with it. The principle on wiiich the distinction is made does not seem very obvious. We nbserve, for example, that the consul at Petersburgh, who must have a great deal to do, is allowed to trade ; while the consul at Odessa, whose duties must be much lighter, is denied this privilege. 1'here is the same dis- tinction between the consuls at Venice and Trieste ; the latter, whose duties must ho the heavier of the two, being allowed to act as a merchant, while the other is not. If this dig. tinction must be kept up, the preferable plan would seem to he to interdict all iont'iis rc«i< dent at the g^reat ports, and those resident at other ports principally in the character of pnji. tical agents, from trading ; and to permit it to others. The public duties of the former nre either quite sufficient wholly to engross their attention, or they are of such a kind ns wouiil make it very inexpedient for those employed in them to be occupic ties, both of his countrymen, and of the foreigners amongst whom he resides. In. system is to be perfected to the rindor6 months from the date of his arrival m hin residiMice, a genftral Report on the trade of the place and district, specifying the coinmoditiea, M well nf the cxpurt as import trade, and the Cduntrius which supply the latter, together with tha liicrc'tHe or decline in Inte yeara, nnd the prub:ihlc increase and decline lo he expected, and the causes in hntli cases. Hi; wilt Mate the general regulations with respect tn trade at the place where he is rci.iiient, and their elTer.tg. He will give the average ninrket prices within the vi>ar nf the several Briiiii's of export and import ; ho will particularise what urticles, if any, are altsolutcly prohibited to bp ini|iorlcd into the country wherein he resides; \vh:it articles are prohibited to be imported from Biiv other places than from the place of their growth or production ; whether there be any pris ileges nriiiip'irtation, uiul what those privileges are, in favour of ships that are nf the build nf, or belonginn ti), liic country wherein lie resides; whether there be nny difference in the duty lui goods when liiipoili'd into that country in a foreign ship, and if so, whether it be general, nr applicable nnly to pirtirular articles; what are the rates of duty payable on goods imported into the said c(Miniry i V'holluir there he any tonnage duty or other port du'ex, and what, payable on shipping entering at, or cluuring frnm, the ports of that country; whether there he any (and, If sn, what) ports in that country wherein goods may be warehoused on Importation, and atterwards e.Tiiorted with or without payment of any duties, and under what regulations." He is also to transmit an annual statement of the trade with the principal ports of iiis consulsbips ; and quarterly returns of the prices of com, Sec. Thiis is a good beginning, and, if it be properly followed up, may lead to very advantageous results. The following are the provisions of the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 87. with respect to the salaries and charges of consuls : — Siilaries to Cnnnuls. — " Whereas the provision which hath hitherto been made for the maintenance and support of the consuls general and consuls appointed by his Majesty tn reside within the domi- tiicins of sovereigns and foreign states in amity with his Majesty, is inadequate tn the nuiintenance anil support nf such consuls general and consuls, and it is expedient to make further and due provi- slnns for that purpose ;" it is tlicreforu enacted, that it chall be lawful for his M:iji:ety, by any orders to be issued by the advice of his privy council, to grant to all or any of the consuls general or i^onsuls .ippoinled by his Majesty to reside within any of the dominions of any sovereign nr foreign state or power in amity witii his Majesty, such re'is(uiable salaries as to his Maje.sty shall seem meet, and by furh advice from tiuio to time tn alter, increase, or diminish any such salaries or salary as occasion iniiy require.— (0 fieri. 4. c. 87. J 1.) yVn»» vn vhir.h Salaries shall be granltd. Leare nf Absence. — Such salaries shall ba issued and paid In sucli consuls general and consuls wi;iiout fee or deduction; provided that all such salaries be granted during his Majesty's pleasure, nnd not otherwise, and he held and enjoyed by such consuls Lvneral ami consuls, so long only us they shall be actually resident at the places at which they may be sn appointed to reside, nnd discharifing the duties of such their ofliccs : provided nevertheless, thiit in case his Majesty shall, by any nrder to be for that purpose issued through one of his priiu-.ipal fi'cretnrii'S of slate, grant to any such consul general or consul leave ol absence fnuu the place to tvhiili ho may be so appointed, such consul general or consul shall be entilh'd to receive the whole, or such part as to his Majesty shall seem meet, of the salary accruing durius such period of absence. -J 8. yalarics in liett of Fees formerly paid. Consuls not to take other than the Fees hereinafter nientioved. — The salaries so lo he granted shall be taken hy the consuls general and consuls ns a cnnipeiisatiou for ■III salaries heretofore granted, and all fees of oltire and gratuities heretofore taken hy lliein fruin the masters or ciunmanders of British vessels, or from any other person, for any duties or services hy such c(Ui9Ul-> geni'ral or consuls done or performed for nny such persons ; niul no sui h consuls general nrciuisuls shall, from the 1st of January, lb2(t, bo entitled, on account of any thing hy him done in tho exiMUlion of such his office, nr for a?iy service by him rendered to any masters nr commanders of llrilisii vessels, or to any other person in the execution of sucli his omce, to ask or lalse any fees, riToinpence, gratuity, coinpeiisatiou,or reward, or any sum of money, save us herein-after is excepted. -M. Cfrtiii'i Fees still nUairrd tn he taken — ^It shall be law ful for all consuls general and consuls appointed liy hi.s .Majr-iity, and resident within the dorniniiuis of any sovereign. ii,aiMl in nil oilier Cnxtnin-licnacs in tliK suveiui portR nnil h'ur- bmira of ilie Uiiiteil Kingdom ol" Grfliit Britain Biid Ir«i.inri ; nnti printed copies tlinriiof ehiill, by (||« enlliiclor nr otlier cttivf olDcer ofcuatnnii in all sucli ports and harbours, Iw delivered gratuitonsly, and witliout fee nr reward, to every master of any vessel cliiurlng out of any sucli port or harbour, and deniandine a ropy tlioreof — } 6. Tiible of Feet to be erhibiled ut Conmls' Offieeg.—K cony of the schedule or loble of fees to this present act anni'xed, nr which may be estahlirihRd and antlinrlsed by any such order in council, shall be huni up and cxhihited in a conspicuous place in the public olHces of all consuls general or consuls appninted by liin Miijesty, in the foreign places to wiilrli they may he so appninted, for the Inspection of nil per- sons iiileresled therein ; and any consul general or consul omitting or neglecting to exhibit iiny unch copy of the schediili>s in such his puliliu oDice, or refusing to permit the siiine to he inspected hy n,:y Iierson interested therein, shall for every such otTencu forfeit and pay n sum of Dritish sterling nuiiicy not exceeding one halfthe amount of the salary ofiuch person fnr 1 year, nor less than the I'itb part ofsuch annual salary, at the discretion of the court in which such penalty may be recovered.— ^7. SuperiinHuation.—" And whereas It Is expedient that his Majesty sliould bo enabled to urant to the •aid consuls general and consuls, appointed as aforesaid, allowances in the nature of inuperunnuatinn or reward fur meritorious puhlic services ;" it is further enacted, thut all the regulations contained in 00 Geo. 3. c. 117., 3 Ceo. 4. c. 113., 5 Geo. 4. c. lOt., re.specting suporannuulion allowances, are hereljy extended to the said consuls general and consuls, so far as such regulations can be applied to the cases of .such several persons respectively, as fully to all intents and purposes as if the same were repeated and re-enacted in this present act.—} 8. Jllluicaiicea during lVar.—\( It shall at any time happen that by reason of any war whirh may hereafter arise hetweeti his Mnjesly and any sovereign, or foreign state or power, within tiie domi- nions of whom any such consul general or consul shall ho appointed to reside, he shall be prevented from residing, and shall in fact cen^e to reside, ut tlie place to which he may be so appointed, it shiill be lawful for his Majesty, by any order to he issued by the advice of his privy coitncil, to grant to iiny such consul general or consul, who may have served his Majesty in that capacity for any period not less t'mn 3 years, nor more than 10 years next preceding the cuniinenccment of any such war, a spe- cial allowance !n)t exceeding the proportion of their respective salaries to which such consuls general and consuls would be entitled under the provisions of tlie said act of 3 Geo. 4., in case the |ieriod of their respective service had exceeded 10 years and had not e.xceeded 1.1 years : provided tliat in case any such consul general or consul shall have served In such his office for the space of 10 years and more. It shall he lawful for his Majesty, by any such order in coun( il as aforesaid, to grant to liini ■Mch a proportion of his salary, which, hy the said act is authorised to be granted, as a superannua- tion allowance, according to the several periods of service exceeding 10 years, in the said net. — }9. Commencement.— IMi act shall take effect from the 1st of January, 1836, except where any other eommcnceiiient is particularly directed.—} 23. TaUta of Feet alloaed to be taken I Consuls General and Consuls, by the prcceiinff Act of 6 Geo. 4. c. 87. - 3 dollars. 3 do. 3 do. 3 do. n du. 1 do. i do. 1 do. 3 do. 1 do. 3 do. 1 do. 1 do. i do. 1 per ceuti 7\ible .iu slate to which the deceased shall belong : and he shall also, as soon as iiny tie, iriii'iBinii to the secretiir" f state an inventory of the etfetts of ilie ileceiised taken as before directed. \ :i. Tliat the sai'i r • ji and viee consuls, in cases where ships or vessels of tho United Slates ilmllhestrandciloKi! stsof their consulites, respectively, shall, as far as the laws of the country will permit, take pro; . ijasures, us well for the purpose of saving the aaiil ships or vessels, their cnrijoes and nppurte-; : es, as for storing and securing the etfecls and iiioichandlse saved, and for lakiiiz an Inventory or Inventories thereof; and the uiercliandlse and elfects saved, with tho inventory or Inventories thereof, taken as aforesaid, shall, after dcductiiiK tlierefmin the expense, he delivered to Ihe owner or owners. Prnriiled, That no consul or vice consul shall have autliority to lake pos- lession of any such goods, wares, merchandise, or other properly, when the master, owner, or con- lijrnce thereof Is present, or capahle nf taking possession of the same. * }4. That it shall and inav he lawful fur every consul and vice coiihuI nf the United Slates lo tnko and receive Hie lOllowinK toes of olHce, for the services which he shall have performed :— I'nr aiitlien- tlialing, under the consular seal, every protest, declaration, deposition, or other act, which su' h cap- tains, masters, mariners, seamen, passengers, merchants, or others, as are clti/ens of the llnilcd glHtes, may respectively choose to make, the aiiin of two dollars. I'or the t.lkin'.' into poti.-icsKioii, Inventorying, selling', and tinally settling and imyiiig, or transniittiiig, as aforesaid, tlie hal nice due on the personal estate left hy any cili/.en nfthc United Slatiis who shall onril iil'ihijir iii«la mny be bound, on audi tcrnia, not f xrcvdlng ten dollara for each person, as niiiy bo agreed between the aaid niaatcr and consul, or comnierciiil agent. And the suid uiuriners or seamen shnll, if able, h« bound to do duly on board auch ships or vessels, according to their several ubililies: i'rorii/cW, That no master or captain of any ship or vessel simll be obli|;cd to take a greater nuiitber tluin two men to every one hundred tons burden of tlie aaid ship or veasel, on any one voyage ; and if any such cap- tain or master shall refuse the same, on the requcat or order of I he consul, vice consul, conmiprcial agent, or vice commercial agent, auch (aptaiu or master shall forfeit and pay the sum of one liuiidrcd dollars for each mariner or seaman so refused, to be recovered, for the beueiit oi'the Unilcd tSlaics, in any court of competent jurlsdiciion. And the ter-'licate of any such consul or comnierciiil ajienl Riven niider his liand and otticiul seal, shall be priii:i. cie evidence of auch refusal, in any court uf iuw aving Jurisdiction for the recovery of the penalty i. . lesiiid. By the fifth section of this act, the eecrulury of state is "autliorized to reimburse the conf^iils, vice consuls, commercial agents, or vice commercial a);enls, such reasonable sums as iliey may hereiiifrre have advanced for the relief of seamen, though the same sliuuldexceed the rate uf twelve cents a uiaa per diem." i 6. That it shall and may he lawful for every consul, vice consul, commercial agent, and vice cr,m- merclal agent, of the United States, to take and receive, for every cerlifuuie of dlbchiirue of Riiy fea- nian or mariner in a foreign port, nfly cents ; and for commission on paying and receiving llie aiiiouiit of wages payalile on tlie discharge of seamen in forci).'n porta, two and a bnlfper centum. i 7. That if any consul, vice consul, commercial agent, or vice commercial agent, shall, falsely and knowingly, certify that property belonging to fiircigners is properly belonging to citizens of the li'niled States, he shall, on conviction thereof, in any court of compeliint jurisdiclinn, forfeit and pay a line not exceeding ten thousand dollars, at the discretion uf the court, and be imprisoned fur any term nut exceeding three years. i 8. That if any consul, vice consul, commercial agent, or vice coniinerclal agent, shall grant a pagg. port, or other paper, certifying that any alien, knowing hlui or her to be such, is a citizen of tlieiniied States, he shall, on conviction thereof, in any court of competent Jurisdiction, forfeit ami pay a line not exceeding one thousand dollars. i ». That all powers of attorney, executed after the thirtieth day of June next, in a forciirn country, for the transfer of any slock of the United States, or for the receipt uf interest thereon, shall be veri- fied by the certiticaleand seal of u consul, vice consul, commercinl agent, or vice commercial nj'ent, if any there be, at the place where the same shall be executed, for which the person giving the certifi- cate shall receive tifty cents. ^et of May Isf, 1810. ) 4. That it shall not be lawful for the consuls of the United States, residing on the Bnrliary cnnft, or either of them, to expend, or to disburse, or pay, or cause to be paid, for any piirpise, or on any pretence whatever, not authorized by hnv, to any one of the liarbary powers, or to the oftici'rs or snli- jects thereof, a greater sum than three thousand dollars in any cr the first day uf November next, no consul of the United States residing on the Barbary coast shall own, in whole or in part, any ship or vessel, to be concerned, directly oi indirectly, in the exportation from, or importation to, any of the states on the coast of Barbary, of any goods, wares, or merchandise, on penalty that every consul so offending, and being thereof con- victed, shall, for every offence, forfeit a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars. H 6. That it sliall he the duty of the consuls residing on the Barliary coast to transmit to the secre- tary of the treasury, annually, an account of all moneys received, and of all disbursements or expendi- tures made, by them, respectively, for or on account of the United Stales, uiid the particular purpose to which the moneys have been applied, and the voucliers to eiippurt tln^ sanic : and the secretary nf the treasury shall transmit to congress, within two months after t he rrmmencement ngs, ani| to deliver to the colleclor the certificate of such consul or vice consul iliat the said papers have been so deiiusitcd; and any master or coniinander, as aforesaid, who shall fail to ci<^ thnueand ei;;ht liuiidrRd mid threo. »1 Th'il it shall not he luwriil fur any foreign coniul to dniiver to the master or commander of any foreign vesBid the rugistiir und other papers deposited with him pursuant to the provisions of this act, until such master or coiiiinundcr shall produce ti> him n cleiirancc, in due form, from the cidli^ctur of the port wh^^re such vesaid Ims benn entered ; and any consul offendiiifr apiiinst the provialiins i>hip bilonga to the owner of the contraband cargo, or when the simple misconduct of conveying snch a cargo has been connected with other malignant and aggravating circumstunccs. Uf these a false destination and false papers are justly held to bo the worst. — (3 liob. Adm. Ren 875.) The right of visitation and search is a right inherent in all belligerents ; for it would be absurd to allege that they had a right to prevent the conveyance of contraband good:) to an enemy, and to deny them the use of the ordy means by which they can give ellect to such . right. — ( Vattel, book iii. c. 7. § 1 14.) The object of the search is twofold : first, to ascer- tain whether the ship is neutral or an enemy, for the circumstance of its hoisting a nrutral flag alTords no security that it is really such ; and, secondti/, to ascertain whether it has con- traband articles, or enemieK* property, on board. AH neutral ships that would navigate securely during war must, consequently, be provided with passports from Ihoir government, and with all the papers or documents necessary to prove the property of the ship ami cargo —(see Ship's Papers) ; and they must carefully avoid taking any contraband articles or belligerent property on board. And hence, as Lampredi has observed, a merchant ship which socks to avoid a search by crowding,saiI, or by open force, may justly bo captured and •ubjected to confiscation. — (§ 13.) It has, indeed, been often contended that free ships make free ^onds (que le pavilion Coiivre fa tnarchandise) and that a belligerent is not warranted in seizing the property of ai enemy in a neutral ship, unless it be contraband. The discussion of this important ques- tion would lead us into details which do not properly come within the scope of this work. We may, however, shortly observe, that no such privilege could be concfdcd to ncutralh, without taking from belligerents the right, inseparable from a state of war, of seizing an enemy's property if found in places where hosliUties may be lawfully carried on, as on the high seas. In fact, were the principle in question admitted, the commerce of a belligerent power with its colonies, or other countries beyond sea, might be prosecuted in neutrul ships, with as much security during war as in peace ; so that neutrals would, in this way, be au- thorised to render a belligerent more important assistance than, perhaps, they could have done had they supplied him with troops and ammunition ! But it is surely uimcccssary to say, that to act in this way is a proceeding altogether at variance with the idea of neutrality, Neutrals are bound to conduct themselves in the spirit (f impartiality ; and must nat afford such aid or assistance to one party, as may the better enable him to make head against the other. It is their duty " non iiitcrponere se btlln, non hoi^te imminente lioyfcm eripere.'' And yet it is manifest that the lending of neutral bottoms to carry on a belligerent's trade is in direct contradiction to this rule. The ships or cruisers of a particular power may have swept those of its enemy from the sea, and reduced him to a state of great dilficulty, by put- ting a stop to his commerce with foreigners, or with his own colonics ; but of what conse- quence would this be, if neutrals might step in to rescue him from such difliculties, by carr}'- ing on that intercourse for him which he can no longtr carry on for himself] It is natural enough that such a privilege should be coveted by neutrals: but, however advantageous to them, it is wholly subversive of the universally admitted rights of belligerent powers, as well as of the principles of neutrality ; and cannot, therefore, be truly said to be bottomed on any sound principle. In the war of 1756, the rule vas laid down by Great Britain, that neutrals are not to be allowod to canyon a trade duri-.ig war, that they were excluded from during peace; so that, supposing a nation at war with (ircat Britain had, while at peace, prohibited foreigners from engaging in her colonial or coasting trade, we shoidd not have permiltrd neutrals to engage in it during war. This rule has been much complained of; but tlic principle on which it is founded seems a sound one, and it may in most cases be safely adopted. The claims of neutrals cannot surely bo carried furthor than that they sluodd be allowed to carry on their trade during war, as they had been accuslomed to carry it on during peace, except with places under blockade ; but it is quite a diflerent thing when they claim to be allowed to employ themselves, during war, in a trade in which they had not previously any right to en- gage. To grant them tiiis, would not be to preserve to them their f.)rmir rights, but to give them new ones, which may be fairly withheld. Supposing, however, that either of the belli- gerent powers has force sufficient to prevent any intercourse between the other and its culo- !/ i: CONVOY. 'iiv 47B nits, or any infercnitrte between different porta of the other, she might, in the cxereine of the Itfitimate rights of a ho!ligorent, excliulo ncntraU from such trii'le, even thousli it hail for* nrrlv Ih^cii open to them ; because otherwise she woulii bo (Ipprived of the ndvaiitage of her Bupc'rior force; and the neutrals would, in fact, when employed in this way, he acting as the most cflicient allies of her enemy. For a full iliacusHion of this important ond difficult question, and of the various distinctions to wliicli it gives rise, sec the work of Hubner (De la Snigie den Bdtimem Netifren, 'Z tomes, 12nn. n^^)< in which the diffl-rent arguments in favour of the principle that " the flag covers the cargo" are stated with perspicuity and talent. The opposite principle has been advncntcil by Iiampredi, in his very ai)le treatise Del Commercio m J'upoli K-utrali, ^ 10.: by Lord Liverpool, in his Discourse on the Conduct of Great Britain in respect to Neutrals, yirhm in 1757; and, above all, by Lord Stowell, in his justly celebrated decisions in the Admiialtv Court. Martens inclines to Hubner's opinion. — (See Precis du Droit dts Gent, liv. 8. c. 7.) [See Kent's Commenfnries on American Law, Lecture 7th. — Am, Ed.] CONVOY, in navigation, the term applied to designate a ship or ships of war, appointed bv j);o\ernment, or by the commander in chief on a particular station, to escort or protect the niercliiuit ships proceeding to certain ports. Convoys are mostly appointed during war; but thoy arc sometimes, also, appointed during ptMce, for the security of ships navigating seas infe'iidl with pirates. Individuals have not always lieen left to themselves to judge as to the expediency of sail- ing with or without convoy. The governments of most maritime states have thought pro- fiir, when they were engaged in hostilities, to oblige their subjects to place tiiemselves under an escort of this sort, that tiie enemy might not be enriched by their capture. .Acts to this effect were passed in this country during the American war and the late French war. The laat of these acts (43 Geo. 3. e. 67.) enacted, that it should not be lawful f >r any ship be- longing to ony of his Majesty's subjects (except as tlierein provided) to depart from any port or place whatever, uidess under such convoy as should be appointed for that pur* pose. The master was required to use his utmost endeavours to continue with the convoy during the whole voyage, or such part thereof as it should lie directed to accompany his ship ; and not to separate therefrom without leave of the commander, under very heavy pecuniary penalties. And in case of any ship departing without convoy contraiy to the act, or wil* fully separating therefrom, all insurances on the ship, cargo, or freight, belonging to the mas* ter, or to any other person directing or privy to such departure or separation, were rendered null and void. The customs officers were directed not to allow any ship that ought to sail with convoy to clear out from any place in the United Kingilom for foreign parts, without requiring from the master, bond with one surety, with condition that the ship should not de- part without convoy, nor afterwards desert or wilfully separate from it. The regulations of this act did not extend to ships not requiring to be registered, nor to those licensed to sail without convoy, nor to those engaged in tiie coasting trade, nor to those belonging to the East India Company, Sec. It is very common, during periods of war, to make sailing or departing with convoy a condition in policies of insurance. This, like other warranties in a policy, must be strictly performed. And if a ship warranted to sail with convoy, sail without it, the policy becomes - void, whether this be imputable to any negligence on the part of the insured, or the refusal of govern mcnt to appoint a convoy. There are five things essential to sailing with convoy : viz. first, it must be with a regular convoy under an officer appointed by government; secondly, it must be from the place of rendezvous appointed by government ; t/iirdly, it must be a convoy for the voyage ; fuurt/ify, the master of the ship must have sailing instructions from the commanding officer of the convty ; and fifthly, the ship must depart and continue with the convoy till the end of the VoyRo;p, unless separated by necessity. With respect to the third of these conditions we may observe, that a warranty to sail with convoy generally means a convoy for the voynae ,• and it is not necessary to add the words "for the voyage" to make it so. Neither will the adding of these words in some instances, make the omission of them, in any cas«, the ground of a dilH^rcnt construction. A warranty to soil with convoy does not, however, uniformly mean a convoy that is to accompany tho ship insured the entire way from the port of departure t<> her port of destination ; but such convoy as government may think fit to appoint as a suiricient protection for ships going tho voyage insured, whether it be for the whole or only a part of tho voyage. Sailing instructions, referred to in the fourth condition, are written or printed directions delivered by the commanding officer of the convoy to tho several masters of the ships under his care, that they may understand and answer signals, and know the place of rendezvous appointed for the fleet in case of disi)ersion by storm, or by an enemy, &c. These sailing 'astruetions are so very indispensable, that no vessel can have the full protection and bencfii pf convoy without them : hence, when, through the negligence of the master, they are not .>tainr(l, llie ship is not said to have sailed with convoy ; and a warranty in a policy of in* •\-\ 476 COPAIVA— COPENHAGEN. mnuice to that effect is held not to he compUeJ with. If, however, the muter ilo «ll in hn power to obtain aailing instructionit, but ix prevented from ohtniniiiK tliem by any inMupcrahlo obstacle, as the badness of tlie weather ; or if tiiey he rofuHed by the commander of tiie coii voy ; the warranty in tlie policy is held to be complied witli. Fur further information as to convoy, see Ablmtt on the Law of Sfiipping, part ill, c. 3, ; Marshall on Insurance, book i. c. 9. ^ 6., and the Act 43 Geo, 3. c. 67, plied, and slowly dried, is very hard and very durable. Copal varnish was firit diHcovircd in France, and was long known by tlie name of fcr?ii« martin. It is applied to snufT-liuxcs, tea-boards, and other utcnsiU. It preserves and gives lustre to paintings ; and rontriliutea to restore the decayed colours of old pictures, by filling up crarks, and rendering the Hurfaco capable of reflecting light more uniformly. Copal is liable to be confounded with ^m unimi, when the latter is very clear and good. But it is of importance to distinguish between titcm, as the anime, though valuable as a varnish, is much less so than the fnieat copal ; tlie varnish with the former I)eing darker coloured, and not ho hanl. BcHidM the external appearance of each, which is pretty distinct to a practised eye, the soltiliility in alcohol furnishes a useful test, — the animu being readily soluble in this fluid, while thi- co- pal is hardly affected by it ; copal is also brittle between the teeth, whereas animu Boftcni in the mouth. — (Iteea'a Cyclopadia ,• Urt'e Dictionary, ^c.) The imports ofgiiin animu and copnl are not dlgtinguithcd In the custnm-hnuin nrcmint8. The «iitrlcii of l>nlh for home cnnaiiniptinn amounted, ut an avcnige uf lliu 3 yearn cniling with IMI.tn IS.^,7i'l Ibi a yenr. The duty has bucn Judiciously rmluced froiu S6«. to 6». u cwt. Copul iutches lu tliu Lundon market from 6d. to l«, 7rf. per Ih., duty paid. COPENHAGEN, the capital of Denmark, situated on the east coast of the island of Zea- land, in the channel of the Bailie called the Sound ; in lat. 55° 41' N., Ion. 12° 05' 40" E. Population about 105,U00. It is a well-built, handsome city. In going into Cniwnhaqcn, the course is between the buoy on the Slubl)cn Bank to the left, and the buoy on the Mitldic. grounds, and those in advance of the three Crown batteries on the right, W. S. VV. by cum- poss. From the three crowns to the roads the course is 8. S. W. Tlie water in the ciiiinnrl IS from G to 4 fathoms deep ; but it is narrow, and the navigation rather ditncult. There ig no obligation to take a pilot on board ; but if a vessel wish fur one, she may heave to nhrcast of the battery, when he will come to her. Vessels no^ intending to come uitu harbour bring up in the roads, at from ^ to ^ a mile from shore, in about 4 fathoms, the town bearing S. S. W. In the harbour, within the boom, the water is from 17 to 18 feet deep. VtsseU in harbour load and unload alongside the quay. The anchorage in the roads is guud and eafe, Monty. — Accounts nro kept In rixdollnrs of marcs, nr 06skillingss the rixilollar lipinK roriiicrly worth about 48. \d. stfrling. Rut in 1813, a new uinnetnry 8ystiini; linlftliu vuluo of the old gpecie itolliir, ;iii(l { nf the old current dollar. But the money E«nerally used in conimercini trnnBactions i« Imnk money, wliich U commonly ai n heavy discount. The far of exchange, esiiumtud by the Rigsbunk dullur, wuiilU be 6 dollnrsT'oskillingfl per pound sterling. It'eightt and Measures. — The romniercinl weights nre, 16 pounds •^ 1 lispound ; 90 llspoiini< = 1 slilp- pound; 100 lb. = 110^ lbs. avoirdupois " 134 lbs. Troy ■== 101 lbs. of Amsterdam = 103lbs.of tluinlnircli. The liquid measures are, 4 ankers = 1 ahni or ohm ; U ahin = 1 liugshead ; 3 ho||8lieuUs -- I |ii|ie; t pipes " I quarter. The nnkcr = 10 (very nearly) English wine gallons. Kfude.r ol'wine« OliOpotsj and 100 pots = 35t wine giillons. The dry niensures are, 4 viertcis - 1 schetTuI ; 8 schefTids ■= 1 toende or ton ; 19 tons = 1 la.«t = i'\ ^Vini'hester bushels. The last of oil, butter, herrings, and other oily substances, bIiouIU weigh Vit Ilw. nett. The measure oflen^th Is the Rhineland foot ~ 13^ inches very nearly. The Danish ell ==' 3 feet ; 100 •Us =< l>S} English yards. Trade of Copenhagen. — This is not very considerable, and has latterly declined. A nchors, pitch, and tar, are chiefly imported from Sweden and Norway ,* flax, hemp, masts, snii-clulh, and cordage, from Russia ; West India produce frum the Danish West India ibiatids; to- bacco from America; wines and brandy from France: coal, earlhcn-ware, and salt arc the principal articles of direct import from England. Of coal, we sent tu Denmark (principolly to Copenhagen), in 1830, 100,127 tons, and of salt 1,272,187 bushels. Owing to the erru neous policy of the Danish government, which is attempting, at a great public lo.ss, to raise and bolster up manufactures, the direct imports of woollens and cottons are quite inconsi- derable. These articles are not, however, absolutely prohibited ; but are admitted on condi- tion of their being stamped, and put up to auction by the CuMtom-house, which, allcr retain- ing 30 per cent of the gross produce of the sale, pays over the residue to the iraportcr, who COPENHAGEN. mwrter do ill in hu by any inHu|)cr8hlo mandor of ihe con M"»f, part iii.c.3.; c, <1 of rciin, ihat nv Lmericn, and partly «n|« of a inoilcrate >eautirully trnii«|n. Ktriincoui liudiia in •itiior the KolubiJiiy HH, at least in any I, nnd oilier viijaiile vhof), properly uj). U8 first iliH(ovirc(l liiNl to wiuff-lioxcs, s ; and roiuriliulej idcrinn the. surface bundud with ^nii nee to distinnuieh 80 than the linesi lanl. Besides tlie 0, the aoliiliility in lluid, wIuIb the co- eaa aniine soficn* 'cnnnlB. TlicBiifriM lllSIIl.lo 183,711 Ibi Iclict iu tliu London the island of Zca- in. 12° 35' 4C" E. into CniMJnIiiigcn, loy on the Middle- W.S.VV.hycom. tor in the channel li/Hcult. 'i'hcrc ia y heave to abreast into harbour bring the town bearing et deep. Vessels s is good and safe, liar lieinft furnicrly ai:cor(liii(! Ici wliUii itollar, iiiiil I (if the liuiik niiiiiey, wliicli nk dollar, wuiild Ihi isli ell = 2 feel ; 100 iciincd. Anchors, , masts, snil-eluth, [ndia islands; to and suit are the nark (principally wing to the erro iblie loss, to raise are quite inconsi- Iniitted on condi- lich, aller retain- le iniportur, who if, ■ » lly the purchoHcr. Thia opprcMivo rpfrtilation reduces the I«((U!fnate importation of liicip articleH to next to nothing ; but the illicit importation ia very conMiderahle, princi* pally by the Elbe and the HoUtuin frontier. The export* consist, for the most part, of the produce of the aoil, as (yrain, rapnsec«i, butter and checae, beef and pork, hides, lir)rsea nnd cattle, corn, brandy, bones, &c. In 1830, the imports of f(rain into this country from Uun- mark worn aa fullowa, viz. wheat 88,0:i3 quarter*, barley 75,A33 do., oata 118,203 do., rye l,lfil do., peas and beans 5,162 do., the importation of rapeiood during the aamo year waa 286,369 buahela.— (See Cohjc L\wa.) We subjoin An Account, nxtrnrled from thn Returns published hy the Danish Ciistnm-honsn of the principal ArtU clei of Agrluulturnl i'roduce exported fVom Denmark In 1831. QiuuIIiIm Mportrd. Article* eiporltil. 1 I'll or rlarlarrd Vilua In niKi. n«nlth Wtil«htt BrlMkh WfiKti'f VdiwIalMcrlliK. Slid Meuures. «ml MnHurin tiiiik l>iill.irt. Wheiit nnd wheat flnur IIMOA ton. 54,9^3 (irs. £ f. d. livuniid rye tlonr 78,4flO — 37,981 — Uarlcy, tlonr nnd groats S84,3H» — 388,408 — innit ... Oats, meal and groats - 1 9,09a — 351, .140 — 9,338 — 169,815 — . 3,964,773 446,036 17 Biirkwheal do - . - 6,9K8 — S,.T77 — Peas .... 15,095 — 7,730 — Renns nnd tares 91,133 — 15,017 — Rnppseod ... 143,I.M — 71,608 — 1,390,497 156,439 15 Diitter . • - - 47,«58 bar. . . 3,383,900 808,076 5 Choe«B .... 878,000 lbs. 8,590 cwt. 51,500 6,131 5 Brnndv (com) ... 3.3191 hhd. 115,775 galls. Pork.sallfd ... 1,449,787 Ibi. 1 1.331 cwt. smoked ... 305,789 — 3,603 — Beef, salted ... 691.101 — 6,S0S — • ♦■ ' smoked ... 15,773 — 156- Hides and skins— cnir, ilioep, and Innib ox, cow, and horse 1,119,583 lbs. 1,744,007 — 10,960 cwt. Irt.lflO — . 3,885,316 331,508 1 Wont, sheep ... 779,488 -- 857,438 — Cattle- Horses . . - 13,350 head . . ■i < - . OxHn ... 93,013 — . Cows ... 8,4«I - • Calves ... 6,050 — Rbd. 10,677,975 £1,301,373 3 « We have no me.ini of ascertaining the proportion shipped IVoin Copenhagen, but it was very eon« ildcrable. TVirM.— Statement of the Tares allowed by the Custom-houaa at Copenhagen, on the principal ArtN cles of Importation. Arliclra. Dscrlplion or Ftckifn. Tarea. Artldei. Deacriplkm of Pickatet. Tares. AlmoiKli Linfn ban 4 per ct. Pepper Bita or ISO Iba. ami ui.der 2 lbs. CMti.1 licnca - All lorU tit pMlunt • 18 - eiKcJing 150 Ibe. 4 — ■Cinaimon (In. . . . do. Linen ba)ji do. Cwa . In linen Imki 4nerct Pimento do. . dn. CoOm Cuki of 400 lbt.>nd under • l« - Ralaina 1-2 barrel IRIbf. riceedinii 400 lln. 12 - 1-4 do. ... 12- Malted bap nr ISO lb>. an 40 - Cre(/i^— Goods imported Into Copenhacen are commonly sold on credit : 3 months is the term pene< nlly allowed on most sorts nf goods, and In a few instances 6 months. The discount for ready money Is 4 per cent. Banlcruptcy is of rare occurrence. ShiT\pirnmi MporlMl twm l>tuniark. 3t,IS3 20,830 8,517 7,178 85,606 31,154 15,150 43,480 15,858 8,451 9,500 9,037 2,416 225,354 C Ballnnt, fruit, lirlrkii, ] (. niid piece good* - 5 ( Balliiit, herring!, i < traiiHill.nnilenlu- [- ( nial produce - ) r Herrings, trnin nil,') < voloniHl produce, > ( and pruviHloni) - i rCorn,und provivion*, \ piece goods, hor- (. rinK», tc. - ( Ciirn and provialnii!i, •< wool, piece Rodds, (. andcniiininipriidure sefMlx, but- ) |iroviiil<>iia,aMd / gondii ' C Corn.llournnd seeds, | ; piKCe goodd, (. piece gc C Corn.llou I piece gi — ^ f Corn, sends, nlUakes, 7 < l)ones,wool, lildos, f I tc. - - 3 Whrnca arrived. 191 414 lO'J 30'2 50. 160 DC 587 31 958e 01 135 18 21 118 303 173 2jo' 01 Nitura of CtTfcm impoiftd lulo Dtionuk. C Hemp, (lax, aslies, 'l I tailow, sueds,tinilier y ( Linen, flnx, wood, > l staves, mid timber ) { Dailast, corn, and') piece poods Ploce goods. Iron, J I di.'iils, and tlmbLT, >{ salt, ttc. - - y. Iron, tar, deals, tirn-') | J her. Hill, herrings, Vi (^ train oil - - J rB;ill:nt, piece irood.H,^ .' lotmroo, colonial ;-| ( produce - - j i llrillaiil, piece goods, > ) mill cidoiilal produce ^ rBallnxl, J piece init,-) and V CO 3 3 73 8 65 13 03 — 11 l\;< coals, snit , _ Koods, (_ colonial produce r Wine, salt, piece ■) \ goods and ballast f ( Oil and fruit, wine > l and salt - - 5 CWine, piece goods,! I salt, fruit, Ste. • j (Ballast, fruit, wine,? (. uiid piece goods - 3 Colonial produce linn. 1 1 1' P — — — ini 01 411 m lUI 13 3« 41 55U ISl SOS J17 98 177 639 SOS 37 69 30 48 1,1 92 « 98 2 9 2711 IM3 This return docs not, however, include vessels engaged in tho fisheries, or In the coasting trade, the latter of which Is very considerable. About 200 Danish shins are ciigaircd In the carrying trade of the Bledltcrrarenn. Latterly, how- ever, tlie Hwedes and Norwegians have ol)tained an ascendancy In this department. Excluding vessels under 20 tons, there belonged, in 1830 to Denmark ... 8leswiclc ... ' ;:.:: •' " ■ lloistein ... Sliirh Tniirnfe, 1,503 - - 05,373 1,022 . . 33.920 1,108 - . 87,083 Total 3,690 lil.OSt Colonial T'cnda.— In the West Indies, the Danes pnsseps the island of St. Croix, which, thoii-h ntnall. Is fertile, and well cultivated. All the pnrts of Di. as tar, pitch, iron, &c. But notwithstanding these dediictii»pi"rli nn ullglbla plice (iJd li nn Account of the Avtragt I'ricta of Hhipa' Provliinn at CopHnhaaon In 1831, In linperml Weigiii* and Meaiurea, and Hterllny Money. £ «. 4. £ t. i. Dlieuitt, ihlpi' , lit quality - 19 par ewt. Ditto 3d ditto • l« ditto. nutter, lilt qua llty . a 8 to 3 10 ditto. niiKi, 'id ditto • 8 4 illlKi. Cheeio . - 13 5 to 17 ditto. Peim . • 1 H -1 U per Imp. qr. Revf, inlted . . 1 IS () -1 19 n per 'iOO Iba, Purk, ditto . . 3 16 -a 19 ditto. Bncon . . 3} -0 34 per lb. Spirits. —Rum ,ar. to %. Cd. French Drandy, S< Id to 3». per giilliin. General Remarks. — On the whole, the coiiuncrce of Ucnmark may be proiiouiici'il to be in a Btationnry iitutc. But from her advanta^couii Bitiintioii Lotwoen the Baltic and North Sea, and the industiioita, pcrsevoring chnrartcr of the iiihubitantH, tlicre can be little doubt that it may be niatunally extended. It m neodlfM, however, to expect any cunsidurable im- provemcnt till the present ayatcm of domeatic policy be, in many renpectt), altop;cther cliiiiia;od. The Danixh government has long been exerting itself to bolster up a manufiicturing iiiteroat, by laying opprcosive duties on must species of manufactured articles. Even under the most favourable circumstances, such conduct, though it may btmetit a few individuals, h xure to be productive of great national los4. But in the case of Ucnmark, the circumstance.-) are auch as to render the restrictive syHtoni peculiarly injurious. All, or nearly all, the br.nnches of industry carried on in the kingdom are subjected to the government of guilds or corpora- tions ; no person can engage in any line of biisincs!) until ho has been authoriseil by its peculiar guild ; and aa the sanction of this body is rarely obtained without a consid(;rabl8 sacrifice, the real effect of the system is to fetter compi-tition and improvement, and (■> per- petuate monopoly and routine. Even the Danish writers acknowledge that such is the in- fluence of the present regulations. "Aos ouivlera," say they, " aont chers, travuilkni lente- merit, et louvent mat et mnagofit { le'tr edueriii'on ext nes^liqce. On ne les forme po'nt d penner, et I'apprenllf suit machinakment ce qiCil voUfaire uu inaltre." — {Catleau, Tultkau des Etals Dunoia, tome ii. p. 260.) It would bo idle to imagine that a country which has to import coal, should, however favourably situated in other re»i)ects, bo able to manufictura cottons, woollens, &c. at so cheap a rate as they may be imported from others enjoying greater natural facilities for their production. But when to the physical obstacles in the way of manufactures, we add others, not lena formidable, of a political nature, the attempt to force them into existence by dint of customs duties and regulations becomes absolutely ludicrous. The port charges and transit duties are also exceedingly heavy ; and the Sound duties, being charged on native aa well as foreign ships, operate aa an inland duty on the trade be- tween different parts of the country. We are glad, however, to bo able to state, that the more intelligent portion of the Danish people are quite aware of the mistaken policy oa which they are now proceeding; and there is reason to believe that it will, at no distant pe- riod, bo rendered more in accordance with the spirit of the age, and more conducive to the improvement of the people. In 18-3?, a petition, signed by almost all the merchants of Cupcnhiigen, was addressed to the king, containing an able and distinct exposition of the circumstances which depress Danish commerce. The petitioners pray for the emancipation of commercial pursuits from all the restrictions laid upon them by guilds and corporation.s, or, in other words, for the freedom of industry ; for a revision and reduction of the transit duties, and a change in the mode of charging the Sound duties ; for a reduction of tlie ton- nage duties, and a rcmis.sion of the charge on account of light money on ships arriving at Copenhagen that have already paid for the lights at Elsineur ; they further pray for the abolition of the East India Company's monopoly, and the freedom of trade to the East Indies and China ; and for a reduction of the duties on several articles of domestic produce when exported, and of foreign produce when imported. What is here asked is so reasonable, and, if granted, would add so much to the real prosjierity of the country, that we trust the government wilt earn for itself a new title to the public c:jteeni by honestly endeavouring to meet the wishes of the petitioners. IncnmpUing this article, we have corsultcd Odh/a Kuropean Commerce, pp. 330— 369; Vicliormairt du Commerce [Enctj. JHetliodique,Um\c II. pp. 3—16.), Calteaii, Tableau des Ktals Danois, tome ii. pp. S92— 371.; tho Coiuul's Answers to Circular QucriM, Which do that functionary great credit; and communicnilons from merchants at Copenhagen. COPPER (Get. Ktipfer I Ba.Koper.- Da.Kobber.- Svf. Kopper .- Fr. Cuivre ,- It. Rome ; Sp. Cobre ,■ Port. Cobre ; Rus. Mjed, Kravioi mjed ,• Pol. M'edz ,■ Lat. Cuprum .• Arab. Nefiasa ,• Sans. Tamra), a well-known metal, so culled from its having been first dis- covered, or at least wrought to any extent, in the island of Cyprus. It is of a fine red ii 11! ! ■ 480 COPPER. colour, and hni !i ipvot ilrni of brill'mncy, h» tutfl is itypllc ami nnnMoua ; and the hinp|)«>r wire 0073 of an inch in dinmctcr i* capable of aupporting :)02'2fl llm. avoir(lii|ii>ii without breaking. Ita liability to oxidation from ex|>oiuro to air or damp ia ita gri>at<'it ilc feet. The runt with which it ia then covered ia known by the name of vcrdigri*, and ia un« of the moHt active |K)i>oni. — (Thummn'n Cheminfry.) If wo except gold and ailver, copficr aeemt to hnvo lieen more early known than any other metal. In the flrat agoa of the world, before the method of working iron wan dixcovered, cop* Iicr WB« the principal ingredient in all domeatic utenaila and inatrumcnta of war. Even now I ia applied to to mony purpoaea, at to rank next, in point of utility, to iron, Jlliyt of Ciipptr nrn niiiiiprniiii nnit nrprent vnliie. Thiiin of fin nrn nf iroit Impnrinnrn. Tin mid. eil tn (jn|i|ii'r iiiiiKph Ii iiiorK riiilhlf , ivii IIuIiIh tn runt, or In ho inrrniluil hy lh» nir nnd other r«niiii(>n anbiitaiirKii, hnrilri, iteniittr, iinil iimro ■niinroim. In llieia roupcrlii the nilov hiii a rii:il actvnntnig ovrr iiiinilXLMi c«|i|ier : hiil ihli U In nmny raat-ii iniirn than coiiiilerbalaiicvil hy llie ureal brlnleni'M whicli even a imi(luri>l« piirtliiii iifiin Inipnrti { and wlilcli li a lingiilur cirriiniiluncu, tonniUerlngthat both niBtiiU iiro neimrntely very nmllnnlile. Copper nlloyeil with from I to S pt>r rent, nf tin !• renrterril hnrd<*r than hr-Tire ) Iti colour la yellnw. With II I'liKt nl riid, anil lt« I'riii'liire Kmiinlnr : it hua cnnilderaklH niHlleiihlllty, 'I'hia iippenra Im Imva K-en the iiainl i^oiiipoKitlon of many of i|«fl nncleiil vdved toola und weiipoiia, hefori! Ilin ninthnclnf working Iron wrnt hrouxlil to perfii-tliin. The xiiAxof of thn (ireeka. unit, pirlmpa, the irs of thH Ro. leaiia, wna nothlnn elae, Evrii Ihrir ropjier rolna contnin n nilxtiir« of tin. 'I'he Hnrli>nta did iioi, lu fuel, imaaeaa (na hna buun nitvn contended) any periillar prnceaa for hurdenlna copper, except hy milling to It It finiill tjiiaiillly of tin. An iiilny In which IIih tin la from 01 to { of lh>' whole ia linrd, hriiilc, but alill a little mntleiible, cinae Rriilned, nnd yellowiali while. When Ihc tin la iia much na l-A i,( \\,, iniiaa It ia entirely hrlttin ) nnil conllniiea an In every hiKlicr proportion. Tiio ycliowncaa of lliu iillny b not entirely lorl llll the tin uinoiinta to 03 of the wiinle. (,'opn«r (or aniiiellinoa cop|i<>r witli a llitln /Inc), nlloyed with na nnirh tin ni will ninke friim nliniit 01 to l-O of the wtnile, forma nn alloy, wlilch ia principally employed for hella, hriiaa connon, lirmiza atnliiea, and varioiia other purpoaea. Ilencn il ia culled brnnte, or hell melal ; nnd la excelteiilly lineij fur till] iiaca tn wlilcli II la npplled, hy ita liardneaa, denaity, aonoronaneaa, niul fuaihility. l''nr ciiniiun, a lower proportion of tin ia cnminoniy naed. Acrordinv lo Dr. Wiitaon, the mitul uinployed nt Wool. Wlih conalala of 100 parla of copper und from 8 lo It of tin ; hence il retnlna aome little inallealiilitv, ami, therefore, ia loiinher Ihnn II would he Willi n Inrner portion nf tin. Thia niloy hclng more anni ■ roiia than iron, hiuaa iiiiiia give n louder report than iron ((una. A common ullny for bill ninlai iiM pnrl^ uf copper and 20 of tin : annie nrti«ta add lo llieae Ingredlnnta zinc, antimony, and ailver, in •nmll proporliona i nil of which add lo the aonoroiiancsa of the comiHiund.— (See Bkli. Mktai,.) When, in nn aUny of copper ond tin, the inner melnl ainnimta In nhoiil i of the inaaa, the rfanltlaa benntlfnl compound, very hard, nf the cnlonr nf alcel, and aniceplililH of a very tine poliah. It ia well adapted for the reflection of IIkIiI for nplirni purpoaea ; nnd ia therefore called tpeeuluin metal. Rcsiilca the above ingredlenta, It usually containa a little nraenic, zinc, or ailver. The appllcntinn of nn alloy aliniiar tn the above, in the conalructin.i nf inlrrora, ia of Rreat unth|uily, hulna inniitinned hy Pliny; Who auyg, tliat formerly llie heat mirrnra were reckoned thuae uf Briindualuin, of tin and cnpiier mixed (»lanno tt ttrt tHiiiti.').— (Hi»t. A'lif. lib. xxxlil. i U.) Fnrlhn allnya of copper with zinc, aee the Rrticlra HaAR*, riKClinccK, aee, alan, TAomaon'a Ckf mi»try ; Rtfa't Cyclopirdia ; Dr. JfnMon'a Clieviiral Kssaijf, vol. iv., Jrc Brtluh Copper'Tru0 tons. In 1798 the produce exceeded 3,000 lona ; and it now nnioiinta to about 12,000 tuna, worth, at I00{. n ton.nn leaa than 1,200,000/. aterllnir! In I7f'8, the fiinioua iiiitiea in the I'arye mountain, near Amlwch, in Amjie^ea, were diacovered. The anppliea of ore furniahed by them were for a lung time abundant be^und nil precedent ; but for nmny yeura paal the productivunesa of the mine hna been de. cliiiinii. and It now yielda comparatively little copper. At preaent the mlnea in AnirlcHen, and other parts nf Walea, yield from l,7i()ln 2,(IOe thvuenvdtom. "The qitnnlily of Uritish copper exported In 1820 ainounlH, according to nn account recently laid be- fore llie llouae of Commona.tn 7,070 tnna of fine nii'Inl ; In which uilillng the exports of furei^in copper, tbe total export wna 6,817 lona. The copper imported ia ultopellier intended fur rc-exporinlhin. I cannot stale its precise quantity in fine metal, becniiae the greater part of il nrrivea in n stale nf ort, und I have no means of knowing the produce in pure metal uf thut ore, beyond such part uf it us may come into my own pocseaalnn. "1'he value nf llie 12,000 tons of copper produced in the United Kingdom, aa above stated, at VU- pel •00, is 1,080,000<." COPPER. ^VH tw ; "tid tT)« hmh Hloiir. Ituhiriler m quite pure, new thin aa to tie hUwn city i>« ■(. Rri'iit ilmi •8« Ilw. nvoir(lii|iii|| ip in it! Hroatnt ,lr, crdigrid, riiiJ i, ont )wn ihnn any other van diMcuvrrcd, cop. of war. Even now roil, npnrinnro. Tin inM. Ir iind oihiT roninmii ii» a riMl mlvnnl.'iga lli« irn'nt hiliiliini'M iiicu,i'un(IUuriii|ih«i 1 lit colour !■ ypllnw, I hill H|i|H-iira lu. hnvs irforo llio lurllinilor >», tliH irt nf IheHo. H iiitrlonlii (till not, (i, (Iff, Hxrc|i| by nildi,,. Iiiilr is linrd, liriiilB, H niiicli nn l-nof ihg llowiieaa of iliu alloy vlll nmkc from Klioitt iriim i:aniiiin, hrimiM rt Id excellKiiily titled iliiliiy. I'orciintiun, I fiiJ|ili>yi, per mini's w«re not n Rvorngn about 700 .'eri, at nil averafie, 12,000 tnna, worth, ryanioiiiitnin,ni:ar K'ero Tor n |iiii|t tims ! mine lina liccn de- iii|jr!e»<'u, and other uboiit flno lonii J the Jriah ininra prodiira Hiilirely abandoned. at prciunt ut Irnm nined, Knglnnd, In. >plii>H oflliia vuiiiB- ily of others. And iittiinK ofahipaand arfati-r prodiiciivo' d, but alao to luaka lit nre. Tor the moat e contrary. ■30, we nre Indebted ry reliance may b« ores raised in that IR been iirodiiced in t niotai jirudiiccd in nt recently laid be* ! Ill" foreiiin copper, rc-c.\portntion. I a in n state of «rf, :li purtuf it uaniay e stated, at VU- j/tt Atronnt of th« Cop Or^ of Meial or ' ■lid lilt average \enr. met prnrlncatt ft'om the Minei In Tornwall alnce 1800| ihnwlnf the Qiianlllv of I'tnn t'ofipcr, thn Viiliie of thn Ore* In Money, the average Percentage or Proiliie«, I Mlandard or Minur'a I'rtcu of Kliie Copiier, made up lu the end uf June In each 1 ITmIum "I I'Mit. quuli'yirfOrM. M«4l»r riMCow*. VtlMotlheOnfc I orona Anttf Miultrd | |ar eanl. rrica par Tnn Tiaaf. Tant. 1 ■wr, tr$. Ik». je t. d. £ i, 4. 1-^00 ft»,OHl »,197 3 7 BSO.OM 1 n 01 ISS 8 jHOI M.flll B.*rr 18 S 10 470,113 1 II 117 9 1,11 l-i ft.1,l«7 5.3-M IS 3 S 4ir.,o'i» 4 110 18 IHHJ ao,3M a.AlB 10 'M 633,(1 ., 10 I) 193 IKtl 0I,«37 8..174 18 I V 607,hlO 11 8 ISH l-OS 7«,1W «,*M 9 ti 809,410 10 7 100 10 p^lM 7»,«W O.MtS 10 3 IS 7JO.H45 P 138 9 1KI)7 Ti.eut 0,710 13 1 30 (.0!),0U9 13 190 U IWH «7,»M17 0.793 IS 3 39 40.1,303 1 10 m 7 ISO',) 7Mlft «,N9I 13 1 10 770,098 19 8 143 19 hlO eo.ow o,fi8a 10 1 37 670,019 8 8 133 S HII M,78« 0,111 IS 8 7 690,793 10 190 13 Ml 71,917 »,no 7 3 4 MO.flOS 111 1813 74.017 0,018 8 6 801,349 10 » 119 7 1H14 71,393 0,300 IS S 7 097,501 10 8 1.10 13 181} 78,4HS «,S93 S 39 6.'i9,hlS 8 8 117 10 INIA 77,334 0,097 4 17 417,030 17 8 98 13 1HI7 7fl,70l 0.40H 3 10 4Ut,010 13 H 108 10 ISI8 80,174 0,840 7 1 1 080,009 4 7 131 19 INI!) 8«,7!M 0.80 1 3 3 7 89:1,999 4 7 197 10 ISW 01.473 7.508 S 3' 009,441 13 0^ 8 113 19 \Hn 98.490 8.311 10 3 19 003,908 lU 8 103 im im,.193 0,140 8 3 30 fl«3,0S9 13 8 104 im 99.7SO 7,0S7 17 3 7 00^,033 1 8 100 18 \m 99.700 7,833 19 1 10 887,178 S 7 no ina 107.4M 8,390 3 31 790,333 19 7 194 4 iS-ifl 117,308 9,098 13 3 19 788,071 19 7 193 3 iia? 1*1,710 10,311 14 3 19 745,178 1 8 100 1 im 130,.16« 0,031 1 3 11 7.10,174 10 7 113 7 IS89 131,303 0,030 10 3 4 717,334 7 100 14 1830 l33.tKM 10,748 773840 8 100 9 IH.1I 144,403 19,044 600,090 H 100 Exports of British Copper since 1830, Taan. DnwmKhl. Cola. Sliaala,Naili,*c. Wira. VVrnuflit&>pMror olberSnrla. ToUl or Brlllth Copper eiportad. Cii»e. Cii><. Cwt. Cvt. Ciflt. Cwt. 1890 41.1.19 10 98.131 8 92,«fl3 191, a58 1891 34.543 199 00.670 31 34,0.'«3 19.5,431 1893 33.890 — 09.070 40 99,731 113,671 1893 3t.083 803 30,110 98 25,387 100,516 1834 19,900 99 09,990 393 23,360 io6,m« 1811 10 9.134 91.4.37 40 35,003 78,694 1890 3,004 1,807 69.304 11 86,S07 93,99.1 1827 30,583 1,490 74,943 8 40,139 143.494 189S 31,591 1,130 99,413 71 48.807 194.191 . 1899 99.1>78 19 69.871 13 40,013 159,591 1830 60,793 040 06.331 10 90.443 183,154 18,11 67,500 90 70,477 140 39,090 170,ril3 1839 77.497 3 79.914 13 37,139 194,013 N. B.— The foreign copper Imported Is altogether intended for re-ex|iortution. In 1839, 13,804 ewt. of coppnr were ainolted from foreign ore. The East Indies nnd China, France and tiie United Stales, arc the sroat marlcets for British copper. The exports to these countries, in 1833, were respwtively 89,880, 35,984, and 31,339 cwt. Toreign Copper.— Copper ores are nbnndnnt In Sweden, Raxnny, Russia, Persia, Japan, China, Chill, &c. Near Kahlun, in the province of Dalecarlia, in Sweden, is the celebrated copper mine of the same name, euppoaed to have been wrought nearly 1,000 years. For a long time it was one of the most pro- ductive mines in the world. Towards the beginning of the seventeenih century it yielded an annual produce of about 8,000,000 lbs. of pure metal : but it has since greatly declined ; nnd it is moat probable that at no distant period it will be wholly abandoned. — (Thomson'! Travels inSireden, p. 921.) Thero ire still, however, several productive copper mines in other parts of Sweden. The e.xports of copper from Stockiiolin in 1833 amounted to 4,330 skippounds, or 723 tons English, besides the exports i,-.im Ohltenbnrgh and other ports. The product ot'tlie copper mines in the government of Olonel/. in Kus- ala, laoslimnted nt 210.000 poods, or 3,375 tons (Eng.) a year, — {Selinitiler, Kstai d'lineSlatisliijut Gfni- nle,Stc. p. 41.) Tlie copper mines of Chiii are also very rich, and their produce is atpreaent imported into Canton and Calcutta direct from Valporaiso. The copper mines of Japan nre said lo he among the richest in the world. The Dutch annually import about 700 tons of iheir produce into BnlHvia s nnd the Chinese from 800 to 1,000 tons into Canton and otiier ports. In fact, Japan copper is spread over all tile East, nnd is regularly quoted in the price currents of Canton, Calcutta, and Singapore. — (See p. 308.) It is purer, and brings a higher price, than ony other species of bar or slab copper. It la unil'oriniy met with in the ahapcof bars'or ingots, very much resembling targe sticks of red sealing wax. When the copper of South America is worth In the Cantim market from 15 lo 16 dollars per picul, that of Japan fetches from 18 to 20. Pretty considerable quantities of copper nre imported into Calcutta from Busliire and lUissornh. This is mostly the produce of the Persian niinei; but a little ia understood to come from tbe Russian niinea Id Georakk. Vot. I.— 2 8 fil K\ ' i> n .1 482 COPPERAS— CORAL. Cuitoma Ktgulatinns. — Old copper sheathln«r,old copper utensils, nnd old copper and pewtcriit(>ni||| of Brltiah niannr:icturR, imported from British plantutintis, nnd aliiu oM copper stripped ntr vpsiii'lj in ports in the United Kingdom, nmy bo admitted tu entry, duty free, under tiio folliiwini,' reyuin. liong: viz. — Ist. Old coppor slioathing stripped off Dritish vessels in ports in the British possessions, upon pninl' to the satisfuctinn ofthe (Jonimissioners of Customs, th:it such shnathing vvus sirippoiloll'in such pons, and iilso tliat the said sheathing is the property of the owner of the ship from wiiich it was hu stripped' to he delivered to such owner. ' ai. Oil! copper shi.-alhing stripped off any ship in any port in the United Kingdom, upon the fad li«. Ins certifieil by thi- landing-waiter superintending the process ; the old copper lo ho drlivi'ri'd only in the copper-smith who niuy re-copper tlio vessel l'ron> wliiuh tlie copper was stripped, he making proof to tliat fact. 3d. Old worn-out British copper and pewter utensils to be in all cases delivered when hroiight from British possessions abroad in British ships, upon tliu consignee siihinitting proof that tliey had lioiir returning the computi'd quantity of Hue copper in it— (7 & 8 Oeo. 4. c. 58. } 23.) Copper is in extensive demand nil over India; being largely used fn the dock-yards, in tlio munii- factiire of cooking utensils, in alloying spelter and tin, &c. The funeral of ever^ ilinduo brings iin accession to the demand, accoriling to his station ; the relatives of the deceased giving a brans cup lo every llraliniin present at the ceremony : so that 5, 1U,5(), 100, 1,U00, and sometimes more tli.iii lOtimos this last number, are dispensed upon such occasions, — {BeW a, Commerce of Bengal.) [The value of tlio copper imported into the United States is very considcrnlilo. It is chiefly imported in pigs and bars from Chili, Peru, and England; and in [)lfltes, suited to tlie sheathinfj of ships, from the last mentioned country. The value annually imported from Chili, of the former description of copper, amounted, on an average of the 5 years ending on ths 30th of September, 1838, to $258,876; from Peru, to §180,119; from England, to $143,012. Of the latter de.scription of copper, the average value imported from England was $715,340. See article Impouts Axn Exponxs. — Am. Ed.] COPPERAS, r. term employed by the older chemists, and popularly, as synonymous with vitriol. There are three sortH of copperas : the green, or sulphate of iron ; the blue, or sulphate of copper ; and the white, or sulphate of zinc. Of these, the first is the most iin|)ortant, Sulphate of iron is distinguished in common by a variety of names, as Martial vitrii.l, English vitriol, &c. When pure, it is considerably transparent, of a fine bright, tliouj;ii not very deep, grass green colour; and of a nauseous astringent taste, necompaiiied with a kind of sweetness. Its specific gravity is 1*831. It uniformly reddens the vegetabjo blues. This salt was well known to the ancients; and is mentioned by Pliiiy, (///.v/. Nut. lib. xxxiv. § 12.), under the names of misi/, sory, and calchanium. It is not made in tho direct way, because it can be obtained at less charge from the decomposition of pyrites on a large scale in the neighbourhood of collieries. It c.xi.sts in two states; one cuntainiiij oxide of iron, with 0'23 of oxygen, which is of a pale green, not altered by gallic ncid, and giving a white precipitate with prussiate of potass. Tho other, in which the iron is coinliiiiej with 0'30 of oxygen, is red, not crystallisable, and gives a black precipitate with gallic Hcid, and a blue with prussiate of potass. In the common sul[ihate, these two are uUen tnixed in various proportions. Sulphate of iron is of great importance in the arts. It is a principal ingredient in dyeing; in the manufacture of ink, and of Prussian blue: it is also used in tannin;,', painting, medicine, &c. Sulphuric acid, or oil of vitriol, was formerly manufacturoJ from sulphate of iron. — (See Acins.) Sulphate of copper, or blue vitriol, commonly called Roman or Cyprian vitriol, h of nn elegant sapphire blue colour, hard, compact, and semi-transparent; when perfectly cry.st,il- Used, of a ilattish, rhomboidal, deaihedral figure; its taste is extremely nauseous, styptic, and acrid; its specific gravity is 2-1943. It is used for various purposes in the arts, anJ also in medicine. Sulphate of zinc, or white vitriol, is found native in the mines of Goslar and other places. Sometimes it is met with in transparent pieces, but more commonly in wliilo efflorescences. These are dissolved in water, and crystallised into large irregular masses, somewhat resembling fine sugar, having a sweetish, nauseous, styptic fciste. Its specific gravity, when crystallised, is l'912; when in tho state in which it commonly occuis in commerce, it is 1'3275. Sulphate of zinc is prepared in the large way from some varietii'i of the native sulphuret. The ore is roasted, wetted with water, and exposed to the air. The sulphur attracts oxygen, and is converted into sulphuric acid ; and the metal, lioiiiit ut the same time oxidized, combines with tho acid. After some time the sulphate is extracted by solution in water, and the solution being evaporated to dryness, the mass is run into moulds. Thus, the white vitriol of the shops generally contains a small jiortion of iroji, ■nd often of copper and lead. — (Lewis's Mat.Medica; Urts Dictionary ,• Jiccs's Cyclu- panlia / Thommn's Chemistry, ^c.) COPVRIHHT. See Books. CORAL (Gcr. KoraiLn .• Du. Koraalen ,- Fr. Corail; It. Corale,- Sp. nnd Port. Coral i Kus. Koraliu ,• Lat. Corallium ; Arab. Besed; Pers. Mcrjun ,• Hind. Moongii), a mariiiB CORDAGE, CORK. n production, of which there are several varieties. It was well known to the ancients, bnt it was reserved for the moderns to discover its real nature. It it), in fact, the nidus or nest of a ccrtnin species of vermes, which has the same relation tu coral, that a snail hoM to iti xhcll. As an ornament, black cora! is most esteemed ; but*the red is aUo very highly prized. Coral is found in very great abundance in the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, in various places in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Sumatra, &c. It grows on rocks, and on any solid submarine body ; and it is necessary to its production, that it should vemuin lixoil to its place. It has generally a shrub-like appearance. In the Straits of Messina, whore a great deal is fished up, it usually grows to nearly a foot in length, and its thickness is about that of the little fniger. It requires 8 or 10 years to arrive ut its greiitest size. The depth at which it is obtained is various — from 10 to 100 fathoms or more; but it seems to be necessary to its production that the rays of the sun should readily piMietrato to the place of its habitation. Its value depends upon its size, sulidit}', and the depth and brilliancy of its colour ; and ia so very various, that while some of the Sicilian coral sells for 8 or 10 guineas an ounce, other descriptions of it will not fetch Is. a ])ound. It is highly prized by opclent natives in India, as well as by the fair sex throughout Europe. The inferior or worm-eaten coral is used in some parts of the Madras coast, in the cdi'bration of funeral rites. It is also used medicinally. Besides the fishery in the Straits of Messina already alluded to, there arc valuable fislieries on the shores of Majorca and Minorca, and on the coast of Provence. A good deal of Mediterranean coral is exported to India, which, however, draws the largest portion of its supples from the Persia!! Gulf. The produce of the fishery at Messina is stated by Spallanzani, (Trcre/s in the Two Sicilies, vol. iv. p. 308, &c.) to amount to 12 quintals of 250 lbs. each. The niQiiner of fishing coral is neJirly the same fivery wliore. That which is most conminnly prnc- tiscil in the Mediterraiiciiii is as fullows:— Seven or eiglit men jro in a Itout, enminiimli'd'hy tlio proprietor; the ci\ster tlirovvs his net, if we m;iy so call the nmchine whicli lie uses to te;ir up tho fowl from tile bottom of the sen ; anil the rest work tho hoiit, and liolp to draw in the net. This \S cninposed of two hennis of wood liedcrosowise, with loads fixed to tlieni tosiiilt tliein : to lliese beams i8 fastened a quantity of liemp, twisted loosely rouiij, nild iiiteriniiiHled with some loose mllina. In this condition the machine is let down into the sea ; and when the cany, for payment «i b.iat-hire, &c. — (See .'linsUd's Mat. Imlica ; liecs's Cyclopedia ; Kiicy. Metrop. ," Bell's Cum. uf Bengal, H'C.) CORDAGE (Gor. TainverJc ,• Du. Touwiccrk ,• Fr. Mnntruvrfs, Cordage; It. Canlamc ,• Sp. Jarda, CorcUtje), a term u.sed in general for all sorts of cord, whether small, middling, or great, !nade use of in the rigging of ships. The manufacture of cordage is regulated by tli^ act 2.5 Geo. 4. c. 56., which specifics tho sort of materials that are to be em|>loyeil ii! the manufacture of cables, hawsers, and other ro[ies, tho marks that are to be affixed to thcin, ami the penalties for non-compliance with the respective enactments. — (See Cahik.) Masters of British ships are obliged, on coming into any port in Great Britain or tho colonies, to report, under a penalty of 100/,, the foreign cordage, not being standing or rui!iiing rigging, in use on board such ship. (3 &, 4 Will. 4. cap. 52. ^ 8.) The following table shows how many fathoms, feet, and inches, of a rope of any size, not exceeding 14 inches, make 1 cwt. At the top of the table, marked inches, fathoms, feet, inches, the first column is the cir- cumference of a rope in inches and quarters; the second, the fathoms, feet, and inches, that make up 1 cwt. of such a rope. One examjile will make it plain. Suppose it is required how much of a 7-inch rope will make 1 cwt. : find 7, in the 3d column, under inches, or circumference of the rope, and immediately opposite to it you will fiiid 9,5, 6; which shows that in a rope of 7 inches, there will bo 9 fathoms 5 I'eet 6 inchia rctjuired to make 1 cwt. 1 a a 1 1 1 i 1 1 t 1 1 B S. 5 a 1 1 J .1 i 1 1 a 11? 1 -J = I ■ISO 3} 34 3 9 fii 11 3 (1^ 5 4 3 :/ 3 n 31 S 3 4 30 1 fi fij 10 4 9i 5 2 12 3 2 3 li 210 3 4i 2(i 5 3 7 9 6 9? 5 u lii- 3 2 1 ij i:.» 3 4{- 24 11 9 1 6 10 4 5 12; 12J 3 2 2 131 3 1) 43 21 3 7i 8 4 m 4 4 1 2 7 8 k till 2 .') I'J 3 7» 8 3 fl 104 4 2 2 13 2 5 3 '4 77 3 •■■-i 17 4 8 7 3 lOJ 4 1 8 \n 2 4 9 2* 05 4 hh If) 1 P} 7 8 11 4 (I 3 13i 2 4 3 54 51 It 4 n Si d 4 3 Hi 3 5 7 m 2 3 e S} 45 5 2 6 13 3 ^i 6 2 1 11^ 3 4 1 14 a 3 1 J}__ 39 3 Oi 13 2 9 9 (i [Cordage is imported into the United States almost entirely from Russia; and is fur the most [lart again exported to South America, and tho East and West ludlejs. Sec urticlo IxponTS AND Exi'OHTS. — Am, Ed,] I'k * ; 1 !■ I, i f ! ', 484 CORN— CORN LAWS. CORK (Ger. Korki Du. Kork, Kurk, Vhthout ,• Pr. Liege,' It. Sughero, Suvcroi Sp. Corcfio i Port. Cortiea (de Sovreiro) ; Rua. Korkowoe derewo ; Lat. Stiber), the thick and Rpongy hark of a species of oak ( Qitercus Suber Lin.), abundant in dry raountainms districts in the south of France, and in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Bitrbary. Tiie tree grows to the height of :}0 feot or more, has a striking resemblance to the Quercus Ilex, ■ or evergreen oak, and attains to a great ago. After arriving at a certain state of maturity, it periodically sheds its bark; but this valuable product in found to be of a much bettor quality when it is artificially removed from the tree, which may be etfected without any injury to the latter. After a tree has attained to the age of from ?6 to 30 yearj, it may be barked ; and the operation may be subsequently repeated once every 8 or 10 years*, the quality of the cork iihproving with the increasing age of the tree. The bark is taken off ia July and August; and trees that are regularly stripped are said to live fur 150 years, or more. — (Poiret, Hist. Philosophique des Plantes, tom. vii. 419.) Cork is light, porous, readily compressible, and wonderfully elastic. It may be cut into any sort of ligurc, and, notwithstanding its porosity, is nearly impervious to any common liquor. These qualities make it superior to all other substances for stoppers fur buttle.i, in the manufacture of which it is principally made use of. It is also employed as buoys to float nets, in the construction of life-boats, the making of waterproof shoes, and in various other ways. Before being manufactured into stopperui the cork is charred on each side; this makes it contract lessens its porosity, and consequently fits it the l)ettcr for cutting otf all communication between the external air and the liquid iii the bottle. Spanish black is made of calcined cork. The Greeks and Romans were both well acquainted with cork. They seem also to have occasionally used it as stoppers for vessels (Cadontm obturameiifis, Pliu. Hist, Nat, lib, xvi. cap. 8.) ; but it was not extensively employed for this purpose till the 17th century, •*when glass bottles, of which no mention is made before the 15th century, began to be generally introduced, — (Beckmaiin's Hist. Invent, vol. ii. pp. 114 — 127. Eng. ed.) The duty on m.iimfactiire(I cork is prohibitory ; «nd on the rude nrtlcle it is very heavy, being no less tlmn bs. a cwt. or S/, .-i ton. The (iiiantily entered for hinne consiiinplidn amounts, at an avirage, to from 40,000 to 45,0(10 cwt. Its price, including duty, varies with the variations in its iiualhy, fro ii uboiit Wl. to about 702, a ton, Tlie Spanish is the best, and fetches the highest price, CORN (Ger. Com, Gefreide ,• Du. Graanen, Koren .• Da. Kom ,• Sw. Siid, Spanmal; Ft. Bleds, Grains,- It. Biade, Grant, • Sp. Granos ; Rus. Chljeb; Pol. Zhoze,- Lut, Ffumcntttm), the grain or seed of plants separated from the spica or ear, and used for making bread, &c. Such are wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, peas, &c. ; which see. CORNELIAN. See Cahnkliaw. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. — Fiom the circumstance of forming, in this and most other countries, the principal part of the food of the people, the trade in it, and the laws by which that trade is regulated, are justly looked upon as of the highes^t importance. But this is not tho only circumstance that renders it necessary to enter at 8ome length into the discussion of this subject. Its difficulty is at least equal to its interest. The enactments made at dilTercnt periods with respect to the corn trade, and the o^iinions advanced as to their policy, have been so very various and contradictory, that it is indispen- sable to submit them to some examination, and, if possible, to ascertain the principles which ought to pervade this department of commercial legislation. I. HiSTOBicAL Sketch of thk Corn Laws. II. PniNCIPtF.S OF THE CoHN LaWH. III, British Corn Trade. IV. FoHziON Cork Trade. I. Historical Sicetch op the Cors Laws. For a long time the regulations with respect to the corn trade were principally intended to promote abundance and low prices. But, though tho purpose was laudable, the means adopted for accomplishing it had, for tho most part, a directly opposite elVcct. When a country exports corn, it seems, at first sight, as if nothiiij couhl do so muc.li to increase her supplies as the prevention of exportation : and even in countries tiiat do not export, its prohibition seems to be a prudent measure, and calculated to prevent tho supply IVoni being diminished, upon any emergency, below its natural level. These are thi' concliHioiii that immediately RUgqiest themselves upon this subject; and it reiiuircs a pretty extensive experience, an attention to facts, and a habit of reasoning upon such topics, to pcri;rivc llicir fallacy. These, however, were altogether wanting when tho regulations airectiiig the com trade began to be introduced into Great Britain and other countries. They were framed in accordance with what were supposed to be the dictates of common sense ; und their ♦ Ueckniann (vol. ii. p. 115 Eng. ed.) says, that "when the tree is 15 years oM, it iniiy Ijo liurk'd, and this can ho done B\icci)si'ively for eight years." 'I Ilia erroiieons sliileinent Imviig been ctijiril (ntn the ailiclo CoKK (0 KeoA^i Cyclopindia, lias thence b(;eu tians^lantud tu a nmllitude uf oilier u?lt». CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. mk> Sitgltero, Suveroi ;. Stiber), the thick 1 dry mountain.ius larbary. The tree I the Quercus Jkx, state of inalurity, of a much bettiir ecteJ without any to 30 years, it may 8 or 10 years*, (ho ark is taken off in e for 150 years, or t may be cut into js to any common pers for bottles, in loyed as buoys to C8, and in various rred on each side; l)etter for cutting Ic. Spanish black seem also to have Pliii. Hist. Nat. 1 the 1 7th century, ntury, began to bo ing. ed.) cry heavy, beinf no mntB, at aniivcrage, ill Us qualiiy, fro n ice. V. Slid, Spanmal; Pol. Zbme,- Lilt, ear, and used for whicli see. f fanning, in this trade in it, and 19 of the highest lessary to enter at juai to its interest. ', and the ojiinions tliat it is indispun- ) principles which incipally inten.Ied idai)lc, the nn-ans « ell'ict. When mucli to increase It do niH export, t thy supply iVoiii e thi' conclLisii)!n pretty cxtiMisive , to peri;rive llicir ilTi'ctitig thi! com 'hoy wore framed sense ; and their , it fiiiiy lit; liiirlfil, ivirij l)eiMi cojii'd uuititude uf otliur object beings to procure a« large a supply of the prime necessary of life as possible, its exportation was either totally forbidden, or forbidden when the home price was above certain limits. 'i'hc principle of absolute pr3hibition cecma to have been steadily acted upon, as far as the turbulence of the period would admit, from the Conquest to the year I43G, in the reign of Henry VI. But at the last mentioned period an act was paM!!ed, authorising the exportation of v/heat whenever the home price did not exceed Cs. Si/, (equal in amount of pure silver to 12,?. lOfd. present money) per quarter, and barley when the home price did not exceed 3s. id. In 1463, an additional benefit was intended to be conferred on agriculture by prohibiting importation until the home price exceeded that at wliich expor- tation ceased. But the fluctuating policy of the times prevented these regulations from being carried into full effect; and, indeed, rendered them in a great measure inoperative. In addition to the restraints laid on exportation, it has been common in most countries to attempt to increase the supply of corn, not only by admitting its unrestr.iiiied import- ation from abroad, but by holding out extraordinary encouragement to the importers. This policy has not, however, been much followed in England. During the 500 yeais immediately posterior to the Conr, in 1663, the high duties on exportation were taken oil', and an ud oulortin duty impos'.'d in their stead, at tlie same time that the limit of exportiilidu was extended. In 1670, a still more decided sto|) was taken in fivour of an'riculliire; an act bein^ then jiasseil which extended the exportation pri.c to 53,s. 4?/. a quarter for wheat, and other grain in projiorlicm, imposing, at the same time, prohibitory duties on the iuipurUition of wheat till the price rose to 53s. -Ul., and a dnly cif 8,?. between lliat price and SO.v. But the real elleits of this act were not so grc I as niii:ht have b(>ea anticipated. Tlie extension of the limit of exportation was reiideied cimparativcly nugatory, ill consequence of the coiitinuaiiee of the duties on exportation caused by the necessities of the Crown ; while the want of any [iroper method for the deleriiiinalion of prices went lar to nullify the prohibition of importation. At the accession of William III. a new system was adopted. The interests of agriculture Were then looked upon as of paramount importance: and to ])romoto them, not only were Uie duties on exportation totally abolished, but it was encouiaged by ihe grant of a hounttf Ssa &< Sit '\n i!5, 4iti CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. of 5s. on every quarter of wheat exported while the price continued at or below 48j.- of 2s. Gd. on every quarter of barley or malt, while their respective prices did not exceed 24s.- andof 3«. GJ on every quarter of rye, when its price did not exceed 32.?. — (I Will, ik, Mary, c. 12.) A bounty of 2«. 6rf. a quarter was sub8e(iuentiy given upon tho exportation of oau and oatmeal, when the price of the former did not exceed 15s. a quarter. Importation continued to be regulated by the act of 1670. Much diversity of opinion has been entertained with respect to the policy of the bounty. That it was intended to raise the price of com is clear, from the words of the statute, which Htatcs, "that the exportation of corn and grain into foreign parts, when the price thereof is at a low rate in this kingdom, hath been a great advantage not only to the owners of lund, but to the trade of the kingdom in general : therefore," &c. But admitting this to have been its object, it has been contended that the low prices which prevailed during the first half of last century show that its real ellect had been precisely the reverse ; and that it hud, by f xtending tillage, contributed to reduce prices. It will be afterwards shown that this could not really be the case ; and the fall of prices may be suinciently accounted for by the improved slate of agriculture, the gradual consolidation of farms, the diminution of sheep hua- bandry, &c., combined with the slow increase of the population. In point of fact, too, prices had begun to give way 30 years before the bounty was granted ; and the fall was equally great in France, where, instead of exportation beihg encouraged by a bounty, it \va» almost entirely prohibited; and in moat other Continental states. — (For proofs of what is now stated, see tho article Com Lmvs, in the new edition of the Enci/. Brit.) The Tables armexed to this article show that, with some few exceptions, there was, during the first 60 years of last century, a large export of corn from England. In 1750, the wheat exported amounted to 947,000 quarters ; and the total bounties paid during the 10 years from 1740 to 1751 reached the sum of 1,515,000/. But the rapid increase of population subsequently to 1700, and particularly after tho peace of Paris, in 1763, when the com- merce and manufactures of the country were extended in an unprecedented degree, gradually reduced tills excei^s of exportation, and occasionally, indeed, inclined the balance the other way. This led to several sus[)cnsions of the restrictions on importation ; and. at length, in 1 773, a new act was framed, by which foreign wheat was allowed to be imported on paying a noniinal duty of 6rf. whenever the home price was at or above 48j. a quarter, and the bounty* and exportation were together to cease when the price was at or above 44s. This statute also permitted the importation of corn at any price, duty free, in order to be again exported, provided it wore in the mean time lodged under the joint locks of the king and the importer. The prices when exportation was to cease by this act seem to have been fixed too low ; and, as Dr. Smith has observed, there appears a good deal of impropriety in prohibiting exportation altogether the moment it attained the limit, when the bounty given to force it was withdrawn; yet, with all these defects, the act of 1773 was a material improvement on the fi)rmer system, and ought not to have been altered unless to give greater freedom to the trade. The idea that this law must, when enacted, have b. en injurious to the agriculturists, seems altogether illusory: the permission to import fo.eign grain, when the home price rose to a moderate height, certainly prevented their realising exorbitant profits, in dear years, at the expense of the other classes ; and prevented an uimatural proportion of tho capital of the country from being turned towards agriculture. But as the limit at which importation at a nominal duty was allowed, was fixed a good deal above the average jiriee of the reign of George II., it cannot be maintained thai it hud any tendency to reduce previous prices, which is tho only thing that could have discouraged agriculture : and, in fact, no such reduction took place. It is, indeed, true, that, but for this act, wc sliould not have imported so much foreign grain in the interval between 1773 and 1791. This importation, however, was not a consequence oi" the decline of agriculture ; for it is admitted that every branch of rural economy wa.s more improved in that period than in the whole of the preceding century ; but arose entirely from a still more rapid increase of the manufacturing population, and hence, of the cflective ile- mimd for corn. By referring to the Tables annexed to this article, it will be seen that, in 1772, the ba- lance on the side of wheat imported amounted to 18,515 quarters; and in 1773, 1774 and 1775, all years of great pros[ierity, tlie balance was very much increased. But the loss of a great part of our colonial i)os.seusions, the stagnaiii)n of connnerco, and diiriculty of obtuinin; employment, occasioned l)y the Amerirun war, diminished the consumption ; and this, eoni- biiicd with unusually jiroductive harvests, rendered the balance high on the side of exporta- tion, in 1778, 177'J, and 1789. In 1783 and 1784, the crop was unusually deficient, and '.•onsider.'jblo importations took place; but in 178,5, 1786, and 1787 the exports again ex- J«ieded the imports; and it was not till 1788, when the country had fully recovered from •Thfi Imiinty aninnnted lo 5/f. on every quarter of wheat ; 2s. fid. on every (luurtcr of barley; 3^. 6d, tn dvtry In 1805, the crop was very considerably deficient, and the average price of that year was about 22s. a quarter above the price at which im(iortdtion was allowed by the act of 1804. As' the depreciation of paper, compared with bullion, was at that time only /our per cent., the high price of that year must have been principally owing to the new law preventing importation from abroad till the home jiricc was high, and then lettering mercantile opera- lioug ; and to the formidable obstacles which the war threw in the way of iuiportation. In ;'? '^^^r CORN LA.WS AND CORN TRADE. 1806*, 1807, ond 1808, the depreriation of pHjier was nearly 3 per cent.; and tho price of wheat in tliose years being generally from 66«. to 75^., the importitioiiH were Init Rmall, From autumn 1808, to uprini^ 1814 the depreciation of the curroncy was unusually i^rcnt; und several crops in that interval being likewiiie deficient, the price of com, inlluenco<| hy liotli causes, rose to a surprising height At that time no vessel could be laden iu any Continen- tal port for England without purchasing a lie >i,8e, and tho freight and insurance were at least 5 times as high as during peace. But the destruction of Napoleon's anti-nommcrcial system, in tho autumn of 1813, having increasinl the facilities of irn[>ortati(>n, a lar>;o qii.m. tityofcorn was poured into the kingdom; and, in 1814, its bullion price fisll Mow tliu price at which importation was allowed. Before this fall of price, a committee of the House of Commons had been nppnintpd to inquire into the state of tho laws alft'cting the corn trade ; and recommended in tlicir Report (datMl 11th of May, 1813) a very great increase of the prices at which exportatii>ii wa^i allowable, and when importation free of duty might take place. This recommundatii)n was not, however, adopted by the House ; but the fact of its having been made when the home price was at least 1 iis, a quarter, displayed a surprising solicitude to exclude foreigners from all competition with the home growers. The wish to le^tsen the dependence of the country on foreign supplies firmed tho solo ostensible motive by which tho committee of 1813 had been actuated, in proposing an alto- ration in the act of 1804. But aflvr the fall of price in autumn 1818, and in tho early part of 1814, it became obvious, on comparing our previous prices with tiiose of the Continent, that without an alteration of the law in question this dependence would be a good deul in- creased ; that a considerable extent of such poor lands as hud been brought into cultivnlion during the high prices would be again thrown into pasturage ; and that rents would be considerably reduced. These consequences alarmed the landlords and occupiers ; siiul in the early part of the session of 1814, a scries of resolutions were voted by the House of Com- mons, declaring that it was expedient to repeul the bounty, to )x>nnit the free exportutiou of «orn whatever might be tho home price, and to impose a graduated scale of dutic.-i on the importation of foreign corn. Thus, foreign wheat imported when the home price was at or inider 64». was to pay a duty of 24.». . when at or under 65s, a duty of 23.«. ; and so on, till the home price should reach SOt., when the duty was reduced to Is., at which sum it liooanie stationary. .Corn imported from Canada, or from tho other British colonies in North Ame- rica, was to pay half the duties on other corn. As soon as these resolutions had been agieeil to, two bills founded on them^-one for regulating the importation of foreign corn, and another for the repeal of the bounty, and for permitting unrestricted exportation — were in- troduced. Very little attention was paid to the last of these bills ; but the one imposing fresh duties on importation encountered a very keen opjiosition. The manufacturers, and every class not directly supported by agriculture, stigmatised it as an unjustifiable attempt artificially to keep up the price of food, and to secure excessive rents and large profits to the landholders and farmers at the expense of tho consumers. Meetings were very generally held, and resolutions entered into strongly expressive of this sentiment, and dwelling on the fatal consequences which, it was affirmed, a continuance of the high prices would have on our manufactures and comhiercc. This determined opjiosition, coupled with the indeci-ion of ministers, and perhaps, too, with an oxjiectation on the part of some of the landholders that prices would rise without any legislative interference, caused the miscarriage of this liill. The other bill, repealing the bounty and allowing an unlimited freedom of exportation, was passed into a law. Committees had been appointed in 1814, by both Houses of Parliament, to examine evi- dence and report on the stiite of the corn tr.ide; and, in consequence, a numl>er of the most eminent agriculturists were examined. The witnesses were unanimous in this only, — that the protecting prices in the act of 1801 were insutHcicnt to enable the f aimers to make good the engagements into which they had subsequently entered, and to continue the cultivation of the inferior lands lately brought under tillage. Some of them thought that 120.v. ought to be fixed as the lowest limit at vvliicli tho importation of wheat free of duly should be allowed : others varied from 90s. to 100.?. — from 80s. to OOs. — and a few from 70s. to 8()s. The gene- ral opinion, however, seemed to lie that 80s. would sullice; and as prices continued to decline, a set of resolutions founded on this assiini])t'on were subinittcj to tlie House of Commons by Mr. Robinson, of the Board of Trade (now Lord Godericli) ; and having been agreed to, a bill founded on them was, after a very violent Oj)|)osition, carried '■; Hoth Houses hy im- mense majorities, and finally passed into a law (.OS Geo. 3. e. 3() ■• A .cording to this net, all s^rts of foreign corn, meal, or flour, mii^ht be imported at all times free of duty into any port of the United Kingdom, in order to lie warehoused ; but foreign corn was not perniittid to be imported for home consumjition, except when the average prices of the several sort;) * Several impi-litic restraints liad liofin for n long time imposed on llie free impurtntinn and oxporin- fion of corn lionvi'fn (Jreat Uritain ami Ireland, Iml tlicy were wholly aholishnd in IsOO; and tlie act of that year (10 Geo. 3. c. 1)7.), estahlishinit u free tradi'in corn between t!ie 2 grniit divisions of the empire, was not only a wise and proper measure in itself, but has powerfully contributed to promolo tlie general advanta|;e. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 489 of British corn were aa followa : viz, wheat, 80x. per quarter ; rye, peas, and beans, 53a. { barley, bear, or bigg, 40s. ; and oata, 26«. : and ull importfltinn of corn from any of the Uritish plantations in North America was forbidden, except when the average home prices were at or under, wheat, 67s. per quarter ; rye, peas, and beans, 44«. ; barley, bear or bigg, 33j. ; and oats, 22». The agriculturists confidently expected that this act would immediately effect a rise of mcei, and render them steady at about 80*. But, for reasons which will be nflerwarda etateJ, those expectations were entirely disappointed ; and there has been a more ruinous fluc- tuation of prices duriii;^ the 18 years that have elapsed since it was passed, than in any pre« v'ious period of our recent history. In 1821, when prices liad sunk very low, a comniitteo of the House of Commons was appointed to inquire into the causes of the depressed state of agriculture, and to report their observations thereupon. This committee, afler examining a mimber of witnesses, drew up a report,* which, though not free from error, is o very valuable document. It contains a forcible exfwsition of the pernicious effects arising from the law of 1815, of which it suggested several important mndificatioiis. These, however, were not adopted ; and as the low prices, and consequent distress of the agriculturists, continued, the juliject was brought under the consideration of parliament in the following year. After a good deal of discussion a new act was then passed (3 Geo. 4. c. 60.), which enacted, that after prices had risen to the limit of free importation fixed by the act of 1815, that act waa to cease and the new statute to come into operation. This statute lowered the prices fixed by the act of 1815, at which importation could take place for homo consumption, to the fol« lowing sums, viz. — Wheat RyK, peas, and beans Hurley, bear, or bigg Oats Tor Corn nnl nf (lie Britith PcMiPhtiiini in Nbrtli Americi. - 70j). per quarter. - 40». — - 35*. — - 23«. — For Com of the BritiRh roueniDiis rn North America. S9«. per quarter. 3 , do not extend to the future • they have no means of judii^inDr whether the crop is or is not (lellciciit. They live, as the phraso is, from hand to niuuth ; and are aatiHfied if, in the mean timr, they obtam abundant supplies iit a cheap rate, But it Ih obvioa-i, that were there notliin!» to control or counteract this improvidence, the consequence would very of' en be filial in the extreme. The crops of one harvest must support the population till the I'rop of the other harvest has been (gathered in ; and if that crop should be delK-ient — it', for instance, it should only be adequate to afford, at the usual rate of consumption, a supply of 9 or 10 months' provisions iuHtfad of 12 — it is pinin that, unless the price were so niised iminodiiitely after harvest, as to enforce econoiny, and put, as it were, the whole nation on short allowance, the most dreadful famine would Iw experienced previously to the ensuing han'cst. Those who examine the accounts of the prices of wheat and other KvAn in Knglund, collected by Bishop Fleetwood and tfir F. M. Kden, will meet with aliundant proofs of the accuracy of what has now been stated. In those remote periods vvlii-n the fanners were Rcnerally without the means of witliholdini; their crops from market, and when the trade of a corn dealer was proscribed, the utmost improvidence was exhibited in the consumption of grain. There were then, indeed, very few years in whi(di a considerable scarcity was not experienced immediately before harvest, and many in which there was an absolute famine. The Huctuations of price exceeded every thing of which we can now form an idea ; the price of wheat and o'her grain being 4 or 6 times as high in June anS July, as in Sepleml)er and October. Thanks, however, to the increase of capital in the hands of the large farmers and dealers, and to the freedom given to the operations of the corn merchants, we are no longer exposed to such ruinous vicissitudes. Whenever the dealers, who, in consequence of their superior means of information, are better acipiainted with the real state of the crops than any other class of persons, lind the harvest lilvcly to be deficient, they raise the price of the corn they have warehoused, and bid against each other for the corn which the fanners are bringing to market. In consequence of this rise of prices, all ranks and orders, but especially the lower, who are the great consumers of corn, find it indispensable to use greater economy, and to check all im|)rovidcnt and wasteful con- sumjition. Every class being thus immediately put upon short allowance, the pressure of the scarcity is distributed equally throughout the year; and instead of indulgini;, as was formerly the case, in the same scale of consumption as in seasons of plenty, until the supply became altogether delicient, and then being exposed without resource to the attacks of famine and pestilence, the speculations of the corn merchants warn us of our danger, and compel us to provide against it. It is not easy to suppose that these proceedings of the corn merchants should ever be injurious to the public. It has been said that in scarce years they are not disposed to bring the corn they have purchased to market until it has attained an exorbitant ]>rice, and that the pressure of the scarcity is thus often very much aggravated ; but there is no real ground for any such statement, 'llie immense amount of capital required to store up any consider- able quantity of corn, and the waste to which it is liable, render most holders disposed to sell as soon as they can realise a fair profit. In every extensive country in which tiie corn trade is free, there are infinitely too many persons engaged in it to enable any sort of com- bination or concert to be formed amongst them; and though it were lornicd. it coulil not be maintained for an instant. A large proportion of the fanners and other small holders of corn are always in straitened circumstances, more particularly if a scarce year has not occurred so suon as they ex|)ectcd ; and they arc consequently anxious to relieve themselves, as soon a3 prices rise, of a portion of the stock on their hands. Occasionally, indeed, individuals are found, who retain their stoc^ks for too long a period, or until a reaction takes place, and prices begin to dcchne. But instead of joining in the popular cry against such piTsoiis, every one who takes a dispassionate view of the matter will perceive that, hiasmuch as their miscalculation must, under the circumstances supposed, be exceedinii;ly injurious to thi'in- pclvos, we have the best security against its being carried to such an extent as to be productive of any material injury or even inconvenience to the ijublio. It ought also to bo borne in mind, that it is rarely, if ever, possible to dcterinine beforehand, when a scarcity ia to abate in consequence of new supjilies being brought to market; and hud it continued a little longer, there would have been no miscalculation on the part of the holders. At all events, it is plain that, by declining to bring their corn to market, they preserved a resource on which, in the event (jj' the harvest being longer delayed than usual, or of any unfavour- able contingency taking place, the public could have fallen back ; so that, ii .stead of deserving abuse, tliese speculators are most justly entitled to every fair encouragcinont and protection ill t ', ■ \r.f I' I li ■t •} i ii i'f 1 ^ ! HM ! 402 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. A ronntry m whirh thnrc i* no potmiJernhlo itock ofKrain in the harnyarJn of the fnrmon, or in tlio wnrnliouiwii of the m<*r('hnnt«, ii in tho inoHt poriluuM niiuntiou that can eaKJiy he iniiii{inc(t, and may hopxpoRPil to tho Roveroat privationx, or even famine. 13ut md lonj; m tht! fiii((iicitv, the mincnlriilatinn, or the avarice of merchants and dealers retiiin a xim\ of c;rain in the warehouica, tliiii laxt extremity cannot talio place. Uy refuoini; to m.'lj it tii| it has reached a very high price, they put an oflectual stop to oil sorts of wantc, and huitbunj for the pul)lic tlioso supplies which they could not have so fruffully husbanded for thuniHi'lvc!), We have already remarked that the last remnant of tho shackles im|M)8cd by statutv on the freedom of the internal corn dealer was abolished in 1773. It is true that eii^jnisiiinir, forestulling, and regrating — (see Eicrhaps, that the greater quantity of produce in abundant seasons will compensate for its lower price; but this is not tlic ca.sc. It is uniformly found that variations in the quantity of corn exert a much greater inlluciico over prices, than ei]ual variations in the quantity of almost any thing else olfcred for khIp, Deing the principal necessary of life, when tho supply of corn hapiiens to be less than ordi- nary, the mass of the people make very great, though unavailing, exertions, by dimini.sliin^ their consumption of other and loss indispensable articles, to obtai'i their accustomcil supplies of this prime ncce.-isary ; so that its price rises much more thati in proportion to the deficiency. On the other hand, when the supply is unusually large, i)\r '^.otisumption is not proportionally extended. In ordinary years, the bulk of the populaaon is about adecjuat^ly fed ; and though the consumption of all classes bo somewhat greater 'n\ unusually plentifu' years, the extension is considerable only among the lowest classes, anti in the feeding of horses. Hence it is, that the increased supply at market, in such years, goes principally to cause a glut, and, consequently, a ruinous decline of prices. These statements nre corroborated by the widest experience. Whenever there is an inability to export, from whatever cause it may arise, an unusually luxuriant crop is uniformly accompanied by a verj' heavy fall of price, and severe agricultural distresii ; and when two or three such crops liappen to follow in succession, tho ruin of a large proportion of tho fanners is completed. If the mischiefs resulting from the want of pow; ' to export stopped hero, they miijiit, though very great, be borne ; but they do not stop hfe.::. It is idle to suppose that a system ruinous to the producers can be otherwise to the consumers. A glut of the market, occa- sioned by luxuriant harvests, and the want of power to export, cannot be of long continuance: for, while it continues, it can hardly fail, by distressing all classes of farmers, and causin:; tho ruin of many, to give a check to every species of agricultural improvement, and to lessen the extent of land in tillage. When, therefore, an unfavourable season recurs, tho reaction is, for the most part, appalling. Tha supply, being lessened not only by the badness of the season, but also by a diminution of the quantity of land in crop, fulls very far below an average ; and a severe scarcity, if not an absolute famine, is most commonly experienced. It is, therefore, clear, that if a country would render herself S(;cure against famine, and injurious fluctuations of price, sho must give every possible facility to exportation in yoar.H of unusual plenty. If she act upon a different system, — if her policy make exportation in such year impracticable, or very dillicult, — she will infallibly render the bounty of Providence an injury to her agriculturists; and two or three abundant harvests in succession will he tho forerunners of scarcity and famine, 3. Bound/ on the Exportation of Corn, — In Great Britain, as already observed, wo have not only been allowed to export for a long series of years, but from the Uevokitinn down to 1815 a bounty was given on exportation, whenever the home prices were dcprcsssj below certain limits. This policy, however, erred as much on the one hand as a restriction on exportation errs on the other. It causes, it is true, on extension of the demand for wirn: but this greater demand is not caused by natural, but by artilicial means; it is not fi con- sequence of any really increased demand on the part of the foreigner, but of our fiiniisliin; the exporters of corn with a bonus, in order that they may sell it abroad below its natnrnl price ! To suppose that a proceeding of this sort can be a public advantage, is equivalent to suppoHing that a shopkeeper may get rich by selling his goods below what they cost. — (See BousTr.) 4. Importation from Foreign Couiitries. — If a country were, like Poland or Russia, uniformly in the habit of exporting corn to other countries, a restriction on importation Would be of no material consequence ; because though such restriction did not exist, no CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 4"»8 foreign com would bo imported, imlcfiH iti port* were bo nituatrd m to nerve foi fnlrepbf, A reiitriction on importtttion ix HcnHibly felt only when it it enforced in a mii rv which, owing to tho grnator deniity of ita population, the limited extent of itii fertile laiul, .ir uny other cause, would, either ocraMionally or uniformly, import. It ia familiar to tho olmrrviw tion of every one, that a total failure of the crops m a calamity that but rarely occurit in an extensive liingdom ; that ti)e weather which w unfavourable to one doHcriptiun of xoil, is gi^neruily favourable to anmc other deocription ; and thni, except in andinalouH caHen, the total produce ia not very dilfercnt. But what w thus generally true of Mingle counlrics, ia aiwaya true of the world at largo. Hiatory furniabea no ainglo inntiinco of a univcraal icarcity ; but it ia uniforndy found, that when the eropa in a particular country are uiiiiHtmlly dclicient, they are proportionally abundant in aome other quarter. It ia clear, however, that a restriction on importation excludea tho country which enacts it from protiling jiy thia lieneficent arrangement, bho is thrown entirely on her own rcHourcea. UnJer the oircum- ttaiicea auppoiied, alio haa nothing to trust to fur relief but re>iervcx in her warehouiteri ; and should theac tw inade(|uate to meet the exigency of the crisis, there are apparently no menns liy which ahe can eKcape experiencing all the ovila of scarcity, or, it niny be, of fiiininc. A country deprived of tho power to import ia unable to aupply the deticiencina ol' her harvests by the suqdua produce of other countries ; so that her inhuiiitanta may Hturvu amidst surrounding plenty, and aufler the extreme of scarcity, when, luit for tho restriction!) on importation, they might enjoy the greatest abundance. If the restriction be not nbso- lute, but conditional ; if, instead of absolutely excluding foreign corn from the home murkcta, it merely loads it uitli a duty; the degree in which it will operate to increaao the s(!iireity and dearth will depend on tho magnitude of thnt duly. If ttie duty Im3 ccmstant and niode- mte, it may not have any very considerable clluct in discouraging importation; but if it bo fluctuating and heavy, it will, by falsifying the apeculationa of tho merchaiita, and mailing a corresponding addition to the price of the corn imported, be proportionally injuriouH. In whatever degree foreign corn may be excluded in years of dclicicnt crops, to the same ex- tent must prices bo artificially raised, and the pressure of scarcity rendered ao much the more severe. Such would be the disastrous influence of a restriction on importation in a country which, were there no auch obstruction in the way, would sometimes import and aomutimcs txport But its operation would be infinitely more injurious in a country which, under a free system, would uniformly import a portion of her suppiiea. The restriction, in thin case, lias a twofold operation. By preventing importation from abroad, and forcing the population to dep'^nd for subsistence on corn raised at home, it compels recourse to be had to comjara- tively inferior soiU ; and thus, by increasing the cost of producing corn aI>ove its cost in other countries, adds proportionally to ita average price. The causes of fluctuation are, in this way, increased in a geometrical proportion ; for while the prevention of imimrtation exposes the population to the pressure of want whenever the harvest happens to be less productive than usual, it is sure, at the same time, by raising average prices, to hinder exportation in a year of unusual plenty, until tho honne prices fall ruinously low. It is obvious, therefore, that a restriction of this sort must be alternately destructive 6f the interests of the consumers and producers. It injures the former by making them pay, at an average, an artificially increased price for their food, and by exposing them to scarcity and famine whenever the home crop proves deficient; and it injures the latter, by depriving them of the power to export in years of unusual plenty, and by overloading the market with produce, wiiich, under a free system, would have met with an advantageous sale abroad. The principle thus briefly explained, shows the impossibility of permanently kcepini^ rp the home prices by means of restrictions on importation, at the same time that it atior'ls a clue by which we may trace the causes of most of that agricultural distress which huH Ijcen experienced in this country since the peace. The real object of the Corn Law of 1815 was to keep up the price of corn to SOs. a quarter ; but to succeed in this, it was indispcnstibic not only that foreign corn should be excluded when prices were under this limit, but that tho markets should never be overloaded with corn produced at home : for it is clear, according to the principle already explained, that if the supply should in ordinary years be sutlicient to feed the population, it must, in an unusually abundant year, be more than fcufficicnt for that purpose ; and when, in such a case, the surplus is thrown upon the market, it cannot fail, in the event of our average prices being considerably alwve the level of those of tho surrounding countries, to cause a ruinous depression. Now, this was the precise situation of this country at the end of the war. Owing partly to the act of 1804, but far more t(j the difficulties in the way of importation, and the depreciation of the currency, prices attnined to on extraordinary elevation from 1809 to 1814, and gave such a stimulus to agiiculiure, that we grew, in 1812 and 1818, sufficient corn for our own supply. And, such being the cage, it is clear, though our ports had been hermetically sealed against importatinn from abroad, that the first luxuriant crop munt have occasioned a ruinous decline of prices. It is the exclusion, not the introduction, of foreign corn that has caused the distress of the ii^ii- ..ulturists; for it is this exclusion that had forced up the price of cont in this country-, in Vol. I.— 8 T ■■;! i ll'M 494 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. Knrre and avoraj^fl yoarn, to an unnntnriil IhvpI, ami that, cnn»«'(iupnlly, renihru expurtat'inti in tuviiuriihin wnxoiirt iin|i()«Kilili>, without Hiirli ii I'tll of pricci* ni ix iiiimt (liMn-trroiM Id tlm CirtniT. It imy Ix' moiilinu'il in proof of what in now Mintod, thnt tho avonii^n iiriivnf whu.it in UnKhinJ and Waloit in 181 1, wn* 741. a i|uart<'r, iind in 1815 it h.id MU>n Id III.. Dnt iiM Ihimc iiriccH wonUI not indemnify tho orcu|ii(>ri4 of the poor landn bMi^la nndrr tillat;)^ dui'in.( llm prcvioun hii^h pricoH, tiioy woro |)(riidniilly roliniiuiiliiii!]; their niliiviiti.)n, A c nmidornble purtinn of tht)ni v/a» convcftcd into puxtnri' ; rents wore generally ri'diici-il • and wui{e« hid lieRun to doclinn: hnt the jnu^iHlaUire hnvinjj prohiliited tli<' itnimriniion of foreign corn, the o|H)nition of thiw natnral prinRi|)ln of ndjuattnent wai nnfortuniiti'ly cDiinUr. acted, iind tlui price of 1810 romi to 7Sf. I0(/. 'I'hin ri»m wum, hnwever, in'inirinicnt. lo occii. •ion any nesv iniproveincnt; and an foreii^n corn wan now cxclndod, and lnri;n traciH of Imd iund hud lititsn tlirosvn out of cultivation, the NU|iply waH m much iliinitiiHlicd, thut, nolwitli. ■tandini; the incrc;wo in the viduo of money, prices ro*( in 1817, partly, no doiilit, in consei|uence of the bad hnrve«t of the previonn year, to 04.*, 9(1, \ iind in 1818, lo Slv, 1,/, ThcHc hinh price* hod ihcir natural etVect. They revived the droo|>ln!?"piritn of the fiirmer», who irniii;incd thnt the (Jorn Law wiw, at leni^lh, beoiiinnn':; lo produce the elli-i-tif luiliciiiati'd from it, and that tho Rolden duys of 18I'J, when wheiit sold for I'JSj*. a qinirti'r, were ulmut to return! Uut tluH proHpcrity cnrriei«ivo height; while on the other hand, wiien tho crojis were unusually luxuriunt, a reiidy outli't would be found for the surplus in foreijrn countries, without its occnsionint; any very hen\v fall. To expect to combine steadiness of prices with Tcstrictions on importation, is to exjwct to reconcilo what is contradictory and absurd. The hi^'her the limit at which the importation of forcii;n corn into a country like England is fixed, the greater will be tin; oscillation of prices. If wo would seeura for ourselves abundance, and avoid fluctuation, we must renounce all attempts at exclusion, and he ready to deal in corn, as wo ought to be in every thing else, on fair and libenil principles. That tho restrictions imjioscMl on tho foreign corn trade during the last 10 years should not have been productive of more disastrous conse(|uence9 than those that have nctunlly resulted from them, is, we l)eIievo, principally to be nscribed to the very great increase thrit has taken place in tho imports from Ireland. Previously to 1800, when a perfectly free corn trade between Great Britain and Ireland was for the drat time established, the yearly imports did not amount to 40(f,000 quarters, whereas they now amount to 2,600,000 ; and any one who has ever been in Ireland, or is aware of the wretched stato of agriculture in it, and of the amazing fertility of tho soil, must be satisfied that a very slight improvement would occasion an extraordinary increase in the imports from that country ; and it is be- lieved by those beat qualified to form an opinion on such a subject, that the scttlemimt of the Catholic question, and the disfranchisement of the 40v. freeholders, by promoting the public tran(]uilliiy, and taking away one of the principal inducements to the pernicious practice of splitiing farms, has, in this respect, already had great influence, and that it will eventually lead to tho most material imi>rovements. Hence it is by no means improbable, thnt the growing imports from Ireland may, at no distant period, reduce our prices to the level of those of the Continent, and oven render us an occasionally exporting country. These, however, are contingent and uncertain results ; and supposing them to be ultimately realised, the Corn Laws must in the mean time be productive of great hardship, and must, in all time to come, aggravate to a frightful extent the misery inseparable from bad harvests. Nothing but the great imfiortnnce of tho subject could excuse us for dwelling so long on what is so very plain. To facilitate production, and to make connnoditii-s cheaper iinil more easily obtained, are tho grand motives which stimulate the inventive powers, and winch lead to the discovery and improvement of machines and processes for saving labour and diminishing cost ; and it is plain that no system of commercial legislation deserves to lie supported, which does not conspire to promote the same objects : but a restriction on the importation of corn into a country like England, which has made a great comparative ad- vance in population and manufacturing industry, is diametrically opposed to these principles. The density of our population is such, that the exclusion of foreign corn forces us to resort to soils of a decidedly less degree of fertility than those that arc under cultivation in tho ■urrounding countries ; and, in consequence, our average prices are comparatively high. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 406 We hnve rniolvrd that our pflopln nhouUI nnt employ ihrir cnpitnl nnil liilmuT in IhoM timiirl'<''< "( iiuiiiii('iii'tiiriiii{ iiiitl riiinini'rciiil iiitluMtry in wliii'h tlicy liiivii u ducidnl iidvnn- {ift over every ollirr country ; but lliiU tlli-y »hi)uld Ixi made to forcr coinpuriitivcly barren miiln to yirlil thiini ii winily return for thrir outlay. If vvii rould, by Inyiiii^ out H)(l()/. on the iimiuifucluro of iMttoiiH or hardware, prothure u (|Uiintily of thriut urtu U-a titut would ex« change for 400 (|uiirt*'rs of American or I'oliMh wheat; and if the nnrno Mum, wpro it nx- pciiili'd in cullivution in this country, would not proiluce nmro tliiin 300 (piartera ; the pr» vciition of imporliilion occaaiotiH an obvioua Huciifu-n of 1 00 out of every 400 ({uartera con> iuiiied in the empire; or, wiiich ix the wunn thinif, it orraiiionit an nrtitieiiil advance of '^5 percent, in tile price (if corn. In a pulilic point of vi(!W, the iio|)olicy ot'HUch iii«y' vantiini' ii*! howevci merely apparent : iit iKittom there in no real diU'erence between thu iiiterc^tit of the landlonla and ihoae of the rert of the commui>i:> tt would ho ridiculous, indci'il, to imii|i;ine for a moment that the Inndlordx enn lie beiu lited by ii syKtem in whirh tlioi^e IromendiiUH fluctuationa of pricex, «o aubverHive of nil ac;ricult\iral proHporily, ore in- herent ; but thou|j;h thene could he Rot rid of, the reiiult would bo the Miiine. The prosperity ol agriculture muHt always depend upon, and Iw determined by, the prosperity of other brariclicH of induHtry ; and any system whidi, like the corn laws, it most in jurioun to the litler, cannot but bo injurious to the former. Instead of being publicly advant:i);eous, hiffh jiriccH are in evfn/ cane distinctly and com[)letely the reverse. The! sinitller the sacrifice for whirh any commodity con bo obtained, ho much the better. When the labour re(piired to produce, or the money required to purchase, a sulUcicnt supply of corn is diminished, it is as clear as the sun iit noon-day that more labour or money niu^t remain to produce or pur« chftse the other necessaries, conveniences, and amusenients of human life, and that the sum of national wealth and comforts must be proportionally aiieimented. Those who suppose that a rise of prices can over bo a means of im|)rovin;^ the eomlitioti of a country mixht, with equal reason, suppose that it would be improveil by throwini; its hett soils out of cultivation, ami destroying its most powerful macliines. The o|>inions of such persons are not oidy op- posed to the plainest and most obvious scientific princij)les, but they ore opposed to the ob- vious conclusions of common sense, and the universal experience of mankind. Experience of the injurious effects resulting from the Corn Lows has induced many that were I'orinerly their zealous advocotes to come round to a more liberal way of thinking. It would, however, bo unjust not to mrtition that thero has always bi!cti a largo and respectable party amongst the landlords, opposed to all restrictions on the trade in corn ; and who havo uniformly thought that their interests, Iwing identified with those of the public, would Ixi best promoted by the abolition of restrictions on importation. A protest expressive of this opinion, subscribed by 10 peers, was entered on the Journals of the House of Lords, against the corn law of 1815. This document is said to havo been drawn up by Lord (iron ville, who has always been the enlightened advocate of sound commercial principles. Its reason- itig is so clear and satisfactory, that we are sure we shall gratify our readers, as noli as Mrcngthen the statements previously made, by laying it l)efore them. " r>iniicntient.~X. nurnuse we are adverse in prinri|iln In nil new restrnlnts on cnnntiprre. W« think it cerlnln tliut public |ir(iBp«rlty Is best prnnintud by lenvlng nnronlnilled tho free cnrront of nalionni IndnHtry ; niitl we wish ratliur, by well cnnsidereil steps, to brini; hack our cnniinerciiil legls- ialion to the Btrnl)!lit and slniplc line of wisdom, tliun to increase the deviatiiin l>y sntijiTlinK addi- tinnal and extiMisive branches nf the public interest to fresh systeina «( artillciul and injuriuus reslrlctinna, "II. Ilertuisp we think that the great prncticnl rnle, of leavinR all commerce unfettered, applies more peeiilmrly, and nn still striinijer (troundu <)f«jnatire as well as puliiy, to ilie ciirn iradu than to any other. Irresistible, indeed, nnmt be i!i;it neeesnity which ronid, in our jiidBoient, uUhDrise the lci;islat»ro In tiunper with the sustenance nf tlio penplo, and to impede lie' free jinrithiise of that Brlirli! on which depends the existence of so large a port inn (pf the comnianily. "III. Hecanse wo think that the expectations of nlliniati^ lieiiefu from iIiIh nniasiiro are founded on a (Inlusivc theory. We cannot persinade nnrselves that this law will ever contrilnue to produta plpnty, cheapness, or steadiness of price. So Ion* as it operates at all, its effects mM«t be the opposite of these. Monupoly is the parent of scarcity, of ilcarnesii, anil if uncerlaiiitij. To col olfanyoftha ('iiirces of KOpply, can oidy tend to lessen its abundim-e; to clo.se acnin'st onr.^"l\•el< the cheape.>'t iimrki't for any commodity, most enhance the price at which we ptircha^e it ; and to cnnrine the con- sumer of corn to the produce of his own cnuiUry, la to refuse toonrselves the benetit of that provision Which Providence itself has made for equalising to man tho variations of climate and of se.isonrf. "IV. Bat whatever maybe the future conseiiuences of this law at Ninne distint anil uncertain period, we see with pain that these hopes must he purchased at tlie expense of a (rriiat and present evil. To compel tln! consumer to |mrcliasu corn dearer at home than it might bo imjtorted I'rom ahrnnd, is the immediate pradical effect nf this law. In this way alono can it operate. Us present protecliiin, its prnir.iaed extension of aj-'riciilture, must result (if at all) from the profits which It creates by keepini? up the price of corn to an artificial level. T!n;so future beucHts are Iheconae- quencos expected, but, na we confiilently believe, erroneously expected, from Rivin;? a bounty to ths grower of corn, by a tax levied nn its consumer. "V. Because we think the adoption of any permanent law for such a purpose, recinlred the fullest atidinost laborious investigation. Nor would it have been sntnciont for our satisfaction, could we have been convinced of the general policy of a hazardous experiment. A still further inquiry would have been necessary to persuade us that the iiresent moment is fit f . 73!t,0tlO do. of barley, at 11 do. ..... 888,000 do. of rye, at U do. ...... 023,000 do. of cats, at 2} do. - Consumed by man ...... In addition to this, Mr. irlniith estimated the wheat distilled, made into itarcb, &c. Barlny used in malting, &c. ....... Rye fitr hoss, &c. ........ Oats fur horses, ke. ........ Total of home consumption ..... Add excess of exports over imports - • • . Add seed (one tenth) ..... Total growth of all kinds of grain in England and Wales In 1765 i.v .Mm. » «"• - 3,75I),(I00 - I,01i,,|a5 - fliw.noQ - I,791,'2a5 - 7,5(i6,;t5n iio.finn - 3,417,0(10 31, wo - 2,461, JOO - 13,.ViJ,SoO - 3yS,C21 13,954,474 - 1,395,447 -_15,3 19,921 This estimate, it will be oliaervod, does not include either Scotland or Ireland : and later inquiries have rendered it probable that Mr. Smith underrated the population of England and Wales by nearly 1,000,000. The most eminent agriculturists seem also to be of opinion that the allowance for seed ought to be stated as high as a seventh, Mr. Chalmers, availing himself of the information respecting the numbers of the peopin furnished under the population act of 1800, estimated the total consumption of all the dif. fercnt kinds of grain in Great Britain at that epoch at 37,185,300 quarters, whereof wheat constituted 7,676,100 quarters. Tlie crops of 1800 and 1801 being unusually deficient, the importation in these years was proportionally great; but excluding these scarcities, the total average excess of all sorts of grain imported from Ireland and f()reign countries into Great Britain over the exports had previously amounted to about 1,000,000 quarters, which deducted from 27,185,300, leaves 26,185,300, to which if we add one seventh as seed, we shall have 29,925,057 quarters as the average growth of Great Britain in 1800. The population of Ireland, as ascertained by the census of 1821, amounted to very near 7,000,000, and probably at present exceeds 8,000,000. The greatest portion of its inhabit- ants are, it is true, supported by the potato, and seldom or never taste bread ; but we shall perhaps be within the mark, if we estimate the number of those fed on the various kinds of corn at 3,000,000, and the average quantity of the ditferent sorts of grain consumed liy each individual at 2 quarters. This would give 6,000,000 quarters as the total consumption of Ireland. But the population of Great Britain increased, from 10,943,000 in 1300, to 16,537,000 in 1831 ; and both Mr. Western and Dr. Colquhoun concurred in estimating the average consumption of the whole empire, in 1812 and 1814, at about 35,000,000 quarters. The following is Dr. Colqiihoun's estimate : — SpeciM of Onin. Eitlmited Avert^ of the PopuLilioD of Gr^at Britaia and IrelADil. E>ch Perwn KoraKcd. Convinml by Man. Conmmcd by ADinialn. lT«d In Beer and Spiritt. U«ed in va- rhiu» Manu- facturei. To(j1 of Quarltin. Wheat - - Barley - - Oats - - Rye . - - Beans and peas 9,000,000 1,500,000 4,500,000 600,000 600,000 it 1' ^larters. 9,000,000 1,875,000 6,750,000 025,000 600,000 Quartert. 210,000 10,200,000 59,000 1,300,000 (iuarten. 4,250,000 170,000 " 1,000 9,i70,nnn ' 0,335,(100 10,(150,000 es.i.ooo 1,800,000 Totals - 16,000,000 18,750,000 11,829,000 4,850,000 171,000 35,000,000 1 Dr. Colquhoun has made no allowance for seed in this estimate ; and there can be nc doubt that he has underrated the consumption of oats by at least one half quarter in the consumption of each of the 4,500,000 individuals he supposes fed on them, or by 2,250,000 quarters. Adding, therefore, to Dr. Colquhoun's estimate 5,500,000 quarters for si-ed, and 2,250,000 quarters for the deliciency of oats, it will bring it to 42,750,000 quarters; and taking the increase of population since 1813 into account, it does nol nppear to us lliat tho annual average consum|ition of (he diflerrnt kinds of grain in ilie United Kingdom can now be estimated at less than Foin-r-rocn millions of quarters, ix ;iusive of seed, and at fiftv- Two millions when it is ''"'luded. Assuming this estimate to be c'-rrect, and the jiroportion of wheat to amount to twtlve milliuns of quarters, the progressive con uimption will be as follows :— CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 409 Cons::mpt{on of Wheat and other Grain, in tie United Kingdom, in a Year, Six Months, a Month, a tVeek, S^c. nl in va- IH Manu- cturen. TolM of Quirlon. mrtt-rt. ro.ouo 1,000 p.iTn.nnn fi.3;t5,llftO 10,!),')0,000 ess.niio l.SliD.OOO ri.ooo 35,000,000 WhMl. Ullier Grain. 'Jotal. *••• Q". Qn. A year .... 18,000,000 40,000 000 52,000,000 Six nuinths ... 6,000,000 20,000,000 26,000,000 Three months - . . 3,000,000 10,000,000 13,000,000 Six weeks . . - 1,500,000 6,000,000 6,!J0O,0OO One month ... 1,000.000 3,3.13,3,-)3 4,333,333 Two weeks ... 500,000 l,6fi«,fifi0 2,I«fi,flfifi One week ... 250,000 8.13,333 1,063,333 One duy . - - - .15,714 119,018 151,702 The total imports of foreign corn in 1831 amounted to 3,541,809 quarters^ lieing tlie largest quantity ever brought into Great Britain in any 1 year. Now, as this quantity does not amount to one fourteenth part of the entire produce, it would seem as if the greatest importation could have but a very slight influence on prices ; but it has been already shown that a very large proportion, perhaps a half, of the entire corn produced in the empire is never brought to market, but is partly consumed by the agriculturist, and partly used as seed and in the feeding of farm horses, &c. Hence, if we are nearly right in this estimate, it follows that an importation of 3,500,000 quarters is really equivalent to about one sevenlk part of the entire produce brought to market in an average year, and must consequently have a very material influence in alleviating the pressure of scarcity in a bad year, and in checking the rise of prices. • 2. Regulations under which the Com Trade of Great Britain is at present conducted* — These regulations are embodied in act 9 Geo. 4. c. 60., an abstract of which is sub- joined : — Sections 1. and 2. repeal the acts 55 Geo. 3. c. 20., 3 Geo. 4. c. 60 , and 7 and 8 Geo. 4. c. 58., and so much of the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 111. as imposes duties on the importation of huck-wheat and Indian corn. Foreign Corn may be imported on Payvient of the Vuties specified. — And whereas it is exiiedienl llmt corn, grain, meal, and flour, the growth, produce, and manufacture of any foreign country, or of any lirilish possession out of Europe, sliuuld lie aUowed to be imported into the United Kingdom for con- Humption, upon the payment of duties to be regulated from lime to time according to the average price of fJritish corn made up and puldished in manner herein-after required ; be it tlierefore enacted, tliat there shall be levied and paid to his Majesty, upon all corn, grain, meal, or flour entered for hunio rdiisuinption in the United Kingdom from |>art8 beyond the seaB, the several duties specified and set fnrtli in the table annexed to this act ; und that the said duties sliall he raised, levied, collected, and paid in such and the same manner in all respects as the several duties of customs meiuioned and miitmerated in the table of duties of customs inwards annexed to the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 111.—$ 3. The following is the table referred to :— If imported from any foreign C<«n(ry. IVhtat :—AiXori}'w% to the average price of wheat, in:iile up auJ published m niauuer ** (luiiedby law; Videlicet, Wlieiiever such price ihaH I* 62f. und under 63#. tlie qiiiir'tr, the duty shall be for every quarter Wlieuevcr such price shall be U^f. and under 64r. the quarlcr, the duty shill t)e for every quarter Wli'^Rver such price shall be 64*. An'\ under 65*. the (juirter, the du'y sliall be for every quarter Whenever iuch pricti thill he 6ii. and under 66f. the (juirttr, the duty bhall be for eviry quarter Whenever iuch price shall he 66*. and under 67*. the qiiarler, the duty shall be for every nuarter Wnencver such prica shall be 67*. ana under 68*. the quarter, the duly shall be for every quarter Wtieriever iuch price shall be 68*. and under 69*. the quarter, the duty shall he for ever)- quarter Whenever such price shall be 69*. and under 70i. the quarter, the duty shall be for every quarter Whcntver such prifv sli?ll be 70t. ajid under 71*. the quirter, the duty ilull be for everj- quarter Whenever such price shall 1« 71*. and undtr72*. the quail*;r, the duty shall lie for every quarter Whenever sucli price sliall be 72*. and under 73*. the quarler, the duty sha' I be for every quar er Wheiiev(ir such price shall be at or above 73*. the du- ly shall be for every quarter Whenever such price slull be nnder 62*. and not under 61*. the duty sdall he for every <|uarter And in respect of ea^h integral shilling, or any mrt of e»ch integral shillini? by which such price shall be under 61*., huch du'y '■hall lie incicasen by I*. Barlnj ;— Whenever the average price of barley, niftde up ami published in manner required by law, shall be iUf. and under 3h. the quarter, the duty stiall be fnr every quartiT . - - - ■ And in rt ipect of every integral shillinjc by which fuch price shall he above 33* , such d'lty shall be de- creased by I*, ft/., until such p-ice shall be 41*. Wlieuever such price shall be at or above 41*. (be du- ty shall be for every (piartw Whenever such price shall I* under 33*. and not under 32#., Iheduty sh.ill Iw for cvnry f,u irter And in respect of each iniegnl shillinz, or any part of earh inlejtral shilling, by whicli sucli price shall be under 32*., such duty shall be increased by If. 6d. Oaii:— Whenever the avenge price of oats, made up and published in manner requiretl by law, shall be 2'>f. and under 26*. the quarter, the duty shall be for every quartor . - . • • L. 1. d. 1 4 8 1 3 8 1 2 8 t 1 8 1 8 18 8 16 8 13 8 10 8 6 8 2 8 1 1 6 8 12 4 1 13 10 9 3 And in respect of every integral shilling by which such priceshall bcalj*)ve 2>»., such dtiivsliall bede- crea5e.d by li. 6f/., until such price shall be 31*. Whenever such price sliall.lw at orabove 31*., the du- ty shall be for every quarter ... Whenever such price shall be underS'ii. and not under 21*. the dutyslia'l he for every quarter And in res|)ect of each integral shilling, or any part of each integral shilHnff, by which such price 'sliall be under 2-1*., such duty sh'a't he increased by I*, bd. Rye, I'etUy and Jieatis :— Whenever the av'ciage price of rye, or of peas, or of terns, made up and pub- lished in manner n quired by lav.-, s'lall b>' 36». and under 37*. the quarter, the duty shall be for every quarter - • • • • • And in ri^spect of every integral shilling by which such price shall be above 30.?,, such duty shall be de- creased by 1*. 6d/., until sitch price shall l>e 46i. Whenever such price Ehill be at or aliove 46*., the duty shall bv for every quarter Whenever such price shall be under 3Cj. and not under S")*,, the duty shall be fur every q'larter And in respect of each inteeral fihilling. or any part of each integnl shilling, by which iuch price shall be under 3>«., such duty siiall be inrreastd by 1(. M, Whmt Mint njid f/Mir .•— For evtry barrel, being 196 tbs.. a duty equal in amount tu the duty payable on 38 t-2 gnll'ins of wheat. Oarrwff/:— For every quantity of 181 1-2 lbs., a duly equal in aninuut to the duly payable on a quarter Gf oats. Afrt-rc or fnd'an Com, Purli-H'f'fnt, Urnr nr /?tg» ;— For tvery quarter, a duty equ.il in amount to the duty payable on a quarter of hurley. // the Priidure of and impnrttd from anv liritiah Poigrssion inXortii^incrica, or elsewhere out of Europe. fKhtoi .■— For every quarter . . - • I'niil the pricp fif British wheat, made up and pub- Hshed in the manner required by law, shall be 67*. per quarler. Whenever such price shall be at or above 67*., the duty shall he fur every quarter £ar/ry.'— For every quarter . - . - Until the price of British barley, made np and pul- lished in manner required by law, shall b«a4*, pir quarter. Wfienever such price shall be at or above «Ht., the duly shall be fur every quarter C t.d. 1 10 9 15 6 I 16 9 6 6 2 6 ' i il. 4. 1 if f ^ ^li BOO CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. Table or Duties — eovtinutd. Odt ;— For every quirter .... I'niil the price of Brit ith rats, maJe up ind pab- li>he«, ihall be 41 ». L, i. d. 2 6 6 3 Wheneirer luch price shill be at or above 4li., the duty th.Ml be for every quirler IVftral Meal arid Flour .-—For every barrel, beinc '96 Ibi., a iluty equal io »mouot to \ut duty iiayabTe on 38^ K»lloiitor wheat. Oatmeaii—rnr every quantity of IS1| Iba., a duly equal io aniouDt to tiie duvy payable ou a quarter oioati. Maize or fndiatt Com, JJ»ek- W^htat^ Btary or Bfgg ;— For f very quarter, a duty equal id auiouut to tie duly payable un a quarter < >| b^irley. ^ i.d. 6 Sejrulationa to he ohstrved upon ahipfintr Com from any British posUBsinn »«( nf Kurope, ^c— No corn', srain, meal, nr flour shall be shipped frnm any port in any British poimession out of Enrnpi>, as being the produce of any such possession, until the owner or proprietor or shipper thereof slinll hiive made and subscrilied, before the collector or other chief officer of customs at the port of shipnieni, a declaration in wriMnfr, specifying the quantity of each sort of such corn, grain, or flour, and tliat tlie same was the produce of some Britinh pnjisession out of Europe to Ite named in such declaratinn. nor until such owner or proprietor or shipper shall have obtained from the collector or other chief otDcer of the customs at the said port a certiflcate, under his signature, of the quantity of corn, grain, meal, nr flour so declared to he shipped ; and befure any corn, grain, meal, or Hour shall be entered at iiny port or place in the United Kingdom, as being the produce of any Hrilish possession out of Europe, the master of the ship importing the same shall produce and deliver to the collector or other chief ntfitot of customs of the port or place of importation a copy of suth declaration, certified to be a true and accurate copy thereof, under the hand of the collector or other chief officer of customs at the pnri of shipment before whom the same was made, together with the certiflcate, signed by the said collector or other chief officer of customs, nf the quantity of corn so declared to be shipped; and such ninster shall also inalie and subscribe, before the collector or other chief officer of customs at the port or place nf importation, a declaration in writing, that the several quantities of corn, grain, meal, or flour nn board such sliip, and proposed to he entered under the authority of such declaration, are the same that were mentioned and referred to in the declaration and certiflcate produced by him, without any ailnij.x. ture nr addition; and if any person shall, in any such declaration, wilfully and corruptly make any f.iise statement respecting the place of which any such corn, grain, meal, or flour was the produce, nf respecting the identity of any such corn, grain, meal, or flour, such person shall forfeit and becnnie liable to pay to his Majesty the sum of KM)/., and the corn, grain, tneal.or flour to such person heloiiging, onboard any such ship, shall also be forfeited ; and such forfeitures shall aj)d may he sued for, prose- cuted, recovered, and applied in such and the same manner in all respects as any forfeiture inciirreil under and by virtue of the said act 6 (leo. 4. c. III. : Provided alwavs, that the declarations aforeaolil shall not he required in respect of any corn, grain, meal, or flour which shall have been sh'.ppcd with a 3 months next after the passing of this act. — ^ 4. Penalty for importiitir Malt or froiind Com.— It shall not be lawful to import, from parts beyond the seas into the United Kingdom, for consumption there, any malt, or to import, for consumption into Great Britain, any corn ground, except wheat meal, wheat flour, and oatmeal ; or to import, for e nf his Majesty's customs shall, once in each calendar month, cause to be publiKhed in the London Gii. zette an account of the total quantity of each sort of corn, grain, meal, and flour respectively, whlcli shall have been imported into the United Kingdom ; and also an account of the total quantity of each sort of the corn, grain, meal, and flour respectively, upon which the duties of importation sliall have been paid in the United Kingdom during the calendar month next preceding; together with an account of the total quantity of each sort of the said corn, grain, meal, and flour respectively remaining ia warehouse at the end of such ne.xt preceding calendar mouth. — i b. Section 7. enacts, that if any foreign state shall suliject British vessels, goods, jcc, to any higher duties or charges than are levied on the vessels, tic. nf other countries, his Majesty may prohibit the importation or corn from such state. IVeeklij Ret Hms of Purchases and Sales of Corn to be made in the Places herein mentioned. — And where;ia it is necessary, for regulating the amount of such duties, that effectual provision should be made for ascertaining from time to time the average prices of British corn ; be it therefore enacted, that weekly returns nf the purchases and sales of British corn shall he made in the manner herein-af\er direrteii, in the following cities and towns ; (that is to say,) London, Uxbridge, Hertford, Royston, Chelmsford, Colchester, Rumford, Maidstone, Canterbury, Dartford, Chichester, (lUildford, I.ewes, Rye, Bedfiprd, Windsor, Aylesbury, Ipswich, Woodbridgtf, Sudbury, Huntingdon, Iladleigh, Stowinarkcl, BuryHuint Edmunds, Beccles, Bungay, Lowestoft, Cambridge, Ely, Wisbeach, Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn. Thet- ford, Walton, Diss, East liereham, Ilarleston, Holt, Ayh'sham, Fakcnham, North Walshain, Lincoln, Gainsborough, Ulanford Bridge, Lowlh, Boston, Sleaford, Stamford, i^palding, Derby, Norihnmptnn, Leicester, Nottingham, Worcester, Coventry, Reading, Oxford, Wakefield, Warminster, Birnnnghain, Leeds, Newark, York, Bridlington, Beverley, Howden, Sheflield, Hull, Whitby, New Maltnn, Durhiun, fttockton, Darlington, Sunderland, Barnard Castle, Walsinghain, Belfnrd, Hexham, Newcastle-upon- Tyne, Morpeth, Alnwick, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Carlisle, Whitehaven, Cockermoutb, Penritli, Bgre- inont, Appleby, Kirkhy-in-Kendal, Liverpool, Ulverston, Lancaster, Preston, Wigan, Warringlnn, Manchester, Bolton, Chester, Nantwich, Middlewirh, Four Lane Ends, Denbigh, Wrexham, Carnar- von, Haverford West, Carmarthen, Cardiff, Gloucester. Cirencester, Tedbury, Slow-on-tlie-Widd, Tewkesbury, Bristol, Taunton, Wells, Bridgewater, Kronie, Chard, Monmouth, Abergavenfiy, (-'hei'- stow, Pont-y-pool, Exeter, Barnstaple, Plymouth, Totness, Tavistock, Kingsbridge, Truro, liodniiii, I.aunceston, Redruth, Helstone, Saint Austel, Blandford, Rridport, Dorchester, Sherlmurne, Sbaston, Warehani, Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke, Farchain, Havant, Newport, Riiigwood, Southampton, and Portimnuth; and for the purpose of duly collecting and transmitting such weekly returns us nfnresaid, there shall he appointed in each of the said cities and towns, in manner herein-after directed, a fit and proper person to be inspector of corn returns. — I) 8. Appointing Comptroller of Corn Returns.— It shall lie lawful for his Majesty to appoint a fit and proper person to he couiptndler of corn returns, for the purposes lierein-af\er mentioned, and to grant to such comptroller of corn returns such salary and allowances as to his Majesty shall seem nieel: Provided always, that such persons shall be appointed to and shall hold such his office during hla Majesty's pleasure, and not otherwise; and shall at all times conform to and obey such lawful instruc- tions, touching the execution of the duties of such his ntflce.as shall from time to time be given to him by the Lords of the commiliee of privy council appointed for the consideration of all matters relating lu trade and foreign plantations.—^ 9. Section! 10, 11, 1% embody tbe comptroller'* oatb, enact that he shall execute liis offlue in periuD CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 601 is olflue in perioo tnd not by deputy, provide for siipplyinit liia pince diirinft illnnM or nhnence, and nuthorlie him to lend nml receive lettt-rR reliilliig excliislvelv to the diilied orhls otfice free of pnaiajie. Sections 13. and 14. authorise the Lord Mayor and uldermen to appuint an inspector for the city of London, wlio i» to do the dnty in person, &.c. Sections 15, 10. and 17. declare thnt no person shall be eligible to the office of corn inspector in the city of London, who shall he engaged in trade as a miller, maltster, or corn factor, or he anywise con- cerned in the buyinir of corn for sale, or in the sale of bread niude thereof ; they aUo embody the oath the Inspector is to talie, and provide for the enrolment of his appointment. btaUrs in Cnrn in London lo deliver in a DeelaratioH to the Lord Mayor, 4"«.— Every person who shall carry on trade or hnsiness in the city of London, or within 5 miles from the Royal Fxchange in the «nid oily, as a corn factor, or as an agent employed in the sale of British corn, and every person whn eliKil sull any British corn within the present Corn Exchange in Marl< Lane in the said city, or witliin any other building or place which now is or may heri'afler be used within liie city of London, or within i mill's from the Royal Exchange in the said city, for such and the like purposes for which the said Corn Exchange in Mark Lane hath been and is used, sliall, before he or they shall curry on trade or business, or sell any corn In manner aforesaid, make and deliver to the Lord Mayor, or one of tlie aldermen of the city of London, a declaration in the following words ; (that is to say,) "1 ^. B. do declare, that the returns to he by me made, conformably to an act paxsed in the ninth year of the reign of King George the Fourth, intituled [here set forth the title of this art}, of the qunn- lilies and prices of British corn which henceforth shall be by or for me sold or delivered, shall, to liie liest of my knowledge and belief, contain the whole quantity, and no more, of the corn bona fide sold and delivered by or for me within the periods lo which such returns respectively shall refer, with the prices of such corn, and the names of the buyers respectively, and of the persons for whom such corn shall liave been sold by me respectively; and to the best of my Judgment the said returns shall iu all respects be conformable to the provisions of the said act." Which declaration shall be in writing, and shall be subscribed with the hand of the person so making the same ; and tlie Lord Mayor or Ruch aldermen as aforesaid of the city of London for the time being shall and he is hereby reqnired to deliver a certificate thereof, under his' hand, to the inspector of corn returns for the city of London, to be by him registered in a booli to be by him provided and kept for that purpose.— J 18. Dealers in Corn to make Returva tn Corn fnspector.—Tivery such corn factor and other person ns afiiresaid, who Is herein-before required to make and who shall have made such decln ration as afore- said, shall and he or she is hereby required to return or cause to be returned, on Wednesday, in each and every week, to the inspector of corn returns for the city of London, an account in writing, signed with his or her own name, or the name of his or her agent duly authorised in that behalf, of the quan- tities of each respective sort of British corn by him or her sold during the week ending on and including tlie next preceding Tuesday, with the prices thereof, and the uinount of every parcel, with the total quantity and value of each sort of corn, and by what measure or weight tlie same was sold, and the names of the buyers thereof, and of the persons for and on behalf of whom such corn was sold ; and it shall and may be lawful for any such inspector of corn returns to deliver to any person making or tendering any such returns a notice in writing, requiring him or her to declare and set forth therein wliere and by whom and in what manner any such British corn was delivered lo tho piirchnser or purchasers thereof; and every person to whom any such notice shall be so delivered shall and he or she is hereby required to comply therewith, and to'declare and set forth in such his or her return the several patticulnrs aforesaid.—; 19. Sections 20, 21,22, 23, and 24. authorise the appointment of corn inspectors in the places before- mentioned, forbid those being employed as sucli whn have within the preceding 13 months been engaged in any department of the corn trade, or as a miller, or maltster, forbid tlio.oe who are appointed from engaging in such occupations, prescribe the oath they are to take, and provide for the enrolment of their appointments, &c. Dealers in Com in Cities and Toievs to irake Deelaration.— Every person who shall deal in British corn at or within any such city or town as aforesaid, or who shall at or within any such city or town engage in or carry on the trade or business of a corn factor, miller, maltster, brewer, or distiller, or who shall be the owner or proprietor, or part owner or proprietor, of any stage conches, wagons, carts, or other carriages carrying goods or passengers for hire to and from any such city or town, and each and every person who, as a merchant, clerk, agent, or otherwise, shall purchase at any such city or town any British corn for sale, or for the sale of meal, flour, malt, or bread made or to be made thereof, shall, before he or she shall so deal in British corn at any such city or town, or shall engage In or carry on any such trade or business as aforesaid, or shall purchase any British corn for any such purpose as aforesaid, at or within any such city or town, make and deliver, in manner herein-after mentioned, a declaration in the following words; (that is to say,) "I,^. B. do declare, that the returns to he bj^ me made conformably tn the act passed in the nintli year of the reign of KingGeorgi; tlie Fourth, intituled [here set forth the title of this act], of the quanti- ties and prices of British corn which lienccforw'ird shall by or for me be bought, shall, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contain tiie whole quantity, and iioinorc,of tiie British corn bon'med and taken to he British corn for tlie purposes of this act.—} 33. Provisions of this .^rt mnii be applied loany Town in the Uni'ed Kingdom. — For the purpose of ascer- taining the average price of corn and grain sold within the Uniled Kingdom of Great Britain and Irc- 1 md, if shall and may be lawful for his Majesty, by any order or orders to be by him mane, by and with the advice of his privy council, to diri'ct that tlio provisions of this act, so far ns regards the apjiointment of hnpettors and the making of weekly returns, shall henpplicalde to anyciliu.'^ or towns within the United Kingdom of (Jreat Britain and Ireland whicli shall be named in any sucli order er orders in council : I'rovided always, tliat the returns so received from such towns sin .11 not be admitted into the averages made up for tlie purpose of regulating the duties payable upon foreign corn, grain, me il, or Hour. — J 31. Section 35, provides for the continnaneo in office of the present comptrollers and inspectors. // returns are untrue, Cootntrollcr to laija Statement there ,f lii-fore the Comonltce of Prinij Council.— If the said comptroller of corn returns shall at any timo see cause to believe that any return so to be made as aforesaid to any such inspector of corn returns for the city of London, or for any other siii:h city or town as aforesaid, is fraudulent or untrue, the said coiii|>troller shall and he is hereby required, with all convenient e.xpedition, to lay before the l.ords of the said committee of privy council a siale- iiient of the grounds of such his belief; and if, upon consideration of any such statement, the :'aid Lords of the said coinniittee shall direct the said comptroller to omU any such return in the coinpiila- tion of such aggregate weekly average price as aforesaid, then and in'that case, but not otherwise, the said comptroller of corn returns shall and he is hereby authorised to omit any such return in the compntalion of hi i agiregate weekly average price.—} 31!. Section 37, enacts, that corn dealers having made the declaration previous to this act shall transmit returns and comply with the rules hereby required. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 508 and every iwrcel of week ending nn nni ri<.e tlierfior, ni„| |,y «!• than 11,0 ,,«,,„„ ''I .011.1 it 8||,t|| ,i„d iiakiriK or teiiilfrinu tliereiii wliiire and ; mid Kvcry pltsiii, "•^'iil'Iylliorowiih, ivntiiig, til,, several tl'em have luken ih, lo l>e iim.le by (he,,, 'corn, iinl«s3 such rin({ 8ucli accounts the mayor or thief ispector shall l.o so in which such rity iiins shall duly and iral accounts of the iresaid j and ('very sand towns aforo- omit of ihu weekly yn fur which Im is such form as .shall 'iriis; and the said the city of London 'tics and towns as week in any such III British corn, l)\r ) and computed on "mpirollcrof corn 1 during the week together the total ive been sold, and divide the amount ort of British corn crprndnnediniha lall be divided by ra?e price of each ining the rate and agaregate weekly each week trans- collector or other mid the rate and time bo regnl.ited lie average prices I, or Hour charge- lid in the last of collector or other "aid tolhecomp- ! I-ondon (Jazctte, such collectors or corn respectively ill standard gal- tnrns shall have UL'ret'ate average ed by him iinni •- nich calculations ceil under and in ingdom, shall be nrpose of ascer- firitain and ire- •H made, by and r as regards the rcitius or towns ly such order or I notheadiniitcil sign corn, grain, ppectors. friinj Coiineil— ' return so to be any other such lereby re(|uiru(l, council a jiiale- iniRiit, the said n the coiriputa. not otherwise, h return in tho \. shall transmit domf^ToXUr to i>»ue Directions rri-peclifit fnsptrfion nf Books of Innjiretors. — The comptroller of mm ri'luni!' shnll and he is hereby authorised from time to time, in pnrsunnce of any inHlriictions which li> shall receive in that behalf from the Lords of the said committee of privy council to issue to tlio ieveral Inspectors of corn returns liny general or special directions respecling llie inspeclion by any iiprnon or persons of the books so directed as aforesaid to be kept by every such inspector of corn re- iiiiiis ; and no such inspector ns aforesaid shall permit or Buffer any person to inspect any such hook, nrio piTiise or transcribe .iny entry thiToin, except in compliance with some such general or gpeclal jirections from lii ' salil comptroller of corn returns as aforesaid.—} US. Cepii i/fthc lual Return to he oftied on Market Place on encli Market y>ni/.— Each and every inspector of ciTii returns shall i.nd he is hereby required on each and every market day to put up or cause to lie put up in the market place of the city or town for which he shall be appointed inspector, or if ihcro fliiill 111' no market place In such city or town, then In sonic other conspicuous place therein, a copy (ifthe last reiurii made by him to the coiiiptroller of corn retnrnc, oiuittinc the names of the parties who may have solil and hoiiirht the said corn ; and every such inspector sliall also again put up such arcnunt on the market day immediately following that on which it shall first have been put up, in case liiesanie shall from accident or any other cause have been removed, and shall take due care that the same shall remain up for public inspection until a new account for tlie ensuing week shall have been prepared and set up.— { 311. Seclions 40, and 1 1, reli elate to the payment of comptrollers and inspectors. Penolftj on Com Dealers for nut vmktng Declaruliuns or /ielurns.—\( any person wlio is lierehy re- quired to make and deliver the declaration or declarations herein-heforn parllciilarly mentioned and sf'lfnrih.or either of them, shall not make and deliver such declaration or dccl-irationsatthe time, and 111 the form and manner, and to the person or persons, hercln-hefore directed and prescribed in ihat bili:iir. every person so offending shall forfeit and pay the sum of 20/. fur eacli and every calender nidnlli during which he shall neglect or delav to make and deliver any such dec laration ; and if any pi-rson who is herein-bcfore required to make any return to any such inspector of corn returns as .nfiircsaid shall not make such returns to such inspector, at the time and in the form and manner lirrein-liel'ore directed and prescribed, every such offender shall for such his offence forfeit and pay the sum of 20i.— } 42, Sections 43, 44, and 4,'», regard the recovery and application of penalties, and Impose a fine, not ex- reeiling I0{., on any person, lawfully summoned us a witness touching any inaltur of fact under this att, who refuses to attend without reasonable e.xcuse. Punishment for making false Hetvriis. — If any person shall make any false and fraudulent statement in any such return as he is herein-before directed and required to make, or shall falsely and wilfully include, or procure or cause to he included, in any such return, any British corn which was not truly and icin(i fide sold or bought to, by, or on behalf of the person or persons in any siicli return nicntioned in that behalf, in the quantity and for the price therein stated and set forth, every such offender shall be and be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.— j 46. Jlctnot to affect the Practice of measuring or Privileges of the City of I.onilon. — Nothing in this act cnnlained shall extend to alter tho present practice of inensuring corn, or any of the articles afore- said, to be shipped from or to be landed in the port of London, but that the same shall be measured by the sworn meters appointed for that purpose, by whose certificate the searchers or other proper offi- cers of his Majesty's customs are hereby empowered and required to certify the qiiaiility of corn or other articles as aforesaid so 9hlpi«.'d or landed ; and that nothing in this act contained sliall exieiiil In lessen or lake away tho rights and privileges of, or the tolls or duties due and payable to, the mayor and coinnmnalty and citizens of the city of London, or to the mayor of the said city for the time being, or to take away the privileges of any persons lawfully deriving title from or under Ihcm.— } 47. Limitation of Jlctiovs — Actions brought or commenced under this act must he within three months after the ni,itter or thine done. Defendants may plead the general issue ; and if judgment be given against the plaintitf, defendants shall have treble costs.— { 48. 'We have, in the previous parts of this article, sufficiently illustrated the impolicy, generally ppoaking, of imposing duties on the importation of corn; but he.tides the objertions that may l)0 made to all duties of this sort, from their tendency to force up average prices, and to render exportation in abundant years impossible, the duty now existing in this country is liable to some which may be looked upon as peculiar to itself. From the way in which it is graduated, it introduces a new element of uncertainty into every transaction connected with the corn trade ; producing a disinclination on the part of the merchant to import, and of the foreigner to raise corn for our markets. Suppose a merchant commissions a cargo of wheat when the price is at 71s. a quarter; in the event of the price declining only 3«., or to 68s., the duty will rise from 6s. %d, to 16s. 8(/. ; so that if tho merchant brings the grain to market, he will realise 13s. %d, a quarter less than he expected, and 10s. less than he would have done had there been no duty, or tho duty bren constant ! It may, perhaps, be said that if, on the one hand, the present scale of duties is injurious to the merchant when prices are falling, and when importation is consequently either unnecessary or of less advantage, it is, on the other hand, equally advantageous to him when prices are ri.sing, and when the public interests require that importation should be encouraged: but the prices in tho view c.'the merchant when he gives an order, are usually such as he supposes will yield a fair profit; and if they rise, tiiis rise would, supposing tho duty to bo constant, yield such an extra profit as would of itself induce him to increase his importation to tho utmost, If it were possible to devise a systmn that would diminish tho losses of the merchants engaged in unfavourable speculations, by niuking a jiroportional deduction from the extraordinary gains of those whose speculations turn out to be unusually successful, something, perhaps, might be found to say in its favour. But the system we have been considering proceeds on quite opposite principles : its effect is not to diiniiiisli risks, but to increase them ; it adds to the loss resulting from an unsuccessful, and to the profit resulting from a successful, speculation ! It would, therefore, seem, that if a duty is to be imposed, one that is constant is preferable to one that fluctuates. When the duty i.< con-taut, all classes, tanners as well as merchants, are aware of its amount, and can previously calculate the extent of its influence. But the .1 504 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. nfl'ect of a duty that fluctuated with the fluctuutions of price, can never be appreciated beforehand. Ita in;ignitu(l(! depends on contingent and accidental circumstanceH ; uikI it mun therefore, of neoowity, prejudice the interesta of tlie farmer as well as of the corn dealer.— [See page 608.] 8. Tablm ■Hovriva the Pkicks or the iiirFSREirT Sun-rs or Drain in Queat Bhi> TAIir, THE QOAHTITIKH INPOIITKD ANU EXVOIITEI), dcC. I. Account of tb« Pricei of MiildllnR or Mealing Whent per Quarter at Windiur Market, as atcer- lulned by the Audit- Uooki of Eton College. Arcrag* A-/«rtgtt Aventt Prl«M0f Priemor of Ttn PricM of rrlcMof of Ton Prim of Pricei of of in Whntlt WhMtre. Yunae- Wlioal at Wheal w Yaanac- What! at Wheal »• Yttan ac- Windior, durrd 10 Ihe rnrdinx to WidJur, ilurel 10 Ihe conlint lo Winlior. diiceil lo Die airtipg In Vwn. Galloni Wl.ichMtor tin Win- Ymh. 9 Ga Inna Wiiichealt-r tl"Wn- Vem. SUall ini Winchealer ll.< Win- la the Builnl of chuler to the Biulifl of chnter to Ihe Bunlii-I of clic^'ir 3uihc1. 8 Oalloiu. Buihel of Bualwl. 8 Galloiia. Buibel of Buahcl. 8Galoni. Butljtl of 8 Ualloni. 8 OalluM. muiloii,. \£ I. d. * .. d. £ 1. a. £ $. d. £ ». d. £ $. d. £ ». «*. £ 1. d. £:d. 1046 3 6 3 3 8 1707 1 8 6il 5 4 17OT 3 4 6 8 17 4 1617 1 3 13 8 3 3 5} 1708 3 1 6 1 16 10) 1708 3 6 3 13 9i law 14 5 3 15 61 1709 3 18 6 3 9k 1769 3 5 8 3 7 I649!4 3 11 U 1710 3 18 3 4 1770 3 9 9 3 6} l«S0{3 16 8 3 8 1} 1711 3 14 3 8 1771 3 17 9 10 8 1631 1 3 13 4 3 5 2i 1712 2 6 4 3 1 3} 1773 3 6 9 18 8 1633 3 6 3 4 1713 3 110 3 5 4* 1773 3 6 A 9 19 U 1633 1 19 6 1 11 6) 1714 3 10 4 3 4 9 1774 3 8 3 15 14 3 11 4 1634 1 « 1 3 U 1715 3 3 1 18 3} 3 4 9}' 1775 3 17 8 3 11 3) 1633 , 1 13 4 1 9 7^ 2 U 7} 1716 2 8 U 3 9 8 1770 3 8 3 3 8 16ofl 3 3 1 18 2} 1717 2 5 8 3 74. 1777 2 IS 3 8 10} 1637 3 6 8 3 1 51 1718 1 18 10 1 14 61 1778 3 9 3 4 1638 13 i 9 17 9i 1719 1 13 1 II 11 1779 3 8 1 16 11 163Ui3 A 3 18 8 1720 1 17 1 12 lOi 1780 3 8 6 2 3 li ItitiO 3 16 6 3 10 2} 1731 1 17 6 1 13 4' 1781 3 19 8 13 bi 1661 3 10 3 3 2) 1723 1 16 1 13 1788 3 6 3 13 91 1663 3 14 3 9 9^ 1723 1 14 8 1 10 10} 1783 3 1 2 14 2} 1063 8 17 3 10 8 172t 1 17 1 13 10} 1784 3 6 3 13 91 1661 3 6 1 16 1725 3 8 6 3, 3 \i 1 IS 4) 1785 3 14 2 8 2 7 81 1663 3 9 4 3 3 lOi 3 10 5} 1726 3 6 * 10} 1786 3 7 6 3 3 8} 1666 i IS 1 13 1727 2 2 1 17 4 1787 3 11 6 8 5 9} 1667 1 16 1 13 1723 2 11 3 8 5i 2 1 n 1788 3 15 6 3 9 4 1668 3 1 15 Of 1739 2 6 10 1789 3 3 3 2 16 1} 1669 3 4 4 1 19 5 1730 1 16 6 1 18 6i 1790 3 3 3 2 16 1} 1670 3 1 8 1 17 Oi 1731 1 12 10 1 9 8i 1791 3 15 6 2 9 4 1671 3 3 1 17 4 1732 1 6 8 1 3 8k 1798* — 2 13 1673 3 1 1 16 5* 3 1 5} 1733 1 8 4 1 5 81 1793 — 8 15 8 1673 2 6 8 1731 1 18 10 1 14 0^ 1794 — 8 14 1674 3 8 8 3 1 01 1735 3 3 1 18 2} I 15 3 1795 — 4 1 6 9 14 3} 1673 3 4 8 3 17 81 3 III 1736 3 4 1 15 iOi 1796 — 4 8 1678 1 18 1 13 3 3 13 4 1740 3 10 8 3 S 11 1800 — 6 7 16tS0 2 5 3 1741 3 6 8 2 15} 1801 — 8 6 1681 2 6 8 3 1 51 1742 1 14 1 10 8} 1803 — 3 7 3 16S3 2 4 1 19 l\ 1743 1 4 10 1 3 1 isns — 3 1683 3 1 IS q\ 1744 1 4 10 1 3 1 18,14 — 3 9 6 10S4 3 4 1 19 \i 1745 1 1 7 Oil 4 5} 1 13 1 1805 — 4 8 4 I 4 1085 3 8 3 1 5* 3 1 4^ 1746 1 1 19 i 1 14 8 1806 — 4 3 1680 1 14 1 10 8J 1747 1 14 10 I 10 lU 1807 — 3 18 16S7 1 5 2 1 3 4i 1748 1 17 ! 1 12 10} 1808 — 3 19 3 1688 3 6 3 10} 1719 1 17 ' 1 12 10} 1809 — 5 6 16 9 1 10 1 6 8 1730 I 12 1 1 8 10} 1810 — 5 12 1000 1 M 8 1 10 9} 1751 1 18 1 14 8} ISIl — 5 8 1691 1 It : 10 2» 17:>2 : 8 1 10 1 17 8i 1812 — 8 169-2 3 8 8 1 ti 1753 12 4 8 I 10 8^ 1813 — 6 16J3 3 7 8 SOU 1754 1 14 8 1 10 9} 1814 — 4 5 169(3 4 2 16 10} 1755 1 13 10 1 10 1 1 1 3} IS15 1 — 3 16 1 17 f 1693 '3 13 2 7 li 1 19 6} 17.i6 2 5 2 2 1} 1M16 — 4 2 1690 3 11 3 3 U 1757 3 2 13 4 1817 — 5 16 16117 3 8 13 4 1738 3 10 2 4 ! 1820 — 3 16 1700 3 1 15 6} 17til 1 10 2 1 i)} 1821 — 3 110 1701 1 17 8 1 13 5} 176-2 1 19 I 14 8 1822 — 2 13 1702 1 9 6 1 6 2} 1703 2 8 1 16 11 1823 — 2 17 1703 1 16 1 12 1764 2 6 8 3 1 .3}! 1824 — 3 12 1701 3 6 6 3 1 4 1763 2 14 3 8 1 19 31 1815 1 — 4 4 3 18 bt 1705 1 10 1 6 8 2 3 11 .1766 3 8 6 2 3 U 1)826 1 — 3 13 1706 1 6 1 3 li 1 II The Eton Account of Prices cniiinienced in 1595; the acciracyof '.he returns in the first years can- not, hnivever, he BO implicitly relied on, as those quoted above.- -Bisho;.' Fleetwood mid Sir F. M. Edei iif ve collected, with great industry, almost all th<> existing iiifi^rmation respecting ttie state of prices In England diKing the last six hundred years. * From thii year. Inclusive, the account at Eton Collcfie has been kept according to the ttusbel of I galloiui under the provision of the act 31 Geo. 3. c. 30. i 82. CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. m ever be appreciate taiiccH ; utid it muit, the corn dealer.— iw m GaiAT Bai. c. )r Market, as awer. ]I, Account of the Avern^e Prirea of Rritiah Corn per WinrhCHler Quarter, In England and Walei, ■Inee 1771, as ascerlaiiioii hy the Receiver of (Jiirii Keturnt. Vmi.. WhMl. Rye. Firley OltL 1 BniH. 1 Tim. £ «. d. £ «. d. £ f. d. £ ». d. £ «. d. £ 1. d. 1771 3 7 3 14 4 1 5 8 16 8 8 6 1779 3 10 8 16 8 i 5 4 16 S 10 a 1773 3 11 13 4 "■ 8 4 17 3 13 1774 3 13 8 14 -i 8 6 17 10 11 3 177S 3 8 4 13 K i 6 16 6 8 8 o 1778 1 18 3 10 1 3 15 6 6 8 1777 3 5 6 8 1 6 15 8 8 6 1778 3 3 8 4 1 3 8 15 3 7 8 1779 1 13 8 3 4 19 6 14 4 3 b 1780 1 15 8 3 3 17 13 10 3 3 1781 3 4 8 6 10 17 3 13 8 3 ■■oS 178i 3 7 10 6 10 1 3 6 IS 3 6 S.3 1783 3 13 8 15 8 1 10 4 19 10 14 10 £•■3 1784 3 8 10 13 3 1 7 10 18 4 13 3 M 1785 3 11 10 8 1 4 17 3 10 8 ^ 1786 1 18 10 7 3 1 4 4 18 13 3 3 1787 3 1 3 7 8 1 3 8 16 8 11 10 u 1788 3 5 7 8 1 2 15 8 7 3 St 1789 3 11 3 9 10 1 3 10 16 7 3 1790 3 13 3 14 1 5 6 18 10 11 2 1791 3 7 3 11 4 1 S 10 18 3 10 6 1799 3 3 11 10 8 1 6 9 17 10 11 7 1 12 8 1793 3 8 11 15 11 1 11 9 1 1 3 17 6 1 18 4 1794 3 11 8 17 9 1 13 10 1 3 3 6 2 6 8 179S 3 14 3 8 5 1 17 8 1 4 9 6 8 3 13 4 1790 3 17 1 7 1 15 7 1 1 9 18 10 2 3 6 1797 3 13 1 11 11 1 7 9 16 9 7 6 1 13 9 1799 3 10 3 10 11 1 9 1 19 10 10 1 1 13 11 1799 3 7 3 3 9 1 16 1 7 7 4 7 3 9 2 1800 5 13 7 3 16 11 3 1 19 10 9 3 3 7 5 leoi S 18 3 3 19 9 3 7 1 16 6 3 8 3 7 8 1803 3 7 5 3 3 3 I 13 1 1 7 16 4 1 19 6 1803 3 16 6 1 14 11 1 4 10 1 1 3 14 8 1 18 6 1804 3 1 I 17 1 1 10 4 I 3 9 18 7 2 10 1805 4 7 10 a 14 4 3 4 8 I 8 7 5 2 8 4 1806 3 19 3 7 4 1 18 6 1 5 8 3 3 9 3 3 6 1807 3 13 3 3 7 6 1 18 4 1 8 1 3 7 3 3 15 11 1803 3 19 3 13 4 3 3 1 1 13 8 3 8 3 6 7 1809 4 15 7 3 9 3 7 3 1 13 8 3 9 3 3 1810 S 6 3 3 19 3 7 11 1 9 4 3 13 7 3 15 9 1811 4 14 6 3 9 11 3 I 10 1 7 11 3 7 10 2 11 6 1813 6 5 6 3 15 11 3 6 6 3 4 3 13 8 3 13 7 1813 5 8 3 10 7 3 18 4 1 19 5 3 16 9 3 18 6 1814 3 14 3 4 6 1 17 4 1 6 6 3 6 7 3 10 1815 3 4 4 1 17 10 1 10 3 1 3 10 1 10 1 1 18 10 1816 3 15 10 3 3 3 1 13 5 1 3 6 1 18 4 1 18 4 1817 4 14 9 a 16 6 3 8 3 1 13 1 2 13 3 11 9 1818 4 4 1 3 14 10 3 13 6 1 13 11 3 3 1 3 19 11 1819 3 13 3 9 3 6 8 1 9 4 2 15 5 3 16 V'i\ :^l .: le flrst yenrs can- iid Sir F. M. Gdea lie state of prices to the bushel of I III. Account of the Average Prices of Brltiah Corn per Imperial Quarter, in England and Wales, since 1820, as ascertained by the Receiver of Corn Returns. Tean. WhMl. Hjre. Darley. OaU. Beam. Vau. £ ». d. £ a. d. £ ». d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ a. d. 1830 3 7 11 2 3 13 10 1 4 9 2 3 4 2 5 11 1821 3 16 3 1 13 1 6 19 1 10 11 I 12 d 1822 3 4 7 1 11 1 11 18 2 1 4 6 1 6 5 1823 3 13 9 1 11 11 11 7 2 11 1 13 1 1 15 1824 3 4 2 1 5 16 5 4 10 2 1 2 8 1825 3 8 7 2 3 4 1 5 8 2 2 10 2 5 5 1826 3 18 9 3 1 2 14 5 6 9 2 4 3 2 7 8 1827 3 16 9 1 19 16 6 7 4 2 7 7 2 7 7 1828 3 9 1 14 2 12 10 2 6 IS 4 2 6 1829 3 6 3 1 14 10 12 6 2 9 16 8 1 16 8 lH.tO 3 4 3 1 15 10 12 7 4 5 16 1 I 19 2 1831 3 6 4 2 18 5 4 19 10 2 1 11 1832 3 IS 8 1 14 7 13 1 5 15 4 1 17 1833 3 12 11 1 12 11 7 6 18 5 13 2 1 10 5 1834 3 6 8 1 13 9 11 15 3 1 19 4 1835 1 19 4 1 10 4 9 11 2 16 11 1 16 6 JV. B.— The Winchester hushel contains 8150-42 cubic inches, while the Imperial bushel contains 2218192 cubic inches, being about one thirty-secondth part larger than the former.— (See Bushel, and Weiohts and Measures.) The following account of the current prices of aH sorts of corn In the London market, 7th of October, IBS.t, is interesting, from its showing their coniparaiive values, and the estimation in which they ura held :— Vol. I.— 2 U 64 I: 008 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. IV.— Current Prices of Grain, SeeiU, Slc. per Inipuriul Qiinrtnr. London, 7lh of Octuhor, ISM. Briliih. Whul, Emi, Kant, inln«hirft, old Norlhdinlwrl iml, Hrrwirk, ami Smich, do. 0>l>v:tV Ailit l.iliiL'iicIl, whlln aikI rul ( «rk Riirl YdiikIuI tin. Duliliii, WAlerfonl, And CloiiniRl, do. Ryf. Nnv ..... lUrlt y, Kent, F.iv>, NnrO'lll, ind Sultilli, nrw l.incoliiHhtrr, aul Yurkihire tin. ii'iinnt aud glillJitlf • • do. Scotch • • Mill, l^ do. red do. Trefoil, new • . • do. . ■ K-ip^m-e-l, cruahin^, new, per latt, 22/. to 25/. c.iki', per ton, 4t. lOf. to M. foralin. Wheat, IHntfie al^l Konigttwrg, flneat hifh inii») do. Koo'l ntiavd • do. rnl mixed * . * Nleltin .... Diniih .... Ihiuliiir^ and Pomeraniaji />-:>hiid and Urabaiil n lfl«a, loft ■ . • Riica, IVtenburih, and Lleliau, «ofl .... Arclianjrl 'I'lwcan, red • . " Ciiitada .... .S|>^iniih, anfl Ruck or braiik ... Fndlaii corn .... Kye, Baliic, dried do. undrled Eirley, Hamliiirxh, Danlair, KonlgiLerg, and liijca, malting Hit. (rrilldini ... llmKh do. ... Oala, nii'oji brew and thick l)aiii*h .... KrirNlaiid brew and thick > llu«,i.iu .... Beans tick .... Mlllll .... Mrilildrrai.ean • . Peai, white, boiling . . Srt'y or bog Tircn, (duly 10».) Flour, I).inl7.ic, per barrel . > Auicrican, aour do. • ■ > do. aweat, do. Free I'rr IJr. I. f. fiS to G'l '« - w .'>i — iU 0-0 0-0 52 - m 0- » 46-49 Jfi — JH nK — 10 />S — t<(l .W — III ■H — Hi 32 — .1-1 ii — ue JO- at ai - 82 0- — n 0-0 21 - 22 16 - Ml 20 — 21 21) - Jl 32 — M 0—0 0-0 42 - 4-1 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 In Bond. IVr ()r, », ». 19 to SO til - n 111-40 0- 27 — :ii 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 4-. - :■) 0-0 0- 0- 0- 5 22-24 0- n 0- - n I 14- 10 I II - I.' 0- ! 0- ' 52 - 1 2il - il , 0- I aj - 3-> I 0- I 0— I — D I 21 -21 I 2J - ^ , Linved, RiiMian, cruihiog (duty If. per quarter), peniuarter ..... do. ifiwinjr, per barrel • « Meflitt-rrannn, |,er quarter Rapeieed (duty If. per qr,), cr'.ahing, new, per qinrter ..... l.iiiBwd oke ('liilv 2ti. per cwt ), per ton K.t)>R rake (duty 2(/. per cwt.), do. • . Cloveiieed, re.«l (duly 20i. per cwt.), per 'on while (duty 20f. per cwt.) do. L. I. L. I. 2 8 to 2 0- !2 0-tl 7 0—8 4 10 — 4 2 10- 3 2 12- 3 -Account of the Quantit y of Wheat and Wheat Flour exported, and of Foreign Wheat and Wheat Flour imported, in the foilowiiig Years (Winchester MeaBiiri;). Tean. Wheal and Flour cxjiorled. Foreign Wheal and Flour imported. Yeara. Wheat .ind Flour exporled. Foreign Wheit and Flour import tnl. Yean. Wheal and Flour eiporlej. Foreign Wheat and Flour inqiorlid. F.n«Und. (?rt. (Jr.. England. l 81,633 17.55 237,488 1790 30,892 2-22,557 \-n 178,880 1756 102,7.52 5 1791 70,(;26 4(19,0.':8 1723 l.'>7,720 17.57 11. .545 141,.582 1792 200.278 822.117 1724 215,885 148 17.58 9,234 20,353 17113 76,829 4iK),3!18 172.-, 201,413 12 17.- 9 227.611 182 1794 l.-iri.OIS 327,9(12 1720 112,183 1 71.0 .3(1.3,814 3 17115 IS.S.^Q 313.793 17 '^7 .30,315 1781 4ll.9f.6 1790 21,879 879,2n() 1 1728 .3,817 71, .574 1782 279 879,'2n0 ] 5'.!5 41)1,707 1 ;S2 3!>f*,721 1 ^02 463,185 1 913 1,204,520 VI— Aceaiint ipfriryiiiK thn Totnl QiiuiitltifH of nil Bortu of fJrnln Impnrtnil Into Oroal Drilnin, from iliireri'iit Ciiiiiitrii-ii, In I'lii li Vrar, rrmii ItOI to 1825, Imllt incliihlvi' ; the Avi'mrc ((iiHiilily nf nil Hurts 111' (iriln, iiiiil lliu Avitmhi- (Iniiiiilly nt'iiiirli |iiirllriiliir H|ii'i'iuii iil'(irulii,a» Wliuiit, Kyii, lliir> juy, &c,,liiipiirlu(l III uacli of lliu ubuve Ycura, IrDiii t-ucti iliU'ertiiit IJoiiiitry, hi VVlnit|ic-»tur Uiinrturii. lem. Riwla. .Sua liD Mllil Niinvay nmk. Triuilt, Orr- suny. Ni-llier- Itnitl, Fmnre ami .Snuhiif Eun)pa. ,SI»li« ol Amvncit. nntiih Nnrtli Allivrir:)!) C'lluillCB. Olh.T r..ni<„ 1 '»iiiiiii-i, l.ol M.iii .ml I'rixt lorn. 10,071 lit 1 mil. 1801 201,630 20,.373 7,688 66.3,584 099,310 351,330 3,323 .372,151 67,781 900 1802 12,870 10,061 8,882 .377,98-11 151,303 103,191 8,038 80,N20 73,172 856 407,1107 1803 16.448| 540 8,019 171,001 101,1171 8I,7.'.8 1,.503 109,8,-12 43,345 l,7i. 313,518 1801 8,215, 1«,()3I 31,029 531,304 138,810' 170,W7 108 4,351 81,21 1 4,5Ti; 310,9 8 180S 173,871, 25,839 6'2,8.37 702,60.'-. 126,1101 72,516 9,791 1.3,175 8,250 8,.51l 30li.9-23 1801) 57,116 — 10,284 90,040] 108,581 1 89,949 3,790 79,906 9,801 5.61j 4tiii,9l7 1807 0,183 110 74,019 32,8««i 111,537, 237,523 .32,113 250,866 87,093 l^.WKi 4li3.:(IO 1808 3,604 195 1,800 — 29,998 i 18,137 11.7.30 13,-206 81,500 i-2,aji; 0.56.770 180!) 14,089 2,318 9,027 3,016 109,6'i5' 388,-582 30,818 172.878 23,737 20,84^ 9.-13,058 1810 06,860 87,1'fll 1,32,287 316,221 353,175,436,886 8-ll,3|ij 98,361 85,938 28,405 032.8 IU ISll 4«,597| 40,391 45,127 97,880 8,429 — 5,167 18,097 4i0 15,1)34 4;(0,lr9 1812 128,437! 14,019 62,302 9,003 619 2 461 11, .52 1 93,774 17,970 (i00.-208 1813 04,938 71,629 68,872 133,(H)7 123,156 — — 1,093 1 10,112 917.104 IHIt 9,760, 30,B2« 18,3.'.fl 180,241 11»,>-61 420,009 170,50*1 2 3 7,470 812,-.05 1815 1,443 620 0,2.')0 10,438 35,279 1.35,778 79,031 45,58ti 25 6,Mi0 821,192 1810 21,198 600 14,874 91,791 54,157' 118,018 1,189 7,200 3 4,077 873,865 1817 405,933 1,166 149,012 41I,)M7 2.5.3,103 191,141 .3: ,372 310,304 25.870 8,016 699,809 1818 670,793 2,4;Vi 342,213 829,646 571,801(701,874 U-2, 891 187,.570 50,017 8,710 1,207,>5I 1819 543,551 9,255 123,638 3-23,350: •2.1,5,1170 193,0-29,218,215 47,6.51 14,2.57 0,484 907,861 1820 372,100 13,492 1 17,595 356,288 818,711; 78,813 12,917 91,098 40,89H 9.,'<69 1,4 17,1 VO 1821 28,443 — 80,778 30,258 51,5101 19,964 102 3»,I88 40,910 12,103 1,''22,810 1822 32,010 — 15,045 28,745 81, ,528 3,021 741 6,212, 33,4;i9 4,217 209 5,000' l,0(i3,089 IS'23 14,568 — 6,148 8,743 4,635 3,890 103 10,303 1,528,1,53 1S24 14,500 2,858 100,99,8 76,780 231,430 i32,lt«) 1,395 .33,8721 891 9,154 1,6,-14,024 1825 20,803 4,28J 318,282 217,830 372,839i 63,954 499 12,903, 05,059 l3,-2-27 2,203,91)2 Annual "I averaite of 1 llieabnvo ) 117,902 14,397 67,&n 388,584 171,103 158,078 37,932 80,718 25,627 10,363 663,008 •2J years J Animal 1 .ivprayeofl ditto for [ 53,377 9,576 18,324 137,359 58,103 5«,817 34,649 74,031 24,863 4,636 187,438 wheat J Do. rye 9,008 9S0 1,123 5,(589 .5,189 1,0!)0 293 8,341 ^ 1,438 253 Do. barley 7,112 987 18,808 18,718 81,8.39 0,500 1,097 311 51 8,191 33,.331 Uii. oata 46,052 8,446 30,673 39,809 73,838 84,369 1.953 3 1 1,703 639,857 Do. peas \ mill heans ) 785 428 823 7,609 T,I44 5,803 9,124 201 697 151 4,982 Do. Indian ) corn 3 8 — 97 — — — 816 4,029; 15 41 167 VII.— Account of the Imports Into Great Dritnin of all Descriptioni of Foreiun Corn in 1831 ; spprify- iiig the Uiiuntries wliencti tliey wore imported, and tliu Quantities brou|;lit from each.— Pur/. Payer, Nu. 426. Sese. 1838.) Countries from which iuiporled. Bsrley .ind llarlry Meal. Beam. Imlian Com anil Meal. Gall and Ualnw.l. Pea. Rve and Hvo Mi'ial. Wheal anJ Wheat Flour. niick Wl)e.il, Total. Qr.f. ItL Qri. 111. Qr: iu. Ort. bu. Qrl. Ini. Qrt. hi. Qri. tu. Qrt. lu. Q,>. bu Russia ... 42,.^682 — 3166 369,608 1 6,3727;53,9I15 464,584 1 20 937,363 6 Sweden ... 1,7187 — — 20,f;63 5 313 60 712 2'2,51S7 Denmark 11,5.6581 1,209 4 — 06,096 5 2.667 2 5,832 2 55.967 278,421 4 il'msfU ... 60,778 6 1,1.57 5 — 70.115 4 .3.5,211 01 IN.447 3 29l>,2^6 5 4>l,iHI0 7 Oi!rniany 116,928 3 7,6614 — 31,450 1 13,9fi27 7.103 5 2I8.,507 4 01 .■;95,617 1 The Nelherlanda* . 12,284 7,070 3 — 15,226 4710 4,205 2 :!0.'2I9 4 60,506 1 Franco ... 18,737 7 1,454 17,6933 7,936 122 5 1.37 4 103,71 5'6,691 4 156,673 3 The Azores - — 04 2,649 3 — — 22 2 2.672 1 Spain ... 9,318 3 04 1.698 3 .30 44 — 151,071 1 — 158,6-23 1 — the Canary Isl. 4186 — — — — — 1,082 4 — 1,501 2 Italy 3,003 1 3,691 4 47 6 10 — — 2,53,'29j 5 — 200,039 .Malta - — 1,031 3 — — — 13,339 7 — 14,371 2 Ionian Islands — — — . — 219 3 — 219 3 Turkey ... 6210 01 — 02 — 6,215 4 — 6,X39 7 Cape (ifGood Hope 10 — — 10 — — 2,183 4 — 9,185 4 lU'iritius _ — . _ *_ _ — 06 ,... 06 East India Compa- ny's lerritorifB 131 — — — 136 — 5,490 4 — 5,011 5 \an Diemaii's I.iind » .— — « _. — 43 5 — 45 5 British North Aiiieri- ciin cnloiiies - 2103 — 04 6,902 6 4610 236 218,327 2 — 220.106 3 British West Indies — — 04 — 01 — 3 4 — 4 I U. Slates of America — 01 29,193 3 599 4 — 1,887 3 463,418 7 — 488,101 2 (3iilland Peru .~— — — _ — . ». 140 7 ... HO 7 Isles of Riiern-") 58 1,1882 — — — 925 — 9,242 1 — 10,4t3 3py,Jersey,Al- Vj^ derneyJtManJiSo. 5,498 6 18 5 — 2,831 2 220 — 14,265 5 — 82,636 2 Total . 381,922 0;2.3,.388 41.702 1 622,361 4 59,559 2,91,819 4 2,311,362 2 G,r.035, 3,541. 8090 l n 'm m SOS CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. Vni. AnnunI Import! of Cnrn, Flour, ■ 11(1 M»nl, nrnm Irelnnrf intoareat Brllnln, f Inn IIOT. Whl aiKl Barloy miU Oil! •lid 1 Ywrt. Wh. «l »'l„ur R>rlrr M.-al. »»•. dalnioil. Cnro. Bmm. 1 Pmu. Tnl.l. mn 49,111 fr«. 'a.nvi qr4. 431 f r« 389.649 «r«. 9,167 * 43 683,714 ^ 6,993 KTS.^fiS 1 IMI7 stf.im 36,766 614 611,117 8.987 n',IU,MHI 1 IHIH 108,330 33,387 4 1,069.389 4,814 1,9((7,83| ' INI» 1A4,II31 30,311 3 789,613 «. 3,904 Mi' m\ 'i IH-20 401,717 S7,00S 131 016,350 1 8,803 I,4l7il20 1 1891 400,700 83,884 990 1,169,949 _ 7,433 l,h'.i9,M|(t ! IBti'i 463,004 33,333 353 969,937 — 7,963 I,IM3,UNI IHtU 4()i 1,068 10,374 198 1,103,487 _ 6,196 l,39H,l.'i3 1821 336, 108 49,879 113 l,S9.3,0h.» 6,.347 I,li3 1,094 IRM 3tW,OI8 163,0^3 890 1,690,896 — 19,786 9,303,9ft3 1836 3I4,M1 6t,88) 77 1,303,734 — 7,l«0flr*. l,499vr». l.«W9,h9 1837 403,3jS 67,701 3.36 1,313,967 1,799 10,037 1,:)79 l.'''Jll,T43 I8i8 633,384 81,904 1,494 9,073,631 380 7,068 4,014 9,N9(I,I33 1839 SIU,103 07,110 .'M)8 1.673,698 30 10,414 4,503 9,.1(),'i,H0fl 1830 98i»,7l7 189,74* 414 1,471,9.33 38 19,033 8,5-20 2,919,729 1831 537,590 183,409 919 1,655,034 963 19,039 4,b63 9,410,613 1833 573,M6 133,068 9M l,8U0,.39i S,0.T7 14,319 1,916 9,(103,7.14 1833 844,201 107,519 167 1,763,519 117 10,103 9,613 ^,736,981 1834 770,304 317,568 9S3 1,747,910 74 8,770 9,176 3,766,983 I83S 661,776 156,176 614 1,833,766 — )4,834 3,'M7 i.(>69,OI3 IX. Account of the FnrRien Hnd Oolnnlnl Corn, Flonr, and Meal, tnlindfor Home Contumpthji In the United KliiKifiiin Hiiici! 1M15; RiiocilyiiiK the tiitiil Amount of Duty ren«lv«d thfreoii, nnd the Riitui of Duty 5 In Imperial Quarteri.— (,4;ipeii(/ix toteeunii JlerktiUural Heporl of 18.16, p. 989.) i Corn, kc entered tor Ilume Coonimplioii, Imperial ((uirten. Duty re- celnd. Total. ATtra(>! nilei of Duly per Imp. (Juarier, | Wheat \ni Flour. narley -ind Meal, "XJ 'oiliand IndhD Corn. Bauii •nd Peu. Total. Wheat. Bariey. Ryfc Oata. Indian Corn. 1. rfT Bnni IDd Fell. 1 L. <. i. «, i. «. d. i. d. «, i. mi.^ ^ 160 I4»i 214 .. 1 523 ISI6 K-.,JST M.gia 10,259 76.29< .. ^ 328,734 Itll? 1,020 !M!l: 133,438 132,227 473,813 151 17,123 1,777,706 IKI8 l,:>»3,-,IB 6;iS,ti21 79,221 990,947 1,411 ITT.MO 3,538,568 IHIU 122,131 3C4.0H 17,299 623,915 26,73! 199,716 1,2\3,4OT IHJO H2T4 — — 726,844 — . 3 761,125 tS2l 2 — — — — — 2 12,137 _ _ _ ,. ^ 12,137 10,310 16 IIS-4 iixi 1V77 521^31 39,1«S — 619,340 1,24! ,*. 675,629 176,383 II 111-2 9 63^ ^ 4 93-4 9 I IW\ »70,6:9 9,412 15 91 30,787 8311.225 296,121 8 614 4 4 3-4 6 6 4 4 10 6 'ilM \*i» 315,aW 312.61 1 87,241 1,185.214 6,222 IM.SfM 2,007,104 442,595 II 33-4 3 2t-4 2 91-4 2 9 311 3 5 ' 1N27 572,731 iM,m 21,1-87 1,831,248; 145,-42 l;>7.8-,|.2.as6.S5J 792,934 21 4 I.4 1 6 2 1 3 3-4 2 9 1-2 2 8 1 lr<2N S4>,(riO 217,54i 4«9; l4,37-( 22,747 1 19, 7«2i 1,216,987 188,4121 1 91-4 5 1 3 a 8 1-2 2 4 M 8 2M' IWM l,3f.4,220 »2,40fl 65,331 192,890 22,(l!)8 96.5 14! 1,944,049 (•o.Awi 9 234 9 3-4 2 1 1-2 11 134 9 7|.| III 8 ; lOU l,70l,C8'i iiJ,107 111,121 900,31S 4,I0( 63,644|2.T41,17e 79S,O0Oi 6 41-2 9 5 3-4 12 6 4 2 3-4 12 7 1.2 7 8W iirii 1,431,631 .122,709 66,Hes KM 20 61,4»- K),444 2,56H,983 555,1581 4 8 1 7 2 73.4 7 3 1-4 1 2.1-1 5 10 1.2: [Kil 325,433 72,lili3 61 St,»63 1,024 21,181 42n,229 309,676,16 2 9 61-2 17 1-2 2 614 9 4 1-2 in 4 i IKM S2,3W 1,20s 1 978 I 24.077 108.6141 36,419' 5 6 13 It 20 6 10 16 8 10 41-3 im 64,653 11,031 St .65,623 207 10i!,080 233,4121 99,3701 5 7 13 7 -M II 10 1 2 8 9 1 INS 23i 8,50,1, \.im 3,N2( '•J,.'«),'] 2,4111 2,fl05 S,73fl a,:oft 3,M!U ,40«»ri ,7-, (I fim ,HIU ,IW ,'MH ,I0.| ,H()3 ,IUS ,MiJ .WW ,ail ,H(1| ,l!10 ,H|tt ,0M) ,l.',3 ,031 l,W13 !.b» 1.743 1.1.^ i.hOfl 29 l,tM3 i,7.1» .•Ml i.DHS ,01,1 i< Coniumptian In the ^renii, niid Hit; Riitui 16, p. 382.) p«r Imp. (tuiner. t. <<. 4 93^ 4 ■t a I 3 3-4 8 l-i, 1 134 4 2 3-4 7 3 14 2 614 6 10 I 3 InHi&n Corn. Bnni «Dd Fell. 4 10 3 11 2 9 1-2 3 4m 9 7 |.| 12 7 1.2 1 ia-i 9 4|.J l(i 8 2 8 12 4 6 r let H 2M' III 8 : 7 fU !i 10 1.;: in 4 I 10 4|.2| 9 I 9 9 I 42,0()0 quarters of 9id. per quartrr! /. In 1830 the 1831 the imports tant one of 6.». or But there are woulil have been ,y ehi'cks imiiorla- ind thi' duties are ;on8unipti()ii ; and entered under the irgoly, tliougit at a A moderate duty, lurity t6 the eorn Jndcr the present icy, what may he ;rade of a farmer, icies of gambling, ery one would be irrow limits: and tltt bniineM of farming would acquire that Mcurity, of which it ia, at prtient, ao completely daatilule, and which ia ao indiH|i«t)aabl« to ita aucc49«a. IV. FoRaioM Con* Tiadi. Pn/i.«A Com Trade. — Dantaio ia the port whenra we hare alwaya been aRcust>imml tt import the largest auppliea of corn ; and it would seem fully eatabliHhed by the data collected by Mr. Jacob, in hia toura, that 28.4. or 30a, a quarter ia the lowest price f(>r which any con- tiderable quantity of wheat for exportation can be |)crmanently rained in the corn-p[rowing provincoi in the vicinity of VVamaw : ita minimum coMt price, whun brought to Lomlon, itxording to the data furniahed by Mr. Jacob, would be as under: — roft of wheat at Warsaw, per qunrler -•....• (,'iinveynncK to itia Iraats, and charies (br loadlni and slowlnf, and aeciirlng It hy mats Freight to Unnlzic ......... |,iiii< nn Ihii jiiisiiniie liy pltfi'rlng, and rain rnnsltiK It In grow ... Ki|wniifs nl Diur/.lc In tunilnn, ilrylnn, n'reenlng, nnd wiifKhoiislnit, and loss of measure I'rolll or coininlasliiii, ns the case may h«, In ih« nii-rih'int at Uiinl/.ic Fralght, primage, Insurance, and shipping charges, at Duntale and in London Coitoftlin wheat to the English merchant - • • • - • •480 It ought, however, to be observed that the premium paid the underwrifera does not cover (he risk attending damage from heating or othorwian on the voyage ; and it ought further to tie observed, that the freight from Waranw to Dnntisic, and from Duntzic home, is hero chargnl at the lowest rate. Mr. Jacob supposes that an extraordinary demand for as much wheat as would Ik) equal to six daya' consumption of that grain in England, or for 216,000 quarters, would raise the coat of freight on the Viatula from 20 to 40 per cent. : and as such a demand could hardly be supplied without reaorting to the markets in the provinces to tho south of Waraaw, ita minimum coat to the London merchants could not, under auch cir- numstancea, amount, even auppoaing aome of theae atu. .lenta to bo a little exaggerated, to less than from 60t. to hAa. or 9(m. a quarter. Mr. Grade, of Dantzic, fumiahod the committee of 1831 with the following Table of tho average pricea of corn at that city, free on board, in decennial periud.s, from 1770 to 1820. AveragB price, from Ten to Tan Years, of the dllTsrent Species of Corn, Tree on board, per Quarter, In Sterling Money, at Uuntzlc. *. rf. 38 A 5 3 3 1 rt 8 WhMt. R,.. Itarity Out!. ». d. f. d. 1. d. «. d. From 1770 to 1779 - - . S3 9 31 8 16 1 11 1 1780-1789 - . . 33 10 S3 1 17 11 13 4 1700—1799 • 43 8 86 3 lU 3 13 6 1800—1809 . 60 34 10 85 1 13 1 1810—1819 . Aigregate Average Price or49 Yeara 55 4 31 1 36 30 4 45 4 37 3 30 10 13 10 In 1823, 1824, 1825, and 1826, pricea, owing to the cesaation of the demand from England, were very much depreaaed ; but they have aince attained to near their former elevation. We aubjoin a atatement, furniahed by the Britiah consul, of the Average Prices of Grain, bought from Granary, In atnrling Money, at Dantzic, per Imperial Quarter. Tean. Wlint. Bj* Bariej. OKt>. White ud Yellow Fni. Ton. Whnl. Bjt. Barlty. Ojtt. Whilt »rir exportation, tli.'y immediately rise to something like the average level of the European market. During t!u! greater number of the years embraced in the consular return, the Polish corn trade was very much depressed ; and in some seasons the exports were extremely limited. But iiotwiih. standing the.se unfavourable circumstances, the price of wheat, free on board, at an avia.s- • Inn-. France. Ho), laud. Olher Coun- trin. 300 510 WhMt • Kye • lljrlcy • '.mil • lU . ToUlofCom . flmir, barwU of > IliKllil", lip of 1 CWt. Qn. 214,933 8,ilS0 3.li4S 8,923 2,444 24J69 9,4'S5 237 274 64,.194 30,Mi6 2,118 217 3,070 2»,a;4 672 181 328.982 8,4IU 4.I2S 2U.9S.7 14,312 qn. 21,4-3 62 43.970 28,7;>3 788 1I768 4,163 4T,¥I6 2,452 46'l f36 12i,3!0 2.510 11.3«0 2.2/0 14,7^ — 4,.W0 660 239,12^ 2,016 3,224 34,133 17,785 32,897 3:6,S7J 2I,S2i 75,279 6r.,732 108 72 156,220 - 13,032 6,828 8,ff26 - 2,776 10 _6,732 _ _ 2 200 QuaUly of Dantzic Wheat. — It will be seen from the subjoined accounts, that the price of whrat at Dantzic, during the 10 years ending with 1831, was very near 7*. a quarter above its average price at Hamburgh during the same period, and about 2s. above the average of Amsterdam. This diifercnce is entirely owing to the superior quality of the Dantzic wheat Though small grained, and not so heavy as several other sorts, it is remarkably thin-skinned, and yields the finest flour. Some of the best white, or, as it is technically termed, " high mixed" Dantzic wheat, is superior to the very best English ; but the quantity of this sort is but limited, and the average quality of all that is exportetl from Dantzic ia believed to approach very nearly to the average quolity of English wheat, .ivii.-wing for its superior quality, it will be found that wheat is, speaking generally, always cheaper in Dantzic than in any of the Continental ports nearer to London. 1'hcre are but few season?, indeed, in which Dantzic wheat is not largely imported into Amsterdam; and it frequently, also, finds it way into Hamburgh. But it is quite impossible that such should be the case, unless, taking quality and other modifying circumstances into account, it were really cheaper than the native and other wheats met with in tliese markets. When there is any considerable importation into England, it is of every day occurrence for merchants to order Dantzic wheat in preference to that of Holstein, or of the Lower Elbe, though the latter might frequently be put into warehouse here for 20.«. a quarter less than the former ! It is, therefore, quite indispensable, in attempting to draw any inferences as to the comparative prices of corn in dilferent countries, to make the requisite allowances for difl'erencea of quality. Unless this bo done, whatever conclusions may be come to can hanlly fail of being false and misleading ; and when they happen to be right, they can only be so through the merest accident. Dantzic being by far the greatest port for the exportation of com in the north of Europe, its price may bo assumed as the general measure of the price in other shipping ports. At all event'*, it is certain that when Dantzic is exporting, wheat cannot be shipped, taking quality into account, at a cheaper rate from any other place. The importer invariably resorts to what he believes to be, all things considered, the cheapest market ; and it is a con- tradiction and an absurdity to suppose that he should burden himself with a comparatively high freight, and pay Sis, Id. for wheat at Dantzic, provided he could buy an equally good article in so convenient a port as Hamburgh for 26*. 6Arf. If, thercf ire, we are right in estimating the price at which wheat could be imported from Dantzic under a duty of 6s. or 7s., at from 53s. to 54s., we may be assured that this is the lowest importation price. The greater cheapness of the imports from other places is apparent only ; and is uniformly countervailed by a corresponding inferiority of quality. — (For further details as to the Polish corn trade, see Dantzic, Koxiosukiio, &c.) Ruxicn Corn Trade. — Russia exports large quantities of wheat, rye, oats, and meal. The wheat is of various qualities ; but the greater portion of it is small grained, coarse, brown, and very badly dressed. The hard, or Kubanka, is the best; it keeps well, and is in considerable demand for mi.xing with other wheats that are old or stale. Kussian oats are very thin ; but, being dried in the straw, they weigh betttir than could be expected from their appearance, anil are reckoned wholesome food. Our imports from Russia, in 1831, were extraordinarily large, she having sup[)lied us with no fewer than 464,000 quarters of wheat and wheat flour, 369,000 quarters of oats and oatmeal, 54,000 tiuarters of rye and rye meal, 42,000 quarters of barley and barley meal, &c., making a grand total of 9i(7,000 quartew ! Generally, however, our imports do not exceed a liflli part of this quantity Thequortcr of hard wheat was worth, free on board, at I'etersburgh, in November, 183S, when there was no demand for exportation, from 28s. to 28.9, Gd, — (The reader will find notices of the Russian corn trade under the articles Aiicii angel, PETEiisuunon, and Riga For an account of Iho corn trade by the Black Sua, seepost, and tho article On£ssA.) i^^ i r ,f .. I ' :• : 513 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. Danish Com Trade. — ^I'he export of wheat from Denmark Proper, that is, from Jutland and the islands, ia but inconsiderable. There is, however, a pretty large exportation of wheat and other grain, as well as of butter, cheese, beef, &c., from Sleswick and Holstrin. As already stated, the quality of the wheat is inferior ; for, though it looks plump, it is coarse and damp. The chief shipping port for Danish com is Kiel ; but owing to the superior facilities enjoyed by Hamburgh, the greater portion of it is consigned to that city. In 1S31 we imported from Denmark 55,960 quarters of whe»», 1 16,658 do. of barley, 1)6,990 do. of oats, with some small quantities of rye and beans. — (For an account of the exports of raw produce from Denmark in 1831, see CopE:iiRAOKir.) Com Trade of the Elbe, 4°<^. — Next to Dantzic, Hamburgh is, perhaps, the greatest corn market in the north of Europe, being a depdt for large quantities of I3altic corn, and for the produce of the extensive countries traversed by the Elbe. But the excess of the exports of wheat from Hamburgh over the imports, is less than might have been expected, and amounted, at an average of the 10 years ending with 1835, to only 48,363 quarters a year. It appears from the subjoined table that the average price of wh»-at at Hambu-gh, during the 10 years ending with 1831, was only 269. 6i(f. a quarter, being about Is. a quarter under the level of Dantzic ; but this extreme lowness of price is altogether ascribabio to the infe- riority of the Holstein and Hanover wheats, which are generally met with in gre.it abundance at Hamburgh. Wheat from the Upper Elbe is of a better quality. Bohemian wheat is occasionally forwarded by the river to Hamburgh ; but the charges attending its conveyance from Prague amount, according to Mr. Jacob, to full 17«. a quarter, and prevent its being sent down, except when the price is comparatively high. In 1830, there was shipped from Hamburgh for British ports, 217,700 quarters of wheat, 1,900 of rye, 18,200 of barley, and 2,800 of oats. Perhaps wo might be able, did our prices average about 55,^., to import in ordinary years from 250,000 to 300,000 quarters of wheat from Denmark and the countries intersected by the Weser and the Elbe. Average Prices of Corn at Ilamburgli, during tlie Ten Years ending with 1631, in Sterling Money, per Imperial Quarter. Yean. Wheat. Bye. Barley. Uati. Yean. Wheal. Kye. •arky. OaU. «. d. «. d. ». d. t. d. (. d. «. d. 3. d. ». (.'. 1833 27 6 15 5 13 9 4 1838 27 10 30 8 13 4 10 '. 1823 37 6 13 4 14 6 11 1839 34 5 18 8 13 3 9 4 1831 34 13 13 6 8 « 1830 35 10 21 3 14 9 10 3 1835 30 6 13 13 10 8 6 1831 33 4 36 8 19 9 10 1836 1887 18 4 36 3 17 1 33 10 13 3 17 7 12 4 16 9 Average 36 6i 18 14 6} 10 TJ Amsterdam is an important depot for foreign corn, every variety of which may be found there. Only a small part of its own consumption is supplied by corn of native growth ; so that the prices in it are for the most part dejiendent on the prices at which com can be brouj;ht from Dantzic, Kiel, Hamburgh, and other shipping ports. Rotterdam is a very advantageous port for warehousing foreign corn ; being conveniently situated, and the ware- house rent low, not exceeding fid. or Hd. per quarter per month. We subjoin an account of the Average Prices, per Imperial Quarter, of Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Oata grown within the Consulship of Amsterdam, during the Ten Years ending with 1831. Yean. Wheat. Bye. Barley. Oata. Yean. Wheat. Bye. Harley. Oil.. ». d. «. d. ». d. «. d. S. d. t. d. a. d. «. i. 1833 35 16 8 13 9 4 1838 34 6 3t 19 12 10 1823 31 1 30 6 16 1 8 1829 46 10 25 7 19 5 13 10 1834 30 3 17 4 14 3 9 8 1830 41 9 27 4 20 18 1 1WJ5 33 4 16 5 15 9 13 1831 42 8 30 32 4 18 6 1826 1827 25 33 3 19 3 29 17 7 31 16 4 31 8 Average 31 i\ 23 7J 17 9j- 14 0} Previously to the late revolution in the vi ';,■« average prices of the districts. S!^^nish Com Trade. — ^The exportation of com from Spain was formerly prohibited r I . e severest penalties. But in 1820, grain and flour were both allowed to be freely e.\. -ti . ; and in 1823, this privilege was extended to all productions (frutos) the growth of ,; . k..;ii. There is now, in fact, no obstacle whatever, except the expense of carriage, to the conveyance of corn to the sea-ports, and thence to the foreigner. Owing, however, to the com growing provinces being principally situated in the interior, and to the extreme badness of the roads, which renders carriage to the coast both expensive and diilicult, the exports are reduced within comparatively narrow limits ; the same difficulty of carriage frequently gives rise to very great differences in the prices of places, in all parts of the country, only a few leagues distant. Were the means of communication improved, and any thing like security given to tho husbandman, Spain would, in no long time, become one of the prin- cipal exporting countries of Europe. Old Castile, Leon, Estremadura, and that part of Anda- lusia to the south and east of Seville, are amongst the finest corn countries of Europe; and might be made to yield immense supplies. But owing to the disturbed state of the country, and the want of a market for their produce, they can hardly be said to be at all cultivated. And yet such is their natural fertility, that in good seasons the peasants only reap those fields nearest to the villages ! Latterly we have began to import corn from Bilbao, Santander, and other ports in the north of Spain ; and in 1831, she supplied us with no fewer than 158.000 quarters.— 'See Bilbao.) Corn Trade of Odessa.— Odessa, on tho Black Sea, is the only port in Southern Europe from which any considerable quantity of grain is exported. We believe, indeed, that the fertility of the soil in its vicinity has been much exaggerated ; but the wheat shipped at Odessa is principally brought from Volhy nia and the Polish provinces to the south of Cracow, thesuppliesfrom which are susceptible of an indefinite increase. Owing to the cataracts in the Dnieper, and the Dniester having a great number of shallows, most part of the corn brought to Odessa comes by land carriage. The expense of this mode of conveyance is not, however, nearly so great as might be supposed. The carts with corn are often in parties of 150 ; the oxen are pastured during the night, and they take advantage of the period when the peasantry are not occupied with the harvest, so that the charge on account of conveyance is comparatively trilling. Both soft and hard wheat is exported from Odessa; but the former, which is by far the most abundant, is only brought to England. Supposing British wheat to sell at about 60*., Odessa wheat, in good order, would not be worth more than 52.?. in the London market ; but it is a curious fact, that in the Mediterranean the cstimRtion in which they are held is quite the reverse ; at Malta, Marseilles, Leg) orn, &c., Odessa wheat fetches a decidedly iiigher price than British wheat. 65 , "' ■ " ,f. 1 1 .!: ! ! ( " i N'l I »" 514 COR]* LAWS AND CORN TRADE. The hard wheat brought from the Black Sea cornea principally from Taganrog. It U a very fine specica of grain ; it is full 10 per cent, heavier than British wheat, and haa less than half the bran. It is used in Italy for making macaroni and vermicelli, and things of that wrt ; very little of it has found its way to England. The voyage from Odessa to Britain is of uncertain duration, but generally very long. It is essential to the importation of the wheat in a good condition, that it should be made during the winter months. When the voyage is made in summer, unless the wheat bo very superior, and be shipped in exceedingly good order, it is almost sure to heat ; and has some- times, indeed, been injured to such a degree as to require to be dug from the hold with pickaxes. Unless, therefore, means be devised for lessening the risk of damage during the voyage, there is little reason to think that Odessa wheat will ever be largely imported into BritaiYi. — (See the evidence of J. H. Lander, Esq. and J. Schneider, Esq. before the Lords' Committee of 1837, on the price of foreign com.) It appears from the report of the British consul, dated Odessa, 31st of December, 1830, that the prices of wheat during the quarter then terminated varied from 83s. id, to Ms. 6d a quarter. During the summer quarter, 149,039 quarters of wheat were exported. We copy the following account from the evidence of J. H. Lander, Esq. referred to above : — Account of the nverage Prices of Wlieat at Odessa, with the Shipping Charges, reduced Into British Measure and Currency ; the Rate of Exchange (the whole taken Quarterly for the Years 1814 to 1894, inclusive); and the Quantities annually expoited. Qtiutn Sliding Price per Chet. werl in Rtiuiaa Money. Clnrget on Shipping. ExchangB. Price on board per Quarter. QuantitT exported. Obwmtioni. it. A R «. d. Quortov. 1814. March 31. 207J 2-75 1860 33 81 Jun3 30. 21-50 265 18-90 34 1 1 187,685 Sept. 30. 1750 2-50 1955 27 3r -. ..,i - ' Dec. 31. 18' 2-50 20 50 96 8j 1815. March 31. 21'30 3-55 20-30 36 61 June 30. 21- 275 20-10 31 el 372,309 Sept. 30. 24-80 3 9S 20-60 35 11 f \ Dec. 31. 23-50 3-75 21-20 31 3j 1810. March 31. 32- 5-50 2-MO 45 31 June 30. 35-35 3-60 22 60 46 Ol 801,501 Sept. SO. 35-80 3-65 2310 45 7 f Dec. 81. 36-90 3-65 23- 47 Oj ■u . . . • 1817. March 31. 44-75 4-40 22-40 58 61 June 30. 34-60 3-60 22- 49 4 I 870,893 "!" .'■. - Sept. SO. 30- 3-30 2155 41 2 f ,■, t,i ... - Dec. 31. 33-60 3-75 22-80 47 llj - " »■ 1818. March 31. 29-80 3-80 20-55 43 71 "- June 30. 2270 2S5 20-85 32 8 1 538,513 ■ '\. ' - ' ' Sept. 30. 23-80 2-90 20-40 34 11 f ■ .'. ' . . Dec. 31. ai'30 2-80 19 20 33 6j ,, . 1819. March 31. 17 20 26<) 10 80 26 81 ' '" ' June 30. 17-30 260 20-85 25 5l 627,936 ».vJ> i;.._ Sept. 30. 16-30 2-55 21-85 23 I f . I 1, _ T , Dec. 31. 14- 2-45 2.1 ■vO 18 6j 1820, March 31. 1530 250 24 30 19 71 ' ■''''^" June 30. 17- 2-60 ai-20 21 7 534,199 i'- (•' • ■> ,- Sept. 30. 19-30 2-65 24 40 24 ■ ■1 ■ Dec. 31. 23-30 2-75 23-40 28 8 1821. March 31, 21-50 280 23-70 30 91 June 30. 23-50 2-75 24-15 29 ol 435,305 . -' > . / Sept. 30. 2015 2-65 25 25 24 3 f t ■ '-' ' , Dec. 31. 19-80 2-65 2|-!« 21 i) ^ 1822. March 31. 17-25 260 2180 20 81 -.,. •■\^ *■ , June .10. 17-75 260 2.V 21 8 1 342,752 Sept. 30. 17-45 260 24-65 21 7 f , Dec. 31. 1525 250 23-90 19 loj The present price 1833. March 31. 1520 2.50 94- 19 81 of wheat Is less than June .30. Sept. 30. 15- 1225 9.50 2-35 24-.'H) 21-75 19 9 i 15 7?" 443,035 tlie cos* of ciiltiva- tior TSie chiirjie on Dec. 31. 1270 2-30 91-85 16 Oj warehousing wheal 1824. March 31. 1290 230 25-40 16 n at Odessa does not June 30 Sept. 30. IS- IS- 2-.S0 2-30 25- 10 25-10 16 3 1 16 3 f 427,767 exceed 2(1. per quar- ter per montli. Dec. 31. 13- 2-30 21-50 IP 7j The entire expense of importing a quarter of wheat from Odessa to London may be esti- mated at from 16.», to 19». We borrow, from the valuable evidence of J. Schneider, Esq. already referred ti>, the following account, which states in detail the various items of expense. — (See Table, next page.) The price free on hoard is estimated, in this Table, at under 16»., being no less than I2j. below the average price of October and December, 1830, as returned by the consul ; but not- withstanding, if wo add to the cost of the wheat in London, as given in this statement, 6», of duty, and allow lO.i. for its supposed inferiority to English wheat, iU price here, when thus reduced to the standard of tha latter, would bo about 50fl. 6rf. At present (7tli of CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. 615 October, 1833), Oileasa wheat, entered for honfe consumption, is worth in the London mar- )ict from 43«. to 46». ; being about 10«. below the average of English wheat. Pbo form\ Invoiob of 3,000 Chetwerts ofWbeat shipped at Odessa for London. 3,000 chetwerts wheat, at 13 rs. per chet. - Charge*. Measuring when received, at 9 cop*, per chet. Ditto when shipped 9 — Duty . 77 — Carriage to the mole 18 — Lij!hlorage 15 — Use of bags 10 — Brolierage, i per cent. - - . Commission, 8 per cent. Ra. 100 ISO lAio sno 800 SCO 130 Exchange at 31 ri. per £ sterling 31 3 . 871 10 87 3 7 10 10 Would produce 1,450 Imperial quarters, to cost per quarter Charges in London. £ t. d. Policy duty on 1,200/. at} per cent; - - 3 Insurance on 1,I50{. at 32. 2«. per cent. - Commission do. k . . . - Freight on 1,453 quarters wheat, at 13«. per quarter Primage, 10 per cent. .... Gratification ..... Chnrterpnrty, 11. ; Custom-house entries, 10«. - Metnf;e on nhip, at 4s. 3i. to 40.'!. a quarter; and as the cost of importing a quarter of wheat from the United States into England amounts to from lOs. to lis., it is seen that no considerable supply could be obtained from that quarter, were our prices under 50*. or ."iSj, It ought also to be remarked, that the prices in America are usually higher than in the Baltic ; so that but little can be brought from the former, except when the demand is suHicient previously to take off the cheaper wheats of the northern ports. The exports of wheat from the United States arc, however, comparatively trifling ; it be- ing in the shape of flour that almost all their exports of corn are made. The shipments of this important article from Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, New Orleans, and other ports, are usually very large. The British West Indies, Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, England, and France, arc the princip 'kets to which it is sent. All sorts of flour, whether made of wheat, rye, Indian corn, &t .^v ported from the United States, must previously be submit- ted to the inspection of officers appointed for that purpose. The law further directs, that the barrels, in which it is shipped, shall be of certain dimensions, and that each barrel shall contain 196 lbs. of flour, and each half barrel 98 lbs. The inspector having ascertained that the barrels correspond with the regulations as to size, weight, &c., decides as to the quality of the flour ; the first, or best sort, being branded Superfine ,■ the second. Fine ,- the third. Fine Middlings ,- and the fourth, or lowest quality. Middlings. Such barrels as are not merchantable arc marked Bad t aad their exportation as well as the exportation of those deficient in weight, is prohibited. Kyc flour is divided into 2 sorts, being either branded Superfine Rye Flour, or Fine Rye Flour. Maize flour is branded Indian Meal ; flour made from buck-wheat is branded B. Meal. Indian meal may be exported in hhds. or 800 lbs. Flour for home consumption is not subjected to inspection. The inspection must tako place at the time and place of exportation, under a penalty of 6 dollars per barrel. Persons altering or counterfeiting marks or brands forfeit 100 dollars; and persons putting fresh m r.) i ■ 's •r 616 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. flour into barreli already mnrkcd or branded, or offering adulterated wheaten flour for sale forfeit in either case 6 dollars for each barrel. The fees of branding were reduced in 1832. They amount, in New York, to 3 cents foi each hophead, and I cent for each barrel and half barrel of full weight. A fine of 30 cents is levied on every bancl or half barrel below the standard weight, exclusive of 20 cents for every pound that it is deficient. The act 9 Geo. 4. c. 60. enacts, that every barrel of wheaten flour imported, shall be deemed equivalent to 3S^ gallons of wheat, and shall be charged with a corresponding duty {ante, p. 600). Hence, when the price of British wheat per quarter is between 52«. and C3«., the duty on the bnrrcl of flour is 20s. lO^d. ; when wheat is between 6U«. and 6'«., the duty on flour is IGs. O^d.i and when wheat is between 69s. and 70s., the duty on flour is 8s. 2jrf.» The following Tables, derived principally from private but authentic sources, give a very complete view of the foreign corn trade of the United States during the lost 10 years. I. — Account of the Quantities of Flour and Grain exported from the United States, from October 1st, 1821, to 8epteinb>!r 30tb, 1831, with the Pricea of Flour at Philadelphia, and of Wheat and Indicia Corn at New York. -Account of the Quantity and Destination of Wheat Flour exported from the United States, coli- niencing let uf October, 1821, and ending 30th of September, 1S31. Yoar«. 1831 18.'!0 1829 1828 IS27 1820 1825 1824 1^23 1822 1831 America. Europe. Africa. Asia. Total. Biilish N. Anier. i'ri>v. Wot Iwliei. Soulh Amer. Gr, Hriliin Irelind. France. Spain and Por^. lugal. Madeira. Other Parte of ^uropi*. All Parte. All Parli Barrtl). 150,615 149,966 91,088 80,680 107.420 72,901 30,780 39,101 29,681 89,8 to 131,035 Brtmlt. 1 Bamlt. 371,876 ! 319,610 281,250 : 317,290 218,230 1 235,591 .370,371 1 308,110 362,074 1 271,524 433,094 285,!Jfl3 429,760 1 252,786 424,359 I 357,372 412,468 1 198,256 430,819 \ 211,0;)9 551,396 1 156,888 Barrel*. 879,430 320,182 221,170 23,258 53,129 18,!i57 27,279 70,873 4,252 12,096 94,541 BnrrtU, 23,991 56,590 17,464 6,266 19 275 102 426 51 228 1,175 Barrelt. 364 10,222 509 294 4,293 501 730 939 62,387 25,104 71,958 Bimlt. 12,811 9,028 3,779 4,001 .5,171 6,119 3,597 85,851 4,752 21, .375 26,572 Barrrli. 35,416 30,924 14,(159 54,;ftl 52,114 27,716 55.818 47,419 8,088 976 9,074 Barre's. 8,751 8,609 221 1,737 4,909 5,403 7,023 3,883 903 3,929 3,123 Bane!t. 8,305 6,214 4,362 5,602 7,238 7,885 15,438 6,439 11,864 26,129 10,3:)7 Bnrrflt. 1,805,203 l,2i5,H«l 837,38.-1 8()0.S09 865, -I!)! 857,6-20 813.900 9«0,7'J2 756,702 827,bG.j 1,0.16,119 Owinit to the diminished demand in England, the exports in the year endina 30lli of Scptcinlii>r, 1832, fell considerably under the level of the 2 preceding years, being only 861,919 barrels, viilueil at 4,880,6-H dollars. There were exported, during the same year, 88,304 bushels of wheat, and 451,2;<0 bushels of Indian corn. — (Papers laid before Congress, 15th of February, 1833.) Mr. Reiiss gives (p. 120.) tne following pro /unnn account of the expenses attendinp the iinportalinn of a cargo of 5,000 bushels of wheat IVom New York, supposing it to cost 1 doll. 12 cents a busliel, which is about its average price. .'i.noo buibell, at I dol. 12 centi per bushel WinnowiDC, meiiurior, and delivery on boild . . . . - IM-On Bmkenje, 1-2 percent. - • - 28 00 Itnuraiice, 6,001) ilolt. at I 1-2 per cent. • 90-00 Conmilaion, 5 per cent. Exclianze, 110 percent. /.. L. I. d. L. I. i. Freiiht, I2S Itnt at ISf. per Ion . • • • » 1.S Priinaxe, Spercent. • 4 13 9 98 8 9 Rntrv, olticer'a feet, and city nuea . 1 10 1} Mcta'te trom tlie abip at 2f. 8(/. per last of lOqn. 6 18 4 117 7 I 6,tiOO-00 268-00 B,86ij00 293 40 (1,161 '40 1,260 1 S Brought fonTard Petty charges, at It. pL*r last of 10 qn. Li^hteragu and porlera^^ togramry, 9d. per quarter .... Granary rent and fire Insurance, ny 4 weeks, at 2t. per 100 qrs. per week Turning, at 2t. per 100 qtiartort Metage and porleraffe to the granary, at 4*. per I Od quart: n . . . Do. do. from the do, at 5s. per qr. Ptw'age and stamps . . . F.ictorage, If. pi»r quarter Commission, i 1 .2 per cent. Ouaran'ee, 1 — ^4I-2perct. Interest, I /. 1. 117 7 2 12 19 10 uarier cr cent. ) = V 2 2 10 to 8 II 16 1 7 26 M In London. 103-06 quarters Winchester measure, equal to 100 qtwrtt-n Imperial. 5,000 huth'^ls WincheBter meisitre, equal to 604 quarters Imperial measure, costing 49f. 9 Vld, per qu.irter in t>ond L. t. i. 244 4 S 1,504 6 10 l,W3 14 2 * There is a Table of the duties on flour, according >n the variations in the price of British wheat, in |]|« valnsblQ work of Afr. Reuas ^p. 117.) relating to the trade |>etween Great Sritaio and America. lien flour for «al« Tork, to 3 cents fo, A fine of 30 cents vo of 80 cents for imported, shall be sorrespoiiding duty ■ between 52». and 60». and6'«., (he le duty on flour is ources, give a vciy It 10 years. 8, from October 1st ' VVJicat und Indian CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. B17 of Wheat f''™ "f Indian 'u'lii-l al r'™ f" New Voik. y York. 1. cmlf. Ihlli. nn/,. 19 TO 98 .^7 38 M 8 53 07 6.5 UO 79 4 5B 15 47 5 5') 90 49 t9 51) United States, coll A 1,504 5 10 to too n 604 \l-2d.\ 1,503 14 2 I iritisli tvhent, in and America. The usual price ofwhcat In Canada, when there is n demand Tor the English mnrkrt. Is nbnnt Wf. tqiiurtur; but taking it as low as 35»., if we add to iliiii 128. n quarter as tlie expenses orcarriHse and warvhousinir. It will niako its price in Liverpt.id, when delivered to the consumer, 47». ; anu being ipring wheat, it la not so vaiuablo, by about 6t. a quarter, as Kngiish wheat. Tne duty on corn im- ported from a lirltish colony being, when the lionie price is under 67«,, only S«., it Is suspected that a giioil deaiortlic flour brought from Canada iias been really furnisheil by the United States. It is cer- tain, too, that in the present year (1833) wheat has been sent from Archangel to Canada, in the view (ns is alleged) of its being re-shipped, under the low duty, to British ports ; llie saving cf duty being ■upposcd sutDcient to countervail the cost of a double vovnge across llie Atlantic! liut grain from tbc colonies is not admitted into England at the low duly, without the exporters subscribing a derlnra- tinn that It is the produce of such colonies ; any wilful inaccuracy in such document being punished by the forfeiture of the corn so Imported, and of 100/ of penalty ; and in addition to this, the corn, liiiiir, kc. must also be accompanied by a etriifieatt oforiffin subscribed by the collertor or comptroller at the port of shipment. It Is, therefore, difficult to see how the importers of Itusslan corn into r.'inada are tu succeed In getting It shipped for England as colonial corn ; and we believe that mos ofil will go to the West Indies. Account of all Corn and Flour imported into Great Britain f^om Canada, during the Five Years ending with 1832; specifying the Qcantities In each Yeat.— {Pari. Paper, So. 206. acss. 1833.) Cora and Flour. 1828. tl. 1., 580 1,808 3 9 1820. 1830. 1831. 1833. 1 Wheat Bnrley Oats ... Peaa ... Indian corn Qrl. luf, 4,053 S 61 4 1,616 3 7 Qii. bus. 58,963 .- 1,323 1 1,424 6 Qrf. tw, "=0,8:5 1 20'J 5 3,750 3 461 6 Qn. Iw. 88,686 6 3 8 Total of corn . 16,868 7 5.740 3 61,611 5 194,306 6 88,695 Wheat meal or flour - Oatmeal ... Indian nieul Rye meal Cwl. ofi. lln. 16,571 27 Ctilt. qn. tin, 5,579 1 1 3 6 Cvat. on. Ih. 61,904 3 13 519 1 13 Cwl. qrt. Ua. 96,039 1 14 143 24 885 15 Cwt. qm. Jbi 48,809 2 27 1 S 13 Total ofmenl and flonr 16,571 27 5,581 6 62,434 26 97,066 2 25 48,811 1 12 Inferences from the above Review of Prices. — We may, we think, satisfactorily conclude, from this pretty lengthened review of the state of the foreign corn trade, that in the event of all restrictions on the importation of corn into our markets being abolished, it could not, in ordinary years, l)e imported for less than 46s. or 47s. a quarter. But taking it so low ns 44«., it is plain it could not, in the event of its being charged with a duty of 6s. or 7s., be sold for less than 60s. or 61s. Now, it appears, from the account No. III. page 506., that the average price of wheat in Kngland and Wales for the ten years ending with 1832, amounted to 61s. 9^d. a quarter ; and it will be observed that the crops from 1826 to 1831 were very deficient, and that the importations in those years were unusually large. But without taking this circumstance into account, it is clear, from the previous statements, that the opening of the ports under » fixed duty of 6s. or 7s. could not occasion a reduction of more than 9s. or 10s. a quarter in the prices of the last 10 years; and not more than 7s. or 8s. on tlie prices of last year (1832). We feel pretty confident that these statements cannot be controverted ; and they show, conclusively, how erroneous it is to suppose that the repeal of the existing corn law.s, and the opening of the ports for importation, under a duty of 6s. or 7s. would throw a large pro- portion of our cultivated lands into pasture, and cause a ruinous decline in the price of corn. The average price of wheat in England and Wales, in 1802, 1803, and 1804, — years of decided agricultural improvement, — was exactly 61.t. a quarter, being alino»t identictd with its price during the last 10 years ; while the reduction of taxation, the greater cheapness of labour, and the various improvements that have been made in agriculture since 1804, must enable corn to bo raised from the same soils at a less expense now than in that year. It cannot be justly said that 1833 was by any means an unfavourable year for the fanners ; and yet the average price of wheat was then only 5 1. v. 9rf., being rather fo.s than its proliab'.e average price under the system we have ventured to propose. The lamlloids and farmers may, therefore, take courage. Their prosperity docs not depend on restrictive regulations ; but is the effect of the fertility of the s,)il which belongs to them, of the absence of all opjircs- sive feudal privileges, and of the numlier and wealth of the consumers of thoir produce. Tho unbounded freedom of the corn trade would not render it necessary to abandon any but the most worthless soils, which ought never to have been broken up ; and would, consequently, have but a very slight effect on rent ; while it would be in other respects supremely ad- vantageous to the landlords, whose interests are closely idcntitlcd with those of the other classes. (CoiiN (PiiicE of). — ^Tho average prices of British corn during the six years ending with 1838 have been :— Vol I.— 2 X ! n ' ii ■ it :; ' I I- r 'I 519 COTTON. • Tem. Whett Rye. lUrlfy. Oatl, Fnu. Pnni, «. A .. rf. •. y, 3I«. Oi<. ; nnd oati, 99«. Thcio (iricea uro important, being thoie by which the tithe-coniniutatiuni under the late act are to be determined Cous (Ibik of Mas). — All foreign corn imported into tho lalo of Man is now diibject to the flame dutiea aa in the United Kingdom. — (5 &, 6 Will. 4. c. 13.) CoBW (PiiicK OF IX Fuaxug). — Wc copy from tho Times tho following Table of the averaite Trlcci of Wheat In Franco at the End of October of each Year, (Vom I819lo laiO, l)oth inclusive, according to the ollicial Returni, with their Equivulenti iu English Measure und Money : — Vmn, i'er hKl. Per qr. Ym™. For liacl. Per qr. fr. t. .. d. r. f. t d. 1819 IS 99 35 1S28 31 69 49 8 . 1890 19 M 4^1 9 1899 91 60 49 5 1891 15 99 36 8 1830 33 99 53 4 1«!2 15 55 35 7 1831 S3 88 89 5 1833 15 79 85 11 1833 19 67 49 9 1891 14 46 33 IMS 15 43 35 4 189A 13 91 34 11 1634 14 96 33 4 1896 15 55 35 7 1835 IJ 95 33 1827 18 77 43 8 1836 17 3 39 The average of the whole period Ih 17/r. 51c. per hectolitre, equal to 40«. Id. per quar'jr; and it will be remarked that the average of lust year is the lowest of the whole period. The average price of British wheat during the Becund week of October, 1835, was 37«. a quarter, being lower than it has been at any time since 178U. — Sup.) [For farther information concerning the American corn trade, see articles Flouii, an.l Imports ano Exports.— Am. Ed,] COTTOS (Get. Baumwi)lk ; Dvt. Katoen, Boomuiol ,- Da..3(muld/ Sw.Bomull,- Fr. Coton ; It. Colime, Bamhagia ,• 8p. Alf^od^n ,• Port. Algodao ; Rus. Chloblsehataja huma- ga ,• Pol. Batvelna; Lat. Gosxypium, Bombax s Arab. Kutun ; Sans. Kapusa ; Hind. Jiuhi t Malay, Kapas), a species of vegetable wool, the produce of the Gos/n/pium htrhuccum, or cotton shrub, of which there are many varieties. It is found growing naturally in nil tho tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and America, whence it has been transplanted, and has Itecome an important object of cultivation, in the southern parts of the United States, and to some extent also in Europe. Cotton is distinguished in commerce by its colour, and the length, strength, and fineness of its fibre. While is usually considered as characteristic of secondary quality. Yellow, or a yellowish tinge, when not the effect of accidental wetting or inclement Reasons, is con- i'idered as indicating greater fineness. There are many varieties of raw cotton in the market, their names being principally de- rived from the places whence they are brought. They nre usually classed under the denomi- nations of /ong' and sliort stapled. The best of the first is tlie seaAnlnnd cotton, or that brought from the shores of Georgia ; but its qualities difler so much, that the price of the fmest specimens is often four times as great as that of tho inferior. Tho superior samples of Brazil cotton are reckoned among the long stapled. The upland or bowed Georgia cotton forms the largest and best portion of the short stapled class. All tho cottons of India ii''e short stapled. The estimation in which the different kinds of cotton wool are held may be learned froui the following statement of their prices in Liverpool, on the 1st of November, 1833. Prices of Cotton In Liverpool, 1st November, 1833. d. d. d. d. .Sea-islaud, at:ilned nnd saw-ginn'd 8 to 19 Alabama and Mobile, good fair - e: - sj inferior lat — 13 good 9i - mi - i . Miiddliui; 1,1 - 13{ Upland, inr.'rior ... 7i- 8 fair, clean, not fine m — 11 nildillirig . . - 8}- Hi pood,clenn,&. rutlier fine \\\ - 1.H f.iir ... St- 6} flue and clean - 16 —20 good faXx . - . 9 — !i; New Orleans, inferior 7J- f^ good - . * fij — llli miildling H — H E d. 40 6 49 5 93 4 S3 3 43 9 S5 4 33 4 33 _ 39 luari.-r; and it will wag 37». a quarter, icles FtoBB, an] iw.Bomiill,. Ft. htsehalaja Imma. Kapusa; Hind. 9m//» hcrbuccum, g naturally in ail 'pinnted, and hag «d States, and to ?lh, and fineness lity. Yellow, or t geasons, is con- g principally de- iider the detiomi- d cotton, or that the price of the lerior samples of i Georgia cotton ons of India ii'e be learned froit ber, 1833. d. d. - K~ n - o; - inj - 71-8 - 8J- 81 - 8|- bj — ill fl} - loi 13 - 13} Sif - 11} -IflJ «J - 11 1 8i-lU - 8 — tlj - 7 - 8 - 4f- n COTTON. 6ie Thfl Inferiority of BcnRnl and Sural cotton is sometimes nscrilicd to the defective mplicd with foreign or Irish linen yarn for warp, and with raw cotton, which being caroled and spun, by I * In an act of 5 & 6 Edw. 6. (1.552), entitled, for the true making of woollen cloth, it Is ordered, I " Thul nil cottons culled Jifanchester, Lavcasliire, and Cheshire cottons, full wrouclU for sale, shall be in length," &.C. This proves incontestiibly, thiit wliut were then culled cottons were madu wholly of wubl. '■■ i '^' '<' \ I , ! \: El ;■ I fi i m ■ ! "J h| ■I I- , i n lit''' Lll 620 COTTON. means of a rommon tplndla or dista/T, in the wruvrr'a own family, waa then uited for wrft, A Ryiitcrn ot' domestic manufacture was thui citHhliRhcd ; tho junior hraru-lica of tlip luiiiil« being rmpluyed in the carding and s|iinning of the cotton, while its iiead wmi em|>lo)i>«| jn wruving, or in convertini; the linen iind cotton yarn into clotb. 'J'tiis syHleni, by rrlitvinK the weaver from the necessity of providing himself with linen yam for warp and raw cotton for weft, and of seekini; customers for his cloth when fniished, and enablinK him to proKri iiiu his employment wiih greater regularity, was an ohvious improvrment on the HyHtcni timt had bt un previously followed ; but it is at the same time clear that the im|iosBibi|iiy ol nmk- inf]r any considerable division among the ilillerent branches of a manufacture so conducted, or of prosecuting them on a largo scale, added to the intci rnption given to the proper biminesi of the weavers, by the necessity of attending to the cultivation of the jwtcheH of grpuml which they generally occupied, opposed invincible obstacles to its progress, so lung as ii was conducted in this mode. It appears from the Custom-house returns, that the total quantity of cottcm wool annunlly imported into Urcat Britain, at an average of the Jive years ending with 1705, amuuiitnl to only 1,170,881 lbs. The accounts of the imports of cotton from 1720 to 1770 ha\e not lieen preserved; )■ '„ until the la-st 'i or 3 years of that period the manufacture increiucd very slowly, and was of very trifling amount. Dr. Percival, of Manchester, who hu4l the brvt nu'itns of being accurately informed on the subject, states (hat the entire value of all the rot- ton goo<]8 manufactured in Great Britain, iit the accession of George III. in 17()0, was esti- mated to amount to only 200,000/. a year, and the numl)er of |M>r8onH employed was quito inconsiderable : but in 17U7, a most ingenious |)erson, James Hargraves, a cor|)enti'r at Blackburn in liancashire, invented the fpiniilnejfnny. At its first invention, this ndiuira- bin machine enal>led eight threads to lie spun with the same facility as one ; and it wag subsequently brought to such perfection, that a little girl was able to work no fewer than from eif^hty to one hundred and twetiti/ spindles. The jt'imy was applicable only to the spinning of cotton for weft, bein^; unable to f(\\e to the yarn that degree of firmncsH and hardness whidi is required in the longitu/;in/n>i-. frame, — that wonderful piece of machinery which spins a vast number of threads of at y degree of fineness and hdrdness, leaving to man merely to feed the machine with cotton, and to join the threads when they happen to break. It is not diflicult to understand the princi- ple on which this machine is constructed, and the mode of iu operation. It consists of two pairs of rollers, turned by means of machinery. The lower roller of each pair is furrowed or fluted longitudinally, and the upper one is covered with leather, to make them take n bold of the cotton. If there wore only one pair of rollers, it is clear that a cardiii;^ of cotton passed between them would be drawn forward by the revolutittn of the rollers, but it would merely undergo a certain degree of compression from their action. No simner, however has the carding, or rovinif, as it is technically termed, begun to pass throup;h the Urtit pair of rollers, than it is receivi"n "s to lis merit as nn oriL'iiiiil ciiscuvrn^r id rtill uiidi^iiileii. Ko- cenlly, however, it has been agcfrtuiiicil Hint a patoiit f"i HpiniiiiiK liy rirllers, revolving wilh diflt'tiiil desrci'S of velocity, waif taken .nit l:y \ strsi. Wyait mid I'niil, so early ii« ITHH.- (."^ta' Hie i-.xi clli'iil Account rf the Collon Maniifactiin; liy Edward Haines, jnii.. I'.^n) B"' i' ili"'9 net ap[icarlhj» tlio inventors h.ad been aide to give KtlVct to their happy ideH.and all trarea of the invention Neeni to liavo lieen lust. The statements in the case printed by i^ir Kiiliurd Arkwnclit and his partners in IT^'i, I how, that he was aware of the attcinpia made in the rei(!n of (Jenrte 11. to ppin liy niachim ry ; Iml there is no evidence to prove that he was acqiiniiited with the prinriplo on wliicli these atteniplsi hut) been made, or that lie had seen the patent referred to. tindoubledly, however, the prolmliilily seeim to be that he had. Uiit adinittini; this lo be the case, it detrarts but little from the substantial nieriit ol'Sir Rleharil ArkwrlKlit If the idea of spinninji by rollers did not spring up spniitaneoiisly in his mind, he was, nt all events, the first who made it avuilablu in practice; and allowed bow it might bo rcuUered a most prolific source of wealth. COTTON 621 cloth ind yarn hnve gone on profn'<^"ivuly diminiithliiq;. Bcit ai tho i]«mnn(1 for cotton* ha* been, owing to their exirnorilinnry che:ipni!M, « xtondud in a Hiill grrater dpKree, the value of (he goodi produced, and the number of poraona employed in tho manufacture, arc now d»> ci(k-illy Kreater than at any previous p. Lb: /.»(. u». 1781 6,m«.778 0t\,788 1707 93,354,371 60liiiJi, Per lb. Lbs. Lbt. Lb». Lbs. Lbt. 1814 73,728,000 23,279,000 80,a 10,000 1,661,000 28i. 1817 136,210,000 31,031,000 108,3.56,0(10 2,051,400 20r Iwen shipped in the course of that year, and 138,338 lbs, in 1792. Such was the Into and feeble begin- nins; of the American cotton trade. There is nothing in the history of industry to compare with its subsequent increase, unless it be the growth of the manufucturo in this country, .\iiicrican cotton is generally known by the names of sea-i stand and upland. The tirst, which is the finest cotton imported into Britain, grows on the small sandy islands, and alon^ the low sandy shores of Carolina and Georgia. It is long in the staple, of an even silky texture, and is ea.sily separated from the seed. Unlu -kily, however, it can bo raised only in certain situations; so that its quantity is limited, and has not, in fact, been increased since 1805. The upland, of which the supply may be considered as unlimited, though of vary- ing qualities, is all short stapled ; and its separation from the seed is so very diiticult, that if 2x3 fiO i-' ■■■•^t' ■\-\ \\ 1 ■ :!!!■ Wl 099 COTTON. It bo done by the honJ, the cotton U Imnlly worth th.- lulMur. Thiii, however, «u the only way ill which it could bo made uvailiible for lioiim \xm\, or exportation, previouhly t» I?U;| ; and had anv one tlien ventured to predict that 10,UUU,0UU Um. of upland cotton would i vir lie exported, ho would have been looked upon aa « visionary dreamer. But thn nenius of Mr. Kli Whitney did for the pUntem of tlio iSouthorn Stateii what the Keniu* of Arkwriuhi and Watt did f.ir the inanut'acturera of England. Ho invented a machine by which tii« wool or the upland rotUin ii separated from the lecd with the greatent facility and eMpidJ. tion, and by ho doinc; liiid the fuundutioiii of a new and must imfiortant branch of iiuluitry, and iloubled the wealth and nif«n« of employment of hit countrymen ! — {I'itkiit'n Nlntii. tie* of the United SliUeif, p. IU9. cd. 18.J6.) Whitney's invention came into o|)criUiiin in 170.3, and in 1794, 1,61)1,760 lb«., and, in 179.5, S,87(l,:J0O llw. of cotton were ex ported, And HO astoniiihini; haa been the growth of cotton in the interval, that the cxfiortg from the United HtuteH in 1 837 amounted to the prodigioua quantity of 4U,'^11,&37 Um. ! of which 438,024,606 lbs. were upland ! AccoenT (if llio Qiiantitlns >f Coilon Wnol Impnrled Into the United Klnvdom during tlie Hlx Yenri endinn with 1^37, iiH'cirylng the (limnlltluii brnuitht I'runi dllTercnt Coinnrlca, thu Tout Uimnlilie« e\|i'>rlud, and the Uiiuiitltie* left for Conmiinptloii.— (UompiliMl iVoni Pari. Paptra.) CouDtrlfl*. |i«)]. 1133. 1x34. I83S. 1H36. 1 1107. Cortnn wuii) fmni f ir.'ijrii couritrl««, vis..* lit. lU. Ua. V«. "». lit, ruili^d HlAtM ut Aniuriu .... 2I0,:*,T.» a3^,^.l^,^w mii..w,07-> 2S1,4^^,«I2 im.ii\\t'>i 32^,(.-,i.7ifi B-i.i;i - .... 20,IOtl,.fiO 2!-.<«3,l(2l 1 IU,2:ll,^IW> 24.(1 Mm 27,'VM,272 20,940, Mi •|uili«» Mi.l i;,V1«7 «,TlM)li(l »,42«,72l 7,I->'1,V« 6ii8,aii ■ iKM.IUH: 8,200,452 3,207,3011 6,734,413 4,010, "29 Litil lihlimatitl Miuriliui .... H, 178,021 32,7H,164' W,ff2n,86-. 41,474.000 7,4,n-,7,M7 »1,.^7',I'I7 Uritiah Wc«l InJief, theicmwlh nf . l,70<.7M l,ttV),iee 1,07 2,211 I,4')tl,ll7| 1,312,806 I,l9«.li2 1)1 In, ih'ti, liiiporl«l from 331, 044 431,008 6ii;i:4 SI9,7M| 40I,V1| 396.540 U.lior Oritlih ixwouioiM .... Tnl.ll qtnnlilln Imporlal 3-1,221 1112.801 47,54J 84,208! 8,73 1 .T61,7(>2,ilfll 10>l,ir,!),0-.7 23,6-,4 4n7.2««.7J3 2SU,832,^2'> 3O!3,U'i0,H.17 326,8Ti,42-| QuatliiM Minrtni .... Ja(i for (oiuumptlon .... 18,027,1)10 I7DU3,I->I!! 11,461 >l«3 ,32,77II,71M 3l,73!l,''«1 33U,»i3,22U 37j,2l9,2ll4 39,722,001 26Sm4,M& a^2M,Mt 302,414,162 *i7,r.6l,751 It has been the practice for many years past to levy a duty on cotton wool, when import- cd. The policy of such a duty is very questionable ; and it would be quite intolerable, wcie it not kept at a low rate. For a number of years previously to 1931, it amounted (on foreign cotton) to 6 per cent, ad vahrrem ; but, in ortler to make up, in part, at least, fur the lo.sa of revenue caused by the repeal of the duty on printed cottons — (see Calico), it was rained in that ye.tr to 5«. \^d. a cwt. Such a duty would have miitcrially atVected tho im- ports of the inferior species of cotton, and the price of coarao goods ; an31 599,600 16,002 832,100 17,667 918,700 1«,3I8 934,100 19,4V2 1,01 1,50.) 20,33:) 1,. 67,300 Avemje wt. of packagn comumed, in ibt. Wet'ltly cnnnuiiiptinn in pack.iq'es, avora^t: 346 • 203 6,122 238 ».<>4S 279 0,634 298 14,320 330 17,508 S33 13,34S 343 19,283 »6 20,333 316 23,»' Average wt. of pack»^t-j ) imparted, ii) Itii. - { P «rKa^i« expnrtel U» wf ijtit annually im- ' portwl in iiiilliona aiid > leolhi • - , LlM. wt. contunuxi, do. Dm. Wright in |)orta, 31it 2fl 249 ro 300 337 331 342 .147 3M 29,300 9 J -9 28,40J 143-9 T2,'-00 22<4 s-voo 261-2 86,800 320-6 102,800 381-7 105,900 410-8 121,400 408-2 103,300 .601-0 f8'7 19-2 120-3 110-3 166-8 107-0 247-6 91-4 303-4 632 318-1 733 347-4 92-0 365-7 821 416-7 110-1 Uh. weight In Great Bri- „ 127-0 113-5 llS-8 823 896 116-3 • 115« ll>09 Averaice price per lb. of uptiiid. iu Livpr[)ool 1)0. do. I'triunta Da do. KuraU . I81.4l. ll>9375A N. D. Messrs. Holt and Co. e.nimtite the averaae weiithl per li;ii; (I|ii;ind ; 406 llis. Orleans and Alahani.i ; 320 lbs. tian J 350 lbs. East Indian; and 140 lbs. Webi Indian. of the packages Imported in 1838 at SHilbs. Sea-lglund; 174 lbs. Brazil; 320 Ibj. Egyp- vovcr.WMthooniT •ruviouoly t„ I7U;,. coltDti woiiM . vcr Bm tlifl gpiii,,, of uinuii of Arkwrinht .•hino l)y which the lacilily mill „<,„.,|j. l)rttiich of ii)(lu«lry, -{I'itkin'H ,Slali». into o|icr!iti()ii in >n woro o,\|i,)rtn,|, u cx(H)rU frum the ar Ihu. ! of which liirlnu the Blx Venn liii I'nial Uiiniiiiili.| in.) 1106, 1W7. ^ 1*1. „j, 27,1111,1.. 6,4.'(i,7il 6,7W,4IJ 7.*,n>7,8!l7 4UJ,MI l>,73i 20.940,11, 7,h>'l,140 4,bl|j,s;tl 91,.W,I'I7 I.IW.InJ 23,6 14 4*i,ll-.0,0.>7 407.^.1)7^ a'.73!l,W1 :W,72J,MI 37J,ill9,2lJ4|'*i7|Mi^751 nol, wlioii inaport- e intolerable, wcie it amounted (on •t, at least, for the Calico), U who artocted the iin- I bfing, in conso- 3 duty on cotton . At iin average Co., eminent cot- Jdditional and in- i strong proof of Wool, in and from 1(137. 1838, 4,4'W I0,2.'J 310 8,.10-. 11, 74 J 317 14,971 2,4.^3 779 1,639 4(j| 20,3A1 I7,.5(M 2.469 7-1 l,7U0 Ui) 23,^04 1,; 67,300 1,206,000 a«6 346 20,333 23,20' .147 330 121,400 103,300 408 1! WI-0 365-7 416-7 t>2'l IIO-I ■ 115-fj li«9 M. Id. 9.1 4rf. 4-8V/. P.17M. in laiS at 11; 220 lbs 3;i-2llj|. ■ Kgyp- COTTON. 623 We lubjoin, from Burna' Olanre, a tabular rtotrment, annually publiiihnJ «t Manrhrnter, ind ndniiltud t» b« drawn u|i with ^rout euro, an iircount of iho cotton h|)uii in (irrat Uritain and Ireland in 18:)8, and how tiiat vjiun In EiigUnJ waM di«|M>«ed of, with iteveral other intcrinting i»articularc gtalement ul' Cotliin ii|iiin In Bniiliiml, Hrntland, and Ir^lnnd, In IHSfl, ihnwlng tho Quantity of Yarn liriidurud, and how tliul ipuii tn Uiiglaiid wat ditpuied uf. Qnal Brdaiu. Nunib«r of eoniiiiiiM. l47,:K«i 0I,4IIH 1U,.>IB l,23l),M0 Avirtfn Wtllhl n'lMI 873 171 »'<4 DNS 316 M« Amifirtn potion - • • • Brii.l Jitio , • • - Jtfvit'i.in ditto • • • . Kul Inilli illlto .... WmI Mu iIiIIo . ■ • . ToUl DumtMr of bagf oontuintd * • Allowed for \om In iplnnliif 1 3-4 oi. ptr lb. • • • • • Tntilqinntit)r«iiun In F.nrUn'l iinil ScotUttd •••••• UttJucl quialiiy iltun lu bcniUnd *■••.•- Totilquaotity ipunin Gagland In im . ■ • • • • Houi d'tfoud «/. Eipnrt»l In nrn durlnf Iha ymr ..•«••• IJiMci in IhrMd ......... Dlllo in nnoiifactnrM ffrAt ........ Ei'iiiialpl (Quantity nf yarn laut In Scottanl and Iraland . . . • rx|Kir1rnamed artlclM, enniunwd In cotton landinit, heildi, c.mdtc and limp nick, waddingi, flock*, cajflodar bowla, pap«r, uintirrl iH, hi'*, 111 t lti • ■ > . * Balann left for boma coDiumptlon and atock, lit January, 1390 ... ToUl Wal|lit Id Ibi. 84«.Kyi,m.| 2'i.2l'4.iai ll,4.l7,-,Tll Mitt.OM 6,ija,0U4 ni'to Ditto Ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto I83S ditto I83T ditto IBM Inland. Onm wetifht nf rnttnn tpun In Ireland In 1838 Alluwfd I'or lo« la ipiuniug 1 3-4 ua. per lb. Total qmntItT of yam ipnn In Irrland in 1818 428,080, 1 It 48,808,608 II3,7SS,t»7 8,:l«J,l)s1 12n.7H4,fii!» ie,7vi,noo 84,133,2^3 43,4'«,6l    44 844,' j.1,n44 3,1130,204 In 1933 Iho quantity spun wnn !»-],Sae,007 lbs, glvinff a weekly inpply nf 4,280,700 ihn. Mr. Duma eatiinatt!8 tho quantity apnn per aplndln, pnr wnnk, at 8^ oz., ninklnif tlio toliil niiiti' . 'il' Kpiiidlea oitiployed in KokIiiiiiI and VValei, in 1832, 7,04fl,2U;<>, Thnae employed In Bcntlnuil, d r'li.' .In- Biime ycir, tirt! RHtlmaKul, In tho Haiiin way, at HHl.OW. Mr. litirng further cuk'tilateH lUu ii iiiili'T if loonii cniplnyeil in Knf;liiiid niid Wales, In 1932, at 203,703. The conHiiinptiDn of flour in the iiitiitiiarttire ii mtich Kfcutur than any one not pretty well acquninted with It would reaillly diippiigo. The iivorHge quantity reqtiirod Tor each loom is ostiinaled al 4 Ihs. iter week ; making the total annual cunsunipllon In England and Wales, tn 18:», 42,301,98 1 lbs., or Sl&,82l barrels of lUO lbs. each ! Arcottnt of tho Consumption of the various Descriptions of Cotton in tho undermentioned f'ouiitrle* in 1H37, nnd of the Hlocks on hand on the 1st of January, 1^38, in Bales.— (From the Circular of Messrs. Culman and Htoltcrholt, Liverpool.) CoQinmption in Orcat Brttain V. .Statci nr.izil. W. InJiB. E. Indira. Em 3ii7,6.<9 DMin Ilnllanil - 18,709 409 3.70^ 17.005 \,wa 40,'-91 Ilitto Buliiiim • 22,73'* 1,119 2.637 17.016 40 4'J,V-,0 Ditto Gemnny 27.W2 3,610 10,071 1U.!H.'» 31 J Ci,73l Dilln Trirale - 18,332 917 l,Oja 76,'22» 95, W3 Slil|ipeJ from Great DriUln to pLicea not mrntinntsl . Totai Coniumplinn, 1837 • S'ir\ lt( Jan. 1838. 11,400 2,700 MO Il,2j0 — 21.S,V) I,l60,i24 160,998 68,473 I.->2,I91 172,134 1,713,727 Orfit Britain 88, ten io.m U.1A i-O'lO |8.!X;0 2-.!l.3IO France . . . - 2l^l)3R 2. '17 ll.MiS _ 20, -.04 6.1.M2 Hilland .... 4.«I5 e<3 3,132 It) .17 1 17,(iM flrlKium .... 1,210 113 1,161 :,00S 200 4,722 fiormany .... e.2tli 3,101 6,067 4,70(1 13 »i,lt.8 Irieite .... Tot.iI . 6,iai 712 — 112 u,i■*^ 20.2.19 134,013 3i,2-|6 3ii,7M 124,i40 S4.1,')2 O-i-i.ffiJl 3. Value of the Britixh Colfon Mamifacture in ISl'-d, Anwwif of Capital, and Niimhet of Per.ion8'ernpl(ii/efi in it. — It would be very d' 'iriible to be able to form a tolerably accu- rate estimate of the present value of the cotton manufacture, nnd of the number of persons employed in its dilFercnt departments ; but the data on which such estimates are founded being necessarily very loose, it is imtpossible to arrive at any thing like precision. Perhaps, however, the following calculations arc not very wide of the mark. Ill 1817. Mr. Kennedy, one of the best informed cotton manufacturers in the empire, in a paper published in the Manchester Trunaactiins, estimated the number of (lersons employed in the .vy)»/inj/»^ of cotton in Great Britain at 110,763; the aid they derived from steanj ensines as equal to the power of 20,768 horses ; and the number of spindles in motion at 6,645,83.'). M. Kennedy further estimated the number of hanks of yarn annually produced et 3,987,500,000 ; and tho quantity of coal consumed in their production at 500,179 tuna. We subjoin Mr. Kennedy's statement for the ^ear 1S17 : — I I'! i| I i if n^ ; I i\ n m i, i 1 V !/ J ■i ,1 II i , jit 524 COTTON. Raw ooHon CDBTtrM Into fim In Iht Untied Kingdom . . . . • 110,000,000 Ibi. Lou in ipinning eatimated at 1 1-2 oi. per lu. • I0,312,li00 Quintltjr of yam produced 90,697,500 Ibi. Niiniber of hanlu, lakinic the aven^ at 40 per lb. • • • • • • ■ • . 0,WT^ 000 N Jiiitier of Bpindica employed, each ipindle being auppoMd to produce 3 banki per day, at 300 working dayi in tbe yi-ar 6,«H,|«1 Nuii'berof perMnientployed in ipinning, suppoeingeachtoproduce 120banksperday .... ll(),:t)3 llnrM powiT employed, e(|UAl In iiiinitier to - ......... l^),70j Four ouucGs and a half uf coal esiiiuated to produce one bank of No. 40 } and 130 Ibt. of coal per day equal to one horte power. But the cotton manufacture has increased rapidly since 1817. Mr. Huskifison statcil, in his place in the House of Commons, in March, 1824, that he believed the total value ut' tho cotton goods then annually manufactured iri Great Britain amounted to the prodtgioun gum of thirty-three and a half millions ; and we believe we shall bo about tho murk, if wo estimate their present value at thirty-four millions ! If, indeed, we took the incrouso in tho imports of the raw material as a test of the increase in the value of tho manufacture, we should estimate it a great deal higher. But it will hb aflerwards seen that the improvprnents that have been made in the ditferent processes, and the fall in the price of raw cotton, havo had so powerful an influence in reducing the price of the goods brought to market, tlmt, not- withstanding the increase oftheirquantity,their total value must have remained nearly constiint. The average annual quantity of cotton wool imported, after deducting the exports, may be taken at about 260,000,000 lbs. weight. It is supposed, that of this quimtity aliout 20,000,000 !bs. are used in a raw or half manufactured f, stand as under: — Total value ofevtiry description of cotton goods annually manufactured In Gruot Britttin £,11,0(tn,nno* Raw material, 240,000,000 lbs. at 7(J. pnr lb. £7,000,1100 Wages of 810,000 weiivers, spinners, Meachers, tc. at 'iV. 20s. n year each - 18,000,000 Wnires iif 100,000 engineera, niachinu-makers, smitlia, masons, Joiners, &c. at ■Ml. a year eacli .1,000,000 Protits of the uianiifactiirHrs, wages of superintendence, sums to nurchase the materiaUofmaclilnery, coals, &c. ...... 0,000,000 .14,000,0 01) * Mr. Kennedy, to whose opinion, on a matter of this snrt, the grentoit deference is dtie, Cdnnlilort this esliinate as a great deal loo high. We cannot, however, bring ourselves to beliuvo tliut aiich li COTTON. m iritniii £,ii,n(in,(ino» 34,0(10,000 ' The rapHal rmployeA may be entlinnted ns fnllowi :— Capital eiiiplo^red in the piirclmiie of the raw material Capital employod in payment of wages Capital vested in ipinning-mills, power and hand loomi, workihopi, warehousei, itocki - 4,000,000 10,000,000 on band, be. . 90,000,030 £34,000,000 Now, this sum of 34,000,000/., supposing the interest of capital, inclusive of the wages of superintendence, &c., to amount to 10 per cent , will yield a sum of 3,400,000/. ; which being deducted from the 6,000,000/. profits, &c., leaves 2,600,000/, to purchase materials to repair the waste of capital, the flour required for dressing, the coals necessary in the employ- ment of the steam engines, to effect insurances, and to meet all other outgoings. The aggregate amount of wages, according to the above estimate, is 21,000,000/, ; but there are not many departments of the business in which wages have to be advanced more than 6 months before the article is sold. We, therefore, incline to think that 10,000,000/. is a sufficient (perhaps too great) allowance for the capital employed in the payment of wages. If we are nearly right in these estimates, it will follow — allowance being made for old and infirm persons, children, &c. de])endent on those actually employed in the various depart- mfnts of the cotton manufacture, and in the construction, repair, &c. of the machinery and buildings required to carry it on — that it must furnish, on the most moderate computation, subsistence for from 1,200,000 to 1,400,000 persons! And for this new and most prolific source of wealth we are indebted partly and principally, as already shown, to the extraordi- nary genius and talent of a few individuals ; but, in a great degree, also, to that security of property and freedom of industry which give confidence and energy to all who embark in industrious undertakings, and to that universal difl'usion of intelligence which enables those who carry on any work to press every power of nature into their service, and to avail them- selves of productive capacities of which a less instructed people would be wholly ignorant. The eflect that the sudden opening of so vast and profitable a field for the employment of capital and labour has had on the population of the ditlcrent towns of Lancashire and Lanarkshire, the districts where the cotton manufacture is principally carried on — has been most striking. In 1774, for example, the parish of Manchester is estimated to have con- tained 41,032 inhabitants — a number which was swelled, in 1831, to 187,019, having more than quadrupled in the space of 67 years ! The f)opulation of Preston, in 1780, is said not to have exceeded 6,000 ; whereas it amounts, at present, to 33,1 12. In like manner, the population of Blackburn has inoreased from 11,9S0 in 1801, to 27,091, in 1831 ; that of Boltun has increased in the same period, from 17,416 to 41,195; that of Wigan, from 10,989 to 20,774, &c. But the progress of Liverpool is most extraordinary, and can be matched only by the progress of one or two cities in the United States. liiverpool is not properly one of the seats of the cotton manufacture ; but it is, notwiihst&ntiing, mainly in- debted to it for the unparallelled rapidity of its growth. It is the grand eniporiiim of the cotton district — the port where almost all the raw cotton, and the various foreign articles required for the employment and subsistence of the persons engaged in the manufacture, are imported, and whence the finished goods are exported to other countries. It has, therefore, become a place of vast trade, and is now, in that respect, second only to London. In 1700, according to the best accounts that can be obtained, the population of Liverpool arnouiUed to only 6,145 ; in 17.50, it had increased to 18,460 ; in 1770, it amounted to 34,0.50. The cotton manufacture now began rapidly to extend, and, in consequence, the population of Liverpool increased, in 1801, to 77,653; in 1821, to 118,972; and, in 1831, it amounted to 165,176. The progress of population in Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire has been e(|ually striking. In 1780, the city of Glasgow contained only 42,832 inhabitants; in 1801, that number had increased to 83,769 ; and, in 1 831, it amounted to nearly 203,000. The growth of Paisley is similar. In 1782, it contained, inclusive of the Abbey Parish, only 17,700 in- habitants ; in 1801, it contained 36,722 ; in 1821, it contained about 47,000 ; and, in 1831, 67,466. Since the repeal of the absurd system of Irish protecting duties, in 1823, the cotton ma- nufacture has begun to make considerable progress in Ireland. This is proved by a state- really the case. It appears from the offlcini accounts, that the real or derlnrnd value nf the rotion fabrics exported in lb33 amounted to 12,(ia3,ti80{., and that of the twist to 4,7'20,7tl6{. Now it appnars from the stiitements in Hurru' Olance, and other good authorities, tlint tlio weight of the cottun yum retttineil at home to be wrought up into fabrics for domestic use is about 10 or 12 per cent. gr<;alcr than the weight of tlie yarn exported in the shape of manufactured goods. Hut without takinc this greater weight into account, if we suppose that the fabrics retained at tiome are nearly equal in p(jnt of quality to those exported, the value of the manufacture must be at least .10,000,0(MU., viz. fnljrics exported ia,622,0(K)I., twist exported 4,721,000/.,and fabrics consumed at home 12,022,000;. Hut a viry large pruportion of oiir exports consist of comparatively coarse fabrics destined for the \V 1823 13,761,415 9,625,947 5,634,137 2,095,574 3r.0,8fc0 24.457,939 10,233,172 •a- 182t 15,910,006 3,135,496 6,011,534 2,442,440 442,riS3 27,972,059 10,.f01,359 s 1825 15,034,138 3,206,729 6,193,775 2,l.?0,705 296,677 26,8t52,094 11,221,749 s 1826 10,522,357 3,491,268 4,ttS2,K«)e 1,489,647 168,453 20.652,623 10,195,015 1 1827 13,956,895 3,545,568 9,27-,b61 1,895,186 236,092 24,911,632 11,494,807 A 1828 13,545,638 3,594,945 5,120,226 2,000,033 255,755 21,516,047 11.630,151 1829 13,420,544 3,974,039 4,656,809 1,^85,831 267,102 21,204,415 11,008,4.^8 1830 15,203,713 4,1.32,258 4,847,398 1,926,256 619,919 26,629,544 11.061,758 1831 13,207,947 3,974,089 5,385,611 2,301,803 .'>78,2»(0 25,418,810 1 1 ,-203,884 1833 19,622,880 4,721,760 5,475,298 1,655,478 529,808 25,005,260 11,010,707 It will be observed from the above Table, that while the official value of the cotton goods exported has been rapidly increasing, their declared or real value has been about stationary, or has i 'ler diminished. This circumstance has given rise to a great deal of irrelevant dis- cussion ; and has even been referred to as proving that the manufacture is in a declining; state! But it proves precisely the contrary. It shows that the decline in the price of the raw material, and the improvements in the machinery and processes used in the manufac- ture have been so great, that we are now able to export and sell with a profit, (for, unless such were the case, the exportation would very speedily cease,) nearly double the quantity of cotton goods we exported in 1816, for about the same price. Had the Table been car- ried further back, the result would have been still more striking. In illustration of this view of the matter, we beg to subjoin the following statement of the production and cost of the different species of cotton yarn in England, in 1812 and 183U. It was furnished by Mr. Kennedy, of Manchester, to the committee on the East India ('om- pany's affairs, so that no doubt can be entertained of ita accuracy. ■ of yards of cotton )m Ireland to Great to 3,840,699 ; and nearly a twelvefold protect the industry coal are insuperable siy long period the ess of improvement ch mort rapid than jrnier is now vaatly :larcd or real values se, that the exports 00/. sterling, being ibout two thirds of ubjoin a statement, !lared or real values tures, and the totals Great Britain to all Wove Total of .11 other Anicl* £ 3,215 9,751,305 ■i.ass 9,960,141 9,083 10,373,814 S3i)0 8,185,185 1,983 8,673,753 3,955 8,715,9:^8 J,539 7,958,(150 3,175 8,2fifl,2m 1,579 8,290,1.57 i,Wi 8,11)7,812 D,174 7,932,830 »,0!3 9,132,435 t,(IH7 0,5,%, 113 >.2I8 9,610,475 <,tib9 10,343,918 ,,075 9,38(5.018 i,b07 11,005,230 1,252 14,819,600 ,t"27 14,809,592 ,0«7 15,567,182 1,467 11,5*(<,II29 ,570 11,290,109 ,75t> 10,914,223 ,4'2tf 9,879,468 ,H5a 10,233,172 .osy 10,,f01„159 ,024 11, 221, 719 fin 10,19,5,015 ,532 11,484,807 .017 11,636,151 ,415 11,008,158 ,544 11 061,758 blO 1 1 ,203,8S1 260 11,010,767 the cotton goods about stationary, I of irrelevant dis- ; is in a declining n the price of tho in the manufac' )rofit, (for, unless iiblo the quantity Table been car- statement of tho 1812 and 183U, East India ('om- c 30TT0 N. 627 Hmki POT Diri V" Spindlfc Prim of Cotton, anJ WmIo ptrlb. Labour per Ih.* Coit per lb. 1 Dncrlpiion or Vtro. 1811 IB30. 1812. 1890. ISIZ 183a I8!2. 1830. Ab. f. d. t. d. ». I*. 1. d. <. (L t. d. 40 3- 275 1 6 7 I 7: 2 « 1 Si 60 IS 2-6 2 10 1 6 1 3 6 1 m 80 1-5 2- a 3 lU 1 IJ 3 a 1 7r 4 4 a 61 100 1-4 18 3 4 2 10 2 a 9 a 3 4i 120 1-25 1-65 2 1 4 3 6 2 8 6 4 1.50 1- 1-33 a 10 1 8 6 6 4 11 9 4 6 7 200 0-7S 0-90 3 4 3 16 8 11 6 20 14 6 250 005 006 4 3 8 31 24 6 35 28 2 The following Table is interesting, from its exhibiting the state of our tra.le in wrought cottons with the different countries uf the world. It sets the importance of the markets of Brazil, Chili, and the other states of South America, as outlets for our cottons, in a very striking point of view. Account of the Exports of Cotton Goods and Tarn from the Unitfid Kingdom in 1837 ; specirying the Quantity and declared Value of those shipped for each Country. CouDtria lo which exportsd. White or Plain Cottons. Printed or Dyed Cottons. Hosiery and Small Wares. TwUt and Tarn. Total Declared Value. Tiids. Declared Valuck Yards. Declared Value. Derlared Value, Pounds. Declared Value. L. l~ L. L. L. Runia .... 980.T7D 40.203 145,760 7,590 9,106 24,108,593 1,612.956 I,6f9.855 Sweden .... «!,939 1,717 48,552 1,850 708 734,136 65,060 59,335 Norwajr .... IfM.tSM 4,0SI 347,H)9 9.964 1,632 197,700 10,474 26,201 Denmark • - • . 4S,992 1,033 71,569 J, 369 88 67.470 2,870 6fli^ FniMia .... .. _ — — _ 4,921 602 Mi German* .... 14,203,855 291,378 29,99r.»r4 713,771 162,263 34,272,607 2,177,823 3,3l«,233 Holliiid .... 16,3'a,58I 341,448 11.588,241 322,400 60,203 15,993,0-2 1,386,388 2,100,411 Beirium .... 88-,339 32,271 l,99l>,l«0 72,52e 102,233 67,397 8,752 21,5,781 France .... 1,1119,753 23,8r3 1,269,924 36,529 91,768 M,707 31,364 184,344 Partugal, Proper ... 15,966,118 268, IS9 I5,74.S2I6 369,712 21,084 323,262 23,612 682,597 iznra 641,603 11,789 731,946 1»,740 838 17,840 786 32,153 Mailein • 619,313 8,235 649,954 12,767 1,068 1,358 78 25,168 Spain ami tha Balaaric Iilandt 151, 3S0 4,0(7 2n-.,9'6 5,694 221 ^7 45 10,007 Canaries 471,917 10,763 435,599 12,234 924 1,071 63 23,984 Oibraliar .... I3,9>6,S30 310,777 12,681,183 375,387 17,271 225,939 14,729 718,144 Italy and the Dalian Mandi ■ Malta .... 24,978,414 626,881 17,631,037 481,915 40,910 8,775,023 477,882 1,527,588 1,108,0)2 21,638 562,773 17,364 2,208 176,260 297,980 9,729 50,939 Ionian lalandf ... 1,497,200 26,314 S4I,6S6 19,955 790 14,303 61,382 Mnreiaii4 Greek Islands ■ 9,054 256 67,794 2.6»t 33 1,800 IDO 3,033 Turkey „ • . • 23,727.098 482,433 9,423,133 288,230 2,297 3,527,538 180,225 933,190 Svria and Palestine • E.Tpt .... 5,140 330 ... .... _ _ 330 6,559,900 107,125 693.210 23,207 349 660,700 4^372 172,033 Tripoli, Tonit, AlKiera, and Morocco 2,92W80 4I,'52 2.53,009 4.892 407 46,851 Western t 'oast of Africa «07,»I3 15,783 4,3«-.,569 119,540 391 "2,932 ~39!i 136,109 Cape of Good Hops 1,293,943 54,567 3,136,936 80,483 9,389 9,31-! 899 143,333 Sr. Helena . • . - 18,816 619 5,326 141 ni9 *. 979 Mauritius .... East India ConpanT's territories and 3,053,808 78,395 2,237,689 73,556 7,749 10,400 468 160,108 Ceylon .... Sumatra, Java, and other Islands of the 46,366,175 1,040,018 17,847,«8 483,231 30,444 8,478, Btruction of their establishments in the countries where they are set up. 4. Progress of the Manufacture in other Countries. — But notwithstanding what has now been stated, a notion seems to be spreading abroad, that we shall have no little difficulty in maintaining our ground against the competition of the Americans, Swiss, Austrians, French, &C., and a good deal of evidence upon this subject was taken before the committee of the House of Commons appointed in 1833 to inquire into the state of manufactures, commerce, and shipping. Such apprehensions appear to ua to be quite destitute of any real foundation. Provided we have no agitation, that public tranquillity and security in fact and opinion be maintained unimpaired, we need be under no sort of uneasiness as to any competition to which we can be exposed. The tariff forced cotton, woollen, iron, and other manufactures, into a premature existence in the United States ; but we have little doubt that, except in the coarser fabrics, and those where it is necessary to use large quantities of the raw material, the late modifications of the tariff have given a death-blow to the American manufacturing system. Independent, however, of this, there was nothing whatever to fear from that quar- ter. During the year ended the 30th of September, 1829, the exports of all sorts of cotton goods from America amounted to l,859,4.'t7 dollani ; while during the year ended the 30th of September, 1833, they amounted to 1,229,574 dollars. — {Papers laid before Congress, 6th of February, 1830, and 15th of February, 1833.) It is plain, therefore, notwithstanding the protection of the tariff, that tlie exports of manufactured cottons from America have not increased any thing during the last 3 years ; and it is very unlikely that even the trifling quantity now exported will be maintained. They have been exported only because the fabrics contained a great deal of the best cotton, which made them more durable and heavy than those manufactured here. But goods of this sort are in very limited demand ; and the Manchester manufacturers have already produced an article similar to and cheaper than the American " domestics," which will go far to expel them from the market. Among the singular statements that have been put forth as to the cotton manufactures of America, one is, that the wages of labour are lower there than here ! To dwell on the ab- surdity of such a statement would be an insult to ou' readers. But though it were true that wages are as low in Massachusetts as in England, that would afford no real ground for anti- cipating any formidable competition from America in this department. The price of cottons depends more on the profits uf stock than on the wages of labour ; and, so far as we know, it has not yet been alleged that they are lower in America than here. Suppose an English and an American manufacturer have each 100,000/. vested in cotton mills and in the float- ing stock required to carry on the business ; if profits in England be 1 per cent less than in America, the English manufacturer can afford, cmteris paribus, to sell his goods for 1 ,000/. less than the American. We are very far from insinuating or believing that this lowness of profit is an advantage; but whatever may be its influence in other respocts, so long as it continues, it gives our manufacturers a decided superiority over those of every other coun- try where profits are higher, in the manufacture and sale of all articles, such as cotton yam and stufis, principally produced by machinery. It is ludicrous, indeed, to suppose that a half-peopled country like America, possessed of iMundless tracts of unoccupied land of the highest degree of fertility, should be able successfully to contend in manufacturing industry, with an old settled, fully peopled, and very rich country like Great Britain. The govern- ment which encourages such a misdirection of the public capital and industry, and those who suppose it tan end in any thing else than ruin to the parties, are ignorant of the merest elements of the acience of wealth. COTTON. 620 Th* (btlowinc rviults hi to the ttate of the Amertean eotton maniiActare In 1831 have been deduced from the Report of a Committee of Congreii in 1833 :— In 13 states they had, mills ..... 799 — spindlei ..... l,34e,S03 Af— looms ..... 33,S06 The weight of cotton consumed .... Allowing 2 oz. per lb. for loss . . . > Total weight of yarn produced .... Weekly amount ...... Averaging Iff} oz. per spindle weekly. If the 33,300 looms were eniployed, and the whole I,305,0SI lbs. of yarn manufiictnred, ench loom niiat have consumed at an average 39 lbs. weeldy, showing that the goods manufactured were of a very heavy description. It also appears from statements made by the same committee, that The number of males employed were .... 18,539 — females ...... 38,937 . 77,557,310 lbs. - 0,094,604 . 67,803,653 . 1,305,051 Total number employed in spinning and manufacturing 57,460 The amount paid for wages in the year wns 10,391,444 dollars, or 3,144,7801., being 43,8051. per week t avcrafiing I4s. lid. for each person employed. Thvy etute that the consumption nf flour in their manufacture was 1,641,353 lbs., or 8,374 barrels (19('i 11)9. each), averaging weekly 31,56'2 Ihs., or nearly 1 lb. for each loom. Xote.—By the new American tariff, plain calicoes, &c. imported, not exceeding in value is. 3d. the iqiiare yard, to pay 3id. per yard duty. Printed or coloured calicoes, &.C., not exceeding is. Sid. the square yard, to pay 4}<1. per yard duty. Cotton yarn, unbleached and uncoloured, not exceeding in Talni! 29.6(2. per lb. to pay7ii<. per lb. duty. If bleached or coloured, not exceeding 3s. Ud. pcr'lb. to pay 9}i. per lb. duty. Little as we have to fear from American, we have still less to fear from Swiss or Austrian competition. America has some advantage over England in the greater cheapness of the raw material ; but Switzerland and Austria, situated almost in the very centre of Europe, can only draw their supplies of raw cotton by a distant land carriage by way of Marseilles, Genoa, and Trieste ; or by a lengthened navigation up the Rhine or the Elbe ; and we have the best authority for affirming, that a bale of cotton may be conveyed at a less expense from Charleston to Manchester, than from Genoa or Trieste, Amsterdam or Hamburgh, to Switzerland or Austria. Switzerland is altogether destitute of coal ; all that she does is done by water power, and that is already pretty well exhausted. It is not, however, to be won- dered at that the Swiss and Austrians should have succeeded in supplying their own markets, and f;ome of those immediately contiguous, with certain species of yarn ; but it seems to us quite cisionary to suppose that they will ever do much more than this. It was stated before the committee of 18.33, that the French cotton manufacture had in- creased, between 1812 and 1826, in the ratio of 310 per cent., while in England its increase was only 270 per cent This statement is, we believe, accurate as far as it goes ; and yet it is eminently calculated, although, no doubt, without being so intended, to mislead. In 1812, and for some years previously, it was hardly possible to import cotton wool into France, and its price was quite excessive. When, therefore, the manufacturers got wool after the return of peace at an ordinary price, it was impossible, seeing that foreign cottons are excluded from France, but that the manufacture should increase with extraordinary rapidity, until the home demand was pretty well supplied. An advance of this sort is assuredly no proof %f the capacity of France to prosecute the manufacture with advantage, or to export cottons without the aid of a bounty. Had the manufacture gone on increa-sing in the above, or even in a very inferior ratio, down to the present time, the circumstance might have justly excited attention ; but such has not been the cuse ; on the contrary, it has been nearly stationary from 1822 down to the present time. In proof of this, we beg to refer to the following ac- count, published by the merchants of Havre, of the imports of cotton into France, the deli- veries from the warehouses, and the stocks on hand, in each year from 1822 : — Yean. Imports. Dcliveria. Stock«,3I»t. Dm Vcani. Imiiortfl. Deliveries. stocks, 3lil De-. Bain. Bala. SaUi. Bala. halft. Brt.'ff. 1633 305,861 315.199 42,515 1829 242,2.S0 264,750 39,393 im 16»,8t5 172,313 40,078 18.TO 2S2.752 2,W,784 61,260 1834 851,074 343,!tt8 47,194 1831 218,393 243,843 3,5,810 1825 201,573 216,460 35,306 18!)2 359,159 273,463 8a,'i06 1828 320,174 881,001 74,479 1833 305,033 376,387 61,7.53 1827 890,617 279,693 85,403 1834 274,307 301,653 31,107 1828 306,133 339,733 54,813 18.15 .TO 1,425 308,736 40,096 It is supposed by some, that the compctitiort wo have to fear from the Continent does not consist so much in the spinning as in the weaving of cottons ; and that the probability is, that our exports of yam will increase, and our exports of manufactured goods diminish. Wo do not, however, imagine there is much in this. Our power looms are superior to those of any other country : and it is unhappily true, that the wages of handloom weavers hero are sunk below the general level of Europe.* There is not, in fact, with the exception ot ♦ For an account of the circumstannea which have occasioned this depression, we beg to refer the reader to an article on manufticturcs, oummcrcp, &c. in tlie 117th No. of the lMnbitrj(/i Rtviiit, S*aifM of the above etiitements are taken from that article. Vot. L— 2 Y 67 II I S80 COTTON. Iho dyes, a single pnrticnlar connecte<1 with the cotton manufnctura in which wc have not a mnnifest superiority over the Swiss, Austrians, French, Prussians, and every Continental nation. Certainly, however, we are inferior to some of them in the brilliancy and durability of their dyes ; and this circumstance occasioned a considerable dei^and for German and Swiss printed cottons in many parts of the East, where vivid colours are held in the liighost estimation. But even there, the greater cheapness of our goodd is proving an overmatch for the g;renter brilliancy of those of our rivals. On the whole, therefore, we see no reason to think that the British cotton manufacture lias reached, much less passed, its zenith. At thb dame time, however, it can hardly be necessary to observe, considering the vast importance bf the trade, that while, on the one hand, nothing should be left undone that may serve to widen its foundations, and to promote its prosperity, on the other, nothing should be attempted that may, by possibility, have an opposite eflfect. The subsistence of 1,400,000 people is not to bo endnnRercd on slight grounds. The abusws even of such a business must be cautiously dealt with, lest, in eradi. rating them, we shake or disorder the whole tabric. We admit, however, that the case of children employed in the cotton factories is one of those that call fairly fur legislative regu- lation. But it may be questioned whether the plan for having relays of children is the beet that might be devised. The general opinion seems to be, that it will, in most instances, be impossible to carry it into effect The whole subject,' as to the limitation of hours, is con- fessedly one of great difficulty ; and it would perhaps be better, before taking any very decisive steps in the matter, to try the effect of the system of inspection, and of the publicatiun of the inspectors' reports as to the condition of the children employed. 'j. Statutoqv RnauLATioNa as to thb Employment of Childiien in Factories. No statutory restrictions respecting the employment of children in the mills and ructories of tha T.'nitud Kingdom existed until the year 1S02, when an act of parliui'ient wiispiissed (42 Geo. 3.) foi the preservation of the health and morals of apprentices and othiTS employed in cotton and other factoiles, and directing the local magistrates to report whether the factories were conducted according to law, ond to adopt such sanitary regulations as they might think fit. This act was followed, in 1816, by an net, generally called Sir Rohert Peel's Act, imposing various regulations un the employment of children in cotton mills. Both of these acts were repealed in 1831, by an act 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 30., commonly called Sir Jnhn Ilobhouse's Act, which provided, that in cotton factories, to which ulone it related, no child n uld legally be employed till it had attained the age of years; and that no person under 18 years of aja could he suffered to remain in the factories more than 12 hours in one day; and that on Saturday] they should only be employed in the factories for hours. Sir John Uohhouse's Act was repealed in 1833, by the act act 3 Jc 4 Will. 4. c. 103., which contains the f■ f 1807 66 1-S * 1808 13 f 1809 53 1-5 1810 03 0-10 1811 1813 63 1-5 30 •• 91 — 7 — 13 1813 19 3-5 1814 i 17 4-3 1815 83 . i ' ^ ' ' 1810 81 4-9 1817 95 8-3 1818 9i 1-3 1819 88 1820 127 4-5 1821 121 9-10 SI-3 38 90 — . S 1822 144 7-10 4 1-3 1823 173 7-10 U 1824 143 3-5 14 1S23 176 1-3 _^ 75 1826 804 1-3 1827 SM 1828 310 1839 864 3-4 1830 298 1-3 10 S 68 10 _ 4 1831 377 30 1-a S7 70 13 _ 4 1833 333 1-4 1833 324 1-3 1831 384 3-4 33 30 80 8 7 8 1835 3S6 1-3 "The exports of cotton, or, in other words, the foreign trade in raw cotton, in the whole world, ia amnll compared with the whole growth, manufacture, and consumption of that article. It probably does not exceed 535 millions of pounds, and of that the United Statiis export about 384 millions of pounds, or almnst tliree fourths. Our exports each year have not niwayn corresponded with that part of the crop of the previous yenr not consumed at home, as in 180S, 1812, &c. coniinercial retitric- tions and war caused the stoclcB on hand to accumulate, and the high prices in some other years have left much less on baud here tlian usual." I are the average orth usually two hvas still greater, s ' v.— Raw Cotton.— Exports from : •"*-: :!i Teira. LouItUtiL S. Cuollu. Alabama. Georgia. New York. N. CaTDlini and Virginii. H* of tlio United Stales. Whole value. Millions MilUoni Millinm Milliona Milliona Milliona Milliona Uollan. Ibi. lU. Ibi. Itn. Iba. Ibi. Ibl 1789 r' 1790 \ 48,885 1791 . 53,000 1792 . m 51,470 1793 ' - - 100,000 Millions. 1794 ■ . . 1-2 1795 . . 3 1-4 1796 . . 3 2-10 IT97 . . 1 1-4 1798 . . 8 1-2 irw . . 4 1-10 1800 « 10 9 1801 . 9 1-10 1803 « . 5 1-4 1803 a . 7 3-4 1804 _ . 7 3-4 1805 s . 9 1-3 1800 « . 8 1-4 1807 - - 14 1-4 2x2 ftU COTTON. V. Raw Cotton— «tfiifliiii«■ Fnoce. Millloiii lU. placn to EDllaul, Millioni llo. 7 3-4 3 1.4 3 3^ 3 3 S VI. Raw CnWnn—tnnHnvtd .— Exporlf. a I', ttuin to V. sum lo 11, Sl>le« 1. nrhtr yt\tem llian Urwt IlKlU lo ll„l.j lo W,.l In- llraallaiHi VV>.• Kutlwl. Frajira. MrtLilu tnti Ku^Uidl, Li . KkiIiuJ. Kiiilaii'l. • raiict. i;i.|UiiU. traLf*. Kji|I»i«I Mill.oiia Milllniu Milliwiu Minima Mllliora 11*. II*. Mllllou Milliniia Mi'llou Milllmw llM. Ihc Iba. ll«. IlK. Ralk>, Ruin. Ibt. Ita. ll«. lis. iMt^ MO 30 3 3.1 30 1-4 • 3.) » 10 _ 7 1-3 Wi(< 131 09 1-3 8 1-9 31 • B 4-9 4 3-4 m 10 . m: 317 70 1-9 11 1-4 30 _ 90 3-4 7 . 5 . 1 1-3 IKiH IM 3-4 S3 1-9 lU 1-4 39 1-4 93 90 • 7 . 1 3-4 IN'JII 137 tl7 1-9 93 93 0) 90 4 1-3 « , 1 1-10 in:>(| 311 7ft 13 1-9 19 1-9 3.1 8 1-9 7 3 4-10 n 3-4 l'«3l 3(13 1-8 40 or .10 30 fi« i-a 31 1-9 3 1-3 3 1-3 8 7 1-3 1 1-4 iHa05 038,877 1831 701,7.33 973,0.'>9 55.'),0!)8 9,778,8'.8 3,410,703 3li:.,0U5 2,91.3,741 I8:<9 83N,051 3,030,016 9,983,875 l,05),775 4,07.5,129 5M),!ff4 2,2,',().I1I0 1N33 1,417,405 9,073,953 7.58,910 1,107,000 1,870,030 . 1,750.013 1834 1,960,404 8,090,409 809,007 3,80.'i.3l9 fl,0l'.>,803 100,849 l,l.'i3,3K9 . 1835 (»74,H01 5,001,358 878,210 4,913,001 2,7»8,117 19,039 1,403,700 vn- -Raw Cotton. Import! of Wtiere trom. Ttan. Into Ennluil. United .Stttet. Bnuil. Deinrnn and Burtiiee. Weal luJiM. ^KSc';' India. Othrr plicei. Millinu. Millioni Millinni Millitina Millioni Milliou Ibt. Ibt. Ibt. Iba. Iba. Ibt. 1701 U.lOor0-lC ' 1710 7-10 , 1720 3 „ 1 • 1730 1 1-9 1711 1 6-10 1751 3 1784 3 8-10 1706 3 1780 S 1784 11 1787 39 .. 311-3 1 3-4 6 3-3 5 2-3 . 8 1789 39 1-3 1790 31 1-3 Rntlo. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. 1791 38 3-4 1-1000 1-9 . 1-3 . _ 18 1799 35 1-126 1-3 . 1-3 . _ 1-10 1793 19 1-225 1-4 . 1-9 . 1-25 1-8 1794 34 1-3 1-110 8-3 . 1-9 . 1-106 1-13 1795 36 1-3 1-25 2-5 . 1-2 . 1-100 1-49 1796 32 1-11 1-9 1-37 2-3 1-44 1-50 1797 93 1-3 I-ll 1-9 1-19 1-3 . 1-17 1-88 1708 31 3-4 1-6 2-5 1-14 1-3 • I-IS 1-385 1799 43 1-3 1-9 2-7 1-11 3-7 . 1-6 1-50 1800 56 1-4 1-5 1-9 1-3 . 1-9 1-18 1801 56 1-3 1-4 1-12 8-7 • 1-13 1-33 1809 60 1-3 3-7 1-3 1-17 1-6 . 1-90 1-1.35 1603 93 3-4 1-2 1-3 1-70 1-10 . 1-.30 1-70 1604 61 3-4 1-9 2-9 1-6 1-12 . 1-26 1-167 1'05 59 3-3 3-5 2-9 1-11 1-10 . 1-210 1-38 1600 58 1-4 3-5 2-9 1-10 1-9 1-32 1-87 1807 75 3-4 1-18 1-9 1-11 . 1-20 i-116 1808 43 1-3 S-5 Nil 1-14 2-9 • 18 1-84 1809 02 3-4 1-3 1-3 1-18 1-11 • 1-15 1-38 1810 132 1-3 8-3 1-4 1-15 1-18 _ 1-40 1811 ' 91 1-2 6-9 2-7 1-9 1-89 ■ 1-76 1812 63 4-9 2-5 1-9 1-22 - 1-95 i\' tSt*. \ OM corroN. VII.— «*lllt,'liiiii, ulxMit 10 cir 12 iiiillloni of |»iiini Into Opriimny, ind 9 rt urn tiii|Mirled nt 'rrl">ts linna, from tliu Unllml Hlnli>*, nboiit 4 l» 9 iiillllniia, and •oiiih frmii Kiypl and Turkey i In all, niiiKIng in l!t:ill, 121 mlllliini »( punndi i 1831, lU) nillilnnii ; and IM34, 'iil inllllun' of plw. Clilu iivl IndU. a. Amaria k MMico, inclutlliif BnuUI. Otnnuy. Tuiti.T •11.1 Afrka. ■lain. rruak. ClMwkm. Mill • MillioM MllllOM MllllOM MllllOM Milliiiiu M.llioni Mllllou Mlllioni MilllOM Ihv Ibi. lllf. lllh Ita. lt». lU. Iba. llw. II*. 1780 13 1-3 n the 3 cnunlilae. 1781 11 1-4 17H0 17110 .10 1-3 — S I7VI 8.1 10 Sl-9 S8S 80 19 S9 9 9 00 1708 33 1-3 1793 17 3-4 1794 93 17Ui 35 im 31 1797 33 1-4 1798 31 18 1799 43 10 1-4 1800 51 6 3-4 8 [1-10] 1801 53 3-4 11 8 980 49 33 SO 3 5 SO 1808 sei-3 15 1-10 1803 SI 3-4 15 3-4 _ _ — _ — 3 1804 66 3-4 17 1-4 180} 5S3-4 181-3 11 [1-8] 1800 67 1-4 913-4 1807 73 1-3 1808 41 1-3 1809 87 1-3 1810 18S 99 16 [3 1-3] 1811 69 3-3 93 17^ 370 48 39 48 S SO 1818 SO 3-4 91 1813 1814 531-9 1815 S3 .1. 311-9 1816 66 1-3 1817 lie 1-3 30 or 36 1818 173 1819 133 3-4 1820 143 44 1821 114 47 SO 360 43 SO 49 8 7 4S 1828 180 1-3 61 1683 177 501-3 1884 131 75 .. — — — _ — 7 7-10 1825 906 fiO 1826 ISO 1-4 96 1887 3.W 1-3 87 1828 308 1-4 61 60 1829 100 3-4 711-9 1830 955 87 1-3 1831 957 651-3 771-a 1832 900 78 1833 8811-3 87 80 to 85 343 39 SO 43 10 80 40 1834 997 80 1835 390 1-4 — 100 X. Manufactures of Cotton. Whole TtlM of, yurly, in Ctpilil employed in Manuruluriog by Micliioery m Tain. EnjUnd. FruKO. Unilod SlalM. Eitglaod. France. United Slatei, Mlllinu MillloM MllllOM Mlllioni Mliioni Miilinni Dollan. DolUn, Dollan. Uollare. diillara. Dollan. 1815 951 34 40 1816 1817 m^ 30 1818 , 1819 1820 1821 1883 79 1823 155 • 1821 148 to 100 — 1825 1626 h' I ■i^' 68 *'■! ,. *s ':? ii ! 538 COTTON. X. Mannfkcturea of Cotton— eentittiMd. Wbole value of, yarljr, In Capital employed In Manuracturlng by Machinery m | Tean. 1 Entllnd. France. United Stela. England. France. CnilKl Slain, Millloiu Millioni Millioni Milllnni Millioni Millicmi Uollan. Dollan Uollan. Uollan. Dollara. Uollan. liwr m _ 3001 1828 40 1829 "^ V 1830 — — : 26 ■» S351 — 46 3-4 or 03 1831 _ 216 1833 144 M — IfiO — 441-8 1833 ■ 178 > . (H9) f — — rsooi 113 1834 160 1-9 63 « 3i>0 1835 ■"■ 45 to so 185 —" 80 "The valup of mnniifactiired cottnnti, when the quantity of raw cotton in them Is the aoiiic, ilitTi-rs greatly according 'o dilfcrent periods of time in the snine r.nuntry, and nccordlne ti> tho (|iiiility nflho raw inatKrial, and the machinery used, and tlie skill emplnycd. Thns, in Knftlaiid, in 211 yoiirs nl'iiir Arltwriglit's invention in spinning, innnnfacturcd cottons tell nearly eight niiitlis of tlii'ir forinrr priro. Every ten years since, some have computed their fall in prire.as eqiinl to SO per rent. In lliu Aniurlcaii Encyi-lopei'tia, article Cotton, it is said that, from 1815 to lh2!), tlio coarse cloths fell two thirds." ' The best cotton goods are supposed to be made in Swilzerlanil, where the skill and machinery ara good, and tiio climate congenial. But the raw material, being carried so far by laml. Is expensive, and the manufacturer cannot compete with England, though 20 per cent, clienper than in France." "In France mail) fine goods are made by skill and experience; lint theniaehliiery is poorer, and cnsts more. Hence the prices in those two countries, of the cloth made from a pound of raw cotton, exce-Ml on an aver^ige 50 cents, while in England they are about 50 cents, and in the United States arc now somewhat less. It) ISOti the cotton was made chieHy into velveteens, nankeens, crape.4, muslins, &c " " In 1810 our cotton cloths made in houses and manufactories, on an average, were estimated at .13 cents per yard in Coxe's tables, page II). The prices are now lower, notwitlistandiiig the introducliun so extensively of finer cloths and of printing calicoes." " We make more coarse and substantial cloths of cotton now than England, and they can bo afforded cheaper by 2 or 3 cents per yard. They are in greater demand abroad. We put more staple into them, the raw material being cheaper here. But the English laces, being made rhletiy of sca-iiilnnd cotton, with a very little silk, eiihancu the value of each pound to over $!i; and the whole nianuf.ic- ture of it equals 9 millions of dollars per annum, and 30} millions of yards." "The coarse India cottons are made of the worst materials and less smooth, being chiefly spun by band, and the raw material poorer. But the thread so spun is softer and the cloth more durable." XI. Manufactures of Cotton. Penoni employed, connected with factories, chiefly, number of Spindlea employed in factoriei, number of yean. In England. United Slate». France. In Eugland. United Slatea. Fnuce. Swilzerlanil. 1750 20,0001 1760 16,000 T 1770 30,0001 1784 80,0001 1787} 162,000 to 360,0001 1780 ^ — ^ 49,500 1790 ^^ — ^ — 70 1791 1799 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 17U9 1800 1801 1809 1803 1804 1805 __ ^ ... — 4,500 1806 ^_ _ 120,000 — — 81,000 1807 ^^ — — — 8,000 1808 1809 800,0001 — — — 31,000 1810 — — — Millions. 87,000 1811 _ — — 5 80,000 Millioni. 1812 _^ -. ^ 4 1-21 — 1 1813 1811 ^^ _ _- — 122,0-16 1815 _^ 100,000 -~ — 130,000 1810 1 _ *- 6 2-3 IHI7 ^ ..^ 6 2-3 Ihl8 _ _ — — 13-10 1SI9 1 1820 — — — — 220,000 COTTON. §91 lurlni by Machinrry ,1, n la the tonic, ilitTrrs to till) llan. urn 1,000 1,000 rniledSlatiiio the West InJiej, Dollan. italK). 99,000 60.000 ,900 46,000 ,000 40,000 ,000 47,000 ,000 41,000 ,000 .5,?,n(io ,000 80.000 ,000 127,000 .307 lbs., vnlu.^il ,it !,207 lbs., valued at lli« , and to Fr;in(!e IWIba.; inlHSS, to tiber, lS.tS. 'r ForeiKU I'orli. Bo/M. 4,528 1,910 12 6.S3 3,717 651 3,K20 483 5,S9i1 0,480 1,5S5 Totil. Bala. 631,437 1.5.210 2-25,001 ,14,154 2'2!),798 240,407 4,279 19.438 2,3ie 4,606 161,950 676 1,575,62'.) 1,108,425 407,204 The Imports of raw cotton (Vom ahrond, In the three years of which we speak, amounted respectively to 1,617, 390— 1,298,385— and 1,529,566 lbs. These were chiefly from Texas, and were for the most part re-expnrtcd. Of cotton manufactures generally there were imported into the cnuntry in 1830, to the value of 117,876,087— ♦14,092,477 of which were imported from Great nrilain, and f2,321,008 from France ;— in 1S37, to the value of #ll,I50,b41,— ,J8,I18,I75 of which were from Orcat Britain, and $l,791,6.'i0 from Franco i— in 1838, to the value of #6,599,330,— #4,866,995 of which were from Great Britain, and |914,084 from France. |2,7«'),676, #2,683,418, and #1,153,506 of the cotton manufactures imported, in the several years 1836, 1837, anil 1838, were re-exported, chiefly to Mexico, Cuba, and Soutli America. The exports of domestic cotton goods were, in these years, #2,255,734. #2,831,473, and #3,758,755 re- sppctivi'ly ; and chiefly to Cuba, South America, and Africa. Tlie inporls into the country of cotton bagging, during the same period, amounted to #1.701,451, |12'J,2' I, and #17.3,23.5,— almost exclusively from Groat Britain and tlie Ilunsc towns. A very incon- eiJeral le quantity only of the article was re-exported. See articles Imports asd Exfortb, and Tariff. — Am, Ed,] COWHAGE, OR COWITOH (Hind. Kiwach), the fruit or bean of a perennial climb- ing plant (Dolichos pruriens Lin.). It is a native of India, ag well as of several other ea.stern countries, and of America. The pod is about 4 or 5 inches long, a little curved, and coo- tiins from 3 to 5 oval and ilattish seeds ; the outsido is thickly covered with short, bristly, brown hairs, which, if incautiously touched, stick to the skin, and occasion intolerable itch- ing. Syrup thickened with the hai,-8 is prescribed in certain complaints. — {Ainslie's Materia Inilicn.) COWRIES (Ger. Knurls ,• Du. Kauris,- Fr. Coris, Cuurk, Boiiges ,• It. Cor!, Purrel- lane ,• Sp. Bucins Zimboa) arc small shells brought from the Maldives, which pass current 89 coin in smaller payments in Hindostun, and throughout extensive districts in Africa. They used to be imported into England previous to the abolition of the slave trade, in which tlioy were subsequently employed. They are an article of trade at Bombay. Tlic best are small, clean, and white, having a beautiful gloss ; those that are yellow, large, and without lustre, should bo rejected. The freight is calculated at liO cwL to the ton. — (Milburn'a Orient. Com.) CRANBERRIE8, on RED WHORTLEBERRIES, the fruit of a moss pliint, tho Varnnium oxycoccus of Linnaeu?. The berries are gloiiular, about Ibe size of currants; are fmmd in mossy bogs in different parts of Scotland, but not in afn'at numbers : they were ones common in Lincolnshire, and the northern parts of Norfolk ; but since the bogs have been drained and cultivated, the^ are rarely met with. Cranberries have, a peculiar flavour, anil a sharp, ariH, agreeable ta.ste ; they are easily preserved, anil are extensively used in making tarts. They are very abundant in North America, and in the northern parts of Russia; the latter being of a superior quality. Wc import from 30,000 to 35,000 gallons annually. It is said that some very fine ones have recently been brought from New South Wales. CRAPE (Fr. Crepe,- Ger. Flohr, Krauxfinhr ,- It. Espumllla, Soplilh ,- Rus. FKor.- Sp. Crcspon), a light transparent stuff, in manner of gauze, maile of raw silk, gummed and Iwi.'ed on the mill and woven without crossing. It is princioally used in mourning. Grape was originally manufactured in Bologna ; but that ntado in this country is now deemed superior to any made in Italy. CREAM OF TARTAR. SeeARoAL. CREDIT, the term used to express the trust -it confidci < i placed by one individual in another, when he assigns him money, or other property in I in. cr without stipulating for its immediate payment. The party who lends is said to give croiiit, and the party who bor- rows to obtain credit. Origin and Nature of Credit. — In the earlier i^* i^cs of society, credit is in a great measure unknown. This arises partly from the i: , nstarice of very little cupital being then accumulated, and partly from government rin> having the means, or not being suffi- ciently careful, to enf<>rce that punctual attention to engagements so indispensable to the existence of confidence or credit. But as society advances, cupital is gradually accumulated, and the observance of contracts is enforced by public authority. Credit then bi'f^ins to grow up. On til*" one hand, those individual* who have rriore capital than they can convcnirnt'y employ, or who are d<«irou8 of withdrawing from bu. iiiess, are disposed to lend, or to trat's- fer, a part or the wh'/!e of their capital to others, on condition of their obtaining a certain stipulated premium or interest for its use, and what they consider sufficient security for its repayment; and, on the other hand, there arc alwayo individuals to l)e met with, disposed to bomw, partly (and among merchants principally) in order to extend their b • ines.-i Itoyond the limits to which they can carry it tiy means of their own capital, or to puicha.sc commo- dities on speculation, and partly to defray debts already contracted. Tliesc dill' rent classe.^ of individuals mutually accommodate each other. Those desirous of being relieved from the fatigues of business, find it very cunvenient to letid their cajiital to others; while such a.i are anxious to enlarge their businesses, obtain the means of prosecuting them to a greater extent. It is plain, that to whatever extent the power of the borrower cf a quantity of produce, or Vol. I.-. 'J Z mu' fW u V.;:. ,'1 ,; i I 642 CREDIT. a sum of money, to extend his business may be increased, that of the lender must be equally diminished. The same jjortion of capital cannot be employed by two individuals at the same time. If A. transfer his capital to B., he necessarily, by so doing, deprives himself of a powei or capacity of prodviction which B. acquires. It is most probable, indeed, that this tnpital will be more productively employed in the hands of B. than of A ; for the fact of A. having lent it shows that he either had no means of employing it advantageously, or was disiiiclined to take the trouble ; while the fact of B. having borrowed it shows that he conceives ho can advantageously employ it, or that he can invest it so as to make it yield an interest to the lender, and a profit to himself. It is obvjous, however, that except in so far as credit contri. butcs in the way now mentioned, to bring capital into the possession of those who, it may be fairly presumed, will employ it most benefic <; '.. , it conduces nothing to the increase of wealth. The most common method of making a loan is by selling commodities on credit, or on condition that thi'y shall be paid at some future period. The price is increased proportion- ally to the length of credit given ; and if any doubt be entertained with respect to ths punc- tuality or solvency of the buyer, a further sum is added to the price, in order to cover the risk that the seller or lender runs of not receiving payment, or of not receiving it at the stipulated period. This is the usual method of transacting where capital is abundant, and confidence general ; and there can be no manner of doubt that the amount of properly lent in Groat Britain, the Netherlands, and most other commercial countries, in this way, is infinitely greater than all that is lent in every other way. When produce is sold in the way now described, it is usual for the buyers to give their bills to the sellers for the price, payable at the period when the credit is to expire ; and it is in the effects consequent to the ncgoc-iation of such bills that much of that magiral influence that has sometimes been ascribed to crcilit is believed to consist. Suppo>!e, to illustrate this, that a paper-maker. A., sells to a printer, B., a quantity of paper, and that he gets liis liil! for the sum, payable at 12 months after date : B. could not have entered into the transaction had he been oNliged to pay ready money; but A., notwithstanding he has occasion for the money, is enabled, by the facility of n»gooiating or discciunting bills, to give tlu; reii'iisite credit, without disabling himself from prosecuting his business. In a case like this, both parties are said to be supported by credit ; and as cases of thi? sort are exceedingly common, it ys contended that half of the business of the country is carried on by its means. All, how- ever, that such statements really amount to is, that a large ])roportion of those engaicil in industrious undertakings do not employ their own capital, but that of others. In the ca.se in question, the printer eniploys the capital of the paper-maker, and the latter employs that of the banker or broker who discounted the bill. Tliis person had most likely the amount in spare cash lying beside him, wbi^h he might not well kno v what to make of; but the indi- vidual into whose hands it has now come, will immediatr .y apply it to ttseful purpo3i'.s, or to the purchase of the materials, or tne payment of tl . wages of the workmen emiiloycd in his establishment. It is next to certain, therefott;, that the transaction will have been advantageous. But still it is essential to bear in mind that it will have been so, not because credit is of itself a means of production, or because it can give birth to capital not already in existence ; but because, through its ngenoy, capital finds its way into those chan- nels in which it has the best chance of being profitably eni[)loycd. The real advantage derived from the use of bills and hank notes as money consists, as has been already shown, in their s\ib»».ituting so cheap a medium of exchange as paper, in the place of one so expensive as gold, and in the facilities which they give to the transacting of commercial affiiirs. If a banker lend A. a note lor 100/. or 1,000/., the latter will be able to obtain an equivalent portion of the land or produce of the country in exchange for it ; but that land or produce wis already in existence. The issue of the note did not give it birth. It was previously in some one's pos.session : and it will depend whollv on the circumstance of A.'s em|)!oying it move or less advantageniwly than it was previously employed, whclher the tnijisaclioi' will, -..i a public p'int of view, he profitable or not. On analysing any case of this kind, we shall invariably find that all that the highest degree of credit or conlidencc can do, is merely to change the distribution of capital— to transfer it from one cla-;-* to another. These transfeis are occasionally, too, produclivi: of injurious re.-;ults, by briniing capital into the hands of spendthrifts : this, however, is not, e\c>»pt io the case of the credit given by shopkeepers, a very ci^mmon effect; and there car. be no doubt tha« the va.st majority of regular loans are decidedly Ijfneficial. Alm.ses of the present Credit Syytem in Ortat liritain. J(^,.n>i of obviatiiiij them. — Th* previous observations refer rather to tlit credit givrn to individuals engaged in business, who mean to employ the capital which they borrow iti industrinus undertakings, than to that which is given to indiviiluals not so engaged, aiid who e aoloy the advances made to tlicm in supporting themselvts and their families. In neither r( all Act must be equally ividuals at the same i himself of a pnwci ed, that this 'jnpital le fact of A. having f, or was ilisipclined le conceives he can J an interest to the far as credit contri- f those who, it may to the increase of es on jcrcdit, or on icreascd proportion- espect to tho punc- order to rover the it receiving it at the il is abundant, and int of property lent ■ics, in this way, is uyers to give their to expire ; niid it is it magiral inlluonce ■!o, to illustrate this, ;hat he gets his liill into the transaction is occasion for the give thu re(i'iisLte I'ase like this, both coedingly common, i means. All, limv- r those cngase;! in Brs. In the ca.^e in IT employs that of ely the amount in e of; but the indi- laeful purposes, or 'orkmen employed on will have been have been so, not birth to capital not y into those chan- icy consists, as has (je as p;ipcr, in the the transacting of tter will be able to change for it ; but d not give it birth. Ihe circumstance mployed, whether nalysing any case 3dit or coiilidence from one dafs to ults, by bringing case of the credit ibt tha-. the vast ifing them. — Th? in business, who ngs, than to that iccs made to tlieni advantage. uri>ss cr, condition, aid i^His have been in tradesman of all CREDIT. 643 Jescriptions. Owing to the competition of sueh persons, their extreme cagomcss to secure customers, and the general indolence of opulent persons, which disiifflincs them to satisfy every small debt when it is contracted, the system of selling upon credit has become almost universal. Few among us think of paying ready money for any thing ; seven tenths of the community arc in the constant practice of anticipating their incomes ; and there is hardly oi)c so bai.krupt in character and fortune as to be unable to Hnd grocers, bakers, butchers, tai'.cirs, &c. ready to furnish him upon credit with supplies of tho articles in which they respectively deal. We look upon this facility of obtaining accommodations as a very great evil. They are not, in one case out of five, of any real advantage to the parties receiving them, while they are productive of very pernicious results. The system tempts very many, and sometimes even the most considerate individuals, to indulge in expenses beyond their means ; end thus becomes the most fruitful source of bankruptcy, insolvency, and bad faith. To guarantee themselves from the extraordinary risk to which such proceedings expose them, tradesmen are obliged to advance the price of their goods to a most exorbitant height ; so that those who are able, and who really mean to pay the debts they contract, are, in fact, obliged to pay those of the hosts of insolvents and swindlers maintained by the present system. Many tradesmen consider themselves as fortunate, if they reaver from two thirds to three fourths of the sums standing in their liooks, at the distance . ecveral vears. The extraordinary extent to which the credit practice is carried may bo 1p .rned from the inquiries of the Parliamentary Committee on Small Debts. It appears frc:n them, that hat- ters, shoemakers, &c. in the metropolis, have often 4,000/. and upwards on their books in debts below 10/., and thai Jive sixths of their book debts are below that sum ! A large pro- portion of these debts are irrecoveralih; ; but owing to the artificial enhancement of prices, those that are good are sufficient to indemnify the traders for tho loss of the bad. It is not easy, we think, to imagine any system better fitted to generate improvidence and fraud. The vast majority of those who become insolvent, or are imprisoned for debt, consist of labourers, artisans, half-pay oflicors, clerks in public and other offices, annuitants, &c., — • persons whom no prudent shopkeeper would ever allow to get permanently into his debt. Tho following table exhibits some of the effects resulting from this system : — Number of Persons committed for Debt to tlio eevernl Prisons of the Metropolis in the Year 1927, and tile Sums for wliich lliey were ci;uiMiitteil.— (Pur/. Paper, No. 70. Soss. Ib28.) 1 j King's Bench prison I Fleet prison - . - . ! Whitecross Sireet prison j Maralialsea prison IIursem»nger Lane prison - Total - Vnr Sums above IQa> m 206 208 20 67 953 For Sums between 50;. ami 1001. 334 141 273 30 58 856 For Sunn bclween 501. jn.l 201. 550 223 816 166 134 1,880 For Slims umler 201. 213 113 600 414 023 2,263 ToW. I In Custody, Jaiiutry 1, ISJS. 1,591 683 1,893 630 1,172 5,909 674 253 378 102 105 T512 It is time, certainly, that something effectual were done to put an end to such flagrant abuses— to a system that sends 9U3 persons to a single prison for debts under 20/. ! Wo do not mean to say or insinuate that credit may not frequently be given to the labouring classes with the best effects: but it is of its abuse that we complain, — of its being indis- crimin,jt^ly granted to every one; to those whom it encourages to continue in a course of idleness and prolligacy, as well as to those industrious and deserving persons to whom it may occasionally be of the greatest service. To secure the advantages of credit to the public, Irce Irom the enormous evils that result fiom its nlui.so, is an oliject of the highest importance ; and few things, we believe, would do so much to secure it, as to take from creditors tha power to arrest and imprison for debt. — (See B.vxKnupTCT.) It was staled in the House of Commons, (I9th of February, 1827,) that in the space of 2J years, 70,000 i)er8ons were arrested in and about London, at an expense to the parties, it may be estimated, of between 150,000/. and 200,000/. ! In 1827, in the metropolis and two adjoining counties, 33,.515 warranto* to arrest were granted, and 1 1,317 bailable processes were executed. Hence it may bo concluded, that in this single year, within the above limits, no fewer than 12,000 persons were deprived of their lilierty, on tlie mere allegation of others, wi:hout any proof \h^i they owed them a farthing ! Well mi- 'it Lord Eldon say "that tlic law (f arrest is a perinmion tii commit acts nfirreatcr oppression and iiihuman- ili/ titan are to be met with in slavery itself, and that the redress of such a grievance would not be attended with any fatal conse [ucnces to the country." The I'ollowing Table, which shows that 1,1 ?0 persons were committed to Horsemonger I-ane prison, in 1831, for debts amounting, in all, to only 2,417/. 7s. fid., being at an average no more than 2/. 3s. »,-/. each, proves that the discussions which have taken place with respect to the law of arrest and imprisonment, have not, in any degree, lessened its inis<-hievous operation. Whatever else may bo dear in England, the fact that thousands of people are annually imprisoned for such midcrable trifles, shows that personal liberty is, at all events, abundantly cheap. ,! i '■•\ \ ;.! i , 1' nv i I ' ! il'l i 1. ' 1, *'>'f m Ml y<' ill 644 CREDIT. A Return nf the Nnmhor of Debtnri cnrnmitted to Ilnrsemonjer I.nne Prison, on Proceni out of the Court of Reqiieits, during the Yenrs cnilinK \»l ol' Jnnuary, IKI'i nnil IH:<3; gtiilirii; the ngurupue Amount of Debt! Bnd Costs, anparntely, in eiich Ytmr; sliowinf;, in ('Iiissuh, tlio Number lotiiiiicd from One to less tit.in Ten Dnys, for Ten Days and less limn Thirty, Fifty, Seventy, and nno Iliin. dred Days ; stating, also, the Amount paid out of the County or other rates for the Maintenance and Support of such Prisoners, as accurately as possible. Number committed In the year .... Aggregate amount of debte . . . . - costs ..... Number conflned from 1 to less than 10 dayi for 10 and- - 30 30 - - SO - 50 - - 70 - 70 - - 100 - 100 days and more ... Amount paid out of the county or other rates for the 1 maintenance and support of such priRoners - -3 1831. lrt32. 1,120 94S £ t. rf. 2,417 7 S 696 2 7 £ >. d. 2,03d U 9 S66 18 3 610 3.^0 77 47 26 24 391 817 119 65 29 30 £ 208 £ 220 Wo defy any one to show that the law of arrest and iinpriBonment has a single good con- sequpnce to be placed as a set-off against the intolcralilo evils of which it is productive. Tradesmen depend, as is clearly evinced by the above statements, upon the despotical power which it puts in their hands, to get them out of scrapes ; and believe that the fear of being subjected to arrest will stimulate even the ino' ( i«u:3picious portinn of their debtors to make payment of their accounts. The records ol" tmr prisons, and of our insolvent and other courts, show how miserably these expectations are disappointed. Wo believe, indeed, that we are warranted in aflirming that the more respectable ciaxses of shopkicpers and trades- men are now generally satisfied that the present system requires some very material modili- cations. The law of arrest and imprisonment is, in fai't, advantageous to none but knaves and swindlers, and the lowest class of attorneys, who frequently buy up small accounts and bills, that they may bring actions upon them, and enrich themselves at the expense of the poor, by the magnitude of their charges. Such oppressive pioccedings arc a disgrace to a civilised country. Were the law in question n^pcaled, credit would be granted to those only who deserved it; for, generally speaking, tradesmen, supposing they had nothing to trust to but their own discretion, would not deal, except for ready money, with those of whose cha- racter and situation they were not perfectly informed ; and the difficulty under which all idle and improvident persons would thus be placed of oht.iining loans, would do much to wean them from their vicious courses, and to render them industrious and honest. " Those," says Dr. Johnson, " who have made the laws, have apparently considered that every dcti- cicncy of payment is the crime of the debtor. But the truth is, that the creditor always shares the act, and often more than shares tho guilt of improper trust. It seldom hajjpens that any man imprisons another but for debts which he Buffered to be contracted in hope of ad\antage to himself, and for bargains in which he proportioned his profit to his own opinion of the hazard ; and there is iiu maom. why one should punish another fur a contract in which both concurred."' The power of taking goods in execution for debts is also one that requires to be materially modified. At prpwiit, the household ruriiiture of every man, and even the implements ttned in his trade, should there be nothint? else to lay hold of, may be seized and sold in satisfac- tion of any petty claim. It secmH to us quite clear that some limits should be set to this power; and that such articlfs as are indispensable either to llio subsistence or the business of any poor man ouG;ht to he exempted from execution, and, perhaps, distress. The jircscnt practice, by stripping its victims of the means of support and employment, drives them to despair, an! '. ' pro(b . "We only of crimes and disorders. We are .•' : ; to l - ;fve that there seems to be a growing conviction among mercantile men, of the . ■conveniences arising t 'm the present practice. A petition against imprison- ment, for r,. 6 '1 debts, subscribed i)^ ..lany of the inost eminent mercbants, manulacturers, bankers, &. -i" the city of Glasgow, was presented to the House of Commons in 183;J. It contains so orief, and at the same time so forcible, an exposition of the evils resuhing from the present system, that we shall take the liberty of laying it before our readers. " Your pelili.mprs liavc been loiiyjand cericmi'ly inipressi.'il with the lidicf that very preat evils have «rii"'n 'inii ilo arisB Ironi the iiiipriaiiiiiiient the debtor, but even hnrifiil to the creilitur biinstif. •' It •loiilil he a wast.' . if time to ihvRll upon the h iriNiiip of snUjertinc debtors lo iriiprisoiinicnt fur nniill ft^bts, rcuitraeted -"inelimes ciTtaiiil;- iiniler circuiiii-tanii'-i uf real ili.-itre^s, but more ImiiiuiiUy torn tac improper Utfe 'f credit, with which they arc too readily fluppii'.d. The creditor ukeii caie CREDIT. 545 Ihnt hid prnflt iilinll bn r.ommenflitrnte with liiR rink ; ami t)io debtor \s Intliicod to piirrhnno ftct-\y, and ut liny prkv, tlutt whicli he. \i niX ininieiliiitf ly ciilled ii|ioii to pay ; thi3 creditor cocilly and cruelly cal- ciiliili!9 iipon llic powur which thu law has irraiucd him over the person of hia delilnr if he fiiil to dis- (liuruv hIa debt to him, while the debtor forfteta that, by the credit ko Imprudently afforded him, he it prepnrinK the way for hia own riiln, and that of all who have any dependence upon him. "The total number of debtors ImpriHoned lu the gaol of Olaasow alone, for debts of fe/. and under WIS in the year 1830, 353; in H.tl, 119 j and in 183'2, 437 ; while llie whole number of incarcerationg ill lint gaol for aiinia of every description were. In the year 1S30, 5.'>7 ; in 1831, 630 ; and in 1832, 090 ; till' priipurtion of auma of 8<. and under being nearly two thirds of thu whole on the average of these 3 j'ciira. "To remedy these evila, your petitioners liumbly submit that means should be adopted for the repeal of the laws at present in force, in so far ns they sanction the recovery of small debtn by imprisonment, ro.Jcivinif their elfi'd In every other respect; the result of which would be, that credit for small sunia wiMilil be greatly limited,if not entirely extinguished, and the poorer classes rendered more provident ; Diiil liy purchasing with money at a cheaper rale what they now buy at an extravagant price, they wiiiild' be enabled to procure for themselves additional comforts, from the more ecunumical eniploy- ini'Ml uf their small Incomes. " May it therefore please your Honourable Honsc to take this matter Into your consideration, and toaiiopt such means as you In your wisdoni shall see proper, to prevent the Incarceration of debtor* fir Hinns under 8(., and thereby remove or ;jrrutly niitlijatntheevilsof improvidence on the part of the debiiir, and of oppression on the part of the creditor, which necessarily arise under the present (j'i>li!in." Ro rea3onable a proposal, suppoi ted by such conrlusive statements, could not fail to tnako 11 greater discretion ; tliey may he made to know that it is a private transactiim betwem themselves and those to whom they gratit it ; and that ill the case of petty debts they have only thiiir own sagacity to iook to, such trarwac- tioiis not heintr cognizable by law. A mea.-fure off tJ» sort here pror>oai'd would tx*. a« mmtt ai>pe,ir to ioiUKine, annihilate credit '. would, no «iwbt oiriihilaU^ fhat upwrimts itidiseri' luinatidg specie'^ of credit, that is as reauily granted U> ihe i^SHindtbi*** and prodigal, as to iho Iruiral atiUndustrious indiviilual ; hut to the sainn ♦•»l»-nt liwf it d«^)rived the I'ornier of tbo means of obtaining accommodation, it woul'l extend ^j-x al nritish Cuotoin-house is in London; but there are CuKlom-houMS luhor- (linnto to the latter in all considerahle Bra-port tjwiiH. ('USTOMS, are duties charged upon commodities an I'llr being imported into or ex- ported from a country. Custom duties secin to have existed in every commercial country. The Athenians bid a lax of a fifth on the corn and other tnerchandiHo ii iporled from foreign couiilrii'n, and also oil Ht^veral of the cominoditieH cx|)i>rted from Attira. The jiiirlarltt, or eustomH j)ayalple on the eommoditics imported into, and exported from the ditrcrrnt ports in the Rinnan empire, formed a very ancient i 1 important part of the public revenue. The ratCH at which tlipy vvi-re charged were (luc.U atiiig and various, .ind little is niivv known re^iKJCting them, Cicero inf()rins us, that the du'ies on corn exported from the ports of Sicily were, in his time, 5 I)er cent. Under the Iiiaierial govcrnnient, the aniouiit of the 7)Mr/«rji» depended as much nn the caprice of the priiic; as on the real exigencies of the siutc. Though soniotiiiifj diminished, they were never < m rely remitted, and were rnueli moie frequently increased, Under the Uyzantiiu- enn>crors, tlio/ were as high as 12^ per cent. — {Supp.tu Encijr.. Brit. art. Tuxntihiu) Customs seems to have existed it England before the Conquest; but the king's claim to them was first estahlisheil by stat. .'3 Edw. I. These duties were, at first, principally laid on wool, woolfels (sheef)-skins), and leather when exported. There were also extranrdinarv duties paid by aliens, wliich were denominated pnrva CDstuma. to di!?tint,'uish them from llic fortner, or rnaa^nacd.iluina. The duties of tonnage and pounrlii^e, of wliich mention is so frequently made in English history, were custom duties; the first being p;iid on wine by the tun, and the latter being an ad valorem duty of so much a pound on all other inerchandis?. When those duties were granted to the Crown, they were denominated mtbuidics ,• and as the duly of poundage had continued for a lengthened period at the rate of In, a pound, or 5 per cent., a subsidy came, in the language of the customs, to denote an ndvahirem duty of ii per cent. The new subsidy granted in the reign of William III; was an addition of 6 per cent, to iho duties on most imported commodities. The various custom duties were collected, for the first time, in a book of rates published in th-i ..'igii of ('harles II. ; a new book of rates being again published in the reign of George I. iiUt. exclusive of the duties entered in these two booki-', many more have been imposed at dip*' ri't.i tiiii'-s; so that the accumulation of the duties, and the complicated regulations to whiili the/ r;i ■ rise, were productive of the greatest embarrassment. The evil was in- crti/sid by the careless manner in which new duties were added to the old; a perccntago bcir,),- SDinctimes adiled to the original tax ; while at other times the commodity was esti- nieii'd liy a new standard of bulk, weight, number, or value, and charged with an additional in post, without any reference to the duties formerly imposed, 'i'ho confusion arising from tbe.se sourc(L< was still further augmented by the special appropriation of each of the duties, end the consequent necessity of a separate calculation for each. The intricacy and con- 'itsion inseparable from such a stale of things proved a serious injury to coinjTierce, and led to many frauds and abuses. 7'he Customs Consolidation Act, introduced by Mr. Pitt in 1787, did much to remedy these inconveniences. The method adopted was, to abolish the existing duties on all arti- ciea, and to substitute in their .stead one single duty on each article, equiv:i!ont to the aggre- gate of the varion. lIuIIcs by which it had previously been loaded. The resolutions on which the act was founded amounted to about 3,000. A more simple and uniform sy.-'tem was, at the same time, introduced into the business of the Custom-house. These alterations were productive of the very best cflTects; and several similar consolidations have since been effected ; particularly in 1 825, when the various statutes then existing relative to the cus- toms, amounting, including parts of statutes, to about 450, were consolidated and compressed into only 11 statutes of a reasonable bulk, and drawn up with great perspicuity. Since then, a few ctatutes were passed, amending and changing some of the jirovisions in the eon- bolidated statutes; and these have been again embodied in consolidated acts passed last session.* The Board of Customs is not to consist of more Uian 13 commissioners, and they are to be reduced to 11 as vacancies occur. The Treasury may appoint 1 corainissionerj and 2 assistant commissioners, to act for Scotland and Ireland. Ofliccra of customs taking any fee or reward, whether pecuniary or of any other sort, on * 3 & 4 Will. cap. 91, 53. 56. and 58. ng imported into or ex- of any other sort, on CUSTOMS. 540 acroimt of any tliini? dniip, or to bo ilono, by them in tbo cxcrciHe of ibrir duty, from any one, except by the ordt^r or porniiHgjun of lite (-ominisHiorirrM of the cniitonH, iibnil he di»> iiiijutrd (hiir olficc; and the person giving, olfiTing, or proniining inch gratuity, fei% &c. •hall forfeit 100/. Any oinocr of cuatonm who shall accept of any brilie, roronipcncp, or reward, to induce him to ni'glcct his duty, or lo do, conceal, or connive at any act whereby any of the (irovi- •inu!! of the cufltnmH lawii ahull be evaded, Rball bo dignii«Mod ibe service, and be rendered incapable of serving his Mujcaty in future in any capacity whatever; and Ihn person ollering such liribi', rcconipencc, tScc. shall, whether the nfter be a>'cepted or not, forfeit 500/. (y'ustoin duticH, like all duties on particular coininodilios, though advanced in the first iintance by the nierciiant, are ultimately paid by those by whom they are consumed. When a government btya a duty on the foreign commodities which enter itn ports, the duly falU entirely on such of itn own subjects as purchase these commixlilies; for the fureigneris would ci'ase 8ii[iplying its niarketx with them, if they did not get the full price of the commodities, exclusive of the tax ; and, for the same reason, when a government li\ys a duty on the coni- aioililies which its subjects are about to export, the duty does not full on them, but on tho •brcigners by whom they are bought. It', therefore, it were possible for a country to raise a sudiiient revenue by laying duties on exported cornn litipa, such revenue woukI ''" wholly diriviJ from others, and it would be totally relii \ so far as duties might be imposed by foreigner' .'^ ' ' however, must bo tuken, in imposing duties oil that may be proiluccd at tho same, or nearly tli the duty would then be lo cause the market to i« ,„ ! stop to their exportation. But in tho event of » cnui ,;y pu"' acq'iired advantage in the production of any sort ot'coinmndit the burden of taxation, excei/i ■' • it imports from them. Care, Mot to lay them on commoditieij y foreigners ; for the ell'ect of ! by others, and to put an entiro t'-sing any decided natural or >, a duty on their exportation would seem to be the most unexceptionable of all taxes. If the Chinese chose to act on this principle, they might derive o considerable revenue from a duty on exported teas, which would fall entirely on the Engli^th and other f)reignera who buy them. Tho coal and tin, and perhaps, also, some of the manufactured goods produced in this country, seem to be in this predicament. The revenue derived from tho custom duties in 1,590, in the reign of Elizabeth, amounted lo no more than ."JOiOOO/. In 1613, it had increased lo 118,075/.; of which no less than 109,573/. were collected in London. In 1660, at the Restoration, the customs produced 421,582/.; and at the Revolution, in 1683, they produced 781,987/. During the reigns of William III. and Anne, the customs revenue was considerably augmented, the nett pay- ments into the cxcheciuer in 1718 being l,315,'i23/. During the war terminated by the peace of Paris in 1763, the nett produce of tho customs revenue of fJieat Britain amounted to nearly 2,000,000/. In 1792, it amounted to 4,407,000/. In 1815, at tho clo.se of tho war, it amounted lo 1 1,360,000/. ; and last year (18:35i) it amounted to about 17,000,000/., and, including Ireland, to about 18,500,000/. ! Astonishing, however, aa the increase of the customs revenue has certainly been, it is not quite so great as it appears. Formerly the duties on some considerable articles, such as sugar, brandy, wine, &c. imported from abroad, were divided partly into customs duties charged on their importation, and partly into excise duties on their being taken itito con- sumption. But these duties have now, with the exception of tea*, been transferred wholly to the customs; the facilities afforded, by means of the warehousing system, for paying the duties in the way most convenient for the merchant, having obviated the necessity of dividing Iheni into different portions. It will be seen from various articles in this work — (see BnANnr, Gf.xeva, P.nrcoi.iNo, Tka, TonAcco, (fcc.) — that the exorbitant amount of the duties laid on many articles im- ported from abroad leads to much smuggling and fraud; and requires, besides, an extraor- dinary expense in many departments of the customs .service, which might be totally avoided were these duties reiluced within rea3on.d)le limits. This, however, is the business of govern- ment, and not of those entrusted with the management of the customs; and it would be unjust to the latter not to mention that this departtnent has been essentially improved, during the last few years, both as respects economy and eincicncy. The following extracts from a letter to the Right lion. II. Goulburn, ascribed to the present chairman of the Board of Cus- toms ^R. B. Dean, Esip), give a brief but satisfactory view of the improvements that have been effected : — "As regards the department of customs in 1792, the principal officers engaged in tho receipt of the duties in the port of London were patent officers. "The first Earl of Liverpool was collector inwards. " The late Duke of Manchester, collector outwards. " The Duke of Newcastle, and afterwards the Earl of Guilford, comptroller inwards and outwards. ♦ Frniii the 22(1 of April. 1834, tlie cnllection of tlio tea duties by tile excise is to cease j and they ara to bu transferred lo tlie cusioiug. — iSbb Tea.) ♦ ; ill I ( 'r K '■,* :1' i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 •« 140 12.0 6" 1.8 1.25 111111.4 IIIIII.6 ^ f % .^V *^-."V ^ 'V v: ^V/ ^ '■^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SaO (716) 872-4503 ■^^^ ^" 550 CUSTOMS. " Ijord Stowell, Burvejror of aubsi dies and petty cuatoraa. " These noblemen took no part in the official duties, but merely exorcised the right of appointing deputies and clerks. " Doth principals and deputies were remunerated by fees. The patentees received the 'fees denominated patent, and the deputies retained the (kes called the fees of usage fur their own use. In addition to these fees, l>oth deputies and clerks received fees for despatch. "The same system prevailed throughout the whule department. The salaries of the olRuers were nominal ; and the principal proportion of all ollicial income was derived from fees. These fees were constantly varying both in rate and amount, and formed a continual source of dispute and complaint between the merchant and the officer. " This system (after having been repeatedly objected to by various commissions of inquiry, and finally by the committee of finance in 1797) was put an end to in the year 1812, by the act 61 Geo. c. 71., by which all patent offices and fees were abolished, and compensation allowances granted to the patont officers, and fixed salaries established. " The additional salaries granted under this arrangement amounted to about 200,000/., and the temporary compensation allowances to about 40,000/. per annum. "The fees abolished, and from which the public were relieved, amounted to about 160,000/. per annum. " hi addition to the amount of fees from which tiip public were relieved, various allowances made by the Crown to officers for quarantine, coal poundage, poundage on seizures, and many other incidental allowance?, which did not appear on the establishment, were also abolished, and the salaries of every officer placed at one view upon the establishment. " The effect of these salutary measures has been to give a great apparent increase to officers' salaries since 1792 ; and, upon a mere comparison of the establishment of 1792 with 1830, without the above explanation, it would ap|)car that the pay of the officers had been most materially augmented, whereas, in point of fact, the difference is in the mode of pay- ment: and th^ incomes of the officers at the present period (as compared with 1792) are in general less ; and, consequently, the public are less taxed for the performance of the same duty tuMV than in 1792. " In the year 1792, the warehousing system had not been established. Officers were ad- mitted at all ages, and there was no system of classification or promotion. The officers at the out-ports and in London were generally appointed tlirough local influence ; and were too oAen persons who had failed in trade, or bad been in menial service, and who regarded their situations rather as a comfortable provision for their families than as offices for whici cilicient services vverc required. The superintendence and powers of the Board were cramped and interfered with by circumstances and considerations which prevented the enforcement of wholesome regulation. The whole system was so imperfect, so far back only as 1818, (hat a spcciiil commission was appointed to inquire into the department ; and, upon the recom- mendation of that commission, various regulations have been adopted. " Tlie age of admission has been limited ; a system of classification and promotion of officers, and a graduated scale of salaries, established throughout the whole department; and, by this means, local interference in the promotion of officers has licen abolished ; the attend- ance of officers increased, regulated, and strictly enforced ; holidays reduced from 46 in the year to 3 ; viz. Good Friday, the King's birthday, and Christmas-day ; useless oaths, and bonds, and forms of documents of various kinds, discontinued ; increased facility and despatch afforded to the merchant's business ; the account^kept in the different offices, and returns of all kinds revised, simplified, and reduced ; and various minor regulations of detail esta- blished ; the whole machinery of the department remodelled, and adapted to the trade and commerce of the country. " In Ireland, the number of officers employed at all the ports, in the year ended the 5th of January, 18.30, and the salaries and charges, did not much exceed the number and expense at the port of Dublin alone in 1818: and, within the space of 11 years, nearly two thirds of the officers employed at the ports in Ireland have bt-en discontinued ; the number having been, in 1818, 1755; in 1829, 514; and an annual reduction in salaries and charges has been effected to the extent of 173,724/.; the amount having been, in 1818, 285,115/ ; in 1829, 1 1 1,391/. (103,813/. of that amount having been rrduci'd between the years 18'^3 and 1828), ujwn an expenditure of 285,115/.; and the receipts were nearly equal, in 1827, to those of 1818 and 1823, notwithstanding the total repeal of the cross Channel duties, amounting to about 340,000/. per annum, subsequent to llie latter period. "Already has government relinquished, it may be said, any inteiference with promotion in the department of the customs, and the road is open to advancement to the mcritoriuus officer. " Influence is no longer allowed to prevail ; and in many cases which have recently occurred, and in which the patronage of government might have been fairly exercised, it lias been at once abandoned, in order to give way to arrangiMiicnts by which the services of some very intelligent and highly respectable officers, whose offices had been abolished, could l« again rendered available, with a material saving to the public. CUSTOMS. 651 Brcised the right of to about 200,000/., [1. unnunted to about "By a recent order from the Lords of the Treasury, of the 20th of Pebmary, 1830, the niarics of the commissioners, and of other oHicers, have been prospectively reduced, and directions given to reviw the whole etttablishment in tlie spirit of that order, with a view to every possible reduction." These are very great improvements, certainly, and reflect much cre<1it on the government, and on the Board by whom its eflbrts have been zealously seconded ; but we are, notwith- standing, satisfied that very great reductions may still be made in the cost of the establish- ment. These, however, are not to be effiicted by reducing the salaries of the officers, which, if any thing, are now too low; but by lessening the demand for their services, by reducing and simplifying the duties. The coast guard and coast blockade (the latter is under the orders of the Admiralty), costing together about 400,000/. a year, might be wholly dispensed with, were it not for the exorbitant duties on brandy, gin, and tobacco — duties which seem to be intended only to encourage smuggling; and which it is quite certain would be 3 timeit as productive as they are at this moment, were they reduced to one third of their present amount. The duties on a great variety of small articles might also be entirely repealed, without any sensible loss of revenue, and with great advantage to commerce : and were these alterations effected, and the proceedings with respect to the entry and clearing out of «hi|'S and goods adequately simplified, a ver^ ^rea/ s»Mn^'- might be made in this depart- ment, and the services of a large number of those now employed in it might be dispensed with. In Scotland, separate Custom-houses seem to be multiplied to an absurd extent Within these few years, indeed, a very considerable change for the better was elVectcd in the Scotch Custom-house ; but it is still susceptible of, and ought to be subjected to, great curtailment. The reader will find, in the accounts of most imported articles of any consequence given in this work, statements of the customs duty paid on their importation. It may be gratify- ing, however, to have them all brought together in one point of view, as in tlie following Table:— An Account of the Gross Receipt and Nctt Produce of the Revenue of Cuptoms in Groat Britain in ttie Year eniling the 5th of January, 1H33 ; distiogulshing the Amount collected on each Arlicio usually producing 1,UOO{. or more per Annum. Groin Recffipt Nctt Produce LlstofArlicIes. F.ojiland, Sculhud. Great Britain. England. Scotland. Great BriMn. Dutia Inward*. L. t rf. i. t. d. /,. f. d L. I. It. L. ». d. £. f. d. AcU, boracic • 4.IKI 4,l?3 4,1M 4.l<'3 Alkaiiflroot ■ 1,733 ID 77 18 8 1,791 16 8 1,7J9 6 .57 18 8 I,7t7 4 8 Alflumlt 10,973 16 7 49T I 11 11,470 18 6 10,775 10 8 478 S 11,253 15 8 Aloet • 2,184 5 5 2,l»t 6 5 I.SlO 6 2 ._ 1,810 5 2 Angelica i-,i 2 10 m^ 275 2 10 275 2 10 _ 275 2 10 An not to 671 1 __ 671 1 671 1 «. 671 1 Apjilea, not dried 2,!)f6 12 X 299 IS 3,296 7 8 2,912 19 7 298 2 3,211 1 7 Ar^ol 678 IS 5 8 1 esa 18 6 670 3 6 8 1 678 3 7 Arrow root rr powder 7!<7 19 9 64 19 4 &-,2 19 1 787 12 '1 61 18 8 849 11 A^hM, pearl and pot - I,s«7 14 4 163 2 7 2,050 16 II l,W 11 163 2 2,040 3 6 B:^c^in And hanii 1,782 15 6 1 12 4 3.037 11 II 25 5 S.uDZ 12 4 Books 8,843 4 7 86 6 4 8,129 9 II 8,b124 1 10 85 8 5 B,'10a 10 3 Bonis, ihoet, and ca* lashes S,74fl 16 3 6 3,751 16 6 3,743 4 3 6 0,746 4 6 Bnnx KH 6 1 7 9 S)!! 15 1 Hi 6 1 7 9 88;! 15 1 R,»xes of all torts 3,342 1 9 30 7 3,379 8 9 3.321 4 8 38 7 3,357 II 9 Briiiiiitnue • • 6,2,6 6 5 I,W6 8 4 7,7!)2 14 9 6.2 -.3 18 fi ),-M 11 10 7,784 10 3 Bristles ii.lfo 16 I 42S 8 3 2.1,614 4 4 I1,lf4 14 7 428 8 3 25,613 2 10 Bugles 3,0T5 2 4 .1.075 6 3,0J2 16 4 3,043 BultRr 127,773 19 10 6-.6 9 in I2i',ai0 9 H I27,7;!9 16 7 S.53 19 10 128.293 16 5 Canes of all sorti 3,r>90 8 2 40 10 4 3,0)1 4 6 3,5(i9 17 7 40 16 4 3.HI0 13 II Cinttiirides • l,8e3 19 4 12 9 1,871 8 4 Ciiiers 1,^34 4 4 19 1 (1 1,5,3 5 4 I, .5.14 4 4 19 1 1,553 6 4 Crtiiii lignea i,t;6,i 1 10 M 1 c l,?07 2 10 1.6113 1 10 14: 1 I.W 2 10 Chftstj 62,;W 2 II 6,b08 13 7 69,175 16 6 62,2.|8 19 7 6,71)4 13 11 69,043 13 6 ChtnA ware, porcelain, and earthenware • 4,369 18 .<> 12 1 3 4,3!)| 19 8 4,300 17 7 12 1 3 4,212 18 to Cinnamon . 416 16 10 416 16 in 416 16 10 _ 416 16 10 Cl-K-ks !>,•»■> 7 II 154 13 9 6,093 1 8 e.Vftf 14 B 1.54 13 9 6,023 8 2 CloVM 7,C)3 13 9 (6 2 7,709 15 9 7,514 16 9 66 2 7,5i0 18 9 C'orhineal, rrauttla, and .tnst " , . 4,217 18 5 _ 4,217 18 5 4,195 15 1 __ 4,195 15 1 Cofoa, corm ntil hnskn, sti>-lls and chncolate I4,m 19 9 4< 1 7 ^^^m i 4 I4,-I85 15 10 40 8 1 14,528 3 11 iCliVe 54«.092 8 II 28,165 1 9 576.217 10 8 B4:,iro 13 H 28,1 -.8 5 575.264 18 8 Coial beida . 2,140 18 J 2,140 18 1 2,M0 18 1 2,140 18 1 CophtP and cablet ■ ■22 IS 4 ~1 16 3 24 14 7 22 IS 4 ~l 16 3 24 14 7 Cork, unnirtnufar lui«d U.PM 14 3 2,S7C 16 1 lf,P67 10 4 I2,9S8 18 2,869 15 H I5,V5H 14 4 C')ik% reaiiy niada • 264 19 U 9 9 274 8 264 19 9 9 274 8 3 Co-n, irriiii, nioal, nr.H flour 1 including luck- uhfal) 279,954 7 4 29,958 S 8 309,910 13 27S,00» t 4 29,910 6 2 307,615 l4 S Ct>tfnn manufaedifeifnot otlierwiie described) 2.930 II 9 6 13 10 2.937 5 7 2,903 1 9 e 13 m 2,«19 1ft ■ Crpam of tartar 1,371 12 2 291 10 3 l.6'<6 2 5 l,i".4 18 9 S91 10 3 1,016 9 ■) Cubcbi 1,208 18 6 35 6 1,244 4 6 1,208 18 6 36 6 U 1,244 4 i ^ 1» ■ f 062 CUSTOMS. LM of Articles PiUiet /moordt— «oQt. Currmnta Uya aiid hanJ woodi; «ii. Boxwood Cediir, tmdar 8 In. •quartt • Fiutic hngmnA MaHotauT Manogauj • Nkarafuft Roaawood • E^ga • • • KicplniiW Icdii EDtbroid«T7 and needle work - • EHence of berfianint and leninna. (Saa Eimi' tial oila.) Feat ben fur beda oatricb • Fin • Fiab, anchovKi ccla > • oyatert • FIaz,aiid low, or radilU of hemp and flax • Flowtn, artificial (not of ailk) Full ■ biofeTi dry Olaaa; via. bottlef, green or common • of all other aorta Grains, Guinen Gnjiea Gun, animi and copal Arabi« • Senegal • lac ij* ahellac • • trairicanth Hair, hone - human > Hair or soata* wool, nia< nufacturea of Hala of chip and atraw Hemp HIdea, not tanned tanned Horna, hum tlpa, and plccea Hrnea Jalap . • • India nibbera ■ • Iwligo • • Iron, in bare > ol all other aorta liinglaia Juice of temoni, limea, and omngn Juniper berrieei (5e« Berrlea.) Lace thi«ad - Ltcaueret) ware ■ Lean, blick * ■ Leather tluvea uanufacturea of, except bnott, ahoa, k gloica Iel 1,164 13 1,715 1 8 946 2,S3U 4 3 772 16 3 P0,397 13 10 20,338 17 707 10 4 3,838 l,(MI 13 4 358 10 2 i.'Hja 2 2.347 I 9 27,£W 6 Bcotlanil. 1,030 II 8 Kfias II 9 17,4.29 11 7 19,024 7 4 2,613 8 II 18,976 8 2 M» 6 6 4,119 2 10 815 11 2 I2ti,2l6 5 8 1,508 14 9 663 17 10 14,103 8 3 2,333 8 10 12,b79 19 7 l,4>t 12 iC 2,422 6 10 9,061 18 6 42,5)'D I 10 27,669 2 2,277 15 4 607 17 4 6,933 7 6 28S 10 6 eoi 15 7 9l>9 861 10 10 91,996 14 4 2,01 1 2 5,769 II 36!l 13 15,209 7 470 19 1,309 15 5,730 14 2,678 2 3,600 14 9^6 2 II L l.d. ifiia 12 4 18 9 2 8 17 2 137 8 Id 6,923 II 6 S6I 4 6 Tl 14 I 1 13 680 14 270 18 6 2 3 2,703 17 3 13 3 8 3 9 63 7 6 63E 12 3 83 16 6 102 14 7 n4 4 » 3 12 31 13 4,31^6 2 1,984 7 6 64 12 3 67 71 6 Great BriUin. 140 9 1,011 12 33 3 12 9 114 10 3 9 6 8 17 6 6 13 II 2 2,315 5 4 43 19 10 I,es8 7 2,754 6 3 700 17 9 23 I 5 126,439 II 3 9 6 60 2 12 18 67 I 49 5 127 7 91 884 429 I 52 8,227 8 5,1 15 296 14 93 17 I 12 9 12 361 7 12 692 16 Z. >. if. 115,131 9 6 I,e6> 16 7 2,549 It II 922 4 2,446 4 46,467 8 816 12 8,378 16 81,565 I 3,712 6 6,303 6 11 4,702 7 2 az6 S 2 22,642 14 3 829 6 8 fttOlO 6,846 6 9 4,116 18 6 616 6 34,340 2 II 3,514 9,790 12 I 4,7S4 8 I 1,633 10 1,6X3 2 8 1,508 15 8 2,771 16 II 5,7I» 3 1,417 4 8 2,016 3 8 1,066 9 247 10 7 701 15 9 2.514 8 6 16,707 3 i 32.753 I II 23,972 8 4 1,170 13 2 Natl Frodoce. England. 1,769 13 \,W1 2,607 9 772 16 30,738 3 21.330 9 740 13 3,850 10 I,I5« 3 4 360 19 8 1,016 19 2,*i2 7 27,220 5 1,061 62.570 17,473 21,912 1!,6I3 21,730 605 4,1-20 8as 254,t;i3 1,612 663 14.3.65 2 34e 12,737 1.603 2,549 2 10 17 I 11 5 14 4 8 II 13 5 6 6 7 12 7 II 7 4 3' 17 I" 10 £ 6 111 18 ^1 14 4 S,I63 5 3 4M)C4 4 3 27.359 7 2,706 17 .'.09 2 6,986 7 J^'S 15 Ml 15 969 861 10 10 I0<'.223 3 2,0^4 17 8 6,066 5 1 462 10 10 15,209 7 472 II 6 1.319 7 6,092 1 10 2.6:8 15 4,202 II 2 bIW 2 11 L. $. d. 311,948 3 6 l,«Ca 16 7 3,631 10 905 18 2,302 19 39.301 7 806 13 8,027 II 10 21,537 3 2,li79 18 6,196 l> 4 4,118 16 I 626 6 3 22,131 8 6 816 6 940 10 6,Si6 6 1,405 13 6 614 7 34,071 6 3,428 13 7 9,145 II 4,674 I 1,633 10 1,569 8 1,496 3 2,«36 13 6,633 II 1.447 4 2,046 3 9^6 14 243 18 71X1 3 3.474 19 6 16,707 3 2 f3.3S1 4 7 31,794 6 8 1,164 13 3 1,7(B 12 II 937 2,331 I 7 766 10 30.6.19 17 4 20,233 9 2 701 2 I 3,M6 6 2 1,041 13 4 359 10 2 697 8 3 2,292 8 5 27,105 16 3 1.0.60 II 8 40.862 17 9 17,190 2 I 19,924 7 4 2,613 8 II IB.R'.O 8 2 480 8 7 3,9«7 17 2 SI4 6 9 IW.Oi-9 16 3 '9.1 3 U ■I 4 II '2 8 3 -> 14 10 ,..;0 5 7 ..137 9 4 2,412 I I ft.OiX) 13 .', 42.306 I 27,541 7 3 2,2-2 5 5 ri07 17 4 6,929 6 2 II 8 1 10 10 7 2 I 8 3 SS3 Sfll 9Bi 9I,S44 2,010 1 1 6,767 9 36X 13 I5,I9<< 6 470 9 1.3(12 I II 5,71S 16 2.674 5 II 3,f09 14 7 877 6 II L. $. d. 2,378 13 4 (Excen of repay. iiicn'.a.) 18 9 8 12 136 6,903 19 348 U 6 10 4 10 13 673 T 6 370 18 6 1 16 1 £,669 16 9 18 3 8 3 9 tS 7 6 631 3 83 16 103 14 m 4 3 13 1 SI 13 3,181 7 10 1,963 15 9 8 63 3 57 71 6 150 17 1,010 19 32 18 12 9 114 10 2 9 6 8 17 4 14 13 11 21 2,306 16 4 43 19 10! I,«b8 2 4 2,723 15 6| 668 3 1 23 1 6 123,841 15 3 3 9 6 60 2 6 10 18 52 17 6 48 11 4| 127 7 6 91 6 10 3~3 14 ll 3 4 427 2 10 1 4 8 52 4 9 8,227 9 8 33 15 7! 287 10 89 18 7| 1 11 3 9 12 31 356 4 9 12 7 5r2 16 7 — 1 Great Bi iiiip, L. I. d. 3I'I,C24 14 10 1^^7 17 4 3,649 19 11 914 II r 2,43:. 19 43,4113 6 11 tub 12 6 8,;i7t) 6 4 21.607 2 2,lillU 2 10 6,197 12 4 4,6K9 2 7 626 5 2 22,412 6 10 817 I I 941) 10 6,M6 5 9 4,075 9 3 615 6 84,079 10 3,4b2 1 11 0,776 13 4,7.37 17 l,l«)3 10 l,t^>2 2 I,4b6 3 2,730 llj 6,630 II 1,447 4 2,046 3 Ui'O 14 9 247 10 7 'UU 3 9 2,306 12 16,707 3 26,:62 12 23.7JS 2 1,170 13 2 I,75S 16 I il!!4 2,002 7 763 10 30,6 14 10 21,244 ll i 73; 4 3,SI8 14 II 1,136 3 4 360 19 1.00(i 6 -i 2,2^7 2 6 27,103 16 3 1,061 3 10 52.138 13 1 I7,2J4 1 II 21,812 9 H 2,013 8 II 21,3.-4 3 8 4M) S 7 4,0 3 e37 8 2 230,931 II 1,493 13 3 Vii 4 II 14,6.2 10 9 2,321 12 10 12.603 I 1,4S6 7 H 2,5J9 8 7 9,01:2 3 42..-t8 13 1 27,541 10 7 2,699 S 509 i 6,9X1 2(a 7 801 9 969 1-51 10 III 100,071 15 10 2,064 6 8 6,034 10 6 458 II 10 15,198 6 9 4T2 9 1,311 14 I. 6,073 " ifr.X 18 6 4,202 11 2 977 6 11 CUSTOMS. 653 i«l IProdiMe, kolland. OrtalBiLiaiii. ~ /.. •. d. L. 1. i 2,378 18 * iUf.U 14 d M or repi 1- 1,S«7 17 4 lun'j.} 18 9 9 2,549 19 1 8 It 3 914 II XM 2,4a j m »,«!3 It 6 45,4W 6 1 •^ tUi 12 5 349 U e B,;i7li ti 4 — 2I.W7 2 10 4 1 2,t>ui t 1 1 IS 6,197 12 4 672 T S 4,«'^9 2 7 ■M vm 5 i 270 18 5 22,41 2 g 1 D 1 IS 1 817 1 — 941) 10 J — 6,l>46 S » !,ea»i6 1 ) 4,075 9 1 18 : 615 6 i S 3 ( 34,079 10 ( ) CS 7 I 3,4i!2 1 1 631 2 t 9,776 13 1 83 16 9 4,7.-,7 17 6 1.033 10 102 M 1 1,002 2 t I,4b6 3 3 m 4 S 2,760 III 3 6,1)^3 II 5 ^ 1,447 4 li — 2,046 3 8 — Vsi J4 9 3 12 1 247 10 7 — 7UU 3 9 31 13 2,i;06 12 i .. 16,707 3 2 181 T 10 26,:02 12 ii 9«3 15 9 23.7iS 2 6 8 1,170 13 2 63 3 9 I,75S 16 1 57 !l!!4 71 6 6 2,0U2 7 1 76, 10 150 IT 6 30,6 14 10 )I0 19 21,244 !, 2 32 18 3 73! 4 12 9 6 3,t48 14 8 14 10 1,156 3 4 2 6 380 19 8 8 17 l.ooii a 3 4 U 2,2a7 2 5 27,105 18 3 13 11 2 1,061 2 10 n,i ]•, 4 52.158 13 1 (3 19 10 17,2J4 1 II :8 2 4 21,812 9 8 2,0j3 S II » 15 6 2l,5^0 3 8 . 4>0 8 7 ••» 3 1 4,0 '0 3 a 1 s 1:37 8 2 1 15 3 25S,931 II b 3 9 G 1,495 13 5 495 4 II 2 6 14,5.2 10 9 18 2,321 12 10 2 17 6 12,603 3 1 8 IS 4 1,4!'6 7 H 7 7 6 2,539 8 7 1 6 10 9,0F2 3 3 N 1 42,."('S 15 1 9 3 4 27,541 10 7 7 2 in 2,699 8 3 1 4 8 M9 i > 6,gHI 6 1 4 9 283 7 8 801 8 1 969 ^5I 10 11) r 8 8 100,071 15 10 1 15 7 2,064 8 10 6,054 10 6 1 18 7 458 II 10 15,198 6 9 11 3 4T2 9 12 3 1,311 14 >■ i 4 9 6,075 9 1 12 7 2,9:4 18 6 16 7 4,202 II 2 977 ail Grois Receipts. Netl Produce. LUoTArticlii. England. Scotland. Great Drltain. I. f. .. 293 19 3 thrown ■ 62,013 1 6 _ 63,013 1 5 14,052 6 T (Ejcestof 12,097 18 1 Danurartttne,Ea>t drawtncks.; ludian tn,296 IS 8 ^ 19,296 IS 8 19,2ffl IT 10 — 19,262 17 10 not do. 149,079 11 4 9 4 5 149.088 IS 9 148,667 6 10 9 4 6 148,676 10 3 Skin (ml befog fun) 16,289 16 II 2,104 6 18,393 16 3 16.047 17 7 2,045 15 11 18,093 13 6 Snulli 6,0:3 3 6 612 4 6 6,665 8 6,051 T 10 512 4 6 6,503 12 4 Soap, hard and aoft, to reifn 1,277 10 6 33 T 9 1,310 18 3 1,277 10 6 S3 7 9 1,310 18 3 Speller 6,578 IT 6 123 6 S.-03 IT 11 5,5-3 17 6 12s s 6,698 17 11 Splrili, foreign, viz. rum branily 1,520,102 1 11 60,411 14 2 1,570,613 16 1 1,518,994 8 1 60.408 2 2 1,569,4(» 10 3 1,697,444 16 6 68,799 4 1,766,243 16 9 1,697,095 7 2 68,794 2 10 l,7Si,»9 10 Geneva of all other •orls- 15,577 S 1 T,936 16 9 23,534 4 10 15,567 9 8 7,946 18 9 23,614 8 5 9,126 IS 1 734 2 10 9,860 18 11 9,020 1 II 721 IS 11 9,741 17 10 o( Ihe nianurac- lure of Ouem- Ky and Jeney 21,071 18 1 ^ 21,071 18 1 21,054 7 ^ 21,054 7 Spon^ 2,147 II 7 *_ 2,147 II T 2,097 4 1 ^ 2,097 4 1 Skaei, vii. bum for mlllitonea l,3IS 9 31 12 4 1,346 13 1 1,309 IS 2 31 12 4 1,341 T 6 marble block* 61.8 4 11 60 16 5 T39 4 665 7 6 SO 6 1 715 13 6 Succadei 899 8 8 62 14 2 962 2 10 889 4 11 62 14 2 951 19 1 Sujar t3iov» 4,437,812 6 2 608,660 iS 4 4,946,473 1 6 3,STI,449 II 1 415,069 1 7 3,986,518 12 8 175,848 II II 9,151 10 11 185,000 2 10 175,484 T 2 9,111 18 6 184,596 6 T TamariDdf • 679 II 114 8 T93 8 11 676 12 8 112 2 7^8 12 10 Tar . 6,639 6 1 1,130 II 1 6,669 IT 2 6,606 6 8 1,094 4 6,600 9 8 Tiniberj vil. Balki and ufers, under 5 iiichn atiiiare • Balteni anil batten 1,230 5 T 113 2 1,343 T T 1,230 S T 113 2 I,S43 7 7 ends 81.366 9 11 29,362 T 4 I09,T2SIT 3 80,140 IS 5 28,34T 8 10 108,488 4 S Deals and deal enda 479,819 19 8 9,683 II 489,503 10 8 4T5,.^95 16 6 9,664 9 485,260 S 6 firewood • 4,518 3 1 39 8 5 4,5,7 11 6 4,475 12 9 38 4 6 4,513 IT 3 Fir quarlen 3.429 2 14 12 7 3,443 12 9 3,369 9 8 14 12 7 3,384 2 3 KoMsofoak 1,356 8 9 618 18 1 1,875 6 10 1,354 13 6 515 S 8 1,809 19 1 Lathivood - 25,510 2 3 2,381 13 4 27,691 IS T 24.'2«3 II 6 2,346 6 11 26,609 18 6 Maiti and span • I3.9IT 19 10 1,199 II IS, 117 10 10 13.868 6 2 1,177 IS 6 15.046 1 7 Oak plank ■ 3,658 12 6 3,594 7 9 7,233 3 3,6.56 10 6 3,549 16 9 7,206 T 2 Oars 780 16 2 101 19 7 882 15 9 771 S 101 19 7 873 4 7 Staves A930 4 2 2,943 13 11 46,873 18 I 43.886 17 10 2,938 15 11 46.825 13 9 Teak 6,696 3 6 663 6 T,36l 9 3 6,68S 3 6 662 9 6 7,347 12 11 Timber, Jr, 8 Inchea square, or upwards 3ffl.447 1 2 6I,04T II 9 423,494 12 11 314,239 IS 60.671 II 7 374.910 8 7 oak do. 29,999 10 7 8.174 II 3 38,174 1 10 £9,966 7 10 8,082 1 4 38,048 9 2 of other aortB,do. 6,944 12 5 1,5^7 3 e 7,531 15 11 6,903 4 10 l,.56l 6 7,464 6 4 Wainscot logs, do. 7,4VI 4 10 353 T 1 T,8a6 11 11 7,391 IT 9 353 1 1 T,744 18 10 Tobacco and snuff • 2,146,442 9 291,392 6 2,437,834 6 9 2,I3T,242 10 1 291,289 17 6 2,423,532 T T Torloisesbell 4->9 10 7 8 6 458 19 1 457 13 1 8 6 459 1 T Tofl . 3,456 19 6 60 6 3 3,60: 4 9 3,418 16 4 60 6 3 3,469 1 T Turiieiiline, common 73.-07 11 2 ^ 73.707 II 2 73.558 14 3 73.558 14 3 Vihnia 6,908 2 10 30 6.938 2 10 6,907 7 10 "so 6,r37 7 10 Venlifris 2,463 4 38 9 2,506 13 2,457 38 9 2,495 9 VemiicelU and macca- roni 1,407 7 2 79 4 6 l,44 4 10 Nsit Cmluca, Giii(lanil. L. >, d. 19,363,788 3 D I0V<78 14 a 15,169,006 17 i 117,91') a 8 15,587,015 aTi IknIlaJK), I. n !,a84,(KH 11 in 7,IHiU 17 H l,371,97i \i~li l,«4« IT 6 ie.7n,7!io n 7 _ii;i,ii»ii II 120,198 3 n m,mri,in\ 14 4 1.^07.1110 II II li',4(i7,'>8l'T"o Inspfctor Gennrarg Office, Cintom IToute, London, 25th of March, 1833. WILMAM inVINO, Inspector General u( Impurii and n.xpnrtt, The charges of collection on the customs revenue of the United Kingdom during tho anme year were— Civil department Dnrhoiir vessel! Cruisers Preventive water guard Laud guard I -1 b Omt nrllaln. £ t. a. . 734,703 in 111 - 5,1S7 17 J . ]3.\0I4 3 9| - 929,780 19 H - 18,353 8 Inland. £ >. 130,014 IH 93c lite talari/ of a couple of clerics ! Previously to that year, tho accounts of tho trade and rovonuo of the two great divisions of the empire were exhibited separately and jointly ; no tluit if any one, for example, wished to know the quantity of sugar entered for homo conHiittiptinn in 1829, in Great Britain and in Ireland, he would have found tho results «tii'iaiis of some of the very best means of instituting a comparison between the past and future Htnto of both divisions of the empire. Happily, hr. A^cver, this abortive attempt at (M'Oiioniy hns been relinquished. The moment jMr. Poulett Thomson attained to office, hn took moiiHiirrs for the restoration of that system which had been so unwisely abandoned ; iind every oiie in any degree conversant with matters of finance, commerce, or statistics, will iigive with im in thinking that the Right Hon. Gentleman could have rendered few nioro acceptable servici's, 'I'he public accounts for 1830, the only ones made out on tho new system, were a liiKgraco to the country. We arc glad, however, to have to add tlut they havo been withdrawn, imJ replaced by others. i I CUSTOMS. |l;f_ilj;^-__[_Orr«i||,M„. (An Account of the Oroii and Nett Amount of Duty received at tach Cualom-Honne of the IT. Khig* dam, during the Year ending fitli Juiiuurv, 1838, cnuiimied with nimilar Receipt! during tha «!■», VII. p. preceding Year. — (Board of Trait J'aper .28.) — I I'lW,"*! « J lorn during iho itnnia £m,391 ID If j< Economy/ in thii » wna OMtiiiiUHhed in nail)' liiid li(>rora pur. nitofH, tlio imprnvpil {iviiig atatoini'titR of rtclurod or ruul valiio ffulur, howcvor. (hat tt liinh pitch of prr- iltoriipt to nave the trnilo utul rovonuo joially ; Ko Hint if homo conKUtnptiiin ("epurutt'ly Hliilod ; i» plain, could Iw leriiin tho entirely 10 capahlu of ullurd- tofH, in order i<> nc. tiiiolidiitud into ono whiit wna tlio con. or in Ireland,— tho 'd Kingdom I No- kcMi into tho duine •illy loMH didJ-rcnco ituiii, than thorn ig )nid>ln merely from 4t uhxiird and mi. iHiiru urMdi'DK ; and nd atntliiticMnim of Ht and futnro Htittu )t at oconomy hn« h« took mciiHiiri's mid ovcrv om- in 1 iiRivo with im in •'copluhio Hcrvii't'H. n, worn n dii«t(rac» 11 withdrawn, und Gro» 1 Feint in lS3(i. Grou nereipt In 1837. Natl Rrcolpl In 1836. 1 Ne'l Rmolpl in 1837. FoiH. Kxtiiljitiiig l*ni«lu?p, ilciliirliii^ Rf|).iyniFot of Trn le Vnuctiuii. Ullice txpuriict, Ac. EXOLAND. £ $. d £ $. d. £ f. d. £ t. d. Lnndon 12,150,279 14 8 11,188,036 8 11 11,088,207 8 6 10,190,000 4 Aberystwlth 1,6,17 18 3 1,007 19 4 633 11 Aldliro' - 15.') 15 3 33 7 4 Arundel 2,405 6 3 1,990 9 5 Barnnlnple - 12,005 18 7 10,480 3 6 10,133 10 8 8,933 13 1 Ui-auiimrla • 3,2.10 16 5 3,327 4 5 Berwiuk - 7,851 6 8 10,678 8 10 — 3,3.57 3 4 Bldefurd - 3,(163 19 11 6,190 19 9 960 13 S 3,734 10 Blackney and Clay 1,225 3 6 1,252 12 2 B(iiilon 10,535 6 8 17,263 7 8 6,171 10 7 13,929 10 8 BriilKfiwater 8,389 3 9 9,901 7 8 6,627 14 9 8,134 11 3 Bridlington 51 19 1 130 13 0^ Bridport - S,821 9 9 6,297 7 6 2,617 9 2 3,880 16 8 Bristid 1,112,812 9 1,134,817 11 l,07.1,ll!«) 11 11 1,114,.^9I 18 7 (iariliir 7,650 8 11 10,813 6 S 6,927 10 7 9,101 17 11 t'lirillKan - 869 17 6 2,232 3 6 — 652 13 3 Carlisle 31,003 15 10 27,433 1 8 29,771 8 26,112 18 8 CIll'lll^lOW - SI7 6 9 1,003 5 6 6 514 12 8 Clu'Bter 68,331 9 7 82,157 13 3 67,008 3 60,788 17 1 Cliicliemor - 1,031 15 1 971 8 6 Colchester - 16,8,57 3 7 17,518 8 13,333 1 5 12,903 4 8 Cuwoa 2,151 17 7 2,8.19 12 7 Durtuiouth -3,135 12 3 5,422 9 Deal 1,'50 19 8 621 5 Dover 47,437 11 7 39,101 17 10 18,798 2 11 11,282 15 10 Exeter 79,897 8 3 82,893 15 8 69,569 18 9 72,063 3 9 Falmouth • 23,524 3 22,883 9 5 11,325 Id 10 10,515 7 2t Fevurshum 3,675 9 S 3,185 14 3 Fowey 25,.549 2 10 8,882 10 5,017 8 Gloiicestv 166,187 I 3 132,879 9 1 160,093 11 3 126.5.18 17 11 Gonie 60,317 8 2 77,033 1 6 58,639 12 9 70.2!)1 11 8 Grlinahy - 11,0.13 2 3 10,027 12 11. .'>,910 15 9 4,247 1 4 Gweek 25,080 16 fl 2,828 4 8 7,827 11 3 IlMrwich 1,078 1 3 2,231 17 6 Hull 801,628 12 10 741,600 17 10 768,448 11 7 705,300 I 4 Ili'racombe 104 7 .1 376 2 Ipswich 37,881 r 6 36,871 9 2 35,9.16 16 10 34,8.17 14 6 I,aiicii8ter - 42,313 17 3 40,031 12 11 38,226 16 1 36,16? 11 9 Llannflly - 1,^34 7 2 2,844 10 4 407 17 10 l,2(i6 5 3 I.iverpoul - J,450,12t. 3 6 4,351,496 6 8 4,224,798 6 2 4,136,621 3 1 Lyme 1,41)7 19 10 1,705 15 8 I.ynn 52,470 16 10 59,518 9 3 48,483 16 3 55,502 1 11 MuMon 6,152 4 11 5,131 19 1 MiU'nrd 4,U73 4 2 4,989 9 3 Newcastle 307,274 19 3 413,796 17 293,087 7 7 396,533 3 6 Newliaven 13,2.')0 13 9 1.1,806 11 2 3,707 5 4,027 16 1 Newport - 11,183 4 2 13,.'>35 2 10,270 8 9 12,563 19 3 r.'iddtiiw • 1,410 5 5 1,913 10 2 Penzance - 30,558 11 11 16,818 8 10 8.291 8 Plymouth 103,423 7 4 105,495 3 5 78,066 8 8 80,896 3 9 Hoole 12,000 17 11 10.301 11 4 1,843 9 2 Portumoutli 46,873 1 2 47,259 3 4 37,313 6 11 38,4,16 12 10 Hauifl^Mte - 10.262 17 1 9,972 16 7 Itocliuriter • 17,nU6 13 11 20,478 7 8 .» 1,181 19 3 llye 8,.')61 15 4 7,:^01 17 11 St. Ives - 4,521 U 5 4,701 18 1 496 10 11 Bcurliorongh 2,1.19 8 10 2,117 2 195 10 6 Scilly 82 4 8 131 2 OJ i Shori'hain - 22,920 10 9 20,701 1 1 11,290 9 4 9,507 10 Soiiihaiiipton '19,1,10 17 1 45,427 9 7 30,126 9 7 24,525 4 4 ISouthwold 22 7 3 219 9 3 Stockton - 54,497 17 4 61,515 13 1 49,765 8 8 56,598 13 3 Sunilerland 78.126 15 8 86,912 2 G 71,637 3 9 60,072 4 1 Swansea - 3,448 13 10 4,879 14 4 — 1,173 19 5 Truro 48,5,')2 13 7 25,469 3 18,381 14 3 703 7 WelU 2.')2 13 10 877 3 9 Weymouth 13,120 8 n,VM 3 11 Whilliy . 1,106 11 7 1,427 13 4 Whitehaven aS,21)l 9 11 100,(i28 16 7 63,3-,0 9 6 95,693 3 Wislii!:ich - 8,«I7 15 9 6.728 2 2 7,624 11 5,549 16 W'diMlliridge 2,(HI1 9 10 3,2b0 14 11 l,:iI2 13 8 Yarnioiitli - 6.1,7>'3 7 9 66,1.59 10 3 60,713 15 4 52.711 IS 5 Douglas Total of England fCOTLAKD. 21,429 6 6 28,603 18 7 15,564 1 8 18,i)41 16 1 20,327,657 11 9 19,321,324 15 3 18,390,550 19 5 17,171,469 10 5i Aberdeen - 58,673 9 4 65,330 6 11 80,08 » 3 7 50,767 4 9 Ayr - 4 1,518 2 8 1,037 18 2 385 1 8 68 3 7 BuhfT 870 15 9 1,164 1 9 Ilurrowstonesa 3,232 11 1 3,102 18 1,534 9 6 1,591 7 • : 'i 0B6 CUSTOMS. Cuttomi— eontinuMl. 1638.' GimRralpthi 1M7. Nelt Receipt in I63& Nett Rweipi in lio;. Culiibitiiig Producp, dedurlinii Rrtuynml oT Tndii Vouchari, UDica Kiptnui, kt. Scotland. £ t. d. £ «. d. £ 1. d. £ 1. i Campbeliown 389 17 11 603 19 4 Diiiiil'riet • 4,318 S 3 7,938 17 11 646 10 4 4,317 8 S Dundee 70,989 a 3 76,189 19 8 63,954 9 11 Ctf.lOl 8 6 Glasgow - 389,703 3 10 391,153 9 8 375,nU5 18 373,0(!a 9 ; Grungnmoiith 33,738 14 I 30,367 19 1 33.050 13 27,589 9 GretJiiiick • 874,467 14 380.703 IS 1 885,306 1 378,485 19 1 Invrrneis - 1,095 17 3,391 1 9 Irvine 3,989 14 a 3,778 9 739 3 S SOS 18 10 Klrkaldy • Kirkwall . 7,3«l 13 4 4,191 17 91 8,8b9 8 11 98 13 8 031 19 1 814 10 11 Leilh 514,974 3 9 539,403 19 3 303,143 6 3 401,852 4 10 Lnrwick 053 19 U 390 9 Montrnae - 34,375 9 3 33,317 13 1 19,394 1 II 27.7a6 4 Purl (Jiusgow 101,303 M,l*il H 4 80,319 17 9 87,440 9 5 Siornowiiy 167 9 1 434 16 4 Striiiiraer - 190 3 9 430 11 1 Wick 937 10 1 695 18 7 Total of Scotland Ireland. 1,987,489 7 7 1,636,301 19 101 1,388,170 4 1 1,402,920 6 6 Baltimore - 1,408 9 1,078 9 3 UuiriiBt 306,718 9 4 334,S09 17 1 333,414 8 895,770 9 1 Colcralne - 4,689 17 3 9,784 11 7 Cork 330,904 3 9 331,410 15 3 196,894 11 10 166,013 14 5 Drogheda - 13,363 13 3 13,105 11 4 9,080 7 9,;!U5 6 2J Dublin 898,630 5 1 859,758 13 6 833,355 7 3 79:1,544 12 Dundalk . 4,914 9 10 15,058 16 8i 101 6 11 lO.bCi 13 OJ Giilway 31,769 3 5 38,641 4 6 31,554 15 10 18,583 7 5 l.imurick - 146,333 17 9 141,174 10 196,390 15 1 120,928 2 5 Londonderry 09,653 3 7 100,057 4 85,930 18 86,158 2 5 Ncwry 98,806 3 6 49,393 10 43,867 14 6 35,191 10 1 eiigo 39,863 18 3 33,130 4 6 19,.37, ire, dedtictinji: R^-piymnnt era. Office titpcDici, «c. £ s. d. 17,471,469 10 5i 1,402,920 6 6 l,s, the haunts of fever, mosquitoes, moccassin snakes, alligators, and all loathsome and ferocious animals, that congregate far from tho aboperi currants, raisim' t%», tobacco, lemons, and wine. — $ 32. [Sec article Abatemknt. — Am, Ed,} • ' DAMAR, a kind of indurated pitch or turpentine exuding spontaneously from varioua trees indigenous to most of tho Indian islands. Dllfurent tr,000. It is situated ou the luft 3a9 I'' i ::l , lA, sir ii.-' ^m DANTZIC. or wextorn bank (>r flio Vintula, about 4 milen from whore it fnlli Into the iea. The harboiu \n at the mouth of the rivrr, and i« ilefinidfcl on curh Mo by pretty itronf( fort*. The town in traverxod by tlio iimull river Motlau, wliich haa itcen rendered navigable for veRaclR draw- ing 8 or 9 ffft water. Riiaih, Pari, i^-e.— The rond or bnynf Diint/.lc In rovpred on Ihe west nlde hy n lonj, imrrnw, Inw iiiinrty lon"iie of Innil, nxtflndin); from Krucrhnft Point (on wiiitli l« n llirlit-liiniiic), In Im. M" ,<(|i'' Inn. n° 9.1' l,V', iipwiirdvnf SOinili!*, in nn B. UyH. dlriiclion.liaviiiff Ihii uninll townorilccln, or lii'iV neiir Iti t(!rinlniilli| erected within iibout ^ a mile of tliu extremity of the point. The fliiphnu nf tli« lialit, ivhlcli In a rn.' vnlvInK one, micctied t'lirh otlinr every I miniile. Dnntzic liei nliout H. i W, (ti>n\ llie llcei ; it* (ion dHnoiiiinutnd Hip KnirwHler, biting dlHtant about 4 Ifatiiivs. 'I'liore in good RnrlioriiKa in lh« rmttU lirr khiim of luiy biirdiin ; but they nro «x|H»od, except iinuiediulfly under Hie Il>>i>l. to ihH mrih nml nnrlli-ciiNterly wind.'. Tliern uro barliour il(tht» Bt the cnlriince to the |>ort. All ibliiiipnlrrlnitiliii Vigliiln iiiuit hcnve to nboiit a iiiiie olT the port, nnd tal(e a pilot nn hoiird ; nnd piiotii niiiHl iilu iivn hi^ onipioyiid in inoviiis nhijiii in tiie linrliour.nr in soing up nnd down Hie rlviir. Tlii> usual ili'|iili of wi. tcr ut the mouth of the rivpr li frnin 12 to 13 fort (Bng.) ; in tlie hiirhoiir, from 1.1 lo 1 1 reel ; nt ihn roiiflufnco of the Molliiii witli th« Vlxtuln, from U lo Oi fuel; nnd in town from 8 loBf.til. Mcili^ have been orortnd on holh Hides Ihe nntrnnce lo tlie harbour : liial nn tlin iinBtcrn hIiIv, which \a nidm expontid, ii convtructed of granite, but in not yet couipluted ; tlie other in partly of atone and jmrlly of timber. Traift nf Danlzic. — Next to Petersburg, Dantzic is tho most important commerrinl riiy in tho north of Europe. It owes ita distinction in tliis roHpcrt to its situation ; the Vi^tuIll, with its important tributaries tho Bug, Narcw, &c. giving it tho command of a great inter. nul navigation, and rendering it the entrrpdt witere tl»o Burj)lus products of Went Pru8.«ia, Poland as fur as Hungary, and part of Lithuunia, aro exchanged for those imported from the foreigner. The exports of wheat from Dantzic are greater than from any port in the world. Thcro are four sorts of wheat distinguished here ; viz. white, high-mixed, mixed, and red, according as the white or red predominates. 'I'ho (juality of the Dantzic whriit is for the most part excellent ; for, though small in the berry, and not so heavy as many other sorts, it is remarkably thin skinned, and yields tho finest llour. The white Polixli wheat exported hero is the best in the Ualtic. Hye is also very superior, btiing both clean and heavy ; niul tho exports arc very large. The exports of barley and oats are comparatively inconsidera- ble, and the qualities but indiiFereat. Very fine white peas arc exported. Next to tirnin, timber is the most important article of export from Dantzic. The principal supply o" llr timber, masts, &c. is brought by the River Narew, which, with its branches, rixe in Old Prussia and Lithuania, and fulls into the Bug near the confluence of tho latter with the Vistula. Ouk plank, staves, &c. are brought down from tho higher parts of tho Vistula, and the tri' butary streams of Dunajctz, Wieprez, &c. Weed ashes, pearl-ashes, bones, zinc, wool, spruce beer, feathers, &c. are also exported. .Wowey.— Accounts used formerly to be wholly kept in piildens, Rullders, or florins of SO (trnschpn. The rix'dollar -3 florinfl^OU groschviis: 270 schillings = 1,020 pfennings. The florin or guildnr^'JiJ. (terline, and the rixdollnr :<: 3i>. 3d. A new pystem was, hownvcr, Introdiired into all parts of the Prunsinn dominions, cnnfnrmahly In the decrees of the 30th of Scptenihcr, 1621, nnd of the 32d of June, Ib'i'ii but it has not hilhcrto cii- tirely Biiperscded the method of accounting previously in use. Tile Cologne mark (containing 3,609 Kng. grains) is the weight at present used In the PriicBiiin mint in weighing tlic precious metals. The fineness of the coins is not determined, as previously, by carats or lolhs, but the mnrk is divided for this purpose into t2x8 grains. Accounts are now liept In the public olhces in thalers or dollars (R.), silver groschen, and pfennings: 1 dol.i=30sil. gr. ; Ull. gr. = 12 pf. Tho only silver monies now coined are dollars and 1-6 dollar pieces ; but smaller coins arc in circu- lation, of former coinages. The Prussian silver coins have J of alloy ; nnd as tho mark is coined into 14 dollars, each should cer- tain 'HiiQfi ling, grains pure silver, and lie worth about 'in. 1U<<. sterling ; but the assays do not always strictly coincide with the mint valuation. The gold coins are Frederick d'ors, double, single, and half pieces. The mark of 386 grains, having SfiO grains of fine gold, is coined into 35 Fred, d'ors. The Fred, d'ur Is worth from 5 dtil. 18 sll. gr. tu S dol. 22 sil. gr., according to the demand. Weights and JUeuiu res. —The commercial weights are, 1 Small stone. 1 Large stone. ■ 103'3lbs. avolrdupolia 32 Loths = I Ounce. 20 Pounds 16 Ounces a I Pound. 33 Pounds Ifii Pounds =: 1 I.ispound. 110 lbs. = I centner; 3 centners =t 1 shippound (330 Ihs.) ; 100 lbs. of Dantzic :> 46-85 kilog. = 94-7 lbs. of AniBterdam ^DO G lbs. of Humburgb. The liquid measures are, for beer, S Quarts > 1 Anker I Q Ilhds. >= 1 Both. i Ankers = 1 Aliui. 2 Iloth = 1 Fuder. U Ahm - 1 Ilhd. | 2 Fuder - 1 Last = 6204 Eng. wine gallons. In wino measure, which is less than beer measure, the ahm = 39} Eng. gallons. The pipe =2ahms. The last ofcorncsS} maltcrs=. 60schefris = 240 vierlels^^ 900 melzen ; nnd weighs 4,030 Ihs. Dant- zic weight In rye. The schefTel = '547 of a hectolitre = l-;>52 Winchester bushel. Hence tiie last of Mschetrels= 11 quarters 3 bushel ; the lust of .W.V schcfTels- lOqiiarlers? bushels. The Dantzic foot = 113 Eng. inclips, or 100 Dantzic feet =^9110 Eng. feet. • The ell is 2 feet Dnnlzir ineasure. The Rhineland or Prussian foot = ■3138 French metres, or 12-3.56 Eng. inches: hence 100 Prussian = 102-8 English feet. The Prussian or Berlin ell has 25i Prussian inches = 2lV-2.')6 Eiie. ditto. 100 Berlin ells ° 72 U3 Eng. yards ; and 137142 Berlin ells r^ 100 Eng. yards. 14$ Prussian miles are equal to 15 geographical miles. Oak planks, deals, and pipe staves, arc sold by the shock of 60 pieces ; wheat, rye, to. are sold by tlie last of 90i scheflels.— (A'eKy't Cambitt ; J^tlktnbreckcr, Munutl Uaiverael.) DANTZIC. 6B0 I Ihe MB. The harbour trong forta. The tuwn ignlilc for vesRoU draw- If hy n Innu, imrrnw, Inw lit-lioiitc). In lilt. M" .'O'' ill l«)wnvi:\ of llie K(Mi, liiK hui'ii niiB llRlit, HhiihUar...' . (Vi)iii llie lli>el ; lirt |i,„|, iiii'liiiriiva in lliii rmtiU lor Iloel, In lliH rorih nn<| rt. All •lil|iii(riiin, principal supply o' lir ches, riHe in Old I'rusKJa latter with the Vistula. tho Vistula, and the tri> lies, hones, zinc, wool, or florins of no irrnschpn. tie florin or guilil(ir-9ii. nininlnnd, confnrmnWy to it liOH imt liillierto eii- laed in the rniMian mint lined, as previmiiily, by LccountB nru now kept in ldol.=^30sil. gr. :l8il. nailer coins are in circii- illnrs, each nhould cnn- tlie assays dii not always irk of 288 grain?, having Iron) 5 dol. 18 sil. gr. tu I stone. I stone. 1 103'3 lbs. avoirdupoiiE ine gnllonR. The pipe = 3 ahms, weighs 'l,C!)0 lliH. Dant- hel. Ilencc the last uf ihels. I'lie ell is 2 feet Dantzic Eng. inches : hence 100 hes = 20-236 Enir. ditto. 14$ Trussian iiiilus are at, rye, &c. are sold by Importi. — Wo rrgret our Inahility to lay hofore th« render any account of the qnontitiea of the different articles usually imported into Dantzic. 'J'hey eoimiat of nugur, colfeo, wine, oil, brandy, spices, copper, Iead,.fur8, cotton stuffs and cotton yarn, woollens, hardware, lilki, indigo, dye woods, dec. , _ , We subjoin an ' Account of the principal Articles exported fl-nm Dnntxic diirlni enrh of tho Throe Tears endlnf with 1W3I, with their Prices and Vuliies In Hturllng Mimey. ArliclM. 1830. 18.10. 1831. Averao Kynii 1 Avrmfr Ouin- I'ricci ill lity. SlmiiK ()iiaa- llly. I'rirai In KtrrlilK Viliw. (J'lan- lily. PrlcM in Nlerllim Valu*. Valui. Mopry. Money. 1 Slwy. /.. «. d. L. 1. i. L. 1. d. L. 1. d. ,1. 1. d. L. t. d. Whwt, Imp. ijr. •! 10 1-3 p.rlul ' ' • aoCTM 3 T 1 7.?3,I7> « 10 B9«.WS 2 2 2 iAn,\M 7 4 133.800 2 10 e ais,Fis R)!,.!!!!-) 7H,'!7J 17 4 V7,*Vi 6 B Sf.,074 1 3 Wi,137 8 b li,'i\0 1 8 « I7,8.S S Birfey, ilillo • 8,671 13 S 4.1'il S 7.30" 1) (i,f.i« ii,o«o 1 1 a 13.410 om, iiiiio 9,197 10 II ».OiO 7 81.40] 113 II, 0>] 19 .',230 ir. c 1,719 Pmi, dilto 3,Mi IS e 3.ii'i3 10 S I0.III6 1 8 17.479 17 4 lj,»-.0 1 7 7 2l,8-,9 n 10 Flour, lurrrli nf 190 lU, 3.016 1 8 8,3IH 8 ll.«IO, 1 1 e 13,0,13 IS 13 1 2 13 4 Biltulli, 1- •*> nf 1 c«l. 3,3 J4 10 l.lili lOSiSl III 6.1:9 IS 6,<»3 Olio 3.813 13 fiTliml«r,6 l,IOil 3 2,3UJ 836 2 1,873 Weed-uhw, barrel ofibout 3cwl, S,.110 1 13 13,744 10 6, '.87 1 13 I0.SO8 11 6.078 1 13 8,378 14 PnrluhM, cwt. 13,™ 1 2 I4,9i7 2,1>.-. 1 2 2.733 10 300 1 3 4'!4 7 BnilM, dillo «,-l6ili 2 S 13,^17 17 6 4.MJ 2 S U I0.37.'S 4 3.WI7. 8 10 9.M7 10 Zinc, dill'i 2S,1I0* 12 8 wfiya 6 8 29,7«7 12 8 ls.s,3 » 8 2,0401 13 4 I.HI6 14 Wool, clillo 1.3X31 7 13 8 9,*(3 4 I.W 7 15 2 I4.?I0 10 10 4S4 8 8 3.813 18 riuthtrl, prainill 30,010 1 8 2,100 11 8 83,'-iJ 1 2 1,331 e 2 I3,S30 1 3 7S9 9 Saltfd prnviiinni, barrel of 200 Jtomifls - 157 3 4 34* 8 S7H 2 4 837 4 4-> 8 4 99 Spructibeer, ke^ • Z9,4(>0 6 6 8,™ 10 30,039 6 6 9,T(ri 13 6 26,191 8,513 1 6 Total value — — LOiI.-ill 2 10 — — 1,I8>,W. 13 6 — — S2U,953 10 4 Account, shnwinz the rmintrics for which the principal \rticlRS exported from Drintzic during tha Three Years ending with 1331 were shipped, and the Quantities shipped fur each. Artlcici. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1 nritain rl Britain b. •A nritain ■A Other Conn- and her P.iwa. 1 3 Oiher and her Po«ri' Other Couiitrici. and ber I'naae^' ^ 1 aioiif. b. a •lorn. B tiona. h Whni, Imp. qr. at 10 1.3 per lait • 214,933 24.169 61.511 3.070 328,9«2 21,473 ■11070 4,103 125.330 _ 7,008 5ra llre,aillo . 8,9« 9 4^5 .10,860 88,074 8,453 f>3 28.7,53 47,816 2,510 — 4,5«.| S,456 Rarity, dillo 3,64« 237 2,118 C72 4,I3S -m 788 2.4.3 1I,3H0 — — 300 Hall, dillo • 8,933 874 20,P97 ^ _ 4ii> 2.3>0 6t6 Prat, dillo - 8,414 817 181 14,312 .- 1,768 836 l4,7l-0 — 6(» flour, barrel! of 196 lln. 2.016 .. .» _ 8926 » 2,776 108 to ** ^ 2 Riiciiils. ballon civl. 3,234 .. .« ^ 10,3M7 1-2 ^ 72 6,732 — ^ 800 Fir limber, iquareil. piece, . Fir dcaU, Ion?, ihorl, Mil cm,, di 10 • 31,233 21,013 7,R52 1,697 26,639 10,379 8,622 1,908 33,612 2,1.53 1,115 598 98,609 92,090 00,724 38,8,1$ 15.604 88.913 48,7.1s 40,991 111,347 11,005 18,292 38,522 Ma«li and ijAra, ditto III 7-.0 40 100 133 2.331 171 81 169 00 18 66 Oak plank, dillo • 8,129 2,273 8,26g 4,748 2,317 M? 8.721 2'!3 1,719 tiinber,dit(o . 1,170 873 ^ »7 1,227 ^ 311 238 648 lUvH, ihock of 60 pierea ("Upboarlj. dillo • 7,873 7,786 1.2 864 940 \>2 4,S«8 3,360 807 2,457 5,402 306 34 348 t07 1.2 .. a 4t-2 22 i! 4 44 II Tiecnallj, dido . S.2-iS 1-2 __ «. 376 2.2^8 _ __ 567 4.712 — -m 708 I.ith>vool, fathom* 929 ^ ^ 4 1,096 1-2 _ 6 936 Weed aihra, barrel of abnut3civt. 2.073 -^ &245 12 2,7.'0 _ ■Xtfl _ 2,581 ^ I.9S7 610 Peirlajhei, cwt. • — _ 10,430 3,134 21 12 .. 2,2-,I 212 1-2 — — 3C9 Sine*, dito s,'.l».r>tr nu Uii. Prutota • 1 tfrt. I 1011 c«), of llOlla. I>ruui>ii 1 cwt S 10 I.J Alum ilih dn. ■ 1 10 *. a 10 (rwn do. . 1 _ i ,0 |.j Almwtt da, do. • 4 l« -• 13 r>nn(i iinl do, . 4 11 U -• II 1,1 III nniiiKiuiM ilo. dih ■ II — AS4 I'llnrnio do. • 7 10 — 1 1 111 Cnifm ilo, do. . H 15 *• out I'apijar do. ■ 7 10 — 1 1 1 1 i C»r»n An, do. • • l« ^ out I'lirtur ind •!• do, • 1 IS — 7 l\f « RfliU do. do. • T 10 ^ 1 1 1 1 J Hiiiini do, • 4 m — 13 i-urr.tiitt dn. do. • 4 It m— 13-0 Hiro do, . a II ^ N 1 Colton iptniU ilo. do. • MOO •. T la Hum and trnmlf dn, • (10 *- 1 .10 12 y.irn, Mwlnl, do. do. iwul do, dfi. . (10 ^ 17 a Nunr, minuUcluftd, do, • II — 1 II « 10 — 1 • raw do. . sou ^ U A C'mIi do. do. • 1 a ^ 114 .Synip do. . * — II H t Rarthonwim ,lo. do. * 10 — II |.d Mallixlr* da • 10 *-. II 11 |.( 01 iM dn. dOk • .10 — I H !lhi,( do. • 10 — • /i » ' (liiijffir do. do. " 7 10 — 1 1 111 marl, unwroufhl do. • 1 II _ 1 10 1.] M*rnn^ \mr barrvl 1 brii. 111 wrouahi do, ■ « U _ U 17 .1 Ibr Iwirf , |«r cwkof llOlta. !lllk fooda do, • no _ 11 17 II rruMlAD • »S «wl. 7 II a Ta« do. . II — 1 II II lii'lifit do. do. • 11 _ 1 s Tin, In ban do. ■ 10 _ OIK Iron, im wrought, (la han)dn. 1 ^ 1 to 1,1 In platea do, . 3 4) .« 10 7 oriiuiM do, • 6 -« n IT 3 Vitriol do, • 7 1-2 ^ ai« l^'vooJ do, • S — 83^ Wmia laad do, . 1 n .m. 1 » U>d do. • 1.1 — 1 6 Wool Ian luoda d.., . 93 —, 4 It l.in n do. . II *- 1 II N VViua do. H w 1 3 11; Oil. Hrofnm, In lluki,Ae.da, ■ — 1 3 Oil With the exception of wool and bnnei, almott all artlclci of e.xport nro duly frne. Corn Trad* of Danltie.—Tht render will And, under the hond Corn* I,aw« aki> Tohm Tiiadr (pp S(H>— SU.), a pnniy full nr.r.oiint of tiio PnllHh corn trade. Rut Ihii liiiportitiirii ul' tlii! aiilijisi-t will i<(. cuan nur kIvIiik n f«w ndillllnnul dHtiilli, nriilii In nlinnst wholly hrtiiiKlit to l>iiiil/li; hy wutor, in llm. bottiiined hotita, nulled to the nnvlgallon of thH Vlatiiln, Hug, &c Mr. Conaiil (iiliaim eKllmut*!* tlm exppnae of the conveynnce of wheut and rye thither, lncliidln|| the duty lit Tburu and the cliarnoa uf turning on the river, till put into the granary, ai fullowi:— IVr. In p. i|oul 140 ) , , , . , mllra j I J lo J ( Fnim Orandeola, a diatanra i4 abfxit 70 uiilin, i no duly It Tliorn, and whan not turaail ou IUo>0 10 — I river J Par Imp, or, f. d. f. A From Itia uppn nmrlneaa on Iha Bug, a dialaaca of I q from '00 in MO in I In |* Ilo 7 10 From ilif iirovincmi Crtcnw, Sondomlr, and Lub. Iji a . . lin, riW)io 310 mil.* }• e-S 4 From IVaruw and Ita nal|hbaurhood, about MOK g _ 3 n JV, A.— Theia are the ordinary charges. They are higher when there la any untitual demand ftir cxiKirliitlon. Tho HiiK haa many windlnira, and Its navigation, which la tedloua and uncertain, can only he nl- tf>mpted In the aprlnK, whi'n the water la high. It la the aomo, though In a li •» dngrri-, with Moiiie of the rivcra thut lull into the Vlatiiln bi^fure It renclica Waraaw and towunla (.'racow the Vistula Itsrlf la fri"iiioMtly unnavlgnble, eapeciully In dry ai-aanna, nxceiit In aprhiR. and ifliir th« niidxiiimm^r rulna, wlutn the anow melti nn the Darpntliinn ninuntalna. The navlRiitloii > lower pnrta of the rivpr, comprehending I'lilinh lliioxii.nnd part of tiiu pro- vlncR (if I'liirK, and nf Mnaovia, In the kingdom of Tolarrl, which la gnnerally of an Infrrinr quality, i« ciinveycd in covered boata, with ahlftlng bnarila th'it protect the curRo frmn the ruin, but not fruiii pilfi-riiig, Theae veaaela ne long.and draw nhnut lAlncbca wut(!r, and brln!( about iJOquiirlcraof wheat, Thi'v are not, however, au well calculated for the upper paria of tint river, I'roni (Jrucow, where the VlHtiila tirat liecomea navigable, to below the Junction of the Rui{ with that alrcBin, llie wheal ia inoatly conveyed to Unntzio In open tiata, Theao are constructed on the banliK, ia seacona uf leiaure, on apnta far frmn the ordinary reach of the water, but which, when the r.iina of autumn, or the melted enow of the Carpathian inountulna in the spring, lill and overlluw the river, are easily floated. " Uargea of thia doacrlption are about 79 feet long, and 20 brnnd, with a depth of 21 feet. They nro made of tir, rudely put together, fialened with wooden treenails, the corners dovetailed and secured with slight Iron clamps, — the only Iron employed In their conatrurtion, " A large tree, the length of the vessel, runs along tho bottom, to which the timbers are Hrrnred. This roughly cut keelson rises 9 or 10 inches from the floor, and hurdles are laid on it, wliiih exienil 10 tint side.4. They ore covered with mats nmdii of rye straw, and serve tho purpone of ilunniiue; leaving below a space In which tho water that leaks through the aides and bottom is reieived. Tlio hulk is kept from tho aides and ends of llie barge by a similar plan, Tho water which these 111- couslructed and imperfectly cuulked vessela receive, is dipped out at the end und sides of ihc iiiilk uf wheat. " Vessels of thla deacription draw from 10 to 14 Inches water, and yet they frequently get aground In descending the river. The cargoes usually consist of from 180 to MO quarters of wheat, "Tiie wheat la thrown on the mats, piled as high as the gunwale, and left uncovered, e.tposed tnnll the ini'lemeni'lea of the weatlii^r, and to the pilfering of the crew. During the passage, the barge is carried along by the force of the stream, oars being merely used at the bead and stern, to steer >l »r of the sand banks, which are numerous and shilling, and to direct tho vesael in passing under llie * A cask, or U barrel, weighs about 5i cwt, f A puncheon of DO to 100 gallons weijflig U to 9 cwt., according to the degree of atrength. i A hogshead wcigha about !>i cwt. PANTZIO. 501 ) tht EuUrn Trunhn «ikf«lii 1 nmUn Brli.ili Miiu,.,, 1 rmii, y. ^ |i.r alMiiit TJ.TF rv 4 ewL IIOIl ^ i .11 Ii IS -• II 1.1 lU 10 — 1 1 111 lU — 1 1 1 w ■ » — 7 aiii \h — a 13 II ^ n N I — 1 .1 a\i "- t II > (1 ^ U A — II H 6 10 — II ;i \i »> a \ » II — n i 10 i.'i U — U 17 .1 .. \\ 17 i — 1 II a n .. HID ill ~^ III 7 7li -. II m-i n — ■, t « — 4 M ^ 13 011; y ftrra. •n AND roili burn uiiil tliu cliarKei uf lurhnn.!, stboill MO) about 70 uiilin, •ot turD«l oil Pe». I»p. nf, - d. I. li I 1 to 3 ; Ii», 1 IhulO 10 - t iny uniiiual demanil for ■certain, can nnly he n|. fn dnxri'i', with soiiie iil' Jrncow the Visliilii Itself r Ihn iiililKiiiiiini'r ruiim, ho rollHli rlvcra in IH:i'.! h l)uiit/.ii' till rrnm'itu I MMiKc. In fuut, tlip mill- n llu! riveri*, or mi their I.y the Vlstiiln. Thai nii/nnd part of Ihu pro. y of nn Infi-rior qiiallly, III tlic ruin, but not from I!,' iilmiit I JO quiirtcm of n river. From Cruiow, Iliia with that itrrniii, u( tud on Ihu Irinitii, in whirh, whun tliv raiiia mid ovurlluw Ihu river, Ii of 'it fpct. Thia the a|i|iitnranrii ofa flimtlnf ini-aitiiw. Thi< ahoollni of tlin tlhrna aoon forma b Ihlrk mat, and pritvi'nia the rain from ptMiulratlng niMrnlhan an Inrh or two. Thn main hulk It protuctod hy ihli kind iif cuvurlng, and, when Ibal it thrown aaliln. It found In tiilii' Ihein eapiihle of atoring from 111! In SIKIipiarlera of wheal, and leaving aiittlclent apace for turning ami acruuijing It. There are aliiindancu nf wliidowi nn each lloor, which are nlwayt thrown open in dry wi'alber li> ventilate the corn. It it uauallv turned over 3 llmea a week. The men who perform the operation throw it w.''li their ihovelt la high aa ihey can, and Unit Iho gi |i are tcparatud from each other, and expoted lu the drying In- Alienee nf the air, "The whole of the corn warehoute* now left (for many wore burnt during the ale^e of I8H\ are cajialde of itiirlngS(K),INKI<|uarlert of wheat, iiipputlng the qiiartart to he largo enough to till eujh of thn Idiviaiont of thn lloort with a leparale heap; but ot of latu yoara It hua coniu down from I'o- IamiI In aniallur parnjla than formerly, and of morn varlnua qualltiea, which miiat of ncceaaity be kept diatlnrt, the present alork of ahoni SHO,OflO ipiarlcrt It foiinil to occupy nearly Ihu whoitt of Ihoag wnrelioiiaea which nro In repair, or are odvnniageoiialy titiiatcd for Inadlng the ahipH. HhipH nre load- ad by ganga of portera, with great duaputuh, who will complete a cargo ul iUO i|unrlert In about 3 ur 4 hoiira."— (Mral Hepurt.) We extract from the work of Mr. Oddy, the following addillnnni Inforniatlon with reaped to tha DHiit/.li) wareluiiiaeti— "The warehouaet for lliicnt, aahea, hump, iic, and the exteiiHivn grannrioH, are altiiated In an laland Pirnied hy the Mollau. To guard tliuau warehouaet, from 'iO lo :m fcrucloiia rtiiga nf a large il/.e, ainongat which nre Idood-hnunnH, are let looae at II o'clock at night. To keep thn iliiga wllliin their dialrlcta, aa well aa lo protect the paHaeneera, large high galea run ncroaa the end of each of Ihn atruvta leading lo the main one : no light In allowed, nor any peraon aiill'erud lo livu nn thia laland. Thuan doga prowl about Ihn whole night, and create great terror. It would be iin- pottlblfl otiierwiao lo keep property tecnre amongat the hnrdea of I'ulua, Jewis &c. met with hure i nn punialinienl wo.ild have half the eflecl that the dread of the doga prnducea. In winter, when the wilier It fVoxen over, there are kee|icrt placed at particular uvenuea, witli wliipt, to koup the dogt In tlinir range, "No nre or robbery wot ever known I and the expense to each building, with the Immenie pro- perty Ihey vonlaln. It very reatonable. Veasela, either (Vom the interior, or other nuartert, lying alongaidu theae wnrehoiiava, are not allowed lo have a lire, or light nf any kind, on board, nor it u aallnr or any other perann tiiffered even to tninke. Theie regulutloni partly extend lo all thipping lying in the liarhour."— (Kueii^rnH Commerci, p. 910.) Timber YVai/B, iiriicHi.— Fir timber It utually brought down in lit natural ttate, and It touared Into I'iga, or aawn Into pinnkt, In winter, when the labnurert cannot he otherwise employed. Tb« itavM •hippvd here are carefully natorted, and are reckoned tuperlor to ihoto uf America. Tho e.xpenioi oftho wntor conveyance of iqunred limber, Including duty at Thorn, ore— «. d. From the Bug - - from about 6 — WIeprec (ahova Warsaw) - — 4 8 — Vlatula (above do. ) - — 3 to r. d. S 9 per piece. 4 4 ilo. 3 4 do. Bnlng higlior when the demand It unuiunlly great, or when handi are scarce. At nanmlc, nt well na at Peferiburgh (which sec), Riga, and several other Baltic ports, sworn in- annrliira ((imi-Afc.) am appointed hy nulhorlty to exaniino certain articles Intended for exportation, and to claaaify them according lo their iiunlities. Htavea and limber of all sorta, with the exception of pine wood. Is auhlected to the br.nck. Prime quality Is branded A'niAii or Crown; second quality, Bnick ; and tho Ihird or lowest qiiallly, Bracks Brack. All unmerchantable arllclet are rejected by the hrnckera, and are not allowed to he exported. "The gaiign for crown pipe slaves, which the hraeker has always in h's hand, it 41 Inches broad, 1} thick, and (H Incliea In length, which they mutt be at least j but they are expected to be larger in every respect. ^ ^ ,, ... Pipe itavot ore IVnm 6-t to 68 inchei longs 6, 5, and 4}, at least, brood ; and trom UtoSinchoi Ihlik. Brandy ilavet are at lentt M to 98 inchei long, as thick and broad as pipe staves. Iliigahnad ttavet are i'i to 4S Inchei long, at thick and broad as pipe staves, all Engliib measure. The quality It oicurlalnod by niarkt, to dlitingulsh each sort, as fullowa :— Crown plpo staves, stamped ot the end, K. — brack In tho middle, I, — brui'kt brack, II. Ilngaheads crown, at the end, O K. — brack, In the middle, I. Hogshead bracks brack, II. Brandy hogshead crown, at the end, B K. — brack, in the middle, ^> — bracks brack, X X • Oak plnnki ore assorted In tho ininc manner. In Ihn end and inidille II. Ilracks brack, B B, Crown plank is marked in the middle, C. Brack, To dUti'nguiali 11 frotii 9,'iind iVfroiii a Inches, the U are marked with I, and 25 X . At ihui'nil. In rough ttrokni, with coloured paint, brack is yellow Ij bracks brack, white II j crown, red III. , ^ ,. . Jl»hrii nre snhjecled to tho brock, Tho calcined arc opened, and the crust taken olT; others are not Muminod unluaa there he nny suaplclon of their quality, ot the staves of tlie liojishead be suppoaed lo be too thick. Uvery cask of pulaihoi la opened. ii i : 71 562 DANTZIC. OaWbMl Hye > Barli-y J I'm ) (hli Flour Sbip biKuit JI. t.fr. about 2 a l-2t Shipping Chargei and Duties, excluilve of CommltBion. 220 '. per lut of about 10 13 Imp. qn> 2 13 J 5 i»cr cent, R. t.tr. PMrhih"* a!K)Ut 10 {>er KbippnuniofSno Ibf. Wcsl.»iliei — OB— barrel do. Fir (iihber — 10 — loiil. On neck deali 1 tihcrt dealt > Deal rrjJa ) I^thwood Clapboardl - Uik plank > Oak ciidi > Stavea Black or spruce beer Fettben R. t.gr, aboot 23 1-2 per load. I 10 IS Ifl 7 1-2 2 — fathnm. — iliock lit CO pieca — load. — mille pipe. — hilol llkegi. — 10011* N. B.— Tl.e Fninian ponnil l< atmut 3 1.3 prr cent, heavier than the En|1ith pound. The expenaea of amding gooda down are taknn at ■t)ou( an avcrife rate ; but if the whole, or the greater part of the cargOf were loaded in the Foirwater or roads, the eipciiaea would t.fi ioliiewhat itioro. fiAipptifj-.— Account of the Number of Sliips, specifying the Countrlps to which t'ricy beloDRod, with their Toiinnge iit Lasts, of 4,000 Prussian lbs. that arrived at, and departed from, Dntitzic in IBai. ■ — (Prussian Official .Sccounts.) Taji. Arr. Dep. Mecklentturg{j*,';^_ Han«.Towo.SA7p; Arr. Dep. Arr. Ilrp. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Air. Il.p. Uatiiib Ruatian • Swedish - Nomregian Dritish - Hanoverian Ships Arrived and SailcJ, 25 2> 4 4 7 12 3 2 It 21 6i m 3S 38 .'.4 60 Luis J,80> i.^n 2SI 270 5o; 200 Me i,\m, l,S13 i.Mi; 4,=a3 4,749 ,'),Ct.), 2,0:71 lAdea, Ballast. Shipii. Lists Ship^. Lasts, Mi I,6'.t2 21 27(1 2-0 Sfl'. Mt till I.7W; s«il 1.7:14 1 4,-'9 2.917, 1,143 121 2t2 114 !?2 P3 224 519 41; f76 2,798 nagfc Ships Arrived and Sailed Oldenburg Netherlands Belgian • French ■ J Arr. J Dep. 5 Arr. Joep. (Arr. i I'tp. 5 Arr. } Uep. 13 12 133 132 4 4 I 3 Total Foreign J Arr. j 3'i» Slii|< - ; Den.l 361 PrtiMian Ships ar-i rived and departed^ 571 Qrauil Total arrived, and departrrt ■ I 1.2')l Laih. 4!i; 470 7.341 7,393 234 240 60 197 21,048 21,701 123.679 or these la.-len. Bil Ships. leasts. Ships. 6 1 55 132 214 470 2,764 7,ai»3 7 78 ~4 240 4 ~3 "197 I 196 316 9.022 20,0S2 163 4-> 3^3 53,575 , ,,. 18? F95 P2,679 6^6 last. I.isl). 275 4,W 231 60 12.020 1,709 27,265 41, WO . 14 6 R - n - 3 10 . 13 10 (1 • 16 20 . 2 - 10 24 - 4 • 2(13 . 3 5 16 20 • 175 17 4 Port C'-arga The chargei on a ship of 200 laits, or about 3C0 tftHi hunlen, are— li. 9.g. rf. TIarbour money • • • • _ • 8S 26 8 Ditto in poM (■iiy In Frei. .i\;rt, reckocH at 5 r., ir which this miist bt paid) • Hiver iiioTH-y . . . . - Ctiiniiiurciai contribulioD • ■ • Kx|Ktiitioii exifeniCR • > • • rajitA-n's Mllmvatice f'Texpen!»PS on "hore • Trarkin; the nliip into Ihu harbour (Fairwater) BalLiit nioiiev,&i:. . - . - • I ' Mo the ballatt wharf i'.i.. •iiovin^ the tihip in Falrwater • ■ Police pawporl .... Clearing llie veuel In and out - - Makini; 23^. 6i. (id. slerling, at the exchange of 6 r. 28«. gr nift char^et nn the thij)* of all conr.trie« havin« reciprocity treatiei with rnisfiia (which is^enerallv the cfUMj)ire the n'.-- c,f>tily Duiizic raptiviiii reieive no allowance fors*^' rc ri|)eii9es. Ilivcr or Btream money lit only paiJ l»y vqskIs that bririif goods to town, or l^ait in the MiU.ui (abfiie the blockhouse) : if a ship remain in the Fairw-atcr or Viiitula. the river money is levied on the craft carr}'iiig the goods, ■ ii'l fills on Ihe litter. Datitzic is a favoiiraUe place fnrah'.ps careeninffand repairing, and f'tr obtaining supiilit^ of all firU of Bi-a st'ir<-a at a n*asoniI>I(' r.itf. 'I'herf belong to th« pfTt 7» shtpB, nieastiring about )tj,000 lasts c: 24t000 ton*, iiavigatett by about T >0 men. 'I'tiey are eniiiloyed in foreign trade. '1 he port has un fisher)', and no coasting trade worth nien'lfining. Ctutom-hmue Ke^lntioru—Thr Khipnia9*er must, within 24 boun after arrival in porl^ make a declaration of the carifo on bf)'ird, and of t!ie ship's privinions, and he incura a severe penalty If tl.e detlaraii'in do no' prove correct. Ihe il;ip> hatrht's df gtKMls are on hoanl) are «eale.1 r.n arrival, and an a'iditional declaration ii ac- cepted before Ihev are unseale.) : but no kttrr d*>clarat|on, supple- liicnlary.or cJipia'r.atorA-, cf ll;c first, and iin suliniiliiiK 'he <'mi!s to iuveg'igation by the ip nr dam.ieein ihec stores. Otlur goods, not capable nf belnffchi ed, Dcy iv placed in private stures, under the king's lock ; bnt'roi 1«- whi're, wiih"Ul perinitsion. No rent is chirged for giHxIs in ibe king's store!", di'Tingtlie first thrt-e nmiilhs; aflt'rvvardbal»>po«a)te institutions, churches, and sums deposited by thu courts (Tjus'ice. and 2 do. alt ulher de)u)aita. The principal in dcmandalde at pb-astire, imlcus otherwi^ stipn. lated. 'Yhf Itank makes advances on grain and M)me other fcinls of goo-lsatd per cent, interest; discnunJs bills with 3 fei,« not issue notcK. The amount of its vapitai is nt)t tixcti ; but government guarantees its transactior*. It is n'lirvod f'om the pa\ii'ei;t of p'ista::e on mnnry, and it is not reipiirr d \o iim ili(i siainps fixed by I iw, on bills for it» ib posit tiansac'ion*. I ut only those of 10 s. gr. ;_ (about II 1-2(j.); while individuals must usd st.inips for Mich bills nf fi 9. gr. for evcrv" 4lX) r., of not Iniijcr catj than 3 months, and fnrevrry 200 r. nf lonirtrdate. On ncgotial-Ie bills, h*^wfr'ver, the l^atik rnust n^e the stamps fixM by law, say nf ftr gr. (.ilrfiut S3 4f/,) for Minis of ['(Idol, tr)4'Ddi.l.; and at the same rate fur every additional sum between 100 dol. and 40n ttol, nillH from and on foreign places, nego'.iatd at Danlzic, are not subject to the stamp dutv. The affairs of the lar (t are not made piib'ir. Peing a governnicnt con'prn, t' ere arr iio divi lends. It is not snp|K>seH in W vnv pro* iiiablf, at l.*ail in the jiresent f ireuiiseribeJ stite of iradt*, altiirii^h enjoying the alvanl.iciw of rjfemptinn from pfKitaiienf ii.onlts. m-i payiiir less stamp duty. K 1« tme, howi-ver, that the direct a.h.in' tage tif tt.e lower stainp dutv it t;njnycd by Iht- Ixtrniwer. f'tcfiY, /frottrrnirt.^'^— V'cry few goods are cr.nfiigned frnni atrial f 'r Slip, f')r such (■nnslgnmenis rarely turn to rofnl acciunt. Imimiti are wldom Sfild for cash, but gnieially at I, 2, and 3 months' credit, or longer. I'he discount allowml for cash paymetits, when s^ild nn tiin<>, U usually 6 per cent., but it varies according as money is pirn* tiliil or otherwise. Any person, being a burgher of (he town (wliich any one of good character may Iwcftmt-), mav transact busincisas a cnnimission mrr- chant or factor ; tuii brokers must t* chosen by the cUU-rt d the Corporation of Merchants, approved by the re^ncy of the proviocf^ and sttfOTD in by the magistracy of the town. *f z DANTZIC. 563 23 1-2 porloiil, — falhnm. — aliack at tlO [lieca 10 — load. 10 — roille pipe. 7 1-2 — l^ilol liken. — lOOIU. idinj pwit Acwn are takin at itMds, tlie eipeiiaea wouU ta h t'licy bclorscd, with from, Dniitzic in \Vi\. Of Ihrio Uden. Bii;a«t. ips. leasts. fillips. I.ul«. 6 1 B5 32 ~4 ~8 214 470 2,764 7,3s»3 "240 "197 7 78 4 27S 4,W 231 60 12.026 1,709 27,265 96 JI6 3^3 0.022 20,0S2 63/,T3 163 4J -9i 82,679 see 4l,0ro fiut 113 lbs. Fnelish) n^av be flap), and reiiraiii ihtrv lor 2 illnw niicf J!i nude f.n- wjste or nnl TApAMe nf beiiipchi gcd, 'llir kind's lock J biii'noi !«• 1 is chirxert (or gixxU in ihe iilhs; aftt'n*ar(Ifcali"ti; I 1-2./. iiil aI.o»t 3rf. inouliily for tie ILs. EiikMsIi. rent for 10 quarrers nf wheat 7(/., or Uiure, afPordJiig as t'lvvitif. f)tlicr Rocls Jo iKit It 8tnre is Iiired for lliem, mA :her in pmnorlion. from li. 2a. tn If. &/. nion'h< n*9»fm of Uie year ar-l oiht-r room is scarce^ and wa^ei nnne such here, cxreptin? 1 Hank of Derliu. 'Jliii wu ng (lept'siis (if nrmey uf.dcr nionies the prororiy nf rii- ler mitiMispn»at,tt or pliced Iff to indivi,!uals \iA ii.rr* litter. Intcreiit is |j.iid jix able institutions, chiircliw, Ihu cuurli of jusUce, and Hire, imlt^ otherwise slipri. ain iml nonit; ntlier klnls of nils with 3 Bi'naluies, rot per cent., aiiJ Fnnielinits, It tUn iiiakrs tidvaricts it 4 certain fnrriirn ninnies; and and sells bills on the Hi rhn tnnuiit of its rapllil is not iratisaclinr". It is ndirvcd and it in not rer^nirr •( to w_t Ii Iiosit lIansac'ion^ I n( uidjf liile iiidi\iilnali miiat um ■l(X) r , of nnt lunger catu ,;cr dale. iiiuM ii*e the stamp* fixM iiniiii of -Odol, to4"0dol., 8UU1 between 100 dol. and [o'lat d at Ilanlzic, are nnl ■. Pelnr a Epivernnienl int siipiwed ifi I* vrrv yrrf bR'J nUle of trade, allIion;h rnni iKKilaire nf HjOiiies, aim ■ver, that the dlrett aiU.in* iiy the iHirnnver. IsanT'-nBiifneil frtmi fttm-il to rood acfiunt. Imimiti I. 2, and 3 monllis' credit, ih paynientu, when 8')id on according as money is plen- wn (wliieh iny one nf |^>od linessas a rnniniission mrr* rhosen hy the c!den (f th« th« re^ncy of the jiroviDC^ WD* The oniftl ratM of eommlsilon are— ^;* ,1 3 per cent on wood articlea ) .-n-.*ed 2 do. other modi }"PO"w, 2 dn. koikIs Tmiiorted, » ith from t to 2 per cent on do. for dd endtrtt or guarantee of debts. The corn factor receives r. 1*7 (abont 4». 9i, sterlinv) per last (of 60M:lielIels)of all grain, from the buyer, awl 1 perccuU from the H-ller. The rates of brokerare are— 12 1-2 s. gr. (nearly I*. 2 l>2d.) per ICOf. 71.2 — ( — 8 7rf.)per 100/. 3 3.4 _ ( _ 4'M.) per 100 r. I per [Utile for bitls on Berlin, Warsaw, and Fails. 12 )fer rent, on ninnies placed at interest, for a period not leit than ti inontlis, from the bnrrancr, and I pernittle ftnm the lender. I per niille usually for short discounts, from both parties, I per cent, on the actual or the compute 1 amount of transactions in public funds, from both {tallies. 1-2 per ci-nt. usually (sometimes more or less) for merchandise. On grain for exportation, the brokerage li recently fixed at I per rent., t<> tw paid bv the seller, the buyer refunding to him 5 1. gr. per last of 3(j I 2 Hchelfcls. Bur.ihei beliiif inerchanU, may act as brokers, without direct au* thority, in the purchase from, and nale of goods to, Poles, receiving I per cent, on gondii lx>uglit, and 1 to 2 per cent on goods sold, ac* cordiiiU to circunistancts. Bauhruptcia are not of frequent occurrence Jiere. Their most Erevalent sources at present are sperulations in grain, and general viness of trade. B:>nkrupl3 cannot obtain a discharge except by private composition, without which they always remain responsible to each individual creditor, who can attach them at any tiiiic, if he can show that they poaneas property, although their atTain have l)een lettled by judicial authority. This, and the tedionsnesa of set'Ie- nients in court, make Inith debtor and crctiitor desirous of settling by cnnipo>i:inn ; and hence few insohenls are made bankrupt, by their aflairs beinc brought into court It la tn t>e ohyjrved, thai creditors, having cUintN by bills in force, must by law be paid to Ihe full, t>e* fnre those with only book cl lims receive any thi:u; ; hut to avoid the larJineSB of the a-ort, bill creditors here generally a^ree to let book cirdiinrs receive naif as much in composition as they themselves f et It is, however, difficult to arrange a composition, as each creili* tor cm make his own lermn ; and thnse who hold out general!;^ get innre, at It^^t privately, than the ostensible rate of coinixMitioa ofTep'd by the debtor. If a private composition cmnot be eTectod, and the insolvent is re- gularlv male bankrupt, by hi" atfairs l»ein? put lnt'> court, the law preicribes that, if a xniairpoition of thecrediiors will not accejit the dividesi'I with which the t^reatcr iKirtinn are satisfied, the latter can require 'he firmer tn consent, or Wtonic responhible fnr the estate pro-biciiiif as much finally ; I'U' S'l miiiy objections may be made, tlat this Cfunpulsive measure is very s'-lddrn reported to. A private c.impo5i'ir>n is. hnwfVLT, j^.'injr.iLy nreferrcl by all parties, more rkirticnlarly by the debtor, m ht-in-.j the only means by which he cau eronieer I'irelv free, an I %v.t n ^ner-il discharge. Honi-st l^ntirupl?, whnae aCairs aie brought into court, nialr be freed from persnnal arrest by fairhfully Jeliverin? up all their r>ro- I perty. Dishonest ones, upon conviction, are punished by being sent | TnuflsiAN Shipping.— Summary Sfatetnent of the the difTerent rruseian Ports, in 1834.— (From the vernment.) to the House of Corrpctlon ; but ther rften escape pnnifhment, from the tr>o great laxity in enforcing th*' laws in ctiminal matters The creditors of a bankrupt estate brought into curl, latik nmler 8difli;rent classes, each prinr etiaa ecjoyimr a picieilency of i.!aim over those fuliowing, to the full amount' 'J he two rnost considerable dames, in eeneral, are Ihi* tith and 7th, tl;e former being that of tb« bill, Ihe latter that of the lxM>k, creilitors. Tarti, ^c— The dulit^are in general paxahle on the grof's weight ; a fixed allowance being made, in many eases, ai'conling to the pack* ar»-»; in others, there is no allowance The taritt' specifies the par. (icular regulations on this point. Ihe (are on goods in single sacks it 4 lbs. per centner (abou* 1 13 Ibi. Knglish), it being left to Ihe op< tion of the receiver tn liave the uett weight ascertained. In trade ibere are fixed rale* of tare only on the (oltuwing goods; Tlr..~ Potashes, 6 per cent, when sold by a merchant. Dye wood, ground, 8 to 1 1 per bale. Currants Fin and raiilni Olive oil in whole butts. half do. l-4thand l-8thdo. casks. whole and half butti. l-4ihand Ibih. pipes. 14 per ctnt IB- IS — 10 — 16 — 18 to 20 t6 — S^e'l oil, latterly the t.ire is ascertained. Pepper, KuKli^h, in double nags ^ "s. — Danish, iu ba^s and niats, 11 lbs. Orange and leo'on peel, 6 per cent., or tare ascertained, nice from England or Hamburgh, Ihe tare as on the c.isks, less 2Ibi. per ca'>t on that from Knghnd, and in proportion to the weight on that from Hamburgh, Danish shfiuld give 10 percent, tare, but the buyers are in general not ulislied with tliis. Tallow, to per cent., or nett tare. Tea, Uani^'h bohea, 78 lbs. if in linen and mats. — 24 :bs. in chests above 100 Iht, 22 lbs, — of about 80 Ibi. : ' Most frequently the tare ia ascertained. Vitiiol, 10 percent Riw surar, 12 to 16per cent, according to the sire of the chests. Candied sugar, tare by invoice, adding in that proportion fur the dtf ference in Die weight usually heavier. Syrup in whole cakks, 10 per cent — in 1-2 do. and baneia, 12 per cent. On Ihe sale of Impfirts, 1 per cent, on Ihe nett veight (called good weight) is allnwisd in favour cf the buyer. InniraiiCe. — There are no insurance companies rot priva'e insurer* here; tut the-tarc agents tf insurance cninpanies ii: Hmd-urgh for ships, and those of l/'iidou and other places for houses nnd lives. lVai(n 0} common Labouietn in Dantzic vary from fti. to lid. a day, and th ne of cir|)enlers, niawus, &c. from \». btl. to 2s. Wage* ill all the Iwgt} Prussian towns are hij^lierthan in the small I'lwnsof the cdiati'r.v, from the prire of finur. bread, and Im'fhtT's ojeat bcdnj hiither in them. This isocTsioned partly by the l.it'er being h\ih. ject to octrois or exrise duties on entering the great towns, frnm wbicii the country disiricts and hmaller towns are exempted, Tte kine receives 2-3 is of these dutitp, and Ihe towns Ihe ulher 1 nd. This duty is a gnat obstacle to the free intercourse wih the cmmtrT^. (We have derived these detrtils from different sources, but piiiici- {lally from the valuable tSiiswera made Ijy the Consul tu the Circu* ar Qucrici.) Arrivals of Sliips at, anti of their Dflparlttre from, Oihcial Accounts furniBhcd by the Prussian Go- Names of Ports. Memel • Pillau - Dantzic Stolpinllnde - R l'.;ennalde * Col berg Svvinemunde • W(d2a.st Grfifsw.aMe - Stralsund • Arrivals • Dejiar lures ■ Total { Knt }Sail. IEnt. Sail. Fnt Sail. Knt. Sail. (Knt J Sail. ( F.nt ! Sail. J Knt J Sail, 5 Knt >s.iii. J Knt } s^iii. 5 Knt {Sail. Ship, Bufdpn Entered ill Last, and of Sailed. 4,000 Iba. ot" ~7S,2vr 64S K>.9m 3x1 27.211 362 21.72S 649 62.,142 642 61,337 91 2.20-2 f\ 2,232 P4 3,M'2 82 3,161 8S 3.273 90 3.4 li 817 ,ii«,702 W2 S9,«07 100 6521 114 6,408 ISO 11,591 167 12.314 3Si< IftWO 390 19,!«0 3.371 271.'i47 3,419 274,202 6,789 54S,779 I..aden. Ships. Lasti. 22< 2'i.634 630 80.24S 2871 19.140 2961 16.620 309; 2.^,6'iS 6W)i 59,021 ~" 1,999 76| 32, 3,'»' 671 30 82' 736 1,212 2,i03 6V1 2,7-,6 608 42077 714 S0.472 2.063 47 87 39 127 4,95'i 1.49i 7,0-.9 6,926 300 12,732 I,«I5 I2-..277 2,921 237,102 4,736 362,379 2,053 In Ballast Shipa, 405 IS 94 66 340 66 ."i 49 61 I> 58 81 209 I2S 51 27 112 40 220 90 1.V-|6 497 62,623 6*9 7,671 8,1 O.J 3?.B>i4 2,316 203 1.496 1,910 661 2.020 659 16.62:-. 9.^,1) 3.2'.M l,r)3 I0.f9e 5,2V, I2,-,K0 7,loS 146.270 37,130 183,400 Arooiif; t!;ese were Foreiisn Stiipa Entered and Sailed. 2:o 272 238 232 319 361 I 1 31 31 18 IS 296 2' 17 33 36 28 29 138 129 1,412 l,4('6 2,618 Burden in Laals of 4,000 lbs. 26,483 2l',SI2 II, 530 I0,7>9 2I.04'* 21,791 55 I,3ii4 1,2B1 6-12 642 17.715 I«.0,i3 1,045 1,108 1.3 8 1,029 4,820 4,bJ2 R5.9',0 60,2.'-3 lAden. Sliipn, I Lasts. 100 261 189 206 196 316 1 ~9 30 3 18 214 219 23 H 15 IS 100 79 ^^■n 1,165 6.903 26,518 8.23S 9.69.) 9,022 2a,0i<2 65 416 l,2i7 101 642 13.IN5 13,681 701 637 461 001 3.691 1,1-98 42,775 74,469 117,644 In BalLlst. 170 II 49 26 163 4i Ships. lasts. 19,578 374 3,292 1,096 12,026 1,71.9 65 »I8 47 691 4,5,10 4,3W 344 631 887 428 I.li29 2,754 562 241 43,175 11,410 803 I 64,591 Coiivtriea to vhkh Foreign Fennels belong fi.- cd from Prugglan Ports in 1834, there were— -Of the foreign vessels that entered and were despatch • Arrivals. Departiim, Hrltish - St4 - - 246 Nnthorlanda - 324 . - .331 Danish - 209 . - 2fl0 nunovprian - lOd . - 188 Bwcdixh - . 97 . - 09 Norweginn" - 194 - - 197 Then follow the ihipi of the Hanseatlc cities, Russia, Mecklenburg, Pillau - 11 1,767 12 3,028 16 2,670 It 3,408 15 2,602 15 3,660 14 2.'',> 5 3,600 14 2,:>! 666 DENARIUS— DIAMOND. be detained by adverse winda, or tempestuous weather. — {Chitty'a Commeretal Lata, vol. iii. pp. 426—431.) DENARIUS, a Roman coin, estimated by Dr. Arbuthnot to have been worth 7jrf. ; but its value dilFered at dilforont periods. DENIER, a small French coin, of which there were 12 to a sol. (DERELICT, FLOTSAM, JETSAM, AND LAGAN.— It was enacted by the 3 & 4 'Will. 4. c. 62. (see Impoiitatiox and Exportation), that such foreign goods derelict, jetsam, and flotsam, as could not be sold for the amount of the duties, wero to be deemed unenumernted goods, and cliarged with duty accordingly. But this proviso has been rp]«aled; and the Commissioners of Cuatoms arc authorise! i> inquire into the extent to which such goods shall have been damaged, and to make such abatement of the duties as may appear just and reasonable. — (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 60. § 3.) It is further enacted, that goods found derelict, or under the denomination of flotsam, jetsam, &c shall, if not claimed within 12 months, be deemed condemned as droits of Admiralty.— (§ 7.)— Sup.) DIAMOND, (Oer. Du. Da. and Fr. Diamant ,• 8w. Demant, Diamant ,■ It. Sp. and Port. Diamante; Hws.Almaaf Vo\, Di/amant ,• LaUAdamas; Hind. ///ra), a precious «tone, which has been known from the remotest ages. Pliny has described it (//;>/. Nat, lib. 37. § 4.) ; but his account is, in many respects, inaccurate. It is found in diflerent parts of India, and in Borneo; it is also found in Brazil, on which, indeed, Europe may bo said to be at present entirely dependent fur supplies of diamonds. Hitherto, however, it has not bet'n met with any where except within the tropics. It is the most beautiful and most valua- ble of precious stones. Its most common colours are white and grey of various shades. It occurs also red, blue, brown, yellow, and green. The colours are commonly pale. It is always crystallised, but sometimes so imperfectly that it might pass for amorphous. It is the hardest bo'a in demand, ut SI, fi 8/. to 91. (ler ramt. nuirs og)) 1 oflercd fine, and of the full well propnrlioned, J indeed, will pro- re retailed at from lit to ciiarire tlieiii, led. Slinies of iliis ones hcfore named, , single rut, a little llite, liavinK a sar- in, but beini! much Innlde in price; as juld ill the regular ■ nrilllonts of fl carats, as tieforn statRd, are not common ; they are snilnlilc for centre stones nfi x- peimive necklaces, and single stone rings ; if perfect and well shaped, they sell from tiOl. to 35U/. ur more. "Kor estimating the vaino of peculiarly fine diamonds, t'-ere Is no fixed standard. Rough diaiimnjs, feletted as line, and well formed fur cuttinir, may be estimated as follows;— Mijuare the weight of the mime, multiply ilie produrt by 2, and the roi been, upon the whole, grniliially rUiiig, but that it is likely to contiiiiie on the advance. At ihe firesent time, indeed, and for the last few yearn, there has been a dull sale of dinnionds in England, nor ilid the coronation occasion a demand worth notice; but on the rontlnont the tiade has been tieuilv, and rough diamonds have been constantly riaiiig in price. Tiiat this advance will be pio. grevsive, may he assumed from the fact, that the best diamond ground now known, the 8erro do Fiin in llra/.il, has assuredly passed the zenith of its prosperity. 1 went over the greater part of what is yet reserved, and still remains to lie worked, and 1 conceive that there would be no ilifticulty in cal- I'lilnling the length of time in which the present number of workmen mny reduce it to n state of ex- hiiiislion. like that of the far-famed Goltonda. The average annual produce of future years may bv cslliiiuled by the amount obtained from that portion which has been already worked, lirazil may he paid to furnis'h Miirope with SJ,nOU or 30,111)0 carats fer uvnvm of rough dianonds ; which, ifrediiced to brilliants, may make an influ.x into the market uf 8,000 or U,000 carats annually." — (JUavce'i Trculine on DuimorntK, 2d ed. pp. 0—14. and p. <0.) , The rule slated by Mr. Mawe, and adopted by the Jewellers, for estiinatieg the value of diamonds (niiilliply till-' S'lunre of the weight in carats by '2, and Ihe product is the value in pounds sterling), can only bold in the case of ihose that are of a small si);e,or do not weigh more than '20 cnnils. The value of the largest diamonds, which are exceedingly rare, (nun visi ri'.iribvf, ft iis itdmoduvi pavris cu/rnitnr, riiiiy.) can, it is clear, depend upon nothing but the couipetition of Ihe purchasers. The diamond bcli>nging to the Fimpcror of lirazil is the largest in llie world. It is still uncut, and weiL'hs l.t-hU carats; so lliat, according to the jewellers' rule, it must he worth the enormous sum of ;),(i41,S0('M It may, however, be doubted, whether his Imperial Maiesty would have any disinclination to part wiih it for tlie odd sum of 644,8110/. The fsmous diamond belonging to the Km|'eror of Russia, wliich the jewellers tell us is wortli 4,804,0(10J., did not cost l.«,0,n00/. Diamonds are not used exclusively as artidps of ornament or luxury. They are frequently em- ployed with great advantace in the arts. "Had, discfdournd diamonds," says Mr. Mawe, "are sold to break into powder, and may he snid to have a more extensive sale than brilliants, with all their cap- tivating beauty. In many operations of art they are indisponsable ; the fine cameo and intaglio uwe their perfection to the diamond, with which alone they can be eiifrraved. TliC beauty of the onvx wmilil yet remain dormant, had not the unrivalled power of Ihe diamond been called forth to the artL't's assistance. The carnelian, the agate, or cairngorm, cannot be engraved by nny other siili- stance; every crest or teller cut upon hard stone is iiidelited to ilie illaniond. This is not all ; fir wiiliniit it, |p|ocks of crystal could not be cut into slices for spectacles, agate for snufl-bo.xcs, tt." Diamonds may be landed wUhout report, entry, or warrant —(3 &; 4 If'ill. 4. c. 52. } 2.) The carat grain used In weighing diamonds is ditiVirent from the Troy grahi, i diamond grains being only equal to 4 Troy grains. DIAPER (Ger.Z»r«//,- Da. Drel ,• Fr. Linge ouvrd ,• It. Tefa iessntaaapere ,• Sp. Man- idis akmanuais ; IJus. Salfefotsschnoe), a sort of fine flowered linen, commonly used fiir tnblc-cloths, napkins, &c., brought to the highest perfection in the manufactories in tl'.e north of Ireland, in Germany, and Scotland. DICE (Gcr. Wiirfclf Du. Taarlingen ,• Fr. Den (a jmer) ,- KDadif Sp. Dados, • Rus. Kosti), cubical pieces of bone or ivory, marked with dots on each of their nidcs, from 1 to 6, according to the number of the face. The regulations as to the manufacture and sale of (lice al-e the same as those with respect to Cabdb (which see). Every pair of dice is to pay a duty of 2fls. All pieces of ivory, bone, or ocher matter, nscd in any game, having letters, figure.1, spots, or other niarits denoting any chance, marked thereon, to be adjudged dice ; and if more than 6 chances are signilied on any nne piece, then such piece to be charged with the full duty of a pair of dice. — (9 Geo. 4. c. 18.) DIMITY (Fr. Bavin ,• It. Dobkttu ; Sp. Dimitt), a species of cross-barred stuff entirely composed of cotton, similar in fabric to fustian. DISCOUNT, an allowance paid on account of the immediate advance of a sum of money not due till some future period. It is usuully said to Ite of two kinds ; viz. discount of bills, and discount of goods ; but they are essentially the same. When a bill of exchange is presented at a banker's for discount, it is the practice to calcu- liitc the simple interest for the time the bill has to run, including the days of grace, which interest is called the dltcount ,- and this being deducted from the amount of the bill, the ba» lance is paid over to tlie presenter of the bill. This is the method followed by the Bank of England, the London and provincial bankers, nnd by commercial men in general. But it is, notwithstanding, inaccurate. The true discount of any sum for any given time is such % sum as will in that time amount to the interest of the stun to be disc(>unted. Thus, if inte- rest he fit e per cent., the proper discount to be received for the immediate advance of 100/. due 12 months hence is not -5/., but Al, XTin. 'Z\d. ; for this sum will, at the end of the year, amount to 5/., which is what the 100/. would have produced. Those, therefore, who em« ploy their money in discounting, make somewhat more than the ordinary rate of intercfct upon it ; for a person discounting 100/. due at the end of a year, advances, supposing inlcresi to be n/. per cent., only 05/.; so that, as this 05/. produces 100/. at the period in quettliuu tlic interest received has really been 5/. bs, 3Nt of the sum being tiie only thing looked to in practice, such Tables aro hardly evur referred lo. Bills in the highest credit are discounted on the lowest terms ; the discount inrreaning according to the suspicions entertained of the punctuality or solvonry of the nurtins subntrili- ing the bills. During the war, the rate of interest, or, which is the same thuig, of diHcuunt, was comparatively high; but since 1818, the rate of discount U|H>n good bills has suidum been above 4, and has often been as low as 3 and even 2j| per cent. Discount on merchandise takes place when, after making a purchase of goods at a Axed term of credit, the buyer finds means to make his pnyment before the expiration of that tnrm, receivuig from the seller a discount or allowance, which is commonly n good deal nbovu the current rate of interest The discount on goods varies, of course, according to the intetc«t of money. During the late war, the loans to government were so large, and the fucilily of investing money was such, that the discount on goods was often us high as fi pur cent, fur 6, and 10 per cent for 12 months. Now, however, the discount on goods \\a» fiillou, with the fall in the rate of interest, to 7 or 7^ per cent for 12 months : being ulmnt double the current interest ariiiing from funded property, or the discount of good mercantile bills. Long credits and discounts upon goods have, for a lengthened period, been usual in Enft* land. This arose from a variety of causes, but principally, perimps, from the mngniliiilu of our exports to the United States, Russia, and other countries whore there is n great (Iciniiiid for capital ; but in whatever causes it originated, it has latteriy Iwen carried to whnt seuinR to be ap injurious extent. — (See Ciikuit.^ In France and Germany, the maimfucturiTs, in general bare of capital, are obligoil to sUpulate with the merchants for short crwiiui. In Holland, tlie usage of the exporting merchants has been to pay either in ready moneys o- at so short a date as to put discounting out of the question, the manufacturer sotting at unce the lowest price on his goods. DIVIDEND, the name given to the payment made to creditors out of thn estate of a bankrupt, and to the annual interest payable upon the national debt, and otiier public funds. DJIDDA, a town of Arabia, on the Red Sea, about 21 miles from Mecca, of whidi it \n the sea-port, in lat 21° 29' N., Ion. 39° 14' E. It is well built • the streets arc impnvcd, but spacious and airy ; the houses high, and constructed, for the most part, of tnadri'ixirc^ and other marine fossils. The supply of water is scanty, and its quality indil1(>ront. Winiill vessels approach close to the quays ; but large vessels are obliged to anchor in the roitilD, about 2 miles off, loading and unloading by means of lighters. The entrniiro to thn rnuli is difficult, and should not be attempted without a pilot Djidda is a place of ciMiNJili'mblt commercial importance. It is the entrepU in which is centred the greater part of the com inerc« between India, Egypt, and Arabia. Many of its merchants possess largo ciipilnis , some of them as much as from I. ^0,00U/. to 200,000/. The trade in coli'eo brought t^roin Mocha, and other ports in Yemen, is the most considerable, but it is said alno to bo ihu must hazardous. The returns arc principally made in cash. Tlie trade witii IiuIIh and thu Oiilf of Persia is safer than the coffee trade, and is very considerable. Djidda han also a i;i)oJ deal of intercourse with the ports of Cnsscir, Souakiii, and Massouah, on the oppo.iito omxt of the Red Sea. The imports from the last two principally consist of sluves, gold, lobiu-co, dhourra or barley, hides, butter (of which immense quantitios are made use of hi .\riiliiu), mats, &c. ; in return for which the Africans receive Indian goods suitable for lluiir Mniriioti*, dresses and ornaments for their women, dates (which are not produced in any part of Niiliiu), iron, &c. The principal article of import from Co.'seir is wheat ; and not ordy Djiddn, Imt the whole Hedjaz, or Holy Land of Arabia, is almost entirely dei>emlcnt upon l''vfy|it lor com. Coffee is the principal article sent in return. Business is transui'ted at Djiddu witli ease and expedition. The number of ships belonging to the port is estimated ut 2iV>. Owiiiij to the scarcity of timber, none of them aro built ut Djidda; those belonging to it l«'ina:oillii'r purchased at Bombay or Muscat, or at Mocha, Hodci la, or Suez, for n coiiHidfrablc pi'riod each year, before and after the feast of Kamadhan, when pilgrims come from all (|UiirlerH to visit Mecca, the town is thronged with strangers, and a great deal of mnroantilo buniiirHM in transacted. Djidda is at present, and has been for a number of years, under the govoriiim'tit of Mohammed Ali, pacha of Egypt The munei/s, weights and meimireit of the latter coim- try (for which, see Alkxandria) are now generally used in Djidda, the commerco of wliich has been much improved and extended in consequence of the comparative security and khimI order enforced by the pacha. — (We have gleaned these details from the diireront works of Burckhardt, particularly from his Travels in Arabia, vol. i. pp. 1 — 100.) DOCKS are artificial basins for the reception of ships. The term haa boon ■u[ipoH()d by DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). 669 mtne to be derived from the Greek tuifxeu, to receive ; but it is obviously no other than the Teutonic dock, originally perhaps derived from dtkken, to cover, enclose, or protect. Doclis ore of 2 sorts — wet and dry. Wet docks are generally constructed with gates to retain the water. Ships are admitted at high water ; and the gates being shut, they aro kept constantly afloat. A dry dock is intended for the building, repairing, or examinatian uf (hips. The ships to be repaired or examined are admitted into it at high water ; and the water either ebbs out with the receding sea, or is pumped out after the gates are shut. Utility of Docks. — The construction of wet docks has done much to facilitate and promote navigation. A large vessel, particularly if loaded, could not be allowed to come to the ground, or to lie on the beach, without sustaining considerable injury, and perhaps being destroyed ; and even the smaller class of vessels are apt to be strained, and otherwise hurt, if they aie kft dry, unless the ground be very soft. Hence, when large vessels have to be loaded or unloaded where there are no docks, and where the water close to the shore or quay is not lutiiciently deep, the work can only be carried, on during a particular period of each tide ; it being necessary, in order to keep the vessel afloat, that she should leave the shore with the ebbing tide. Attem[)ts have sometimes been made to obviate this inconvenience, by run- ning jetties or piers to such a distance into the sea, that there might always be a sufficient depth of water at their heads ; but this can only be done in peculiar situations ; and it re- quires that the ship's position should be frequently changed. It is in most cases, too, impos- sible properly to protect the cargoes of ships loading or unloading at quays, or on the beach, from depredation. Previously to the construction of the wet docks on the Thames, the pro- perty annually pillaged from ships was estimated to amount to 500,0UU/. a year, though tliis is probably much exaggerated. I. Docks ok the Thames. 6. London Port Duen. — Charges ' 1. West India Docks. 2. London Docks. i. 3. East India Docks. 4. St. Katharine^s Docks. 5. Commercial Docks. II. LivEnpooi. Docks, Siiifpins, etc - ' "' III. Bristol Docks, Shippitto, ETC. IV. Hull Docks, SuiFPiNo, ETC ' ■ V. GooLE Docks, Shipping, ETC. VI. Leitu Docks, Suippinc, etc. on Account of Lights, Pilotage, ^c. in the Thames. — Shipping, 4-c. of London, oen suppOHod by "J • I. Docks on the Thames. It is singular that, notwithstanding the obvious utility of wet docks, and the vast trade of the metropolis, there was no establishment of this sort on the Thames till nearly a century after a wet dock had been constructed at Liverpool. The inconvenience arising from the crowded state of the river, at the periods when fleets of merchantmen were accustomed to arrive, the insufficient accommodation aiforded by the legal quays and sufTerancc wharfs, the necessity under which many ships were placed of unloading in the river into lighters, and the insecurity and loss of property thence arising, had been long felt as almost intolerable grievances ; but so powerful was the opposition to any change, made by the private wharf- ingers and others interested in the support of the existing order of things, that it was not till 1793 that a plan was projected for making wet docks for the port of London ; and 6 years more elapsed before the act for the construction of the West India Docks was passed. 1. West India Docks, — These were the first, and continue to be the most extensive, of the great warehousing establishments formed in the port of London. Their construction com- menced in February, 1800, and they were partially opened in August, 1802. They stretch across the isthmus joining the Isle of Dogs to the Middlesex side of the Thames. They ori- ginally consisted of an Import and Export Dock, each communicating, by means of locks, with a basin of 5 or 6 acres in extent at the end next Blackwull, and with another of more than 2 acres at the end next Limuhouse ; both of these basins communicate with the Thames. To these works the West India Dock Oompany have recently added the South Dock, formerly the City Canal, which runs parallel to the Export Dock. This canal was intended to facili- tate navigation, by enai)Iing ships to avoid the circuitous course round the Isle of Dogs. It was, however, but little used for that purpose, and is now appropriated to the wood trade, for the greater accommodation of which, a pond of 19 acres has been recently formed on the soutli side for the reception of bonded timber. The Export Dock, or that appropriated fjr ships loading outwards, is about 870 yards ui length, by 135 in width ; so that its area is near 85 acres: the North, or Import Dock, or that appropriated for ships entering to dis- charge, is of the same length as the Export Dock, and 166 yards wide; so that it coiitaiiii nearly 30 acres. The South Dock, which is appropriated both to import and export vessels, 3b 2 72 ; I- III: 670 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). U 1,183 yards lonpr, with an entrance to the river at each end ; both the locks* an well ai thut into thu Ularkwall Basin, lioing 45 feet wide, or large enough to admit slups of 1,^00 torn burden. At the highest tides, the depth of water in the docks is *Z4^ feet ; and tlie Vklmie will contain, with ease, 000 vessels of from SoO to 500 tons. The separation of the honitward btjunj nhips, which is of the utmont importance for preventing plunder, and ^ivinj^ aitditiomil security to the revenue and llie merchant, was, for the first tmie, adopted in this cbtublii>h. ment. The Import and Export Docks are parallel to each other, being divided hy a run^o of warehouses, principally appropriated to the reception of rum, brandy, and other spirituoua liquors. There are smaller warehouses and sheds on the quays of the Export and Huuth Docks, for the rect^ption of goods sent down for ex{>ortation. The warehouses for imported goods are on the four quays of the Im|)ort Dock. They are well contrived, and of great extent, \mug calculated to contain 100,000 hhds. of sugar, exclusive of coifee and other pro* ducc. There have been deposited, at the same i. ;e, up>n the quays, under the t-hedn, and in the warehouses l>elonging to these docks^ 148,503 lihds. of suf^r, 70,875 eusks and 433,048 bags of coffee, 35,158 puncheons of rum and pipes of Madeira wine, 14,021 logn of mahogany, 21,350 tons of logwood, &c. The whole area occupied by the . Latterly the Company have been obliged, in consequence of the competition of the other Compimies, to make further reductions of dividend. It now amounts to 5/. per cent. At present, the Company's stock sells at about par. The nearest dock gate at Limehouse is about 3 miles from the Exchange; and the other, next Blackwall, about ^ a mile more. This distance has the disadvantage of increasing the expense of cartage, and of behig inconvenient to the merehants and others uning the docks. On the other hand, however, ships entering the West India Docks avoid a conKideralile ex- tent of troublesome, if not dangerous, navigation, that mubt bo undertaken by those bound for the St. Katharine's and London Docks. Ccntrivarict /(v ctfnrin^ IVater in the Wtst fntlia PccH— In ainiust all lincks aott liarboura, a leriuuf evi\ (i full fr(»in Itif consLuil accumulAlinn of nmc!, and (he cni srquent f iprrife of juTMrvinK ilie pniucr depth of water. In varinui liluAtious, provision Im utcn iiiXiV (rr !>cniirliit out or mkiri< niii>l an<1 hilt by nicaniuf back* waltT, tlre'tjcurs. &Cm •'vconrlintf to I(h^1 circuntfetincra; ()Ut, in thn West lii'Iia t)oi-l:.s the evil hasi)' tni «niinly i>bvi;tlrd: a brief iK'tiiO of (bf niifiir er in wbich to impordinl an object bai bectiaccciiipliOi* •d, ni-iy Ui- boili in'erffitli.|c anil useful, Ttt wall r of tbe I'haiueB h Rt-iHrallv very nuiddy, ami wben it In adniitiol iiii'i the basini and liocks 'a Ixnie quaiitiiies, to rrplnce the wAtt-r l"9i bv evnpora'ion, lenkagr, Inrkin; vesiejs m airl out, ttr.j the e!M ren 3,000i. ai d 4,000i. Aim! yr-i tl e process by whirli ihat basin wna cleared, mm probably the moat eennomical wbicb ctiuld be adopted. A floating dredger, of the u^ml ikiicripliftn. ni^f^J tlie mud, wbich was lbn>^vn iiilo ban^; and these, v^ben loaded, were einpt'eil by a itaiinnary en* Sine, worki .K nn eiulless chain of bnrkeia, tiniiUr to those uf the redjrer. Put tl.e field whe if the ti iid «a» dfi>o«iifd hiviiiK become full, .1 ditioial eirerise was likely to be iucurrrU by reiiioviiifC the niuu to » ^ii>at«r lii^farce, so llAt the lubject cort Oorks, Ibouc pa'e:, uouM aUo te thrown open, and then the river wouhl flow in u ith coi«idenible bircoj^he mu'l'ly %v-ateriliftrf>1ite rf «atpr from Die dntka wati equal, on an aver.ii;e, to J inches o^er Dm whole siir* tck& and b^^ii^s np to u hit;lier point tliau Ihattotvhich the river would rine at the hisl.e^i spring lideti. AfttT long coiisiticratiun, ihu fullowiiig plan was rLalurcd for rf* ffc'iin thi%(dijtct :— 'I'he Cnmp:my'B s|)arc land on the north side of the Bbckwalt Ei> ain Iny below huh wa'er mnrk, and there three Tcservcirs were forme.! ! the twn neat the l-asin receive the watir from the river ly a culvert h Ith sluices, which are clitec i as soon ai tiny an tilleit ; fmin thrae thy an enirire of 36 lione [loweri after having lia) tinie *a deposit ih« sib, into the eleva'ed rtser^mr, from wbencR it flows by a cnnduit into the ba in, and theme, into tbe diH-k, and Ihui the b vel of Ihe whole it kt pt up to the hiud » no lonicer adniit'ed. The Rreetratiipor;nl — tliu depth thiougbout being t'runi 23 to l!ti fcL-t. Rules and REourATioKa to be onsRnvFO. and Rates to dg paid, dv the Siiippinq frequentino THE West India Docks. Rolfs and Orders fo be nhxerveil by Mnsters, Pilots, nnd oihorPorsons hnvinff tbe Cbarffe of Ship?, Vessel?, I.ishtt^rs, nr Craft, coming into, lying in, und going out of, the West India Docks, piirsuunt to An 1 A. 2 Win. 4. c. 52. Tf.e Cfiiipavp*^" *^foorin;rs —Tho. ninorintrs in tho rivor, within ?no ynnU of p:irh of ibr ontrar(<'3 nt niarkwaiU nnd iliiit into riinclioiiKo IIhsIii, nnd within \:A) ynrdfl of ttit* Lintehoiine uiitrancn of (lie fr^oiiili iKn l<, nre roservt'd for the ojtcluHive uHe of vestiuU entering into, or which have recently come out of. tin? d«'el\H. Evory mn!*t('r or piTFon in chnrgn of any ship, lichter, barpp, boat, or other vcbscI, of any dcsorip- lim wlutsoever, lying within the above dietancc, shall immediately romuve tho same, wheii roquirea PPINO FREQUEKTINO DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). 871 \y thn dock maiti "ii o/ thoir atiliitaiiu. Penalty 61. fur every hour wlikh luch ve«iel m»f tiliT in take n hf>rtli innlile Ihu llvr Tiir the riinvi!iili>nr)> iit'dnrkli>|i. All |i:iriii!i crrnllng nhfitriicllniiB will he prrwei iiKiil, imil the ppi:nlil<'i< will be rliilclly enforrcrl. ffffth iihiiiit In eiilcr the Durkn, i'i'r. Ai^'/px/d — Thd pf(/ fliig mi llir Iliiu-Ktuir 111 111" iiilruiicc U the tlfiiul for HlilpH III prcpiirc. A Hue tliiK will he kept MyiiiK the wliiilo time proper l'«r dockiii)! ; when llif liili! haH reiu'heil liiL'h wuter mark, thnt tlnK will he Htruck, nOer which no ahlp can he tiiken In. pnlitraliitii Aiixk.— When iihipii have liroiivht up prnpprly at the iiiiiiirliis.'8, iin ntlk'i'r will ileliver llio ('(impiiiiy'H reKiilatliiiin, and llie coniinuiider or piliit of every veKnel exieedlnir IIIO tmiK iimiil nir- lify III Ilie Di'ilrirallmi Hunk her drniiiilit nf waif r; that che li< provided with all iit'ceRHiiry and mitfl- ricnt w:irpR, rnpcft, ard tackle, to remove and moor her In safety ; and lliat her unihnrK are (or nhall |ii> liufore leiiviiiu Ihu moorlngii) lu secured and stowed us nut to endanger the works, the ships llieriiii. or the veKPel hcrnelf. {•reiiiiring Ship f fur Jliliiiiii»ion.—V.\ny ninster or pilot. In charge of n ship, flioiild lose no time In mnkiiiRIhe followiiiK prepnrallons, viz. hi-r anchors to be properly secured and Hlowed ; her huIIh all fiirhd; all i|nurler boalH lowered down, guns unloaded, gunpowder put out, tires exliii|iiii>ilied, and tiirli other preriinllonfi taken as thn duck master may direct: when these preparations are completed, a lluK iiiiiHt he lioiyled at the fore, as a signal that the »hip Is ready. All ships are reipiired to send down top-gallant yards and strike top-gallant masts, and to hnvo 'heir jUi onil nil/.en booms ringed close in, honiklns, mnrtind'alt'S, and all om-rlggers iiiisliippi'd, if lime will pi'riiiit, and at all events iimiiediiilcly niter enlerinir. VcHwels will, however, ho exiiiiipled frum ■irlk'ritf lower yards and top-masts, npim the masler certif)ing that I he itanie may be safiOy di.-pensed with, and encaxing to be answerable for all coniieqiiences ; but before being placed at the quay, the ynriJH niiiHt bi; ti>pped well lip, and tlie vard-arins hiHlicd clone In to the rigging. Diickhiir Tirkiia avit Order nf .^ilwinniun—iw (Ixiiig the order of ;idniii'sion, and issuing Iho docking lickclf.rcg'iril will he had to the slatt! of tlio liiles, and Ihesi/.eand dran^'iitof water of racii vessel, lis wll as tlii' lime of arrival : the largest ships must necessarily lie taki'n in when the lidus are highest, sIlhniiKh Ihi'V may have arrived subsequent to smallur vessels. Loaded vessels must always have the prcfi^rence over liclit slilpM. No ship can be admilled, If neither the master nor pilot are on board. The ilnrkiiig ticket will only remain In force for the tide for which it is granted. Al the pn per lime for the admission of each ship, notice will be given liy lioisling her ticket num- ber at the pier head, provided she lias made the signal for being properly prepared. If ,any vi'Sijel shall attempt to gain admittance before her iinniher is hoisted, the owners, and the IMfler. pilot, or oilier person in cliariie, miixt ho responsible for all consequences of such niiifcondiict. Knterivfr. — When a ship's number is hoL^ted, she must drop up to Ihe entrance, and have good and iiiDirieiit warps ri-ady to send to each piiT, when ordered by tbu duck masters. If the ship bhull not locnnie to I lie entrance, she shall f tfoit her turn. When within tiie piers, proper ropes will he sent on hoard to guide and check the vessel through the lock: Ihe muHler and pilot will be held responsihle for making these, as Well as Ihe ship's warps, pro- perly fust on lioaril : the vessel must be hauled ahead by her own warps, and they are on no account to he cast olF, unless ordered by the dock master, until the ship Is In the basin. Dvery pilot must bring his boat into the basin, or tioulh Dock, as it is a most essential part of hit duty to moor the ship. Theowncis must bo answerable for all ships* boats, and none can be admitted into the Import Dock except such as are conveniently stowed on deck. All other bonis must be sent out of Ihe docks. The boats ofsliips in the Xouth Dock which cannot be securely stowed en dcik, miisl be hauled up on Ihe mirth bank, or secured alloat In such manner as the dock master may direct, at^er the ship is tnonrrd. .Ships, however, which arc not lying at a Jetty, will be allowed to' employ 1 boat during the \tf&\ lioiirs of business, which boat must be chained by the Company's otlicers to the north bunk as soon as liial lime has expired. Any boats found afloat in any of the docks or basins, contrary to these reRuliitions, will be removed byllie dock master, and will be detained until Ihe charges occasioned by such removal shall be paid. Tin: hatches of all loaded ships are to be locked down, and the keys delivered to the officer appointed to receive Ihe same. Iinjiiirt Diirk. — Xo person whatever can be allowed to remain in this dock after the established hoars nf business : nor can any person he permitted to have access to vci^sels therein, excepting the oivncr, mat-ler, or chief otticer, without a pass. Passes will be given on the application of the captain or chief mate, to admit the ship's apprentices, or olhir persons, to prepare the sliip for discharging, or to do any other work w hicli may be unavoid- ably nccissary; hut, to prevent the abuses which sometimes occur, it is strongly recnaunended that Ihu Ciiiiipaiiy's labourers he employed. ahips (/i,cA«r^i«ir.— I'riviously to any ship being quayed, the decks must be cleared, and every thing prepared to boKin working out the cargo. If, through want of proper tai:l%le, or any neglect, a ship he not ill readinrss to lake hiT turn, another will he qiinyed in Ihe nicaii lime. It is di'sirable that all liagpige or presents should be sent, as prnnipily as possilde, to the Company's lingrnse wanliousc, where an aulliority from liie master for tin; delivery thereof must be lodged. Master;' are n.irlicularly cautioned ajrainst signing such authoritii-s in blank, or allowing themselves to be jiilliii'iiied by tlic importunity nf brokers ; and it is most dcsiruhle that one agent only gliould be appiiiatiHl for each ship. Packages of bullion or specie (whether car(»o or private property) must be delivered by the captain under his own resiionsibilily, unli'ss from their being liahle to examination or other circumstance he niiiy be di;siroiis of placing the same in the Company's charge, in which case such packages or any other ot'considerable value, slioiild be particularly s picified, and, if bills of lading liave heen granted fT tlieni, iiis'-rtcd in the reprnlar nianifi;st of the ship. 'I he delivery of coods overside will ai.«o rest Willi ilic tiiasler, and ho must lake such steps as he may tiiink necessary to protect his owners in respect lo their freight. All eflicer of t lie revenue Is authorised to forward all despatches for Ihe departments of government ( pai;!o Is so aiMressed will therefore be delivered into his ciiarge, unless the Company roieive express iliri'dioiis lo the contrary. When a sliip is finally discharged and moored in the Kvport Dock, or either of Ihe basins, for the puriii SI? ol'goiiig out to the river, all Ihe services provided for in ilie import rate are completed. Kor the more expeditious discharge of vessels, or dispatch in reloading, every assistance will bo tiviMi in cli ai ing the decks, or sliirening them ; coopering watering casks, and shipping them, when lilli'il ; clearing llie hold after discharge ; stiippingand stowing the outward cargo, under Ihe directions of the slop's olhcers; and any oilier services which can bereasonahly required.— Should the Coui- piia/'s niDvaltte niaciiinery he desired, it will be lent upon applieaiion to the principal dock ina^er — Tile following cliargcs wil' be made for such services : — i ^ ( \^ V' i li I' I'i i I I) . f; i-r\ m 572 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). Two inn\ unit nnilrr A tnna • • , l«wt n I liH lluD I IflD Id li« < ' aritd.) Moffkblt nuchliirry lam, lach Jiin«' with lu gttr, par "••jr ■ • IC Tbe uwnf th« Hmtinx tnirmB for wuhiiHC *)>ipf, iucluJiuf Uw atUaduiG* ol Um man in charifta, per tiajr . j^ (ud Ml laaa lliau I ilay 10 lia cliar|alie thi|i, aach maa par (lay, u( iha ra(u- Utnl lloun III atlemlanM -06 (awl nul \tm thai I 4 dajr lo ba chiriH- Orar-lliM will bv rhtrpxl ill prnfMiHion.) ^nirlM loadail, ihlppKl, or f.nck ilowu tij \h» dock eranaa <■' jifC^i a<»'af 'luiia, parlon • • • • I CondilioHi to h»ob$irmd hy Shipi taking in Cargoti from the Import H'arekouin. — I. The tnklnit the «hlp in and nut of dock, to und rriiiii tliu quay, to bs pBrfurmod by tlia niuater and crew,ai dircitua iiy the dock nmatnri. 3. The goodi to bo tokon ftroro the ilingi, and to b« itowed away by the crew, under the ordcri o( the miiater. S. If n nufflclanl crew bn not on hoard to receive and itow oway the gnodi ai delivered, or in tram- port Iho vcaiel.a further nurnhnr of men ahall be provldrd by tlmt'onipuiiy.nl tliti cimrde ufSt. Si/.per nmn per day, to work under the diructloii and rctipoiiaihlllty of lliu niaMii-r and hlmttirerri. 4. The veaiel to ho hauled Into tliu bniiln or l')x|K)rt Dock alter the UHual houri ly' builneai, by her own iifllcori and cri>w, and to continue In their chargH Shipi, from the Export or Hniith Uocki, will be allowed to go into the Import Dock tolniid,wllhoul ony addition to the rate to which they may tieliahli! fur ihu uie of thu duck*. (ioodt iunt by land carrlityu will be ahlppud In either of the docki,ou payment of the uanal charge). To prevent delay In loading export veiielH, the ihlppera ihould imy up the runt anil chiirgi'a uiuin the goodii; or where the amount cannot be aicertalned without weigliing,Jcc.,niako adupoait tucuver the lanin. Krpiirt and South Dorkn. — All veaseli entering or lying In these docki are in charge of the nmaleri anil owner* ; and it Is the duty of the pilotii, or olHcer* and crewH, to traniport tlieir rcapuctivu vei. H']», under tiiuir own rrapnnailillily, ui directed by the dock master, to or from tilt river, and to nr friiin any part of the dinks or basins. Light ships on entering from the river must be provided with sufllclnnt hand* to dock and trnnaport them, and should move indue time Into the dock; otherwise they will be removed by thoduckuiaBter, and the owniirs churned with the expense. Vessnia discharged of thiilr inwaril cargoes by the Company In these dorks will be regarded as pri- vllcg 'd ships, and all traiispnrling wiiliin the ducks will be pcrfornied by this duck master, aHsiHteii by thu crew, gratuitout^ly ; but unless there are sullicient crew on board to assist in transporting lliu out- ward-bound ships, they will not be moved. Whenever assislnnce Is required by other vessels, it will be fUrnlshcd by the dock master on Ui« following ternii : viz.— A boat with warp and 3 hands ... lOs. 04. \ — and 4 hands ... lig. M. i And for every additional hand employed, either on board or in the bonti, 6d. per hour. The warps are only lent in aid of the ship's warps. Ships taking in cargoes will be moored at thu quays in due rotation. Light ships not taking in goods ■b:ill be moored in either of the doi^ks or basins, as ihe dock masters may Judge cnnvciiient. While ships are lying at, or moving to or from the quay, all out-riggers eiiould be got In and made mug ; and sails are by no inonns to be loose while so moving. No ship must be removed from her berth without notice being given to the dock muster, and hli assent as to the time of removal being obtained. Craft must be fastened to the ships from which they are receiving, or to which they may be deliver- ing goods: the charge upon craft which shall not be honAJiiteeo engaged, will be Ihe same as the rent HP'in sloops and crafl coastwise, and, as usual, not less than 1 week's rent will be charged. To nb- vlute any doubt as to the time for which they may be fairly entitled to exemption, St hours will he al- lowed, from the time of entering the dock, for receiving goods, and 81 hours after being loaded or dis- charged, for going out of the docks. Convenient receptacles on the quays and craft are provided, wherein nil dust, ashes, &c. arc to he deposited, and which shall be cleared by the persons appointed by the Company, and by no one else. No vessel shall he permitted to lake In ballast after daylight or before daybreak. Ships' provisions or stores cannot be permitted to pas's tlie gates without an order signed by the captain or owner. No repair or caulking can be permitted without the special permission of the court of directors, to whom application should he made through the principal dock master. The Jetties.— SMpa landing cargoes in tbe South Dock, or taking in goods by land, shall have the preferable use of the Jetties. t!liips which are fitting out, but have not commenced loading, shall be nccnmmodated as fir as possible ; but such ships must be removed to make room for vessels about to discliargc or take in cargo by land. In other respects, preference will be given to ships intended for sale, over those which are merely lying up ; and as between ships which are similarly circumstanced, the priority of tiicir enluring the dock shall delcrinina the preference. The captulris or coinmanding officers of ships are cautioned to be attentive and careful to boom off when the ship is fast loading down in the water, or on tlic approach of neap tides. Fire and Candle. — Vessels In these docks shall be considered as forming 3 classes : viz. — I. Vessels ariiia1lydischari;ing, having their crews on board, or loading outwards. II. Vessels riguing or titling out, but which shall not have cumiuunccd taking in goods. III. Vessels for sale or lying up. To each of these classes special licences will he granted. Every such licence will express the place in which fire may be kept, and the circumstances nniler which it may be used : upon tile slightest infringement of the conditions, tlie penalty prcscrilu'd by law will be rigidly enforced. Kvery application for a licence must he made by the master or owner, specifying the names and ra- pacity of the persons in charge of thu ship, and engaging to be responsible for their attention to the regulations. Openire andthuttin^ Ihe Oatea.—The gates of the Export and South Docks will be opened at 6 o'clnrk in llie morning and sliut at 8 o'clock in the eveninc, from the first of Marcli to tlie 10th of Novcniher; and, friini the lllii of November tu the last day of February, opened at 8 In the morning and shut at 7 in the evening. Captains and mates may be furnished with tickets upon applying ot the police oflicc, at the Import Dock, which will entitle them to admission till 9 o'clock, P. M., but no person whatever can be allowtd to go out after the liour for closing the gates. ytiiela about to leave the Docks.— Exfion vessels siiould be hauled out in sufficient time to be at the Diver Locks, at BlackwuU, at low water; to prevent the inconvenience ol hauling down the Ulack- iw, undof the orden of rt Dock to loud, without he dock niBiter on tht dock muster, nnd hit id careful to boom off DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). 673 will Bniln or Rotith Dock during the time that other veiieli are r«qnlrtn| admliilnn, whirh muit hav« Ibt prfftrente. VhiiuU can only be lei out efter high water, upon the apeclal requeit of the offleeri In charge or Hhliw Rolnir Into the river muit uie their own ropei, ai they are out of the dock maiter'i charga irh«ii I'li-'nr ofthn outar gntei. NoTica.— Two true co|ile« nf the manlfeit nf the cargo muit be delivered Into the Oenernl omce, It lliH VVniit India Dock Iliiuie, within 19 houri after every veainl ihall enter the dncki, or nflKr the cnrgn ihall hnve been reiMirled at the Cuftoin-houio, whkh ihall flrit ba|ipen. I'onalty tot rcfuKal or iixflBCt, liny mini not exceeding AI.— (I tt 'i H'ill. 4. c. M. ^ 81) Nn iniinlftititt will lie rHqiiired lor •liip* diichurglnK by their own crewi. Nnahlpi ciin receive their rotiitliin, or lin nlluwudlobri!nk hulk until llinir eargoei are duly entered! ami micli ciiritnei will be Innded In due luccvailun, according to the iitrlcl ordur in which the inuniruita iri^ delivered nnd entriui completed. ir aiirh inuniruMt, or liili of ludlnit, or copy, ahnll ho fblae ; or If any hill nf ladinir he iittori'd by any maiter, nnd the (rooda expreaaed tlii-rein atiull not liave henn buiKt /I'lycalilppod on bonrd auili ahip; or iriiiiy bill oC lading uttered or produced by nny niniter ahall nnl liiive heun liiined ity him ; or any •uch copy ihall not have been received nr made by him prevloualy to hiH leaving the place wlicre the liiiidn uxpreaaed In inch hill of lading, nrcojiy, were ahlpped) (wnnlty l(Wl.~(3 tc 4 tyillA. r.. fi'iH II.) llimrt iif Attendance are, from the lOth ol Mny in the Vtli of Novenilicr Incliiaive, H In the niornliig In 4 in the nOvrnofln ; from the lOih of Nov«inbor to the Uth of Mny Incliiaive, 9 in the morning to 4 III thu alti'rnonii ; and thrre ii to be no interniiaalnn nf hiiainHaa during theae hoiiri. Nil liidldnyi are to be kept, except Hunduya, Chrlalmai-day, Good Friday, fuit dayi appointed by rnynl proclamation, and the Klng'i nr Uueon'i binhdaya. In ail pincoa not ipiicltied nr provided for In the foregoing mica and nrdera,nppllcntlonniiiat he made tn lliH principal dock iim«lur. ('HAni.iSfi C Pahihii, I'riiicipal Dock Muati^r. The foregoing re|,'ulaiiuiia approved and confirmed by thu Court of Direciora of the West India Dock (/'ninpnny. H. 1,o.< .36 IiiteD eoliraly, or in iitrt, with cheita of lugar alwva 8c>vt 2 •atireljr, with cheati under 5 ewt, or taigt of lupr, cof- fee, kplriti, wine, ima, eoppirr, brat*, leaJ, apelter, or other nielal. Id pigi, l>an, rtxln, pl.itei, or aimllar piecft, rice, or other foodi, (except oil, tallow, or aihe*,) pacilej in balee, bapi, Krona, caaka, caaea, rheflta, nr aiiiiilar packagca, or wood in plftulia or bit- Irla, luch aa dye wood, slavfla, kc' * ' lailen entirelj or in part, wi'h uiahofany. Umber, or other wont] in ]o0 eniirely with hemp, or entirely or in part with goodiln bulk 19 laJen entirely nr in part with tobacco or oil, not in- ciudinit ihip'a cnoperaj^ - • - > 1 6 entirely witli tallow, not includlnic ahip's cnnperaf^ • I 3 laden eniirely with mixed cargoea of hemp and tallo\r, or aaliea, not Includinit ihip'a cooperage : via. t. d. F'lr every ton of hemp - 9 ) Tlie number of tona charged For every ton of tallow or > not to exceed the register ashea • > •13) tonnage. SAipj IVond laden from F.urope, or the fiTorth Jlme- riran Colonien, tehen discharged by the Company, including docking, mooring, and removing with- in the docks, until discharged ; unloading the cargoes, and the use of the docks for nny period not exceeding 4 weeks firom the date of the final discharge. Per Ton. re». laden entirely with deata, pUnka, atavea, or wood In billrta 1 6 priucipally with ditto, and bringing hard wood or pine limber (for every load of hard wood and pine timlwr ed. In addilinn) I Laden eniirely with hard wood or pine limber • • S Ships discharged in either nf the Docks or Basins by their own Crews, the expense of docking mooring, unmooring, and removing, nut in- cluded. Per Ton rag. For the uie of the docka for any period not exceeding, if from the Meditemnean, 6 weeka, from other porta or placea 4 weeka, from the date of eniraiice • ■ ■ "09 Veaaela fmni any port in the United Kingdom, or European tv,|.t. milmi.lM Ihj. n.illir. Iinli,'»«n Ihj. Nnrth f*>ni, nnH « s Uahant, with cargoea for Irani ahipment, for delivery on boai\l ahipa, or for laiidirg in eillier dock (except when wood laden), not remaining beyond, if fmm Hamourgh, 6 weeka, if from any other port or place, 4 weeka, from the date of entrance ...... Slnopa and craft coaatwise, with bricka for delivery on board ahlpa and veasela with broken granite or paving.atone«, not remaining beyond 1 week > . . . . Veaiela entirely com laden (In lieu of tonnage rate), of lOO lona and upward^ each ■ • - • > 21 Under 100 tnnj, each • • • • ■ 10 8 Rent to oninience after 1 clear day fmm final dischirxe. Veaaela two thirdi laden with corn, will be charged the uaual ton- nage ratea in proportion to the other part of their cargoea. VesseU entering to load from the Import WarS' houses only. Per Ion on gr. wt ahipped, (. d. For tha uie of the dock for 1 week ■ ■ - • C Light Vessels, the expense of docking, mooring, unmooring, and removing, not included. Per ton reg. f . d. Not having diicharged in either nf the d,ick*, for any period not exceeding 4 weeka from the date of entering • -06 Dock Rent. For remaining over th.a perioda apecified, per week ■ - 1 Veaseli wliich re-enter after having been out for re^Ir, will b« itltnwed their privilege without reckoning the time they remained out. Table for imported Goods. The Prime Rate Includes all expenses for landlnc, wharfage, weiehin?, nr gauging at landing, cooper- in;, marking, sampling, hnuaiiig, weighing for actual delivery, nnd delivering ; fiirnishini! landing and delivery weights or gauges, surveying and furnishing certilicntes of damage, and rent for 12 weeks from the date of the ship's cninmencenient of discharge. This rate will be charged on ail goods imported from the East or West Indies.the Mauritius, Mexico, or South \mcrica, and upon wood, spirits, or wine, and tohncco,from wimtuver place of importation, nnleas notice be given by tlie importers, of their desire to have them placed under the landing rate, ut ^ k m I'! ,i'l f .' i, 5' ll Ii 1* ; ;( B74 DOCKS ON THE TIUMKS (WEST INDIA). Ilieir Inlrnllnn In rcinnvr thnni wlllioiit hniialnf or |illln(. If tiicli nolira la (Ivrn biin>r« hnimlninf ptlliif, llir riili' In ihit apionil roliiiiiti will In- i|i<« liiirui'il. 'Ill* l,ii»U>itg Hnit Iiicliiilv4 liiiiillHir, wliiirl'iiga, aiiil liiMiilii|,ordi'llverln( rrniii tlipi|uny,uhil fiiiiilth. InR liiiiiliiil nrciiiiiitii. Thli) mill will aliarli in all niliitr iiicrrhiinilUH Ihnn aaHbovn apiiclrtail, wlilrli iiiny Im liiipiiriFiti in Rn>l liiillii roiiiiii, til tilili'n unit aklim, Inir, horini itiiil II|m, Id iniiiiiil'iii'liiri'a roliirm-il, nml in I'v^y il' giioilii ri'luiiiluil, or riil In bniiii nr iimilwlan liiln tlin dnrk, nnli-aa llm iM|iiirii';i ■ Ifniry llii'lr u Uli lliiit lli«y alKinlil lip wuriilimiiniil iinilitr llm jirlnir nr I'liiianliilulril riilra. V>« Hutu f. If VHka»MiH^ and l.i>aiing,»r Unloading unW Hannlnff, v>'li>'ii nut nlhrrwlKi »|iii|,iri> farh nnn llilnl nf iIik luniTlni rnli>; iiiiri llinl Inr nnliiiii»lnK,wliiirfli(i-,unil tliljipliK, la iIk' ulmli' rnii<, aa atiiti'il in Ihi' himhiiiI rnliuiiii. VVImn llio prime rHir liua not hcvn paltl, llmati i'linr(|i)» will li> ii>ihiv| liifitthiir Willi maiioiiublti cliurgaa fur coo|iurlng, auinpllim, und nllicr iipcrullona iiiiillii|i-iii ml linuiihiK, 7'A« Chargft for H'rlghing and Rrhnuilnf are I'nrh onn tlilril ofltio rate In the ii'mnil ci>liiiiin. I'ur reiiilliiii nr wcinliliig wnml, nnn I'niirtli u( lliiii ruin la t'liiirituil. Giiuda mill frum Iht Landing tieiilf, nr lint InlPiiileil In In' wnrfliniiiixl, Will be iillnwi>d 1 1 liar iluvt frnin llie tiniil welglilnKnl Iha (lari'iil rnr rvninvul i In diiT'iiilt nf wlilili, lliev will lin IiiiiihhiI nr |ii|i>',|. If Inli'iidiid I'nr liMiiiiiillalti trnna-alilpnirnli llioy limy ruiiiulii nn llm iiniiy. aiilijui:! tu llm aiiiiii- r.'gulii- lloHi iiH unnda iiri-|>.'ir«il fur alll|Mili prinm riilii dni'a nnt nllni'h, will hn ilmrgcd rroiii tliti ilnli'iif the •lilp'a tiri'iikliiK hulk t hill when ftnoda anld I'ruiu tliu landing acalu uro hnuaud, tliu runt will bo thiirgiwl rmin Ihi' Iliinl wi'lithliiv of llm iHirrnl. A wuuk'a rmil will In- ihiirgi'd I'nr nil I'riirllnna nf n week. Ilcfiirv till* Iraiial'i'r liy Hi.' rnioiiiiiiy, nr ilfllvi'ry nf iiny gni duces— ArtlrlM. rriiiM- Hate UiLlinil Kiln 1. d. Hunl iiur Weeli. Arlirlca. Frliiia ILO.. l«iiiiiina line. Ill-Ill Kr \V,.l. W'.Mirif I li. HM ftr. < d. (;r cliiMt U 1 « iliot . t Arniw mill . . imt Ii n 7 « Inn • T l»>I 1 U,\ • 1 Ci.iHIaalba • • cnl. 1 a a eivl. • 0:i-i ricuhii • • cwi < u 6 Inn • -1 Chiic-ililc • • l»r| > IKII i I'lLkltw, cnwa • dua-bniiji.! 2 14 .Ik. )"iIIi. tl U 1 3| Cnchiiiml • • rwt. 3 9 r»U IM taiTfla • gallnu |.i l.iircl • U 1 1 CiMM Kiiij ciiff'^i ea«ki — 1 Ii u « lull • (1 I'lnifiilfi, caaki < cwl. 1 U 6 iliii ' b»o 1 -t 6 - • A I>a(i • . - 1 2 6 - -06 Collon wmil, pr«ai|iackctl-' 1) « — IV Snakaruit • • — I'J 12 liJm'l ..r Dol iTt-rt packad • — 1 4 1-8 - • 6 \-i :nlu 1 Oinfer, rikki • • — WM ■ — 1 6 « — - II Ifc. or talc 1 1 i H - ■ n hlul. , 3 prcaerveiL SM SuccaJrs. Succailn, liD'Irr 2l) Iha. |Mrk. 3 cwl. . nXA Jilap . d 10 1-3 liala.3cnt. l»iK 12 clirala undar S cwl., hioaa, cwt. 1 inUillla • or bajp • - — 6 3 _ .04 Ipennunh* • • cwu 10 12 lim • 10 1 Mliiljr • • — 4 1-2 cvt. . 012' Mulaxa . . - T S I'un. • liliil. or Ire. 2 12 Titlnccn. Sw Landon i5w*f. I 1 1 i WikhI, Nee ariiania Talila, barrel (irkuKO 3-4 |i. 67S. 1 Rates on Sugar. WharfaKa Rent Wharface anil Drill -_ ..Ntft ^.■' ' .i- ■■ Torleragc. per Week. Porlcnue. l.er ivtrk. t. d. ». d. s. d. «. il. Sugar, 4 to 9 cwt. baR or bnaknt 8 1 Sugar, refined, 14 and under nhnut 3 rwl. do. or niitl 4 01 IHcwl. - - rask 1 (1 hoxea or rlioata - ton 3 4 5 12 mid under 14 cwt. dn. 1 (1 4 baslarda, Ucwt. and upwards cnak I 8 Do. packed in hhils.or vats, to bo housed for exportution. \i.i. llii.l. 13 and nnt exceeding U rwl. >0 8 Ion Ilnnaing - - ^ 1 cask 1 S s VVeiitbing or re-weighing - 1 « under 8 - - tierce 8 9 Unlinuslng, whurllige, and not pxceedingSI • barrel s 1 Khippliig . - - 3 1 8 rellniMl.IScwt.Ui'Mcwt.cnak 2 7 llent - - per week 3 Cruahinr Sugar— The following charges Include all expenses lor rec4'lving, dt'liv and rent, tor two weeks : viz. fring, ci iipcting, vilh entire 1 Crushed fine by the mill and packed Into broken araall nnd rammed i llnvanna!) rases ... inn 21 lumps . . . - Inn 14 partly crushed and packed with lumps — 18 broken large and rammed \ vilh entire . ton 19 crushed rough - - - — 19 lumps . . . crushed fine - - - — 22 Transferring - . . .—OS ground by the mill - - - — 10 ttroken and packed, rough and not to par- Uent per week - . - .—07 Hampling . . . . cask . _ « ticular welghu • - • ton 14 Papering - . . fDIA). DOCKS ON THE TIIAMKS (WEST INDIAN 875 llvpn b«IV>rfl hntialniof nillifquny.iiiiilftitiiiih. ih limy liD lni|nirti>(|, |„ r«iiiriii>il, niiil im ipiliir, Ik III) wIii'I< rnii', ■<> I'liiirKftM will hi inuii,,^ rrutlniiii iiiii|||i|p|it ,„| he ii'miiit Kilniiin. fvi I til- iilldwi'il lilcnrdiivt H'lll llB IiIiUHIIiI l>r |l|||.',|, |uct lu tliH •iinii* r>iiiiiiii. ImrKcil rriiiii tlM'ilnl>>i>r IiiiiiiimI, lliu ruiil will bo iicu, Die rlinriiM on tha tt llin Uwiierul UlHco in t Iiiillu Iloi'ki, nn nliriiil n t>urk.i, a I iililn di' ilii> k'llli viiry trilllhit miiill. hill liicliKlt'H iiiitri'ly ilm en uf \Vij«l liiiliii pro. Hun nn /)y« W»oi$, I I^iihIim I K..le. Ilrnl |wi hill Uil loll K I 'I Ml /. ("ilU. U l-il l.iircl ■ 6 itcii 6 - I'J 12 Urti'l ,ir ,1 U 6 3 3 Mill, twi. I Ire. or lair ] 3 1) O.H U (j:I'| 0)4 (, s j 3 4 12 c.«l. 4 012' or Ik i>. U) II. id k Whilrf.»e ami Poncraff. Rfiil |)er ivti-k. t. d. 1 1 () V»l. s. d. 6 4 iiiiii. fl 6 1 8 3 1 1 3 fliV eriiig, C(j iiptring, t. d. d with entire • tun 14 d with entiro - ton I!) . — - — - task . — «. i. Rar lliol • ' Hill wivt.1 Hnail wimhI, larga ('4111 IVIMmI • C.N-INI WIKhJ i:ii>iiiif • Inn a « rn.iic . iiniliir tntrr T l,l«i Niraraiiiit, lait* i|ii»ii . • M.i>lir< Wii'i'l • J Dytfi* wood, 4o. Itf I wood, imall Nitir 1^ .ft WlMVl, intAll • )U|itn . . • • NiMjfru ■ • ■ N.ir..lil .... DMti wikmI, charcwl wi(|i July, •( |if*r l(in MilinffRiiy, cn>Ur, J*r«rtiiid«, rnw wiNxl, Mtiu wmmI, (uII|i, Mbri, lu. 1^ T 1' II I. li. I 13 It'iMifl lUlm. 'I'lio VVnnt liidin l>iirk ('ninpiiiiy hnvlnir iipprn|iril tlif Hniilh Unrk In lli« lilnhf^r tmrti'. "Mil iill'iirili'd iiIIht riitllllli'it fur iiirr)liii( It on wiili imhi' iiimI I'xpoilllinn, wi- milijoln n 'I'lililr of lli« iliirk rntni nn wood liii|iiirlud. A*. U,—Viit itm raiu« mi ulilpa luiliiii with woiid, inn anif, p. ST3, it { 1 OlxHi liii|iarl»l, Xt 11 1 i Ooodi ImporlnL hit t. d. % 1 1. a. 1, rf. t. A DmU, nallniii fmni all pnria, Aiiiarlrtn, Riiiahn, anil Pnia^lan ilcila, ainl 1 11 ami a lu. Iliitk, iinlrr 10 ft. lone 120 8 3 3 dril aiilt, prr aliiiJinl liuii'ltxl H lori _ 10 in 12 . - 10 3 U liiiifairl 1 1 Jilni'li 9 8 3 — MCMding 12 in 14 • — 11 a B Sill inn 'ImU Imm ilut'lirr.tl 1-3 40 I«r 120 14 8 4 — 14 In 10 • - 14 4 tivnllih ill a<> rnmi |iiirl> In llii- lUltli', — — 18 In 18 • — 18 > 3 II I'i ami :l Ini hn lliKk, II M liin< I2U Ik 8 fl — — in 111 20 • ~ In 8 1 \ i mill 1 itii. ilii. - n 4 — — 11 . _ I'l 8 S Niirway ant llwriliih, frnm nnrla In Ih. Niiilli ^i-a, ~ — 22b>30 «cli 6 1 nuienriKla ■ ■ ■ •120 4 1 4 U'4 anil 1 In. Ihli k, uinl'r in (t lon( 110 8 1 8 Pahii^ tminla. iinl eicteilin|7 fact • — r. 1 „ _ ininij . _ 8 1 in rir. IhU'k iiiillniiil iilaiik • Inail S 1 8 — .irimlliif |]ln 14 • — 7 1 1 Fir luianl-i, 1 12 ii)i-li tliii-k anil un'lrr • — 7 8 8 _ _ UlnlA . - 1 1 a l.a(liwon<],tialffr 6 frnl • • • fm. 10 3 8 — Ill III in ■ — 1 10 .I fri-l .mil nut •iciMi'lIng 8 feet • — 11 A — — INIlliU • — in 3 1 Firewnnil . . . . • — 7 8 1 8 - - tlllnltl . - 10 3 » R-iIki alinte 21 frrtan-l urilerS inch • — 41 14 1 1-4 Inrh Milck, nn Irr 10 foul lon( - 7 1 1 unilnrll fiii'l niiil unilar 5 iucb - — 32 II U — — 1(1 In 11 • — R 1 8 Nuiw.iji liiiilier in liilka • • .Ion! 4 1 — .iwiiilioi IJ In It • — 10 3 1 Sjan unili-r 8 ami above 4 Inchca • 120 40 11 - - 14 In 18 . - — — III In III • — II 8 3 8 l.iiictiHiinil ■ • • — 30 9 13 4 2 niukrii, uiiilcr 4 inch, 24 fwt Iniif ami - — IHInW . - 14 8 4 8 iipwnnia • ■ • - 120 20 7 - - KJIuJI • - n 3 6 2 unlrr 14 fiKtt Innic • • ■ — 10 3 1 1] aivt S In. Ihirk, iimlar 10 fl. Imii 1 8 Urira, nil let 24 fcal lonf • • — 21 7 8 - - in In 11 . - II 3 4 14ln32ililta • • . .. — 35 10 — .ICMillllg 11 lu 14 • — 13 4 abiiva 32 dilln > < - ■ -~ 60 IS — - U In 18 . - 13 4 H Spirliiiliiauil lOalUiOMlhlnlinontliu — — 18 in ID . - IT S 4 t'fn.. - - IniiilO . - 19 8 Onk, Africin anil nlhi - - lOlnll • - 20 8 8 8 8 1 i M uiil 3 In, Ihick, iiiiilKr in ft. lon( II 8 4 iluly al lier liiul liiul uf 40 fl. ) IlUcklilrch ■ . ■ ■ - - III In 11 . - 14 fl 4 II 6 1 — ririnlinf 11 In 14 • — 17 8 8 8 uiuler cnver 7 1 6 _ _ 14 In 18 . - 10 8 8 Wainwol lo(i, 14 fuel lonft (gnalar Uiii|lli _ — iiituH . _ 23 8 7 8 in |iro|ior1luii) • • each 2 8 — — III In 10 • — ID 8 8 8 7 fret lone - • • • — K 1 - — 10 lull • - 18 n 0.ik aiiil oth'T pUnka (except fir planka) loail 7 1 6 I)«l tiiila, 8 FmI •lilt unilw • • — 6 1 Cl.ip Imanls, feci luuj • • each 3 1 Deck ilxia, 3 feel loiitf . . • . — 1 Ot .1 liii'ln-a lliick, 30 In 4t fi'dl lnii| rwh 1 4 IliiiiUpikea . • • .120 G 2 O' 111 - - . _ 10 3 S|K.kl» .... I^ 13 6 8 1 — — ■ .- 8 11 Oari, miller 24 feel lunn • • . I2U 1.1 6 m-lanlS Uln30 . _ * .V ahilvB 24 feel Innic . . • — 20 7 « - - 8 1 Tnrniili, 2 feel an.l uuiler . • 200 8 1 Ballrna frnni all pnrff , ainve 2 fuel • . . . — 12 4 3-4 311.1 1 liii'lilhirkiUn'liir lOn.liinf 120 8 t 2 Slaves, Quebec, pip. . 3 In 4 each pr. 1,200 - - 10 III 12 1 t 4 80 ■ — nirerillni 11 In 14 ■ — 10 1 8 fllnlM - _ a; a - - 14 In 18 . - 8 1 10 1 10 1 1-1 - _ a:, — — IHlnlH • — 4 2 2 hofiheail . .{3io4 — — 70 — — III In 10 • — 4 2 8 i In 2 1.2 _ _ 4> ■t- - - 11 . _ 10 2 8 . 1 In 1 1 1 — - 30 s._ 1 U Inch IhInk, uwl'r 10 n Inni 1 8 tarrel and heailinn 3 In 4 — — CO iSS. - — 10 In 11 . — 8 1 II llnll-l ~ — 40 -■I — .inwilini 11 lu 14 • — 4 2 2 1 to 1 1-2 — — 30 - - 1410 18 1 6 North Amerlein, - — lUtoll . - - - IHIoM • - 8 1 B punrhenn anil hogiheal, I inch anil R 2 II unler • . . • — 18 6 - - 11 . _ f 3 2 barrel and hea'liii^ ilillo . . — HamliiirKh and Saltii;, pip. - . — 11 4 1 l-laiKlllu.tlilck.nndiiriaft.liint 7 2 40 16 - 10 mil . - 4 2 4 h'ii(«heail . • . - — sa 15 — .icmdlni 11 In 14 . — 8 1 8 barrel . • . . — 30 10 - — Minis . — 3 4 headlnit ■ . . . — 27 6 10 — — 18 In IS . _ 4 4 pipe, Uiin 1 to 1 1-2 inch thick . — hiitihead ilillo • - . — 35 10 - - lllolO . - 4 4 8 12 10 - - »1 . - 5 barrel ami heading ditto . * — 16 10 ■W ■\ • Tlw tutitor to b. alcuUtid rnm lb. date of th. ihlp'a bmking balk. ■h \ ! m 676 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). CkMdi imported. Billet stivn, nxk nr mh, I 1-2 mini t>H>teir«ding4n umler 112 J '""» Pipe boards 3 l*'i iiicliei thick • Ricks, (line .... - each Mlfnipe . . . . — qu.irtur pipe . • • • — Thn rnmp.iny will be antwersMf for the monlier of pietr.i mi/u of lathw'0(jer at (lie dock ptes^ Kist Country, Swediih, and Amenrnn lini* tier and masts . • per load 2si $. d. *9 35 t2 60 under I 8 4 15 12 3 30 13 10 22 6 covfr 6 4 2 6 4 I n 1 u 2 1 Gonla Imported. Norway timber And s[mni • perlond Rent on Rtoml gotxV. to eommenre fmni the flnal iliactiar^eorttie ship, and lolxfrbarxed likewito on f^U not stored, imten^ thoy are romoveil within 14 days after delivery Trom (hu ship Reji:iirini{ finals for delivery :— No cbarK« (o be mnde during the Ist and 2y the revenue. The original bills of lading must be depnsHe-', when reoiiired, except whore a part of the goo Is are intended to Ihj plired under the East India Con pany*B care; in that cue the original bill must Im exhibited, and a true ropy thereof de(>Oj(ite>1. ShouM the ori;;irAl bill have been previously delivered at the East India House, a certi- fied copy must he obtained from 'he accountant general of the Ilonouralile Company. Particular attention Is necessary to the regularity of the indone- ments, a-; the Company's ntJicers canno* paw any bill of lading, on which the authority fnim the ihipjier tn the holder ii not dwluced by a complete and accurate chain of indorsnmrnt. * Fvery hill of lading should be specially indorsed, so as clearly to designate the par'y to whose onler the conterds are to be dtdivered. In all caaea of informality in bills of lading, from want of indorse- ment, ^c, or of their heing lost, application must be made to the court by leltc, staging the circumstances, and enclosing any dncv)> ments which will show the title to the g'> >ds; In every such case the ■pplicjnt must engage to indemnify the Company by bond, or other- wise, as the Court may direct. When hills of lading are prohired, which are al variance with ttie manifest, as tn the original consignee, the Company will not pass any delivery onter founded thereon, until .*) clear days shall have elapsed. The delivery of gno«ls afln.it will be (he act nf the captain or ot!ii"tT in charge nf the vessel. No orter can ht receive*! until the manifest of the cartro, duly cer- tified t-v the cap'ain, has been ''(^posile*! at the West India IVtck Hiuse ;' tmt the nnters of the importers of all cimvIs entrusted to the \Ve«t lodia Dock Company's nnna^ernent niay then be passed. When parties hoMin< nflers fnr delivery from thequiys wish 'he grxvls h"use«l in ihfir ov^n names or in the names of other jwrties, they must lodice the order indorsed to that effLCt, and warrants will be enntftl accor'inely. All merchandise warehoused under the curt of the West India Dwit Company is deliverable in the ordinary course of husine«8 by wirr.»n*, with 'the ejicepMon of nmscovadn su^ar, woo'lt, returned maniifictiirnt, and articles imp >rte-l in bulk, nf which the wcichi or niftisnre it. liable tn increase nr derreav from natural cauws, and gnoils which are not tn be warehoused, cr ire intended for inmie- dis'e shinmeni j in the lal'er case, the importers must state on their orient thi' " wirraiits are not rtfjuire-!." Ail j'l-vli enfnutfd tn the mtnarenient nf (he East India Com- panv, alth-nifh dejxisited in the Wes' India Docks, will be delivere'l in (he wu^] course of the Honourable Company's business by Kast India ws'Tants, T'lficditate passing orden and piyinr the charges due upon the r'w»'s. the Cnrnpiny wtll open tifpnsit accotmts upon request from the nicrclianls as hereinafter noticed. That (he course of biisine^. as respects the West Imlia Dork Cnmpsnv, mav be fully understool. the attention «'f imi»or'ers and purchaseis of ' produce is particularly requested to the fnllowjiig nit'nir.ntt !a : — The \VcH\ India Dock warrants f^rpwidi which are usually sold withfiit Intiimr, will t>e made n\i( for s'lch qiian(itres as have l-een fumil ^ener.ltv eonvenient to the ini|KirtenL Warrants or cheques f'tr srnlier qinn'ities, nr single packizes, may. however, be granted, on ra^iin f(.r Itie extra numt'er, at (ftc ra'es liiTein fixed. For nods which are lotte-l. ma 'e nierchantable, ftc, (he warrants Will be n»ade out as soon as the o|*raiions are perfonne-l. When direclinni from the importer are requinid, notice will Iw given on the landing accounts ; it in dtsiralije that parlindar and early atttn. tinn should be paid to such notices, and (hat (he inqwird-rs of cotinn, peppt-r, or other articles which usually require twin? made nirr- chan'abte, should loilge a general unicr directing (hat oi.eration to be (wi formed to all their initx>rtat!'>iis. The first warrants of ihe West India Dock Conip.inv will be issued to the order of the luipnrters or their assigns (iiravli'i-J there is no stop u|K)n the goods for freight or otherwise), upunf ajmcut of the prime rates or Ian ling chaiy-'s. Such payments must include all charges to the tinm of hmislng, and thnse for lotting or nnking meichantable for the ini|nirter, ljii(, if Iho goods are deliverablt) by warrant, are not to inciudH lent;- chargea accruing suljsetiuently, unt the rent, n.ufil 1* mid Ijy the liolders of the warran's befiire delivery of Ihe goods. The prf>;ir:- etors of Koods may, however, clear the rent and incidi'n''l cli.irses to any aetired date, and have now warrants or cheques aciord- iiigly. When the assignment nr removal of part of Ihe grinds onlv is in- tendeit, the warrants nr cheques should be divided at the dork himse in Ifliidon, as here-if'ir providetl. If the delivery nf the whole of the contents is Ilrrectp'i and the goods are not removed within 2 flays, a new warrant or ch-qne for the remainder of tlif- parrel must ()e taken nut. In the case of casks of liquids used tn fill up others, the warrant must lie lodged, and the proprietor may either have a new warnnt for the remainder, or it nny l>e drlivereil (if not required agnin to be nsed in the same wav) to his order. When the holders of warrants nr cheques are desirous of as^xih ing part of their eontenls. without delivery, reweighinx, reliniisin?, &c., new documents wdl he given in exclan-ji!, on toilginif the origi- nals, duly indoned. The iiidnrsenient sh"uld specially direct (ho nmnner in which (he contents are to be divided, anil«la'e (he iinnirs of Ihe parties in whose favtuir the new warrants ir cheques am tn he issued, in Ihe following r'rni :--" Mease to divide thewiihin;" nr when part is to tie delivered, '• Dtdiver to briror (state I ow ii.juy parkagi's), and grant new one for (state how iiiar,y \)ii kages) in favon r of one for." Si-c. Warrants may be exchnneed nr divided without assiitning the gon do. 26 to M packazes or quanti- ties 31 — .It do. . 3(1 — 40 do, - 41 -- 45 do. . 46 and upwards ^l04^ls in bulk, per (on Every new cheque gnnlc4 8 9 . 10 • II • 12 . 2 - i If from the nature nf the contnct belween the seller ii>d liuj-er, reweighing, Ac. may be nece?i^ar)', the warrints sliould I'c ''eixwiinl indorsed with directions to thatefTect, and new warrants uill Im issueil, containing the landing weights an J reweights, as snon m tlie operations are completed. When any alterations, such as repackinir. ftc. are to be made fex cent when preparadirv' (o immediate iltliver)-), the ivarranls nu.si l« hxlired : ano otners, representiug the gr. ''very, to be charged per tide per Inal »/. t \V:i-nots wiM be eranlt-d. h-iwever, at (he ilesire of the proprietor, fnr dye wcpod ini;i"rted frmi 'he East Indies, or any article (hit cao bo u:pa.^ted 'ito diilinct and c jrrciponJing parcels, no his paying Ihe expeosci of uiakiog such allotti^eiiL S^DIA). per I nail irft fnmi the olwrli.inteil iiiiless Ihcy lltr delivery le iHt And 2-1 itiifciiccmt-nt 1 1je per loiil if fvt-ry sue- ptT Im.l 10 fttt to the .S S jj " I. d. .1 3 I kiiired wooJ, u usun] per ff • - . rapji liilf - per |n,i.| ir freight • per l,iu) aii.tiiitt, onk, thrk lirrti, pt-r hi^^ her ttniliiT piled in '.\en ber, per Itit 1 6 1 4 7 1 4 rfquircd, nolire will |>« Riven on i\f- thil pirtinilsr and early atlen- i. and tlut the inifKirltra nf ciiMon, usually rt()uire Iwim made I)1p^ trCcr dia-cliiig tlwt oj-eralKin lu Co iS. il India Dnck Company will he r« or their. iMifiiM (provVt.l Ihrre hi or othftrwis*), iipoiiipajuicDt of I. 1 chanfes to (hn liino of housing, etthantrible fnr the importer, Ijiit, uraiit, are tio( to inctndtt leiit;- nt the rrnl, n.iist bcjnid by tho ivery of the i^wls. The prn;,ri. irihe rent am) incidcii'-J clnrjiei ow warrants or eht't|u« aciorJ- tl of nirt nf the pHids nfdv is in* lould be divided at the dock hnuu the contents is ftirrrteil ami the lys, a new warrant or cli'iiue for l.ikun nut. tn fill up otheni. the warrant ^Y eilher ha\R n new w;irr\nt ivt'reil (if nnt n(piired a^iin lo r. chrquei arc desirous of uvsO' delivery, reweinh.iif, rehniisih-', t^xtl.a iisrc, on lo»ti!in< t|ie orici- n! slimild specially direct iho be divided, aiidfla'e the iiaiiitt arr.intB ir cheqitei .ire fo I'lcaiie In divide the within ;" fliver to liciri.T (stale I ow ii,jijy one for (slate how many one for," >^c. vidi-d wlUiont asKirning the li'- Mme rate of ctnrirf. fl i'lr; lilt liie cliarjes fur di- r trdusferrinjf, ait— For each !6 tn 10 nackaee* or quanti- ties • • .8 — Ht ilo. - . .9 — 40 do. - . .10 I -- 4t do. . . - 1 1 and upwards • • 12 o<^ls in bulk, per Ion • 2 ery new idieipte — " Cba-irct to the { la'c) to our account. (Signature.)" Or, '■ Chargrs to be paid by the holtler. (Sigiuture.)*' By o|)ening such accounts, the business nf merchants with the ComfdiiT, particularly where goods are n|)on rent, Is much facili- tated. The pn>|'er forms and jiaas books may be obtained on appli- cation at the dock house. Orden for Extra ^fi^rk.— The charges for repeckinc, or preparing r>r exportation, and all work not comprised in these Tables, will b« fixed from time to time, with reference ti> the cost of labour and ma- terials. No sueh woik, however, cm be done but by the order of the proprietors of goor linllast, chalk, or Hints, received from or delivered into craft. Water is supplied from the reservoir, and delivered into the ships' boats, at Is. per ton, on ap|ili ration to the dock master. Abstracts of cargoes, for the purpose of making up freight accounts, will be supplied on npiiliciitioil tt tile comptroller's office, at the following charge : — s. d. If the goods have 10 marks or under • - - - - - .30 — 1 1 to 20 marks - - - • . . .30 — 31 and upwards, Si. each mark or parcel. Dm date of entrnnce, ii. II be charged for docking el, fid. ; and rent, after 4 p cooperage), U. 3d. per d at 6 o'clnrk at Is. per tun, on appli DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 579 Steam boata are nirnislicil by the Cnmpnny, In'eertain caien, to vesBnln (not laden with corn or timber) proceeding to these docks, arriving from North and Suiilh America, thn West India Islands, the <;a\te of Uond Hope, and all ports to the eastward thereof, upon application to the secretary, the giiperlntendenl, or the agent of the Company. Regnlaliont regarding Ooods and the Rates and Charges thereon. Ilent li charged on goods fk'om the day on which the importing vessel breaks bulk. If goods hq lauded liy a duty paid, a sight, or a warehousing entry, and taken away within 3 days, no rent is pay- able; but if they remain on the quay after that time, quay rent or watching is charged fur such longer period. (hoiU landed by Dock Order.— Before goods which have been landed by the Company for want of entry, can be delivered or transferred, liic bill of lading must be lodged at the warehouse, and thu gnnils entered at the Custom-house : and such goods are subject to an nddilioniil charge for porternge. Orders fur transfer or delivery (the forms of which maybe obtained at the comptroller's olHcc), unless the goods arc to be delivered from the landing scale, cannot bu accepted until the goods have been liindod. Neither can orders for transfer be received, until the charges due on the goods composing the whole of the entry have been paid; goods landed under the consolidated rutu, and wines and spirits, excepted. Orders for delivery cannot he acted upon, unless signed by the party in whose name the goods ptand ill the Company's books, or by a person duly authorised to sign tliem : and should any interlineation, erasure, or alteration have hecn made in an order, it can only be accepted with the initials of the jiurty set againal such alteration. Payment of Chargee and Deposit Jlreounti. — The only persons authorised to receive money arc, the collectors at the superintendent's office, and wine and spirit department ; the deputy warehouse-keeper at the toliacco-wn rehouse ; the dock-nmsler (for water furnished to vessels in the dock); and tho warchouHo-kceper at the eastern dock ; except for consolidated rates, which may be paid at the Lon- don Dock House, in New Bank Buildings. Deposit accounts may be opened at the superintendent's office. If the order does not specify the party by whom the charges due at the date of the order or transfer are to be paid, the amount thereof will be placed to the deposit account of the party tranKforring. Warrants and Transfers. — Warrants for goods in general, are granted on written application at the dock, in favour of siicli ^terson as the party in whose name they stand in the Company's hooks may direct. The fini arc issued free of charge ; on all subsequent warrants and transfers, the charges are as follow ! — For each warrant or transfer containing 2(1 to ,^0 packages - . - 31 — .15 - 30 — 40 - 41 — 45 - 46 and upwards - . . and fur goods in bulk, per ton I. d. 8 !> 10 II 1 3 For each warrant or transfer containing , i. d. 1 or 2 packages - - - - 1 3-4 02 5 to 7 3 8-10 04 11 — 15 OS Ifi — 20 06 SI— 85 7 The contents of one warrant may be divided into warrants for smaller quantities, at the will of tho holder. Wbeiiever housing, taring, weighing, dipping, rehousing, or counting of goods is required, the operation must be performed before a warrtint can be issued ; and if reweighing, &c. be required, a new one must be obtained. Applications for duplicate warrants, in consequence of the originals being lost or mislaid, must he addressed to the secretary, at the London Dock House, wlio will make known the conditions on which the Company will issue them. Heights of fJ(iu(/s.— Duplicates are furnished, upon reasonable cause for requiring them being assigned. Sieuni Samples of Goods.— OrAen for second samples, if the goods are for " exportation only," are issued at the comptroller's otBce, the proprietor paying tim customs' duty thereon. F.mply Casks and Packages.— 1( nnt removed from the dock witliin 7 days, are sidd by the Company, and the proceeds paid to the owners, after deducting the sale cimrges and other expenses. EtplanatioH of the fallowing Table of Kates and Charges on Goods imported into the London Docks. The consolidated rate Is charged upon the nett weight, and includes liinding, wimrlage, and housing, or piling on the quav, coopering, sampling, weighing for delivery, delivery, and 12 weeks' rent from the ilate of the iniporling ship breaking hulk ; wlilch may be paid on each mark separately, and will altiirh unless notice be given to tlie contrary, prior to final weighing or gaii«ina. The import rate is charged upon tlie gross weight, and includes landing, whiirfage, and housing, or piling on the quay, or loading from the landing scale, and furnishing the landing weights or talus; to be p;iid before the delivery of any part of an entry can take pluce. Thi; cimrges for reweighing, rehousing, unhou.sing and lomliiig or repiling, are each one third of tho import rate ; those for unhousing or unpiiiug, wharfage and shipping, the same as tlie import rate ; when nut otherwise specitied. Table ok Rates and Charoes om Goods imported into the London Docks. Gool, imported. k 1. d. 6 4 6 6 9 8 Rent. 1 GorKl> imported. C . II >. d. 6 3 6 3 5 7 Rent. Per Week. 1. d. 1 4 2 1 3 2 01-2 2 11-2 1 1 Quantities 4c. Per Week. (Juantilif, Stc. Pa .VkMiet rnot • cwt. AltnoiiJs, from Africa Ion iolioiajndbJrrclscwL ■bell • • owt. Uim, In innrds • (on nr > cnniolidXeJ rait o( aOi.pwIODaeH. Pa- cwl. Inn 100 tfAxes ino Inlf btiiM barrel 2 cwt. 1 qrs. tn3cwt. 1-4 barrel larire bale imjiu Imle htlfbalf orieron3-4 to 1 1-2 cwl. ■core gottidi Per Aloes, It) clients nr ci^kB ton or a cnii*<)li'IatL-d rite uf 20l. per Ion nett. Atiiin - ton Alv> marina, in bale^ piCM-packed, t in in bag! not prenpaclii d. loa. ». d. 1 1 1-2 2 3 3 4 S Per l..irk.i?etnider3c\vl. ditio 3 .and under & cwl. ditto 5 and under 8 cwl. ditlnft cwLandup- wanll ton Ion (W ^;l n ('■;! I h f I .1 ' ; 11 i ■ ' if 1 I » ,i ; ■ 1 1 i li-i'' i 11; 1 lliii' t 680 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). Ooodi imported. Per Kmher nnd beadi, packa««) Anibeifrit, la boxet or ke(^ - packue Ancbofiet ■ • cwt. Aofeltea root !■!■■■< « • ewt liar - • cwt Annotto - ton or a coniolidtted nte of ill. per ton uelt in caskt. In bukctaorinull pack' a^ca - - cwt. too ton aiiJ Afitiinony - ore \t Inoae, filliog wetf hinf , is. per — Applri taiket or barrel r ton. Ansol tieri'« ijgihead Arrow root • ton or a conwl'idattt! rate of ilQf. per Ion oelt in catki, or 30i. in bcsea or oheata. Anenic • • too A'aftcttda - ■ cw(. Aihcar from Amoricaf ton Ruuia • - toil Odessa - • ton Unhnwin^, whirfige, and I, tipping, 2r. per ton. Aipbaltum • ton Baeoa • • bocibead hx\e tiile middlea, 3 cwt. tierce dilto, 1 toScwt. cask Bagfage, Including delt viTv and one week** rent presents, lamplei, par- cels of papers, and other amall articles, p^irkage , tninka, box%bun- dies of bcddior, aitd wealing apparel, package middle-sized ditto and chests - package larger packagea in pro* port Inn. Bagi, emp'T • acore DaTsim capivi,in Jars, cwt io barrcla ■ cw(. Peru, In Ian • cwt. Cooper's attendance at lauding and delivery is a separate charge. Can.tda p^ck-ige Bamboos. See Canu. Bark, oak, in bags or loose • • (on in casks ■ ton in cas*^ about 1 cwt. 2 qn. • cwt Jesuita' or Peruvian, cA't Barilla, lonee • ton Vohnusinir, wharfage, A shipping, 3f. per ton Filling and we. d. I 2 I 10 7 3 a 3 01-2 I 2 3 6 2 01-2 4 2 01-2 I 1-2 3 4 6 8 7 Qiiuimn,ti!. Pit boiorcua pukiga 100 barrel, or tkni' ble bamis too keg. • cwt Bonea in bagi Buoka 1,000 bag cwt, Boracic acid • Ion Bonu,rDughorrefined tun Bolllea, eiuptj glaia grou Braaa • - ton Brimitone, looM • ton Uuhousing, wharbge, A ahipping, 3«. per ton. Fillingand weighing, 2>. per ton. in cask, or casea • ton Unhoua.nf, wharfajn, and shipping, 2«. od. per ton. Bristles, in packag'isabo.e 6 cwt ■ • ton under 5 cwt. • ton Bronie • • case case BucGoleavee • cwt. Butlee • • ton Bullion ■ cask or case mail pickage smaller packai^ex, not exceeding 51. iu value. Burr stones. See litot^t* Butter, foreign, t'rinland or Hnlslein, laudiii]^, wharfaite, and bousing, or loading, and funiisbing land- ing weigbis to tbe ini' porters 1-4 cask the like half qr. cask Loading from the ware- house, id. per cask. Wci);hing on deliverer, if require, and furnish ing delivery weights to the buyer, Id. per cask. Emden or Holland, landinf, whartige, and bousing or toading, and fumishiiv land- ing weighta firkin Loadfing from the ware- house, 3-4. 6d. |ier 1,000. ground - - 1,000 reed, in bundles, 23 eacli 100 bundles whanghee, bamboo, and Juuiln • 1,000 Canilla alba > cwt. or \ consolidated rate nf U. 8d. pw cwt nett. Cantharides - cwt Capn* Cards, playing package unall package Cardanioiua • c^vt. I"< \i Rent Per Week. Qautttiea, kc. t. d. <. rf. Pa BI-4 01.2 tierce 51-4 3 100 barrels 3 3-4 2 100 horn-Is S 2 8 ICfbagsmidera -wi 6 It i bags 2 to 4 cwt S 4 ti 1 S 6 t n 3 OM l« 3 012 2 ^jorbam, « 01.2 I Te or bo» 1 2 3 p -kageordMrt 6 4 loi. 6 10 ton 3 1 grow -< 2 ton 3 6 "o 2 ton s s 8 tou in cask! s 4 100 case, of about 2 cwl. 4 2 100 bis. about I cwt. 2 1 loabiia.aboulMlbs. 7 8 ton 6 8 1.4 6 ton 1 6 2 case 1 bo> 1 1 1.2 case or barrel 2 cwt. n 3 case 3 to 6 cwt 5 9 ton 1 e 1 6 •1 No rent or watchJiie will be ctiargid if taken a«ay from the quay within siJt s 4 100 working days 3 2 100 from the peri- od of the ini- porlirijj ship breaking bulk. WtUch\n% Qn the Quayi, af* • ler tbe ei^i- ration ofoue week. per night, on aiiy number of cafcka or fir- 3 2 IW kiius Not exceeding 23 .06 24JAnot500 9 61 - 75 1 3 2 10 7a — 100 1 6 On any num- ber above 100, in like pro- portion. 5 3 ton 10 4 ton 12 6 S ton 2 6 4 package 10 1-2 2 bale or caae 6 10 l-2| ton i 6 11-2 1,000 4 1,000 6 3 I lOObundlM 5 1,000 6 3-4 cwt 1 1 case or cask under 4 cwt . 1 1 case or cuk 4 and under H cwt. " 1 case or cask 8 cwl. and upwards 3 butt . 1 luncheon logshead I 1 jarrel 1 6 2 ' p-ickago 1 ilnall packap 8 1 1-2 clitist 1 bag I i ^' DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 581 Raot Week. <)autiUM, &e. ». d. Ptr 1-2 lierce 3 lOO birreli 2 100 barnli 2 6 IC^bagsuiiderS wi 6 K J l»(i 2 10 4 cwt 4 li 1 6 1 a OM l« 12 2 j^orb^l 01-2 i Te or box 2 3 f. ikift or chut 4 toi. 10 ton 1 giw» 2 ton a ton 8 Imi In aula 8 4 100 oHe of about 2 curt. 4 2 IOObn.aboullcwt 2 1 100 tiu. about 56 Ibt. 6 Ion 6 Ion 2 caae i 1 box 1 1-2 caae or barrel 2 cwt. n 2 cue 3 to 6 Of U 9 ton , . •> No rent or Wftlchine will be clitrgid if taken away from the quay withiu Bii 4 too working days 2 lUO froniltioptri- 0(1 of tht: ini> porting ship breakJDgtulk. tVatchtng oji the quayfy af* • ler the eipi- ration of oue week, per nisht, ou aiiy number uf cahka or fir* 1 100 kiiA, Not exceeding 25 .06 2(>¬500 9 51 — 75 I 10 7tf — lOO 1 6 On any num- ber above 100, in like pro- , porlkia. 3 ton 4 ton S ton 4 lule or caw 2 10 1-2 ton lt-2 1^ 3 1,000 6 lOO bundlee 2 1,000 3-4 cwt. 3 nieorcMkunder4 cwt. 4 caae or cask 4 and under H cwt. 6 caae or caak 8 cwl. 1 aud upwanla « butt 4 l>iiiicheon 3 '.nnhead 1 1 barrel 2 ' package 1 Biimll packap 1 1-2 cbtat • 1 bag 1 Ooodi Imported. ¥ RenL 1 Ooodt Imported. Rent 1 Per Week. Per Week. !■" Quanlitiee, lie. QuanUtiee,fto. Per f. d. », d. Ar Per 1. d. >. 4 3 tOObtfi Cashew nuts - cwt- 6 01-2 cwt Coco* and coSte, all kind.. Casks landed emplyi or cask casn, if not deli' cwl. • a ton or t enniolidated rate, vered within 6 days (and in caika, U. Vd. per includes dolivery) cwt. nett j in baga, 1a butt, pipe, or pun- tJ. per cwl. nett. cheon 8 1 butt, pipe, or pun- Cocque lie perle cheat Coculua Indicua - cwt. 1 2 cheat cheon 8 01-2 cwt amaller cask or ci« 4 01-2 ■mailer caak or caae or a cnnaoiidated rale of N. B—lf taken away li. 6d. perrwt. nett. within 6 days, half the Coir, unwrought, pma- above chargea, and ao packed • ■ ton 3 ' rent, wine or iplrit, small ul- ro|>e, under 6 inchea girth • • ton 6 3 ,04 1 ton ht$M (incluJinx turn. yarn • • ton 6 inx over the contents Coker nula • - 100 1 8 3 100 itoring and dtlivery) or a onnanlidaled rate of esch 1 1 each , 3i. 4(f. per 100. Ca.ssia lignat - cwt. buls • - cwt. 6 a 1 1 ton Ion, incbeete Coloquintida • cwt. 10 1-2 1 case or cuk under 1 cwt. or a consolidated rate of 6 lOObifa 2 caae or caak 1 and If. 6(t per cwt nett. " unlerScwt. fistula - - cwt. 8 03.4 cwt 3 caae or oisk 3 cwt Castor beans - Ion 3 6 Ion and uDwarda. Castorum, keg or small Colnmbo root • cwt 8 1-2 cwt box 1 1 keg or fiuall box Comier - . ton Wharfage and ahipping (i 2 ton Catlltiics case or chest a caae or cheat Civiare ■ |wck.ii?e 6 1 l«ckajB cop|>er slaba, when pilc'I on the quay, 3r, Chaises or carriages, with 2 wheels • - each 7 6 1 f each *d. per ton. 4 ditto - - each 10 6 1 6 eacb Copperaa - - ton 5 s ton Chalk, French - ton s 6 ton Coquilia null . 1,000 1 3 1 1,000 Cha«um • • bale 1 6 1 hale Counting the whole par- Choeae, foreign • too 4 1 ton ctl iaaaeparatechnrge. ' To be honaed in a Coral, fragmenta - cwl. 7 1.2 3 case or caak well lighted and 1 6 2 rase ventilated ware- box 1 1 box Landlnr, wharfage, and houM, with the uie of acalToldini:, Cordage, hempen, underO housing, or loadhiir, arid furnishing tanJ* iiichee . • Ion s 4 ton uiion which ihe chreao will be Cork • • ton 6 7 ton on quay ing weights to the im. Unhouiing, wharfagfi, A 1 ton uodi.r cover porters. Btowed, ao aa to ■hipping, 4l. per ton. admit or aepirele Corkl - • cwt. 2 I bag 1 cwt. and convenient 1-2 bag 56 Iba. Turning, each time, per examination; and 2 hogshead ton, 9(1 the r«nt to com- Comeliana & beada, cheat 1 6 2 chat mence after one week from Ihe day ^ box Corpiea . . Mch 1 15 6 1 *"* of landitiB:. Cortex WinteranuB cwt. 6 03-4 ,,_ ,^_.. On delivery, weighing, KB.— Bylhitmode or a coiiwilidatefl rate of per ton, U, id. of atowase and li. 6d. tier cwt. nett Coltuugooda • bale well regulated 1 8 2 bale ventilation, the box or caw 1 1-2 box or caae Iota in weight trunk 9 1 tnink Vnhnusing and loading utually luiuincd upon nouiing will Cotton wool, preaa-packed per toil, It. id. cwt 3 8 ton be materially di- not preaa-packed cwt 4 1-2 6 ton mininhed. or a conaoiidatM rate on in tub or case . cwt. 6 1 6 tub or OM 100 small ditto prwwpjckeil, ge . . cwt. 6 1-2 cwt 2 qrs. case or cask e > Cowrie. • • ton 3 ton under 3 cwt. casr or (o 1-2 caae or caak Cowa - • each 10 cvk 9 s Cnuibcrriea • keg 6 1 kog 3 and under fi cwt. barrel 9 I barrel case or cask 1 1 caaeorcuk Cream of tartar • ton 6 8 ton 6 cwt and above. 2 cask under 13 cwt cisk 1 6 2 case or caak Culieba - . cwt 8 03-4 cwt. ChilliM - - cwt. or a consolidated rate of 6 7 ton Cummin leed - cwt 8 14 C^vt. U. IM r cwt. nett. Vnhousiiig, Chiia Titox . - cwt. 6 01-2 cwt 1 and Cliiiu ware or porcelain. Loading. cn.'e 1 6 n 3 caae Currants, 23 cwt and up- t.d. small cisp 1 2 sniall case uanU - - hiitt 4 e 8 1 (>ox 1 1 box 1.6 to 23 cwt • Lull .1 4 8 Chirareta ■ - cwt. HI.4 3 CMk or case 9 to locvvl, . pipe 2 3 3 6 rhncn'Ufe - - box Ciiinat'sr • . cwt. 9 2 box 5 to 9 cwt canilel Dials. See H'ood GmilJi. 1 6 2 4 2 4 1-2 lu ton or a rntiifilidate'l ratp of Deer • - e.irh a 4.». (W. per cwt. nett. Diamonds . package 1 a 3 packlgo t'iim.tmnii ■ . cwt. 1 8 14 1 cwt DriRons' binod • cwl. 6 12 cwl. or a consolidated rate of Dripstone. . . each « 1-2 e.lch 3t. per cwl. nett. Dye Htivver • ton 5 6 ton Citron, in s.tlt • pipe 1 6 4 pine or a consolic^ftted rate cwt 9 i cwU t 3c2 •ii n , 1. I 'r i^l \'\\\ n ,': IWI" DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). Ooodi iiaporM. rua Vttlhirt, bud Ptr CMa bui ewt. (mm Irtland oatrich - p>ck«it« vulturr, not rxcMiliiul 3 cwl. • Mclup not cicMd Id( M lU. bag Fls>, 3 qra. lo I cwl. I qr.) chwt about 66 Ibi. IZclini 1-4 clinl— 2)1 Iba. Kore ftruiiii • • KonD 1^2 A l-4tlniiiw icon •citrw icoro I I U 10 1-3 I 6 half (ir. drums tapueu • riitucod • lirrriofti ' mackerel aaluion < ton > tierce • barrel • tierce llil Muck, or itiuiaon l,(MO not olhtritU* dtMrllw) ti«rce iMrral box pnea • • barrel FluOucluillnt irelghinft.) (on ir aold fmrn landinit acile,loini|K)rlor, iwr ton, 3>. 6rf. ; lo buy' era. ditto, If, 6d, ViihouHinx, wl\arfaKe, and ahipplnf, 41. w. per ton. Flour • - tor inrlodinft dellverj by land or n aler. Rcpilin.;, It. par tnn< Wrighniic on deliverv. if rrquir.Hl, Id. per liarrel or cheat Kloweta, artificial caae box Forrat ite«ds, nula and anrrna • • barrel Fraiikincrnae • chea' Fruit. See the apeciea of fruit uroiiure, Tery larite cam- orlinary cue niiddliniC ca«« iotermetliate jtafkage Rent. wVe'k. Q"*"""".*"- f. d. I 12 I I l|.t a t 2 I t 01-2 Pu csao box aiiiall bn\t IM I M and iindar Scwt, bag 2 and tindtr 3 ewt, bal* 3 ud undw t cwl, bale packafa tackait* M not SOIba. Unhoant and landK. 01-2 01-2 6 8 8 6 e 1 1-3 6 4 9 S 9 81-4 6 6 3 .I-* 5 imall caae FuTi. See &'l^iti«. ftaUntal - • ewt. (ulbanum ■ • cwt. (iaIU • • cwl. (iantho)?* • - cwt. (it-iitiau root • Ion Ciiii^r • • cwf. or a conv>lidaled rate of, in casks, li. 6d. per cwt. nctt ; in Laga, If. 2,1 do. i'limeug itMt ■ ton Olaaa • caik or chral case box Clue • • ton Giai.illa - • cwt.i 9 or a conioliilated rale ofj 'Ss. ijer cwt, uett. ( Rrapei • • boi; 6 Jar; 3 (tn-ase , • ton A (ir^ivfa • • toui 4 6 Guini-a irrainf * cwt, 6 r.iini, in tcmna, Infra, or ill canea, cbesta or cvkif f mm Afi ica • ton io ca%e«, chrals, or bir- r«ls, from other places cwt, 6 tome or in horiheadi ton S fjuiui, carmnadca, 6 ewt, an«l iipwartla - earhi 3 Other tires are charged in prxipoi li jQ j t not •xce«dlii( Kent \^'k. >, d, 2 I 3 li. 100 cheat* I00|.2cbats Oooda Imporla). Balr, bona, ox or cow «wi. bnmu • «wl Hama • )lo(«head llercfl barrel or kaikal Inoaa Hata, Lafbora • each 10 dot. ton 100 ticrcaa inu barrel! lUO tiercea too kilt 1,000 stock 100 kep slurcann 100 liarrolt stuck or sturgeon 100 tierces 100 barrels lOOboiea 100 barrels lOB 314 I 01-3 box \i Rani. Per Week, a. d. t I I I a < I 10 4 3 2 II I 01-3 01-2 10 013 10 6 10 barrel loo large ca^a oniinary caia niiddliuKcaae inlenuediata pack- small cast cw^ cwl, ton ewt, ton ton barrel caak or chest caaa box (on barrvl lOOboxec 100 jars ton ton (on 4 ton I 1-3'chestorc 1-3 barrel norentiftakenaway in 7 days rhln tub of 80 diis, ttrtlcDnre mot • cwl, llcnip (Including wrigh- ii-.g) • ■ Inn If sold from Isnillni scale t lo lliiporlw, ton 3f, 6d. I to buyer) ton It. Weiihing In tha war» hou^e, Ion 2t. liMdinf^, Ion 3f. Uiihousiiig, wharfaga, and shippinrt ^< I'*' ton. prcM-parke I * ton cudilUThrniporflax Ion If told from laiidinc scale: to iniiiortar, ton 5f. to buyer, Inn It, Weighing, 3i. per ton, l^iadlna, 3t, per ton, Uiihnuslng, wharfage, A sliipping, At, per tun, Conaolidaled rata* nil East India, preai< packed. III, par Ion. HkIee,koisa balaorcheil loose • • tarli (ram llambm', dn IIIO bun lie or3hi>lM boria, ox, cow, or buf- falo, wet salleil atrh ox,cow,orbutnilo, with abort tinnis aarli other hidet, not enunie rated, dry, or dry salted .averaging mope than 22 Ilia. • each do. averaging 13 Um, nnd not exceeding 33 lbs, KiO do.7 Ibs.aud under I2li». lai do. under T Ilia. 100 in balci, alioul 8 cwl, bale about 4 cwt. bale ■mall ball lo.-h bale or cheat Honey • • cwt. Hoofs . • cwt. Hops • • cwl. Horn*, Slid horn tips, or {datm, including count, log • > cwl. In package a ■ cwl, hart, tLig, or deer, in0|iair in balea under 2 net, •i.ile 2 cwt. and above \n\ Horsea • • earli Jalap - - cwt. Jewellery • pa';kage box Indian rubber, hogahead or pi|ie 8 to 4 cwi. case 1 lo3 cwl case barrel loose • • cwl. Indian com > bag Indisn, not R. liKtia, cwt, or a conioliitated rate of It, till, per cwt, ncll. 3-4 « 4 « I. A I III a 14 a n 01-4 1 a 4 a 10 1 (luaullllaa, ke. I rtr kala nndtr 3 cwl, bale 3 and andsr S cwt, bale 3 awl, and up, wards ewt, liMsa bala llnhti, Whfini, ami Nlilpg, I, rf, I d I 4 liogihrad "lerte lirl, ui bti ksi aarh 10 doten nilildlliig caia oi paikagn large eii« or pckg, tub of 10 dot4iu Itin to« 4 U « lo* Ilia 3 81-4 03-4 8 I 1-3 3 I 13 ( 10 1-3 6 3 1 I n IJ H 10 1 1 A I 8 I 8 I e 1 II e 1 3 B s n 8 I 10 10 a 10 10 « t 3 I 14 II I s I oi-a 10 3 1 10 013 s rontalnlni 110 or tttiiler larger lials In pro- piirtlou liih ion I (XI lOOhldM 100 100 too too too l«lt btio •mall Inio bale or eliiisl barn I keg or Jar Inn i>air IHKksl Inn hnnis ton li)is bag I 11,3 I 3-4 3 4 I I 01-1 I OS-4 ai.3|liag I urou litOpalr hale lala bale „irfuit 3 t ball, ' ' It I Mewl, inrkaia iiiix hogihcad or pipe cam casn barrel cwt. In liotlla ewt, tolia N). DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 683 Rtnl. I'»f WMlt. I. A > 014 t QuaiillllH, kt. I I I I 0I.4 I < 4 a 10 s /Vr I iinilw a rwi, l»li> a tad H„d«r i cwt, ImIs A «»), unl un, rwl. liMw tllliiK, Whrn. •nil Hlilpu. I, rf. I g » 4 liiWhwd 'IflTIl lirl, ur bU' kil rarh 10 ilonon ll>l-« or J«r Ion IKKkd 10 Inn lionii 1 Ion (l|it I IK) pair halt Iiatr ..Iiotit .1 ■ :. lull, '• il 1 IJcivl, nrkaiu lioioheul or pipg caw cum barrtl I cwt. In Mili '5.4owl.iolU 1 M Imk I urau Kent Goods imported. Rent 1 ..... Per Week. Week. Quaulilies, be. s" ({uanlities,*c ftr 1. d. 1, d. l-tr iV ». A 1. d. /'ir M\r>-tmllnued. Linseed. Sn If/luK. fiXil luUU, la chMli cakes - • ton 3 • n a ton cwt. 8M 11.2 chest Llnnurice - . cwt. 33 4 1 rase or barrel or a conwildalad rain, root • • cwt. e 1 liKise, Ion Includinc all Optra- I bale under 2 cwt. liiini iumlcnt ou Ur Man • • cwl. 1 1 1-2 cheat loit, raiilni, repack. oracoBSolidaled ratliof 1 cask alvul 1 cwl. ing, ■lowing, ana at. 3|. per cwt It-ndmcfl whilal on Madder • ■ Ion 8 4 1-2 6 Ion iliiiw, Dalliiif iloivn, rools • • cwt. 4l.i 1 bale under 3 cwt. lutniif and Piling away ol I7<. Co. per 1 12 2qfS. bale 3 cwt, 2 (]r«. cbtak ', 1 1 and under 6c»t. bale 6 cwt and up- Ink • cwt. 9 1 cask wards lukla cwl. 1 1 12 case Maidenhair . bale 1 1 Inle 1 Imi or keg Minna • • cwt. lU 1-2 1 chest or cask Iljflcacuanhl • cwt 10 1-2 10 ton Marljles ■ • ton 6 4 ton liun (iucludlug waiililiig), Marble baths • each 6 u each tiiii 3 4 1 ton iiiorlara • . ton i « ton If landed for lranij|,an - tnn 2 6 1 ton Ion 7 6 4 Ion Uupilin)!, wharfage, and •hipping, If. bd. per or a consolidated rata of ie<. Off. per ton netl. ton. ware - • chests 1 6 2 rheat ore ■ • ton 3 2 tnn box 1 1 box blark • • Ion 3 9 4 ton Munjeet, in bales cwt. o 1-2 cwt white * - ton 6 4 ton in a consolidated rate of Usher, fureigo (tanned) If. 6(i, [lercwt uelt. bile 1 6 2 bale in bundles . cwt. 9 3.4 cwt deini ■ • bale 1 1 1 ; bale or a consolidated rale of IrioM! . . ton 6 9 Ion 2j per cwt. nett. Irish (tanned) bale,nnder Musk • • chest 1 6 2 chest 1 cwt. 9 03-1 bale under I cwt box 1 1) 1 box lale, 1 cwt. to 2 cwt. 1 1 bale 1 to 2 cwt. iVIyrabolans • cwt. 4 1-2 OM civt bale, 2 cwt. to 4 cwt 1 6 11-2 bale 2 to 4 cwt Myrrh • • cwt. G 012 cut. uuall or middling crate 2 1 1-2 small or middling Nails - • cwt. 3 1-2 barrel or bag crate Nankeen - - cheat 1 3 1 chest large crate 2«6 2 large crato Natron, loose • ton 3 6 3 tun I.cinons. See Oranga. Fillinic and weighing, Uti% • - ton 5 4 ton is. per ton. [.inicf - barrel 8 1-4 1 barrel Nu'lne-s • _ . cwt. 6 10 1 Ion Linio juice • 100 gallons 2 1 6 puiirheon or a consolidated rate of Laying up to guaije, and 3 liognhead 1«. 6cf. per cwt, nelt. cooper's attendance at 2 barrel Nuts - luiihel 214 4 I00s.acks landing and delivery, barrel 4 1-2 1 barrel f.irmasepar^techargo. bagors.uk 4 1-2 2 KViban Linen, German • bale 2 3 4 bale c4stania • buhliel 2 1-4 1 100 bushels 1.2 bale 1 3 2 1-2 bale Niix voinicm - cwt. 4 12 014 ewt. 14 bale 81-4 1 1-4 bale Oakum ■ • ton j 4 Ion loose or in bags • roll I \:'. I 100 rolls Dalnieal. about 2 t-2cwt, chest 2 6 4 chott inciuilintt lU-livery ton 4 9 2 1-2 ton if not eleari^l 1-2 chest 1 3 2 12 chest Weighing for delivery. within 14 days of M chttl 81-1 l-l cheit Irf. per sack or barrel breaking bulk. Russia - . bale 1 2 1-4 2 bale Oelire • • ton 3 9 4 Ion 1 a bale, containinc 10 Oil, h.iy . . ca.'.k 1 1 cask pieces, or boardeil castor • - cwt. 6 3 [luncheon or libd. bale 9 I 1-2 liale 1 3 :on, in jan or dup. U bale 7 1.2 1-4 bale perl cruh . . bale 1 2 14 3 bale 2 tierce 1-2 biili- 9 2 1-2 bale 1 larrel under 2 cwt 1.4 bale 7 1-2 1 1-4 bale 1 1-2 iKirrel above 2 cwt aail cloth bolt or roll 1 12 1 lOU holla or rolls 012 case 12 botllea Uials, 2 pieces • each 3 2 lOO mats (2 pieces) Irish > case or bale 1 6 3 case or bale box or bundle 9 2 liox or bundle upwards package 2 4 laree case sample box 6 ' kaniple box under 1 cwt. package 1 6 2 small case I It h\ \h ! 'I 684 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). Oootlt Imported. 1^ Raul. 1 Ooodt Imparttd. u Rent. u Prr ViKk. Quinlilln, He 1 Per Week. (Juamliiia, tc. Ftr ruTmotVaimf.QMotn. | . /"«' 1. d. 1. rf. Ptr Oil continwd. Pictum— n»i(i'nuM<. Biiiitlliiii l>ala or caaa imall bale or rate » 1 6 4 a middllni bale or ease aniallbalaoicaH 01 1» III riilk Naivfiiunl- laiiil. 1. d. •. d. f. d. 1'ifMigrm.li • bale 1 3 1 I-'.' mlr Lindinir, wharfagn, and Pill boaca ■ Urn vill ■ni.tll val * s 8 lame rat Uyu\d up tu caii^ OmiwrS .in«n>laiicr, if * t 3 3 8 4 suiall lal ['iuirnln • - cwl. e a Ion duhvvml from tba or a ronaolKlateil rnio, qiwy a 2 t III \att It. U, twi. Searching and ftlliDg up ill ciitki li. M. cwl. (if dune) 1 1 1 fink niot • • civt. 8 2 bale I^CMdiiicnr housinK t'dtipi-ni altertiKiiica M 1 6 1 ( 1 2 Kilrh • • ton 2 6 3 too barmh l'U..tffrnf Ptria - ton 3 2 ton tidiii'tnc, and at ile* livery Tnmi thr vmll I'luiiia, I'orlutal, in bown, t 1 1 dt)l4-li 9 1 lOOboiea Vnhniiiiiifc-intl loAilinK 1 8 1 a 1 . |iai'ki|t 1 C»t. aud upwanli, e cwt . rent ; but the Coin|iany P-ickaje J arpat lilwrty tn 1i(>um6 nr a contriliitated latt*. dA>i after »u|iing, un- InM (teiiinrd tiy wrilleu order previunily. umler m Ibi.packa^e.M. Smi>II2IU do. If. 112 1I>|. aii.l iipivanla, Rent ou thr quantity IMckagH, If. per cwt. nell. charKed from the dny of the vcMsl brtakiug bulk- Prunea or French pliimi, about 8 Ctrl., Illid. or Uuhousg and landing, 1. d. Rent per ^Veek. t. d. Import R«nl Rill. We'k. X fl punfheori 1 6 8 2 hl.orpun. Iiarr.1 5to7cni. . Ii.irrcl 1 3 1 1.2 oUee, In Jan: .. rf. t. rf. I In .< nvl. 1.2 liarrrl 9 a 1 1-3 baml conititou Jan • cwt. 8 1.4 3 eiimmon Jar undrr2cwt. 1-4 barrel 6 2 4 9 100 1.2 jart • cwt. 8 1-4 2 12 J»r about 1 cwt , containing large jara - cwl. 6 a large Jir bum nrcartuouB ciw 8 2 1 rkH cawa fontsinhig 3» 2 6 1 3 IW quiri bottlet ru*' 1 3 1-2 ^core cun BO'l« lalad, 1.2 chest of 30 about 28 Ibi. Mcb>at 1 1-2 6 1 too biitilfs palm an score 9 1 score case 2 3 case in larger packagei, snll. U 14 3 3 1 tieree harrtl, 30 gilloni 1-2 barirl bale Quinine, anlphalft of, con- taining about 3 ((uarts, 6 2 bale Onloni • • bushel e 1 I'Mkel or Inrrel case 9 1 case Opium • • ctvt. 10 12 1 1.2 elieat uiwJcr 3 cnrt. Radix contrajerrB cwt. 9 2 case V>ranjret and Icmoni, cht'st 7 1 2! 1 chMl seneka; • • barn 1 6 (;1.2 barrel box Oranlo2acwt„ butt 3 8 4 butt Orrice root . cwl. 3 3 h'tzshead 9 tn 12 ewt, • pi|ie 2 3 6 3 pipe 2 tterro 6 to 9 cwt. ■ carolel 1 6 4 2 carotol 1 l)»rrel or leron 2 cwt. 2 qn. to 4 cwt. Oriidew • package 1 6 3 2 hr^e case iDiall case 2 qrs. - • barrel 1 f ivl. 2 qrs. tn 2 cwl. 9 2 03-4 barrel Otto of rows p.ir|(.-uce 2 6 2 qrs. - l.i barrel 6 2 1-2 1-2 barrel uiiddlincinrkaj^i- 1 6 4 l«ck»go under 1 cwt. 2 qra. smalt pack-wp 1 M liairel 3 012 2 100 Oiea ■ earh 10 Wfiahinf do. Is. scto. Fad.ly, Id bulk quirter 10 1 quarter Cipt:,casksuuder3cvvt., Pai»er • - cwt. B 10 tni) ca.k 9 > 03-4 ca.k Pearl barley - kcff 3 14 keg 3 cwt. to ft cwt., cask 1 G • 2 too tjarrel 8 1.2 darre! boles, abnnt 60 lbs., .cnn 3 . 1 8 Peai • tierce or barrel 9 1 tirrec or barrel Lleiiia & Valentia, h<).\e3. bae 4 1.2 2 6 KH)baga .(•'iri. 2 6 6 1 3 too Pepper (unsifted) ton 5 6 too Wei«tnnf do. Brf. sinre. or a consoliJatrJ rate or 1-4 an.l 1-2 boxes store 1 6 6 1 n ton 9rf. per c»t. nptt; or f.-ails or baskets sc(>re 1 8 6 1 too of 2«. 3d |t»T cwt. Wflnbiiit do. M. score. Dettf ini't.)'lin< ordi' 1-4 aod 1-2 Tiailsor t'as nary aifling and ba<. kel\ • • sere 1 4 1 100 (P'»g ^ • > . 1 ha(!oC3171lii.nolt. Wei(jtiinic do. 4d. score Ions or Cayrnne cwt 6 7 ton Malara, t*oxe« score 2 6 1 too or a consolidated rale 1-4 -^ 12 bozet scire 1 « 6 10 100 of IJ. per cwt. net*. Weiuhinirdn. id. score f^ano.fortes - - each 4 e 6 fsfh \^ SiDvma, drums acnrv 8 6 6 1 100 Piccaba ■ - cwt. 1 n 6 4 ton U'eiRliin^do. lOd. score Pirkles dnten bottles in barrels • irillon 2 14 1.2 .lozi-n botllee 1-4 ft I -2 drums score Weifbing do. lid. icore. 1 6 6 1 100 I 2 u 1 barrel larxe hotile^ or jars. ! Rent under2pnuns frail. 11-2 1-4 botHc or jar Wwk. S&under'ido., gall 1 1 i-a j IwlllB or jar 6 and upwards pnll 3-4 3't ! bottle or jar Rhatania extract • cM 9 1 cwt. Pictures, large bale or case 4 6 1 6 [\u%e baleurcaie root • • cwt 10 12 01-9 cwt. ON). Rtnt. (liundiiia, tc. niiJJIinj baJi or J • l»rK»»«l * luuin (M loa 03.4VWI. 2 0|.4'bome 1.2 c™ I 2 II 12 3 small vat linntiead or barrel caae lialg cise caw bjirrel 'on Hint D)10US][ nnd i,^i> uulinf. Week, S " ■• « 3 4 2 2 01-2 blllt pipe camtol barrel 2 0X4 1-2: 1-3 barral 2 100 03-4 2 1 8 I 3 I n I 4 1 6 1 6 10 6 1 6 ent 1 tr xk. 1 c.»». UI-2 cwt. 100 100 ion JOO too 100 100 100 100 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 685 h - Rtiil. h Itenl. 1 Per V-k. Per *■" V Qiunlille., kt. Week, Quanlltiaa, he. Ptr « d. I rtr Ptr ff d. 1. d. Pa Rhubarb - • cwt. 10 1-2 10 loa Skliu— omtiniuil. A C4>ntnll>U(ed rate on gfut, Triule, bale about EhI ludU, including 8 cwt, a t bait a]|()itartinKitiiuLulli, Hamburgh. Itale of Ufinir, rcjiairin^, ra< lOOikiii. and umiar 1 1 bale UririK, refUlliic, mil* iuxdwwti,raw«l|gliiiiK, bale aUivc 100 ikini I e 11.2 bale Mofadnre, abote IIIU •utlpiliiigtwiyfOf&i. ikina - bil. 1 a a I20iklaa pcrcbMt. abov.aatnlOOikiiii, Rice • - cwt. 21-4 4 Io* IxIr s a I20akina or»coniolid»trdnH«of, abo¥e30to60ikini, intaiki I3i. 4rf. ton bair 6 a I20aklm ill baffi lOi. M. Ion of 30 ft under, bab 3 a 120 Ikina Root*, uuafru or wiuinri loow • di zftii a 8 l2Uikiui cwt. 9 a caak or fua hare and coney, 500 Kiitia ■ • tou a « 6 (nil, tttnm Bkina . - b.ib 1 a 3 bile 3 lOObunU uudi?r600akini. bair 1 a bale Run • • bKl*> 1 e 3 b>|g Urn M.k 8 a lar« calk niiddlinit caak 1-3 b;il» 1 1 1-2 1-2 bale niddliiin r,i>k 1 6 4 Ru«hei • . If)!'' 1 e 3 Inail •mall caik 1 3 iNiall caak fur iHillihing buntllt! 1 1-2 1 100 bundlw kann^mo ■ dciflii 12 2 bale Snr Salitrni > cwl. 3 3 rMltX kid or lamb, bbd., pun,. SalTnin • - cwt. 2 2 bale or cu« orb.lr 1 e 3 bbd., pun., or bale SjHIiiwer - • Ion 6 e Ion licrci 1 2 tierce or a ctiniioUilated nte of barrel a 1 barrel 141. Od, per ton iirlt. lafKeburidlp 1 a l.-iri;e bundle •^m • cwt. 8 g Ion ordinary btinillt ainalt bundle 9 U 1 ordinary bundle & 6 IDII u a 1 •null buudla '•aldp . packAgR 1 6 2 packin lamb, Hamburgh, or SiltjMftre • • Ion It a inn Ci>j>cnhattcn, uii'ltr 200 iklni • bill' Satti • . cwl. 3 4 Ion 1 1 bale !tani|ilps which are by law al)ove200hkin«. b^le 1 a ii-a l«le eivmutcd from duty, leopard, linu, and tii;i>r. frfc. each M-2 Ot-2 each Saplinra • packatte 6 1 parktsfl nutria • bofibrad 1 a 4 boKibead SanapariUa • cwL 1 6 1 cwt. barrel 1 1 barrel 10 lOO buudiM about ISO dot. ikirn, or a coDtolidated rate of bale 1 a 4 bale ot ISO dnien 4j. 6 2 2 bale under 2 cwt. packai^e 1 1-2 pack.ige 7fi ftkins 1 a 1 12 lale undrr 28 Iba. package 6 01-4 package 60 .ki.. 1 1 bale if liquid* - gallon 1 6 luu 29 ski,. a 01-2 bale Stiot < • loti 3 1 1-2 Ion looae, dry • dozen 3 3 120 Shnrf - • ton 6- u 2 Ion Milli-d • duzrn 4 1.2 4 120 bilk, raw or throwD, cwt. 1 2 1 1-2 bale iboTe 2 cwl. bale under 2 cwt. India, looae - 120 about 4 cwt. larie bale 1 a 120 manufactured, 1 cwLand 2 3 bale upward! baleorciout 2 cwt. > caie! 1 1 1 case bundle 9 1-2 bundle In bag! • cwl. a 1-2 bag dog ttsh - ■ bale 9 1 bale Starch - • Ion. 5 6 Ion elk, loose • • 120 3 4 120 Steel . . ton 4 a 2 Ion furs, large bale, case, or Slick lac • • cwl.l 9 012 cwt cask 1 6 6 laif e bale, caae, or or a conaolidated rale of. middling bale, case, cuk 2«, per cwt. nett. or cask I 3 nilddlinedllto Sllckt, walkinic - 1,000 S 2 1,000 nuallbale cue, or cask ; a louU ditto S'.ockfiih. Steeith. 7 4 / ■ i' i iN t .J r I a i, li I'fi ]; i !V-M. h I!' nii'f ^|: i^'ll 1 ;j m 686 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). h Rtnt Oooda Iniporiad. Rant 1 Per W.rk. Per Week, 1. A Bfll Qiunlltia, Ao. Quantilia.,te. Vfj 1. d. l-t P a IM Venlirris • ■ ton Varniilion • > cwt. » 8 toa ItuiiiiM • • tun 7 < * tun 2 4 12 10 Inn 4 ton In brickj Vrrniicelll, eaia under Tiirkfff • • cwl. 3 1 cHk 3 Io 6 cwt 1 cwt. • ■ cwt. 1 OI21l»,x under M lb.. 1 SifBw, Runufirtura'J, 1 to 2 cwt ■ cue 1 1 case under 2 cm-|. UD*ler 1 cw. CTW s oil r>M 2cwlanilupniida,cwl. 6 2 caae 2 and uiiilvr 4 1 \ undcrScwt. cmk 1 1 cua cwt. 8 — S(wt ca«i< 1 t 1 1-2 raia 4 ease 4 and under S 3 — 4ewtciM 1 9 a cua cwt 4 ewt. ami u|iwarJt, 6 case 8 cwt and up- w.irda c*K- 9 a C«M tininaniifncturod, Vlnfcar,piu.oriOOnlli. boitMieail 2 1 4 uuiirhenn nngilii ad 1 In i cwL • CftM 1 3 uia 1 2 2 Blu3cwt. . caw 1 « 3 OM tirrca or barrel 1 2 lierce or barrel 8 cwt. lud upwinli, 1.4 raik 6 1 1-2 14 cask cite 1 4 caia aJliiliai. 8aa Wnta Sufirt in calks • t-wt. s s Ion in fhwti, 5 cwt. uml and Syiriti, atmvef or in btOteli If houM.:, including at- of »ny *iir, • cwt. 3 6 toa trntlance at delivery. chnli, in.-ili, or bap un- imiirhenn 2t ; hlid. If. 6d.t tierce It. der 6 cwt. - cw». 3 4 Iw or ■ mnwindtted rate ni Walnula ■ ■ buahal 212 4 lOOsarka —In cuko, 8«t cwt. 2 lUObais pell; int'hciti,ftcwt. Watar. mlnaral, doren ■od above, nr In tuc' bottles 3 01.2 dnien loltlea keli of Aiiy lixr, 7rf. Wax • ■ Ion » 6 tnn cwl. neii; in cbettn, ni«ia, or bagi, under a Seatinc • • rwl. 1 cwt Wild • • Ion 7 e Inn cwt., 6d. cwl. neir. Whililxna . ton 7 6 4 Inn f\i\i\y • - crt't. 41-2 01-2 cwt Whale flua. . loo 7 8 a Ion Siil|ihatflof line > dm IS 3 9 3 « ft Inn Siiiaich • • Ion T'ltow tncuki • (rm 2 3 loa ton Uuding, if told front Iho Ixndiiift Wliarlage, Rent per IM •Jrs.per Week. •eale to th« importer, Mousing, and ton t 4 Thraa working lletivcring. alan to the burer, tnu 1 2 •l-iyi fnim the lati — — — -^.. Uiihi)U!iiii«, w'harfwe, day of w.ixhiuK at In a In a ' And slitrping, 2i. 6rf. thf linditif acatc, Ship. ?."t per ton. Kill Iw allowed Io Wheat kb 1. d. k d. WI)arf;iReandihipptii(, claar tallow fniin Ijced, heavy ftralni Ac. 8i. 4d, per too. llm qinji; no rent quarter Oats, light grain.ic, or. 9 8 4 9 Rent com. will Iw rliaicnl (ur 8 6 3 10 mences that (HTiod, if 10 from Ihe clcarwt I when not •o clearail, rent will bf- ch.irire*l Tmni vea- •at bnakiuf bulk. Filling and porter. " aga at landing, qr. 2 last diy of landing. Risk from Dlllo at delivery. fire for ac. In tklna • ton 3 » s qr. 2 count of MwliUTninean,rap«*, or Turning each lima proprietors Anieriun, pack ton S 012 packaifeundgrScwI. Sereeninf, tOOqrs, 6 S 1 packa/te above Ocwt. One turning to ba charged on 1';it«« • . \^U 1 « 9 ball) screening. l'a|>toca • • cwt. Ohm Ul'2 bivrral Traosferring T«r larrel of32(pilln(a a 3 lOUbanreb l(<0 sacks 6 Tares • • (uiarter \^orkin|; out %n\ di-li- 1 1 quuttr Peellngover heavy grain • qr. 6 vcriof Into craft, 3(f. Ditto light ■ qr. 4t If iraiKirtad in per quarter. Terra ja|Kinica • ton 5 S ton bags, an addi. lieuna • ■ ton S 3 ton tional cinrge of vertle - • Ion 5 3 ton id. per bag, for umbn fc PiiTwlani ton 3 6 3 ton culling o^en and WfMKtiinK PozxDiani on slinutlngijut. board, It per ton. Collixling empty Thread • bale 1 6 2 bala bags and pack* Timber. See Wocd. ing Into bun. Tin • - Ion 4 2 ton dlr. ■ bille 1 ore - • lou b 4 toa Loading or ship. TrilwcC'i, a coTwnllJated ping, • bdle. 1 Working out and deli- rate, are («;te (W7. Tonjcuea,itbout2doi., bale 6 1 hala vering into craft, 3d loose - • down 3 cwt. • - tierce I t.i 3 cwt. . caik 3 »\.i 6 1-2 rtoMB 1 lierco 01-2 ciiklla2cwt per quarter. Import Bate. Rent Tonquin bcaui - chest in ca-sks • • cwt. 1 6 1 I 1.2 chMl 1 cwl. Week. Quantities, ic Tur'oiwfhcll . cwt. 1 2 can t. d. f. d. Of a rKnsolldatci i-aie of 1 cwt. incuka Whetstones • cwt. 3 1 12 cask 3 to 5 cwt. At. ^i. pL-r cwt. ut'tt. 1 0|.2 case or ca&k 1 cwt Tow, io bairt • cwt. 4 1-2 1 ' bale 4 cwt, ft uoder Whisks for brooms 11-2 bale nbiwe 4 and 100 bundle. 3 3 ion bundlea under B cwt. looaa • • 1,00(1 3 4 1,000 I bale ti cwt. and up- lale 1 10 1.2 3 bale ward. |.2la!e 1 1 12 1.2 Ule Toyt larfe caw or val 4 e 6 laixe cam or Tat M bale 9 1 14 bale inrdt!liri«r Wock. I. i. 4 « 3 10 RenI iVffk. d. 1 1-2 1-2 Rnlenm. nieiices fmni Ihe lani (lay of lait'lliiK, Riik from flm for ac* coiiijl of propricton 3 4 3 I I 1-2 2 Quanlilin, tc caak 3 In fi civt. case or ca-sk 1 cwt inniiundlea i 1,000 Ule 2 1-2 bale |.4 b,il« ' one eiifhlh of a balo 100 I 12 03 4 cwl. cwt. 3-4 bale under 3 rwt [ 1 bali3 3 lo 4 cwl. I 1 l'2:bal(:4 In C cwl. i 2 bale6cwi. aud '. I warda I DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 687 Good* laiporltd. |i Ham. h KenL .__ — 1 -■r Wnk, f. i. QujuillUaa, ki. 1" Per \V«!k. •(uaaliilaa, *«. Pm f . i. Pn i"er I, It f. d. Hr Wool-enraiRtud. Wood-nniiniMit. ■ "■ (Juhrl(wlinsby Barwnod - - 1 \%\A or wit«r, arvl Biiawnod . ton ) If uiKl(*r cover, incmlliil at dslUtrx, whru clurnU uoiicr roiwiliiUte'l ta\; par Uilo uf About 4cwr., Rraill, larp • 1 \-id. [H-r tf)ti. llUek elhiny. fmiu 4:amwooil • « Cocua wood EUinj . . Ion 4 t 1 Ihe tail l(Hlie% and lignum vile, rent atlrr 1 jrtar fr"nivM'(i'l brtak* Ii. Ausfnilian • rwl. 41-2 3-4 tiale under 3 cwt. Fu.tic, larn l.lKnuin vlui or * coiiwili'Ulcd rile of « 1 bale 3 to 4 cwt. I^IRWOUd < Ing bulk. \d. par ton per week. 4j. per baJa ut ftboul 1 1-2 bale 4 III II cwt. Nti-aragiia, larfe a l-i cwl., including a b.\le 6 cwt. and up- Uuhouiiiig or unpl liic. latHlinK, whMrfin, warda wharla^u, and thip- h'luiitif.and ISwccki* pinn, 2>, M. par ton. rent Iniiii thi dtln uf V 1 ' * V or a cniiauljdaled rate nl Itiu iliil) bn-akiiiK Of. id. per tun. If bulk, Iiui'nngwei4h'i, under carer, 7», per oriKinnl w»rf«nU,c«r- I'll •on. (irtcilanf (linmie, nr ■ ' . Btkiilello - Ion i e f ton iiirvcy fthtr limlinf, Riaail wood, amall Ion a a 8 Hjd inrniliiitc .it UmliiiK, ' I'ualic, yuun^ . Inn 3 too taring, lotting, lani* |ilinc, unpilmg for ' Nicaragua, auiall ton 1 ton i a.-indal . . Ion 3 too ■Itnw, ahdwliig, re. ilaaeafru ■ ton 3 tiin piling, tnanding, and (iiipan . . Ion a too nlliti< in, reweigbiiig. or a cuuaolldated rale of and my othfir usu.il B». per Ion. o[)cr:ilir)n pdrfurined JacciranJa • > ' by order of Uw iip- *,i • MahojiBy • , '» 1 . purler. Maple . - ' UiitiniiKing and Inading , HlMLWOOd • '■ ■ b) land, or direct Into >,* Sa'ln -• ■flip or lighter, and ni<'n Uiipickinr, weighing nett. repacking (when in tiundlei*), and coopering * ir tnoite, an extra charge it made. Gaxbliug, or aortiug, u alio an extra Clurgt), Examining, or rcaampling, one tidp ..... bith lilies . . • . - rnhoiuin<(, whirfage, and ihl|ipii)g . . • ■ • Diitn, and loading ...•■•■• Trari^fprring ........ linxft ur chciti, not of the above spocified weightt, charged in prnportion. Tobacco, ChPiti cniiiaining frnni ft(X) toGOOlbi. Boxci containing Above 300 and not cicf tiding 400 It)!. 9 2 Above 100 and nxt except I ing 200 111. LiTi'line charge) and conperlng, wpi^hing, nmpling, anil Niaking merchanutjle at laudiog icale, per lOOMw iiett . . - - On delivery for eiportatioD, including coopering, per IOIUb. ni'lt Ilitfo. if nanrnpled, ditto • • - • I'li'musii.it and loading, per hogshead • Rc^iniplin.^ ..... Wciehe-I ^rnss when an average tare \n taken, iin- pofiLT's chaiT^e . . - . . «. d. 21.2 3 Warrant, 1 hogihead • • • • • 2 — 3 - Any qiiant'.ly exceeding 3 bogibeada, 2d. per bogi* head additional. Tmnifer, per tiogihead ... 9. d. e 9 1 2 Ratos and Charges on Wines and 5tpiRiTS. TVie Landing ond Delivery Rate includes landing, wharfage, laying; up to (raufre, watchinf(« cooper's aitendiince at laniiinjr, deliveiy, and wliile on the qtiay ; the privilege of iyinc oti the quay 14 days fro:ii the vesflel breukine bulk, or the first landing from craft; originul wairants, gauges, strengths of Hpirits, and first sampll's. The Landinrr ami Uomiinjr Rate includes landine, wharfaee, laying up to paiigo, cooperage, cooper's \tteuduuce at Laiiding and housing , superintendence in the vaults fur tlie first 18 jnonihs; original I I ; 1 : ^ Ir » 'I i il'l i. i': ■• I I (h Jif ¥ u I ■ 588 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON), wnrrantt, |itn(<>i, itrAniihanriplrltii.iinil firit «i«inpti>ii. Thl* rntn ntinrhri after Iha eiplrattnn of oat cnlcnilnr innntli I'roin tli« ■lilphrcitkliiK Imlk, nr Ills ttmt liiiidlnir rniiii rmf). AViX.— MnrcliKiiti rmiulrliiK wliiei iir iplrlli to Im hiOKril within tlie llni* •llowod, (onn mltnilir muntli,) arn purtlciilarly rei|uuituil lu leuve a wiltun orJar lo (hit ttlfuet, when ihli riitu will liceunis jniiiinillatuly clinrgpubla. T/i* Cannlutaird Hall nn Rtim Iiii'IiiiIpi liinillnf, wlinrraKS, hniialnii, ennpcr'i altandnnrp, rnniierlni, firiiUliliiK iirliilniil wiirriinti), Kuniti'i. ■trrngth, llrit luiiiplei, aiiil It waaka' rent from the ililp titiiak- Ing bulk, or thii Ural liimlinii froii. tlui rrult. Hint aitarhii iu n'inti and Spiriit, chargad with the landing and dellv)>ry rata, aflar II ilavii, chargnd with tha Inndlng and hoiiaing riila, fTnni tha ahip hnmklng bulk, or tlm llral landing Truin iriitt on rum charged wiili tlia confolldaind ratn, n(\tfr 19 wiiuka from the alilp hmaklng bulk. ,An>(«.— Kant la In all ciiaca ciilculiitfd from tlia date uf the alilp breaking bulk, or the flrat landing from craft, auch dny Iwlng Included In the larni. Aattia^.— Korty-elght noura' notice will be given whan racking la naceaaary, to enable tlif prci.. prlc'tnr to aend hia own ritaka, nr they will be aupplled by Iha company, »t the prlcea atiitrct liHnlii. The proceeda of tin* racked enaka. When auld, will be paid to the proprletora, u|)on appllcutlcin, ui'irr dudiirling the expciiava of mili-, k.r. No ihiirgu la made nn winita ond aplrita racked in thi> vaulla within montha f^nm the nurind nfihe landing and houaing rate attaching, thoae for ) .iiKirlation or to he aent coiial wiai< exceptrd. 'l\i»tiH)i la nut permiltud wllhiiiit a written order, the uauril charge for which ia not made, when iho taatlng la by the proiiric'lor or hIa clerk, (iiuthoriaed to aign delivery and all other ordera,) provldiil lia la not acc. d. >. d. «. if. Unlini tiKl iteliTiry nte ; inclu- 3 8 Jl S 1 9 1 RKaniiuiiiK uiu( cno|)friur ,•.••••■ 1 « 9 9, 6 Rpiii, from ihc iliie of ihip biwUiini bulk, ptr week Wlurfafe iiid ihlnpinK, in addition In Itnllnn and delivan nt* Bmhlnic out end o|i«ulii( for lainplei, or Hcond Uiliiif, naUiog down, and 3 14 1^ 1 6 3 3 3 retlowlnj ... « 8 8 4 l/ittinx for public «1e • . . . • 2 3 2 3 I'otumtiiiK and loading - ■ • . • • 1 6 6 4 I'nhouiinf, wliarfigo, and thtppin(( .•,..- 1 ( 9 9 a Diviilinx 6-dozen caiea inio two S-doien caaea, induJinf new enda, unpacking, and repackinir, eacb new CAie 3«. 3d. Caaei conUlning quintlllei nut apeclAcd above, ue chargeable In tha like pro- portion. Zjm'liDC and delirery nle* on wlnet uid spirits, except rum, by land cama;;e .... Shippini; frem the quiy. ft(l|>ed, aJ'lilinnal Rent, fmni the ship breaking bulk, per V* cvk • Cooper'* luperintrndenre com* mencee after 18 moothi, at per WMfc, aitditioiul • Unaita> able Caika perju. 310 galla. Plpa^ Hbdfc Thl.-'. . d. 1 3 2 2 10 2 1 2 6 41-2 9 3 11-2 01-2 >. d. 2 8 6 4 6 6 41-3 1 9 6 3 1 f. d. 1 8 4 31-2 2 9 41-3 1 2 4 2 01-2 1. d. 1 3 3 il.2 2 41-2 10 3 11-3 01-3 • Ttie standard number of iron hnopi is wfoltovrs: vfc. port and Lisbon plpei, <«i; sherry butti^ eight; SpanUb red, brandfj and 0«DevapUflcbdoni,iix; auiiiSi hugsheadi, and uu&ller caaka, itx. ri>nanlt«r'i •uii«rliiifit«r'i •uii«rliiifitl ■hip|ilii|, >lllt(l • Httiil ht eniiimviirK rhu 'hjr ifirr UMJIInf, pvr n»»la| to tlw wtnhonH, drawlnf of, nAIIInf , bunglaf ip, tha um of Iht «»t lir on* Dliht, ■uit ili*llvnry l)y land nr wiUr .•••...■•.■• |)ill*i, |i>r ^Mvariilit»iil rniiirarla .■•.....*..• liKin, whan limiiilil mill iha liirli, InrliiiHim llw fcn(alu( opantlou, uil Ih* privllifa of Ijrlof In lh« wiraboim 4 dijri Waiar fur iwlurliiK IhfiatrfiiRth, )ifr iiuiivhaon .......... Riiiiii4 III Ilia val til* MiniiiiJ niifhl .••■••••••• Iliilii, liinni thin t'^nnlKhia, par niKht .••..•••••. ('>in(iarlii( Air fi|ifiHtlliin, ou ilalivary, per punchaoii ...•.-■•• 1)111(1, pat hiiKitialU ... ...*.....•• illil Ihin liiMipa . . . ..••.... Survey* itnd CurtincBtei . iro Oalliina. I. d. I'lilar 4 fuha •I Abiira S caalia uhI unlrr 10 tfOawl itpwanla t 8 B 7 ConpurnffOi and Extru Rate* and Chnrgei on Wingi and Hpirit*. PipN. HUa. Thlnla. Qr. Cuki. Hiilf Qr. Cwlli. Aiima. Doul.la. 1. d. Slnula. iiiir. 1. d. 1. d. : d. •, d. 1. d. .. d. t. d. TrlmmlniT, Includlni wtwJ hoopi, or iKiii|hiiii(i)ir • • • 1 1 a 1 9 ', 1 8 1 a 9 llrlviin .... 10 e 8 4 Si 8. 4 4 IMrtiinK %x\(\ tiiniltif " ■ S a 11 3* 1 1 H It 1 Ilrit.tkliiK cMii Atr f(Mii)«rlnt • Dull) fur Hxllvitryi IntiHtnlnn, Mlp* |>liMl nr ncktiiK, tiul ft) lii( up tpln riiiiiii lip ■ . . . 8 3J a a 8 3' 2 1 7 8 4 3 9 8 4 u 3 8 3 3 3 S 3 rill i (ir iiiicMinc • • Dttln irt rniivtN - • • Oil 9 8 4 1 a 9 8 7 A 8 4 S S 8 4 8 3 Diitn iiitl CUM . • • l> 8 la II 7 8 S 8 14 8 8 S 6 Hitt.liiK . . • • f 8 1 8 1 3 1 9 1 9 1 a 10 Kirklnff fmin tht Imni • • a 8 a 1 1 9 1 8 t 2 6 1 9 1 8 thtltiRriil niutlrlnirMlit • • Dilin iiikI naw r«iEt tn iwnA • IS 11 8 10 8 9 7 12 6 9 6 27 IH 18 8 13 8 10 8 » 14 9 8 Diltn And nt* w rwki nii th« (lURf . 24 17 IS 8 la 8 10 ao 13 6 9 Tnmnilnv »ili c%%m - . 1 « 8 4 3 S\m|>lli)K In Ihn vmilt, orMCnnd Mm* I'linKiiii ttivquky - • 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 T.v«tiiiK In itori, Parh tlm* • . 8 a 2 a 9 2 a 2 Diiiiiiiiliuliliouto • ■ • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kilnlinvcuki . ■ 4 2 8 a 8 1 9 1 3 a t 8 rniiitliiK llinltMUll • • Mch 1 9 9 8 8 1 9 8 Ihrk b(Hi)M| ■ ■ • . i 9 1 4 1 4 1 9 1 6 1 4 1 Iron hitopa ■ • . . 8 8 8 8 s 8 8 8 Niw hr«ti .... 3 8 3 a 9 9 8 a 3 3 6 3 2 8 nvtfnlmwIiiR iml bmndyliK, or flniov 1 9 8 e 4 9 8 8 Tba. lUlM. Fackagcfl landed in good condition. 200 Iba. Kmaaind upwarda. 130 Iba. and under 200 Iba. Oroaa. 80 Ilia. and under 130 Iba. Groaa. 60 Iba. and under 80 Iba. Groaa. 40 Iba. and under 60 Iba. Groaa, SO Iba. and under 40 Iba. Gross, 201be. and under 30 lbs, Grnaa. t'nder 20 Ilia. Groaa, «, d. 3 1 4 2 1 n 1 ni'4 Umllnii mmprlaini Umllnf, wtnrf- ar, walihlnf, fiirnUhlni lamlint wniilhli, mill Jallverjr lijr UihI fnmi (haiiiujr .... A'liliiliiiuil, Ifahlppnl I.vi'liii^ anil liimalnd comprliini hii'linff, wharfiKu, wnlnhinv, fu^ iil.hliif lanllnv welfhli, liuuiliiK, «iiil .liillviry lir Unil iililllliiiial, irahlppol Mimcananti miiiprlalnf Inndlnir. wliiKtixi*, walihlnv, RiiiT furnlahinir Unillm wriihta, homlnr, nnllnnr)- iiieihtliir, tirrltiff, plarini^ nn «tin\v, aitfA warfhniiai, HMmi. Miil attrmt. aura wliilit iin ahnw, liiltin«, iiailliiv 'li"Vn, po wnllttllin ami plllm »w»)r, aiirl iliillvi'py lir land • A llillnii 1, If alii'piial Brill, (ler .VMik .. d. I 1 7 8 1 1 l-l >. d. 1 9 6 1 8 10 S 6 8 1 1. d. 1 4 1 2 C 8 3 8 6 01-2 t. d. 1012 31-2 1 7 3 S 01-2 1. d. 9 3 1 8 2 4 4 01-2 1. d, 71-2 21.2 10 S 2 3 1.2 t, d. 8 a 8 4 1 3 2 Ol'l Vol. I.-.3 D il ' ^^^ 590 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). Consolidated Rates on Wood Goodi — Tronsferrlng, One Penny per Load Oood< Imported. Is* Rent per Quarter after the fint Quarter. Gflodi Imported. ik 1. Si 1" ««•<>•, Pit ». d. t. d. 1. d. Deck deals fcr 1. d. >. d. r. d : — 6S 33 20 he-ilin^ loifs .3-4 — — S.8 44 14 8 SpirhoKz and 10 ells to add oue double heading 2-2 1-2 44 22 7 4 third to the rates on ufen. linitle - 1 - 1 1 2 26 13 4 4 Oars under 24 feet long - . — 12 8 6 3 4 2 front llambro* and Dautzic, from 24 to 32 — . . _ 20 10 6 8 hogihead - • . — 40 20 15 32 feet long and upward! . — 30 IS 16 37 6 18 9 12 6 r.ancewofld spars ■ * . -. 30 13 9 barrel - . . — 33 6 17 9 10 Gun stocks . . . — 8 3 2 heailinf • • — 3t 16 10 Litl.ivoiid under 5 feet long fathom 9 4 6 3 Ihiu pipe 1 to 1 1-2 in. thick — 27 13 6 10 6 from 5 10 8 — . — 12 6 4 hoffahead • — — 23 12 6 10 Fir staves > . . — 1.3 7 6 3 bafrtl and heading — — 20 10 8 Treenails, large, above 2 n. long 1,200 12 6 4 •orting, per 1,200 - . 7». snuill, under 2 — — 8 4 2 6 Deals, itanilard hundred of 120 Wainscot logs, 7 feel long . each 9 5 3 Russia and Prussia deals and deal ends, 14 - ■ — 2 1 8 1 1-2 inch thick and 12 Ft. long — 12 6 8 3 4 Chpboarda 3 — . — 3 li 1 Swedish deals from ports iu the 6 - 6 3 2 Jlaltic, Oak and other timber charged with 2 1 2 and 3 in. thick, 14 ft. long — 20 12 6 7 duty by the load. 1 1-2 and 2 — 14 — — 16 8 8 4 S 6 square, per luai of 50 ft. > 6 6 4 Queliec, Norway, and Swedish round, [wr load of 40 ft. 1 1 deals from ports iu the North including under cover, per oad . 7 I 6 Sea, De.il plank and boards - - — 7 36 2 6 2 1-2 and 3 In. thick. Firewood • • • fathom 7 3 6 2 6 10 and l2reetlonr — 18 8 S 6 Smkes, American - • 1,200 leakwood, planks of, not under 20 10 C 4 to 14 — — 19 9 6 6 8 — 16 - - 22 11 7 6 cover .... load 7 4 1 6 — Id — - 23 12 6 8 6 onder cover . — 7 6 2 — 20 — — 28 14 9 6 Battens from all ports. Turning to measure for sale at land. a 1-2 and 3 in. thick. ing, oak or other timber, If. per 10 and 12 feel long — 12 6 4 load- to 14 — — 14 3 7 4 9 — 16 - — -18 — — 16 6 18 S 8 3 9 5 6 6 3 Sorting ilavei for freight, 7i. per -20 - — 21 10 6 1 2 1-2 and 3 inch half deals — 9 4 6 3 Marking lots on timber piled in tiera deal enils ■ • — 7 3 6 2 4 4d. per < jt. ballen ends • . — 6 2 6 « paling boards ■ * — 6 3 2 6 Rates on Goods sent to the London Docks for Exportation. Which, if cleared, may be shipped on board until sunset. If goods be not shipped at the e.tpiratinn of 3 weelis, rent is charged upon them. Goods not enu- merated in the following Table, are charged by the package, see post. Ooodi for Exportation. u Hent afler Three Weeks. Goods for Exportation. 1 S Rent after Thiea Weeks. jS M U. Per Week. Quantities, Ac. Per Wetk. f. d. Qiiantitice, Ac. Per ). d. ». d. Prr Per I. rf. Ptr Acids . middling c.ve 3 9 middling casa Ranging, about 2 qra-, ndl 2 2 6 100 Mils small case 2 8 small case Bark - • chest 1 3 rhcst Almonds, in serons ton 3 4 8 ton half chest or semn 8 2 1.2 chest or seron in boxes or bai-rela cwt. 4 4 100 Barley . • lierie 1 3 tieire 2 100 half ditto small cask 8 1 12 iiuM C3sk 3 J barrel al)out2cwt. j 2qrs. sack 6 n 1 B'lCk f 2 s 1 1-2 nr 1-4 barrel Jug or barrel < to to score shell • • ewL 6 4 lari?e bale 4 10 3 small ditto Birrowa • each 2 s score 2 S 1 -2 bale from Sqrs. ( to 1 cwt. 2 qra. Bedsteads, aecortling toS sire . • each) 6 to 1 10 >e.ich Ahm • • ton 2 6 6 loB I 6 3 ) Anchors or grapnels, ton 3 4 3 ton Beef and pork tierce 6 8 lOntiercca Anchovies, case containinfT barrel 4 6 100 barrels 8 barrels 8 1 casa Beer * ■ kilderkin fl 4 1 kilderkin double barrel 2 ?0 5 barrel 4 1 1-2 barrel keg nr single barret 1 hogshead 8 2 hogshead Aniseed . . chesi 9 1 chest butt or puncheon bottled, in casks, dozen 1 4 4 bult or puncheon half chest 6 1 1-2 1-2 chest Annntio . small basket 4 6 1 1 small basket hollies In ca(*a, bottles, or hani- 1 01-4 dozen botllea Aale trees ■ each^ to to each pera • dozen bottles Boea' wax, in casks Ion 2 1-2 diiien botllea 1 6 2 3 4 10 Ion Tlacoa . - bale 6 1 tala 6 10 6 cwt- bale 1 4 4 tola side 2 OM side about 4 cwt. bale t 3 bals 8 1 ) ( 8 2 ) Baggage • package In to ptekai* Bellowa, i..iilhi' pair< to to Uiit , 2 1 6 ) t 2 6 « i )N). DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). 691 1 per Load. 4 cm. Goods not cnn- Rent aflcr Three Weclu, Per I'eek. 6 3 2 3 I 12 I Qimnti1ic9, hz. P>r 100 ro!li chpit 1-2 chrstorseroD ticiTe s'lck I I 1-2 2 4 OM 1-2 4 3 2 I \ icnre •con >each lOniiercM 100 barritli kilclerkla barrel butt or puDclieon doxen bottles diiwn bottln (on liais bala (tir Ooodj for Eiportation. u Rent after Three Weeks. Goods for Exportation. ¥i 1 Rent after Three Weeks. | Per Per Week. t s Week. Quantities, fee. Quantities, fte. Prr f. d. ». A Per Pa 4. d. f. d. ftr ' 2 6 6 ) Colours, in casks • ton 3 4 8 too BilliarJ lablM each. to to >e«rh Copper, in casks, 4 to 8 S 1 cwt, - • ton 3 4 4 Ion Blacking • • flrkin 4 03-4 firkin In cases, S to 7 cwt. case 1 1 4 barrel 6 I barrel 7 to 8 cwt. case 1 2 Joe ton •mall cajk 8 1 1-2 small caak 9 10 10 cwt. case ! 2 6 ) from S to 7 cwt. cnik 1 2 cask bottoms, 1 cwt- bottom 4 1 ton about Hcwt, caak I 2 2 1-2 cask 2 cwt. bottom 8 I ton 9cwt. cask 1 4 3 cask bolls 2 cwt. bundle 8 1 bundle from 10 to 16 cwt. cask 1 6 3 1-2 cask sheets, loose - ton 4 1 ton 15&unJer20cwt. tank 2 8 4 cask cakes • - ton 3 4 including welfMng about 20 cwt. cask 3 6 cask Coppers, about 14 cwt Mottles, empty glass, con- eacn S 1 Ion taining from 15 to 20 Cordage • • ton 3 4 8 ton dozen - • crate 8 2 crate Cork • • ton 4 1 ton from 21 to29doz. crate 1 2 1-2 crate ( 2 1 ) 30 to 44 doz. crate 1 4 3 crate Corks • bag or cask-? to to f bag or cask 45 to 50 doz. crate 2 4 crate \ 8 2 J C 1 ) Com, in sacks • each 6 1 each imall basket or box \ to [OOM small basket or boi Cotton, East India bale s 1 1-2 bale \ 2 i 1-2 bale 4 1 1-2 bale Bnn • • Mck 4 1 sack American - bale 1 2 bale Bre-id • • l'.W 4 01-2 hag twist, under 2 cwt- 2qr8. Bricks • • 1,200 7 « 6 l,?00 l?ale 8 2 bale if shipped byorew 1,200 2 6 6 1,200 presses, wooden each 10 1 each Bmobu, birch, 1 dozen iron - - each 20 1 6 each bundle I 01-4 bundle Cows, shipped by machine 2 dozen bundle 2 1-2 bundle each 8 6 hair or house bundle 2 1-2 bundle Cowries - • ton 3 4 8 ton Bnllion • large package 1 Currants • • butt 2 8 butt amall packagi- 8 pipe 1 6 3 pipe Butter • tub or firkin 2 3 100 firkins or hib carotel 1 2 arotel 1-4 cask 4 6 100 quarter casks f 4 ?.,» Cililcs, hemp • ton 3 4 8 ton Dampers, iron each< to i03 ton chain • • ton 3 4 3 ton ( 8 ) Caniplinr - • chest Caudles lew tt»n 28 lbs. 8 1 1-2 chest Dogs - • each 6 Drips and pots .1,000 Drags, uO'ier 2 cwt. 2qrs. 10 1 6 1,000 boi 2 01-2 boi 23 Ibi. to 1 cwt. boJ 3 1 lox chest 8 2 chest aljove 1 cwt. boz 4 1 1-2 box 2 cwt. 2 qrs. to 5 cwt. Canec, common rattan. ctiest 1 3 rhest 1,0(10 1 3 1,000 6 2 ) Cannons, imder2ton9,each 3 4 Earthenware • crate i to to t crate under 4 tons* each 6 6 each ( 1 4 3 5 • l-arger in proportion. r S 6 ) Canvass • • bolt I 1 3 too bolts Engines, fire • each. to to ^each Carts, according to iize, ( a*ch1 2 to 5 3 to 6 ^each garden • • each 10 2 6 8 9 3 2 each ) f 4 t ' Felt • - balej to to Vbals Cart wheels • pair-J to to pair \ 1 3 ) ( T 2 Fire-arms . large chwt 1 4 3 large chest Casks, empty sugar Iihd. 6 I t-2 sugar hogahead f 8 2 ) butt or puncheon 4 1 butt or puncheon case or chest I to to Vcase or chest hogshead barrel 2 01-2 hogbliead ( 1 3 ) 1 U 3 score Fire or flagstones ton 3 4 3 ton Cassia • • chest 8 2 1 chest Fish, loose < • ton S 8 ton under 1 cwt- 1-2 chest 4 1 11-2 cheat ( 3 01-2 ) Cement • • barrel 6 1 (barrel barrel or box < to to >.banelorboz 12 barrel 4 03-4 l-2b.irrel \ 4 1 ) ChalTcutten, acconling i to size - - each i 1 8 to 2 ) to >.each Fhz - • ton I cwt. 2 qrs. bag 3 4 8 03-1 ton bag 2 6 i Flints, under 1 cwt- kee Flour . . barret 2 1-2 keg Chairs, single or mahoga- 4 10 score tnrrels ny - • each 2 012 each Furniture in paclcagea. common, bundle con- -.,1 according to size. laininsS - 4 012 bundle other bnndlea in pro- Ginger ■ • ton 5 1 ton portion. Glau - box or 1-2 tiox 4 1 box or 1-2 box Chaises with 4 wheels. crate 8 2 crate each 6 10 each 1-4 crate 8 1 1-4 crate 2 wheels, each S a each butt or hogshead 1 6 4 butt or hogshead Chalk, in casks - ton 2 6 6 ton pipu or puncheon 1 2 3 pipe or puiicheo* Chariots - • each 8 6 1 each tierce 1 3 tierce Clieete, loose • cwt 3 1-2 cwt. ( 4 1 ) hamper about I cwt. basket 4 1 hamper small cask^ to to S small auk 4 1 baidiet \ 8 2 ) 2 lira, basket 2 1-2 basket plate • small case 8 2 small case Cider • • pipe hogshead 1 6 4 pipe middling case 1 4 4 middling case 9 2 hogshead Urge case 2 6 large caso Ciuuamon • sinzle bale 8 2 single liale / 6 2 'each dout>le bale 1 3 double hale Gntet. and stoves each^ to to 3 or 4 hnlts, package 1 6 4 parkage 1 3 \ 6 liolts, package 2 6 8 [>ackage Grindstones, for every six case or chest I 4 3 caiie (I'r rhesf inches in diameter • 2 1-2 1-2 chest 8 2 12 cheat Gritts ' ■ iirkin 2 6 ton Clocks in cases, accord- J ing to size > each > 1 to 2 2 to 4 ieach Cum - • seron chest Guns. See i'lre-amif . 6 1 1 3 semn chest Clovw - small bai 4 1 small bag great. See C'aniioii*. about 2 cwt. bag 8 2 b.ag Gypsum • hogshead 1 8 C 4 hogshead 6 or (J cwt cabk 2 6 cask puncheon 1 2 2 puncheon Coaches, s'age - each 19 1 6 each Hams, loose • each 1 5 score priva'e .. . each 10 1 each C 6 1 ) Coa^s . hogshead 1 6 3 hogshead In casks • caak< to to ^cask Colfee . . bag 4 ^ \ 1 6 4 5 small bale 6 Hard nm re, R toScwI. cask 1 n 21-2 cask 3 cwt. 2 on, to 4 cwt. 10 ton 8 tn 9 cwt. cask 1 4 3 cask bale 8 9 to 12 cwt. cask 1 6 4 cask 6 cwt. bale 1 12 to 15 cwt. cask 2 5 cask C 3 s ) IS to 17 cwt. cask 2 6 6 cask fans ■ ■ each^ to 6 to s eech Harps or harpsichords.} 2 6 to 6 to .each eaco I. .. C 2 8 6 accordiugtosize, each 1 5 9 engines or diellers) each) la In each Harrows - • pair 2 4 >air A 8 ) Hats > • case 1 3 case Coke - chaldron 4 1 cbeldrao Hat boxes ■ . eanh 2 ! ! 1 i\,l ^^ mi 502 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON). Ckxxli for Eiportttion. 111 Rent after Three Weeks. Rent after lliiee Weeka Per Week. Quantities, fee. Goods for Exportation. Per Week. Quantities, kc. ^f t. d. ITd. eer Per t. rf. ». d. i Per Hay • md of 36 truiMt 4 Paper • - bale 8 2 bale bale of 3 trussirf 4 3 sconlruMM unalt bile 8 1 1-2 small bale IruM 8 Pearl barley, 1 cwt, barrel 1 Hemp - • ton 3 8 ton or keg 4 1 barrel or keg BCiewi . . each 4 1 each ( 4 03-4 ) ^ Derringl > barrel 4 01-2 barrel Pepper • • bag-J to to (bag Uidia or ikim, Gut India, ( 6 1 l5 5 to 7 lbs. . 100 8 8 100 Ferry • • butt 1 8 4 jSult 10 to 12 Ihfc . each 1-8 8 too Piano-fortes, grand, each 4 1 each ox and coir • 100 6 1 6 100 cabinet • - each 3 9 each Hoopi, wood • bundle 1 9 score bundles square - • each 2 8 each truM . . bundle 3 6 ecoT« buodlw Fickica • large package 1 2 large package 1 middling package 12 small packaie Hope • • bag 8 8 bag middling package small package 8 pocket « 1 pocket hogshead 3 Hom,tlpiuid platei, hhd. 1 4 4 Figs - each 8 Honea • - each 10 Fil«c1ay, loose - ton 3 4 3 'ton o)b or pony - each Indian rubber barrel 5 6 hogshead 1 8 2 1-8 hogshead 6 112 barrel puncheon 1 2 8 puncheon Indigo • . teron 6 11-2 seioa ( 4 1 1 aboutSqit. t-3 cheat or amaUcask^ to to Ssmallcaak boi 8 11.2 1-2 chert or box 8 1 1-2 S cheat 8 a chest Pipes, empty ■ each 4 1 each Iron, ban and unmanu- Pitch • barrel 4 8 100 barrels faclured • ton 1 6 3 ton Plants, about S cwt. pack- hooi'- 1 cwt. bnn.lle 4 ) age 1 6 4 package 3 qn. bnndlo 3 Jo 8 toa middling package small package 1 3 middling package 8 on. bundle 2 J 8 2 pott . -100 4 8 9 ) 100 Ploughs - ■ each Potatoes, about 1 cwt. 1 3 each lire • bundle. to 01-8 bundla baskei 3 01-2 baaket { 4 3 bushels, sick 6 1 sack heavy manufactured ma- ton 3 4 ton chinery, mill work, Qulcksilrer, iron bottle 8 01-2 each ftc. tc, piecea above Kagi • 3 cwt lag 4 1 bag 1 ton - - ton 6 6 ton Rice • . bag 3 4 toj under 1 ton ■ ton S 8 Ion Rigging • • cwl. Brain - barrel 4 03-4 cwt • Krap, looM • Ion 4 8 ton 4 6 too barrels in bagi . ton 3 8 Ion Safflnwer, under 8 cwt. hurdles • - each 1 S score 2 qrs- - • bale 8 2 bale * Weighmg \». 6d. per above 2 cwt 2 qn. bale 1 3 bale Ion. Sago, io boxes about 1 cwt. Ivory . . cwl. 3 1 cwt box 4 1 box Knives, Malay, tinall cask 8 8 ■mall cask SaiUlolh - . bolt 1 3 score l*ic dye 3 cwt chest 1 2 cheat Saltpetre, rough, in bags, about I cwt 2 ors. cheat 8 1 1-3 chest ton 3 8 ton C 9 4 ) refined, 1 cwt. barrel U 4 1-2 barrel lAce • package.? to to packaga above 1 lo2cwt catk 8 1 cask < 1 6 9 ) 10 cwt . cask 1 2 3 cask [iSths • - bundle 1 1 8 100 bundle) Saws - - bundle 8 10 score bunoies Load, in pin - Ion 8 3 Ion Seed, clover or other bale 8 11-2 bale black - 40 lbs. cask a 1-2 cask Seed lac, 2 cwt. to 2 qrs. shot ban, or rolls, Inn 3 4 3 Ion Sheep • . each Shellae, in bags orbnndles, 8 2 hag Ume • • puncheon liogshead 1 2 3 puncheon hogshead 6 1 6 4 < f 4 I ton 5 1 ton small cask.{ to to amaUeaik Skins 18 to 20 cwt. cask 3 7 cask \ 8 3 15 cwt cask 3 8 8 cask Logvrood • . Ion 2 3 8 ton va* 6 8 vat Mace and nutmeit, small hogsv .,. 4 hogshead cask 8 8 small cuk kierre . i 3 tieree Mani;les . - each 3 8 each goat and \i 4 hogshead 2 4 , puncheon 1 t t 3 puncheon gu'lgft^ns ■ • each 1 3 each loap, 56 the and under. stones, a)x>ut 1 Ion e.ach 4 6 each small boi t t V8 small box Mineral brown (in turpen* 57andnndei Il2lbs.b.i> 4 . box liuf? cisks) 3 cwt barrel 8 6 An I and under 'owl. chest 6 i 3 chest Mohsst's • puncheon 1 2 3 Duncheoo 8 and under 3 -iv|. chest 8 P 8 chest Mothero'-pearl shells. Ion 3 8 toa 3 to 6 cwt. ng28lbs kei; 2 Oil 'ofkegi Spades • 1 dot. bniKlle 4 1 buiK 'a Nails ■ 2 qrs. he); 2 3 2dox,buo.lln « < buiia> ' 1 cwt 2 qrs. keg 4 03-4 kog Spelter - - tnii ! 1 4 tOk 1 cwt 8 qn. to 2 cwl. Spirits, see fTtmt. cask 6 1 cask Starch • 1 cwt box ' II 1 boa ton 5 6 qu under 1 cwt. box > ( J 1 boa Nankeens, not ftxcaeding Slavea, wine hogshead. I cwt. case or chesi 8 tl-2 case or chest pack 1 i> 012 pack 1 3 luncheon ^'E^-gsiST' T "^i Nutria skins 4 cwl. bale 8 2 4 J 012 i:s* S cwt bale 1 3 lale steel, in bars - ton 3 4 > i Oakum 2 uti. bun.lle 2 1-2 bundla in bundles, 1 cwL Uilcake ■ • ton 3 6 8 on bundle 4 < < ton honhe.ad 1 8 4 logshead ■ 8 > 1 ^each puncheon 1 2 S puncheon Storea and grates each i to 'a Oil • • - tun 3 8 8 Fun 1 t ) under3gslloiu, jug 8 ) Straw • - truss 1 .1 score trusses 3 to 7 gallons, .'Ug 4 01-4 Sallon Sugar - mat or bag 4 i mat or bag { 8 In 10 g-illons, jug 8 4 or 6 cwt mat nr 11 to 12 gallons, jug 8 01-4 gallon basket, 8 1 mil V itukal cbfsl 8 012 chest boxes or chests ton, 3 4 i ••m 1-8 cheat 4 1-4 1-2 cheat tnslard, not exceeding 2 cwt 2 qrs. barrel, 5 ( 2 6 ) 1 bs-m» Organs • each< to 5 to 1 Wh under 8 cwt tiercel 9 12 and under 14 cwt. a 1 tB>V» Osnahurghs, loose, piece Ox t>owsur Tdkes, 1 ilozen 1 01-4 piece cask 1 6 to 5 ton 14 cwt. sod upward!, buii'lle 3 01-8 bundla raikj 2 J Oxen • each 10 refined • hogshe.aill ieach each cacb jlarKepackai^ middling packan 1-2 Biuall pauagtt 3 !ton 2 1-2 hothead 2 jpuncheoa 1 \) to SanuJl cMk ll.2|j ^' 1 each 100 barrel! a 4 3 9 2 9 3 01-2 I 4 01-2 I 4 034 ) 2 ) 3 I 1 I 3 I « I 1.2 I I I 3 I 10 11-2 package middling package imall packajre each ^ baaket sack Ion each bag ton cwt. too berrelt bale bale box •core Ion barrel caik caak acore bunaies bale bag 'on caik calk vat hogshead tierce lt-2 2 4 3 bale large bale hogshead puncheon small box box cheat chest iheit > Jsach buiK *e bUMi ' lOB baa boa pack >aek ton MCh score truaan I mat or bag m. rf. Per I. d. «. <<. Pw Sunr— conlmuarf. For vat. ( 7 < 1 KeBned, packed in hogs- heads or vati, to oe Per hhd. 16 cwt. and up- , Wagona • eachj to 10 to 1 6 each hnuied for eipofUtion. warda. Whalebone 6cwLbale loo Wheels, according to) aixe - • pair 1 6 4 1 Sale ipalr Homing • 6 WeifbiDg or re-welghing 6 1 1 4 to 1 lo Unhaiuing, wharfage, and 1 3 , shipping • 1 8 3 Wheelbarrows • eae i 2 01-4 each Rent • • perweeki 3 6 Wine, botUed, in casks, doxen bottles in cases dozen boltles 1 2 01-4 012 doxen botllee dozen bottles Wharfg. Rent and ^esk. (. d. Spirits, pipe, puncheon. Pir Shipping f. d. Per or butt bogahead 2 1 6 3 pipe, pun. or butt Tallow • • Ion 2 6 6 Ion No charge la made fur Tar • barrel: 4 6 100 barrels wharfage of wiiea and Ta • • cheat 1 3 chest apirils landed at the docka, and carted to the 1-2 chest 8 2 1-2 cheat 1-4 cheat 6 11-2 1-4 chest export quay, except for imall box Tiles, Welch, about 1 foot 4 1 small box "atriking and ship- ping," vix. square • - 100 a 6 100 pipe, butt, aod pun- Tin - • box 4 01-2 box cheon • M. barrel 6 1 barrel hogshead • id. Wire, iron, 1 cwt 8 qn. block 2 6 acor* Tombstonea • each 6 6 each ^ bu^le « 1 bundle Tripe • • keg 8 01-2 014 ) keg Wood . - tor When not cleared the 2 S 3 ton Turmeric • • bag. to 2 j.O ton same day as •t.ut down, piling is charged. Wood hoopa • bundle 6 1 ' 1 3 score bundle! Turpentine caiboy to 1 to S carbof truss buudia Wool, Engliah, 3 cwt. to 8 5 score bundles Vaniiih . • bsriel « 1 barrel 3 cwl. 2 qra. bale 9 234 bale Vermilion, 2 to 3 cwt. 3 cwt 2 qra. to S cwt cheat or package 2 4 cheat or package ^ bale 1 3 bale Vinegar - puncheon hogsheid 1 4 4 puncheon Roaheod Spaniah - 1 cwt. bag 6 1 bag 8 8 2 cwt bag 8 8 b4 barrel or 1-8 hogshead 8 1 1-2 barrel or 1-8 hhd. 2 cwt 2 qra. bag 9 2H bag evilriol, carboTa gallon 4 1 gallon German, under 4 cwt. middlinacaae 3 aniallcaae 2 9 middling case bag 8 2 bag 8 amall case 4 to 6 cwt bag 1 3 bat 6cwt kupwarda,bag 1 4 |0 4 bi« 1 • N. B.—" hrsons sending to the dock, for shipment, aquafortis, oil of vitriol, or other goods of a dangerous quality, and neglecting to dlitincily mark, or state, the naluro of such goods on the outside of the package, or otherwiae give due notice thereof to theauperintendeni, are subject to a peoaily of ZOL"— (See act 9 Geo. 4. c 116. § 132.) When chahoed by the Paok&oe. Goods for Exportation. M Rent after Three Weeks. 1 Goods for Exportation. 111 Rent after Three Weeka. 1 Per Week. Par Wuek. 1 s Quantilies,te. » 1 <)uantitiei, ke. Ptr >. d. <■ d. Ptr Ptr «. large . . Mch 6 114 each Packs, vali^ te. • bale to lo bale Gonlei or Jars, 1 lo 3 gal- 1 2 Ions . - each 2 ^ Pipei • • each 1 4 4 each 4 lo 7 gallons • each 7 to 10 gal Ions . each 4 e 01-4 gallon size • • eac « 11-3 each lltol2gallonB • euh 8 Other sizes will be (03 01-2 > , charged in proportion Boxes • • each to to >aach and rent one fourth ol 8 8 J the rale for wharfage Bundles, large • each 1 3 each and shipping. mi'Mliog - each 9 21-4 each Puncheons ■ each 1 4 4 each ■mall ■ . each' 6 1 1-2 each 8 2 Cam, small . each 8 middling . each 1 2 each Tierces • • each' to to ■ each 3 each 1 3 large, 5 to 6 cwt each 1 4 3 each Trunks • • r,c 6 1 1-2 each «to7cwt - each, 1 6 1-2 cwt. 6 6 Trjssei - each' to to each 1 1 a 11-2 Goods not Included in the foregoing IVbles pay in proportion to the ra.*es tbereio contained, according to weight or size. 3. Emf. Jndia Docks, — These docks, situated at Blackwall, wore originally intended for tile accommodation of ships employed by the East India Company, or in the East Indian trade ; but they are now open to vessels from alt parts. There are 2 docks ; 1 for shii^ ua< 3s 2 75 : III 1 I 1 i w \ ,';<■! 11 I'H ir. • ';:i m jii '' I M ,1 ! t:li III' ;viii:i i,i. I 594 DOCKS ON THE THAMES (ST. KATHERINE'S). loading inwards, and 1
    sent dividend is 6 per cent; and tho stock is now (December 1836) worth from 116/. to 117/. The management is committed to 12 directors, each holding 2,000/^ stock. Kate^i of Charge. — Tho charges on goods exported are the same as at the other docks. Inwards they are, aa before stated, the same as at the other docks, when tlie goods art brought up to the cifi/ warehouses ,• but if kept down at tho docks, or while they are there, the charges and rent are considerably lower. Tonnag* Rates, Ij^c, on Shiovinir. t VttHh haoardi. i Fnr dlscharfin^ earcwi, tnd for Ihe me of the dock for t»fiity.«i - • • • • - 6 Vm of wharf (br ditto, per Ion per week - .04 Cotaitn and Crap. Oiber than lighten, with caitpi for outward bound sbipi, with libeny In remain for one week, per register Ion • Otlwr tfi-in lighters loading fmin the Import Warrhousee, with the like privilege, on the groes weight they lake on Ixiahl, per tun In eitlier rase, rent, after the expiration of one week, per register ton . - • • . • , Wattr, Supplied from the reatfToir, per Inn • rillered wa 6 ft-aier, do. I S flipping. Clmrgtt far Moiling or DitmaUing at Iht MattBuOding, Main Fore Miien Bow. Ships of Mast. Mast. Mast. sprit. L. 1. if. L.I. d. L. 1. d. L.I. d. 1,000 to 1.600 tone » 8 i 3 12 4 10 801) -1,000 — 6 IS 6 6 3 3 3 til 6H)— 800 — 4 3 12 2 2 600— 650 - 3 4 2 16 1 12 1 12 SOO— iOO - 2 12 6 a s 1 6 3 1 6 3 under 300 — 1 17 6 1 IS 9 1 2 6 I 2 6 For putting m or taking off Topi. For Ships of t.nuo to 1,500 tons 800 — 1,000 — 600- 800 — under 500 — Main. L. I. d. 1.5 10 7 6 in proportion* Fore. L. I. IS 10 7 Miien. L, I. d, 10 5 5 The prices of the above Tables are for each operation, which io. dudes the use of masting fall and slings. N, il.— Owners of slii|)s may purchase not Irss than half a fall, at 25 per cent, under the ready money coat price. Rata on Ooocfs in vptovm Warthoutu. Tea, In peckagn of 20O lb. grose, and upwards ISO and under 200 80—130 60 — 80 - 40 — 60 . 30 — 40 ■ 20 — M - under 20 Silk, Bengal, per bale, 150 lbs. and upn-ards 104 10 150 under U'4 China, per bale, 104 IN. and upward* ■ under 104 Landing and Housing. Manage. nient. Rent per Week. : d. 2 1 8 1 2 1 1 10 B 4 2 8 2 1 6 3 1 6 «. d. 7 6 6 6 3 8 3 2 4 2 1 3 1 9 8-1 _ 7 a Sg' 1 1\^^ «. d. 11-] 1 012 012 01-2 12 014 014 11-2 1 1-3 11-3 11-2 112 4. Sf. Katharine's Docks. — Tho Company for the construction of these docks was incor- porated by the act 6 Goo. 4. c. 105. (local), and they were partially opened on the 25th of October, 1828. They are situated immediately below the Tower, and are consequently tho mo!!t contiguous of any to the city, the Custom-house, and other places where business is transacted. The capital raised by shares amounts to 1,352,800/. ; but an additionnl sum of 800,000/. has been borrowed, on the security of tho rates, for the completion of the works, IINE'S). k contains about 18 connects the docks lock is 210 feet, the I Docks is never less ihan any other eata* ing the river, nearly }at the largest steam f and dismasting the ist India Company's lituated in the heart the same terms as at by the servants of to those in the other ;he8 run every half projected railway to e Exchange, will be lers, or at least none ickwall. It will, we 1 to come further up of accidents. 523,000/. The pre- worth from 1 16/. to )0L stock. B at the other docks. uhen tfie goods ore vhile they are there, ng at llu Ma^BuOding, Pore Miun Bow. Mail. Mut. iprit. <. d. L. M. d. L. .. d. i 3 12 4 10 6 3 3 3 12 12 2 2 16 1 12 1 12 S 1 6 3 1 « 3 IS 9 1 2 G 1 2 6 tnf off Topt. Ton. MiUD. L.t. d. 15 oin 7 6 an. L.I. d. 10 6 6 tor each opention, which in- ue not Ins than half & fall, it «t price. ini tVarthoUia. MUBJU- nient. Rent per Wwli. L ». d. f. d. 1 7 8 IM 1 » 6 1 1 3 8 01-2 1 3 012 > 2 4 01-2 ) 2 1-2 1 1 3 014 < 1 01-4 1 8 61 _ 11-2 1 7 6 S S' 1 1.2 6 6M|i 112 1 r?s-i 7 8 "lil lt-2 ;6 6j '"I iij le docks was incor- ed on the 25th of e consequently the I where business is additionul sum of ition of tho works, DOCKS ON THE THAMES (ST. KATHERINE'S). 595 snd the purchase of a freehold property posscsmng river frontage from the Tower to tha corner of Lower East Smithtield, of the value of upwards of lOU^OUO/., but not required for the immediate purpose of the act A portion of this property has been appropriated as a steam packet wharf, where passengers embark and land without the aid or risk of boat con- Tpyance. The purchase of tho numerous houses that stood upon the ground occupied by the docks proved, as in the case of the London Docks, a heavy item of expense. The space included within the outer wall is about 24 acres, nearly 11 of which are water. There are 2 docks, communicating by a basin. The lock leading from the river is 180 feet long, and 45 broad : it is so constructed, that ships of upwards of 600 tons burden may pass in and out 3 hours before high water, so that outward-bound ships have tho opportunity of reach- ing Blackwall before the tide begins to recede. Ships of upwards of 800 tons register are docked and undocked without difficulty, and the dept'i of water at the entrance exceeds that of any other wet dock in the port of London. Vessels are also docked and undocked by night as well as by day, — an advantage peculiar to this establishment A clear channel of not less than 300 feet in width is at all times to be kept in the pool ; and vessels drawing 18 feet water may lie afloat at low water at the principal buoy off the dock entrance. Tho warehouees and vaults are upon a very large scale ; far more so than one might be disposed to infer from the extent of water. The warehouses are exceedingly well contrived and com- modious ; and, owing to their being built partly on pillars (within which what is called the quay work of the other docks is transacted, close to the water's edge, goods are hoisted direct from the hold of the vessel, without its being necessary, as in the West India and London Docks, to land them on quays ; so that there is in this way a great saving both of room, time, and labour. The whole establiBhment is exceedingly complete, and reflects the greatest credit on the public spirit, enterprise, and skill, of those by whom it was pro- jected and executed. Tho regulations to be observed by vessels using tho St. Katharine's Docks are similar to those enforced in the West India Docks, to which, as in tho case of the London Docks, we beg to refer. Talilt! of Tonnajre Rates chargeable on Vessels entering the St. Katherine Bocks and also of the Ratcij for diHchargin;? Cargoes landed by the Company, subject to such Revision, from Time to Time, as shaU be found expedient. yiuttli Tnvjardi. Ou VeHeli ladea, Per Ton arriving from Register. firtt Clttt9. — Any mrt of the Unilud Kin^nin, Isle of Mm, JttrteVt Guern- lev. AlJcniey, Sark, or oiht-r Kumcean ptirttouteilethe RtN lie, Iwtiveeii the North Capo and Uituat Utrond C/ofi.— Aitv other port - *. d.^ a 6 9 Privilego. t^ttidt whote cargoa art du- eharsed by lAc Dock Compantf, Uttenf^itie tMcks to vetitielsaiTiving from Hainhro', or from any port in \ha Mt;Jilerraiiean, for 6 weeks from the date nf entrance; if arriviog from auy other port, 4 weeks irom Ihc date of final diacharse, with liberty to load outvv.ipis for any port or phce, and to quit the docks for repnirs, ani re-t*iiter ; the period of ah* ■ear« from dock for such pur- posvt not to affect the privilege. Fauda whole carf^oa axt dU- charged by their cmos. The like privilege, but to com. mence from the date of en- trance. Per Ton Register. Rent, in each case, after the eipiralion of the pri* vilPi?!-. ptT Wl-Ck . . .. • For |iiitial rcniistinna ui'l excmptiona on ve»- kIs partly laden, or arriving from Spain or Portu^l, wool or cork laden, or veueU with cum. see annexed Table. Ralet /(T dixharging Cargoa Inf Iht Company. Larf^ofR. comittin?, in the whole or in part, of BUfrar in tiopheads or tferce^f including ihip cooperaije . . . . - Cirgoefl, cousisting of sugar in ches's of 5 cwt. anil upwards, includlni^ship eoonerage Carjjoci, cnnsistinn of su;ck without furlher charge for 24 hours after nnal landing. Rent, after expiration of Ihat period, Id. per ton register per ^veek. Should tlie vessel Inid outwards. the UMial toonatfe rates, accordiiti; to tlie port of destination, will be charge-l, insieau of ihe ra'e for dockin; and unilockin|[. Th0 Dock Company reserve the power of refusing ihe admission of ships laden entirely with cm. Other vessels, not being fully laden at the time of entering the (locks, will be charged tonnage rate only, on the proporti«^n of cu-ir-i brougtit in; the amo-iut of rate to be determined by the fiori froiii whence Ihe vessel liab arrive i ; and if discharged hy he Company, rates for unloading in addition, acconling to Ihe description of the cargo, »nd quautiivso discliargel. Rent, after 1 werK, Iff. per ton r. <;isler per week. Vessels laden wiih cork or wool from Spain or Portugil will be charged only 6rf, per ton re.^ister. Retit, after 3 weeks from date of entrance, Id. |)er ton regular per week. L, $, d. Light veraels entering the dock to lie up, will be charged, for auy perio-I not exceeding 4 weeks, per ton register - • ■ -006 Rent per week, after the expiration of the 4 weeks, on the re, S 6 Thamea water supplied to reauis by the CoDiptnjr, per tun • - • • .10 For an abt'nct of a ship's carfo inwards, and wtlfhts IberMf. for tha purpoae o( nuklof up fr«i|bl aMSaBls, Uit hllowlof chain will be made I— I. A l(UM|OodahanilOaurks,nrand«r • I II niarliilolORMrks • 1 8 11 Burks and upwards* 1 sash mark or IMrcrl. W, A— Tin diMk^uae, twit, ke, of most srtlclas landed, wsr» houaad, or shipped at the dllkrtnl dMks, haInK, In lenemi, Msilgt Identical, tha reader Is refanad for an aooottnl vl lbs asoia lo the I Table under tha bead Loiidon Bodu, 6. Commercial Docks. — ^Excluuvo of the previously mentioned doclci, which are all on the north aide of the river, there are on the aouth aide the Commercial Ihtckn, oppoiito to the weat end of the Weat India Docka. The docka are of large extent ; the apace included within the outer wall being about 49 acrea, of which nearly 88 acres are water. They are principally intended fur the reception of vessels with timber, corn, and other bulky com- moditiea. They have but little accommodation for warehousing ; and their establisbmenU are not constructed so as to entitle them to bond all goods. The Surrey Canal Company alao admit vessels to be docked in the basin of their canal. 6. London Port Duea,- Charges on' Account of Lighti, Pilotage, 4«> in the Thamtti Shipping, 4«> 0/ London. It is highly desirable that expert pilots, brilliant lights, and every other means that it ii possible to devise, should be afforded to render navigation safe and uxpediiinus. But to secure these advantages, it is indispensable that the charges on their account should be mo- derate. If they be otherwioe, navigators are not unfrequcntly tempted to resort to what are less expensive, though less secure, channels. This principle has not, however olivioiiH, been always kept sufficiently in view either in this or in other countries. During the latter years of the war, and down to 1826, the charges on account of docks, lights, pilotage, &c, on ships, in the Thames, and most other British ports, were exceedingly heavy ; and would np .Inubt, had they been maintained, have materially injured our commerce. Instead, also, of encou- raging the resort of foreign ships to our ports, a contrary policy waa adopted ; tlio charges hid on them being usually about double those laid on British ahips. This regulation wu intended to promote the employment of the latter ; but, aa it led to reprisals in other coun- tries, its real influence is believed to have been quite different ; while by driving away foreigners, it injured the trade of the country, and prevented our ports from liccotning, what they are so well fitted to be, the emporiums of the world. We are glad, however, to have to state that the circumstances now alluded to have been materially changed within the last dozen years. In 182S, the various dock monopolies expired; and a very great reduction has been made in the charges on account of the docks, which, aa already seen, are now very moderate indeed. Exclusive of the dock duties, certain part or tonntif* duliu wars Impoi ed on ships (VtqnentlnR thg port of London, by itie acts 39 Geo. 3. c. 69., 43 Geo. f, c. I'it., tee., partly lo puy the iinrlioiir iniiHtfri, provide moorinf ctiains, tec, and partly to create a fund for tlie iniprovumtint of the port, nnil In par- ticular for defraying tbe cost of making a navigable canal acrosi tite Isle of Dors. Hut this canal having been sold (anti p. SA9.) for 1SO,00(U. to the West India Dock Company, under the 10 Ciro. 4. c. 130., and the sums advanced by the public for the improvement of the port having burn r>3|mld, It was Judiciously resolved to reduce the port duties to the lowest rates capable of defraying the ni'ccsiiary expenses. This was elTected by tbe 4 & S Will. 4. c. 33., which imposes the followhig lonnago duties on veasuls in the port :— hr Tea. i. Idl Cla$t.—ToT every ship or other vessel trading coastwise between the port of London and any Sort or place in Great Britain, Ireland, the Orkneys, Bhetlund, or the Wsstern Islands of cotland, there shall be paid for every voyage in and out of the snid |Hirt - • • } Sd Clast.— For every ship, 4tc. entering inwards or clearing outwards from or to Denmark, Nor- way, or Lapland (on this side of the North Cape), or fVom Ilolstein, Hamburgh, Urenien, or any other part of Germany bordering on or near the Germanic Oo»nn, or IVoni or to Holland or any other of the United Provinces, or Brabant, Antwerp, riiiiidxrs, or any other iinrt of the Netherlands, or from or to France (within Usbant), Guernsey, Jersey, Aldoruoy, Bark, or the Isle of Man, there shall be paid for every, 4cc., as above - • - - - 4 id Clast.— Tot every ship, &c. entering inwards or clearing outwards (torn or to Lapland (beyond the North Caiie), Finland, Russia (without or within the Baltic Hon), Livonia, (}ourmnd, Poland, Prussia, Sweden, or any other country or place within the Uiilllo Sua, tliure shall bo paid for every, &c. as above .........J itk CUua.— For every ship, &c. entering inwards or clearing outwards from or to Franre (between Uxhant and Spain), Portugal, Spain (without the Mediterranean), or any of the A/oros, Ma- deir.i, or Canary Islands, or any of the United States of America, or of the Urillah colonies or provinces in North America or Florida, there shall be paid for every, fcc, as above • - ( M Clati.— For every ship, &c. entering inwards or clearing outwards from or to Greenland, Gibraltar, France, or Spain (within the Mediterranean), or any country, Island, port, or place k" -within or bordering on or near the Mediterranean or Adriatic Hea, or from Ihu Wnst Inilles, lAiuisiana, Mexico, South \merica, Africa, East India, China, or any other country, Island, C)rt or place within or boi-dering on or near the Pacific Ocean, or Irnni any otliur rounlry, land, port, or piiice whatsoever to the southward of 33 degrees of north luiliudu, tbors sliaU be paid, &c. as abovs .........| 'vt iNMDU, tht Mlowlnf clai|i irlii 1 Mch mirk or . ntrnl. of BMW* «r(lcl«i landnl, win. locki, bolnx, In nninl, imrl. •n uoaunl ul ibo laaia lo Uw xiki, which are all on rial Ducks, oppo«ito to It ; tlio ipace included roi are water. They and other bulky com- J their eatablithmenta urrey Canal Compiny 4<. in the T%ameit other moana that it ii oxpeditinui. But to uicount ahoutd be mo- I to reaorl to what are lowevcr obvloiw, been >uriris the latter yean pilotage, &c. on shipa, and would np .Inubt, fiatead, alito, of encou- adopted ; tlio charge* Thi* regulation wag priaala in other coun- bile by drivini^ away Ifrom liccoining, what , however, to have to anged within the last very great reduction wen, are now ve^ ■hlpa firtquentlnR tha , lh« Imrboiir iimiitcrt, at thn |M)rl, and tn par- "HoRi. Hiillhiicanai under the 10 (Jen. 4. c. Ins been r.;|iald, It wm elrayliiu (he necciwiiry llowiiig lonimgo dutiM hr Tci. if I.nndon and any i^HitHrn lilandi of lo Uanmark, Nor. Iiurfh, lire men, or ni or lo Holland or other part of the riiny, Sark, or the I.apland (bnyond .Ivonlii, t.'oiirlniul, lua, thure ihull bo France (between r the Axoret, Ma- IrilUh C(ilonli') or I above - or lo Greenland, nd, piirt, or phce tliu Wimt Itiillea, r country, Intiind, ny otinir coiiniry, h luiliudu, there I - ♦ DOCKS (LONDON PORT DUES). 007 gx»mplioiu.—SMp» of war, and ihipe the property ofhli Mnjeaty, or any ofthe royal fhmlly.— Any veiiael coining to or going coastwise friiin the port of London, or to any part of Great Britain, unlesa such vessel should exceed 45 tons.— Any vessel bringing corn couslwlse, the prini'ipiil part of whosa cargo shall constat of cum. — Any flahing smacks, lohater and oyster boats, or vessels for passengers.— Any vessel or crall naviftating the Thames above and below Loudon Bridge, an far as Uravesend only. —Any vessel enlering inwards or outwards in ballaat. A*. B.— The port or tunnagt dutiu paid by ships in the port of London, aa stated In the accounta below, were those payable previous to the act 4 & S Will. 4. e. 33., wh>r!h only took effect on the 35lli of July, 1834; and were, at an average, from 4 to 6 times as high as at present. Owing to the diatance of London from the 8e«, and the rather intricate navigation at the mouth of the river, the chargea on account of lighta and pilotage muat neceaaarily be pretty heavy. They have, however, been very materially reduced of late yeara. The charges on account of the lights under the management of the Trinity House have been diminished, in almost every instance, at least one third ; and in many instances aa much as a half, and wmetimea even more, aince 1823. — (See Liokt-hocses.) The illiberal and impolitic prac* tice of impoaing discriminating light and pilotage dues on foreign vcssala is still kept up ; but owing to the general establishment of reciprocity treaties with foreign powers, the griev* ance thence arising has become rather nominal than real, and at present alfecta very few of the foreign vessels coming to our porta. The act 6 Geo. 4. c. 125, made a reduction of 8 per cent in the charge authorised to be demanded by the pilots licensed by the Trinity House for the port of London ; and foreign vesaels, privileged as British vessels, have been relieved from the additional or surplus rate of 26 per cent, payable to the Trinity pilots, aa well as to those licensed by the Lord Warden ofthe Cinque Ports. — (See Photaoe.) The oppressive and troublesome chargea in the port of London, imposed on alien gooda under the names of package, scavage, &c. — (see Packaoe) — were put an end to during last session (1833). At present, therefore, we believe we are warranted in affirming that, considering its diatance from the sea, the public charges on shipping in the port of London are quite aa reasonable as in any other port of the empire, or of the world. But we are inclined to think that further reductions may still be effected, particularly in the article pilotage. The following accounts show the nature and amount of the various chargea that are at present incurred by vessels in the port of London :— Pro forma Account of Charge* on a Ship of about 480 Tons, entering and departing the Port of London, laden both Ways, supposing every thing to be conducted with strict Economy, and excluding any Cliarge on account of extraordinary Despatch or superior Accommodation. Reporting the ship and appointment ... Piiotaire from the Downs .... Boarding the pilot at sea .... Waterman, boat, and kedge, from Gravesend London port dues inwards, id. per ton Do. do. outwards, do. - A", fi.— This duty is of a temporary character, and will cease in about 5 years. Trinity dues and lights inwards ... Dock dues, in and out, Oil. per ton ... Trinity dues and lights outwards ... Dungeness light in and out .... Clearing outwards, and victualling bill 8team-boat to Blackwall, optional ... Pilotago to the Downs ..... Putting the pilot on shore, unless landed in the ship's boat £ >. d 1 1 14 n 4 2 1 11 d 10 10 n 12* 8 18 e 3 i 3 13 10 12 8 6 10 £98 7 4 Charges on a British Vessel of 285 Tons, entering and departing the Port of London, laden both Ways, Reporting, appointing, &c. ....... Tonnage duty inwards (with cargo) ...... Do. outu.irds (do.) ...... Putting pilot on board at Deal ...-..- Pilotage, Downs to London, draft 15 feet 6 inches . . . • Do. outwards, draft about 14 feet ..... Boat and men up and down, 3 guineas each ..... Trinity lights, inwards ..-.-..- Do. outwards ....... Private do. in and out ........ Dungeness do. ......... Dock duty, 9d. per ton . . - . - - - - - 10 13 9 Clearing outwards - - • - - - • • -370 J : ' . £85 6 6 • If discharged by the Dock Company, there would be an additional charge of HI. on that account. £ ». d. 2 10 6 5 18 6 5 18 6 2 10 18 8 7 9 15 6 « 8 l.S a 5 6 6 9 10 1 9 : -I'i m f m ;;: r 'V •i m^ 608 DOCKS (LONDON PORT DUES). , Ohargei aetunlljr paid on the Preildant, American Parkct flhip of from 470 to 400 Tonf , in the Rlvtr Thamei, In October, IBSS. Repnrtlnir and nppnlnllng . . • • • Tunnaffe duty liiwarda, and entry . . • • Uci. niitwnrd* . . . . • Trinity llghti and pilninire Inward* . . • • Do, do. oiitwardi • » • • Trlvnln iind For«lnnd, In and out . . « . Pilot friini DiingfliirMn ...•>• H •iderahln purllim ofthose Itoini cnnnot be coniidored aa an expenae peculiar to the TImniea. A part aftliu dock churgea nilgUl uUo have bouu uvuldud, by employ lug the crewi the luit two ituma are not proporly port cliargea. Amount of Shipping, S(c. Idimging to tfte Port of London, — According to the official accounts, there belonged to tliia |)ort, in 1833, besides boats and other vessels not registered, 8,GG9 ships, of the burden of 665,174 tons, manned by 38,786 men and boys. In 1819, the gross customs' duty collected in the port of London amounted to 7,749,463/., the ex- jHinscs of collection bemot 277,913/., or at the rate of 3/. ll.<. S^d. per cent. In 1832, the gross duty had risen to 9,434,894/., while the expenses of collection had sunk to 243,678/., being at the rate of oidy 2/. 1 1*. 7i(L per cent— (Far/. Paper, No. 414. Sess. 1833.) So vaet an amount of shipping and commerce was never previously concentrated in any single )iort London may be truly said to be univerai orbis lerrarum emporium. May her pros- perity be as lusting as it is gpreat I The following tabular statement will nerve to illustrate the progress of the foreirn trade and navigation of London. • t Number and Tonnage of Veaseli entering the Fort of London flrom Foreign Parts, distinguishing between iTrlllah and Foreign Hhlpa. T»n. Brililh. rorel(a. | Teiri. BrllLh.- Fonlin. 1 1700 '% Tbni. 80.040 ^4§S Tvtu, 76.99* I8S0 S/upt. 63^239 '^'ISi TVfU. 122,619 I7M l,49» I98,0a 184 36,:146 INI 3,000 »l!6,994 671 «),II73 I7B0 a,4>4 43I,^■J0 i.iia I49,WS i8lM 3,230 603,167 »97 106,089 1791 2,lg« 419.074 l,2-l« 149,033 1823 3,011 611,461 8«j 161,705 17»2 S,4«9 4«I,I88 I,I8S |->l,243 18 !4 3,132 9U7,I08 ),»l3 264,098 ITin 2,M>I 478,106 1,193 177,019 IW6 ■ 3,!i»9 78i,6«i 1,743 102.192 W«r. 1926 3,495 675,016 1,^86 919,254 1814 969,834 1827 4,0li 76.9,163 l,i»4 221,008 1816 176,375 1828 4,684 767,919 1,303 195.929 tMI« ii6,4ni 1819 4,I0H 784,070 1,300 !l6,«)i IHI7 131,647 itao S,9I0 744,229 1,968 9ll7,^ 1818 !72,6r.8 1831 4,140 780,988 1,667 9U9,l6a 1819 |-i8.Ma 1832 3,268 639,840 884 154,142 N. B.— The tempiirary fulling olf In 1833 is to be eicribed to the prevalence of cholera, and the un- fortunate inisiinderstanding with Holland. Account of the Number and Tonnage of he Rhipa that hnve entered the Port of London, with Car- f!i)ea from Koreisn I'nrts, diatingiiishiiig the Counlriea whence they came, during the Years lt>.a, 1834, and 1835.— (Paper* publuhed by th* Board of Trade, part v., p. 39.) OointrtA 1833. 1<04. 1835. Briliib. Foreifn. Britii . Foreign. British. Foreign. Shi pi. Ton*. Shipe. Tom. Ship. Tons. 8hipi. ToDl, Ships. To». Ships. Tons. RuMim Smilen Norway • lletimtrk • • PruniA Grmiin Stttei • Nellierludi ■ ^.^8 19 ~I0 46 243 3(19 188 76,167 2,686 iisTO 6,621 43,0>* 41,301 21.476 47 61 102 70 130 48 177 197 17,160 16,698 3I,8'9 6,309 31,486 6,173 93,706 12,480 39H 22 16 22 36 217 466 213 87,203 3,-148 2.137 ifm 6,839 44,263 67.291 24.163 71 76 121 207 123 122 240 178 24,978 K.f49 38.328 18,349 50,621 1231 2lv34l "•111 SI3 22 ~I9 35 190 463 245 67,193 3,520 2^469 6,4->6 44.362 72,794 24,220 64 67 87 136 107 81 226 l2-> 19,657 !^,^s^ 28,103 13,697 26,372 7,2',6 21,123 9,636 Fiirtutil, Axim, aail Madeira Sp»iiiiind CanariM 377 ISO 124 37,331 3.1..399 I8,3'    .U)5 \^m 2l)7,'iOO 1,557 «B»,i6a 884 154,141 Cholera, and the uq< nf London, with Car. uring the Years 1S33, 1833. ritidl. Tou. S7,I93 3,520 2i469 6.4'ie 44.962 72,794 24,220 38,M0 23.371 16,948 3,700 11,034 1,762 2,347 3.963 18.918 4130 3,303 tS,06l Foreijo. Shipi. 64 67 87 136 107 81 2:6 I2i SO 22 6 Tom. 18,657 !»,f69 28,10^ 13,697 26,372 7,2i,6 21.125 9,6-,6 2,131 2,617 l,5J8 1,647 28,MS 389 374,281 I 1,008 I 181,116 DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). II. LiVRRPooL Dock*, Siiippiiro, xto. mf^ A TIte (Imt wet dock in the Urititih empire was constructed at Livorjiool, in pursuance of an act of pariiaraunt obtained in 1708. At this |)oriod Liverpool wuh but an inc^onsideralil* town ', and tiio accommodation she has derived fr**^ ^'^rdot^ks is one of the circumstance! tliat has done most to promote licr extraordii . , ui'Tcase in commerce, population, and wenlih. A secimd wet dock was opened about the middle of last century ; and since that period many more have been constructed, some of them on a very mugniflcctit scale, and furniiihed with all sort* of conveniences. When those now in progress are compU-tcd, the total area of water in the docks will exceed 00 acres. The entrance to the port of Liverpool is a good deal incommoded with sand banks ; through which, however, there are several chamiels which, when the proper precuutiunt are observed, allbrd an easy and safe acco»s to the port In spring tides, the wnt<-r riHts in the Mersey about thirty fret, and in neap tides about fifteen; but the height depends much on the state of the winds, and other cir- cumstances. The following Table gives the annual amount of the Liverpool dock duties since 1 757, the number of vessels entering the docks since that period, and the tonnage of the same since 1800. It exhibits an increase of commerce unequalled in any other port. Amount of Dock Duties at the Port of Liverpool, from the Year 17S7, ending the 31th of June each Year. IVar. ^0. of nuiu. 1,371 L. 1. d. Kmr. JVo. of faitU. 2,374 /.. I. d. 1767 336 IS 1779 4.957 17 10 17M 1,453 1.403 6 a 1780 8,:26l 3528 7 9 1759 1,281 9.372 12 2 1781 2,511 3,(116 4 1 I7G0 1,245 8,330 6 7 1782 8,496 4,249 < S 1761 1,319 2,382 9 1783 2.KI6 4.840 8 3 ira 1,307 8,626 19 6 1784 3,099 6,597 II 1 1763 l,7-« S,I4I 1 6 1785 3,429 8,411 5 a 1764 1,625 2,7KO 3 4 1786 8,228 7,508 1 176S I,!f30 3,455 8 4 1787 9.567 9,199 19 9 i7(ia l,90S 9.6.3 19 3 1789 3.677 9,206 13 10 1767 1,704 3,616 9 S 1769 3,619 8.901 10 10 1768 1,808 S,596 14 9 1790 4,223 10,037 6 9| 1768 2,054 4,004 6 1791 4,045 11.646 6 6* 1770 2,073 1 142 17 1 1792 4,4S3 13,243 17 8l 1771 2,(W7 4,203 19 10 I7C3 4,129 12.480 6 6 1778 2,259 4,662 5 4 1794 4,265 10.678 7 177J 8,214 4,786 1 II 1795 9.948 9.368 16 4 1774 2,258 4,580 5 6 1796 4,738 12,377 7 7 1775 2,i!9l 6,3'4 4 9 1797 4,629 13.319 13 8 I77« 9,219 5,064 10 10 1798 4,478 12,057 18 3 1777 2.361 4,6>0 4 9 1799 4,318 11,049 IS 4 1778 2,292 4,649 7 7 Frar. So, Df Kmrit. 4,746 Tmna^ L. t. d. rear. ffo. of fnieU. Tonna^. L. 1. d. 1800 4"i«.0'fl 23,379 13 6 1806 4.070 607,825 41,560 7 3 1801 6,060 459,719 28.363 8 21 1807 5.791 662.309 62,-31 6 10 1802 4.781 glO.WI 2S.192 9 lo' 1S03 6.225 616.836 40,638 10 4 1803 4,791 49-1. -,21 28.027 13 7 1809 6.023 594,601 47.590 19 3 1SC4 4,291 44cl,76l 80,157 l» 1810 6,T29 734.391 66,782 1 1110:5 4,618 463.4'<2 33,361 13 1 1811 5,616 611,190 64,752 18 6 Firt'. Wo. 0/ rtmli. Tonnagt, 446,71% £. >. d. L. 1. d. 1812 Dutia on goods 80.260 3 6 24.143 4 6 44,403 7 11 1813 »,34l 647,426 Duties OD sooda • 84.134 18 8 26.042 14 6 60,177 l» 2 1SI4 6,7II( 648,957 Dulin on |oodt 88,630 It 3 31.110 11 1 59,741 a 4 I91S «,440 709,849 Dutict on good! 36.310 1 9 40.605 6 11 : 76,915 S 8 ISIS «,SW 774,243 Dutia on gaoit 43,765 6 3 40.881 4 8 82,646 10 » 1817 6,079 653,426 Duties on goodi 35.186 8 40,7(a 8 4 75,889 18 4 1818 6,779 764.690 DuliM on good! 43.f>42 16 6 64.695 II 9 98,538 8 S 1619 7,849 867,319 Duties on go^ids • 60.012 7 8 e0.0f4 14 110,127 i 8 \m 7,276 805,(»3 Duties on goods 44.717 17 10 49.694 14 94,413 11 10 1821 7,810 839,848 Duties sn goods 43.131 6 2 51.425 2 II 94,666 9 t 1822 8,136 892,902 Duties on goods 47.229 10 4 55.IT4 7 102,403 17 4 1823 8,91« 1,010,819 Duties on goods • 62,«37 5 6 62.946 16 1 II5,7ta 1 • 1824 10,001 1,180,914 Duties on goods 60.87S 9 7 70.033 1 11 130,911 11 8 1825 10,837 1,223,820 Duties on goods 59.446 7 8 69,245 12 128,691 19 8 1826 9,601 1,228,318 Duties on icouds 60,411 9 11 70,^89 9 1 131,000 19 van 9,592 1 «5/iia Di ties on goods • 61.6 72 S 01 71 13 6 9 [ 134,472 14 3 1 11 1 I' '^ I I \ 1:' i '1 ' lit. I ) '-^i.' if I , 1 h. rf !1 Wf^ DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). Amount of Dnck Dutlui nl Ills I'ort of Liverpool.— <«ii(iiiH(J. IIM lan wo ini im ina iaa4 I tat I KM I83T IS» ATii, of faiHli. I0,7(» 1,311,111 II,3M i,aw,»j7 11,114 1,41 l,9M ll,S» 1,'.9J,43« i2,na 1,M0.057 ll,IK4 l,W0,«6l 11,444 1,6«,«0 IS,»4I I,T30 4 11 M.AI7 a VifiM 3 II I03,UI IJ 6 84,001 U II 107,6m I « •7,»44 14 6 uo,wa 4 4 t4,M6 II 1 «l,f* l» 76,9 J 1 II 1 W,8W li ID L. t. 4. l4l,aN IS T I47,3i7 4 11 131,329 17 10 IB3,4U 4 a 170^047 6 II I(l,ltl0 l« 4 iii,7ra 17 I XWfKt 18 t I73,8U 10 I I4«,W0 3 II A Btntcinent of Dock and Liglit Dutlos received from the 35lh fleptemhor, 183S (from which dnta the Dock Dutloi were reduced), to the 34th June, 1837 } and front the 33th Sept. 1837, to the tlltli June, 1838. Tear. DuIIm on Tonntia. Diitin on Otmdi. LIthlhottM Dutln. Flotlinf IJglil Dutln. Total. IK)7 L. <. d. U,tnt II 67,W> 4 8 /,. f. rf. iinm 11 4 UrliO 1 2 L. 1. d. »id rntns from or for the mont distant port or place from or for which they shall trade ; but vessels arriving from any parts in bal- last do not pay dockage on entering inwards ; and should such vessels proceed to sou again in ballast, then only one half of the dock rales are due, with the whole of the lights; but taking a cargo outwards subjects such vessels to full dock does. A*. B.— New vessels built in Liverpool are subject only to half of the above rates on the first outward clearance. Floating Light, at tkt Entrance of the Rieer Mertey. — Towards this light, the following rates are payable: — All vessels sailing to or from Liverpool, to any port or place between Duncan's Hay Head and the Land's End, on the west side of Great Britain, and between Mulling Head and Cape Clear on tlie ea»t tide of Ireland, Id. per ton. All vessels sailing to or from Liverpool, to any port or place between Duncan's Day Head and the Land's End, on the east and southern coast of Creut Britain, and between Mailing Head and Cape Clear on the west coast of Ireland, id. per ton. All vessels sailing to or from Liverpool, to any port or place not being witliin the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or the adjacent islands to the northward of the Cape of Good Hope, and the northward of Cape Horn, id. per Ion. Ail vessels sailing to and from Liverpool, to any port or place to the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, and the westward of Cape Horn, Id. per ton. ii> In Ihe day lime, frimi suntise to sunset, a blue flag, with Ihe letters N. W. in white, will he hoisted at the mainmast head, and in thick and fopgy weather, either by niglit or day, a bell will be kept constantly ringing, to prevent vessels from running foul of the llglit-vesBel. Duck Regulations. Extracts from ^cle of Parliament. — Any owner, or master, or any person having the command, agency, or consignment of any vessel chargeable with dock dutlos, refusing to pay llie same, is liable to have such vessel or goods seized. Any person throwing any ballast or rubbish from out of any vessel upon any of the quays, kc. shall Immediately cnrt or carry away the same : penalty iOs. Evnry ship shiiil, before slie comes within any of the piers, lake down all her sails : penalty Si. DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). 601 ui,ae(is y uifln 4 11 I3I,32> 17 10 1M,«M 4 g i'^047 « II IU,*W l( 4 I»I,T«9I7 1 in,ai7l8 9 I73,8U 10 1 L IM^ 3 II n the first outward following rates are the Cape of Guod Any person having the eh«r|a nfiinv vemel In any nfthe dneki, refuslns to rfmnve the snme, afttr Mhourj' niitlco In wrlllnf, shall fiirfeU SIM., anil pay Ihe esiiensesorreinnval by the wnter bulllir. Any pitrsnn hHvIng Ihe i-ominand or any vessel moored In the river, refuslni to roiiiuvo the same, whiMi iirilered by iIih wuler lialliir, shiill rnrfelt UO/. Till- niiiKicr, or mhi-r pnraon liiivinK ilm coniinnnd of any vessel from which any cannon or gun shall be tired wlillst In the |Mirl, shall rorfelt 10/. Any iieraon maklni pnyinuni of dock duties, who renisos to answer such questions as shall be put in him liy the collectur, or give a false or untrue answer, shall fiirfe it in{. Any niH«ier,&c. evading piiynient of the duties, shall forfeit and pay double the duties evaded; and by .VI (li'o. 3. n sum ofWl. in nililltlnn thereto. Whunever It sliiili lie necessary, for the purpose of cleaning or repairing the docks, lo remove tha TstsHla lying therein, the master, male, or other person taking the command of such vessel, shall, within 3 days after notice given, remove such ship from such dock, on pain of forfeiting I0{. Any muster, ttc. rufiiriing to inonr and remove the siuiie In docks, according to the direction of tha dock niiiiiler, will fiirfeit M., together with llie costs of removal by Ihe dock master. Any maiiter, lie. acting contrary to the direction of the dock master, will forfeit 9fl(, Any master, itc. entering and giving Ihlse information of the draught of water of any ship to anv of the dock masters, will forfeit Wl. Any master, &c. bringing the same Into the entrance basins, when a signal Is hointcd on the pier, at Ihe entrance of such hnsin, signifying thut such dock is full of vessels, will forfeit 20/. Any miHier, &.c. bringing his vessel into any of the docks, contrary to tbu dircctloni of the dock niDHler, will forfeit SIM. Every master, or other person, damaging any of the dock gates, bridges, piers, quays, lie. Is tiabia lo have the ship seized, and sold to compensate for damage done. Any person opening or sliuitlng any of the duck gates, sluices, or clows, li liable to forfeit 100/. t or opening or shutting any drawliriilgii, '301. Any iitvner, &c. leaving gunpowder, pitch, tar, ike,, or combustible matter of any kind, on the qunya of the ducks, &.C., or \\\mn Ihe deck of any vessel lying In any of the docks, for above 48 hours after pasHing the Ciititoui-house officers. Is liable to a penalty of i; an hour ; on neglecting to watch such goods in the night time, to a penally of 3<. Any nniHter, or other person, having the command of any ship, suffering any flre, candles, or lamp to In lighted nnd burning on board : penalty 10/. Any ownur, &c., landing, or causing to be landed nnd laid, any pumps, boats, anchors, cables, lime- itnnes, Ice, or other tilings whatsoever, upon any of the dock qnayH, sholl within 48 hours wholly remove the same from olfsuch quay, or shall fi^rfvlt 5«. per hour above the 46. Any person wilfully cutting, damaging, or destroying any cables, Slc, by which any vessel In th* river or In any of the ducks shall be fastened: penalty S0{. Any person damauing or breaking any lamp, Stc. set up near the docks: penalty for each lamp, SI. Any master, or other person, having the command of any vessel about which any offence shall hava been cominitlud. In relation to any of the docks, &c.. Is liable to the penalty Imposed for such offence. Any owner or master of nny ship or vessel giving or offering a bribe to any officer employed In pur- suance of the dock acts ; penalty 20/. Any owner, consignee, or master of any vessel arriving and departing In ballast without payment of dock duties, Is liable .. a sum equal to double the amount of dock duty which should have been paid, and the master liable to U\e penalty of '.20/. In addition. Every master, &c. wiiriilly throwing, casting, or putting any earth, stones, rubbish, kc. out of any •hip, Itc, Into any part of the port : penalty 50/. Any owner, ftc. of ony vessel laid up for sale, or which shall not be actually employed for two months, not removing ilie same within 34 hours' notice In writing from the harbour master, or left on board : penalty 5{. and costs of removal. Any person discharging timber in any dock without having obtained the consent In writing of tha chairman or deputy chairmen of the dock committee, or of some Justice of the pence ; penalty 10{. Any person having consent, not removing the same therefrom within 34 hours, liuble to a fine of 9«. in hour. Any person damaging any ship, Ice. in any of the docks, &c., or in the river, and refusing to mak« compensation, liable to have his goods, or the tackle of the ship, &c. doing the damage, seized. Any justice of the peace for the county of Chester or borough of Liverpool, upon complaint made to Iheni, may summon persons to arjiear before him, and may fi.t the amount to be paid to boatmen, and persons finding and taking poss'jssion of anchors, Itc. in any part of the port of Liverpool. Any person throwing, casting, or emptying any bnilnst, ashes, ftc. out of any ship, Ilc. into tha river Mersey, the Rock or Horse Channel, or Formby Channel, to the eastward of the Floating Light, or from any of the piers Into the docks or basins, or into the river Mersey: penalty lU/. That every vessel laden with a cargo consisting solely of limestones, paving-stones, flintstonef, grave, and chalk, shall be charged tonnage rates, as if coming In liullast. Every owner or master, tic. of any vessel arriving at or departing from the said port, shall product tn tile ciilluctor, upon demand, at the time of making entry, all books, accounts, &c. in relation to such V. 4Bul, or which show the weights and quantities of the goods, &c. In case of dispute, such owner, kc. shall produce a statement In writing, to be verified by oath, nnd showing the actual weights and qiianlll'es of such goods. Sec, or the accuracy of the suid books, &c. In r.iHu the master, &c. of any vessel from which rubbish, ballast, dirt, or other refuse of any kind shall be landed, shall permit or suffer the same to be so landed, or laid within 3 yards from the margin of liny such dock or basin, or of the river Mersey, and shall not cause such rubbish, A.C. to be wholly removed from off such quays, &c. within 34 hours after the same shall be so landed or laid: pe- nalty 52. Any owner, &c. of any boat or vessel, permitting gunpowder, e.Tceedlng 10 pounds In weight, to b« hrniight into any ofthe docks or basins, or any vessel or boat lying therein, without the previous cou- sent in writing of a justice ofthe peace nfthe borough of Liverpool: penalty 100/. That upon due prnof, on oath, to the satisfaction of any justice of the peace of the borough of Liver- imnl, or rnunly of Lancaster, that any de.i'er in marine stores, within the said borough, or Toxteth Park, shall have been guilty of receiving stolen goods, or purchasing, or receiving, Sic. every such pumoii sliall forfeit 30/. for the first oflfence, 30/. for the second offence ; and after conviction for such letond offence, shall not carry on business as such dealer in marine stores within 200 yards from tha mnrgin or side of any dock or basin (e.Ycliisive of 40 yards prohibited by a former act) on pain of for- feiting the sum of 10/. for every day he, she, or they shall carry on such trade or business. In case any person or persons giving or accepting any bribe to or from any water bailifT, harbour master, &c. give information thereof, he or she shall be excused from the penalty of 20/. imposed by the 51 Geo. 3. for such offence, provided such information be given before nny proceeding for punisb- hig the said offence sliail have commenced, or any information laid before any Justice of the peaca aguiiist such person in respect of the same. Justices of th» peace may, upon complaint made, summon parties a^d ascertain and award tha Vol. 1—3 E 76 3l] J ■ i:1 i f„ hill 60S DOCKS (IJVERPOOL). *innuiil nf r'rnmponrr, fhr any icrvlrf ■ rumlrrpil hy bnalrnvn, &e. Co ytMiilt In |ti« tiilil dorkior biinliii, Rtiil, In rims nrnoii-pnymi'iil, iiiiiy lovy tli« ■uiii lu kwnrdttl by dlilrmi. Hfi-ltiift I. Tliiil lh« inmtlnr. Ar. wtm xlmll |t«rinlt or miffiir uny pllfh iir tnr, nr iiny otiior com- hiimil.lH iiiiiitnr, In lii< hnllinl nr licsiiiil I'lir lliv lui- nraiirh •lilpnr v^hkI, ciihrr nii li(inri( nriiirh v«i. •I'l, nr »% liliih S jiirilii nrnii' piinii', iniiatir, &c. illmhiirulnR nr Inriitlng iiiiy mllnn nr oilixr rninliiiilllili* fnnt\» nn nr fmni nny of llii' i|iri)K, wlio iihiill pi'rnilt nr iiitrr itiiy in-mnn nr |H|iii|| fur rucli ntlt'iu'ii rnifuil 'itli.i lititl iiiiy ntlii'r iwranii nr pi'mniK wlin ■hnll hum nr ■tiinkc lolincrn, nr miy oilier tlilnv, iininnnrti rntinii nr nny othi-r ciiiiiImiiiIIIiId (noiln, lylni iind being on lliu iiimyii, >hiill fur ca< li nH'i'ini' fxrrKll lliti liki! pi'iiitlty nl'ttOit. S. 'I'lial ir llin MiHaliir, fcr. mlinll lirlu| tlin *Bin<> Into nny nf (ho tlorkf , bnalnn, or onlrniirra, wlih Iniiili'il I'liniioii nr RiiiK, will) uunpnwilnr nn bonril, nr, whnn ilrlvi*n In by ilrioa nl' wi'itthrr, nhall nHf. It'll iiiiiiiiMlliitnlv In ilUrhiiritu lliii ininAiOrwho •hull Inka giin|iowder un bnard, iiiilll ilnitr of lli* dni'kN iiimI iiliir-hi'iiiU, ibull I'nrfi'lt it. A Thai iliti iiiiiKii>r, 4i.c. nriiiiy vcmixl, ornny othfr pnmnnnr pirintii whninnoiivrr, whixlinil |H>rnilt nr milliir nny rniw frnm •ucl> vciacl In bo nmdr flml to any rnitlii-itnol nr qiiny-lVndor, nr nny rniir, rh'iin, nr larkln nf nny iluiirriiilinii, In bf ninrio OinIIm any oflhe nlllnri ofnny Irnn nr nlhi-r •Inul nn • iiy nt'lliv i|iiiiyi, nr to tliu rnnrnr nny nllitir |iiirl nl'micli umiil, xtiiiil fnr tivi-ry nflt'iicx Cnrftiii Uu. fi. Thai ilii< iiiniiifr, &.r. nfnny vcani'l lylnit wllhln or up to nny oClhi) dnrka, bailni, &.r., who nhiill aiiiri'r liny bulLml, ttc. Vt bu inki'n nn liniird anrh vcaarl, nr (lirnwn, diarhnrctiil, nr rnrrli-d ont n|' th« •anil', wilhiiiil liiivInK n rniivnaa nnlli'd to Ibn ahip'a aldt>, nr aninn nthrr aufuguiird I'mni fulling liitn any ainli ilnika or liii>lni, ahull I'nr rvcry oH'imrii ('orfiili tht> aiini oT'ldii. li. Thill Hip inaatcr, tir. nf nny ahip nr vvaai'l lying In any nf the anid dnrka or bnalna, nr the rutraiima lo llm aiiinv, who ainill anlU'r nny rrpnira In Im dnno in thn nnlaldi-a nf aiich voaaria, wilhnnt haviiiK n iMiivni* nr anino olhrr aiil'c'Kiinrd aociiroil from the aldii nf aiirh vraacl, uiiil plnrnd or llxi'il lo aa In |iriii'li work or ri'pnira, ahull fnr uverv otn innuti'r, &c. of nny voaavl lying or bi'lng within any of thn dncka,4rr. who ahull not rnua* nil lialhi!!!, ki\ dim luirRoil finni nr tn be Inilen on hnnrd ofuny vfani'l, in b« thrown nt Icnat Afm'i front tliti (idiif nl'llii' i|UHy, or on Iliu oiilalilea nf Ihu carl nr i'huiii-|Kiali of the auhl (|iiay, and takiin uway iiniiii'illnlrly, ahall fnr nvnry olfimre fnrfiilt -lO*. H. That liiu iiiuiii'r, lie. or niliur pcraoii linvliig Ihu rhnrgp nr rnniinnnd nf evrry vnaarllylnirwlibln any of iIih ilocka nr bnalna, alinll hiivii n ahlp-kvopor nn dnrk In nttnnd thn vi'HacI (ivpry tlilii, nt luuit 9 hiinra hcfnri' llm llnin nf high wnlfr, nnil I hour nniir high water, under thn pennlly of I0«, tt. Thiit thu niuHler, &c. nf uny voaael, whnn Imulliig Into or out of Ihu dor.ka or Imalna, ki\, abnll (pucepi when nny aiitli veaael be ilrlvtMi by atrnaa nf wenthrr) have IhH ynrda a-penk, nmi lh« aiirlt- *all yurd fnre unil aft, and the Jib-boDiii run In, within 3 fiint from thn cnp. If pructlenblw | unil, alUr luiy aurh veaael ahall bu brniiglil Into nny dock nr baain, ahull hnvn the nnchnra got In on llie I'nie- rnalle nr deck, niid ahiill have thi; alfcrlng-aull boonia nnd Irona taken off frnni thn yarila, nndvhi II liavejthii iiiuin ur inUun boonia, and the alum or (lunrtur davlla rlggod in, within 84 houra, under lli« I>enully of 4()». ID. That ihit ninater or ntli«r pcraon hnving the command nfnny vnaael, who ahall, by npillgcnre nr othRrwIae, leave un anchor in tUe entrance to nny nf the docka, or upon tlip atrand of thu river, with- out u biiny, I'nr u lnn|!er period i hun ono tide, ahall fnr every olfenee forfeit il. II. Thiil Ilia owner, Lc. uf .my veanul who ahnll refliae tn alrlkn tho tnp-gnllunt maata and ynrili of every aueli voaael untering any of Ihu repairing nr graving docka, ahall forfult fit. I'X That (he owner or driver uf uny curl, Slc, or nny other nuraon or peraona who ahnll druw, or caiiMe, nr purniit, nr autfer In bu drawn upon or over any of the dock brldgei, any aiichori, bulka, lie, ■hnll fnr every ofTencM forfeit 4().v. Kvery dny, two hour* l«fore high wntcr, a bell will be rung for I minute at each dock, whan every (hi|i-k»r|ier ia to make hia up|ienrikiice on thu deck of bla veaael, or Incur tho penalty ('f 4(l«. All nierchunia and nthur ownura or agenta of ahlna and veaaela trading to the port of l.lverpnni, will be re(|uireii to enter the iiuniea nf aurh vea^ela, their drnuiht nf wntur, nnd (he dutn of (heir nrrivni ul (he |Mirl of Liverpool, tnguthur with (he nuinu nfihe dnik into which (hey are Intended to be lirnuglil, in u bonk kept for that purpoae, In the office nf the harbour innaier In Treiithain Htree(. And nil vea- (eU will (liertiul\er be uduiitted into the laid docki or bnalna In the order only In which they ahall be ■o entered. rivKKi-ooi. Dock RATca.— The following ia • Table nf (ha Dock Duties (ha( may be charged on irnnda iin|>orled, e.tpor(ed, or brouglK couotwisu Into the port of Mvurpnol ; but the cnllucinr or receiver nf dock diilica ia directed, by order of the dock cnmniittuo nf the (1th of Hepteinbcr, IN.Ifi, lo charire only «/ri< Ihirdt of the under uiontioneil dutlea; and nil gooda lm|H>rted rnuHlwiao into Liver- pool from plucea In (he U. K. were, at the same time, exemp(ed from oil cliurgo un account of duck duiiua. O The Dutie* Outward* are for Foreign, British, or Irlah Goodi, except those marked thus (*) which are for Britlah or Irish Goods only. Inw inia. Inwarda. Arllclaa. Out- mrda. AH\dm. (lul- warJi. ro. Coaat- ro- Coaat- laiiu. wiae. reign. wUa. 1. d. a. rf. .. i. (. d. a. d. TiT" Aeiiriu - • toB (40 but.) I 1 g Dann • • • ton 2 1 u AUbjiiirr • • ton 1 6 4 Ranini • • • piece 01-2 OU 01.2 Alt, Ixer, tad rorlar ton nlloni n i 4 « lUllaat of pavinc and other ilouea b(« — • 8 Baakelrada - • -bumlle, 1-2 OM 012 AnchntiM,«n<«lic«,aiiilannoltocwl. 3 1 t-2 1 ''•^2 » 212 2 1.2 Auiii^nti, actiuio«y - • — 3 1 l-i 1 Baia mala • • . 120. 3 1 1-2 1 Ai>(>Im . • - bushfl 1 012 01-2 Bail rop« . • • tool 1 U 6 4 A;juiff,riii, and anenic ' cwt. 3 1 l-il 1 Bnforpork • hogaheadi 1 8 5 A>r.ii ■ • • • trm i 1 U 8 puncheon 8 4 4 Arraw rml and poK'der • cwl. 3 1 1-2 1 tierce 4 2 1 1.2 Aillea^barilli * ■ Inn 1 e 6 barrel 3 I 1-2 1 1 [tr.iri ami pot • — •Aibca-I.l irk. la weed k wood — i 1 » 1-2 barrel and uialierpackace, Beer, ipruco • 3^gallolia 11-2 3.4 01.3 1 « 4 6 2 1.2 1 l-JI blr«.Mlinc ■ • *- g 1 8 Bun- w»i, or bell ineUl • cwt. ' 2 1 n 1 comniua iriab • — 6 Beltowi, amiibi' • • aacb ■ • 9 1 1 DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). 003 I In lilt iitlil diirkior tnr, nr iinv nilinr enm- nil honrif iiriiirh v«i. |imi<|it nn or frnm miy liiirii tDliiicrci, uliiill (iit •liiiiki* lolinrni, nr niijf iin llio i|iu)'ii, liliull fur Inn, or niitrtiiircn, with III' Willi hur, nlMll linn, nan), iliilll iliiiir iif llit Hivrr, whimliiilltK-rniU ly-l'riiilKr, nr miy rii|m, y Iriiii or iitliHr hIumI iiii iiirriirn torftiU MU. bailiia, tcf., wild utiiill , nr rnrrti'il oiit ni' ih« lUHril rrmii fulling liitu wMn nr linKlim, nr Ihii ifniich veaai-lii, wilhiiiil , mill plRri'il or llxi'il tn anliit (liirliiK Ihu whnlo cr. wlin ihiill mil iniiiit iwii Rt li'iiat A rui'i I'rom quay, ami tnkuii uway rery vnaael lylnK wllliln lai'l iivrry llilv, nt leunt idiinlly of ion. ika or liualna, &r., ahnll 1 a-penk, ami th« aiirli- liriirlii'nlilii ) iiml. iihiir inra K< II"' !'»('- Ill lliti yiirila, anitvlii II itii S4 hiiura, uiiilur llie ■hall, by npiilii|iinr« or rand ofthu rivrr, wltli- illniit maati anil yarili tM. ma who alinll driiw, or ny auchuri, biilka, &c. noil dock, whon every inally c>f "tUn. port of l.lvprpnol, will date of llielr urrivnl ut ntniidud tu lie brnuKlit, I HIreet. And all vea- in which they ahall b« It may be chnrgcd on but the collecior or I" Hepti'inber, ISM, lo couatwiao Into I.ivi'r- rgo on account of duck larked thua (♦) whitb Out- To- Coul- r. d. >. d. >. d. i 1 a 01-2 OU 01.2 2 1 1 6 3 2 1 « 9 6 a 1 8 3 1 1-2 1 1-2 DOM 012 s 8 12 2 1.2 3 11-2 1 1 u 6 4 1 8 5 a 4 4 4 2 1 Ui 3 1 1.2: 1 11-2 03.4 Ol-S 6 2 1.21 1 \-i 3 1 1 n 1 3 1 AillrlN. Ia«i rii. nia. ('na,|. wjriia. Arilclaa. Inwanla. • a w.nla. F»- (nail. rtlan. wlia, 1 reiaa. wiia. 1 d. a. a. 1, d. >. ~ TT' • A lirrtlM, har, Jaaliw, »»lln» t"n 2 1 I rnral .... awl. 8 » 8 liuokiiif ■ h'HUliM.l • i « (i.rt .... Uin 2 1 u • lilliu-llatin iir t-4ili a . n 4 4 rnik« . Nia 4 8 1 liffi. , II » 3 Corn -|larl«». Iiara, awl liln baana, Mrt.l . 1 11 1 l-2| Inilian, iH.ia, nr ryn • nuar rr MmI, bat lay lural or rmi niril, 3 1 '-1 1 inttllnr IMfktKt ■ 1 1 ni M^f* tmiUliilai Uf. ji'i'l • ■ • rn« Uit • • • 1,0110 ^ , u Mall, alao wbiial . nnarif r lUla ■ . • - 4 2 II 2 1 1 1 •iii|i • • • ion 1 e s Wlinal 8nur awl 1 fi-i i-i niiiMifr • • .Inn 1 a * • Cnnnnmil . builwl 1 012 0121 liiiin • * • farhun 3 1 14 1 lwi«l,lbrral,anl anil laiiia* n( eilllf, and rnllona, minnrArliinnl iMckairn 1 u a .1 lii • • -Inn 1 n 8 4 rra.ini iif mrlar, alan rurtnnia tun 2 1 8 h'k' |i*rll>«* 4 2 3 Crvltal . > fiackii^ii 3 1 12 II 1 HiiriR r»r liiiml > • rwt. I 112 1 (•iilm • • • Umi 4 a t • Iliiiilii • • «r»l» ■ • I Curinaitlaa, luluml or arliArial, Iff tiri*i\ (tr I'diiinMin (laai, p.irkaKa 8 3 t itiil tm iImii pinia frtw« 3 1 l-l s l)rii|irry, linun nr w V l-J 01-2 IVi'il'l 'r aliiiipa • • Inn • 4 1) i MiMiliiir witt>l • - ifna*>ii 14 012 bin 2 1 ll'inif.jroillla • . - > 1.2 |.2 fullera' . . - 1 8 liftM • • • ewl. 1 1 1 Earttwnwara crala or ollur |«ck i«i. 4 2 1 nM . ■ -Inn 1 K 10 « Inal .1 1 8 1 llm.1 • • ' cwl 1 1 1 r.tf ■ ■ • • li*" 8 3 a liu nr ail k • 1-2 Kiriary alnnaa . ■ rwl. 1 12 12 llrl.li<,lii«ran,anll.i • ■ • r«l. a :l I pvn, anil «trka > acnrr lurn-la . — 2 1 1 Hnmiii aiitl liruili liuiiltM blliKlli' • 012 12 10 8 10 l.nno u l'2lMrrEUaiirliica ■ Inn 2 1 8 ''..l|ri. liri»Mi>l (»r ra|ii» . .- 1 • 4 2 1 1 Cttunili'-, (:(UlitllilirlaU|ill ■ — 6 3 2 trkin, |.2b.iml,nr kil 1 1 .• i-a r.iiiili'10 • . • pUrt U i I'i 1.2 piiw, pilliehmii, r.nk 4 2 a Cimi'iuir, I'liifllii'ill,,! . ewl. 3 1 1-2 1 lioicalii'^'l 8 3 n 3 *r.tii>llu«, mill rdiiillrwlak • — S 1 lirrri- U 3 1 W 1 •'".•"JC • • 01-2 Brlllihcurad • •bnjphi.vt - 8 (JUTM'li • . . I,A11 o' «' 1 2 •iiiincliaon •licrce . 4 CaiilliiriilM, aumlcliuc, aiij capcn, 1 I-a cwl. 3 IM 1 tlrtrrrl • 1 Cirnrla Ht* irunflrni, *|.2 brl. and imaller pack^K" • 1-8 l'«rriA|N, cm. nml rmU • aach • 1 1 riajratnaea, alan frecatun* . ton ri.11, rniiffh • • . — n" o" 3 3 fiir auiiR . • — ■ • 3 3 2 1 8 li iiHli'arta • ■ — . ■ 8 < Flint, around or driad ■ Ion M 4 4 ('akiIa ItlliU * • > cwl, 6 3 a atooRB • - - — . 4 2 2 n 1 liamp«r • • • ■ 012 Ginger, Olaubrr mlH, or (;lua Inn 2 1 8 tioi nr nihar parkata, not preaervad • . cwt. 3 1 1-2 1 llKWilbKl • ■ . a ■ 1 Olnaenf • . .Ion 3 1 8 1 If liwua, f wl. , • 014 Glaaa * * ■ cwt. 1 l-H nii»wbiianl« . . ila«aii . . 1.2 1-2 broken * • . — 013 014 Clinnull • • • buhrl 1 01-2 1-2 cmwo . > pack^^r Alui . . : — . • ia C'liln«, H«i BiirtAoiuwrt, . > 3a I'liirt iloivi > • •ton 8 4 S Graprt • • — 1 012 1-2 nrlliili nr Irlill • - . 2 Gmur nr greavea - tiin 1 6 4 rimpil.iiii tnil cncua |n»if • f wl. o' 3" 11.3 1 aoroata - • * barrr . 1 la <'ir • lun (i.M nallnm) 2 4 1 2 9 CKk > • " ■• „ I'inniliar • • • cwl, 6 3 a Jar nr jut lieri'r • • 01.3 Cinn.inintl • . • — 1 8 4 . > 3 **'*ntli, iirrwrvinl . . — 8 3 2 Grinding atnnaa • . rarh 1 1-2 14 (Niy, r'n . Iiriit iinil iilpi* • Ion 8 3 Gum. Ainnionlac, anlml, Amtiic 1 liliii, .iiiiiii, ami nmlirlck — 8 4 oaihew-, roiwl, rlrmi, |uiiaculn Seni-inl, ana tragaraalh ton •llOckl . . . C«K- • > 8 3 1 6 1 <'l'iv<'«, rnliali, iMdihiril • ewl, ■liiala <\ViiiolitntciriiiMa) dial. 1 8 4 Gunpowdar • - ■ cwl 1 6 4 •birrrll - • - 11-2 Inn n" 4' 0' 2' •I2l,arr<.|l - ■ . 1 Cocfii, cnfllir, cnik . • Inn 2 1 R ■ 14 barrel and k>v • 01-3 ('"fiti nn'a . . -100 3 1 1.2 1 IfahenlaaherT - pa^'ltaKe r d 8 3 ruloiirinit fur linrtiTi Ac, 100 KMllnua » 4 » Hair, bull, cow, and 01, gnata' an •('iiMiln . . li.iikaiti 6 a hoiaa . • • cwt 2 1 1 Cii|ipt'r, nrlliili nr Mill *Ui> nr liil . . • 2 H.iirpowder - . packa;f 3 1 1-2 1 •oaMi , . • s llininiocka • • - doacn! 2 1 1 •raik , , • 4 Kami - ■ • Inni 2 1 8 ailiroi , ■ 3 llmlcoopi . . . 100 1 1-2 •liarra . ■ 1 1-2 Hardena . . pieknac! 1 looaa . . piece 1 • • 6 3 li (bai ur kri , • • 1 1-2 1.2 1"' 2 1 8 Hardware • • • bundle; 2 1 Ol-I oM . . - 1 a 10 8 bi'C, 2 1 1 ora • • — 6 3 2 all other pack&aea' 6 3 1 ilnita anil ala* — Copparu . 4 1 2 8 3 4 Himwa, alao hala - - aaci Hay . . . toi • 6 1 8 3 3 3 3 I .1 L*l ill I ■I !:, ■' f ;I I 1 .f ! M4 DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). I ArHdo. Ilajr nkm • • • domi Heoip, rough * - ton lliJo, drjr • - • cwl. Wft - pioctf of, or kIu« pieces too Honey ■ • cwl. Ho<|i<, null, and IruM • 120 ul wood . • • 1,200 Hoofi of cattle - • Ion Hops - - - ewt. ba( or pocket Horu and horn tipt • ■ 1,200 bofihead tierce lhavtnKt, alio tlugi • ton Hurdln ccoutainiag one doien) mil jArllscrewa ■ • • pair ejara antl Jiigi conlaininic hnrley, oafoieAl, ftra-its, peas, or other ar* liclet nf Brilitn or Irith Krnwth, prxlure, nr mauufacturei not other, wile ratwl, - • • each Irelimt nioss,nr lichen blanken or old ■ • — call, or pii( - - — honpe and aheet - — *plale and iheet > boa naili • • packa^ ore ■ ■ > ton wire, or wrorxht •cai.k Iiinfflaai . - . cwt. Jdicf, lemon, lime, and orange tun Jutik • - ■ • ton Ivory . - . cwt. Kelp • - • -ton (,ac, gum, Btick, leed, and tbcll, cwt, ',ace' • • package Lampblack, latton black, & lard, ton Laths • • bundle Lead, and lead ore • • ton black, reil, white, k powder — Leather (tanned) • • cwt. wrouthl • package I,ecchei Leototii - > case or cheat box or ottier pickage Lime - • hogshead •kei 'puncheon or cask *lierce Inwardl. Fo. reign. LinifstoufS Lineu doth package > ton package piece - crate - cwt. package ton '•wt. •nga . thread yam emanufactnred Liquorice )iaste, alio lith^'ge Maccarooi Mace . . . _ eMachlnea, birk milli, binnaclea, brewing, coffee fanncn, and cook- ing appara'is • • each copying - • — corn, alao filtering — fire engines • — gins, linaefrl cribbles, malt milts, manglea. packing pressts, psper moulds, sawing, seilans, and shower baths, each ioap cutters • — straw onttera,alu> tin — turning la'hea - — turning drills • — all other packages of ma- rhiiiery • — ^farliincry (loose) • -ton Mad.ler - • . — rrvits • • — Mingaucse, also marble • — Mtniire • . . ^ .M<-trtjle, sculptufvd, loose pieces — packan Mlrmilado • • • cwt. M.i»i id), A mother-of-pearl shell — Ma'rhcts • • package Milll«virds • ■ -120 stnnea • • • each Mineral watera - package Ml 1 .nei • • ton cask or puncheon Mum . -tun Muritte of time, potash, and soda, ton Musical inslrunienll ■ p.ackage eMu^kets • - cafe or cheat Coaat- wise. Mustard Vatron, alio niion sal Nftits of truuka .Nulinegi • Null- cwt. package ton > each • cwt. - bushel d. oi-s I i-a 03.« 1 41-2 9 6 I o' e" 6 I 3 OuN wards. d, 1-2 8 112 OU < 11-2 6 I 1-2 8 4 1.2 3 9 2 1 I 1-2 2 « 3 n I I I 1-2 8 01-2 8 11-2 8 3 1 1-2 8 01-2 1 12 I 8 01-2 2 8 2 8 » 8 3 6 3 2 8 9 6 I 3 8 8 1 12 2 6 8 l' o" 8 01-2 01-2* 8 4 I I 4 6 a Articles 3 8 2 4 8 • 3 8 3 2 8 8 8 6 4 4 I 3* oia I 4 I 8 4 8 8 01-2 I 2 8* 4 4 2 4 1 3 8 01.2 8 8 I 3 2 1 3 1-2 3 3 I 1 3 12 3 S s 4 I 2» Oakum - ■ .ton Oatmeal ihudes, or duit • — Ochre, or okvr - • — Oil, cutor • • • cwt. cod • ■ ■ tun. dubbing, Umeed, slaoolltre — In fisilu - cheati boior 1-3 chest palm, seal, train, or whale tun rape, also spermaceti > .- of vitriol . . — •Oils of all kinds boiled or manU' lectured since Uieir imrortation DUtt or pipe puncheon or cask faocshead uarrel bottle. Jar, Jug, or can Onions > . package loose - - - bushel Opium, slao orange peel > cwt. Oranges • . ease or chest box or other package Orrhella weed - - ton Orriceroot • . • cwt. Packing boards - - doaen Faint and painters* colours and ma terials - .ton case, chest, or hogshead tierce cask or puncheon barrel box or bundle jar or jug Paper • hale, case, chest 1.2 bale, bundle, box nsam raving stones • - ton Pearl and shelled barley, pepper, white or black, pewter,or pimento ton Pears, pistachio nuls • bushel Pickles • • ■ gallon *box, cue, nr ch:.-sl •barrel •keg, jar, or Jug Fink reel • . • cvt. Pilch • lut of 12 barrels Fluler of Paris ■ ■ Ion Plate and plated wan package llooghl - - loose, each Potaloca . - -Ion exported in packages barrel hamper Preserved ginger • - cwt. Preserves Fo- reign. d. 3 9 4 8 3 8 4 Coast. wise. <. d. 6 2 1 I 1.2 10 1 2 3 Out. wanli. Printers' liquor - 100 gallons Prints or picturee • case or box Prunelloes • - cwt. Prunre too Pumice stone . ■ — ( iiern stones - (uicksilver • • each package ( uills - 1,200 ?"« . • ton Raisins, also mck t Rhubarb - • > cwt, Rico . • • -Ion Riddles • • bundle Rosin • . - ton barrel Rushes • load (83 bundles) Safnnwer,Mil ammoniac, or gem, ton Saffron - - package Sa:;o, sanguis diaconls, salcp, also landers wood, white and yellow, cwt. Sailcloth • • package .Siils Saltpetre - • Salt, mck while - Sand for ironfoundera and blowers silversmiths earh ton firkin ton Sarsanarilla, also sausages tra glsss- tnn casks cwt. .Saaufnis . - .ton Scainmony • - . cwl. Scythe stones • • doren Scythes • - bundle Seeds, viz. aniseeds, caraway, clover, or trefoil - - - cwt. Canary - - ton coriander and garden cwt. £.ix or linaeed, hemp and rape - quarter fijrre - - 100 bushels mustard - - ton rye grass - 100 bushels Senna - ■ - Ion Shaddocks - - package Shakes . hhl. puncheon, or lierre barrel, l*/ barrvl, or 1-4 cask Shesthiog f - » Ion 2 8 4 01.2 2 1 01-2 3 < 1 8 r o" 2 8 2 8 1.2 3 3 3 3 1 1.2 >. d. 4 8 I 7 11-3 1 8 9 1 1 01-2 1 1-2 1 1-2 8 I 12 1-4 6 8 4 2 2 1-2 01-2 4 2 OM 1 1 1.2 01-4 1 1-2 9 8 I 1-2 2 3 1-2 3 1 8 4 1-2 3 12 8 1 12 9 1 1-2 I 1-2 1 1 1-2 I 1-2 11-2 I 1-2 « 8 4 2 11-2 01-2 1 1 S 3 4 I 1-2 2 01.2 012 OM 1 I 01-2 3 1-2 UI-2 1 4 3 2e 3 is 001-2S I 31-2 3 1 8 4 3 2 3» 4 8 1 001 2» 1 1-2» 4 8 2 1 3 2 6 1-2 3 4 I 6 4 012 1-2* l-2» DOCKS (LIVERPOOL) 605 Inwanli. 3 3 It 3 01-2 g 4 i 01-2 I 2 I I I I 01-2 10 1 2 3 11-3 I n 01-2 I 1-2 I 1-2 I 1 a I 1-2 1-4 6 6 4 2 2 1-2 1-2 4 2 1-4 1 I 1-2 3 3 3 3 1 0I-; 1-2 Out- W4nli. 1. d. 4 8 U I 7 9 « 4 2 I 1-2 01-2 I 5 3 4 11-2 2 01-2 01-2 OM I 8 a,\■^ 3 1-2 Ul-2 1 I 1-2 2 31 3 I 6 41 3 01 4 3 2» 3 1» 0l.2» 1 12 I 1-2 I 1-2 1 1 1-2 I 1-2 1 1-2 1 1-2 31-2 3 1 8 4 3 2 I 1 2» 1 1-2* 4 8 2 01-2 3 4 1 6 4 012 \-i* 1 8 I 1 1» 00 1-2* lawtrda. Out- ward!. Aiticlah lawarda. Out. warda. ArUdM. To- Coaai. Fo- Coaat- reiga wiaa. raiin. wiae. «. A >. <(. t. d. t. d. t, d. t. d. Shovela or ipula • • bnndla 1 01-2 Wood, «!■. anchor itocka • aaeh 3 112 1 Shuuiu • . . ton r 6* » 8 ^ajtebandlea - • 120 3 1 1-2 1 Sieva ■ • • — 6 foai, lilch, kid, lamb, nitu- • • 3 quuti, nutria, theep, awan. daala,vll.under21ft. 12U 2 1 8 8 II-2 1 eiceediog do. • — 3 1 6 1 eoney, hire, mola • — 1 01-2 01-1 deal enda - - — 1 8 4 Skates, atao aUle iicncilf package Slate and alale alalia • ■ ton 6 S s fir quarlera or balks, vi& 6 S > under 8 in, aquara — 2 1 8 Slatea puncheon or eaak ■ « 4» 8 inclics and above lo.id 9 4 1-2 3 writing • • package ■ ■ . . 3» fire wood - fathom 4 2 Slime . • • • ton ■ I lath wood - ■ - 8 3 2 SnuliB • • cwt. t 1 1 maats, via. 8 in. and under Suiarl aticka ■ 1,200 1 6 » 8 8 in. • each 3 11-2 1 Snuir - • Ion 2 1 8 8 in. and under 12 in. — 8 3 2 Soap - .... 2 1 8 oak kncea, via. under 8 in. package . . 001-2* aquare ■ - 12(1 2 8 1 3 10 Soder, or anlder, or spelter • ton 3 I 8 8 In.aquare h upwarde, load 1 8 4 Siiermaceti • • • cwt. 8 1 1-4 1 oar rafters and oan . 120 1 6 4 Splunel • • • baica 9 U 11-2 1 old wood - • load 8 3 2 Spiriia • • lOOgallona 10 6 planka, via. beech, birch, oak, and poplar load pipe puncheon lingihead - - 8 1 S 71-2 8 ■ . 4 pine - - 120 2 1 8 • • 8 apaii, viz. under 22 ft. lon< — 1 6 4 Splrileofialli - • buttle " ! 1 1 22 ft. long * upwanls — 2 1 8 Sponge • ■ • civl. 6 3 1 appice knees, viz. under 8 in. Spra!i - - - I,0«0 - Ot-2 120 2 1 8 Spruce beer • 32 galloua Siiuilla ■ ■ • cwt. « s 3 1 1-2 2 1 8 in. and upwards, load llavea, above 1 1-2 in. thick, 9 41-2 3 starch • • .Ion 2 1 8 not eiceeding 38 in. lone, •Stationery ■ • package 4 2 3 120 1 11-2 I Steel, atao aulphur vivum - tun 1 « 8 8 exceeding 38 In, and under Straw and atraw plait package 6 3 2 60 - - 120 8 8 2 Sturgeon • " • — 1 01-2 01-2 exceeding 80 in. long — Bot above 1 1-2 in. thick, not 9 41-2 1 Succadca and aweclineala - cwt 1 < 4 Sugar • ■ .Ion 2 1 8 exceeding 38 in. long 120 1 012 012 refined . bogaheaJ • • n exceeding 36 in, and under tierce ♦: ■ • . 60 - • 120 1 t 1 barrel . . I1-2 exceeding 60 in. long — 8 11-2 1 puncheon - • 4 timber, viz. fir . load 9 414 8 candy • . • cwt. 2 1 leak or oiik - — 1 8 4 Talc, tamarinda, or tapioca - — Taltow, alaotinof all kinda ton 3 1 1-2 1 pine, k all other timber — 9 4 14 s 2 1 8 ufcra, vii. under 24rt long 120 2 1 8 Tanner*' ivaile . • — 4 a 24 ft. long or upwarda — 3 1 8 1 Tapca, Briliah . package Tar . . Int (Wbarrefi) « 3 1 8 9 8 2 1 1 wadgee . - I "00 1 8 9 8 water • • barrel 2 1 1 British or Iriah - 3 Tarraa - *i • bushel ■2 01-4 wheel spokes and fell lea — i'b" o' 9' 8 Tn ■ • package e S 1 Britiih or Irish — 3 Thread, linen, twiat, cotton, or yarn. barwood or boxwood ton 1*8" 0" 9" 6 cwt 4 S Brazil and Biazilelto, or cam- Thnima . - - bag 3 11-2 ' ' « wood - - ton 2 1 8 Tin plali* - • bol . . 012 pipe boards. See Stava. Tobacco k atalka, alao turmeric cwt 1 01-2 01-2 masts, 12 in. and upwards. Tolaccoplpea . - boa ■ ■ > 2 See Fir TimUr. Tomuee • • package 1 01-2 01.2 cedar wood, ebony, fustic. rortoiae^hcU • - cwt 6 3 2 Guinea wood, lignum vitae, logwood, ma. jjany, or red Tow .... ton 1 8 4 Toya - • packaji! Treenail! . . -1,200 6 S 8 aandert - ton I 6 9 6 6 3 8 Nicaragua wood, aapan, or Trucka • • • each 4 2 2 roaewood - - ton 2 I 8 Trufflet . . • cwt 1 8 4 HToollena • . package 1 Turnipe • - .too . S 3* Vami - . . package 8 11-2 1 Turpentine • - • — 1 8 9 8 Yam, bay . • - cwt cotton or twist - - — 2 1 1 Twine ... cwt. 2 1 4 2 Typei - • - boi 4 1 t grogram, alao wonted — 2 1 Valerian • • • cwt. 2 1 1 4 2 Valotiia, alao vamah • ton 1 8 9 8 Teaat . -" packagii 1 8 2 Vanelloea . • • cwt 1 8 4 Zaffre(aspae:iaofcaljali; - cwt 4 2 1 Venice turpeoti'ie - • — 9 1 1-2 1 Venllgria - • - ton Verniicelli, alaovoiiiiiioB • cwt 2 8 1 3 8 t Vinwu and verjuice ■ ton 1 4 1 2 9 pipe « > 6* JMdanet ntid, tut fopoy ot/t )Oou» eaak 4* hogahead . . , 2* Invranh, vli. Carpet! aa woollena; china u i bottled, aa ale ; cordlala aa apii ita, dan-.mon as arlhenwa "81 ctder, 1, foreifn. printen' 1-2 hophead . • 1* ■oain; coi Vitriol, white . - tun 2 1 8 aa bullion ; hosiery as haberdaahery, iron liquor u oil of ■ _ 2 8 1 s 10 liquor, iron tn pickagn aa hardware, milline ufad oil aa nlive in flaakft, pomenanatce ae ry u habe nluiiery, Whalebone finf . cwt a 1 1 orangeaj uddlery. unets aod Wheelbarrow! - ach 4 2 2 wrouj^ht leather slops, see HaUrdatlury ; straw bo Whetatonea - ■ caik 1 8 4 weinng apparel aa halwrdashery. Whlp-a'icka . Whiting boudle 1 01-2 01-2 Outwarda, viz. Bacon, hania, lard, and tripe. aabeefa nd pork; . ton 1 6 4 iron, in packagta, aa hardware; linen aa ci itton, mac hinerjr u Wine tun 2 4 1 2 9 wrought iron, paper aa stationery, pewter an 1 tinaaco Dper, pre. battled . barrel 112 serves aa pickles ; soda w ater as pickles, tapes or linen, a Qd twine, boa , 2 thread, twist, as cottons. caae . 2 Painters' colours, in packagra, outwards, indudn ■ aaheabn awnpow . cask , 4 der. cement, chalk, charcoal, chroniate nf lea J, or Iran, lack, lead coppenii hogahead . 8 cudbear, earths, blue, grease or greaves, lamp b .liUiarje, puncheon . 4 maoiaaeae, ochre, aluch, and whiting. f , Uetce 3 3x2 i I 600 DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). Ijvebpooi. Town D«Es.>-BpRl(lfi« the flock rnteii, town diieii are levied on Roodi inwards and out- w»rilD, ul n certiiiii rate pt^r |mc.ku|{0. Tin; iinnuni amount r iKiil, r», (he ton 3 3 I'otatoes, Iho too blisluds 1 1 On|i|H.T, ihe ton 6 3 Pols of iron, the Ion - 8 3 Colton, Ihebajc • • • 1 1 Raisins, the 100 baikela Salt, white, the 101) busheb 1 8 Onili, the chahlton (Winchnter inra- 2 sure) - . . . . 23.4 23 4 roast wiso • • 1 the ton - . - . 3 2 rock, the lOO busheli . 1 4 Cotr ihaiiln, Iho 1,000 • 2 1 coastwise, do. ■ • 8 IxMiii, Ihr KX) 1 1-2 !<«eila, pnlen, the sack 1 01-2 Cork woo 1, the ton 1 8 Slates, (lie Ion - 3 2 ('orti, of atl M>rt*, ttio lOO l)Uthc'lt 1 4 N Soap, the box • 1 01.2 Ourniili ihf liult 8 4 Spirit-*, the niincheon • tlie hoftsheail - 8 4 Drill, tha I'iU .... 1 8 8 3 I>ccr skins, low, Iho 100 3 I 1.2 drawn from com, the puncheon 2 2 iltwiud, tlie hoi^iticad 4 2 Staves, hradini, and ham spites, tha Dyt^ioX "'^o '• of cvtTV kind, tli« toD - 8 3 1,000 8 3 Barllionw.ue, Ihr i-ratu 2 Starch, the chest 2 2 llir I'jrrllo • 1 Sugar, the hnj^sliead 4 2 hmjf, the load (60 piecM) ■ • 4 the tierce 3 1 1-2 Ebony, the ton « 3 the barrel 2 I EtepiaiilsMteth, thr ton Fi->ihi'.r«, llie Iwd or baj 1 8 Tallow, the cwt. 1 1 3 3 'I'ar and pitch, the barret 3 1 riah, saltnl, or itoi kStli, the Ion 1 8 •limber (llr, (tc), the load 8 3 oa^ls, the 120 ■ 8 the Hrkia oi-a 1-2 Wine, Iho |ii|)« 1 8 fJum SenfjOl, the ton • 1 8 the Itoxshead - 8 3 OiiH(io«"ilfi, ilic turret • • 1 ni'2 coastwise, the pip« 1 8 Heiiipor (lax, the ton • 1 6 Window glass, the side 1 1 licrrlntcs, thf twrrf 1 1 I the box 12 01-2 Hides of cows and oxen, earli 1 1-2 Wool, the haj • 4 4 iuiported from the But liidii-a, the dozen • Varui, linen, the Irtiai . 6 3 I 1-2 the pork • foieijn, thcfa'.t 4 8 of horsM, e.irh * 01.4 1-4 8 '4 Hope, the pocket 2 2 bay, the pack 4 2 In>n, in Inrt, the ton • 1 8 Try goodi, not before dBcribed. the in pits, or cast, the ton • 6 3 package, viz ore, tile ton • - . 3 3 bale 4 2 Kelp, the imi .... 6 U 3 barrel box • ^ bundle . ' 2 1 I/cad, lia.l ore, or ropjier ore^ the ton Idthwno,!, the fathom • 6 > 8 1 2 1 1 01-2 Linen, of all sorts, the pack - 4 2 case 4 2 a hiti or bundle a 1 cask 4 2 tcmoiis or oran^s, (he etieat > 2 1 cheat 4 2 tlie box . 1 1-1 ciate 2 2 I.i»mini vitr, thn ton . 6 3 1-2 crate . 1 1 Malm^DV, thi! ton 6 8 hamper . 1 1-2 Malts, aljive 12 inchat diamettr 3 3 hnfTshead . 4 2 8 iotlies and under 12 inchn puncheon • 8 3 diameter a 3 lierco 3 1 1-2 6 iiiihes and under 8 inchei tnink 2 2 (haiiieter 1 I tnus 2 1 Mi*al of aats, \n. the ton « 8 keg 1 1-2 M'-lasscs. ihr hogshead 2 2 Kr- The above dniioa are not due on poods, the property of, and to be sold Rolcly on account of, ppr- lons free of Liverpool, Bristol, London, Wnlcrford, or Wexford; nor on the exportation of goods, whli It m:iy have been imported, or brought coiietwiae, provitleu they are, at tlie time of exportation, the suDii' property as whun so imported, or brought coastwise. The Liverpool Doclts are all constriicteil upoti tho estate of the corporation, and are ma- nntred )>y commissioners ajipointoil by parliament. The warehouses belong to individuals, and are private property. None of them belong to the Dork estate. Most of them are, of course, situated in the immediate vicinity of the docks. The discharging and loading of vessels in Liverfwol is ctfecfed by a class of men cjtlled lumpers. Individuals who follow this business engage to discharge a ship for a specific, or lump sum, from 2 guineas, perhaps, up to 20, according to the size and description of cargo, having the requisite number of com- mon labourers (chiefly Irishmen) to do tho work ; the lumper lieing master and superin- tendent: these labourers are generally paid day wages, but sometimes the jab is a joint con- cern among the whole. A West India ship of 500 tons would he discharged by lumpers for from 15/. to 20/. ; a cotton ship of the same burden for 4/. to 6/. By discharging is merely meant putting out the cargo on the quay ; tho proprietors of the goods employ their own porters to weigh, load, and warehouse the property : they likewise employ their own coopers, where cooper- age is rciiuired. It will be seen that tho system of managing business of this sort in Liverpool is entirely difTercnt from the plan followed in London, at least in the East India Docks, where all these operations arc performed by the Dock Company. The expense of loading a West India ship of 500 tons onlwards would not be half as much 08 that of discharging inwards, because they very seldom take a full cargo oulwarda, DOCKS (LIVERPOOL). 607 Dodi inwards and out- ic*) IM'i, ia uliowii in a liiirgud. Inwarili. OulBarJi. ■ 1. d. 1. d. 2 1 1 1 8 g 6 8 g 1 8 8 8 i 2 a 2 1 1 8 3 1 8 2 • 1 • • 1 4 • • 8 1 012 3 2 1 01.2 8 4 6 3 n !i 2 6 3 2 2 4 2 3 1 1-2 8 1 1 1 2 1 8 3 4 I 1 i 1 1 8 1 G 6 3 1 8 1 1 1-2 01.3 4 4 8 3 4 8 8 4 h* 4 2 4 8 2 1 2 1 n 1 0|.2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1-2 4 2 8 3 3 11-! 2 2 2 U 1 1 1-2 ly on ncROunt of, per- xporlnlion of goods, L> time uf exporiatinn, ralion, anil are niR' nng to individuals, tost, of til em are, of n(? and loadins; of •idiials who follow 2 guineas, perhaps, site number of com- iniistrr and supcrin- c j ih is a joint con- rem 15/. to 20/.; a meant putting out n porters to weigh, pers, where cooper- ■jiverpool is entirely icks, where all these nld not be half as ill cargo outwards. The average does not, perhaps, exceed a third. Hence the total expense of a Went India thip of fiOO tons, coming into and going out of the port of Liverpool, may be estimated »s follows : — L. 1. 'd. . 8 II • 10 n - 17 10 . S 10 Pilotage ontwardi Boat hire aisUting out L. I. d. • 3 8 . 10 e /.. 37 Pilntngo Inwards • Bout l)lri!, wnrping, tie. Lumpers' discharging - I.nbnurers' hire for loading Besides these, there is the charge for the various light-houses in St. George's Channel which cannot be called an expense peculiar to Liverpool. On the 1st of January, 1836, there belonged to Liverpool 066 registered vessels, of the burden of 2U7,833 tons, manned by 11,611 men and boys. The gross customs dutyc iected in the port during the year 1 837 amounted to the enormous sum of 4,35 1 ,406/. ! ' Iinporls of the priiiclpnl Articles of Fast and Wcit Indian, Ai!ierlcnn,&c. Produce i .ivorpool, (luring each of tlio ftris Vcari ending with 1838, with the Storks on Hand on the 3" ol V -nvbi t each Yeur. — (Kroni the Circular Statement of Metirs. Jee, Urolhera, and Co., Slut D '■urn'' JS.) r 1 1 TackaKPS and lin porta. Slocki on Hand, 3Ut oi i ectmber. Arlicla. (tuanlilicii. 1834. 183S. 1838. 1837. 1833. 1834 1839. 1836. 1837. lesa A1I1M, AmeriuD • bamdi. 6,580 13,M0 17,5(X) 14,800 15,700 ( pot. 2,150 I prl. 2,100 3,500 1,000 8,700 1 4,600 7,500 2,400 1 2,500 2,500 RriniBtoDfl • tont 0,780 11,900 14,900 14,500 16,900 2;r.oo 2,900 7,500 7,410 11,000 0)001 bill. ana 8,500 5,500 2,3(K) 1,930 620 5,000 6,200, 1,600 Coir™, Wet lD(li» • ca>k» 8,0l0 7,'iflO 7,600 8,5(K) 8,100 ■) 1 ililln - brti and ban 5,170 6,900 5,000 5,0GO 6,800 Mont SOU 1,990 1,600 950, 1,630 Kut India, ftc do. 9,9:10 8, MX) 6,900 15,700 )-,420 ' folinn bap, &c. 83!),2»5 9(i9,J7!) 1,022,871 tfiMfidU 1,330,4311 145,300 184,700 204,590 ; 170,820 248J40| Uj-ewoo'i, fiiitic ' Inni 11,770 8,.'>0U 3,700 3,100 3,150 4,200 4,410 3,2001 1,-00 ^-lO li>i;wiH)(l do. \o,m 8,900 «,DUO 9,000 8,800 3,800 3,100 2,300 1,500 350 Ni.iripia wood do. 3,4(10 4A«> 3,700 1,7.50 900 l,K.^ 3,500 4,800 4,800 4,1.00 CatiiwouJ do. 6M 4K0 3,0 650 250 200 100 too 200 50 birwoftd do. l,fiOO 2,20U 1,00(1 1,200 640 1,100 760 950 1,700 1,0C« Flour, Allieririn • birrt-lf 21,tW 3,S(;0 2,1-Ofl 440 16,20» 163,500 100,000 69,1 00: 62,060 20,l'0() (iinjtr, W«l Iiicli.i brii. and bap 2,o;o 2,350 2,(i(X) 2,4.^0 2,000 bap 2,3C0 4,600 S 6(10, 1,509 2,700 I 7,(X,00O 3ti4,«10 275,00(1 171,000 27,000 100,000 60,0(O| 24,000 21,400 horeo ■'■> 38,100 72,000 28,20(1 39,000 6^,00') 9,100 30,000 11,(00 lj,000 3,800 Indim 1, ,,„ II I,4ti0 920 U'JO 2,700 1,810 140 170 81 0, ICO! 40 Eut India ■*i*. 2,0411 1,380 2,a-.o 760 l,:)30 250 3i!0 4001 2501 340 MnlMiw pu. ■ :■<■■'•: I8,i0 12,800 li,700 11,2.)0 10,100 7,4jfl 5,1100 l,8(;0l 300 2,5a) Olive nil - • 7,400 2.300 i;m 6,500 8,000 tuna 1,500 .500 l,l(;Ol 1,300 1,050 I'llm oil iona 10,81)0 9,0(10 10,8(10 8,300 9,1100 tou 6,000 2,200 l.UOo! 1,1-00 2,CC0 IVpilLT ban & pckti. brffl. and bap I9,V>0 14,300 2>),70fl 23,400 13,000 6,000 9,500 25,350 ; 27.,10O 29,000 Pinirnto 1,910 3,1-00 4,200 3,350 1,1611 6,650 4,200 8,200; 8,000 6,000 (Jtiercitron hark bug>he.-ino none none n(,ne Eail India ■ do! 61,310 6,.'HX) 24,100 10i,K10 66,000 17,300 36,000 6,00( 30,000 12,000 Rum pun. fe hhdi. I0,8W 12,160 12,150 11,030 9,100 11,090 9,550 8,h«0 8,200 0,460 Salipii™ • Seed, ftix • bafrsfte. 64,8(10 64,1)00 63,8,0 72,500 6(1,700 22,150 20,M» 35,000 37,000 28,000 QUartert 18,210 26.000 34'.00 39,500 23,000 5,000 5,000 2.211(1 1,000 1,500 Shumac ba^ 48,800 53,000 54,000 33.400 68,.'60 8,440 10,000 8,500 6,500 12,000 Sugar, llriliih plant. lihda. .'iiid tea, 01,360 55,0-.0 66,500 47,800 47,01K) 9,,550 12,600 17.000 7,800 14,000 Ilavannah - bona 6H) Dom) 840 620 l,.50(i Dons - . 6.50 none nnzil cam 2~80 3,900 5,500 2,300 3.820 550 350 1,900 1,0(0 l,300| M.inril. % F.. I. liap and hia. I33,6-.0 ll;l,(X)0 102,3110 113,0(50 155,700 JI.SOO 22,000 44,000 47,0(!0 92,600^ Manilla, Ac. I>ap and brla. 12,070 16,000 14,100 42.000 26,200 I5,.500 3,000 12,000 19,600 13,500 Tar, Anieriran barrels 19,180 16,iH)0 19,000 12,000 12,000 500 none 1,200 300 2,500 Stockholm, fcc. do. 41,700 41200 17,500 19,800 44,670 10,600 15,000 6,000 4,000 18,500 raliow . .| caaka ">^ 25,600 21,900 18,4;I0 24,000 6,500 8,560 3,500 2,000 3,000 lerDna 321) l,0«0 l(X) 1,300 400 Tohaceo bni;iheada 9,800 9,200 9,793 8,100 8,100 8,300 8,800 10,283 6,050 5,280 Turpen'ine barrel! 87,970 iF,iO0 104,00(1 104,300 122,000 13,000 4,600 25.01J0 24,000 5(),0W)| Port of Liverpool from Foreign Po '.a, dlstin^ulshi ig British from Foreign, since 1820. Years. Dritish. Foreign. Yi-ara. Rriliah. Forcisn. 1 H/npt. Totti. Sh'pt. Ton*. .^Wj)i. TV/ii. S/l,pi. Tmn. mo l.Mfi 228,233 633 106,821 1827 1,428 306,369 810 231,863 1821 1 1,IK8 242,382 8»2 149,151 1*28 1,658 344,644 660 179,514 I8'22 l,8t)3 2t)l,lir7 6»» 174,607 1829 1,487 .320,311 811 810,713 . 1823 l,!.™ 896,710 798 109,866 1830 1,6.')5 368,268 1,055 872.463 1824 1,.M4 .327,198 708 174,593 1831 1,808 413,928 978 265,037 182.1 i,Kn 315.115 863 222,187 1832 1,719 397,933 828 227,087 1826 1,387 8'.UI,037 680 181,907 Th(> fulling otf in 18.32 is ngcribalils partly to the cholera then pruvailing ; but more to the rupture >vi*h the Dutch towards the end of tbo year. /risA Trade.— 'Tho trade between Liverpool and Ireland has always been of considera- lilo value and importance ; but since the cstatilishmcnt of regular steam-packets to Dublin, Belfast, &c., it has increased prodigiously. The imports from Ireland into Liverpool may, at present, be estimated at about 4,500,000/. a year. They consist principally of articles of provision, which meet a ready and advantageous market ih Manchester, and the surround- ing manufactuiing towns. The benefits resulting to Ireland from this intercourse are quita e(|ual to those it confers on England ; and the influence of the wealth arising from it is «uf Vlr :'■■ i I i.- 'il III DOCKS (BRISTOL). flciently apparent in the improved aapect of all the eastern parts of the Muntry. We sub- join an account, which, though not oificial, may be depended upon aa being auflicientty ac curate for all pr" .^tical purpogea, of Th« Quantity and Value of the varloui Artlclea of Irlih raw Produce im|iortod Into Liverpool In 1831. Arllcli*. QiuintillM. Af. Prict. Ainnunt, Aillelm. Qiunlilln. Av.Prlto. Amount. £ ». £ t. £ «. £ «. Cowi - 00,715 10 907,150 Butter - 358,087 flrks. 8 10 ftt.%817 10 Ilorief - 390 30 5,930 Uo. 19,317 i Arks. 1 3 31,031 S Shenp - 131,703 1 5 33.'),83S 10 E«g8 • Wheat - 3,596 crates 30 50,120 ,^''^lc» 343 15 3,645 977,060 qrs. 3 831,183 -■ 15«,0 4,497,708 1)0. 4,543 flrks. 1 10 6,813 to Liverpool in 1831 . J Butter - 5,754 cools 3 11,508 Account of the Quantities of Salted Beef, Pork, and Bntter, imported into Liverpool from Ireland during the Twelve Years ending with 1833. Tar. BmT. Pork. Butler. Tirrat. Samlt. JIantU. Hat/ BamU. /'irAint. Half Firkiiu. 1891 0,383 8,444 85,303 3,090 333,048 13,.MS5 1833 5,387 9,713 13,323 1,433 100,305 14,629 1833 9,936 8,137 17.403 L4te 970,531 19,205 1834 7,114 1,743 16,389 1,050 99l>,504 15,064 1835 7,371 1,696 14,434 1,006 327,143 13,711 1836 6,358 778 11,351 844 9.10,047 12,257 1837 0,301 997 15,540 3,437 303,915 80,249 1838 0,853 1,538 8,978 1,109 330,003 21,402 1839 5,170 1,536 14,453 1,494 280,740 15,rt03 1830 7,105 838 19,380 8,458 850,385 17,070 IS.-)! 6,391 1,189 14,554 930 358,087 19,217 1833 6,887 1,173 11,919 1,397 893,293 15,880 III. Bristol Docks, Sbippino, ktc. The Bristol Docks were formed in pursuance of the act 43 Geo. 3. c. 142., by changing the coutee of the rivers Avon and Frome, and placing gates or locks at each extremity of the old channel. The accommodation thus obtained ia very extensive. The worehouacs at Bristol, as at Liverpool, are not in any way connected with the docks: they all belong to private individuals. Bristol, aa a port, used to be inferior only to London ; but now she ranks far below Liverpool, and probably is second to Hull. However, she still enjoys a very extensive trade, particularly with the West Indies and Ireland. The custom duties collected in Briuloi amounted in 1831, to 1,161,976/L In 1832, there belonged to the port 296 registered ves- sels, of the burden of 46,567 tons. The produce of the dock duties on tonnage and goods, since 1820, has been as fol* lows .•— Van. Tantiife lUtm. Ram OD Ooodt. Yttra. Tonnig* Halo. Rata on Goodi. 1831 1833 1893 1834 1835 £. «. d. 10,409 19 6 10,530 11 a 10,747 19 8 13,395 6 4 13,434 4 10 £ 1. d. 7,337 7 6 8,063 5 3 7,746 7 7 7,990 7 a 9,409 11 1890 1837 1888 1830 1830 £ t. d. 14,863 10 13,034 1 8 15,293 3 15,833 4 6 15,998 13 e £ 1. d. 0.438 14 3 7;773 18 8,306 16 3 8,871 13 8,087 1 The charges on ships entering Bristol are very heavy. They are as follow : — For every vessel on entering into the port of Brintnl, except barges or other vessels passing or gning to or from the Bath River NnviKatiun, ur Kennet and Avon Canal, or ru-shipping or dischari^ing their cargoes to be again laden, and pass or go up the said navigation or caniii, but not discharKing an; part of their cargoes at the quays of Bristol for sale, the several rates or duties, according to ibe legister tonnage of such vessels following, viz.— Per Ton. £ I. d. Firit Cliu*.— For every vesrel trading from Africa, Honduras, Surinam, and other ports In South America, the United States of America, the ICiist and West Indies, all tlie purls within the Straits of Gibraltar, and the Siinthern WImlo Fisliery - - - -030 Second Cla^f.—fni evnrv vessel iradins from tile British Colonies, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Spain without the Straits, and Sweden • • - • • -O30 ■ountry. Wc sub. aing BuiTicientky ao> nto Liverpool In 1831. .Price. Amount. E *. £ ,. 3 10 043,817 10 1 s 31,021 5 50,130 3 831,183 1 13 633,020 13 I IS 37,331 1 10 UIU 10 3 16,001 3 4 3,44H 2 lU 17,135 1 5 187,270 6 2 S Sfl0,5»0 10 iIur'> ,„.} 4,407,708 verpool from Ireland Butter, a Bive improvemuntu are at present going forward at tho harbour of Leith j but tho money for this purpose has not been furnished by individuals, but by govoriununt, and there is nmch reason to doubt whether the expenditure will be profitable. The customs duty collected at Leith in 1831 amounted to 431,H2I/, ; llio number of registered vessels belonging to the port is 316, and their burden >5, In [liy (if tlio dnrkd, lIUllc'K. , iilili of I'lirlli, - 3 diiilut fur more limn 8 5. rf. . 2 « IrimBlliig viiyuRo 5 f' Of tli'w qimdruptvl, Ut vnrii'ty of nprrica. Ii, would 'liti iiuit'- ""' ju'ipulty of laying tlie :t to An'mtlc dogs. Ilii (fri'nl llilliiln, In H'O luir of until UcKcniHion !iiinl»r. IIIU — jr >■ .'■ 18,1W w nin Ma ■■" Id 70,nil IB 87,(105 4 0. iloriiiia a"o i^u,4ia dncit 01 to UVCQI 1 Hiunll fiirnm. tnlii tliu iminbei Cuvier, the ffreat French naturalist, says, " The dog is the moat complete, the most re- markable, and the most useful conqucHt ever made by man : every spt'cies has become our jiroprrty ; each individual is alto;;eth(:r devoted to his master, asaumcs his maiinrra, knows und defends his goods, and remains attached to him until death ; and all this proceeds nei- ther from want nor constraint, but solely from true gratitude and real friendship. The swift- ness, the strength, and tho scent of tho dog have created for man n powerful ally against other animals, and were, perhaps, necessary to the establishment of society. He is tho only animal which has followed man through every region of the earth." It is tiingul.ir, however, that neither Cuvier, nor any one of those by whom his statements Imve been cojned, should have mentioned that this account is applicable only to Europe. All Mahommedan nations regard the dog as impure, and will not touch it without asi ubiu- lion. The same is also tho case with the Hindoos. From the Hclles|iont to the confines of C'oehin-China, dogs are unappropriated, and have no master. They prowl about the towns and villages ; and though they are naturally more fniniliar, they arc in no respect more do- nii'sticiitcd, than ihe carrion crows, kites, vultures, &;c. which aiisist them in performing tho fuiicliiins of sravcn!;ers. In China ar>d Cor'' '.'liina, tho dog is eaten as food ; its llosh lii'ing, with the exception of that of 1' - ig ost common in their inarke; The unnecessary multiplication o? i, parr 'ly in large cities, is a vei_ ^.eai nui- sance ; coining, as they ofttn do, into the possession of tiioso who are without the means of proviJing f )r them, they are freijucntly left to wander about in the streets ; and from ill iis,ige, want of food and of proper attention, are apt, during hot weather, to become rabid. In Rcvcral districts of the metropolis the nuisance has attained to a formidable height; and it is singular, considering tho numerous fatal occurrences that have taken place, that no cflTort should have been made to have it abated. It has grown to its present excess, partly from too many exemptions being granted from the duty, and jiartly from a want of care in its collection ; but be.-ides lessening the number of the f.jrm(!r, and more rigidly enforcing the latter, it would be pr.iper to enact that all dogs found wandering in the streets without mas^ tcrs nhould be destroyed. DOWN {ilex. Dnnen, Flaumfedern ! Tia.Dnns; Fr. Duvet ,• It. Penna malta, I'iu- nini ; Sp, VIojcl, Phimnzn ,- Rus. Purh ,• Lat. P/unise). the fine feathers from the breasts of several birds, particularly those of the duck kind. That of the cider duck is the most valuable. These birds pluck it from their breasts and line their nests with it. Mr. Pennant says tliat it is so very clastic, that a quantity of it weighing only ^ of an ounce, fills a larger K|i;u'e than the crown of the greatest hat. That found in the nest is most valued, and termed lire diwn ; it is much more clastic than that plucked from the dead bird, which is com- ]iaralivc!y little esleonicd. Tho eider duck is fjund on the western islands of Scotland, but tlic d.iwn is princip:illy imported from Norway and Iceland. UKAfiONW ULOOD. See Balsah. DllAWBACK, a term used in commerce to signify the remitting or paying back of the duties previously paid on a commodity on its being exported. A drawback is a device resorted to for enabling a commodity alTccted by taxes to l)e ex- ported and sold in the foreign market on the same terms as if it had not been taxed at all. Itdifl'ers in this from a bounty, — that the latter enables a commodity to be sold abroad for /•■«' than its natural cost, whereas a drawback enables it to be snld exactly at its natural cost. Drawbacks, as Dr. Smith his observed, " do not occasion the exportation of a greater quan- tity of goods than would have been exported had no duty been imposed. They do not tend to turn towards any particular employment a greater share of the capital of the country tlian would go to that employment of its own accord, but only to hinder the duty from driv- ing away any part of that share to other employments. They (end not to overturn that balance which naturally establishes itself among all the various employments of the society; but to hinJer it fro'.n being overturned by tho duty. They tend not to destroy, but to preserve, what it is in most cases advantageous to preserve — the natural division and distributiju of l;»hour in the society."— (Vol. ii. p. 3,53.) Were it not for the system of drawbacks, it would be impossible, unle.'ss when a country onjoyi'd some very peculiar facilities of production, to export any commodity that was heavier taxed at home than abroad. But the drawback obviates this difTicnlty, and enables iner- (hants to export commodities loaded at home with heavy duties, and to sell them in tho foreign market on the same terms as those fetched from countries where they arc not taxed. Most foreign articles imported into this country may be warehoused for subsequent exporta- tion. In this case they pay no duties on being imported: and, of course, get no drawback on their subsequent exportation. Sometimes a drawback exceeds the duty or duties laid on the article ; and in such cases the fxcens forms a real bounty of that amount, and should be so considered. Il Is onacled by the art 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52., lliat no drawliark nr Imiiiity pliall lie allowetl ii)Kin Itio (i|>nrlatioii froai the United Kingdmii of any {.'oods, unless saili ^'ooils tliull liiivv bueii entered in the name of llie person who was the real owner tliurcor at the time of entry and sliljiping, or ol' the per- «l. 1 ' ( ill ' U\ Mf:! li, .' |i ; 613 DUBBER— EARTHENWARE. i •on who had actually ptirehaioil ami iliipprd the lanm, in lila nwn nama anil at hti own llabnity iml rlik, nn rnniiniiiiilnn, acrnrillnR lit llio prnctlce of inorrhauti, anil whu wni iiiiil nhnll liiivu ciiiitlniioi) to bii rnlitliiil In lili owu right to lucti drawback or bounty, except In the ranvi hKreiii-iiflcr pruvliiiid fiir.-J HO. Nil drawback ihnll lip olhiwoil iipnn the vxportallon of any Riiodit, iinlonN inch Kiimlit be iihl|i|ii.M| wilhln !l yiMim afti'r thii piiyiiiiint uf thiMliilina Inwiirdn thi'rrcm. And iiii di-ln'iitiirr fur any ilmw. Imrk iir lioiiiity upon the vx|iiirtatliin of any Kondi, Nhull bo paid after thn )'i|ilrnlliin uf 'i ypiirn frniii Ihti alilpiiiHiit of mii'li RoiiiU i and no driivvbnck nhall Im allowed iiiion any umiila whirh, by ritiiHim i>( dHniia'i' or drray, nhiill hitV(t bi'iiiiiin of Ivan viiliic for huiiiii iiki' llMn tlii' iiiiirnuit of mirh driiwliiii'k; anil nil Ronda an daiiiUKiMl wblrh ahnll hi> ili'iiri'd fur drawbark nhall bit fiirfolli'il ; mid the pi'raun wlm rniiai'd aiiih Kcuda to bii ao cli'ari'd aball forfeit UOU<,, or treble the aninunt uf the drawback, »i thu iiptluii of iliu coininlaali>ni>ra of ciialoina.— } IKi, No ilrawbiii'k or boiinly aball bv nllowfd upon gnnda eiiportcd and rli'arrd aa bulng prpaa-pnrkiMJ, unloaa ib» i|uanlltli'a himI i|iialllli'a of ihn aaino bi> vrrlflrd by oalh of Ihu inaatrr packer tbcruur, or, in caaii uf bin unnvoidabli' abaiincv, by nalli of lila fori'inan.— j V3. No iii'oda cloariMl for driiwltack ur boiinly, or from any warchiMiiva, aliall hi! carried tn bn put on boiiril ablji for expurlation, excepl by n poraon anthurlai'd for that piirpoiu by llccnco uf the cnmiiiia' •loni'ra uf cualonia,— ^ VI.--(Mi'a Impoiitation and BxroaTATioN.) [All giwulu, wares, niul nicrcliaiulino, which wero ciititlPil to ilulienture on the 0th of Jiinuary, I8"U, or whirh Hhuil have bcpii importotl into the Uniloil Htatca Hutianquciitly to that (latr, niny he exportnl with tiio hcncflt of druwhuclc, and witliotit any ilcduction from the duty on the sninr, at any time within throo years from the date when the same diall have bvvn imjiorted. For ihr rrgidutinnR rnnrrrning drawback, the reador is rcfcrreJ to the article Imfoiita< Tiox ANT Exi'oirrATioN. — Am. /? mous ii^tatutc of Frauds, 29 Cha. II. c. 3., that " no contract for the sale of any goods, warea, and merchandises, fur the prices of 10/. sterling or upwards, shall b« allowed to bo good, except the buyer shall accept part of the gooils so sold, and actually receive the same, or give something in earnrat to bind the bargain, or in part payment, or that some note or memorandutn in writing of the said bargain be made and signed by lliu parties to be charged by such contnict, or their agents thereunto lawfully authorised." As to what amounts to suincient earnest, Ulackstone lays it down, that " if any part of the price is paid down, if it is but a penny, or any portion of the goods is delivered by way of e.irnest, it is biniling." To constitute earnest, the thing must bo given as a token of ralificatian of the contract, and it should bo expressly stated so by the giver. — {Chilly'a Coinmerctul Law, vol, iii. p. 289.) EARTHENWARE {Uer. Irdcne Waaren ; Da. Aardegoed ; Fr. Vaisselk de terre, Poterie ; It. Sloviglie, Terrafjlia ,• Sp. Loza de barro ,• Rtis. Gorschelschiie possodii ,• Pol. Clinianai naczyniu), or crockery, as it is sometimes termed, comprises every sort of house- hold utensil made of clay hardened in tho flro. Its manufacture is, in England, of very con- siderable importance ; and the improvements that have been made in it since the middle of last century have contributed powerfully to its extension, and have added greatly to the comfort and convenience of all classes. " There is scarcely," it has been well observed, " any manufacture which is so interesting to contemplate in its gradual improvement and extension as that of earthenware, presenting, as it does, so Iteautiful a union of science and art, in furnishing us with the comforts aiitl ornaments of civilised life. Chemistry administers her part, by investigating the severnl species of earths, and ascertaining as well thoir most appropriate combmations, as tlie respect- ive degrees of heat which tho several compositions require. Art has studied tho designs of antiquity, and produced from them vessels even more exquisite in form than the models by which they have been suggested. The ware has been provided in such gradations of quality ss to suit every station from the high«»t to the lowest. It is to be seen in every counli^, ouii It hli own liability iml I liiirelii-iiftcr pruvlilud ■iirh K'xxl* t>o 'lilpiwd lii'iitiiri! for nny ilraw- Iriilliiii of 'i ypiirit frdiii iIn wlilrh, liy ri^iiHiiiiot' lint <)(' Hitch (Iriiwlmck ; il ; mill III* piTMiin wlm r the (Iruwbnck, lit Uiu an bvlliR prriiK-pitrkiMl, Hicr pnrkt'r lliiroof, nr, III! rnrrled In bn put nn llei'iico of the coiniiiU' itiire on tho fith of itali'8 Kul)8i , ghee, ice. Barrels, mention, LiiiuidD, in itliern vcsdoIs, UiiIi- I a quart up to neatly of pieces of timber, ho Bliip's hold, eilliur, vent her from bcconi- it be BURCcptiblu of leaky. A sltip is not uiningo. — ( t'alamer'a itig, part iii. c. 3.) r of goods in order to 7th section of tho fa- of any good^, v/am, allowed to bo good, receive the same, or or that some nolo or parties tu be charged , that " if any part of U is delivered by way given as a token of ho giver. — {Cliilly's ,. Vaisstlk de terre, tschiie possudii i Pol. every sort of house- England, of very coii- it since the middle of added greatly to the hich is so interesting tlienvvore, presenting, irith the comforts sniJ stigating the several ations, as tlie respect. tudicd tho designs of n than the models by gradations of quality in every country, and EAST INDIA COMPANY. 6ia nlinnst in every house, tlinuigh the whohi extent of Amerira, in mnny parts of Asia, and in inoHt of the coiinlricH of Kiirojip, At home il has superseded the less rienrily vossrls of pewter ond of wooil, und, by its cheapness, hss been hrouKht within the means of our poorest iiiiuNi'kee|i0, when Mr. Wedgwood liegan his discoveries; but the general o|)inion is that it did not at that time exceed SO,OOI). Tho village of Elruriu, in the Potte* ries, was built by Mr. Wedgwood, 'i'ho manufacture has been curried on nt Uurslein, in the sumo district, for several centuries, 'J'ho canals by which Stalliinlshire is intersected, have done much to accelerate the pro- gress of the ninmifiiclure. Pipe-clay from Dorsetshire and Devonshire, and Hints from Kent, are conveyed by water carriage to the places where the clay and coni abound ; und the fmished goods are conveyed by the same means to tho great shipping ports, whence they are dia« tribuled over most |>arts of tho glolie. It is estimated that tho value of the various sorts of earthenware produced at the Potterieg may amount to about 1,500,000/. a year; and that the earthenware produced at Worcester, Derby, und other parts of tho country, may amount to about 750,000/. more ; making the whole value of the nmnufacturo 8,250,000/, a year. The consumption of gold at the Pot- teries is about fi50/. a week, and of coal about 8,000 Ions a week. The earthenware manufacture has increased considerably since 1814, but it is not po83j» Me tu state the exact ratio. It has been estimated ut g for the porcelain, ^ for the best earth- enware, and i or ', for the common or cream-coloured wore. 'J'he prices of the dilferent ports of earthenware are said to have fallen 20 per cent, during the last 15 years. Wages have not fallen in the same proportion ; but we are assured that a workman can, ol the pre- sent day, produce about fiiiir times the quantity he did in 171)0. — (This ortide has been ]irepared from iiifurination obtained at the Potteries, obligingly communicated by James Lodi, Esq. M. P.) The real value of the eorthenwarc exported from Great Britain to foreig'-, countries, during the C years cnditig with 183'^ according to tho declarations of tmi exporters, was as follows :— 1827 DiiO £ . 437.812 - 401,710 1H3I . 5 7 I ibn £ t. d. . 43!l,,'jOfl 11) 3 - 45h,n05 II It - 481»,0b0 17 7 The foreign demand for earthenware hos increased considerably since 1815. The ex- ports to South America, Cuba, and other ci-devant Spanish colonies, have been largely in- creased. But notwithstanding this increase, the United States continues to bo by far the best market fir British earthenware. Of the entire value exported in IS.Il, amounting to 4.J8,Ufii)/., iheexpurls to the United States amounted to no less than 255,159/. The markets next in iinportiince nre Brazil, the British North American and West Indian colonies, Cuba, (Jermany, tho Nclherlaiids, &c. We have been assured that it is necessary to add ^ to tlie doeliircd value of tlie exports, to get their true value. [Tlie average nnnual value of British earthenware imported into the United State'^, during the live years eliding Si'i)teniber 30t!i, 18.18, was §l,fi02,000 ; that of the earthenware of every other di'scriptiim imported amounting to no more than §1 1,5G0. — Am. Ed.] EAST INDIA COMPANY, a famous association, originally established for prosecuting the trade between England and India, which they acquired a rii:ht to carry on exclusively. Since the middle of last century, however, the Company's political have become of more Lnporlance than their commercial concerns. East In oiks, a popular geographical term not very well defined, but generally 'nidenstood to signify the continents and islands to the cast and south of the river Indus, as far as the borders of China, including Timor and the Moluccas, but excluding the Philippine Islands, New Guinea, and New Holland. China and the Philippine Islands were, however, included within the limits of the East India Company's peculiar privileges. Vol. I.— 3 F ■ 'f V 1 , i?i; i-.i. i ,?. i (a, ; , ; 'i \ ,1 • -'\ ;i[- ♦ :M- ■h '!. I ^ ; 1 ; 014 EAST INI)I\ COMPANY. I. Kaut I.Hiii* CoiHi'ANif (IIinToiiir*!. Hkhtih nr). ' 1 1^ i, * II. I'l kHT lllllV ('inil'ANr (('li:«HI'ITirTIIIM oc). III. KkHT lMi>it:-< (Si'Ai'K UK H4)('iKr¥ iNiUiiiiwiNu Dkmano roH Emulinii Oooiii. 'I'HAIIl'., CkI.KNIHATHIN, KTl'.). IV. I'lANI' IxDIKH (KxYliMr, I'uVt'tATIUIf, MiLITikHT FullI'M, KtVKJIUJt, tXV, Of Ulll IIHIl). r. V.Ktr IsitiA CoMi'ANi (IfisTonirAi, Skktcii or). Tlio |i(>ri«'%Vriiii{ rlliirlM of iho riirtu«iicn») to ilistfovcr a rouUi t«> lixliii, l>y tiailin/f romul Al'rica, NS'cru rrowiinl witli muci'i'mi iu N!'?. And it iiiiiv u|>|ii'iir hiiiKiilur, tlitit, luitwiili. »t!>iiiliiii( tin* cxii^iKOJiitcil m't'iiiiiitH tliiit liiul lu'i'ii pri'viilciit in |'}ili'ii|if, Iroiii llii> rrinulot Biilii|iiity> ^^ illi r«'M|'(iiiH in iuiii<|iiiiy, lliu Vi'ni'liuiiit in llio luidill,- Ui;i'H, aiul wliicli it was tin n xfr:, u> itiiiti r un tin' I'orluuiuM', tini latter bliiitilil liuv« hi'm niji'wi'il to iiioiiii|ii>lis(t it till' Ileal ly y wl'ii li tin' |'(m|'Ii' of iiu'hI r.uro)>i>iiii htali:i were arluated in the Kivlci'iitli lenliuy, uiiil tint |>eeiiliar eimniiHlaineH niiilii wlileli ihiy Weld plaeeil, liiiiileivil tiieiii froiii einliaikini^ willi that al.it'iity anil iinloiir tliut niiulit tiavii lieeii e\|ieete' tiieir iliHeoveiies ali>ii.i< the loa^t of .Al'iicu, they a|'|>lii il to llie (lope for a Imll, Keetiiiiii; to liu'in the e.velusive riulil to aikl jiosi^eKsion of all countries oi'eii|iie(l liy inlidt'lji, lliry eitiur liud di^eovered, or iiiiuhl ili«eo\er, to the soiilli of Cujie Noll, on tliu webl eoast of .\liieii, iu S7^ T)!' north hitiliiile: and the ponliir, dr.^iroui to dH|ilay, mid at the tiaiiio liinu to extend, hit lower, ininndialelv sued a Imll to this « iKil. Nor, i>ie|iosieroui4 ai* ik proeeediiiK of this aoit would now a|>|iear, did any oiiii then duuhl that the |io|iU had it ri|4hl to iMsue t-iiclia bull, and that all Ktalcs and ein|iii'eH were lioniid to oliey il. In eoiihrqiience, the I'orttn^ut^u weie, for a leiiKlheiud I'l'iioil, allowed to laoheenlo their eoniini)sli4 in India wilhont the in. terti reiue of any other l^uii'iieaii power. And it wan not till u eiriiBiderahlo period after tin) lM};iiiiiiin; of the war, v\hich the hiiiid and hrntal hijutiy of Thilip II. kindled in tlio Luw H'oniitiiivi, that the J)nteh navii{atorH \n'p,\\i\ to display their llag ua tho Eastern Ocean, and laid the found. ition> of their Indian empire. The deniie t>) coiiiply with the iiiiuiietimw in tlie pope's hull, and to aviiid comln;!; into roilisiini, lii'ht w ilh the t'orlnitnese, and suhfeiinenlly w ilh the Spuniards, who had eoiii|iii'n'il I'oiliiKal in l&(iO, xeenis to have heen the prinei|>ul eainu' that led the I)[i;;liHh to iiiuku re;e,ileil all! in|'ls, in the rei;;ns of lleiiiy VIII. and I'dward \ I., mul the eaily p.irl. of tlie reinii of Kli/..iluth, to discover a routi- to India hy u north-west or i.oith-cn^t panMine ; chiin- iicl> from which tlie I'ortiinneso would have had no prelince for eichidiiiij ihcin. Duttlii-u atliinplM haviiii; proved unsueeeHnfiil, and iho pope's hull Inf. ini;,' censed to he of any ellict in this country, tho liin;li>h nicrchaiiis uiid navinatorH resolved to ho no loiiRcr deterred hy the inia^iiMiy riijhls "f the I'ortiifiucse I'rnin directly c,n 'linn up'U what was then reckoi.ed hy tar ihiMiiost lucra'i e and ad\aiita|?eons hmin li uf loinincicp. Captain Steplicns, win) jHrforined the voyage n l.'iS'J, was the lirst Knuli^hnmn wh ) siiled to India liy the (.'ape of (u>i)d Hope. The voyage of the fnnoiis Sir Francis Drake "onlrilnitcd greatly to dill'iise ii sfiiiit of naval cntcr|irise, and to render the Kni-lish hetlrr !ic(|naintid with the newly opcnnl n>iite to India, lint tho voyat;e of the celchrated Mr. Thomas l.'aveiulish was, in the latter res| ect, the most important. Cavendish sailed from Kii^rhnii! in n little si^uadron, lilted oct ut his own expense, in .Inly, l.')SG ; and havinjr exploicd the Rreater part of tho Indian Dccan, as far ii'* the I'hiliiipine Islands, and carefully oh.-iervcd lliti most important and cha- racteri.-tie features of the people and countries which ho visited, r'tnrnod to En(}!ai.d, altera jsrosperons navigation, in Sejiteinlier, I.OHS. Perhaps, howiver, nothing contrihuted so much to inspire the English with a desire to cmlunii in the Indian trade, as tho cajituros that werii in i.!e, aliont this perioti, from tlu! .Spaniards. A I'ortiiKin'so Ea.sl India ship, or carraik, captured by Sir Francis Drake, durini; his ex^ieii'tion to the. coast of Spain, inflamed tlifl cupidity of the merchants by the richness of her car;.(). at the same time that the papers found on hoaul i^avo specific information respecting tlio tratlic in which slio had been eiigaucd. A slill more important capture, of the same sort, wa-. made in ITiDi!. An armament, fitted out for li e Fast Itnlies by Sir Waller Kaiii;;!), and ei luiiiunclid by Sir ,lohii Uorroufilis, fcil in, near the Azores, with the lari^cst of all tho J'orluguese tarracks, a ship of 1,G()0 tons burden, carry in,' 700 men and o(j luass cannon; and, after an obstinate conilict, carried her into iJaitnioiilh. She was tho largest vessel that had been seen in England; and her cargo, consit.iin'j;of guid, spices, calicoes, silks, pearls, drugs, porcelain, ivory, &c., excited tho ar^ dour of ilio English to engage in so opulent a coinnierco. In con jtiiuence of these and other concurring causes, an ussociation was formed in Lon- don, 111 l;')!';), for prosecuting the trade to India. The adventurers applied to the queen for a charter uf inoorporalioii, and also for power to cxcUiJo all other Eiijlish subjects, who had Bit E.VULIHII GoODI, KicvE5iujc, (TV. or )• t\viih> If, iVoiii Iho rrmolol ,vliirh Ihd riiiiiriicri'o lu'liuim ill lilt' iiiiildli- IT bhillllll \ui\ii Im'iii into II I'Imniii'l iiiTcrt- u'«t I'lirojii'iiii hialiH H iiikIii wlilcli lliiy iloiir thiit iniulil Imvd iichd iii'Knii to |>r»>.e- )t> liir n liiill, Ki'i'urin^ ly iiiliilfU, thry cillu r I'Ht COIINt ul' Allien, ill MUIIIO lllllC to I'Xllilll, I iiM Ik [iroa'Ciliiii; III' I ri^lit to iMHuo hiicli a ii'iico, llii^ I'orlvmui'Mi tiiliik willioiit tl»' ill- ralilu iK'i'iod iil'trr tliii I. kiiiiili.'i.l ill thu Luw ) EutitiTii Ot'i'aii, anil to avoid coming into , who lind roiKnuTiil iho l)ri;^liHli to iiiaiio t'liily p.iil lit' the •in-t l)il(^^.ll);,(^ ; cliim- iii^ tlii'iii. Uiil tlii'O il to 1)0 of any t'lVn't 10 loiisor di'ternd liy I was llii'ii rcckoiunl jitaiii l^ti'iiliciis, will) iidiu liy tlic (.'ape ol' f;n'utly to dilVusi' ii illi till- iirwiy opi'iiril ish wus, ill the lallrr piiuadron, t'llli'd out jiai't of tho Indian t iiiiportiiiit iuul cha- to Entjlai.d, iil'U'r n ontiiliuli'd so iiiuih ; iMjitures that worii iiu whip, or caiiark, i^paiii, iiidaiiu'd llifl lul the pii|'rrs found ,1 born Oiigaued. A aniianiciit, t'lttod out ii Uorroughrt, foil in, if 1,600 tons burden, liii t, curried her into ;id ; and her cargo, &c., excited tho ar- was formed in Loii- lied to the quoin for h bubjectb, who had E\ST INDIA COMPANY. 61S not ob'iilnnil ii lirniro from them, from nirryiii;; on niiy HpcoioH of tralTii' beyond iJic Oajic of iJiod Mope or the Mtriiilii of Mii'^ellan. Ah erclii .ive rompuiiieH were thin very generally looki'il lipi'ii iiH iho bi'rit ill 'l>'lliMiMil4 for priiMceiiliii'i mo. t InaiirlieM of roiniiii'rce and iiidil»> try. Iho iid.eiitiiri'rM Hreui to tinve hnd lillle ilillii'idly in obtiMiiiri'' thri.' iliarlcr, whii li WiH ilaldltb" ;U>'lof I). ceinher, 1(1(10. 'I'tie eorporalimi w:ii I'l'.itled, "TIki (loverinr Hol laiMiiMiiy of M.Tilioitd of I.ondun trudiiitf into tho UnH Iiidieii:" tlio firHt. « 'vortior (Thif nn-i ■'■'ill' till", Hhi|. ) u;i(l •.'tilirecioin wer I noniinaled in tli" iliarinr; but power wiH ijiveii I > till' t 'iiiii|iiiiiv to e'i'il 1 dop'tty (governor, nnd, ill future, to elect Ihrir Roveriior tiiid direetorH, fllld mieh other oOl.'e-beiirerH iM Ihey liii'^lil lliilik fit to Appoint, They Wi:.e e.npoweii'd In make liy-lawH ; to inllirt pnnii'ihnieiil^, eiilu r eorpond or permiinry, providid nutlt puiii:di- ini'iiN well' ill nei'onl |iire wilh the l,iwn of I'lri'laiid; ti.' export all so-fx of ^codf freo of duly for '1 yearH ; uiiil to export foieijii C'liii, or bullion, to the iiiiiounl of ;I0,()0()/. n yeiir, ti.OdO/, of the Maine Ik in,' previoiiMly eoineil at the mint; but tliey wire oblie.ed to iiTiporl, williin (I inoiitlm nfle,' ihe iMinjiletioii of every voyiii,'i', except tin- lirnt, tile Hiiine (piaiilily of KJlver. i;o!d, mid foreli^n eoiii ih il they had e\|iiiileil. The diiri.li.iii of the •'hiirlor wax liiiiil' I'll til a poiidd of 1.') yearn ; but wilh iind under the eondiliini lliiit, if it Wire nut found for llie nii'ilie advftiila'je it iiii^'ht h<' e:iiieelled lit any lime iip^'n U jeiirn' iiotiee beiii'^ ^iven. ^'lleh wild the origin of the llriti-i|| I'JaMt liidiii (Jompmiy, — tlui mo .t eelebrnli'il eom;ntriial iliMoii ilioii eilln r ol' aiirieiil or moileril tl'neH, and whirh ha.s now cxtoiidod itil HWiiy over the whole of the .Mivfiij empire. It iiiinht have beni evpeited thnt, iiflcr the rlmrter Wis i !ila!iied, eonniderah!o prmernemi would have been miiiiill"^(ed to enifai^e in (he trade, Diit hii.Ii wa . ii.it the ease. NnlwitJi- Hlaniliie; tlie cariiot oiilU mid threats of the direct ini, many of tin' aiKi'iiturers could not bo iliiliii'i'd to come foi ward to pi>y their piopoilioii of Ihe ehai;;:'H ineiili'iil to the lilting out of the lirnt expi'dilion. And an the direi'torrt Moem eillier to h ive wniiled power to eiiforri their resi'liiti'ilH, or llioii-rlii it better nil to exenise it, ihi y ''oniied a nii'ioiiliiial.' ;n-.oriatioii,ci)osint- iin; of Hiich membirrt of the t'oiiipiiny ih were reall;, •villiii'.? to ilrfr ly the c(l^l of the voyajje, and ' I bear all the ri.-k^ nnd |onxe< aitendiiifj; it, on eondition of their haviinf the exilu-iivn ritflii to whatever prolilH mi'j;lit arimi from it. And it waK 1 y such siibori'iiinle a-isoeiutioim that ;hn trade wan eimduit"il ilmiii;j( the lirst l:i year^ of the ' 'oitpaiiy'H existence. Tiie first expiililioii to Inili.i, the eoht of whicli anioiintid. shipi and car.;och included, to 6'J,I)!)1/., coiiHi,-.|('il of ."j Mhips, the largest beiii • (100 aii^l the srinller l:iO tons liunlen. 'J'ho Hoiids put on board were prin('i|inlly bullion iron, tin, broad cloths, cutlery, t;l iss, (tc. Tho chief command was iiilrusted to (,'aptain .liiiiies Laiic.ister, wlio had already been in India. 'I'liey set nail from 'I'orbay on the llilli of l''ebriiiiiy. lOOl. Hein;r very imperfi'dly aC'piaint- fd wilh the Hoa» nnd countries they were to vi>-it, liicy did mil arrive at their desliiiatioii, Acheeii in Sumatrn, till Ihe .Ith of , lime, l(!()'J. JJiil though tcdi ills, the viiya!;h, in his way liome, to fill in wilh and capture, in concert with a Dutch vessel, a I'ortiiuiiese cnrruck of 900 tins burden, richly laden. Iiancuster re- turned to the Down* on the I llh of September, lOO:). — (Maff.-ni lliirrr'iol Wftori/, vol. X. p, Ul. ; M,iriili:rniii's ('iiimni'rrf nfllie. EnriipKiii I'liirim ici//i ImL'.i, p. HI.') Hut iiotwithstaniliiiot the f.ivoiirabie result of this voyage, the exiiediilons fitted out in the yearH immndiately following, though sometimes coiisi.sliii'r of lar^jiT !;!iips, were nut, at aa avera','e, materially increased. In 1012, (Captain IJest obtained frmn the c.)iirtat Delhi seve- ral considerablo |irivilepr(>s ; and, ninoiif;st others, tb.at ot establishiivif a f iirtory at Surat; which city was, henceforth, looked upon as the priiicin.d Uritinh station in tli;; we.it of India, till tho acquisition of liombay. In establishiiii? factories in India, the Enq;lish only followed the example of the Portu- C[Ues:i and Dutch. It was contended, that they were necessary t,) servo as dpols for tl'.o goods collected in the country for exportation to Europe, as well as for those i' .ported iiiti India, in tho event of their not meeting with a ready iiiark'l on llie arrival of the ship*-. Sii I'll eslahlishinents, it was admitted, are not required in civilised coiintrios ; but the peculiar and unseltlod stale of India was said to render (hem indispensable there. Whatever wei>;Iit liny be attaehod to this statement, it is obvious that factories formed for such piir|)oses eoiil.I hardly fail of sju'eddy dci^eneratinii into a species of f)rts. The security of tlie valuablo properly deposited in them, furnished a specious pretest f.ir pultinir them in a condition tii withstand an attack, while tho aireiits, clerks, warehousemen, &-e. frrine.l a sort of ifarrison. I'osscHsiiiK such Ktroiipj holds, the Europeans were early emboldened to act in a manner quite inconsistent with their character as merchaiitn ; and but a very sliort lime i.-lapaed be- liire they lieajan to form uchemos for monopolising tho commerce of particular districts, and acijuirin;^ territorial dominion. 'i'lioiia;h the (Company met with several heavy losses durin!» tho earlier part of their traffic wilh India, from shipwrecks and other unforeseen accidents, and .^till more from the hostility of the Dutch, yel, on the whole, the trade was decidedly prolitable. There can, however, bf little doubt, that their gains, at this early period, have been very much ex ag;i;e rated. During " ;i, l; i\ 11 V ,i i|i )l :)ii. , 61A EAST INDU COMPANY. \ ' the flritt 1.1 yrnn, tliny arc h.\'h\ to luivo aiiiounUHl to Xdi |«r cent. Dut ihfn it ulioiilt] h« Iwrno ill iiiiiui, nn Mr. (Snint Iiun jii«lly Ktnti-il, timt tlio voynnt'H wt-ro witliun Arri)iii|ili .lied in lc«a Ihnn '10 niontim, iirxl nonirliiiir* oxifiiilcd to 3 or 4 ycur*: uiiil it kImiiiIiI I'urll.t'r 'v rv- iiiurkctl, tlmt on tlie urriviil of tlio uliip* ut hoiiiK, tlio carrot'* wcru (Iik|mim<'iI nf nt lonif I'lcililit iif IH niDiitiiM or U yi'iim; ariil tiiut it wm fr(i(|iiriitly rvrn fl or 7 ycnrH lu-Core tho eoiifiTim of n )iiiiKl*i v(i_\««o wiiii not, rraily, liy uiiy incniiH lo gruut a* ban Ih><r, tie iiiiiimtructivo to rviiiiirli/tliat thu priiK'ipai coinpliiiiit thut wim tliiMi iimiln iii;iiiniit lli)i Coropany diil not procffd ao iiiucli on tho rircuinntaiirv of ita charti'r mrludniir tiic public from any almrc in an advuntiiKroua trallic, an in itM uuthoriiini; tliH (^oinpuny (o rxpoit Knny ahoiild ini[)nrt an rcpml (piiuitity of gnid nnd lilvcr within fi inui<nt out of thn kiiif^doin. The niiirchiintM and DthcfH intcrr^ti'd in the HUppoil of Iho ('ompnny could not rontrovi-rt thu rvuxoninj; of their opponcntM, without openly iinpniining tho out'ii'ut |M>licy of iibaohiti ly pruvctitiiiK tite exporta- tion of tho prcoioua niclulit. 'I'liev did not, howevi-r, venture to contend, if tho idea rrully orcnrri'd to them, tlmt the cxportutinn of hnliioi) to Iho Eust wua ndvKiitiiijrou't, on the broad );itiinid of ihi) comniixlilicn purrhoHcd by it lieinir of ({rrutcr value in i'lnglnnd. liut thry contendca id- man. Dot when we coiiHider Im Inbourn in thu hnrvent, which in the end of lils endeavours, we find the worth and plentiful iucrearie of hi* actiotts," — {Tit;an gradually to assume a higher tone, and, at liiiglh, boldly contended that bullion was nothing but a commodity, and that its exportation ought to be rendered ns free as that of any thing else. Nor were lliesn opinions conlnicd to the partners of the East India Company. Tl'.ey were gradually coin- nnndcateil to olliers; and many emiiu'Mt nier<'hanls were taught to look with 8\ispicioii on Kcveral of the previously received iloijinas with respect to conmjerce, nnd were, in ciiukc- ipieoce, led to accpiirc more correct ami comprehensive views. Tlie new ideas ultimately maile their way into the House of Conimon-i; and, in UitiS, the Rlatutea prohibiting the exportation of foreiun coin and bullion were repealed, and full liberty given to the East India ('ompany nnd to private traders to export tlium in unlimited (luantities. lint the objiction to the East India Coni| any, or rather the East India trade, on the promid of \U causing the exportation of gold and silver, admitted of n more direct and con- clusive, if not a more ingenious rejily. How comjiendious soever the ancient intercourse with Indiu by the Ked 5»ea and the Mediterranean, it was unavoidably attended with o good y I'l'Ks of tlie vuluf of ■iiHCM now not ii|i for I'illnij the «X[j4irta- pri-tly fjfiifinlly III. OCCHNioilOll till' sill). to (-ounlrii!* whi-iuu •usiy oxiHtiiifit prciii- Icd the C'xportatiuii proj^rrHB to soundor rikiiigly viTilied on ually to nHsuiiio a t a roninioility, hmJ IVor wi're liu'sn ere KriuUiiiJIy coin- with siMpicioii on lid were, in coiihi-. V idrnit nItiiiiiiU'lv •■« proliil)iiiii|> the n to the V,i»i India ndia trade, on tlic ore dirt'i't iind coii. ni'icnt intercourse nidod witli a ijnod to Ceylon, oi the hips which anivod imrls 250 milrs to lown till' river to Idition to the price ; more especially to no conipi'tition brouglit to Koine penscii of traiiiit —(Hitl. ffiit, lib. vi. r. 3.1.); but th^ni can be little or no i i0(i,ii!iii i) £l,t03,./liO iU Hat thn anmn qimntUlea uf the lania cowmuilitloi coal, when bought In the Cant IikIIuk, 'iccorilln III Mr. Man, iia flillowa : O.Oflfl.nOfl Ihi. pt-pner, nt 3>i(. por lb. 4,10,0(1)1 llm, rliivea, at \)U. - I.V),(M)0 Iha. nmro, nl Hii. . 4(HI,(HH) Ilia. lillliiieK"'l»4<'- 3.'<0.INIO Ida. IimIIko, at If.U l,OU<),(HIU Iba. raw ailK, nt Hi. .e BO,.'ino 10.N75 6,0(10 n,0(!H 90,110 400,01)0 jEill.ISS 5 8 Which Inting deducted from the former, leaves a balance of 95.1,.542/. \3.i, id. And siippou- inK that the Hlutetnenta made by Mr. Mun arc correct, and that allowance ia niaile fur the diir«renco between the freight from Aleppo ond India, the result would indicate the suvingr which the diaeovory of the route by the Cape of Good Hope occasioned in the jiurdiaso of the aliiive-incntiuned articles. — (A Discourse nf Trade from Eiiffland to the East Indies, by T. M., original od. p. 10. Thia tract, which is very scarce, is reprinted in I'urchas'a I'ilxriins.) In the same publication (p. 37.), Mr. Mun informs us that, from the lieglnninf; of the Cuinpany'a trade to July, 1G20, they had sent 79 Hhips to India ; of whii^h 34 had coi. e home •afely and richly ludcn, 4 had been worn out by long service in India, 2 had been lost in rnri'eiiinf;, 6 had been lost by the perils of the sen, and 12 had been captured by the Uutch. Mr. Mun further states, that the exports to India, since the formation uf :' . 'Company, had uinuiinted to 340,370/.; that the produce brought from India had co;U C i '^>Sl,, uiiil had produced here the enormous sum of 1,914,000/.; that the quarrels with tln^ i^utch had oc- caNiuned a Iohm of 84,0H8/; and that the stuck uf the Company, in Bhips, goods in India, &c., ninnunted to 400,000/. The hoxlilily of the Dutch, to which Mr. Mun has here alluded, w ; ■ long a very formida- ble uliatucle to the Cuinpany'a success. The Dutch early endeavoured to obtain the exclu- sive posHOHHion of the spice trade, and were not at all ^crupu' nr. airmed and intelligent person, that during the years 1653, 1654, 165.5, and 1656, win n the trade to India was open, the private traders imported East India commodities in such large quantities, and sold them at sneh reduced prices, that they not only fully supplied the British markets, but hud even come into successful competition with the Dutch in iho market of .\msterdam, "and very much sunk the actiims (shares) of the Dutch East India Company." — (p. i:)-.) This circumstan<-c naturally excited the greatest aiiprchensions on the pait of the Dutch Company; for, besides the danger that they now ran of being de- prived, by the active comprtiti .n of the English merchants, of a considerable part of the trade whiih they had previously enjoyed, they could hardly expect that, if the trade were thrown (ijien in England, tlie monopoly would lie allowed to continue in Holland. A strik- ing jjroof uf what is now stated is to be found in a letter in the third volume of T/nirkw's Stale /'(/yirrv, dated at tl>e Hague, the 15th of .January, 1654, where it is said, that " the merchaMts of .Vmsterdani have advice that the Lord Protector intends to dissolve the East India (-'ompany at London, anil to declare the navigation and commerce of the East Indies free and open ; wliioh di ih cause great jealousy at Amsterdam, as a thin}^ (hut uill vtry nmc'i jinjudicc Ihc KasI India Cumpaiii/ in Ilolfand." Feeling that it was impossible to contend with the private adventurers under a system of fair conijietition, the moment the treaty with the Dutch had been concluded, the Company began to solicit a renewal of their charter; but in this they were not only opposed by the tree trad, rs, but by a pait of themselves. To understand how this happened, it may b< pr.)|H'f to mention that Courten's association, the origin of which has been already noticed, bad begmi, in 161f, to found a colony at Assuila, an island near Madagascar. The Com- pany, alarnitd at this Jirojict, appli_i(l to the council of state to prevent its ' -eing carried into elltrt ; and tlie . oinieil, without etitcring on tl\e (piestion of either parly's rights, recouinieiiJ- ed to thcai to form a union ; which wa* accordingly elll'cted in 16 lU. But the union was, for a consiileralile ti;ne, ralher nominal than real; and when the Dutch war had been |iut an end to, niosi of those holders of the Company's stock who had belonged to Courten's uncocia- 3 English commerco Us in India luid tho inJ in Bengal. Tcr- i in 1640. In 1058, y began to establish ire, for a lengthened d councils of Crom- jke out between tlia 'itter. In the treaty uld be made liy the d factories in India, Provinces, idiall lake i in the niiissacre of at fact, provided any iformably to another ccts of the contract- .c. ; and, upon llieir f, and !1,G15/. to tho i. p. 480.) r exclusive trade to t of parliament, was •[joscd. Tiiey were living himself graut- theni to trade with regular intercourse, that" the East India to which the King's .crests oTdy, witl'.cut •a the condition on " — (A'yi. Fadera, easons had been as- les's n igii ; and no from their depreda- iglish in India, than rietl on with a zeal, ted in n little work, as evidently been a i4, 166.5, and 165G, idia commodities in only fully supplied th the Dutch in the e Dutch Eaut India it ap])rehensions on V ran of being dc- Icrnble part of the if the trade were Holland. A slrik- nnie of T/iurlcw's is said, that " tlio o dis.solve the East of the East Indies 'ii7ig Ihut will viry under a systeni of ded, the Company only opposed by jppened, it may be II already noticed, ;ascar. The Com- ' eiiig curried into l^;lit8, recoiiiuund- it ihu union was, ir had been |iut an Courten's uaiueia- EAST INDIA COMPANY. 610 tion joined in petitioning tiie council of state that the trade might in future be carried on, not by a joint stock, but by a regulated company ; so that each individual engaj;ing in it might be allowed to employ his own stock, seivants, and shipping, in whatever way ho might con- ceive most for his own advantage. — {Petition of Adventurers, nihoii^ov.lGod; Bruce'a Annnh:, vol. i. p. 518.) This proposal was obviously most reasonable. The Company had always founded their claim to a monopoly of tho trade on the alleged ground of its being necessary to maintain f )rls, factories, and ships of war in India ; and that as this was not done by government, it could only bo done by a Company. But, by forming the traders with India into a regulated company, tlioy might have been subjected to whatever rules were considered most advisable ; mv\ such special duties might have been loid on the commodities they exported and imported, as would have sulliced to defray the public expenses requiied for carrying on tho trade, at the same time that the ineslunable advantages of free competition would have been secured ; each individual trader being left at liberty to conduct his enterprises, subject only to a few general regulations, in his own way and for his own advantage. — (See Compamks.) Hut notwithstanding the efforts of the petitioners, and the success that was cicaiiy proved to have attonded the operations of the private traders, the Company succeeded in obtain- ing a renewal of their charter from Cromwell in 1657. Charles II. confirmed this charter in 1661 ; and at tho same time conferred on them the power of making peace or war with any power or people )io^ of the Chrintian religion ,• of establishing fortilii'aiions, garrisons, and colonies; of exporting ammunition and stores to their settlements duly fice ; of seizing and sending to Englanil such Britisii subjects as should be found trading to India without their leave ; and of exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction in their seltlements, according to the laws of England. Still, however, as this charter was not fully confirmed by any act of parliament, it did not prevent traders, or interlopers us they were termed, from ap[)earing within the limits of the Company's territories, Tho energy of private commerce, which, to use the words of Mr, Ormo, "sees its drift with eagles' eyes," formed asso.'iations at the risk of trying tho consequence at law, being safe at the outset, and during the voyage, since tho Coini)any were not authorised to stop or seize the sliifja of those who thus attempted to como into competition with them. Hence their monopoly was by no means complete ; and if v as not till after the Uuvolution, and when a free system of govorumcnt had been established at home, that, by a singular contradiction, the authority of parliament was interposed to enable tlie Company wholly to engross the trade with the East. In addition to the losses arising from this source, the Company's trade sufTered severely, during the reign of Charles If., from tho hostilities that were then wag::d with the Datch, and from tho confusion and disorders caused by contests among the native princes ; but in 1668, the Company obtained a very valuable acquisition in tho island of Bojnbay. Cliarles II. acquired this i^^land as a part of the marriage portion of his wife, Catliarine of Portugal ; and it was now made over to the Company, on condition of their not selling or a/ienating it to any persons whatever, except such as wcio subjects of tho British crown. 'I'lioy were allowetl to Ifgislate for their new possession ; but it was enjoined that their laws .should be consjuant to reason, and " as near as might be'' agreealile to the practice of England. 'I'liey were authorised to maintain their dr minion by tbree of arms; and the natives of Bombay were declared to have tile same liberties as natural born sulijects. The Company's western presidency was soon after transferred from Surat to Bombay. Ill 166 1, tho French East India Company was formed ; and 10 years afterwards they laid the '"jundation of their settlement at Pondicherry. But tiio reign of Charles H. is cliiolly memorable in the Company's annals, from its bc'ng the era of the commencement of the tea trade. The first notice of tea in tlio Company's reconis is found in a desiiatch, addressed to their agent at Bantam, dated 3llh of January, 1607-8, in which he is desired to send home 100 Ibsi of tea, " the best he can get." — {Unices Annulx, vol. ii. p. 210.) Such was tho late and feeble beginning of tho tea trade; a branch of commerce that has ion •: been of vast imp;)rtance to tho British nation ; and with- out which, it is more than prob.ilie that tlie East India Company would long since have ceased to exist, at least as a mLTcantile body. In 16/7, the Company obtained a frc-li renewal of their charter; receiving at tho sama time an indemnity for all past misuse of their privileges, and authority to establish a mint at Bombay. Daring the greater part of t'lo reigns of Charles II. and James II., the Company's atlair;) at home vi'ore princi[Mlly manaifed by the celebrated Sir Josiah Child, the ablest commercial writer o( the time; and in India, by his biother, Sir John Child. In 1681, Sir Jiisiah pub- lished an apology for tho Company, under tho signature of 'biKcrar^ic, "A Treatise wherein is demonstrated that tlic East India Trade is the most National of all foreign Trades:" in which, besides endeavouring to vindicate tho Company from tho objections that had been made against it, he gives an account of its state at the time. From tiiis account it appears that the Company consisted of ."iSG partners; that they had from 35 to 'M ships, of tVoiu "i'ij to 1000 tons, employed in tho trade between England and India, and iVom port to port \% il»l.1^ 1'' m 'if; 'iS 4 I ,.. . il ■in li > :: 620 EAST INDIA COMPANY. ^f in India — (p. 23.) ; that the custom duties upon the trade amounted to ahout 60,000/. a yrar; and that the value of the. exports, "in lead, tin, cloth, and sluirs, and other commodi- tirs of the production and manufacture of England," amounted to about 60,000/. or 70,000/. a year. Sir Joaiah acems to have been struck, as he well might, by the inconsiderable amount of tlic trade ; and he thiTcforo dwells on the advantages of which it was in directly |)r»ductive, in enabling us to obtain supplies of raw silk, pepper, &c. at a much lower price than they would otherwise have fetched. But this, though true, proved nothing in favuui of tlie Company ; it l^eing an admitted fact, that those articles were furnished at a still low- er price by the interlopers or private traders. 8ir Joeiah Child was one of the first who projected the formation of a territorial cm])ire in India. Uut the expedition tilted out in 1686, in the view of accomplishing this purpose, proved unsuccessful ; and the Company were glad to accept peace on the terms oiri:red by the Mogul. Sir John Child, having died during the course of these transactions, was suc- ceeded in tlie principnl mana.he regulating of companies and foreign commerce." — {Hamilton's New Account of the East hulicfi, vol. i. p. 832.) During the latter part of the reign of Charles 11., and that of his successor, the number of private adventurers, or interlopers, in the Indian trade, increased in an unusual degree. The Company vigorously exerted themselves in defence of what they conceived to be their rights ; and the question with respect to the validity of the powers conferred on them by their charter was at length brought to issue, by a prosecution carried on at their instance against Mr. Thomas Sandys, for trading to tlie East Indies without their licence. Judg- ment was given in favour of the Company in 1685. But this decision was ascribed to cor- rupt influence ; and, instead of allaying, only served to increase the clamour against them, 'i'he meeting of the Convention Parliament gave the Company's opponents hopes of a suc- cessful issue to their cftbrts ; and had they been united, they might probably have succeeded. Their opinions were, however, divided — part being for throwing the trade open, and part for the formation of a new company on a more liberal footing. The latter being formed into a body, and acting in unison, the struggle against the Company was chiefly carried on by them. The proceedings that took place on this occasion are amongst the most disgraceful in the history of the country. The most open and unblushing corruption was practised by all parties. — '' It wtu, in fact, a trial which side should bribe the highcfit ,• public (iiilhorili/ inclining to one or other as the irresistible force ofgolddirected" — {Modern Universal J li^ory, vol. X. p. 127.) Government appears, on the whole, to have been favourable to the Company ; and they obtaine^l a fresh charter from the Crown in 1093. But in the following year the trade was virtually laid open by a vote of the House of Commons, " that all the subjects of England had an equal right to trade with the East Indies, unless prohibited by act of parlia- ment." Matters continued on this footing till 1 098. The pecuniary difficulties in which gitvcrnment was then involved, induced them to apply to the Company for a loan of a,('00,000/. for which they offered 8 per cent, interest. The Company otfered to advance 700,000/. at 4 per cent. ; but the credit of government was at the time so low, that tluy pre- ferred accepting an offer from the associated merchants, who had previously opposed the Company, of the 2,000,000/. at 8 per cent., on condition of their being formed into a new and exclusive company. While this project was in agitation, the advocates of free trade were not idle, but exerte ' tliemselves to show that, instead of esUiblishing a new Company, tiie old (me ought to be abolished. But however conclusive and unanswerable, their argu- ments, having no adventitious recommendations in their favour, failed of making any im- jircssion. The new Company was established by authority of the legislature ; and as tiie charter of the old Company was not yet expired, the novel si)ectaclc was exhibited of two legally constituted bodies, each claiming an exclusive right to the trade of the same |K)sses)iiiins ! Notwithstanding all the pretensions set up by those who had obtained the new charter during their struggles with the old Company, it was immediately seen that they were as anxious as the latter to suppress every thing like free trade. They had not, it was obvious, Deen actuated by any enlarged views, but merely by a wish to grasp at the monopoly, which they believed would redound to their own individual interest, 'i'he public, in consequence, became equally disgusted with bath parties ; or if there were any diflerenci;, it is j)robable that the new Company was looked upon with the greatest aversion, inasmuch as wo are EAST INDIA COMPANY. naturally more exasperated by what we conceive to be duplicity and bad faith, than by fair undiiiguised hostility. At first thb mutual hatred of the rival associations knew no boundii. But they were not long in [lerceiving that such conduct would infallibly end in their ruin ; and that while ono viii luliouring to destroy the other, the friends of free trade might step in and procure the lUssulution of both. In consequence, they became gradually reconciled ; and in 1702, hav- ing adjusted their differences, they resolved to form themselves into one company, entitled, Thr. Untied Company of Merchants ofEne^land tradinff to the Eaat Indies. The authority of parliament was soon after interposed to give ciTect to this agreement. The United Company engaged to advance 1 .200,000/. to government without intercut, which as a previous advance had been made of 2,000,000/. at 8 per cent, made the total sum due to them by the public 3,200,000/., bearing interest at 5 per cent. ; and government agreed to ratify the terms of their agreement, and to extend the charter to the 2.5th of March, 1726, with 3 yearn' notice. While those important matters were transacting at home, the Company had acquired some additional pngeersions in India. In 1692, the Bengal agency was trauKt'erred from Hooghly to Calcutta. In 1698, the CoMpany acquired a grant from ono of the grandsons of Aureng7«be, of Calcutta and 2 adjoinin^r villages ; with leave to exercise judiciary powers over the inhabitants, and to erect fortifications. These were soon after constructed, and re- ceived, in compliment to William III., then king of England, the name of Fort William. The agency at Bengal which had hitherto been subsidiary only, was now raised to the rank of a presidency. The vigorous competition that had been carried on for some years before the conlition of the old and new Companies, between them and the private traders, had occasioned a great additional importation of Indian silks, piece goods, and other products, and a great reduction of their price. These circumstances occasioned the most vehement complaints amongst the home manufacturers, who resorted to the arguments invariably made use of on such occa- sions by those who wish to exclude foreign competition ; nflirming that manufactured India goods had been largely substituted for those of England ; that the English manufacturers had been reduced to the cruel necessity either of selling nothing, or of selling their commodities at such a price as left them no piuut; that great numbers of their workmen had been thrown out of employment ; and last of all, that Indian goods were not bought by British goods, but by gold and silver, the exportation of which had caused the general impoverishment of the kingdom ! The merchants and others interested in the India trade could not, as had previously happened to them in the controversy with respect to the exportation of bullion, meet these statements without attacking the principles on which they rested, and maintain- ing, in opposition to them, that it was for the advantage of every peo[)le to buy the products they wanted in the cheapest market. This just and sound principle was, in consequence, enforced in several petitions presented to ])arliament by the importers of Indian goods ; and it was also enforced in several able publications that appeared at the time. But these argu- ments, how unanswerable soever they may now appear, had then but little influence ; and in 1701, an act was passed, prohibiting the importation of Indian manufactured goods forborne consumption. For some years after the re-establishment of the Company, it continued to prosecute its efforts to consolidate and extend its commerce. But the unsettled state of the Mogul empire, coupled with the determination of the Company to establish factories in every convenient situation, exposed their affairs to perpetual vicissitudes. In 1715, it was resolved to send an embassy to Delhi, to solicit from Furucksur, an unworthy descendant of Aurengzebe, an extension and confirmation of the Company's territory and privileges. Address, accident, and the proper application of presents, conspired to ensure the success of the embassy. The grants or patents solicited by the Company were issued in 1717. They were in all 34. The substance of the privileges they conferred was, that English vessels wrecked on the coasts of the empire should be exempt from plunder ; that the annual payment of a stipulated sum to the government of Sural should free the English trade at that port from all duties and ex- actions ; that those villages contiguous to Madras formerly granted and afterwards refused by the government of Arcott, should be restored to the Company ; that the island of Diu, near the port of Masulipatam, should belong to the Company, paying for it a fixed rent ; that in Bengal, all persons, whether European or native, indebted or accountable to tho Company, should be delivered up to the presidency on demand ; that goods of export or imptirt, belonging to the English, might, under a dustuck or passport from the president of Calcutta, be conveyed duty free through the Bengal provinces ; and that the English should be at lil'crty to purchase the lordship of 37 towns contiguous to Calcutta, and in fact com- manding both banks of the river for 10 miles south of that city. — {Grant's Sketch of the Hist, of the East India Company, p. 128.) The important privileges thus granted, were long regarded as constituting the great char- ter of the English in India. Home of them, however, were not fully conceilcd ; but were withheld or modified by the influence of tlio emperor's lieutenants, or soubahdara. ,1 I i I i ii 5:;.lf!l i 1 ?' J PfSi! '1' 1 022 EAST INDIA COMPANY. i' ■ ■/) IS In 1717, tho Company found Ihcmsclves in danger from a new coinpetilor. In Uib course pf tlml year Hoinc sliips B|ipdirod in India fitted out l)y private ndvciitiirors from Osteiul, Their isucccrs cnoourHgcd others to engage in the Ranio line ; and in 1732, Iho adventurers were forinetl into a company under n eiiarter from his Iinpcriai Majesty, 'J'ho Dutch and English Companies, who liad so long been hostile to each other, nt once laid aside their animosities, and joined heartily in an attempt to crusli their new competitors. Uemonstrancefi being found ineirectuni, fi.>rce was resorted to ; and tho vessels of the Ostend Company were captured, under the most frivolous pretences, in the o[)cn seas on tho coasts of llrazil, 'i'lie Uritiiih and Dutch governments abetted tlio selfish spirit of hostility displayed liy their respective Conipuiiies. And the emperor was, in the end, glad to purchase the sup- ])ort of (ireat liritaiii und Holland to the pragmatic sanction, by the sacrifice of the Com- pany at Ostend. 'I'hough the Company's trade had increased, it was still inconsiderable ; and it is very ditllcult. indeed, when one examines the accounts that have from time to time been pulilished of the (/ompnny's mercantile, afliiirs, to imagine how the idea ever caino to be entertained that their commerce was of any convideralile, much loss paramount, importance. At an uvcrage of the 10 years ending with 1724, the total value of the Urilish manufactures and other [iroducts annually eitported to India amounted to only 92,410/. 12s. Vul. 'I'ho average value of the bullion annuilly exported during the same period, amounted 10.518,102/, ll.s. Orf.; making the total annual average exports 01 7,.') 13/. 3a 10(/. ; a truly pitiful sum, when we consider the wealth, population, and industry of the countries between whi«h the Company's commerce was carried on ; and air)rding by its smallness a strong presumptive proof of the cfleet of the monopoly in preventing the growth of the trade. In 1730. though there were 3 years still unexpired of the Company's charter, a vigorous ellbrt was made by the merchants of London, Bristol, and Liverpool, to prevent its renewal. It has Imh'ii said that the gains of the Conijiany, had they been exactly known, would not have excited any very envious feelings on the part of the merchants; liut being conceakMl, ihey were exaegenitod ; and the boasts of the Company as to the imiiortancc of tlieir trade contributed to spreatl the belief that their profits were enormous, and conselace, tliey pro|)osed that tho subscribers to this loan should be formed into a rcfrulalcd company, for opening the trade, under the most favourablo circumstances, to all classes of their countrymen. It was not intended that the Company should trade upon n joint stoc^k, and in their cor- porate capacity, but that every individual who pleased should trade in the way of private adxenture. The Company wen; to have the charge of erecting nnd maintaining the forts and establishments abroad ; and for this, and for other expenses attending wliat was called the enlargement and jireservation of the trade, it was pr puri'liaKt; tlio sup. irilicc of Iho Com- iblo ; nnd it is very imoborn |iulilislicd to be cntcrtiiiiicd nporliince. At aa monuAic-tiiri's and (id. 'i'lio nvcTuge 518,10a/, ll.s.Or/.; ifiil sum, when we ioh tlic Company's nptivo proof of tlio cbnrtrr, a vigorous ircvc'iit its ronowal. known, would not t being conccal(ul, aricc of tlu'ir trade )nsc(iuen(Iy stimu- al stiitc of ilio ta.ic on the part of the g ibeir monopoly, ainly endeavoured nts. :ct by the petition- Iho a,200,000/. the second |)laee, iila/cd company, classes of their and in their cor- llic way of private itaining the forts g what was called should receive a II imports from it. acted, tli.it no one proposed that 31 liar [irivilege. d to lie answered, e forts, buildings, paiiy promised to idiu trade, as the )ranclics of trade, it might be inju- the trade open to private economy, avo the proposed irolits increase in ililics and ftccom- f of the proposed ;cd, that the pro- xluctive, cHUse a jur own produce to the people at ica, UB well as in Rurope ; that tho duties of customs and excise would be increased ; and that the waste Hid extravagance caused by the monopoly would be entirely avoided," — (^Mill's India, vol. iii. p. :>/.) Hut these arguments did not prevail. The Company magnified the importance of thc?r trade ; and contended, that it would bo unwiijo to risk advantagtis already realised for the fiaki'. of those that were prospective and contingent. They alleged that, if the trade to India were thrown open, tho price of goods in India would be so much enhanced by the compo- tiiion of dillerent traders, and their price in England so much diminished, that the freedom of the trade would certainly end in the ruin of all who hud been foolish enough to adven- ture in it. To enlarge on the fallacy of these statements would Iw worse than superfluous. It is obvious that nothing whatever could have been risked, and that a great deal would have been gained, by opening the trade in the way that was proposed. And if it were really true that the trade to India ought to be subjected to a monopoly, lest the tradiirs by their comi)etition should ruin each other, it would follow that tiie trade to America — and not that only, but every branch both of the foreign and homo trade of tho empire — shoulerors retained any considerable portion of the vigour and bravery of their lardy ancestors, the different parts of the government were held in due subordination, and he soubahdars yielded a ready obedience to the orders from Delhi. But tho emperors were iradually debauched by the a|iparently prosperous condition of their atiairs. Instead of loing educated in the council or the camp, the heirs of almost unbounded power were biought ip in the slothful luxury of tho seraglio; ignorant of public affairs; lienumbed by indo- vnce ; depraved by tho flattery of women, of eunuchs, and of slaves; their minds contracted with their enjoyments ; their inclinations were vilified by their habits ; and their govern- ment grew as vicious, as corrupt, and as worthless as themselves. When tiic famous KouU ! I" !l !4 m !ii' I 'if! !' i 624 EAST INDIA COMl'ANY. a. Khan, tlie usurper of the Pereian throne, invadeil India, the nflcininnto nicrniRor of Tamn<* lane and Aurcngzolto was too unprepared to oppose, and too daHtiirdly (o think of uvt'nitin; the attack. This was the signal for the diamcinlierment of the nionnrchy. No Moonrr hud the invader withdrawn, than the soubahdan either oiienly thri pcndence of the soubahdars was very soon followed by wan nmonitNt thcniHclvitn ; luul, ho- in^ well aware of the superiority of European troops and tactirH, tlioy atixinudly rourtcil tho uliiunco and support of tho Trench and English East India ( lomponics, Thnse Ixxlics, having cspouHcd dilTcront sides, according as their interests or prcjiKlicos diclntcd, Ix'i^nn very Hoon to turn the quarn-ls of tho soubahdars to their o .'n account. IiiHtcml of lioirig contented, as hitherto, with the posscsaion of factories and Iraiiiitg towiin, they avpircd to tho dominion of provinces; and the struggle soon came to he, not which of tlie native princn dhould prevail, but whether the English or the French should become the uinplrrs of Indin. lint these transactions are altogether foreign to the subject of thi" work ; nor could Hny intelligible account of them bo given without entering into lengthened Mtatemeiits. We shall only, therefore, observe that the afl'airs of the French were ably conilticled by La Hour* donnnis, Dupleix, and Lally, ollicers of distinguished merit, and not less celeliniti d for their great actions Ihun for the base ingratitude of which they were the victiins. Hut though vic- tory Nceiiied at (irst to incline to the French and their allies, the Knglish afl'airs were ctfcct- ually rctrieviHl by tho extraordinary talents and address of a single individual; — (Colonel (afterwards Lord) Clive was equally brave, cautious, and onterpriiing ; nut fccrupulous in the use of means ; fertile in expedients; endowed with wonderful sagacity and resolution; and capnl)le of turning ev-n the most apparently adverse circunistunccH to adviintngc. llav- ing succeeded in humbling the French power in the vicinity of Mudrns, (Mivc landed at Calcutta in 1737, in order to chastise tho soubahdar, Surajnh ul Dowlnh, who had n Khort while liefore attackixl the English ftclory at that place and iidiunmiily shut up MB English- men in a prison, where, owing to the excessive heat and want of witter, \'i',) perished in n single night. Clive had only 7U0 European troops and 1,401) Hepoys with him when ho lauded ; but with these, and 570 sailors furnished by the fleet, he did not hesitate to atlnclt the immense army commanded by tho soubahdar, and totally defeated him in the faihoas buttle of i'lassey. This victory threw the whole provinces of Uengnl, llalmr, and Orissa, into our hands; and they were finally confirmed to us by the treaty negotiated In 17(15. Opinion has been long divided as to the policy of our military operiitioi\s in India; and it has been strenuously contended, that we ought never to have extended our Ci)n(|uests beyond the limits of Bengal. The legislature seems to have taken this view of the matter ; tho House of Commons having resolved, in 1782, "that to pursue sehenu* of conquest and extent of dominion in India are measures repugiiant to the wish, the honour, and the policy of this nation." But others have argued, and apparently on pretty good grounds, that, hav- ing gone thus far, we were comjielled to advance. The native powers, trembling nt the increase of British dominion, endeavoured when loo late to make head ugniiist the growing evil. In this view they entered into combinations and wars against the Knglish ; and the latter paving been uniformly victorious, their empire necessarily went on increasing, till all the native powers have been swallowed up in its vast extent The magnitude of the acquisitions made by Lord Clive powerfidly excite*! the attention of the British public Their value was prodigiously exaggerated; and it was generally ad- mitted that the ('onipany had no legal claim to enjoy, during the whole period of their charter, all the advantages resulting from conquests, to which the fleets and armies of tha state had largely contributed. In 1707, tho subject was taken up by the House of (Commons ; and a committee was appointed to investigate the whole circumHtances of the case, and to calculato tho entire expenditure incurred by the public on the Company's account. During the agitation of this matter, the right of the Company to the new conquest was totally denied by several members. In the end, however, the question was compromised by the ("ompany agreeing to pay 400,000/. a year for 2 years; and in 1700, this agreement, including tho yearly payment, was further extended for 5 years more, 'i'he Company, at the same time, increased their dividend, which had been fixed by the former agnteinont at 10, to 13^ pft cent. But the Company's anticipations of increasetl revenue proved entirely visionary. Tho rapiility of their conquests in India, the distance of tho controlling authority at homo, and the abuses in the government of the native princes, to whom the Company had succeeded, conspired to foster a strong spirit of ])eculation among their servants. Abuses of every sort were multiplied to a frightful extent. The English, having obtained, or riithnr enforced, an exemption from those heavy transit duties to which tho native traders were subject, engrossed the whole internal trade of the country. They oven went so far as to decide what quantity of goods each manufacturer should deliver, and what he should receive fur thnin. It is due to the directors to say, that they exertcy I,B Hour- 1 wlolmitrd for llipir H, Hut though vie- I Hflhim were etrcct- ilividuiil ; — (/olonol ; not hcrupuloua in ify Hnd ri'nohilion; o nilviiiitni^c. IIiiv- M, ('live inndcd at til, who had It Hhort nt np 140 Kni^lish. r, 1 23 pcriBhcd in a with him whrn ho ()t himitutn to iillnck him in thn fiiiAom Hnhnr, nnd OrinHa, tliitti'din 1705. )nr« in Tndin ; nnd it r rampu'iilii lioynnd of tho mntlcr ; tho w of ronqupst nnd tr, und tiiP policy Kcound*. that, huv> trcmliling nt the iriiitiHt tho growinof KriRliHh ; nnd the increasing, till all ;citi>d the attention wiiH gonornlly ad- ilo period of their nnd arniieH of tho Miiw of Commons; if tho esse, nnd to account, During wa* lotiilly denied I hy tho (company mt, including tho at thn Rnmo time, at 10, to 13^ pt'( viiionnry. Tho rity at homo, and ly hnd Huceeeded, mm of every sort ithor enlorecd, no inhject, engrossed Jo whnt quantity thnm. It is duo liut their rcHO- oned hy tho pro- uciiuiring frcsti EAST INDIA COMPANY. 025 487 325 1,346 95 £ s. 1,018,398 19 890,940 17 634,404 1 50,226 d. 11 8 2,153 £2,594,029 18 7 strength and vinilonce. The resource* of the country were rapidly impaired ; and while many of the Company's servants returned to Euro|>e with immense fortunes, tho Company itself was involved in dcht and difficulties ; and so far from heing able to pay the HtipuluteJ sum of 400,000/. a year to government, was compelled to apply, iu 1772, to the Treasury for a loan t In this crisis of their affnirs, government interposed, and a considerable change was made in tho contttitutiim of the Company. The dividend was restricted to 6 per cent, till tho , sum of 1,400,000/., advanced to them by tho public, should t)e paid. It was further enacted, that the court of directors should be elected for 4 years, 6 meinliers annually, but none to hold their seats for more than 4 years at a time ; that no person was to vote at the courts of proprietors who had not possessed his stock for 12 months ; and that tho amount of stock required to qualify for a vote should be increased from 600/. to 1 ,000/. The jurisdiction of the Mayor's Court at Calcutta wiis in future coniinod to small mercantile coses; and, in lieu uf it, a new court was appointed, consisting of a chief justice and 3 principal judges appointed by the Crown. A superiority was also given to Bengal over the other presidencies, Mr. Warren Hastings being named in the act as governor-generfil of India. Tho governor- general, councillors, and judges were prohibited from having any concern whatever in trade ; and no person residing in the Company's settlements was allowed to take more than 1 2 per cent, per annum fur money. Though strenuously opposed, these measures were carried by a large majority. At this period (1773) the total number of proprietors of East India stock, with their quali- fications as they stood in the Company's book, were as follows : — , rroprlctorg. Stocks. Englishmen, possessing 1 ,000/. stock and upwards Foreigners, possessing 1 ,000/. stock and upwards Englishmen, possessing 600/. stock and upwards Foreigners, possessing 600/. stock and upwards Totol .... Notwithstanding tho vast extension of the Company's territories, their trode continued to he apparently insignificant During the 3 years ending with 1 773, the value of the entire exports of British produce and manufactures, including military stores exported by the Com* pany to India and China, amounted to 1,409,41 1/., being at the rate of 489,803/. a year ; the annual exports of bullion during the same period being only 84,933/. ! During the same 3 years, 23 ships sailed annually for India. The truth, indeed, seems to be, that, but for the increased consumption of tea in Greet Britain, the Company would have entirely ceased to carry on any branch of tiado with the East ; and tho monopoly would have excluded us as etfectually from the markets of India and China as if the trade had reverted to its ancient channels, and tho route by the Cape of Good Hope been relinquished. In 1781, the exclusive privileges of the Company wore extended to 1791, with 3 years' notice ; the dividend on the Company's stock was fixed at 8 per cent. ; three fourths of their surplus revenues, after paying tho dividend, and tho sum of 400,000/. payable to govern- ment, was to be applied to the public service, and tho remaining fourth to tho Company's own upno ns ; tho Company's .imo that the pernin- langes accomplitthod. On the whole, how- is. Lord Cornvvallij iboured earneHlly, if were identified witli exports of British But thiii increase is vast increase that, the consumption of Company's exports taken place in the 18:4. In the act to India to private uropean dominions, jcture of the British ch, tar, and cojiper; It there, were allow- pt calicoes, dimities, nor the Company's in Company's ships, ny should annually cing stipulated that every ton occupied in time of war, with !ry few British mcr- 'ilege of sending out 8 by the jealousy of and economy would , the relaxation was was, however, mad« .1 Melville says : " It uot been gatisfacloi]) use of to a consid;'ntMc extent by private merchants in India; and also by the Company's sorvantd returning from India, many of whom invested a part, and sumo tho whole, of Atuir fortune, in produce fit for tho European markets. The financial ditficulties of the East India Company led to the revolution wliich look place in its government in 1784. But, notwithstanding the supcrintendeiice of the Board of Control,.it8 finances have continued nearly in the same unprosperous state as before. Wu have been favoured, from time to time, with the most dazzling accounts of revenue tl^at was to be immediately derived from India ; and numberless acts of parliament have been posi^ed for the appropriation of surpluses that never had any cxistcnco except in the imagination of their friuncrs. The proceedings that took place at the renewal of the charter, in 1703, allbrd a striking example of this. Lord Comwallis had then concluded the war with Tippoo 8aib, which had stripped him of half his dominiims : the perpetual settlement, from which so many benefits were expected to be derived, had been adopted in Bengal ; and the Com[)any's receipts had been increased, in cun8e(jucnco of accessions to thiur territory, and subsidies from native princes, i&c, to upwards of eight millions sterling a year, which, it was calcu- lated, would aflbrd a future annual surplus, after every description of charge had been de- ducted, of 1,240,000/. .Mr. Uundas (afterwards Lord Melville), ihiMi president of the Board of Control, availed himself of these favourable appearances, to give the most flattering repre- sentation of the Company's aflfairs. There could, he said, bo no question as to tho perma- nent and regular inrrease of the Company's surplus revenue : he assured tho House that the estimates had all been framed with the greatest caro ; that tho Company's possessions were in a state of pros[>erity till then unknown in India; that tho abuses, which had formerly insinuated themselves into some departments of tho government, had been rooted out ; and that the period was at length arrived, when India was to pour her golden treasures into tho lap of England ! Parliament participated in these brilliant anticipations, and in the act pro- longing the charter it was enacted, Ist, That 500,000/. a year of the surplus revenue should be sot aside for reducing tho Company's debt in India to 3,000,000/. ; 2dly, 'I'hat 500,000/. a year should be paid into the exchequer, to bo appropriated for tho public rorvico as parlia- ment should think fit to order; 3dly, When tho India debt was reduced to 2,000,000/., and the bond debt to 1,500,000/., one sixth part of the surplus was to be apjilicd to augment tho dividends, and the other Jive aixths were to bo paid into the Bank, in the name of the com- missioners of the national debt, to be accumulated as st guarantee fund, until it amounted 10 12,000,000/.; and when it reached that sum, tho dividends upon it were to be a|)plied to imike up the dividends on the capital stock of the Company to 10 per cent., if, at any time, the funds appropriated to that purpose should prove deficient, &c. Not one of these anticipations has been realized ! Instead of being diminished, tho Com- pany's debts began immediately to increase. J>i 1795, they were authorised to add to the amount of their fioating debt. In 1796, a :jc-w device to obtain money was fallen upon. Mr. Dundas represented that as all competition had been destroyed in consequence of the war, the Company's commerce had been greatly increased, and that their mercantile capital had become insutficient for tlie extent of their transactions. In consequence of this repre- sentation, leave was given to the Company to add two millions to their capital stock by creat- ing 20,000 new shares; but as these shares sold ut the rate of 173/. each, they produced SidtiOjOOO/. In 1797, the Company issued additional bonds to the extent of 1,417,000/.; and. notwithstanding all this, Mr. Dundas stated in the House of Commons, on the 1 3th of March, 1799, that there had been a deficit in the previous year of 1,319,000/. During the administration of the Marquis Welleslry, which began in 1 797-8 and terminated ill 1805-G, the British empire in India was augmented by the conquest of Seringapatam and tlic whole territories of Tippoo Saib, the cession of large tracts by tho Mahratta chiefs, the capture of Delhi, the ancient seat of tho Mogul empire, and various other important acquisi- tions; so that the revenue, which had amounted to 8,059,000/. in 1797, was increased to 15,403,000/. in 1805. But the expenses of government, and the interest of the debt, in- crea.-i'd in a still greater proportion than the revenue; having amounted, in 1805, to 17,- 672,000/., leaving a deficit of 2,269,000/. In the following year the revenue fell off nearly 1,000,000/., while the expenses continued nearly the same. And there was, at an average, a continued excess of expenditure, including commercial charges, and a contraction of fresh del)l, down to 1811-12. Nutwilhstandinir the vast additions made to their territories, the Company's commerce with lliem contini ' to be very inconsiderable. During the 5 years ending with 1811, tho exports to India by 'he Company, exclusive of those made on account of individuals in their ships, were as under: — 1807 1808 1S09 £ - 952,416 1810 - 919,544 1811 - 8ti6,l53 £ . 1,010,815 - 1,033,310 i t ::i;iiii'i 'H ..a iriiFl i 1 ;..■ i I nt least to the mRrchnnts either of this country or of India. They have been tho source of constant dispute, and lliey have even entailed a heuvy exjinnse upon tlie Company without ntfording to tho puljlic any adequate beneflt from such a sacriiice."— (./'upers puOlinlieil by H. I. Comp, 1813, p. 84 ) 'fiilif (. il EAST INDIA COMPANY. The export! by the priviitn trnile, and the privi/effe trade, that \», the commander* and ofncers of the Company 'a ship*, during the above-mentioned yearn, were about an largo. During the Syeara ending with 18U7-8, the annual arerage import* into India hv British private trader*, only, amounted to 306,406/. — (Papert published by the E(ut India Cum- pant/ in 1813, 4to.'p. B6.) The Com|)nny'H eiport* incliMle the value of the military atore* lent from Great Britnin to India. The ahipii employed in the traile to India and CAtna, during the aamo years, varied from 44 to S3, iind their burden from 36,fi71 to 4A,342 ton*. For aome yearn previously to the termination of the Company'* charter in 18K), the con- viction hnd been (gaining ground among all daaac*, that the tradv to the Eaat waa capable of Iwing very Rroatly extended ; and that it was solely owing to the want of enterprige and coin|)etition, ocru.'iioned by its being sul\jected to a monopoly, that it wan confined within such narrow limits. Very great efforts were, consequently, made by the manufacturing and commercial interests to have the monopoly set aside, and the trade to the East thrciwn open, Thn Company vigorously resiRt,>d these pretensions; ynd had interest enough to procure a prolongation of the privilege of carrying on an exclusive trade to China to the 10th of April, 1831, with 3 years' notice; the government of India being continued in their hands for the same perio«I. Fortunately, however, the trade to India was opened, under certain conditions, to the public. The principal of these conditions were, that private individuals should trade, directly only, with the presidencies of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, and the port of Pcnong ; that the vessels fitted out by them should not be under 350 tons burden ; and that they should aljsiain, unlesis permitted by the Company, or the Board of Control, from engaging in the carrying trade of India, or in the trade between India and China. And yet, in dcRpite of these disadvantages, such is the energy of individual enterprise as compared with mono- poly, that the private traders gained an almost immediate ascendancy over the East India Company, and in a very abort time more than trebled our trade with India ! In the Report of the committee of the House of Lords on the foreign trade of the country, printed In May, 1821, it is stated, that " the greatly increased consumption of British goods in the East, since the commencement of the free trade, cannot be accounted for by the de- mand of Euro[>ean residents, the number of whom does not moterially vary ; and it apjirars to have been much the greatest in articles calculated for the general use of the natives. Ti, t of the cotton manufactures of this country alone is stated, since the first opening of the trade, to have been augmented from/nur Uifive fold (it is now augmented Uom fifty to sixty fold). The value of the merchandise exported from Great Britain to India, which amounted, in 1814, to 870,177/., amounted,* in 1819, to 3,052,741/.; and although the market appears then to have been so far overstocked as to occasion a diminution of neariy one half in the exports of the following year, that diminution appears to have taken place more in the arti- cles intended for the consumption of Europeans than of native* ; and the trade is now stated to the committee, by the best informed persons, to \ie reviving. When the amount of popu- lation, and the extent of the country over which the consumption of these articles is B|)read, are considered, it is obvious that any facility which can, consintently with the political in- terests and se'urity of the Company'* dominions, be given to the private trader, for the dis- tribution of \\\n exports, by incroa.- a, that carried m sword in tho ono hond and a ledger in the other, was a contrailiction ; aii Imd she traded with success, would have been a protiigy. It was impossible for her to pay that attention to details that is indispensable to the carrying on of commerce with advantage. She may have gained something by her monopoly of the Ua trade, though even that is very questiDn- alilo; but it is admitted on all hands, that she has lost heavily by her trade to India.* When, therefore, the question as to the renewal of the charter came to be discussed in 1833 and 1833, the Company had no reasonable objection to urge against their being deprived of the privilege of trading. And the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 85., for continuing the charter till 18.54, has tennituited the Company' a commercial character,- by enacting, that the Company's trado to China is to cease on the 22d of April, 1834f , and that the Company is, as soon a^ pos»i< bio after that date, to dispose of their stocks on hand, and close their commercial busiiic>lliig, notwilhstamling the enormoni prires charged on tea, that for these many years past, the Company's trade lias been, on the whole productive of nothing but loss. t For the new regulutluns as to the China trade, see Canton. • 3 o '^ ; n i I ■y- ;■' ono EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, Ac). i hv hrniiciit nr ninrrlRjiv PiTnoni iinmi-MPil of 1,000/ nlork i>r«i rnipowprnl In ^li" • -ii^'Vj ynl.i | I.IMMU. iiru n iiiiiililWiilliMi for iwii vmrai i\,mu. lur lliri>n voIi'h) niiil lU.MHiJ. aiil \t\i\. "h tnt I'nur vnti'i. 'riinrii wetf 'iJKKI |irii|irU'liira on tlir rii|ii|iiiliy'i< liniikN In IU'Wi of lhi'»« I, i , ■■ mir'.. :i Idjlv,' pIidiIii \iiii>« i aifJ, iwii Villi'* 1 ro, ilirmi villi'* t mill !(*, fiiiir vi'li'«. Ji|iniinny«,. rrrjiion, U|iriiprli>tiir«, iliily iintihlli'il liy lh« piiMi'Mlun of I.IKNK. (imk, tuny, hy n rriiiilillliin In \".ltliik in Ilia niiirl iif illri'cliira, rnll n KBinr^il imirl ( w lili'li llii- illrtiilcit* iiri' ri'iiulitiil lo miiiinioii m lllilii III iluya, nr, In ill laiilt, ilii> |iri>|irl>'iiirii limy mil •mil ciniil li> iiniliii iill'ui'il iipuii tlic Knyiil Kxilinniiu. In ii|| piirli nuiriH llii> i|iir«tl"ii< lire iliililiil hy u niiijnrlly of vnlci'ii i In fn»« iif nn riiiinllly,llii' ilrli'milnii- lliiii iiiiiiil III' hy III* tri'imnifr ilrnwlni n Inl. Nino priiprluiorii iiiny, hy n rpi|iiliillhin In wrllliiit, iIr. iiiiiiiil II hiilliil npnii uny i)UUHtliin, wlilrli «liall iml lio lakuii w Itlilii 'i-t lioun nUer tliu hruukliiK up ul' till' ui'ni'riil I'linrl. I'niiri nf Dirtrlnm-'Thp foiirl iifillriTldrii li" rnnipiiiii'il of 91 niiMnlii'ra, rhonpn flroiii nnKinu llic prn. prli'lMm. riiili iilwlii'iii iiiual tin piiaiii'iiKril ill' 9,IHI01. iiliK'k | linr inn itiiy illri'Clnr, uftvt ImIiik iliiMi-n, ni'l IdniiiT lliiin w lulu liii rnnlltiiii'a In linlil aliirk. 1)1' llii'an, nrti I'linauii on lliu aiMiiiiiJ WtMliii'^ilay ill April in iMili yi'iir, to ai-rvr fur 1 yrnra, In tliu rmiai of H who hitv« ciiiiipliMi'il aiirli ai'ivlro. AHir nn iiili'rvnl of I'i tnoiilhii, llioac wliii hml koih' mil hy rolrillon iirj dlifi'ili' lo hi- ri'-i'li>rlf(l for Ihf cti. iiilntf I jrnra. Korinrrly, no iM'raoii who hml hi'i'n in tin' I'oniinny'a I'ivil or nillilary ai-rvlfi- In Inilln WiiM I'llKihlii to hi> I'li-rlt'il a iliri'ilor iiiilil hv hml Ihtii n rcahlulil In llnihinil 9 yunra h(\v\ i\iiIiiiiiu llin aiTviri': hill Ihia I'oiiiliiion no loii^i'i I'tlau ; nml nil ilvll or nilllliiry arrvniili of lliii ronipiiny In liiilln, mippoaliis ilicy nri' othcrwlai* )'lltflhli', iiiny Ini rhoacn illrcrtor* liiiniDilliiti'ly nn Ihi'lr ri'liirn In Knuliinil, proviiTi'il ll'uy Imvi- no iiiikiiIIIiiI ni'i^onnla with Ihv l'iiin|Hinv t If an, Iliiiy nro hii'lixlhli' I'm 2 yvntH iifli'r lln'ir rmiirii, nnli'an their nrroiinlii Iw aoom-r ai'lth'il— (Sk 4 Hill. 1. r. Na, <. V^.) 'I'hii din I'lora chooNi' nnniinlly, from mnonpal llii'iiiai'lvi'x, u rlniiriiuiii iiiiil n ili'iiiity rhiiltiniin. 'I'lipy iiru ri'uniri'.l hv liy-hiwa to i I oiire In every week iit lent i hnl lliey freiiiiently meet ol"ieMer, nt m in- aion ri'i|iiireH. Not leati limn !.'< lUii form n court. Their ilelermliiiillona nre iiiilileil hy a iiiiijnrlty : in I'iiHe of nil e'piiililv, Hie iiiii'mIIoii nimit he ihi hleil hy the ilrnwIiiK of n lot hy the treaaiirer ; upon nil i|m'HtioiiH of impiirtnnie, the aeiiae of the eiiiirt la ink' ii hy linllot. Tliu I'ompiiny'a ollUv'rH, hull) nt home nnil nhroiul, reeelve their ii|i|ioIiiIiihmiI» Imninilinlely from the tniirl ; to whom they nrii reapoiiailile for llie line niiil IHIIhl'nl iliMitinrite of the triial repoaeil in Iheiii, The piilroiiU|{u la, iiuvi'r- llii'le«i<, HO iirrnii|ipil, n» ihiit em li mi'iiilier iif lliu lonrt ae(Miiii|i'ly purlicipnteM tliHrein. Sicift Commitl.'t. ■ Tlie principal powera of tliu cuiirt ul ilJreclora lire venteil In a aerrel romnilllee, fliriiilnir n aort of raliiiiel or (irivy roiiiii 11. All I'liinmiiiilinllona of n cniillilenlhil nr ilellcate iialiirH helween the Ihiaril rve their oscondancy unimpaired. But notwithstanding the universal cun-ency which the opinions now referred to have obtained, and the high authority by which they are supported, they are, in all the most essential resjiecty, entirely without foundation ! The books and codes of tho Hindoos them- selves, and the minute and careful observations that have recently been made on Indian society, have shown that the iiitlueiice ascribed to llio inutitulion of custcH by the ancicuts, EtcoLigii Gprng, EAST INDIUS, (SociKTv in, Tbadk, Sic). 031 •nil by llin nmro rurly niiNlorn truvrllrrii, hn« ln'on prrxliinmiMly cxniiifrniti'il. In thn dril |inrt of liift cKci'llntU work on India, Mr. Kii'linnU liai« oHlaliliiilit'il, jmrily tty ri'lcriMireN to tha ■iitlinriliitivit liiHikii of tlifl HindcMM, nml |iiirlly \>y hi* own otiHurvulionN, iiinl Ihixn of Mr. Oiiliilinioli, Ur, llnlN'r, mil other hixli aulhoriiirM, thnt tlio vuxt imijority of tlu< llimloi) [>o|iii* liilioii niiiy, iinil, in fm't, ilot'K cmtnifn in nil mirtii of (•in|ili>yiiioiili, Mr, UiritnnlM hut fnrthor tihown, Hint tlipru i« nothing in tlm Mtructura of Iniiiun uncivty to oppoNi* nny st'rioiu ulialiu'jo III thii inti'iMJiu'tiiin of new ntU, or th« Hprcml of iinprovunicnti urn! thnt tlio ruuNtm of Iho p.ivcrty itiiil ini>*ory orthn piat cImhcx of prinitii (nrahiiiitii<),R()lilipri (OttliHtrynii), hniiliAnilnu'ii iiml artilkori (Vni'r> I'rnolo epoch; and tho mixed hroixl tlienrc iirininn wero iliviilrd into It viiMt variety of now irilioH, or castuM, to whom, niiuukiiiK generully, no rinploymi'att urn forliidditii. " 'I'leii'iiiiiliiyiiienl"," any* Mr. Illi'knri1», "nllowt-il Inthme iiilxnil nnil Impure rnncn, niiiy he unld III li • itvery (li"iii ii( li uiilicriin, iiiel i>i'ni|iitlliiii, Inr wlilrli lli<- wiiiilo ol' liiiiiiMii mn liiy liavii rriiili'il II iliHiiiiiiil, 'riiiiiiuli iiiniiv himiiii U) tiikn llnlr iiiiinei rroiii llhir nriliiiiiry Iraili' nr iiriiCi'KKiiiii, mill «Miii>i li IV I iliilli'ii luxluhi'il lliiini till) Inw, mill illritfiiiilinK, Tnr iiny nlherii In iii'rrnrin, hut Iriiiii ili« illri'Nt iiiin'tHlly i yel nil iini|iliiyiiieiit, tieiienilly HiieiikiiiH. I» Corliiilili'ii to lliii iiiIm'iI iiiiil liii|iiirv Irilie'i ei|i'i>|illiig ihreu nC llm (iri'mrllii'il (Iiuli5ii nl' the mii'iTilntikl rlit-iHt Vi/.. ti-iuliliiu IIim t'lilin, iilholiilltiK lit II i, nr Kiiin II rniiipi'ionri' liy Iralllc, nviililini' ciirtnlii conimiiililieH. \ Cnhninjn in ilintrHiif), iiiny hiiIihIiiI liy nil llliiHii iiieniiN t liiit III! iiiiint iiol linvc roroiiriin to tliii lilitlieai fiinctloiia. In iiuamiim ! ^ CSS EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.). vm m.i I > I .Ik to the fixedness of Indinn habits. So far, however, as we know, they have not, in this in< stance, evinced any acquaintance with the discoveries of their eervants. On the contrary, in all the discussions that tooli place with respect to the opening of the trade in 1814, the Com- pany invariably contended that no increase of trade to India could be expected. In a letter of the chairman and deputy chairman to the Right Honourable Robert Dundas, dated 13th of January, 1809, it is stated, that the small demand for foreign commodities in India "re- sults from the nature of the Indian people, their climate, and their usages. The articles of first necessity their own country furnishes more abundantly and more cheaply than it is possible for Europe to supply them. The labour of the great body of the common people only enables them to subsist on rice, and to wear a slight covering of cotton cloth ; thf>y, therefoie, can purchase none of the auperfluitiea we offer them. The comparatively few, in better circumstances, restricted, like the rest, by numerous religious and civil customs, of which all are remarkably tenacious, find few of our commodities to their taste ; and their climate, so disimilar to ours, renders many of them unsuitable to their use ; so that a com- merce Ijctween them and us cannot proceed far upon the principle of supiilying mutual wants. Hence, except woollens, in a vei-y limited degree, for mantles in the cold season, and metals, on a scale also very limited, to be worked up by their own artisans for the few utensils they need, hardly any of our staple commodities find a vent among the Indians ; the other exports which Europe sends to India being chiefly consumed by the European population there, and some of the descendants of the early Portuguese settlers, all of whom, taken collectively, form but a small body, in view to any question of national commerce." — (Papers published by authimty of the East India Company, 1813, p. 81.) The volume from which we have made this extract contains a variety of passages to the same edbct. So confident, indeed, were the Company that they had carried the trade to India to the utmost extent of which it was capable, that it is expressly stated, in resolutions passed in a general court held at the India House, on the 26th of January, 1813, " that no lar;i;u or sudden addition can be made to the amount of British exports to India or Chinn;" that the Company had suffered a loss in attempting to extend this branch of tl0r trade; that the warehouses at home were glutted with Indian commodities for which there was no demand ; and that to open the outports to the trade would be no other than " a ruinous transfer of it into new channels, to the destruction of immense and costly establishments, and tlio l)rggary of many thousands of industrious individuals." Luckily, however, these representations were unable to prevent the opening of the trade, and the result has sufficiently demonstrated their fallacy. The enterprise and exertion of individuals has vastly increased our exports to India — to that very country which the Com- pany had so confidently pronounced was, and would necessarily continue to be, incapable of affording any additional outlet for our peculiar products ! The commercial accounts for 1812 and 1813 were unfortunately destroyed by the fire at the Custom-house. The trade to India was opened on the 10th of April. 1814; and in that year the declared or real value of the products exported from Great Britain to the coun- tries eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, excepting China, by the East India Company, was 826,558/., and by the private traders, 1,048,132/. In 1817, the Company's exports had declined to 638,382/., while those of the private traders had increased to 2,750,333/. ; and in 1828, the former had sunk to only 488,601/., while the latter had increa.sed to 3,979,072/., being more than double the total exports to India, as well by the Company as by private traders, in 1814 ! 'i'he Company have stated, and no doubt truly, that they have lost a very large sum in attempting to extend the demand for British woollens in India and China, which, notwith- standing, continues very litnitod. But in their efforts to force the sale of woollens, they seem to have entirely forgotten that we had attained to great excellency in the manufacture of cotton stuffs, the article principally made use of as clothing in Hindostan; and that, not- withstanding the cheapness of labour in India, the advantage we derived from our superior machinery might enalile us to oiler cotton stuU's to the nitives at a li)wer price than they could ali'ord to manufacture them for. No sooner, however, had the trade been opened to private adventurers, than this channel of enterprise was explored ; and tiie result has been, that, instead of bringing cottons t'roni India to England, the former has become une nf the htat and most extensive markets for the cutlons if thn lutler. We question, indeed, whether, in the whole history of commerce, another equally striking example can bo produced of the powerful intluence of competition in opening new and almost boundless fields for the suc- cessful prosecution of commercial enterprise. In 1814, the first year of tho free trade to India, the exports of cotton amounted to 817,000 yards, of which only about 170,000 yards, valued at 17,778/., were exported by tlie Company ! The piogress of the trade will be seen in the following statemonl :— EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.). 683 Account specifying tSie Qimntitles of the printed and plain Cotton StuffH, tho declared Value of all Bona of irinnufnctured Cotton Goods, tlio Quantity of Cotton Twist or Yarn, and the declared Value of the suinu, exported ftoin the United Kingdom, to all Parts of the East, except China, each Year from 181 1, "^ ' Cotton M inutacturef. Colton Twill. 1 Ton. Frinlad. PliiD. Decland Valtw.* Twirt. Declared Value. Vardi. rarii. L, LU. t. 1814 604,800 213,408 109,480 8 7 1815 806,077 489,399 142,410 1816 991,147 714,611 160,534 624 190 1817 2,848,705 2,468,024 422,814 2,704 SOS 1818 2,227,6«5 4,614,381 700,898 1,861 455 1819 3,713,601 3,414,060 461,268 971 138 1820 7,509,000 6,484,258 834,118 224 24 1821 9,715,374 9,423,352 1,084,440 6,865 805 1822 9,029,204 11,712,639 1,145,057 22,200 2,335 1823 9,431,700 13,047,717 1,128,468 121,500 16,993 1824 9,611,880 14,858,515 1,113.477 105,350 13,011 1825 8,826,715 14,201,400 1,036,071 233,360 35,315 I82S 9,7S0,076 15,218,781 994,019 018,587 100,804 1827 I4,9P4,704 97,20;,,286 1,614,517 3,003,668 274,002 1828 12,4i0,220 30,411,857 1,621,500 4,558,185 388,888 1829 11,215,743 32,893,931 1,453,404 2,927,476 200,552 1830 13,595,074 43,481,156 1,760,552 4,689,570 321,955 1S.11 14,560,583 35,012,953 1,419,995 6,541,853 48.1,702 1832 18,291,650 39,276,511 1,531,393 4,295,427 3011,719 The East India Company CO itributed nothing whatever to this extraordinary increase of the cot- ton trade ; their exports not hhving been so large in any one year as in 1814, when they only amounted 10 the inconsiderable sum already mentioned. The demand for several other articles of British manufacture has recently increased, though not in the same unprecedented manner as cotton, with considerable rapidity. Not- withstanding all that has been said as to the immutability of Hindoo habits, the fact is not to lie denied, that a taste for European products and customs is rapidly spreading itself over India. And the fair presumption is, that it will continue to gain ground according as edu- cation is more diffused, and r i the natives become better acquainted with our language, arts, and habits. The authenticity of Dr. Heber's statements cannot be called in question ; and there are many passages in different parts of his Journal that might be quoted in corrobora- tion of what has now been stated. Our limits, however, will only permit us to make a very few extracts. " Nor have tho religions prejudices, and the unchnngeaMcnnss of the Hindoo habits, been less fxn((i;i'rated. Some of the best informed of their nation, with whom I liavo conversed, assure me, that half their most remarkable customs of civil and domestic life are borrowed from their Mohani- ineilaii conquerors ; and at present there is an obciuna and increasing diiijwsilibn to imitate the Kngliak in event thing, which has already led to veir remarkable changes, and will, probably, to still more Important. The wealthy natives now all allect to have their houses decorated with Corinthian pil- lars, and tilled with English furniture ; they drive the best horses and the most dasliing carriages in Calcutta ; many of them speak English fluently, and are tolerably read in English literature : and the children of one of our friends 1 saw one day dressed in jackets and trowsers, with round hats, shoes, and 8to^kings. In the Bengalee newspapers, of whicii there are two or three, politics are can- va>!! system ; and they seem to be I'lilly seiiKlide of the advantatfeK conferred by writine, arilhmetic, aiiil.'aliove all, by a knowledge of lliiii'lisli. 'I'liiii) nre now in L'alcnna, nnd Hie siirronndiiiL' villages, '.20 boys' sclinofs, cnntainiiig ''I' to I'iU each ; and 2.1 itirls', earh of 2.i or ,10."— (Vid ii. p. IldO.) "In the same holy city (Ilennres) I visited •.■.r,.iiner rolleRn, founded lately bj . 'vealtliy Ilind.io banker, nnd intrusted by him to the inanaKeinent of the Chnrch Missionary l^nciet\ . in wbirh, be- sides a Kraminatical knowled!'!- of the Hiiidooslanee lanjriiage, as well ns Persian and Araliic, the senior boys cniibl pass a (,'ond examination In I'.nalisli (jraminar, in Iliinie's llislnry of lOniilaiul, Joyce's Scientific DinloRiies, the use of the (.'bdies, ami llie principal facts and moral prei i pts of ilio (lospel ; most of lliem writinp beantifnlly in tin- Persian, and very tolerably In the KiiL'li.>i|i charac- ter, and exielling niost boys 1 have met with In the uccurncy and readiness of their ariilimelic."'— (Vol. II. p. :iHS.) "'I'he ditl'ereiU nations which I have seen in India, (for it is a Rrent misialie In suppose that all India is peopleitby a single race, or that there is not as preat a disparity between Ihe inhiibiinnts of Cii/.erat, Helical, the Uooah, nnd Ihe Deccan. Iioili in laiiKUiiKe, manners, and physiognomy, as be- tween any four nations in Fairope,) have, of ct be expected to attend on arbitrary poveinment. a demoralisinL' and nbsiinl religion, and (in ail the indepe;i.lent elates, nnd in some of the districts which are parlinlly subject to the Uritish^ a la.xily of law, and an alaiost universal prevalence of inlesliiii' feuds and habits (.1 plunder. The general cha- racter, however, has much » liicli is extremely plea-oij; to me ; they are brave, cnurteons, inlellipent, and miisl eapcr after knowledite and iinprovenuiit. with n remarkablo talent for the scieiires of peomelry, aslronoiny, fcc, ns well as for Hie arts of paintinc and sciilplnrc. In nil tliesi- points tiiey iiave bad treat dillicuitii'S to striitfgle with, both from Ihe want of models, instruments, nnd eieinem- ary instruction : the indisposition, or rather the horror, enierlaiiieil, till Intely, by many ninoiiK their Duropean masters, for giving them instruction of any kind ; nnd now from the real diil'iculty wliirh exists of translating works of science into languages which have no corresponding tefiiis."— (Vol. ii, p. WX) Even if our space permitted, H would be unnecessary to add to these extracts. Tho facts nnd cii-i-umstiince.s now mentioned, iiiiist, we think, .satisfy every otu- that there is nothing in the nature of Iiidiiin society, in the institution of castes a.s at pi'e.sent existing, or in the habits ami customs of the natives, to hinder tliein from advancing in the career of civilisation, coiii- incrce, nnd wealth, " It may safely bo assorted," says Mr. ilamillon, " that with so vast an evlent of li-riiie soil, jieopled by so many millions of tractable and industrious iidiubitaiits, lliiidostan is capable of supplying the whole world with any species of tropical merchandise; the production, in fact, being only limited by the demand." ;i. Trade with Inrlin. — Tiie principal obstacle in tho way of extending the commerce with India does not consist in any inih.spoaitiiMi on the part of the natives to purchase our com- mnditic;", but in the , lliat lliiri' is nii ; lliat f'l limit a>i tlie i(! liapliHril. nr III riirso Inssiiliiians, Inn liiali- iiitiTi'St anil pli-asari', (I 111' Ji!siis (Jlirlm."— :, 1 rrrtaiiily iliil not at liiil Willi liii' (jrt'aiist III lie fully snisililc i\( L'l" iif l''ii>i;liM!i. 'I'lii'ii! g ''■{'• to 1'20 eai-.h ; and / li; . 'veallliy Hindoo Siif iol) , ill wliicli, bi'. rsian and Araliir, ilii> 8 llislnry id' l',«!;land, moral prci cpts nl" llio In tin: Kiiuli!-li cliarai;- >( their arilliiiielio.''— lUe to suppouc that all I'rn iliH iiihiiliilaiitH uf phyHiiisiioiiiy, as he- ,tlii' vii'iw wliirh must liKinn, and (in all llii> le Itritislil a laxity nf The (.'rmral ( lia- oiirti'onK, iiitidliKciil, for the Kiiiiiren of all these pniiitH they liienls, niid eleimiii- hy many amime their real difliuiilty wliirh liiil} tefiiis." — (.Vol. ii. tructs. Tlin farts there is nothiiip; in ling, or ill the habits if civilisaliiiii, coiu- hat witli so vast an liious inliahitalits, ipii'ul merchandise; tlic coininerrp with purrhiiw! iiiir com- inivaU^ils fur tlier.i, from till! disciiini- inp:, in any res|iiYt, I' tile dilKrrnt de- ve liien act'UslomeJ fcsx, however, that 1 preferenee. 'J'iic its (Hihjei'tB, eannot ey happen to live, ise of l)eineiara or ice witli every fair dry. EAST INDIES (Society in, Tuade, &c.). 635 principle, to treat them worse tlian tiio Woat Indiann, by imposing higher duties on their pro- duee when hroiiglit to our iniirlicts. 'I'lie following 'I'ableH give u rouiprolienHivo view of tiio trade with India mnco the relaxa- tion of the monopoly in 1 rt 1 4, and pat Jcularly during the 3 years ending witli 1 838 : — An Arroiint of the 'Value of the Imports niid Kxports lietwoen Oreat Hritain and nil the Place* I'.aHlward of the Cape of (•'ood Mope (rxcepliiij; China); diHtinsnisliiii}; iIik I'rivale 'l'rad>' I'roiii (hat of the ilium India (Juni|iuny, in uacli Vuur, t'rum 1S14 tu the lalcMt l'«riod to whiclitlu: HUine can be inadu up. yom. V.llilu nf Inipnrtn into Great IlriUiit KiHtwurl of Dm I'^pfifif Ofinil Mfi| .irrnnliiiK to llii^ rni-un ;lt lliit K.itl H.iIlb in tin ruiiectlvr Vu.id. from all PlacM m (iiri|,l China), tn>lia Coinjiaiiy't Vdlun of Klportfi frim Greal Hrlliln lo all I'lacM Bait- H.iril of tlm Cilic r,f (io..! Hv,.'>riO 5,IHI,r,ll 8,l30,lli7 ',)!I(1,2I8 1,.%',I,513 2,5(i.-),7(il idlf) a,(i,:7,7r3 4,in-2,i)s'j 0,42!),78,') 03;(,JU> ],l»jr),<.MI'J 2,,')hU,4.'),i lhl7 s,:!'23.(;;in 'i,.'>)i,i).')(> (1,8I1,^„',m0 03^,3m2 2,7.'iU,;i33 3,3*8,715 IHH a,:iu5,i)()3 (,U()1,114 (1,2(10,117 5j3,;«r) 3,(I1^^,77'J 3,.'.T2,I01 IHIO l,'.>:i2,ioi J,(iK,1,,"lt)7 0,015,708 700,D08 l,.W0,r)75 2,ni7,o;-3 ISilt l,7:J7,i:i7 4,':(ii,:w) 6,!ir)8,,'i20 !t71,0iMl 2,iir,,ni5 2.li:i7,llll IHM i,7i;(,7;u 3,(ni,iin 4,77.'),1 10 W7,01!) 2.rt,-.(i,770 3,.') 1 l,3'J5 l.s.ii 1 ,(i',w,;i'i'j 2,(iUI,.'t31 3,71.3,1-03 0(10,(18!) 2,^,;M.3.^I 3,111.113 lM',!:i 1,587,078 4,31l,il73 5,932,0:.l 45S,0f,O 2,!)'j7,70j 3,1I0,'!.')5 18-21 1,1!M,7,'.3 4,'ll(),,147 6,'j(l.-i,10') 0.V1,783 2,MI,-!l.) 3,.lll(l,.''.78 ivil i,i(i-j,n'.ii 4,7ir,,{Ki 0,I78,77.'J .')(w,r)'j3 2,;i7 l.liC.O 3,173,213 IMiti l,.V2!t,()bO 5,2U),«''(i (),730,y20 !)'.«l,!Klt 2,lt-(),.','-N 3,47I,.'J.',3 1N127 ),lil'^,tM) 4,hti8,rj37 6,081,017 W)'.,OIO 3,h;i(i,.'i^() 4.«3i'>,l«0 ISUS i.ynii.Kr/ .% 130,073 7.«0.'),180 4'<8,(',0I 3,!)7'»,ii72 4,K'.7,073 In-W I,«);t,ii2 4,ll'2l,bli 0,21^,281 43 l,MO 3,(1('),"i,(p78 4.1(10,204 iM:m l,.')!);i,5(iH 4,()8:>,i05 5,0711,071 ll).'i,;t!H 3,81)1,(11 ; 4.II,''7.3I1 ih:u I,i:ii,.i7a 4,'2()5,13H 5,72«,h!0 1!0,IS() 3,I8S,.',V1 3,035,051 Wii 1,107,787 5,'«U,3W 6,3»7,0«9 149,li)3 2,601.01)3 3,TriO,28rt An Account of Iho Import" into Creat Britniii from all riarns Eastward of the ('iiji' of (;ond Hope (e.\ieptiiii,' China), ilifilin);aiHliiinr between lleiHe made by the K.ast India (,'ciiiipan) and thoKe niada bv private Traders durinir the Three Veara ending with 18W.— (From I'arl. I'a 1833.) laii) I'uiier, No. 425. civHa. Arlicles. 171,523 47,538 620,333 AloM • ■ • h». Ai.il'u:li.ll ■ • — rA-nj.miiil • • — lluix ■ ■ • — C.iiiii'liirr, UiirpririiHt — C;m..t, vix. raiuiil J'l'tt (trouiiil) • uiuiil). Colfre • • lli"- Cnlloii piece ((oi»1«, wlale calicouH ainl luohliiia, [ts. Culton piecu K'""'", ''y*'** I cotton .V Krau cluIlK, |>l's. Nilioiiii rlollii • — |(. I, ■'„;..«,> . - ll.>. ICvii.* I'li'l^ • ■ ~ K'.issii llldlCl • • — iCiiiiiaiiiou • * — 'Cio\iM • * — C'.tlou w.iol - • — JJyit an( li:ir'( )elj»ny, (oiis woolly, vl/ ) roi sautlcin, Kliii.haiiU' ti-i-lh - cvvl. (i;,ll.i - • • — (linjiT ■ • — Ouni, aniini anj copal, ItM. Aral.ic ■ • cwl. I.1C ilyc, he I.4I10, ikI calie I,,' . . lbs. Slii'li 1.1c nnJ «eeJ lao — Mi.'kUc • • — lIlTup • • c»(. Nillnu'.l • ■ IbH. III. I'JMnr • • — C'C'ii i.ot • - cwl. ol III o'L' ^ nudiiega, lbs oz 01 Inn ■ • cwl. IVjiptr, of ;ill iorta ■ II13.1 • llilis, unlaouul - Cwl, • li>l;«o • ■ Va,' 2,154,311 M.1,T. . • . _ I . . Ml M.r rnl • - cwl. M >'iiiif 0' pearl lllBrs, rh.Iba. Mii>!! • • oz. Illiiilnrh . - ll:i. Hut, not in llni busk, cwl. to the husk • ' liiitli. Sullimcr - - c«t, Sai;o • • • — MliiiHre - • — 44,9i8j ■... ni - . Ibi s.lii, rii>-, '.vwlCiSillim, — l,oao,%3| 1830. rant Imaa ('onipany. IViiali: 'i'raJc. 5l,n(i5 b.Ti" I27,.12>i 2,41'.,'(ii 7,(tii,7a«l 4l,«r, 8li,7.'>ii Ml,2''i; 44i),ui« 3,111.'* ll,8W,'.'ili 1,301 II l,Wi l,l!»l M.li-l l,Ulii 4S.1.269 64.1.1 :« 37, ,9. 14.1 «i 4Vi-a' 441,.'::; 6.1-4 Wi I I 4,l»..'i;i 1831. E.iit li.dia I Company, j Trivaln 'I'raile. 6l,l/«', b,722 27,421- m.b-l' 873,liU l,UiJ,TM 17l,?23 2J2,:>(i3 673,.,->l 41,0 r. Wi,7.'i-i WI,2M(i 44!i,(i'>(i 3,l!l» 1'2,5I2,«»'J 1,301 14 1,6. ;2 l,5lil| l.ili'J! 65,(iili l,!W2 4i<-),2(IO e4!),o3e »7,J9''> 14,131 43,0.,a 441,27:-. e.4H4 46(i,i'), 4,l''li «,74J,22l 6,IU4 7,926,8i7 12.1102 ■Jili 46--,MM 3.320 li7,Jll 2 1,9 IS 2.170 2,(jjl 143,7 '2 n(i.',t3 l,7j(),iJi ToWl. 1,407 32,107 i,(no,4i;i i,7«l,97H 20,30', S!t2 I^VIl lOU.SIVU 3,ftli«.42! ",tJjli,3SH)I 1-.,9(X) 136,731 ai4.li7l 72.^0U 171,720 !».!.T-.'I 1(2^,1W1 12I,()(I7 446,930 23,3li0,lil3 111 (li 2.17.) 1,0.11 HV) 100. .'74 2,4111, 7,732,2' 1,14*;, 1>; I4'<,lll ll,V3il 1(0,0311 1143,373 3,r.a 6.^1,14 761 6,0r>7,77G 3,37a' 6,223.2(,H, 4U.U.lli 2. -.7 1 1 510,1112, 3,147 1.13, tli2 I3;l,>^'>7t »3.,VW; 2,4)6 2,2-,;i| 14i,i«i; ■ I 20fl,'<'.«' l,08?,in3 t)3U,077' 20,,Kli F3,-7il IM.24i 106,S,-Sl 3,9ft«,42 1 7,(>i«,3<-, n.lXiT I, «>3K 171,720 3'1!,7,!.' 222,91)1 124.607 25,S13,'.7'I i8sa. Kail lii'ba C'oinpany. Total. 2,.WC,415 1.1)31 b-.0 1W.274 2,189 2S,8I8; 7.'i3.2-,2 I.UIi.l^" 1 111,114 ll,71'> I10,(«l^l * 3l:),J7.! 3.>:i-. Ml. 14 7>ii • fl,12,2f') 3,170 7,'X)>.2lii 1,731,^ 40.21 2. -.71 61,v::<2 3,117 13.1, 1||2 I3I.S-7 Ii3,ii3 2,4111 2.2 ,li9 70 Ml) i,.i:."' fi.7 2,409 16,-,,2<)ll 2,093 4.')n,379 1,071!, 2ol 319,:Til 6 1,1! I'll 223,120 2i7,3,-7 IO,r.H) 2M,lii 3,30(1 4,63(1.474 10,7391 4,47'I,!!(ITI 72,022 331 72l,rj27 8,129 lir,,237l 171, -.60 1 19,741] fi.--i-|6 3,377 1lj(l.i2« 461,1117 1,')S7,6I1 79,090 237,220 lli5,W>7 67.2 1« 7->,173 990,.10S 2\7.I8 i'^l.lJll 3j,2l9,:yi4 70 149 1,010 M.7 2,.-,l)9 I:-,..2J0 2,093 4.i!>,379 l,070.2iil 3|n,J7.1 (il.'l-lfl 223.121) 2i7,3.--7 in.lj'.O 21 1,10 3,3i.« 4.C30,47,i 10,- ■ , C,2ll,-9.'> "2,r22 3;4 72:,M7 H.I29 11.1,2.17 171,M0 l!l,:44 B.1=i(< 3.3-7 22'1,.>3» 41,1,1117 liS-UitH.'! I I a! ! ! $ 636 EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.). ImportB — eontiitued. ii i I hi fn ,!.', u Articles 1830. 1831. 1833. Coiiipany. ""•• Total. East India Company. rilvata Trade. Total. Elut India Coniiiaoy. Privaie Tndt. Total flUkf manufioturod, v\t. Btttdaiui haodkei-chieft ud roniala piucm Cra|)r, ill piires — Crajw Bliawlv, irarf, and gown-pipccs ami hand- fcerrtiiela • Dumb. TalTafieA, ukI other ailka, in piecea • piwes Soap • • - cwt. Spirit?, via. arrack, imp.gall. Su 829 ir. 1,032 !,Oli Declared value L, 1,U3 19,5M 20,647 2)9 23,010 23,275 237 27,189 2-,.U'(, Braaa • cut. 10 232 242 5 164 169 45 1J4 Ibt) Declared value I.. 90 2,146 2,236 40 1,244 1,284 393 l,0Ui 1,398 Cabinet anJ upholstery ware* Declared v l«jr £. . 3,526 3,523 , 2,019 2,019 47 3,098 3,145 Carriagea - nuwrfjer . 133 1S3 , 137 137 . ■ 80 M Declared value L. ll.tO'i n.soa . 9,3i.2 9.3n . . 6 430 6,430 CoiU - „• .* '""• " 1.877 2,l(iC 4,043 2,013 3,043 6,0-i6 1,9>6 4,547 tltrj Declared value L. 2,53H 1,(63 3,i9l 2,314 2,555 4,8I>9 1,870 3,898 6,7(,g Cochineal . - - lbs. . 44,3JJ 44,329 34,076 31,676 . 29,5sa 2!),388 Declared value /,. . . 21,0j6 21,066 . 13,870 13,870 . 11,095 11,095 Colours for painters Declare"! value L. 679 14,434 16,113 891 8,573 9,464 1,150 11,951 13,101 Copper, uiiwrought, in bricks and pigs . • - cwi. . 4(i,B07 46,807 . 49,359 49,359 2,S39 4.1,710 46,319 Declared value L. . 2(Xi,0=,0 200.050 . 9*1,936 204,ffil6 11, IH- I7f<,l0(; 189,216 wrought, of all ^orts cwt. Declared value /.. 1,02S 43,15^8 44,214 714 35,216 33.930 i 40,.'..1>' 40,-91 6,0')!- I9j,i'98 200,156 3,500 1W,.534 157,034 I. Ji 173,87li 175,10» Corda«« • ■ cwt. 411 911 l,3;,2 1,405 1,595 3,0i-0 285 6,751 6,036 Declired value L. 1,101 2,187 3,2t9 3,270 3,615 6,915 60J 10,324 11,121J Cotton nianuriclureii (British) C&Iicot», diC, white or plain yanls 7,500 37,rKV.,687 37,5«3,IS7 10,410 29,639,667 2S,649,<)77 6,414 3-1,077,510 34,084,^4 Declared value L 240 l,00il,!'65 1,009,105 320 726,381. 726,706 268 818,921 819,1^9 Ditto, printed, cheeked, alained, orojed • ■ y:irtla 2,600 13,426,203 13,42SI,t03 890 13,971,220 13,972.110 17,^07,08!- 17,907,C«s Declircil value L. m 636,901 63^,111 71 471,617 471, OSS 631,054 631,604 Muslini, Ac, whife or plain, yards . 6,917,969 6,9IT.'.>S9 6,362,970 6,362,976 5,192.287 5,I92,2S7 Declared value /,. • lb5,»40 lt5,M0 • . 179,662 179,862 143,140 143,140 Ditto, printed, checked, ilairitti, or dyed - - yants 160,271 166,271 • K''.473 597,473 . 38.1,502 384,562 Declared value /.. 7,662 7,662 , . 22.579 «2,67» 14,161- 14,11,8 Hoiiery, and uoiaM »var(*i Dedartdv.lu.'/.. 149 21,685 2I,S3S 90 18,280 19,370 23,242 23,242 A(riTP«ate tilue of Hritiih coi- ton luanutictures Declared value f.. 6-1 ?1 1,760,003 I,7VI,,W2 4«l 1,419,614 l,l»19,995 <541,8',3 288 I„531,I26 i^.S Cotton tw iat and yarn • lbs. Deelireil value /.. 38 4,«!>9,!i32 4,ei9,570 6,541,853 169 4,2!>5.25.'< 1 324,964 J2 1,955 , 463,762 4X1,762 12 309,719 3i«,731 Cotton manuficture* {forpi^n) Mpiarc yards - 2,885 2,l>«5 . 7.806 7,806 \alue I. , 114 114 , 1 1 . 091 Ml Declared value /,. . 25S 2.* , 327 ,127 901 !■,, 1 ! Kirthcnwaru of all m rts iii.ees 42,000 1,245.800 I,287.«10 27,000 1,253,525 1,2»>1.32=. '6,900 2,087 'l-iS 2,09l,i,Mi Dcclare.l \'aliie A. 42'> 2(1,072 '2!i,.'iOI 312 17,-209 I7,jj| 82 i". '14 .;7,0W (tiais • iJecl-ired value /,. 1.746 102,870 I04,6l» 2,.1M 100,069 102,423 I.OKl 101,,.'' 101,117 UuiiB ai>d pistols - • rtiiiid't-r 2,30(1 1,400 3,7(« ),420 478 1,8!)- '820 8. -a 9,('39 Dichrcii vilu'- L. 4,2*4 6,100 9,384 I,«B 8,640 6,22; 1,416 ii;tm I2,tf;3 Haberdwheryand nullinerv Declared value L. 112 25,367 26,479 20 20,«S2 20,8^J » .9,643 29,r«» Ibrdvt'ares and cutlrry , UrUred value /.. 9,030 72,013 81,043 10,3«a 60.690 ei,04; 11,264 ■' ,096 82,2S9 Hats of all aorfii - • dusetis \,m 2,au 3,454 : 9S0 2.014 2.'*i 1,001 J/;oi 3.7921 Declared value L. 1,84- 13,510 15,3S7 ; '.471 ',376 l«>47 1,60-1 n'.vto 14.364: Iron, tax ar.d UA< • t-ns 43 12,290 12.339 ' 93 r,755 Il.t*- 30 r,ji,'0 17,430, n*':lare7,314 980 79,258 80.a> 2T2 h.3 7h6 104.037, cast anc" wroutfht ■ cwt, B,9Mi 60,616 ^■;m ; ia402 75,987 K6>- 2,4B:'> .■',!''-l 61,3431 DecUred value /. 7,341 60,231 *r,jT2 l£,&24 60,628 a,4ii 2,740 37,910 40,656' iACt f.nJ thread of (jold aiti. sil- 1 ver ■ • Ibn. 1P3 657 no 96 212 30- 187 474 66ll r.?-la.t,i value i. I,4.V. 4,6«' 6.116 7Ni 1,677 2.4«3 1,485 2,944 4,4(19' Lemd and shot - totis ■M !,«« 1,2a 52 I.2J0 1..132 «1 l.'.ii-, \.l'iTj ,0?5l ".Jim J7,l(i 2;.li(, PK! 1,39s 3,145 >0 6,43u 6,4:3 6,708 2i),5»8 11,095 13,101 46,(1.19 1^9,2I6 40,-. 91 175, 10> 6,036 11,126 34,084,:<4 8l9,l!U 17,907,W 631,054 5,lM,2y 143,140 3P4,5e! 14,I6« 23,242 1,51' JM 4,2V 127 Ml c;u| 2,09l,2ilMl ,;7,0(jtii 101,117 9,l'39 12,8:3; S9,;V» 82,2*9! 3.792! 14.364: 17,430, 104,0.17 61,340^ 40,656i 661I 4,.III9' l,i:''i I9,H,) 24,2141 EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.)« 637 Exporti.— «ont(ii««iL Aitlclei. 1830. 1831. 1632. 1 East India Cnnip. Print* Trade. Total. Eut Indi* Comp. Priot* Trada. Total. Eut India Comp. Prlrati Trade. Total. Uaeii Diaaufactur<« Dec r 4 red value L. Machinery and niill-.w-rk Declared vatae L. 2,077 21,211 23,298 1,611 23,724 26,335 6,341 43,713 40,066 7,894 11,105 28,489 8,092 10,340 l3,4iU 3,661 11,623 16,174 Militarv a(ore» not othcrwiM described Declared value L. 6,083 494 t;38T 1,081 221 1,302 128 115 243 Muiical inatrumentH Ueclared ralue L. 204 12,060 12,3 %4 240 f'*^ 0,194 262 •.,ow. 7,337 Opium • ■ ■ n* Declared value L. . 2l,r9U 21,890 ■ • 6,483 6,483 . 16,418 16,418 ■ 4,624 4,524 Urdoancef of brnu nod iron tons 223 116 339 224 6 229 34 23 67 Declared value L, 8,140 730 8,870 3,286 140 3,426 616 IW 946 Plate, phled vrare, jewellery and watchw Dfiplared value L, 10,023 44,370 64,395 2,333 38,208 40,541 . . 88,778 33,778 PrnvisioDS, Duclared value L, ijm 21,317 29.230 7,931 16,161 24,082 10,992 21,4,'.; .12,446 Quickulver • IIn> 1.53,948 163,948 85,702 96,702 36,;43 36,743 Declared value L* ■ 14,112 14,112 - 8,972 8,972 - ■ 3,521 3,521 Silk manufacturcn Dt-'clarcd i-alue £. ■ 9,873 9,673 1,083 8,015 9,099 45 r . .. 23,201 3oap and candlci • cwl. 619 866 1,485 405 8.10 1.23J 2 l,S44 \,M' Dcchred value /,,, 1,845 3,Sr9 5,734 1,318 3,6.57 4,973 4 6,207 6".,1 Speller, forei^ • - cwi. . . 62,376 62,376 , 49,964 49,964 37,480 .',,499 Declared value L. . 32,747 32,747 ■ • 27,480 27.480 21,093 ■:i,093 Spirit!, Briliah • • ifaltnna • 3,632 3,832 , 6,001 6,001 6,289 6,289 Declared value. L. ■ . 1,780 1,780 ■ 2,121 2,121 2,362 2,362 j^pirits, foreign • • f^lloni • . 99,453 99,453 • 128,174 128,174 208,581 208,681 Dclirod vrAue I., . 12,072 12,072 ■ 19,310 10,310 .12,032 32,032 Stationery, Declarc'l value L, 13,175 33.064 46.238 20,t(G3 27,298 47,861 23,924 26,252 60,176 Steel, uiiwrnugltt • cwt. 10 881 10,881 21,651 21,051 20 14,446 14,466 UecUred value /.. • . 11,163 11,153 • 24,439 24,439 40 16,106 15,146 Sjgar, reflucd • • cwt. 44 853 897 ■ 783 7f3 31 778 809 D clare-i value L. 89 1,890 1,979 . 1,792 1,792 67 1,951 2,008 Svfordi - - - number Declared VAiiie L. 1,700 90 1,790 750 181 911 1,160 00 1,240 l,63.j 140 1,775 484 139 623 1,052 101 1,163 Tin, unwrou^ht • - cwt. 5 6 • 41 41 129 I3S Declared value t. . 16 16 • 166 1G3 20 496 616 Tin and powt.T warrs. and tin phtcs, Declarod value L. Wiriei - - Imii. pjallntiH 711 10,138 10,869 704 9,658 9,262 673 6,K2 7,396 1,332 239,259 240,591 lie 205,717 205,893 900 838,635 339,435 Decl.ired \alueL. 459 104,945 105,404 61 92,530 92,681 308 149,949 160,267 Woollen manufactiin-s inriti-di) Ct'itlis of all sorts • pieces Declared value L, u,n2i 47,719 83,748 2.959 61,7121 54,6714 3,,507 30,198 33,693 60,663 211,171 27l,:34 31,470 195,136 226,606 34,108 141,366 176,473 Stuffs, viz. camlets, wt^, he. pieces Declared value L, 91 20,149 20,242 251 14,767 15,018 66 18,909 J. 18,966j 302 49,129 49,431 332 40,7.57 41,109 84 42,«)1 42,885 Other woollens. Declared vnl. L. 4,127 19,106 23,233 2,236 ll,4n7 13,723 3,609 15,542 19,161 Aet(rei;-ite value ofllritish woot- Ikiis, Deciired value L. 64,902 279,4U« 344,398 34,048 247,390 281,438 37,801 199,708 237,509 Woollen manufactures (foreign) pieces valu*- /« . 2 2 . 372 372 • 483 483 . 40 40 4M 404 ■ > 400 400 Declared value L. . 68 58 . 3,560 3„^60 • • 4,605 4,606 All other articles - Total value of exports • t. ■6,215 147,218 163,433 14,661 122,656 1 ;7,3I7 8,709 162,236 170,945 3,891,917 4,067,311 146,480 3,488,571 3,615,051 149,193 3,061,093 3,750,286 The preference in favour of West Indian commodities was within these 5 years much greater than at present ; but the following statement allows that it is still very considerable : — An Arroiint of Artirlps importpfl from BritUli PoaFcssiona Kas! of the Cnpc of Good Hope, on which a higher Custoiiiti ])Mty is rhnrged on Import into ttiH lliiKcd Kingdom, than is charged on the same Articles imported fr'>m British Possessions in any other Parts of the World : showing, in Three p:ira1Ii'l Columns, th»' DitlVrent Rates and the Excess o\ Duty on each Article; also, the Amount of Duty levied on each of these Articles in the Year 1832, and the Quantity on which the same was levied. Coffee Supir. ■^inri'p rolia.HT Rales of Duty charged. On Importa< ti>)n«from Brit. Pn64ea aions ivitfiintlie Limits of the E. I. Co.'s Charter, ex* cept the Mauritius. On Tmportatione froni otlt^T British pouenions. !kf. per lb. .\2». per cwt. I5». p"r^il, 3f. tier lb. f 6rf. per lb., if the pro- I >.1uceofan<1 iaiporte ] s 1 ;■ \ \' ; ? !': i ■ . ■ ' . ■i 1 ii i' ; '' I 1 I ' " 'i m Uh 638 EAST 1XD1E.S (Society in, Tiiadb, &c.). Dritisli puWii-; mid should it take plnre, we havo little doubt thnt Iho growth of HUgnr in In- dia will be very greutlv exttiiduJ, niid that it will buconiu iin urticio of tfruut coiiiiiicrcial value. The regulations as to the importntion of coflce from India nro ax olijiH'tionnbln nn cnn well lie imagined. Why Hhould the coflbe of Malabar and Ceylon pny 'ill, per III. more duty than that of the MauritiuBl A distinction of thia sort is an outrago upon common mnne, and un insult to India. Foreign coffee may be imported from any port of Dritihli India ot \)il. per lb.; but if it be imported from a foreign port it poys \s. Hence, if o Uritinh Hliip take on boiird coffee ot Mocha, Manilla, or Java, she ia obliged to call in hor way homo at Itomlmy or Sin- gapore; and must there unload and then reload hor cargo I Such n rei(uliition requires no lengthened commentary ; it ia enough to remark that ita oxiatonco i« a dingracu to u luviliacd nation. Besides being unfairly asnessed, the duties on several most important articles of Ea8t In- dia produce are signally oppressive in their amount. Arrack, for example, which may be bought in bond here for about 39. a gallon, is loaded with a duty of Ifm, It is almost unne- cessary to add that this duty is perfectly unproductive ; its only (ilfuct is to exclude a volua- ble article from the market ; to deprive the public of a gratillcalion tin y might othcrwiHo enjoy, and the government of a considerable amount of revenue. The duty on pepper is aUo most extravagantly high ; being no less than Is. on an arliclo that sells from about '.id. to '1 Jrf Considering the degree in which the demand for pepper is checked by this nnl«-con«umptioii impost, we believe we may safely alHrm that its reduction to Qil, or id. would bo productive of an increase of revenue. However, it is but fair to add that a very material deduction i'^ui been mndo from the du- ties charged on several articles of E.ist India produce since t!ii> piililiculion of the foruicr edition of this work. It is to be hoped that the good elU'ctn oi which iIicho reiluctions can- not fiiil to bo protluclive may siK-edily lead to others. The following iiccouni will no doubt receive the attentive consideration of the reader : — :i I l!^ • m «; ' Acruiint slinwing the Prii'Rs in Bonn in London of tlin (llflToront Articles of Eiint Iiiilla rrnrtuce, mi the l»t 3 lb. \ II orlinary 3 6 U 4 — . 5 • . 62 7 Mirr .... 4 « 6 — 3 6- (in M Motlier.o'-ncarl •hell*, Bomhay MauilU ■ 1 a 3 1.". 2 4 cwt. 1 6 |)(«r cent. • • 6 Miwk .... 1) 1 8 ox. II Of. 1'7 33 6 o». Myrrh .... Ni. in"«* .... 4 14 cwt. 6 cwt. 2 75 9 6 8 cwU 3 6 6 6 lb. ■i ti lb. OH 71 yui voniim 1.5 . cwt. « « - • liW ^^l\ of aniseed 6W . oa. 1 4 — 15 4 lb. camia ... U 6 |.l! 7 _ 1 4 - 14 H Ifl - cinQ.-.n.Ok OSS . _ 1 4 — I'.l 10 - c*..--^ ... 9 10 — 14 - 105' 110 1 12 - •Mr* .... il 4 . 1 4 - J.5 fiO 2 0- »s.ii.«9i i m 1 3 — 1 4 — 0'7 10 2 0- CMiiaiii 1 . - - . , 2 , 3 15 cwt. 6 cwt. « 1 15 2 Ocwi. EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.). . 639 ivlh of mignr in In- f grLMit coiiiincrcial ioimbln nN cnii well II). nioru duty thnii imon Heniio, aiitl un [nilia at Od, por lb. ; ihi|) tnko oil boiinl It Dumbay or 8in- liiition requires no igracu to a (uvilUcd ortii-lcN of East In- pld, which may be It in nlinost unnc- tii oxriiule n vnliiu> ey might otherwJHo ty on iieiiper ia a\m in abuiit -ill. to '1 ^d Ih unii-conKumption vuuld bo productive mndo from the du- iilimi of ilio laviniT eno ri'ductioiifi cnii- :ouni will no doubt it Iiiiliii Prnduce, nil per Cfiit.cit ll¥i Duly I Imvii modlilud. Illy. mr Cent. llullr., Ill of — Jaiiu.iry, IKll. To A. ». A ;t- 4U 1 ,1 ill. IJII 4 13 4 ml. (l',i II 4 (1 — 411 11! 1) I Hi n _ (1 1 S II — 07 n !i 4 — IM 1 n Ih, M U It — 140 : *» II mm ■ Ml IdW) 10 4- iiiii IDH 11(1 (M II a IIKI 2 0- ;'7 n 8 cwt. It!) n li i,.n n .1 c«l. Si! U 8 — .11 118- li 7 0- n li III - ij I;! r> prr cent. 80 - on freo 4 :i>7 li " t<7 A H3 iS nf . 7'f. (i 8 cwl. IHW n 4 II). 11 Ifi n - 1 J 10 - lie 1 12 - m 2 0- III 11 - I'l i cwt. ■ 1 t ' . .' r '■' 1 . • '-J Tablu— ton^niieJ. ,1 -■ \ ' - » i: ' '' . 1 ' rricei, III n Nuveiiibar. Duly. Ooodi. 1C33. Per niillri, laloT Muviinilwr, Rale |ifr Cent. niltiel, lit of January, 1831. From To I8:I3. rnmi To L. 1. A /,. .. d. ». d. far 1 lb. L. 1. d.fir Pepper, Mirk 33-4 4 1-2 lb. n 320 wliiifl ■ • 4 S 1 — 300 Rhubarb, i- Java 1 1 3 - J 2 4 I wl. lU ll'4 China • 1 1 6 - ) fmni Briti'h ixirta 9 114 Vcnnillon .... 2 10 • lb. 6 lb. J :_ 17-2 1 - JV. B.—We are indebted for this valuable Table to Mr. Dcgbie, secretary to the East India Asso- ciation. There is another grievancs afiecting the East India trade, which calls loudly for redress* Goods from America, the West Indies, or any where except the East Indies, may be con- veyed from one warehousing port to another without payment of the duties. But with East India goods a different rule has been established. There are only about a dozen ports in the empire in which East India goods may be received and warehousexl ; and whenever it becomes necessary to remove those goods to any other place, not privileged to receive India gnods, the whole duties have to bo paid ; so that if a merchant found it expedient to ship 1000/. worth of popper from London, Hull, or any other privileged port, to Newcastle, Ply- mouth, Aberdeen, or any non-privileged port, ho would, before he could make such ship- ment, have to advance about 4,000/. of duty ! This is a most oppressive regulation. There is not, and there never was, any good rca,s"n for prohibiting East India goods from being removed, under bond, from one port to another where other goods are allowed to be bonded. Many ronsiderable advantages would result from permitting this to be done. It would dis- tribute East India goods more equally over the country ; and country dealers would be able to lay in and keep up sufficient stocks with a far less outlay of capital than at present. Such a measure, coupled, ra it ought to be, with an adequate reduction of the duties, would ma- terially extend the comforts of all classes at home. 4. Cdhnizatwn of India, — Hitherto very considerable obstacles have been thrown in tho way of Europeans establishing themselves in India, and particularly of their acquiring or holding land. This policy was dictated by various considerations ; partly by a wish to prevent the extrusion of the natives from the soil, which it was supposed would be eagerly hought up by Europeans, and partly by the fear lest the latter, when scattered over the coun- try, and released from any effectual control, should offend tho prejudices of the natives, and get embroiled with them. Now, however, it seems to be the general opinion of those best acquainted with India that but little danger is to be apiirehended from those circumstances; tliat the few Europeans established in it as indigo planters, &c. have contributed very mate- rially to its improvement ; ami that the increase and dirtu.sion of the English population, and their permanent settlement in the country, are at once the most likely means of spreading a knowledge of cur arts and sciences, and of widening and strciigtlioning \\\c foundations of our ascondarr; . It is obvious, indeed, that the darition of our power in India must depend on a very ".ncortain tenure, unless we tnke root, as it were, in the soil, and a considerable portion of the population be attached to us by the ties of kindred, ai.d of common interests mid sympathies. In this respect we ought to imitate the Rmirian in preference to the Lace- ieinoniaii or Athenian policy. Quid aliud exitio LMCtdicimmiis At/ieniemibus fuit, ^unnquam armis ■polkrenf. nini quod v'c/is pru alieni^rds urccbant ? Looking, however, It tho density of population in India, the low rate of wagrs, the nature of the climate, and ♦ther similar circumstances, it seems very doubtful whether it will ever bcoome the rewjrt of my considerable number of English settlers ; at least of such a uimbe.- as world Iw sufli- eitnt, within cny reasonable period, to form any thing like a pow»T^i4 native English intr- ivA. But to whatever extent it may be carried, it p mises to U higUiy advnn'^cous. " Wo need not, I imagine," says the present Gnvt'rnor-Geiicral of India. Lof any laboured argument to prove that it would bo infimMttf atitwitageous for India to borrow largely in arts tinil knowledge from P'ti'j;land. ".\\c \eg im 0i mr « fcar expressly declared tho trutli; its acknowledgment has been implied in the daily acts and profeosionB :'F ' • ' \ o almost equally plain, thnt independently of their influencing the native conmiunity in this way, various and important national advantages will result from there being a considerable body of our countrymen, and tlioir descendants, settled in the country. To question it, is to deny the superiority which has gained us the dominion of India : it is to doubt whether national character has any eflect on national wealth, strength, nnd g(HHl government : it is to shut our eyes to ell the perils and difltculties uf our situation : it is to hold as nolliing community of language, sentiment and mterest, between the govern- ment and the governed : it is to disregard the evidence afit)rded by every corner of the f>lolie in which the British flag is hoisted : it is to toll our merchants and our manufacturers, that the habits of a people go for nothing in creating a market, and that enterpriHe, skill, and capital, and the credit which creates capital, are of no avail in the production of com- modities." The existing regulations as to the residence of Englishmen in India are embodied in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 86., and are as follows:— Jiulhority for hit Majfily'ii Subject* to rtnide in certain Partt of India.— ll shall l>0 lawOil for nny nntiiriU-bdVii aiibjci'tg of hia Miijuiily to prncouil l)y Hea to uiiy port or pinre haviiiK a ('ualoni-liouHO (Sill III laliineiil within (lie sniiip, iind to r«fil\acted, that the governor-general •hull and is required, by laws or regulaliona, to provide with all convenient apeed for the protection of the natives of the anid territories from insult and outrage In tlieU persons, religions, or opinions. — )65. Lands leirAis the Indian Territories may he purchased.— \X shall be lawful for nny nalurnl-liorn sub> Ject of his Mnjesty authorised lo reside in the snid territories to acquire and hold liinda, or any right, interest, or profit in or out of lands, for any term of years, in suchpnrt or parts of ihcsaid terriloriej ns he shall he so authorised to reside in : provided always, that nothing herein contained shall be taken to prevent the governor-general in council from enabling, by any laws or regulations, or other- wise, any subject of his Majesty to acquire or hold any lands, or rights, interests, or profits in or out of lands. In nny part of Ihe said territories, and for any estates or terms whatever.—} Sfi. Atf Oisabilities in respect of Reliffion, Colour, or Place of Birth. — No native of the said territories, nor any natural-horn subject of his Majesty resident therein, shall, by reason only of his religion, place of birth, descent, colour, or any of theui, be disabled from holding any place, otiice, or employ- ment under the said Company. — i 87, IV. East Indies, (Extent, Population, Militibt Fobck, Retenue, etc of Britibii). 1. Extent, Poptilation.SfC of BriltshDominiom in Hindostan, and of the Trihutaryand Independent Slafci. — We copy the following Table from the second edition of Mr. Hamil- ton's Gazetteer, It must, however, be regarded as an approximation only, inasmuch as no means exist of coming at correct conclusions ; but the talents of the writer, ond his perfect Rcquaiiitance with tiic Hubject, warrant the belief that it is as accurate as it can be made with Uio prestnt imperfect means of information. ?.» for tho Gilucntion f uiipful knowlnlgfl, I'ly tardy, utiles* W6 nulivpg in tho rourra ovidcnco, the naturo 118 wo seek to have hoir influencing tho iRPa will reHult from juntfl, settled in the 11* the duniinion of lal wealth, atrength, tic8 uf our situation : between the govern- every corner of tho 1 our mnnufncturcrs, hat ontcrpriiie, skill, I prodnctioD of coro- aro embodied in tho hall bo Inwftil for nny vitiK a Cumdin-liouHO I or piiaa tlirniigli imy oiiipnny on tho l»l(luy I C'arimtic, of ilio pro- liy llconco wliuliiviT; III), nil lliulrnrrlval in nown In writiii); ilieir I'ur of the cuaEoiiii ur ■It shall not bo lawful I others now lawrtilly •ocemi to or riwldu in ioiinil, without licence f diructnrs, or thu go- o licence Riven to nny n to all such milijpcta xprcss clause of ruvo- j/ocM op«n.— It shall lid iiroliution of the snlii ()ri<>8 open to all hii Ills Mnjeaty's natural dared upon witlinut eqnircrt to ninkc laws Into or residence .n removal of rcstrlc- neci'ssary to provide the pDvernnr-xeneral !(l f(ir the proluction iiigions, or upinionti. ny natnrnl-liorn sub- ' liinda, nrany rijiht, ' the said terriiorica n contained shall be regulations, or other- Is, or proflta in or out T.— J 8ft. the said territories, only of his religion, cc, oDice, or einpluy- ETC. OP BritISD). the Tributary and ion of Mr. Hamil- inasmuch as no ter, and his perfect can be made with EAST INDIES (Extent, Population, Ac. or British). 641 Table of tho relative Area nnil Topulatlon of the Modern fltntes of Ilindostan. Ilnnvnl, Dnhnr, and Rennres •.-... Additions in ifliidoatan slnro A, I). 1705 .... liiirwal, Kiiinoon, and the tract between tho Butulejo and Jumna • 'I'olnl under th>) Dengnl Presidency - . - - ITndor tho Madras rrealrinncy ...... Under the lliinibay Presidency ...... Terriliiries in thu Deccnn, Ice., ncqiilred since 1815, conslslinK of the Pelahwa's doniiiiluns. Sic, and since mostly attached to the Bom. buy Presidency ....... Total under the Drltlsh government .... British Mliet and Tributaries. The NiMin ........ 'I'ho Niigpoor Unja ....... T lin King of Oudu ....... Tilt! nulcowur ........ Kiitnh, 0,500 1 linondce, 3,500 ; Ili)paul, 5,000 .... 'I'ho Mysore liajii ....... Tiiu Haliira Itnjn ........ 'I'mvaTii'iire, fl,000 ; Cochin, 3,000 ..... tinder Iho Kajasof Joiidpour, Jeypoor, Odeypoor, Itlcanccre, Jessel. mere, and other Unjnoot chiefs, Holcar, Ameer Khan, the Udw of riiKh, llliiirtpoor, Machi-rry, and numerous other petty chiefs, Keikf<, Oiinds, llheels, Coolies, and Catties, all comprehended within the line of British protection .... Total under the Drltish government and its allies • Iniapendenl Statea. The Nepaul Raja - . - ^ . . . The Lahore Hajii (nunject Singh) ..... 'I'lie Ameers of Siiiile ....... Thu dominions of Hliidhi ...... The Cabul sovereign east of the Indus .... Grand total of Ilindostan ..... nniiih Sfliuire fttilM. rcipultllon. IA3,(M)0 im.ooo 1H,(h)0 30 000,000 lH,;i(M»,(K)0 0()O,(M)O 3!N,000 151,000 11,000 67,500,000 l.'i,0(M),(M)0 3,500,000 8,000,000 553,000 00,000 70,000 80,000 IH,0(K> 11,000 37,(100 11,000 u.ooo 3*i3,n00 !*3,000,000 10,000,000 3,(H)0,000 3,000,(HI0 3,000,(MK) l,.5(MI,000 3,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 15,000,000 1,103,(100 8S,000 50,(M)0 •Zi,000 40,000 10,000 133,000,000 3,000,000 3,0(10,000 1,0(10.000 4,000,000 1,000,000 1,580,000 1 134,000,000 Indbi beyond the Ganges.— Dritlsh Acquisitions in 1834 and 1833. Conntrica south of Rangoon, consisting of half the province of Mar- talian, and thu provinces of Tuvoy, Ye, Tcnaaseriin, and the Mer- giil Isles ........ The province of Arracan ...... Countries from which tho Durmese have been e.Tpelled, consisting of Assam and thu adjacent petty stales, occupying a space of about Total .... Brlli>h flquniti Miln. ropulatlon. 13,000 11,000 54,000 51,000 100,000 150,000 77,000 301,000 In 1R05, according to official returns transmitted, the total number of British-bom subjects in Hiiidnstiin was 3 1 ,000. Of these, 22,000 were in the army as otficers and privates ; the civil oini.'crs of government of all descriptions were about 2,000; tho free merchants and mariner!) will) resided in India under covenant, about 6,000; tho officers and practitioners in the courta of justice, :)00 ; the remaining 1,700 consisted of adventurers r/ho had smuggled themselves out in various capacitie.i. Since the date above mentioned, no Uetailed reports have been published : but tliero is reason to l)elieve that even now the total number of British subjects in HItidostan does not exceed 40,000 ; the removal of the restrictions on the commercial intercourse having, contrary to expectation, added very few to the previous number. The army required for the protection of these extensive provinces, and for the retaining them under due subordination, although it ]>resents a formidable grand total, probably does not amount to a fifth part of tho number maintained by the Mogul sovereigns and their func- tionaries, when their empire was in its .'senith ; yet, even under the ablest of the emperors, commotions in some quarter of their ill-subdued territories were unceasing. The British sys- tem in India hos always been to keep the troops in a constant state of prep iration for war ; but fiever to enter into uniirovoked hostilities, or engage in any contests except those rendercil nect'ssary by the jirinciple of self-defence. At present, with the exception of the Russian, tho British military force is probably the largest standing army in the world. In 1796, it amounted to 5,'),000. In 1830, the latest period for which we have a detailed statement, it consisted of infantry 170,062, cavalry 19,,539. artillery 17,385, engineers 1,084, with pioneers, invalids, &c., making a grand total of 223,476 men. Of these, 187,068 were natives, and 37,376 Europeans ; the hitler being divided between the King's and the Com- pany's services in the propoition of 20,292 to the former, and 17,084 to the latter. 'I'ho total expenditure on account of the Indian army during the same year amounted to 9,46 1,9.53/. It may, perhaps, be worth while remarking, that the war department in Prussi)!, 3*2 81 i 1 ■f'l !• i i " t ];'pl!i!'t Ul 012 EAST INDIES (Extent, Population, &c. of r>RnisH). ^t ™ whirh Imn one of thr mnut rfTiririit nrmirii in Europe, co«t, in IPSO, 22,1(15,000 rix-i!i)llrtr«, or 3,;}'J 1,0(10/., liiin ; litilp moni limn tile tiiiril of tlio rout of tho Hritisli Imliitti urtuy ! lie- CPiitly, i.iiwivcr, vt TV RrriU cU'Drls Imvo lun-ii iiindo to (■coiiomiMP in tliiH ilcpiirlnu'iif. 'J'lio arinv Iki* licen reduced to iiliout l'JO,0(M) men, and Moinc of tho former ttllowttnciw lujvc been diHCunilnuctl. A nond drill of nilln'r conflirtini;f cvidrncfl was pivpn before the Inte ^rliTt committoo on tlic htale of the Iniliuii iiriny. On llio wliolo, it would »coin to l)0 docidcdly Buperinr, in re- spect of di-c 'line and eil'icieiii'v, to any nutive army ever ornnnined in ''mUi, liutinany very inl('l!i«i'i:i offirers donlit whether it could make tiny eflectunl oppnMtirm to Euro[H\in tvo.ips, t'- whom, mnendly npel^iting:, tho Hepoys are inferior both in phy-ii u utrcnRth and moral enerKV. ^omc of iho witne-iHcs neem to think that tho Indian army i:a8 recently been a good deal del<>rioiate(l. Till' army i" il'.'trilmted throughout Hindosfan under the orders of tho supreme govern- ment, promuli;,ited tliri)u.;h its politinil assents. Conmii'ncing from the great HtatiouH in tlio Diiah of ilic (iimge.s, at Ajnieer is our corps; another at Neemutch ; a third at Mow; all HUpplied from llio i)en;;al army. Tlii are sncceeded h\ 'lie tlujerat uhnidiary forcen, tho field corps at Midligamn, and the Poouiih division, fnrniKhi d eliiefly liy the Bombay army. Til'' circia in further continued liy tlie field force in the t^oulhern Muhratta counti-y ; tho Hyderalind mid Nn^poor pulisidiarieH, eoinfiosed of Madras troojis ; and tho dctaohinenis from the Uen.;,il esi.iliiishnient, forming itu' .N> rlindda and Saugur diviHiona, from whence the cordun tt rininates in UnndeKiind. Such the general outline, liable, of course, to teiii- jiorary inoditicalionH, and occasional e1iani;e in ;he selection of titalions. At present, with the exreptjiiii of a tract :!.') miles broad on each side of Ase.rghur, there is an unbroken lino of coniMiii, ation throoirh the Hriti^^h teniiory Vom Uombay to Calcutta. In dirn I and authoiitalive control, the dmninion of the Uritith government extends much further limn (hat possessed by any prior d} nasty, whether Patau or Mogid; yet the latter, no bmg as they abstained from persecution, had nothiii,^ to apprehend from the religion of the Hindoos; and liistory proves that the commotions which agitated the Mohammedan monar- chies chioily arose from their own internal dissensions and national disputes. Neither does it appear that any prior con'juerors ever niiployed disciplined corps of their own countryi'icn in defence of their own sovereignty, althouL,di lliey had to contend with ono very numerous tribt — the Ilindoi); whil't the Uriiish, mure aiUantai;eoinly situated, have two to pit in motion against each other, and in |»roccss (if time may raise up a third. Each foreign in- vader certainly favoured lii:i own countrjinen ; but it was by bestowing on them ])laces and liie.h uppoiulmenls, which eveited envy, without essentially strengthening his domination. Herides, thercf ire. loii.l nhsiioence from |iprseeution, tlie British government, in a powerful corps entirely Kur'_)iran. and totally distinguished from the natives by colour, language, and manners, iiossess,s a sol: lity and consisleiiee much beyond any of the prior Mohammedou ilwi.i lies, — (lidinit'i'ii's Eii.'l India Guzellcer, 2d ed. vol. i. pp. G.'iC — (359.) 2. Htctit'L- ana Exjjfndit, r if (he. East Iiifliit Vnmpnny. — The far greater part of the reveuiie ol' India i at present, and has always been, derived from the soil. The land has been held by its \ nmediato cultivators generally in small jiortions, with a perpetual and transferable title • but they have been under tho obligation of making an annual jiaymcnt to goveriimont of a certain portion of the produce of their farms, which might be increased or diminished at the jdeasurc of the sovereign ; atid which has in almost all cases, been so large, as seldori to leave tho cultivators more than a hare subsistence. Under the Moham- medan governieent, the irrnsn jiroduce of the soil was divided into eiiual or nearly equal shares, between tho ryotk, or cullivalors, and tho government. We regret we are not able to say that the Biilish government has made any material deductions from this enormous assess- ment. Its oppressiveness, more than any thing else, has prevented our ascendancy in India; and the roMoisrative tranquillity and good order we have introduced, from having the beiie- licial elfecis that might have bee i anticipated. The cultivators throughout Hindostan are proverbia'ly poor ; and till the amount of the assessment they are at present subject to bo elfectual'v reduced, they cannot bo otherwiw than wretched. They are commonly obliged to borroM/ money to buy their seed and carry on their operations, at a high interest, on a spe- cies of mortgage over the ensuing crop. Their only object is to get subsistence — to be able to exist in the same obscure poverty as their forefathers. If they succeed in this, they are satisfied. Mr. Colclirooke, whose authority on all that relates to India is so deservedly high, mentioris that the quantity of land occupied by each ryot, or cultivator, in Bengal is com- monly iibout C acres, and rarely amounts to 24 ; and it is obvious that the abstraction of half the [iroducc raised on such patches can leave their occupiers nothing more than the barest subsistence fur themselves and their families. Indeed, Mr. Colebrooke ti'lls us that the con- dition of ryots subject to this tax is generally inferior to that of a hired labourer, who receives the miserable pittance of 'i annas, or about 3 pence, a day of wages. Besides the land revenue,* a considerable revenue is derived in India from the monopo- • Fur an aremuit of itie land rfivcniii? of India, of tlie various modes in wliicli it is assrssLMl, and ItD influence on tliccundiiiiin uf (iie inlmbiiants, we be); to refcTtu Mr. Kiclturds's worl( on India. Tlie III). lOO rix-ilollnw, II iiriny ! lli'- iirtint'ii'. 'J'lio ncfM htt\e bfcn ("ciiiimiitci' on U[H!rii>r, ill re- ii. UutiniiMy I to Kuro[i«'iiii ii strcngtli urul a recently been iprrmc govcrn- '. Htntioim ill tin; (1 at Mow; all iary forcru, the Uiimbny army. II countiy ; tlio 10 ilctachmcnt!) 1, from whence course, to tcm- t present, wiili 1 unbrokun line t extends much ^el the latter, m religion of the nniedan monar- Neither 'iocs iwn countiynrn very numerous two to pit in ich fiirei;;!! in- hein |)laces anil h'u doniiiiatioii. in a powerful langiiiige, iiiiJ Mohamincdoii iter part of the The land has perpetual and ual jiayment tn U! increaHcd or eases, been so T the Mnliani- ly equal shares, not able to say lormous asscss- ancy in Indii; ivinj^ the bene- Hindostan are subject to 1)0 imonly obliged crest, on a spc- icc — to be able this, they are pservedly high, iengal is com- .ractioii of half than the barest that the con- r, who receives the monopo- \a asspFstMl, anil : on India. 'I'ke EAST INDIES (Extent, Popitlation, Ac. of British). 0<3 lie* of salt and opium, tlic onle of npirituo«ing obliged to sell iheir produce at prices arbitrarily fixed by the Company's ai^eiits. It would be worse than useless to waste the reader's time, by pointing out in dutiiil the iniNi'hievous rlTects of such a system ; they are too ubviixis not to arrest the a'teiition of eviTy one. The proiluee of these and the other branches of Indian ta.xati x^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // /L 1.0 I.I 141 MM |25 150 *^^ hHH ^ Bii 12.2 !!? BA ■" IIS US u lis 12.0 IL25 ii.4 1^1 1.6 7] '^ /. /A %'^ ^ '^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 I 6^ 044 EAST INDIES (Extent, Population, &c. or British). Aeeount of the Territorial Chargei of the East India Company— e«nHiiii«l. DeMrlplion. BmiiL Madru. Bomlar. Pcmng. Ma- lacca. Slnp- pore. Silnt Helena. Loodoa. TeUI. Brnugkt orir Charges under ge- neral board - Charges under ma- rine do. Charges under Ju- dicial do. Gross amount of civil charges Do. military do, Uiiililings both ci- vil and milita- ry do. Charge in India Interest on debt Upspecified Gross charge - Nettcharge, or ex- cess of expendi- ture over reve- 1 nue - £ 3,565,364 1,103,834 117,745 l,lS0,39l £ £ 1,384,007 849,480 353,659' 474,781 18,781, 313,863 371,7sr 305,446 £ 3,000 100,014 6,000 13,000 £ SCO 13,835 1,000 3,000 £ 1,500 36,637 3,000 6,000 £ 46,808 £ £ 9,699,760 3,137,548 359,388 1,847,591 9,936,337 5,345,737 548,491 3,038,198' 1,838,578 3,897,580 3,051,810 81,8n 163,088 1 181,014 16,335 49,355 8,030 4,833 1,186 47,137 11,341 4,606 46.808 75,178 1,989 - 10,034,387 11,338,805 780,071 11,730,456 1,713,353 6,007,595 179,035 4,033,476: 175,103 35,541 37,330 8,024 - 63,084 133,969 3.060.141 33,159,823 1.930,532 3,060.141 13,443,709 6,186,630 638,783 4,060,706 177,136 1,395,881 145,788 35,941 63,084 30,660 44,585 123,969 180,571 3,060,141 3,060,141 86,139,896 3,147,975 The territorial revenues at the dispoaal of the East India Company have, for a lengthened period, equalled those of the most powerful monarchies. At present they are greater than those of either Russia or Austria, being inferior only to those of Great Britain and France ! Htill, however, the Company's financial situation is the very reverse of prosperous. Vast as their revenue has been, their expenditure appears, in most instances, to have been still larger ; and at this moment their debts exceed 60,000,000/1 The Company have given the following statement of their affairs, which is applicable, as respects India, to the 1st of May, 1831 ; and as respects England, to the Istof May, 1832: — Total territorial and political debts abroad and at homo Ditto, credits, ditto ..... Balance deficient in the territorial and political branch - Total commercial debts abroad and at home ... Ulttu, credits, ditto ...-.- Balance in favour In the commercial branch Balance deficient ...... Add the amount of the Company's home bond debt Total balance deficient, includinf the home bond debt - , . £ 61,197,783 39,579,523 £*1 ,938,494 31,647,149 31,618,359 19,718,659 . . . 11,899,604 3,543,854 - £ 15,442,458 Of the credits placed to account of the Company, arrears of revenue, &c. form an impor- tant item ; but of these it is most probable a considerable portion will never be realised. In a statement laid by the East India Company before parliament, and printed in a former edition of this work (p. 5 1 1.), intended to represent the situation of the Company's affairs on the Ist of January, 1831, their assets were said to exceed their debts and liabilities by about 3,000,000/. The wide difference between that account and the one given above, is princi- pally owing to the Company having struck out of the latter a sum of 10,870,000/. expended by them on account of fortifications, buildings, &c erected in India, which they took credit for in the former. The statement now jiven renders it abundantly obvious, that the recent arrangements with the Company have been quite as beneficial to it as, we doubt not, they will prove to the public All the territorial and other property made over to the Crown will certainly be far short of meeting the claims upon it The following account shows the balance between the revenue lind expenditure of OUT Indian -dominions, from 1809-10 to 1830-31 :— HKlon. Total. £ £ 5,699,760 3,137,548 359,388 1,847,591 • 10,034,387 11,338,665 780,071 100.141 32,159,223 1,930,533 2,060.141 160,141 160,141 30,139,896 3,147,979 for a lengthened are greater than lin and France ! ro8pe^ou^ Vast have been Btil y have given the the Ist of May, EAST INDIES (Extent, Populatiok, &c. or British). 045 An Aeconnt of the Total annual Revflnuoi and Chnriteii of tlie Ilrltlih Poiinimloni In India nndcr the East India Company, from IbOlf-lO to lH;i0-31 s Hliowhig also tliti Ni'it Cliaruo of Uuncoolun, I'rinca of Wales Island, and St. Helena ; the Interest paid on account of Unhts In India ; and the Antonnt of Territorial CImrires paid in England.— (Abstracted from the Pari, Paptrt, No. S3. 8css. 183U. and No. 306. Sess. 1833.) '^ ' ' Vcua. 1609-10 1810-11 1811-13 1812-13 1813-14 1614-19 1615-16 1816-17 1817-18 )8I6-19 181920 1820-31 1631-33 1633-83 1833-21 1831-39 1835-30 1826-27 182r-28 1828-29 1829-30 Estimate. 1830-31 Total Grm R«veuu«s of luilia. £ 16,404,391 16.679,1 US l«i,603,(il6 IH, 459,774 17,828,711 17,331,191 17,168,195 18,010,135 18,305,265 19,393,(103 1»,172,50« 21,292,036 31,753,271 33,130,934 31,338,633 80,705,153 3l,0»t),<)60 33,327,753 32,81»,184 22.692,711 31,663,310 Total ChirjieaiD livlia. £ 13,775,577 13,llilcil btont. OihCT Terrl. torial I'ay. nunti rhargnaijlg on the Revenue. (frntiom, »c.) £ 190,188 317,703 154,998 193,784 6l,3W 139,873 61,903 194,374 81,941 130,1621 265,0:)5; 228,058; 808,735 804,147 395,376 414,181 740,728 1,111,7931 805,016 449,603; 893,873, Total. £ 867,097 901,688, 983,770 j 1,184,976 1,118,158; 1,064,2331 1,199,952 1,071,1761 1,094,70! 1,150,378 1,150,391 1,072,106 1,175,149 1,354,960 758,590 1,160,078 1,070,504 1,318,102 l,2,'i5,12-. 1,517,602 1,454,867 138,430 1,339,135 1,473,909 £ l,0.97,3i1 1,119,391 1,077,708 1,376,768 1,313,413 1,194,596 1,881,685 1,363,550 1,176,613 1,380,540 1,415,446 1, .-100,164 1,377.684 1,559,107 1,15.3,866 1,580.259 1,817,3,18 8,489,691 2,060.141 1,067,405 1,748,740 Geuni Hnull. 8ur|ilui Hevcuue. 681,916 691,188 147,677 348,632 679,008 1,528,853 520,030 Surjilua Chari*. £ 730,701 736,930 371,034 1,004,693 310,090 689,153 1,383,305 1,466,161 727,479 3,025,746 4,856,857 8,484,076 3,850,715 9l5,2-/5 008,142 However much this account of the financial concerns of our Eastern empire may l>e at variance with the exaggerated ideas entertained rvspccting it, as well hy a large proportion of the people of England as by foreigners, it will excite no surprise in the mind ol :iny one wlio has ever reflected on the subject It is due, indeed, to the directors, to state, that though they have occasionally acted on erroneous principles, they have always exerted themsolvcs to enforce economy in every branch of their expenditure, and to impose and collect their revenucti in the best and cheapest manner. But though they have succeeded in repressing many abuses, it would be idle to suppose that they should ever entirely succeed in rooting them out. How can it be imagined, that strangers sent to India, conscious that they are armed with all the strength of government, placed under no real responsibility, exempted from the salutary influence of public opinion, fearing no exposure through the medium of the press, and anxious only to accumulate a fortune, should not occasionully abuse their authority T oc that they should manage the complicated and difficult affairs of a vast empire, inhabited by a race of people of whose language, manners, and habits, they are almost wholly ignorant, with that prudence, economy, and vigilance, without which it were idle to expect that any great surplus revenue could ever be realised 1 arrangements vill prove to the xrtainly be far nditure of oar (Abstract View of the Revenues and Cliarges of India for llie Yean 183i -33, 1833-33, 1833-31, and (by estimate) 1834-35. Benipl Affra • Mtdnu Bombay Total reveouei of ludla D.>ficifnrjr of or- dinary revenue Revenue. 1 Renffll • A^ra • ^t,1lI^w • Btinibay Total cliarmt in India • Cliari^e on account of SI. Ili'lem Ctiarae on account of India in Enic- land ■ Total clnriee of India SurpUiaof ordina* ry re\euue • Cliarte. IS3I-32. /,. 9,474,094 3,2^.133 1,401, 9 1« 183^-33. L. 9,487,778 1,497,30!! 13,933,642 2X)0 3,233,233 3,3fll,9!<2 I,(jOU,691 1,503,7t2 I!i3l32. /., 7,533,170 3,239, Jtil 2,0«),499 1832 33, 1833-34. 183445. I. 7,(j.>7,2a8 3',174,347 2,034,710 7,o1flj,449 a,M<>,995 I,96li,0-I5 6,749,203 5» 3,076,404 1,903,7411 14,198,13.3 li07.3ft 13,680,I6> 13,908,764 67?,.'W6 14,487,100 12,631,928 94,132 1,476,633 14,403,736 12,896,2>5 05,653 1,227,536 12,245,489 91,641 l,»3,S37 12,313,246 I0,98i> 2,162,863 14,219,374 1 13,630,767. 14,417,100 49,398' 14,403,736 14,219,374 ; 13,680,183 14,403,7361 14,219,374 , 13,680,165 -LM'I'J?'! N. B, The Conipany realised in 1834-35 the sum of 10,679,32.31. The di'litB of the Compnnv In India on the SOili of April, IKil, a Interest of l,754,345i. D year.-(i'ui/. Paper, No. 380. Seas. 1836.;- by the sole of coniinerfal issrti niiiiiiKvd to 35,463,183/., bvuriug av -Snii.) I I 640 EBONY— ELM. EBONY (Ger. Ebenhok/ Da. Ebbenhout ; Fr. Ebine,- ItEbanof Umb. Ebenowoe' derewo ,- Lat. Ebenus), a species of wood brought principally from the East. It is exceed* ingly hard and heavy, of great durability, suacrptible of a very fine politih, and on that ac- count used in mosaic and other inlaid work. There are many species of ebony. The best is that which is jet black, free from veins and rind, very compact, astringent, and of an acrid pungent taste. This sjiecies, (denominated by botanists Diospyrus Ebewts), is found prin- cipally in Madagascar, the Mauritius, and Ceylon. The centre only of the tree is said to be valuable. In 1820, S,002,783 lbs. of ebony, of the estimated value of 9,017/. 7s. Qid. wore exported from the Mauritius. Besides the black, there are red, green, and yellow ebonies ; but the latter are not so much esteemed as the former. Cabinet-makers are in the habit of substituting pear-tree and other woods dyed black, in the place of genuine ebony ; these, however, want its polish anil lustre, though they hold glue better. The price of ebony varies, in the London market, from 51. to 20/. a ton. The quantities imported are but in- considerable. EEL (Anguilla mttrsena of Linnieus), a fish, the appearance of which is too well known to require any description. It is a native of almost all the waters of Europe, frequenting not only rivers but stagnant pools. Eels are, in many places, extremely abundant, particularly in Holland and Jutland. Several ponds are appropriated in England to the raising of eels ; and considerable numbers are taken in the Thames and other rivers. But by far the largest portion of tiie eels used in England are furnished by Holland. Indeed, very few except Dutch eels are ever seen in London ; and even Hampton and Richmond are principally sup- plied by them. The trade is carried on by two Dutch companies, who employ in it several small vessels, by means of which the market is regularly and amply provided for. A cargo of eels ia supposed to average from 15,000 to 20,000 lbs. weight, and is charged with a duty on iinpoitation of 13/. 1.^ 3d. In 1S32, this duty produced 940/. lOs., showing that 72 cargoes had been impbrted that year. — (Report on Channel Fisheries, p. 93. &c.) EGGS (Fr. CEk/v ; liat Ova), are too well known to require to be described. They differ in size, colour, taste, &c. according to the different species of birds that lay them. The eggs of hens are thoiic most commonly used as food ; and form an article of very considerable im- portance in a commercial point of view. Vast quantities are brought from the country 1 1 London and other great towns. Since the peace they have also been very largely imported from the Continent. At this moment, indeed, the trade in eggs forms a considerable branch of our commerce with France, and affords constant employment for a number of small vessels ! Account of the Number of Eggs imported Binro 18%, spticiryinK iho Countiies whence they were brought, and thu Keveruic accruing thereon. Coutitritft from which foiported. ;| Cfmianr , . . . (jQitK.! l^etherhndt France . . . . Isim of Guernsey, Jerwjr, Alil of the impfirtalioiu into tho I L'ulted Kiogilom • • ) Amount of July reccivei] • Fate of duly cKiried KwnbtT. 7,200 2,934,410 718,086 493,9» 9,047 1827. Sumhtr. 9,020 3,0«9,6!18 6a,l09,Gi to cost, at an average, 4d, a dozen, it follows that the people of the metropolis and Brif,- ' jr it is into them that they arc almost all imported) pay the French about 76,388/, n 'or egg.s ; and supposing that the freight, importers' and retailers' profit, duty. Sic. nr...c Uieir price to the consumer to lOd. a dozen, their total cost will bo 190,972/. EJOO. See Gomuti. ELEMI, a resin oi>tained from tho Amt/ris elemifera, a tree growing in different parts of America, Turkey, &c. It is obtained by wounding the bark in dry weather, the juice being left to thicken in the sun. It is of a pale yellow colour, semi-transparent; at first softish, but it hardens by keeping. Its taste is slightly bitter and warm. Its smell, which is, at first, Blrong and fragrant, gradually diminishes. It used to be imported in long roundish cakes, wrnppeJ in flag leaves, but it is now usually imi>orted in mats and chests. — (Thomson's C/iemiKtri/.) ELEPHANTS' TEETH. See Ivobt. ELM (U/mwi), a forest tree common in Great Britain, of which there are several vaiie- Jcs. It attains to a great size, and lives to a great age : its trunk is often rugged and crooked, and it is of slow growth. Tho colour of the heart-wood of elm is generally darker ELSINEUR. MT ,• Rus. Ehmowoe' B8t. It ig exceed- ti, and on that ao ebony. The best It, and of an acrid \ts), is found prin- e tree is said to be 11. 7». 6Jrf. wore I yellow ebonies; re in the habit of ne ebony; these, le price of ebony iported arc but in- is too well known «, frequenting not dant, particularly le raising of eels ; ; by far the largest very few except re principally sup- iploy in it several led for. A cargo arged with a duty showing that 72 93. «Scc.) bed. They differ them. The eggs r considerable im< » the country, t) largely imported nsideruble branch number of small whence they were ■831. Sumter. 7,557, U6 60,401,506 732,998 603,798 240 IK)2. Number, 3,120 5,7n4,9«) 63,631,24.1 653,229 646,063 1,200 62,391,817 )9, 197,688 I. t. d 372 IS 9 L. 1. d. 21,537 3 1 ance amount to dozen, it follows arc almost all :hat the freight, to 10ears the driving of bolts and nails better than any other timlior. Iti Scotland, chairs and other articles of household furniture are frequently made of elm wood ; t>ut ill England, where the wood is inferior, it is chiefly used in. the manufacture ofcuflins, caslis, pumjis, pipes, &c. It is appropriated to these purposes because of its great durability in wa- ter, which also occasions its extensive use as piles and planking for wet foundations. Tho naves of wheels are frequently made of elm; those of the heavy wagons and drays of London are made of oak, which supports a heavier weight, but does not hold the spokes so firmly. Elm is said to bear transplanting better than any other large tree. — (Tredgold'a Vrinciples of Carpentry, pp. 201—203. &c.) ELSINEUR, on HELSINGOR, a town in Zealand about 22 miles north of Copenha- gen, in laf. 56° 2' 17" N., Ion. 12° 38' 2" E. Population about 7,000. Adjacent to Elsineur is the castle of Cronborg, which commands the entrance to the Baltic by the Sound. All merchant ships passing to and from the Baltic are obliged, under the reserva- tions mentioned below, to salute Cronborg Castle by lowering their sails when abreast of tho same ; and no ("hip, unless she belong to Sweden, is allowed to pass the Sound without clearing out at Elsineur, and paying toll, according to the provisions in the treaties to that effect negotiated with Denmark by the dilferent European powers. The first treaty with England havhig reference to this subject is dated in 14.50. The Sound duties had their origin in an agreement lictween the King of Denmark on the one part, and the Ilanse Towns on tho other, by which the former undertook to construct light-houses, landmarks, &c. along the Cattegat, and the latter to pay duty for the same. Tho duties have since been varied at different periods. Ships of war are exempted from the payment of duties. Most maritime nations have consuls resident at Elsineur. The following plan of the Sound is taken from tho Admiralty Chart, compiled from Danish authorities. — (See following page.) Ordinanre respfctirtg lowerwg in the Sound.— This ceremony being attended with much inconveni- ence in unfavonrable weather, his Danish Majesty issued, in 18-2y, the Ibilowing urdiiiunce : — 1. All ships sailing thruugli the Sound, whuther tlicy come from th") north or south, must salute Cronliorg Cnslle, by lowering their sails so soun as the nnrthernmost church in Elsineur bcllant sail, ami at the same time, the fore-top-sail, they must be lowered half-mast down : ships having no top-gnilnnl saiN must lower both the top-sails on half-must: all other ships, be they galliots, smacks, ketches, brigantines, or of what decioiniiiation soever, carrying only flying top-sails, must lower the top-sails entirely down ; but those having no standing or flying top-sails, or which have all tlieir reefs in their lop-tails, are exempt from lowering. 3. When ships cruize through the Sound with a contrary wind, or when (with a scant wind or small bree/e) the current is so strong against them that it would set them astern, if they lowered their sails, then it shall be wade known to thein, hy hoisting the colours at the castle, Ikut no nalute is re- giiirtd, and that they may make the best of their way withvnt striking- thrir sails. 4. When any vessel has been tired at, then the master or mate, with two of the ship's crew, must go on shore, and make declaration, on oath, before the (.'ourt of Inquest, why lliey have not lowered in the time or in the manner prescribed. If it be deposed that lowering was performed in due time and manner, then the master will he free from paying for the shot tired at him ; on tiie contrary, liu must then pay for each shot fired at him from the caslle, 5 rix dollars iiO stivers current; and 1 ducat for each shot from the guurd-ship's boat when in pursuit of the sliip. If tho master of a vessel siiould sail oway without acquitting himself, when it is proved who the master or ship was, the fine will he demanded of the person who clears him at the C'listoin-h'tuse. In stormy weather, when a ship cannot come to anchor in Elsineur roads without danger, or if ghn lie leaky, or going to repair or deliver ; in such cases, going to Copenhagen is not considered a fraud. But it is in all cases indispensable that the ship's papers should be sent to Elsineur as soon as ^os.'ti- ble, that she may lie cleared. Pilotage, i^c— When ships come into Elsineur roads^nr lie wind-bound near the Lappen, watermen come on board to inquire If the master will be carried ashore to clear ; and in rough weather it is always best to make use of their services, their boats being generally very safe. The Danish author- ities have published a Table of rates, being the highest charge that can be made by the boatmen upon such occasions ; but captains may bargain with them for as much less as they please. Most ships passing the Sound lake on board pilots, the signal for one being a flag at the fore-topmast-head Those hound for tlie Baltic take a pilot at Elsineur, who either carries the ship to Copcnliagen, or Dragne, a snmll town on the south-east extremhy of the island of Auiack, where she is clear of the grounds. Those leaving the llaltic take a pilot from Dragon, who rarries the ship to Elsineur. Sometimes, wiien the wind is fresh from the E. and 8. E., it is impossible for a ship bound for Co- penhagen or the Baltic to double the point of Cronborg ; and in that case an Elsineur pilot is some- times employed to moor the ship in the channel towards Kull Point on the Swedish shore, in lat. 50° IH' S" N., Ion. 12° 86' E. This contingency is, however, less likely to happen in future, as we un- derstand the Danish government have recently hired a steam tug for the special purpose of bringing ships, in adverse weather, round Cronborg Point. The pilots are regui.Trly licensed, so that, by em- ploying them, the captain's responsibility is at an end. Tlieir charges ure fixed by authority, and depend on the ship's draught of water. We suiijoin a copy of the laritf applicable to pilots taken on board at Elsineur to curry ships to Dragoe, Copcnliagen, or Kull Point, with the sums both in silver and in Rig bank paper dollars. . 1 048 ELSINEUR. Refertnee» to Wu«.— A, Castle and liirht of Cronborg; B, Elslneur; C, HeIi>lnRhor(» In Sweden; i:, the bank called the Lappen ; E, the bank called the Uislcun. The Boundings are in fathunis. Pilotage from the Ist of April to the 30th of September. llracnc C(jpcnh:i*en. KuU I'oint. 1 Ships dnwing water. Silver. P»per. Silver. Fa per. Silver. Per. 1 Fit. R.b. dr. idu At. dr. »c*. R.b. dr. tch. R.b. dr. If*. Rb. dr. tcA. R.b. dr. Kh. 1 Cnder • ■ 8 II T8 12 H 9 10 9 3S 5 T2 6 69 1 Bttwwn ■ • 8 ind 9 IS 16 13 66 10 6 10 36 6 63 6 83 9-10 14 60 14 94 II 2 II SS 7 6.1 7 76 10- II IS 84 16 36 II C4 12 .'14 8 44 8 m II — 12 IT 22 IT T4 12 91 13 33 9 ai 9 63 1 12 — 13 18 M 19 16 13 87 14 32 10 i; 10 66 '■' ' 13 - M 19 90 20 64 14 83 15 .11 II 16 11 60 , 14-15 21 28 21 92 15 78 16 !W 12 7 12 43 f. 13-18 IS— IT n 62 23 .14 16 75 17 29 12 93 13 36 24 65 2^ 43 18 66 19 16 13 84 14 3U IT — in 28 68 2T 62 20 87 21 2 15 44 15 90 18—19 23 Tl 29 et 22 19 22 86 IT 3 17 64 19 — 20 30 T4 31 T2 24 24 T2 18 69 19 19 20 — 21 32 7T 33 80 2j 77 26 68 20 in 20 8U 21 — 22 34 M) 35 89 2r 69 2S 46 21 74 22 43 22 — 23 36 83 38 1 29 40 30 32 (3 34 24 28 ELSINEUR. 049 iRhore In Swfideii ; kre ill ruthuins. ur. Paiicr. tM. R.b. dr. Kh. 72 6 m 63 6 K) 63 7 7« 4i 8 ei a-. 9 «t 2-| 10 M 16 II 60 I 7 12 43 B3 13 m 84 14 30 44 15 DO 3 17 64 69 19 19 IB 20 m 74 22 43 34 24 9B Pilotage (Vom the lit of October to the 30th of Harcb. Dilfo*- Co|)mlu(«n- Kull FuiDt 1 Silvar. 1 Fipw. Silvtr. P.p.r. Sllter. P.PW. 1 rat. J^.^( KaKOiiwalda Sloipe Trentow - Str.iliuod • Wolgast - 16 Runhn chctwcrO 3 lash will be reek- OTieU in the Sound u4 lull. I cent, uf 2S muidi French nil, from Rochella I cenl. from Bordeaux 13 ruitfti from Dunkirk ■ • • Qryniwalde Wiwutr • Auclaiu * Roalock, 6lutaror6. Stettin • Warncmunde Winemunde Luback, 7 laid for 8. Latlt. . I 13 12 I • )4 U< •5 "• lull nckoned as ) laiU for 7. Riia . K'migabarf Daolaie ■ Killing . Meniel • Ret el • feterftbuneh Ooel . 10 muMi rnin Havre ■ . . , 7 moyni from Cadiz, Lisbon, &C. • 400 Dutch marts (measures) -' . . 1 English chaldron, 2 weighs, 2 ton, or BO biuheli The nme u the Dutch ImU. ■ 12 • 12 • 7 • 1 Liquid Measure.— X tonneau of French wine is considered as 4 oxhofts, or S4 ankers. A pipe of Spanish or Portuguese wine, as 2o.\hofts. 30 Spanish arrohas, or 35 I'lirtuguese almudes, as a regular pipe. / 30 Spanish arrobas, or 48 pots gf oil, as a regular both (pipe) ; a hogshead of brandy, aa 6 ankers; tierce, as 4 ankers ; an anker, S veils, or 40 Danish pots. Duties payable at the Sound on A'e or beer, the 8 ho^iheidi, at 4 1-2 Aluioiida, the 100 lbs. • • • Alum, the shippound . • • Aniseed, the 100 lbs. Antimony, the shippound . - • - Anclior and locks, tl»e shock of 60 - Applti*. the last of 22 barrels Aimtbecaries^ drugs, the lls|)ound valued at 36 rU-dollan ArRolj the shippound , . . - At«:mc do. - . • • Asiiei, weed, the last of 12 barrels, or 13 do. not, the last of 12 do., or 12 do. Bacon, the shippound - - • • Baize, the single piece • • • • the double do. . . - • Balks, great, of oak, the niece . • • fir, 4du. smalt, do. 20 do. - • • Biy, berries, the 200 llu. - Ercf, sailed, the last of 12 barrels • Biscuit, or bread of wheat, 4 barrels ■ • rve, 4 do. Bimks, printed, the IdO Ibj. valued at 3S rixdallan Brass, or brass wire, the shippound wruu;bt, the 100 llis. v ilued at 36 rixdollait Brimstone, the last of 12 shippound Brandy, French or Spanish, the hOf^head • corn, the barrel . • . - Rliciiisli, the ahm - Brazil waod the 50(t lbs. • • Vol. L— 3 I the principal Article* eommonly paasinff through RixJ. St. Rixd. It BriitlM, the shlppoand, valued at 36 rixdollan - • Ifl Butter, the iKirrel • - • - • •05 Cables, cordajru, or cable yarn, the shippound • - CalicoM. tbc 8 pieCM - - • • • Capers, the pi(>e, or 2 hojpfaeads • • - • CanJi, Cor p'aj^inK or for wool, the !0 down - . Canlanionit. citmamou, clovoSf or cochiaeat, the 100 lb*. • Camlets, tho 4 pieces - ■ - • • Canvass, or cambrics, 4 do. ■ > • • Callimancoes, the S do. • • • • • Cninpeachy wood, the 500 Ibt, • • - -0 Caraway seids, the 100 do. > ■ - - • Cavi.irc, the ihippound, valued at 36 riidcllart • • Cheese, Ihe ahipptiund - ■ • • * Chesnuts, the 36 sacks > • ■ - - Cider, the hni^slit.iii - • . > > • Clock-work, Ihe 100 lbs. valued at 36 riidollars - • CloUi of silk, the piece - - • - - fine or short cloths, or double dozens , the 3 piecet • cnane, or loof cloths, or duzt ns, the 4 do. - - Coffee, the 200 lbs. - Copper, the shippound - • - ■ • wmuKt.t, Ihe 100 Ibi. valued at 32 rizdoUan • Cork, the SO bundles Q Copperas, calamine, or cmm of tartar, the shippound • Cotton wool, Iho 100 lbs Corn, barley, the last of 20 barrels - - - - beans, peas, oats, or buckwheat, tlte last of 12 do. ■ malt, the last of 12 do. • • • rye, the last of 20 do. • « 82 36 9 fl 1.! » 12 12 IS 6 12 6 1 U « 3 6 3 6 13 !> 36 6 4 IH 24 1 18 1 (1 n 24 6 24 13 m-. l! I .1i .' 6B3 ELSINEUR. Ornti whMl, the Ust of ao twiTfU Cnrlati ' Rixd. It. , atiddr Kn>l cu'miU, Uw 200 lbs. Daiuuki of iitk, ih*- picco • linrt), tliL* 4 pircri « MfMillcn, tlMHEolt. ^hflutcr Ubarreli . £l6(ih.iiiti' (feth, I Mh FMilicn, rhe ahlpiiou'iil ■ « F«niaiuliuco wnim), 1,000 Iba. Fl, the bit nf 80 itniciL or 20,000 Fhnnt-li, tin R iiirm •if 25 elU each FiiX, (tr«*p(l. the shippnufKi un(lrt«M>.l, u Felenbiirrh, Ntm, 19 hofiheadt} AUrifiibur^h. all tine aorta podilla, rackelxor, UM lutcriKxIer, the 4 do. . . . . eonne, half clean, Farken, lUueti, Memeli, and ^ Marjpnbunf, the 6 do. - . tow, the 5 do, - FlounJtn, drv, the 20.000 . Flour of wheal, the 2U0 It)!. . bnrley or rye, ttw Itut of \2 barrela Friese, the prcoo • ■ . . Oillmnririim. tlie200lt>i. . GLaia fur windowa. EuglUh, French, Lub«ck, uul Dutxic^ the S chffa .... Venire, drliikii<{f[ do., the cheat bottles, the ton, •! hofpheada and 90 ichocka lho2plnei qiiirt bottloi, 100 ^lozen, 50 rii.lollirt Olorea, Russia, or Cnurland. the 2W pair - li'iiher, the iIozbd, value 2 rixilollara Oaapowder, the lOO Ibi. • Hit»erlibherT ware, thi; 100 llw. valued at 36 rlidollan Hair, caiiieU'nrrnripya', tbeSOIU. • Huidinikei, the VK> . Ha a, felt, the eaik - . • • beaver. Ifie dosen, value 49 rlidoUart cattnr, (he dozen, do. ■ Hemp, (he shippnutid ... t'W, the 10 do. Hi'Jea, elks'. h.irt»', burkV, or RumU, the decker lali'id, i(ka', harti', bucks', or Ruaaia, (!■», dry, elki', Iisfa', bucka', or Rubsia, tbe 6 do. Runia, the shippouod Honey, the hiinuod ■ > . Oitermumiii, ito. ... hirwlasfl, the 100 Ihs. ... Jtiuipt;r berries, the 200 do. Keiwys the 8 pieces ... Lace, aitk, or ferret, the 4 Iba. thread, wool, cot'nn, or hair, tha 10 do. gold >nd silver, the lb. I^mofts, the J 2 cIhsIs, nr 3ii,000 - pickled, the pipe or honhead • Lead, fodder, the ton, or 6 afaippouad • shot, the lOO lbs. red or white, do. ... Leather, Russia or Scotch, the decker Spauish, Cor tovan, Turkey, and balT, do. Sprns, the 10 iht, • Bisanoa, th'; 10 do. > • tanned or sole, the lOOIbs. • ahtmed or white, the 500 piecei - Mjcnom viiae, the 100 lt>s. • l.iitai'cd, Ihr la^i of 24 barrela • > , Linen, calicoes, the 16 piecM flax, (he 20 do. • Holt ind, SilMia, and Westphalia, the 4 do. henip, blai-k low, the 80 do. i ■ canvass, the 8 do. ■ • . damask, the 12 do. . - • drilling, the 20 do., nrSOOarsheena frrjin Petf rsbiirijh, alt aorta, the 40 do., or 2,000 da Lo^ ood, the HU Iba. Mac**, the M ibs. • Alaa'a, 15 [alina and upwards, the piece • small .... for boat!", the scliock . • • Mats from Pclenliuri^h, Ib« 1,000 • M'lhtir. ihe50ltjs. • . . • MiifltanI sci-t, the last nf 12 barreli • N.iils, Holliiitl nr Lubeck, the centner • tree nails for aliipa, the 40,000 Ku'mer>, do. . . - • Nuts, the \*s\ nf 20 barrels or aacJu • Oani, great, the acbock muall. do. • • • ■ Oil, olive, iT rtfrville or Portiiril, the pine • fapu, linaerd, hemp, the uit of 8 anms 1 1 6 13 10 in 1 94 30 M an 30 e 30 30 e 30 4t< li 30 ft 9 ID 10 96 I 1 18 12 11 6 8 so g 30 10 24 s 1 8 m to 8 19 24 13 8 36 B 6 IB 36 T « 36 36 4 « 4 12 3 9 6 B 10 10 6 It 94 IH 94 4 2 8 g 36 19 9 18 S 36 30 30 10 30 no 30 30 30 30 18 24 1 1 24 15 30 90 4 36 18 19 12 8 36 36 hundred of 48 Oil, train, the laat of 8 bogiheadr, or 12 barrela Ulihamim, the ItX) lbs. (Hive*, (he pipe, or 2 lint«hrads OranKts, the 12 chests, or 3,600 I'apcr, ihe R biles, or 80 reaius i'epper, Ihe 1 00 Iba. Pewter, the shipnound ■ • Pitch, fcrrat bana - • • smnll . . - - Platea of tin, the 4 ra^ks, nr thippouwl I'lai llrif, (he 1,000 ulls, or 40 piecca Prunes, I ha 400 lbs. - PruncltrMM, Ibe 100 do. tiui( k-tilver, thn 'lO do. • " Haui'veed, Ihe Unt of 2\ barrels Kiisiua, Ilie400l(.s..or36baaketa - Resin, the shirpnuud • • Ribands of silk, or ferreta, the 4 Ibt. antit or ailvcr, tbe 3 do. Rl«-, the 2W) do. Satfroi), the 2 dn. • Salt. Stmniab, French, and Scotch, the lut of 18 barrela, or 8l)t!)thi-ls .... Lunenburc, the taatof 12 Luabcia Saltpetre, the i>liip|Miund - • Says, double, the 2 pieces single, or En^li'h, the 4 do. Sailcloth. Ihe 8 do. • Snreaparilla, dn. - - • Shuuiac, the 400 lbs. Silk, sewinr, ferret, wrought lace, the 4 lo. raw, the 100 do. atutib, dn. • • • with fold and silver, the piece Sklos, btawr, (he 5 deckers • otter, the piece Ruwia, drv, wolf and fos, Uie 5 decken gnit, the 20 do. calf, thH 10 do. cat and iheep, the 500 pieces black rilihit, nr Iamb, the 1,000 do. ffrey nibl>it, or kid, the 2,000 marten, Ihe 40 hare, (he bale, valued at G2 rixdollars Soap, white, the 100 lbs. • Kreen, the t.-ut of 12 barrela • Sjiara, freit, the i.) piecea - amati, ttte 1,000 do. - .Starch, th« 300 ll». • Sl.ives, pipe, hugshead, and barrel, tlie |reat shocks .... Steel, the 100 Iba. • Stones, Polan'f, Ihe 1,000 feet of 500 ella Stocklufs of ailk. the dozen, or 12 Iba. kersey, woolleo, or worsted, (br children, tbe 100 pair wnratml, floret, and aayet, the 50 do. wor)||en, for children, Die 200 do. Sturgeon, the last of 12 barrela Stufla, woollen, the 8 piecea Surcade, the M lbs. • Sugar candy, or confectionary, Ihe 100 do. IcAven, pow-der, or Muacavado, the 200 Ibn Sword blades, the 50 hilts do. • . - SweetwoofJ, the 100 lbs. Tallow, the shipnound Tarras, the laNt, 6shippound, or 12 barrela Tar, icre.it Innd, the last nf 12 barrels small band, (he last of do. Thread, white and c loured, the 60 lbs. rnld aud silver, tbe lb. Tin, Ihe snipp'^und ■ . • Tobacco, the 100 Iba. • • Treacle, the pipe, or S honheada - Turpentine, the shippouiu - * Verdlpris, the 100 Iba. Vermrlinn. do. • • • Velvet, Ane, the piece - ■ with Ihreiad, tbe 2 pieces Vinegar of wine, the hothead beer, ale, nr cider, the 2 do. Wai, the shippound W.iinscnt boards Ihe ichock • WUie, Ror!eaui, (he ton, or 4 hofsbeads, at 53 rixdollars Ficanlin, Hoogland, Muscat, aud Fronlignac, tbe 3 hoBfshiada . . ■ Spinish or Portuguese, the pipe lt.-ili.in and I^evaiit • Rlienivh, the ahm • • Wire, iron, or brass, (he shippound steel, the tOO lbs. ^Id and silver, the lb. • Wool, beaver, the ^ lbs. - Spanish, or fine, the 4 ahippound coarse, or Sc: ten, (he 6 do. * flotk, or culling wofd, (he 2 do, Scotch sliirtH, the 40 piecea - shifti. tbeSdo. Wood shnveU, the 10 schocks dialies nr trays, the 6 do. * plates, iho fi'do. - • nails, the 20,000 Tarn, coifnn, the .W lbs. • • line^ the rhippound, or 40 achocki tow, the 4 do. - • sail, tlie shippound - • all torts of woolleo, the SO Iba. Rlli It U M i u u 30 li 24 18 9 13 u aO B » 30 36 6 10 10 9 9 24 m 6 9 6 30 18 9 m 3>) 15 IH 94 6 H 35 \l 18 18 u 18 30 36 9 36 38 16 8 30 D 4 30 90 39 30 30 1 12 12 \i M 18 12 18 9 6 36 18 9 30 3 24 1 36 6 9 36 9 9 12 9 36 14 1 36 1 1 24 2 40 21 24 9 1 36 36 9 15 10 9 9 r. l" 30 38 38 3« 86 / ELSINEUR. 651 Rlid It llbtmli • U 34 » > • • IH . • . • a • • • 30 • • • • li • . ■ ■ U 24 ■ • - • in • • ■ iitU - • • 12 . • ■ so • ■ • ■ • > ■ U 9 > ■ • . 36 • - • 3G • - ■ - 36 ■ ■ > * 6 ■ • • 10 a • • 10 ■ • ■ • 9 • 9 [18 lut of 18 barpeli, or . 24 >!• . . - m 6 . » ■ • a ■ 6 a a a • 30 • • a - l!j a a • ■ 9 lis 4 Jo. in ») a . a ■ li 1 a a • IS • • a • u . . a - 6 eidecken • \i 3S • 12 a • 18 OOdO. a 14 • ■ U IH • 30 iidollua 36 9 a • a 36 a • a 36 a a ■ IS > H ti» gmX hundred of 41 S 30 ^ 4 1 elli - ■ 30 n. • 30 ortted, for children} tb B • a a ■ 30 yet, the 50 do. ■ 30 Uw200do. • • 30 - 1 12 a • 11 - • 12 100 do. • H o,ttte2001bf. • • H • 12 ■ a a • la a a • • 9 a a • • 6 barreli ■ 36 lis • H • 9 lbs. a • 30 • 5 • 24 • 1 a a • 36 a ■ • - 6 a u 9 • 9 a • a • 3« a a • • 9 • a ■ 9 a a • U 12 do. • 9 • 39 . • 14 hndt, at 52 rizdollan 1 36 aud FroDtiguc, the • 1 9 .ipe . - 1 24 • 2 » , • • 40 • 2t • 24 a a - • 5 a • 1 >UDd a a • 36 • 36 do. • 9 - 15 , , m . lU a • • . 9 ■ • . 9 a a a . f a a a . 1' a a • . St :h(Kk( . 36 . 36 • • • . 36 (, • . . 36 Mmerandum ruptctitg t\t Modi of pritenting etrtnin Ottrchargtt of Saimd Dutiu tn Ooodt ikipptd for the Baltic. There have been many eomplnintp of the Sound duty being overrated on gondii which, bk thry nr« not noticed In the tarllfi are chargonblu ad valorem, (1 |ier. cent. In the cane of the Enitlliih, Dutcli, and Swuiica ; U per cent. In thu caxu ufutlier nulloMN ;) thia clinrge beini{ iiulely roK»l>>led by the value ex- preaai'd In tho rncket«, the only ilncunicntii by which the Ciifdnni-hinmu olHccry at the Hound are go- verned. Till* nrlichiatea In the shippers of goodg flndins it expeilknt iiccHHloiinlly to give n iinniiiml vnTue tumerclmniliie nut liubln toun e.\|iurt duty In LInglund, far exceeding the real value, In order to provide for n further Hhlpnieiitofthc sunie iipecl«8 of good, in the lanie vesiiel i.whlch entry cnn alone be cnn- ildered n. exprcRiive of the Intention In ihip goods to that extent). It in, therefore, suggeKtcd to the ■lilppora of nierchi\ndliie for the Baltic, that, besideK the nbove-nientioned nominal vnltie, they should cau^u the real rulutuf the guoda actually uhipped to be Inserted on the reversi> of the cocket, as there Is every reason to believe that this real viiliie will then bpcuino the criterion by which lUu Sound duty will be calculated. For Instance, supposing a cocket to run thus — " Know ye that rarkinion and Co. have entered British cottons, value 10,000<, sterling, to be shipped per tlic Newland, Francis Hunter, master, fur 8t. Pelersburgh i" Tlie Indorsement should be — "P. I. a. iO. Ten bales cambrics, value 4,794/. S«. sterling, shipped on board the Newland, Francli Hunter, for Petersburgh." (Slsncd by) ParkinhoN and Co. (Or by the signing Custom-house oflicer) N. N. The Sound dutv will then probably be charged not on 10,000{., but on 4,Tg4{. is. Bhnuld, however, the latter entry be wanting, the first sum will be the only criterion by which to cnlcnlute the Sound duty; and iu case of overcharge, no restitution need be hoped for. — iUordam, European Commtrci.) Navioatiom of the Baltic. This Is exhibited In the following Account of the Number of Ships that have passed (going and re- turning) thu Sound ut ditferent Periods, from the Year 1777 to the present Time, specifying the Countries to which they belonged. Cnunlrlet. 1777. 1780. 1783. 1785. 1787. 1789. 179a 1792. ISI4. 2,31(1 1816. 1820. 1825. 1827. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. Briilili Iilaoda 2, -.'.2 1,701 2,862 2,r,37 2,!«9 3,5(11 3,771 4,340 I.S-IH 3,597 5,186 6,009 4,S05 4,271 4,-72 3,330 llollanl 2,i«7 '2,I).W SIO 1, 57 11, 4,16 I.W4 2.0U9 2.ll'l Ml 876 853 630 814 1,I0> 1,227 1,023 1,413 Sirwleu 1,773 I.SSO 2,474 2,136 2,3V5 M 430 2,134 2,751) 2,U42 1,619 1,319 1,389 1,117 I,1S> 1,347 1,005 DeoDurk - IIID 1,341 l,7 - . 55 263 458 413 437 602 645 451 642 Imp. (Auilrift) ft 3C 933 66 61 io7 6 40 Ihiitzic 231 174 202 161 200 186 248 209 Mcrklcnburith > > • 3% 547 602 655 627 a>4 535 694 OMiriliurgli • . . > 2 . 24 35 IH 29 47 34 35 44 66 63 78 LulMck 7S 82 I2A 7» 66 M K IKI 142 Porlupl 12 21 20 2S 16 33 28 II 42 48 2 t II > ■ 2 Courhad 2 7 in 25 10 A 22 21 NiplM > 1 Venice 2 2 4 . 2 (It.) 6 . 9 . • > 2 6 12 8 Norway - . . . 83 794 946 951 879 1,161 1,20-2 1,357 1,535 Grwce Tolils . tWM SI.MI • • 9746 8,823 • • • • • • • 13,212 • 2 11,233 10,268 9.742 12,114 8,186 8,STI 10.926 13,160 13,000 13.486 12946 12,202 The statement in this Table for the years 1777, 1780, 1783, and 1789, are taken from the valuable work entitled Voyage de Denz Fratifois au JVord del' Kiirvpe ^lont. 1. p SCO.); the other years are taken from the returnr sent by the British consul at Elsineur, printed In various parliamentary pa- pers. We have seen nO'two returns of the shipping tliut pass the Sound that quite a)!rec, thou^ili thn diflercnccs are not very material. The above account, though in many respects most Interestine, Is defective, inasmuch as it does not give the tonnage us well as the number of the s)';r<. Since 1831, linwever, the British consul has sent returns of the shipping; end it is not linprobal' ■ ;!i. t the Danish niithorities maybe able to supply this desideratum for a lengthened period, '.he 'ir. •;,' off in tha ninnunt of British shippinir In 18;^ was wholly owing to the alarm caused by the prcvulei : e of cholera, and other evanescent causes. — We subjoin an Accninii of the Britlfih Shipping employed in the Baltic Trade through the Sound In 1832 ; exhibiting the Niimlier of Vessels sent out, the Number of Voyages petfurmed by tliem, and their Tonnage, as ascertained by the Consul at Elsineur. — {Papers published by Board of Trade, vol. ii. p. 53.) To wlMt Forls bclonKh)!. Number of Ships sent out. Tonn»se. Number of Vnyn^n jicrformed. Aggreple Tonnage. GiitUnil and \V.ilcat came from Hrythia. ThoMi met with in modern times do not often exceed tlio sise of a walnut. Hume of a muuh larger kIu and perfwt, have been found, but they are extremely rare. Nero used one as an oyv-glaN in aurveying the cnmlmis of the gladiators. Hitherto it has always Iwen found cryitaliiwd, BpcciAc gravity from 8'0 to 2-77.— (P/in. Hitt. Nat. lib. xxxvii. cap. 6.; Thonuun'i Chtmutry.) " For the Init two cKiitiirlnR nnd more, the only country known to yl Vt, unit In tliti vnllny of Tunea, Huvnrul liiriin •tonwi hnvo npiHiiiri'd Iti F.iiriipf. ; abiiul 3 yimm aRO I rut one, «xc«|Mii'liiii*n known U an hcxiiKounl crvntNl, nearly <« jncliiiii Iiuik, unil uliovi' 4 III illiiniiilcr. TIiIn ki'UIi hiiwi'vnr •iimll, I* lo rnriily unnti |H>rt\ict, llial *an vninrnlil wlihoiit » lliiw ' lm» paimtil Inln a |iriivi.'rli. A t)n« ntuiin of 4 rarittK niiiy lie viiluoil at 4(U. or 60/ , or uvcri iiKiro If very iHire, Inn^rlur utoiinii of 1 or 9 ciirntii aro aold at from 4n.«. to 7()/<. imr cnral i and If aiiiiilli>r nnd ilpfi-ctlvo, ut lOa, or l)(, per cnral, Klnu cnii-riilili nr« riirp, and In aucli (luiiiand, tlint ii piirtiruliir mnt lm« holi«hini( uf hard bodies. Its fine powder is obtained by trituration, — ( Thommm's Chemintry.) (EMIGRANTS. — It will be seen from the subjoined accounta, that the number nfrmigrnnts to Canada and the I'liited States, was very decidedly greater in 1831 and 1832 than in citiicr of the 'i prectHliiig or 2 following years. The falling off in 1833 seems to have liuen nininiy a consequence of the alarms occasioned by the breaking out of cholera, during the previous year, in a very aggravated state, in some of thu emigrant ships, and at ijueliec. 'I'his cir- cumstance had less iiilluenco in 1 834, and tho emigration for that year woh cotiiiitlorabjy greater ; but it has since fidlon oft', particularly to Canada, partly because of the iiicrca>iin j i>roa|)crily of this country, and partly lircauso a higher price is demanded for government and in Canada than for public land in tho United States. Account of the Number of EiniKranln, ipaclfVlngtho Coun- Account of tho Number of F.inlRrnnli irlea wh«ni-H tliey lanifl, and the NuniberHtruin each, that arrived ai Nuw-York from the arrived at Uueliec dnrluK tho Seven Years ending with United KlnRdoni.xepHratiiiRlietwcnn 183J.— (I'liW. Piiptr, No. 76, Sess, ISUO,) thoso from Knglnnrt, Bcmliiiid, iind Ireland, during thn Seven Yeiirii cml. ing with 1835,— (/'ar/. I'aper, uttvp). Wbtnrrum. | IKtS, ISJO, 1831, ll«2. IKI3. IM4. 1839- KkkIuhIuiiI Wain 1rel»nJ - Soiilaiiii • HaiiitjurKh and Gib- mll.ir . Niiv» S«ili«, Nfw. riHin'lUml, W«l Iiuliei, ftc *c. • 3,MC, 0.614 ll,»U 123 e,7'i9 IH,300 11,460 4)1 io,:i4:i 34,133 4U 17,4111 »-,«)4 6,MM 15 546 iJ,ni3 4,IW 845 ll,79» IS,/(K! 4,5»l S39 :i,0i,7 7,108 11,127 225 1-1,94) 28,000 r.0,2M 51,746 2I,7J1 30,935 li,5a7 nrmml Tnlal 211,152 VMr. IM29 a Ira- Un'l. K; T'*'. 8,110 2,443 in ll,.'iOI IKIO I6,3i0 3,407 1,.'>84 21,433 1-31 13. -OS 6,721 2,0-» am IKM 18,947 e,0iiO 3,2M t».2X> IS33 > . IIJ.IOO 1834 - • 26,540 ■^ • • • 16,749 Gtind ToW 14.\2I3 Return of the Number of Emigrants from the United KIncdoin In li^.13, 1834, and 1835, ■peclfying the Colonies and Countries for which they cleared out, and the Numbers that cleared out fur each.— (Par/. Paper, ttt lupn.) Enclanl • Sni'Und • Itrland • Totjln - Colonirt in North Auirr.ca. UniiKl Slain of America. Cap* of Good Hopa. Auitraliao Colonlel, 1633. 1834. 183'.. 3.66< i.frO 9.4x8 1833. 22,3!t> 1.953 4,764 1831, i5,98l 2,vs) 4,213 1833. 1833. 1834. 1815. 1833. 1834, IM5. 6,785 17,431 6,5J0 4,954 28,588 22.046 1,990 »,6S4 616 1 287 1 325 3,317 ii;>3 83 2,6U6 1,74(1 134 114 2,Klfl t.'m 28,808 40,060 15,573 il.lOS 33,074 211,720 617 2S8 325 4,093 Total Number of Emigrants, In 1S33, 62,537— in 1831,70,323-In 1835,44,488, rasserifrer Acts — Policy of, — It appears from the above statement that, dunng 1833, 1834, and 1835, no fewer than 183,237 voluntary emigrants left the United Kingdom; 173,344 being destined for America, and 9,893 for the Australian colonies and tho Cape of Good Hope. Such being the extent to which emigration is carried, the propriety, or rather necessity, of enacting some general regulations, with respect to the conveyance of cmigfants to their destination, must be obvious to every one at all acquainted with the subject. The greater number of emigrants are in humble life; few among them know any thing of ships, or of the precautions necessary to insure a safe and comfortable voyage : they are, also, for the most part poor, and exceedingly anxious to economise, so that they seldom hesitate to embark EMIGRANTS. 6S3 ntinuoi, If it do not iun K gittro (if the more liriN tlioiif'd Ity tho i|uiot en- I Hrvthin. ThoM met le of a much lurRnr »\u, ed on« u an vyc-itloM in wen found cryitalliacd, ii. cap. 6,; Thonuun't t'incrnldf U Porn, whrrg iiivii ii|i|i84' 21,433 n.^y 6,7JI| J.OH Si.W \»,'ji\ 6,060 3,«0 UM • • l«,IOO • • 8(i,W0 • • 1 . 16,149 Or •nd Tnti a . 143,113 and I83S, ipectryinfi th« tt cleared out fur each,— 325~ Aintnllin Culonln. 1833. 1*34, IMS. 9,606 l,74G 134 114 a,M)0 l.«60 3,317 23 3U 4,093 1 1835, 44,488. nt that, dunng 1833, tho United Kingdom; oniea and tho Cape of he propriety, or rather nveyance of ejnigfon's ith the Bubject. The )w any tiling of ships, they are, also, for the lorn hesitate to embark in any thlp, howrvrr unfit fir th« conveyance of paMieng«ni, or inadiiquately tuppliaJ with proviiiona, provided it ht ehfap. Unprincipled maatem and owner* have not been alow ti> take advantage of thi«, and in order to prevent the fraudt that have been, and that would lie, practiacd on the unwary, it haa been found indivpenaalile to lay down aoino general regula* lions aa to the number of imaavngora to be taken on board ahip* a« compared with their ton- nage, the (|uantity of wati^r and proviiiona aa compared with the paNMsngrr*, <&e. Uut thia in no very easy taak. If the liinitationa lie too strict, that ia, if comparatively few pasaengers may be carried, or if tho stock of proviaiona to lie put on lioard be either iinnercsNnrily large or expensive, tho cost of emigration ia pro[iortionally enhanced ; and an ortificiiil and serious ini|ieditnrnt is thrown in the way of what ought to lie made as enny ns iMissilile, cnnsiMtent with security. Uut, on the other hand, if too many [laiuwngers bo allowed, their health ia liable to sutler { and should the supply of provisions bu inar iilaii' In llii' II. K., M''illli'rriini'nn, kIiiiII (iriirciMl mi h'r voyiijp with niiim limn :i prri'iin* i>n himrrt IVir vwty ft (imn »( llic rnf uii-ri'il Inirilrn oC anrh uliip, iiin iniininr iinci crtiw IidIiik liK'Inilcd ln,unil I'nrnilnit |iiirl (if, •iirli nrntrrlliuil ninnhuri nnil nn aliiii, li;i'tnii innni lliiin iin« ili'ik, xliiill curry Hiiy |iiii»«>iiKi'ri< iiiinn iiiiy uniii vnviiiin, wnl< •• uliu lir of thu hiinlii \<( A) iV'ri M liMHi h( Ma In ntl'iiril ii ■|Niri< iif iIh' Ih'IkIii cif ■I i'liiii ftt ti'i'l, iinil nil uliip aliiill iMvo nmrii lliiui '.lllf'rii nl'lii^riliii i iinil nnnlilp liuvintU IiitkiiI hiiilia •hull iiirry iinv paaaciiiirTa, nn aii) miiiIi viiyaui'. niiliHM llicro lii' un InliTVal oC Ii Inilim, at ha-l, he.' IwriMi lln> lick i>r platrnrrn nml Un' ll«iir iil'thi' lnwi'r tier, tliriinuliniit ilix wliii|i< oii'hl llii'ri'iii'i |irii. vliled, Ihnl whnli-vnr In- tlir |Mnni(|(Hiif lint ahip, no iirHiilnruiinilivr nt'iN-raniia nlmll hn tHkcniiM IniiiriJ Ra pnaaiMiHora, llinn aliall liii aHcr Ihc rnlc nrunc pirrion liir iivi'ry IOaii|M rlltliil I'mci iil'ini' lnuir iliik •ir pl.iHiinii Miiiirrnpii'il liy K«i>ila or atnrra, mil lii'Inu llw pi'rainial InjiiiiiKii of anrli pcraoiiH, ii ainli »hip aliall nol Imvr In iiiaa llic llni' on liiir voyiiirii, or aftitr tlio rale of ono aiirh p^raon fur I'vrry 15 vltMir anpiTlli-lnl fi'Pt, Ifani'li ahip linve In paaa llin lino.— j % tiiiHiilitii ,if liiiirr iiiiit /'(■orniiin* In bf ritrrini hu fnmrlf uilk raMCKjrrra.—Nd alilpt arryinii piiaacn- Imll hii rlciirrilonl for ' ^ . . .. .» . f;i'i« on liny Voyiin-, iia Mi'orcaalil, II ilii> iHlatiili of (;iii'rna)>y, Ji'raoy, Ar., niilcaa Ihi-rx hn ni'lmilly inili>n nml nn'hoHril inch alilp iiiiiii'j r ani-h voyago Irnni nny port In thi' if. K.,(ir ni'Iniilly inili'n nml on honril aurh ahip iiiiiiij Mini wlioli-HioMK provlHlona for Ilic nap ami I'onannipllon of tliitaaiil paaaiiiiKi'ra, uvrr nml nliovc llm vli'liiiillliiK of lli<> rnuv, lo Ihn nnionnlor In lhi< projiorllon foliowinvi vl/.. u aiipply of llvu yalloiia „( iMin- wilier lo (, for thi< piirpoHi- of llllliiii up li«r wali'r, n anpply of \vnli>r, at tini rulH hcforii iiiaiiliniii'il, for i-vitry \vi>i>k of tin* compnloil voyniiii to aui'h port or plui.u of callliiK. ahull Ihi ilt't'iniil to Im n coiio pllnnri! with the provlsloiia of thia lut- i S. A*«m*cr ii/ lyffkii rrqnifil* for r.ij/djff «/ Kcwf/.— Thn nnniher of wpcka (Inpninil lo hn m-rpannry for till' voyaiin of nny aiitli ahip. ucroriliiiH lo liiir liuatliiuliuii, ahull bu Uutiirniini'U hy thu fulluwing rule uf cinnpnialitin ; vl/,. l-'or n voyngit to North Anwrhii, 10 weeka. — Honth Ann-rlcK, on thi) Atlnntlr Ocoan, or to the Weal C'giit of AMcb, IS weeki. — till! Capo of (iooti ilopo, !.'■ wcuka. „ — totho Maiirltina, l.H wfika. ' . ' ' Any olhor vnymto, Vt wooka.- J I Offleen luframiiif I'mviKioim uml IValtr hrfore liepartiire of /'mkc^— llof ire nny aiicli a1il|) ^hali lie cloaroil out, ilii; ollUora of iiialonia ahall Hiirvoy, or runso to bo anrvnyiil hy aoniii coniprtoin poraon, the provialona nml wali'r hoforo ro(|ulri'(t for Iho coiianniplion of tho paaaongora, nml aaccrluin lliiit thit aaino nro awoot nml Knod, and ahall alao naoortnln thnt, nvor nnd aliii\ o tho •anio, tlioro la on lioanl nn ampin an|iply of wnlor and atoroa for tho vli'tiinlllnR of thn crow of tho ahIp; und aiii'h otUrnra shall niao aarortain tlial thu diroclioiia horuin cuiilaiiiod, in ruti|ic'ct of thu aitnutioiia of tiuriha, luvu lioca iiiinplloil with, — } S. TiiMfiifthe I'rirnof Prorlnionn M he told nnhnard. — Thoninatornf evory anch ahip ahnll rniiaon lalile lo ho drawn upof tho prh-oa nt whirh nny proviaiona or atoroa,tohB aold bynny poraon on hoard totlie paaai'iiKora, diiriiif the voyuKo, nro lo ho anpplii'd ; and a I'opy uf tho anino, printod or wrllti'ii In u fair nnd loitlMo manner, ahnll \ni ainxcd In aonio ronvoiiioni nnd ronaplnmna pl.iro on hoard i-aiil nhip, nnd tho annip ahall bo mnintnliiod for contiiinni rolHroncp, na woll diirlnir llin porhid in whiili |iaai>en- fft» ahnll Ih! oii|(ugod,n8 dnrinx Iho wholoof tlin voyaRo ; nml no lilchor priceatlian nro atatod in Kiich tnblu ahnll In any cnao ho rhar|{od fur audi proviaiona or atori'H ilnrliiR tho voyngo : hut iiothliiK lirrilii inninliiod ahull ho rnnstriiod na roiiuirlng tho ninator ofnny ahip to provido proviaiona or atoioa fur the pur|ioae of anlo tn pnaaongora who huvn conlrnrtod in viclniil Ihoinaolvca dnrlnR the voynuo.— { II. Sciiworlliintiis uf Ike Ship may be ascertained by Siirrey.~l( douhta arlau whothur any alilp aliout ta proceed with pnasoneora, un nforomild, la aonworthy, or (U for lior intended voyuKo, and aurh donbu are not removed to the aallafnctlnn of Ihc colloclnr nnd coinptrollor of riiatoma nt tho pnri from which (iirh voaael Is to he clonrod nut. It ahnll lie lawful for audi colloctor nnd comptroller tiicuu8i! aiichahlp to Ih! anrvoyed by 3 competent |H.'raoiiH ; uml if It he reporlod hy thoin. Hint audi ahip Ih not, in llii'ir npliiion, seaworthy, with roforencc to mikIi voyui;o, amii ahip ahull not ho don red out, nnleaa thocnn- lonta of auch report ho diaprnved tn tho anliafnctiun nf the cnninilsaioners of cualnnia, or until tho ahip be rendered aeaworthy. — } 7. Cupin or MslnuU of Ikit jiet lo be kfpt on board.— Two copioa of this net, or nbatracts of tho aaine, firovidod nml laauod hy the coiniiiiaiiiom'rH of cn.'ii nl u ipiini llf llii' lii'lulii (jf lil|i liiiviiiir'i tiiTNiil lii'iilit, III III' li liK'llri', Ml li'ii-l, he. ivliiilc I'^h'iil llu'ri'iH': prii. iiin ■(mil hn liiKim ii aiiiiii', tlit^rp Ih on liminl nn lilp; anil hiiiIi ulllnirH shall iitloiiii of hurtlii), liavu liotiii inch Hhlpnlmll rniiiip n lAhle iny purHon on boanltolhe , printi'il or wrlllcn in n .J pi cirn nn lioaril i-aiil Klnp, in ptiriiid In wlinli paKnen- ' 'es tintn nro Hlatcd in such .lyngti : hut nutliliiu liiTi'lii provlitlonit or nort'H fiir llm irini! Ilie vuyJiitn.— { II. wlietlivr any ulilp ahoiit to I viiy;iKit| anil mii'li itimhUl iniH at tho port from wlili'h iptri.ller tociiiifio Biichwhlp It Hiii'.li ship i* not, in ilii'ir li'nri'il nut, iinli'ns llii'cnn- riiHtoniR, or until the ihip , or nbHtrnclB of iho name, till! nij(nutiir« of thn col- totliR niiiRlitr, on ileinumt, board every »Uip pmceeil- iipiiii rui{UL'iit iiiadu to the ■hip carrying pasm-nijere f paBS'iMiiS'T.-t anioiint to or liicrnaiiy, Jfrm-y, tc, im- nlyaiithori/.i'd to priiiiisB proceed on niuh voyage, HiyaKu, takloK with him a tliingrt suitable to Hir in- IhiK net shall dear nut for Klilp niedicinuH ami olher ing gncli Inlciidt^d voynire, Inics Khali be ndciiuute, in sther with inch nii'ditines irlnK out for audi voyaije, t that such niudicini'H and meet any siicli probable Ip carrying pneFOiigerB ai ores, over and ahuve the id one tenth part of such uatoms upon the victual* J; F.MIORVNTS. I 68B llRI tilll nf itieh ship Ibr the nntward vnynra only, Hcrnrdlni tn lh<^ number of pennni rnlnR lh« vojr ' Mui'ttr In ihUi'tr l.lnl of Vinnttierrf lit Ciillfrliir of Cimlum'. 'Ihe nianli'r of tiviry oliip rarryliigpilt. • nfiiiji'rii nhull, hrfiire rliiiirilig mit hiM ililp, ilillvi'r In llic rolli'clnr'ir ollii-r jirlMiipiil nllliir of < ini.inm, III aiiib iHirt or pliirn, h Hal In wrilinf, toei'lhi*r wllh n Uiiplli'ile of Ihx an inn, a|Mii'if>ln«, Ma mriimti-ljr IH may iie, lliu name, ■(«, profiuxiun, or oci iipntion of evi'ry iiiiaariiier on iHiiird auili ahip, wllh lh« niiiiiit of till' port or pliiie ut mIiIiIi Iiii liiilli iiiiilrai tril to liinil I'nrli piimtiMiKur | and aliili i.dli.'ilot or iiihir iiffli'i-r >hnll Mipreiipon di'livcr lo Ibt anid tim'trr n roiinti' In aiirli poaaraalona.- i II. .Vailtr nut in limit t'lmmiijiert m I'liuf not tonirnriril fnr.— 'Ww iiinaler of n alip rnrrylnv pnaaen- lira UK iif"re-aiil aliiill not, n lllioiit hla or her pri'Viiiiia loiiaelil, land or put on aliuri' nny pHnaitiigiir a| Hiiv port or idiii'ii iillier lliiin Hint nl w lili ii Iw runlrurliMl lo landi'r liiit aiiili paaai'Hiii'riai almre. -iI I'J, )l,iir (.Vii.'/ri'ii nvr II, lir e.impulnl \'«r lli.i pur|i'iae and williln llie nirniiing of liiia ml, 3 ibildrrn, rnrli lii'inR under Hie nge nf II yeiira, hut ahove llie nirnof 7 yenri>. or !l rliililri'n.fni'h bi'lny nniler tho nili' of T yeara, ahull in uil luaea be conipuled ua one pnraon uiilyt und tlilldri'ii under the nge of 111 iMiiiilIm Hliiill nol III' liii'liiiled In llie niinihertif perKuiia.- H \3. fiiim tn iiiKC of l>f>rniiiiii.- If nny alilp ahnll nol arluiilly put to aen nnd prorred upon any irilendeil vnynieiiii Hie ilnv npiiolnted for IhnI piirpoae by any ronlrnit iiiadi' by the owner, iiinaler, orrhiirioror el' aiirli aliiji, or by their iiKi'iit, with any pn^aeiiiier who hIiuII on llnil day be on board the anine, or rrnily to iiroreed on hiii'Ii Intended voyaiie, llii'ti, In every niii'Ii I'lae, Iho iiiaiiler of Hit' ahip aliall pay loeaili nnd every p.-iaaeiiiter na ••liall have ronlrailed lo vlrliml lilinai-lf, n line nt the rnle of N. for I'ltcli day ditrlnii which be or alie ahull be detnined prevbiualy lo llie netiial t'lenrliiK mil and llnni de. purliire of the ahlji on the viiyaKe,<'inil Ihu aaini^ may bu recovered dully i uiiil lliu innatur of aiich ihl|i ihnil vicliml enrh nnd every paaai'n|r''r na ahull have rontrai'leil to bn vii'liiulbd by the aliip owner on nnd from the dny an appolnti'd : provided Hint no aiich flue ahnll hti pnyabli.' In reaped of uny doteiithm llf llin veaael hy alreaa of weather or iillier uiinvoidubli' ciiuae. — i 1 1, I'liKurnifri-t lu be iiniiiiliiineJ fur IH Jluiim after Ihrir ^rriral.—.Kt the rloae of any voynKO every per* fon arriving na n pnaaenger ut uny port or idace ahull, diirinK llie apai'e nf IM linura nfler urrlvul, ba ciitllleil lo t'ontlnue on board aurh Nhip, nnd to be providi'd for and mulnlaliied on board In the antnn iiianner na during the voynire, iinleaa It have been einreanly atlmilateil between aiich paaaeniier nnit ihi.' niualer of aiieli alii|i. Hint aiu:li piHai.'iiver kIiuII not be eiillllnii lo aiiili inuintenaniu iluring Hie auiil 'pi lionra, or unlraa, in Iho ulterior proaeciiiion of her voyage, the aiiip (iiiit auch part or jdacu withia llie aaid IS houra.- J I."*. I'timtlUn IN cii«« of Infringiment of Ihe jirteeiling Kiiartmenlt.—}( nny ship cnrrying puaaengeri on nny voyage from the IT K., or Ihu lalanda of (Juernaey, Jeraey, &.C., to or lor uny port or placu out of Kurope, anil not In Hie .Mediterranean, fhall carry any nuiolier of pnaaengera e.xci'cding by more thun I nrraon in SO Hie proporlliui unlhorlaeil nnd allowed by tlii'< preaent net ; or If aurh ahip Himll nnt ho lit the height belween decks beforn reqiiired i . These ore light shoes worn by the Valcntian peasantry, having platted soles made either of esparto or hemp, but principally of tho former. They are ex- tremely cheap and commodious in hot climates; and besides being in extensive demand at home, used to be exported in immense quantities to both Indies ; .but since the emancipation of Spanish America, this trade has greatly fallen ofE The Spanish peasantry have attained to wonderful dexterity in tho manufacture of jsparto. " After having soaked tho rush in water, the women and children, without eutier wheel or spindle, contrive to twist two threads at the same time. This they do by rubbing them between the palms of their hands, in the same manner as a shoemaker forms a thread upon his knees, with this diflerence, that one motion gives the twist to each thread, and, at the same time unites them. To keep the threads asunder, the thumb of the right hand is interposed between them ; and when that is wanted for other purposes, the left thumb supplies its place. Two threads being thus twi^^tcd into one of the bigness of a large crow-quill, id yards are sold for little more than id., the materials being worth about ^th part of the price." — {T(nv7isend^s Travebin Spain, vol. iii. p. 177., see also p. 129. ; Fischer's Picture of Valencia, Eng. ed. p. 92. and p. 67. &c.) ESTRICH on ESTRIDGE (Fr. Duvet d'autruche .- It. Penna matia di strozzo ,• Sp. Plumazo de avutrux ; Lat. Slruthionum plumae molliures), is the fine soft down which lies immediately under the feathers of the ostrich. The finest is used as a substitute for bea- ver in the manufacture of hats, and the coarser or stronger sort is employed in the fabrication of a stutr which resembles fine woollen cloth. Estridge is brought from the Levant, Italy, and other parts of the Mediterranean. EUPHORBIUM (Ger. £MpAorii ler, the ermine is of a e fur has that beautiful B. It is found in the terile, uncultivated and )1. ii. p. 888. Eng. ed.) the plant described by il purposes to the Car- e purposes as in anti- mattrasses, sacks, &c. It on the surface of the ijurcd by a foul bottom. »rgcly consumed in the itian peasantry, having former. They are ex- I extensive demand at since the emancipntion wasantry have attained g soaked the rush in ve to twist two threads of their hands, in the is dillerence, that one them. To keep the and when that is cads being thus twisted tie more than id,, the avels in Spain, vol. iii. and p. 57. &c.) matia di strozzo ,• Sp. fine soft down which as a substitute for bea- oyed in the fabrication )m the Levant, Italy, Fr. Euphorbe; Arab, of many parts of India, little taste, but it soon which is very perma- ■om 100 to 1.50 lbs. It purities. — ( Tkonuon's ignatc that species of a distance from their her, the debts mutually There are at ull time», to Hamburgh; but, ndon to whom Ham> nt to make to B. of er ; but he goes into from C. of London amount to A. or his em: order. A., h&ring indorsed this bill or order, sends it to B., who receives payment from his neighbour D. The convenience of all parties is consulted by a transaction of this sort The debts due by A. to B , and by D. to C, are extinguished without the intervention of any money. A. of London pays C. of ditto, and D. of Hamburgh pays B. of ditto. The debtor in one place is substituted fur the debtor in another; and a postage or two, and the stamp for the bill, form the whole expenses. All risk of loss is obviated. A bill of exchange may, therefore, bo defined to be an order addressed to some person residing at a distance, directing him to pay a certain specified sum to the person in whose favour the bill is drawn, or his order. In mercantile phraseology, the person who draws a bill is termed the drawer; the person in whose favour it is drawn, the remitter ; the person on whom it is drawn, the drawee,- and after he has accepted, the acceptor. Those persons into whoso hands the bill may have passed previously to its being paid, are, from their writp ing their names on the back, termed indoraera ; and the person in whose possession the bill is at any given period, is termed the holdtr ot possessor. The negotiation of inland bills of exchange, or of those drawn in one part of Great Britain and Ireland on another, is entirely in the hands of bankers, and is conducted in the manner already explained. — (See ante, p. 71.) Bills drawn by the merchants of one country upon another are termed foreign bills of exchange, and it is to their negotiation that the following remarks principally apply. I. Par of Exchange. — The par of the currency of any two countries means, among merchants, the equivalency of a certain amount of the currency of the one in the currency of the other, supposing the currencies of both to be oftheprecise weight and purity fixed by their respective mints. Thus, according to the mint regulations of Great Britain and France, 1/. sterling is equal to 25 fr. SO cent, which is said to be the par between London and Paris. And the exchange between the two countries is said to be at par when bills are negotiated on this footing; that is, for example, when a bill for 100/. drawn in London is worth 2,520 fr. in Paris, and conversely. When 1/. in London buys a bill on Paris for more than 25 fr. 20 cent, the exchange is said to be in favour of London and agajnst Paris ; and when, on the other hand, 1/. in London will not buy a bill on Paris for 25 fr. 20 cent, the exchange is against London and in favour of Paris. — (See Table of the par of exchange at the end of this article.) II. Circumstances which determine the course of Exchange. — The exchange is alTected, or made to diverge from par, by two classes of circumstances: first, by any discrepancy be- tween the actual weight or fineness of the coins, or of the bullion for which the substitutes used in their place will exchange, and their weight or fineness as fixed by the mint regula- tions; and, secondly, by any sudden increase or diminution of the bills drawn in one country upon another. 1. It is but seldom that the coins of any country correspond exactly with their mint stand- ard; and when they diverge from it an allowance corresponding to the diiTerence between the actual value of the coins, and their mint value, must be made in determining the real par. Thus, if, while the coins of Great Britain corresponded with the mint standard in weight and purity, those of France were either 10 per cent worse or debased below the standard of her mint the exchange, it is obvious, would be at real par when it was nominally 10 pei cent against Paris, or when a bill payable in London for 100/. was worth in Paris 2,772 fr. instead of 2,520 fr. In estimating the real course of exchange between any 2 or more places, it is always necessary to attend carefully to this circumstance ; that is, to examine whether their currencies be all of the standard weight and purity, and if not, how much they differ from it. When the coins circulating in a country are either so worn or rubbed as to have sunk considerably below their mint standard, or when paper money is depreciated from ex- cess or want of credit, the exchange is at real par only when it is against such country to the extent to which its coins are worn or its paper depreciated. When this circumstance is taken into account, it will be found that the exchange during the latter years of the war, though apparently very much against this country, was really in our favour. The depression was nominal only ; being occasioned by the great depreciation of the paper currency in which bills were paid, 2, Variations in the actual course of exchange, or in the price of bills arising from circum- stanci's affecting the currency of either of two countries trading together, are nominal only ; such as are real grow out of circumstances affecting their trade. When two countries trade together, and each buys of the other commodities of precisely tho same value, their debts and credits will be equal, and, of course, the real exchange will be at par. The bills drawn by the one will be exactly equivalent to those drawn by the other, and their respective claims will be adjusted without requiring tho transfer of bullion or any other valuable produce. But it very rarely happens that the debts reciprocally due by any two countries are equal. There is almost always a balance owing on tho one side or the other * and this balance must afTuct the exchange. If the debts due by London to Paris exceeded those due by Paris to London, the competition in the London market for bills on Paris would, because of the comparatively great amount of payments our merchants had to make &3 ■^? i , h li^i^n!'!! ■In 668 EXCHANGE. in Paris, bo greater than the competition in Paris for bills on London ; and, coriaequently, tho real exchange would be in favonr of Pari? and against London. The cost of conveying bullion from one country to another forms the limit within which the rise and fall of the real exchange between them must be confined. If 1 per cent, sutliced to cover the expense and risk attending the transmission of money from London to Paris, it would be indifferent to a London merchant whether he paid 1 per cent premium for a hill of exchange on Paris, or remitted money direct to that city. If the premium were less than 1 per cent., it would clearly be his interest to make his payments by bills in preference to remittances : and that it could not exceed 1 per cent, is obvious ; for every one would prefer remitting money, to buying a bill at a greater premium than sufficed to cover the expense of a money remittance. If, owing to the breaking out of hostilities between the two countries, or to any other cause, the cost of remitting money from London to Paris were increased, tho flurtuations of the real exchange between them might also be increased. For the limits within which such fluctuations mat/ range, correspond in all cases with the cost of making remittances in cash. Fluctuations in the nominal exchange, that is, in the value of the currencies of countries trading together, have no effect on foreign trade. When the currency is depreciated, tho premium which the exporter of commodities derives from the sale of the bill drawn on his correspondent abroad, is only equivalent to the increase in the price of the goods exported, occasioned by this depreciation. But when the premium on a foreign bill is a consequence, not of a fall in the value of money, but of a deficiency in tho suppl]» of bills, there is no rise of prices; and in these circumstances the unfavourable exchange operates as a stimulus to exportation. As soon as the real exchange diverges from par, the mere inspection of a price current is no longer sufRcient to regulate the operations of the merchant. If it be unfavour- able, the premium which the exporter will receive on the sale of his bill must be included in the estimate of the piolit he is likely to derive from the transaction. The greater that pre- mium, the less will be the difference of prices necessary to induce him to export. And hence an unflivourable real exchange has an efl'ect exactly the same with what would bo produced by granting a bounty on exportation equol to the premium on foreign bills. But for the same reason that an unfavourable real exchange increases exportation, it pro- porlionaily diminishes importation. When tho exchange is really unfavourable, the price of "commodities imported from abroad must be so much lower than their price at home, as not merely to afford, exclusive of expenses, the ordinary profit of stock on their sale, but also to compensate for the premium which the importer must pay for a foreign bill, if he remit one to his correspondent, or for the discount, added to the invoice price, if his correspondent draw upon him.» A less quantity of foreign goods will, therefore, suit our market when the real exchanire is unfavourable; and fewer payments having to be made abroad, the competition for foreign bills will be diminished, and the res/ exchange rendered proportionally favourable. In the same way, it is easy to see that a favourable real exchange must operate as a duly on cxportition, and ns a bounty on importation. It is thus that fluctuations in the real exchange have a necessary tendency to correct themselves. They can never, for any considerable period, exceed the expense of transmitting biiihon from the debtor to the creditor country. But the exchange cannot continue either permanently favourable or unfavourable to this extent. When favourable, it corrects itself i)y restricting exportation and facilitating importation ; and when unfavourable, it produces the same effect by giving an unusual stimulus to exportation, and by throwing obstacles in the way of importation. The true pah forms the centre of these oscillations; and although the thousand circumstances which are daily and hourly affecting the state of debt and credit, prevent the ordinary course of exchange from being almost ever precisely at par, its fluctua- tions, whether on the one side or the other, arc confined within certain limits, and have a constant tendency to disappear. This natural tendency which tho exchange has to correct itself, is powerfully assisted by the operations of the bill-merchants. England, for example, might owe a large excess of debt to Amsterdam, yet, as the aggregate amount of the debts due by a commercial country is generally balanced by the amount of those which it has to receive, the deficiency of bills on .Amsterdam in London would most probably be compensated by a proportional redundancy of those on some other place. Now, it is the business of the merchants who deal in bills, in the same way as of those who deal in bullion or any other commodity, to buy them where they are cheapest, and to sell thcni where they are dearest. They would, therefore, buy w\t the bills drawn by other countries on Amsterdam, and dispose of them in London ; and by so doing, would prevent any groat fall in the price of bills on Amsterdam in those countries in which the supply exceeded the demand, and any great rise in Great Britain and those countries in which the supply hap- pened to be deficient In the trade between Italy and tliis country, the bills drawn on Great 'Britain amount almost invariably to a greater sum than those drawn on Italy. The bill- merchants, however, by buying up the excess of the Italian bills on London, and selling EXCHANGE. 6S0 ], corisequendy, tho limit within which 1 per cent, sufficed London to Parifl, it premium for a hill liurn were less than lis in preference to ry one would prefer over the expense of n the two countries, were increased, the sed. For the limits the cost of making •rencies of countries ' is depreciated, tho le bill drawn on his the goods exported, ill is a consequence, bills, there is no rise ates as a stimulus to inspection of a price , If it be unfavour- must be included in rhe greater that pre- export. And hence t would bo produced ills. ■s exportation, it prn- vourablc, the price of price at home, as not heir sale, but also to I bill, if he remit one I correspondent draw larket when the rtiil oad, tho competition ortionally favouralilc. operate as a duly on tendency to correct pense of transmitting nnot continue either ible, it corrects itself vourable, it produces hrowing obstacles in itions ; and although te of debt and credit, at par, its fluctua- limits, and have a )werfully assisted by yet, as the aggregate ed by the amount of London would most ! other place. Now, IS of those who deal est, and to sell thcni n by other countries Id prevent any great supply exceeded the lich the supply hap- bills drawn on Great on Italy. The bill- London, tind selling them in Holland, and other countries indebted to England, prevent the reul exchange from over becoming very much depressed. III. NegoHatw't of Bills of Exclian^e. — Bills of exchange are either made payable at sight, at n cert- jiecified lime after eight or after date, or at utance, which is the usual term alloivir, .\e custom or law of the place where the bill ia payable. Generally, however, a fe-.v .. ;- are allowed for paymentbeyond the term when tho bill becomes due. which are dcnominaieti daija of grace, ond which vary in different countries. In Great Britain and Ireland, three days' grace are allowed for all bills except those payable at sight, which must be paid as soon as presented. The following is a statement of the usance and days of grace fur bills drawn upon some of the principal commercial cities: — [m\d. m\a. did. d\s. d\a. respectively denote month after date, months after sight, days ifter dale, days after sight, days after acceptance.] \ London on Vwicj. Dayiof CrMo. LoadoD on Unnca. B«y« of tirare. .1 Lonilon oii Uuncr. D.i)tot (inica. Anislenlnm 1 m d. (i Ocncva 30 d!d. Vlennaf 14 dla. 3 Rutturdnm 1 nid. 6 Madrid a ni's. 14 Malta 80 dd. 13 Antwerp 1 111 d. Cadiz CO d d. NaplhS 3 mid. 3 , Hninlmrgh 1 in d. 12 Dilhoa 3 in d. 14 Pnlfirmo 3 m'd. Altoim 1 m d. 12 Gibraltar 3 in s. 14 MalH.n 30 ds. 6 Dnntzic 14 da. 10 Leghorn 3 in d. Oporti) Itio .laneiro 30 ds. 6 Paris* 30 d d. 10 I.eipsic 14 da. 30 dd. Bordeaux ■M dd. 10 (icnou 3 ni d. 30 Diililiu 21 ds. 3 Brcniun 1 m d. 8 Venice 3 III d. 6 Cork 31 di. 3 Barcelona 60 dd. 14 In the dating of bills, tho new stylo is now used in every country in Europe, with the ex- ception of Russia. In London, bills of exchange are bought and sold by brokers, who go round to tho prin- cipal merchants ond discover whether they are buyers or sellers of bills. A few of the brokers of most influence, after ascertaining tho state of the relative 8U[iply and demand for bills, suggest a price at which the greater part of the transactions of the day are settled, with such deviations as particular bills, from their being in very high or low credit, mny be subject to. The price fixed by the brokers is that whielt is published in Wettenhall's List; but tho first houses generally negotiate their bills on jj, 1, IJ, and 2 per cent, belter terms than those qnotiul. Ill London and other great commercial cities, a class of middlemen speculate largj^ly on the rise and fall of the exchange ; buying bills when they expect a rise, and selling them when a fall is anticipated. , It is usual, in drawing foreign bills of exchange, to draw them in sets, oi- duplicates, lest the first should be lost or miscarry. When bills are drawn in acts, each must contain a condition that it shall be payable only while tho others remain unpaid : thus, the first is payable only, " second and third unpaid ;" the second, " first and third being unpaid," and tho third, " first and second unpaid." All bills of exchange must be drawn upon stamps as under :— Inland Bills and vVu/ci?.— Not exceeding Two Muntlis aftur Date, or E.xceed UK Two Bi.xty Days al\er Siulit. Mont lis, &c. £ s. £ .«. £ I. d. £ ». d. If - - 2 and not abo\ •e 9 fl - . 1 1 Above 5 5 — 20 - . 1 e 3 — 20 — 30 • _ a 3 tt .iiO SO - • 3 3 50 — 100 - _ 3 6 4 100 — 2(10 - • 4 8 6 SOO — 300 - . 5 — 300 — 500 - . U 8 — .-iOO — 1,000 - . 8 13 n — 1,(100 — 2,000 - . 12 15 — 2,0(10 — 3,000 - . . 15 1 9 — 3,000 - - - - - 1 9 1 10 Promissory notes from Q/. to 100/. inrhisive are not to bo drawn payable to bearer on demand (ex- cepting banliers' re-issuable notes, wliicli ri.'ciuirc u difl'urniit sininp).— lint notes lor any siini exceed- ing II 0/. nmy be drawn either payablu to bearer on doniand, or olhcrwifio. — (flee nnti, [i. 75.) Foreign Kills p/iVcArt)i;r«.— Foreign bill, drawn in but payable uutof Oreat Uritaiii, it drawn singly the same duly as an inland bill. Foreign bills of cxcliangn, drawn in sets, s. d. fcir oveiy bill of cacli set, if the sum docs not exceed 100/. 16 Exceeding 100/. and not exceeding 200/. -30 — 200/. — 500/. - 4 ff. d. Exceeding .100/. and not exceeding 1,000/. -50 — 1,000/. — 2.000/ - 7 — 2,00(1/. — 3,000/. - 10 — 8,0(H)/. — - - 15 No one acquainted with the fundamental rules of arithmetic eon have any difficulty what- ever in estimating how much a sum of money in one country is worth in another, according to the state of the exchange at the time. The common arithmetical books abound in examples * In I'rance, no days of grace arc allowed on bills payable ii rue. f In A.iHiria, bills payable at siglit, or on demand, or at less than 7 days after sight or date, are not tallowed any days of grace. '■!*: 1 r.i I'll Ml, I) 660 EXCHANGE. of rach computations. But in conducting the buainen of exchange, a direct remittance is not always preferred. When a merchant in London, for example, means to discharge a debt due by him in Paris, it is his business to ascertain not only the state of the direct exchange lietween London and Paris, and, consequently, the sum which he must pay in London for a hill on Paris equivalent to his debt, but also the state of the exchange between London and Hamburgh, Hamburgh and Paris, &c. ; for it frequently happens that it may be more advan- tageous for him to buy a bill on Hamburgh, Amsterdam, or Lisbon, and to direct his agent to invest the proceeds in a bill on Paris, rather than remit directly to the latter. This is termed the AnaiTRATioir of exchange. An example or two will suffice to show the prin- ciple on which it is conducted. Thug, if the exehnngA between London and Amsterdnm be 99*. Flemish (old coinaite) per pound iter* ling, and between Taris and Amsterdam is. 6d. Flemish per franc, then. In order to nscertain whether a direct nr indirect remittance to Paris would be moat advantageous, we ^uet calculate what would be the value ofthc frnnc in English money if the remittance were made through Holland ; for If It be loss tlian that resulting from the direct exchange, It will obviously be the preferable mode of remit- ting. This is determined by stating, as 3j«. Flem. (the Amsterdam currency in a pound sterling) : l«. M. Flem. (Amsterdam currency in a fl-anc) : : li. : lOd. the proportional, or arbitrated value of the franc— Hence, if the English money, or bill of exchange, to pay a debt in Paris, were remitted by Amsterdam, it would require lOd. to discharge a debt of a franc, or 1{. to discharge a debt of 2-1 francs : and, therefore, if tlie exchange between London and Paris were at 34, it would be indifilsrent to the English merchant whether ho remitted directly to Paris, or indirectly via Amsterdam ; hut if the ex- change between London and Paris were atovt 34, then a direct remittance would be preferable ; while, if, on the other hand, the direct exchange were less than !M, the indirect remittance ought as plainly to be preferred. "Suppiiie," to borrow an example (Vom Dr. Kelly (Univertal Cambist, vol. 11. p. 137.), "the ex- change of London and Lisbon to he at 68ii. per milree, and thilt of Lisbon on Madrid 500 rees per dollar, the arbitrated price between London and Madrid is Hd. sterling per dollar; for as 1,000 rees : 6dd. : : SOO reea : 34<2. But if the direct exchange of London on Madrid be Sid. sterling per dollar.then London, by remitting directly to Madrid, must pay Sid. for every dcillar; whereas, by remitting through Lisbon, he will pay only Sid. ; it is, therefore, the interest of London to remit indirectly to Madrid through Lis- bon. On the other hnnd, if London draws directly on Madrid, he will receive' 3M. sterling per dollar; whereas, by drawing indirectly through Lisbon, he would receive only 3id. ; it is, therefore, the Interest of London to draw directly on Madrid. Hrnce the following rulej :— " 1. Where the certain price is given, draw through the place which produces the lowest arbitrated price, and remit through that which produces the highest. "2. Where the uncertain price is given, draw through that place which produces the highest arbitrate price, and remit through that which produces the lowest." In compound nrhitratlon, or when more than 3 places are concerned, then in order to find how much a remittance passing through them all will amount to in the last place, or, which is the same thing, to find the arbitrated price between the flrst and the last, we have only to repeat the different statements in the same manner as in the foregoing example. Thus, if the exciiangc between London and Amsterdam be 39t. Flem. for II. sterling ; between Am- sterdam and Lisbon iU. Flem. fur 1 old crusade ; and between Lisbon and Paris 460 rees for 3 francs : what is the arbitr.tted price between London and Paris 1 In the first place, as 3S«. Flem. :!/.:: Wd. Flem. : S«. sterlings 1 old crusade. Second, as 1 old crusade, or 400 rees : is. sterling : : 460 rees : 3*. 4'6d. sterling • 3 francs. Third, astlx. i'Sd. sterling : 3 francs : : U. sterling : 25 francs, the arbitrated price of the pound ster- lilif between London and Paris. Xliis operation may be abridged as follows :— li. sterling 3!s shillings Flem. 1 old crusade 480 rees 35 X 400 X 3 ncDce 4,200 II. sterling. 35«. Flemish. 1 old crusade. 400 rees. 3 francs. 25 francs. 480 X3i 168 This abridged operation evidently consists in arranging the terms so that those which would form the divisors in continued statements in the Rule of Three are multiplied together for a common di- visor, end the other terms for a common dividend. The ordinary arithmetical books abound with examples of such operations. The following account of the manner In which a very large transaction was actually conducted by indirect remittances, will sufficiently illustrate the principles we have been endeiivonrinp to explain. In lti04, Spain was bound to pay to France a large subsidy ; and, in order to do this, three distinct methods presented themselves: — 1. To send dollars to Paris by land. 2. To remit bills of cxrhange directly to Paris. 3. To authorise Paris to draw directly on Spain. The first of these methods was tried, but it was fbund too slow and expensive ; and the second and third plans were considered likely to turn the exchange against Spain. The following method by the indirect, or circular exchange, was, therefore, adopted. A merchant, or banqiiirr, at Paris, was appointed to manage the operation, which he thus conduct- ed :— He chose London, Amsterdam, Hamburgh, Cadiz, Madrid, and Paris, as the principal hinges on which the operation was to turn ; and he engaged correspondents in each of these cities to support the circulation. Madrid and Cadiz were the places in Spain from whence remittances were to he made i and dollars were, of course, to be sent to where they bore the highest price, for which bills were to he procured on Paris, or on any other places that might be deemed more advantageous. The principle being tiius establisliod, it only remained to regulate the extent of the operation, so as not to hsue too much paper on Spain, and to give the circulation as much support as possible from rea' ^-isiness. With this view, London was chosen as a place to which the operation might be chiefly directed, as the price of dollars was then high lu England ; a circumstance which rendered the pro- portional exchange advantageous to Spain. , „ u ,. j The business was coniiiicnced at Paris, where the negotiation of drafts issned on Hamburgh and Amsterdam servedtn answer the immediate demands of tlie state; and orders were transmitted to these places to draw for the reinliursements on London, Madrid, or Cadiz, according as the course of ejLChi^nge was luust favuurublo. The proceedings were alt conducted with judgucut, and attended with ect remittance » not jiMhorge a debt due the direct exchange )ay in London for a itween London and may be more advan- 1 to direct his agent the latter. This is ce to show the prin- linade) per pound iter- ir to nscertaln whether cnlculate what wniiM h Holland : fnr if it be liable mode nf reniit- a pound sterling) : U. irbitrated value of the irii, were remitted bjr ge a debt nf !M francs: Id be indifferent to the crdam ; but if the ex- 1 be preferable ; while, tance ought as plainly , ii. p. 137.), "the ex- drid SOO rees per dollar, >r as 1,000 rees : 68(2. : : er dollar, tlien Lnnilon, nitting through LIshnn, to Madrid thrau|!h Lis- id. sterling per dollar ; , therefore, the interest !i the lowest arbitrated 18 the highest arbitrated order to find how much :h is the same thing, to he different statements tcrling ; between Am- B 460 rees for 3 francs ; 3 francs, rice of the pound Bter» ase which would form ther for a common di- ll books abound with actually conducted by eiivourlng to explain, do this, three distinct J ; and the second and lowing method by the hloh he thus conduct- lu principal hinges on liese cities to support mittances were to be price, fnr which bills advantageous, f the operation, en as iport as possible from ntion might be chictly ich rendered the pro- ed on Hamburgh and 8 were transmitted to ding as the course of iut, and attended with EXCHANGE. 661 complete suceeet. At the commencement of the operation, the conrae of exchange of Cadiz on Ion* doii was 3td. I but, by the plan adopted, Spain got 39id., or above 8 per cent, by the remittance of dol- lars to London, and considerable advantages were also gained by the circulation of bills through the several places on tlie Continent.— (irif(/ic(< acceptance is when a bill is accepted conditionally ; as when goods conveyed to the drawee are sold, or when a navy bill is paid, or other future event which does not bind the ac- ceptor till the contingency has happened. An acceptance may be also partial; as to pay 100(., instead of I50{., or to pay at a difforent time or place from that required by the bill. But in all cases of a conditional or partial acceptance, the holder should, if he mean to resort to the other parties to the bill in default of payment, give notice to them of such partial or conditional acceptance. In all cases of presenting a bill for ncccpiance, it is necessary to present the bill at the house where the drawee lives, or where it is inaile pnyulile. By 1 & '2 Geo. 4. c. IS., all bills accepted payable at a banker's ur other place are to be di-enied a general acceptance ; but if lliey are accepted payaide at a banker's "only, and not otherwise or elsewhere," it is a qualified acceptance, and the acceptor is not liable to paythe bill, except in default of payment wlien such payment shall have been first demanded at the banker's. The drawee is entitled to keep the bill 21 hours when presented for acceptance. The acceptance of un inland bill must be in tcriiin^ on the face of the bill, or, if tliere be more parts than one, on one of such parts ; nothing short of this constitutes a valid acceptance. If a itill is made payable a certain time after nin-ht, it must, in order to fix the time when it is to be paid, he presented for acceptance, and the date of the acceptance should appear thus: " Accepted, July Isl. 1831." Due diligence is the only thing to be considered in presenting any description or bill for acceptance ; and such diligence is a question depending on the situation of the parties, the distance at which they live, and the fiicllity of rniiiiiiuiiication between tliein. When the drawee refuses to accept, any third party, after protesting, may accept for the honour of the bill generally, or for the drawee, or for the indorser ; in which case the acceptance is called an ac- ceptance supra pruteft. The drawers and indorserg are discharged from liability, unless due notice of non-occeplance when presented for acceptance, or non-payment at tlie time the hill beioiiies due, is given. These notices hiiisit lie given vvitli all du|j diligence to ail the parties to wiioin the holder means to n^sort for pay- ment. Generally, in both foreign and inland bills, notice is given next dny to the iminediale in- dorser, and such indorser is allowed a day, when he should give fresh notice to the parties who aru lialilu to him. Notice may be sent by the post, however near the residence of the parlies may be to each other; and thougii the letter containing such notice siiould miscarry, vet it will he snlhcient ; but the letter containing the notice should be delivered at the General Post-nAlce, or at n receiving-house appointed by that otiice, not to the bellman in tlie street. In all cases of notice, notice to one of several pattiee is hi'id to he notice to all; and if one of several drawers be also the acceptor, it is not necessary to give notice to the other drawers. Vol. L— 3 K ■< ■, '4 pii '!!.> mm 602 EXCHANGE. Vpon tlia nnn-neenfitnnr.e nr non-pnyment nf a hill, the hpldor, or a pnMlR notary for Iilm, ihonld prnCi!Hl it; th'it lit, ilruw ii|) :i noticii or the rufiiKnl tn iicccpt or pny tlia hill, anri llie duclnrntlun of the hiililiir niininst Biiatainln); loss Ihervby. Inliinil hllln neod not bB protegtnd ; in practice tlii'y aro iiKiiully only imteil fur nnn-accoptnnce ; hut this, without the protest, ia wholly fiitiln, nmt adds nothing wlmiifvcr til the nvidunrnnr tho hnldur, wliil« it enliiils a iiHelesii uxp^nae on those liulile to pay. hiilorfcmrnt of Hills.— \\t iiiduriiciiii'nt Ik the net lc ; thus a parly maybe liable to pay tlie amount of the hill twice over, unless lie previously nscertaiiistliat the payment has been made conformably to the iippurt of the indorsement. After the puynient of part, n hill may be imlnrsed over for tlie residue. Presentmtni for Paymexl—'Vhe holder of a bill must be careful to present it for payment at the time when due, or liii! ilrawor and liidnriiers will be exonerated from their liability ; even tlie bankruptcy, insolvency, or death of the acceptor will not excuse a neglect to make presentment to the assignees or executor ; nor will the iiL-iutficiency of n hill in any respect constitute an excuse for non-prcsentmcnl; the presentment slmnld be made at a reasonable time of the day when the bill is due ; and if by the known custom uf any trade or place bills are payable only within particular hours, a presentment must be within those hours. If a hill has a qualitled acceptance, the presentment should be at the plnrc mentioned in such qualilied acceptance, or all the parties will be discharged from their obli- gations. If a bill fall due on Biinday, Good Friday, Christmas Day, or any public fast or thanksgiving day, llie presentment must be ou the day preceding these liolidays. lly 7 & H tieo. 4. c. 15., if a bill o| note bo payable on the day preceding these holidays, notice of the dishonour may be given the day fullowing the holiday; ami if Cliristmas Day fall on Monday, notice may be given on Tuesday. Bills, however, payable at usance, or at a certain time ut\er date or sight, or after demand, ougli* not to be presented lor payment precisely at the expiration of tlie time inantionod in the hills, but as the expiration of wiiat are termed daijs uf grace. The days of grace allowed vary in diflerent conn tries, and ought always tube computed according to ilie usage of the place where the bill is due.— (Se« ami, p. t)39.) At IInrnburi;h,and in France, the dayon which the bill falls due, makes one of the dayi of craco ; but no where I'lae. • On liiUs payable on demand, or when no timcof payment is expresped, no days of grace are allowed < but tlii^y are p lyable instantly on preseiitnienl. On bank post bills no days of grace are claimed ; bu< on a biil payalile at siglit the usual days of grace are allowed from the sight or demand. Payment of a hill slmuld bo made only to the holder ; and it may be refused unless the hill be pro- duced and delivered up. On payment, a receipt siiould be written on the hack ; and when a part is paid, the same should be acknowledged upon the bill, or the party paying may be liable to pay the umount a second time to a bona fide indorser. Promisaorii Jfutes and Checks. — The chief distinction between promissory notes and hills of exchange l.s, that the former are a dir.ct engagement by tli(! draw.r tiierally anxious to get tlie acceptance of his debtor at a short date, well knowing that it not only fixes '.he uiuouiitof the debt, but it is mure speedily recoverable by legal procedure than a book debt. EXCHANGE. 663 e tlie same right of Becnndly, Trnderi who wluli to support their rcipectability, and desire to iiirreRd in bufinnii, •luiulil bu ciiiitUiiiii in rcsMrtiiiK (<> tliu ilciitructive syKti'tii uf croHB-iitcniiiiiiiiilutUiii iivcvptaiii:!.'! : ii lel- dmii viiiiii WL'II, uiid iifiuully gxcUuh xiiMpicion aa to tbu iiit(!|!rity nl' thu piirtiuH ; it bcinn uii ixpedlont oUi'ii utIoptiMl by KwiiuIlvrH tci dr fraud tlit,' public. liidepciidiiiiKiflbo fxpi^tixi; in KlHiii|igaiid iliiici)unli, Hiul fruiiuently in iintliin, intiTcHt, mid luw «.\pi!iiiii'B, lh« diiii|iKr aU«iidlii|; miicIi uc<'uinini)dution is sudidviit tu deiur froiii tlic prucllct!, HuppiiHu, fur iiitilHiCH, A. iiiid Ii. iiiiilimlly uicdiiiiiiudult' each ulliur to tlii> iiiiiiiiiiit of l,UU(W. till! ni:c«pruiii:i'8 lining in tlie liaiidit of third pltkoiih : liiitli A. utiil It, urs liublH to 8iicli iliiid pitritiiiiH to iIk; exiuiii of 3,1)00/. each ; niid »iice be BiiiblHiiiy ri'iiilvrud iiniililo to iiini't hii< arcitptuiii'i'ii, iIik hiddt^rH of llix whole, na well Ibc ncrept- aiic.cu of A. an the acceptances of Ii., will le^urt lo il. for piiyiiieiit ; and It may so happen, that ul- tlioii^h II. could have provided frr liix own share of tlic iiccuiMniodatioii paper, lie iiiuy bo unable to prnviile for ihe wliide, uial may IIiiih become iiiFolvpiil. Thirdly, In case of a biMx ot n bill, the i) & lU Will. 3. c. 17. provides, that if any inland hill be Inst or niiHsin;{ w'iihin Ihe time limited for Its puyiiieiil, tlie drawer siiall on siillkiuM xeinrily given to indemnify liini if such bill be found ni;ain, give aiiollier bill of the same tenor with the lirst. Lastly, It is uf tjireat iiiiporluncc to bankers and otliers taking bills and notes, tbatlliey should have some knowledge of the parlies from wliniii they receive them ; otherwise, if the instrument turi> out to liuve been lost ur fraudulently obtained, they may, without eijuivalent, be deprived of their securU ty, onan action by the owner to recover posnession. Lord Teiiteriteii decided, "if a person takes bill, note, or any other kind of security, under circumstanres which ou^'bl to excite suspicion In the mind of any reasoiialile man aci)uainted with the ordinary all'airs of life, and which uiiglil lo put him on hit guard to make the necessary tni]uirles,auil he do not, then he loses Ihe right uf maintaining posses- sion uf thu iiistrunieiit against the rightful owner." — {Ouildhall, Oct. 25, Ib'iO,) 1. Table containing the Value of the Monies of Account of difTercnt Places (expressed in Pence and Uecimal.s of Pence), according to the Mint Price both of (iic, (iiilden or tlorin 9- 9- RusRia, Rouble - variable Denmark, Rixdollar specie 64-72 Sardinia, Lira . . - 18-21 18-82 Rixdidlur crown money 48-37 Sicily, Ounce . - - 123 54 124-80 RixdollarDanish currency 44-27 44-88 Scudo or crown 4y-02 49-92 England, Pound sterling 210 • 210- Spain, Real of old plain 4 88 4 57 Florence, Lira - - - 812 853 Real of new plaie 518 4-66 Ducat, or crown current 50 84 59 71 Real of Mexican plate 6-48 6-07 Scudo d'or,or gold crown . 03-07 Real velinn 2-59 243 France, LivreToTiriiois 9.58 9-,'J8 Dollar of old plate, or of Franc (new system) - 9 70 9-52 exchange 59- 36-59 Francfort, Rixdollar convention Sweden, Rixdollar 6541 56-43 money 37 80 37-65 Switzerland, Franc, (new ays- Rixdidlar Miintze, or in leiii) .... 2214 small coins - 31 -.50 Trieste, Florin, Austrian cur- Germany, Rixdollar current - 37-.'-0 variable rency ... 25-20 25-05 llixdtdliir specie 5010 ditin Lira, Trieste ciirr jiny 4-76 4-73 Florin of the Knipire - 25 20 ditto Lira di piazza - 4-65 4-63 Rixdidlar Muntze 3150 ditto Turin, Lira . . - 11-23 11-23 Florin Mutit/o - 21- ditto Valencia, Libra 3945 39-59 Geneva, Livre current - 1013 16-13 Venice, Mra piccola (in the old Florin - - . 4 60 4-84 coins) 507 variable Genoa, Lira fuori banco 8- 7-83 Lira piccola (in the coins Pe/./.H, or dollar of cx- intniduced by Ihe Aiis- i-liange 45-il2 45-50 trians) 4-25 ditto Scudo ill canibio, or Vienna, Florin . . - 25 20 25-05 crown of exchange - 30-75 36-02 Zanle, Real 406 varialle Ilainburgli.Mark banco (at iiie.d.) 18 2-2 variable Zurich, Florin (money of ex- Pound I'lemish banco - 1.10-05 ditto change) 25 85 dim Mirk current - 14-8-2 variable Florin current - 23-50 ditto !■: i 1:1 '' I 4 i\ i n- oM EXCHANGE. "■u^.!m' R**J'""<* ''^"'••S ""«'■'"' •"•> tht Wlowlnj PUeet, rlf. Amfterdnm, ffBmhnrth, Parit. M«. rid, l.liibon,l.Hghorn,Geno«, Naplci, and Venice » llie eanio belriR computed from llie Imrlmlo X • "«f l"™' P'""i'P»' *"•'""• hy c«'inp«rliil Gold will) Gold, and Silver wTlh BIWer, Bccordlni to Ihelr Mint Keftulallnni, and to Aiinyi made at ihe London and I'arli Mlnu.-r Kelly to the Cumtnlltue of lb* Ilouia of Lord*, on the Eipodlency of the Dank'* reauming CmIi Aiutndaiii, bueo l>i. curreiU Hunburdi fuit HvlriJ ■ Li.ii . UilMni . Oinna N>plc4 . Vniir* QoM. SHttr. EipUulloM, Mill RHvIc lion. Awp. OldColuff. { NtwColotp. MonlMorEidiui*. Mini hOM. Miol Amjt. B»«ul». (iniu. imju Ml II 43 04 3-3 8iil0 37 3 e7-4 48-I 4JB 41 U 48.3 38 8-3 II 3'8 33 14 37'a 49-0 433 '46-0 873 II 83 S« 1 84 73 3*2 fi04l 46 48 46<4 i prr ctnl. riiirlni iwl tliien fr fmunil •l«rlln||. Schilling and Mon riamiUi Imiico ixr pound atari. Franca and canUii>«a per luuud ilarl|p|. Ituca alarliog riir Iha pUiire or dollar of atchania. INinca arerliiig )«r niilrtfl. Pbdc* alerlln< jier pratA of avrhinfo* foMo ilariinx pur iiriu funh banoi.* IVuce ilerltnx |>iir ilucal iiirxt niiulfa of 1818). Lira picotite |H-r }>nu)i<) tlerllliK. III. Ao AOGOunt of the Cuurae of Ezcbange, London, 18th of November, 1830, with lome Eiplana- tory Statenienta. Couraasf EIc^'Ul(g. EipUnilory Slalemi^nla. Aaatardam, 3 ma' • Aolwarp .... Haaikurxli, mo. iKo. rarii, 3 oia. rrancibrt .... {■atanburih, p. rou. 3 ua. • Vianna,r».rio.2ma. ■ Madiid, 3 oil. Latham .... Oama .... Vanic*,p.«Aiut. Ilrr. - Naplaa .... LUbon, 30 dan' lighl Rid Janeiro, ditto ■ • l2 4 1.2 12 2 1.2 13 II at 70 1313-4 10 10 ID 33 7-8 48 23 73 47 1-2 40 9-8 34 38 (hat la, Loudon rfralna 12 Hnrini 4 1-2 ilinn for 11. — rrceivea I2dilla2 1-2 ilillo for II. — race if ea 13 man-a 1 1 Kltiilinitt banco for II. — receivca 83 rraiici TO cmtimn for 11. — racaivM 151 3-4 lalicn for II. — (ivaa 10 neiic» iit-rlinf »ir 1 mabia bank monar, — r««i»ea lOIIorini lOcreullrn for 11. .- gives 3*1 7-8 iwnenaterling for 1 dollar. — givia 4« t of July, 1834, contained 347^ grains of pure gold. The Amerir^in cngle of the new coinage contains 333 frrnins of pure gold. Tlie Hritish Hoveruign, when coined, contains 113 grains and 18-1314 parts of a grain of pure gold, worth, acciirding to our pretient mint vnlimtinn, #1 87 7-120. The Spanish doubloon should, nrcordlni; to the regulHtlons which have nominally prevailed since the year 1773, contain 370 grains of pure gold, which wotilil, at our mint vitluation, be worth 10 dollars 90 cents. But, according to assays made at the London and Philadelphia mints, previous to the year 1839, 8piini!>h douMoons contained only from 300 to 303 4-10 grains of pure gold. This would make their average vnli.o, at our mint valuation, about $ii SB}. The I'alriiit doubloons are said to ho eqiinl in wnlglit and fineness to the Spanish. The ditferencc in the price of Spniilsh and Patriot doubloons, and of the different species of dollars, at New York and Phiitiilolphia, is chiefly owing to difTfrence of demand for Iheni in foreign markets. In the price currents. #4 44 4-0 are assumed as the pnrof exchiiiigo on Enijlaiid. This practice began when the Spanish pillar dollars were in circulation, anil when Hie market value nf gold, compared with silver, was less than it is at present. The true par varied us the market value of gold varied, when compared with silver. It was estimnled by Mr. Gullulin, writing in 1821), at 7 per cent, above the nominal par ; by others, at 8 per cent. Since the passaceof ihe act of 1834, for reforming the American gold coinage, the true pur exchange with England, eslimating gold oeainst gold, is about 7-10 above the nominal par. The ((uotations of e.xclinnpe on France are so many francs and centimes payable In France for n doll.ir paid here. Accnrdiiig to Ihe regulations of flic French niiiil, the silver franc Khould contain e9'453 troy grains of pure silver, equivalent to 18 708-1000 cents in silver currency of the lliiiled Slates. The iiuan- tily of pure silver in an American dollar is equal to that in 5 francs 34 535-1000 centimes. Rut as foreisn coins are not a legal tender in France, and as a seigiiorage of about 1) per cent. Is charged on silver coinage at the French mint, American dollars, when sold as bullion in France, arc said lo bring, on an average, not more than 5 francs 30 35-1000 ceiilinins. Tills is, by some writers, assumed as the par of exchange on France. Other writers assume 5 francs .34 centimes as about par. The quotations of exchange on Holland, are so many cents a guilder ; on Hamburg, so many cents « mark banco ; and on ilremen, so many cents a rix dollar. The exact value of the giiililer of HnlUnil is 39 07-100 cents of United States silver currency j but 40 cents are usually assiinieil as the par of exchange. The mark banco of Hamburg is a money of account equal to 35 144-1000 cents United States cur- rency. The rix dollar of Bremen is a money of account, equal to 80 cents and a very small fraction United States currency. * The currency of Genoa has consisted, since 1830, of Lire Italians of exactly the same weight and fiDeuess as francs; so that the par of exchange with Genoa is now the saiue as with Paris. Inin, Hamharih, Parii, puteil from the Inlrlnile Ith Bilver, sccnrding to 111.— iPreiented hy Dr. Ilank'i reiunilng Caih )UlltllOMi of EichUf*. riiniiih ptr poiuil ilarlinf, r pountt ilerllnn. i'lwilth IJMwn pw pound iltrl. or (louud ■(•rliog. |iUiir« or dollar of eiduDf t. rrfi, u nt crrhvnve. Tt fuori tMnco.* Kr (iirw niiiii|e of I8II)« I iterlliiK. with aome Explana- ■ for II. r II. ■ Unco for li. I for Ik 1 mublo btBk mowT. I for W. fnr 1 dollar, r ilrwii. il. for II. a for 1 ducatodircfno, ng towni, in this Dic- eaauiy to Congress, lard silver. lS!2tf were laid by th« ithereigniofCliarlea licHII. itained S47i graina of I grain of pure gold, inally prevailed since II, lie worth Ifi dnilars previous to the year This would iiialie sh. nt species of dollars, u in rort'ign markets. This practice began ic cil' cold, compared value of gold varied, at 7 per cent, above ID true pur exchange r. in France fnr a doll.ir d contain ^Q'^SS irny d States. Thequan- cuntiines, Iliit as r cent, is charged on ice, arc said 10 bring, ters, assumed as the ur. burg, so many cents er currency; but 40 United States cur- nall fraction United le same weight and th Paris. EXCHANGE. 065 Ti^f- r. itatlona offbrelgii exchantai are (lir hills pnynble sixty dnyt after iliht. Tlib iiiMtatlons of domestic exchange are fnr bills payable at siolit. In the Ibllowing tables the letter i. standi for discount and p. for premium. A Table ihowing the highest and lowest rales of foreign and domestic txchangM, and of apMla, at New York, in each year, from IHU to Is31. Billion iWl. ISM. T 1-2 lo 11 p. lt«7. IIW. Ih21. 183a 1831. 1 l>ii«loa • 4 3-4(0 M p. • 3.4 to II 3-4 p. srim«s2fi2 11.41011 14 p. • to 10 o. SI7I4IOS30 etoii-ip. tMioiip. 1 S Ij In S 47 1.2 Sn7 to S 27 I'M rrinco . f. .Mil-lKitat tnto»4o S 10 10 S 21 1-2 Hiillind • 40 to 41 I.I c. 3910 41 40 1.2 to 41 14 40 12 to 42 40 1-4 In 41 M lllo40 39tn4l Bmion par to lAi. par lo 1 '2 d. l'2d. tomr l'4to|.ld. par In 1-1 d. 1.4 to 14 d. I4lal.2d. parlol4d. l-hiUlrlphU par In M d, M to 1-2 a. i.4lol.ld. par to Id. 1 .2 to 1 d. I4l0l4d. l.4lol-ld. liar lo 1-1 4S IS 10 to IS 86 Soverciitns 1 ti to 10 p. HI'i 11 14 p. « 1-2 In 1 1 p. H M lo 10 p. 7 to 9 11. 7 to 8 1-2 p, 4 In 9 f. S to 10 p. Mffiivy xuln«ai Spaiilsh dnilart < tanilui doltara - 2 1 2 to 10 p. atoll p. H to 10 14 p. 8 10 10 p. 3 1 2 In 8 p. Sti>8l4n. par to 1 14 p. 1-2 to 2 1-2 p. par to 1 p. par to 1 p, 1.2 to 2 pT l-t to 1 p. 1 4 to 1 14 p. par lo 1-2 p. !■' IJIoSp. ■ par to |.2p. p»r IMr lo 1 1-2 p. Meiicaii dollin > . . 14 to 1 p. 1 l-2to2p. 1-4 to 1 p. 1 MtoiMp. par tn 14 p. par par lo 1 p. par In 2 1-2 p. rive franc piecea . ■ • par to 2 p. par tn 3*4 p. A Table showing the highest and lowest rates of foreign and domestic exchanges, and of specie, at New York, in each year, from January, 1839, tn May Isl, 1838. Oilhnn 18.12. 1833. 1 1834. I83S. 1836, 1837. 183a Lon.lo« • 7l4tnl0l-2p. Sin 8 3.4 p. 111. In7 12p. 6 1-2 to 10 p. SWInS3^ 3-4 In 10 p, 7 14 to 21 p. 4 70 lo 6 jf 4l2tol012p. Franco • r. S ISInS3S S30toS40 SSOtoSS) 5 22 14 to II 37 14 S20lnS47l4 llnlland - 40 lo 41 1-2 0. 89 lo 41 '37 In 39 1-2 3910 40 3BI-tlo40|.2 39 3.4 lo 45 39 tn 40 14 H«nil)ur| ■ ■ 34l4lo36c.,33toa}l'4 35 In 36 Silo 36 a» 1 2 to 30 34 lo 37 7-8 Rrenien ■ . • !- to 77 14 c. 77 l-i lo 71 1.4 7810 793.4 79 14 in t7 77 to 81 1-4 Bmton • Mlol-ld. l-ld.tol.lp. par n'lo - d. par to 3.4 d. par to 2 d. par lu 2 d. FliHadelphla • M to 1-2 d. 1-4 to 14 d. ||.4la — d. par to 1-4 d. par to 1 3-4 d. 1 l-4tnSd. Balllniora Mlol4d, l.4lo3-4d. '3-8 to -d. 3.8 lo — d. p»rtn3.8J. 5-4 tn 1 14 d. par lo 2 d. llo3d. 134to534d. HicbumnJ 3 4 lo 1 d. 3-4 to 1 d. ,3 4 to 1 d. 3.4 to 1 d. 2 to 7 14 d. North Cimlina . 1 14 told. 1 14 d. 1 1.2 In - d. 2 |.2 lo — d. 2 1.2 to— d. 2 14 to Ad. — to S d. Charleiloii ltol.l. Id. ll4told. 14 to 1 d. 14 told. 2 l4toSd. 2 tn 8 d. Strannnh Ita2d. Il4ln2d. 4d. Itol 14d. lto3d. 114toSd. 23410 10 d. Near Orleanl • Itol 14 d. Itol I4d. Illol I4d. l-l to 1 d. 1-2 lo 4 d. 3lol0d. 9 li> 12 d. American (old ■ 214tn6p. 2lo43-4p. |l4to8l4p. 8 1-3 to — p. 61.810 — p. 6 1-2 to 16 p. 7lo9p. Amerlnin, Mw coi(iai(e Sovert'i^na 8l4lo9|.4p. 4l-ltn81.2p. Itnap. ^4 84 to 4 SS 14 IM 10486 par to 12 p. 1-3 to S p. 1 484to547l-t 4MI0SO8 1 Heavy Kuinoaa . 6 14 to 9 1-4 p. 4 |.tlo8 I4p. 9 lo 4 p. 2lo4 3~tp. 1-2 to 6 14 p. 16 IS to 17 4S! IS Win 16 A) n.5 08to5 08 S06IO508 S 06 tn S 45 4 9J lo 5 10 rurlutol3 80 IS 20 to 16 12 14 90 lo 15 60 155010 16 It 13 8$ tn 16 30 IS 7S In 17 50 15 6310 18 30 Hpani* of Kiilil niiil of Hp.iiiUli dnllitrn lira (•spri'om'il in uhllliiiRi and penco iterllnir, (.'ciiimilenihli. ililfi'itMiru Kxialii iiiiioim iiiitliorillrii iia to tliu prlcei of Bnlil, iitirt the doproclntinn of th(> pii|ii |.| to 10 p. U to 21 p. 1 d. to 21 p. 11 to 3 p. li d. to 81 p. ."( d. to par H d. to 21 p. — z 77 09 to 77 10 j 4 Oil J to 4 11 77 09 to 77 1014 OkJ to 4 Ofl I^SO e to ( tistics of the llritish t^nipire. 'i he prices of standard jiolil London from 1836 to 1S33, and of Rpnnlsh dollars nt London from 1819 10 1832, liuvo been taken from the "Report from the Committee of Secrecy on the Hank of I^ngland Charter." From the "Report of the Select Committee on the Royal Mint," ordered to be printed .Inne 30, 1637, it appears tliat, thoniili standard gold has been steadily quoted in the price currents since tlie year I^i32, at 77 sliilliii$!s and 9 pence pir ounce, it is not unfrequently sold at 77 shillings and 101 pence. On this authority, and liiat of some late English papers, the price of' gold is represented in the table as having been the sa.iiv from 1833 to 1838, thai it was from 1829 to 1832.— .4i/i. Ed.} : EXCHEQUER BILLS. See Flui.s. ^. . EXPECTATION, of life. See Inhuhancr. EXPOIiTATION, in commerce, tiie act of scnJing or carrying commodilics from one country to anotlier. — (See I.mportation and Expoiitation.) EXCI.SE, the name givm to tlie duties or taxes laid on such articles as are produced and consumed at home. Customs duties arc those laid on commodities when imported into or exported from a country. Evclse duties were introduced into England by the Long Parliament in 1643 j being then laid nn the makers and venders of ale, beer, cider, and perry. The royalists soon nfler followed the cvninple of the repulilicuns ; both sides declaring tliat the excise sliould be continued no longer than the termi- nation of llie war. lint it was found too productive a source of revenue -to be again relinipiisbetl; and when the nation had lieen accu.^tonied to it for a few years, the parliament declared, in 1049, that the " impost of exci«« wns the most e:isy and indiirereiil levy that could be laid upon the people." It was placed on a new footini! at the Itestoraiion : and nolwilliKlaiidiiig Mr. , lust ice Rhickstoiie says, thai "IVoiu its first original to the prencnt lime its very name has been odious to the people of Kng- land" — {Com. li(Mik I. c. 3.),— it has continued projireji'sively lo nain ground; and is at this nionieat lnipo> at London from 1819 I tlio llaiik of Ijiiglaiid be printed .Iiine 30, ce cnrrenta ^iiire tlie iillin(.'g and 101 pence, 'sunted In the table as nmoditics from one 18 are produced and en imported into or heinp then hid on fi'illiiwcd tlic cxnniple onger tir.in tlie ternii- ! upain ri'lincinisbeil J declared, in 1041), llmt npoii the people." It lice Blackaloiie siiys, to the people of Kiic- iid is at this nimneiit entire pnhlic rovunuc > excise duties, seems tn have nrl||lnnted more In the rcgiilatiniii connected wllti their impoaltlon, than In the opproiilve ex- tent to which Ihuy have amneliiiici liecn curried. The facllitlei of anniKKlInt, and the fraud* that nilijlii he coiiiniltloil upon (he reveniii', uiile» a alrlct watch were kepi, h:ive li'd tu ll niiciiiient of ■cvrr:il r:ilh(ir miveru ri'Kiil,^\im lu It L. 1. d. 14,022,147 1 II I,II2.<,»I0 13 5 l.-tKliMI 7 6 lt<,UI2,l(la 8 S L. 1. d. I3,n6i,ui a ; M I,ll0(i,l83 II 1 11 l,84U,iJ« II 10 14 l(l,i77,2ia « «3-4 18,260,071 JI_S Tl'a •imniw of rolliclInT (ha tirlw ratenus. In IK)4, aniojnti'tl In Unut UriMtu tti tt. I«. ft X*Ad. Mr c.iil. of itiS Kri)«a pnHlui'p, and in Irtilnfi't tn 9/. tii. Sl-io. per tio. Ihs (unil vrdta rei'i-ipl of the exriio rbvuuua ib tlie LimaJ Kiuf* doui, lu Ib3j, wu li,2^9,a.il. This ftilling iiir In the e.xcise revenue Is apparent only, havlnn been entirely occasioned by the trans- ference of (lie lea duty from llieexciae to llie customs, and liy Ihu repeal of cerliiln diilica, as (lioso on lile9, sweets, aliirch, Ue., and the reduclion of otliern. The excise duty of 1^3^ wa» cnllocled (exclud- iiiK arrears) Irom Un article* only, viz. aiicliiins, bricks, (ilass, hops, liceiiceH, mall, paper, soap, spiiils, and vinegar. Of these the duty on glass is by iHr the moat ohjectionable.— (Hee art. Ulan.-).) Dm were it repealed wo do not know, now that the paper duties are reduced (see art. I'apcr), that any of liiu utlnrs can be Jnslly objected to. That on bricks. Is, perhaps, the nioslexcnptionalilo. The tiililo hi'liiw sliows In detail Hie quantities and nuiiiliers of tlie articles and persons cliargeit wllh excise duties in ll33'i, 1833, and ls3i, and the gross reveiaiu they respectively produced cucli year. — N. U. Tea has since been transferred to the customs t and the duties on tiles, starch, sinnu hollies, and sweelN have been repealed. (Kor detailed accounts of the duties and regulaliona oD'oclInx the dill'erenl articles subject to the excise, sec those articles.) Cowptexity uf Kicits Laum. — The great ohjectinn to the excise laws, as they nt present stand, con- sii^ts In their olisciirity and complexity. Ueing intended for tlie guidance of traders, they ont,'lit to he lirief, clear, and level to the appruliunsion of every onr; hut, instead of this, they are in tlie lust de- gree leniitheneil, contradictory, and unintellivihie. There are, at this monienl,aoine 4U or SO acts in existence relating to the duties on glass, and from 93 to 30 relating to those on paper ; so that it is all but impcsaible for any one to tell what the law is on many points. This disgraceful state of thinga nii;,'lit, however, be easily remedied, by (setting the Treasury to prepare a short digest of tiio law as to eticli duty, drawn up in a clear and unambiguous manner; and enactin.;, that a manufacturer or dealer aliidini; by this abstract should be held to have abided liy the law, and should nut be liable to he fur- ther i|Ue»tioned on the subject. The adoption of some plan of this sort would bo the greatest impruvu- nieiit which it seems possible to Introduce into the excise. An Account of the Quantities of the aevoral Articles charged with Duties of Excise, In the Vniui Kiiii'itoiii, together with the Gross Amount of Duty tliervon, during the Vears lb3!i, lb33, and 1834. —(Papers publiiihci by Board of 'JVade, vol. Iv. p. 148 ) Artiilea. Quantillea cturged. Amount of Duty. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1^32. 1833. K«3I. L. 1. d. L. 1. d. /.. f. If. Auclinni, amoiinl (it Kiles ch.ir,fed Willi duty L 6,i)23,153 e,se7,396 7,33l,f»2 236,319 8 243,9I>I II II 2^,336 7 10 3^ Diicki tio. 99.s346,3(i2 I,l03,i>l)l,'i66 1,180,161,22: 294,3:2 18 10 304,912 1 11 347,305 6 2 1-2 TilM _ 7li,t)(ll,05l B,'2S3,I86 ■ a-.OiO 17 1 4,6-0 1 1 Gl iss. crown cwli. 103,1/02 |-29,!»»4 138,706 38l,b39 17 477,691 4 602,401 18 flint 79,41,8 7N3b7 83,323 212,145 6 6 2111483 12 233,3114 8 FUtt m— 12,270 I4,!>I8 18,1)22 36,til0 43,3-6 tf 66,781 4 Bmd ... A,304 «,3lJb 6,766 7,936 9,439 111,149 Rutlla _ 312.361 323,398 3.14,014 |0!:>,326 7 113,h9 6 120,104 18 Hi.]n- Ilia. 29,012,400 32,777,310 39,31.7,4U7 2,1,770 1 272,894 6 329,(93 16 2 Liieiise^, Ructiooecrt' No. 3,028 3,6b(i 3,604 18,1 iO 16,430 18,020 Brcnrni nf jlmiijbMr, not txceeding 20 barrels ^ 8,623 8,527 e,49C 4,311 10 4,2S3 10 4,248 Uilln ucKcliuK 20 anJ not encecding ftO ^ 6,848 7,249 7,276 6,S48 7,248 7,276 Dt'.tnexreedini;60iind not ukccL-diiix UH) . M 9,183 9,540 9,861 13,747 10 14,310 14,791 to Dil'DMCenlilil lOOmd not enradins 1,000 - .. I6,P89 17,390 18,433 33,778 34,780 36,«66 nitlii i-xreeJiii^ 1,000 bril. — 1,664 '•■';5 l,'-IJti 14,610 15 I3,3S3 B 17,212 15 lireu ri-s of t.ilile beer ^ 134 96 69 217 6 87 10 74 H.'tiii ltr«wer«, ufider the act 'i Gen. 4. c. 54. ^ 60 60 47 262 10 262 ID 246 15 Heilers nf stmng beer ouly. lint heint;brfcweis — Gil C66 1,074 2,869 13 3,042 IS 3,383 2 Beer ntailera, «ho»e pre. iiiiieti are n'M under 2(11. per annum - _ 7n,i4S 73,390 72,7Si 73,649 2 T?,008 19 76,392 15 hi'tn ll 2U:. or upwardi - — l7,0Jli 17,439 17,303 63,713 16 54,1'23 8 64,787 18 Uul.iili r^ of l*er, cider, or perry, under Itio acta 1 \Vill..l.c.til.,aud4»S Wiil. 4. 0. M. ■ _ S3,SIS iM,976 37,381 70,381 10 73,449 12 90,997 4 Dit:o of ci'ler and perry only, under llie uid acia ^ 188 633 I,ai4 197 8 683 13 1,100 14 Tti «nd collie ilraleri • _ 100,191 10l,,'.79 103,349 65,ia-. 1 6-..M8 9 65,931 19 (ilnm 'nanuracluren _ lis l.!6 122 2,:i60 2.-M 2,440 I. Miitsten ■ _ 12,K22 13,2J3 12,891 23.)'69 10 24.346 12 6 23,!!3I 6 H-iper iiiakera _ 6»2 582 671 2,368 2,328 2,284 l'.i[ierstaiiier» _ 138 154 liO 552 616 (i» twn). iTi^liarH ^r- 61i 499 471 2,0t0 i,wm 1,884 C UiattlUn aud rectlGera • — 4liC 430 4j3 4,61,0 4,600 U 4,330 -'■\'\ln li- i m i. ;^:| ^ I ■l!- r i f W eo8 EXCISE. Tabit— ««ii«iiii«4. AH Ida. IM«. luulltoetirfW. Aawwl •( Half. I«M. IKU, im. \m. ItM. L t, i. U : 4. L. 1, A ItetUn III iiilriu, mt b» In^ rrUilvn • No. lUiAtktv i\t ■)iirii«, whta* (,T7J t,MM $,m I7,7M M,MO lf,U0 pniiilm ira niMl Uklw lOf. iwt iiinum • > — M,4M 4I,0I!I S*.ltl ^o,H^ lt.137 It 111,144 II llt,44t 1 I)n. .Iii.ll llW.kuwtrrlni. — M.JOI M.M17 ie,3M 110,044 llll.tM t - M. - tM. - a,:i» ».7rt I,t4t «i,sio |I3,4M t |4,MI 10 — fu. - m, — «,n4 (,IN <,IM i\*iai It It. IN It «3,IW II t - an. — 401. — 3,11:11 »,>m S.IITt N,Ma It H.UM 4 4«,4A» III - «M. - till. — i,Vl ■i,\n\ It.ISM »,M0 » t3,«'>3 7 a\:»7 [\ t - lMI.»upw.r* - 4,700 4,MM 4,*4f 4t,3IW ti,ai7 TA,3U in Mikm nf iliUi • • — u W 13 II 14 II 10 Clk-iiitiit nr miy nittw tnMi* Fi iiiiMlnil a «'iM • — u M at MOO n 34 Ibull n nl t| iriii In In- Iniitl. Itfina ttiilv lictn**J tu aril nilW, Ira. *«.. w Imw limiiiaaa art nlM uiHJfr .V. liiT aiiiiutii • — * M •4 in Mill TMia (•3 II DD..I.i.>li.U. AuuUarJiU. — « 4 7 41I 4i 73 10 — aw. - on. — » 4 7 •7 IS 4« 4 M 17 — W. — M'l. - » j; « 100 It 1,11* M lit • — MM. ud upwinit — M 10 4*1 1 tit 14 410 10 dlari'h niakrrt • • — M to tn IM mo SCO Miknuof awrvia • • — HIV tt lIH M 10 U 14 SN 10 HpHili-ra .if .lillil • • — SMI *2I Ml »i7 3 M* ro 4 Maiiiifarlurm iif killtcta aiHj aiiiilf • ■ ^ - '"» 741 7«0 t,440 (.MS ^ttO Drairn in dlllo • ■ — IM.U'it 187,7111 171,300 41,014 10 4I,»4« 1 43,07V Viii.-^ar iiukt n - . — 64 t« »4 170 I7t 170 Umlrta In fon-ifn wina, niil liavinx A lieriir* Tiir niallilil aplrila, iMl * licvitcf fair rrtailiiig beer <— l,M< l,DM l,l«0 lt,«00 ItiOOO 19,100 P«alrTa 111 fiin'iii<» li* r«iic« In retail apirili • — N n lit 173 11 MU 410 OMli.ri 111 (.ircliH winn. hav.nK IkrarM In nitll Ivor and a|.irlla - ■ — »,lll (4,079 "1,714 4i,via 1 iO,Hllt 4»,7N 1 Piaaa«« vaaarla. on bi«nl which lniunr awl to6M- en arv anlj • • — UT ITS 810 t^7 IT* IM 8iirrlMrK(.« > > •,7U 14 8 S,7MIS 1 4,174 7 t Aniniini iif 4u' jr on llcnm iranlid (ur |i«ladi taM fhin a year Malt r^.nl furtr* ■ • buah. Vrrnn Iwr or Mgg • — . , . I7.M7 1 I*,fl60 I 18,328 t 9CM1,0(N 3t,MI,(lM S9,«n7,»7 4,flR4,.1l« e t,niH,3ii 14 6 3,141,774 II 8 I,(>I7.S.M \,nt,!m l,33H,30e I04,73A 10 l«l,43« It I33,f30 18 Piiirr, ftn.1 claaa • • Iba. .st riaia • • — 4»,404,1tl« SI.UII.IUS t4,a63.TII tl7,M7 t4».ll73 4 9 nft,U7l 10 3 l»,S3l,OS0 18,47', 101 i«,Ma.i«>( 07,0(19 t i I03.MI 17 II 103,4.11 II |.] fAilrUMrO, Riillbunnl, Ac. cwta. 43,4IM 4ti.l>M 4»,:iM *»,«>» 9 « Ai,J«e 18 e M.IX9 U 3 Siaiiie.1 ii.ii«r • • yanJa aI8 13 1 I,lllt,l(i7 It lUi.lM 9 4 S.fl . . . - 10.350, :ou 1 1,7.11, IW I0,40I,WI 7(1,473 17 4 69,^S3 4 4 43,»IH 13 t .sririii - • • lalla. ^77»,MI 8I,H74,IM 1W.:KI7,10« 4,97f,,4.H 5 10 t,9.-A'll3 19 II i,U\*m 6 10 Slanh . . . lU. 8,070.(»* II,H05.>I3 4,7M.WI ll)»,ii«l| II 9 119,241 6 t frLOlO H 1.4 SIniHi bottlcf • ■ • ewta- lli,(Wi i7.a\n 111,811 *,m 10 4,2'>9 10 4,/i7 14 NwKia • • • nlla. IW,i),li. UJ.'it,7 128.S0S 3,973 6 3,iv.6 13 e 3.IT0 9 8 Tn. ■ . . .Iba. 3I,VI!<,407 SI,f>M,«l» I4,«7.liie 3,MI«,M0 IIS 6 3,444,103 7 7 l,4n.'>,3bl 19 10 Ifi.TW 9 Vln«fw • • falla. Tntd • 2,9I4.MI li,H>3,0M S,U9l,'iM l4,JI|-< 10 a (3,1130 __• :l. • • I8,26t,07l 1 I8,»4>,l0a t 1 I6,877,»J 6 83-4 The hwa with rrtpect tn thn nnorel man»jcrmrnt nf the eicJM Wrre ron>nlie eiciie lawa niiy be evadnl or bmkcn, »h.-ill forfeit 50(V., and t>e ''rrltrrd ii.capibtc of wer afipr icrvinf hit M-iirity in any cip.if ity whatever. But if *ny of the partiei In aurh iflecal tram- actiona'nhall [nfnnn acaitut the other, )h fnra any pnKeediiiJta Itieie* ui>nn AwW bavr Y*r\\ 1nstitu1e bi* cauv; to tuaprct that corvia fcrfritfd nnderthe cictae acts are dcpoaiteit in anv private bou^e or phre, 2 cnmniiasinnpTiof t-xcisc, or I Justice of ifie pe.ice, ntjy ffrant a warrant to the nffieer to enter auch house orplice(lf in the nichi, in tbe nreaejice of li coratable), to search for and seize luch I'orfeited K'mxis. SpKtmni Books niajr be Ief» by the officers on the premiaca of per* ■onaiut'frci tn Ihe excise hwa ; and any one who ahall remove or dcftce auch hooka thall he lijible to a iM-nalty of 2001. S/moOiHf Oouds U avoid iTiify.— Oooda fmudulently removed or aerreted. In onfer to avoid tha dntj, to hn fbrfelted) and every nrrton apsiatlnff in atich removal shall forfeit and loae iTetla the value of such foods, or 100/., at the diacniion of lh« comuiis' aionera. Obitrueting Offlcert.— All perannt who ahall oppoae, nmte«t, ke. any officer of eicjsa In Ihe exerittinn of his duty, ahall reapectirely, for every aurh oirroce, forfrit MXH. Offirera violenllv rcslatetl in m.ikinic any seizure may oppose fnrca tn force} awl in llie event of their wounding, inaiutinv, or killioc any peranii, when an nppoaeil, they shall be aUiuitled to bail, nu4 may plnad the general iaatie. Juaticra, niayora, haititla. rnnalablrt, &c. are required In aniHl rx- ciau cffii'ert ; and aii^ cun^labtit, or peace officer* who^ on noMcuaii' rt'iiueat, drcl inea i^iof with an exciae officer, is to forfeit 201. tot evcrv huch ollWice. Ciahnantt vj OonU leixrdL— No claim ah.ill be entered fnr gooi)| aeiaed, circpl \u the real nanira of the pmprieton of such innlt. Clnimaiila are bound with 2 auretiea in a penally of MM, to pay II19 fx pcTivea of claim J and in default I hereof the (ooda are tu fie'cou* dimned. Pructrdinft in Cwrti of tnw.~~A\\ penatliefl under Ihe exriM lau'i m.iy be auol fnr and reco\ervhe pnMtmlinfrs in (he courts coniuience within 3 years after tlip conmtiMlon of the nlftnc e. Informations for Die recovery of |>rn»Iliea arilnit the exclpo latti In London m.iy be htanl and ;ii>jndicc30 18 71 4 » (I7fl,«7l 10 3 81 17 II IO:l,4M 1112 «6 18 a M.IX!) U 3 K t a «3,T0A tl tU bl It tua.iw » 4 M 4 4 43,3:111 13 t 13 ID i 5,341,4:1)1 6 10 41 e a 6'l,ni0 N 1-4 ■.'>,3(i'( 19 10 2A,7«) e 00 2 9 16,877,29^ 6 8 34 I of u^r, to bfl ftorhitetl ; ind f wry •nxU foKeil aiiil Ipm Irrhle the diMnlion of llw comuiU, ho >bxll opiMiw, niote*t, ke, * hii duly, itiall reifirclivrljr, m tny sctiure may nppow fnrw wniiiidilig, lil»hit)til(, IT killiiif «h.-ill be RdoiitieU to bail, .lul 1^ Ac. An requlntd to imiM ri* irare ollker, w ho, on no'iri: an * oBicer, il to forfeit 201. (ul -laim ihall be entered for (ooti the profrietora of tucb jnioli. in K penalty of ICUt. to piy the hereof the (oodi are to lie cuu- All pen>llln ondrr the firiw in the Courts of Eirheiiuer at reapMtively, ncci»r\liin at the ;lanJ, Scotland, or Ireland ; })m- lurta coniuience witbiu 3 yran rnallln aninat the eirlie la»l it by any 3 or more of ibp coin- larca aurh infomiatinna nmy te f the peace, and Biiy be huid jniticea. I arc aulhorlicd, if they fliall ■iai pniviaion to the contrary, any offence coomiitled aitiiiiat jervof; but it la lawful for Ihe ire cauie, further to millplc, nelliea and fnrfeilurei Incorrcd lilted, halt to hii Majniy, and II diacoyer, iufurin, or tui far ta yemllf, (I* fnri kelnc iM4n ef ley iillear Klliif eallwlnly II* makliitf e leiiiire, llie cunimiaitHuera ni ly direcl hia alure to be MbiM. twiu *n4 AnmiUUin»*~fwnKmt wifully lahlef or maklim any Iblae iMlh or ainnnallmi *• tnany mallpr riHinOTteil wifh tl',* .tciie Iai** •hall, u|niii lieiiiKnmvir'ail of Mirb iill^'iii'e, aiilfar INi |,i'iiallie« iiiriilriil In willtti ami (-i,irii|it t>«rji,f> , ani I ■ II liiiii<«« lliriiiriii ,11 wtiiiti ■,,■■ ,,'ifii|i, I'vrj,,,,, >i, , i|ii."« i',-,- riirie( or aulNiriiini airh penona ti, ai^*iar or ainrin fakely ilnti, ui>ii,i r'Mivlrli.m, Un lialde ill ibii paiiiaaial iiciialtlva iurt4fiil hi »ub- oriiaiinn of p«>r|iiry. ,4ifiuiM iiCiiiuH F.nm fj^TI'e" "No errit, anmirMm, or pniceae ahall be au^nt l 'I'l^ "tnic and I liri* Id ilHiilr iif nil- iieraiui In Mrtiiw,, uauia tl la to l'„ l,r /hi. No aiiionalwll lie l«Alnil any eiitaenfllcer I'le any thine d". 'il"^. Ac. ahill lie ai'iiilrd. IihJivkIuiU f'n.ii I , loploywl in iiitriitfi, I riiiM, M< KiiifacliMira are aeverally liiM. lo a |M>n.ilty of 30f. bir the Aral ''«^ >' c , aii to behr nHinlhe.~(7 fe la Ueo. 4« c VI. a. 33.) I'fmtl) ate uaiially neceaauy lor Ui4 r^lK ivalaf eiclHibte csa tlHidKlea.^l.iee iVrttMla.) EXPORTS, the article* exported, or ecnt beyond wu. — (See iNroiiTi and ExroRTt.) FACTOR, in af(ent employed by Mm* one individual or individuaU, to transact buxinona on bin or their account Ho ia not ffonerally reiiilcnt in the name place ai hiit prinri|>al, but, Uiuully, in a faroiftn country. He iit authoriicd, either by letter of attorney or otlicrwine, to recvivo, buy, and mII iinodiiand merchandiMt ; and, KOK'^allyi '<* tranaact ail Horta of buaineiw on account of hia oinployera, under auch lirnitationit and condition* a* the latter may chooae to impntie. A very larije proportion of the foreign trade of thia and moat other countriea ia now carried on by meana of factora or a^fenU. Pactora and broker* are, in aome reapect*, nearly identical, but in other* they are radically diflcrent. " A factor," aaid Mr. Juatice Holroyd, in a late caao, "dilKra maturioliy from a brokur. The former ia a person to whom good* are aent or conaifined ; and ho ha* not only the |NHMeaiiion, but, in coniie(|uence of it* lieintr usual to advance money upon them, ha* iao a apecial property in them, and a general lien U|)on them. When, therefore, he acli* in hia own name, it ia within the acope of hia authority ; and it may be riglit, therefore, that tho principal ahould lie bound by the conietiuencea of auch aale. But tho case of a broker ia diiferent : he haa not the poaaeaHion of the gooda, and ao the vendor cannot be dcotived by the circumalance ; and, beside*, the employing a peraon to sell good* aa a broker doe* not authorise him to soil in hi* own name. If, theroforo, he *eU* in hi* own name, he acta beyond the (co|ie of hi* authority ; and hia principal i* not bound." A factor i* uiually paid by a per-centage or commi*sion on the good* he *ell* or buy*. If he act untler what ia called a del ertdert eommiaaion, that ia, if he guarantee the price of the eoodt sold on acaount of hiit principal, he receivea an additional percentage to indemnify him tor thi* additional re*|)oruibility. In case* of thi* aort tho factor atand* in the vendee'* place, and muat answer to the principal for the value of tho gixxl* sold. But where the factor un- dertakes no responsibility, and intimates that ho act* only on account of another, it is clearly eslahiished that he i* not liable in the event of tho vendue'* failing. The second maxim, that the principal ia responsible for the act* of hi* agent, prevails uni* verially in court* of law and equity. In order to bind the principal, it is necesnary only that third parties should deal bond fidt with the agent, and that the conduct of the latter should />e ennformabk to the common usage and mode of dealing. Thus, a factor moy sell good* upon credit, that being in the ordinary courae of conducting mercantile aflairs; but a stock broker, though acting bonA fide, and with a view to tho benefit of hi* principal, cannot aell stock upon credit, unleaa lie have tpeeial initruetioni to thai effect ; that being contrary to the usual courae of buainess. A *ale by a factor creates a contract between the owner and buyer ; and this rule holds even in cases where the factor acts upon a del credere commission. Hence, if a factor sell goods, and the owner give notice to the buyer to pay thr price to him, and not to the factor, the buyer will not be justified in afterwards paymg the factor, and the owner may bring his action against the buyer for the price, unless the factor has a lien thereon. But if no auch notice bo given, a payment to the individual selling is quite sufiicicnt. If a factor buy good* on account of hi* principal, where he is accustomed so to do, the con- tract of the factor binds the principal to a performance of the bargain ; and the principal is tho person to be sued for non-fierformance. But it is ruled, that if a factor enter into a charter- party of aflVeightment with the master of a ship, the contract oblige* him only, unless he lade the vessel with his principal's goods, in which case the principal and lading become liable, and not the factor. Where a factor, who is authorised to sell goods in his own name, makes tho buyer debtor to himself; then, though he be not answerable to the principal for the debt, if the '!■ "I mi 670 FACTOR. money he not jiaiil, yet he hns a riRht to receive it, if it be paid, and his receipt is a sufficient dischiir^o ; the factor may, in such a case, enforce the payment by actinii, ami the buyer can- not defend hinibi-lf by alleging that the principal was indebted to him in more than tlic amount. " Where a factor," said Lord Mansfield, "dealing for n principal, but concealing that prin- cipal, delivers goods in his own name, the person contractin};; with him has a right to consider him, to all intents and purposes, as the principal ; and though the real princii)al may appear, and bring an action on that contract against the purchaser of the goods, yet that purchaser may set oil' any claim he may have against the factor, in answer to tho demand of the prin- eipid." Merchants employing the same fiictor run the joint risk of his actions, although they are striuiu;L'i-s to each other: thus, if diflcrent merchants remit to a factor dilTcrent bales of goods, and the factor sell them as a single lot to an individual who is to pay one moiety of the jjrice down and the other at 6 monllis' end ; if the buyer fail before the second payment, each niercliunt must bear a proportional share of the loss, and bo content to accept his dividcml of the money advanced. — {Beaives, Lix. Merc.) A factor employed, without his knowledge, in negotiating an illegal or fraudulent trans- action, has aTi action against his principal. On this ground it was dicided, that a nicicliant who had consigned cnunterfi'lt jewels to his factor, representing them to be genuine, should make full compensation to the factor for the injury done to him Iiy being concerned in such a transaction, as well as to the persons to whom the jewels had been sold. The office of a factor or agent being one of very great trust and responsibility, those who undertake it arc bound, both legally and morally, to conduct themselves with the utmost fidelity and circnnisiiection, A factor should take the greatest care of his principal's (rnndri in his hands: he should be punctual in advising him as to his transactions on his behalf, in sales, purchases, freights, and, more particularly, bills of exchange : he should deviate as sel- dom as possible from the terms, and never from the npirit and te/wr, of the orders he rcc^ivc.^ as to the sale of comn.odities: in the execution of a commission for purchasing good?, In; fihouid endeavour to conform as closely as practicable to his instructions as to the quality or kind of goods: if he give more for them than he is authorised, they may be thrown oo 'lis hands; but he is I o\ind to buy them for as nmch less as he possibly can. After flic goods are bought, he nmst dispose of them according to order. If he send them to a different place from that to which he was directed, they will be at his risk, unless the principal, on getting advice of the transaction, consent to acknowledge it.* A tiictor who sells a commodity under the price he is ordered, may be obliged to mako good the dirterence, unless the commodifi/ be of a pcrishalik nature and not in a condition longer to be kept. And if he purchase goods for another at a fixed rate, and their price having afterwards risen, he fraudulently takes them to himself, and sends them some- where else, in order to secure an advantage, he will be found, by the custom of merchantti, liable in damages to his principal. If a factor, in conformity with a merchant's orders, buy with his money, or on his credit, a commodity he is directed to purchase, and, without giving advice of the transaction, sells it agahi at a profit, apimipriating that profit to himself, the merchant may recover it from him, and have him amerced for fraud. If a factor buy, conformably to his instructions, go^ds of which he is rolled, or which suffer some unavoidable injury, lie is discharged, and the loss falls on the principal. Hut if ♦ " Whoever," says Dr. Paley, " nndt'rtakps nnollier innn's Imsinoss, ninUns it liis own; Hint i.^, prnniijics lo ciii|iloy upon it tti« same riire, attention, and ililisji'iicc, thai lie would do it' it wore a<-- liially lii^ invii ; Tor lie knows that the liiidinHj^s was coninMllcd to him Willi lliat ('xpci'tation. Aiidlio promisi's imtliiiiR more than this. 'I'lii'rel'urc, an ii^'ent is not ohlltrod to wail, iiaiiiiri!, st of his own had lii'cii at titakis li ' has di.il harmed his duly, although it should al'iirw arils turn out, that hy moii; activity, and liaiL'ir pi^isivi'raiice, he uiii;lii iiavc toncliidod tlie biisim ss with jircatcr advantage." — (.Uunii and J'al. Ihil. V. 12.) TImri' seems to Im a good deal of laxity in this statement. It is nprossary to distiiifinisli bptwcpii tlinse w iio, ill (ixcciitius a comiiiis.^ion, render their services for the particular occasion only, w itliiait liire, and thoje who undertake it i>i llic course of hiifint^s, niakiiif; a regular cliaipe for their troiililc If III;: former liestow on it that ordinary decree of cure and attention which the /.'cnerulilij of inaiikind beslou' oil finiilar atfairs of their own, it is all, perhaps, that can he expelled: hiil the lalti r will he jiislly censiiralile, if they do not evecute thi'irenjraKi'inenlson iicciuiiit of others with that care ami diliVeiice wliicli a '• provtile'nl iiixl altnilive fnllier of a familii" uses in his own private cnncerii.-. ll is their duly to exert tlieniselves proportionally to the exiireecy of the atlair in hand ; and iieiiln r to i/.i any lliiii'i/, how iniiiute soever, by which their eiuplujetsniay sustain daniatie, nor il iiin lliini:, however inconsiderable, which the niiliire of the act reiinires, I'erbaiis the liesl teiieral lulc. on the subject is, to suppose a factor or nL'ent iHimid to exert that decree of c;ire and vieilanie iliil may be rra.'nnahlii erpcrltit if him Inj ii/Acr... At all eveiils, il is clear lie is not to be leiiulated by lii:i own nntiiia.4 of the '- value of the iiiiHine.'JH." A man may ne|L'lect business of his own, or not ibiiik it worth altendini! to ; but he is not, llierefnre, to be excused for nei'lectiiij; any similar hiisimss ho ban undertaken to transact for olbe.'—Criiere are some very pood ubservatiuns on this subject in Hr WUliavt Juncs's Knuy on Bailments, SU ed. p. i'i. and pataim.) is receipt is a sufficient nn, nnil the buyer can- hiin in more than the it concealing that prin- has a riijht to considei 1 principal may appear, oils, yet that j)urchascr io demand of the priii- ions, although they are Jiflerent hales of ijoods, one moiety of the j)rico second payment, each t to accept his dividcnj gal or fraudulent trans- ■ci(len. Anilh.i ail. iiKpiire, Bolicit, ililu liis •'ih|ilioiiof the ;.'oods. It then hccaiiie a iiursliiin, piitlini! fraud out of vimv, if tin; factor liccanie ;i lianknipt, or in any other wa) failed to exi cute his cii;;at'enieiits. whether the loss should fall on tho piincipal who hail consiitncd these floods, or on the /i/ci/^rn' who had advanced innney on them. It liail licen of lale ruled, that if the factor were iiilrnstej only to disposer of the property, the loss must fall on the pledgee. lie nieanl to contend, that this was contrary to cMiuity, and contrary to anal.ijty ; that it was ilisapproved of liy liiiih anihorily, and was contrary to the law in every country of tliu world, except this, and the United Status of America, which had drawn their law from this country. It was coMlrary to eiinily, he thoiislit, that the pledgee, who had advanced his money without aiiy fVand, but uii the bona Jidi possussiun of the fjoods, should sntlVr, lie had placed no confidence, but lUc iiriucipul who had uppuiiiteil the factor had placed coutlileiice. IIu could liiutt him in hir opci .Uona : ! 1 r \ '"* I. ,i 11 m f 672 FACTOR. ha he pleased — he cniilil give him any kind of instnictinns— he might qualify hii power— 1)e wns bound to take prccnutliinR hnrnre iilacinfi cnnfidenre ; and ho wan in nil respectg more linhle to siifTer from hi« fiiiilti than the pledgee. The hitter knewnolhinK nf the power of the fiictor, he snw only tlin goods, and advanced his money on what was a sufficient security fur repayment. On every principle vf natural equity, therefore, the loss ought to fall, not on the jiltigee, but on the principal. He knew that thin view was connected with one very important question— that of possession and title ; but it was not possiblefnr transactions to goon, unless the possession was admitted as the title to the gunds. If thii wore an indlderent question, or a question involving only a few cases, he would not have called on their I.orilships to legislate on this subject ; but ull the commerciul interes'ls of the country were connected with it. And heniiuht say, he believed that two-thirds oft lie whole commerce of the country was carried on by consigning goods to a factor, and leaving it to his discretion to dispose of them to tlie greatest advantage, sending them to market when he pleased, and raising money on tliein when he could not send them to market. Bills of Kxcliange, K.xrheqiicr hills, and money bills of every description, were subject to this rule. If a person consigned Exchequer bills to a second person, and he parted with them, the third party who obtained them was held to have a right totliein. Commer- cial proceedings were of as much importance as money proceedings, and he could not see why they «hould not receive the same security. It niiglit be asked, perhaps, wlien this was felt to be so great an evil, why it was not altered before ; but it seemed to be one of those things which had grown up grndunlly, and which did much mischief before they became extensively known. The hrat decision, lie believed, which estahlislicd llie law as it now stood, was delivered in 1*43; and he knew that l.nrd Chief Justice Gibbs had said, he could not explain the origin of that decision. He supposed it mi^ilit have been dictated by some fraud. That decision, t lie Lord Chief Justice maintained, was at vari- ance with tlie best interests nf commerce, and had grown out of circumstances he could not explain. I'rom tlic time of tlie lirst decision, the decisions had not been numerous, till of late years. He did not diMibt but the judges had decided according to the law as it was eslahllsbed by these precedents; but in doing that they had expressed their regret that these precedents lind been established. (Here his Lordship read an extract from opinions delivered by (he late Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough,und a late judfte, Mr. I.e Diane, expressin;! Ilieir regret, in deciding cases according tu tliese precedents, that they had been estaldislied.) lie inferred from these opinions, that these Judges, tbouL'ii they had felt themselves obliged to decide in this way, supposed that tlie law was contrary to the general analogy of nur laws, and to the principles of Justice. He then came to the last consideration, the law of ilijs country being ill tills respect different from the laws of all other countries, except the law of the United States of America. In all other countries, the law was recognised to lie what lie wislied lo establish it by the bill before tlieir Lordships. When there was no evidence of fraud, it was held, tiiat the mail, advancing money on goods held by a flictur, should not sutTi-r for liis'faults, but tliat tlie per- son who confided in tlie factor must be the sufferer. This was also the law in 8ciitlaiut. lis had un- derstood, too, tliat the evils of the law were felt in America, and that means had been taken for bringhig it before the congress, whh n view to assimilate the law of America lothe law of dther coun- tries. If the question were examined by the principles of equity, by analogy with otiier cases, by tlie authority of those who decided in our courts, or by the practice of other countries, it would he fiiiind lliattlie reasons were strong in favour of tlic bill. It was of great importance in commercial transac- tions, that our law should be like tlie laws of other countries. It was not the same with the laws re. lative to real property— to our local law, if he might so call it ; but wlieii the bill was founded on equity and analogy, he thought it was an additional reason in hs favour, that it assimilated our commercial law lo the commt^rcial law of otiier countries. He did not know if he had made himself understood, or if he had sufficiently explained the object of tlie hill ; but the measure was founded in Justice, and lie hoped to have their Lordships' consent to it." The noble Earl concluded by moving the second reading of the bill. By the netv law, all persons intrusted with and in possession of goods are supposed, unless the contrary be made distinctly to appear, to be their owners, so far, at least, that they may pledge them or sell them to third parties. The following are the principal clauses of this im- portant act, 6 Geo. 4. c 94. Factors or Agents baring Ooods or Merchandise in their Possession, shall be deemed to be the true Owners. — Any person intrusted for the purpose of consignment or of sale, with any goods, wares, or merchandise, and who shall have ship|>ed such in his own name, and any person in whose name any foods, wares, or merchandise shall be shipped by any other person, shall be deemed to be the true owner, solar as to entitle the consignee tou lien tliereon in res|iect of any money or negotiable secu- rity advanced by such consignee for the use of the person in whose name such goods, wares, or mer- chandise shall be shipped, or in respect of any money or negotiable security received by him to the use nf such consignee, in like manner as if such (lerson was the true owner ; provided such consignee ihall not have notice by the hill of lading, or otiierwise, before the time of any advance of siicii money or negotiable security, or of such receipt of money or negotiable security, in respect of whicli such lien is claimed, that such person so shipping in his own name, or in wliose name any goods, wares, or merchandise shall be shipped hy any (wrsoii, is not the actual and bonit Jiile owner, any law, usai;e, or custom to the contrary thereof notwithstanding: provided also, that the person in wiio^e mime Fuch poods, wares, or merchandise are so shipped shall be taken, for the purposes of this act, to have been uitruslcd therewith for tlie purpose of consignment or of sale, unless the contrary thereof shall he made to appear by bill of discovery, or be made to appear in evidence by any person disputing such fact.—} 1. Persons in Possession of Bills nf Lading to be the Owners, so far as to make valid Contracts.— Trnm and after the 1st of Ueen established. (Here [ice Ellenborough, and a o tliese precedents, that L'9, thouuh they had felt y to tlie general analogy ieration, the law of tliig , except the law of ilie be wh.1t lie wished to f fraud, it was held, that 'faults, but that the pcr- 1 Sciitland. He had uii- ins had been taken for othe law of other coun- with other cases, by the iitries, it would be found > in commercial transat- isanie with the laws re. II was founded on equity iniilated our commercial lade himself understood, founded in Justice, ami U by moving the second s are supposed, unless t least, that they inay pal clauses of this im- .be deemed to be the tru* ih any goods, wares, or tgon in whose name any [e deemed to be the true .iney or negotiable sccu- |h goods, wares, or mcr- r received by him to the irovided such consignee advance of such money 1 respect of which siirh jame any goods, wares, [owner, any law, usage, 1 person in wliose nimiB OSes of this act, to have ,, contrary thereof shall |y person disputing such Ivalid Cnntracts.—Trnm lig, India warrant, dock Ir order for delivery of I contract or ngreeuienl lidv pidilic or corporale, leiige thereof as a sicu- Ti, body politic or corpo- t)r corporale, shall not Giot the actual and bunA fecedcnt Debt, beyond the ■ corporate, shall, aHer Itrusted, without notice 1 intrusted, to such per- i, body politic or corpii- [erest in the said gooils, I said person so iiitrusl- Irate, so accepting such |e, or iiitereBt us iniglit Pertona may enntraet with Anoion ^genti In the ordinary Couriie of Himlnete, or out of that Count, if tcithin the Agent's Authority.— From and after the 1st of October, I8'M, it sliall be lawful for any per- son, body politic or corporate, to contract with any agent, inlriislcd with any goods, or to whom tha sumo may be consigned, for the purchase of such goods, and to receive the same of and pay for Ihu same to such agimt ; and such contract and pnymnnt sh.ill be binding upon the owner, notwilhstand- ing such pnrson, body pidhic or corporale, shall have notice that tlie person making and entering into suiili contract, or on whose behalf sucli contraclis nuide, is an aaent ; provided such contract and pay- nicut be nindi; in the usual courso of business, and thiit such pert^on, boily politic or corporate, shall not have notice that such agent is not authorised to sell the said goods, or to receive tho said purchasu money.—} 4. Persona may accept and lake Oooda in Pledge from known JlgeDti.—Fmm and after the passing of thiit acr, it shall be; lawful for any pi'rB(m. body politic or corporate, to accept any such goods, or any sucli diicuinent as aforesaid, in depositor pledge from any factor or agent, nolwilhstaiuling such person, body politic or corporate, shall have notice that the person making sucli deposit or ploilite Is a factor or agunt ; but then and iii tliat case such person, body politic or corporate, shall acquire no further in- terest in the said goods, or any such document, than was possessed or miglit have been enforced by tho said factor or agent, at the time of such deposit or pledge ; but such person, liody politic or corporate, shall acquire, possess, and enforce such riglit, tilhs or interest as was possessed and might have been eiil'orcnd by such factor or agent.—} H. Right of the true Owner to follow his Goods nhilc in the Hindu shall have been so sold, deposited, or pledged, or from the assignees of sucli factor or agent, in tlie event of his, her, or their bankruptcy ; nor to prevent such owner or proprietor from demanding or recovering nf and from any person, bodies pcdilic or corporate, tho price agreed to be piiid for the purchase of giicn goods, subject to any riglit of set-off on the part of such persons, bodies politic or corporale, agiiinst such factor or agent; not [nor] to prevent such owner or proprietor from demanding or re- covering of and from such persons, bodies pulitic or corporatiN such goods, so deposited or pledged, upon repayment of the money, or on restoration of the iK^gniiahle instruincnt so advanced or given on the security of such goods, by such persons, boilieg politic or cnrporate, to such factor or ag(>nt ; and upon payment of siuh further sum, or on resturailon of such other negotiable Inslruiiieiit (if any) as may have been advanced or given by such factor or naeiit. to such owner or proprietor, or on pay- ment of a sum equal to the amount of such instriimi'iit ; nor to prevent the said owner or proprietor from recovering of and from such persons, bodies politic, or corporate, any balance remaining in tlieir hands, as the produce of thi^ sale of such goods, :ifler deducting thereout tho aiiKUint of the nioiiey or negotiable instrument so advanced or given upon the security thereof; provided always, that In case of the bankruptcy of any such factor or agent, the owner'or proprietor of I lie goods so plodgeil anil redeemed sliall be held to have discharged pro tanto the debt due by them to the estate of such bankrupt.—} 0. Agents fraudulently pledging the Goods of their Principals. — The 7 & 8 (Jeo. 4. c. 2!1. } ."SI. enacts, *'That if any factor or agent intrusted, for the purpose of sale, with any goods or mercliandiso, or in- trusted with any blllof lading, warehouse keeper's or whartinger'scertiticate, or warrant or order for the delivery of goods or nierchandisu, shall, for his own benfjil, and in violation if good faith, deposit or pledge any such goods or merchandise, or any of the said documenls, as a security for any money or negotialile instrument borrowed or received by such factor or agent, at or before tho tinieof maklnit such deposit or pledge, or intended to be thereafter borrowed or received, every such olTender sbnil be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, being convicted thereof, shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to be transported beyond the seas for any term not exceeding 14 years, nor less than 7 years, or to sufTei such other piinishuient by (liieor imprisonment, or by both us the court shall award ; but no sucli factor or agent shall be liable to any prosecution for depositing or pledging any such goods or mer- chandise, or any of the said documents, in case the same shall not be made a security for, or subject to the payment of, any greater sum of money than the amount which, at the time of such deposit or pledge, was justly due and owing to such factor or agent from his priiicipa*Ttigetlier with the amount nf any bill or bills of excliange drawn by or on account of such principal, and accepted by such factor or agent," Tliis provision does not extend to partners not being privy to the offence ; nor docs it take away any remedy at law or equity which any party ansrrieved by any offence niiglit have been entitled t(» asainst such otfender. And no one shall be liable to bo convicted by any evidence whatever us an offender against this act, in respect nf any act done by him, if he shall, at any time previously lo hi^l being indicted for such offence, have disclosed such acts, on oath, In consequence of any compiiU siiry process of any court of law or equity, in any action, suit, &e. which shall have been bnndjide in- stituted by any party aggrieved, or if he shall have disclosed the same in any uxaminatbin or deposition before any couimissioners of bankrupt, — } 52, FACTORAGE, or GOM.MISSION, the nllowatice ffiven to factors liy tho mprehont^ an. d. I.. >. d. I.. 1. d. /.. ». d " 40 1 2 C 3 4 5 6 C 7 8 W 1 3 2 6 3 9 6 6 3 7 6 8 9 10 m 1 6 3 4 li U 6 7 6 9 10 6 12 70 1 9 3 6 C S 3 7 9 9 10 « 12 3 14 SO 2 4 t 6 8 10 12 C 14 16 90 2 3 4 (i c 6 9 B 113 13 t 15 9 It 100 2 6 3 t 7 6 10 12 6 13 17 6 1 ma 3 10 Oli 1 1 5 1 10 1 13 2 300 7 8 13 2 6 1 10 1 17 6 2 5 2 12 6 3 400 10 1 10 2 2 10 3 3 10 4 600 >i a I 5 17 6 2 10 3 2 6 3 13 4 7 8 6 tiOO 15 1 10 9 3 3 3 15 4 10 5 S 6 7'JO 17 6 1 li a 12 6 3 10 4 7 6 5 3 6 2 6 7 (■00 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 8 (MX) 1 ') 6 2 5 L 7 6 4 lU 5 12 6 6 15 7 17 6 9 i.m;i 1 3 2 lU S 13 .3 6 3 7 10 ft 13 10 2.0)0 2 10 6 1 10 10 12 10 13 17 10 211 8.000 3 13 7 10 11 f, n 13 IS 15 22 10 26 5 n 30 •t.UJO 5 10 1 23 23 30 33 40 S(' 37 10 50 - C2 10 7.3 87 10 ICO A inun>. At 1 1-2 p.:r C!.' Al i p-r -1 At 2 :-3 per Ct. At 3 per Ct. Al 4 per CI. A! 4 1-2 p;r CI. Al S prr CI. L. 1. d. /.. /,. f. rf. /-. I. /.. 1. d. L. 1. d. L. I. d. /,. 1. d. at-i 4 34 6 7 9 10 3 4 1 2 7 (112 1 234 1 7 i 9 1-2 2 3 10 3 4 I 2 1.4 6 1 9 1.2 2 4 2 8 1-4 3 4 1 2 1-4 1 7 2 2 4 34 3 2 3 7 4 5 1 B 2 2 8 3 4 4 6 5 6 1 9 1.2 2 4 3-t 3 3 7 4 9 5 43-1 6 7 2 1 2 91-2 3 H 4 214 6 7 6 3 12 7 8 2 4 34 3 21.1 4 4 U 12 6 4 7 21.4 8 S 2 8 M 3 ? 4 6 6 43 4 7 2 8 1 9 10 3 (1 4 1 . . 6 8 9 10 m 6 8 10 12 16 18 1 30 R 10 1 . 14 1 4 1 7 1 10 40 12 lli 1 1 4 1 12 1 16 2 60 1-. 1 1 . 1 10 2 2 3 2 10 GO 18 1 4 1 10 1 111 2 9 2 11 3 TO 1 1 1 S 1 13 2 2 2 16 3 3 3 10 80 1 4 1 12 2 1 2 8 3 4 3 12 4 M 1 7 1 lt> 2 J 2 14 3 12 4 1 4 10 o; 5 Ol KO 1 10 2 ) 2 10 3 4 4 10 2..0 3 4 f) 6 3 6 8 9 10 > aoo 4 10 6 a 7 10 9 12 13 10 13 400 6 8 n 10 3 12 16 18 20 5113 T 10 10 U 10 13 20 22 ID 23 KV) 9 1! a 13 3 IS 24 27 30 7I>!) 10 10 11 17 10 21 23 31 to 83 HO 12 IS 20 •H 32 36 D 40 too 13 10 1» 22 10 27 36 40 10 43 1,1/10 n 20 25 [) SO 40 45 60 3,000 30 40 60 n 60 80 92 100 .■n«w 45 61 7') 90 1 20 133 130 4.' CO 60 W) iro 120 ItiO 180 2il0 6,0i^) 7-. lUO 22'> I'O 1 2(10 223 i.-iO r.rcn l-iil 5'0 2>0 3;io 1 40J 4-.0 300 FACTORY, a placo where merchants nnd factors reside, to negotiate business for them- Reives and their corrcsponder.ta oa commission. We have factories in China, Turkey, I'or- tunral, Uu.'^si.i, &e. F.MRS AX I) MARKET8. These institutions are ver> closely nllied, A fair, as the term is now Erpnorally understood, is only a greater species of market rocnrring at more distant intervals. Both are nppro[)rialod to the sale of 1 or mvire speoies of goods, the hirinij of servants, or labourer.'?, &n\: hut fairs are, in nio-it ca^^s, attended by a greater concuiirso of poojile, firwho.se amiisoincnt various exliiliitions are got up. 1. O'n-r'in of Faint. — Ins'.ltntions of litis sort are peculiarly servicenlilc in the earlier stages of soaiety, and in rude and inland countries. The number of shops, and the coin- jno.lilies in them, are then either comparatively limited, or lliey arc but little frequented by iloalers; .so that it is for the advantage of all, that fairs should be established, and merchants iinluced to attend them. For this purpose various priviliges have been nnne.Ked to fairs, and numerous facilities aifordcd to the disposal of pmperty in them. To give them a greater de- gree of solemnity, they were orijrinally, bith in the ancient and modern world, associated with rclitjions festivals. In niO:;t idaeei, iudeoil, (bey are still held on the same day with the wake or feast of the saint to whom the chun^h is iledieated ; and till the practice was prohibited, it was customary, in England, to hidd them in ehnrehyar Is ! — (J.ico'i'.s L'lw Did. art. l'\iir.) IJut since the growth of towns, and the opportunities aflorded for the disposal and purchase of all sorts of proJuoe at tlie weekly or iinntbly mirkits hcl.l in them, the utility of fjiis, in this country, at least, has very much diminislied ; they have, also, lost much of their undent B|)lenilour; and, though same of them arc still well attended, and of real use, a good number might be advantageously suppressed. But it is far otherwise in inl.ind countries, where the facilities for carrying on commercial transarlions are comparatively circumscribed. There it is of the utmost iinportnneo, that certain convenient places and specified periad.s should be ajipointed for the bringing together pf commodities (inU dealers. Thia is not only tiic readiest and best means of promoting 8 per CI. At 1 per Ct. ,. 1. d. /,. t. fJ. 7 8 8 9 10 10 6 12 \2 3 14 n QUO 18 15 8 11 17 8 1 1 !.-> 2 2 |] 6 3 3 10 4 4 7 6 5 SAO 6 6 2 6 7 7 8 7 n 6 9 8 I'i 10 17 10 20 5rt 5 30 35 40 43 IS 60 87 10 ICO •2 p;r CI. At 6 ppr Ct. 1. d. i. 1. a. 10 3 4 1 1 9 1-2 2 2 8 1-4 3 9 3 7 4 4 6 ft 5 4M 6 ) 6 Sli 7 ) 7 21-4 8 ) 8 1 9 ] 9 10 IB 1 1 7 1 10 1 16 2 2 5 2 10 1 2 M 3 3 3 3 10 » 3 12 4 4 1 4 10 ■ 4 10 5 0' 9 in 3 10 1ft 9 20 li 10 2-, » 30 II 10 8S 16 40 10 10 4ft Ij 50 ►2 100 li 150 iO 200 r. 2JQ ^0 1 m (• husi nrss for t'nom- China, Turkey, W ir- liPil. A fair, as the iirring at more distant goods, the hiriiu? of k;oiitcr concourso of ^cftlilc in the earlier khops, and the cmn- liltlc froquoiili'd by phed, and merchants Innnexed to fairs, and |vc them a gre.Uor dc- ffin world, apsociatfd lie same day with tlic lactico was prohibitnl, .'110 md.avt, l'\iir.) lisposal anil purchiistf Itho utility of fairs, in luch of tlioir ancient use, a good nuiiilier [rying on commercial lost iinportciii'O, that Ihc bringing together Iincana of promoting FAIRS AND MARKETS. 675 commerce, but also of softening national antipathies, and diflusing a knowledge of the pro- ducts, arts, and customs of other countries, 2. EKtablishmcnt of Enij;liah Fairs. — No fair can be holden without grant from tho Crown, or a prescription which supposes such grant. And before a patent in granted, it is usual to have a writ ofad quod dumiium executed and returned, that it may not bo insued to the pr judice of a similar establishment already cxistinir. The grant usually contains a ulau.so that it shall not be to the hurt of another fair or market ; but this clause, if omitted, will bo implied in law : for if the tVanchLse occasion damage either to the king or a subject, in this or any other respect, it will bo revoked ; and a person, whoje ancient title is prejudiced, is entitled to have a scire facias in the king's name to repeal the letters patent. If his Majesty grant power to hold a fair or market in a particular place, the lieges can resort to no other, even though it be inconvenient. But if no place be appointed, the grantees may keep the fair or market where they please, or rather, where they can most conveniently. 3. Times m, tolls are not exigible unless specially granted in the patent: but the king may by a new grant authorise a reasonable toll to be tal:en. If the toll granted be excessive, the patent will he void. It is a general rule, unless cliangcd by a contrary custom obtaining time out of mind, that no toll be paid for any thing brought to a fair or market, before the same is sold, and that it shall then be paid tji/ the buyer. The owner of a house next to a fair or market is not allowed to open his shop during such fair or market, without paying slalkt'xe (toll for having a stall) ; on the ground that if he take the benelit of the market, he ought ta p.iy the duties thereon. This regulation has been u good deal complained of. The owners of fairs and markets arc required by statute (2 & 3 Ph. and M. c. 7.) to ap- point a person in a special open place to take the toll. The most important part of this person's duty has reference to his entering tlie horses sold with three distinguishing marks, and the names, &c. of those who buy and sell them. — (See IIoiisks.) An action lies against any one who refuses to pay the cus'iomary toll. (For further information as to B.itish fairs and market-i, see CIdltjjon Commercial Law, vol. ii. c. 9.) Ttio .1 Ron. 4. c. 55. enacts, tliat at all fairs lield witliiii 10 miles ofTeinple Hir, bu^lnnps and aiiiisc- ineiits 1)1" ill! kinds shall cease iit 11 o'clurk in the evening,', anil not re-cdininencc before o'clr.ols in the iiiorniiiji, under a penally of ids. to he paid hy any nristcr, inislri'ss, nr other [leraim, h.ivintf the care or inanapenient of any lioiiso, shop, room, honth, stimdin?, liMit, c;ir;ivan or wagon, wlieio any lireach of this enactment shall have heun cotninilted. Power is also given hy tlie same net to any 3 Justices of the peace, within their respective jurisdictions, tu put a step tc any fair which is held with- out cliart«r, prv«cription, or lawful authority. ' i', < I I L ' 676 FAIRS AND MARKETS. 8. Principal Briliah Faim. — Among these may be ipccificd Stourbridge, in Worccster- fihire. Bristol has two considerable fairs, one in March, and one in September. Exeter December fair, for cattle, horses, and most sorts of commodities. Weyhill fuir, in Hampshire (Octol)er 10,) has, probably, the ijrcatest display of sheep of any fair in the kingdom. Bar- tholomcw fair, in I^ondon, used to be of considerable importance, but is now approfmatcd only to shows of wild beasts, and such like exhibitions, and mieht be suppressed with advan- tage. St. Faith's, near Norwich (October l7.),i«tho principal English fair for Scotch cattle. 'J'hey are sold to the graziers and feeders of Norfolk, Suflblk, Essex, &c., by whom they ore fattened for the Londtm markets, where they are met with in great abundance. But besides those sold at St, Faith's, large numbers of Scotch cnttlearcdisposedof at Market Harborough, Carlisle, Ormskirk, and other places. Ipswii-h has two considerable fairs : one in August, for lambs ; and one in September, for butter and cheese : it is reckoned that above 100,000 larnlis are annually sold at the former. Woodborough-hill, in Dorset, for west coimtry manu- factures, as kerseys, druggets, «Scc. Wooilstock October fair, for cheese. Northompton and Nottingham have each several large fairs, for horses, cattle, cheese, &c. The August fair of Horncastle, in Lincolnshire, is the largest horse fair in the kingdom, many thousand horses licing exhibited for sale during its continuance: it is resorted to by crowds of dealers from all parts of Great Britain, by several from the Continent, and sometimes even from North America. Ilowden, in Yorkshire, has, also, a very largo horse fair, particularly for Yorkshire hunters. Devizes, in Wiltshire, has several large fairs for sheep and cattle. There is usually a large display of cheese at the Gloucester April fair, A guild, or jubilee, commencing the last week of August, is held every twentieth year at Preston, in Lancashire • the last was held in 1823, and was well attended. 'J'he October fair of Market Harborough, Leicestershire, lasts 9 days, and a great deal of business is usually done in cattle, cheese, &c. Woodbridge Ijady-day fuir is celebrated for the show of Suffolk horses. Falkirk fair, or tryst, is one of the most important in Scotland, for the sale of cattle and sheep. The October fair of Ballinasloe, in the county Gal way, is famous for the display of cattle ond sheep; by far the largest proportion of these animals raised for sale in Connauglit being disposed of at it. The sheep arc generally from 3 to 4, the heifers from 3 to 4, and the bullocks from 4 to 5 years of age. They are mostly lean; and arc kept for a year in Leinstcr before they are fit (or the Dublin or Liverpool markets. It would seem that the number of cattle and sheep disposed of at Ballinasloe is rather declining; a result ascribable to the increase of cultivation caused by the great augmentation of population, and the continued subdivision of the land. We subjoin an Account of the Niinilinr of Sheep and Onttlc, sold and un*nld, at the October Fairs of BalllnasIoe> from tlie Year 1820 to the Yeiir 1832, both Inclusive— (.^irricuHuroJ Report of 1839, p. 3-19.) Viir.. Sheep aolJ. Sh«p unsold. 20.833 ToUI. Catll«iol.l, Ciltle umnlil. • Tolll. 1830 6I1,!M3 80,776 4,504 4,001 8,!iC« \H\ ri,*n 10,366 6.1,100 6,1 Hii 1,211 7,..'«4 \Xi2 74,7IS 15,450 90,177 6,3,!2 3,695 9,017 18i3 75.f*4 20,313 95,9^9 6,5Sa 4,IU1 I0,!lr9 l«i» 77,44S 6,:8« 84,i34 9,o-.a 1,447 10. -.05 ItGS 72,ri77 I7,6.S8 60,265 8,012 2.i'A I0,-'6R l$26 67.K0S 3fl,r.!.7 94.403 4.193 3.844 8,J40 11-27 77,075 I4..100 91.375 €639 1,711 S349 IWS fC,374 n,oio B7,3>4 7,707 3,1-06 11,513 19?9 7I,«J 14,979 M.41S 5,677 3,666 9,347 IMO m.K* 14,611 »i.m 6.SP4 1.503 7,457 isai ft7,!H0 ,1,3'19 61.3.19 6,102 l,.12l 7,513 Itai 6Vi55 4,7EI3 6.'.948 6.101 He 6,657 9. Principal French Fairs. — Among these may be specified the fairs of St. Germains, Lyons, Rhcims, Charfres, Rouen, Bordeaux, Troyes, and Bayonne; but they arc said to be, for the most part, much fallen off. This, however, docs not appear to be the case with the fair held at IBcaucaire, in the department of the Gard, in July. It is said that there were from 70,000 to 80,000 persons at the fair of 183;}, and that the business done exceeded 160,000,000 fr., or 6,400,000/. ! These statements arc not, however, oflicial, and are, most probably, exaggerated; and it is admitted, that the last was the greatest fair that has been held for these many years past. — {Archives du Commerce, torn. iii. pp. 236 — 24.5.) 10. German Fairs. — The principal German, or rather European, fairs, are those of Frank- fort on the Maine, Frankfort on the Oder, and Leipaie. The concourse of merchants, and the business done at these fairs, is generally very great. They are copiously supplied with the cotton stufl's, twist, cloths, and hardware of England ; the silks and jev" "'lei'y of France ; the printed cottons of Switzerland and Austria ; the raw, manufactured, •..id ii .rary products of Germany; the furs of the North; Turkey carpets; Cachemcro shawls, v\:c. ; and there, also, are to be found mcrcltants of all countries, those of Ispahan negotiating with tliose of Montreal for the purchase of furs; and Georgians and Servians supplying themselves with the cottons of Manchester and the jewellery of Paris. There, in fact, are met the rcpro- acntatives, as it were, of every people in the world, labouring, though without intending it, to promote each other's interest, and to extend and strengthen those ties that bind together tho great family of the human race. tlge, in Worccster- ieptcmbcr. Exeter I fair, in HampBhire ho kingdom. Bnr- 1 now ai)proi)riateJ prr surd witli advon- lir for Scotch cattle, by whom they ore ance. But besides [avltet Hnrborough, » : one in Aut;ugt, that above 100,000 ivest country manu- ^ae. Nortljampton &c. The August m, many thousand y crowds of dealers metimes even from fair, particularly for r sheep and cattle. A guild, or jubilee, ton, in Lancashire • larkct Harborough, n cattle, cheese, &c. 'ulkirk fair, or tryst. The October fair B and sheep ; by far ig disposed of at it. )ullock.s from 4 to 5 r before ihcy are fit af cattle and sheep urease of cultivation vision of the land. Fairs of Ballinasloei of 1838, p. 349.) nlil. ■ T-.l.ll. 8,M05 10,-'C« fi,240 S,349 Il,r>i3 9,347 7,4S7 7,.il3 6,657 of St. Germains, hoy aro said to be, the case with the id that there were ess done exceeded ial, and are, most fair that has been -24.5.) ire those of Frank- of merchants, and usly supplied with ]!) 'Ilei'y of France; library products iVc. ; and there, .ting with those of r themselves with re met the rcpre- ut intending it, to bind together tho FAIRS AND MARKETS. 677 'i The fairs at Frankfort on the Maine should begin, the first on Eastor Tuesday, and the second on the Monday noare4 to tho 8th of Soptombor. Their duration is limited to 3 weeks, but they usually begin from 8 to 15 days before their legal commencL-inent. Accounts are kept in rixdollars: I rixdoU.ir of account — IJJ florin, or 4^ copsticks, or 82 J batzen. The rixdollar ■= 3s, l-8d. ; so that tho par of exchange is 141 batztm per I/, sterling. 100 lbs, common Frankfort weiij;ht » 103 lbs. avoirdupois. The foot » 11-27 English inches. The fairs at Frankfort on tho Oder arc 3 in number: viz. Jieminiscere, in February or March; >S7. Mat^uret, in July; and St, Martin, in November. They ought, strictly speak- ing, to terminate in 8 days, but they usually extend to 15. Tho Prussian government gives every facility to those who attend these fairs. Accounts are kept in Prussian money, that is, in rixdollars of 28. 1 \}d, lOU lbs. Prussian ^ 103 lbs. avoirdupois. The foot — 12-356 £ni;lish inches. The fairs of I,eipi4ic are still more criebrated than those of citlier Frankfort. Thoy are held thrice a year, — on the 1st of January, at Eistor, and at Mich.ielm is. The first is the least important. Above 20,000 dealers aro said to have been present at the Easter fair in 1833, and above 13,000 at that of Michaelmas. The Easter and Michaelmas fairs aro fa- mou.4, particularly the former, for tlie vast number of new publications usually olTered for Bale. They are attended by all tho principal booksellers of Germany, and by many from the adjoining countries, who adjust their accounts, learn the state of the trade in all parts of the World, and endeavour to form new connections. Most German publishers have agents in Leipsic; which is to the literature of Germany, what London is to th;it of Groat Britain. As many as 4,000 new publications have been in a single Leipsic calnln jue ! The fairs ought to close in 8 days, but they usually continue for about 3 weeks. No liay s of grace aro allowed. The holder of a bill must demand payment on tho day it becomes due ; and, if not paid, he must have it prote.sted on that very day, and returned by the first ojjportunity. If he neglect any of these regulations, he lo.ses all right of recourse upon tho drawer and endorsers. Money of account at Leipsic same as at Frankfort on the Maine. 100 lbs. Leipsic = 103 Ibs.aavoir- dupois. The foot -= ll-U English inches. — {Kelly's Cambist; Manuel de Nelkcnbrcchcr ; Archives du Commerce, torn. ii. p. 27., &c.) Dr. Bright gives, in his Travels in Hungary (pp. 201 — 223.), an interesting account of the fairs held at Debrctzin and Pesth. The latter has become the grand centre of Hungarian commerce; most part of which is conducted at its fairs. 1 1 Italian Fairs. — Of these, the most celebrated is that of Sinigaglin, a small but hand- some town of the Papal dominions, on the Misa, near its confluence with the Adriatic. The fair commences on tho 14th of July, and should terminate on the last day of that month, but it usually continiies 5 or G days longer. The duties on goods brought to the fair are extremely moderate, and every thing is done to promote the convenience of those frequent- ing it. All sorts of cotton and woollen goods, luce, iron and steel, hardware, jewellery, brandy and li()ncurs, raw and refined sugar, dried flsh, cacao, cofTue, spices, &c. are brought here by the English, French, Austrians, Americans, Swiss, UHtom- liouHc, the total value of tho exports by way of Kiachta, in 18:11, amounted to 4,65.'), .'JUO roubles, and that of the iuiportJ to li,7'i','),S58 ditto. 'I'lie Uusitiau Ir.idc is in tho bandx of a comparatively small number of merrhantc, hoine of whom arc very rich; that of the (Chinese is much more diil'uscd. CounnoditieH may be conveyed front Kiachta to European Russia either by laud or by water. In the former case tho journey takes a year; in the latter, it taken 3 years, or rather H very short summers; the rivers beintt for the most part of tho year fro/.eu over. — (Schiillz/ir, S/a/intit/iie IJvuerale rou'^ht from Ireland. Eider down is in)|)orted from the north of Europe ; the ducks *.h;Usi;pply it being inhabitants of Greenland, Iceland, and Norway. The eider duck breeds in the i.dands on the west of Scotland, but not in sutVrcient numbers to form a profitablo I'ranch of trade to the inhabitants. Hudson's IJay furnishes very line feathers. 'J"he down of the swan is brought from Dai.tzic, as well as large quantities of superior feathers. FIDDLES— FISH. 679 Tlin biHl-fiatlioH importi'J in 1323 anmuiitpd to 3,100 cwt., yiclilini? fi.aSOA 12«. of duty. The duly on n VIor-lNSfCiT. V;„l!iint, (.'riirni! l)u. Fmu/ni ,■ Vr. r; crn Africa, and l'vi';i Komi'liioi's ri|M'Ms its IVuils in tho oiicn air in this country, I'i.;;', wiicu ripe, arc, for t!u; nioHt part, driod in ovcnn to pri'm-rvn tlii'in; und ihon piclu'd very closi'iy in the «ni ill ehe-ils and li,»-i!;et;; in which wo import thoni, 'J'ho lie.t cimu from Turki.-y ; those of Italauiata, in tlio Morea, are naiJ to bu tho moot lunciouH. — {'I'htiiiiuoii's l)i:pen- lafiii-i/.) Dried li},'s firm a very eonHiderahli) article of cnaimcrce in Provence, Italy, and Spain ; bf^ide!* allordiii,i;, a« in ih'! K.ist, a principal arlicje of KUiitenaMco f)r tho |io;)nl:ilion. In Spain, ri;s iire chieHy exportcil from Aiidalil.iiu arid V'al.'ncia; but tlicy are more or ieai alinnd.mt in every province. In iliu northern puits of Fruntc tlicre are many lij g.irderi-i, particidarly at Ar;j;en'iiuil. Finn liclonu: to that class of arlicleq, tiie duties on which ini.j'it be rediicoil, not only without any l,)ss, but with very ;;re;it advantai^c to the revenue. They are exten-iivijy u:*eJ at the luliler, of the opulent; und would, there is no doubt, be much u: cd by tlie middle classes, cere their jirice lower. 'I'he importation, even with the present duly of 2l.v. (>(/., is* (ibout 20,000 cwt.; and as this duly U full 100 per cent, upon their {iricc in bond, it may be fairly concluded, that were it reduced to Sa. or It);., u civt., the ijuantity imported would very suon be trebled, or more, No abateuK'iit of duty is made on account of any daina;;o received hy Ci/,*, ('J"he duty on fign has iieen reduced from 21.v. lUl. to 15,'). u cwt. Nearly tho Haino may he siid of this reduction as of that of thj duty on cnnaut-i. It is too tridiiig; to have nm>-h elli' t on consumption ; and there can, we appit bend, bo little doubt that ii duty of ID.s'. would, by stimulating the latter, bij more productive of revenue than a duty unry-:—S„p.) FILE. FILES (Da. Fife,- Du. Vijhi ,- Fr. Limc^,- Gcr. Falat ; It. /,////«), an instru- ment of iro;i or forgi'd steel, cut in little furrow.s, used to polish or sinoolli metals, timber, and other hard bodies, FIK. «ee PiNB. FIl'E-.Mi.MH. Under this designation ii) comi)rised nil sorts of-guns, fowling-pieces, blunderbusses, pistols, ifec. The maimfaeture of these weapons is of cuisiderable import- aiiee ; employing at all times, but especially during war, a largo number of [.ersons. In ronsniiHenoe nl'llii! iVcqaeiit orrurreiice ot'acciil«iils friiin t'l.' liiirsliiis; of iiisalMcient b;irri'lsi, the Ii'jrisliiliiri! Ims iimsl |)rn|ierly iiitorlerud, not to ropiilatc tlnMr eriioifin lure, liut to |ir.;vi'Mt all piTnion friiiii ilsiiiR or suiting ImrrcHs tlitil li,ive nut lii'nn rei;iilarly 7>/-(/iC(/ In a |)'.ililii-. iiriict-lKiHsn. Thts first act for Itiis |iari>.>se w.is |i isneit in lull! j linl it was sunn atti'r siipi'rsiii'eit liy a fuller anil niiin; eo:ii- lileti! line, the ;'j5 Gim). '.i c. 5'J. This sliiuiti; iiiiiiosi'S a llm; of 'Ml. mi any iiersiin u.-in^, in any of ihe jinij-'recsivft mri^'i'H of its niannficliire, any barrel imt duly prnveil ; on any |)it.-<.>ii it'lircriii/r tliu same, e\o.e|il tliriniKli n priKif-hiiaMe ; and liii any persiin nrciriinr, fur llie piirpiisii of in.iMni; (jiins, iVc. any l)irrels which liavn nut passed lhr'Mi};h a pronf-lnnise. 'J'licsc punalties to lie levied on con- viclii)n lii'forc 2 jasticus ; with lilto peiiallius, to he similarly levied, oa pvjrsi.na coiiiiiLri'i!iiins Ihu procf-iiiiirln. FIRE-WORKS. Ry 9 & 10 Will. X, all sorts of fire-works are declared to be a com- mon nui;-ance ; and the miJcinle subject to a penalty of .'5/, to be recovered on convicticn bel'ore a justice of the peace. (Jasting or firing any such firc-workn, or permiltii)g the same to he ca.-t or fired, fro.n any house or place, and casting or firing the s!i ne iiihi any li. nuo, sliiji, street, high- way, or river, is siilijeet to a penalty of 20.'*., to bo recovered in like manner; and if not im- medi.itely paid, the party to be imprisoned and kept to hard labour I'.ir any li;no not exceed- ing a month. Dut the statute provides, that it shall lie buvl'al fir llie nia>tcr, lieutenant, or commissioners of hi* Majesty's ordnance, or thi).-;o autliorii'.ed by them, tJ give orders for makin:; any five-works, to bo u.sed according to fuch orders. FIKKIN, a measure of capacity, criual to 9 ale gullon-s, or 7^ Iinperiiil gallons, or 2,538 cubic inches. — (See Wkioiits xyit M:;.vsi-iiK;i.) FIUIjOT, a dry nie.i.iure used in Scotland. The Linlithgow wlieat firlot is to the Impe- rial bushel as -908 to 1; and the Liiditligow barley firlot is to the Imperial bushel as 1.456 Is to .. 'Sec WnKiiiTS AVI) MK\sini;s,) FISH (Gcr. /'''W/e ,. Du. ilvcfien ; Da. and Sw. T^/.s/a ,• Ft. PoisMmn ,- It. Pfsci,- Sp. VcicaddS ; Port. Veixrs , !Uis. liiib ; Pol. Rjhi ,- Lat. Pii^cc.-'). a term u.sed in natural hii tory to denote every variety of ani..ial inhabiting seas, river.s, lakes, ponds, &,c., that cannot j:| M i 680 FISH. exist for any conHiJrralilc time out of the water. But in n commercial point of viow, tlioie fighcs only nrv. refi'rri'il to, tliat nro caupht !>y man, and used either as food or for Hoine nilier useful jmrpotin. Of thrite, herring;, siilinon, rod, pilchard, luackurol, turhot, lobsier, oy«ter, whale, &e., are atnonp; tiio moHt important. — (See the dili'crmit article* luidcr these lilies.) Tho Rupply of H»!i in the iieait round Uritain is most almndant, or rather quito inexhausti- ble. " 'J'hc coasts of tiiTut Uritain," says Sir John Horougha, "doc yield such a eoiitiiiueil sea harvest of gain and benefit to all those that with dili){enco doe labour in Iho sauii;, that no tiino or season of the yeure passeth away without soino apparent nieancg of profitable em- ployment, csjicciiilly to such as apply themselves to fishing; which, from the beginning of tho year unto tho latter end, continuelh upon some part or other upon our coastes ; and these in such iniinitc shoales and multitudes of fishes are oflered to the takers, us may justly move admiration, not only to strangers, but to tliose that daily arc employed amongst them. ' * That this harvoMt," says Mr. Darroiv, "ripe for gathering at all w-asons of the year — with- out the labour of tillaaio, without expense of seed or manure, without the payimnt o/rent or taxes — i:< inexhaustible, the extraordinary fecundity of the most valuable kinds of tish would alone alliird abundant proof, 'i'o eiiuinoratc tho thousands and even millions of e^'gs, which are impregnated in the herring, the eod, tin- ling, and indeed in almost tho whole of tho escu- lent li:th, would give but an inadcciuato idea of tho prodigious multitu;!es in which tliey flock to oar shores ; the shoals themselves must he seen, in nrdi r to convoy to the mind any just notion of their aggregate mass." (For an account of tho shoals of herrings, see IlKUnlNO.) But, notwithstanding these Etatemrnts, there has been, for these some yonrs past, a grow- ing complaint of a scarcity of such lisli us breed in the (Jhannel ; and it is alllrmed, in the report of the (Jominons' committee of 1833, on the (Jhaniiel fisheries, that the fact of such scarcity existing has been comiiletely cstal)lished. The committee ascribe it to vuriou.i causes, but principally to the destruction of ihc spawn or brood of fish ')y li.sliing with trawl or drag nets with small meshes, near the shore, during the breeding season; a prac- tice prohibited by several statutes, which seem, however, to have fallen in'.u disuse. The e.ommiltee represent the fishermen as being generally in a very depresses state, and that the business is, for tho most part, very unprofitable. Wc believe that this is tne fact; but We do not know any period when the same might not have been said with quite as much truth as at present. Smith has remarked, tlmt from the age of Theocritus downwards, fishermen have been proverbially poor — ( Watlth of Na/iuns, vol. i. p. 107.) ; and a library might be filled with the acts, reports, plans, tracts, &c. that have been printed in this country during the last 2 centuries, containing regulations, schemes, suggestions, &c. for the improvement of fisheries and tishermcn. But it is not too much to say, that not one of these well meant endeavours, notwithstanding the enormous expense incurred in cairying soini; of thcni into efl'ect, has been productive of any material advantage ; ai'd we see no reason to think that the suggestions of the late committee, suppobing they w. iv to he acted upon, would have any better success. Tho injury done to the breeding grounds niigiit, perhaps, be obviated ; but besides this, the committee lay much stress on the encroachments of the French and other foreign fisher- men, and on the licence given to import foreign-caught turbot, &.e. duty free! We confess, it oppears to us quite visionary to suppose that these circumstances can have much iiillu- encc. Our fiahcrincn, living upon the very aborcj of the bays to which the French arc said to resort, have advantages on their side sullicient, surely, to insure them a superiority, with- out the forcible eximlsion, supposing that could be accomplished, of their foreign competi- tors. A man who does not succeed in a business carried on at his own door so well as one who resides 100 miles oil', must loon for the caudc in his want of skill or iiidu.';try; and should seek rather to improve himself than to disciird his rival. The proposition for excluJ- ing turbot, ^c. of foreign c.itch, is one that ouglil not to be listened to f)r a single moment. Such exclusion could not be of the slightest advantage to the British fisherinen, unless it occasioned a rise in the ])rice of the fish; and we need not say, that if the legislature be to interfere at all in the matter, its interlcrcnce ought to have for its object the lowering, and not th(! rai.iiiig of the prices. All that it is possible to do for the fishery, by relieving it from tithes and other burdens, and facilitating tho, disposal of the fish in the markets of this and other countries, ought to be done : but except in so far as its interests may be promoted in this way, and, perhaps, by some new regulations for preserving the brood, we do not sec what more is to be done by legislative interference. It will be seen in our articles on the herring and whale fisheries, that the bounty system was attended with vast expense, without leading to any useful result. Except in London and a few sea-port towns, the consumption of fish in England is not great. The price in the metrojiolis, though it has been a good deal reduced of late years, is still very high. This has been [iretty generally believed to be in no small degree owing to the salesmen of Billingsgate market being able, in a great measure, to regulate both the supply of tho article and its price. The late coinmittee, however, declare, tltat tliough they I FLAX. 681 1 point of viow, tIjo in- )iii the beginning of on our con.-itt'H ; and tukrrm, KHiimy justly jyril ninoiigst tlitnn." IS of ihi! year — with. I' puyiniiit oi'iviit or ! iiiutl* of tish would llioiHof o^jgM, wiiifh ho whole of the c.scu- tudcs in which tlii'y convoy to the mind uals of lierringa, see ) yonrs past, n grow- t. is allirined, in tlii> hrtt the fact of such iscrilio it to viiiiou.4 ish '>y n.sluiii; with iiiij f.easoii ; a prac- i iii'.u disuso. The \i stiite, and tliat the is tne fact; hut We quite as niucli truth wnwards, fishcrincn a library might b»( this country during T the improvement of iliese well meant Koini! of thcni into casoa to think ihut ujion, would liave but besides this, Ihcr foreign fisher- ree ! We confess, iiave much iiiflu- iie French arc said su|)ei'iority, with- ir foreign coinjieti- " )or so well as one or induHtry; and )osition for c.\clud- a singlo moment, ishcrinen, unless it ic legislature be to the lowering, and nd other burdens, ountries, ought to vay, and, perhaps, e is to be done by d whale fisheries, ig to any useful England is not cod of late years, lali degree owing regulate both the Uiat tlioujj;h they have not minutely cxnmincd ihc subject, it dors not appear that any impro|>' 'inpoiy or injurious regulations subiiitt either in the mode of supplying the market, or m il\(! iialo uf the fliih. Hud any such existed, the recent cstaliliHhmeiit of the Hungrrford market would have tended niuterially to counteract their inlluenco. Mr. Durrow, in a vuluublo article on the fisheries, in the Supplement to the Liici/rlii/jn:dia Britannka, has estiniuled the vului; of (he entire annual produce of the foreign and domes- tic (ighcrios of Ureat Britain at H,30(),000/, But it ia admitted by every one who knowa any thing of the subject, that this estimate is very greatly exaggerated. We doubt much, whether tho entire value of the iiiheries can be reckoned so high as 3,500,UU0/. Rtgnlatinnn auto tmportation.—VTP»)\ fisli, British taken, nnd linpnrtcil in Briti»li Bliipn ; mid frflsh tiirbdti anil lolmtera, li.iwuvcr tnlieii ur iiii|iiirti.'il ; may bu landed in lliu United Kirigduiii witliiiut re- port, milry, or wnrraiit.— (3 & 4 \HU. i. c. .19. i U.) Frrnli ll^li of every Itiiid.cif llrllisli lakitiK. "nil imported In IlrillHli olilpi ; and frenh Inlnlers mid liir- linlH, linwevef tiikeii, iir in wli'ilcver siiip>4 inipiirtcd ; niid cured tiRh uf every kiiiil, nl' KrlllKii taking and ciiriiiK, iiaporled in llritli>li niiipa ; alinll be ImpurtiMl /rcc uf all dnlicn, niiii hIiiiII not lie ileenied tn bu iiieladinl in any cinirce of duty iiiipoHvii liy any net liereafter to bi' muhW. on tiie niiporlalidn of foods ;{'ner:iliy; proviilud liial l)ei",ire any cKn'.' ji.
  • lmll make and Bnli!re llie roiierlor or (', and cured, wlioliy by bis Majesty's sulijei'ts. — { 11. Fitih of foreijjii taking or ciirlni?. or in forolirn vessels, except Inrl'ots and loliaters, slockflsb, live cell, ancbuvies, stnrjieon, iiotar((o, and caviare, prohibited to l)u imported on pain of forfeiiiire.— } 58. [The following table exhibits the amount of dried and pickled fish exported from the United States, from 1803 to 1837 inclusive. Van. Drkil Fisll. I'iikici ri.ii. V,.n. Urlcil ('l>li. I'ickleJ V\U. IS03 *i,n'2n,nno ^.ViO.OOO 18!21 #758,778 «i20l,8l3 1?0I 2,1(111.(100 t) 10,000 1822 lifl(i,730 210,108 1805 2,().0H,()('O .•H>l,000 1823 7.11,021 270,777 IMJH 2,1. ''0,000 300,000 1821 873,085 203,010 lh07 l,m\om 302,000 l^i5 8.'i0,.3!50 248,417 IMIH (i23,00() (•8,000 1820 (i«2,7ia 2.'i7,180 IMi!) l,iv;:i,ono 2«2,(K)0 1827 747,171 210,270 1810 iii.'i.nno 21 1,000 1828 8l».lt20 2 k;,7.17 1811 T.'iT.flOO .io-.,ooo 1829 747,511 220,527 1HI3 002,000 140,000 1830 55O,«U0 225,!t87 1813 210,000 81,000 1831 e2.-i,302 301,111 IHIi 12S,000 60,000 1832 719,000 300,812 1815 401,000 218,000 1833 713,317 277,073 18l*i 0.15,000 221,000 1831 030,384 223,2!;0 1817 1,003,000 32.'),()00 1835 783,895 224,029 1813 i,o;ii,o(io 317.000 1830 746.41)4 221,420 181!) 1,0.12,(UI0 400,000 1837 588,500 181,333 1820 UbO.OUO 538,000 Jim. £d.} (FLAG. Any of her Majesty's subjects hoisting the Union jack in their vessels, or any pendants, &c. usually worn in her Maje.sty's ships, or any flag, jack, pendant, or colours whatever in imitation of or resembling those of her Majesty, or any ensign or colours what- ever other than those prescribed by proclamation, 1st of January, 1801, shall forfeit for every such offence not more than 500/. (sic in wig.) — (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 1 3. § 1 1.) — Sup.) FLAX (Ger. Flecks ,- Du. Vliifch ,• Fr. Lin / It. and Sp. LItw ,■ Kus. Len, Lun ,• Vol, hen I hat, Li nil III), an important phnt (Liiiuin tt/titalinainium') \hat has been cultivated from tho earliest ages in Great Britain and many other countries; its fibres being manufac- tured into thread, and its seed crushed for oil. Generally, however, we have been in the habit of importing a large portion of our supplier. The premium giver, by the legislature to force the cultivation of llax, have had very little effect; the fait being, as Mr. Loudon has stated, that its culture is found to be, on tho whole, less profitable than that of corn. When allowed to ripen its seed, it is one of tho mo.-tt severe crops. The principal sorts of llax imported into this country are, Petersburgh, Narva, Riga, Revel, Pcrnau, Liebau, Memel, Oborland, and Dutch flax. The Petersburgh and Narva flax are nearly of the same quality, the latter being but little inferior to the former. Both sorts come to us in bundles of 13, 9, and 6 heads. The Riga llax seems to deserve the prefeience of any imported from the Baltic. It is the growth of the provinces of Marienburg, Diuania, 'J'hicsenhausen, and Lithuania. The best Marienburg is railed simply Marieiduirg (M), or Marienbtirfr clean ; the second quality, cut (O.M); and Hie lliird, rUlcn drcijbuiid (III)) ; of the tliree otber provinces, tlie lirsl (iiialily bears tlie name of rolui-.er; — as ])ruaiii(i'rukit:er (.DU), Thiefcnhaitfen rukif-tr (Tit), anil J.illniaiiia nikilier (l-U). Tlie cut llax of ilii'se tliree provinces i.s tlie second qiialily : anil to tbe third (|iuility belony the builsliib liud btid.-'lub ciiHU anil lUJ); lUe patcrncfttr (I'N) ; mnlhafa three hand (111)). Biidsliib and pattniii.ittrnrii the refuse of llie rukiizi.r llax, and the three baud acaiii Hie n'fiiso of Hie fiirimr sorts, and consequi'iitly very ordinary. The Itevel and Periiaii consists of .Marienburg, cut, rn-leii. haft thtceband, and thrreband. The liiebail and iMeniel irrowtbs are dislinfuislied by the deiiominatioii of /'uraiiil ikrei' band. Tbe.ite two sorts, as well as tbo Oburluiid tlax, como from Koiiigeberg, Klbliii;, &.r., and are little esteemed in the lirilish markets. Flanders or Dutch flax is well-dressed, and of the finest quality. 86 ll OM FLAX-SKnn, FLOTSAM, JllTSAM, AND LAGAN. Flux in rxtotiKivf Iv niltiviiirvl in T'^'-'vpf. Of I:il(> y''nr». mivmi" of tlio Itiliiiii p'irtH wliirh Uurd til lie nii|i|)!ic(l i'rciin l!iisr xccii, to riiim' it in lliin country. Will' I ll.ix in liroiii;lit to tli<> priiiri|i;il |{u4<('. 'I'lu so funcli'innricii ore sail) t >pirliiiin tlicir ta^k with iiiuiliilili' iuipiuti;dity iind cxactin-K.-*. A tii'kt't in iitttii'lir(| to every iiniuile of losorlo 1 flax, eentiiinin'ir l!ic nunn-H of the iniipeitor lunl owner, tlie Hurt of (lux, iiiid the period wlien it wan Keleeteil or iiiHpeclctl. — iSee 1Ii;mi'.) (lood llux should lie of II I'liie liriu'iit colour, well sepiiriited from the tow, cedilla, or coarser porli'ii of lliu plunt ; and of a juin;, line, and ^tronx lihiv. In pinvhiiMing llax, it in iiMiial to employ a^eiitii wholly devoted li> thi^t jici'iiliar hnsinchM. ()f''.).:(i.ll I cv\l. of llav mid tow imported into Great Ilritain in ISHI, OSllsrin cwt. woro broiinlit fioiii l!iiM..ri.'il. (Ill imiii ef liirlViliire .ii :~ 1 ti'ii. Tilly, ViOcMp. ptr l^rcoTil cr i.t>iil. R' u. ffip. »l i 91 3 '10 Cmlnni'hou'* charxrt, 4 |>i'r criil, Hmivinx .111.1 wflixliiiiir, 41) I'.p. par iMibbiD Dr.it'kiiijr, I iiMib. pi-r Iwrcorilt > . . . BiiiiliMt, *.\i"|i. p. rillili i.).'liii T.)j(u .111.1 Aii'ii'l.iiictf !.'> CmiiilKJt, H roub. per 00 p 'ImIi ....... Wn. brukcra^, (iO cop. per luii . . . > Fixetl charfei rrokfnfP, 1-2 per mil. C('nlll.jB^i'^n airl cvIm rl)iir,;rfl, 3 per CPiil. R. 37 I I 8 AMU) 40 60 Van.ps l-l per mil, Br 'ker.r:c .1, 1 ills. M fwrr- III. ( I - prr crnl. CltiTKi.* hcrt', piT till, UkiDit llio price .il 4*i^ L. I. d. IiKiinnrp, lii. 0/. {wr ceiil. Jiii.1 piilicy, iluriiig Itir iiiiii. liirr, r I IimI ritki * • > • • ' 1 9 S.ililld ilui < • ■ ■ ■ • • I .' Ii Kr. lull', ».iy S2.. 6i/. per lull iu full • . . ] II 11 CiiAiiiiin . . . . . - . I H l.iiililir rhirfM . . . . . . I II II IliM'iiiiit. 3 54 pirreni. (bcliijtnlil tlBiiiinihi'crnllo I 13 :i Iln.keragti, l.J jht cuiil. . • • . .046 /.IS IJ H \am l.y Ure, 2 per cent. • . IS U 2. d 13 8 » Vn\ Flu. 2fl lvitih:i.. I 3 p-lhU « I Inn. RiM c\n>. Fixel cliBriri.' at i•p■l■r^tnlr»'tl niiiniiiil lo . . . 80 3j 'ri.i- I Ilier i-hilKen .illii' .is ru 12 hi.l I | liie rlrirre^ nf llil. iHirl II av lie eaileil llif imnie .ia dii Ii lii-.i.t atii'i, ttie tlif [.renpe i'rlii* oiilv on Ihev.iliie; wliirli tii;iki i llm in miLiiice, (lisrnuiil, aii.l I'r.'keT,ii;e, of Itss aUK.uiit. Tlio liirreilfiif lini.l r) -irKK al I'elersl.iir^Il il uwiiijf lo llio Iar,(cr uuiiiber of iHibtiti* lo llie l.m. 6i:eil Flu, 47 Iwilibitii » 111* p'luili « I ton. iii'M. r"7i. Fiteil rliarfca, pir ton ... . 91 52 Olliercliariji-., I'l fc wpra. aic (li.ii,0's V iiyii S .itcnrlli.g Iu the pricra paiil. Rixt ([\x il bou';ht at lo niucti per ililppouuil. 6 1-6 ililpjiounii>* l,\WH AMI ClIllV TlMliK.) [l''or the fuft l.ililo which followii, with t\w acfoinimnyiiig reninrkH, we nre iiidrlited to Mr. Ili/niirrt valo.iMi' joiuiiiil, etititliil " Unilitl Slulix Co/nun rciiil anil S/iili'>.l'i-iil l{i l^'^Ic:' Ni'u the iiiiiiilier of (' toiler !)tii, ISIIt). Tlio wcund talilo it tuk«ii from thu lMit!n(leli>hi.i (.'tiinmtrcitil Litl til Alareh iHh, IHii'J. E.tport« of Flour anil Wlioiit from 1700 to 1838. Vtin l\\l%hi U of whf it Inipi>riloii iif 1 lour ..t (l.tlbn-nt lUrrrN of flour JifiC.' fif (1..1.1 c.i-ii V^l.'f of rtoor ' FV|H.rtt'l .1' ivi. ((iiantilv of flour ilii|li.-.l l.iKi.f. Uiul. Ilainli. rirt.'.rli fif II" ir fi'iiii UXlKJllVl. xliial in |)l.ie«)t. vxiifiW.I. y. nr It hlii> mi' 1 li p^ II. I in... In. Ku/twd. >aitnl|>lli:i. i'ii.i>ii0,(ll9 IH.,51'0 IHO'l H'l,7St 7(1. 'J 471.v:i ■;»-\:-i-i 7 :;o 5,713,i-t-5 127 ,(.11) 1(),U17 i.-ii; 77I),HII 7.1. 1 7ni.5.M) I,91'.Vii(l 7 17 8,011 1,':(I2 323,!1(1S 20, 112 IMM b7,;i;.o 7N.1I 40(1,111 2():!,hl3 5 09 l,.501,0')5 li.!fi2 42, 1(13 IMI'I 3!Kl,.'i,-0 111. .t 6111.(175 h lll,'J 17 HI 5,8 17, NO I.M).7II 11), 170 I'-lll 3-J\'.i'Jl 103. 3 5^7. '267 7«\!;il 1) 37 7,!HI,'Jlis (la.irm 1-2,110 I ■■11 aift,'3;t '.)2. 5 7 117. .501 1,115.012 I) 1)5 II,377.S(1U .3MK1 |ti,,'IIO IM') 5:!,»au I-J2. 8 l,2l,5,(iM7 1. 113. 11.2 'J H3 ll,lM)..5-:0 88,4'."J 37,(.'.'5 1M:i C>H,'35 10!.. 1) 1,220,832 1,'^(10,'.I12 H 1)2 11,217,002 . 517 IMI Tl. 1 7n-<,iw 10:!,27l 8 (10 l.Otia.l.O . l,'217 1-lj "l7,f:iil 03. 8 1,110,(111 Hii,73'.) H 71 7.511,150 lOl.f^'^S l,lf2U M'! hX:<:'i 7«!. a I,121,H11 72',),053 9 78 7, 1:10. 1.38 S..572 1,1.15 I.N17 '.111, 1117 111. l.,'i3ll,7!ia l,t7(',!'..H II (ID 17.2111, li'it 70(i,(:()i Sf<.0i7 li-H I'.ID.HW 83, 8 1,205,11)5 1,1.57,(107 « on ll,5::(i.(l(ia 380,530 .•10,543 l"-!.! h-;,i)i;.i 72. 3 1,107,7',11 750,t:i;0 7 11 5.3:17,11a 5 1 ,H47 12.0S5 IV.'O 1 ".i.vn o.'..in l.K7:,I(HI 1.177,0:!0 4 :-i 5,.'.55,t 01) 171,772 45,;i(;ij IVJI •i...t*:i •11. .-i 1,7(17,3.0 1,0.0,110 4 7S 5,(M.",2IS 01,511 2i;,o:.5 m-i 4,tl4 43, 3 l„'.'.H'.tr;0 h.7.S05 ti 58 5, 1 17,351 12,01)(1 47,-'.17 m:\ '1.272 .'!1, 1,557,721 7.'.0.7()a S2 5,I(0.7()S 4,252 40,2.',0 i-n 20,373 P% 1,711, '00 !)';0,V.)2 5 ('2 5,001.1171 70.873 41,1X11 ).-r. 17.!Mi|) m. l,HV-',011 813,0' 111 5 10 4,150,i)i() 27.272 10,003 ifiiii i 4^,llil^ .'.0.11 2,031, .'..55 (■,57.^v;0 4 05 3,'.)-^,M'3 1N,3.'.5 .■;3.o 10 lH-17 aiis-J .10. (1 a.o.^H, ir.ij Hy\ 1110 5 23 4.5 1->,'23 1 53,12v) 51.023 Ivi-I K,llllll «(). 5 8,'.-()(i.()78 Nll).M)!J 5 CO 4,h20,5:.0 y3,'258 35.7'2() INilt 4,ni»7 firt. 3 2.-i-^(i,2in 837,:i!'5 33 5,3110,0 ;7 a'JI,17fl 1 1 ,7.^1 ik:!0 4.'),-2^'.l (il. 3 !2,N5 1,-70 l,'2.i7,131 4 m 5,ll-2'<,^IUi .'t'yi,is2 71,741) mi 4ns,!i;u Oil. 4 3,().5.S,::1I3 l,hllll,5'21) 5 (17 10.213.1)1') 8:i).i:;o im 8-,:jni 58. 8 2,(115,0,l) t-01,01') 5 72 4,lil7.3.'l? 1)5,1)58 31,119 iN3:i SJ.I'Jl 1 .52.11 a,hi5.CinO 1I5.-,,7IJS 5 03 5,3)-'0,ll7 1 2'2,-:07 51,i;;5 IM.-l iii,:(!S 1 40. 3 8,'.il.\(:r. 4T.7(ii ! 3',l. 4 a,?..'.ti,ii8 7711,3110 5 88 4,5?2,8i8 5, '170 10,970 1m:io 'i,(lti-2 : i^. fi 2,.M2,'I0 50'>.1();) 7 PO 4,0.1-,1.0 101 1M7 17,3113 1 55.11 '2,(liM.7ll3 .■il'^,71!) 9 37 2,0^0, :ii>7 lb,;a fv:iii '• (13. 4 S,.'40,O7D 1 44*,I01 7 71) 3,t'Jl,171 8,833_ "The preccdiiiR table exhihits n cenernl view of the fl"iir mid vvheiit trade of the Unifrd Stiitr.-*, f.ir lorty-iiine years. The liist euliimn fih )ws th'M'xport.^ of wlii nt, which in 1790 anioiintcd to l,12'l,'l.'i8 luishcls, nud in 1838 to only 6,'.;i)l LuslicJ!*. 'J'lio following titiite- ini'iit b'liows tho same divided into periods often years, and their annual average 171)0 ui 17113 IH'iOlii IKII9 1810 1,1 IHID I 21) lb30 to lajd 5,350,1110 2,72.t.:i0() l,3l!).3.'i9 I7.5,'i;2 ()8j,'i'J0 Dush'Is pT ann. - 5.3.5.01U - 272,.)30 - 134035 - 17,5'17 - 70,IJ3 i: ii, ill Nl :i( Total bushels, 10,283,471 Ecins a yearly avenge of !i09,0G6 liushcls. 684 FLOUR. The second rolumn cxhibiU tho nnnual avcrii(:;c price of wheat in England as puliliulied in the Iiondon Gazette, ami the following statement shows tho average of each period often years from 1770 to 1838. 8. d. 1770 to 1779 45. 1780 10 17X!) 45. 9 17!l()lnl7m> 5.V11 lS(IOtnlH0'.» 82.2 i8iotoiHi9 m.s IS20tolv20 58.8 ISiU (o ls3tf - - -_ 55. 1 Making tho annual average price 61.?. 6r/. In the tliird column is tho inspection of (lour in tne different places in tho United States, as far as it can be obtained. From 1790 to 17i>3 inclu.sive is for Philadelphia only ; this was obtained from the books of t!ie inspoctor for tliat period. From 1800 tho amount of inspection is taken from tho tables originally formed, with great labour, by a gentleman long engaged in the flour business, and published first in the Phila- delphia Price Current, and continued to the later dates in tho Commercial List. It is to lie regretted that eomplite returns from the whole United Slates could not bo obtained, and in some instances tbene arc estimate.* — so that they can only enable us to form some idea of the amount. From 1800 to 181 1, we have no account of the inspections in Philadelphia or iS'ew York. From ISOO to 1803, we have only those in Ualtimorc, to which, from 1803 to ISl 1, the inspections in Alexandria are added. 1813 shows the inspections in Philadelphia, Baltimore and Alexandria. From 1813 to 1818 inclusive, wo have the inspections of Phil- adelphia, New York, Baltimore ajid .Mcxandria. In the next year (1819), are added Kieh- mond and Petersburg — and to the.se, in tho next two years, Fredericksburg. From 1823 to 1829 inclusive, are embraced the inspections at New Orleans, to which in 1830 to 1830 inclusive, Falmouth is added. In 1837, Faluioutli is delicicnt, as are Fredericksburg and Falmouth in 1838. • ••••*»•• The exports of flour from tho United States in each of the forty-nine years, arc shown in the next column — which wc have divided into periods often years, as follows: nirirli. Pf r ann. 1790 to 1709 7,101,431) - - -710,11:) 1800 to 1809 8,!).-):i,721 - - - W}^,T,i 1810 to 1819 10.I'20,19S - - l,or2,01W 1820 to 1829 -- 9.0.')2,!130 ... !in.'i,2!l3 1830 to 1838 7,741,078 - - -800,180 42,973,203 Annual average of the whole period 877,000 barrels. The average prices of flour are given each year for Philadelphia, in the next column, as published a few years since in the Price Current. The following shows the averages of periods of ten years. rhit.iilplp]ija. 1700 to 1709 #7 87 1M)0 to l.'-OO 7 69 lSI0tol8l9 9 Si! 18;fl to 1829 _ . . 5 54 183010)838 6 45 In the next rolumn is shown the amount of the Exports of flour each year calculated at the average I'hiladelphia prices. Then follow the quantities of flour exported to England from 1800 to 1838, being in the former 172,815 barrels, and the latter 8U9.'>, The largest quantity ever sent there appears to have been in 1831, viz., 879,430 barrels. In 1837, none was sent there. In the last four years large importations of wheat and flour took place. fl'heat. Flour. Ilu>lirl5. riKlLirj. C"t. Bnll.irj. IS.Tt ... 21)8,709 - - - 198,017 ... 39,3',)7 - - - ('.9,070 iy.'.tS - - . .Wi.N'lS - - - 4'.):!,1.V.) - - - 2I.'209 - - - 02,341 1837 - - 3,921,2,-|9 - - 4,1,M 329 - - - 30,709 - . - 122,(i.')l lf38 . - - 891,530 - - - b90,500 - - - 12,731 - - - 44,273 In the last column arc given the exportations of flour from Canada, tis published in the Montreal Gazette, from 1793 to 1830, the remaining years are from other British documents. During the period embraced in the preceding tid)les, tliere has been a succession of important political and conmiercial changes, calculated to alfect the |)rices of those nic^t essential articles of subsistence. We notice a f«w of them derived from the tables here'.oforc published, and other sources. 1790, '01, '92. I'cnce ; niid favniirnhln snnfmiifl in Riisliinil. 1793. War with Kr.\rire I'oiiiiniMiccil let Februiiry, 17'J3; lavourublD Bcason. 1791 to IKOI. War Willi France. 1791 to 1795. Uelicieiit cruiis n England as pul)Ii«lied ge of each period often «. d. 4.'). •tA. 9 55.11 82. 2 88. 8 58. 5 55. 1 !8 in the United States, btaincd from the books lally formed, witli I'rrat (hod first in the I'hila- ercial List. It is to ho ot bo obtained, and in to form some idea of ions in Piiiladolpbia or o which, from 1803 to ■ctions in Phila,i('l|)hia, le inspections of Phil. 1819), arc added Kich- eitsburg. From 1S23 *vhich in 1830 to 183fi ire Fredericiisburg and le years, arc sliovvn in follows : Per ami. - 7in,ii:t - N!«,.nTa l,ni-2,i)i» - !in.'i,2!).'J - 800,180 the next column, as lows the averages of }'hilat)plphia. - #7 87 - 7 8!) - 9 SB - 5 54 - 6 45 :h year calculated at 1838, being in the r seat there appears lere. Flour. Bnll.lni. - (Ht.iiTfi - (<2:MI - 12->,(;51 - 44,273 as published in tlie • Hritish doruniriits. 'Ill a succ('.>-si(in of rices of those niost the tiibles hcre'ofore FLOUR. G8S 1706 Wheat was V. per qnarter. 17i)7. SiispenBlon of spoitie i-aymentg by Bank of Enfilaiid. 170S. SiMisons 1«S8 iiiifiivniiriiliW". 1799 and 1800. Uiid xciifons, crop short one fourth in 1709, and a scarcity of bread corn in 1800. If'Ol. Onrd crop, CnllDWcd liy pence iti 1802. 1802 and IWi;). IJood s«ii'<(iii.'<, iivrriicH irups ; war reconinionced May 1803. 180t ami 1803. Hcnrrity in Spain ; deticiont crop in England in 1801 ; avf rage crops in 1805, '0, and '7 ; 1803 to 1815; sfcond war Willi I-'rancc. 1808. I'artially deficient crops ; act of I'arliiinipnt restricting ncntrni trade. 1808, 1809. Kiiiliarcn in U. H. .lane 0; peaci; with Hpain ; great deficiency in England. 1810. Oocid crop.-* in ICnglind ; 1811 deliciency. 1812 and 1813. War belwenn America and Kngland ; favourable crops in England, but currency doprprinlpd. 1814. War between England and America ; nearly an avernpe rrnp, but irroat import, and decrease (if diarges of |irndiicilrn, I'on.-icriiient nn peace ; Imnks in llie United SliileH Hiispeml specie paynientd, 1815, IlKiiaparte onrrendercd himself to the English, July 15; peace between America and Eng- Innil ; full nvitnige crnps in England. 1810. Uank of England partially resumes gpecio payments ; peace ; great and general deficiency of crops. 1817, 1818. Not exceeding an average crop; the ports open from November 1618 to February I81U, leaving on band 1,000,000 iiuarters of wheat; 1817 banks in the United Htutes resumed specie pay- ments. 1819. Somewhat below an average crop. I8'{0. Hunk of England resumed issuing gold. Exceeding an average crop, 1821, '22. Average crops ; 1823, scarcity. 1824. An average, and nearly an average in 1825. 1828 and 1827. Average crop. 1828. Scarcity ; 1829, average crop. 1830. Full average crop, and 1831 nearly an average. 18.12, '33 and '34. Above an average crop, and 1S35 considerably above. 1830. Above, and 1837 below an average ; in 1835 a revolution in Spain. December 16, 1835, great Are in New York ; war between Me.xico and Te.\BB, revolution at Lisbon. I83fi, 18,37. t'rops in the United .Stales short— iniportiitions of foreign llour, wheat, and potatoes. 1837. nrent commercial enibarressments in the United Elates; suspension of specie payments by the hanks of New York, May 10; by others anon after; extra meeting of Congress ; troubles in Canada. 1838. Specie payments resumed in the United Stales. The following statement will show somo facts respecting the early exports and prices of Hour and wheat in Pennsylvania. Kiporls nf Flour. vm sri.JSS barrtlt at lit. 6e." Vol. I.— 3 .M % ■■', ' ! ! I'i.l -I ! iirl 'f^M iVM !i 11 "I f i i ■ i 686 FLOUR. yB «> c. o e e o o Ct C: C 5J C C O t; ft S rt C O 3 o « o »n c cfi' icj ♦.- lO ■ - i*T 'O -f Jl lO t : M ?f ?> r oi T* ^ o ! JO « 2 c :^ >?j - -—^ I - -i. «% c C o «_ i -. ».-> X I --^ -^ ( -- —^ e^i^ ', 1.': ("•*'-?» f) i' CI c c- T c tt ri -- T» ( - r» -^ =; c> <",» — ■ — V ^1 i: iT; I/; f, ti. — ■ tc CO ffl l-O /5 -f I- C O C -C I- I- -* '/> t?* C — I - ™ i ; . -^ - c: — -. - -. ^) =: X ei -*> — Oi T 'ji — - o ; ( c ( - w w i: cc I'l '?! t* ju i?i j:- "^^ A ka 9 en M I- cc o ct X o c o ^ C o »c c?j — (- (- c; -r- . - ;::. t • i.-j C^j I- « c o s *^ — ^' — — »- ^ T' ■-; c' »-• tO o o ^tr c; J" c: ci — f. >^ i."^ ~' n — ci L*^ p; '— c c» %; fr» ?i c* o Y> ti -r /S 5t i-. n 3i x 'O -n j. o t^ C< c^ *." tr. M ■;( I- **i — ", — (O t'; ^; ' I ^"", — ,*' c'. T»' I r 71 — t'. y\ n — =-' -f — H •£)' :^' 4 r ?■ '^^ J;' I I I I I I I I I I I c: to -t" 1' QU = »V « SI « CO ( - G* m Co I I I I I I I I I I .y* I-.P- :i ic I Jo ' ^ I I I I I I ^ :Wi-ci-*'?-ffiCT'Ot- ff» CT. o »- •» e (N © c — »o »•- 1-- O! h; *- o I- -r? 2 a- !5 ?? -^ '- '^ ■.;> c^ T> '."; t - -T* M C: O I - — " '^' -" o -?• 'jO ."^ *^ « 3 1 GC in -ri 05 -* •-'; C. S'S 1- c^ ■:» .c «■■: -r ./y 7' — ;j; o n- I- cr. •>■; --". o v. ; t, i, rM .Cjf' C* Ci f^ C: r SS5 ■ 2; '^ ' ~ ■': ^ -"^ , M r» ^-. C. r •: '.-> t; I •-« — — — — - \ -z I - r^ OD ■': c-i -c w --ri -c ^2 " ±: ?' ^ -^ -•= -r 1 n;-3(7t^^ «Q< WWX^-^ .-. ; I - X ^ r ^ 71 r^ i*. *. cj (- iTM • -< ^ cn tc -^ P9 TT 7» c* •?» TT — -c ; : -r t - -r 71 I - '^ r-. — -^ -^ /; t > — t - » ■ - 7* jn r/, . -; i-j — .:, ;g - - ■ ■ o — fM — t -rj- c>i Ci o I- o <;•* CJ ^ -r Si 1 - »> /J -^ •-.* c 7? — o «* — to li:; M — d ;fi ^1 »ft J5 o o r-- I- 3> *r 'T -^ i- o CTi o '."i 7* £■■; ;r CI 1^ X I ' *c ••; e o 7> 7» X! ' C* T J >■: — ^ 71 ! . . — i - ■ ' C) 7> 7( 1- C ' I t I I I «5 ;.-; (C T tfl CI Li o T. *,- M -+ 71 '- c c .-r « C-- VI — •* Oi -* o jn ci ( . . - - " yj Tf — r^ «. o I- I- n ,-^ --■. . . , ..-..._,- 1 I- **; m 71 t-* »." c; ^ (N « I - '^ ^ C C. 71 3i I - O I-- -Ti — /. .1 X '^ — -« , •C f7 >— (N I— CD 'S' «t —< C7 C — i.-^ ,-. C^ i - f- — 7t -r 71 ■■^ -O 'r: 7^ -^ « rf 7» ^ ri ^ If: TT >rt g3 : o ::5 •? cr >^ II o o c ?^ ■r o tc ;^ js £ — 3 cr. c c ( - v — i'! -Ti cr -^ M — c^ It. j — -^ c -r H -r X' •-■ t*: i- — y; cF; -' • ? — • rs f^j (/ y o c — ' *— o 'O •+• c o r - '-C i.*^ ri I I t I I I I II I I ::;: : r C^^O t'^O — — r: r~^ w'^ ;i' (l:^7t — i - •'^ : : o I- r-: c 71 ^ ' ^ 71 „ « ^ 71 . 1 -f if^ 71 M r^* » f^ 7f ?] Ti 71 . — -« / ^O'Hf- O ■ f ^. ic ~ ^ T> — 7* c^ — ""'r* -•• •*) -t •:' I I I I I I I I I •f — — •♦'C;r7r7— •7-i'N' _ . m «i« -o f- -^ -. . * (;; ^ .— /? —I C". m 71 ra o t'. I- ^ i - X c. x* — ■=;::./: c . I - ».- t , ;^ C. to X 7' tC r;- -*• — < — 71 C I I I I I I I I I I I I ' tC -« -^ 7> X- o"-t" 71 'V-*- 0> 74 7J C — -^J IT* 11 7» tC r- — — tn q? H = ^' 5 J tt -t t: '"■ ^i '/ '■- " " - - ^ -• -'- *- '- ~" X i-r7» 71 ^ — :; i^ C5 '^ t^ l' ~ ^ CO 1-1 71 — c; c: rj CI 71 c. CI ?i ^ 1 y. .r rt — -JT . . -1- — *•■ O 7i . — . — .* C^ -I -^ J _ -,*, 71 71 T li I I I t I I ; (^ ff^ p* — CT' 5i 7» O '^» '"^ 'J3 — '-' S CJ >fj 7» il^ Ci O O 00 fO "*"r — J- jj c- — f^' - • ' ~ '-^ " 71 i • — "• c 2 5^ ¥> /i 'v; 71 -4; r.-) — .n /) » - tc - O k.-, O f 1 'f ^7 CJ) ^ -T' »C 'C l-O IT) CI I". M C •■• J' ^ '.': - JJ C r / .^ r ^M-: 3 — (- 1-71 -■ ' O ^7 C5 -• r7 — f « CI C7 r". 71 7^ ?< CO M « T lO (O «3 i yO Ci TO ^ 71 - :?J Tetn. I I I I 1 t I I 1 I I I C: -^ — C7 '-."J c; c^ v. I ,^ -f -H -X — — C I' T "- c s = o I — tc ( - - »- tT I - -r ''n 12 n "^ " '•'■ : :r, ir: ir. vr. co C. '•. I il Cl '^ o t - • _^^ i^ ^ n ri li Zi !-: - 1 ^ ' . ^, _ — 7( ,— T J . -, 7J 5) f.; ■7»C;OtOOf^-*0<— *: - 71 7* •)■ C-. CO »0 *". 'r; O OS 'C I- O •>! : I I I I I I I I I t I ^ — ci r 7 3- 1-1 c; I '/ C^ — C M O if^ ■ -. — 7> - r c: — r. I - : » ■.£ CO — C-. x- — ~ C". - - ci '- — — r, I- ^- ^ tC tC wo l-X X C; I'ti 1-- W (•• -^ I. ('• I- t- JD (- O L-l C3 c o >2 Cr TJ CT' 'O I . o r- o C-. -r — I ( I I » I I - r.' "fj w- -7 "- w- -. i» w- - .— O -f :.*. C. X ■— X — 7-. I - ;r ;^' 7* o — 71 CO 7* —■ If; *c CO * X -• — O I ' ' — c; I ' -r t - = -H C» -C CI Cf O -^ C ;j C: — tr 71 ^ CO O ^ -?> ^ 71 o «: 71 Tl 71 C( ro CO CO - 71 .; ) ^ O f n" r*! --■ -7 s •* ^ r "■ CO CO c ■ r • • " r-. — . ** >s cj — c C. 71 71 r. I T f? C CO L-; t - -*• c- !^ •: n — ;£ C"' I I I I I I I — tn 'C C CO -" I'' CO 'X C r; 7» CO 7* T.' 'C I ■ 7* ■/ O Q i 7M ^ 'C O ■- I - 4/^ i^ CO 5^ ^ M :0 C; CO (N 71 3 — 71 CO ■* lO to f" '/) O"- C — 7> CO — • 1 O) X' y- x^ (Ti'T (n r if: 71 .-n — >-^ tc ( - V c c — '*' CO ■^ '^ y; r- 71 -rJ 71 7' 7» ^' 71 r : ro c>: CO c: r) X- 'X -x x xj X- tc X /I CO x> X X X? X y ./) X 'X X 'X uo X cr T) xj x i/i .^m. £ii.J 1 « Tr ^ ^ « S g O* ^ O vO C 00 >r7 *.- ifj •- .n .0 -T- ?t ! 'V( ^ '7^ A) « 2 c ^ '--J -< ' ( * r"I C-' — f: » — ir. t~ -^ ij: 1 If c; c^ — <- V* t /I -^ O ; o en T' T> w j^ ~ b 1- C-. 1- ^^•■^.* '~. "O— . I -n — d — croo'Oi <^ il rr *•* 1 1^, c: f "• ^« "^ — "■ "* ^ * I I I I I I <• I s (N i>3-** .« 74 i - ^- •■:; 1- -.- - ■s- r«i •— ^ "^ ',- ^ _-, "» ■-T- Tl -M r _„ T ij -f -r* w^ JO to 1- l'-3i"«l^''^* ;jr j- in T f-J-> rr «5 ^ M C^ 1-^ 1— • iT* — 2--S "?;'z3 t- 2',- S ::rir5 -?>i-' 3|? g 3? s 1;^ 5 71 I : ii >; y i » S -».' -■' c — 'c» ci -• 'ft c^ e^ t' -, I.. X. c> — Tt ft cf Ti T* et , -« _^ -* ;_^-;* -r-r^r* ■::, .- «n •* -O ' --; '^» — : ^ C". — /:'•— C". in Tt — ~; /; CT. c' I - t."' i - ^' c' 10 x' h c '- n Ti I- o o — c; e^ t£ — T' 'C — -T ■- •• C( I rr; r> -T* nt -^ zn — >n r> < - I". 7'> C •■• 1- «^ ''"v'". i ' ^"c; ii>'om'c> -" sn -- ^ ■ I • ' - ^' — ;" ' '''' -■■ a * I "i X i TT n n U — *T ^1 ' -' fc '^- ^ —' ■=" --" '^' '^' ^' ^ !• — o 5^ -c c: C-. »w .". «^ = "- -/J 1- I- (- ■n t- U-, ir; oc O) Q " f", 1- '^sS !P:? 71 ri f^ — 00 — c p? fT ',- a -1- m '/: S 4 * '^ T s — — — rt (v; -* 7^ t-i rr '^ 10 yancr. If a consignee receive gooils in pursuance of tho usual bill of lading, by which it is fxprc.>.scd iha' ho is to pay the freight, he by such receipt niakts himself debtor for tho frei:^ht and may be sued for it. Hut a per.n- satioii, provided the deterioration has proceeded from the fault or neglect of Ihs master or mariners ; and of course ho is not answerable for the freight, unlesa he accept the goods, except by way of dcduclion from the amount of the compensation. On the other hand, if the deterinration has proceeded from a principle of decay naturally inherent in the commodity itself, whellior active in every situation, or in tlie confinement and closeness of a ship, or from tlic perils of the sea, or the act of God, the merchant must bear the loss and pay the freight ; for the master and owners are in no fault, nor does their contract contain any nsurance or warranty against such an event. In our West India trade, the freight of sugar and molasses is usually regulated by the weight of the casks at the ]iort of delivery here, which, in fact, is in every instance less than the weight at the time of the shipment; and, therefore, the loss of freight occasioned by the leakage necessarily falls upon the owners of the ship by the nature of the contract. Ditierent o[)inion3 have been entertained by Valin, Pothier, and other great authorities as to niaritiino law, with respect to the expediency of allowing the merchant to abandon his goods for freight in the event of their being damaged. This question has not been judicially decided in this country. " The oidy point," says Lord Tenderdcn, " intended to be proposed by me as doubtful, is the right to abandon for freight alone at the port of destination : and in point of practice, I have been informed that this right is never claimed in this country." — (IirtW of Shipping, part iii. c. 7.) Freight being the return made for the conveyance of goods or passengers to a particular destination, no claim arises for its payment in the event of a total loss ; and it is laid down by Lord Mnnsfield, that " in case of a total loss with salvage, the merchant may either like the part saved, or abandon." — (i4i6o//, part iii. c. 7.) But after the merchant has made bis election, he must abide by it. It often happens that a ship is hired by a charterparty to sail from one port to another, and thence back to the first — as, for example, from London to Leghorn, and from Leghorn back to London — at a certain sum to be paid for every month or other period of the duration of the employment. Upon such a contract, if the whole be one entire voyage, and the ship sail in safety to Leghorn, and there deliver the goods of the merchant, and take others on board to be brought to London, but happen to be lost in her return thither, nothing is dire for freight, although the merchant haa had the benefit of the voyage to Leghorn: but, if the outward and homeward vni/ages be distinct, freight will be due for the proportion of the time employed in the outward voyage. " If," said Lord Mansfield, in a case of this sort, " there be one entire voi/age out and in, and the ship be cast away on the homeward voyage, no freight is due ; no wages are due, because the whole profit is lost ; and by express agree* mcnt the parties may make the outward and homeward voyages one. Nothing is more common than two voyages : wherever there are two voyages, and one is performed, and the ship is lost on the homeward voyage, freight is duo for the first" — {K, B, Trin. Term, 16 Geo. 3,) It frecjuently happens that the master or owner fails to complete his contract, cither by not delivering the whole goods to the consignee or owner, or by delivering them at a place short of their original destination ; in these cases, if the owner or consignee of the goods derive any benefit from their conveyance, he is liable to the payment of freight according to the proportion of the voyage [jerfornied, or pro rata ilinerls perncti ,• and though contracts of this nature be frequently entire and indivisible, and the master or owner of the ship cannot, from their nature, sue thereon, and recover a rateable freight, or prorata it ineris ; yet he may do so upon a fresh implied contract, for as much as he deserves to have, unless there Iw an express clause in the original charterparty or contract to the contrary, A fresh implied contract is inferred from the owner's or consignee's acceptance of the goods. Many dilli- cultles have, indeed, arisen in deciding as to what shall amount to an acceptance : it is not, however, necessary actually to receive the goods ; acceptance may be made by the express or implied directions, and with the consent, of the owner or consignee of the goods, but not otherwise. It sometimes happens that the owner of the ship, who is originally entitled to the freight, bells or oUierwise disposes of his interest in the ship ; where a chartclrod ship is sold before the voyage, the vendee, and not the vendor, or party to whom he afterwards assigns the charterpariy, is entitled to the freight. But where a ship has been sold during tlio voyage, the owner, with whom a covctiant to pay freight has been made, is entitled to the freight, and not the vendee, A mortgagee who does not take possession, is not entitled to the freight. to be answered to the [icrcof ttllowpd to the o carno for victuals or 1h woiilil have fctrhed le merchant with the entitled to a compen- lect of thrt master nr he accept the goods, )n the oi!\er hand, if rent in the commodity 'loseness of a ship, or ir the loss and pay the contract contain any e, the freight of suijar port of delivery here, f the shipment; and, s upon the owners of ler great authorities as 3rchant to abandon his has not been judicially itended to be proposed of destination : and in d in this country." — sengers to a (larticnlar » ; and it is laid down ;hant may either tike ! merchant has made n one port to another, )rn, and from Leghorn r period of the duration ^ voyage, and the ship It, and take others on hither, nothing is dire to Leghorn : but, if for the proportion of in a case of this sort, homeward voyage, and by express agree- . Nothing is more perfirmed, and the B, Trin, Term, 16 •ontract, cither by not them at a place short of the goods derive ight according to the though contracts of jr of the ship cannot, rata itineris ; yet he have, unless there tie A fresh implied goods. Many dilfi- icceptance : it is not, made by the exprew of the goods, but not ntitled to the freight, }d ship is sold before erwards assigns the 1 during the voyage, ntitled to the freight, not entitled to the FRUIT— FUNDS. 689 The time and manner of paying freight are frequently regulated by express etipulationo in a charterparty, or other written ctmtrart ; and when that is the case, they must be respected ; hut if there be no express stipulation contrary to or inconsistent with the right of lien, the goods remain as security till the freight is paid ; for the master is not bound to deliver them, or any part of them, without payment of the freight and other charges in respect thereof, but the master cannot detnin the cargo on board the vessel till thew paymerts be made, as the merchant would, in that case, have no opportunity of examining the condition of the goods. In England, the practice is, when the master is doubtful of payment, to send such goods as are not required to l>o landed at any particular wharf, to a public whorf, ordering the wharfinger not to part with them till the freight and other charges are paid. No right of lien for freight can exist, unless the freight be earned ; if the freighter or a stranger pre- vent the freight from becoming due, the ship owner or master's remedy is by action of damages. (For further information and details with respect to this subject, see the art. CiiAiiTEn- PAHTY, in this Dictionary; Abbott (Lord Tenterden) on the Law of Skippinff, part iii. c. 7. ; Chitty's Commercial Law, vol. iii. c. 9. ; Molliiy de Jure Maritimo,h{m\i ii. c. 4. ; (.\e.") [The American reader may have recourse with great advantage, for information on the subject of freight, to Kent's Cnmmenlarij on American Law, Lecture 47th. — Am, Ed,] FRUIT (Ger. Obst, Frilchte ,- Du. 'Onft,- Ft, Frtiit ,■ It. Frutta, Frulte ,■ 8p,Friita,- Rus. Owoschttch ; Lat. Fruclum), This appellation is bestowed by commercial men upon those species of fruit, such as oranges, lemons, almonds, raisins, currants, apples, &c., which constitute articles of importation from foreign countries. FULLER'S EARTH (Ger. Walkererde ; Du. Voluarde ; Fr. Terre dfuulon ,■ It. Terra da purgatori I Sp. Tierra de batitn ; Rus. Schiffernaia ,■ \,a.\.. Terra fullonum), a species of clay of a greenish white, greenish grey, olive and oil green, and sometimes spotted colour. It is usually opaque, very soft, and feels greasy. It is used by fullers to take grease out of cloth before they apply the soap. The best is found in Buckinghamshire and Surrey. When good it has a greenish wliite, or greenish grey colour, falls into powder in water, appears to melt on the tongue like butter, communicates a milky hue to water, and deposits very little sand when mixed with boiling water. The remarkable detersive property on woollen cloth depends on the alumiuR, which should be at least one fifth of the whole, but not much more than one fourth, lest it become too tenacious. — {Thomson's Chemistry ,• Jameson's Mineralogy,) Malcolm, in his Survey of Surrey, published in 1809, says that he took considerable pams in endeavouring to ascertain the consumption of fuller's earth, and that he found it to be about 6,300 tuns a year for the entire kingdom, of which about 4,000 tons were furnished by Surrey. FUNDS (Puui.ic), the name given to the public funded debt due by government. The practice of borrowing money in order to defray a part of the war expenditure began, in this country, in the reign of William III. In the infancy of the practice, it was customary to borrow upon the security of some tax, or portion of a tax, set apart as a fund fur discharg- ing the principal and interest of the sum borrowed. This discharge was, however, very rarely effected. The public exigencies still continuing, the loans were, in most cases, either continued, or the taxes were again mortgaged for fresh ones. At length the practice of borrowing for a fixed period, or, as it is commonly termed, upon terminable annuities, was almost entirely abando''-.i; and most loans were made upon interminable annuities, or until such time as it mighi ' c i-onvenient for government to pay olFtho principal. In the beginning of the funding system, the term fund meant the taxes or funds appro- priated to the discharge of the principal and interest of loans ; those who held government secuiities, and sold them to others, selling, of course, a corresponding claim upon some fund. But after the debt began to grow large, and the practice of borrowing upon inter- minable aimuities had been introduced, the meaning attached to the term fund was gra- dually changed ; and instead of signifying the security upon which loans were advanced, it has, for a long time, signified the principal of tlie loans themselves. Owing partly, perhaps, to the scarcity of disposable ca|)ital at the time, but far more to the supposed insecurity of the Revolutionary establishment, the rate of interest paid by government in the early part of the funding system was, comparatively, high. But as tho country liecame richer, and the confidence of the public in the stability of government was increased, ministers were enabled to take measures for reducing the interest, first in 171G, and again in 1749. During the reigns of William III. and Anne, the interest stipulated for loans was very various. But in the reign of George II. a dillcrent practice was adopted. Instead of varying tho interest upon the loan according to the state of the money market at tho time, the rate of interest was generally fixed at three or three and a half per cent. ; the necessary variation being made in the principal funded. Thus, suppose government were anxious to borrow that they preferred borrowing in a H per cent, stock, and that they could not negociate a loan for less than 4^ per cent. ; they effected their object by giving the lender, in return for every 100/. advanced, 150/. 3 |)cr cent, stock; that is, they bound the country to pay him or hu 3m2 87 I' ir I-; •I: V 090 FUNDS. BHty thu londrrH. Sotno n(1vnnt.:i(;eH nro, however, derivable, or supposed to lio derivable, from this Bystem. It renders the nmnaitenient of the debt, and its transler, mure simple and coinmodiouK than it would have been, had it consisted of a ^reat number of funds l)earin|{ dillerent rates of interest: and it is contended, that the greater tield for speculation allbrded to tho dealers in stocks bearini; a low rate of interest, has enabled government to borrow, by funding addi- ticmal rapilals, for a considerably less payment on account of interest than would have beea necessary had no such increase of capital been made. Were lliis a prnppr iiliice for rnlprbiR iipnn siirh (luriiRsinns, It wnnlil lie t>nsy to Hhnw that the ail- vaiilii'.'rM iinw ri'ti'rri'cl lo arc rrally (iI'viTy IrilliiiK iinpiirlaiito ; anil tlial tlii' iim'IIhmIoI' rniiilliiK l>y a" iiii'irasi' III' laplial Iiiim Iiicii a iiimhi liiipri>vlili-iit iiai>, and inisl injurliiMs tii tlio piihlic inlrrcHtH. iiiit it wiinlil lii>>)ultc fiiroJKn from llii>iiliji'rtHiif this work to iMiter iiilnaiiy i^vaiiiinallonof Hiii'li<|iii'Mtiotis: our ri'ailiTH will, liowi'vcr, lliiil Ihi'iii fully invcstlKatinl In nii artlcli! In tliii tl.'lil No. of (lio Kilinburgh Hevinr. ilorr we linvc nicri'ly to coiiHldcr fniideil property, ur govvrninuut sucuritlus, as iraiiHleralilo or nnirki'talilu roninioilitii's. It would be fiirei(;n to the object of lliia work to enter upon any examination of tlio com- parative advaiilanes and disadvanta|<;es of the funding system. I'erhnps, on tho whole, tho latter preponderate; tliou^jh it is not to be denied that the former nro very considerable. Tho purchnse of funded |iroptUy nllordh a ready method of investment ; and as neither the Dank of England, nor any of ihe London private banks, allows interest upon deposits, it is plain that, were it not for the facilities given by the funds, individuals unable to employ their savinji^s in some branch of business, would derive no advaiita(ie from them, unless they re- sorted to the hazardous expedient of lenditig upon jirivate credit. In Scotland, where the public and private banks arc universally in the habit of allowing interest upon deposits, tho advantages of funded inveNtinents are not quite so obvious, though prubably as great; for it may be doubted whether the banks could allbrd interest, or whether, indeed, they could be conducted at all, without the aid of the funds, ^ An Arronni of lliB Total NmnhiT of I'eranns to whom a Half Yi'nr's Dlvidoiul was dap at tho lin llalf-ycarly I'ayninil thrrent", on carh Description of I'lililic Stock, and on each Dcscrlptimi of Terniinalilo Anniiitii'ii ; ilislin).'iiishliic the Niinihcr nspiMtivcly of those whimn Dividends for the Half Year did not excpi'd ft/., Id/., Ml., 1(«)/., '2(111/., .100/ , fiOO/., l,(M)(l/., 2.0(Hl/,, .I.IHIO/., 4,tl(IU/., 5,(l(MH., ninl the Nuinher of tjiosu wIiohc Dividends exceed i,'MU. ; disliiipniiihinK also, in those nbovi; I.UUd/., the Dividends due to any I'nblic Company, or to more than a singlo Name.— (/"ur/. Paper, No. iiO'2. fless. 1S33.) Not cxcreitiiiK "•E iS = Total. Numt'fr to wtinm divi* (It'luts W'pre i>ay;il>le 5i. 10/. 501. lOOL 200(. 3001. 5001 1 ef 6i 1 li *! • v eg -1 On 3J. |>er cetil. re* duffti .inmiiliM I0,M7 4,745 II, est 3,473 2,175 742 453 231 63 24 9 S 6 3 12 33,9? On 31. lOi. p,r cfni. rciluceil aiiiiuitiai • On 31. lOt. p.r cent. annnllies ISIS On 41 per cent, .innui- li«. |SJ6 • !■* 7,019 I9S 1,601 4,362 IC2 993 10,173 309 2.(M4 2,909 211 512 1,561 127 311 411 .57 92 2-1 3S 69 IIS CO l.i 1.'! 3 4 SI 3 6 nil 2 4 nil nil nil nil 1 1 ml S 3 nil 26,S49 1232 6,636 On long anDUitic* On annuitiM for termi ( of ycin • • ( 9,Q7f. 1,51(1 VI2 7*7 S,.!6I 1,6:12 1,516 351 72", I7S1 187 56 99 32 34 20 4 4 1 nil 1 2 nil 1 n;i nil nil 2 21,221 4,j» On 3t. iw r ccni. mn«n. ^ lidatml annuiliei ■ ) 1 2S,732 13,749 32,001 9,612 <^286 2,141 1,424 709 153 IS 16 20 7 13 21 96,55i OaSI, iHTCcnl.amiui. > tin, 17M . . 5 I. - ISO 40 27 4 2 nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil 447 Oi lew 31. 10*. perj It 26,0*1 14.696 29,370 6,648 3,129 766 431 204 28 20 4 1 2 4 9 f2,194 On new 6i. |jer cent. J 3-. 31 107 36 20 3 4 nil 1 nil nil nil nil nil nil 237 Oil aiiimiiir^ for ifrniB i of J ran • .< ) 1,656 S33 1,757 333 161 37 34 12 1 nil ' 3 nil ' 8 4,839 Tolali - »:,I7« 44.WS ^S,3,64l 11.701 <,-l!l-, 2, -27 1,307 266 161 40 35 !"■ 24 60 27!l,7.-.l » Dividends pnyahle 10th of Octohnr. t Dividends puyaMe on .5th January, The preceding accmint of the number of dividend warrants issued in the half year ending T^ith the 5lh of January, 18;}3, is a very important document. The large number (87,170) of holders of sums nut producing above .5/. of b.nlf yearly dividend, is principally to be ascribed to the circumstances already mentioned as peculiar to tho banking system of the metropolis ; and there can be little doubt that their number would he ninterially diminished were the Scotch system adopted in its stead. It is evident from this account, that tho num- ber of persons having a direct interest in the funds is much greater than it represents. The divider d4 on the funded ]mii)eity belonging to the Equitable and other insurance companies, the dillerent banK.ng companies, &c. are paid upon single warrant^, as if they were due to 80 many private individuals; whereas they are, really, paid to these individuals only lie- ««iuse they act as factors or trustees for a vast number more. It is consequently quite absurd the dtilit liy a pny- iiu-ipal of tho itolit f advanced l>y thu , from this system. coiiimodioui> tlmn ( dillVrent rat<'n of L'd to the iliiderH ia , by funding oddi- u would have been K) Hlinw Ihnt Iho ail- liKilot' rinidliiKby iiii mhlif liitcrcBtH. lint (inof siiflniiii'Htioim: \o. of till! Kiliiiburirk rilluK, iiH truuHl'eriililu .nation of tho com- », on the whole, tho considerable, Tho RA neither the Unnk deposits, it is plain i)le to employ their lem, unless they rc- *i'otIand, where tiio t upon deposits, tho iilily as great; for it deed, they could be 1 wns due at tho I« 447 82,194 237 4,839 27!1,7.-|1 lile on Sth January, le half year ending e number (87,170) principally to be iinn; system of the terially diminished unt, that the num- it represent!). The suranre companies, s if they were due ndividuals only he- uenlly (juitc absurd FUNDS. 601 to pretend, a? u Homelimes done, that any interference with funded property would nfH'ct only 28(),()0() iiidividiial>< out of u population of '25,()()U,000. Any iiltuck upon the divi- dends would really be destructive, not merely of the iiiterests of those to whom dividend warrant.i are issued, but of all who depend upon them : it would destroy our whole systcni of insurance uiiil bunkiii)^, and overspread the eoinitry with bankruptcy and ruin. i\ot only, therefore, is ev(>ry proposal fur an invasion of the property of tlit; fundhulders liottoiiu'd on injustice and robbery, but it would, were it acted upon, bo little leas ruinous to tho commu- nity ihnii to the pei-uliar class intended to bt^ plundered. The following; Table hos been calculated, in order to show in which of the public funds money may bo invi-sled, so as to yield tho greatest interest. It ijives the prices, dilfering by I per cent, from 50 to UiJ for 3 per cents. &c., ut which they all must be, to yield the .luiiie interest ; so that, supposing the A per cents, to be at 80, a sum invested in lliem, or in tho ;ii per cents., will yield tho same interest, provided the latter be at OUJ : if the U^ piT cents, be below this sum, it will of course bo mor. d. £ s. d. m ;,H a H GO 13 4 83 8 73 84 96 120 (1 I 3 3 f)i 50 10 ON U 65 5 17 7 73 85 3 4 97 8 121 13 4 4 2 8 M CO 13 4 09 6 8 8ft 13 4 5 15 4 74 80 8 H 98 13 4 123 6 8 4 1 53 01 10 H 70 13 4 88 8 5 13 2 75 87 10 100 125 4 51 03 72 UO 5 11 1 76 88 13 4 101 H m 13 4 3 18 11 S.') fi» :) 4 73 6 8 01 13 4 5 9 77 89 16 8 102 13 4 12i 6 8 3 17 11 50 O.'i 8 74 13 4 03 6 8 5 7 1 78 91 104 i:io 3 10 11 57 (i» 10 70 9.') U 5 5 3 79 92 3 4 105 8 l.il 13 4 3 15 11 M 07 13 4 77 6 « 90 13 4 5 3 5 80 93 6 8 100 13 4 133 8 3 15 5!t tiS 10 8 78 13 4 98 (5 8 5 I 8 81 04 10 108 IM 3 14 00 70 80 100 U 5 82 95 13 4 109 6 8 130 13 4 3 13 2 (it 71 3 4 hi 8 101 13 4 4 18 4 83 96 16 8 no 13 4 138 8 3 12 3 O'J 72 8 82 13 4 103 fi 8 4 Ifi 9 84 08 112 no 3 11 5 (•)."} 73 10 84 105 4 15 2 85 99 3 4 113 6 8 111 13 4 3 10 7 fit 71 13 4 85 8 100 13 4 4 13 8 80 100 6 8 111 13 I 113 6 8 3 9 9 (•..I 75 10 H 80 13 4 108 6 8 4 12 3 87 101 10 110 14'. 3 8 11 OB 77 88 110 U 4 10 10 88 lOi 13 4 117 8 ItO 13 1 3 8 2 07 78 3 4 89 6 U 111 13 4 4 9 89 103 10 8 118 13 4 118 8 3 7 4 fifl 79 (') H 90 13 4 113 C 8 4 8 2 00 105 120 150 3 8 09 Wl 10 92 115 4 11 91 too 3 4 121 8 151 13 4 3 5 11 70 SI 13 4 93 6 8 IIU 13 4 4 5 8 92 107 6 H 122 13 4 l.'i3 6 8 3 5 a 71 82 16 8 91 13 4 118 6 8 4 4 6 03 108 10 124 155 U 3 4 6 The following in an nccoiint of thu progress of the National Debt of Great Britain, from Ihc Re- volution to the present time :— Account of the Principal and Annual Charge of the Public Dobt since tho Revolution.* PtM at thr Revolution, in 16^9 --.--..-- Kxcesi of dt;))t contracted tlurini; Ihe reign of William III. above debt r^ii^ off • Ilelil at the arressinn nf Queen Aiidp, In 1702 ....... DcM cmilracteii during tjufjcn Aiitit''i( rt'ign ........ DHit at the arces-ion of fienriou of Ueoige Ut. ......... llt-I.t in 1763 ■ . raid duriuK [wace, from 1763 lo 1775 .-•--.•-■ Dcl't at the comnn'ncemcntrf the American war, ill 1773 .-.--. Dt-hl CDnlnicted during ttie American war ...-..•. pclit at th(!Concliisinn of the Amrrirao war, in 1784 ...--. r.iiJ duiiiig pcice, fntiii 17H4 lo 179tJ ...-..•, Debt at the commencinent nf the French war, tn 1793 .-..•. l)t-bt contracted during the- French war .....--. Totil funded and tinfundn) debt od the tst of Februarjr, 1817, wheD the English and Irish ex* chequers were consolidated •-.-...--. Debt cancelled from thu Ut of February, 1817, to 5tb of January, 1&36 .... Debt, and char^ thereon, 5th of January, 1836 • • I'lincipal, FuntlcJ .in 1 Lnfutidiul. Intcn-st airJ .Minige. nienl. L. mtjia I5,T3I),.133 /,. :I9,8J3 l,27l,iM I(i.:l''.|.7n2 3- T.W.CIil l.;t O.V43 2,1:40, l.(i 64,1!-.,:: ()3 2,0W,IJ3 !),3-||,3-.8 I,l33.h07 (■6,773,l9i 2,217,5.1 2.(31,5(» 10,2'l,7!>,i 4.S52,0-,I 5tO,4M) I2.s,r>>>3.();l,i Ul,2li7,ll'j3 4.47I,r.71 4,Ub(l,201 2)i).>-.l.W'< 10,5Ui,asO 239,310,148 oOl,. '500,343 9.4 -.1.772 213,2-7 B.iO.-.lBS 22.829,6% e4fl,9.W,49l 32,03?,19l 53,211,675 2,'-94,674 787,ti3S,8l8 29,143,517 * Thii Recount tiu hePti mfle up parlljr from the tattle in Dr. Hamilton's work on the National Debt (3r(l e.l. p. ICO.) ; partly fri>m Iliei'arJ. Pafti; No. 105. Sea. I!I34{ and partly from the ,/lniiua/ finance i^wt, (or thijearcuilini 5tb January, IbSti, [0(0 U.99.4i 104 I \\ H n\ ■*■■ i'i\ s :i;l,Vi 1^ 092 FUNDS. » a) 4j « = = IB v^ s u r s a B-- 5 s a = - 7 .3 a •? n .= ,_ B •/! •O - 2 B 3 - ^ J' S 3 i. rt ■- » - B =^_ V.2 S c * o e . c ^- - ti— rt ■!: >« 3 h< -M be I' to 3 « - C C (J u -"o'S = a c-i^ s C ° 5 2 « e Crt •s~'~^ '-•■3 c 4J « «-» -^ rt II .S5 i?2 II g3i aJT3 u a B 9 Si >i (A S sS (^ CA B a « a •Q CO B 1) c5 c o "S •^ •« '« , Q) C -I* f, «" «^ s-o U J, i| C^ B = = c 0.' 3 »>. ^ QDO c' I ci err "'! 8 c a S 1'^ a ■^rH •-1 c . A a§ 4n .a *::: fcw ^ •n 2^ B e a k-,*. B Ul a •O B « C3 ^ ja ■S u a t> a c 0) .a iS a i. FUNDS. 693 ! 0)^ '. S = 2 i o r 3 . ■* t; «~ 5 r c c = I c « o ^Hl D 4' « D «= fe !^ S = a ■= t o lEs p. « s 9 S «3 I a a " B 9 £.5 ll " a. 2 5 « 3 •^ n B V c 22 •■-" '/J , ftj C -1* ■■f|s •'5 c f, «" ,1^ CO « i- « t; = rt e: — ^ ;= = O. t 3 o «!.♦=> "sr t^ »o (S s !PS to aDO> X' ■^ i/^O to S! '*? I-* Is «3 " 4>J3 -g ■=o •« — C -o "S B ,CB a E-2 B « 3 o a m V V a & a The Htntompnt on pnjjo 091, Hlinwri tlint n rrdiirtion of .')3,2n.fi7r)/, wan pfl^ictrd in tli« principal of (he iiiitioiial dnhf, Hml of a,S!»t.fi74/. in ihn niiniiiil rharn;o on necount llifrnof, l)(twi'pri hVbrimry, 1817, anil .Innunry, lajiO. Tho dftlit, nf llio liist mciitii>nr(l pcriixl, iiifludrs the Ktock crrutwl liy the funilinff of the lonn of 15,000,000/. in is:(5, for hohoof of Ihi- hIiivo proprictorH. 'J'he iliminution haH licrn hrout;ht nlxnit pnrtly l>y lh(> np|)licatif^n of oiirpiuH revcniio to buy up Btork, Init moro by the rcdurtion of the infcreHt .>n the 4 nnj ^i percent, stocks existin(?in 1817, nnd *•" tliiit piiid on tlie unfunded debt, Thefotnl annual savini? by the reduction of intercf' ' ./lei lH'2'Z, when the lirnt, nnd 1821, wiien the ia^t, reduction was made (that of the '1 \>er cent, annuitieH, mentioned in former impressions of tliis work), hast been U.'-K^HM'HSl.; and eonsiderablo us this is, it would have been more than three linies as great, but for the jicrnicious practice, previously pointed out, of funding largo nomitml capitals. We subjoin a brief noiice of tlie dillcrcnt funds or Btocks constituting the public debt, as it Btoud on the Tah of January, 183G. I. Funds bkarino Ixtrhkst at Tiihf.k pv.n Cknt. 1. Smith f>fu Iklil and Anmu'lk.s. — This portion of the debt, ntnounting, on the 5th of January, ISlKi, to 10,l'll,.'i84/., is all that now romaips of the capital of the once famo.is, or rather infamous. South Sea Company. 'I'hc (company has, ftir a considerable time past, ceased to have any thing to do with trade: so that the functions of the directors are wholly restricted to the transfer of the Company's slock, nnd tbe payment of the dividends on it; both of which operations are performed at the South Sea House, nnd not at llie Bank. The dividends on the old South Sea annuities arc payable on the .'5th of April and 10th of Ocloler; the dividends on the rest of the Company's stock are payable on the 5th of January and Oth of July. 2. DM due to the linnfe f/ J5/»n-/.7nrf. — This consists of the sum of 11,015,100/. lent by the Bank to the public at 3 per cent.; dividends payable on the ."Jlh of .j^ril nnd 10th of October. This nuust not he confounded with the Bunk capital of lO.Ol'TVuO/., on which the stockholders divide. The dividend on the latter has l)een 8 per cent, ginco 1823. — (Sec ante, p. 86. and p. 89.) 3. Ban/e Annuities created in 1720. — The civil list settlcil upon George I. was 700,000/. a year; but having fallen into arrcar, this stock was created for the purpose of canrellinij Exchequer bills that had been issued to defray the arrear. "The capital is irredcennble ; snd being small, in comparison with the oilier public fundf, nnd a Ktock in which little ia done on speculation, the price is generally at least 1 per cent, lower than the 3 per cent, consols." — {Cohen's edit, of Fairmati on the. Funds, p. 40.) 4. Three per Cent. Consols, or Consolidated Annnil:es. — This stock forms by much the largest portion of the public debt. It had its origin in 1751, when nn act was pasBod,. consolidating (hence the name) several separate stocks bearing an interest at 3 per cent, into one general stock. At the period when the consolidation took ))lacc, the principal of the funds blended together amounted to 9,137,821/. ; but, by the funding of additional loans, and parts of loans, in this stock, it amounted, on the 5th of January, 1830, to the immense sum of 350,708,258/. ! The consolidated annuities are distinguished from the 3 per cent, reduced annuities, by the circumstance of the interest upon them never having been varied, and by the dividcnils becoming due at dilVerent periods. Tlie stock is, from its magnitude, and the proportionally great number of its holders, the soonest affected by all those circumstances which tend to elevate or depress the price of funded property ; and, on this account, it is the stock which 8|)eculntora and jobbers most commonly select for their operations. Dividends jiny- able on the 5lh of January and 5th of July. 5. Threcper Cent. Reduced Annuities. — This fund was established in 1757. It con- sisted, as the name implies, of several funds which had previuusly been borrowed at a higher rate of interest; but by an act passed in 1749, it was declared that s\ich holders of the funds in question as did not choose to accept in future of a nduced interest of 3 (.er cent, should be paid oil", — an alternative which comparatively few end)raced. 'i'hc debts that were thus reduced and consolidated, amounted, at the establishment of the fund, to 17,571,574/. By the addition of new loans, they now amount to 125,851,977/. Dividends payable on the 5ih of April and lOlh of October. II. Funds BEAiiiifo jtoaB than- Tiikef, peu Cent. Intehest. 1. Annuities at 3^/jer Cent., 1818. — This stock was formed in 1818, partly by a suN Bcription of 3 per cent, consolidated and 3 per cent, reduced annuities, and partly by a subscription of Exchequer bills. It was made rcdeemal)le at par any time after the 5th of April, 1829, upon months' notice being given. Dividends payable on the 5t'a of April and lOth of October. The capital of this stock amounts to 10,801,104/. 2. Utduced 3^ per Cent. Atinuilies. — Thin stock was created in 1824, by the transfer of a stock bearing interest at 4 per cent. (Old 4 per cents.) It is redeemable at pleasur*. , ,i : ■ ■:[' \r\ ,M 604 FUNDS. Diviilrnild pnyable fith of April and lOlh of October. Amount on the 8th of January, 15.16, 6a.4:j(i.8.')0/. 3. !\'fu> 'Ji per Criit. Annuilun, — This utock wan formed by tho act 11 lien. .3. r. 13. cm of ibi' stuck kiiKWii by tbo iiaimi of " New 4 per ccntn.," ainountiiiit oti tbc iJlh of Jan- Uiiry, In:10, to 11 t,:i:il,aia/. Thn lioldrrH of this 4 per cent. Htock bad their option cither to miliscribe it into llie new ;5i |>pr cent. annuiticM, or into a new 6 |H^r cent. Htock, at tbo rate of 100/. 4 per cents, for 70/. !i \H't cents. Dissentients to be paid ofl". Only 407,713/. nt'W .') |ier cent, stock was created inider this arranffemniit. The sum required to pay dis- sentients was 'J, (i 10,000/. The new 3^ per cent, stock thus created, amounted on the 5th uf .lanuary, 183(!, to M0,.').'i7,ayment either money or stock according to rates specil'ied in Tables to Ik; approved by tho Lords of the Treasuty. No annuities are granti'd on tho life of any niiminre under l.'i years of age, nor in any case not approved by the commissioners. Aiuiuities for terms of years not granted for any period less than ten years. These uinnilies are transferable, but not in parts or shares. Those for terms of years, payable .^h of Junuary and 5th of July; and those for lives, 5th of April and lOih of October. The terminable and life annuities granted under the above acts, amounted, on the 6th of January, 183(i, to 4,188,809/,, being equal according to the calculations of Mr. Finlaison, to a corresponding perpetual annuity of 1,970,019/. — (i'arl. I'aper, No. 457. Seas. 1830.) Irhh Debt, — It seems unneccssory to enter into any details with respect to the' public debt of Ireland. Tlie various descriptions of stock of which it consists, and their amount, are specified above. The dividends on tho Irixh dci)t are paid at the Bank of Ireland ; and, in order to arcnniinodatc the public, stock may be transferred, at the pleasure of the holders, from Ireland to (Ireat ISritain, and from the latter to the former. Exci'tequer Hills are bills of credit issued by authority of parliament. They are for vari- ous Fums, and bear interest (generally from 1 Jrf to 2Af/ perdiem, per 100/.) accordinf; to the usual rate nt tlie time. The advances of the Hank to Government are made upon Exchequer bills; and tho daily transactions b4rincipally carried on through their intervention. Notice of the time at which outstanding Kxcliequcr bills are to lie paid oft" is given by public advertisi'nient. Bankers i)refer vesting in Exchciiucr bills to any other species of stock, even though the interest be for the most part comparatively low ; because the capital may be received at the Treasury at the rate originally ])aid for it, and the holders being exempted from any riisk of tluctuation. Ex- chequer bills were iirst issued in IfiOfi, and have been annually issued ever since. The amount outstanding and unprovided fi.r, on tho .')th of January, 1836, was 29,088,950/. > India Slock and India Hands are always quoted in the lists of the prices of the public funds. The ftocV on which the East India ('ompany divide is 6,000,000/. ; the dividend on which has been, since 1793. 10^ ju'r cent.; and is to remain at that rate during tho continuance of the charter. India bonds are generally for 100/. each, and bear at present 2^ percent, interest, ))ayablc 31st of March and 30th of September. In selling them, thf interest due down to the day of sale is, with the premium, added to the amount of tho bills; the total lx"ing the sum paid by the |)urchaser. The premium, which is, consequently, tho only variable part of the price, is influenced by the circumstances which influence the price of stocks generally, — tho number of bonds in circulation, &c. The price of stocks is influenced by a variety of circumstances. What«'ver tends to shake or to increase the |)ublic contidence in the stability of goveriunent, tends, at the same time, to lower or increase the price of stocks. They are also atfected by the state of tho revenue ; and, more than all, by the facility of obtaining supplies of disposable capital, and the interest which inay be realised upon loans to responsible persons. From 1730 till the rebellion of 1745, the 3 per cents, were never under 89, and were once, in June, 1737, as high as 107. During the rebellion they sunk to 76; but in 1749 rose agahi to 100. In the interval between the peace of I'aris, in 1763, and the breaking out of the American war, thev averaged from 80 to 90 ; but towards the close of the war they sunk to 54. In 1792, thev weri!, at one time, as hi^h as 96. In 1797, the prospects of the country, owing to the th of January, 18.10, net 11 (ien. 3. r. IS. iq; on tl)p 5th of Jnn- id their opiiiiii rither ■r rent. Htock, at the i)fr. Only 407,7 in/, required to pay ilifi- tmounted on thi^ Sth ' nnd 5lh of July. I/. — (Hce previous eriads, I)ut thoy rII » oi Joucoura to the ik of England, and ee ante, p. 85.) It )s. . c. 14. — These acts ) grant annul tie:) for ir stock according to , No annuilieg are asc not approved by period h'»n than ten Those for terms of \\ of April and lOlh nted, on the 5th of of Mr. Finlaison, to 157. Sesri. 1830.) spcct to the' public and their amount, ik of Irpjand ; nnd, laurc of tile holders. They are for van- .00/,) according to nt arc made upon Government are which outstanding ikers prefer vc^tins 'St be for the niDst rensury at the rnto fluctuation. Ex- ever since. The IS 29,088,950/. < ■ices of the public '00/. ; the dividend int rate during the bear at present 2A selling them, the nountof the bills; consequently, the influence the price Vhntever tends to lemls, at the same by the stale of the )sid)lo capital, and r'roni 1730 till the in June. 1737, us again to 100. In he American war, ; to 54, In 17U2, utry, owing to the FUNDS. 005 ■wrocMCs oftlio French, the mutiny in the fleet, and other odvemo clrcumstnnrrH, were by no nieaiiH favourable; and, in cnniieiiupnce, the price of 3 per cent, sunk, on the 20ih of ^*ep- tenilier, on the intelli«enco transpiring of an attonipt to negocinte with the French republic having failed, to 47 j, being the lowest jirico to which they have ever fallen. I'ricuii of 3 pur Cent. CoimoU, In Kubrunry uiul AiiRint, cucli Year liiicii IMO.-(fif/)or< of Hank Corn- miller.) Ylirt, 1S20. I''«liranry AtiviiHt I'V'liruiiry AnuiiHt I'Vliruiiry AiiKam Ft'liriiiiry AuvUHt l'"rliruiiry AnKiirit 1633. I''t:liruiiry AiiKaKt JSSI. 1KS3. 1633. 1S3I. I'llcrnf Ciir.li.li. Kel)rimry AllKIINt I'l'liraiiry AaiiiiFi Bhrnary Aiiviiit Kt'hruiiry Aiiitiiat 1H30. I'.'lirimry A.pin 41«.42j<.pni Hunk siDck lor iiccnuiit 31U 11 310 11 211 India 8iiick,dlvidend 101 P^r cent. Agreements for the sale of stock arc generally made at the Stock Excliniige, which is frequented by a set of middlemen called yoiZ/w.?, whose busiiies..^ is to lU'cnnnnodate the buyers and sellers of stock with the exact sums they want. A jobber is generally po;;- sessed of considerable property in the funds; nnd he declares a price at which he will either sell or buy. Thus, he declares he is ready to buy 3 (ler cent, consols at HiiS, or to sell at 85J ; sr that, in this way, a j.erson willing to liuy or sell any sum, however small, has never any dilliculty in findins^ an individual with whom to deal. The jobber's jirofit is generally i per cent., for which ho trnnsacts both a sale ond a purcliase. Ho fre.jucntly conflncs himself entirely to this sort of business, and engages in no other descrij)tion of stock speculation. Wo borrow the following details from Dr. Hamilton's valuable work on the National Debt :— " A Imrgnin for Itie sale of slock, l>eins nprecd on, is carried Into execution nt tlie Transfer Ollice.nt the Hank, or the i^outli iScn House. Kor tlii.4 purpose the seller makes out n noli- in wriliUL', which contains the name Jiud deslpnallon of the seller uiid purchaser, nnd llie sum and deicripticm of tin; stock to he transferred. lie delivers this to the proper clerk ;♦ and Ihen fills up a receipt, a prinleil firm of whiili, u itii blanks is oblalned at the ollice. The clerk in I he niean lime i-xaniinis tlic seller's necoualR, and if lie lind liini possessed of the stock proposed to lie sold, lie makes out the transfer. This is siened in the hooks hy the sidler. wlio delivers the receipt to llie clerk ; and iipi'ii the pur- chaser's sinning his arceptnnce in llic hook, the clerk sIkiis the recei|)t as witness. It is tlien delivered to the purchaser iipnii payment of the money, and thus the husiiiess is completed. " Tliis husincss is Kenerally transacted by'hrokers, who ihfrive their authority from tlieir employers hy powers of nttorney. Forms of these are nlitained at the respective oliices. Some aulhurise the bi'oker to sell, otiiers to ncMpt a purchase, and otln rs to receive the ilividemls. Smiie coni[irelieml all thi'S,' olijects, and the two last are (jenerally united. I'owers of nttorney aiithoiisim.' to sell must he deposited in the proper otfice for exaini'ialiun one day liefore selling: a slockliohler actiiii,' personally, after (.'ranlini.' a letter of attorney, revokes it hy linplication. "The person in whose name tiie stock is invested when the hooks are shut, previous to llie pnyment of the dividends, receives the dividend lor the Irilf yi'ar precedinz; and, tlierefore, a pon:iiasi.r durins tlie currency of the half year lias the benefit of the interest on stock lie buy.«. from the last term of pavment to t!iB day of transfer. Tlie price of slock, theretore, rises gradually, ccleru- firibua, from * Tile letters of the alphabet are placed round thn room, and f'e seller must apply to the clerk wlio has his station under tiie initial uf liis naiiiu. In uil the oliices, there arc supervising clerks who ;nii> iu witnessing tliu trunsfur. ! |! li i I t! *' i i i \] .,; 111 . , It ■ ■ ■ • 1, j i 1 . oon FUNDS. Urin III tfrni ; nml \vliir i I'lil. I'miii llii' .^tli iil' A|iril In lli>' .^lli i>l' lul), mill rriHii till' IIMIi III' III tr iix In ilriiw lln'lr liirnini' i|iiiirli riy. " Till- liiKiiii'.") Ill' xiK'i iiliiiiiK hi Illi' Mini kH U I'liiiiiili'il nil ili.> vurlnilnii nl' tin' |iriT III' uliii'k, wlili'li il jiri'li'ilily ti'Mil:< In uniiiii fiii'ii vii'WH iinliirliliieil, liy lliniii' tvlm I'liuiigii In liila liualneaa, iil' tlm prnliiililllly nl' tliu vuliii- riallig or rilliiiK. "Tliia liiialiiHMa In pailly nMiiliirl(>il liy p«raiiiia wlio hnvn pmpiTty In lli • I'iiihIh. Hnl » prnclirr iiUii pri'HiiU tinmtii/ iIhihi' who liiivr iiii aiicli prnp.riy, nl" cniilr nlinii I'.ir lliii aal.i of Hlnck on ii fiilnn iluy III II priri' airi'i'il nil. I'lir •'Xiiiniil'i, \. may leri'H In hi'II In II. lO.HllO/ ni'.'l prr rent, aliiik. In In' Irniib- fi'rri'il III ill iliiya, I'nr D.INlll/. \. h»». In I'ai t, ii» anrli almk ; linl il' llm priri' mi llm iliiy iippnliili'il Inr till' lr.iM. k Mlimilil rinr tn ll'l, Illi will In-H '.w In liiipl:'tiii-nt lli"..ii' li:iri;.'iln.i, tlii'lr hi'Iimi' of hnnonr, anil tin- itiKjirai n alliMiilini( n tirfarli of con- tnu't, nri' III)' prIiirliili'K liy wlilrli llin liiiaiin'N^ U lOippnrli'il. In llii' lantrn iK" of lint rllnik Ivxrliaiiiri', Ihii liiivur la ralli'il a Hull, anil Ilia aulliir a Hnir, anil llii' pi'rann who rrl'iiai'' lo^iay lila loaa la callnl a Lumr hack ; anil lliu naiiiua nf lliuao ilufaiilUiri uro uxlillilti'il In tliu Stock I'Ucliuiigis, wliure lliuy ilam not app.'iir iil'li'rwarili "Till""!' liiirifiiinH nrii ii»ii.'illy niailc fnr rrrlaln ilnya flxnil liy a rnininltli'o of llm Htnck E\cliiiii|rp, mllcil mlilinif iliiii; of wliii'li llii'rr ari< aliniil 1 1n tln' yi'ar ; vi/. oiii' In r nil of llii' nioiiIlK of January, Firhriiary, April, May, .Inly, Aiikiiki, Oiinlii'r, an'l Novi'inli.r ; ainltlii'y am nhvayaon Tiicailiiy, VVcil- iicailay, Tliiimilay, or Krliliy, lu'lnir tin' i|iiy< mi wircli llm I'nniinU.Hiniii'ra fnr tliii rcilnrllnn of iIim iin- llnnal it "III link" piinliaKi-H. Tlm ai'tlllnir il lyH In J.iniiarv anil .Inly am alwa>a Ilii; tlrnt ilaya of llm opi'nloK of llii> II ink linoka for piilillc trannfi'r ; anil llieMii iliya an- nnllfli'il at tlii' Hank when llm con- •nld iir" hIiiiI lo pri'piirr I'nr llii< iliviiliinl Thi; price at wliicli aim k h anlil to lii> Irai.afi'rrKit on llm lii'xl ai'lllini? il ly, ia rillfil 111.! pricr on iireiuinl. Snini'linii'!*, Iiialiail if ilo>ini' llii! account on Ihi' ail- tliiiK ilay, llm atock la carriuil on to ii t^lluru iluy, on inch lurina aa llio partiua agrnu on, Tlili ia called II tiiiiliniin'iiin. " All iIk' hiiKlniiiia, however, wliich Is done in Ihi' Ftnrki ft.r tiwr, la not of a paniMlnif nainrc. In « placi' of ao rvtiinaivi" cninnii'rrr ii.j l.nnilnii, n|iiilriil inrnlianlH, wlin pnnsi hi prnprrly In Ilio fniril^i, unil ari' iinwilliiiy lo part wiili il, have l'ri'i|iii'iilly ooasinti tn raiM' innin'v Inr a nhnrt llinc, Tliflr ri'aonrci' In llila casH la lo hM fnr nioni'y, ami liny I'nr accminl ; anil alllinii;:li llm iiinncy raiaml In tliia nianni'r cnma iiior'' than llii! Ii-i,'al IiiIitimI, It all'nrila an iaip.irlant itcc.niiiiinil.itloii, anil il may kii itiii- deri'il alriclly li'nal ami rocnvcrihli!."— ( I'lllnl i-ii. pp. 31 1— :)I7.) ((•'I'MiiH (.\mkuicam). — Tito siitijiiiiicil Hiatoiiioiit will not, wn hii)H.>, he uiuntflrf!(lii)i». It )^lv('^^ 11 view .if ihr mo.it proiniiii'iit I'licta willi respect to the imhlic CmntH of the principal American Htaterf ; cichihitinjr, aiiioii|>;st other particulars, tlteir respective iiniotiiitH, the pe- rioiU when they are redeeiimlilc, ami their price in Luiulon in January, 1839. — {Witkn- haWs L(^/, S.'Jih January, ISUl). [See article 8 roc kh.—.I//!. Ed.] Account apccifying tlio supntata Uebta of each Stale, and the I'eiiods when tho lame are reilcem- nhle, &c. Fundi. Redeemibte. Amount ill Dnil.in ',(v.i.i)on Price in l."odn ,, Jan. 2i. Fiinda. RiMleetn.ible. Alnntint In Dol art. Frire In 1/niJnll, Jan. 2*1. Al.ttiaiiu Sprrcfllt, I- -.2 /iiccriini flirt/ Annfcl. ^nill^l Sll'lt, hlKTCl 1)'. S'erlina iln. lf.a-59-68 li..'"»l,(X!0 82 Ii-fia 3'.0'). of N.Orle.mv dn. is:!) 4.Vl.ll(l() lllinoli, (In. D-ia 6,'Oii.Kio w N. 0. Canil* H. Co. ,ln. WO 4.i'«'i,iicn Krnhicky, .1.,. I'-C'i *»i,00() Dn. Cily HiLk. dn. 1(C0 l.n(»,'IH1 Lni.iilana, Strlf 5 per ct l-H l,M>i.(jnn MiaaJMippi PUiilcn.lOdo. 1,73 3i<»l,il00 Do. .1). 1-H,1 vra.aii Teiincuee, 9 per cent. 1,1170 2,I»10,I«>1 Dn, iln. I.M1-17 50.M 7,ft'0'l(lO 96 1.3 to 6 I'lnriila, 6 per cent. IR-.X-COO-'-OI 1,(»KI,000 Dn. do. IVkl i5o,rt;« Dn. dn. WW 1.00,000 Dn. 6 ptT cent. ISC? 101 n.iltiinnr*! City, S per cl. IS.1O Mirylinl, 4 l-i | Jrnjiit. IH47 C.ilndeii ft Aiidjny Hill Ut. •'> I't-r mil. l.'.-.l 7-!0.0iM way, dn. I8C4 /.. 210,000 Dn. 6 iiern-nl. l!i70 3.nni.i)0i) too Del.uvarr' % Ririlin Ciiiil M«»ichi;«e'ti, S I'f r tent. It-.T l,0"('.O)0 nonla, 6 per eenl. Ijlftl L. 221,000 Ilo. .S'rrlinj dn. MK4 aiMKio 10) Amer. I.ifi'. 7 1-2 percent. Miniuipi'i, do. |H,H 6l«.0li0 In. A Trntt ('n. 2,000,000 Dn. S't-rlina dn. Dn. 6 per cent IH.',0 93 Dn. (Vr'ifiMliM, "iperct. 1-(H lVti!«.7l i!vx).noo N. V, Life h ■rriiit, dn. IsCv'iO Nbiv V„iI 3 per ctril. HV. 3,i,'i ro 93 Dn. iln fls.Ml Dn. dn. is-.s 1177.0(10 Do. Ci'T. dn I''(»l..i6 31 . 92 Do. Jo. IHe) r!.i.n(.o No V Or.e.ui» Cily, 6 In. l.-lil 250,000 Olnn, 6 per rem. ISV) 4,fvn noo Dn. *» per pent. m;i Dn. do. ix-.s AK\ om) 9910 93 1.2 rhilTlelphi.T fiiy. du. I'.B) nn.OflO I'eiiinylviuia, 5 per cent. l^liVlO-^l l.i'K.IVlO Pn t Healin.; Riihviv ti«;3 2,U00,0UO ir;. lOi. im. do. lllH ai«Ortl rh:ladeIidiia("ily,6|M'rct. l>61 Dn. do. li-iO l.livi.iQO 90 Dn. (' iiinl'V. do. riol. •; Rivliiii, 3 p.r cl. !»■,» D.1. dn. l-M 1!.0IV).0<(1 0234 I)... do. KM 3,i!i..V0 92 tn 92 1.2 R. R Ilnii.la ■ IHXI L. 210,1X10 8.S ex div. Dn. dn. \f,9 2.7^1.1li3 93 IIiirrJHliurKh !k LvicMler, Dn. do. l«W 3,n70,B6l 93fxdiv. 1 1 er ceiit. . 82,000 go Dn. do. 1800 .'.fi4\(i.l I milt ihli l« iii'trly IIih t h III the iintvur nt tlio II' i|ii>irl< riy. !!• iiriT III' nliK'K, ulilrh liriK nliii'K ilirnrilliiK <» Illy III' tliu vuliii- riniiig iiIh. Hut II prnrllrr iiIhii il' Kliii'k «M :i Ciihiri ilay I I'lil, murk. In III' Irniiii- III ilio iliiy nppuliiii'il I'nr IiIh lmru:iln fur A.xiKi/ , Kill! k nhiMilil riHii III II'], HI' m uliirk, iir Iriiiii'r'r ; L'k III) llui liny III' ai'tllu- i« prill- iif stuck, h lint ty I'liii III' cnnipi-lli'il liy Miiliiii( n lirpiii'li III' cnn- iil' tlln Stiilk I'.xririllirc, i^iiiy hill lixa Id unlli'il ;\ hiiiigi', wliuro lliuy ilum if lliii Hinck F,\rliMii|tp, llii' iniiiilln (it Jiuiiiiiry, ,;iyni)ii 'I'lii'siliiy, W'l'd- liii ri'itiirlliin nl' llii' iiii- lyn till' tlr: nrcniiiit mi thn xil- Kniu on. Thli in rallud finiiiMing nniiirn. In n priipi'riy in Iliu fiiiNln, ir H nhnrt llnio. Their III} iiiiincy riilKiiil In iliiii Hull, uiiii it limy bu t<;ii- |it', he uiiintorrstii)!?. mills of the priiiripiil Ivo iinimiJitrt, thfi pc- ly, 1839.— (UV//t«. the laine aro rcilcuin- .]_ Aiiioiint ""• In l)<>l in. I'riifl in l^ii.l'iii, Jill. 2-1. ^.iHiii.win J.IXKI.ilCO V,'0,000 '250,060 02 iTi.ono i.OOO.OUO irj. lOi. L. 210,000 85 CI Jiv. 82,000 90 99 /,. 200,000 4,100.000 3.000,000 If 111*. It the Bank ofPentu :he unie bauk oa tbu Itt 01 FURS, FUR TRADE. 607 FTTTIS, In cnmnriPrrr, tho akin* of ilKTront nii'imiiN, rovrrfil, fur tho most pirt, with think (Ino hiiir, thn inticr xiih' bi'iiiif ciiiivcrti'il liy a pcruhiir priM't'xit into u luirt uf leather. Ftini, pri'viiiiiNly to thrir uiiilcrifoiiijr ttili prix-oMti, nro il.Miiiininiiti many : it i» Hofl and wiirin, hut tho unplouitiint simH whicli inlhcren to it tlcprcKticH iti< vuluo. Marten and mink (a diminutive upccioi of oticr) iire priiicipiilly iiiiportt'il from the United HtateN and C'anud:i. Tho fur of the muHiiua^h or niUHk rut (u diiiiiniilivo fipccic.'i of licnver) M imported in vitHt qunntilieit from our poi««eMKionii in Noith .'ViiutIcj ; which iil-o Miipply un with cunMiilerul'lo ipmntities of otter skiiH. Niitriu HkiriH are principally hroii^'ht from Uuenuii Ayrci. Tho mure valuuhlo furi*, an erinino, Huhio, &,u., coino priiicijmlly froiii KuMHiii. FIJK TRADE. Wo are indehtod for the folinwiuK dotaiU with respect to the fur trada to one of tho must oxtennive and intelligent fur merchants uf London. " Tlionirh prnrtlctilly ungaiUMl In llio fur trmli-, I fi'ir I itmll tm nlili' tDiny liltio wllli ri-e.iril to It not nirii.iity known to yun i tint were I to wrilo on tlm iinlijcel, I uliuiilil illvlilu tli.i truili: iiun 'i, or rallivr 3 ClllMHflll. " I. i'lie tut rliHH wniilil conipriHe nrticlun of ncrcBHll^'; itiiinnK wliirli I hIiiuiIiI prlnr|p:i',ly niiinb(>r nn liiiniiinni! variety of liiiili aklnii, viirylnu ao wlili'ly Irniii cin li nilirr In hI/.p, i|ii ilily, cnloiir, iiiiil viiliio, tliiil, til iiKiKt pcrnnnit, tlii'V would iippcnr nx tlm proiliicii ol' ho niiiny iliil'iTrnt spii'lcH ol' .ini- nmlii._ TliKne Ittiiib nklnii lire proiliiCHil In iill piirlH ol' lli ' glnliu, iiml iirn every n lien: vniiiiiiiiii'il : but they rurni, In p.irticiiliir, nn I'Kiieiitliil ji.irt ol' thu ilruxs of thuiiHiinil'i iiiiumiii tlm Invvir iIiihsih in Itii.i- • hi, rolniiil, I''iift I'riiiiHlii, lliiiiKnry, IliiliPiiilit, nnil Hiixuny. In IIiihhI.i anil oilier colit cllinateK, thu pkliiH of vnrloiiit other iininiiilii iiiny lie conalilervil an nrticl"H o|' iiiliial iiecesMity. '"i. Thn 'it\ cla>* wnulil In a measure toriii piirt ol' thn lli. • il .iLtii einiiprini.'s fiirn which llirniiKh tmbit mill fiinhlon liiive now becouiu arllelex of niii'.ei.bn whetn halu urn wnrn, Riiil reqiilroa very HiipHrior Jiiil|{inRiit niiil conaiileriihiu caplt.il to coniliict it HiicceKhfiilly. 'I'ho I'lirH now iiKeil for hut iiiakniK iiru beiiver, niiiminuiih, otter, nutria, huru, iiiiil rabbit ; but each uf IhuKo inuy bii mibiliviiltiil III 30 ililfereiit sorli or rliiaseg. " .N'eiitria, nr mitrlo, la comparatively i now nrllcln. It Iioisan tlrat to li'j Inportoil In lurirn '<31 and 1832, to 2,197 skins a year. The duty on furs produced, in 1832, 31,079/. ; and that on skins, not being furs, 18,093/. I3)». Orf. China is one of the best markets for furs. The Americans began, with their clinrnfteristic activity, to send furs to Canton very soon after tlieir flag had appeared in the Kastern seas in I7S4 ; ami tlicy still prosecute tiie trade to"a considerable extent, Ihoupli it has rapidly declined within the last 3 or 4 years. The Americans procure the furs intended for the China markets, partly from the American )''ur Company already alluded to, and partly from Canada; but they have also been in the liHl>it of sendinK out sliips to the north-west coast of America, wtiicli, havinc pnrchaned large qnanlities of skins from the natives, carrying them direct to (.'anion. Recently, however, this trade has been ma- terially dtminiglii^d, in consequence, it is said, of the regulations of the Itussian government, who do not permit tlie American traders to cruise so far north as tliey did formerly, FUSTIAN (Ger. Barchent ,• Du. Fustein ,• Vr, Futnine ,• It. Fustajupio, Frintlu^no ,• Sp. Funtun; Rus. liumaseai Pol. Barchan), a kind of cotton stull', wealed or ribbed on one side. FUSTIC (Get. Gelbholz, Fustick ; Du. Gcclhout ,■ Fr. Bois Jaune de Brcsil ,- It. Lrgtio p!alh de BiiidUti ; Sp. Palo del Brasilamurilld), the wood of a species of mnlberry (iWirus linctoria), growing in most parts of South America, in the United States, and the West India islands. It is a large and handsome tree ; mid the timber, though, like most otlicr dye woods, brittle, or at least easily splintered, is hard and strong. It is very exten- sively used as an ingredient in the dyeing of yellow, and is largely imported for that pnr- jiose. Of (),335 tons of fustic imported into Great Britain in ISIll, 1,683 tons were brought from the British West Indies, 1,3.'J4 ditto from Cuba and the foreign West Indies, 1,013 ditto from the United States, 990 ditto from Mexico, ."ilO ditto from Colombia, 70.5 ditto from Brazil. Fustic from Cuba fetches full 3.5 per cent, more in the London market than that of Jamaica or Colombia. At present, the price of the former varies from 10/. to li/. a ton, while the latter varies from 8/. to 9/. a ton. The consumption amounts to about G,000 tuns a year. Zante, or young fustic, is really a species of sumach (Hhux aitinun Lin.), and is quite distinct from the morun t'luduri a, or old fustic; the latter being a large American tree, while the former is a small European shrul). It grows in Italy and the south of France, but is principally exported from Patras in the Morea. It imparts a beautiful briijiit yellow dye to I'ottons, &c. which, when proper mordants are used, is very permanent. It is con- vciiloi'tiy stowed amongst a cargo of dry goods, as it may be cut into [)ieccs of any length without injury. Only a small quantity of this species of sumach is imported. Its price lliictuates considerably. In Auguist, 1833, it was worth, in the Ijondon market, from 9/. to 11/. a ton. G. (GATi.\CZ, a town of Moldavia, on the left bank of the Danube, betvi-ccn the confluence of the Screth and the Pruth with that river, in lal. 45° 25' N.. long. 2S° E. It is ill built and dirty : population supposed to omount to 12.000. The trade of the town is chiclly car- ried on by Greek merchants, but, within the last few years, some foreign houses have formed establishments in it. Though at a considerable distance inland, Galacz may be said to be tlie port of the Danube; and, were the political jealousies, and oilier obstacles, that have hitherto so much obstructed the navigation of this great river, once removed, it would, no it' ItJ 1 700 GALACZ. doubt, become a first-rate emporium. Tho treaty of Ailrianoplc, by rescuing the provincpj of Moldavia and Waliacliia from Turkish despotism and misrule, will cimtribute not a little to this desirable result. Recently, indeed, Galacz has i)ceii rapidly rii^iing in importance. Btenm vessels have been established on the Datiube, from Presburg to Galacii, and thence, by tbe Black Sea, to Constantinople and Trebizond. Tho advai>tages of which tho free navii'ation of the Danube cannot fail to be productive to uii tho countries that it traverses, and especially to IIun<^iiry, of which it is tho natural outlet, seem to warrant the belief that its vast capacities, as a pommercial highway, will be daily more and more developed. Kntranre to Galacz.— Of \Yie tliree principal mouths of tlic river, tlm Sniiliiioli (iiiidcilc) niomli,in lat. 45° 10' 'MY' N., long. 29° 41' 2U" E., is lliu only one accessible by vussitls of consiili'rulilu liiirdMn. Tlio di'plli "f wilier on the bar, at Its entrance, varies from 10 to V.i and 11 fiM;t, accurding to tho season of till! yiNir, and the direction of the wind. Frnin the bar to Galarz and ISrailotf, still hlvlier np, there is iiowhiire loss than 18 feet water, and in many places from fiO to 70 fcft. \ cssels of 300 tons lie cIosb in iIk! quays of Gainc/,. 'J'hc shores at the mouth of the river being low, and borduriHl with reikis iind shoaU, ve.-JHi'ls intending to rnter the river (rcni'rally make the small rocky ijilut of I'hidonisi. or Sr;i. pent's Isle,* in lat. 45° 15' 15" N., long. 30° 10' 30" E., whence the Soulineh month bears W. by S., distant 'i3 miles. At the entrance to it, on the south shore, is a wooden tower, but (though tiK con- trary hi! sometimes stated) nu li|;hthoui — 2.!lvliX) 21,0(10 horses - • _ a.UH) 22.!l)0 Coitori, nvr • — 7n,7S0 9,375 sheei) - • » 10,0- «) 3,7fiO Iwjst . • packets 3,500 «,5« Hi.les, 01 • — i-.,ooo 2IJ,i>0 uluiufacturei — . 22, W Sail - - cwl«. 300,000 I35,0f0 Fiffs . • owls. .1,7-0 a.liiS Tallow - — 20.000 90,000 Ii cense - lbs. 56,li00 4,StiO Wheat • kilos.t 30.000 112,500 Iron, Kni[Iish - • cwu. 7,S00 I4,8;5 Wliits • galls. 1(1«,8U« 6.U3 Oil — 6,1X10 a«.7,-.o W,«)l . • lbs. 424,600 I6,S75 Olivei . — S,7-,0 19.657 Miscellaneous • ■ 7,500 IVpper ■ lbs. 50,(il4) 4..500 Kiiiiiiiia * ■ CtttS. S,7;iO 13,125 t Of 2 chelwerto each. Rice • ■ — (1,751) 19,(,>'7 Rum • . — 7-,0 3,!i37 Sonp ... • ihs. 254,700 in,l25 Siinr • > C»ts. 2,60U I6,S75 lin ... . — 2-, fi.W, Wni ■ ■ — 375 e.-'A) Winet • . >. 60U 2.r,o MutclUneoui ■ Tnlal ■ 11,250 TAtll 2VI.252 627,923 S/iip)iij>fr.—Jt\. nagemeister gives the following return of the shipping which entered tlie Danubo, hy the riouliiieli moulli, in the following years, with their destiii;itioii ;— Vt-a™. Isniail, Reiii. Galacz. tlraili'ir. Turkish Ports. is:a) H 35 193 f.7 31 '" K1I 164 IS 1(^0 22 30 IKli 159 17 451 61 8 IK.'U 32 S sn2 178 37 not 37 2 m 1S5 2% ♦ This island was fliinoua in antiquity for its temple In honour of Arhines, to whom it was saoroil. It was called Leiire. or the While Island, from the myriads of sea-fowl by which it was ntiually covered. There seems to be no good foundation for the modern notion of its being infested with ser- pents. It is singular, however, seeing that it is now annually passed by numbers of European shiim, Ih It it should not have been visited by any traveller. It may be expected to contain some rcniains of antiquity.— (*iee Clarke'i Tracela in Uussia, Turkey, {-e. Bvo. e. mi,6lM 6.t2i 1. 4^1,600 I6,S75 7,500 .1 627,9« ch entered the Panubfl, •If. Turkish Ports. 1 i 31 30 8 37 2% to wliom It was sarreil. y which it was usually beinij infested with scr- bers of European sliiim, contain some remains . aoj—toi.i GALACZ. 701 In 1835, ?03 yesaels arrived at Onlacz ; of which fi were Drillsh, 45 Ruisian, 17 Auitrian, 60 Greek, 49 Turl(iah, 17 Ionian, 4 iBardinian, 2 Suinian, 1 Walhichian, 1 ilrlgian. Dutiea.—Kn ail valorem duty nf 3 per cent, ia levied on all articles of merchandUo Imported into, or exported from, the princlpalitici of Moldavia and Wullachiu. Gnvernnient ri'servcs tu ilaelf tlia power of prol-'iitlng the oxportalion ofany article, but it has to give a munth'a previous notiiu ot any such prohihitinn. tialacz ig a free port; that Is, a port at which all cninmndillea may be landed, warehoused, re-ex- ported, and consumed in the town, free of duly. Quarantine regulatiuna are atrictly enforced ut Galacz, unless performed previously to entering the river. Ismail iind Keiii, pnrla of the Russian province of llessarabla, are aitiiated nn the Danube, and are both, but especially Ismail, a good deal nearer its mouth than (ialac/. ; liut thoy are much less cnn- elderablo in point of commercial importance. Having little importation, their trade is ciintined almost entirely to the exportation of corn, and even in this respect they are very inferior to Gulucz and llrai- loir. They are subject to the Hiissian duties and regulations. Wo have gleaned those particulars from a variety of works, but principally from the valiiablo Report, ft// ■M. Oc Hnnemeinter, on the Commerce of the Black Sea, ling. 'iVu;i*.,pp.o3— U5.,&c. ; Purity' a Sailing Directions to the Black Sea, p. I'J3, &c. Months of the Danube. — 1'here is a great discrepancy In the statements nf ancient authors as to tha number of channels by which the Danube poured its waters into the Eiixine. (Cellarii M,liHa tlrbin Anliqiii, lib. II. cap. 8.) A similar discrepancy exists at this ninment; some authorilies allirmiiig that it has four, others Hve, and others sl\ or seven mouths. Hut, us stated above, there lire only three of any considerable magnitude, viz. the Kilia mouth on the north, anil successively the Hiiulliii'h nmuth, and the Edrillis mouth. Out besides these, there are other channels of inferior iinpiirtance, of which two, at least, are still more to the south than the Edrillls mout.i. In antiquity, the most southerly channel was the deepest, and best suited for the purposes of navigation, and was thence called ^ucnini. (See Ccllariiui, ut atiprii.) It ia not, however, to be wondered at, tliat In the coursu of so many ages, very great changes should have taken place in the channels of the river. It seems proliaMe tl'iat the Ostium Sacrum, or southern channel of the ancients, may have run between Camnm, now Ilin hovn, and the lake ffolmiiris, now Uassein, which communicates with the Enxine at Kara Kernian, fnrnierly htropolis, and at a point slill more to the south. At any rate, there certainly was a channel in thii route now pointed out (D'^iivilte, Mrigt d'- la Gtograiihie ^ncienne, timi. I. p. 3(17.)! and as it ia a good deal more to the south than the I'^drihis mnnth, with which the Ostium Sacrum has been com- monly identified, it would seem to have the best claim to the distinction of being syMonymoits with the latter. This channel is, in fact, still partially open, and it has been recently staled that the Aus- trian government is seriously entertaining a project fur making it navigable. There can he no doubt that if this conlil be ert'ected.it would be of much Importance to the trade with Hungary and llie coun- tries oil tlio upper part of liie river, by nmterially shortening the river navigation, and facilitating the transit of ships and goiids to and from tlie Itlack Sea. Steam JVarigation iifthe Danube.— \ regular line of steam-boats for the transportation of passenger* and iiiei ort Insurance on each l«r 10011)8. wilh- Merchandise. Fmm Pesth to Moldavia From Moldavia to P&urance. 1 florin 15 kr. 1 do. 30 100 Anrins of value. Si kr. 21 Jo. On merchandise, the alKive rates only apply to snch, the value ol which diii'S not eiceed 70 O'lriiis for every lu) llt^. wrii^ht. Merchandise, the valiM of which is more cousiduraldo, must h« declared, and will pay acconling to value, at the fullovviiig rites, fur trausport from Vienna to Galacr :— Per 100 lbs. with. Merchandise. out insnr^iire. Iron and bcythes • • fi florins VO kr."^ Furniture and bulky arlicti's • 9 do. I Other articles, comprising those I called of Leipsic • ■ 6 do. 30 do. J Inauranrn per lOb duriui. 45 kr. ' "This last Table gives Vienna as one of the extreme points of the line ; because, in fact, the great * The rapids in thia place have received the name of the "Iron Gate." All veaarls ascending the river have to be towed up against the stream ; and the water is IVeqiiently too shallow to pi>riiilt the descent of any but the smalleat claaa uf Hat-bottomed boats. The Komana under Trajan hud, with equal industry and sagacity, formed a road or path along the river's edge for facilitating the operation of towing,of which the remains are still cx'.ant, with an inscription commeniotative ofthe conijilelion nf the works. It hag been proposed to overcome Ihe dlinculties in the way of the navigation, by renovating the old Rmnan road, and deepening the channel contimious to It. Hut it rarely Inippen's that attempts to improve the navigation in tlie bed of a river, under any thing like similar circum- stances, are even tolerably successfiil ; and provided it could he acronipllshed, there can be no doubl that the proposal for cuttitig a lateral canal sufficiently large to ailniil the sleam-boals and other craft navigallng the river, is by tar the most likely means of obviating Ihe ilillictillles In i|iiesUon. At all events, it ia to be hoped that sonielhing eflectual may bo speedily accoinplisheil in reference to this important subject.— (For some details with respect to the "Iron Gale," and the navigation of tha Danube, fioni Preaburg to llouatcimk, guc Mr. Huin's ^'uijage Voicn the Danuit, vul. 1. jiaoiim.) 3ir 2 i^ ^ 'I ill.. U 702 GALANGAI.— GALLIPOLI. ehif-ri nf thn cnmpnny U tho eiitiilitiahmont of a dirnct cnnimiinicntinn between the capitBlH nf thn Aiistri!!)) stilted niiil nf thi; Otioiniin nnipiro. " Its tlrst inlpntinn was In miik« ViiMimi tile pnint nf (Ippnrtnre fnr its stcam-lmnta ; hut the ainiinsi. tips n*" lie l)aiiiil)e,hf'twp(-n It ninl I'rpsbnrR, Interpnucd a snrlniis ohslacle. Kiitlit«Bii or twenty hmirs Mm iinrossnry to pass the iliHlaiico between these two towns by the river; whereas, by lanil, it is pcrfoniu'cl ill tiv(! or »ix hniirn. '•Tlie rninpany has, therefore, ileternilnert to ererl, either at Preshiirsr, or at Hanh, n vast enlropl^t whirli will be rnnnefteil Willi Vienna by a rail-r.mil, upon which sloani ears ahull transport all mer- chanilML' roiiiinK t'roni iIk^ north anil inidille nf fjerinany, on Its way to the east, by the Danube. "The offlre of the eoinpany Is ut Vienna: its charter Is fnr l.l years. It is privil<'i(eil by gnvernnieiil prntnitoiisly to draw frnm the imperial roal mines nf Mnldaviaihe cnal rennireci fnr the eonsiiinplion of its bouts. Its capital consists nf 1,130 sliarvs, each uf &U0 Hnrins. The dividend, in 18,11, was lixed nt 7 |)er cent. "From thn day on which the first Bteam-hontof the company shall have entered the Black Sea, it de- clared that the enterprise no loiiBcr belnnKS sniely to the Austrian Hiates, hut that it lielnnRs to IJiirope. "It is announced, that the company contemplates extending its line of steam-boats from Cnnstan- tlnople to Tri'lii/.ond. "This exti'iisinn will di'pend on the results which will have been obtained by tho experiment between (Jalncz and ronslanlinopln." The above slutement was published more than n year ayo, and we regret that we have no recent informal inn In cnmmmiicate respnctiiiB Ilia stale nf this inipnrtant iindertakins. The KiisBlan povern- nient, to wlioin the treaty of Adrianople gave possession of the mouths of iliit Danube, lias, it is said, refused to permit any steam-bnats to pass in and mil of the river without payment of toll. Hut tins power nf Uussia In inipnse this toll, cnnfnrinahly with existinif trenllea, has been questioned; ami till this dispute be adjusted, tho undertaking will necessarily sutler. Jinirlit'ii of the Danube and the Rhine.— \ project bas'been for some time on foot in Bavaria, tbiit wlo Total - tS3S. 1 Qiiintity. Valufi. 1 In Slims. In Ini|)rrial T(MI«. Prir Ducilii. e Cml. Cash Chargfs and Duty. Total. 1 Slerliuj. niir:ili. Sleiliin. niira's. SlHriint. 1S.>"<9 6, SOI 2,(i2i 944 4'>',316 lia,407 i. 77,M-. 21,90, 1;!.',.'91 36,72'. L. 22.731 (i,310 .'.SI,!*)") 1119,1.12 L, .rrl.27(i 31,2|-. 2i,700 3,-.G9 613,723 105.40 itiMlia 29.041 732,741 I:i4,11l IS34. 1 26,!>79 3.1,84 S 3,7,1:) 4,673 6-1,97-. Ml,!(» llfi,k6-i tsa,is3 t4«,ios im.wig 32,72J 31, -.99 3lin,12S l,022,sn9 177,' 07 60,'i27 8,406 l,il.1,17- 263.173 .1B.litan Total . 12 1 82 81 S 89a 12 82 1,317 ss 12,834 81 9 898 9S4 95 14,239 984 93 14,239 Sup.) (veen tho capUalii of thn.i2» l,022,W)9 1-7,' 07 327,494 l,SS.1.027 the roiinlries to which L of Gallipoli, in 1H33. Cleired. Tons. Creivi. 1,317 SS 12,834 1 4,239 81 6 898 Si Slip.) GAr.T.ON— GARNETS. 703 GATjLON, a meBsurn of capacity, both for dry and liquid articles, containing 4 quarti. By 5 Geo. 4. c, 74., " tho Imperial gallon Khali be tho standard measnro of capacity, and Bhall contain 10 lbs. avoirdupois weight of distilled water, weighed in air at the tein|)eraturo of 68° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, fho barometer being at 30 inches, or 277'274 cubic inches; and all other measures of capacity to bo used, as well for wine, beer, ale, Rpirits, and all sorts of liijuids, as for dry goixls, not measured by heaped measure, shall bo derived, computed, and ascertained from such gallon ; and all measures shall be taken in parts, or multiples, or certain proportions, of the said Imperial standard gallon." 'l"hc old English gallon, wine measure, contained 231 cubic inches ; and the old English gallon, ali; measure, contained 282 cubic inches. Hence the Imperial gallon is about ' larger than the old wino gallon, and about ,'^ less than the old ale gallon. By tho 6 Geo. 4. c. .58. § G, it is enacted, that from and after the 5th of January, 182B, whenever any gallon measure is mentioned in any act of parliament relative to the excise, it shall be taken and deemed to be a gallon Imperial standard measure. — (See Wf.ioiits and MK.tsunr.s.l GALLS, OR GALL-NUTS, (Fr. Gal/en, No'oc de f^alle ; Ger. Gallnpfrl Gallus ,• It. Gul/e, Galline ; Lat. Galx,- Arab. Afis ,- Hind. Majonphiil ,• Pen-i. Miizu), are ex- crescences produced by the attacks of a small insect, which dc(iosits its eggs in the tender shoots of a species of oak (Qtieretis infectoria T-in.), abundant in Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, &c. Galls are inodorous, and have a nauseously bitter and a.^tringcnt taste. They are ne.irly spherical, and vary in magnitude from the size of a pea to that of a hazel nut. When good, they are of a black or deej) olive colour; their surface is tubercular, and almopt prickly ; they are heavy, brittle, and break with a flinty fracture. 'I'hey are known in commerce by the names of wfiite, fjrreen, and blue, 'J'lie white galls are those which have not been gathered till after the insect has eaten its way out of the nidus and made its escape. They are not so heavy as the others, are of a lighter colour, and do not fetch so high a price. The green anil blue galls are gathered before tho in.scct has escaped ; they are lieavier and darker than the former, and are said to allbrd about one third more of colouring matter. Galls are of preat Importance in the arts, lieini? very extensively nsed in dyeing, and the manufac- ture of ink. of which they form one of the principal insircdieiits. 'rbny nre ilie most powerful of all the vei^clable astrinuents ; and are frei|iic!iitly used with (.'icat elfect in iiiciilciiie. The ancients reckoned tlie ^all-nuts of Syria superior to every otiier, anil they still retain their pre- eniineiice. They an; principally exported from Aleppo, Tripcdi, Smyrna, and Said; tliosi- brought from the first come chiefly from Mosul, on the western bank of the Tigris, about ten days' journey friini Aleppo. The real Mosul galls art unquestionably tlie best of any ; but all that are gathered in the surrounding country are sold under this name. Those from (Jaraiiiania are of a very inferior quality. The galls met with in India are carried thither from Persia by .\rabian merdianls. It Is not unusual to dye the whitish gall-nuts blue, in order to increase their value. The fraud is, however, detected by the deeper blue tinge that is lliiis imparted to them; and by their being perfo- rated, and lighter than the genuine blue galls. The price of galls in bond varies in the London market from 65s. to SUs. a cwt. The duty is 5s. a cwt. — (Heet's Cijeloptrdiui Bancroft on Colours ; ^inflic's Mat. hilica, Sj-c.) G.^MBOGE (Fr. Gomme gutle ; Ger. Guinmigiift ; It. Gonima gnfta,- Lat Gummi gtittw, Cambugiit; Arab. Osmrarcwund ,- Siamese and Cambojan, Rung), a concrete vege- table juice, or gum resin, the produce of the Gnrchiia Cambogin, a forest tree of the genus which affords tho tnangostein, the most exquisite fruit of the East. The districts which yield gamboge lie on the east side of the Gulf of Siam, between tho latitudes of 10" and 12° north, comprising a portion of Siam and the kingdom of Camboja, whence its English name. It is obtained by making incisions in the bark of the tree, from which it exudes, and is collected in vessels placed to receive it. In these it assumes a lirm consist- ence; and being formed into orbicular masses, or more freijucntly cylindrical rolls, it is at once fit for the market. It is of a bright yellow colour, opaque, brittle, breaks vitreous, has no smell, and very little taste. Specillc gravity l"22. When taken internally, it operates as a most violent cathartic. It forms a beautiful yellow pigment; forwhichpurpu.se it is principally used. The Dutch began t'i 'mport it about the middle of the seventeenth cen- tury. The greater part of the gnml. ' commerce first finds its way to Bangkok, tho Siamese capital, or to Saigon, tho capiiui of lower Cochin China; from these it is carried liy junks to Singapore, whence it is shipped for Europe. Its price at Singapore varies, ac- cording to quality, from 30 to 80 dollars per picnl. Dark coloured pieces should be rejected. — (Cniwfiird'.s Emba.s.sy to Siam, p. 425. ; Thdini'on's Chemhtn/.) GAKNET, garnets (Fr. Grenah ,- Ger. Granaten, GrunnMe'm ; It. Granati ,■ Lat. Granati ; Rus. Granatnui kamen ; Sp. Grunadas). There arc two species of garnet, the precious and the common. Tiie colour of the first is red ; and hence the name of the mineral, from its supposed resemblance to the flower of the pomegranate ; passes from Co^ lumbine red, to cherry and brown red ; commonly crystallised. External lustre glistening, internal shining, vitreous; transparent, sometimes only translucent; specific gravity 4-08 to 4'34. The colour of the common garnet is of various shades of brown and green. Differ- ent colours often appear in the same mass: translucent; black varieties nearly opaque : spocific gravity from 3-66 to 3-75. — {Thomson's Chemistry.) Tho finest varieties como from India, and some good specimens have been received from Greenland. When large f I i .'i ii|: ' ? '■ i - 1. ■'', '1' Mil ^\ il 1 It, I 3'l •1;. 704 GAS COMPANIES. and free from flaws, garnrta nrc worth from 2/. to 5/. or G/,, and even more ; but itonoi of thia value are of rare occurrence, uiul always in demand. — {Muwe vn Dlumonds, J[C, Sded. p. 113.) GAS COMPANIES, the term usually applied to designate the rompunic« or aoaociationa estaltlishcd in most large towns for lighting the streets and houses witii gnx. Every one must have remarked that most 8|)ccies of coal, when ignited, give out large quantities of gas, wiiich burns with much brilliancy, yielding a great quiintity of light as well as of heat. Dr. Clayton seems to have been the first who attempted, about 17:J0, to apply this gns to the purposes of artificial illumination: but his ex|)eriments were upon a very limited Hcalc, and no further attention was paid to the subject till more than half a cen- tury aAcrwards. At length, however, Mr. Murdoch, of Soho, instituted a scries of judicious experiments im the extrication of gas from coal ; and, by his ingenuity and sagacity, sue* reeded in establiHhing one of the most capital improvements ever made in the arts. Mr. Murdoch found thiit the gas might be collecteeing less than a fourth part of the cost of the former. Oil and other substances have been used in furnishing gas for the purpose of illumina- tion, but none of them has answered so well as coul. Most of the oil gas establishniente have been abandoned. The construction of gas works on a large scale, and the carrying of pipes through the streets and into houses, &c., is very expensive, and requires a large outlay of cajiital. Hence most of the gas lights in the difl'erent towns are supplied by joint stock companies. Many of them have turned out to be very profitable concerns. 1'he subjoined Table contains a statement of the most important particulars connected with the principal gas companies ; viz. the number of shares in each, the nominal amount of each share, the sums actually paid up, the market price of shares, the dividend payable on them, &c. — (from the Share List of Mr. Charles Edmonds, Broker, of Change Alley Cornhill. 12tli of October, 1833.) Number of htant. Kunet of Compaiiiea Amount of SInrei. F.iid up. rrice p«r Share. nivlitrli'l per Aduudi. IlJvlJenili |iayal;li.. £ £ I. £ «. j8,ono Gas Liffht and Coke Chart. Company 50 SO 50 6 per cent. May, Nov. 5,000 Ditto, New (London) 50 10 10 6 per cent. May, Nov. 1.000 City (London) ino 100 105 10 per cent. Mar. Sept. 1,(M)0 Uii'to, New (London) 100 60 120 10 per ciiil. Mar. &>ept. 10,000 Imperial (London) 50 50 48 15 5 piT cent. April. On. ^t>.fml. nillo debemnrcs - KHI 100 100 4 per cent. Jan. Jnly. 8,000 ll'tioirlx, or Soiiili London - 60 30 43 6 per rent. Feb. A III'. fi.OOO jKrilish (London) . . - 40 10 21 12 1/. pemliare. April, (Id. 5,000 Ditio (Country) 20 ly 22 W. per share. April, Oil. lllittn delmnturcs . . - 100 _ . 103 5 per eeiil. .Ian. July. 2,000 {Indeiiendent . . - .SO 30 45 6 per cent. Mar. Sept. 4,000 lEiiuitublo . . . - 60 25 21 4 per cent. April, Oct 6,900 'Ooneral United Gas Light Company 50 44 44 5 per cent. I/.lfijt.perHh. Mar. Sept. 4, ■ . 25 IS par 5t5 240 itnchester - • . . 50 60 3;. 1,600 Hhetnelil - ■ . 25 18 5 58 10 per cent. 1,000 114 Hhrcwsbnry Stockton - - - 10 6.1 - - 12 10 12<. January. 204 Warwick - - . 50 _ « 50 5 per cent. March. 400 Wakelield - - - - 25 - _ . 2/. 10». KlO Warrington - . . 20 . « 90 10 per cent. 1,000 Wifc'an - . _ 10 . _ 210 Woolwich - - - - 50 30 . 10 per cent. f),^0 Wolverliainpton ... 20 20 20 600 .Worcester - - 20 - -, 16 4 per cent. [Gas works for lighting have been introduced into the United States at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Wilmington (Del.), Baltimore, Pittsburg, Louisville, New Orleans, and Mobile ; and are all of them conducted by joint stock companies, — by one company only in each place, excepting in New York and Philadelphia, where there are two. With the exception, also, of that in Pittsburg and the two in Philadelphia, they are conducteil under the usual organization of joint stock corporations. In the three cases just mentioned, the general features are the same. The stock is held by individuals; and the management is confided to trustees. These trustees are, in the Northern Liberties, annually chosen, one half by the municipal authorities, and one half by the proprietors ; but, in the city of Philadelphia proper and Pittsburg, they are chosen by the former exclusively. In all these works, the municipal authorities have granted the pri- vilege of laying down pipes, reserving to themselves the right of redemption at the original cost, for the benefit of the corporations res|)ectively. These works have no legislative charters. The success which has attended the works in Philadelphia is attributable, in a great mea- sure, to the strict regulations adopted, to prevent the leakage of the gas in the minute rami- fications of the pipes conducting it through the buildings that are lighted. — Aiii. Ed.] GENEVA (Da, Genever ,- Yr. Genitrre ; Ger. Gaud, Gcnpver ; \t. Aajua di Ginepro i Lat. Juniperi aqua,- Sp, Agua de Enrbro), a spirit obtained by diKlillation from grain, rcoiificd, with the addition of juniper berries. The latter give to the spirit that peculiar flavour by which it is distinguished, and arc also said to render it diuretic. Geneva is a corruption o( irrnievrr, the French term for the juniper berry. By far the best geneva is made in Holland, where its manufacture is carried on to a very groat extant. The distilleries of Schiedam have long been famous, and are at present in a very prosperous condition. Schiedam geneva is made solely of spirit obtained from rye and barley, flavoured with juniper berries. It becomes milder, and acquires, as it gels old, an oily flavour disliked by the Hollanders ; hence nearly the whole of the " Schiedam" is exported, principally to the East Indies. There are no fewer than .SOO distilleries in Schie- dam, 100 in other parts of Holland, and not more than 40 in Belgium. The entire annual produce of the distillery in Holland is estimated at 2,000,000 ankers, or 20,500,000 wine gallons, of which about two thirds are exported. — {Cloet, Description Gcographique dea Pays Has, p. 92.) In nothing, perhaps, has tho destructive effect of heavy taxation been so sironsly exhibited, as In the trade of geneva. It appears from the Pari. Paper, No. 218, Soss. lH2fl, that during the 10 years ciidiuc Willi 1"8«, when tho duty on geneva was about 10^. tlii? wini! gallon, tlie average annual con- ■uinplioii in Oreal llritain amonnted to about H0,362 gallons. Hut in I'^'ti, Mr. Pitt reduced the dutiea to 5s. a gallon ; and the effect of tliia wise and politic measure was such, that in the ne.xt decennial period the average imports for home consumption amounted to 444,891 gallons ! From 1796 to 16(16, 89 4 M i^i 111 ! i t 1 ',1 i: ! I ' V'-- n !i ■' 706 GENOA. Ih« (IhIIpr niictinii'il from 7.«. fl^', tn I U. ; Imt nn Die lodti? Tir (rnncvn lind hcon rnrniod, nnd Hd thn dQ" • lii'H on tiilicr npirilH li.nl Ihmmj iiiirc.i.iil in iii mil llm » iiiii' |irii|iiirlii'ii, Ihi' i'iiiiNiiiii|iiiiiji wiiil iiri liicri'ni- iiiR, liiivliiL- licM'ii, ut nil iivir.itf.! iil'lh'! Id y.'iirs. hm liiitli uh i2l,:i:i| l-iiIIiiiih a yi'iir. 'I'liin wiib lliti iiinxl- liiiiiiiiirnitisiimpti 111. Mr. Vaii-iilirl h i iI'Iit lice in lii.-i iijiiii.|ij. mii.-i i irci i, ami iiiiiiHMli>iirly riiiwcd tlir duly rriiiii 1 la. to W.i. H,/. • iliiii>|it in Jiiiiiil (.It'll. XI (ir v!..!. «(/. ! Til.' (liilicioii riiMiaiitl llriliKliHpiriu linviiiy In lati rially riMliirril iliiriii|; the laBt lOyr'ir.i, lli.'iiiiiHUm|ilinMiir!!('M.va lia< ifunn nn prnfiriHslvcU i|jiiiiiii-.liiii(;, illl li now ainminls, Hs appcarc I'rnm ll.n snhjniiicil olllii il sialriiiciit. In nn iiMiri' lliaii -J-J.lidO vallniiH ; la-inj: only one Ihirtu. foiiflli pan iif what II ainniiiitcil lo iliirinK IIih III ycarH I'liilinu Willi I'-llii! Ill Ircl.iml, llio I'lri'iH of tliiri fil.iilr .«(! sydtiMii liavii liivii iii.iri' InjiirioiiH lliaii appnarB from tlilg Table. During Ihi- 4 year* iinling willi IM0.1, IIk' Iio.iI-.h of lln; Irit^li ('iifloiii-lioiKip mIiiiw tliiil llicro woru, HI nil averagu, S'.'.,SJS i;alloii» of fni'Va iMiiort il for liomc coiiHiiiiipiioii, iiroiliiriiiir, at ilm llu^n duty of 7.«. SJcV., ;)s»,w;». II yi'ar; wliiTcaii, iioiwlilisliiiiiliiip lln; viihI ImrcaHc of popiil.itlon, llio con- miinptloii of (friifva in liolanil, in l^lfi, wan only 1,102 ualloiiH, anil llii! ri'viMiii'' only l,.'i77/. To niaki' nny liiiiilliciiDil ooiniin'iiiary on hiicIi slat.'iiiciiis wmilil Itn iibi'Ickp. Oiir policy, If wo may apply lliis term to KO icvnlling a ili-ipl.-iy of Hliori-Hialiliid rapiicily, iiax had no otiirr oII'imI tlnin In loBsi.ii till! piililic nv-.'iii' anil I'lijoynii'iilB of ilio pcnpli!, lo injuri! our iriiilii Willi Holland, and lii fonKT and prnmolo the rninoiiii anil (IrnlriirtiVH prarlicc of c |:i{liiiK. The I'xorhilnnt dntii-H on uu- iii'va, liranily, and toliacro, havn Inl to tlw foriiiatlon of iIk^ inaai |>naril and llio prcvi'iillvp water guard, coBiiiig toucttuT lnlwi'i'ii 1(1(1,00(1/. and .'iilil.ODO/. a yi-ar ; anil vi'l, nolwllli«ianilliuf this cnor- iiioUB oiiilay, and not wlilislandin^' tlir iniiiiincrahlii pi'iialliiri and piiiiiHliniiniH to wliirii \w. h uxpoBiid, tlui irudfMif thn BinnnKlcr is not piii ilovvii.hul Ib tlio conlrary, in a piicniiarly floniisliins condition ; and BO it will contiuiii'. In (Ic^pili; of evory IhiiiK tliil laii he done for itH sii|iprcs.~iii)n, till lhu.su dutlea he udeqiiatrly riuluii'd. We bjlii've niir cin inarnfai-tiirrrB have nolliiiiR to apprehend from ii reduction of llie dnticB on pe. neva to I0.<. n (.Mllon. The lower claBneB, who are the great (■oiiHiiinerB. priM'er KnrliBh eiii to every other Bliiiinlant j and now lliat Ilie dnlieB on juniper lierrles (s.'e lti:iiniK.s) -are reduced. Us qniilliy liiiiy be iiialBri:illy improved, lint nolhins would have bo iiiiich indneiiee In tliiB respect ag the ndmlB- ■ioii of geneva at a ino.lerale duly. It would also h ive llie henel'icial e lie it of imtiliig an end lu ttis innniifactnrn of the BpurioiiB cinnpoiindH Bold under its name. The regnlatiiiiiB ua to the iinporlaluui, Sec. of (■eneva are similar to tlios ■ nlfecting Uiiandy j wlildi An Account of Ihe Nnniher of (J.illons (Iiiipr>ri il Measure) of CJenevn entrri'd for Flome Cnnsuinplinn in (.'real Hrifiin and Ireland, ilio Uutui of Duly on the same, und the eniiru Nett I'ruiiuuc -A' llio Duty, each Vear since ISl t. QuiDtiti 1^ rfl.-iinp;l fur Home Jll|l!(UUllitilt|li Nell Prmluio of Duly (Cuiloins »li^ I Un.) RilMof Diilv jtfr IllH)eJi.llll:ill.'ir(Cu8l011H Teirt. auil Eici r). (iriMl Britiin. '«'»"'■ Ki,l,',ln,i.. OrMi DriUin. IrelAiKl. UnilBl Kinslom. Ot. IlrlUin. Ireland, Imp. (iall. Imy. <; ,tl. Imj,. (lull £ ». (/. £ n. d. £ f. d. £ t. d. £ *. d. 1614 Ma„wi fi,072 15.5,374 1IW,55!) 13 3 .5,581 IS 5 174,111 II 8 I 2 «} 17 3} IHIS 1-2I,,'j0S 4,118 li-^.'.i.-)! 13'I.7G8 13 3 4,029 8 11 143,798 a 2 l!il6 io;),<.ir.i I,:i05 I0-.,27S 110,W7 12 11 1.3.59 15 H 118.327 8 7 |H|7 io5.is;i 2,174 107.0,57 lltt,M37 10 10 2,012 10 120,850 15 10 IHH !I3,2S-) 3,032 1I0.2>^7 127,.50:! \H U 2,772 3 3 1. 30,275 a 2 I8I'J 108,523 3.121 10.-.,fil7 111,709 13 7 2,795 2 9 117,591 16 4 1 2 7i lh-20 105,007 3.3>(3 10'^,4.')0 1I4.U03 1.'5 9 2.9(3 17 11 117,817 13 1 Ihi I K),n3 3,321 02,707 lOO.lWj 15 9 2,910 2 10 103,905 18 7 is-m 8H,(!70 8,<)17 !)l.5h7 •)«,9S1 Hi 2 2.523 1 1 3 102,50.-. 10 a IhS3 h2,7H I H.IOI MO.UIS 93.412 U 7,020 14 5 100,102 14 a _ 1 2 8 18?4 I!t,li05 412 00,017 10!, IN!) 12 3 472 7 11 101, .502 2 IH2.5 8.t,70U 1. 000 Hl,7()!> 91, 103 2 1 1.115 17 11 95,009 ls-J« C.T.OTi) 2,0S| C'MCO 7.').553 5 10 2,3.37 10 11 77,M)0 1(5 9 I 2 6 1 S 6 Iba7 50.700 1,90.S 62,litiS 57,201 11 11 2,117 12 « 59,352 4 5 Ifi-W 43,037 2,223 4fi,2l!0 48,133 9 1 2,.M)0 11 10 50.934 11 1829 35,301 1,K15 37,1 Ifi 39,047 17 2 2,075 12 fi '11.723 9 6 is:o 2H,(MI0 1,793 30,70!) 38,0,-)0 2,018 31,(»W IVII 22,510 1,3HS Slif'tW 2-,.3.li 1,502 SO.hOl 1838 ao.sya 1,402 22,301 23,514 1,377 25,091 GENOA, a maritime rity of Italy, oiirc the capital of the fam' us republic of that name, now of a provirn-e of the kinp^doii) of 8arilinia. It is situated at the bottom of the extrusive jjulf to which it gives its naims the light-house being in lat. 44° 24' 40" N., Ion. 8° 5a' 55" E. Population 80,000. Genoa is one of the finest cities of Europe, In general, the Htreetfi are inconveniently narrow ; hut some of the principal ones are moderately wide, and consist almost entirely of public buildings, and private palaces erected during the period of her prosperity. Being built on a rising ground, in the form of an amphitheatre, the appear- ance of the town from the sea is most magnificent, and justifies the epithet given to her of " la superla." PoH.— The harbour is slmlcircnlar, the diameter being about 1,000 fathoms. Il la artificial, being formed hy two gigantic moles having o|iposiie directions. That on the east side, called the old mole (nolo verchio), prnjeclB from the centre ofltie city W. by S. It is about 2C0 fathoms in length, and liaa a battery near its middle. The new mole Uuolo niiovo), on the opposite side of the port, adjuins the vnulherii extremity of Ihe siilnirb of S. Pielro d'.\renn, projectlnir nhont 210 fathoms from shore in »n E. S. E. direction. The mole heads bear from each other N. E. by E. and 8. W. by W., the dis- tance between tbem, forming the cnlrance to the linrlioiir. being a'linit 3.50 I'lthonis. The lit'hl-lioii.io in without Ihe port, on the west sId,!, near the extremily of n point of land, and contignous to the bot- tom uf the new mole. It is u lofiy sim are lower; and as it stands on a liiuli rock, and ib painted white, it is visible in clear weather at a great distance. There is also a harlnmr light at the eMreiniljr of the new mole. There is no dillU iilly in entering the Imiboiir ; the ground is clean, and there is iii«nty of yrater, particularly un tlie giJe'ncxt the new mole ; care, however, must bu taken, in cuiuiiig ^. irnioil, unci s» tlin fli- iiioii wi iiHiiilin'ri-n*- 'I'liin wim til" iiiiixl- 1(1 iiiiiiiciliHli-ly ri\i«iMl 1(1 yt'irsl IlllllilHI with lillli'C li'lVB rnmimird 111 li iiiiiy I'" liiiiiiMit in 1 tiiillv r.iliin!il iliiriii!! i)r,illiil iinwmii"""'". Iii'liig iiiily uiie lliirty- III! mip""'*'* f'"'" ''''* ii.iiHC hIuiw tlllll llllTO irmliliina, «• H'" "'"" luipiilatlnii, llio con- i.niy i,:>nt. Our piilii-y.ifwomay 1) nilicr •■lli'i I limn in . Willi lliill;i"'«o ,1,1 cmitiRuiius 10 the 1ml- JiL'h roi'k, anil H panned lnirlit!liialliin«\"'-''"'"3f I,hI is clean, aii.l llioro i» Inust be Ul«e»i "' cunung GENOA, r.' i > 707 ftom thi* woiit.tn (jlvo the llKht-hmisn point a Rnod nfllnij. Mudnrntp nizrd tnnrrhantmen cnimnonly ■ nclinr Ihtiidi' tll(5 iild moIh, cuntlcumiK lo tlie vorlo frnnro, or IhuhIimI wari'lioiiM's, tinving a liawmT liiHilii fint to till* niiilf, and an iiiiilior nlicad. Slmi nl' war am! IIh' hituffi I'laxH of iiiiiriliaiitini'ii may anchor inKiilo llie new nioli', luil llicy iiiiisl not roiiii! Imi near llie Khore. HhipH Konii'iinieH anrlior wlllioiit tile liarlioiir ill from lU to U.') I'atlioniH, llie lu'lit-lioiiNe lii'iirini: N. ' W., dlKtaet 'i or :i iiiilci. The H. W. wliidri III ration a heavy Nwell lint llii' hotloni i^ clay anil lii>liU vt ell. Wiihlii tiie town are twn rather uliallow ImihIiih diHluiied for Kallli '< anil ttiiiall tniillni! vensel-i. 'I'ln're i.-i iiIno an nrpniial, ^f(in«V.— ArconiilH were t'orinerly kept at (•enoa In lire of '1(1 lolilj, I'lich koI.Io cotltalnitl^ Vi iliiiari ; and niotiey was divided into Imiico and fiiori ili banco. Ihit MJiice the ImI of January, I^'i7, llie iinclent inelliod ot rncknnliiu liaR ceaneil, and acconnlH are now kept in lire ll:iliani', illvideij into centH. The ' wclsht ami llnene Knclish inches. The cnnna is of 3 gnrts ; the eanna piccolo, used by tradesmen and inanufactiirers, - U pulmr, or 87'S I')n)ili!^h iiiclies ; the canna proi'sa, used by merchants, => 12 paliiii llt'>7 Kn|{lish inclns ; and the cuiina used at the CUistom-lioiise = 10 pulmi ^ U7-2'i Knulisli inches. The braccio = 2; palnil. JViiri/fHriuii.i^T.— In IMIl, there entered thediirercnl portsof IheSardinhn states, 3,701 ships ; but the trreater number of these must buvebeen small coasliii!; vessids, as llieir av');rei;ale burden did imt ex- ceed 331,217 tons. Ifwi; ilediict aliniit a third for Hardinia, by far the largest proportion ot'tlie remain- der must have entereil and cleared out at tJenoa.— (.^rr/iirc* i/ii (VHiii.crrc, toni. li. p. H9.) — In Wii, 81 llrilish ships of the liiir.len of 13,178 tons, arrived at Genoa.*— (PaW. I'aptr, >i«. 7J(i. Sess. In'Xi.) Trude, ^c. — Genoa it* the entrepot of a largo e.xtont of country; und her commerce, though inferior lo what it once wan, ia very foniiiili'rulilf, and has latterly heeii increasing. iShc i.s a free port; that in, a port where goods may he v^nrehoused and cxiiurlcd free of duty. The exports consist partly of the law product-s of the adjacent country, wich un olive oil (an article of great value atul importance), rice, fruits, checKe, rags, dteel, argol, &c. ; partly of the productsj of hor manufacturing industry, such as silks, damasks, and velvets (for the jiroductiim of which she lias been long fuinous), thrown silk, paper, soap, works in marhle, idabaster, coral, &c. ; the printed cottons of Switzerland, and the other products of that country and of the western j)aits of I.ombardy, intended for the south of liluropc and the Levant; and l>artly of the various foreign produets brought by sea, and placed in porta franco. The imports principally consist of cotton and woollen stuifs; cotton wool, mostly from Egypt; corn from the Black Sea, Sicily, and Barbary ; sugar, saUid iish, spices, collec, cochineal, indigo, hides, iron, and naval stores from the Baltic ; hardware and tin plates from England ; wool, tobacco, lead (prineijially from Spain), wax, &c. Corn, barilla, (lallipoli oil, cotton, valonia, sponge, gall.s, and other products of the countries adjoining tho Black Sea, Sicilv, the Levant, &c., may in grneral bo had here, though not in so great abundance as at Leghorn, The various duties and Cuf^tom-hou.'-e fees fornieriy charged on the transit of goods through Genoa and the Sardinian territories have recently Wen abolished. This will have a very beneficial influence on the trade of this port, particul.irly as regards the importation of raw cotton for Switzerland and Milan,, as well us of the dillbrcnt descrip- tions of colonial produce. Statement of the (Inantitiea of some of the Principal Articles of Colonial and other Raw Prodaea imported into Genua in 1830, 1831, 1832, with the Stocks on Hand on the 1st of.laim(iry, 1832 and 1833. .Stick, Stock, stock, 1 Slock, Articlua imported. iiao. 1831. 1832. 'isl jRii. 1 b32. l8t .1.111. Articles imporled. ICSO. 2,0".IV W 1:31. 1832. Ut .Ian. W Jan. Wii. ; lt.13. Cocoa, all (juall. b.t?l l3,,iC0 8,S00 .■^.200 3,)oliiiiral • ibs.l 15.2110 29.000 75,(110 35X00 61,000 di:l.> - mars 1,!00 Fish, Cuiinsh, quint. 3t).9()0 ai,"™ M.I to; 7V) Sugin. lo:ivcs, c.tsks 310 173 83 30 43 .Slclifi-,h — JO.HKI 13.900 22,000 1,600 tlLsllfl — 8,7«0 2,('-0 2 8,30 I3U 310 I'llcliarill, lihJa, a.s.io 3,0V) 6,200 Il.avaiiiiali, I'Xs. v.im !:(,-* U 1.3.10. 2,1 4.5(0 Hki rings • Lrls. 5,100 430 bM) Brazil cases Mio 6.IO:i A. SIX K^O 1,040 HItlfs, dried and dry ditto t.l2S 4i(X) 6..ii;c ii.:;o« 2,100 i^,300 rlttd • iiuuili. m,m 62,'.00 80,400 6,roo 3.200 E. In.lia — 2,Tcn 12 200 21,00,1 luJiifo, neiignl . r.ise .'-.TO 'too (HO J90 IkO I'orto Kico, csks. 4.-.-0 2,41 C 4.300 490 470 S|taiiisli lernns .M3 275 7ti2 1,070 1,1^0 Tin I'lales Luxes 4.930 2,>0f. (),30(.' tjo 1,700 I*ad ■ - pjp 2I,,tO0 23,3011 2I,i(101 10,2110 17,000 . ♦ We are not sure that this is the correct readinc, the title to the nccrnnt beinc drawn up in do slovenly a way, that it is not easy to say whether it means that 84 ships arrrived and bi ilepaded, ot that 42 arrived and 43 departed. ri i, .1 ji I •!■ ''■i: Hil 708 GENTIAN— aiDllALTAR. tlUtcmnnt of thn rrlnrlpnl Artlrtoi nf Raw Prnilnca fltportnd Onm nennn. with their Price* Ihers nil tlie III nf JsniiKry, IH.I.I, In I'orto franco (Bi)n(|), in Iiujian Mnn»y, Weiiliti, anil Mraiurni, and frvA on Hnnril m llngllah Money, Wclgliti, and MeamUM.— (I''rum tno Circular uf Orantc, Balfuur, and Co.) EipoHi. Oeoo.a Rat«t In Porto franca PrI alnEnKllali .Money, ami Wcightji, fnie on Inanl. Eiporb, Oenoa Raira In Porto fruMo, Pri..« in r.nKliall Mont-y. and Wi-i(lil»,rre«an bn,iil. Uk. L, I, d. 1 /.. 1. if. Alnionil^ jwawl, Sicil;, llv. »• to |iX> 3 S 10 cwl. Uil.neooa, luiwrflu liv. 104 lo lOS bri. ' 63 19 9 IWuf Ar(ol, wliilf ■ • — 4li - 48 IM 1 IK t — Ane - - SN - 90 46 16 a 838 r«l Harbled • — U - 44 1 IK 3 ^ nii.l'tlinir ■ — balli|nl1, Sicily, and Levant — 7« - 90 — 40 14 6 0. (al. Blrilla, .Scihiii • — 14-0 _ 10 4 ^ 1 Brlnmiiii», rouih • — 7IJ- R » 7 T ton ei - 0] 8ft 7 9 — mil • • - 13 — 14 9 S 3 — Opium ■ - \^ — 16 ib. 14 9 Ib. Cin'hari-!es • • — 7 -11 1 6 10 lb. I'ait urUr • uM in - n 1 1 l» 7 cwl. Qnlckfl-lvt-r • aol* Kira, L«iliilj«rdy . liv. 411-0 Ib. 8 l> Ib. Ewnra of lier|»niot • llv. 8 12— 9 8 9 lb. to - SI IJOIbi 16 II cwl. ll'RiOD • • — 7 - — 8 10 — S-ilTloiver, new • tola M — lb. 1 8 Ib. onim* ' ' — 43^- < .. 4 11 — Salfron . • llv. 3i - 36 _- 1 18 4 ^ Oalli, lurkey, blu« • aoli ii — il3 ^ 6 13 1 cwt. Snap, whito * — 46 - 4« ISOIb. 1 \S cwt. 111 M)rt» • • — II - IJ — 3 1 3 — inarbled • — 44 - 46 1 13 7 — Gum Ambir, pirkixl • — 34 - ". — II 3 8 -.• .Shiimac, Hirily • — ■U — W.Mb. 10 9 — ill Mrti • . — IS — .il _, s 1 a — 8|ionfre«, Ane an'l au* Hemp, Bolnfiu, drMMil, pcrtior ■ • — 4-8 lb. 8 4 lb. 111 ■ • ii». 75 - 7« IJOM 1 T ton Steel, Milan, No. 00 ~ 99 - 31 1601b. 1 8 6 cwt. « — 13-0 ^ 1 3 « — Tri|«ill • . - 7 1-2- 8 1 1 1 old . - II — __ 19 10 — M^nM ill HakM ■ — 60 - M) _ 3 H IbT Com, Indlaa . — 14 - M _ 1 18 b — In virit, Grracl - — 29 - 30 — 1 4 Tnru.—lhiy* of iitiKi- .trr —on cotton, fi«li, allow, and v.itonia. Per cent. 4 per cent. ; tienip, 1 per in t.; vadiiincat]iifToiiit'iili.-i and Porto Rico 12- r. i ditto. olhrrarli. Iraw!'! Iiy HPi.'lit, 06 il)^. at>- ^iveii for every 10(1 Ilia. Ini|ior'atioii« from ottu-rijunrreri wilt-re the tare* allowed are on Tlif I'lunf weijflitoii iiii|Kir at'oni fmrn the pi ici- of growih, partly «par wilhtho«eol(li-nca, mnerillv nnder Ml wrL-lil| llavaniiali ariainf; fn'in diff, miice of Ure , varieaaa follovva ; — box Riixari from the L'niti-d btilea reuJtr 1 to i per cent, more tlian full wricht. GENTIAN (Gcr. Enzian,- Fr. Gentiane: It. (iemianai Sp. Jenciana ,• Ru». Enzian ,• Lat. (Jcnliana), the roots of two alpine plants, Gentiana lutea nnd Cenfiana purpurea, founil growing in Hwitzerlnnd and Austria, the Apennines, the Pyrenees, and in North America. Those brought to this country come from Germany. They are in pieces of various Icngllis and thickness, twisted, wrinidcd on the outside, and covered with a brown- isli grey cuticle. They have no particular odour ; and the tastti is intensely bitter, without being nauseous. — (Thuinsoii'a Diapenitatory.) GHEE. See Butteb. GIBRALTAR, o famous fortress near the southernmost extremity of Spain, and con- tiguous to the narrowest part of the strait, to which it gives its name, joining the Atlantic and Mediterranean, in lat. 36° 0' 30" N., Ion. 6° 21' 12" W. It is situated on tho west side of a rocky mountain or promontory, the Mons Calpe of the ancients, projecting into the sea, in a southerly direction, about 3 miles, being from J to j of a mile in width. Tho southernmost cYtremity of the rock is called Europa Point. Its northern side, fronting the isthmus which connects it with Spain, is almost perpendicular, and wholly inaccessible ; the east and south sides are so rugged and precipitous as to render any attack upon Ihemi even if they were not fortified, next to impossible ; so that it is only on the west side, front- ing the bay, where tho rock declines to the sea and the town is built, that it can be attacked with the least chance of success. Here, however, the strength of the fortifications, and the magnitude of the batteries, are such, that the fortress seems to be impregnable, even though attacked by an enemy having tho command of the sea. It was taken by the English in 1704, but the fortifications were then very inferior to what they are at present. Towards the end of the American war, it was attacked by a most formidable armament fitted out jointly by Spain and France ; but the strength of the piice, and the bravery of the gnrrison, defeated all the efforts of the combined powers. Pupi.lation about 17,000, exclusive of the troops, which usually amount, in times ot peace, to '.rom 3,000 to 4,000. The bay of Gibroltar is spacious; and, being protectetl from all the more dangerous winds, affords a convenient station for ships. Two moles have been constructed at a vast expense, for the protection of the shipping. The old mole projects from the north end of the town, N. W. by N., 1,100 feet into the sea: the new mole is 1^ mile more to the south, extending outwards about 700 feet ; it has an elbow formed by the shore, and in winter large vessels anchor inside ; the farthest out in from 5 to 6 fathoms. The plan on tho opposite page gives a better idea of the position of Gibraltar, as well as of the Straits, than could be derived from any description. It is taken from Captain Smyth's beautiful chart of the Mediterranean. h Ihf If Price* thero , anil Meaturi'i, and ■ 0/ Grant; Balfour, Mm 'riwein rinfliall Mnnny. ami into. W^i|lll^f^«lOn llllAI'l. \l.. 1. ((. brI. *M It 1 i»»';' - 4« la a„ii3«, - 40 14 t <>'(*'' - '» 7 9,,— lb. , 14 a ">• . t-4 p. nil. 4 11 n"'."' 1-4 i.f.|7'i 3 « «» 1-4 •h«iU « S«.h««li lb. i o| b. 15011k lA II cwl. Ih. 1 t b. _ 1 12 4 »• ISOIb. 1 lA cwt. 1 13 7 ^ Wilb. 10 9 ~~ Ih. S 1 lb. IKIb. 1 il 6 cwt. 1 II « — _ 19 7 ■" ^ 1 IS 7 ^ — 11 9 ^ 2 1 7 q«»rt. t 1 7 Imp. ) _ 1 S « _ 1 _ 19 10 — ( — I Vi i — Pir cent. IM . 1 lo S-i lakinir S ( a ■ 3 — 4 ! irml)M f% . 4-«fF.|ual 10 t . 6-IOI c.il. Enl. . . 4~«M>liin«4l-2 irtn Blrn 12 - 1 ■. 5 ilillo. ifrr the tarir" illoweij arpnn nder ^l^ wri.rtit; llavaninh irl fn if r crut. ni ire Iha D ma ; Run. Enzian ,• 'entiana purpurea, eea, and in North y nrp in pieces of ered with a brown- sely bitter, without )f Spain, ond con- jininp; tho Atlantic uoted on fh« west ta, projecting into !e in width. The n side, fronting the holly inaccessible ; ittack upon Ihem, he west side, front- t it can lie attacked rtificationH, and the liable, even though le English in 1704, Towards the end Ited out jointly by gMrrison, defeated sive of the troops, e more dangerous nstructcd at a va.st [1 the north end of j mile more to the the shore, and in ma. The plan on as of the Straits, Smyth's beautiful GIBRALTAR. 700 Trade, Pulitlcul Imp(frtanee, JfC. — tiibraltar ia of ronnidorable cunwquencn a« a com« morriul Htiition. Ui-inu; u fu'c port, subject to no dutic* and few rnxlrictionH, it is a conve- liient entn/iul for tho EiigliHli and other foreign goods deiitined for the supply ol' the contiguous Spiinish and Africun provinces. In this rc^pt^ct, howovcr, it hnit grcutly fitllun uif. This hits been owing tu u vuricty of causot, : pi.rtly, and principally perhaps, to the inMccurity and apprchotiHion occnsioncd by tho four uf (Mistilcntial disruMiH, tlm pl.icc never having recovered from the eirccts of tho drcudftil contugiun by which it was visited in 1004 ; |mrtly to largo (|u:Hititics of those goods btnng now kept at M.ilta and Genoa, that were formerly kupt at (iibrultar ; and, more recently, to the niiikiiig uf Cadiz a free |M)rt. Tliiii nieasuro has, however, lieen revoked ; but, notwithstanding, it is not at nil pmlmblu that Gibraltar will over again be of much importance ns a trading station. In 1831, the dir.lurrd value uf the various articles of Uritis'i prikluco and manufacture exported to Gibraltar, was 307,285/. ; the nj/ir.iul value of the foreign and colonial products cxfiortcd to it during tho same year being 121,342/. The trade with Gibraltar, or any British dependency in.the Mediterranean, may Ini regulated by an order in council ; und any goods imported or exported contrary to Hueh order shall bo forfeited, together with tho ship importing or cxjiortiiig the Kuine. — • (G (im. 4, c. 114.^ 73.) .9 :>" :w•■'"'• Centa Hay. F, Point I.eona. G. Point Cir.'S. The suuiiiliiiga and the diriclioii of the currents iie marked in the chart. Vuriiitlon in the Straits, 22° 31'. Vol. I.— 3 O ./It 710 r.ii.n— CLASS. The wol vulue of fSilirnIifir to fJrcat nritaiii cormiKtu in iu importance In n mililnry nnd ni»vr»l piiiiil of vii'w i in iu In iti^r. in f.ut, the key of tint MiHlitorranpun ; and in itmiirordinu R coiiVfMiipnt iinil mTiiro dtilioii fcir llu' oiitllt, rpfri-Kluncnt, n-pir, ami nccorninndiilion of o\ir HliipH (if wiir iind iiirrrlmnlinon. Thii rcvi'iiiic cDllrctcd in llic (own aniounti* to from :{(Mino/. lo lO.OOOA, wiiich U n\»nit nuMlcii'iit to ili fmv tho \t\M\c civil c\|)cii(iitnrt! of tho place. Tlip expcMKC nnnunlly iiiriirrcd in (irciit IJrilain on uccount of the nturiHon, in time of|)cace, ntnountw til aliout 'JOO.ODO/. — a siinall xnin compared with the imiiortant political and commercial ailvant:ii;cK it ix tlic tMcniiJ of iiccurintT> ^f•^llK|.—TUn I'fr.'cllv.i nr Imrd ilolliir • In. Irf ; llii' ciirri'iil (tnllnr (wini (Ktlnmtnil at J linril dnllnm " ?«. Iil^<. Hnii\* iin'l i|ii'ii'tiii( iiI'liMtli linrit iiiiil ciirniiit ilolliirii uro tlia a:!!)^, IikIiik. tliu lunner '= IJi/., Blhl llli! IlltlKr ^ I \-l^l. Ai'iMiiinlii arc ki'pl in ctirn-nt ilcillnrJ (pciicH), ilivlilcil Into H ri'iiU nf M iiiiarliin eacli ; I'] ri-alu ciir- r-r" y iiiaku n rcilt or hiiril <|irlliir, hy wliicli gootli are boaglit anil iiiiil i anil 3 of ihRiu rvali are ccinil- ill rt-il «i|unl til S N|iriiil>ili ri'alu vi'linn. (Ilhrnliar ilraw* uii I.niiiloM In ellu'Cllvu Uollam of I) rculu, anil Loniinu nn 01l)r:iltar In current ilnl- lain of 8 rfalii. Till' p»fhaniri' of (ilhraltar on riull/, anil oilinr riiips of H|i:iln, 1» In hiinl ilullars at a porconlaBc, ivliirli vnrlua t'onniilrralily, ami niimtly In t'lvniir of (iilirallar. H'lii'hli itHil .Miiifitrr.' iiii' ilini'i' nf Hnvliinl. i'.\ri'|i!iiiK tlin arrnha •• V> IIik. I'iniilliih : irrain la aolil by till' fiincifii, 5 iif uhiili iniiki' I WimhinliT iiniirlir ; wlin' U miM by Ihii L':il!iin, Ifll) nf whlrh am (ii'uril til IIHtl KiiglUh wini! uhIIdhk. — (Sou /'ii/nrj Uidhifm h'inamf Commillie ; Kdinhargh (hiitltter ; Ingiirn A;iiiiii in WW, vol. It. |i, Hii*. ke, GILD, or (Jril.n, a company of mcrclinnta or inaniifucturcrK, whence tiio hallnofguch Com)ianicg arc deuominated (iill or (jiiiid llnili', (inji, a meaiiiire of ca|]iii'ity. Hi'o VVkioiits and Mr.^mniKs. iuitj«.) CiL\(iEIl ((Jer. liii;wrr ,■ Un. (ietnbcr- Fr. fiinifembre ,• It. Zfmtrn; Sp. Jenj'ihrc, Airoif^lhre ; Run, liihir ,■ ],i\t. Ziiis^lur ; Vptb. yiiii^rliir/ ,■ \rnh. '/Anir(berl), the roots of a plant (Amomuin / trjrilier), a native of tiie East Indies ami ('hina, hut which was early canied to and sue ceds very well in th<' Went Indies. After the roots are du^if, the lie;eii>ititor!/.) Till' roiisiiiiiiitii)n of irinL'nr is Imt Iritlliiir, not pxrecdiiiff j.oafl i-wt. a voir. Tlii« la prlnrl|)iilly to tin llsrrllieilto llii> ii|ipr('!y rcilinii:!.' the iliili'S nn all ilisrriptioiiH efuin- er 111 T.4. a cwt. Or.l.'li'i rut. nf uiiiuer inipnrti'il in i^*.!!. H,.'i.'il ranie I'runi ilie Itrilisii West Iiiriles, I'J friini till' Kast Inilia Company's pn^isossioiid aiul C'eyluii, "UT from liie .Nethitrlands, aiul lUu from Wiiitern Afriia. (iIXSEXG (Du. ''//'J.v^ni,', Cinsem f Fr. Ghi.irnrr ,• Oer. Knif/wcrzfl, GinseniTf It. Gin.ieiii; ; Sp. Jiiineiis; ; Cliin. Ya/hidrnf Tart. O/v'iw/i^, the root of a small plant {I'annx t/uini/iiifi)li'im Lin.), growing in China, Tartary, ami several parts of North America. The latter is what we generally see in England, and is an article of trade to China, which is its only market. Large (|uantitie9 were formerly e.fiiorted from this coutitry; but it U now carried direct to China by the Americans. It is sometimes exported crude, and some- times cured or clarilied. Within lhe.se few years, it has been discovered in the Himalaya mountains, and small ipiaalilies have been thence sent to (.'anton ; but the speculation hai not succeeded. It is only about 'M yea s since it began to be sent iVoin .America to China. Previously to the present century, the Chinese drew their supplies from the wilds of Tar- tary. and tiio root brought an exorbitant price. Crude ginseng now sells in the Cantnil market at from 00 to 70 dollars per picul, and [ircpared at from 70 to 80 dollars. In 18:3-, there were sent from the United States to China, 407,067 lbs. of ginseng, valued at 9'J,303 dollars. — {I'riiate infurmation.) [The quantity of ginseng exported from the United States to China, in 1837, amounted to 212.899 pounds, valued at $108,.5;S.— ylw. E:l.\ GL.\.SS (Ger. and Du. 67/.-! ,• Fr. Vilre, Verrc ; It. Vctrn ; Sp. Vldrio ,- Rus. S/c/r/o; liat. VUruin), a transparent, brittle, factitious body. It is furiuuJ by mixlni; together some I ce in a militnry nnd and ill it* iil11)riliiit{ (I iiciviiniiiodalion of vn anioiiiitH td IVuin I rx|M'iiilitiiru ol'thu tho uniriHoii, in timo ic iinportunt politinul nlnil nl ] linril (liillnm ItiK, tlio luriner - Hil., ID «;iiili J U riMiN ciir- ilirmi rt-iiU urp coiiiil- lirultar In current dul- llnri at ii purcnntngo, Kiiiillnh : uriiin In (iiM Hull. 100 111' which nil) Kdinhurgh (laiettecr ; ICO tlio halldufsuch ts, hnrlry, or tnrtlf, 110, S:c. All spirits ortnl into KiihIuikI, J ono %f tlio iiioHt :crn; Sp. Jenjibrc, ■(bfel), tho roots of piit which was enrly iro (iu^, tho licst nru ailed white ijr'mirer • diird, arp di'iioiiii- roots, or llii> roots n porlinqr them in I'li'd into till' jars in ?i'r hiH a pinigoiit iiiiiili;? about n tvvt. ii'd. Tho oxtormil ho hi'iii;4 Irci' from KoH, or very IriaMn iHliiiTiit; it should loured, fibrous, or is Is prltii'i|Kiily to tin luii 'II. 1:1.4. a owl. lilt e ili'riviil rriini it is I ili'siri|itioiH oftiiii- Itrilis'i West Iiidii's, rlaiids, aii.l lUu from //, G ! risen !r • It. null plant {l\innx if North Ameriea. I to Chimi, which country; but it i.i J criuio, nnd Hoinc- I in thu flinialnya (10 speculation ha* Aincricii to China. I tlic wilds of Tar- ells in the Canton dollars. In 18:;j, valued at 99,303 1837, amounted to 'to 1 Rus. Rtckhi ; Ling toyethur sooie r.r,.\ss. 711 »ort of nilicflou* oarth, m finn Kind, or ponndml flli.t, v ith un nlknli, nuch an nodi, potash or pi .irlash, mid xuliicctini; iheiii to a stronit lieiit. liy lliis inciins they uro iiiollrd into a IfLi;, parent, sort, loiiaci lus iiiujih, that iniiy, when hot, bo fo lucd into th n f 'atis, lirnt and clirtpcd in every posxililc way. When cool, it boroiiies liritllo, nnd is ili iioniiniili d glaos. l.ilb.irni", niliiiiini, borax, tho liluck oxide of niaii;'aMiwr, «SiC. ore sunn tiiiie.-i used in the II amiliictiu'o of K'aHS, m\'iirdini( to llio pnrpiwc.i to which il is to be iipplicil. Till! kinds of ^lass, and their inifredicntH, arc stated by Dr. I'ru as follows: — " 'I lit It' ftfn ,^ iliiillin x\i..\% F>r rliu .ir jirf^rnt imniifirlurt-l i — I. Iliti' 1! t.i, .,r n\\-M iif I.M'I i J. I titr 4'.iM, \r i(liM f'f |)i.rt *'v\a\ II. 1 r'l.Mi i^l.Ufl. IliK !•■ •( niii.t.iw kU»« i 4. Ilrii;ul |Uh, a i;u.iiw w in I'Mv ^iflafl J ft. fi.)ttt«i rr f(.inr trtvn (th '•■ " 1, ftml liliut, m Mtiifil ItrciiiM rif ll.r iilifeniit Iniirv'lli'nl wi* nruiri'lly riii)i|it)iil — I'liiilml (jMrlntll 3U — '*Tn rprrrct iht) jnpn enli.ijr tl(»rlveyi'>i at I|l4t flux. Th* |mi|iiiiii'>ii of 111.. niiitriiiU i»— I'lir.! Mil. I 1.1-0 Dry lUli'-irtmluiBot 1'i.ii . - - 2i5 ruiR iliiirklliiiH 4*0 Nilrr II Ri'MiiniiiUtRiii.iii .... s'rii — inno, AIhi'iI to I'lita 111 KiMxt |.|.ili |t ii« m->y tr run I IT fi'ilii Oiii«e nil'n. r I'l *'.1, (ViJit'ii, vr fiiit n'liiifi'ujl.'lii*!. -Thh li nivli of «uiii vilriftnj liy llip liii| iif t»rI nt till Stiiii'li*'.d Iri.li ■iKini. 'iln ui wl i| iiinitil .^ . > ^1 II.-.I llrl, «,,„.|,l . . . .11 . -MO " 4. /Irf«i llnxtuiu f'lrLiitllc ijl^uil." 1, lli.itori'cal Xdlicru wilh rrihct to (ilais. — Tho inanufacturo of ; (Wii in one of the very hi^jhest beaiity nnd utility. It i-t in )»t probablo that wo nru iiidelitivi (or tills wondorfi'l art, as wii are for t! Kill of letters, to tho I'lKeidciins. Accordin.; to I'liny (lll.i/. A^../. lib. xx.xvi. c. 20.,) nl.iss had been niaile for many iif;es, of tand found near liie mouth if tho small river Uilus in I'liceniciii. "Tho report," nays ho "is, lluit tlie ere a of a iiii .chant •hip laden with nitre (fossil alkali) haviiiir uscil soiiio |iicci sof il to hu|i,' irt the keP' < placed on tho fires thoy had made on the sand, were .urpri.sed to seo |iiece8 foiiiicd of a tr.inslucent Rubhtaiico, or glass. This was a miiricienl hint for tho nianuiiictuio. !ii';cnuity (a.slutu ft tnntiiiui'U mtlertiii) was iminediately at work, to improve the proriMs thus happily suenostei,. lieneo tho mai^iictieal stono came to be added, from nii idea that it eotitaini d not only iron, but f;lass. They al.io u.icd clear pebbli's, shells, and fo.ssil sand. Itidiin glass i :■! to be fornii'd of native crystal, ami is on that nccouni superior to every i. !ier.* Plin .liciai jlnpij is prepared with liuht dry wood, to which copper ami nitre are added, tho last i ,iiic: prinri- pally liioiiirlit from Ophir. It is ocensioiially tiiiLjeil with dill'eieut colours. Souk times it is brought to the ilesired shape by heiii'j; blown, soinetiiues by beiui; (.'round on a lallio, and sometimes it is onibos.sed like filver." fSidon, ho ndils, is fumoiis tor this inanufactiiie. It was there »liat mirrors were lirst invented. In Pliny's timo, glass was made in Italy, of fine sand on tho shore between Cnmin.nnd the Lucrinebay. Ch^s was luanufaclured at Komo into various iirticles of cnnven!eiice and ornament. Pliny mentions that Nero gave 6,000 sesterces (■'50,000/. nceonlin;; to tho ordii, uy method of reckoni!!?) for two glass cups, each havinir two handles! These, however, must have been of an immense size and of exquisite workmanship; for glass was then in eomnion use for driiikinp; vessels, and WAi used c\cn in the forinof botlliM in which to keep wine. — (Muii. Epiir. lib, ii. 22. 40., and lib. iv. 8fi.) There is no authentic cvidonco of glass being used in windows previously to the third or fourth ceniury ; .and then, and for long alter, it was used only in rhunhes and other public buildings. In this country, oven so late as the latter part of tho Hi.Kte.'nth century, gUms was very rarely met with. In a survey of Alnwick I'a.Ule, made . ''-73, it is stated — "And, because throwc extreme winds, the glassc of the windowes of .' 'i ;. I other my loi'd's ci; les and houses hero in the country dooth decay and waste, yt were ^;iiod tho whole leight.- of cveiio windowo, at the departure of hi.j lordshippo from lyimjo at any of his said ca.-tels, and houses, and (louring the tyine of his lordsliip's absence, or others lyingo in them, were taken douno and lade ip in safety: And at sooche time as athi •: his lordsbipjie or gnie other sholdo lye at anie of the said jilaces, tho same might then be s"t. u|)po of newe, with sniale charges, whereas now tho deeaye tliereof shall be verio cost' .e ad chargeable to bo rcpayred." — {Nurlli, Hiiuxh. Hank, xvii.) Sir V, M. Eden thinks it jirobablo that gla.-is windows viero not intro- duced into farmhouses in England much before the reiiTn of .Fames I. They are montioned in a lease in 101.^, in a parish in SiillMk. In Scotland, however, as l.ito as IGfil, tho win- dows of ordinary country houses were not glazed, ami only the upp'T parts of even those in the king's palaces had glass ; the lower ones having two wooden uliuttors, to open at pleasure, and admit tho fresh air. Froi.. a passage in Harrison's Dc'-cripHan nf Emxhiul, it may he inferred that glass was introduced into country houses in the reign of Homy VIII. He says, — ndia In tliR nso of I'litiv, it has siiiri! falli-n off very iiiiiih ; linliaii lilasa biM ■iptii w aliiiiil the vi'ry worst lliat is iiiail'i. Al present, thi; Ilimlong ni»tiiifac(iir(> il ol' frasiiipiits of liroliiMi (.Muss, iiitarlz snml, iiml iiiiiinre soila,— an article toiiml iiutive ill iiiaiiv parts of Itiiliii, p,irti(iiliirly in tin: snntli. 'I'iK! I'lirnad's iiri' so liail ih;it they oiiiiiinl melt oar cimiiiiuM lintlle iiiass.— (//ii«iii(ii7i*.< Miifore. vol. iii. p. .ITfl.) Tlio glass of China is luucli belter llian Uiut uf India, lliuugh slill vury iiifcriui: to Ihut uf Europu. I I I'! m I I I 712 GLASS. '• Of old time," (meaning, prol)abiy , the beginning of the century,) " our countrio houses in- stead of gUtsse (lid use much lattice, und tliat made cither of wicker or fine rit'ls of okc in checkerwise. I read alt^o t!wt some of tiie better sort, in and before tiie time of the Saxons, did make panels of home instead of glasse, and fix them in wooden calmcs (casements) ; but as home in windowcB is now (1584) quite laid downe in everie place, so our lattiscs are also growne into disuse, because gl.isse is come to be so plentiful, and within verie little so good, cheape, if not better tlvii the other." Glass is now introduced into the windovv:i of almost every cottage of Great Britain ; and in this cold, damp climate, it ought rather to be consi'!ered as a necessary of life, than as the most elegant and useful of conveniences. What Dr. Johnson has said as to glass deserves to be quoted. — " By some fortuitous liquefaction was mankind taught to produce a body at once in a high degree solid and transparent, which might admit the light of the sun, and exclude the violeucc of the wind ; which might extend the sight of the philosopher to new ranges of existence, and charm him at one time with the unbounded extent of the material creation, and at another with the endless subordination of animal life; and, what is yet of more importance, might supply the decays of nature, and succour old age with subsidiary sight. Thus was the first artificer in gl.iss employed, though without his own knowledge or expectation. He was facilitating and prolonging the enjoy- ment of light, enlarging the avenues of science, and conferring the highest and most lasting pleasures; he was enabling the student to contemplate nature, and the beauty to l)ehold herself."— (ii!rtmi/er. No. 9.) Venice, for a long time, excelled all Europe in the manufacture of glass, but was subse- quently rivalled by France. The manufacture was early introduced into England ; but it was not carried on to any extent previously to the ICth century. 'I'he first plates for looking- glasses and coach windows wore made in 1(573, at Lambeth, by Venetian artists under the protection of the Duke of Buckingham. The British Plate Company was incorporated in 1773, when it erected its extensive works at Ravenliead. near St. Helen's, in Iiancashirc. The manufacture was at first conducted by workmen from Franco, whence we had jireviously brought all our plate glass. But that which is now made at llavenhcad, at Liverpool, and London, is equal or superior to any imported from the Continent. It is difficult to form any precise estimate of the value of the glass annually produced in Great Britain. We believe, however, that it cannot amount to less than 2,000, 000/. ; and that the workmen employed in the dilTerent departments of the manufacture exceed 50,000. 2. Duties on Gloss.— The clasB intinnOirture is sul)ii!rteil to Ihn exrise ; and it is (lifRtuU to say wlietlier the repiilalloiis utiili'r wliich ilie ilmy is oliarpMJ, or llie duly ilsulf, be iiinsi oppri'i sive. 'Ilia wealth ami poiuiliilioii of llie country liavu more lti:iii dmibliMi siiKi: 1"!K) ; and vf nre well lonviiiied llliit, liad the (jlii?s manufacture nnt hccn Interfered with, It would have incre.ised in a still {.'feater ratio. Hut iuKtoad of ndvnnirin<;, it has positively df!( lined ; and is nctnally U-ss at this iniinient llian il was 40 years ago ! So extraordinary a result is « holly to be asirihed to the e.X'iibitiint excess to whiih the duties have been carrieil. Instead, howeveri of subinilting any remarks of our own in vindiialion of this view of the subject, we sliail talse the liberty of layiii)! before the reader the fol- lowin? extract from the spi>crh delivered by Mr. I'oiilett Thompson, in the House ol ('oinnu)tis, ^fith of March, lii:)0,— a spiM'( h w liich coiiiliiiies, in a degree rarely exiiibiled, a fi'.niliar knowledgi; of prac- lical detads and of s.iun.i seienliilc prim iples. That the administration of which Ihc Itichl lion, dcu- tleman is a ilislinguisbed memlier, has not yet proposed the repeal of this oppressive tax, is mit, we are sure, owing to his colleaiues differing in opinion with him as lo its iuip(duy, but is whnlly to be ascribed to other causes — lo the res iliira el nani noviias — the dilliculty of lindiiig a substitute, ami the urgency of the claims for relief advanced by others, "The t'.-oss duly on ulass for tlie year I"'-N ann)nnted, in fJreat FJrilain (exclusive of Ireliiml), to 9.00,103/., and Ow liett duty to SisO.TTO/. ; the diOerence being eillier returned, or sacritlced in lUv. col- lection. And here I WtUild entreat the Ilousi! to remark, that for the sake of such a sum as .MliMIOOi,, a charge of collection on nearly 1,000,00(1;. is incurreil. The duly is (iii. per poumi on tiiiil, but eciual to ~il. from the mode of its collection ; in other words, upwards of 100 per cen.. ; Ihi' glass, when made, selling for Is. to Is. 2lilln has been keni down by yonr iin|irovident fvstem. and is ncMrilly now less th.m it was H5 years ago. Hut liercauain, the diiiy is far from being tiie greatest evil, l.et any one turn to the act : he will llnd 32 clauses ol reL'ulalions, penalties, and prohibitions : all Vi xali^us to llii> maiiufn-iurer. and all lo be palil f. r by tin' public. 1 have said tii'it the duly i>n 'lint glass is liJ. per pound ; the tlass. when made, selling't'or I Hut the e\( is.' oilic er has the power of imposing the duty, either when the glass is in llie pot, :iil. ,ier pound, or after il has been turned out, at 0'/. ; the glass wluwi turm:d out, g.iiuing 1(10 percent. Il is loiind mot' luhaii- tageo\is lo the revenue toexaci tlie duly on glass in the pot, at .'W. ; and in Ibis way the duly is raised to7i<. Nor id this all. The iiianufact'uror iii driven by this melliod iiilu the iiec'esbity of producing GLASS. 713 r countrie houses in- r fine rills of ol■ the duly is raised useity of proUiicing frequently an article which Iir does not want. lie makes the fine rilaas frnm the middle ; the coarser fVoin llie top and bott'nn of the pot. He frequently wants only line glaua, and he would re-melt the flux of tlio coarser parts if hu had not paid duty upon it ; but of course hu is unable to do so. All tlie glass iiianufacturerj w lioni I have consulted, aprce that tlie whole cost of the excise to ilie con- sumer, besides the duty, which is 100 per cent, is 25 per cent. ; and besides there is great inconve- nience and oppression from the frauds that are daily taking place. And observe tlic etfuct which is produced upon your trade, both at home and abroad. *• A manufacturer wlio has lately travelled through France, the Netherlands, and Germany, has Bssiireil me that onr manufacturers could advantaL'enusly cope with foreigners, were it not fur thu duties imposed by the government. Labour is as cheap in this country, our ingiiinily is greater, and the materials are also as cheap ; it is, then, the vexatious onerous duty alone that gives the foreign maniifuctiircr the advantage over the Knglish. Uut the effect of the duty goes further : it operates to prevent all iinprovenient in the article; because, to improve, experiments must be made; but a man with a duty of 125 per cent, over his head, is not very likely to make many experiments. This argument .applies especially with respect to colours. A manufacturer has assured me that he has never been able to produce a beautiful red, because the duties have prevented his trying the necessary ex- periments, without his incurring a great risk or loss. Thus a miserable duty, amounting to only 5U0,O0U/., and upon which a charge of 10 per cent, is made for collecting, is allowed to impede our native industry, and to put a stop to all improvement, and be a source of endless oppre.'^sion ard fraud. I really cannot believe that the legislature will resist such an appeal as the manufacturers of this article could make to thein, or refuse to relieve them from tlie gratuitous injury which is in- flicted on them." The following accounts show, better than any reasoning, the injurious influence of the existing duties. — Inslead of increasing, as it certainly would have done, had il not been crushed by exorbitant duties, the glass manufacture has gone on progressively declining from the period when Mr. Tlnmipson made the excellent speecli now quoted, down to the present day. The falling ofl' in the bottle glass department is particularly striking. Tlie duties being so very high, tlie necessity of giving drawbacks on the glass exported opens a wide door to every species of fraud. If the duly must be kept up, it ought, at all events, to be reduced a half, and simpliOed as much ns possilile. This would materially relieve the manufacture ; and would not, we feel confident, occasion the smallest loss of revenue. It is nioiiHtroiis, indeed, to see destructive duties tenaciously defended on tlic stale and stupid pretence of their being necessary to the preservation of the revenue, when, in point of fact, there is not a single distance in which they have been reduced, tiiat the revenue has not increased. I, Account of the Number of Glass-houses respectively employed in the Manufacture of Droad, Crown, Flint, Plate, and Common Bottle Glass, in each Year, from 1829 to 1832 inclusive, in the United Kingdom. Tears. Broad Glass. Crown. Flint I'lalc. Coiiiiiion BotUe Glasi. 1829 a 28 54 3 42 183U 3 25 5i 2 39 1831 2 24 55 2 36 1832 2 28 59 2 39 II. Account of the Quantities of Flint, Plate, Broad, Crown, and Bottle Glass, charged with tlio Duty in each Year, from 1829 to 1832, respectively, with the Rates of Excise Duty and Revenue accruing thereon. v-- s. Rate of Duly. Plate. Raif nf Duly Rale Droail. or Duly. Crown. Rale of Duly. nnll'.e Gla». Rale of Duly. Gross Duty. Dniv.b.acfc. Revenue. Cwl. 1829 70,2'iO 1830 72,912 1831 75,619 1832,75,771 t. 56 ficl. 14,484 13,301 '5,007 12,270 CO Cvl. 0,801 4,845 .5,915 5,304 30 CUI(. «. L.'. 114,862 73 90,505 . 100,080 ' 103,902 1 Cwt. 382,894 310,793 293,808 310,,305 1. 7 /.. 1. rf. ^i3 1,809 18 10 725,597 1 3 730,512 1 748,097 3 11 /.. ». rf. 221.791 17 2 182,078 4 8 201,1.52 2 180,505 7 8 i. I. rf. 007.015 1 8 ,')42,0I8 10 7 532.359 18 1 558,531 16 3 III. Account of the Quantities of British-made Glass retained for Home Consumption, with the Imports of Foreign Glass entered for Home Consumption ; the Amount of Customs Duty on the latter, and tlie Nett Revenue arising from British Glass, in each Year, from 1829 to 1832, both In- clusive. British. Foreigu. 1 Yean. Flint. Ciil. 49,004 48,003 48,^87 49,552 Plate. Broad. Crown. Bollle. Plilc. Croivn. BotUe. Revenue on F'Tcirn Glass. Nell Revenue on Ilrltish Glass. 1829 IS30 1831 1832 Cml. 14,209 13,0,57 14,796 11,990 Cwl. 0,804 4,815 5,915 5,304 (■wl. 97,134 84,178 83,527 90,253 Cwl. 209,802 10,5,519 143.!'89 151,705 S,/. F.el. 1,703 1,436 803 717 Cwl. 152 104 101 25 QuaiU. 704,778 713.708 003,454 645,526 /.. 10,708 10,411 15,811 14,532 /,. «. rf. 610,307 1 8 .520,.')07 16 7 510,518 18 1 513,909 10 3 (Compiled from the Pari, PajtcrSi Nob. 304. and 747, 8t'gs. 1833.) 3. Rei^ilationt ns to the Manufacture nf ft'/dw— The excise re- | anJ ni.irk Urn i">ts as thi-y tliink fil; my attempt tnnbstruci the ntficert pila'inirt With rt'-tiiect In irl.iss are iiuiiicri)us, cmnplex, ami iiilnrccl j sopniplnytii iiinirs ;i piiialty of ^00/.': llie ouiitfifL'jtiti^.allei int;, or under hc:ivy pi*n:iflie«. We c.iii nntirt only a few of the lp.i.liiij? re- giilitioiiS. AM );l.i«s linkers musi t.ikf^ out a licetice, rciiewalflo an* iiu:\IU-. which costs 20/, for e.ich «;laH8-hfni^e ; anJ they ni"rt n.nke enlrv'.it the nex' eitciw nilioe nf nil workhouses, fiiri;nces. pnlB. pot- chi(irit'n<,niiii'-nlini[ au'tii'H, u-.tn^tifunes, be. iimltT a penalty of 2(V)I. fi't pnt is to lie chvnfed without KiviiiK titfr/nt! hours' prrvioiH notice, In u riling, tit' Hie time of Ijczuiiiitiff. the weight of nii:|.il, nml <0l. If, after noiicf ^iveu ami a enjge taken by 1 e ofli.'cr, any nnterial nr preparaiion be put intnany pot, a penalty of 50/ is ii.curre I ; liijt if [\\v. muiufactun* be of lint (tla^t, ilic p(f* mby i"* *U0/. Mannf.ictirers of flint «'*«« are nIlou-n| 3 hours tor bciinnni)! tn charge Iheir [Kits .ifter Il;f time uptrithil in ihi ir notia-N. Eiilrii'S ot'ttic cpmn'ities inailc are lo lie mile in wriliiu;, upon oatti, anl iher 4 nunccs in all. nut of tarb pot : puyiiiK for Di.ni. if demanded, \'2d. an ounce. 'I'bc wholt of tbe me'jil lntt:uiif>l to 1/a niamifaciure'l iulo coHinioii eliss bottles '.% lobe work'-d wbhin 16 b'lurtt next afUT the same shall le beicun ; and wht:n Ine bottlut are d.-p.iiited in tbe annealing arrbes. manufActim rs are aeain. in iba pi-esence of iheoflicer, tn charge ea'h pot wi'h frisb nn'eri.ilft, otbi^r than lin>kiu glass, not less fh.m .V) !l)s. wciirhi ; anf, in » riiiiit', l^y tht sur- veyor or suptrviior, ui.der a pi iialty of '^01. ; Ibe usini: :ui;' false or hisnOicient Hcalua or w'cigbU iu tbe weiifhiug uf bc'ttei*, iiicun a penailf of tUOf. 714 GLASS. fl Kollf 111 iro not to H tlvfn fnr dnwtnt o"t lintt'w, but nnly tie* ' nr nnv nllier htnrf BtiWunf ^ nthor tbiin flint fliM, or phlnl irliw, rrf Iwran H nVI'hk iit (Iik ninrnitiK nri' b In Itir !irti'rii(Ni.i I nr *|inill' nf^ ntrfnt ;^i)<).'., itiii all llinii ;iii t ihe &< Ivi,;!' or rim IliiriTnf, tli;iii one nintli pirt nf an mirli al:ns l>ri' k, nifinp, or ntlicr li -.ivy itiluiaucu coiitainci iliireiu ii;.-Ii, tinl.-'i iin'ire aImII Iwm' In en ^ivrn lint il Hu iiitctite-I lo tliill lie Inrfiite) -^{.'li (Jiv. 3. c. 77. mh:'. 7.) Ill A mi fnr I tit'- ihc .iiiM.il in(« pl,it« 111 —iSui (lir Sl:itiili-9 in Hum's JuAtur, .Mirru'tlN nl. vjI. , cnriLiiliiiK t(l ^t^ fm t'X(»trt.i'iiiii, rx}j|tviiii( tlio \v(a, «ec TarijJ', i 'I'hi! ntliuirs of ( x*iw .irc to hranJ i)r iinrk ev<'iy r.isk, Nix, Ac. 4. *;j-/J»»(7oium o/" fr/a«.— It is cnarfH hy utit. G Oi-o. t. c. 117., j of gl.in for eximrlalioii wiih the h-l'^rj K. (1. ; aiil if any rifk, .Vc. (hat II < ll'iil tfhwi Ol.ill he rntiMt-.l (n the ih;i»bl(k on rxpuil^iti n, I of 'l. Any petvin oVlitcniin',', itu'* f;lau eiiterrJ for Piport.nion, of trjisupccilic grAvily th.tii ^.OO.or nf : racin;?, altniinr, Ac. Ilu; aforpaiiil h'itcr<, to h'lftil ii'ii/,— Sctt. 9. ru valiit- thin I I'i. per |h)uiiiI, i^ furfi-ilcil, anJ n»:iy be ifizcd by By .')6 (Jtvi. ;i. e. lOS. it in i-i.;tiMcrI, th;ii n i tlr.i*\h.i(k slnll hr p.ii<) any nrti^-er of purisc— S'tI'*. i!t, i». ' for rxiKiriatioii of any (tiounti or polisliii] pjaic nUi nuilc in (iriMt The expor'pr ol rUsb is lo mnkfl onlh that h** b^'lirves it to ho en* j Hri'.iiii| uiiU-sh micli sI.ini he cxpoi Ud in lei laiuut-ir plAU» of (iio lifi'ly of t.rilihli iiiimifai''iuv, iiriit Hut the 'liitirs iip<>«i"l uixm it by ' hIzo nf (i Itic)!!-* in li-nirttt by 1 iiirln-s in hrrallli at u:t' IciAl, an'<'i» stiiiis an iko. \i. '. be p>-ifict \\--\ hi f >r inmielittt ii!»r, as nn'i lor urouiul and pnlisht-d C< 13. Afct. 3.) I pl.-iii* trb)<r exptn.a'inn on brcunly by Imnd is to tie Riven (usuaiiv fir a larger »um and a i di.iwlMrk, .my pli> of plalc k'-'i^s as i;r'iimd .\iid poiishi'ii piite ijla;.| * ' . . \ . . . ..... „j^ I,, ,„ f;r,.:,( nritain, whic't is Hid |i!.it(' filass. or has not Wen Uroun 1 and iniliihed. -ir u huh -lull be fi)ix.i'?n ifla.-n, or nf IckhII. Iitt'n-'toi) or tblcknrii^ llimiic)to:,t tlmii aforts li I, or ^hall ht' slaiiieil. grcitiT .,iiin.ity nf pMkla than are inteiulfil to bi- i-xpi.t'el), that |Uu, on ihe fiipnrtaiion of which n tlravvl>,u'k is allowed, ^h.lil ho ihippcJ wi:hiii I ninnih after the dilp nf such srcurdy ; but if ttic nimini^^i >iien be Mti^lleil thai Ihr nhipinunl of the irl.iis within the ipf:cili(- ll 1m) ailoivcl forany rr^nlar paiici,>(pian'!<,nr rertan^nhr finnrcH of spnM I ihw or nthrr window ttlivn, my part nf wliich nImII vm- fist of nr iiii'hidi* the bullion or thick ri'iiire part of tlit- t.it)le from whicl) H'lch panes, «(iiar««, nr rec'anicuUr D^nrcs «htll hue h(*',i cut or raUi-n. .n a;fy I'lrt i)f the said hniliou, niih.ss im si Ic rf any ■nch pa rs, .^rc. sliill incatuiu* Ir« than H inchr^; nnr sbaM any tlrawlKnk I v allouii (nr any liizcmfrs, ai.y pait u h^Ti-nf sjiill i-oii- »(s1 of or iiu''ii If ilif biiMion or tbirk ceiitfc pirt < f the tat)|e from whioh sinh Ii'7.eiizi'iixe ^hltl n«'i^urt s iiKhfs n! ijiu Iim<.| ; nor shall any drawback be allnwed for any Inwiiifcs no* roniainiiii; the linllion or thick ct ntre | art nf thn latde from \« hich such b>7cnball intMsure 3 1-2 iii.dies al Itast ; and all \\inll^J\^■ VlasH, niy pjirt wheTof shall IrniiJe or cn.-iitt of the bulli.'n or thick een'ro part of th« laole fn>m which th.- .-aiiic shall lavr lu-t-n cut or ^aken, an t wliich shall be of any oth^r ^tia) e or of less dimensions than nj aforcsa d, shall be dcrni-l t' be fiTff jT^nj; and if .uiy pt-rwrn hhall knowinrly miter or sh

    reMi t, containing nr includ- ing the biiilinii or thick i>art of tl.o (ahlf from which s-ich i mr^. npiTf's. rfci.ii)K>ilar (i^iirrs, or I"?rn*cs rf sprMd ([list nr rdhcr win- diiw si i» re>ptcii*cly, which shall not !>e of the diiiiri.dinnB in that Kdialf afirt'^aid, such person »ball, for every parkaite rnntainimt auy snch KlaMvientire.! or sbip^ied contrary to this act, fnifi-it lOOl. By ^2 Ot'o. 3. c. "7. sect. 6. il is en icte 1, tlut no ila^ whatsoi' ir bliiicn-d, or impcrfccl, or n-it imimtbatidy fit for use its Kitiiitut and pidirthrd plate (cI.iks, or any nlhiT Mrt nf i(hft.i wilti aiiy Knmnd an I pdi hcl [d ite iclx-s, the Kami*, an I all Ihi- i-li'S Hiprewith, shall be f lift itcd, and the per^mi so oiliiidiuj; bliall fnrfi-it lortMLhsiicb packa,'!' \iAi}. Any person p.trktii:( for ('X|inrtatiMn on drawSnk any iinEroiind or mrp-disbed platH itlass (f less nr greater diiinii-Inns in thukmss and "lix" than as la^t aforesaid, or any fnnl, imi iTfcrt, or iinnn-- rhmtihle unirroim 1 or uniKdislu'd plale /hl^d, in miv i).U'kai;c. with nr .iiiii^r^st any other kiu'l (d' lli-i.diii^ shall foilKil fur ca-b Ml. It pac'it-.- l()'7.-(.'>G Ceo. 3. c. W9. st-rt. 4 ) hy 17 fi' o. 3. c. :!!). it is enicfp'l, Ihai if glaw shippwl for draw. hark he fi nnhilciitly iitishirpi-d or it lau'cd, < Vtry pcrs-m in rny wisp concornfcl ni* as-iistiin in the siiiip bliall, nver and al»ove all oilier p'-naMii's, fnrft-il for every micIi i IKiicp liXi/. ; nud exery p-r- snn knowingly cidcrinf any hrkcn 'tr tni\le ^tllis fi>r tsportali.iii upon ah ill, exclusive of all oilier pnina and [lenalliin, foifv'.l inO/.— Sect. :17^ llv 6(ie<'. I. c. 117. it Is enaefeh p, or l«'iM< ab-.ut to ship, in inhnd.ary plaic sjlat^^ bn-a! j-tasn, or ciown .^hss fnr cxpnr' i^i'ii nn drawlaik, or fnr tht) reni'tvil tliercnf to (inat !'•' lin, shall s've .'4 hnn;s' t.o'irc of »ucb in'enti..ii. an I of the pi of shiipimr, to the nearest cidh'ctor or ofticer of excise ; and su. Il Cf IlcL-tor iiul otlher are retpiirtd Hiere- npnn to attend, and to caiisB alt ^iurli irlass to 1 e wei';!.-.) nii.l mra* anrelj and in rase s;irh »i1.im his not bten charReeriive rates nf 'luty ii.aL'e payable by this act on sucli sort t r kiid of Elasi, nspictlM 'y ; and upon paymi nt of such duty, it «l ?'\ Ih' Ifiwftit for stirli colleVhpror nflic. r tn ftr.iitt a certiliwite of ihu payiii'iit rt •iitlicluty, lo arcnmivmy such ^bia^ upon such remo.al, anil lo be pnidiiced' at the pcit id i.iitry in (irtat Britain ; aiiJ lit case a-.y 'ii'di itlass whicli iihall h-ve brtii duty cbarned with tli« re*pi.ci(ve duties payable by Ihl'' acl sliall l.c enticed btr exportati.iii tn f'lTtiitn parts ujrfm dnwbai'k, or l-c sent and n-m-ivt'd to Great nrrtaiii, il •.hill be lawful for such collector or otncer. upon [.njof Iha; smh iliitiei have been i>aid. or have been chanred and if cmed tr) be paid, t'l grant a certificate of the piyiiient of sum (ini,>, or 1 crrtiticale Ihai such duty has ln-en rh.irffed and Is duly secured to Ih' i«id. to arconipany such itla-s upon such exportalinn to foreign p;irrs or Buch removal lo Great llritaiu, and tn Ik! there pro'hirirl aa afore^iid; an! if.it ary time any person bImM export or ent-rf'r ex|H)rtatioii frntn Iridaiid, upon drawback, or sbali remove or send fnun Iirtand In be bnmjtht to Great Hrit.iin, nr shall hrinjt in'oGri it nriiain, any plate jilaw, bioad ((i.i-ss, or crown ^bss, unaccomp in'd hy fiich C' rtilica'e, con'ainiin such [tarliciilarsas afiTcnaid; or if my p rs"n fhall rtfuse to prcdLce such ceitifica'e at tbf p.irt nf entry m Great Itiiiain, it shall for.-re or cntmtcrfeit any ccriiticate n*qiiircd in th.s act.nr shill it'' • ■ ■ > ■ .•-_••_. i. cask^ Ix'Xei, or chests only, and in which the exp.ir;er nhall, pr«- Vlous rn the ! .ickt.-.( of such sU*s tlierein, have cut or sunk a sulli- i Cieiit urintitT of circular c.iviti.'t, e.ii h thereof not hss thtt) 1-4 of U) itieh, nor more than 1 l-'2 iiudi in diameter, to reci'ive the seal di- rected to t-!' pill on audi packaice, and for the purpoie of pnitectiiiff luch wil from bein* de%'.r.ve.l, defaecil, hmken, or damajred ; and where any such el.iss ihall lenackel for exportation in any c.iak, Imx, or cbfV.t.M n such civiWsr.all be cut and .-unk, one part thL-re^f on the ehd.it the packing of wholeor ha^f tables of j any time afterwards be sent or reiivvul 'n G ie.it Piitaiu. tt r ntf-if iprt.al ithiH, nrof I'fown a!i»Nor any c^mio'in bottles m.ide of ctmi- i du'y to be c!ian.'«l th-'reon as f ,,->vid Hlia!! be ecpiat and ic^orJo.; moo I: 'Hie me'al. in any era'o or other [wnkiire wbatsncver. | to Ihe ra'-nf tlrawlark now pa\Lible Iherenn respectively when ex- FmtiMuti-1,1 PiikitiK—lf any pers.in i*hall phsce any brick, stone, ' portid lo fimij;u put*.— Sect. 7.' (Wi>cinliM in'd to allow un(l/V///j//ar//, that the duties on alas;* Tad luvi) praihrally most injiirioiiH; that they were earned to an oppressive heiirht; that the mtiile in which they wrre imposed oprrited t'ipreve:it iinproveijit nis in the inaiinfacliire; that they were not fairly ehar;;ed ; that tliey occasioned a jjreat deal nt' fraud ; and had vo dueed (he consiiinplion of i^las.-* far hclow the limit to uliich it would oiliervvise have attain- ed. These conelusion.-* have l>een eorrohorated to the t'Lillo.-t extent hy the stateinentf* ami rensoniii;j:s in tlie clahoiate and a!)le Rcpfot oi'ihc Commisquncr.s of Excise inquiry on (Jlits.s. The.-^o genthinen, after exaininint? minutely and eaivfnliy into llie \vhi)Ie sniiject, eonclu'le their report *' Ity ni>j;inir the expediency of the rc|)eal of tlie dnty nt the earliest possible pe- riod, and hy expressint^ our conviction tlint nn tax ant cnmliinp nutrr nf jtr/t't.nSf or be more at variance with all suimd princtp/ts nf taxntion, ihon ////.•* f/afi/ on ij;l'(j>s\'^ Utit tliniitfli ail pjirts of ihi^ i;ix he vicjiiu** in prinrinlc, am! IiiL'lilv ol'lmiiniiittld itt llirir prnrlli-al rf'siiil-*. llifv arr nut all tilikc Ifol. Tin* roiiiiiii^.-;inni'i>t filmwr.i iha't ili'p ijtiiv nn iliiii ^-luss \v:is l!i(! intHl olij.'ftionaltlc of uny ; anil llioy ili-Jlitu lly HCitcd. ili;it, " iinli's^ t'lu.-ic nrilrri.il ( hnnof slinll l:iki! place (in Uiu aninniti itiid uiudu ot'ciiargiiitf llu! iJiUy),tliu rovomiu fruiu Uiu nianurutUircr urilinlijiasti hin flint cli«i. nrjihhl f;h«,nT ca Jl, Ihik, I'l- ihtxt rniiLiiniiiiC * ir tJ3i|''tila(i'iii f)i) tlniwljnck, II18 irbciir DCo forrtiLMXV ,»lil all i\y ^ulisiMicu cmitniiu-J ilurt'iu M'<'. 7.) iiy MLiikto'i njiy risk, Imx, &c. 'IIIMI.^ Ihl! WCl^lil 1,1 1 l.tiC'T B n\\^t 'h ri'ui, (ir llir linm dp i 111.- n>k, Ac, hl.iill ft.r rri.h -Sert. H. ! i)r iinrk cv.ny r.i-,k, Imix, Ac, en K. (1. ; nriit if iiiiy c.mk, S[C. N.ir I vMlliiii 12 h'luiit niter Hie \ wt Itiiiiiip'l lie fi'iin'i nil Inii.l I siiih Khn was inrki'it for I'X- I. Any |mniCt/."SccL 9. Di.K n>.ln.^)>.uk hIoII hi< pal.l lisfifil pl.'iie i:l:i M iii.iiU- in (irrnt id ih ii-i t.^l^lll;lr iiriU.H of (liQ n-s in hri-.ill!i at (iir U-int, iititl t;ii fi-i'iii itLuii!! .iikI t'lii «.-rii, nii:l , .IS niitl tor H"'""*' ^H'l I'l'lisIifJ p»>k nr shi|i fi>r cx|)ot.;t'iiiii on 1 i;riitiul .Dili |tolj»tK-"'rl )Yi;l.i%.i wilti .tiiy urniiini III I ;UI the kU'S tbcrcwitlt, hIihII iliri(( bli.ill fortVit (it catti sucL inn on 'Irawdack any iinernuiil ii(rf.it(TilJiiii'ii'>ioiis in iliuk'itss airy f'^iil, iitiiierfoft, or tmmf- hte trl.\\a, hi niiy Pickiiie, wilh \Uv hunt'. ni»' .ill lilt! RJaw tliciR- 40II M> ' llt-i.'iiiiic Khali fuileit for . ir. 108. Birt. 4 ) , tl(.»t if Rlaiw Hijii'pM for dm"*. rtliiii.!(vf. ivtry )icrs'm in iny sinip fliill, 'ivpr anil ^\nt\e :\\\ :li i.Ut'tice UX)/, ; nml u\cry |" r- (/r tnixte ulass for ixpnilali^in )f all Ditivr pnins and |iL'iialli(-% lint cvpry person sliippinx or in sliip. in inlMtil,ai:y plak- jila^a, nr* I'i'n on (Ir.i«Liik, or for tho lall t;ive^'4 Imnii' 1.0'ircof mir^ piniT. to tljf! ncinit rt'lli'i-tor or ir inil ('(Ii(tr aro r<*(iiiiif(l ilirrt^ hul.iss'ole \vci':K«.l mil iiifl* Hill lu-n ctiiPRO'l «li!> Mif ro- ll of 1]m .irt, aTix|H)rl or en' rl'ir *\I.u k, or tthali rt-inove oritfiil Hi i tain, itf shall hrili? iii'>»(ir. it nr cmwn rt of entry m lerft'it any ct-rtiticale rt*qiiin.l in cr any t;il't''Qr milrnr cervli.i'o thin art ; altsmh I'au rr:«;'l at id 'otrc.t (liitain, III- r.il.-Mf ll uliall W f(iiial and iLvrirJii .; thprron n-speCiivt ly whtrncx- the duties on ahs.'i )ressivo h«Mi»ht ; tlmt in the iiuiimliicliirc; t'fVrtnti ; nnd had rc- thrrvvise havo atlaiii- ' the ^tati'MiPiitH and ist» iM(|iiiry on (ihtss. lolt' suiijert, romlu'le (\irlirst possible pc- f jtclinnfiy or be more iilili^ in tlirir prnrliral 111! Mini yliiss \v;is llm rri.il iliaiiuc shall \:\'m'. mil'iKtiiri'r nl' Hint ^I.iks CLOVES. Ttff niiiBt, In n (front dcsrno, ho RarrKlopil, nnd tlin pnrsnnn wlio rnrry nn thnt nmniiriictiir«, nmlor tliii rvuulaliiniH iiiiil Kiihioci tii the ilulios prcscribi'il liy law, iiiiiHt uithi'r hu itrlvuii out ul' Ihu triulu, or lult to cany il on at a rnincniH Ihsh."— (l.'K/i Wc/n/rl, p. SO.) Kiiil: a ri'prcKcntalidn, coMiinu' iVipni NIK ll a (jnaricr, rimlil not hn (Il^n-uardcil ; and wo arc Klad to have to Nliito lli'it Iho duly on Hint ulasH liaH lii'i'ii Hhidishcd, and lliat In Urn tliiT' nT a duly ol' lix ^l<. is to III! 1 liaruod on ovory IOOIIih. woiulit (d'llio lliixi'd inalriiil or inolal riinn which rtiiiliKlMNN ih inadii. In«ti'i,| o|' ihc laic drawliack, llicrc U to hn III t'niilii; a drawliaik of IKv. (W. on every 1(10 IIih. id' Mini \^\:\f» cxpnric I. 'I'licrc an; also Hoiiie new ri'giilulinint uh to1li(! driiwhack uii (iuriiiaii hIicuI gl inh, &.C, — (Scc! jlct f) l\- nm. 4. c. 77.) Thin alicralhin will, nn donlil, hit a nintcrlal rtdiuf to thn nmniiriictiiri'rH of flint Klanii, Kllll, how- rvcr, it Im not nncli as tlio trade and Ihi; public, had a riiflit to evpict. Tlin total iiroHS p^'idncc ol' llio glass dull s in |H:i7, was. in I'liniland, H37,'27H/. ; In ScoMand. .')(i,'2(ill/. ; iiiiil In Ireland, l(l,3'i'l/. ; niakini( toirelher, Wi:i,H.">7/. Dill Ironi tliis Initt to lie li iliiited, for ilrawliiiiks and oilier alliiwaiice , ■J',i.'l,''i7/., HO Hint there only remains (11(1,1-11/. of nelt revenue ; and even lliis Ii.ih to he Hiill ('arllier reilined hy deilncliii;; I'rcini il llie e.xp.'nses of collection, wliii h are very heavy. Now, surely, il ciinnol he sanf, tlial, fir the sike of ii p iliry sum of less than lillll,ll(lll/. ,i year, we must depress, and all Inn ruin, an iinportaiit niaiinfacliire,capahle of an indillnili! oMension, hy hnrdenin^ ll Willi nn nnei|ii:il, ve.xalioiis, and innst oppressive duly! Had the diilies on Klass pmilnced l,r)lHI,(ltl(l(. or •2,(l(lP,(lP(l/. ii year, their relenlion iniuht have heeii rxcuseil froiii till! Iiiipossiliillly of Kacrlliclnif,ii|id the ilillicnlty ol re|ilacini{, NO larife an ainonni of revenue, iliit lli^ sum wliicli they yield iiiii'hl he easily ilispi used will), and im lliuy have been pronounced by tin.' hiiiliesl aiilliorilies lo lie, in all respecls. neisl olijedioiialile -to have every i|uali'y iImI a lax should not have, and not oni; that It should havu --we do hope iliat Ihey iii.iy be anionj; the liist lo be repealed— .Sii;i.) [Tlio jtIh.ss con.',()(ll)/. JJesides Woiecstor and Woodstock, Iiondoii, Yeovil, Ludlow, and Leominster are the principiil seatu of the leather glove manufacture. (Jloves are sometimes sewed hy inachiiieiy ; hut this ia done only to im])rove the work hy rendering tho stilches more correctly einiidislaiit, us it u not cheaper than iiiaiiual labour. Limerick used to lie fumoiis for the manufacliire of a sort of ladies' gloves, called chicken g(ovc3. Jjarge quantitiea of cotton gloves uro niudi) at Not- tiiig!iain and fieiccster. lujliinire of Kriirnl cf rrnliiliitiiin of Iinjiorlnlhin.— 'Yhn iiiipnrlMllon nf leather rIovcb and mills wns fornierlv pnihihited, under the severest penallii!S. This prohibilloa had llie ill'i'i I, by prevenliiiK all ciiin|ielili'>ii and einnlalion w illi the foreigner, lo check iniprovenient, and to render Ilrili'-h ijloves at once iiil'i'rinr in ijiialily and liifli in price. 'I'lijs systi.'in was, liowev er, pirniiltrd lo conlinne till lh:!5, when ilie pri>iiilHii<>n w is repealeil, ami jiloves tilloweil lo be lin|iorleil on paymenl of iliilies, which, IhiiiuMi bii.'h, are not prohlhiinry. 'I'his measure was veliemenlly opposed; and many predictions wiau made of ihe total ruin of Ihe nianiiftcliire ; bin in this, as in every Hiinilar inslance, expirience has shown Iliat tlin traiie had not heen really benelilnl ; bill lli'it, on Ihe conlrary, il had 1 een hi.|nrei| by th.' pruliihiiioii. The wlmlesome cainpeiiiion lo '.vhich ilie en uiiifiilnrers now fell Ibeinselves, fer Iho firsl time, exposed, made lh"m ex irt all their eiiori.'ies ; and ll is adniilleil on all hands, tli.it lln're li.id been a more raoid iinprovenient in the in iiuifactnre duriiu; the last half ilo/.en years tliaii in Ihe pre- vious lia If century. There Is si ill, no don hi, a f,to\\l deal of complaining of a decay of trade ainiMif Iho le.iihi'r ulove nniiiifailiinrs ; hut we are assured Iliat, if llii re he any real I'oiiiuialion fer their cnni- pi ■lots, it is ascrihable fir more lo Hie nrowiii); use of lionie-made colloii (.doves llian lo ilie imimrla- tion of foreiiju leather i;loves ; and had il not been for Ilie improved fihrji, ami ureeler i heapneJs of Drilisli leatlier iiloves, that has crown out of Hie new sysleiii, il is abiindaiilly lerlain lliat coltoii phives wouiii |-.i\ e ^'aineil slill more rapidly on llii'iii. In'point of I'.icl. however, ll iloes iiol ni'pe.ir Hull I lie re lias liei'ii any lalliuK oM" in the IimIIum' a love Iraili.'. On ihe contrary, Ihe f lir ii foe nee serm.^ lolielhatit lias maienally iiicriuised : al all eveiiis, lliere has been a vei y coiisideralde increase iii Ihe iiiinih.'!r of sUiu.i hn i'!;lit from abroad lo be used In Hie manufacliire, ami conseipienlly In Iho iiiindier of pairs of uloves priulin ed from hiicIi skins ; and lliuru is no reason for thiiiKinij Ihiil il Is iit all dill'ereiii Willi Hie oHier depirlimoils. I.ealber iiloves miisi hn iiiiporled in packaifcs, ro.iiainini; each lOdilozen pairs nl least, and in vessels of 70 Ions burden or upwards, on penally of f irl'eiiiire. -(7 (!fo. 1. c, ;N. I) 7.) Acconiil uf Hie Nili'ib'r of Dozen I'.iirs of Kabit (Jloves, Men's (.■loves, and Women's fJloves and Mi:N, impoiied inio Hie riilieil Kiiordoin ; tlio Amount of Duty paid tliereoii during' Ihe \earri \bl\ 1>2;I, and l«:;il ; and tlie lial's of Duly. Year*. Illlil OIOVM, Meu*s Ciluvcs. Diztn. Pii'oi. 27,lillH III a.i,(i:i.') (1 2j,iii3 ;i .V«. per doz, pair. Wiitncn's Olc'VM ami .Mills. T.il.O Qioiili of l.rCli.rl.l!i niiil MillM init><' is-w ISJJ is::i) l.vll lr«:c! nates of duty iliroiriliont Iho while period /!(•; II. /'(I r,». fi'.I.Mll 7 •('.,( i70 5 0-2,U25 10 U. poriloz.pnir. /)ip;i?l. I'aia. :i,(IJ5 8 2,7 s| 3,1S7 8 7». pordoz.pnir. iniVi.'iii 7-.^,iiiiii ill. 10(1 <.i:i,:i),'i liO,»sli i 716 GOLD— GOT'I ENBURGH. Accniint nf tho nnmbRr of Lnnili nnil Kid 8kin iikiiis. Kid Skill!. and Kid. isao !i:ia.Ki7 SHfi.-llH I,'il!>,2(i0 iHa,sso iHic, 1,713,778 .ws.s:^! 2,319,311 3 l7,8Sfi \m l,'2lW,0'i9 21-2,!Hm 1,4I5,()« ai(i,7.W IH'27 2,7 llt,3'.)7 040,803 3,3!KI,2«0 508,.'i3fl ISi'i l.tlOtiOJl 4()H.fl43 2,;)l7,l7t 317,502 iha« 2,017,470 1)01,039 3,822.215 573,::00 IS'M 1,!»t"143 4!r7,IH 2,47 1..W 370,728 1K2<) l,9;i0,3iH) fi9H,001 2,1128,094 391,344 IS21 vm.'w li:tl,lM)5 8,8:<3,2!)0 42l,ftS) 1830 l,H.i!),8:.0 1,080,209 2,910,059 411,900 IS25 8,(I«S,553 771,.VW 2,870,075 4aO,500 1831 2,89-i,H3» 1,008,307 3,901,241 68.'), 180 GOLD (Grr. Cold; Du. Guud ,- Da. and Sw. Guld.- Ft. Or.- It. ami Sp. Oro,- Port. Oiro, Ouro ,• Kus. Sulolo ,- Pol. Z/ofu ,• Lat. Auruin ; Arab. Tihr and Zchcbi Sans. Strarna; Malay, Man), tlic nio.st [irccious of all the int-taH Hccins to have Ih30 573,:;oo 4ii,<.ino 68,'), I so t. aiul Sp, Oro ; Port. '.chcb; Sans. Swnrna; nown from the earliest no perceptible tasto or I'l, silver, and mercury, fiubutunce i.^ equal to thin, that one p;rain of )f un inch tliicit. But ckness. An ounce of I h'ngth. Its tenacity ni, and silver. From in diameter, is capable ■. It melts at 33° of en colour. It expands nore than most metals ; '/inmsitn's Chcinisinj.) oduccd, SCO PuKciuu^ growing in the Indian black hone hair ,- it is ttcr, in a matted form, II freed from the latter, and more durable, but is, therefore, fitter for native 8hi]>ping of tho ouiuti ; and the largest reparation but that of isable to the prrscrva- a remarkable degree, c gomuti of Aniboy na, neous fibre. Uomuti )icul, and seldom more material, there seems vfurd's EukI, Archip. south-west coast of t. 57'' 42' 4" N., Ion. come close to the city, being conveyed from irt of the town is in- tide, bar, or shallow. y it is to meet her ^ a most extensive com- iit the latter inferior are brought from the ly by the lake Wener, r liiJtha. The exports ns were taken by tho is supposed to be in- ■gh ; and the ship|)ing iial. The next gn at by Wcrmeland. l)f t} tliu Consul's repuit GRACE, DAYS OF— GREECE. 717 thrse, the rxportu, in 1831, were 58,86(1 dozen, of which 40,600 dozen went to Great Britain, and tho residue to Franco, Holland, &.c. Tho other articleH of export are, linen, snil-clolh, tar, copper, ulum, glass, cobalt, manganese, linseed, oak bark, bones, juniper berries, cran- berries, rock moss for dyeing, &c. lirain is )y wore abundant, IMi,UM barrttis beirii; taltcliHl llic inaTiid^t aTid !«• prrs, Hr-riil llicoi to lilt, Ciisloiii'tloDw. An ntlicer is .lonointcit (o liilHTinteiiil (he uiijiLnHtiif ninl .iIno tliu Killing. The piintic ctiar^cs of all sorts on a Mwwtistj ship and on a fon'ii^n ship not privile)(f J, each of 3U0 (mis Ijuritt-il, uiilo.i(liii< and loaJing iiiixeil cargftt's ;it I ilnnliinr, ^c— There are no pnlilic or private banking ps'alilish- iTitints at (iotttnburgh Tor the issue ot noli-si tint the nation.il bank has two oilires htnc v. Iiich ailvaoie liniirett sums of monpy, at per cent, on the scnirity ot );om|9, :in. .yc,,sanicasat Slotkh.dm, which see. Gottenbiirffli, would be. on the roriner W. .^. Ti/., on the latter ')9t. Si. 7d. t)ii a privilc^eil foreign ship the charges are the aione as on ; a Swetlish ship. 1 „ iVtirefmtmng .Syttmi.— Goods may be bonded for any teoi^th of burvli iirandanl hundred, 'it, lOi, lime, on paying 1.2 per cent, .id vaiurtm for the first 2 years, aiid j Mnmy, ll'cigtiit, .Vriniec. .y . _.,__ 1 2 tier cent, antniatly thereafter. I In ci>in|iiliiig this aiticle, we have n.ade use of the i'uiitud An- Cvmmmioiif Credit^ .^c— The U8U.al rate of commission is 2 per \ llvfrtf dated 19 h of .Tanu;iry, l!-33 ; C'fXt'* Trnvels m the A'ort/i nf cent, Gooils arrt coiniiiiiiily sol I on credit. Raw sugar at monllis, : >'iiro/'C, vol. iv. pp. 207— 2'o. j 'rt^(/i/'» /.'liro/yca/i Cotnmocc, p.3I4.; with 3 mouths' iuteriat to the seller. Other goods at 3, 4, and 6 and stmie valu.ible|yrim(ecuriif/iMrtK-ati(//iJ, Diouttts. I Commercial Policy.— h»t for tho perverse policy of its government, the trade of Oottenbtirgh, and of Sweden in general, would be far jjreatcr than it is. Its rich and exhanstless mitics atid foresis furnish an ample supply of ci|tiivalcnts for whatever nilKlit be imported into the country ; liitt itislead of ul- Inwini; the energies of the nation to be employed in this safe and natural cliatinel, government has attetnpted, by a system of prohibitions nnil heavy duties, to raise, coule qui ciiule, a niatiiifacturinx in- terest, atiil roAin alroad loaiU'd, and which depart in bnl. Ia.Ht, |).iy two thinN ..f tin; duty, which Is also exacted if thev arriva ID ballast, and di|(arl ij^uleU* 2 3 r ii' im ■ i ..I *» \ '\ 718 GRINDSTONES. 3. VfMfN arrivhi? fmm alirnac! in tnllanf, an'l ilppirfim wi'hiut U:lini(.ur nrriviit4 .-ind tti;)tariiii)( with c.iri;*'' ^^^^ diitchar^iiig «ny i.'f ii, piy niie tliiid of thi- .fmy. 4. Vi-4if|!inrriviiii( frai) aii.I guiiig ti aiiu'lier port of llio kingdom l'>y hut f lie tia'I i-r tht* to ri-ci'ivi' or to ilt'livcr Ictttrs or iiiuiicy, unless otherwise pmvideU for hy spechi urdiiuuce*. Coiuilriei. rOBT OF PATRAS. InwarJi. Out»'artlf. Bhipa. Tom. Crewi. Invoice V:ilui! of C.iri5')rs. Sliipi. Tom. Crews. Invoice V.iliic of Ciripws. British Aiislriin tireek JciKilein Ionian Ne.iiinliLia " l'ap:il SarJiuian Total 31 14 141 1 219 13 2 3 426 4,342 1,1:9 7,96< 101 3,131 62 272 139 1,692 13 1,104 1 133 19 37 30,077 62,149 29 14 133 212 8 2 3 4,238 1 429 7,621 101 3,130 402 16! 828 !153 13!) 1,619 13 1,101 83 19 37 117,335 . 13,261 1S,M2 3,131 02,.'2i 404 17,011 3,2>^6 1 130,818 1 I'ORT OF NAIIFLIA. British Austriajl Fri-nrh Ontk Imiian Sarnos Turkiih Total 6 II 2 201 6 5 2 233 809 1,907 29d" 49 34 " /.. 8,020 e,l!H 978 47,r,y 7i!7 437 31 63,313 4 4 703 M2 6t0 32 1. 1,900 740 22,C,-,6 716 ' . • 1 - 2-.,298 •V. B.—'l'hK value of Hit! canjcifi.'i in llii; port of IV'uiiiiliii is supposed to be 10 per cent, iiiiiler the real rtHue. 'I'liu l'o8t ()llici> U<-»i:jtur does not tspiicify tliu veasuls saililig in bullust. In Putrua the entries of the lonitui trade iiicliidc ves.sels and b>iuts. Statement of the Nunilicr and Tonnage of VcBsnl.s witti the Value of their Cargoes, which entered and cleared at the I'ort of Syra ih tlie Year ]S^5.—iConiiiilur Helurn.) Countries. E'jtered. Cle.ired. j Vessels. Tonnr^e. Invoice Value 01 Cargoes. Vessels. Tonnage. Invoice Value of Cargoes. British Gr^k French loni.in Kussian • • Austrian Sar.iiiiian Oltomin American Jerusalem Total 6S 9»<9 10 61 61 68 17 164 3 8,392 6^N)2 1,477 6,264 11,3,33 14,733 3.246 3,477 210 2¥1 /.. 126,977 2J3,l(il 6.314 9,7»0 18,203 84,439 5,1.2 10,9'29 197 1,'2I 2.21)3 10 60 44 63 17 i6 1 3 8,339 67,3-IS 1,477 5,223 9,818 13,446 3,246 2,066 240 2,S1 381,961 4,645 3,192 3,20) .35 13,219 30O 1,422 107,267 445,343 2,633 111,489 406,572 Statement of the Number and Tonnajre of British Vessel.?, with the Nature and Value of their Cargoes which entered and cleared at the Port of Syra, didtiiiguishing the Countries to und from which they sailed, in the Year Wib.— (Consular Helurn.) Counlriea. Entered. Cleared. Vessels. Tonnage. Invoice Value of Caijoca. Nature of Cargoee. Vessels. Tonnage. Invoice Value of Carjoes. Nature of Cargoot. Great Britain • Malta . Trieste . Athens . Cooslantiaople > Em^rna Salnnici Htras • Z.'nte . Hliodcs ■ 47 B 1 2 2 6,866 878 133 294 194 207 L. 122,028 3,044 226 1,679 f 27 from Liverpool, ait||. .* don. with mixed cart^or^ ; 6 from L Cirditl', Jrt;n. Mixed cargoes. In ballast. ( Mixed cargo, 1 in \ balla.M. Wlical. la ballast. 2 28 22 3 1 1 1 274 4,173 3,lr>4 3ri8 136 133 64 L. ( Mixed can;0| 1 io \ hallaat. J Original, or part of \ origin-il carno. Do. do., 2 iuballait. Ditto diito. In haliaat Diitn. Dllto. Total l» 8,392 126,977 . 68 8,339 1 .1 Suv.) GRINDSTONES, flat circular stones of difflront diameters and thickness, mounted on cpindles or axles, and made to revolve with different degrees of velocity, employed to polish pted from all charge dur1n([ ei.^hl from whfifcver cuihr, nnd destincil r nhirh ihill inmieili iivly lu^ike a 'orl, lliil lii^ li !» ii<> itil' iilioii ci'her )N, nay ren.ain fivL*i;,\\i Hithniii -liouse iluty. He is | niniittd also iiiuru'y, uulcsi utiierwise tiruvitli'd ; Invoice Value of tlieir Ich t'liloreil iiiwiinlH uiid Morc:i, viz. l*uirud und Out wa nit. Invoice ns. Crow J. V:llliC of I.. ,239 2->3 U7,33S 4.'9 l.V) ' ,m 1,619 lUl 13 ,130 1,101 13,261 402 S5 16! 19 828 37 . ,011 3,2>^6 1 130,816 1 /. 512 32 1,900 etc 740 ■ " ■ 22,6i6 • 1 • 2,%296 lie 10 per cfint. unilor the ill bdllust. Ill I'utrus ilie r Cargoes, which entered r Helurn.) Clwred. j Tnnn.ige. Invoice Value of CariiOfii. P,339 67,.^ S 1,477 6,22S 9,SI8 13,446 3,246 2,U66 240 281 L. 381,961 4,045 3,192 3,20'l 55 13,219 300 lll,4S9 406,572 lire and Value of their 10 Cuiiiitried to and fruiii Cleared. Invoice Value of Caryocf. Nature of Cargooa. L. % • • ( KTixml carKO, 1 in \ ballaat. J Ori(;insI,or partof ( oriKiii-il car^o. Do. do., 2 iu lullast. Ditto (liito. Ill baliasU Diito. Ditto. Sup.) liickncRs, mounted on ly, employed lo polish GUAIACUM, GUAYAQUIL. 719 ■tee! articles, to give an edge to cutting iiiHtrunicnts, fee, Grind.^tones not in constant use are commonly turned by winch handles; hut at SSlicflii'ld nnd other |ilfire». where polishcil articles and cutlery are extensively iniiiuit'icturcd, large liunihcvM of giindslones being niiiiinfed in buildinga appropriated to that juirpose, Ciillcd grind or blade mills, are turned by slia|)R, acting on their axles, the moving power being either water or steam. The stone bcfit Miited to form grindstones is what is called a sharp-grit ; it being chosen finer or coarser grained according to the purpo.«ies for which they arc destined. 'J'he principal grindstone quarry in England is at Gateshead Fell, in the county of Durham ; where they are jtroduceJ in vast numbers, not only for home use, but for exportation to all parts of the world. But those principally in use at ShettielJ arc mostly quarried at Wickerslcy, in Yorkshire. They are classed in eight different sizes, called foots, according to their dimensions, as in the fol- liiwiiig Table:— 11e^nminl^i^ll8. lliamptep. Thlckncvi. No, iail ChaMron. Dcnonii nations. Dianie'.er. Thicknew. No, in a CIialdroQ, Ine'.a. Iwha. Iiichis. India, I Font 10 1 .10 5 Fonts 35 5 5 2 l''(IOl9 14 2i 27 Fonts 42 3 3 [•'(Kits SO 4 ly 7 Fonts 50 G U 4 I'ools 28 4 g 8 Fodts 50 8 A grindstone foot is 8 inches : the size Is found hy adding Ihn diameter and thickness tnirether. Tliii:i, a stone 50 inches diameter by 8 thick, making togollicr 01 inches, is an 8-font stone, of & iiiclies each font. Uealdes the abnvc sizes, grindstones are made, wlien ordered, of any Interniediate dimensions: many are made much larger llian any oflhe above sizes; pome as large as 70 inrhes diaincler, and 14 or 15 inches thick, which are a great weight, a cubic foot weigliiiig 1 cwt, 1 qf. 11 lbs. — {liccs's Cyelo- pailin ; Bailey's Survey of Durham, p. 4H.) (Jiiiidliig is an unhealthy and daiigeroiis employment. For some purposes, tlie stones are made to revolve with an extreme degree of velocity ; whi I3,'44« 200 •Wilis I6,MJ ■ 3 Briliili inanuficlurM. 1 ititio aliit wiiiti. 3 flnur, wliie^ and apvclo. DanKt, l)ltl'Urr DiiihIi • Mexicm ChilMn I'tiriivian Total luwanli. V«Hl(. Tnnnajf. Viluonf Cir^fKii. I.. It 2,086 34,47-. 12 1,727 14,010 la Mil 4B,:»2 4 1,0 J7 4,^0H S 1,475 tl.fl20 1 lot i,mio 2 407 3,11(0 13 \.mi 16, KM II 1,716 2,'>,()S0 43 B,»S1I 67,470 m 21,130 2il,6K0 (Ititwarits. Vewli. Tonnare. Tlir rame it culcrtd. Vilue nf /,. 2),436 B,.ro 71,7U/i 7,W.'i 10.714 3,000 ll,i'.(X) 22,376 \2.U\ 40,OS9 210,429 Remarka. AhfiutonetlilH ('rr of vcswli ciitpr- t*\ M I'eriiviaii, an>l Miitie eiilt^r- ed 11 Mrxican, licldiig If) lliia fxirt, liut were pu( iinil'T llinie cutiiurs litr lift. (rr ^ |irotrclinn Hiir'ng Itii* rcvn- lulioii iif IIAI. For ftirtlier partirulars, see OUna, roya/rc Ilistorique deVAmcrique,lom. i. pp. 141—178.; HalV$ Voyage to Chili, Peru, Jj-c, vol. il, pp. 101—138., tn.—Sup.) GUERNSEY. For tho poculiar regulations to be observed in trading with Guernsey, Jersey, (Sec, see iMPOUTATioy and Expobtatios. Gi;.MS, RESINS, GUM-RESINS, In commerce, the term gum is not only applied to gums properly so called, but also to resins and gum-resins. But though these substances have ninny properties in common, they are yet sulFiciently distinct. I. Gum is a thick trnnsparrnt fluid that issues spontaneously from certain species of plants, particularly such as produce stone fruit, as plum and cherry trees. It is very adhe- sive, and gradually hardens by exposure to tiio atmosphere. It is usually obtained in small pieces, like tears, moderately hard, somewhat brittle while cold ; so that it can be reduced by pounding to a fine powder. When pure, it is colourless : but it hn.'j commonly a yel- lowish tinge ; it is not destitute of lustre ; it has no smell ; its taste 'r insipid ; its specific gravity varies from l'316l to 1'4317; it readily dissolves in water, but is insnlublo in alcohol. Gum is extensively used in the arts, particularly in calico printing, to give con- sistence to the colours, and to hinder them from spreading. It is also used in painting, in the manufacture of ink, in medicine, &c. The only important gums, in a commercial point of view, are gxim Arabic and gum Senegal. 1. Gum Arabic (Pr. Gomme Arnbiqtte ,• It. Comma Arahica ; Ger. Arabiache gummi ,• Arab. Tolh), the produce of the Acacia vera, a tree growing in Arabia, and in many parts of .\frica. The gum exudes naturally from the trunk and branches, and hardens by expo- sure to the air. " The more sickly the tree appears, the more gum it yields ; and the hotter the weather, the more prolific it is. A wet winter and a cool or mild summer are unfa- vourable to gum." — (Jackson's Morocco, p. 84.) It is in irregularly sha]>cd [lieces, hard, brittle, and semi-transparent. When pure it is almost colourless, or of a pale yellowish hue; being insipid, inodorous, and dissolving completely in the mouth. Specific gravity 1-3 1 to 1*43. It is often mixed with gum Senegal. East India giiin Arabic is, though a useful, a spurious article, not being tho produce of the acacia vera, but of other species of |)lants. The best gum is either imported direct from Alexandria, Smyrna, Tripoli, Mogadore, Tan- gier, &c., or at second hand from them through Gibraltar, Malta, and the Italian ports. The price depends principally on its whiteness and solubility, increasing and diminishing, according as the article has more or less of these qualities. — {Thomson's Dispensatory, and private information.) turc and Value of ttielr iig tlio I'orta to and rnim IwanU, iiu of Nature of CxrKOct. til 143 7,124 li,i\V l,:lia 1,001) 'iCocot. Sbollul. 1 Timber. 1 Billul. Cocoa. niiio. Dlllo. Ilitlli. Ilnll.lll, VM Cnrgni«, which entered CiituitriHB to which the Rrmirki. ValiH! of C.trt;**''' /.. 2i,438 v-ua 7,M5 10.714 3,000 II. .'.no M.376 , UMH 40,0SS 2I0,4M Abiralnnetlilnl I'f the iiunii'tr of vcMrti eiitpr. e*l M I'eruvian, nn.l MHne eiitrr. ed ai Mrxitan, trlotiK to rhla port, but were put ut]tli'r those colours for Ih^i- ler protrction dur'nj( llif rrvo- lulioii of I8ai. I. pp. 141—178. ; mil's ding with Guernsey, is not only applied to lugh these siibstancea •m certain spccicfi nf •CCS, It is very adhe- ally obtiiiniM] in small hat it can be reduced 'vis commonly a yel- insipid ; its specific hut is insoluble in printing, to give con- n used in painting, in •im Arabic and gum Arahisclie gttmmi ; A, and ill many parts ind hardens by expo- yiclds; and the hotter "d summer are unfa- Hha])ed pieces, hard, a pale yellowish hue; lecific gravity 1*31 to is, though a useful, a lier species of plants. poll, Mogadore, Tan- nd the Italian ports. ng and diminishing, I'a Dispensalnry, and GUNP0WD1.1. 721 At nn nvernirfl nf the 3 yrnm ending with 18.11, the iiim Arubic nntnreil fnr cnnmimptlnn nmnuntpj tn l;l,.^7lcwt H yiinr. Prrvlmiily tit liiHt yunr (1^:13), tlm iliity on Kum Ariililn from a llrlllKh pnHi'fNHlori WUH nn. n rwt., nnil from nllior pnrtit l^ji. t htit thii iltity on it iiikI nil other riiiiin Ih mow flind nt flu. a rwt. without reiinrd to oriidn. Of 7,7(11 cwt of Ktiiii Ariihin iinporli'd iA IKIII, Tripoli, iliirliiiry, and Morijcco fiirnlnhiiil 9,0111); KKVpt, &7U; (lihriiltar, l,.'>H7i Italy, l,(KI7; Mnltii, .1)17; the V,u»l IiiiII.'k, ),UW, ftc. The ri'diiclliin of tin- dtity nn fori'lun ).'itiii will nioHt prolinhly occniilon nn iiicroniiH of ilio iiiipnrlH from Ihf McdltiTrniii^tin tiiid IMoBiiiiori'. TItn price of Kiiin Arnhie In hnnd In the I.nndnii ntiirkut wan. In Ditreniher, lti.t3,— F.nst Indiii, from 3t«. tu tt^o. pur i;wt. ; Turkey, from 1UU«. to 'Hit. pur ilo. ; niid ll.irltury, from SUj. to 1(X)«. pi'r dn. 2. Ouni Stmfgul, principally brought from the island of that name on the coast of Africa, is obtaiiiel from various trues, but chielly from two; one called Vcreck, which yields a whito gum ; the other called Nebuel, which yields n red gum ; varitaies of tho acacia gummifera. (iiiiii Arubic is very often mixed with gum Senegal. Tho latter is nearly as pure as tho former, but it is usually in larger masses, of a darker colour, and more clammy and tena- cious. It is tho sort of gum princi[)ally employed by calico printers. It was worth, in De- cember, 1833, duty ((!.».) paid, from 75,«. to 78,«.a cwt. — {Thomsun's Clitrnintry, T/wmson'j Dispenmtwy, Aimlie's Materia liidlca, i(C.) II. lieniis, for the most jiart, exude spoiiiuneously from trees, though thoy are often ol)- tained by artificial wounds, and are not uncomnidiily, at first, combined with volatile oil, from which they are separated by distillation. They uro solid substaticcs, naturally brittle ; have a certain degree of transparency, and a colour most cominonly inclining tu yellow. Their ta.ste is more or less acrid, and not unlike that of volatile oils ; but they have no smell, unless they happen to contain some foreign body. Tlmy are all heavier than water, their speeitlc. gravity varying from I'()1H2 to M863. They dilfer from gums in being insoluble in water, whether cold or hot ; while they are, with a few exceptions, soluble in alcohol, especially when assisted by heat. When heated, they melt ; and if the heat be increased, they take fire, burning with a strong yellow flame, and emitting a vast quantity of smoke. Common rosin furni.shes a very perfect example of a resin, and it is from this substanco that tho whole genus have deiiveil their name. K.isin is, indeed, fretjucntly denominated resin. Tho principal resins are Anlmi, Eltmi, Copal, Lac, Lahdanuin, MukHc, Jiosin, Sanduruch, Tacumaliae, &c. ; which see, under their respective names. — {T/iomnon'a Chemistry.) III. Ginn-re.v'ns.a class of vegetable sub.stances consisting of gum and resin. They dilTer from resins in this — that they never exude spontaneously from tho plant, being obtained either by bruising the parts containing them, or expressing the juice, which is always in a state of emulsion, generally white, but sometimes of a dilTerent colour, or by making incisions in the plant, from which the juice flows. The jXiice, being exposed to the action of the sun, is condensed and inspissated, till it forms the gum-resin of commerce. Gum-resins are gene- rally opaque, or, at li^ast, their transparency is inferior to that of resins. They are always solid, and most commonly brittle, and have, sometimes, a fatty appearance. When heated, they do not melt as resins do; neither are they so combustible. Heat, however, commonly softens them, and causes (hem to swell. They burn with a flame. They have almost always a strong smell, which, in several instances, is alliaceous. Their taste, also, is often acrid, and always much stronger than that of resins. They are usually heavier than resins. They are partially soluble in water, but the solution is always opaque, and usually milky. Alcohol partially dissolves them, the solution being transparent. The most cnitnnon gum-rrsins are Alius, Ammonia. Eiipfiorbium, Galbanum, Gamboge, Myrrh, Olibanum, Sagapcnitm, Scummnny, &c. ; which see under their respective names. — (Tjoudon'x Enci). nf Agriciilt. ; T/tom mil's Chemintri/.) GUNFOWDElt (Gcr. Puher, Schinsspitlier ,■ Du." Buskruid; Da. Krudt, Piilver ; Svv. Knit ; Fr. Vmidre ,- It. I'olvcre ,- iSp. and Port. I'olmra ,• Rus. Poriich ; Pol. Pruch ; Tj.it. Pulnis pyrius). This well known inflammalile powder is composed of nitre, sulphur, and charcoal, reduced to powder, and mixed intimately with each other. The proportion of the ingredients varies veiy considerably ; but good gunpowder may be composed of tho fol- lowing proportions; viz. 76 parts of nitre, 15 of charcoal, and 9 of sulphur. These ingre- dients are first reduced to a line puwiier separately, then mixed intimatily, and f trmed into a thick paste with water. After this has dried a little, it is placed upon a kind of sieve full of holes, through which it is forced. By this process it is divided into grains, the size of which depends upon the size of the holes through which they have been squeezed. Tho powdiT. when dry, is put into barrels, which are made to turn round on their axis. By thi.s motion grains of gunpowder rub against vach other, their asperities are worn off, and their surlaces are made smooth. The powder is then said to bo glazed. — (Thumson'a Chcmii^try.) Dr. Thomson, wliose learning is equal to his science, has the following remarks with reiipect to the introduction of gunpowder into warlike operations : — " Tho discoverer of this comjjound, and the person who first thought of applying it to tho purposes of war, are un- known. It is certain, however, that it was used in the fourteenth century. From ccriaia archives quotetl by Wieglcb, it appears that cannons were employed in Germany before the year 1372. No traces of it can be found in any European author previously to the Uur« Vol. I.— 3 P 91 ' - ll-,; HI a! 723 GUNNY— HAIR. i'-f li-onth century ; Imt il Rceinii to linvo born known to the Ohinoiio long boforo thiit prriml. 'I'lifio in ronnon to iRiIiovo timt cannon* wcro u.seil in llio buttle of CreiiHy, which wiis fou;;ikt in rJlO. Tiicv wein even to havo been nnrd three yearn earlier, at tho Hie^e of Al«ei»i« ui»; but befoic this tiini: .hey niUHt have been known in (Jermany, ai there is a iiic<-e of onhiance at Atolierif. on wiiich it inscrilieil the year 1 :)().), Koger liaron, who died in 1293, knew thn propertief) of p;unpowder; but it doeH not follow thut he was iii'>|uaintcd uilh ita iippliiMtii'U to tire-arniM." — {Tlimnttia'a Cktiiiislry.) For further particr.ltir» as to tho intro- duction (ii ciuinon, see ihut article, Tliii (iiiiiiiifticiiirc nnd wilcoiKnnpuwdnr la rfinlalnd by neverfil «tntiileii. Hy the 13 Ooo, S. c. fil. It Ih Himrtf't. lliiil nil P'T*"" "lliill """ nillln or iillicr cliiliies fur miiklriB giiniinwdur, nr iiiiimi(iicliiiliig llie HiiMii III liny v\ ay, cxct'iil In niills anil iuIiit |i1iiit« wliic.li with nrluiillu in ntMenre at lliu tliiiu of la^nliK th.' IK I, ( r u liif II, ir (iri'i led uI'liTwartls, Irnvn Ihth miiirliniKMl liy ii llcrnci!, niiilrr paiu nf liirfiiltint ilw i;mt|ii)\vi!iT, anil '.'.«. a iiiuiml. It U rnrtlicr onnftcd, Hint no mill worki'd hy pestle, nnil lifiiallv ti>riiiiMl a pi'Hlli) mill. hImiII In! iii barrels lire to be carried hy any hind ciirriape. nor innre than 90O barriiU by water, iinhss Boiiii; hy Hea or coasivvise, each liarr'jl iiot to coiilain inore than lOOIIis. All V ■sseJH, evi'i'pt liiM M ijesly's, coiniii)! into the 'I'hanieji, are to put on nhorc, at nr lielnw niark- wall. all Hie L'nnpowder tiny have on hoard PxeeediiiL' 85 lbs. Vesnels' oiitward hound lire not to lec(Mvi) (Ml hoard mnre than 'i.'ilbn. of i^nn powder previously to their arrival at Iliac kwall. The Trinity JIuiise have authority to appoint Hearilii.rH to insp.Mt bliipa, anil si^arch for giinpowder. .\ll the pnn- piiHiler found aliove 2.') lbs , and Hie harnls coniiiiiiinir it. and 2.-. for every lb. above that quantity, are forfeited .\'iy piMson ohstriiilitiL' an o(t;ier HiiirclilnR for concealed tnnpnwder In liable to u penalty of Id'. 'I lie [ilaceH nf deposit fur i;un powder are regiil iteil hy the AKleii. :i. c. '..Ml. The e.\'piirlatinii of ,minpowiler may be prohibited liy order in coiiik il. Iim Importation is prohibited on pain of forriiliifi',e\iept bv licence from his M ijesly ; such licenci! to he granted for fiirnisliinji Ilia Jlajesly's .-toils only.— (li (in>. 1. r. Il)7.) The act 1 \Vill. -1. r. 11. iiroliiliits the nianiifaclnre and keeping of Knii|iowdpr in Ireland liy any per- son wlio ImH nut olitaliied a lii eiice from the lord l.lenlriiant ; sinh licences may he HiiH|ienilcd on iiotice from the chief secrel.iry, and any one selliiiL' gunpowder diiriiiL' the suspension of tiiicli lirencu flnll forfeit .MH)/. (iiinpowiler iiiiikern iiinler this act are to return iiionijily nccounts of their Btoek, 4tc. to the chief secretary. Tliia act. which coiituiiis a vuriely of rudtiiclivu claused, was liiiiilud lu one year's diiralinii, but h is been pridonited. GUNNY (Hind, Till ; Hen. 6' lira"), a strong coarse sackcloth manufactured in Bengal for making into baijs, sacks, and packing generally, answering at once tho two purposes for which canvrtjsg and bu):! are used in Europe. The material from which this article ismanu- liictured, is tlie iJhro of two jilants of the genus Corchorus; viz. Corc/iuriis ulilorius, and Corchimts capauhris (Bengali, put) ; both, but particularly the first, extensively cullivateJ throuuhout Lower Bengal. BeHidei< a large domestic consuinptioti of gumiy, tho whole rice, )iadd\ . wheat, pulses, 8u^•ilr, and saltpetre of the country, as well as the pepper, coiree, and other foreign produce exported from Calcutta, are packed in bags or sacks made of this article. There is also a consiilerablc exportation of iiumufacturcd bags, each commonly capable of containing two mauiidH, or about 100 lbs. weight, to Prince of Wales Iskmd, Malacca, Siin^iipoie, Java, and Boiiiliny. In 1H28-29, tho number exported from Calcutta was 2,20.'5,"li(), of the valiir of 106,109 sicca rupees, or about 10,000/. sterling, showing the }iricc of each sack to be less than 2rf. — ( Wallich ; lluxhitrirh i Bell's Review of the External Commerce of Ueii/snl.) GYPSUM, OH (SULPHATE OF LIME, is found in various parts of the Continent, and in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. When reduced to a powder, and formed into a paste with water, it is termed jil/iisttr of Paris, and is much uscil for forming casts, &c. It is also used for laying floors ; and hati boon advantageously employed as a manure. H. HAIR, Hdman (Ger. Haare, Menschen-hanr ; Dit. Hair; Fr. Cheveux ; It. ('uprJli umani f Sp. Cal/ellns ,- Lat. Cupilli). "Human hair makes a very considerable article in commerce, especially since the mode of perruqties has obtained. Hair of the growth of the northern cnuiitries, as England, &,c., is valued much beyond that of the more southern ones, 88 Italy, .Spain, the southern parts of France, &c. Good hair is well fed, and neither too coarse nor too slender; the bigness rendering it less susceptible of the artificial curl, and disposing it rather to frizzle; and the smallness making its curl of too short duration. Its length should be about 25 inches ; tho inoro il falls short of this, the less value it bears." — (£ncy. Brit.) JUiK op Beasts (Gcr. Haare, Hithaare,- Du. Hair,- Fr. Pail,- It. and Sp. Ptloj Lat, ; bffdro that ppriml. ly, which was f<)ui;lkl iho HIORO of Alm'lti" .« thiTc i« a ])'u'ce of II, wlio died ill 1203, ii<-(|uninlcd w ilh iu I'.liirH as lo tho iiitro- I till- ISOno, S. c. fil. it .'(liT, nr iiiiiiiiiCiii'liii luK iLtlenre at Ihu tiiiiii (if IliM'iii'fi, iiikIit palii of worki'd liy ptiMllo, niid ,'t'-iiii'iitli' iiiiiilu iiiivi' lOlbo., iiml 29. Iiir II nny nn« liiiii', niiilpr inilcr iiiilla ttrKitcil iit itc cxeiiiplt'il I'riiiii tlio •r, morn limn Wilis., In ntlii-r lily, bormiuli, or mii/.iiM's, (ir S II niilr of in, or III lliu uliiuiiiit of ,n 20O lmrri:lii by wntcr, nre, (It or lielnw Illiirk- iviiril hiiiiiid uri! iidt to lliKkwall. 'I'lii'Triiiily i|)(iw(lrr. All till' pnii- 1. hIiovr Unit qiiiiiilily, iipiiwiliir Ih liable to it L'li. a. c. !5«. ii|iortiilii. 6d, a year u laid upon all personM who wear hair- powder. Diili'rent ^tiiUites prohibit the mixing of hair powder with starch ur alabaster. And liiur-powder niiiker-t are prohibited having alabaster in their custoily. H.MilFAX, the ciipital of Nova Scotia, on the soiith-eaHt coast of that province, lat. 44" 30' N., Ion. ()3° 28' \V. It is Hitiinled on a pcniiiHula on the west side of Cheliucto Hay, and has one of the finest harbours in America. Population, exclusive of the military, about 18,00(1. The town is irregularly built, and most of the houses are of wond. 'i'he govorn- ment-hou.se is one of tho most iplendid edifices in North America. Halifax was i'ounded in 1749. r', |oii|!. lilt" 3S', The liulit, which i» ti.xed, in am fircl iiIkivii the bivcl iif the hi a ; and u dilidliinelit of artillery, with two !JI-piiiiiiilerH, ia iipmi iliiiy at tlie lii;ht-hoiise, tlrinii nt refiiilar iiilervi ' iiriiig the roiitiniiaiice of the (IciKte (i «* with wbiili liiiB part of tlic roacl is very iiiiK h iiifcHli'd. i Halicr, 'I'nliltg dm I'riiiopalea I'uMiliynn (Ji'nentphiiiiie.-, \k''* ) The i'oiiri'2U a company w.is formed for niakln)! a canal across llie country Ironi Halifax to the basin of Minus, which unites with the boHoni of (lie Bay of rnndy. 'I'he navi'^alioii in formed, for the most part, by Hliuheiiacndie lake nnd river. The legislature pave l.'),(Ui(i;. to this undertaking ; but it has not liilll(!rto been tnmpleted. Tlie excavated part of the tanal is fill teut wide ut top, .'111 feet nt bottom, and is intended lo admit vessels drawing 8 feet water. It seems very (]uestioiiable whether this canal will be prnfitabli; to the slianhohlern ; b'lt there can be no doubt that it would, if finished, be of cnnslderalili' service to tlie trade of Halifax. Tliere are two private banking companies at Halifax. Accounts are kept in pounds, shillings, and pence, the same ns in I'.ncl.ind, and the weights and nieaeiires are also the same. About inn large s<|iiare-rigged vesselb, and about the same nuinbcr of large schooners, with several smaller craft, belong to Halifax. The total revenue of Nova Hcotia for the year 18.TI, Including balances and arrears, was S5,0iej. ; the expenditure daring the same year, exclusive of that incurred on account of the garrison, being 9!,87fl/. We borrow from the valuable work of Mr. M'Oregor tho f(dlowing s^tatement as to the trade of Nova Scoiia in IS32: - Produce of the Fiitieriri cxp'irU-d tii the Year eudlDg 61b of Jaiiuiry, IKIJ. leO.Cin rivt. dry Mi, ill lOl. 37,l.>4 lutrrls pirklel full, at Hit. ■ 8,641 htxvn .^li.okcl liciriii^H, at 3i. 701 tiiiu oil. .11 20(. 61,919 ml nkiuii, at l<. Sd. • Total . /.. I. !)3 17 127,43f> 10 Produce of Agriculture, B.irli?v iTi.l nal>, 3 47'< liusheU, a( it. FolilocB and lurni|u, 6.1,712, at It. M. Oiliiu jl, 7 l..\rrcls, at 2U«. - Vh».«ciid, lOliinliilj Horned catlle, tioraes, tlieep, and iwine, 926 value ..... Riiltcr, ch -eee, and lard, Sj,72l lbs. value • ( rai.biTrie^. 490 {rtltoiu A|i|i|rt, 2tiObirio'« .... llet;f aiul |iork, 4:U barreU • Total L. 1. d. 347 IG 4,!l3} 12 7 2 10 4,630 4,!Se 4 24 6 130 1,302 1S,5K1 8 reduce of the Mimn, f-X|)Orte Masts anl ,|t.irs, 642 . . . - 200 II,,nps,22«,liO .... 114 1 3 Value of lis.ber stiirpol from Cape Breton - 1,972 Tolal 62,447 to 3| '■I The balance of exports consists of various articles, transhipped, princifiallv West India produce, tea from Cbina, jcc. 724 HAMS, ItAMBUROII. Account of TOiXrli •ni«r«i1 Inwnrd* In iha Pnrt of IIuIIAk nnil Nnvt >■> •ndlni ftlli uf Juiiunry Ib33 1 and u( tlhMit cltmriKl imlwitriK .'r :r( ... <i-y oiiil Jrriey - riiiii/. .... Hiii)riiit ... Mi'llH'l .... Ilrliii'li Writ IntlliK I'l'ii'mtiiiriili . - - llrilmli N. A. rolnnli'l . A/iiri'ri mill Miili'Irii Mnl.iU'i mill (iiliriiltnr - KiirriKii viiancla from Iiiilln i r,iirii|>" ... Unlli'il Htnliia, Drltliih vi'uhi' l>lltn, Ibruliin venai! Ilrnxll .... Miiiirltliit ... Ciilllnn ... Arrlrii .... Kill Jmii'lrn . - . Ilnvuiiiiuli ... TiiInU iDwinli. SiMllfc I Tuu. lin 9 I 3 t \ I 1,04(1 !i 7 3117 77 It 1 I 1 l.'.IM)" n,4M •ut tlM) »70 9.M 87,(W:i 'i'J7 (1.1,(143 IH7 Ci3l :II,4I3 7,mi l,:wi IH7 »(H 131 i(i;t^5' M«n, fl,.1l7 Id » l» 41 I,. 1(13 W 3,7M \'i 4() 1,.W0 413 IW 10 4M 8 0.U73' 104 1 l,IUI 4 1 SUN 75 lU 3 i,»ua (Bee Atlirfgnr'f Hriliih ^mrrirn, Uil ril. vol. I. p. 4H1. 4H3, fcc. ; MoortumU Ultertfrom Aiura Stotia, utim ; I'upurt Imil btforr lilt t'lnaiict Commillfr, i^e.) faf H.VMS ((iiT. .Sc/i/»(^r»» ,• Y)u. Uninmrn I Yr, Jarnfmn.i ,• U. Prnnciutt! ; 9p. Jnmofifx ; Run. (ikitroku), tho thii(liM of tlio hoi{ h.iUoiI bdiI drird. V'ork, HiiiiIm, Wilta, anil Cuinlicr- liuiil, ill KmrIiiiu), and Diinifrios nml (iiilloway in Mcothiiul, nro tho roiinlirH nioHt famniia filr prixlucinj^ lino haina. TIiokii of Irt'liiiul urn coniparulivcly coarso niid witlioiii flavour. — (!S(Hi Uu-oN.) Tlio linma oi I'ortngal, VVcHtphalia, uiid Virginia, aru «X(|iiiiiitfly llavoiircd, mid aro in liigh estimation. Thi> iinportD of hacon and Iiuiiih, principally the Uttnr, nmuuiit to alioul !,.'),')() cwt. a year. Tho duty ia very heavy, being no loaa than !2S.<, a cwt. [Much attention ia (mid in thr United Htatea to tho ruring of hama. Thoao from Virginia and New Jersey, eti|H>eialIy the Uurlington haiiia from tho hitter atate, aro little, if at all, inferior to tho Weatphaliu. Largt' quuntiliea of them are cured in Maryland and Ohio, and cxporteil to tho other atatca of tho Union. — Am. Ed.] HAMBURGH, a freo Hansentie city, on tho north bank of the river Elbe, about 70 miles front its mouth, in lat. 53^ 32' "51" N., Ion. 9° 5S' 37" E. Population, ia.5,00(), Hamburgh w the greatest commercial city of Germany, and, pcrhapa, of the Continent. She owes this distinction principally to her aituntioii. The Ellie, which may bo novigated by lighters as far as Pniguc, reiulera her tho cnlrrpttt of a vast extent of country. Advan- tage, too, haabeun taken of natural facilities that extend atiil further her internal navigation; a water communication having been estaMished, by meana of Iho Spree and of artificial cuts and aluicea, lietween the Elbti and the Oder, anetween the latter and tho Viftulu ; ao that a considerable part of tht^ produce of 8ilesia destined for foreign markets, and some even of that of Poland, ia conveyed to Hamburgh. — (See C»xai.».) There is, also, a communi- cation by means of a canal with tho Trave, and, consequently, with tho Luliec and thu liultic, by which tho necessity of resorting to tho dillicull and dangerous navigation of the Sound is obviated. Vessels drawing 14 feet of water come up to the town at all times; and vessels drawing 18 feet may come safely u[> with the spring tides. Tho larjjeat vessels some- times load from and unload into lighters at Cuxhaven. The trade of Hamburgh embraces every article that Germany either sells to or Iniya from foreigners. The exports principally consist of linens, grain of all sorts, wool and woollen cloths, leather, flax, glass, iron, copper, ■malts, rags, staves, wooden clocks and toys, Rhenish wines, spelter, Ace. Most sorts of Baltic articles, such as grain, flax, iron, pitch and tar, wax, «Stc., may generally be bought as choap at Hamburgh, allowing fur ditt'crenco of freight, as in the jMirts whence they wero originally brought. The imports consist principally of sugar; cofTee, which is the favourite article for aiieculative purchaaes; cotton wool, stuti's, and yarn ; tobacco, hides, indigo, wine, brantiy, rum, dye-woods, tea, pepper, &c. Ueing brought from many dilVerent places, there is a great variety of quality in the grain found at Hamburgh ; but a largo proportion of tho wheat is inferior. Some of the barley is very good, and fit for malting. 'I'he oata are feed of various qualities. The customs revenue is found to amount, one year with another, to from 30,000/. to 35,000/. The rate may, jurhnpa — (see post), lie taken, on imports and exports, at a rough average, at 5.<. 3(/. per cent, which would give, at a medium, 12,380,0004 a year for the value of tho trade in articles subjected to duties; and adding S.UOO.OOO/. for the trade in articles exempted from duties, wo have 14,380,000/. as the total >lt< '• '^ (RIIHI. I iMtirifrom A'ura Scolia, nciutll / Sp. Jiimonn ,- IM, Willi, and Cuiiilinr- DtinlioH moHt fiitnnu8 fiir ml wiihiMit fliivour. — v tiX()uiiiiti'Iy ll.ivoiired, iiilly the Inttnr, aiiiuuut than 'i^n, a cwt. . Those from Virginin itt>, arc little, if at all, arylaiid and Ohio, and river Elbe, ahotjt 70 Population, r^r),()00. ps, of the Continent. irh may bo novigatrd of country. Advan- or internal navigation ; CQ and of artilk'ial ruts 1(1 tlio Viiitula ; ho that ictH, and Rome even of 'o in, also, A cnmmuiii- the Lul)ec and tho rous navigation of the town at all timoH ; and w liirnpst vpsscis some- ' IhiMihurgh embracer he exports principally X, glass, iron, copper, |it ut lliuiiliiiri{li In maret, illvhiril Into Id milii or ii'lilllltiKn liilx, iiiiil tlis srliillinuii lull! i't iilVfiiiiiiii IiiIm. Ai'i'.iiiiiIpi iiri> iiIkii ki'|it, |iiirtli'iiliirly In iiirhiiiigiii, in poiiiiili), i{ Ihiili'm, 7) ninna, SO nrhlllliiui Kli'itiiri.'li iiri' iliviil'il liim dnniu iinij riirrrnt Hu.itry. Th' liiriiii'r run- RJHla nl'ihii aiiiiix Inmrliii'il In ilin linnkH nl iln' biiiik i>|i|iiiiii|i> in liic iiiiini'a nrilidaii who Imvii <|i'|iiiiilli'i| ii|ii'i'lii or liiillioii in llii' liank. H.liiih U liilrliinlriiily worili iiImmiI '.'.'I jiir imil. inori' tliiiii rum in n, lull llii* iii'tH la I'oiiaiiirilly V'lryliiK. (I'lir uii ntccniiit olllin iliiiik nl' lliiinliiirtf, hd' IUnkn (I olu:lll^>.) or iliii loiiiN In I'Iri iiliiiiini iil lliiiiilniriili, llin rlmlollnr iMimoMnil ilii< rlxilojlnr iiirrciil ari! the iiio^l roiniiioii. 'I'liv weliflil nf lint foriiii'r la not iiiiiroriii i lint l)i. Kill) uailnmtia It, ut ii iii«iliiiiii, hi HIIIA tUiu- vriiinii piirit nilvi-r - ■!;<. HJii. Tliu ciirruiil rlxilollar - :i|n ;i K'aiii* 'iii.ttlil. wry liuuily. Tlis lluinlinriflivoiiM n l)« .y. Tiikini! iIm' iih' viiliiit of llie rlxilnll'ir liiinrii nt niV/nli'rllnff, It follnwi, Dint II. alRrlliiK •• 1.1 innrcs S7 ai'hilliiiiia liiiiio, nr If. ■li'llliiK .'I.V. \il, rti>iiilali hiiino. No ll\i>il ;<(ii' or h. Troy - 4H 1.1 kllogrnniinci-ONIbR, of Am* •trriliiin. A Nioiii' III' Max Ih 'ii> Ilia, A hIoiiii ol' wool or I'l'iillirra In III IIm. In eallinallou llic iiirriiiKii ofiioiiilii, lliu Nlilii|ioiiliil la rrckoiied ut 3Mllliii. Tim inraanna lor liijtiida aro, UOuaai'lM 9 I HcliBir.'!. 1 WlapR -■= 1 I.nRt, 'i HIiiiliMilil ■ I Kaaii. | III Hrlii'llVlH " I Wlxii, | U l^aat - 1 Htuvk. The T.nut « II'!! Wlnclli-Hli'r i|iiiirtit, naed by ciiitineerR anil land Rlir« vuvorM, - I'i ;ii) lnclii'14. Tim Bralmiit ell, iiioBt coiniiioiily uaud in thii iiiramiriMiit'iit of jjiitiii goodR, •^aTftn.'i liiclmn. A ton In till) ladinir ofii vlilii Ik Rcnernlly rnckonrd at W cubic fret. Of thliiKR that htk aold liy nnm- lirr, n croaa iliouaainl ^ I.WO; u iiroK* hiiiidriid " \'ii)t u ring - f 10; u cunuiiun or auiult lliuiuund » 1,110(1; Ik aliock 'fiO; a atoliiM ^ 21); il groan rido/.i!n. KjimrlH.-Wf ri'.Tol lliat no inalnrlalH ivxint by vvlilrh It In posalblo to (rive nny ncronnt of the iliiantlty anil value of lhi> dltfcrenl arllilcH exportid from ilaniliiirKh.-(l''or Home partlrnl'ir.t ax to the turn Iraile, aee (,'ohn I.awh anu (John Trade.) I.lnena aru one of llm nniiit iniporlaiit arlicluHof export. They nre generally tiold by the piece ; lint llieru are vreal dillurenceg In the dlmi'iiHloriH of pieces of (liircntiit dt'iioniiiintioiiH. The following Table la, llierefore, of iinporlance, uh il e.xhiliilH the varloiiH deHcriptloiiH of linen uaiiully niel with nt llaniliiirgb, wllh the b'ligth and liruudtli ot the dltl'urunt plucea. It ulau givua thuir coat on board, in alurling, uu lut January, Ib.'lU. Dneripliooi. Uogth. Yordf. Width. l-ardi. Bold. Ci«t OH Hmrd, In Slerlln«. £ «. (/. £ i>. d. £ s. d. Platlllai royalcR . . - 35 per piece. U 15 10 to 1 10 3 to 1 lU 4 llrnwn Hlieaiai 33 — 12 — 19 2 — 1 4 2 Uritunnina ... 7 — 3 9 — 7 7 — 9 10 Ditto . . . - 7 II — 7 7 — 12 1-0 IS 1 Dowlas .... 67i 1 — 1 11 9-2 5 4-2 12 11 Crcaa & lu Morlnix - 07* — 113 3 — 3 6 — 4 3 2 I.istndos - - . . 43 II A — IS 2—1 7 3-1 16 3 While shcetinga SO — 119 4 — 2 8 5 — 3 6 IMain lawns ... SJ 1 .'-> I (f — 10 — 18 2—1 10 3 Clear, figured, and worked lawng 8J — 7 7 — 1-0 13 7 Arabias .... 211 1 I f — 1-0 12 1 — 18 2 Checks, No. 2. . . Hi — 4 — 5 4-0 6 10 Striped and checked books 43 :i per 3 pieces. 13 3 — 15 1-0 18 11 IIet>!4ia rolla ... 35 per piece. 9 1 —0 15 1-0 IS 11 Miicn for coarse bi'.gs 35 in Iff — 9 1-0 15 1 — 1 5 8 Osnaburghs . - - : per 100 'i double eiU 3 3 9 7-4 3 2 — 4 10 9j Tecklcnbiirgha ... - . - — 3 — 3 12 7 — 3 15 7 The Platillaa and Britannias rome principally from SilcRia; the Creas from I.u^atia, &c. Osna. liurgbK are made uf flu.xeu, and TecklenbnrgliH uf hempen, yarn. Lineim arc aold with a diacnunt of I per cent. Tiiipnrla.—We Biibjoin an iiccniint of the import.'*, consuinption, exports, slock, and prices, of some of the principal arliclca imported into Hamburgh, during each of the ten yeara ending with the lat of Jan. 183U. 3f2 I'l 730 HAMBURGH. u u .5 .5S .St: 9-S. = -•! i <^ f-s- 3:!2 ^5 ' 3^: £ I I ■ I awS — — — — -- — — — -* cq 00 X oo 3D t- r- c* r* « (O .2 or "iir^ c ojifj J: r;*^' 'J , I- oi as-siif^Qi ffil575?23S5'2 - ^ ^. ' "* ~ £ I I I I r I I ! »5 — j^ r-ao 'e-il iiiiiifJii 3^ lliiillil • W — « — MC irtr^ - -■ r^ *j VJ <^ — ■ '• "J -7" »'■■ 2 ^ 63 s 5S ■<( 1^ - « S «y :0 1- :0 -ft » 11)1111 .at: 3.5 S2 U; ^1 £i)itiiiii ^ , o r- If) CO 1^ (fl 51 o to » (O -y — no Oi tft *f ,5 O 3 ri •» ^w io« ^ x"io ■!# Iff . p Q »*» mtp "M -o m >^ Q '-^ §5 ^ ** t-; 1- o S ?• in 10 f2 S 1 11 1 ilifllSIiil \i N I- r>» *4 ^. -M — t. ..T J rt 'J ■« I- X g^ Ti — ^1 -J rf 'J S, /i »j r -T, X /I ic S * » N W M -J -1 - 2 ir XI M « rt >n rt "I ■" -* I I I I I t I I I '"■I'M ■^w;* xjO — rt — O"- "iiiifllfs! ^ '.'f .D ya I" cTw/j Qo X t |ll.il|i3J.°i ^S5^?;: ;?.f;j ;i?, , '* -2 ftj r'i ff5 M — ?J — 3 ri — 21 *i *i ?5 t5 rt m r fj '^ X 152?5^ E J ■:s :;33S-i " f tc c i~. « — ••» aj it i~ 1^ ^|5ilfii3| ssiSgss ?•=! . —'—'—' «ri eon 'w' — ei"—*' r, JL X J- 3C J^- X JC j6 /i » i4 99^38s;!sa:si3 S^ 3 I I I I I I I I I 31 1==.*^ ^ m 5 -- — •-•' —'0*01 of -**"— 5' §SSS5iagS3S - E t- S3";; 2 zji I I I I I I I I 5 5,X 1? V '"T to CD 'J — Q) •<>4S4n:Ne4cO(N'«'A ^ i-^e — .fj -icM^t * i- — "^ 5 >ft ir i(f f;^ — *»X'"l ") O »r o If? O o "* O 'C "ft Q CO .0 r- T 91 a — M fo :• 15 r-i ».( -J r» N « -5 rt r; ^ T =1 I,*, ^' K -r - - <7> 9 - WMMfMM- - WM« ji ri'f^a'fei ■^co'ri ^'rt 4 22 gS|gss,?=S C .r — f :/j c fO "O > - :»■ '^- Q — •>J f^ r" trt D (- :». 'T-. Q 5"S3 .S - f 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 p 1 i: 1 o i 8, C s i.i||g|||i ■■ 1 (i II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 liiiaii 1 asaii CO , i mmm ■ ■ 11 1 i a 3 c < ...JfiL mmm It 3- 5 J; WMB 3' '4 ^lilllP^ >- c 3 C < HAMBURGH. TOT SUppinir.—Thc ships nrriving at Ilnmhurgh In the undermentioned yenrg (ending 30th of Septem- ber) have been us undur : — From the 1828. 12 1S29, 1830. 1831. 1832. j 1833. 18.T1. 18.35. lOiist Indleii 8 13 8 8 17 21 10 Hrazil - 71 85 H2 01 03 103 79 01 VVuHi Indies 115 84 102 129 113 130 149 131 IIiiIIimI States - 42 40 23 42 41 41 63 41 Mi'dllerranuan 62 63 61 61 51 62 76 (i5 Spain - . - 15 an 20 24 20 40 36 45 I'lirtiiciil . - - 18 16 28 16 13 17 20 36 France . - . H» 61 65 ■17 107 121 1115 MO Oieat Uritnin S2U S87 710 6,')2 672 0.'>0 OiO 1,063 Nutliiirlaiids 312 .50.1 37.1 280 387 5(10 .109 614 Baltic . . ■ Totals 2U2 1,5S4 ^38 413 385 385 5I?3 645 5S0 _1,697_ 1,9J2 1,748 I,S06 2,576 2,738 2,815 Repairnf Shipn, Sea SliireK, JJ-c— Materials and hiboiir heini; cheap. Hamhiirph may he repordcd, in so far as respects (ixpeiise, as ii I'avoiiralilo place for careening and repairiiii; ships ; hnt, havin).' no docks, tluise operalions are incoiivcnienlly perlbriiied. All articles of provision may be obtained in gruat abundance and at inndurate prices. An Acfourt of the Prices of llie principal Articles of Ships' Provision at ff.nmbnrgh in 1831, stated in Imperial WeightB and Measures, and in SliTling Money. Jmuary • Aiiril July - • - Octoler • foik. Peer. Butler (rqtial In Cork Thirli) Slilp Breail. Seconds Flour. Kv'bni Cilci-se. Ft as. .JaTiaicaltuni. PerHiri-fl of 200 ,bfc Nell. Pit nirrel of 220 lln. Nell. Per Cwt. Per n.i- of Ui lbs. Nett. Per 1 artel of 11)6 Ibv Per lb. Nell. IVr, lini't'ri.il ({itiitcr. l'i;r Tni| ciial Gallon. I. d. k d. 1. d. 1. d. 48 to 50 45 to 68 — 58 48 — SO 57 - 64 45 — 48 none. 42 — 45 6 .59 — CO 42 — 45 1. rf; *. ff.' s d. ... ■!. 61 to 70 1 13 6 to 14 6 62 0—69 15 0— 17 45 0— 58 ' 13 0— 14 50 0—74 i 12 0— 54 0— 68 1 II 6— 12 I. d. t. d.\ d. d. 1- n to 2S 1) 1 1 lo 4 1-2 .30 0— 32 Ol 4 1-4- 4 1 2 21 0—27 4 1-2- 4 3-4 2,1 — 4 — 4 1-1 23 — 4 — 5 ... rf. ♦. d. 31 lo .'57 n 31 0— P3 6 27 - 29 29 — 33 6 29 — 34 >. rf. 1. rf. 3 1 In 3 7 3 2—4 1 2 9— 3 10 2 6-3 4 2 3—33 Fuel.-Co. Un. Fn sh I'l.et Kroh piirt iti. 19 marcs 23 marcs 2'i.T. 6r' to 3n,t , -1.1. 2 . to 5i. current, or about 22s. 6d, per ton, nrilish weiitlit, in lar »e qii.anf ilifts. urr-nt, or about 2l3. Gd, per ton, British weight, iD small iiuaiititieit, fic-e on boanl. per cwt. li. p.T 14 Mis. JV". B — The prices inrliide the cost of the packnires of all the articles, excepting cheese and peas. In September and October no pork was to be had in a wholesale way. Frcii'//fy.— The ditlercnt ship atrents engaged in the trade willi fireiit Ilritain have published a Talde of frei|:lits ; but as they are, notwitlistamlini;, materially iiitliieiiced by the demand at the time, the season, &c., it seems unnecessary lo insert it. Qiiariinliiie is enforced. « hen occiisinii re(|iiire?, at Ilambiirgli, and Is performed near Cnxhaven. 7'iiri/.— The cHPloins duties at Ilambiirali are as moderate as pessibli-. beie); only i per cent, drf tittlurcin on exports, and i per cent, on iinports ; but in trmh they are not (luite so much, bi^injr calcu- lated in money of one value and paid in iii..ney of less value. The duly is, in fact, estiiiialed Iti banco marks, while it is paid in current marcs, which are more than 20 per cent, undi'r tlie former; go that in reality the import duty is only about 2-,1ihs per cent. A lew years nffo il was 1.; per cent., but the competition of the Allona niercliants, where there are no diilies, oblijied the authorilies at Hamburgh to reduce these duties to the present level. There is no inspection of L'oods at tile C'lis- tom-hotise. The merchant makes oath to the nett weight of the iirlicle, and to its vuluf .t the cur- rent prices of the day, and on this the duly is assessed. The following articles rru tree from both import and export duties, viz. — 1. I.inen, rags, tiax yarn, hemp yarn, cotton yarn, raw sheep and lamb's wool. 2. Wheat, rye, oals, barley, buckwheat, and malt. 3. llnwrought copper and brass, plates of copper, raw zinc, tinned and iinfinned iron plates. 4. Osh and coin, unwroiight gnUI and silver, and scrapings of the precious inelals. 5. Pamphlets anil printed works, Jlrti(U.ifiicturcd in IIambiiii;h, and all f Teign mannl'acliires worked up in the city. 2. Small packages of 100 lbs. weight and under, provided thiir value do not exceerl 100 marcs banco. JV*. W.— An import duty of 4 scliillings current is pavahle upon li'moii!! and oranges, tor the whole chest to 1,000 ; 2 schillings current for the i i lie.-it to .imi ; and for casks in Ilie same proportion. Tlie duties are the same whether the iinportatiuu be etl'ected by llambiirgh or by foreign ships. Exclusive of the above or customs duties, most .irtii lea of provision imporluil fertile consumption of the town are subject lo an excise diitv. Siaile /)»(ie.t.— liesides the duties levied at namburgli. all articles p issiiig up the niie lo Haniburgh, whether for transit or not, pay diilies to Hanover at Hriii\fhaiiseii. near >< ade. These duties are rated according to a tnriti", and are cmnpiiled from the ship's manifesl, lells of lading, and lockets, which have all to be sent on slinre for that purpose. On some ailiiles. piirlicniarlv those of llritish manufacture, these duties are very Ilea, v, being l're(|iienily much larger lliai. the llambiirgh duties: They are parlicularlv grii'voiis, ton, frem li. .-'vv iienalties being allai IumI even lo ll'e sliulilest nnin- te'itional mistakes. " U is reallv surprising, con-nii. ring the siuirce of Ibis iiiiisaiii e. that it should not have been abated bmg ago. It might, at all events, have been expected ilial llritish ships and goods wr iild have been (\\einiiied from such a tax. We dii 1„ pe that sotni! pnrliiin of the pulilic attention will he ilirecled to this crNinu' evil. With what face can W(? pnitest agiiie^t the cnnduct of Prussia and other (;erinan slates in throwing obstacles in the way of the frei; navigiilioii of the Kibe, when we siibiiiit, wiihoul a munniir, to similar proceedings on tlie part of Hanover ?— U'or fiirlher |iarticii- lara, see Htaui:.) t ! 'iV m m M I I 728 HAMBURGH TS-aiuH nnods Hre tutnlly oxninptPil from duty, They aro iiirli only n* nrrive At Ilamhiirfih direct, Biirt wliii'li nu) nvlihor sold nor vxrhnngcd wliilr in the city. Tliu lilicriy nf iriiiixit in liiiiiteil to the Itiriii (if 3 niiiiiths rroiii the linio of rooi:iviiiK lliu traii»it tiikct ; liiii, iipoii ii|iplicatioii Iii'Iiik iiiikIu for n iiroloiigiiiion of the trnii prcvioiisly to Ihr oxpirntion nf the lirFt 3 iii'>nth!i, it ia granteil on piiy- tnent of j per cunt, on the bunco value of the unoilsi ; but under no cir( imtilnnreH ii tli« term ex- tended lieyond 6 months. If the goods bo not tiiun exported, tln^y become liable to the ordi.iary dutiex. JWiri.'ttlion nf the F.lbr, Pilota/rt, i^-c — The momh of the ribo is enrnndered with sand banki. The rlianmd leudin,'.' to (;u\h:iviii is bounded on the north liy tlie Vogui Saiid^ and North Grounds, .ind on the south liy the tSclniiirlni' n S.-imIs and NeiiwiTk Islaiiil. On tin: latter there are !2 light-lioufidti and *2 beaeons.aiid lui Ihn Hcliuurhoui is another lieiicon. Tlie liglit-hon>'eii iiti Neitwerk Island arc about 700 yards apart ; the inot-l t-oinliiiiy, wliiili is also the most elevated, belli); in lat. M" 54' S7" N., Ion. 8" '2U' 411" Ii',. It is liih fe(!t lilL'h, b''iiig twice the liei(;lil of the otiier. 'I'he i haniiel is, in some places, hardly } of a mile wide. 'I'he outer red buoy, in the middle of the channel, at ils inoiiih, hears from Heligoland 1^. E. by 8., distant nearly 2l) iiiIIin. lint the IichI mark in eiitiriii).' the lOllie' ix the tlouling li){lit, or signal ship, moored a miles N. \V. by'N. of the red buoy, in II falhcins .at low water. 'I'liia vessel never leaves Iter station, unless coni|ii'lleil by ice in the winter season. II) nJKlit sin' exhiliita n lantern light, 38 teet above di^ck. and in fofgy weather riiiL-s a bell every i|Uiirler of an liniir. A Becond siL'iiai ship is stationed .'ii miles K. I', by K, from llii^ fu'st, at ilie \ve:^ii'riinii .'^t point of a sand liank dividing the fii- w.iy of the rivi^r. She is rl;.'ged like a iralliot, to dislingiiisli her by day frotn the tirst signal ship; ;ind during night she uxbibils two li;.'lits, one IH I'eet iilxivi^ tlie other. The dis- tance froni tlie oiile:' red liiniy to (Juvliaven is about 10 iiiileH ; thence totiliickstadl the course is east, Similes; from the latter to Viiadit the course is sciith-easierly, U miles ; and then I'asterly to llam- liuri!h, I'^ miles. 'I :>e channel throu^lioiit is niarkeil with lilai k and w liili: Imoys, w bii h are niiinln red and specifi<>d in the charts. The black niies are to the lett, in passing up the river, on the starboard or riglil-hand si(!<% and the white on tlii! larboard side. Every vessel ciimiiig from sea into the DIbe, and drawing I feet water, is directed to lake a pilot on hoard, and must pay pilotage, though she do not take one. However wi II the signals, liglils, Iunk cjiis, and buoys, may le' arraiigi'd, an experienced pilot is very nei essary, in case (I a fog in tlii! niu'lii, or of a storm. To Like in a pilot, a vessel must lieave to by tin' pilot galliot, v. Iin ii lii's, in go(,il w i ailier, near tlie n:d buoy, and in bad weather, N. i\. K- from .Neiiwerk. and is known by liavii,;; at the llag- ctatl'an admiral's llag, and a long streamer tlvingat the lop. It'the pibu boat have no pilot on board, or if the weather he so bad that tin! pilot cannot leave ler, she lowers her liag, and then the vessel romiiiL' in must sail, w illi the signal tor a |dlot hoisted, t<> (^iixhaven, and heave to there, wlnre she is certain of gelling one. There are no docks or (iiiays at Ilaniburgh: and it is sincnlar, coii'ideri; the great Iiiicle of the |iort, that none have been roiislriicte''. \essels moor in tlic> river outside . piles driven iiiio the ground a short distance from sliore ; and in this situation tliey are not e,\posei| to any d iii;;i r unless the piles Hive way, wlin !i rarely liap;ieiis. Tliere is ,a sort of iiiiii'r liarlnoir, lurined by an .inn id'llie lllbe which runs into the cily, when! small craft lie and ili.-charge their cargoes. Larger vessels load niid unload from tl'.eir moorings, by me ins of liL'bler^i. These carry the uoods from and to the ware- lioiises wliicii front tlie vaiious small iiinis and cliaiinels of the river, and IIk- cmials carried from it into dilferent pans ol the city. The charges on account of lighierage are e.Mreiiii ly moderate. Pc'Tt CAioj.'!'*.— Tlip cliir:;p< nf a pul.lic na'lire p.iyal»lc Ijy veMcIs eiiloriiir the p'.rt of llainlMiiicli. u.jlAnli.^ an!a:;e and l.i>i:i!^. 'i he st'pariile ileitis of vNliich are ^iveii III llif follow* in; 1'aliln. I'tiitait ttUit l.atitaet: ~'Y\w V.AM^wrfM eilots, (crin-rilly nitcik- ill?, tikt cUilf.e nf vtvrt;l!i only from Ihc Kid Jlu ^y to Fnuln.-j^h or iAuiUuidt, tilt: titlola^t' for which ii regulatt^d by law of the ISth 01 Fcbnury, tTjO, .11 follow! :— For Mth K""l Hadili. MLlsurc iviiich 1 \w draws • 653. St'" ■II II .\tirks Cunencv. Ve»pl? cnrnio: rior'.hwardi, anJ COlIl.TS .... All vt'svls inucks, aiitl kijru driuini nine tlian 4 feet; W3*er, anil in talliit • • I Vw-^rl!! \.\\t\\ w iih mU nr com, vvljtTti'fver (hey may coiiiei frniu I or htllist, \\\;c one thinl ofj Ilie c.irjo coiisisliii^ of piece ?i->li ..... I ■*M Is h.Ien vi'h liiTrUtp All ve«s('li 1.1 Ipo With wine, nil,' viiirg.ir, ii.Tiii nil, iron, lent, fAck»Kt*t nr b.io< anil alli Vi'!>)et!i eitiiiiii^ rrira roreigu! pirti. >vlie'IuT h Vu or nnt * All mnick- piiii? belwefn Mol* laiil, rricnlnril. arvl ll^iiii- ' burxh Willi piuce |fnf>!i • ' 2 i 3 Kneliish Mi.iuy. 7d~ t. d 4 3 t 3 ; 2 4 3 6 4 ii 3 6 5 3 4 6 18 7 ) |_fi M ^7 Ifilf P'kiagc cuty '-X. It. In case the IlAmlur^h v'lo*' enfer.-i T«S"*^1 f>[ily wiiliin ifi.' firs' buoy tipyinifi 'lie R >t lia. kt'ii, S'ranjMy. i or Cmbavrn, hilf ItiP a'x>vfi i.it-utiniiel pi|ii'i'o\e. pilo',T;p U f.irrcJ if vessels are trfiii^lit .IS far ;i> Fn^lv^di ttr (i;uJ.UniU, ami ^^^u■ll tmui Mi is. nf \» iii'l or Wfithir, which si Mmii h;i[ [fi ■*, 'hf Hnnliir^h piltiis tako vessels to H'tttntUrgti or ^tMnnihU n, Ilu-y ar-j lo pay, witlmul Jiv tiuciion— Manx ni'icncy, d. i1g> To Wittenhernh • - • I 14 — Ncumuhlpu . . . ) 8 21 Piktage all the ll'nr — Koi pilotage 'he whole way fr-^ni Cut- havrn In ||anih»ri;li, t^K'if in iiti I 'hie of inh-h, for, ^eiicra'ly speak* iii<, llie llamlmri^hjjilou ilo i.ot IaWc vessels up lieymirl r.-nifi. yri'tn lin.ith in f/atittiirzh.~\c^Ai]s are ^eiiP.:'lly pilnlel fniin IW'M-h to I(.iiiil>iirxh by l)Kiii<

  • whiuu it is cus'i-niary to p.iy 3 iiuVcji. //nii«'M)-maWir'f Charpei.~T\\ a CubIi ni'lnniae nr-Ier df tlip IG.'h ('I DrceiiibL'r, I'-tG, tlie llaiiil)uri;li harljiiur-iiij&ter h uot t-ntiil&l to foes. J.astn^f and ('int'tn h i(.»r C/iar:,'.!.— llritisb an I nlhcr fotPiim ve.s9r!li pay the Btuio aa Itaiiiyitit;;li ve!>.si'In. For clearitii( in and I'k-ariii); nui, no K|).i<.i(tt tti,tT|Eis are niailu; vii>itiii( the port if cniiH:'j) ni vfui:'.!! arc paid a« folhms: — For vt^eU arrived with cirgoet from the undernienlioued places: vi«. :— '[Tie Kast Itii'if^ West Iiidit-i, North and S'u'h Anieilra - J'lrMK^al, Sjiain, and ihc Medi'tTraiiean • 'rhe rear ti\ the KnropiMii p)r'8 IbMand. Kv^' t'ri.^Iind, ihc SVwer. F.yder, I aini Juthii.1 For veH--fN uni^er 20 cuiinirrcial last-.* without disiini'timi .... Vessels arrivii'fc- and depar'in^ in tallist, ( f upwania uf .0 ctiH.infMcial lasii For ill vc.wi'Is laden ^vith coali. wwi 1. or turf, ro las'aire id paid, provided they do not tako return ars-u'*. //<•// /,rti.'/fifr.—\>s-,i'l'i arrivinji iri hallast and dtparlini with a ca'-co piy hi'f the ab.)ve iaB!iI. * Sixteen feet Knj^Iiih are eiiual to 17 fret Ilanibnrjrh. Wfirehnvairity ^t|!*trn1—'V\u^\y■^^ nut Ih-cm iiitro'Iitri I nt II;iitiIiiirirli ; imr, frnm the smnlliip^n of tli*i duties, is 11 hucessary, tliuugti it wuuld bccm itiut thu tune during vvtiicU gooils urc utluwod lo Uo in 'e at ITamhiirfrh direct, 'iiiiHit ia limited to tho initinn lii.'iiiK iiiiiile for it is grantvil on pny- iiceH i« the term «x- iublo to the urdiiary I'lth sand bniika. Tho liirth Ciroiindii, iiid on iru 'i liKlit-houBiiH and vvcric Islinid are alioiit :it. .■i3°M'S7"N., Ion. iK'l 151, in some pinci'i, i(K iiKiiiih, hrarii from lui lllliiMH Uiu Homing .11 low wilier. Tlii3 11} nl^hl sih' <'.\liil)ita iiirlcr of III! hour. A iijH.^i iHiiiit of :i (.and ni!'rly lo iluni- i, whirli urn iiiiinl'i red vor, on the; sturUoard cted to tiikp a pihit on Ijiials, MkUis, lii.'aidiis, I fo^! in Hid niL'lii, or lirti, ill (:o(.(| u I ailiiT, y haviii^ 111 llic ila^- ivo 111) pilot on hoard, , and linn the visiJei e 10 there, where she lie (jreni liinle of Ihe [liles ilriven inio the lo any ilaii;;ir nnless nieil liy an .inn if Hie l.arjier vessels load roni and lo the waro- iiiials (arrie:! I'roin It lely inodiirato. 1 ',p li r.irnfj if vessels .ire (id'l, Alhi ulit-ii Iroui Mil's, of s 'lie Hiinl'iirwh |iil[ils lake llu'y apj lo Jiay, willioul Jil- f ili'tciii-y, d. tit;. I U (i IN ^10 'Ur whnlfi way fr^iji Cut* nit"., f'lr, (:«iit'r.i'ly 8|ieak. ■U i.p I'fyotiil Z'.,M(/i. or sciif ■My |iilijtp I fnim ^ti.iii pilots, lo whom it tl ., ni-hoiise oeltr of Urn I6lh ur iiiitoler is ool t-iittilcl to llrlliali an I rlhcr foifini ssels. Y?r cleariliif in nnd liuilu; vi).ltiii{ llio port it l$<'4 (11 vckSi-^s aiv paiti as the uiideriiienlimied plarnt For eviTV CnililiMT- Slerling. (■111 Lt.I. M.rt,. I.t. d. 3 n 3 s 2 S .1 5 2 (li 4 1 S 1 » •r, 12 10 li ,« . 4 3|.2 >li 8 7 or turf, r.n In'ni^ id paid, ,ist mill ill f.irtitu with a iif t'l tlifirilej-ttiintiou. 1 irii are all rc'ina'kalily llnii(;iin-h nrc (tMife'l in t- or Ijriirishaiisrn dues. 'f 'lit* vrsi'fl'* inints, aiii le cargo. —(For t!ie itcuts, ll>i< ill n.MMliiH.'li .ill vi^ ui'l it u ii|'(iii Ills rt-jKirt ' smilllllP^H of tli3 uliuuoii lo be in HAMBURGH. 720 trartfiUu ni\2h\ Im mhnntTff^oii.tly cxte(i'li^ -I'n riiviil \\\ lluiubnr.'li. thr Iirokor n»|>orti^ b'^r to tbt; ("iisunii-bouni', urid j,ivi'H liM trti;iraritni; Inr jciyiiii'iit d!" t!»f 'ItilicH ; lie nib<'r (b'livi»rH brr |Mipt!iH, or uiubMtaki'H to di-liviT llh'iii :iH HiKMi an lii.'v cmrijo mit I'mm ^^l;ul^^ ami upon a rcctilpt bninir prtuliiritU for llio HUaW iliilb;H by Ibn Iliiiiov'cri:!!! iiultioritics at II iiiihiir^b, tln^ vchscI in allovviMl (o iiiilo ir!(-.o Im obtained tlmii for cuhIi. Sointniatt'd HU^ar is Htild to llm ungar bakur ui. IhtH credit. IbiilNirs arc poniiivcly f(trbl(blrn to net as nicrchanln or factors. T|»ey aro HcoiiDud by tlia Huimte, and must conform to rbe etitablidbed regiibitiotiB. lirnktrage i^ p.iiil u'lin'ly by the 8Pll«r, ami amnuntB to— " KivH nixihii per rent, im i-oltnn, cotlini twiil, coci a. rochiiii!.i!, cojiptT, III 'I't, iii<'jf;o, iit-Miuf-iutDreil K'X'''^* luiiiticeiii, Mi^^iir, niitl trn**. "Oni* piT rt'iit. iin .iiitif'lto, cHiiphire, ciiiiinnioii. carlamnns*, "UHi.T*. cl'ivfi*, 'Iru^i iKii dt-ii'miiiiated*, Hr(ir skiua, dyo wwhU, RiiiBi;*, la ap», ni.ii'o*, ntitiniiirs*', jn'iipRr, pinicnln. jmlaiihes, IVni- Villi Inik, ipuTritmn Ijai^, ricu*'. Mlt|M!lre, B:inaj«rilla*, slirllftc*, tuinriii'I.i*, lo!,:if('(i iji j&iv- ** aii'l IoIlICCo blflim* nf the gnnvtii of tho I'liiti-il HI.ilt*s iif Anif lira, wlnte oil*, viiifllneo*. •' iV. H. 'I'l.tacci Htciiis* c'f all oljier orJuiii. senari, and olher niaiiiir'irtiiri''l t'llacro, p.iy 2 per cent.; ail other Itaf and lull to- bacco*, I 1-2 ptr cent. '•0(10 and a half per cent, nn wine, l^nndy, riini, and arnck, if sold ill |nrc' liauio'inlin? tn 3,0^'i0 marcs IfancD ,ind njiwarda. "Two pif ct;nt,<)ii ditro, (' r n.iIih i)f and umler 3,000 niirca tianco. " In ai;rtion the «i-Mintc tiri'kir is i-ntitled to I 1*2 per ctMit. and tiui purch.iNini! t>n>kei- to 2 iht ci'nt., without rc^anl to the unouiit." All ailicl.n iiiarkid (*'> pav the l.rokeragt- Ijeforc-uirnti'mFd, if thr qiianiiiv sold ainroinia tnui'd inairt Itanco, or h('a (if IcM tliaii tiOO riiarcB tKincn, awt down to IM niarcB lancn, the liniktri?^ is paid, wirh the addition nf (hip half, and nnilrr l.'JO niar.n banco, the itoulile is allowed. AD olhcr nirrcliandiHi- pays 1 1-2 percent, at i(;a^'d weiiht 1-2 per i rat. Tare is :ui fi'llows: viz, on ca»l<9, r'-d urik^ht ; on baiiof 1 10 llm. or les*, 2 lU. ; shove 130 lbs. MtA not abov. 'si) i(is., 3 Ibn. ; ahnvn HO \\». and not exc'idinjcaOOIIw., 4 lb«. iH' M'.iha bales of al»oiit 300 Ibi., U lbs.; ifti00IK,3<»IIis. Onltourl. n sin'rle hales, 2 Ilfl, ; on diiut>le, 4 Iho. C'otl«ri is sold jier lb. in brhil!. laiicn; iliscount, I per cent.; fimA ^i-iiild. I per ceil'. ; t.»rR nn h.iU's VVc-^t In'Iian and North Ameriran, 4 piT rent.; on 8(pi:»rp balei, 6 per Cent.; on Bombay and Sural tuie*, H per cent, j on liourlKin ba'es and Maiull i iernn of the Slate duty, a!l p.ack'^gL-s should be called b.ai^, and not Liles, in 'he bill of ladiu((. Krjst India piece goods are soil per nlcre, in in;irc« Inuro; dis- c:)Utit, I p r cent. For Mviiii? iii the .SfaiU- tinty, if inon- tli.in 'Xt }>\ei:t:% aitj in a bale, the niindier of pieces slioula nut Iju menliontxl ill Die bill ')f lailin^, hot only ttie number of bales. Flour is Mild per 100 lbs. ni marrs currency, nnrcTtaln -anio; dls- fninil I percent.; (rood weiaht, I percent.; tare, 20 Ilis perhnrrel. ru-. if in serous upwards of 120 lbs,, 22 lb;.; )i. \2 serons less than 120 Hi., 20 Ibx. ; in chests, real tare. l,oj(wo(Mt iis w)Id like fusiic— .V. //. To avoid a hifih Siad.' e stated in the bills of ladini;. Tbe usual chnrire for rommisBion is, on Bales 2 prr ront. and 1 per cont. for rW credere, if Hwrh paarantot! bi» renuired ; on pnrcbaaes, 2 per cont. Undur pa; ;'Iar ; zroemeniH, tlic rales tjoniulinics vary considerably fmiri the above. Hankin/r^ Insuranre, i^-c.~roT an account of ihe Hank of Ilambnr;:b, .-no (W.mkh (I'mukkin). All 8oru of insaranren are edVcted at Hanilnir^'b. A mnniiip.ii re;nilat'ini nunpcU Ihe iiisnr nice of all htnisert within tin; citv, the rate varying according to the nnmlier of tiri's, imd the unioind nf loss. Mariiiij insurance is prinripally effected by joint stock coiniianii's, cl w bichlhere are si'veral ; tli.'ir rninpeiitiiin has reditred the premiums to'tbe bnvest level. Mid the bii-^iness is tiot \in0 Ibn,, .i jbi. ; m d'luldti liale4, li lliN. ({uenilnin Inrk is solil per 11)0 lli%. In in ires currtney ; aitin, iV per cent.; tlismimt, 2 per cent.; rjod wiiMii', I Per v nt, 'lode- iirmine the Lite, the Ann'rle;wi tare 1^ rednn d l* llambutxh wetpht, Hice is wdl |>er lOIHbu. in iinrm bajuo; disntnnt, I per ctiit. [ ({(Mill uri>,*hl. 1 iHT eriit.j laie, itil; ami sitiierdjiro fur tietces, -t llw.j fi)r l.ilier.-es.ilhr ' niini is ifdd |»T :Wi «iuirts in rixdoll. euirrtiry, nifio iincerlaiii. SmC.ir, raw and tUyed, i^ ahII per lb. in haneo Knutn. rt-iili a m- btleiif S 2 3>|it i^ie!' cent. ; diHe.iunt I per ci'ni., anil hom«iinies f^r Il.ivaniiHli .^U(nt. ( layud nu^nn, K^kxI weidit, I per cent, ; lan-, 10 per irn'. Kist India MHar^, In o;iir«, K'Hid ueiffh , 3-4 per cftd. ; t.iro {'•r w hite, 4 to 5 Ills. ; f.ir Ijrowii, ti to 7 lbs. Te;i, ; er lb. in M-liitl. currency, nifi > tU are wrifli'd by IhdiiMilves bi:>vil riiils, in sei-fiim nf 400 t'l f^TO lbs , ^re uitd per lb., In nchdiln.'* t«iieo; trn wl wii[;)ii,3-4 per frnt ; ts'e, H lbs. pt-r serm;. Tn* 4epu stems per 100 lbs., in marcH curiemy, aiji'i uncuratn; dmnm', I 1-2 iwr c-nt ; ntKtd wi-ik'ht, I per rent.; Inre, if in t.\^k\ rn.d wuikM ; if jinckiKl up with onli, 2 In 1 1 'T retit. AccnrdiiK ti tho lhicknes» of the in|iu, >h 'b^ ri' !.■* a Ri' 4' duri reni'e in the Sfa !e duty f-r the dillerenl sorti of tiili.n'.'o, it is nfeeiiirv that, on 'hijipiiic leaf tohnnn, thera sb<"il I Ije ino'-rl-'t ill tli.> \ ill of bidii.vf, Am/ Tohni >, ondlliric 'ha nrixhl. With t'ib.a in rnlN, onlv 'lie iiuinIkt of picka/is cm- talniiiK roll tnl'iiT' , anI ippear In the Ii'dl of 1 xMuf. Ci'iM (windnw) IS «ild per rh»iil, i.i man'H currency, aijio uncer- tain; other kIim wan! pf^r pi'->^.. dozen, or liiinilitd, in M'liiltiugsor nnrcH nirreney, with iiuferl.iin aifio ; diteoiiut, I percent, llatrs' wimlis b 1 1 |k r i lbs., in inircu currency, .a^io uncortalti ; dix'oniit, I per '•■nt. Hue ^kirl■ ('.toinn, iftv) ar«t i'dd per 100 iiiercs^ in rind 01. banco. liiiuiau, ^rcy. |)"r I<>.1 pieces, in rixitoll. ninco. VVtiite, is m UTS cnnriK y, aitin Iron it Boi.I per lOO 1..- count, 1 t>er eem. f'nppei ,>s'iM per too: The ej(tiaiiite. bu*iiiH'!' ni Its the liUidneMof the towns have tlwir bills n^ ,. dtniinit, 1 per cent. .hill, curiency, a^^io uncertain j dii- . in Bchill. Iianc ' ; 'li^count, I per cent. Kilt* at H:iii(i)nii{h ix vrrv ftteai ; for be- er, ni'i-ft fif the merclitnts in tlie iulaud iiated there. fl(ni*iT//'/n/.— Cf'nMder'n? tho vast number of merrhaiits and UaKi." piiiple :tt H;iiiib!ir»;li bankni|»'ey diK's not I'efiii t" t,e nf fi-c- qurnt oicittrenee. iturin^ the 3 viar< endiiif with 1H2I, the nnni- ber of declarud bankiupts and tlie amount of their debta were u under :— P9 20. 18.10. IKil. Ainniiiit of liclil». Nun 1 ■ r of ll.i k- rupti Anionnl of Ilcbls. /,. Ilt.'i-il N'llMli IT of llink- riip'.& 117 AinoiiTil of Ualilj. inii.ais 03 A. 277,615 lint this ftccnun* does not incln le thft fallnres le'tlet liy private CfuniirMni't.'. and -f wliieli no pid lir uolice is taken, The inere.»>>e lu isi: IS ut\ ini{, in a great nicuur , tu Uie tailurt*, for 111,000/., of A cnnipany which hsd t.-it their money lni| p.vlden'ly on hnuteif Ac. Muifiof the t.nK>u*«ft iian>ne)'-d at tian ^uT,:!h t>i'inu on ctnii- ints^ton and fr.r neroimt ttt imuBiii al^r'ni t, tiii> :Ailnre(>f iiiri'ii;n miT- chants i* A prexnleni nmree of biinkrnptrv. Anotiit-r sm-ne I'f baiikinptey it l"i»e* on j[(*>ls impirtr-d orijtiHM on spti ulalion, and oedrHonally lo**. % in tbe fiiii.lH, in w bi< b a ir-'-'id de.d of iraiidi'in^ giiesoii hen-, 'f xpuiitive livii-tr U no' iniriv w prevalent a souiiti nf Kanknipb v Vt-vf as in I-oriit-iu md olh*T pinues. Tlie "iw if ItaiidmriO n-r-k* » 3 cia'sti.-i M-.kiupl^;— the n^ro^ tuii.iif, ile'c.iieltv,,iinl tlL'fmi.ihdent. 1 1 .' Iii.** clasi* Coi.s.sti nf llior«- wlnwe li-'fij* »iiow that ndsf irtnnr alotie ha», oiTismne-l t.io hnikruplcy; tint tin* | o-ty tin* aH ab-n« lived within hit I'rnlMble income, ant e.n nwonnl to his a»*i)(neri comple'ely It all bii losoi-B. WliMver i« adhidB-d bv the court to belong to thin class ('vliicti lonlaint hot few in number), is eonitldeied entirely fice imm Ins debts, nr^d is not snbtrrt lo be calbrd upon heieafer. Thtt Bti'nidind iiiORt mimerotis rli-s, eoi'tiins Ihrse lenned "careless** Ini.kmpts. Thi-e am |..Tsoti« «ti-i luve ••■teicl into •iwMla'ionl i-i.ciT.Ii 6 iiiniitllA; »ii (, : clii^ oiiiit.iiiii tliii *' fntiKlnInil'i b.tiikniplH, vvlimni I ill').' In lij im- fiifivi'ti-il thcv Iiavc nut p:uil :l ilivl.lnvl nf II) piT n'ni., nisy lifl pris'Mlnl .(rcnr.lin( (« llin cXIiMil nf llirir fnniiii, for k iimitf, I iwriixl r.illcl iiltnn fttr pivinrnl of tlirip il ht .ificr "S yr-ir* f-nm liirir li'r- nr cvrn for life, limiilM l)fin< if inirn-il inrxpil'lo f'f tii'l'liit* any thirer. tf ft cl4im Im* niiiii* by miy crolilorifitr tiiii iipvi if tiiin-, ! olliiv wh.ilevur. Siitiuiil a iKiiilinipt .ilmriiirl, lip la i-alli*.I iipiin br tin) i»»ukr ipl i» i)Iili | niiiilic nivfrtiifinrnl In ip|iii.^r by :i ctirl.iin l.ty, in ilrfmll nf wliicn nitv (if lr» en ditorn. lit' nin^t «wr.li th.it In; nnnnt piy my Ihine.nr In* In n ljiili(i>il :i frin liili'iit bnikriipt, iillil Ins liaino is piistpil up on ft n I il t)vt n crrtaln sum, vvilbmit ilnprivin-; ninisrlf anu his f.unilyof ' bhck biwril on thw Kx(li.ini(n. Cidtdn.'/ii;!.— ri'r.'iirnnrs cnnnnt rsliilillcli tlittnisplvofi as iiitfrrliiiiiH, iir carry on niiy hiiNiiii'sti in tlii'ir i»vii iiiinios, III lluiiiliiir;;li, williiitit lii'ciiiiiinv l)iii'Klii'rK ; iinil m hi' iiianiiracliiritiH, limy iiiiint hIm> inlir till' L'liilil iir riirpuratiitii |>i' Iriiiii* Ihi^y iiii'tiii In fnilitw. Iltit tn Iiitiiiiki il liiirithiT (ini! Ins only to ciniti'ly willi ii-riiilii I'liniio iinil pay ci-rliiln I'l't^s, wliiili ilo imt, in nil, I'xiieril Ifl/. Ii< iliiMi liitrniiii'H, in tiie uy« iil' tilt) law, a IIuinbnrj{li snli'itct ; anil uiijnys ull lliu riglitd anil privili'iri''< (>r a tmlivi.'. (I'luitil Reiiuirks. — Tim tr.iiln of Ilamlmrph is, in n i it iiirnsiire, passive; that ia, it i1i'|ii'tiils iiiiin" on the vnrviiiii vvaiit-iaml policy i>f others thiui on its own. There is nothiii;} ol'siu'li vital iiii|iorlaiice as tiie free iiavii;atioii of thi! Illlte to the prosperily of Hiiiii!nir|J!li, and, iiiileeil, of all the countries ihroiitjh which it IIovvh. This, too, is a iiiutttjr of pnriiiinmiit coiisei|U(iu"e as respects our interests; for thti I']11)0 is the irrand inlet l>y whicli liritisli niaiiufietiires I'lml their way into some of the richest and most e\teiisive ljiiro))i^iin (•ouiilries. 'I'hr principle thai t!io naviiration of the Klhe, the Khine, the \Ve:fer, t&e. should liis ipiilo free aloiiu; their whole counstt, was distinctly laid down l>y the ('onsress of Vienna in 1815. But no (reiieral tarilV of duties heintr tlien eslalili-ihed, this declaration has hitherto had no practical ciVoet. Prussia, who is endeavouriii'j; to holster up asysleiii of home manufactures, has laid heavy transit duties on articles passin..; by the Ellie, and has jirevailed on Anhalt, and some of the smaller stales, to f>llow her e\.im])io. These duties amount, on some of the coarser sorts of British woollen ijooils, to no less than 60 per cent, ud miliireni, and are, even when liij;htesl, a irrent obstacle to trade. It is to be hoped that a just sense of iheir own real interests may, at no distant period, ooeu tlio cyos of the (lerinan i^overninents to tho impolicy of siicli proceeding'*- It is in an especial manner for the iiiti^rest of Saxony, Austria, and l^iigland, that these duties should be aboli.-.hed ; and iheir inllnence in tlii! diet, if properly exerted, mit;ht countervail that of Prussia. So loinr, however, as the. Stado duties are kept u|), it would be folly to imagine that inuch attention shoidd he paid to our remoiistraiices a',^ainst tho Prussian duties. If we cannot prevail on Hanover to emancipato our commerce from o|ipressive restrictions and burdens, we need hardly expect to succeed with any other power. Were the Stade duties and those in the upper paits of the EIlio wholly aliolishcil, wf have lilile doubt that in a dozen years, the trade of llamliur^di ^voiiM he nearly doubled ; an increase, which, liowevcr advanta'.;eou.s to her, would be I'ar more advaiitau;eous to the extensive countries of which she is the grand emporium. In riiiiipilJMir tills iirlirU' we li ivi- inaile use ul Oililii's Kurnprnn Cnmim- re, pp. ll'i — 139; Runlinsi'g K»i'i;ii'ii/i I'l'iiim'-rcr, pp. Mi Hi'; itie Di'^iinminii-e tin Ciimiiifrcr {Kiicij.Jf .lioiliiiiif), Inini! i pp. .11 — Xi; anil of llu" ('i)V.7/.ii',< 1)1" Bertnhirir, (iosflrr ami Co., J)iiilcrf:iii\, I lube r, a Co., iiiiil iiillcr eniiii'^it incr- cliants. We have also lioi'ii niiii'li imli'lileil to Mr. CoiikiiI Caiiiiiitff\. in.iicer.-.- lo the Circiilur Querir.t, 'I'hat riinclioiiiry lias n^iilicil to ll>»' varinns iinestiuns snlnnillcil to Inai in a way lli.it ilnt'S iiinal creilil to hi-i iiiiliis'ry ai'il inlclli^'i'iici'. I roin llic ciri'iiinslaiici' iiriin i;t!icial ri'tiirns bcini,' piililislinil or iiii- t.iiiialili" at II iinliiiri:h, llie ri'tarns .)!' iinpiirts ilvon almvi' iiiiisl not lie ri'i;aril>'(l as utille (icciiriU--, llioiis.'li I lie errors lliey involve caiiiiol he nialerial. They are priii,;ii)iilly taktiii Iroin Bcrenberg ami Co.'i Cir.-iilar. [Tlic c iininercial intercourse of the United States with Hamburgh is not at all etjual to th.it which they carry or. wi'li Broim-n, notwithstanding tlie lar:,'i^r ])opulation of tho •'inner city, and its advantages of .situation on the Elbe, which is navigable from the sea up to it 1>y m. 'reliant vessels of almost any biirA-n. Hamburgh participates very little in the transportation of emigrants from Germany to thi:< country- It receives from us eiily about 3000 hogshciids of toliacco yearly. A good deal of ipiercitron bark, of no great value liowever, ib annually shipped to it from Pliiladelphiii, either directly or by v^ay of Neur Vork. The E.ist Inilia ni--rchants »'. Salem, Massachu****, send every year some of their ships, laden with teis and other gooiis. from ' 'anton directly to Hamburgh, or to ('owes and a market, whence they proceed to Ifaiiiburgh, if advices from that port be f; vouiahle. Considerable quantities of Silesia linens, for which Hamburgh is the chief entrepot in Genu mv. were some ye.irs ago evp irted to the Uinled States, and then icarlv all re-exported to South .\iiierica ami ihe West Indk»'s. This trade is now couduclni without the iii'-^r- vention of this country. The Ckirgoe<» we ni w receive from fb<' p ft of Hamlmr;li conmst, like those from Breineii, of a variety of Oernian mannf.iclure!" ,rny...-it'd from liw interior, t i^tthor with .some hair-cloth made in th. • jlace itself, and used In .lur c.ibinet-makers. It in cheaper than the c«)rrespoiiiling Enghiiri arliclu, and is of u tuleirably good ijuality. — Am. /•;'/.] H.WSR ATIO LEAGUK. an a.snociation of the principal rir^s of the north of Ger- many, i'russia. - liiMi' tn l>j im« Iii*ir fnU'ln, for a liinitr. I periii'l Irn-tl iiiramliln of linl'liiiic any 1 nliNnitiil. lit^ i« rnllf'i upiiii bv ciM-t.uii li.w, in ikfi'ill i>f which t, iiiiil Iii9 liaina is pustfil u)> nu & rry on ntiy ImsincHU in iiMilacltiriMH, limy imiHt low. Hut lo hi'i-oiiiii ix ■h do not, In all. rxredl joys ull till! riglitri antl 1, passive; that is, it ■n. 'I'luMO is notiiiii;} <|)i'rily of H;»inlmr(»li, I malt(!r of pnraiinmiit ilct liy whiili Uritisli i^ IjnrojM'an nmnlrifn. tStc. should ho (iiiito ■is of Vioniin in 181.5. II has tiithcrto had no f iioinc iiinmifacliiics, 4 lircvaili'ii oil Anhiklt, aiiiouiil, on soino of . cif valtireiii, and arc, iiist sotisc of ihi'ir own I i;ov('minunts to tho 10 intorost of Saxony, llioir inlliionco in tin; liowovor, as tlio Stailii I should he paid to our lanovor to iMiian(:iiial() iidly expert to suceecil [lor |)aits of the Elho i of Hamhiirj;!! would er, would 1)0 far more porium. pp. 11'!— 13!); R(ir,l.tns:'.i tiiiue), toini! I |i[i. tl — ■I'.i; 111(1 ii'hrr pniii.'Mit niiT- lii tlu Cirniliir (iiirrir!<. 'iiy lliat (loi's iMpial i-ri'ilit f! hi'iiii; pnblislK'il or ol>- ircli'd as ciiiili; Hccurat^-. kiMi from Bcveiiber^' aiiU [h is not at nil eijua! or population of the. igahle from iho so.i up from Germany to this yearly. A ?ooil deal it from ''hiludelphia, ir some (if their ships, h, or t() (Jowcs and a ': voniahle. the ehief entrepot in (•arlv all re-oxported 1 wil.hont the iiH^T- ii Hamlio' .li eon"nt, cd tVoin Iiic interior, II i-.ihiiiel-mukors. It ■alily ).^ood (juality. — of tho north of Ger- for ttieir miilual sufety Kio !ern Kurope. eon- and ijood i;overnmeMt ■•ever, its main ohjeit aril Iitinre, a short account of it may imt ho deemed mlRplaceJ'in a work of this dcsrrip* tiuii. l)n'!;ln and l'ro9, others to the year 1200, and others to the year 124 1. Uut the most I)rohahlo opinion seems to he, that it would grow up by slow dej^roes, and ho perfected according as the advanta!»e derivniilo from it became more ohviovis, 8iicli was the ori(i;in of till! llanseatic Iicague, no called from the old Teutonic word kansa, sig'.iifyiiig an a>(sociation or confederacy. Adam of Bremen, who flourished in the eleventh century, is the ,...ic.sl write- wlio has giveii any information with respect to the commerce of the countries lyiiiR roui' ', the Hitltic. And from the errors into which he has fallen in describii.!; the northern iiin' .'astern shores of that sea, it is evident they had been very littli! freiinentcd and not at -.11 known in hia time. Hut from the bec;inninp; of the twelfth (vmtnry, the procuress of commerce and navi- gation in the north was exceedingly rajiid. The countries which .stretch alone; the bottom of the I'altic, from Holstein to Russia, and which had been occupied by barharou.s tribes of Sclavonic origin, were then subjugated by the kings of Denmark, the dukes of Saxony, and other princes. The greater part of the inhabitants being extenniiiatod, their pla';e was tilled by (Jermau colonists, who founded the towns of Stralsund, Itostock, Wisiner. itc. Prussia and Poland were afterwards subjugated by the Ghrislian princes an(l the Knights of the Tt^utonic Order. So that, in a comparatively short period, the foundations of (Mvilisition and iho arts were laid in countries whoso barbarism had ever remained impervious to the Roman power. The cities that were established alonp; t;ie coast of the Baltic, anil even in the interior of the countries bordering upon it, eagerly joined the H.msealic confederation. They were indebted to the merchants of Lutieck for supplies of the commodities produced in more ci- vilised countries, and they looked up to them for |)rotect.ion against the barbarians by whom they were siirroiindi^d. 'I'he progress of the Leigue w;is in conse(pi(!iic-h it was freipieiilly agitated, partly origi- nating in this cause, and partly iti the discordant inteiesis and conllicting (ireteiisions of the \lillercnt citie.-i, materially linpairtd the power of the confederacy. Uiit in desj,ite of theso 'WW 1, H 1 i ,1 ! .! ( 73* HANSEATIC LEAGUE. *^Sr disadvantages, the Lea^^ue succeeded for a lengthened period, not only in controlling its own rflractory im-tnitprs, but in muking itself respected and drcnded l)y otluirs. It produced able generals and admirals, skilful politicians, anil some of the most enterprising, successful, and wealthy merchants of modern times. As the power of the confederated cities was increased and consolidated, they became more anibitiuus. luHteiid of limiting their cHbrts to the mere advancement of commerce and their own protection, they endeavoured to acquire the monopoly of the trade of the North, and to exercise the same sort of dominion over the Baltic that the Venetians exercised over the Adriatic. For this purpose they succeeded in obtaining, partly in return for loans of money, and partly by force, various privileges and immunities form the northern sovereigns, which secured to them almost the whole foreign commerce of Scandinavia, Denmark, Pru.sMJu, Poland, Russia, &;c. They exclusively carried on the herring fishery of the Sound, at the same time that they endeavoured to obstruct and hinder the navigation of foreign vtis.scU in the Daltic. It should, however, be observed, that the immunities tlioy enjoyed were mostly indis])ensable to the security of their commerce, in consequence of the barbarism that then prevailed; and notwithstanJinc their attempts at monopoly, there cannot bo the shadosv of a (luubt that the progress of civilisation in the North was prodigiously accelerated by the influ- ence and ascendancy of the Hanseatic cities. They rejjressed piracy by sea and robliery by land, which must have broken out again had their power been overthrown before civilisation wes fully established; they accustomed the inhabitants to the pritu'.i[)les, and set before them the example, of good government and subordination; they introduced amongst them conve- niences and enjoyments unknown by their ancestors, or de'pisod by them, and inspired them with a taste for literature and science; they did for ibr people round the lialtic, what tho Fhccnicians had done in remoter ages for those round tlie Mediterranean, and deserve, equally with them, to be placed in the first rank amongst the benefactors of mankind. "In order," as has been justly observed, " to accomplish their purpor-e of rendering tho Baltic a large field for the prosecution of commercial and industrious pursuits, it was neces- sary to instruct men, still barbarous, in the rudiments of industry, and to familiarise them in the principles of civilisation. These great principles were laid by the confederation, and at the close of the fifteenth century the lialtic and the neiL^iiliouring seas hi\d, by its means, become freciueiited routes of communication between tb;: North and the South, Tho people of the former were enabled to follow the progress of the latter in knowledge and industry. The forests of Sweden, Poland, rience, devoter; : heir country, responsible to their fellow citizens, and enjoying their confldcnre. It was litielly, however, on their uiariiie firces that tile cities dei)ended. They employed their ships indilierently in war or conimeroe, so tbiit their naval urniaments were fitted out at comparatively small ex p»»nse. Exclusive, too, of these favourable circuinstances, the fortifications of the jirincip,!! cities were looked upon as inipregnalile ; and as their com- merce si 4 iplied them abundantly with all sorts of pnv. isii)ns, it need not excite our astonish- ment tli.it Lubcck alone was able to carry on wars with the surrounilinj; inonarchs, and to tcriiiinate ihem with honour and ailvanlage; aiiriili|u pliiuo, with ii populittion uf about 7,UUU ur H,UUU ; iiiid it) rtiiiiiirkiililu only for ilti liixtDiy uiiii Biitii|iiiticii, Till) iiicrclmnlH of tlit' llanHii towns, or HiiniurJs, iis tlu'y vvoro tlion cotninonly tortnnd, were CHtalili-ilu'il in Loiiilou at a vory early porii)il, and tlioir factory liore was of coiixicierable lii,n;niiii(lo and iin|iortuncc. 'I'liHy cnjoyod vurioiH privilcifiin and iininuiiilioA; tlioy wore poriiiiliod to govern IhiMnwIvcs by iht-ir own laws and rci,'ulalions; tlm custody of ono of tho gates of ihH city (lJi>^hop^^Jalo) was coininittrd to their oaro ; and tho ^llltie^^ on various aortf of iinpovted coiumoditiesi were corisideralily rciluced in their favour. 'J'liese priviloges neces- s^irily excited the ill-will and animosity of the l'>ni{lis!i nierchants. The Hansards wer» every now an>l then accused of acting with bad faith ; of iiitroducin.; (Mininoilities as theii own that were really the prodticu of others, in order to enable thcin to evade the duties with which they oui?ht ti have been chiirijed ; of capriciously extruding the list of (owns belonffing to tho assoei.ition ; ami o'ntructing tho coininerce of the l'ln.;lish in the Hallio. KlVorls wero cimtinuaily making to bring these disputes to a termination ; but as they really nrvw out of the privilege.i granted to and claimed by the Hansards, this was found to be impossible. The latter wt:re exposed to many indignities; and their factory, which was situated in Thames Street, was not uofrecpiently attacked. The League (^xerled themsidvos vigorously in de- fence of their privileges ; and having declared war against Ktigland, they succeeded in ex- cluding our vessels fr.un tlie Ualtic, and acted with such energy, that Hilward IV. was glad to come to an accommodation with them, on terms which were any thing but honourable to the English. In the treaty for this |iurpose, nogolialed in 1471, the privileges of the mer- chants of the Hanse towns wore renewed, and tlio king assigned to them, in absolute pro- perly, a large space of ground, with the buildings upon it, in Tha.nesSireet, denominited the tUeol Yard, whence the Hanse merchants have beeji comniotdy denominated the Association of the iSteel Vard ; the property of their establishments at Huston and Lynn was also sccurod to iheni ; ihc king engaged to allow no stranger to participate in their privileges ; one of tho articles bore that tho Hanse merchants should be no longer subject to tho judges of tho English Admiralty Oonrt, but that a particular tribunal shoidd be formed for tho easy and speedy settlement of all disputes that might arise between them and the English; and it was furliier agreed that the particular privileges awarded to the Hanse merchants should bo j)ub- lisheil as often as the latter judged projjcr, in all ihe sea-port towns of England, and such Englishmen as infringed upon tliem should be ))unisl-ed. In return for these concessions the English acipiired tho liberty of freely trading in tin Hallic, and especially i" the port of Dantzic and in Prussia. In IWH. all direct co.nmerc '■ with the Netherlands being suspended, the trade fell into the hands of tlie Hanse merchanlf , whose commerce was in conse.|uenco very greatly extended. Hut, acc.>rding as the spirit of commercial enterprise awakened in the nation, and as the benefits resulting from the piosecution of foreign trade cam to bo lietter known, the privileges of the Hanse merchant' became more and more olinixions. They were in consequence considerably modilied in vhe reigns of Henry VII. and Henry A' III., and were at length wholly abolished in 1597. — (A:ihrs()n''ii Hiff. Com. Aimo 147 1, i^c.) The dill'erent individuals belonging to the factory in London, as well as those belonging to the other factories of the League, lived together at a couiinon table, anil were enj lined to observe the strictest celibacy. The dirccti»)n of the factorv in London was entrusted to an ulderman, i assessors, ond 9 councillors. The latter wero sent by the cities forming the dillerent classes into whicli the League was divided. Tiio business of these functionaries was to devise means for extending and aecuring the privileges and commerce of the association; to watch over the operations of the merchants; and to adjust uny disputes that might arise amongst the niemlHirs of the confederacy, or between them and the Enghsh. The league endeavoured at all times to promote, as much as |x)ssible, the employment of their own ships. In pursuanc- of this object, they went so far, in 1447, as to forbid the importation of English merchandise into the confederated cities, except by their own vessels. Out a regulation of this sort could not be carried into full ellect ; and was enforced or modiilcd acconling as cir- cumstances were favourable or adverse to the pretensions of the League. Its very existence was, however, an insult to the English nation ; and the irritation produced by the occasional attempts to act upon it, contributed materially to the subversion of the privileges tlie Hanseatic merchants had acquired amongst us. By means of their lactory at Bergen, and of the privileges which had been cither granted to or usurped by them, the League enjoyed for a lengthened period the monopoly of the com- merce of JNorway. But the principal factory of the League was at Bruges in the Netherlands. Bruges be- came, at a very early period, one of the first connnercial cities of Europe, and the centre of te most extensive trade carried on to the north of Italy. The art of navigation in the Irteentii and fourt«'enth centuries was so iniiierfect, that a voyage from Italy t ) the Uidtic and back again could not be performed in a single season; and hence, for the sake of their Uintual coii'-enience, the Italian and Hanseatic merchants ileterniined on establishing a rnf- gaziiie or store-house of their respective products in some iiiterniediutc situation. Bruges HARBOUR. 735 It is at present an rtiiimrkulile only for I commonly toniiwl, WHS of coiiKklerable imiiiliiirt; tliuy wore ustoily of OIK! of th# lio.s on viirious sort* cHo |ii-iviloi![(M ni'ces- riui IluuHiirdrt wer» ('.oiiiiiKiititii'x m thiiii viilo tlu) iliitii'u with it of lowiiH iM'lonpfing liiUio. KlVorls wero ^ ri'ully Krow out of I he importsibln. The Hiluuteil ill Tliamcd OS vigorously in do- loy sucr.i'odeil in ex- •Mvvuril IV. was );liiJ iiu; but lionourui)lc to rivili'Ri'S of tlio mer- lii'iii, iu absolute pro- r(M^t, diMioMiiiwIrMl tb.e luti'il llu! Assixriatiou yun was also seiMind irivilcRL's; oiio of tho to tho juilu;i!s of tho iii'J fiir ihti easy and ' lOuglish; and it was 'lianls nhould bo jiul)- if IjiiKliiud, and sufh these conccsHions the bcially iti tho |)i)rt of ind8boiiiKSiis|)i'nded, was in conso.|uoiico torpriso awakiDcd in ijn trade cam to bo md more olitiixious. mry VII. and Henry '««/. Anno 1471, i^r.) as those belon^iu^ to uid wero cnj lined to was entrusted to an e cities formini? the 'SO functionaries was ;c of the association ; (utes that tnii^ht arise t^ish. The leai^ue It of iheir own ships, iiportation of En':;lish Uut a regulation of lied aci'ording as cir- , Its very existence ed by the occasional vilcges the Hanseatic 1 been cither granted monopoly of the com- rlan Is. IJrugcs bc- e, and th-; centre of of navisjation in the 111 llaly t ) the Unltic lor the salii' of their m establishing a mn- t! situation. Bruges WM fixnd upon for tliis purpose ; a distinction which it seems to have owed as much to tho freedom enjoyed by tho iiilinbitanls, and the liberality of the government of tlie I,ow (Coun- tries, IIS to tho eonveniency of its situation. In consequence of this preference, Uruges speedily rose to the very highest riink among commercial cities, and bccaire n place of vast wealth, (t was at once a Htii|>lo for Knglish wool, for the woollen and linen innnufictures of the Netherlands, for tho timber, hemp, and llax, |iilch and t:ir, tallow, corn, '^'sh, ashes, /(.'('. of tho North; and for the H|iices aud Indian curnmodilleH, as well as their doiii>'.stie ma- nufactures iinjiorted by tlie Italian mcrehantH, Tho fairs of Uriiges were the best freiiuentcd of any in Kuro^ie. Iiiidovieo (luiceiardini mentions, in his Ikucriptlnn (if llic. Lnir Cdiin- triei, that in the year 1318, no fewer than 5 Venetian gallenses, vessels of' very considi-rablo burden, arrived in Uriiges in order to dispose of their cargoes ot the fair. The Hanseatic merchants were the principal purchasers of Indian commodities; they disposed of them in the ports of tho Ualtic, or carried thom up the great rivers inli the lieart :»f (fermany. The vivifying ellects of this commerco were every where li-lt; the regular intercourse opened be- tween the nations in the north and south of Kurofie made them Kensiblo of their mutual wants, and gave a wonderful stimulus to tho spiiit of industry. This was jiarticularly tho case with regard to the Netherlands. ManuliicturcH of wool and (lax had been established in that country as early as the ago of Charlemagne ; and the resort of foreigners to their markets, and the great additional vent that was thus opened for their manufactures, made them be carried on with a vigour and success that had been hitherto unknown, 'i'hese cir- cumstances, combined with the free spirit of their institutions, and the moderation of tho government, so gieally promoted every elegant and useful art, that the Netherlands early be- cnnie tho most civilised, best cultivated, richest, and most populous country of Kurope. Decline nf /he Uunnenllc League. — From the middle of the iilteciith century, the pnwcjr of the confederacy, though still very formidable, bcj^an to diM-lino. This was not owing to any misconduct on tho (lart of its leaders, but to the progress of that improvement it had done so much to promote. The superiority enjoyed by the League resulted as much from the anarchy, confusion, and barbarism that prevailed throughout the kingdoms of the North, as from the good government and order that distinguished tlie towns. Uut a distinction of this sort could not bo permanent. The civilisation which had been at first eonlincd to the cities, gradually sjiread from them, as from so many centres, over the contiguous country. Feudal anarchy was every where superseded by a system of subordination ; arts and indus- try wore dill'used and cultivated ; and the authority of government was at length fuiiily es- tablished. This change not only rendereil the princes, over whom tho Iicague had so fre- quently triuiniihed, sujicrior to it in jiower; hut tho inhabitants of tho countries amongst which the conll'deiated cities wero scattered, having learned to entertain a just ,sense of tho advantages derivable from coniiiieree and navigation, could not brook the superiority of the association, or hear to see its members in possession of immunities of which they were de- prived: and in ad(litiur hHouI i biive Mifl'i' HMit depth of water to xliiiit tho largest shiim at nil tinie'' < and Bhi|)» HJioidd beabie toliocluRo alongHido quays or piers, thattheexpi'i'.sc :iiul iiiciiiivi>iiie ico of Idudinit and unloading 'jy means of lighters may lie avoided. ^Ii -t U 'ig in a Imrlaur that i« liind-lockod, and surrounded by high grounds or buiidingx, are, at ouci', without the reach of storms, tidcK, and currents ; and may, in most cases, be easily protoclfd from huHtilo atb>' -s. Bar harbours are tliose that have imrs or banks at their onlruiuuM, and do not, thereti)re, admit of tlie ingress or ogrex't of large ships except at high lA'dtor. TluHe are iiiost commonly river harbours; the sund and mud brought down by the uircuni, and driven back by the waveA, naturally forming a bar or bank at their mouths. Hen! lirUiih Hurloum. — Good harbours are of essential importani'>- to a muritimf' nation; and iuinionso sums have been expended in all countries ambitious of naval or cc'innerciul greutness in their improvement and formation. Portsmoutti, Millurd Haven, and the (Jove of i'ork are the fmeiit hurboiirs in the Uritish islands, being surpassed by very few, if any, in the world. Of these, I'o, sinouth is entitled to the pro-e/ninence. 'I'hiH admiralije har- bour i> about as wide at its mt)iith as tlie Thames it Westminster Bridge, expanding within into n noble buKin, almost sutUrit nt to contai'i the whole navy of Great Britain. Its entrance is nil ihstrufted by any bar or slmllow ; and it has, throughout, water adei|uatu to float the largest men of war nt the lowest t Ics. The anchorage ground is excellent, and it is entirely free from sunken rockx, sitinl I inhs, or any similar obtitruetions. The western nido of the harbour is formed hy the island o " I'ortsea ; and on its south-western extremity, at the eiitranci- to the harbour is sitimted the town of Portsmouth, and its largo and imp.irtant Miliiirb i'ortsea. Here are dock^ and other establishments for the building, repair, and oiitlit of ships of war, coiislrtieted upon n very larjje scale, and furnishrd with every coiiveniency. The fortilications that protect thin great naval tli'pul, are superior, both as resjiects strengtli and exiciil, to any other in tlie kingdom. "Thus," to use the words of Dr. Campbell, " it ap[ieard tlitit i'ottamouth derives from nature all the prerogatives the inont fertile wits and most intelligent judges could devise or desire; and ihatthede have been well seconded by art, witluiut coiiHideration of expense, which, in national improvements, is little to be regarded. Add to all (his, the striking excellence of its situation, which is such as if Providence had expressly detcn. lined it for thai use to which wo see it applied, — the bridii i^; the jiower of France, and, if I may so speak, the pccuhar residence of Neptune." — (^Hiirvey of Great Brifiiiii, vol. i. p. ;5T().) Portsmouth hnrbour hos the additional and important advantage of opening intrf the cele- brated ro.i.l oi' 'Spithead, between the Hampshire coast and the Isle of Wight, forming a solo and convvnlciit retreat for the largest fleets. Milfurd H.ivcn dioply indents the southern part of Pembrokeshire. It in of groat extent. Olid has niany Mibu linate bays, creeks, and roads. The water is deep and the anchorn;ro grunnd excellent; u.ul being completely land-locked, ships lie as safely as if they were in dock. Cork harl.iour has a striking resemblance to that of Portsmouth, but is of larger extent; it has, like it, a narrow entrance, leading into a capacious basin, alTording u secure asylum for any number of ships. Ph mouth, which, after Portsmouth, is the principal naval depot of England, has an admiittble double harbour. The roadstead in Plymouth Sound has recenlly been much impr>jvv?d by the construction, at a vast expense, of a stupendous breakwater more than 1,700 yards in length. This artificial bulwark protects tfie ships lying inside from the elTeets -jf the heavy swell thrown into the Sound by southerly and south-easterly winds. London stands at the head of the river ports of Great Britain. Considering the limited course of the Thames, liero if, pnbably, no river that is navigable for large slii| •) at so grcut a distance from the sea, or whose mouth is less obstructed by banks. London is mainly indebted for the unrivalled magnitude of her commerce to her favourable situation on this noble river ; which not only gives her all the advantages of an excellent port, accessible at all times to the largest ships, but renders her the emporium of the extensive, rich, and popu- lous country comprised in the bahin of the Thames. The Mersey, now the second commercial river in the empire, is more incommoded by banks than the Thames ; and is in all respects inferior, as a channel of navigation, to the latter. Still, however, it gives to Liverpool very great advantages; and the new channel that has recently been di.^^covered in the banks promises to be of much importance in facilitating the access to and from the port. Bristol and Hull are both river ports. ^ Owing to the extraordinary rise of the tide in the Bristol Channel, the former is accessible Is the largest ships. The Humber is a good deal impeded by banks, but it is also navigable as far as Hull, by very large vessels. The Tyne admits vessels of very considerable burden as for as Newcastle, which, next to London, is the fflosi important port, for the extent of the shijiping belonging to it, of any in the empire. HARDWARE. 737 a gnod harbour shDuM w of tho t'uli! ; it nlioi.lil luulill" flP'i" ""J t!' '"' « penm' and ilin>iiviMlic. 11(1 III ^ IvMii? ill " liatl.mr 0, at Olid', williiiut the ly proUxlfd from liostilo oiilraiuHM, mid do not, water. TluHti aro iiMst oueurii, and driven back ir«> to a maritim'^ nation ; I of naval or i-iMiiinorcial ,rd Haven, and tho Cove ,»»od by very few, if any, cc. Thii4 uduiir*l>lH hur- jridRO, expanding within ■eat Urilain. Uh entrance tcr adeiiuato to lloat tho d is excellent, and it i* Miona. The western wide .western extremity, at tho itK lar^o and important Imildinj?. repair, and outfit 1 with every conveniency. both as respects strength ords of Dr. Campbell, " it the moMt fertile wits and been well Hooonded by art, us, is little to be regarded, such as if Providence had -tho bridli 1^ the power of ane" — ii>!irvey (if Orml of opening intrf the cclrk. The charges on account of Docks, Pilotage, &c. are specifled under these irticir Fareiqn Hitrbonrs and Porh. — Tho reader will harbours dcscril)ed in this work at considerable i principal French ports for the accommodation of bourg. The latter has been very ;;reat!y improve water, and the excavotion of immense basins. I ;. Spiinish navy are Ferrol and (Jarthagena. Croii-d to 803,134/.; of which they took .^48,0151., the United Statcroofinp," it is found fcork of I he best hnts. Iiitch cnrrotcd coney 1 advantage. liver, wiUi white ana brown stage beaver, or seasoned beaver, cnrnmonly called " tuooms." Inferior staffs are napped with mi.Ttures of stage bciiver, nutria, hares' wool, and musquash. Of late yenrs, hats have been much reduced in weight. This Is principally owing to the new me- thod of " waterproofing," which is effected in the bodies of the hats prior to their being napped. The elastic properties of the gums employed for this purpose, when dissolved in pure spirits of wine, give a hndy to the stuffs which allows a good deal of their weight lo be dispensed with. Not 20 yenrs ago, 96 ounces of stuff were worked up into 1 dozen ordinary sized hats for gentlemen; at pri'sent, from 33 to 34 ounces only are required to complete the same quantity. It is proper to ob- serve that the heavy duty on English spirits of wine Is very injurious to the manufacture, as it causes tlie employment of inferior dissolvents, as naphtha and gas spirit, which injure the gums. The innnufncture of the best hats employs in London nearly 1,0U0 makers and finishers, besides givingemployment to nearly 3,000 men in Gloucestershire and Uerbyshire, in body-making and ruf- fing. The gross returns amount to about 640,0002. 2. Plated Hau. — Next to fine hats are those designated " plated," so called from the plate, or nap- ping, being of a distinct or superior nature to the foundation or body. The Intter is generally formed of Kent, Spanish, or Hhopshire wool ; while the former consists uf a mixture of fine beuvur, hares' wool, musquash, nutria, and English back wool. From the cheapness of coni and the purity of the water in Lancashire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire, the whole of the plating trade is engrossed by them. The men employed in the 3 counties, including apprentices, do not exceed 3,000. The total amount of returns amount to about 1,080,000/., inclusive of bonnets, and children's fancy beaver hats. 3. Fell Hats and Cordiet are the coarsest species, being made wholly of Kent, Shrnpshire, and Italian wools. Cordies are distinguished by a fine covering of camel or goal hair. A very large trade was at one time carried on in these articles : but since the introduction of caps, and the manufacture of infe- rior plates, the returns have sunk from l,000,000{. to scarcely 150,000/.! Atherstone, Rudgeley, Bristol, and Newcastle-under-Line, are the principal places where they are manufactured. 4. Silk Hats, made from silk, plush, or shag, manufactured at Coventry, Banbury, and Spitalfields, form, at present, a very important branch of the hat trade. Many thousand dozens are exported to Italy, Gibraltar, the Cape, Sydney, and Van Uiemeu's Land. Little progress was made in this arti- cle for the first quarter of a century after its invention, in consequence of the hard appearance which the cane and willow frame -work necessarily gave the hats; but now that beaver liat bodies have been used, as well as those of lawn and muslin, this difficulty has been overcome, and silk hats have us soil an outline and as great a variety of shapes as beaver hats. London alone producer nearly 150,000 dozen silk hats annually ; and the quantity manufactured in Mancliester, Liverpool, Birming- ham, and Glasgow, is estimated at upwards of 100,000 dozen more, making a total of above 2j0,0(i0 dozen. Large quantities of the wool shells, used as the foundations or frame- work, are made in Ire- land by the aid of machinery. The workmen are distinct from beaver hatters ; and, owing to the competition of labourers, the trade has advanced in a greater ratio. This brancli gives employment to about 3,000 men. 5. MaeMneri/, as applied to Hats. — Mr. Williams, an American, introduced, a few years since, ma- chinery for the bowins>, breaking up, and felling wools for hats. The opposition of the journeymen body-makers, who refused to assist in the necessary process termed basininff, caused it to be laid uside : it is now used only in the preparation of the shells required for silk hats, which, as already observed, are principally made in Ireland. Mr. Edward Ollerenshaw, of Manchester, began, in 1824, the finishing of hats by the aid of iniichi- ncry, but the pertinacious opposition of the men prevented his accomplishing this desirable oliject. Lately, Mr. Johnson of Edinburgh obtained a patent fur machinery calculated to effect very important improvements in the art of rufiing or covering llic bodies of hats. But we understand that the oppo- sition of the workmen has, also, made him lay aside his invention. 6. Summary of Results. HaU. Filled Stuira Wo. lis* Eilk ■ Valw. L • 1,080,000 • 640,000 • 160,000 . 540,000 «. i. £. 2,420,000 * Including felted caps for loldien. Dtdared Toltu of Hati exported, IS32. All lorti, 63,854 dozen . • 170,188 Offlciai Valtu. Beaver and fell! .... 114,963 All other 14,377 A. Tohl number of men employed in the manufacture of beavir hats 17,000 Ditto, silk halt 3,000 Hats (Straw). — It is most probable that the idea oi plaiting straws was first sui!»gested by the making of baskets of osiers and willow, alluded to by Virgil, in his Pastorals, aa one of the pursuits of the agricultural population of Italy. We are ignorant of the period when the manufacture of straw plait first became of importance in that rauntry ; but it ap- pears from Coryat's Crudities, published in 1611, that "the most delicate strawen hats'' were worn by both men and women in many places of Piedmont, " many of them having at least an hundred seames." It is evident, therefore, that the art of straw [ilaiting must have arrived at great perfection upwards of two centuries since ; but it does not appt^ar to have been followed in England for more than GO or 70 years, as it is within the remem- brance of some of the old inhabitants of the straw districts, now alive, that the wives and daughters of the farmers used to plait straw for making their own bonnets, before straw plaiting became established as a manufacture. In fact, the custom, among the women in England, of wearing bonnets at all, is comparatively modern : it is not yet 100 years since *' hoods and pinners" were generally worn, and it was only the ladies of quality who wore 8ma!! silk hats. — (See Malcolm's Manners and Customs.) British Plait. — The straw plait district comprises the counties of Bedford, Hertford, and Bucking- ham, being the most favourable for the production of the wheat straw, which is the material cliififiy used in Eiigliind. The manufacture is also followed in some places in Essex and Suffolk, but very partially in other counties. Durinj the late war, the importation of straw hats from Leghorn having in a great measure ceased, an extraordinary degree of encouragement was given to our domestic ma- nufacture, and a proportional degree of comfort was derived liy the aL'ricnItural labourers in these filnccB, by the wives and children of whom it was chiefly followed. This produced competition. »nd ed to an improvement of the plat by splitlivg the straw, which had formerly been used entire— to a more careftil selection of the straw itself— and also to iinprnvements in finishing and bleaching. So •uccessful was straw plaiting at this period, that it has been ascertained that women bave earned aa i"l, ||! I- Vf in :if^ 15 740 HATS. much at SI*, a WAek ft>r their labour. (Sea EvUenet on tU Poor ta»t, p. TTl.) But at the conclusion of the wnr, Leghorn half again came into the market ; and from their auneriority in fliioneiii ctilnur, and durabtllty, they ipredily acquired a preference over eur home manumcture, which coniequently bepan In decline. Btill the wagei continued good, at the fhahinn nf wearing Dunitahie draw hata had gradually ealabliihed Itielf over the country, which kept up the demand mr them ; and many in- dividual! abandoned the working of pi/taw laee (another dnmeetic manufhcture peculiar to Bedfordand Bucks, which in 1830 had fVkllen into decay owing to the application of machinery), and betook tliem- RPlvpii to atraw plaitinit, aa a more prnfltable employment. With the view uf improving the condition of the atraw pluiteri, who from their increased numberR were reduced to great diatreas, and enabling ttieni tu meet the for.iitn competition, the Society of Arts, in the years 1833 and 1837, held nut pre- niiuma for the aucceaarUl application of some of our native grasses or straw, other than the wheat straw in general uae, and fur improvements In plaiting, flniahing, and Mcacliing. Many specimena were sAUt to the 9'iciety i and, amongst other candidKtea, Mr. Parry, nf London, In 1633, received the large silver niedai for an imitation and dRscriptinn ofthc innde nf plaiting the Leghorn hats. Mr. Cob- bett, alan, who bad contributed samples of plaiting, made from 19 different sorts nf grass Indigenous to Engiiind, received a similar reward. The pubiicatinn of these contributions in the Society's Transac- tiuns was followed by the moat beneficial results to the British manufacture. Our native graaaes were uut found to promise much succeas, owing to the brittlennas of their stems and the uneveniiesa of their colour; But Mr. Parry's communication was of especial importance, as the straw of Tuscany speedily became an arllcle of import, lie Immediately set the example, by teaching and employing above TO women and children to plait the straw by the Italian method ; and it is peculiarly gratifying tu observe, as an evidence of its success, that while the importation of Leghorn bats has, during the Inst few years.'been on the decline, tAe unmanvfaetured material ka» been progressively on the increase. This straw, which is imported at a nominal duty of Id. a cwt., is chiefly plaited in our straw districts; and the Tuscan plait, which pays a duty of 7s. per lb. has likewise been largely imported, and made up into bonnets in this country, of equal flneiiess and beauty to the genuine Leghorn hat. There is, perhaps, no manufacture more deserving nf encouragement and sympathy than that of straw plait as it is quite independent of machinery, and is a domeatic and healthful employment, af- fording sub.ilBtence to great numbers nf the families nf agricultural labourers, who without this re- source would be reduced to parish relief By the estimate of an intelligent individual, intimately acquainted with the manufacture, it is considered that every score (or SO yards) of plait consumes a pound of straw in the state in which it is bought of the farmer; that, at an average, every plaiter makes 1.1 yards per diem ; that in the counties of Hertford, Bedford, and Bucks, there are, at an ave- rage, 10,000 scores brought to market every day, to make which I3,.SOO persons (women and children) must be employed. In Uaaex and Suffolk, It la estininted that 3,000 scores are the daily produce, to make which about 3,000 persons are employed; and about 4,000 persons more must be employed to convert these quantities into bonnets. Including other places where the nmnuflicture is carried on in Enfiland, there are, perhaps, in all, about 30,000 (lersons engaged in it. The earnings of the women and children vary from 3rf. to 3». 6d. per score, or from U. 6d. lo 10s. per week. There are 7 descrip- tions of plait in general use ; viz. telinle Vnnflnble (the flrst introduced), plaited with 7 entire straws ; tplit straw, introduced about 30 years since ; patent Dunstable, or double 7. formed nf 14 split straws, every 3 wetted and laid together, invented abnut 39 years since ; Deronshire, formed of 7 split strawa. Invented about 10 years since; Luton plait (an imitation of whole Dunstnhle), fiirmed of double 7, and coaraer than patent Dunstable, invented about 10 yeara since ; Bedford Leghorn, formed of 33 or dou- ble 11 straws, and plaited similarly to the Tuscan ; and Italian, firmed of II split straws. But there are otiier varieties in fancy straw plait, not generally in demand for the home tride, but chiefly re- quired for exportation ; such as the backbone, nf 7 straws ; the lustre, of 17 straws ; the wave of 33 straws; and ifiamonti. of 33 straws. There were other plaits, called rii«(te, of 4 coarse straws split; and pearl, of 4 small straws entire ; but these are now superseded. The principal markets are Luton, Dunstable, and St. Aiban's, where the plait is usually brought every morning by the piaiters, and bought by the dealers. But the advantages which followed the publication, by the Society of Arts, of the various attempts to improve the trade, were not confined to England. Messrs. J. & A, Muir, of Greenock, (who sub- sequently sent specimens to the Society, and received 3 dilfereiit medals), were in consequence at- tracted 10 the manufacture, and in 1833, established straw plaiting, in imitation of Leghorn, in the Orkney Islands, with singular success, adopting rye straw, dwarfed liy being grown on poor land, as the material best suited for the purpose. In the estimation of persons largely employed in the trade in London, hats manufactured in Orkney, are quite equal, bnth in colour and quality, to those of Leg- horn ; indeed, some nf the plait sent tu the Society was so fine, as to be capable of making n hat of 80 n)WR in the brim, being equal to 10 or II rows in an inch ; but we learn with regret thut the preva- lence of mildew in that humid climate is so inauspiciouH to the blenching uf ttie straw, that it is equal to 50 per cent, on the value of the crop. I'othia circumstance, and to the tow prices of Leghorn hats nf late yeart<, is to be ascribed the difficulty they have had, even with the protecting duty of 31. Ss. per dozen, in withstanding the competition of the foreign manufacturer. In their letter to the Society of Arts, of the I0!h of February, 1846, Meaars. Muir stated, — " We had luat year about 5 acres of atraw, which will produce about 12,000 score of plait,- appose on the average of^ 3 score to the hat, will be 4,000 hats, not more. We think them one hundredth part of the consumption of the United Kingdom. These 4,000 hats may give to the manufacturer, in'" ':ig his proilt, 5,000f. For seed and atraw 7 acres of land would be required, and in n:anufactt' ' peraons would be constantly employed all t!ie year. We suppose the conaumption of Legho. to be not less than 900,000/. in the UnilCil Kin^cdnm : now were these all made by our own ii ,' ^b population, 700 acres of poor land would bii required, and 50,000 persons would be employed iii t:.- manufacture."— (rrajts. of Soc. Jlrtt.) The piaiters in Orkney were earning, in 1837, only from 3«. to is. 6d. pet week, and since that period the trade, it is understood, has declined. Italian Plait.— In Italy, the manufacture Is principally followed In the neighbourhood of Florence, Pisa, Sienna, and the Vul d'Arno, in the Duchy of Tuscany; and it is also established at Venice and other places. There, as in England, It is purely a domestic nianufhcture, and the produce is collected by dealers who go round the country. There is no means of estimating, with any degree nf accuracy, the number of individuaia employed, as the government is entirely unprovided with slatialical data, and is even opposed to any being collected. But supposing that England took about a third of the Italian mantifacture (and it is believed that we have taken nearer a hnll'), it would not appear that, even in the most prosperous times, more than 30,000 persons could have been engaged in it. The description of atraw used, which is cultivated solely for the purposes of the manufacture, and not for the grain, is the trilieum turgidum, a variety of bearded wheat, which seems to differ in no re- spect from the spring wheat grown in the vale nf Evesham and other parts nf England. — (Trans, of Soe. .Sris.) After undergoing a certain preparatory process, the upper parts of the stems (being flrst sorted as to colour and thickness) are formed into a plait of generally 13 straws, which is afterwards knitted together at the edges into a circular shape called a "flat," or hat. Tlie flneness of the tials la determined by the number of rows of plait which coniiiose them (counting from the bottom of the crown to tlie edge uf the brim), and their relative flneness ranges from about No. 3U tu 60, being the It at the eoncluilon In fliieneiii colniir, vhlch coiiiequuntly initable straw hats lem ; and many in- iiliarto Bedrnriiand I, and hetook tliem- ovtng the condition ■tresi, and enabling 1887, held nut prn- ler than the wheat . Many ipecimena n 1689, received the lorn hati. Mr. Cob- ffrata Indlgenoui to Society's Trnnsac- Our native graasei ind the uneveniieaa le straw of Tuscany ling and employing lecullarly gratifying lats has, during the mly on the inertoit. our straw districts; imported, and made rn hat. ipaihy than that of fill employment, af- 'lio without this re- dividual, intimately of plait consumes a erage, every plaiter hero are, at an ave- omen and children) :he dally produce, to lust be employed to 'iicture is carried on rnings of the women fhcre are 7 descrip- 'ith 7 entire straws ; 1 nf 14 split straws, ned or7 split straws, med of double 7, and formed of 22 or dou- : straws. But tlirre ride, but chiefly re- iwB ; the vave of 83 oarse straws split; markets are Luton, by the pluiters, and be various attempts rcenock, (who sub- in consequence nt- of Leghorn, in the II on poor land, as ployed in the trade ity, to those of Leg- ' making a hat of ttO [ret that the prevu- raw, that it Is equal ;eB of Leghorn hats cting duly of 3J. St. letter to the Society out Sacres of straw, to the hat, will be lie United Kingdom. seed and straw 7 tantly employed all ,000<. in the Unittd of poor land would of Soc. Jru.) The nee that period the irhood of Florence, ished at Venice and produce is collected degree of accuracy, 1th statistical diita, bout a third of the Id not appear that, grd in it. e manufacture, and IS to differ in no re- gland.— ('yrojis. of e stems (being first ^hlch is afterwards ness of the flats is the bottom of the . 2U to 60, being the HATS. 741 rows contained in the breadth of the brim, which Is generally 8 inches. They are afterwards assnrtrd into Int, 2d, and 3d qualities, which are determined by the cotoitr and texture ; the most faultless being denominated the 1st, while the most defective is described as the .Id quality. These qualities are much InfluKhCKd by the season rtf the year in which the straw is plaited. Spring is llie most favoura- ble, not only for plaiting, but for blenching and finishing. The dust and perspiration in guminer, and the benumbed fingers of the workwomen in winter, when they are compelled to keep within their smoky huts, plaiting the cold and wet straw, are equally injurious to the colour of the hats, which no bleaching can Improve. The flats are afterwards made up in cases of 10 or 80 dozen, assorted In iirogreagive numbers or qualities, and the price of the middle or avt'rage number governs the whole. The Broiti make he:irs the liighost repute, and the Signa Is considi'red secondary ; which names are given to the flats from the northern districts where they are plaited. Florence is the priiici|ial market, and the demand Is chiefly from England, France, Germany, and America ; but tiie kinds mostly re- quired are the lower numbers; the very finest hats, and particularly of late, being considered too ex- pensive for the buyers. The importation of Leghorn straw hats has very sensibly decreased of late years, owing totha change of fashion in favour of silk bonnets, and also the prevailing and increasing practice of English dealers, from the high duty on the manufactured article. Importing the straw plats, and the straw itself for the purpose of being knitted, plaited, and finished in this country. This has been attended witii serious consequences to the poor straw pluiters ofTuacany, many of whom have abandoned the trade and betaken themselves to other occupations, particularly to the working of red woollen cups fur Greece and Turkey ; Immense quantities of which have been exported from Leghorn since the peace. With thb view of counteracting the ruinous effects which our high duty entailed on their trade, the merchants and dealers in Tuscany, interested In the straw hat manufacture, petitioned their govern- ment, in IS.'lO, to remonstrate with ours on the subject; but this remonstrance, if ever made, was not likely, from tlie condition of our own population, to be very favourably received. The following prices of different numbers and qualities of Leghorn hats are considered such as Would encourage the work-people in Tuscany to produce good work : — No. SO. 40. 43. Fint qualitr. Second Quality. Tbird Qualify. Tuuan. Englith. £ 8. d. 11 lire = 7 4 31 — - 14 86 — = 17 4 7'tucan. Englith. £ i. d. 10 lire " 6 8 80 — - 13 4 25 — = 16 8 ru'con. EiigUih. £ 1. d. 8 Pre > 5 4 18 — ■= 12 33 — - IS 4 The straw for plaiting a No. 30. at 8 lire, costs 3 lire, about 1«. id. English ; for blenching and finish- ing, I lira = 8((.; the estimated loss of rows in a mass, that either go up into the crown in the process of finishing and pressing, or that must be taken from the brim to reduce it to London measure (23 inches), may be calculated nt 1 lira more, or Hd. As it requires not less than days for plaiting and knitting the hat, there therefore remains only 4 lire, or 2«. 6d. Englith, for a veek'n work I Cheap as subsistence may be on the continent, surely this miserable pittance is not calculated to excite the envy of the poorest labourer in England. But the earnings of the straw pluiters solely depend on their abilities and industry. The straw is furnished to them to be plaited and knitted, nnd they are paid accordine to the number or fineness of tiie hat. Some of the Broiii women have earned us much us 4 lire, or about 2s. 0c/. to 3s. per day, when hats were at the highest, (calculating the time in which they can plait and knit a liat, at 8 days for a No. 30., and a fortnight for a No. 40.) ; and these chosen few still earn about Is. 6d. per day ; but taking the whole pluiters, tlie following, in the opinion of a house largely interested in the trade in Italy, may be considered as a fair calculation of the average wages which have been paid during the lust 15 years: — Women earned per diem. In the year 1817, Is. 6d. ; 1810-20, Sd. ; 1823-S, U. M. ; 1826-7, M. ; 1828-32, &d. Men, for ironing he huts, 4s. a day ; ditto, for pressing and washing. Is. 6d. to ia. ; women, for picking straw. Is. to Is. id. The following statement shows the imports into England of Italian straw hats, straw plait, and un- manufactured straw, during the last 13 years : Veut. Hall or Bonnets of Sinn-. Plaillni; of Straw. Unmanufactured Straw. | Imported. Erijortod. Consump- tion. Nell Re- venue. Imported. Elported. Coniuinp. lion. Nell Ite. veiiue. Imported. Nett Re- venue. Ao. No. tfo. L. Va. Lbt. Ll». L. LU. L. 1^0 82,510 2.6.i8 71,929 20,469 2 2 t I&2I 141.412 2,633 120,068 3^1.365 44 30 28 1822 143.223 12„')95 117,029 34,-i37 HIS 623 447 tiU3 \is68 5i,77l 4,23;i 4.9I« 4,170 lil29 327,040 9.2SI 247,447 69,047 14,037 1I,8W 10.073 629 S3 \»l» 231,607 13,433 204,974 &»,I4-. (l,S36 p-ii 6.916 .5,S84 435 36 1827 23;l,8i3 I2,*14 2r.,6.|0 72,4f8 3,928 904 3.917 3,350 787 79 Mm 3ill,072 8,377 274906 77.7S4 S..'>U2 2D3 6, too 4.333 4,199 420 IKiS 160.193 27,030 234.M4 66,393 6,282 487 3,340 2,!uring heights as com" mand the city or port The arsenal and dock-yard lie toward the western angle of the bay, to the south of the city. In tho ciiy, the streets are narrow, inconvenient, and filthy ; but in the suburbs, now as extensive as the city, they are wider and better laid out. Latterly, too, the police and cleanliness of all parts of the town have materially improved. From Its poslttnn, which coinmnndg both Inlels to tho fJulf of MrxIco, ila grciit Rtreiigth, nnd excel- lent hiirboiir, Iluvanimli ia, in a pulitirnl point of view, by fhr thi; inoet important inaritiniu station in the West IndieK. As n commercial cily it nlso ranks in the first cIhsh ; heing, in this renpuct, Beonnit to none in the New World, New York only excepted. For a long period, lliivannah en|troR«ed almnst the whole foreign trade of Cuba; bnt since the rcliixation of the old colonial Bysteni, viirioiis ports, such, for inxtnnce, na Mutnnzas,* that were hardly known 3U years ago, have become places iif great ronimerciul importance. Tlie rapid extension of the connnerce of llavunnah is, therefore, entirely to be asrrihi'd to the freedom it now enjoys, and to the great increase of wealth and population In the city, and genirally throughout the island. The advance of Cuba, during tho last half century, has been very great ; though not inoro, perhaps, than might have been expected, from its natural advantages, at least since its ports were freely opened to foreigners. In IWO. It is at once the largest and the beat situated of the West India ialanda. It is about OOj niiica in length ; bnt ita breadth from north to aouth no where exceeds 117 miles, and is in many places miicli less. Ila total area, exclusive of that of the numerous keys and islands attached to it, is about 31,!i00 square niilrs. The climate is, generally siieaklng, delightful ; the refreshing sea brcezra preventing tho heat from ever becoming exceasive, and lilting it for the growth of a vast va- riety of producia. Hurricanes, which are so dnatructive in Jamaica and the Caribbee islands, are here comparatively rare, and when they do occur, fur less violent. The soil is of very vnrioua qualities : There is a considerable extent of swampy niarahes and rocks unfit for any sort of cultivation ; but thero is much soil that is very superior, and capable of affording the most luxuriant crops of sugar, coffee, maize, Ice. The ancient policy, now fortunately abandoned, of restricting the trade of the Island to i or 3 ports, caused all the population to congregate in their vicinity, neglecting the rest of the island, and allowing some of the finest land nnd bestsiluations for planting, to remain unoccupied. But since a different and more liberal policy has been followed, population has begun to extend itself over all the most fcrliliMlistricts, wherever thoy are to be met with. The first regular census of Cuba was taken in 1775, when the whole resident population aiiioiintod I70,;<70 souls. Since this period, the increase haa been us follows :— 1791, 278,H0i 1IJ17, 5Sl,tHI8 ; and lti27, 7(>i,Kt)7 ; exclusive of strangers. S% e subjoin a Clasaiflcation of the Population of Cuba according to the Censusca of 1775 and 1827. wiiim .... FrM mulattoei ... FreelilacJu SUvct .... Total . 1175. 1827. 1 Mai,. 64,s5i 10.021 5,939 2M74 FtmaU. 4l<,^ 9,0U6 b,6i9 15,562 Total. 93419 I9,0i7 11,558 44,336 MnU. I6!<,ti.>3 23,91)4 lli3,2lX> Ftmale. I4J,39S 29,456 2.>,079 10J,8.>2 Total. 311,051 57,514 4S,9>0 286,942 99,809 71,061 110,370 1 4(n,g(» 1 300,5l>2 704,487 We radiljr diieover, twm thii Tabl«, that, In Iha term of S2 yeen, from 1775 to 1827, the incraaie of the (lilftreDt daasea of the |iopuljitiou bu been » rollowi :— The while imle popuUtion iDcmued The white female — rrom To Per ct. 64,555 I68,S!13, or 209 40,8's: of which niinilier llfl,000 are said to have been en- tered at the Havaimah Ciistom-hnuiie between 1811 and 18'J0! Since 1825, the imports of slaves are understood to have increased ; and were believed, indeed, to be about as great in 1833 as ever, not- willietanding the trade was to have entirely ceaacd in lHiO.—{Hepiirt of 1833 on IVtst India Culonie/i, Minutes vf Ktiiirnre, p. (M.) It is, hoides, supposed thai the slaves were under-rated in the census of 1837; so that, perhaps, the entire popiilulloii of ihe island is, at present, little, if at all, under UOfl.OOO. The planters of Cuba derive considuiable assistance from free labourers, mostly of an Indian mixed breed, who work for moderate wages. They are not much employed in the fields, but in other branches of labour ; and particularly in bringing the sugar from the interior to the shipping ports. * In 1837, Matanzas had a population of 15,000 souls. During the same year, its imports were valued at 1,387,600 doll ira, and its exports at I,717,il47 dollars ; and 231 vessels entered, and 251 clear- ad from its port. We have looked into our latest Gazetteers, but to no purpose, for any notice of this place. Those, indeed, who know that Ihe best of these publications seta down the population of Ha- vauiiuh at 35,000, will probably think that this was very unnecessary labour. on the north cout icing, according to exclusive of troops t of 115,000.' In ,010 free coloured, port of Havann»»' ntranco is narrow, it expands into il Is of the greatest ntranco to, and on The Monro and he entrance of tho a place of great ig heights as com* 1 angle of the bay, It, and filthy ; but aid out. Latterly, iroved. mrength, and excel- t mnritiniu elation in this reopuct, senoiul uh engro88i!(l aliiinst 8t«iii, viirii»i8 porta, come pliiceR of great s, titcreroru, entirely iiid population in tba h not inoro, perhaps, 8 were ftecly opened India ialands. It is 9 117 miles, and is in nd islands attached I ; the refreshing sea growth of a vast va- ibee islands, are here ry various qualities : : of cultivation; but rinni crops of sugar, ing the trade of the ^(fleeting the rest of rcmnin unoccupied, ns begun to extend tirst regular census iO souls. Bince this 7, TOt,6(i7 ; exclusive T5 and 1827. 27. 1 lale. Tiilal. !,398 311,061 ,456 57,514 ,079 48,9^) l,(>.-|2 286,943 1,582 704,487 From To Pir d. 10,021 38,059, or 180 9.006 29,436,-221 6,ikW 23,904,-301 bfiia 3.'i.0';«, — Mr, 28,774 I'ASSO, — -11 15,5 (ii 103,602, — 566 X to the contintiance been prosecuted of 1811 to 1825 there id to have been en- iports of slaves are n 1833 as ever, not- Vtat India Cvlunies, ted in the census of all, under 900,000. of an Indian mixed ut in other branches ports. ir, its imports were :ered, and 251 clenr- r any notice of this e population of Ua- HAVANNAH. ^43 Tlis tHlclm prtiMliwtlf nportml rmn Cub* ire, Mpr of Iha ioMt r)iulilv, cntlVtt, tnlMrcd, Ik-m* wax, lutiiry, liintlMrs, Ac Of IhMO, lh« flnl It ilrcliti-iltv Ihf (riml liM|M)rl:iiil. 'Mm follnwlnf MaleniDUli kliow lli» itiloniiliinit iricnuie that Itaa taken placr in tlie nxportitinn uf ibii lUple arlicli! : — Aecounl o( Iha Eiportatlon of 8unr tma Havunh, rtopi 1760 In 1K>3. Boat, i,400 1900—1810 177,998 71,199,200 I I8IU — 1830 207,696 83,078,400 f 1)-M— 18U S->0,384 100,I'VI,MIO I InlMO 371,01,13.4 I08,405,MX) IHi7 30I,9'>4|.J I0',98l,800 1828 2118,186 107,4.14.400 1819 2fiO,8W 104,342.800 1830 20->,732 117.092.800 1831 27U,;UO llO,S.12,(Xe 1833 397, Vi7 119,022,800 I8!U 284,921 1I3,97U,0U0 This is, however, only the Custom-house report, the country llaM But IhviiiMh tuvlnit f—fi (■> It Ih* onlr port ftn Iha rxpcrta* tloti of ■ucir, Ri it wai in fiirnirr tinic, we iitutl a — Malan»i • — Trinidad • — Hol^uio • — Maiiuuillt Rut ai the Ctintotn.houM rcporti are foumted u|)on the aMiini|i)ir>ii lh»l 3 Imix of lu^ir weifhi hut 15 arriilMM (37 > lU.), while ill (run wei«lit is ifier d«(liirliiij( Iha lire, at leinl 10 atrit^f (400 Ibi.), thry id.t lo thfir aiof^unt oue BixteeuUi (it alioulil tM oue fUteeoih), vix. - Total • 149,973,106 Ihi. 9,131,818 n«. 1.16.l5!i,9.'4 II 1. Makinf a total of A great deal of sugar lias been sningirled out of The e.\piirl8 from Haiiliiigu in 1837, tie given aliiive, are certainly niinh under their real ainoiiut ; for at that perind, and for 3 or 4 venrs after, the customs utRcers coiinivcil whli tho planterH to defraud the revenue, iinil carried tlieir (fepredatioiis to such an extent, thiit tlio duties becatno no- minal merely, and the olflciul roturna are in no degree to be dep; and in 1837, there vvcrti no fewer than 3,007, of at least 10,000 trees eacli ! In 1801, Hie exporta- tion frnm lluvannah was 1,350,000 Ihs.; in IH09, it amounted to 8,000.000 is.; from 1MI5 to l.^SO, it averaged annually 18,180,300 His. ; and, in Ih37, it ainoiiiitiMl to 3.5,h37,175 lbs. ! Tlie exports friun the other ports liavu increased with e(|iial rapidity. They nnioiinled in 1837, to I4,'.:03,<100 lbs.: making the total ex|Hirtation for that year 50,03U,,'i8l lbs. The low prices seem lo have chcclted the growtli, or, ut all events, to have diminished the exports of cotfee from Cuba in 1838, 1830, and 1830 ; but siiicii the last mentioned year, they have more than recovered tlieir old level. The ti>tal exports in 183:i atnounteil, according to the Custom-house returns, to 3.560,:i50 arriibas, or 6I,3.')U.07A lbs.; but, as in the case of sugar, cotisiderahle additions niUHl be made to this n»'''nlity to get the true export. In the Cuslom-house estimates, cutfee bags are supposed uniformly to weigh IM) lbs., though it Is well known that tliey frequently exceed that limit. The exports in I><;i3 were distributed as folbiwa ; viz. from the Ilavannah, 47,333,100 <)s. ; Matatizas, 6,433,075 lbs. ; all other purls, 10..'j(l3,>>00 lbs. Tobacco ditlers much in quality ; but tlie cigars of Culm are considered the liiiest in the world. — (Hee TuBAccu.) Formerly, tlie culture and sale of tlii$ important plant were inotiopolii-.ed by Govern- Dieiit ; but since 1831 Ibis monopoly has been wholly relinquished, tliero being no longer any restric- tions either on the growth or the sale of the article. The cultivator |iays a duty, which, however, in to a great extent evaded, of I per cent, ad valorem upon his crop. In coiiseqiicnce of tlie freedom tlius given to llie business, the culture and exportation of tcbacco are both rapidly extending ; so much so, that the expuUer, che«7,l.«,l-UI 1,,1M,(«S UI,IU4 10,031 110.33^ lUt «,Ma,4M 4.Mi M.W 1,731),J67 »3,llil liviO' 243,443 liUO 7,WW,»!8I i.M; eMIt l,:9H,1B8 3.V4I 100,1 ',» 407, 1'i ■Ml T,l!ll>l a,-:!* W,(lul 3,130,39^ til.NiO 117,4^4 331,433 IK12 7,iM,ll3 ».4m 100. ru i,M9,iW 30,M3 76 430 44ll.l.:3 itoa 7,IUIAi3 3,iI1 K,m 2^,3U 4I,S36 02,473 til7,7l3 III. An Account of the Value of the Trade between Cuba and other Countriei in 1833, at uicettalned by the Customi' Rvturni. CountriM. Imporlf. Gxpnrti. CountriM, Inipnrti. £x|)Ortl. /. L. L. L. S|»lii tM.\M • 88.V3IT NethrrlADila ... 42.417 6.\69l Siiulh Amtriea S»\ti83 40!I9 Porluial 9.401 4,'''41 The lUuH Towu . ll)«,325 3l3,;i,MJ HuHia .... 10,971 207 33* The Uiiilcd iilalet ■ ».'«,4»l 913,934 Swf Jen url OoDDork . 7,138 l.5,MiT Omi BriUia • SS'-.S-T H!9,7»7 Turkfy I3,!:31 t'raiin 19.1,337 lin,C9l FnniEn produce in thii« of lUly .... I0,7M 47,ftl0 Cuha .... t9,49S 2<'i,42S But a cnnRidornble portion of the imports, cipecially of thnie from Bpaln. are not intended for connumptlon in Cuba, but are lent there merely 8 1.2 S48 22! 12 2.'2 1-2 2M) 2.'16 193 34 1833. 1,048 fr Tlort. w,-w fi09 9I,«!!4 l-i 26 4,S0O 10 I,';29 48 io,ic2 \a 8 1,4-7 46 9,067 1-2 6 494 1 390 6 93912 8 l,0«l 1.2 2 '36614 1^9 176 108,393 1.3 Dtttie».—k etHtom* duty U charf^ nn mntt articln pxported and .mimrrcd. In Ittitf, the dutirt on imTH>rti nmduceti 4,lfi4,493 dol- Un beinc equal to an nd vaUvem duly of 18 13 per cent, on the im* |H>rli uf that veir. The duiirx on exitorli during 'ho uiiie year prr>> fluced ), 114,641 dnilan, «qual to an ad valorem i\\i\y of IS 1-2 per cent, nn their amount. According to the taritT. the duties nn most iiniwrlod ar'iclet are fixed at either ^4 or 30 per cent, ad valcrrem ; but all t^p-iDish produrtt importtrJ from (lie {reniniiilii in Spanish tottonis (tfxctpt flour, which |>ay8 I !-2 dollar per Urrul), pay only fi 1-4 per cent, duly ; and when imported in foreign bottonm, they iMy 12 per cent, less than the duties nn cormpondin? fnrt\fn articles. I'tine iiroducis make about a ihinl part of the imports, t'util lately, tW export duly on s>if tha mvenue, ttvo manifests, contrining a detailed statenniit : f bik c-in^o; and, in the act of handln? tlitin over, is to write the reon the h'lur when he so delivers them, t.ikir? care Miat iht-y he coiinti'rs:a;ne"i by the hoarding officers Wi'hin \i hours fntro thai time he niay make any alteration he pleases lu the said m^nif»is, or deliver in new ones correcle-I. After the expintton of these 12 hours, no ulteralion will be (Ktrmitted. (ioods not DianitVstt-it will be confis- cated without retu'^ty ; and, if iheir value shnuid not excent 1,000 dollars, mastent of vessels will be liable to pay a penally of doulde the amount of .uch non-insuifcsled goods: irthrydn exccel that turn, and Monz to th*; master, or come consigned to hiui, bis ves- sel, freight, and o'.her emilumenti, will be forfeited to (lie re* venue. Goods over- manifested will pay dutin its if they were on board. Goods om mnifested, but clainiel in time by a consignee, will ho delivereil up to the latter; but the master, in this rase, will be subject to a fine iraual in amount to that of buch goods. Gnh) and •ilver, nut manifette'i by either captilu or cnn8i<(nee, ire liab'e to a duty of 4 per cent. Gooih falling short of the qunutity nanifesled, when landed, and not being inc'uded in any invoice of a consignee, will render the mas'er iialjle to a penalty of 200 doll in for i-ach 5iackige kofillij.gshnrl.' Every consignee is obliged (o pre«out his (ivnice or note of goods, wilbm 48 hours after the arrival of a vcs* •el ; if not, such piodn are liable to 2 per cent, extra (!uty. The •amo is tlic case, if such note do not coulaiu a sUtemeut of the num- ber of pleeet, contents, quality, weight, and mea<"ure. All gnodi imimrred in vessels exceeding HO tons burthen, except perishable pmvi»ion3, bulky articles, and liqi.'ors, may Iw put in degKnit for an iivd('ll:ii(e lenn. paying I per cent, inward an) 1 per cent, outward duty on the value, each yt-ar. When entered for home consump- tion, they are liable to the corresfMinding duty. If sold in deposit, the exporter n:iys the outward duty. Tutmaft />uru.— Spanish vessels, 5 reals per ton. Other nations, 20 reah per ton : in case of arrival and dt- parture in hallas', none ; arriving in disti-ess, 4 reals per Ion, but full duties if the cargo be landed or taken in. tVharf />u/tw.— Spanish Twsels, 6 reals per day. O'her nationt, 19 reals per day for each 100 Ions of their regiit'er metsurement. 3foHi«.— One diiHar r= 8 rt'als phte = 20 reals vellon. One doubloon e= l7dollsra. The merchanla reckon 444 dollan ^^ \00l., or I dollar =s 4f. M. very nearly. There is an eijiort duty of I per cent, on guld, an 1 2 per cent, on silver. Wc g/iff finrf -IfiiiMireJ.— One qniilal = 100 lira., or 4 armbai oC 25lbi.; 100 Ihs. Spanish B= 101 3-4 lbs. Kiii^llfh, or 46 kilograminei. lOS varas -^ 100 yards; <40 v.inis s^ 1(>G French ells or aunes; 81 vnr,iH=r iOOnabnnl ells: 108 varas ^= 160 Ilnnibunch ells, I fanen = 3 bushels nearly', or 100 Ibi. Sjaniuh. An arrubaof wiDeorspiriti = 4-1 Kiiglish vvme gallons neirly. The Spanish au hnritics disgraced thrmsi Ives by 'he coimtenince which they p.vf to piralical l>andiMi that infested "many of the porte cf Cuhi during Ihc la e contest bet»veeii Spain ird lit r revo'trd colo» nii-B, an ). on prt* tencc of cruising ariii'st the Mexicans and Ooloni* biiPB, committed all sorts of enormities. The con.merce of the I'nitnl SlJics siifirred so much from their attacks, tb.it the^ wrr« otiii^'d to send a considtmlile squadron toat'ick tlni batiditti m their strongholds, and to nblain Ihat redress they bid in vain sought from the govenimert of the island ; but we aie not sure that the DuUance is as yet eittirely abated. In c.impiling'lhia anirle, we have consulted Htmboldt's standard work, tl;e Kt$(f Pol t-que fvr I'hU de CiiM, Pari*. It26; and (U 343,443 ',<) 407.1 'J ■>* 331,4311 M 41(1, l>3 75 617,711 833, a» aicertnlned nn%. Kx|iort«. I. 4 IT M,e<» 401 4,''4S »7I xniiM 138 I.^NiT • l3,tS3 4M 2«V42« e not iiitpnded for lonveniitnt to ihip I Foreign Coiintrios elonged, and tbeir 833. llifl, J7S 4«,?47 S09 si,«:4 I'S 26 4,500 to l,7» 48 I0,IC'2 1-3 8 l,4"7 46 9,067 1-2 5 494 1 290 6 939IS e l,Ofil 1.2 2 366 l-S 1 )li» ' 176 148 168,^93 1-2 ■ntl mnnire. All gnod§ trthen, MCfiit prriiihabis t>t> put ill ueimsil fnr an an I I per cetit. outward terej for hnn)e couiump- -'uty. If aold Id deposit, pertnn. Other nationi, wrture in lallas', none; 1 duties if the cargo be per day. O'her DAt{oQ«| ■ejfii'er nietiurement. = 20 reali vellon. On* rknn 444 doll^in =^7 lOOf., an eijrort duty of 1 p«r )00 11)8., or 4 arrobat of ;li«h, or 46 kitosnimiiies. 'rrticti frtls or autim; 61 [{.iniliurkch ells. 1 fanen arruba of wiuQ or spirlti Ives hy 'he cnnntpnance iffsted iii»ny of the porti in ipJ h< r rcvn'tnl coIo* le Mi-xlcmi niid dclont* The con.mcrce of tha attncka, th.it thry wrrtt ,firk th«' haiuiitt; m their hid in vain Bought fro-n ot Mire tbal ihe ouiaoca *ed Humbnldt'i atandanl M, r.iri'. 1E<26; and iha lVi%l»>31; the excellent piil>'ishc) at Ilavatinah far June 1830; the /Jii|. jcil. p. 33:t. ; Pointett't Papen pullnhid fry nd prtviUt Cfmmi/iiica- hiished at Uavannab. sea-port town or them bank, ia HAVRE. 746 Alsrtiiur.~TlM hirhonr of Havre Cfiniliti of 3 tmlns, Incloieil within Iha w.ilU nf the town, alT'inliiif accfttnnKHlaii'in fi)r alKiul 4&0 ihipi. CaiHi de It Ifevr, turmmt 'he n'lrlhern eitrenijty of the Seine, tin N. N. W, rmin Havre, dixtant ahout i l-i miles. It li •levatL-ct IW f^et alMiva the levrl of ihe a a, an'l ii surtfi^uiile'J hy 3 k4hl-'iouv-t ^0 feai high. 1 hew, which are 3i'i feer apar'. eihftiil powerful ftxMl lijthls. There is ai>'^ a hrllliinl harUmr-lifhl ai thu enlniDce to the port, on the citn-nilty of the western Jttiy. Hat re has 2 ma litea Is. I'he gm\ or outer mail is al>nul k leaiue from the port, and rather more th.iR 1-2 leat'i" VV. 9. W. fr»im Cape dn ta Heve : the little or inner nial is alHiut 1-2 Irainie from the port, and ebniit 3 4 of a mile S. S, R. fnun Ca,\m de la Heve Thuy are tcparttH liy the v*ati liank callfl J^eclit; twtwecn which and the tau called Itt iSfauM d» la Fad* is the west paaaaga to the port. The Tine, or eniithem psimj^, lies between the last menllnurd bank and that of Amfir. tn the grral rnal there li from 6 to 7 l-Jfa'h<>nia water at ebb ; and in the little, from 3 to 3 1-3. Lt{{« "hips nlwsvf lie ju the rormer. The risi of the tide is fnini 22 to 27 fret ; and hf taking ndvantaM of it, Ihe larieat clan of merchmtnien enter th« (Hirt. The wafer in the hnrtxinrdiiM not hrxin perceiitibly to sutn side tilIalMiut3 Itours after hi^h water,— a peculiarity avrilied la Ihe ctirreiit down the Seine, acnias the cntranre (o thf harlKiur.beioff iufficienlly powerful tn dam up fur a while the walti in the Ulter. I^rice Heeli, takJnx advanta^ of this circuma'anre, aie able lo Irava Ihe port in a aingle tide, and gel to sea, even though thr wind should be unfavourable —(See /fan of Havft^ pub) iihvd l)V Mr, LawU ; Annuain du Commtnt Martftfme Jar 1833, p, 211. i t'ouJMr fur ttf Phart$^ p. 69, fcc.) TVarftf, ^c— Havre bfllnfti tn fhct, the principal sea-port of ParU, moit of the colontal and other fo- reiRn protliicts deilliied for tho cnnsuinption of that city are Imported Into It. It hai also a considera- ble trade of Itrf own. The principal articles of uxport are silk and woollen atufTs, Ince, gloves, trinkets, perfumery, Burffundy, Chainpnffiie, and other wines, brandy, books, &c. Besides colonial products and spices, the Imports principally consist of cotton, Indigo, tobacco, hides, dye woods. Iron, tin, dried fish, &c. Grain and flour are sometimes Imported nndsometimeaexpnrted. Monirg, HVi;7AM, and ^f usurer same as those of the rest of France.— (See Bokdeavx, and Weiqhts AND MkaSUREH.) It is f!HtiiniitHd that tho entire vnttie of the dilTerent articles Imported Into Havre, in 1830, amounted to ^0,000,000 francs, or nboiit 10,000,000<. sterling. Of this siitn, the cotton imported was estimated at 36,000.000 fr. ; the sufffirs of the French colonies at 44,000,000 fr.. and those of ffirotf^n connlries at 6,000,000 fr. ; cofTee 14,000,000 fr. ; indiff 0,2,000,000 fr.; tobacco 4,000,000 fr., &c. The customs duties at Havre diirlnff the same year amounted to 2^,870,535 fr., tieing nearly 1 1 per cent. u|>on tlie eHtimnted value of the imports. Them entered the port, in tho same year, 1,481 French and other ships, coming from foreign countries and the colonies of France, nnd 2,095 coasting vessels, including tliose navigat- ing the river ; 03 ships entered en rtldche and in ballast. — {Bulletin dea Sciences Qio^raphiquea, torn. xvl. p. 3W. and tom. xxiil. p. 370.) ^rrivaU.—ln 1833, there entered the port, 44 ships from Martinique, 78 from Ouadaloiipe, 213 frora the United Btates, 30 from Brazil, 1 from Peru and Chili, 23 from IIuyll,0 from Mexico, II from Monte- Video and Buenos Ayres, 3 from Colombia, 10 from the Havannah and St lago, 1 from Rt. Thomas, 3 fi'om Cayenne, 3 from Senegal, 4 from the Isle de Bourbon and the Mauritius, 6 from the East Indies* 3 from China, and 11 from the whale fishery] iu all, 447.— (.^Mnuairs du Commerce Maritime, toiu. ii. p. 843.) The total arrivals at Havre tn 1833 were French ahlpi frnm foreign countries — — — rrcnch coloo!ea • ■ ' " ^ coasters • • • from (he cod ud whale fUhery FurcifD vessels Ship). 250 Tmnaii. 44,934 Crow. 2,536 130 3i,72l 1.643 2,521 1 59.093 9,328 14 4,940 424 495 125,029 Total*, • 3,410 366,717 In reipect to the Imports of cotton, Havre ii to the other French Porta, what Liverpool is to the other port! of England. We iiibjoin an Account of the Impnrti of Cotton Into France in 183!) and 1834, with tho Stocks on Hand,&c., speci- fying in detail t|ie Imports and Stocks of Havre and Mameillus. IS33. 1834. 1 Stock, lilJu. Hivrc ManeillM . Othsr Furl, Importi, Havre Maneilln ■ OtlierFaite Sold. Havre Maneillei . Other Torn United Statea. Brull. Eiypi. Otlier SortF. Total in dilTfreut Porti. United Stain. Bniil. EWP'- Other Sorii, Total in diiri:renl Porta. Balfi. 16,270 1,150 930 Balei. 549 Bala. 750 Bala. 181 I,3i:0 850 Bala. 17,000 3,200 l.SOO Bala. 29,832 3,911 1,400 Bala. 3,340 350 100 Bala. '6,63J Bala 829 4,1U7 1,500 BaUt. 34,000 l.,.X0 3.000 18,370 549 730 2,331 22,000 35,143 3,790 6,632 6,435 62,C<» 181,611 21,470 14,239 22,410 2,127 726 '37,280 6.283 16,ni2 4,285 210,304 76.819 I9,2J0 184,057 19,6ii7 18,074 14,2)8 2,822 7W 20,243 1ol243~ ■ 1 ,' ) 19,7.. 1 201,447 54,251 23,974 217,320 25,263 37,250 26,580 306,443 221,798 17,872 168,049 19,709 13,789 19,619 1,777 626 31,398 5,636 13,20j 3,635 193,304 55,089 18,0.10 194,180 23,078 18,874 15,698 3,172 742 23^75 3.W2 13,626 5,358 213,440 63,2il 24,»74 301.665 iO0,W 22,022 31,399 22,476 ! 276,443 2M,t32 1 19,512 23,375 22,646 IJniteil SI.1IM. Bra lia ' zil. Ewpt. Other Stirti. Total. Slock, lilJaii.1 Havre Marteiltes - Other Porn £35. ; Baitt. 19,700 600 600 WO 30 Balet. 3,500 Bala. 300 8.000 1,2» Bala. I 30,000 ) Arcorlinr lo the Anicricin oflicial account., there were .^hipped for Fnnce,dnrinK the vear enrled 30th of September, 1833, 76.812,449 Iba. of cnllon, valuFi at 8,843.339 .Inllin. The eiporti la England during the fame year were 238,241,746 IU., valued at 26,2M,9~0dollan! — (/"apeu laid t;/o« Congrai, tii of April, 1834.) For the quantities of sugar and coffee imported into Havre in the years 1829, IS30, 1831, and I83'3, see pott. We avail nurnelvps of this opportunity to lay before our renders the following official stalo- ments Its to the Foreipn Trade nnti Navigation of France for 1833. On thj ne.xt pa^o will hi- found nn account of the valiU! of the diflerent descriptions of gnoils (ex- clii!d and exported ; the value of Ihe imported goods eiitored fnr home con- sumption, with the duty thereon, and on the exports.— (^i/minutration dei Douanes, lii33, p. 4.) Voi»I.-3R 94 flu I:' ^ \\ 'i 1% ' 3 746 HAVRE. I i G e M u a H so >« II 1i En #t Hi Jr i^_'^ jtolijj of of- --of a>g-ui-'cjY. i '*»'Bd-'»''"2g'$-a"6«'-iS''"2' ^ ^ •FS. h «<«& w'-vr-'rf tf 3cef ofr>frf— I I .14. i ••3 •si .l5 .1. 3 s "4" 11 a u ■ggl 11 .a »*' 3 K. X| If;.- r 'I 3 ££.".« ii i & £1 IMI I Mm *" to in I- f 111 •I HAVRE. 747 I fi i ^ p plipi m f 833! piK%m irfrf -' -•ofV :3§5;^S^3?,73;p.5Pg;irs3;ap.P^|.|6?35|« • •BJS^ i?|i3E!?3Sa Isl-MiiP'plilil-Pl*^ s|-- h,J{v».s^i &- a; ad' ■* '3gl 1 = 8 I a.a III ■SES •ll •Sf 5-fl^ l.»tS •9-3 •:C sitS^sliS 8i:!f f a. ^3 ■if ^ lilli ll- ?=|a|l| ^sl ■S-S^l-f , 4) S. ( £.^ Els 11 aft 5" ■Ss.? f' 'il • i B 748 HAVRE. ! «f pppiip IJIJU » SI !P52|5ii}3i»5KP*W3l "WS" i5^?l ES' 3 i -'Ssf Z'itZ' I I 5 I .9 II is' ..II 'll SO — ' ' * if ?■?-. f-.S 5 ^ S ..mil lg,pT "-"'■•■ ■ II Mi C.9 '■i'3 "11,1 liiili 1 8 u II , »; IS I HAVRE. 749 JWm,— Ofufrnl e»iiiiii«r(«, nn iip|ill«(t to Immrli, moiini nil nrtlrliti Itnportitd hy ioR nr Und, wllhntit in(|iilrln| wh«lh«r lhi>y Krx liitnnilitil In hn ciitiatimril, r«-lliin, undiT piyiiirnt ofihn ciintunii) ilullea. TliH aiiiiiH diitliii'lloii iihlnlna In ruLilInn tn txporti. Otntrat etmmirr; In thU rnaa, iiifnna nil •X|Mirt«d urtlelna, wllhotil r«(ard tn thnir origin | wlill* if4eial catnaMrta nianni lueh only ai ara pro- dticed by Ilia anil or iimnulUciurni of Franca. Acciiiint of the Qiiantlllei nt the dlfTt^rnnt Rnrti of Rnlinn, flitinr, CnlTlia, 1ndl|o, Ike., Imported inio ilnvrn, diirlnf IHJ3, 1834, 1833, \Kii, and IMII, with llie Hlucjia of L'utlon, ttc, e.ilatlng on tlin lat of January, l»36.— {Journal du llavrt, 3d January, IbSti.) Cotialrlai wkMMt thajp eama. Impnrta | Morki let of Jeuuirir, lii38. 111,800 ItU. 1184. ins. IMI. 1(31. CalMi. If. N. Amarlc* • • balM llniil • • — Utiwrwrti • . • - Biurlnn • ttp Havuiiuli mi St. Juo • buui Brull . . _ UilMrmrti . . • — kkrUiilqui iMiauailaloaiM, l>Mt, Ultto- . . ■ - illiio. . . ■ — Bourbon ■ * > • balH Hiyli, (llfwt - * b:tn Ditto ' . • • euiii V.irloiu other lorli • • b*i|i Dliio- • • • tn. UltUi' . • .hbdi. Indie >, Eul Inillu • . clmM American • - leroiii Cocoa • . pack>(a< Ten • • chMli Hidee • • . No, iM,aiw ia,iM3 t;»ii 1(4,017 1111,100 11,410 8,11* I(J,M4 l»,lf« 1,43» 114,118 14,006 1,379 114,909 9ai,4l( iio,Ma 1(4,118 I37,M1 8A,M9 17,MD 17 (81 4,1 IS 971 ,,0J. 1,4IM 74,030 11 I9,IM 80 1,3(1 9,8|8 1,170 4,916 180,140 89,430 97,838 1 471 »,»8T l,M4 l,MI 49,719 ' 73,118 3fl« 8M 8,BS5 Ml 9,745 7.308 10B,!UU 80,*10 tn*' 7 I,RI1 s,8«a 111,810 M 71,M1 BOS 1,311 7,114 l3,iU» I1H,094 48.000 "•T7 (0 6,813 1,149 4,a«o 130 l,Mt WT 3,170 M 4,774 8,1SH I33,1W ta,4M 98,170 WIS m S,/SM 1,01)1 W4 9,731 191 n,MS 138 4ia 378 1,818 9,800 m.'ioo •,1100 ll>. 1,110,1X10 m Summary Bintement of the Commerce of Franca, during the Year 1833. IMmKTS. Imperii. Mntarltl for nennhclurinf ' Do. lor eoniunipUan Roe Wrau|ht • Totnli ■ Morchandlu loiporteil. (Ovneml Coimiierca.) Fraru$. 903,lijO,/>ai 138,0)1. IM 17,816,419 467,1 17,!'9 Bjr Land. Fmna, 136,347,133 I4,S75,9!I7 7i,136,3»3 I16,1S^»7^ Toltl. Frana, 439,017,798 150,^97,188 I03,OJO,771 603,275.751 Merchandiia enlerfrl fbr Contumption. (Spaclil Coniinerea.) Value. rratm. 344,U4,04I 111,914,800 34,6«9,830 491,137,471 Duty raceltad. Frttfia. 41,831,677 63.6W.IM4 (,178,S66 101,898,816 EXPORTS. Eipoile. Raw - Manufndarad Tolali French Merchandlw. (OflDcral Commerce.) By Sea. fVano. K»,311i,084 34S,0W,475 680,408,859 By Land. rnince. 68,501,669 167,406,186 216,007,753 Total. France. 983,fil9,63,01T 404,771,017 659,415,064 Duly recalved. fiana. 8.'t<,»77 417,603 l,lJ6,Sn NAVIGATION. ArrlTale. French Foraifn Totali Shipa. JVo. S,WI 6,116 8,676 Ton- nage. T'oiu. 368,157 611,73) 9e0,$91 Merchandiie imported. (Oeneiml Commerce.) Colonfei. '<•"'*»• fVance. 64,093,116 64,096,115 Frana. 214,0-,«,I3( I88,'J63,8(5 408,011,964 ToUI. fraficr. 178,163,354 188,963,816 467,117,179 DrpiTtvm French Foreign Totali Shipa. ATo. 3,675 4,580 8.156 Ttin- Tom. 318,840 461,028 781,868 French and Foreign MerchudlK, (OenenI Commerce.) French Colonlaa. Frarut, 41,019,864 41,619,!I64 Foreign. Fruites, 197JIS.49I 310,460,101 807,778,696 TotaL /ranee. 239,948,358 3IO,i60,10[ 660,408,669 WAREHODSG TRADE. Value of merchandiie; — In warehouae on the Slit of December, 1833 Entered during the year IS3S JBy (By imp.rl.tlon . .|Ji,7.|, change of wanbouee {For connmplion • • For m^iportation • jlj^ By change oT wmiebouie h wiretonee on the Slat of Deeembar, I83S rranea. 97J64,577 408.195,497) 10,901,009 V 440,139,117 14,042,670 Totnl _._• . 637,491,70«' 424,633,6(8 111,960^111 3b2 'li i tMffJSJ 750 HAVRE. Bummary Statement— cond'nued TRANSIT TRADR. BOUNTIES, COIN, lie Eip<>rti. Value of Art relet, which, pauing through FruDCfl in traiuitu, have been despatched in 183J. Bounties:— Ftanet. Value of eiporta, with bounty .... 99,AiO,9l6 Reciivul for Iraunliea 18,18j,t)34 Coin and bullion!-- The trade in coin and bullion is not taken into account in the ahnve itatentent of iinp(irti,189 35,4^^1,190 Frann. 47,ai3,US 60,838,032 2t<,24&,033 44,197,872' 107,871,055 Prirea of Commodilim, Duty paid and in Bond, Tares, Commercial Movances, ^-n. — These important pnrtit'iilnrii iiiiiy he lenrncil by the inspection of tlie gulijoined Price Current for tlie Bocond weelt of September, lti3H. Tlie diities on the urticles mentioned nrn niao given; bnt it {» mnt rin chests, 12 per cent. ; nn serons, 2 per cent. Cotiiiiierri.il tart- : on cases, real ; on serons of 70 kil. and up- s>arls, 8 kil. ; of 40 kil. and upwards, 6 kil. ; and of 20 kil. and up- wards, 4 kil. Cotton, per 1-2 kit. Upland ■ Alabama and Tennessee Mobile - I./iuisiana . E»ea Island Fernanibuco Bahia . Maranham St. Domingo faila - Sural and Benjral Duty paid. Fr. ct. Fr, it. In Bond. Fr. ct. Fr. cl. I 12 to I 67 1 1 to I 46 10 I 12 1 12 3 I .to I 30 1 35 I 35 . M 1 47 I 70 I 77 6 50 1 95 1 83 1 45 I 43 090 099 1 1 I I 1 19 I 19 none. I 24 - I 34 0-00 0-00 I ; I 59 I 66 1 84 1 74 Bees* wajt pep 1 2 kil. ' North American vetlow 1 90to 2 nnminal Ntw Orleans, do. - 1 BO - 1 90 nniniii.il RiiuK 2 • 2 10 nominal Hivannah - 1 7.) . ! M) noniinal Senegal •00-00 0-00 Duty on tpnm weight : by Krf nth vessels from Gurop-* in port*, 6 1-2 ct. ; from etsewhcre, 4 2-5 ct. I)y foreign veaeli 'Oixi any port whatrver, 8 I • * ct.~(See exceptions at Note A.) Conimercial tare : real. Caaia lignea^ per 1-2 kiL in niata . . • . nominal 70 to 72 io chests . - . • nominal 72 . 75 Duty on nett vrei^ht : bv French vessels from the East Indies^ 18 1-3 ct. ; from elsewhere, 33 2-3 ct. By fiireign vessels from any port wliatever»5;>ct.— !St'e exceptions at Note A.) Custom -hmiie tare : nn chests, 12 per cent. ; on matt| 2 per cent. Comnr.ercial tare : real. Cochine.it, per I 2 kil. ■IIver>-, from ord. to fine - Oto 10 60 to 10 75 fojy, do. do. - - • . 10 - 10 25 black, do. do. • . • • II -1123 Duty on nett "eipht : by French vessels from any port whatever, 82 1-2 ct. By foreign vessels do. 89 ct.— (See exceptions at Note A.) Cuslom-house tare ; in casks, 12 per cent. ; in serons, 2 per cent. Commercial tare: re^l. Cocon, Caraccas, per l*2ktl. • nominal 1 10 to I 15 Guayaquil ■ - > none 50 • 5 1 Bra/il • • • by French vessels 60 • 62 Triiiidai • - • none Puty ftn ttetl weight t by French vessels from the French cnlo* BiHti, 22 cl. J from counlriea 'vwt of Cape Ifitni, 27 1-2 ct. ; from EnroiM-an ports 52 M ct. ; from elsewhere. 30 1-4 cl. By foreign vevtU from any port whatever, 67 3-4 ct— (See exceptions at Note A.) Cuitnm-hnuie tare : on ca^ks, 12 per cent ; on ban. 3 per cent Commercial tare: on cadts, real ; on bags, 2 per cent Coffee, per 1-2 kil. St. l)omingo, from ordinary > fofine - - - 5 Cuba and Porto Rico • I..a Giiayra ... Bio • Java, Sumatra^ and Fadang Mocha Duty nn nett weight : on Inn; or short staple, by French vessels - 1 from the French colonies, 2 3.4 ct. ; from Eumjtean porln, (Turkey ^ I excepted), 16 1-2 ct.; from the East Indies, 6 1-2 ct. ; from other conntries, II ct. By for isn vessels (except from Tiiik(;y)t '■* I 4ct. I(y Frcnrh vessels trom Tuikey, 8 14 ct. ; by foreign vessels from Turkey, 13 3*4 ct.— (See exceptions at Note A ) Cnstum-hnii^e tare : 6 per ctnt. un bales of 50 kil. and above, and 8 per cent, on bales under 50 kil. Commercial tare ; on United Stales' cotton*, 6 per cent, cords oif ; on Brazil cottons, 4 per cent. ; on St. Domingo, in liales, 6 per cent.; on Cumana and Caraccas, 7 kil. per seron atiove 40 kil. ; and 6 kil. per seron of 40 kil. and under. Draft : 2 kil. on Sea Uland and Bengal ; 3 kil. on all other de- scriplioni in bales exceeding 50 kil. : and 1 J-2 kit. uimn bales under 50 kil. Elephants' teeth, per 1-2 kil. • 3 60 to 8 none Duty on nptt weight : whole or in pieces of nmre than I kil. by French vessels fn>m Senetjal, 13 3-4 ct. ; from other Africm settle- ments, 22 ct. : from ttie Eist Indies, 19 1-4 ct. ; from ebeubrre, 30 1-4 ct. By foreign vessels from any ])ort whatever, 3S 1-2 cl. Pieces of I'kil. and under, double the above duties.~(See exceptions at Note A.) Commercial and Custom-house tare: real. OOtoOO 063 to 065 1 • I 30 1 40 - 1 45 - . . 073 75 62 I 75 Duly on nett weight; by French vessfl' *"r;:rM the E.ast Indies 42 9-10 cl. ; from European [Kirts, 55 ct. ; irom elsewhere 52 1-4 ct. By foreign veweis from any port whatever, 57 3-4 ct.— (See excep- tions at Note A.) Otmtmn-hiMise tare : on casks, 12 per cent. ; on Ingi, 2 per cent. Commercial tare : on casks real ; on bags, 2 per cent. ; nn Mocha coffee the tire runs from 4 1-2 to 12 12 kil. upon bales of 75 to 200 kil. Copper, South American, per 1*2 kil. Russian an'' British 1 10 to I 12 none, nom. 1 l) • I 20 none, nom. Duty on gross weight; «y French \es^els from European ports, I 1*10 ct. ; from ehewlicre, 1 1-20 ct. By foreign vessels from any |iorl, wlialever, I 13-20 ct.— (S)e exceptions at Note A.) Coounercialtare: rciL Gums, Senegal, per i-2 kil. - 1 2510 1 20to E. India copal, scrapetj .20. 2 S 0-0 copal, soft, not scraped . 60 . 55 0-0 shellac, orange - . 1 92 - 1 93 nominal do. ftirnet • 1 liO - I 82 nominal do. liver . 1 45 - 1 .55 nomitial Duty on Senegal, gross weight: bv French vessels from Senegal, 5 1-2 cl. ; from European ports, 13 3-4 ct. ; fn)m elsewhere. II ct By foreign vessels from any port wlualever, 16 1-2 ct.— \See excep< tions at No*e A.) Oinmiercial (are : on casks, real ; on bagR, 2 per cent. Duty on copal, nett weight: l.y French vessels from the East Tn» diet, 27 1-2 ct. ; from Etiropean i)()rf.s, 55 ct. ; fn>m eNewhcre,49 1-2 ct. By foreiifn vessels from any iwrt whatever, tW 3-4 cL— (See exceptions at Note A.) Cnmni.Tcial tare : real. Duty on shellac, nett weight : by French vessels from the East In- dies, 77- 100 ct. ; fitmi else\vhere,2 1-5 ct. By fDrcisii vessels from any port whatever, 327 2CM)ct.— (Sec exceptions at Nole A.) Commercial tare; real. Hops American - • -00 to 00 00 none Duty on neit weight: bv French vesGO South Americm horse hides, ^ep • 65 0-00 Duty on gross weight : by French veswls from European itorfs, 5 1-2 ct.; from elsewhere, 2 3-4 ct. By fnreiitn vessels from any port w hatever, 8 1-4 cl.— (See exceptions at Note A ) Five tinll liiile* are adniiliel among H)0 hides wiiliout allowance, and 1 kil. is allowed fir every bull hi'le at)ove that number to thu extent of 12 ; when more tliaa 12 the allowance is coQiitliouai. Horse hair, per 1>2 kil. Bueo'iB Ayres, short • - 1 6 to I lU none from mixed to long - • 1 15 ■ I 75 nr.rie Duty on gross weight: by French and foreign vessels, 1 3-8 ct.— (Sue exceptions at Note A.) Cominercial tare : real, (ndigo, |H'r 1-2 kil. Bengal • . -00 to 00 00 to 06 superfine violet and blue • II 6D • II 75 0-0 do. violet ud purple • • 10 60- 10 76 00*01 to arcount ?orti. hri|iortt " Mporli • 99,260,916 1,171,50) —These important lie socond week of iiio?t pioliiihle that embodied in it will ty mW. c(. >V. d. 2 to I 57 ■ I 47 I 70 1 77 6 50 I 95 1 »5 1 45 - 1 45 0-090 In Bond. Fr. ct. Fr. ct. 1 1 to I 48 99 - I 3« I I I I 1 19 1 19 none. 1 94 • 1 34 0.00 0-00 I 59 I 68 1 84 I 74 1 20 to •i 6 0-0 55 0-0 1 fl-. nnminal 1 82 nnniinat 1 55 nnmiiiM rt il.-i|ilf , by French veise1« n Euro|iniu |»)rH, (Turkey idiM, 6 1-2 CI. i from other EplfmmTuikcj), W 1 4 ct. ;t. ; tiy foreign vessel* from ole A ) es of fiO kil. and above, and ittonii, 6 per cent, cords otf ; niiiifco, in l>ale«, 6 per cent.; in above 40 kil. j .iniiekil. ral ; 3 kil. on all other de- d I \-i kil. u|ion li.ile> under 60 to 8 none ces of niitr« than 1 kil. hy ; from other Africin jetlle- 1-4 ct. J fnim ebcu hcri', 30 (lort whatever, 39 1.2 ct. >ve dutia.— i:nrts, y foreiiin vessels from any at Nole A ) hides without allowance, above that ruimbcr to the >wance is couJitioual. 6 to 1 lU 5 • I 75 forcijn vessels, none nr.ne 1 38 cl.- )(o b - 11 75 a -10 76 Oto « ■ • • OP' HAVRE. ■JfW Udigo, 1)00 violet and Jo. - rood and tnldd), violet do. red do. luperflno red ■ good do. orJin. lo fine copper • Eopliaa M'l.lru, ordin. to fiue ■ MaoilU, do. GuateniaU^ flnrei •nbre lalwnle • cortea . - - Caraccaa Dutr paid. Fr.ei. rr.d. 10 • 10 85 9 2A 9 75 10 9 3) 7 SO 6 6 50 5 7 75 723 6 fiO 75 la i(r25 9 50 9 8 7 fiO 8 S 760 7 25 825 To Bond. Pr, et. IV. ct. 0.00 none . . • - none Duty on nett weii lit : hy French vnaela from all placfs ofgroivth nut of Europf , 27 1-2 ct. ; from European ports^ 1 fr. &? ct. j fruin elsewhf^re, 110 ct. By foreign vtsKla froui any port whatever, 2 fr. 120 cl.— (Ste eiceptions at Nole A.) Cufttom'houH tare : on cheats, caski| and aerona, real, or at the option of the importer, 12 per cent, on cheita or ca:iki, and 9 per cent, on seroni. Commercial tare; on easki or chesta, real: on ieron» of 100 to 110 kil., 1 1 kil. : on do. of b5 m S9 kil., 10 kil. : ou do. of 70 to 84 kil , 9 kil. ; on da of 50 to 69 kil., 7 kil. Allowance: 1 kil. per cheat. Ucdye, perl-2kil. * • 3 Oto 5 40 to Duty on nett weight: by French veaaela from the East ludiee 27 1*2 ct ; from etaewhere, ^1 14 ct. By foreign veaaels from any |ort whatever, 55 ct.— (See exceptions at Note A.) Commercial and customhouie tare i real. Ixadt German, per 50 kil. - 35 50 to 3'j 87 nominal Spanish and Hriliah • - 35 50 - 36 fc^? nnminal Duty on jroaa weight : by French vessels from any port whoever, S fr. 75 ct. By foreign veasels, 3 fr. 85 ct— (See eiceptioua at ^ote A.) Fepper, light, per 1-2 ki). • '079 to 080 00 to 00 Duty on nett wei)?lil : by French veaselt from llie East Indies, and from countries west of Cape Horn, S^ ct. ; frr>ni elsewhere. 44 ct. By foreign veaaels from any port whatever, 57 3*4 cU— (See eicep- tions at Note A.) Cuatoin-hnuK tare : on bags, 3 per cent. Commercial tare : on single bags, 2 per cent. Pimento, per 1-2 kil. Jamaica > - • French vessel 60 to Tobago • • • none > Duty : by French vessels from the East Indies and from rountrira west of Cape Horn, 24 3-4 ct.j from elsewhere, 49 1-2 cl. By foreign vessels, 63 1 4 ct Tares: as f.r pepper. (Quercitron, per 50 kil. Philadelphia ' - ^- 16 Oto 16 12 Oto New York - • • 14 75 - 15 0-00 Duty on grosa weight : by French vessels from Eun'pran ports, 3 fr. 85 ct. ; from otner countries, 2 fr. 20 ct. By foreign vessels from any purt whatever, 4 fy. 95 ct.— (See exceptions al Note A.) Commercial tare: 12 per cent. (j'^= '.•iiver, per 1^2 kil. • • 4 30 to 4 40 nominal Duty on gross weight : by French vessels from any port what- ever, 1 1 ct. By fnn i^n vessels, 12 1-10 ct.— (See exceptions at Note .\.) Commercis-u tare : reaL Rice, Carolina, 1835, per 50 kil. • 23 60 to 26 OtoO Dutv on gross weii^ht: by French ve-ssels from places of growth out 01 Europe, I fr. 37 1-2 ct. ; by do. ;rom places of growth in Europe 2 fr. 20 ct , by do. from European poris, nr troni l'i«l- niont by land, 3 fr. 30 ct. By foreign vessels from any port what* ever, or by land from any country whatever, Piedmont excepted, 4 fr. 25 ct.— (See exceptions at Note A.) Commercial tare i 12 per cent Siltpetre, crude, per 50 kil. • nominal 41 to 41 50 Nitrate of SO.U - -00-00 24 0-00 Duly on nett weight: by French vesMls from countritt out of Europe, 8 fr. 25 ct. ; from elsewhere, 11 fr. By foreign vessels from ar.y port whatever, 13 fr. 75 ct Nitrate of soda by French vessels from countries out of Europe, 8 fr. 25 ct ; from elsewhere, II fr. By foreign vesMis, 13 fr. 7j ct. Cusioin-honse tare : 2 pi r cent. ConmuTcial tare : 6 kit. per double bale (rf the coitomary form. Sarsnjnrilla, per 1-2 kil. Caraccas - - • nominal I 25 to 1 50 Mexico - -00-00 95-10 Ilonduras ... nominal 1 25 - 1 50 Duty on nott weight : by French vessels from European ports, 55 cl. ; from elsewhere, 41 14 ct. By foi^gn vessels from any port whatever, 68 3-4 ct.— (See exceptiDiis at Note A.) Custom house tare : on bales, 2 per cent. Commercial tare: on bales, according to broker's estimation J on naked bundles, the cords are deducted. Skins, deer, each - - -1 75 to 60 OOtoOO Duty per 50 kil. on gross weight: by French veasbla from any port whatever, 55 ct By foreign vessels, 60 1-2 ct— (8ee exceptions at Note A.) Speller, per 50 kil. • - 2S 50 to 29 50 none Duly on grow weight: 6 (•2 ct per 50 kil. without dislinctiou of flag or derivation. Duty paid, Fr, ct. Fr. d. none 0-0 0-0 In Boa*!. Fr. ct. Fr. A 0-45 42 -44 20 50 .38 Sugar, brown to yellow Braxil, white bmwn to yellow Benares • • - nnm. by Fr. ves. 38 • 45 Manilla • > • nom. by Fr. vcs, 38 0-45 Duty on nett weight t raw sugars not white, by French vessels from the Eail Indies, 44 f r. ; from European ports, r)2 fr. 25 ct } fnxn cUewhere, 46 fr. r^ ct hyfort;ign vessels, 3;'j fr. Itiw sugars, white or cUyett, without dialinction of quality or mole of Tibrica- lion, by French vessttls from the East Imlies, 4[i Ir. 50 ct. ; from European ports, 57 fr. 75 ct j from elsewhere, 52 fr. 25 ct. By foreign vessels, 66 fr.— (See ckcepiiona at Note A.) Custom-house tare : on cheats, 12 per cent, ; on single bags, 2 per Cf-nt. ; on double bags, 4 per cent. Ciimmerciol tare; Havannah and St Jago, chests, 13 per cent) Brazil, 17 per cent } on bags uuder 75 kit, 5 kil. [H^r bag ; do. on 7& kil. and upwards, 6 kil. Tallow, Russia, per 50 kit • 61 to 62 none Duty on gross weight : by French vessels from any port whatever, 5 fr. 50 ct By foreign vessels, 7 fr. 15 ct.— (See exceptions tt Note A.) Commercial tare : 12 per cent. Tea, Imperial, |ier 1-2 kil. ■ 6 nto S2j 3 70 to 4 Guripowder .60- 6 35 424 . 427 H)son ■ - 4 90 - 6 3 10 - 660 Youni; hyson - - 380 - 3 90 ■ Hyson skin • 3 20 • 325 1 65 . 1 70 I'ckoe • .40- 6 3 75 - 460 Souchonff • 2!i5 ■ 3 1 GO ■ 1 75 Pouclionj ■ 4 30 - 4 30 I 90 - 1 U Duly on netl weiitht ; by French vessels from Ihe Eist Indies, fi 1-2 ct; from China 6ti ct.; from elsewhere, 2 fr. 75 ct. By fortign vessels from any poit whatever, 3 fr. 30 ct.— (See exceptioot at Note A.) Cuainm-house tare: real. ('ommercial tares r)ii imperial, gunpowder, young hyson, anJ pekoe, 10 kil. per cheKt ; on hyson, and hyson skin, 9 kil. ; on sou* chone, 13 kil. ; on half chests and txtxes, conventional. Tin, Banca, pur 1-2 kil. - - 1 74 - 1 76 0-00 British • • ■ - 1 70 • 1 72 none Peruvian - ■ - 1 CO • 1 63 none Duty on gross weipht : by French vessels from the East Indiet. 27 1-2 ct. ; from elsewhere, I fr. 10 ct. By foreign vessds froui any port whatever, 2 fr. 20 ct per 50 kit— (See exception! at Note A.) Commercial tare : on casks real. TortorseslirII,perl-2kil. • . 35 Oto 45 OtoO Uuty on netl wtiglit : by French vessels from Ihe E.ist Indies, 55 ct ; fiom Chin3,44 ct ; from European porta, 1 fr. 10 ct, ; from elsewhere, 82 12 ct By foreign vessels, 1 fr. 65 ct— (See excep- tions at Note A.) Customhouse tare ; on casks or cues, 12 per cent. Commercial tare : on casks or cases, real. Whalebone, per 1-2 kil. uorttiern • • ■ 2 ^0 - 3 nominal Boulliern - - -1^8-190 00-00 Duty ou gross weight : by French vessels from any port wfaatever, 16 1-2 ct By foreign vessels, 19 1-4 ct. Commeicial tare: real. Allowance : le per cent, on soathem bone. Woods, per 50 kil, Logwoo I, Campeachy - 9 75 to 10 to Hon'luras - - - 8 SO - 8 73 none St Domingo- • -725-750 00-00 Fustic, Cuba • • - 9 75 • 10 0-00 bautA Martha - -19 0-2250 00-00 Pemambuco - - • 92 • 125 0-00 Duty on gross weight: Brazil, by French vessels from European rrts, 4 fr. 40 ct ; from elsewhere, 2 fr. 75 ct By foreign vessels, fr 60 ct Other dye-woods, by French vessels from tne French colonies, 44 ct. } from European jnrts, 1 fr. 65 ct : from elsewhere. nne4< 39 25 to 31 nono 50 -63 none 0-0 (1 none -56 82 12 ct, Nole A.) Allowance : By foreign vessels, 3 fr. 30 ct— (See exceptions at to 2 per cent. Explanatory RmiarkM. The above duties include the sur-tax of 10 per cent ; the custom- houKe aJifkits the real t.ire whenever tlie importer desires it Kfte A.— The treaties of reciprocity entered into with the coun- tries hereafter mentioned introduce the' following deviations from the above rates of duty. United Sfo/cf.— The produce of Ihe United States, except that of the fisheries, direct from the Uiiitetl Stites, in United tilaiea vessels, pays the same duty as if imi>orted by French vessels from the United Slates. ErnziU and Mtxtrc—Thc produce of the Brazils and Mexico, {mt«rted direct in nilional vessels, enjoys also the above privilege. £/ig/aitrf,— The province of Africa, Asia, or America, imported from any country \vh:itevpr in British vessels, or from any port of the British dominions in Europe, either by French or foreign ves- sels, can only be mfuiitled in hnnrl for re'ex[)ortiiion. The -wme regijlation is applicable to all European produce (oxccpl tbat of (ire.it Drittin atid its possessions in Eunipe), when imported by British vcisrls from other porta than those of Great Britain or iti possessidus in t^urope. The weight of 50 kil. is equal to 110 4-5 lb. English, or 100 lb. Entliah are eiinal lo 45 35-100 kil., and the cwt equal to 50 79100 kil. C'refli(.~4 1-2 months, except on coffee, pimento, pepper, quick- silver, an 877 lis 4,9m 24S 7,318 Hit 10,235 iUO 44.934 lit 1,237 18 990 405 17,243 145 10,350 40 1,113 Rt 5,947 1,006 93,973 IK 721 171 11,277 91 2,730 i«l> 3,738 S,17J 262, lOJ C»»u>. 72 1,974 10 9S8 29 18 7S 1,138 783 88 2,7E8 1,079 163 S.10 7,264 83 1,083 427 t,o;i m Tonlga Shipi. Carrylni tha riaf of the (^untriet whence they came. Other Flap. If. 113 205 2 102 90 4 27 63 115 172 97 470 12« isi; 1,014 '■■■« SI 1,135 3 1B71 26 76 Tmn. Sk. 3,59l ; S76,T.'6: 105,465 W,303 186,738 I47,.'>94 ■ 14.425 102,98;; I4l<,cg6 159.003 6.>,«li; fc7,f28. lO.MI ' 67,543 10.715, 84,551 237,906 I4S740 78,^25' 38,4861 36,633 Cma. l,im 13,949 8,361 44,556 9,5.12 20,664 30,144 36,487 15,781 13,067 13,261 9,328 7,409 £,40e 1,113 5.191 2,!!37 9.563 19,229 13,333 7,395 5,679 13,519 3,175 262,I0J.22,859 4,394 51 9,880 721 1 02,915 488 96,048 5,224 381 48,695 3,005_78,123 2,5 23,692 80 8,478 Tolall. Pan. Bayonne Borde^itX Other ports Ro thuen, in 1703, given it permanence. But, according to this treaty, we bound ourselves for the future to charge one third higher duties on the wines of France imported into England, than on those of Portugal ; the Portuguese, by way of compensation, binding themselves to admit our woollens into their markets in preference to those of other countries, at a fixed and invariable rate of duty. Though very generally regarded, at the time, as the highest effort of diplomatic skill and address, the Methuen treaty was, undoubtedly, founded on the narrowest and most contracted Tiews of national interest ; nnd has, in consequence, proved, in no common degree, injurious to both parties, but especially to England. By binding ourselves to receive Portuguese wines for two thirds of the duty payable on those of France, we, in effect, ;nve the Portu- guese growers a monopoly of the British market ; at the same time that we excluded one of the principal equivalents that the French had to offer for our commodities, and provoked them to retaliate. This, indeed, was no difficult task. Unhappily, they were but too ready to embark in that course of vindictive policy of which we set them the example; so that prohibitions on the one side being immediately followed by counter-prohibitions on the other, the trade between the two countries was nearly annihilated ! But the indirect were Btill more injurious than the direct consequences of this wretched policy. It inspired both parties with feelings of jealousy and ilislike, and kept them in the frowning attitude of mu- tual defiance. Each envied the other's prosperity, and bein;T disposed to take fire at even fancied encroachments, the most frivolous pretexts were sufficient to engage them in contests that have filled the whole world with bloodshed and confusion. But had things Iteen left to their natural course, — had an unfettered commercial intercourse been allowed to grow up between the two countries, — the one would have formed so near, so vast, and so profitable a market for the produce of the other, that they could not have remained long at war without occasioning the most extensively ruinous distress,— diatresa which no government would bfl HAVRE. 788 different Ports of reiich and Fotelin uch ship*. Couting Trade. n. Account ihowing the total Number of Bhipi, with their Tonnan and Crewi, entcied inwardi In the dliferent Porli of France In 1833, ipecifyiiig the Coiintrlei whence tbey came, and dittlngulih- Ing between rier and Foreign Shipi.— (.4d«iii<((ra(i«n ie$ Douanet for 1833, p. 396.) Ttrnnaf. Cma. I5,6S8 IMO w,m i3,e4» M.l9li 8,3(JI 316,7J6; 44,536 I0IS,465 8,M2 13t,303 20,e«4 186,738 30,144 I47,'>94 3«,4S7 IH.'IZ'i 19,-81 ir,2,SS.i l4Nt!)6 I59.C03 6J,eii: t.7,f2», 10,801 67,M3 19,715, K4,»il S37,90« I9,»9 I4S740 13,333 78,.'Z5 7,39» 39,4801 6,673 36,633 13,319 78,lt3 2,523,632 306,478 2D5 2,4« 2,362 2,140 2,«afl 7,136 8,010 11,061 3,6t)» 3,019 2.52ft 2,521 2,147 l,C3S 236 980 651 1,914 4.127 3.2% 1,332 1,177 2,r>48 13,037 13,261 9,328 7,409 6,406 1,113 6.191 2,pa7 9.563 Shift. Tbnnan, 94,5A 2,040 6.83I 667,161 3,319 146,700 1,694 102.099 1.294 43,131 8,797 42,364 87,180 3,653,218 nri •ance amounted to oportionally large. ;he British govcm- amite their own ne, and in 1697 would have been disappeared, had iated by Mr. Me- >und ourselves for ed into England, ing themselves to untries, at a fixed )Iomatic skill and most contracted degree, injurious «eivo Portugueso ^ive the Portu- excluded one of es, and provoked ere but too ready example ; so that ihibitions on the the indirect were It inspired both attitude of mu- take fire at even them in contests lings lieen left to wed to grow up id so profitable a g at war without rnmcnt would be f.oaiulai. RiMi> ...... Sweden ...... Norwijr ...... Denmark ...... PniMie ...... Huieeatie TowH . . . > • Hollind Beliium ...... Euglend (Oibnitar, Malta, ate.) . I\>nugal (Madein, Cape de Veide Iilaadi, Akki) IH«in (the Caaarietf . . . . Auilria Sardinia TwoSiciliee Tincaajr, Roman StatCB, Lueet • • .. Oraece, and iu iilanda in the Archineligo Turkey, and ila iilaula in Ihe Aichfpela|o AlKiera ...... Mhcr Slatee oT Barttarr . . . . Other territoriei in Africa . . . . India, Engliih poaeHioiia ■ . . . nutch do. • • . . • French do, . . . . ■ China ...... Cochin China, Fhilippioei, fee. . . • United Statea . . , . . Hayti ...... Engliih pooeiaiona in Aneric* . . . Spaiiiihdo. ...... IMniihdo* •...-. Bnuil Meiico ...... Colombia ...... Peru (Lower Pent) . . . . • Chili Rio de la Plata, Monte Video, Buenoe Ayrae Martinique ...... Ouadaloupe ..... . Cajenne ...••. Senenl ...... Botima ...... Total of rreaeh ihipi ridienr, cod . . . . . whale Coaatinf trade, in the lanie lea from one tea to the other ■ interior navigation ... Totali Fraieli. ForaigB. earning the Flaga of the Country whence Other FUgh they came. To '"Ti'lSff- CreiA 648 ^ff TVrmofi. 11,068 Cma 641 Ihipi- W ronnan Cma 83,611 il.3£8 S '600 44 168 30,918 >.*" 1 380 14 » 838 6i 682 104,9*7 6,234 8C 8,860 161 1 68 6 34 3,066 193 80 1,403 86 s 317 81 163 32,064 l,39e 4(1 s^ 318 ST 8,160 846 66 6,470 343 81 3,490 148 16 1,003 IS 74 7,418 489 60 6,788 355 M 41483 380 II 1,160 6« V " 1,317 71 911 35,064 6,641 1,633 119,360 13,889 ^ 11 8,489 116 86 7,200 488 1 70 1 7 788 66 616 36,077 3,083 636 17,771 4.112 67 8,0S4 680 7 807 60 84 33,906 l.lll 17 3,610 315 (99 37,635 3,086 415 19,688 2,9(18 83 ion 306 72 10,718 1,001 171 35,378 8,208 16 1^1 141 ISO 6,634 878 86 6,k»0 664 187 12,693 1,189 3 3i8 31 30 6,009 4(» 3 364 38 68 9,042 627 8 306 26 36 6,756 340 30 8,067 308 • • • 1 830 18 71 8098 685 • • • 33 4,870 Ka 114 il,9t>3 898 • • ", 64 8,148 637 3 606 36 14 8,018 460 • • . 3 8(4 41 4 1/168 61 3 >70 62 a 767 37 3 716 86 6B 16,616 768 888 86,848 4,103 3 184 34 41 8,648 486 4 1,641 « 48 11,013 644 3 321 32 10 2,ra6 113 6 1,018 71 1 850 13 1 ^56 II 43 9,572 661 I 330 15 II 8,985 183 17 3,708 834 " . . 4 M5 37 16 3,088 179 * . • 1 804 10 S 408 31 6 1,542 88 12 4,388 861 ■ . . 187 II 114 88,513 1,506 138 38,165 *'S12 83 4,486 288 80 8,139 180 70 87,736 1,833 3,661 358,167 88,080 368 43^8 7,828 12 4 767 406 66.606 1,837.612 239,863 1,369 189,767 11,314 20,162 386,333 67,301 82,065 2,830,484 344,503 4,394 618,820 38,811 731 102,815 6SH willing to inflict on its subjects, and to which, though the government were willing, it ia most probable no people would be disposed to submit A free trade between England and France would give these two great nations one common interest. It would occasion not only a vast increase of the industry, and of the comforts and enjoyments of the people of bod^ countries, but would be the best attainable security against future hostilities. '< We know," said Mr. Villicrs, in his very able and instructive speech (15th of June, 1830), " that British enterprise will fetch the extremest points on earth in the business of exchange ; but here are the shores of France nearer to England than those of Ireland itself — nay, Bordeaux is com- mercially nearer to London than it is to Paris ; and, but for the lamentable perversion of the gifts and dispositions of nature, and of the ingenui^ of man — the highways of commerce be- tween these countries — the seas which surround Great Britain and Ireland, and wash the shores of France, should literally swarm with vessels, engaged, not only in the interchange of material products, but in diffusing knowledge, and stimulating improvement ; in creating everywhere new neighbourhoods ; in consolidating international dependence ; in short, in drawing daily more close the bonds of international peace and confidence, and thus advanc- ing, while they also served to confirm and secure, the peace, the civilisation, and the happi- ness of Europe."* The commercial treaty which Mr. Pitt negotiated with France in 1786, was the first at- tempt to introduce a better system into the trade between the two countries ; and it is one of the few treaties of this description that have been bottomed on fair and liberal principles. But ihe Revolution in France, and the lengthened and bloody wars by which it was follow- ed, toCally suppressed that mutually beneficial intercourse which had begun to grow up under Mr. Pitt's treaty ; and when peace was again restored in 1815, the French govern- ment unwisely resolved to continue the system of Napoleon, and to exclude most sorts of • We reitret to have tn add, that this was one of the last public appearances made by Mr. Villiera. He died in December, 1833, at the early age of 31. His death was a imtionni loss that will not easily he repaired. Few have ever entered upon public life with better dispositions, more enlarged and cbm- prebensive views, or a more sincere desire to promote the happiness of their species. 95 J k 5 m 14 itn HAVRE. foreign products for Whinh a Rubstitnte could bo found at home ! But the wide-«pread db> tretw that has resulted from this absurd policy, and the more general diffusion of sounder notions as to the real sources of public wealth, will, it may be confidently predicted, at no distant period, induce the government of France to adopt a less illiberal and irrational sys- tem. — (See BonnEAVX.) The equalisation of the wine duties in this country will accele- rate this desirable result. It shows the French that we are no longer influenced by the prejudices in which the discriminating system originated ; and that we are ready to deal with them on the same fair and equal terms as with any one else. In this respect the mea- sure is entitled to the highest praise ; and we have no d 'ibt that it will be the harbinger df others of the same kind— of a reduction of the exorbita duties on brandy, for example— both here and in France. The statesman who shall succeed in abolishing the restraints on the commerce of the two countries, will reader the most essentiaT service to them both ; and not to them only, but to all the world, the furthest parts of which have been harassed by their wars. It admits of demonstration, that, under a free system, the trade with France would be incomparably more importAnt and valuable than that with Russia, the United States, or any other country. And we trust, should another edition of this work be called for, that we shall have to congratulate the public on the opening of this " broad and deep" channel of employment. The following Tables, prepared expressly for this work, give a pretty complete view of the trade with France. Brandy, madder, silk manufactures, flax, wine, gloves, &c. are the prin- cipal articles of import *, for the raw and throWn silk comes, as already mentioned, almost wholly from Italy. Brass and copper manufactures are by far the most important of all the articles we send to France, at least through the regular channels. It will, probably, sur- prise some of our readers to learn that, in 1832, the real or declared value of the silk goods manufactured in tliis country and exported to France, amounted to no less than 7.5,187/. ! This is an instructive commentary on the sinister auguries of those who predicted the ruin of our manufacture by French competition, in consequence of the subversion of the old mo- nopoly system in 1825. The most important of the other articles of export are cottons, woollens, sheep's wool, hardware and cutlery, horses, tin, &c. A glance at the first of the following Tables will sufficiently explain the real causes of the depressed state of the French trade. The duty of 22». 6d. a gallon on brandy is, probably, about the nt plut ultra of fiscal rapacity. The duties on wine, verdigris, gloves, &c. are all very much beyond the mark. Till they be adequately reduced, the trade with France can never be any thing but inconsiderable, compared, at least, with what it ought to be. I. Account nf the Imports into the United Kingdom from France, specifying the Quantity and Value of each Article, and the Amount of Customs Duty paid tliereon, during the Year 1833; with the Customs Duty received on each Article. SfMiMof Imporii Annotto ... BoolB .... Boot!, shon ud (ilotha Cbioi and Mrthcnwira Clock* ... Cottoa maiinractiim o( Euroiw E«i!i .... rial .... Flovrcn, inlScIal Olan bollla, oonuaM • Hal>,ili*«r • I^Mther gloni LiiMD, cuibrlci ' • Madder • • Madder root • Needlework and embrolderx Ojntera Prune* SUk, r*w throwa . • . wule ... Silk manufaetiirci^ vi«.i Silk or latia • • Oauie ... Crape ... Veliet - L«oe, nllliiieiT, ke. kc. • Skine, (oal, undioied kid,dreMd • Umb, taooed or dnend Solrtii, bnudy Tojra .... Verdigrif ... Wine, Franeb Wool, •herp'i • Woollen nunuractan* All oUier article* Amount of Cua- DenomiBationi. QuantlHe* Imported. Official Value of the Importa. lonu Dutiaa re- ceived on eacb Article im- ported. L. ■L. lb>. 9,441 944 11 cwt r;i8i 11,073 6,042 pairs 4B,59l 9,4W 3,634 declared value £. 8,88S 8,823 tfilt i. 80,193 «a593 6,018 — I. 6,363 6,3«.'» 775 aunber 6},6'il,t43 17,391 19,341 cwf. 31,512 66,5S8 131 dtclared nlue £.3,160 2,160 524 quaria 667,749 13,137 7,649 number 9,904 518 l,3«t pain 1,013,106 37,sn 27,195 nieeea 44,'i:-,2 21,719 UI93 %t 39,690 84,885 8,006 33,391 216,039 2,321 declared valne L. I«,649 l^649 4,676 bndieli 77,950 98,256 6,848 cwt. 3823 3,004 6,121 M*. 749,417 424,669 3,064 145,289 17S,32» 48,6» — i 8,319 _ 5,nR9 SI 95 proof itallottt decUml value 2.8I7,3W 060,428 1,799,947 L. 1,230 1,230 149 lb>. 44,0H9 2.';98 >S! •allona I9T,I57 33,231 65,M7 Ml* 1,973 49 83 declared nlu £. 61,749 61,749 9,341 «aliia 1V)tal - L. 331,211 84,674 2,4^,894 9,171,949 ride-apread (lit* ion of flouniler ircdicted, at no irrational eya- ry will accclo- uenced by the ( ready to deal aspect the mea« 16 harbinger df , for example — he restraints on hem both ; and en harassed by de with Franco e United States, B called for, that 1 deep" channel plete viewoftho iic. are the prin- entioned, almost )ortant of all the 1, probably, sur- )f the silk goods J than 75,187/.! redieted the ruin n of the old mo- port are cottons, ■eal causes of the indy is, probably, ;love9, &c. are all with France can it to be. luantity and Value lar 1832; with the 944 ,013 4^9 ,823 ,SD3 ,!W ,3SI ,558 ,160 ,137 518 ,»« ,719 ,68S ,039 649 it58 ,3» ,701 ,469 ,234 ,346 ,824 ,70J ,G»I ,861 SI ,418 ,S30 .798 ,231 49 ,749 ,411 ,891 ■L, II 6,041 3,e34 9,376 6,C48 77« 19,341 ^31 624 7,649 1,381 27,196 12,IJM 8.008 2,311 4,678 6,846 6,121 3,064 48^S» ll» 40,909 89,737 11,201 8,«5 16^ 9,3^9 9,494 S3 9,341 94,674 ».«71,M9 ■MS HAVRE. ivn , n. Account of the Exporti of nritUh and Irish Produce nnd Mnnufacturei from the ITnhed Kinidom to France, ipecifying the Quantity and Value of each Article, during the Year 1833. SpeciM of Eiporti, A|iatliecu]r mm Apparal Beer and ale ■ Booki, priated Bnue ud copper muiufuctures Cabinet and uphotiterr warn Chcm Coali .... Cotton maanfiictana * Ditto .... Eirihenware of all lorta Glan of all aorta Hardwan and euUerj Honea ... Iron, pig bar and bolt . * catt and wroQKht l.ead and ahot . > Leather and saddlery . Liiiena ... Litharge of lead Machjner; antt mill-work Mualeal loalruineiita . FUnters* coloura and materiala Plate of ail rer Silk gooda manulactuied in the United Bpenuacetl ... Stationery Steel, unwroueht Tin, unwrougfat • Tin and pewter warea, and tin platea Whalebone ... Wool, sheep'a • . Woollen manufacturea All other articlea Klngdoi Denoninatlnna. ewt value luna cwl. TaliN cwt. tone jardi value piecea value cwt. numbei value jparda cwt. value ouDcea value cwt. value Cwtt value cwt Iba. value Quantitln exported. Official Value of Britiih and Irish Produce and Ma- Dubeturea ex- ported. 1,023 651-1 243 a«;2e7 160 41,008 4,687,087 96,376 3,973 589 2,759 1,668 1,063 661-2 991,961 19 4,028 ' 1,009 ' 1,851 8,608 701 736,4^ Total - L. L. 2,013 4,441 m 973 I9I,8» 2,217 II>1 40,887 188,308 74 10,101 6,290 2,759 16,567 32,918 ess 1,156 14,S26 9 4,626 1,742 2,295 1,812 87,909 7,561 3,048 2,638 31,0.55 7,399 3,503 26,3(3 45,310 106,062 849,270 Declared Value of British and Irlah Produce and Mai.ufac. tureaei ported. L. 8,22s 4,441 975 147^93 2,117 658 11,119 61,324 3,670 1,738 139 28,2C0 26.995 9,548 9,119 11,831 804 1,948 I4,7M 19 4,628 1,742 2,195 1,528 76,187 6,177 , 3,048 3,261 99,473 7,399 6043 38,.541 4.% 187 106,660 8:4,791 It would seem, from thd' subjoined accounts, as if the imports into Great Britain from Franot very much exceeded the exports, the official value of which amount to only 848,270/. a yeat. Account of the Amount in Official and BenI Value of all British Gxports to France, in each Year sinco 1814; distinguishing those of British from Colonial Produce; also, an abstract of the Ainoi>nt ir Olflcinl Value of ail Imports from France in each Year, as far as the same can be made up duclni that Time. Tean. Official Value orim- ports Into the United Eingdom. Official Value of Exporta from the United Kingdom. Dfclared Value nf Brilbh and Irish Produce and Msim- fsctuns exported from tbe United Kingdom. British and Irish Produce anil Mauu. factuns. Foreign and Colonial Merchmdise. Total Exports. £ ». d. £ t. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ a. d. 1814 740,226 10 377,799 9 7 1,867,913 19 4 3,245,713 8 11 582,703 15 1815 754,373 8 11 214,823 15 9 1,',28,856 5 3 1,413,680 1 998,291 10 1 1816 417,789 IT 8 321,070 4 11 1,31.1,151 17 8 1,634,222 2 7 407,699 11 4 1817 527.865 13 6 596,753 7 1,054,261 9 9 1,651,014 16 9 1,003,486 12 7 1818 1,162,423 15 7 318,860 19 1 877,919 13 1,1116,763 12 1 369,503 14 9 18ia 642,011 14 3 248,078 9 7.34,779 9 10 982,857 10 7 299,493 6 8 1880 775,132 5 6 334,081. 13 2 829,814 9 6 1,163,901 1 8 390,744 10 3 1821 865,616 13 9 382,404 3 4 1,037,100 15 5 1,419,504 17 9 438,865 18 5 182) 878,272 15 346,810 15 1 839.150 11 4 1,185,961 6 5 437,009 2 5 1823 1,11.%800 7 241,837 12 11 74.1,574 16 4 985,411 9 3 349,6?6 4 1 1824 1,556,733 17 5 280,198 9 9 864,500 16 4 1,124,999 6 1 338,635 8 11 1825 1,835,084 13 279,213 3 7 892,102 18 1 1,171,615 1 8 360,709 10 1 1826 1,217,426 6 426,819 13 9 656,124 10 9 1,082,014 4 6 488,138 6 7 1827 2,625,747 11 10 416,736 8 133,503 12 6 550,2-29 13 2 446,951 9 1828 3,178,825 3 9 418,945 2 7 195,497 9 2 614,412 11 9 498,937 13 1829 2,080,993 10 10 509,921 1 3 337,866 11 6 frl7,817 12 9 49l,3)-8 3 11 1830 2,388,483 14 11 486,284 1 181,065 1 5 667,319 1 6 475,881 3 2 1831 3,056,1.54 12 4 635,927 13 5 256,081 19 7 392,009 13 602,688 1832 2,452,894 848,270 - - 674,791 But though the fact were so, it would not, as some appear to suppose, afford tho shadow of a foundation for the statements of those who contend that the trade with France is a losing one. A man carries nothing but money to the baker's shop, or the butcher'b ; and yet it is not said that he is injured by dealing with them, or that he should become baker or butcher for himself. We buy certain aiticles from France, because we find we can pro- cure them from her on more reasonable terms than from any otlicr country ; for, were •* otherwise, does any one suppose we should send a single ship to her ports 1 Whether wo «arry on our intercourse with the French by sending them returns in bullion or ordinary products, is of no consequence whatever. We may be assured that bullion is not sent to another country, unless it be more valuable there than here ; that is, unless its exportation be for our advantage. — (See Balance of Trade.J In point of fact, however, we very rarely ■end any bullion to France ; and the proof of this is, that, since the peace, the exchange wilii Vll 7ff6 HAWKERS AND PEDLARS. Paria hu iMen oftener in our favour than against ua. Wlien the bilia drawn by the Freneb 3n ua exceed those we draw on them, the balance is usually paid by bills on Holland and Hamburgh, where there ia, at all times, an excess of British produce. It is idle, therefore, to attempt to revive the ridiculous cry as to the disadvantageousneas of the French trade, be- cause the imports from France exceed the exports ! The imports into all commercial coun- tries uniformly exceed the exports ; and the facts brought forward as a ground of complaint against the French trade, is the strongest recommendation in its favour. Perhaps, howeveri it may be consolatory to those who are so alarmed at the excess of imports from France, to be tokl that it u to a great extent apparent onlv. As already observed, large quantities of ailk and other produce from Italy, come to us through France, and are reckoned among the imports from that country, when they are in reality imports from Italy. Taking thia cir- cumstance into account, it will be found that the discrepancy between the exports to and im» ports from Franco is immaterial. HAWKERS AKD PEDLARS. It is not very easy to' distinguish between hawkers and pedlars. Both are a sort of itinerant retail dealers, who carry about their wares from pUee to place ; but the former are supposed to carry on business on a larger scale than the latter. They are subject to the same regulations. liegulaliont at to Hawkers and Pedlari. — The legislature has always looked with suspi- cion upon itineraiit dealers ; and has attempted, by obliging them to take out licenses, and placing them under a sort oi surveillance, to lessen their numbers, and to hinder them from engaging in dishonest practices. But the resident dealer has so many advantages on his side, that these precautions seem to be in a great measure superfluous. It should also be recollected, that before shops were generally established in villages and remote districts, hawkers and pedlars rendered material services to country people ; and even now the compe- tition which they excite is certainly advantageous. By the 90 Geo. 3. c. 41,, hawkers and pedlnrs are to pay an annual licence duty of 41, ; and if they travel with n horse, asa, or other beust, hearing ur drawing burden, they are subject to an additional duty of 4Z. for each beast so employed. The granting of licences, and management of the duties, are, by n late act, placed under the control of the coinroissioners of stamps. 'Ilawlcnrg and pediarn, unless householders or residents in the place, are not allowed to sell by auc- tion to the hlgheiit bidder : penalty .'>0/.— halftn the informer, the other halfto the king. But nothing ill the act extends to hinder any person from selling, or exposing to sale, any sort of goods, in any public market or fair ; or to hinder a hawker or pedlar from seliing in a hired room, where he Is not a resident, provided such sale is not by auction. Every huwker, before he is licensed, must produce a certificate of good character and reputation, signed by the cler^ryman and two reputable inhabitants of the place where he usually resides. Every hawker must have inscribed, in Roman capitals, on the most conspicuous part of every pack, box, trunk, case, cart, or other vehicle, in which he shall carry his wares, and on every room and shop \n which he shall trade, and likewise on every hand-bill which he shall distribute, the words " Licensed IUwkeb." Fenalty, in default, 101. Unlicensed persons, wrongfully using this designa- tion, forfeit 10{. Hawkers dealing In smnggled goods, or In goods fraudulently or dishonestly procured, are punish- able by forfeiture of licence, and incapacity to obtain one in future, besides being liable to all the other peniiltiei, forfeitures, &c. applicable to such illegal dealing. By Stat. Geo. 4. c. 80. it is enacted, that any person or periions hawking, selling, or exposing to sale, any spirits on the streets, highways, Jtc, or in any boat or other vessel on the water, or in any place otiier than those allowed in this act, shall forfeit such spirits and Ifl0<. for every such ofTence. Any person may detain a hawker of spirits, and give notice to a peace oliicer to carry the offender befbre a justice. Hawkers trading without licence are liable to a penally of 10{. So also, if they refuse to show their licence on the demand of any parson to whom they otIVr goods for sale, or on the demand of any Justice, mayor, constable, or otiier peace officer, or any nIAcer of the customs or excise. By 5 Geo. 4. c. 83., hawkers trading without a licence are punishable as vagrants. To forge or counterfeit a hawker's licence incurs a penalty of 300{. To lend or hire n hawker's licence subjects lender and borrower to 401. each, and the license becomes forfeited. But the servant of a licensed hawker inny travel with the licence of his master. Hawkers trading without a licence are liable to be seized and detained by any person who may give notice to a constable, in order to their being carried before a justice of peace. Constables refusing to assist in the execution of the act are liable to a penalty of Wl. Nothing ill the act extends to proliibit persons from selling fish, fruit, or victuals ; nor to hinder the maker of any home inanufactur.) from exposing his gnndH to sale in any market or fair in every city, borough, town corporate, and market town : nor any t inker, cooper, glauer, plumber, harness-mender, or other person, from going about and carrying the materials necessary to their business. A single act of selling, as a parcel of handkerchiefs to a particular person, is not sufticlent to con- stitute a hawker within the meaning of the statute.— (Aez v. LiMi, B. 613.) By the 52 Geo. 3. c. IDS., no person, being a trader in any goods, wares, or manufactures of Great Britain, nnd selling the same by Kholeiale, shall be deemed a hawker ; and all such persons, or their agents, selling by wholtiole only, shall go from house to house, to any of their customers who sell again by wholesale or n^tail, without being subject to any of the penalties contained in any act touching hawkers, pedlars, and petty chapmen. No person committed uiidur these acts for non-payment of penalties can be detained in custody foi B longer period than 3 months. Hawkers exposing their goods to sale in a market town, must do it in the market-place. Persons hawking tea without a licence are liable to a penalty, under SO Geo. 3. c. 41. ; and even though they had a licence, they would be liable to a penalty for selling tea in an unentered place. — {Chitt^'s edit, of Bum's Juttice, vol. ii. p. 1113.) Any person duly licensed to trade as a hawker and pedlar may set up any lawfVil trade in any place \vht> re he is resident, though he have nut served any apprenticeship to 'he same, and, if prosecuted, he may plead the general issue, and have duuhle costs.— (See Ckilty't edit, of Bum's JiutUe, vol, U. lip. H03-l«l.} ■Si masem HAY, HEMP. 787 r and reputation, ed in custody foi The hawkers' and prdlnrs' duty proriiired In \93i, V,MV. grnis revenue ; the charges nf co lection are very heavy, ainounlins to betw-en SMOl. and 60001, whatever, Iherefure, may be th« olbei •dvantnges of this ta.x, it cannot, certainly, be said tu be very product., e. [In the United States, as in Great Britain, there are prejudices against pedlan ; which, here tm there, have led to the enactment of legislative regulations concerning tlicm. For a ■pecimen of these the reader is referred to PurdotCs Digest of the Lawa of Pennsylvania, under the head of Pcdlara.— ylm. Ed,] HAY (Ger. Hew i Du. Hovi .• Ft. Foirtt It. Fieno; 8p. Hmo ; Lat Fanuni), any kind of grass cut and dried for the food of cattle. The business of hay-making is said to be better understood in Middlesex than in any other part of the kingdom. The groat object is to preserve the green colour of the grass aa much as possible, and to have it juicy, fresh, and free from all sort of mustinesa. The Rale of hny within the hilla nrinortnlity, and 30 miles of the cities of roiidnn and WRRtminiter, it reKUliited \\y \\w act 30 C.eo. 3. c. 88. It e.ihcta. Hint all h»y shall he nolil by ilic liinil of 36 triisses, ench Uut* wnijiliing .'^6 lbs., excupt new h:iy, which is to weigh tiUIhg. till tliu -Ith of September, nnd Bfl rwnrds .56 IIm. only; »n Ihiit till the 4lh of Aepteiiiber a loud of hay weigliH e.xiictly n ton, but thereafter only 18 cwt. The clerk of the market ia bound to keep a reuuiiir bnok fur the inapectioa of the public, Rpucifying the names of the seller, the buyer, the galesmnn, and the price of each lond. Salesmen mid fuctnrs nru prohibited from dealinii on their own ai-coiiiit. There are three public niiirkets in the melropniis fur tiie sain of buy nnd rtraw ; Whitechnpel, flmithficld, nnd the llaymarket. ' An net (II Oeo, 4 c. 14.) hnsi been obtuiiiud fur tlic removal of the market froiu the Haymurket to the vicinity of the Regent's I'ark : but tlie removal has not yet taken place. Strnw is sold by the load nf 36 trusses, of 36 lbs. each, innking in all II cwt. 64 lbs. It is ofHrmed, wo know not with what foundation, that considerable frauds are perpetrated in the sale of hay and straw. HEMP (Ger. Hanf; Du. Hennip, Kennip,- Dn. Hamp ; Sw. Hampa,- Fr. Chanvret It. Canape { Sp. Canamo; Rus. Konapli, Kcnopel ,• Pol. Konopc) a valuable plant (the Cannabis sativu of Linnaius), supposed to be a native India, but long since naturalised and extensively cultivated in Italy, and many countries of Europe, particularly Russia and Poland, where it forms an article of primary commercial importance. Itia also cultivated in dilTcrent parts of America, though not in such quantities as to supersede it» importation. It ia stronger and coarser in the fibre than flax ; but its uses, culture, and management, are pretty much the same. When grown for seed, it is a very exhauBting crop ; but when pulled green, it is considered as a cleaner of the gpround. In this country, its cultivation is not deemed profitable ; so that, notwithstanding the encouragement it has received from govurnnient, and the excellent quality of English hemp, it is but little grown, except in some few districts of Suffolk and Lincolnshire. The quantity raised in Ireland is also inconsiderable. — {^Lou- dun's Encye, of Agricult.) Exceedingly good liuckataek is made from hemp, for towels nnd common tablecloths. Low-priced hempen cloths nre a general wear fdr husbandmen, servants, nnd hiboiiring mnnnl'acturers ; the lietter sorts for workina farmers nnd tradesmen in the country ; and tlio finer ones, J wide, are preferred iiy some gentlemen for strength and warmth.a They pnsseds this advantage over Irish and other linens, — that their colour improves in wearing, while that of linen deteriorates. Uiit the |:rcnt consumption of hemp is in the manufacture of Eailcloth nnd cordage, for wliich purposes it is pecniinrly fitted by the strength of its fibre. English hemp, when properly prepared, is snid to be stronger than that of every other country, Russia not excepted; nnd would, therefore, mnkc the best cordage. It is, how- ever, hut little used in tliut way, or in the making of sailcloth; being principally made into cloth fur the uses already stated. Hemp has been cultivated in Bengal from the remotest nntiquity, but not, as in Europe, for the pur- pose of being manufactured into cloth uiul cordage. In tlie Hindu* economy it serves as n substitut.. for malt ; a favourite inti>.\icating liquor called bunga, being produced from it ! This, also, is tlie use to which it is applieil in Eaypt.— (.Vi/iii/rji'* Orient. Cummcrce, i^e.) Tlie price of hemp fluctuated very much during the war. In cnns.iqnence of difficulties in the way of its importation, it stood at a very high level frnin 1);0.'< to 1814. Tlii.s was the princip.'il ciri'umstnnce that originally broiisht iron culiies into use; and the extent to which they are imw iiitroduceii, has co:'trihuted materially to diminish the consumption and importation of hemp. — {Tuoke on High and Loic Prices, 2d ed. p. 315.) Of 530.H'20 cwt. of undressed hemp imported in 1S31, 500,^03 were broneht fron! Russia, 9,472 from the East Inilies, 7,4n.'j frutu Italy, 2,262 from the Piiilippine Islands, 2,218 froiii the United Stntec, and some small (luaiitilies from a few other places. The duly (in hemp W'js reduced in 1832, frnm 4». Sd. to Id. per cwt. ; a reduction which, cimsideriiig the iiiipurtuucc of cordage, and other articles made of hemp, cannot fail to be of verv great advantage. We borrow the following pRrliculars with respect to the hemp trade of Pctersburgh, from the work of Mr. Ilorrisow im the cnmmerce of tliat city : — Ifewp forms a very important arlii le of export from Petersbnrgh, nnd deserves particular notice. It is assorted, according to its quality, into clean hemp, or firsts; out-slivt hcwp, or seconds; half -clean hemp, or thirds; and hemp cixlilla. Of the first 3 sorts, there nre annually exported about 2,000.000 poods, the greatest part in English ond American hntlonis. It is brought to Fetersbiirsli from the interior, beyond Moscow, iiy water; and its quality depends very much on the coiiiiirv in wliicli it is preducfd. That broiiglit frnm Karatsliev is the best; next to this, that produced in iielev; hemp from Gshatsk is considered inferior to the latter. As soon as the hemp is brought down in the spring, or in the course of the summer, it is selected and made up in limidles; both operations being perfuriiied by swnrn selectors (bratkers) and binders appointed by government for this purpose; and it is u well known fact, that this is done with great impartiality and exactness. A bundle of clean hemp weighs from 55 to 65 pocds ; ditto out-shot, 48 to 55 ditto j ditto half-clean, 40 to 45 ditto.— (I pood -^ ;ieibs. avoirdupois.) Vot. I.— 3 S r.. i 708 HEMP. nindlnr If hemp Ih paid for at the rate nf 3 rouhlni SO copeekR fir el*an, 9 rniihles for out-ihot, ind 1 roiilile nO copRcki fnr knlf-eUan, per ImiikIIo ; nne tialf l( piild bv the leller, and the other hair by th« imrchiiier, and i* chnrsed nccnrdinRly by their nxenti. The expeimu (if Bi'li'ctiii!; hump \n Ad copt-ckii per bKrcuvltz («r 10 pnndu), and la tho lame for every •ort. To iivory liiimlln of inanrted hump in nttncliiMl a ticket wllli ihc nnme« of Iho Bclijctor, hinder, and n» ner, and the dnie and year. Every hiindin hav aUo atiixed to It n piece ut' lend, etaiiipnd on one aide with the name of iha nelector, and on the other with thu lort nf hemp and tliu tlino when it wan aelcctcd. Vlin external innrka orKood hciiip urn, Ita being nf an eiinnl green cnlniir and freo from epills ; bnt ila eood i]iiality U proved liy thit alrenKlh of fibre, which ahniild be One, thin, and long- I'he first sort ihnuld be qiiilu clean and free from apllla ; the oiiNaAut ii leaa in; and the Aa//-Wrai* contalna a hiIII greuter portion of apllla, and la moreover nf mixed (|iinlitlci and cidonrs. A 4'lpnla; b<>c»ii!>(>, alihnnph Iho hemp la selected liy aworn nelectnra, yet, owing to the qiiiintity of iHiHlneaa and the epecd with which It ninat ho exccnied. Ice. there are nf^cn great dilfercncoa in the anmc aorta. The chiirgeg are in tliia way aomewhat increased ; hut thia la trldlng In cnnipariaon of the advantage gained. The part leparated, or picked nut in cleaning homp, la cfillud hemp euUilla ; it is generally made up In aninll hnndlea of I pood, which are again, when shipped, bound together in larce bnndlea, each conaUting of about 30 aniull nnea. rurticulnr care mnat he taken to ship hemp and tlax In line dry weather ; If it gel wet, it heats and U totally spoiled. Kor this reason every veaael taking in hemp or flax la furnished with mats to pre- vent its getting damp. Hump, being Hunt and bulky, is, when stowed, forced into thu hold by meant iif winches, which renders ilio operation of loading rather slow. It may be taken aa a general rule, that the pricea nf hemp are higheat In the months of May, June, July, and the early part nf August, the demand for thia article being then groateat, and the exportation to North^merica being principally effected at this season. Ag:iin, the prices of hemp are lowest In the month of September ; tlie reason of which la, that the less opulent hMmp-morchantE return at the end of this month to their own country, in ordw-r to make new purchases for tho ensuing yearj and rather than he detained, sell the remainder of their stock inme roubles below the market price. This cauliShi|it. Total. Clean. Oul-ihot. Hair- clean. ToUl in Fortun Shipi. P.^du Prmii. Padt. /"WV/f. PmU. PoaHt. /^»rff. P.»,947 91,937 108,31 1 812,185 1,015,496 1830 481,000 2(2,004 { 187,355 9,V2,9I3 1 Hfiil 43,181 157,0-29 101,9i0 300,159 I,32;t.l2l 1831 CS2,970 202,011 i 210,919 1,096,50« i 277,881 21,181 81,498 57,109 100.088 1,534,475 1833 617,237 107,155 273,0.18 1,058,030 331,482 92,380 120,703 1 929,961 443,014 1,835,556 Sixty poods of hemp and 40 poods of codllla make a last &t Petorsburgh; 03 poods make an English ton.— (pp. 47—52.) Riga hemp fetches a higher price than that nf Petershurgh. It Is divided into 3 sorts: viz. rein, rhine, nr clean, nul-ahot, and pass hemp. Thu following are the prices of hemp, duty paid, as quoted ill the London markets, Duccmber, 1833: — Hemp, East India, d.p, Petershurgh, clain ... : if ■'■ ' • out-shot half-clean ... Riga rblne - . • - We subjoin a statement of the various charges on the exportation of hemp from Petershurgh, and on ita importation into this country. £ a. J. £ ». d. to 3 per ton 25 10 0-26 - 24 0-24 10 — 21 — 21 10 — 29 0—0 — Clean Hemp.— I buudle « 63 p,', nnd sliippins, 3 3-t rou. per bundle • llrnrkiii,!, ^0 otp. per liercovUl . . - - BiTiiliiiK, -10 aii), per ditto • . . ■ . J.i*1itrra^e .iri'l .itlcml.nire tn Croi atadt, 8 mu. per bundle • RtibiiKliiig, 2 1*4 rr>u. per buuile, 1-2 charged Brokenijtff 60 coji. per too > - • • I- £.4} BrokcrA^e, 1*2 per cent. Oimminion and extra charges, 3 per cent. HjiHipe on (infta, 1 4 per cent. I ,.« ,„, „„, Cliargei of imiwrtalioD per Ion, taking the price at 40'. ptr (on r Insurance, uy !/.« in-l policy • • • > Fn-iiht, alt. b'rf. per Ion • • • • -2 Cus'iinis and Rimta duiu - • • > -4 Laudiri< cliir^oi • • • ■ • • S-'ujid ituei • • • • • • "0 Disc mill, 3 3-4 per ceut • - . • | Urukerage . - • • • • «. d. 10 5 Per too, £. 10 5 In the above calrulation* no allowance is made Tor damage; nhich, if care be tiken lu Hfloct a ^ood vtwcl and an eaily sc:isnn, dot:.^ II' t amount to nuicn. Tht* estimatts nre nearly thebiwait m'ea of charsttj. The tn>unince, in'leed, is B'>n)eliniei as liiw an lit. 6rf. per cent., and policy*. That, however, is only in the very ear.ieit part of (lie season ; il rises (o ^l. per cent, in thu autumn, OtU*fwt Htmp.—X bundle = 63 poodi s 1 ton. R-7U. cop, Ftied charges - - > • 46 II Other charic ■ same. /ialj-cUan Jltmp.—l 1'2 bundle = 63 poode» 1 ton. „ . I R nd the half -clean rs. r experience and I niHiina they nre Inn to tlieir prin- Iho quantity of ilTiircnccg In the in coni|mrlHon of I hemp ciidilla ; It )und together in wet, it hcnta and vlth niiim to pre- tu hulil by meant Ii9 of Mny, June, 1 the e.xportnlinii leinp ore lowest v.hiintE retnrn at le enaiiing year; llie market price, ling at thi! same irge wuruliou^es, lier^ the greute«t ra, specifying the Gnnil 'otil in TouU. ortUn jhipi. I'.mti. yujiji. id, 130 2,011,514 i>li,S7H 1, 841,500 )!t,.sir 1,01.1,711 i,a5» l,833,.50l 2,IW l,lll,VI!)0 )(>,!j() l,3S3.iai JI),(H8 1,534,175 ;:),oit 1,835,53« make an English sorts : viz. rein, paid, as (luutcd cr ton Pctersburgh, and price at 40^ prr ton. L. ». d. • 10 6 ■ 2 12 6 ■ 4 ■ ■ • I • 13 8 10 5 10 4 Per Ion, L. 10 5 s mxde Tnr d.-imi^e ; 'I anodj =* 1 ton. Kiu. cop, ■ 46 II > poodi ta 1 ton. BtM. CM, • 48 n ' HEMPSEED, HERRINGS AND HERRING FISHERY. 759 ' iemp the produce or mnnnfnrttire of Europo mny not ho imported into tlie United Kinirdnm tat lloTjie cnnsnniption, except in llri(ii>h siilpi , nr In ships of tiie cmihtry of whicli it is thii produce, or from which it is imported, under penally of forfeiting thj same and I00{. by the ninster of tlie ship.— <3 A 4 Hill. 4. c. 51. ii 9. iind it.) lli'iMP (Manilla), ccimmonly culled Manilla while rope. Mr. Crawford gives tlio fullowiiig nccnuni of this urliclK :— 'Of the wild banana, one kind (Mn»a lettilh) grows In viist iibiinduiiie In some of tlie most nortlicriy of the splcn iiilunds. In the great island of Miiidiinun, in thu I'hillp.'tines, it lllls ext)'n> live forests. From lli« tlliroiis liiirk i>r epidermis Is mantifiictiiii'd a kind of clolh, In fretjuenl use ■niong the natives. It ulsn nfTirds the muteri.-il of the most vnliiiildc cordage wliich thf Indigenous prnducts of the Archipc'luuo yield. This is known lo our traders uiid niivlgalors under lite nuiiii; of Manilla rope, and Is equally applicable to cables, and to standing or running rigging."— (//ur. «/ Mrrkijitlaeo, vol. I. p. 412.) Hemp (Indian), or 8unic. This consists of the fibre of the erotnlariajiivrea, a totally dilf.'reiit plant from the eannabia tolifa, which, ns iiirvady stated, is never used by the llindons for clolh or cordage, I9uiin is grown in various pliires of llindnslan. The strongesl, wliltfst, and most durable species if produced at Coinercolly. During those periods of the lute war when the Intercourse with the llullie was interrupted, and hemp bore an enormous price, liirie quantities of sunn were im;mrted ; but the fibre being compRrutively weak, the article was not found lo answer, nnd the impurtutiim has since been discontinued.— (..4/t/AurH's Orient. Commerce; private Uifurmation.) [Hemp is importrd into the United i^ates chiefly from Rusma: the annual value, on an tvcra^o nf the three years ending September 30th, 1838, imported from that country, being f4r)0,U00, while the whole im|)ortation of it amounted lo $603,934. The annual value nf all urticlcs manufactured from hemp, sail duck being the principal of these, imported during the same period, amounted to $681,117, of which, ^519,967 were from Ru-^sia. An average tjuantity of these articles, to the value of about $100,000, wa^ ro-ex|K>rted ; for the most part to Cuba and the other West India islands, and to South America. — Am. Ed,] HEMP-3EED (Fr, Chenevis, Chenevi ,• Oct. Ilanfsaat ,- It. Cannupticcia ; hai. Semen eannabinum I Rus. Konopfjanoe Semja), tho seed of hemp. The best hiimp-seed is that which is briglilest, and will not break when rubbed. It is used cither as seed, or for crushing for oil, or as food for fowls. Being loaded with a duty of 2/. per quarter, it is but little im- ported into this country. HERRINGS, Asn HERRING FISHERY. The hcrriug (Clupei harenirus of Liii- niBus) is a fish too well known to require any description. It is every where in high esteem, Loth when fresh nnd when salted. " Herrings are found from the highest northern latitudes yet known, as low as the northern coasts of France. They are met with in vast shoals on the coast of America as low as Carolina. In Chesapeake Bay is an annual inundation of those lish, whi-'h cover the shore in such quantities as to become a nuisance. We find them again in the seas of Kamtschatka ; and probably they reach Japan. The great winter rendezvous of tlio herring is within the arctic circle: there they continue for many months, in order to recruit themselves after the fatigue of npawning ; the seas within that space swarming with insect food in a far greater d«gree than those of our warmer latitudes, 'i'his mighty army begins to put itself in motion in spring. 'J'hey begin to appear olfthe Shetland Isles in April and May. These are oniy the forerunners of the grand shoal, which comes in June ; and their api)earance is marked by certain signs, such as the numbers of birds, like gnnnets and others, whicli follow to prey on them ; but when the main body approaches, its breadth and depth is such as to alter the appearance of the very ocean. It is divided into distinct columns of H or 6 miles in length, and 3 or 4 in breadth; and they drive the water before them, with a kind of rippling. Sometimes they sink for the space of 10 or 15 minutes, and then rise again to the surface ; and in fine weather reflect a variety of splendid q^lours, like a field of the most precious gems. " The first check this army meets in its march southward, is from the Shetland Isles, which divide it into two parts : one string takes to the east, the other to the western shores of Great Britain, and fill every bay and creek with their numbers : the former proceed towards Yarmouth, the great and ancient mart of herrings ; they then pass through the British Chan- nel, and after that in a manner disappear. Those which take towarils the west, after oflering themselves to the Hebrides, where the great stationary fishery is, proceed to the north of Ireland, where they meet with a second interruption, and are obliged to make a second division : the one takes to the western side, and is scarcely perceived, being soon lost in the immensity of the Atlantic; but the other, that passes into the Irish Sea, rejoices and feeds the inhabitants of most of the coasts that border on it. These brigades, as we may call them, which are thus separated from the greater columns, arc often capricious in their motions, and do not show an invariable attachment to their haunts. " This instinct of migration was given to the herrings, that they might deposit their spawn in warmer seas, that would mature and vivify it more assuredly than those of the frozen zone. It is not from defect of food that they set themselves in motion ; for they come lo us full of 'fat, and on their return are almost universally observed to be lean and miserable. What their food is near the pole, we are not yet informed ; but in our seas they feed much on the oniseus marinus, a crustaceous insect, and sometimes on their own fry. "They are full of roe in tlie end of June, and continue in perfection till the btgiiming of J -1 760 HERRINGS AND HERRING FISHERY. winter, when they depoiit their ipnwn. The young herrinKi beiiin to nppronrh the nhonea ill July and Augutt, ami are thon from } an inch to 2 inchoii luiii;. Though we have no particurliir authoilty fur it, yi't, ae very fuw young herring* are fount! in our Mas duiing winter, it aceme moat certuin that they niuiit return to their pnrontiil hiiuntN beneath the ire. Boine of the old herring* continue on our cooat the whole year." — {I'tnnunt's Driluh The herring wne unknown to the ancients, being rarely, if ever, found within the Mcdi* terranean. The Dutrli are naid to have engnRed in tlie flihory in 1 104, The invention of picliling or salting hcrringH in ascribed to ono BeukvU, or BcukeUon, of Diervliet, near Hloya, who died in 13tt7. The emperor Charles V. viHilcd his grave, and ordered a magnificent tomb to be erected to his memory. Hince this early period, the Dutch have uniformly main- tained their ascendency in the herring fishery ; but, owing to the Reformation, and the relaxed oliscrvanro of Lent in Catholic countries, the demand for herrings upon the Conti- nent is now far loss than in the fourteenth and lifVeenth centuries. Importanet of lk$ Htrring FitUry. Progrtti of it U Orisl AWfiils.— Tlirre i«, pfirlinps, nn branch of hiiluntry, itie lni|M)rlniicu urwiilcli hsi l)e«n lo much ofor-raled n« Hint oftlie hvrrlii|i lUliery. For morn thnn Iwii centiirlua, comimny after cmnpniiy him been fiiriiiH0, when the tonnage bounty was 60«., the almost inrredible sum of \i^l. 7/<. fid. was paid as lionnty upon trerij barrel vf merekuiitablt herrinpt that was pruUiiced .'— ( IVettlih vf JVatinne, vol. ill. p. atiO. JU' C'kj/i>c/i'« eil.) Hut, not withstanding this encouragement, such was llie waste and niismaiiiigement of the Company's att'airs, that It was speedily destroyed. Dr. Smith says, that In HOt liardly u vestige remained of its having over been in existence. But, notwithstanding this ill success, a new company was formed, for nearly the aame objects, in 1T80, of which Cieurge III. was patron. It hiis had nearly tliu same fate, " For a season or two, busses were fitted out by the soi-iety ; but If every herring caught had carried a ducat In its mouth, the expense of its capture would scarcely have been repaid. The bubble ended by the society for llehinK in the deep sea becoming a kind of building society, for purchiising ground in Hituations where curers and flshermen find it convenient to settle, and selling or letting It In small lots tn tliem, at such advance of price us yields something belter than li!-liiiig proliis." — (f^ee an u.xccllont article on the Herring Fiskirti, in the 11th Number of the Qiiartertg Juvrrittl of Jgrieullure.) In 1808, a fresh attempt was made for the improvement and extension of the fishery. The act 4S Gen. 3. established a distinct set of commissioners for the superinleiidence of all mailers connected with the fishery, and authorised them to appoint a Rulllrient niimbor of fishery otilcers. to be stationed at the ditierent pons, whose duty it is tn see thnt thu various regulations with respect to the gutting, pnchiug, lie. of the herrings, and the branding of tlie barrels, are duly carried Into effect. In 1801), a bounty of 31. per ton was granted on all vessels employed in the deep sea herring lishery, nf above 60 tons burden, but payable only on 100 tons ; and in 18'J0, a boiinly of !2l>. per ton, which, under certain specified circumstances, might be Increased to 50s., was granted on all vessels of from Ifi tn (iO tons, fitted out for the shore herring fishery ; nnd, exclusively of these bounties on the tonnage, a bounty of is. a barrel was allowed on all herrlnKS cured gutted during the 6 years ending the .Oth of April, I'JlJ, and a bounty of So. Hit. a barrel on their exportation, whether cured gutted or ungiitted. During the II years ending the Mli of April, Ib'JO, the bounty on herrings cured guited was -Is. a barrel. It is stated in the article already referred to, that the cost of a barrel of cured herrings is about I6«. ; the h.tif going to the fisliernian for the green fish, the other half to the ciirer for barrel, huII, and labour. The bounty of 4s. a barrel wus, tiierefore, equal to hulfltie value of the herrings us sold by the fisher- man, and to one fourth o( their value as sold by the curer! In consequence of this forced system, the fishery was rapidly increased. The following statement, extracted from the Hepurt of the C'ommiS' tioners of the fishery Bon.rd, dated 1st October, 1830, shows the progress it has made since IbOU: — * They seera to have been first set forth in a treatise ascribed to Sir Walter Raleigh ; nnd, what i» ▼ery singular, they were admitted by De Witt into his excellent work, thu 7Vue Interest of Holland. They have been iinpllcitly adopted by Mr. Barrow, iu the article Fisheries in Itie Suppltmcnl to the Kncytlopadia Britanuica. irniirh the «horM )ugh we have no our icat duiing II beneath the ice. 'mnanl'M BritUh within the Modi* The invention of trvliet, near Hliiya, ed a ningniflrcnt unifuruily main- irmation, and the upon the Conli- pftrhnp*, no branch LTrliiu lUliery. For Ion, fliihiiiK vlllnRea mini* exponritid In lulaa cilliiiaii;! that Itflivry, conirlliiilMil I liiipiirlancn of thia imtiir micrcsi, than ;riiiiii(l fur liellovlnf Ihu nvliury niiil Iha i|ilciyeil lu ninny na in uiitire populalinn { u linir for woman, luM fiilluw, accord- ro been rniraged In t ever olitRinvd any .-lllinnl, npimrcialy, ;!* Had tliKy been linve iiived nianv u rival that wblch togivn nnydelnilRd irnKK and bolnter up uech at Ihu opening wnfi miliHcrUiiid for lnh Fishery." The lun of the ttfNt rank I I'or ■ucci'Di. The bl(> piiciiuriigcnient, flahery. In coiiie- rriiiKx, hut to catch niiaKo bounty waa rcl vf merchuntabla notwllliatnndlng tt'iiirs, that it waa luviiig ever been in iiinie objects, in lion or tivo, biisiiea in \u month, the Bociety for flehUiK Ions where curera to tlieni, at luch lent article on the hery. The act 49 nialters connected rs. to bo stationed lect to tlie gutting, effect. Ill ItJOt), a hery, of above 60 ich, under certain lA to HO tons, ntted a bounty oif it. a Aiiril, 1^15, and a uring the 11 yeara ings is about 16*. ; , Halt, and labour, gold by the fisher- I'orced gystuin, the rl of tke t'«iiimf»- 1 since IbOO: — igh : and, what ia ntereat of Holland- ^uppltmcnl to the HERRINGS AND HERRING FISHERY. m Akatrael of the Total Quantity of White Herrings cured, branded for Bouniy, nnd exported, in so Air as tlia same have bean hrnught under the Cognisance of the UlHcers of lh« KinbTv, Irom ilm ist or June. 1809, when the Hysteiu hitherto In force for Iha Entouragenient of ihe Urillnh Herring Huliery look place, In the Slh of April, 1830 > distinguishing each Vuar, and the llerrlngi cured (>ult»d, Irom those cured tingutled. rrtd$. Part I.) rmoiift Tiilil Ouulil]! of llmlop •iind. Yotkl britHl*l fur Buuuijr. TsUI ViualHr ol tUrriii|« upurtwl. OullKl. UmuUad. TdIiI. OulMil. UiKUllH. Tnl.l. BamU. Maml: Mamti. BarnU. iloma. MarrtU. tamU. Period extending from 1st nf ) June, 1809, to »th of April, ■ fOIA % 41,948 47,eS71 90,1891 Sl,701 11,063} 34,784} S9,St8 leio - - - Year ending Sib of April ,1811 09,430 2f.'3S* 91,897 111,519 99,068} 18,880 19,353 38,133 1813 79,919 39,004 58,430 87,901 35,850 63,830 ^^ 1813 89,900 63,987t I53,4HH 70,027} 40,1(10} 69,635 109,785 •■•_ 1814 93.931 57,611 110,543 38,181} 34,929 83,474} 118,403} 141,305} «■«• 181) 109,373} M,7fl7 160,139 83,376 68,03.8 73,367} 3tU43} 1 •■■*,' ' 1823 329,037 2.1,833 918,869 303,110 Ifi9,4.'i9 985} 170,443 •av 1834 .^^5,450 50,710} 393,190} 30<),63l 338,505 1,135 839,630 ■■H* 1835 303,397 44,208} !)9,ll.ft} 347,665} 370,8441 201,8^2 317,053; 131 208.016 ■■i* 1830 340,118 .'I79,233» 391,432} 30 817,073} II r n 1837 95»,I7U 39,334 388,495} 833.000 16.5.741 6»5 166,400 * ^^^m 1838 339,300 60,418 399,778 379,317} 310,760 803 311,659 .Hi^ 1839 300,3l3i 55,737 355,979} 334,827 202,813} 3,062 205,875} 181,654} II 1830 380,933^ 48,0>U} 339,557 318,418} 177,770 3,878} -^~ 1631 371,096 66,374 1 439,370 837,085 360.976 3,927 304,903 On looking at this Table, It Is seen that the flihery made no prngreKs under the new system till 1819, when the bonnly was raised In 4*. This Is a sulflclent proof of liie factitlouH and unnntiirul state of the business. Its exteiiHlon, under the clrcuinatances In question, inaleiid of atfordliiK any proof of its being in a really flourishing condition, was distinctly the rever«e. IndivldunlH witlioul capital, liut who obtained loans sufficient to enable Ihem to acquire boats, barrels, salt, &c. on the rrudii of iha bouniy, entered in vast numbers into the trade. The market wiis most commonly glutted with flab; and yet the templatiiin held out by the bounty cauaed it to be still further overlouiled. Great Injury was consequently done to those fish curera who poaaeaaed capital; and even the fiahtrmtn were injured by ihe system. "Most of the boata employed in the flahery never touch the water but during weeka, from Ihe middle or end of July to the middle of Beplenilier. They are owned and sailed, not by regular tisheriiien following that vocation only, but by tradesmen, ani:i||fiirmerN,fnrni-servaiits, and other landsmen, who may have sufficient skill to manage u bout at that season, but who do not follow the aea except for Ihe 6 weeks of Ihe herring fishery, when they go upon a kind of gambling apnculation, of earning a twelvemonth's income by 6 weeks* work."— (.QuorteWu Journal, No. It. p. 653.) It has been often said. In vindication of the bounty system, that by extending the fishery it extended an important nursery for seamen ; but the preceding Htatemeiit allows tliiit aiich iiaa not been the effect. On tile contrary, it line tended to depri'sa the condition ol'tlie genuine flKlieriiiaii, liy bringing a host of Interlopera into the field ; nnd it liua alao been nrejudiclal to the little t'arniers and tradesmen, liy with- drawing their attuntion iVom their peculiar business, that they may embark in wliat has hillierto been little len than a sort of lottery adventure. These consequences, and tlie increasing amount of the sum paid for bounties, at length induced Iho government to adopt a different syatciii ; and by an act paaaeil in 182,'), the houiity nf 2k. Hit. on exported nerrliiga was made to cease in 1826, and Is, was annually deducted from the bounty of 4«. n barrel paid on gutted herrinxs.till it ceased in 1830. Time has not yet been afforded to learn the full effect of thin measure. We, however, linve not the slightest doubt that it will be most mlvaiitagcous. The fore- going Table shows, that though the quantity of herrings taken and exported in lt;29 and 183U fell off, there was a material increase in 18,11. This is the more encouraging, n» there cnn be Mule doubt that the supply will lienceforth be proportioned to the real demand ; while the genuine flsliermen, and those curers who have capital of their own, will no longer be injured by the cuinpetitlon of landamen, and of persons trading on capital furnished by government. Tile repeal of Ihe salt laws, and of the duty on salt, which preceded the repeal of Ihe bounty, must bo of signal service to the flsliery. It is true that salt used in the fisheries was exempted from liio duty ; but, in order In prevent the revenue from being defrauded, ko many regulations were enacted, and the difflcutties nnd penalties to which the lishermen were in conaei|uencii subjected were so very great, that some of them chose rather to pay the duty upou the salt thiy made une of, than to i:uder- take compliance with the regulotions. It is much to he regretted, that when government repealed the bounty, it did not also abolish the "Fisliery noard," and the officers and regulations it had appointed and enacted. So long as the bounty existed, it was i|uite proper that those who claimed it should be subjected to such regulations as government chose to enforce ; but now that it has been repealed, we see no reason whatever wliy the fishery slinuld not be made perfectly free, and everyone allowed to prepare his herrinics as be thinks best. It is suid, indeed, that were there no inspection of the fish, frauds of all sorts wniilil be practised : that the barrels would be ill made, and of n deficient size ; that the fish would not lie pni- perly packed ; that the bottom nnd middle of tlie barrels would be filled with bad oiiesi, and n few flood ones only placed at the top; that there would not be a sufficiency of pickle, &c. Hut it Is obvious that the reasons alleged in vindication of the official inspection kept up in the herring fi. thr, iiiiiiicd, In It frnm linlnR trii« ihnt tlir InniHirilori iyilim lendi to put down Irlrkiiry, thni tlivri ti niiirli roniiin to llilnk llml lt« cirurl la directly lliti riiv«ri«. Tlia iii-rvi-T I'liiiAdiiiica thut la too Oeqtiantly pluc«d In It by tlia iinwury, wiiuld lla iin tlia ciirar'i liiiiida. It la riillfr a aiMMirlly nxaliiat Ilia di'lcrilon cif fraud, llinn n|iilnat Ita axlatHiica. Thi! ■rand nhit-ut of Ihn lirrrlng llahnry " Ikmrd" Ima lipiin to anfnrca audi a ayalpin nf curing a* wiMil'l Tir'nc llrillah linrrliin-i to n luvitl wllli llioait nf tliu Dutch. In thia, linwcvvr, lliuy liiiva com- idrti'lv Ihilcd I Dutch licrrliixa gi'narally IVlcliIni doubin, and aoiiintlinva I'viin thrai^ tliiiva Ihn prJCHul HrltlHii Iwrrliiira In every iniirket iif Kuriipu. NiiUher li thIa to be wondered nt. Thi) conauniera nt Dutch herrlnga nru the Inhiililtnnia ol' thn Nmlierlaiida and of tha Ueriimii tuwna, wliu uae than rnllivr aa a luxury limn na un article of fotxl, and who do not grudge thit prlre thiit la neceaaiiry It llHve Ihein In lliu llnrnt ordiir. Tiiii conauiiiHra uf llrllUh herrlnga, on tha other hnnd, are the negruHf iif the Weal Indlea, and tha poor of Iritliind and Hcntlund, Chaapnoaa la the prime rvi|ulaltn In tlif oatiiiiiitinn of audi puraona ; nnd nothing run be inoru rntlrvly nbaiird, than Hint a piihlli' llmird ahnuld nnitoiirnur In nnforcu the flah rnrera to ndnpt audi n ayaleiu In the |ir«|iaration of liorrlnua Ui nina) Inl'iilllbly ralaa their price bnyoiid the nieana of thiiHC by whom they are boiinht. Wh.v ahoiild not the laate ol^tliu conaiiinera lie conaulted a* much in tlila na In uny thing i-lae I ll would not bo ninr* ridlculoua to attitnipl tu have all cheeau niadt of tho aania richnaaa and Huvour ua ritiltun, than It It to attempt to bring up all herrlnga to the alandard of the Dutch. We do, therefore, lin|)e that a agxiedv einl niny be pul to Ihia lyalem t and that our leiiialatora nnd patrluta will cenae to torment theniaelvni with achi'Uiua for tliu ImproveinenI of tliu llalieriea. Tha very beat thing thiy can do for thaiii la to let them alona. It la not a buaineaa that reiiuinta nny aorl of adventltioua cncoiirageinVnt. Every nbataclo to the enay liilrnductlnii of IIhIi into London unit oilier placea ought ci'ruinly to be removed i but all direct Intarfarelicui with the llahcry are awe to be In the hiHt degree jHirnlcloua. Of the IHI.OJt harrela of lierrlngi exported from Orent Urilain In the year ending the Sih of April, )8.10, HV.UM) went to Ireland, 67,673 to placai out uf Europe, (chlelly the Weat Indiva), and 31,309 to pittcea in Kuropo other than Ireland. HIDES (Gcr. Huute .• Du. Huiden / Ft. Peaux ,• It. Cuojai Sp. Pelhjos, P!tle» , Rui. Kcuhi), fignify, generally, the skins of beaots; but the term is more particularly applied to those of large cattle, such as bullocki, cows, horses, &c. Hides are raw or grccii ; that is, in the state in which they are taken ufTthe carcase, or dressed with salt, alum, and saltpetre, to prevent them from putrefying; or they are cured or tanned. The iiides of Houth A me* rica ore in the higheiit repute, and vast quantities of them are annually imported into Ureat Britain, Large quantities are also imported from various parts of tlto Continent; and from Morocco, the Cape of Good Hope, &c. Ilia Mujeaty is autlinrlaed to prohibit, by proclamation or order In council publlilied In the London Oaittle, the i'mporlation of any hidea or ikiiia, hnrna or lioofn, or any other part of nny cattle or benat. In order to prevent any contugiuua diateroper from being brought into the kingdom.— (3 & 4 H'Ul.t. c. 53. i 08.) An Account of the Wnlght of the IIid<>R Imported Into the United Kingdom In each of the Htiven Yeora ending with IKI3, and the Ucvenue nnniially derived from the M.-inie ; apecifytng the Coun- tries whence llie llidea were ini|)orted, with the Uuantitiei brougiit from each. ; J Countriei from wliicll imitnrlrtt. I82S. 1827. 1929. 18291 llht. 1830. 1831. 1832. Unlantud H\it>- Cuif. or>.{l«. Cwt, qn.lU. CvX. qrt.llt. Cud. q t'uif mtbt Cwf. orli;*. 10,262: 2 22 tV(. > ■ ■ • 119 Oli Spain aod the Canarin 1 222 . > ■ • ■ • 30 2 9 6 Gibraltar 2,003 2 1,239 223 l|232 17 1,808 1 4 1,362 027 1,781 17 1,061 16 Italy ■ » 1 Turkey I.0J8 2 13 , . • . 342 2,260 12 4,784 1 4 222 Africa, »ij. Morocco • I0,8(U 1 fl 668 17 3 2 4 64 OIS • 60 Sieri-a Leocie end coast ti) Cape of (Wjod n-iie 1,^8 2 9 3,111 127 2,875 2 17 3,686 225 8,334 2 18 3,602 1 6 3,673 2 27 Ca|je nf Cioul Hope an.1 Ea^ltrli coa«l Eaat Indira (includioK 111* Miuriliui) ifoa 3 27 12,207 1 3 12,963 120 13,844 22 19,967 1 21 16,900 1 4 13,193 3 14 J,S« 9 1,111 1 25 3,322 3 12 3,603 1 19 6,104 19 3,376 6 10,739 26 New South Wain and V.-in IJieMieii'* I.ajiil • SI8 2 16 1,167 I 7 1,112 3 1 3,131 1 10 3,946 13 6,662 11 ,719 2 1 SfiUth Sra Ulinda and Southern ri8her> 3 3 18 4 IS 3 12 6 2 IS • • • as 2 12 Briliih Nnrlli Anien- can c.lonies ■ >,4M 1 I.OW! 220 1,948 1 22 973 3 24 1,052 2 6 615 2 25 399 3 11 llritiah Wot Indiea • 3,-73 2 27 4,23S 1 13 4,-.37 24 2,922 2 25 2,6:2 3 2 2,498 3 6 1,807 2 16 Foreign do. 173 1 11 62 1 13 201 3 2'] 13 2 ir> 86 2 « .50 3 • ti. s. of America 12,162 3 26 II, M9 7 19,627 3 II 20,1(3 3 7 I6,oao 026 4,206 1 13 12,316 13 Meiico • 2,474 24 73 026 67 2 2 3,946 2 17 163 1 3 1,428 1 a Guatemala . . l,3i6 2 4 446 8 49 8 > . 239 3 C'llnnibia eii 3 12 l,0--i4 1 20 l,4}4 2 21 1,197 2 24 1,242 l« 239 3 289 120 Brazil • 16,IM 1 12 12,947 2 II 23,547 3 17 3,207 1 11,238 2 19 13,204 1 17,787 1 S S'aief of the Rio de la Plata '.ifiZt II 6,'i99 3 18 40,605 3 9 1.16,049 3 18 174,422 10 146,008 2 11 6n,643 4 Chill ■ 7.M9 1 19 6,36li 2 19 ll,2«6 1 3 3.434 3 16 6,417 3 26 4,096 1 17 1,253 2 2 Peru • 2,011 3 13 H4 3 7 1,726 1 17 2,332 3 22 3,817 2 8 653 4 8 2,938 127 Guemwy, Jersey, Al- ftenif-y, am Man, foreun 11(1 1 9 2S4 1 15 134 2 7 10 1 22 • . 604 1 C 452 1 3 Do. do. produce of 36 No. IIS 2 14 37 3 27 > • ■ . 8 10 302 Total aud 98 No. 1 and \H No. 121 No. and 163 No. 104,243 3 24 I52,4d4 IS 2«,975 3 16 2i«,4l6 "fa 339,773 24 271,477 3 2 i86,9ia 3 a and M No. and 98 No. , mi \hZ N.J and 121 No. aud l63 No. HOGSHEAD— HOPS. m An Aeeounl of ibt W«)|hl ot tiM Hld'i Unpnttei—tmHnntd. * Countrin from whkh Inipi"^. IMS. |«7. IM. lUt. IMO. IMI. IW. RuMil • l>fitlit«rk I'riift*!* • • ■ ^•lh•rUllllt I'miiCA • Hail livlin (IndudlM lliiMaiiii lUt) llri!lih Nurth Aiuirlcu ClildlllM Driilih Wnt Iiblln • V. ± of Aunrkca nnlll • Ihlll ■ Ciuoriiity, iinty, Al- ilrriitv, (lid Min, rurvlfii Do. 00. pradun o( Tnl.l • /tic' i.lVr /|.<*'i. /f.du. 1,1144 ■ M,UM l,9M Si,3l3 Mil Huh, l,VJ« l,W« l^ )lj /Mr 1,40. 7;^ 'm l(U,liM 7,«J0 1 - 7,tMI Hxdn. (70 SI »3 iM,*7a JVikM Nui: //«/.i NOW 104 tM.0 Miite. ',t»l l\t 1,740 I4,«7I Hl,l* 77,t4» JJ0,4I7 iiu<:\ .i/uf M ./ • //liill the tolal number and weight •hipped, beforu tlie veaael ia sulFured tu clear.— (Cuat^tiia Order, 4th Dec. IH'it.) [See Ihpobth ash Exronrn. — Am. Ed.] HOGSHEAD, a mcafliiro of rapacity, containing 53^ Imperial galloni. A hogshead ii equal ti) ^ a pipe. — (See Wkioiits \su MKAftuuRH.) IIOLID.X VS, ure uniluDitooJ to lie tiione days, exclusive of Sundays, on which no rrj^lar public busincfd ia traiiflactcd at particular public olFiceg. They are either fixed or variable. Tiiey arc nut the anmo for all public ofliccB. Those l;upt at the Uank of England have recently been reduced a full half. The variul/k huHdat/a are, Ash' Wednesday, Good Friday, Easter Monday and Tucstlay, Holy Thursday, Whit Moixlay and Tuesday. It ia enacted by atat. BOko. 4.r. 106, i 1,1, that nohnlidaya ahall he kept by the cuatnma oxcnpt Chrlat- mni-duy nnd Good Friday, tlie King'a birthday, and auch days as inny lie appointed by proclumatlon for I lie [iiiriioHe of a general fiiat. The 7^8 Gen. 4 c. 53. } Id. eimcta that no holidnya shall lie kept n» the Excise, excopl Chriationa- day and Gnod Kriday, the birthdays nf hia Majngty and the l*riiice of Wnli-a, Ihe aiiniveraarles of Ihe Realnrulion of (;i)url0!> II , nnd or bin Majealy'a enrunntion, and such d lya aa may be ap|Hiliited by procianiatinn for the ccluliratlon nf a general faat, or such diiya aa umy bu appointed as holidays by any warrant iaaned for that purpose by the Lords of the Trcanury. HONEY (Du. Honi'f;, Huning; Fr. Mid.- Ger. Hume:,- It. Mrle.- Lat. Mel,- Rua. Med { Sp. Mel), a vegetable juice collected by bees, " Its flavour varies according to the nature of the flowers from which it is collected. Thus, the honeys of Minorca, Narbonne, and England, are known by their flavours ; and the honey prepared in different parts even of the same country dilTers. It is separated from the comb by dripping, and by expression: the first method aftords the purest sort ; the second separates a less pure honey ; and a still inferior kind is obtained by heating the comb before it is pressed. When obtained frota young hives, which have not swarmed, it is denominated virifin honey. It is somctimea adulterated with flour, which is detected by mixing it with tepid water: the honey dissolves, while the flour remains nearly unaltered." — {Th'/iinoii's IHn/ienmtfin/.) By Stat. 23 Eliz. c. 8. § 4., all vessels of honey arc to bo marked with the initial Ictterb of the name of the owner, on pain of forfeiting 6,v, 8rf. ; and contain, the barrel 33 gallons, the kilderkin 16 gallons, and the firkin 8 gallons, or forfeit .'i.f. for every gallon wanting; and if any honey sold, bo corrupted with any deceitful mixture, the seller shall forfeit the honey, &c. HOPS (Ger. Ilopfen ,• Du. Hoppe ,• Fr, Hnublon ,- It. Luppoll, linmcandoU ,• Sp. Obion ; Rus. Ch.'utl I Lat. Humnlus Lnpulus). The hop is a purenniul rooted plant, of which there are several varieties. It has an annual twining stem, which when sup]ported on poles, ur trees, will reach the height of from 12 to 20 feet or more. It is a native of Britain and most parts of Europe. Wb£D (be bop was first used for preserving and improving beer, 01 I Hi (1 I n 4 '■,(41 ^ 764 HOPS. ;!■ cultivated mr that purpoae, ia not known — (see Alk) ; but its culture was introduced into this country from Flanders in the reign of Henry VIII. Hops are flrHt mentioned in the Statute Book in 1 553, in an act 5 & 6 Edward 6. c. 5. ; and it would appear from an act passed in 1603 (1 Jac. I.e. 18.), that hops were at that time extensively cultivated in Eng- land. Waller Blithe, in his Improver Improved, published in 1649 (3d ed. 1653, p. 240.), has n chapter upon improvement by plantations of hops, in which there is this striking pas- sage. He observes that " hops were then grown to be a national commodity : but that it was not many years since the famous city of London petitioned the parliament of England against two nuisances ; and these were, Newcastle coals, in regard to their stench, &c., and hops, in regard they would spoyl the tante of drink, and endanger the people : and had the parliament been no wiser than they, we had been in a measure pined, and in a great measure btnrvcd ; which is just answerable to the principles of those men who cry down all devices, or ingenious discoveries, as projects, and thereby stifle and choak improvement." xriHr the Imps have been picked and dried, llio brightest and finest are put into pncttcts or linn bac^iiiif, and the brown into coarse nr hcuvy bngginir. The former are chiefly used in the brewing of fine alKii, and the Inner by the porter brewcis. A pncltet of hops, if they be j^ood in qniility, wcil cnrcd, and tl)!lit trodden, will weiiih abont Ucwt.; and a ba^ of hops will, nnder the same conditionH, weigh about °Jf cwl. If the wci^sht of either exceeds or falln much slinrt of this nicdinin, there is reason to suspect thiit the hops are of an inferior quality, or have been badly manufactured. The brighter the colour of hopH, the greater is the estimation in which they are held. Farnhuni hops are reckoned best. The u.xpense of farming liop plantations is very great, amounting in some instances to from TO/, to loot, an acre ; and the produce is very uncertain, tlic crop being frequently insuliicient to defray the expeniies of cultivation. The hop growers are placed under the surveillance of the excise, a duty of Sr/. per lb. being laid on nil hops produced in this country. A hop planter is obliged to give notice to the excise, on or t)ef(iro the Ut of August eacli year, of the number of acres he has in cultivation ; the situation and number of his oasts or kilns for drying; the place or places of bagging, whicli, with the sturerooms or ware- rooms in wiiich the packages are intended to be lodged, are entered by the oH'icer. No hops can bn removed from the rooms thus entered, before they have been weighed and marked by a revunuu officer ; wiio marks, or ouglit to mark, its weight, and the name and residence of tlie grower, upon each bag, pocket, or package. Conntcrfeiling the olTicer's mark is prohibited under a penalty of 100<., and defacing it under a penally of 'iU<. A planter or grower knowingly putting hops of did'crent quali- ties nr value into the same bag or package, forfeits 20/. And any person mixing with hops any drug, or other thing, to change or alter the colour or scent, shall forfeit 5/. a cwt. on all tlie hops so changed or altered. The malicious cutting or destroying of hop plantations may be punished liy transportation beyond the seas for life, or any term not less ilian 7 years, or by Imprlsunnient and hard labour in a common gaol, for any term not exceeding 7 years. — (Loudon's Ency. of ^j;riculturt\ ; Stevenson's Surrei/; Unrn's Justice, i^-c.) The duty on hops of tin; growth of Great Britain, produced, in 1832, !24I,77W. ; of which sum the Rncliesler district paid 75,861/. Ws. IO(/.,the Sussex Sti.UlO/. 13*. Si/., and tin! (;anterbii;y iSXWl. 18«.2(/. The number of acres occupieil by hop plantations in that year were 47,101 ; of which there were in the Rocliester district 12,M0, in Sussex 8,514, in Hereford 11,9.10, and in Canterbury 7,b02. During the game year there were 703,153llis. of British hops exported. Of fortign hops 11,107 lbs. were imported, and 50,113 llis. exported.— (P«W. Paper, Nos. 90. lUiJ. and 217. Sess. 1833.) Hops exported from Great Britain arc, on being again imported, to be treated as foreign, whether originally so or not. [It was for a long time> doubted whether the hop was a native of America ; but the fact has been settled by the rescarciics of our botanists, by whom it has been found growing spontaneously on the banks of the Oiiio, Missouri, Mississippi, and other .\mcrican rivers. Hops were early cultivated in the United States for the breweries, and as an article of commerce ; and their cultivation is now extensively carried on in New York, Massachu- setts, New Hampshire, and Maine, to the North, and in Ohio and Indiana, to tlie West. In Pennsylvania they have almost ceased to be cultivated. The Legislature of Massachusetts was the first of tiic State governments to pass a law for the inspection of hops ; and its example has been followed by nearly all tlie hop grow- ing States on the sea-board. By the inspection laws, no hops can be shipped from the State they are raised in, even to an adjoining State, without having bijen inspected. Hops are cultiv.itcd in yards or plantations, and arc raised from cuttings of the female plant, in hills containing from 5 to 6 plants ; and they are supported by poles 15 to 20 feet in hcii;ht. They ripen and are gathered about the iirst week in September, when they are dried in kilns. When so dried, they are oblige;! by the inspection law to remain 10 days previous to bagging ; after which they are sent to tlie inspector's odice for inspection, who assorts them into three qualities, — 1st and 2d sort, and refuse. The average price of hops is 16 cents per pound. .\ difference of 2 cents per pound is usually made between the 1st and 2d sorts. Each bale of hops is marked t)y the inspectors with the year of its growtli, its quality, and the inspector's nriine. The average weight of a bale of hops is 200 pounds. Such hops as grow on rich lands, along the river hottitms, arc generally of a dark col/ur and strong flavour. Lands of this description often produce 2,000 pounds to the acre. On the U|ilands, they are of a paler colour, and finer flavour ; although the produce per aero seldom exceeds 700 pounds. In this climate, hops rapidly lose their fine flavour, and are generally used the season they are raised. If kept over the summer, their quality depre- ciates to such an extent, that they rarely command one half the price they did at first. Hops htive been exported fr^-vi the United States, principally to France and Germany. The high duties imposed on the importation of them into Great Britain prevents any from being sent tu that country, unless after a failure of the crops there has occurred. — Am EJ.] - ■»*«r»J*ii.— wiB-E^ic - HORN, HORSE. 765 tvas introduced into it mentioned in the appear from an act y cultivated in Eng- led. 16&3, p. 240,), I is thin Btriliing pas- modity: but that it rliament of England icir stench, &c., and people : and had the id in a great measure ' down all devices, or nent." It into pnckcta or finn laed in tliK brewing ot' ill qiiiilily, well fiircil, nine coiiilitiunH, weigh mil, tliere is reason to ed. The briglitcr ttio ini hops are reckoned 3 instnnces to from 70/. BUtllcient to defray the /. pur Ih. being laid on hi! excise, on or befnro situation and number e sturerooms or ware- icpr. No hops nan bn marked by a revenim ;e of the grower, upoii nder a penalty of 1001., hops of different qiiali- ig with hops any drug, ill the hops so changed Ishcii by irniisportation I and hard labour in a ricultum ; Stevenson's ll.i of which sum the terbti;y 48.tW9/. 18«.8(/. f which I here were in iiiry7,b0'2. During the 107 lbs. were hnported, d aa foreign, whether ncrica ; but the fact )ccn found growing r American rivers, ind as an article of w York, Massachu- Jiuna, to tlie West. ments to pass a law y all tlie hop grow- ppcil from the State irtoJ. tings of the female poles in to 20 feet nbcr, when they are to remain 10 days for inspection, who rage price of hops ide between the 1st year of its growth, tops is 200 pounds, lly of a dark col-ur ds to the acre. On c produce per aero e flavour, and are their quiility dcpre- ley did at lir.st. nee and Germany. prevents any from curred. — Ant Ed.] HORN (Du. Hoom ; Pr. Come ,• Oer, Horn / Lat. Comu), a substance too well known to require any description. Horns are of very considerable importance in the arts, bcin^ applied to a great variety of useful purposes. They are very extensively used in the manu- facture of handles for knives, and in that of spoons, combs, lanterns, snutT-horna, &c. When divided into thin plates, horns are tolerably transparent, and were formerly used instead of glass in windows. Glue is sometimes made out of the refuse of horn. We annually import considerable quantities. At an average of 1831 and 1832, the entries of foreign horn for home consumption amounted to 15,766 cwt. HORSE (Ger. Pferd .- Du. Paardi Da. Hait .• Sw. Hdst ,- Fr. Crieual,- It. Cavallo.- Sp. Cabullo; EuB. Losrhad { Pol. Koii; Lai. Equus ; Gr. "Ib-toc), a domestic quadruped of the highest utility, being by far the most valuable acquisition made by man among the lower animals. There is a great variety of horses in Britain. The frequent introduction of foreign breeds, and their judicious mixture, having greatly improved the native stocks. Our race horsea are the fleetest in the world ; our carriage and cavalry horses are amongst the handsomeiit' and most active of those employed for these purposes ; and our heavy draught horses are the most powerful, beautiful, and docile of any of the large breeds. dumber and lvalue of Horses in Great Britain. — The number of horses used in Great Britain for different purposes is very great, although less so, perhaps, than has been generally supposed. Mr. Middleton (Survey of Middlesex, 2d ed. p. 639.) estimated the total number of horses in England and Wales, employed in husbandry, at 1,200,000, and those cm[i!oyed for other purposes at 600,000. Dr. Colquhoun, contrary to his usual practice, reduces this estimate to 1,500,000 for Great Britain : and in this instance we are inclined to think Ids guess is pretty near the mark. The subjoined ofl:icial statements give the numtiers of the various descriptions of horses in England and Wales, which paid duty in 1814, when those used in husbandry were taxed; and the numbers, when summed up, amount to 1,204,307. But this account does not include stag^ coach, mail coach, and hackney coach horses, nor docs it include those used in posting. Poor persons keeping only one horse were also exempted from the duty ; as were all horses employed in the regular regiments of cavalry and artillery, and in the volunteer cavalry. In Mr. Middleton's estimate, already referred to, he calculated the number of post chaise, mail, stage, and hackney coach horses, at 100,000; and from the inquiries we have made, we are satisfied that if we estimate the number of such horses in Great Britain, at this moment, at 125,000, we shall be decidedly beyond the mark. On the whole, therefore, it may be fairly estimated that there are in Great Britain from 1,400,000 to 1,500,000 horses employed for various purposes of pleasure and utility. They may, probably, be worth at an average from 12/. to 15/., making their total value from 18,000,000/. to 22,500,000/. sterling, exclusive of the young horses. Tnftiunce of Railroads on Horses. — The statements now made, show the dependence that ought to be placed on the estimates occasionally put forth by some o.' the promoters of railroads and steam car- riages. These gentlemen are pleased to tell us, that, by superseding the employment of horses in public conveyances, and in the regular carriage of gnod'i, the adoption of their project will enable 1,000,000 horses to be dispensed with ; and that, as each horse consumes as much food as H men, it will at once provide subsistence for 8,000,000 human beingii ! To dwell upon the absurdity of such a statement would be worse than useless ; nor should we have thought of noticing it, but that it has found its way into a report of a committee of the House of Commons. It is sufficient to observe, that though all the stage and mail coaches, and all the public wagons, vans, &c. employed in the empire, were superseded by steam carriages, 100,000 horses would not certainly be rendered superduous. The notion that 1 hors? consumes as much us 8 men, at least if we suppose the men to be reasonably well fed, is too ridiculous to deserve notice. The facility with which horses may be stolen has led to the enactment of several regulations with respect to their sale> &c. The property of a horse cannot be conveyed away without the express con- sent of the owner. Ilencp, a ftonrt /irfe purchaser gains no property in a horse that has been stolen, unless it be bought in a/air, or an open market. It is directed that the keeper of every fair or market shall appoint a certain open place for the sale of horess, and one or more persons to take toll there, and keep the place from 10 in the forenoon till sunset. The owner's property in the horse stolen is not altered by a sale in a legal fair unless it be openly ridden, led, walked, or kept standing for on« hour at least, and has been registered, tat viMt.\i the buyer is to pay Id. Sellers of horses in fairs or markets must be known to the toll-takers, or to some other creditable person known to tlicin, who declares his knowledge of them, and enters the same in a book kept by the toll-taker for the purpose. Without these formalities, the sale is void. The owner of a horse stolen may, notwithstanding its legal sale, redeem it on payment or tender of the price any time within 6 months of the time of the theft.— (Bum'jj Justice of the Peace, Ckitly'a ed. vol. iii. p. 264.) In order to obviate the facility afforded by means of slaughtering houses for the disposal of stolen horses, it was enacted in 17bO (26(ieo.3.c. 71.), that all persons keeping places for slaughtering horses, geldings, sheep, hogs, or other cattle not killed for butcher's meat, shall obtain a licence from the quarter sessions, first producing from the minister and churchwardens, or from the minister and 3 Bunstantial householders, a certificate of their fitness to be entrusted with the management and car- rying on of sucli business. Persons slaughtering horses or cattle without licence are guilty of felony, and may be whipped and imprisoned, or transported. Persons licensed, are bound to affix over tlie door or gate of the place where their business is carried on, in legible characters, the words "Li- censed for slatiffhterin^ Horses, pursuant to an ^ct passed in the SOtA Year of his Majesty King Geo. Ill," The parishioners entitled to meet in vestry are authorised to choose annually, or oftener, inspectors, whose duty it is to take an account and description, fee. of every living horse, jLc. that may be brought to such slaughtering houses to be killed, and of every dead horse that may be brought to be flayed. Fersoni bringing cattle are to be asked an account of theaiselves, and if it be not deemed satisfactory. iM HORSE DEALERS. they may be enrrleil before a Jiiitiee. This act dnei not extend to ciirrlcri, feUmongeni, tannen, or persons killing aged or diiteinpRred cattle, for the purpose of using or curing tlieir hides in tliuii respective businesses; hut thfse, or any other persons, who shall knowingly or wilfully kill any ■nund or useful horse, jcc, shall for every such otie nee forfeit not more thnn3U<.,and not less tlinn W, The stealing of horries or other citttle is a cnpital crime, pnnishabie by death. Tlie ninliciously wounding, maiming, killing, &.c. of horses and other cattle, is to he puiiisiied, at the discretion of thu court, by irnnsportation beyond sens for life, for any term not less than 7 years, or by imprisonment for any term not exceeding 4 years ; and if a male, he may he once, twice, or thrice publicly or prl- rately whipped,.>hould the court so direct.— (7 k, 8 Oto. 4. c. S9. { 33. ; 7 & 8 Oeo. 4. c. 30. i 16.) Tho duties begin to be charged as soon as horses are used for drawing or riding, and not previously. An Account of the Number of Horses charged with Duty in the Years ending the 5th of April, 1819, ISSS, and 1833, the Rates of Duty, and tlie Produce of tho Duties. Horm med for rldinj or ilrawini carriigo, and charged at progreMive rates t Penoni keepios 1 • — a — 3 — 4 — s — 6 = 2" : — 1010 12 . — 13-18 . — 17 — 18 — 19 — 20 fc upwaidi Total . Roraea let to hire • Rice honra Other horses and mules t Not wholly used in huv handry . Borset used bonaftiU S 177,772 IS , I8».) m do. 73,403 19 8 40 do. 2S,0i4 6 4) do. 16,073 IS 10 do. 8,947 17 6 38 do. 6,200 4 04 do. 6,»84 9 at do. l,«IS 19 54 do. 4,299 19 I» do. 2,291 16 3 SI do. 163 4 28 do. 408 7 76 do. 247 42 do. 3,76i 12 ITS - 329,839 2 73 do. 2J)T9 18 9 97 do. 1,433 3 9 W do. 29,870 19 M do. 1,797 10 SI do. 4,S3S IS 13 do. 636 16 6 18 do. 64,937 4 18 do. 182 14 78 hnvR been favoured, This account is not, int liable to the duties inadvertently. In the rtain departments of pecified in the above iiirpnse of husbandry, rae, in K.\einpt«d from which tliey are kept, en carried or liroiight worship, electioM of 11 duty, fty. he Statutes in Chit' nearly so handsome, e been making ureal ge importations from the exceiis of horses ■(BHlletin des Scieniet e years, amounted to duties to which the same are respectively liable ; this honk is to be open, at all reasonable times, to the inspection of the officers ; and a true copy of the sums is to be delivered quarterly to the assessor or assessors of the parish in which the party resides. Penalty for non-cimipliance, 30<.— (43 Oeo. 3. c. 161 ) Horse dealers are assessed, if they carry on their business in the metropolis, 3SJ. ; and if elsewhere, 13i. Id*. Account specifying the Number of Horse Dealers in Great Britain, In 1831 ; distinguishing between those in the Metropolis and the Country ; with the Rates of Duty on each Class, and the Produce of the Duties.— (Palters yublished by the Board of Trail, vol. ii. p. 45.) . Wilhln the Cittea of London and Wealmlnaler, • SI. .Marylehooe, St. Fancrai, wl Weekly Bllla of Nlorlalily. Id any other Fart of Gnat Britain. Total Number of Ron* Dealen. Niimber aivMed. Rate of Cbaife. Amount of Duty. Number aiaemd. Rate of Charge. Amount of Duty, Number aueised. Amount of Duly. T4 L. $. d. 2i L- : d. 1,850 963 L. t. d. 12 10 L. .. d. 12,037 10 1,037 L. >. d. 13887 10 HUNDRED WEIGHT, a weight of 112 lbs. avoirdupois, generally written cwt. END OF VOL. I. .,« rses. ) a book, in which ha >r use, apaclfylni Ibo

    • tiuns. Wo extract from tho valuable work of Mr. MOregor on UritiHh North America (2d cd. vol, ii. p. 589.^ tho followinflf Btatistical Table, reprexeuting the population, stock of cattle, cultivated land, &c. in tho dilTerent provinces in 1832: — tiiliatilunti. Hf»r«i, Ifnic-. Sllfrp, Arrfi fuHJ- ITppcr Canada ... Canada . . . - New lining w((lt - . - Niiva Hcolia ... PrIiiiB IMward Inland - Newfoundland and Labrador . .110,000 SMO.noo 110,000 10(1,(100 as.ooo 70,000 3i,;wo 1-*,. .) 10,0110 4,,10() noo SI t,otis 4 10,000 H7,000 1 M,70rt .12,000 8,000 S'iO.OOO ,1'iO,OllO nr),ooo (tK,aii .10,000 10,000 •210.000 010,000 l(l.'i,0(M) 234,fl.'.H .|,'H,0()0 10,000 l.hOO.OOO 2,IU.-),000 :m.i,ooo 3»H.tl«4 I.IO.OOO 45.000 Total 1,307,000 100, IHO 020,488 770,214 1,217,6.18 4,913.i2U 13,307 18;m 30,574 or Hipue, tliR Kfont majority have been destined fur Upper Canada the United Kingdom, rhb PAsaiiNOEnfi.) Information for Emigrants In Br'ithh North America. — In the latter part of 1831, a set of conimiasioners were appointed by government for the purpose of diRustitig plans of emi- gration, procuring information useful for ■emigrants, &c. On tho 9th of February, 1833, they issued tho foUiwing paper, tho statements in which may be, consoi^ucntly, regarded aa quite authentic. Colomnl Office, Olh of February, 1832. TliP otiject of the present notice is to nfflird such Infurinntion n* In likely to he useful to pernors who desire either to emigrate, nr to nsfiUt othern to emiernte, to the l)rlli>>h posHecMiiuis in Norlli America. In the first place, it seems desirable to detlnc the nature of tlie UMnistnnce to l)e expected from go- vernment by persons proceeding to these colonies. No pecuiiiarv aid will be iilliiweil by itnvernment toi'initrrants to the North American cobmles ; nor afler their arrival will they receive c'raiiti) of land, or cil'lH of timls, or a supply of provisions. Ilopes of alt these tbliifTM have been Hoioitinies helit out to eaiisrants by speculators In this country, desirous of niakiiis a iirnfit by tlicir coiiveyiinco to North America, nnd willing fur that purpose to delude them with iiiil'nuniled expectations, reirardliiss of their siiliscquent disappointment. But the wish of Boverniiieni is to furnisli those who emiiiiate with a real knowledge of the circumstnncca they will tind in llw couiitriis to wliich they are going. No assiatnncB of the extraordinary extent above described Is allowed, 'l)ecause, in colonies, whuro thnse who de.^ire to work cannot full to do well fur Iheni.^elveH, iioiie such is needed, i.and, indeed, nscil tormerly to be granted erntuitoiisly ; but when it was taken liy poor i>eople, they found that they Imil not the nienns of living during tho interval iHTessury to raise their crops ; and further, that they knew not enough of the manner of farming in the coloiiies, to make any proiress. Afler all, thcrn- foro, they were obllL'ed to work tVir wages, until they ccuild make a few savinUH, nnd could learn a lillle of the way of farming in Canada. Hut now, bind is not disposed of evcept by sale. The produce of sales, although the price is very moderate. Is likely to become a considerable fund, which can bo turned to the benefit of the colonies, and therefore of tlie emi.'raiils ; while yet no Imrdship is inflicted on the poor emigrant, who will work for waees jiint as he diil tieforc, and may afler a while ncquiro .and, if land be his object, by the savings wliich the high wages in these coimiics enable him speedily to make. These are the reasons why government does not think it necessary to cive away land in a country, wliere, by the Inwness of its price, the plentifuluess of work, and high rale of wages, an industrious man can earn enough in a few seasons to become a freeholder by means of his own aciiaisitions. The land which is for sale will be ojieu to public competition, and of cuuriie, therufure, its price f t ( ': N, 1: in !■ .\ ,. i ^: 11. (■:;'::-; > ti •■• -i «l< COLONIES AND mutt depend np«n the oflbrt that may be made t but It wiU concrally not be lolfi for leu* than from U. to Si. per iiure ; and in situntiona where roadv liavc been ninde, nr the ground hiis been pnrtlnlly clonreil the cnminnn prices lately have been 7». fid., lOu., and I9«. Further pnrtirirlnrs will be best lenriipd upon the spot, wliere every endeavour will be made to meet the dUTeront circumstancei and viewa of diflerent purchasers. Althnneh government will not make any gifts at the public expense to emijirants to North America agents will be maintained at the principal colonial ports, whose duty it will I)p, without fee or rewtirci from private individuals, to protect emigrants against imposition upon their first laiuling, to acquaint them with tlie duniund for labour in different districts, to point out the must advantngeoua routes, aui] to furnish them generally with all useful advice upon the objects which they have had in view in emigrating: and when a private engagement cannot be immediately obtained, employment will he ■tfurded on some of the public works in progress In the colonies. Persons newly arrived should not omit tu consult the government agent for emigrants, and as much at possible should avoid detoiitinn In the ports, where they arc exposed to ail liinds of impositions, and of pretexts for kerping tlieni ai taverns till any money they may |>ossesB has been expended.— For the same purfmse of puiirdiiie against tlie frauds practised on new comers, and of preventing an improvident expeiMHture at tiie firM moment of arrival, it seems very desirnlde that individuals who may wish to furnish emigrants wjih money for Iheir use in the colony should have the means of making the money payable there, iristeail of giving It into the hands of the emigrants in this country. The commissioners fur cmlgraiiim are engaged in effecting general arrangements for this purpose, and due notice will lie given to the public when tliey shall be completed. Atrents for emigration have been appointed at Ht. Jolm's, St. An. drew's, and Miramirhi in New Brunswick, and at Quebec and York In Canada. On the wlinle suh- Jcct of the manner of proceeding upon landing, it may be observed, in conclusion, tlmt no efTcirt will be spardd to exempt emigrants from any necessity foi dolay at the place of disembarkation, aiul frum uncertainty as to the opportunities of at onre turning their labour tu account. After this explanation of the extent of the aid to ho expected from government, the following ciatc. ments are subjoined of the ordinary charges for passage to the North American colonies, as well na of tile usual rates of wages and usunl prices in tliem, in ordor that every individual niav have the me.-ins of judging for himself of the inducements to emigrate to these parts of the British (foniinions. /•(Wsii^e.— Passages to Quebec or New Brunswick miiy eitlier l)e engaged inclusive of provisions, or «n{iuive of provisions, in which case the shipowner finds nothing but wntnr. fuel, and bed places, without bedding. Children under U years of age are charged one half, and under 7 years of^ nge one third, of tlie full price ; and for children under \'i months of age no cliarge is made. Upon these cnii- ditinns the price of passage from London, or from places on the east coast of nreat Britain, has gi ne- rally been 0{. with provislims, or 3^ witliout. From Liverpool, Greenock, and the prmclpal ports of Ireland, as the chances of delay are fewer, tlio charge is somewhat lower; tills year it will proliahly lie from 3/. to !U. I0«. without provisions, or from 4/. to 51. including provisions, 'it is iKissible tlmt in March and April passages may he obtained from Dublin for 35ji. or even 3()s.i but the prices always grow higher as the season advances. In ships sailing from Scotland or Ireland, it has mostly been the custom for passengers to And their own provisions : but this practice has not been so general in London ; .and some ship owners, sensible of the dangerous mistakes which may he made in this mat- tor thro'igh isni^rance, are very averse to receive passengers who will not agree to be victualleil hy the ship. Tliose who do resolve to supply their own jirovisions, should at least bo careful not to l.iy in nn insufflclent stock ; 30 days is the shortest pi'riod fur which it is safe to provide ; and from Lon- don the passage is sometimes prolonged to 75 days. The best months for leaving England are certainly March and April ; the later emigrants do not find employment so abundant, and have less time in the colony before the commencement of winter. Various frauds are attempted upon emigrants, which can onlj^ be elfectuully defeated by the good tense of the parties against whom they are contrived. Bometimes agents take payment t'rom the emigrant for his passage, and then recomtnend him to some tavern, wbi-re he is detameil from day to day under fUlne pretences for delay, until, before the departure of the sliip, the whole of his money Is extracted from him. This of course cannot happen whli agents connected wiih rcspeclnWc bonnes ; but the best security is to name in the harcain for passage a particular day, after which, whether nr ncl the ship sails, the passenj^er Is to be received on board and victualled by the owners. In this manner the emigrant cannot lie intentinnaliy iirought to the place of embarkation too soon, and be compelled to spend his money at public houses, by false accounts of the time of sailing; fur from tlic very day of his arrival at the port, being the day previously agreed upon, tlie ship liecomcs his home. The conveyance of passengers to the British posseissions in North America it ro;:iiluted liy an act of parliament (9 Geo. 4. c. 21.), of which the following are the principal provisions :— Ships are not allowed to carry passengers to these colonies unless they be of the height of 5J r'eet between decks; nnd they must not curry more than 3 passengers for every 4 tons of the registnred burden ; there must bo on board at least SU gallons of pure water, nnd .'lO lbs. of bread, biscuit, oatmeal, or bread slulF, for each passenger. When the ship carries the full number of pasHcugers allowed by law, no part of the cargo, and no stores or provisions, may he carried between decks ; but if there be less than the cnin- plete number of passengers, goods may be stowed between decks in a proportion not exceeding S cu- hical feet for each passenger wanting of the highest number. Masters of vessels who land passengers unless with their own consent, ata place dilfurent from that oriuinally agreed upon, are subject to a penalty of 20{., recoverable by summary process before 'i Justices of the peace in any of the Norili American colonies. The enforcement of this law rests chiefly with tiic officers of his Majesty's customs ; and persons having comidaints to make of its infraction, should address themselves to the nearest Custnui-liouse. Besides the sea voyage from England, persons proveeding to Canailu should be provided with the means of paying for the journey which they may have to make after their arrival at Quebec. The cost of this Journey must, of course, depend upon the situation of the place where the individual may find employment, orwherehemay have previously formed a wish tosellle; but to all U will pro.ialilybe useful to possess the followingre port oftlie prices ofconveynncc, during tlie last season, on the route from Quebec to York, the capital of Upper Canada. From Quebec to Montreal (180 miles), bysteaiu-bont, llie charge for nn adult was 6». M. ; from Monlreul to I'rescott (ISO miles), by boats or baiges, 7*. ; from Prescott to York (8S0 miles), by steamboat, 7». The Journey, performed in this manner, usually oei'upies 10 or 12 days : adding, therefore, lis. for provisions, the total cost from Quelioc U York (a distance of .WO miles) may lie stated, according to the charges of last year, ut W. lU. 6((. I'emous who are possessed of suthclent means prefer to travel by land that part of the route where the Iliviir St. l/iwrence is not navigable by steam-boats, and the journey is tlien usually performed In (i days, nt a cost of 6i. It must be observed, that tlie prices of conveyance are necessarily fliicluating, and that the foregoing account is only presented as sufficiently accurate for purposes of infuruiHlion in this country, leaving it to the government at'eut at Qnebrc to supply eiiiiiirnnis witli more exact piirlicu- lart. according to the circumstances of the time nt which they may arrive. Raits of Waget and Market /'rices.— Tlie colonies in Nortli America, to which emigrants can with advantage proceed, are Lower (Canada, Upper Canada, and New Brunswick. From liio reports rn. ceived from the other British colonies in North America, namely, Prince Edward's Islaud, Newfound* pj tlmn from i, m partinliycinare" be t't'st lenrnpd nncci and viewj N'Ttli America mt fee or reward nlng, to acquaint renu» routes, and fi Had in view in 'loymeiit will he rived ihonld not avoid deteminn keeping tlieni at lose ofpHiirdini, Hture at tlie firM > emiKrants wiih 10 there, instead emiRraiinn are 711 In the imblic Ji'lui's, St. An- nie whole suh. at no effort will -.ation, Mid from fnllowinR stale, [nies. Re w,,i| „, inav have tiie llsh doM)ini(Mi8. ^f provisions, rir and bed plac,idc in this mat- e victualled liy 'oflil not to lay and ftoiii Lon- COLONY TRADE. 41t ! and person! .'nstoiii-hnuse. Irted with the Quebec. Tlio ndividiialinay illpro.ialilybe (he route from ly sleaiii-lniiit, r harues, 7*. ; inner, iisiially lec tc Vorii (a TersoMs who the Itiver St. n (i days, at a ling, unci that union ill tills !xucl particu- nlH can with e reports Xf- i, Nuwfound' lind, Kora Scotia, and Cape Breton, it appears that they do not contain the means either of aflbrdiiii employment at wages to a considerable number of emigrants, or of settling them upon land. Upper Canada.— From a comparison of all the documents before the commlssinnera for emipation, It appears that the yearly wages of labourers in Upper Canada, hired by the year, ore from 27/. to 30;.; that their monthly wages, in difleri'nt situations and at diffrront seasons, range from U. lOt. to 31. 10s. per month ; and that daily wages range from '2s. to 9s. 0(/. In all these rates of wages, lioard amt lodging are found by the employer. Without hoard, daily wages vary from 3s. 6d. out of harvest to.V. during harvest ; Ps. 3U., besides provisions, is sometimes given to harvest men. The wages of iiii'i'Imnirs may be stated universally at from Ss. to 7«. (\d. per day. The following Table e.xliibits the lowest and the highest price which the several artlclei therein named bore, during the year 1831, in each of the principal districts of Upper Canada :— . ' •, , fif 418 COLONIES AND Loieer Canada. — From Lownr Canndn thfi commUslonerg for emii^ration hn vo not rocelved the ofllcial reporls which weru r«(|uiri''rj«U • (teew TurkfvJ Hay Hlrliv • per bushel ptT cwt. |>i'r lb. per dnren (ler pair L. I. 5 porlon I 10 U — 10" d. L. 1. d. In 10 6 .1 6 ^ 2 6 _ 6 .1 _ 3 n _ 1 H _ 10 4 _ 7 n _ I ~. 3 6 (i ._ 2 6 n 5 6 _ in II 2 10 — 1 3 Bread B.-ef Muiton Pork Vual Flour .Silr imrk Dillo beef .Mall Rve tlniir Ir.'dian >lilto * Oatnieil Sail coJ I)iltt» iinckarcl Ditto alewivps L. I. i. I,. I. i, per 4 lb. loaf 10 to I u perslQne 3 3 — 044 — J — 2 — 2 per 100 lbs. 16 per barr-1 4 1 1 — 3 p«r bimliel G per barrel I 2 — 12. Ptr CVVl. 10 — u 10 y per ll2M}s. 10 — OHO per bind 17 - 10 — 10 — 12 4-040 OJ - 1 • - .1 S — I- 6 — 5 5 — 3 in — 004 18 Coals are sold at Sflo. per chaldron. Honso rent is from .5/. to 6/. per annum for families occii|iyii;!; one room; and for families onciipyinii two rooms, from (>/. to 10/. Common laliotircrs receive I'rniii is. to Li. a diiy, finilins tliejr own snlL-iisteiice ; hut wlicneniploved at the ports in luinliTii,' vessels, tln-jr sulisislenco ia found for them. Mechanics receive from 5«. to 7*. Or/, per day, and superior worltinun from Is. (ill. to 10.1. TI;ion the fureu.iiiii; statements, it must be observed tlint emigrants, esoi'cinlly such of them iis ara agricuKiiril hihoiirers, should not expect the liiirhi'st wiiires named until Ilic^y have liecnnieiicciislnimul to the W'lrk of the colony. Tin; mechanics iiioiit in ileniaiid are those toiinectcd wilh the b:isiiiessof house-building. Shoemakers and tailors, and ship-biiildt'rs, also lind abundant cmiiloynieiit. Mr. Buchanan, hist Majesty's chief a^entfor the supcriiitenilencc of emigrants in U|ipci Hiid Lower Canada, has issued the following iiifonnntion, dated Quebec, 16th of July, 1833, There is nntbiiii; of more importance to etnifirantfl on arrival at Qtieliec, than correct inforinalinn on the leadini; points connected with their future pursuits. Many have sufT.tred much hy a waul i,f caution, and Ity listening to the opinions of iiiteresleil di^siiriii'i!.' cliaraciers, wlm iVequenHy ull'r iliijir advice uiHolicited,iiud whoaremet L'>'uerally about win rlV' and laniliuiriilaccf! frciiuiMitedby strai]!;i'r3. To (Tuard emigrants from fiUinsf into such errors, they should, ituiiiediately on arrival at H.v.'- bee, proceed to the ollleeof the chief aeent for etnicrants in Satilt-au-Malehit Sipiei, Lower Tmvii, Wii^ 'e every information requisite fir their future cuidance, in either eettina settlement on lauils, or fibtaining employment in Uppr-r or Lower Cinaila, will be olitaiued ffrali.i. On your route I'roui Qae- bee to your destination you will find many pi itis and schemes oHVred to your consideration, lul litrii away from them unless you are well sr>.tis(led of the purity of the statemonls. On all occiiioiia when you Bland in miid of advice, apply to the government aoenls. Eiiiif.'raiils are informed ihal they may retnaiti on board ship f" hours after arrival ; nor can they be di:prive(l of any of their usual accommodations for cooking or berthingiluring that perioil ; and tho master of the ship is bound to land the emigrants and their baggage, /cce if eipc-.i.sc, at the usual 1 uid- ing 1)1 ices and at seasonable hours. fltoiild you reiiuire to change your Fnglish money, go to smne respeetabl,- merchant or to the liaul;s. The currency in tlie Canadas is at the rale of r)s. the ilollar, and is called M ililixcurrnni y ; at pr.s'iit the gold sovereign is worlli 21s. currency in Montreal ; in New York. f.s. Is calctilaleil lor the ili llir; hence many are ileceived wlien hearing of the rates of labour, &c.: 5.<. in Canada is equal to s*. New York ; thus, S.^. Now York cnrremy is equivalent to ."i.*. Halifix currency. Emigrants wlio wish to settle in Lower Canada, or lo oiii lin employment, are informe.l that mn.iiy desirable sitiritious are to he met witli. Wild lands of superior quality may he olitaiueil liy iiurcliis.i on very easy terms from the commissioners oft'rown lands in various townships in Ihi" pn'viin e.iiii good firm lalioiirers and mivdiiinics are much in request, pariicul irly in the eastern lowns!iip,3. v.ln^ro also many excellent situations nnil inipri>ved farms may he purchased I'roiu private propriiMor:!. At the Chambly Canal many labouri'rs will find immcdiati; eniployment. In every part of Upper Cioi i la the demand for labouicrs and mechanics is also very great. All lalMiiirini.' e rii",'r.ii!ls who rt acli Vir'i, and who may he in want of immediate einploym'ut, will be pniviil'd wiih it by thi' govirnment 'i'lis principal situations in U|>per (Iiiiada where arrangements are iiia{le tor localingeiuigraiils. -M-. in the llithiirst. Midland, Newcastle. Home, London, ami Wi^slern districts. Settlers with meiiis will li;iva opportunities of purchasing Crown lands in several parts of llie province at the iniuilhly ."^'i s. Information ofwhiih maybe obtained on apnlicaiion at the Crown Land Ollice, York, or in A. II. Hawke, Esq. the government agent for emigrants ttiere, to whom they will apply, on arrival, ibr siitli further advice as they may require. Emigrants pnceeding to Upper t^anada, above Kingston, eilh-r by the fttlawa or Ht. LawrcifS route, are advised to supply tliiMiiselves Willi provisions nt Montreali such as bread, lea, siimr, ami biltti'r, which th"y will purchase cheaper and of Ac^Mr ^w/i/ify than along the route. 'I'll y ar'^ a!-ii> pariicul irly cautioned against the \\!f(^ of ard/nl s[iirils, or driiiUiiig col I rivr w il;^r, or lying oa me hanks of the river e.tposed to the night d !ws ; they should pro( cmI at one t from tl;e '■• 'iiiilin il al Montreal for Lachine, 8 miles above, from whence tliu Durham and steamboats start for I'ri^st olt ami Hytown il lily. E nigratits will obtain from Mr. .Tohn Hays, the government agent at Lachine, such adviie anil assistance as they may require ; and they will (Ind there a einivenient barrack log house, \\ lien; ilinso wishing may remain for lit ; night, and avoid exposure and oxp(Mise of lodgings. .Mr. John I'alloii, the government agent at I'rescotI, will render every advice and assisiaiice lo emigrar:ts. Labourers or mechanics dependoni on immediate employment are ri'quested to |iri to 1 4 6 Grain and seed- pearl - - . - 1 5 — 1 5 Wheat, W. Canada, per CO lbs .0 3 — Flour and meal — mixed . 6 — 6 3 Siiperline, per I'.lOlhs. (Canada )1 10 9—1 11 3 red . n 5 10-0 fl J'liie ditto ditto I 6 — 1 10 II Harley, per bushel , 3 4 — 3 6 MiiMIIng ditto ditto » 7 6—1 8 Indian corn . 4 0-0 4 « Pollards ditto ditto 1 a — 1 2 6 Oats - . . , 1 6-0 1 H IiHli.'in meal, per I6S lbs. 1 2 6 Peas (boiling) . 11 4 9 — 5 Oalnieal, per twt. 13 — U ria.x se -^ i e-xpurtiition In 1^34 nnd \bM .—{Pari. Paper, No. S. 183.1. Lla. West Iii.lit*. Cu'U. fiDlf, Gatlmtt. Oui;ri,j. fu'd. Aiiiltiia •J -I?, 177 I74,«18 71,U'> UT.nsi si,«)tiiiiiiai - • r.i.sTO 2-..0I4 27,76-1 7,3»18 2,V,0 2,700 683,41 2 ll..ii7 Qiriilldil ■ • miM2 I70.2W) 847,049 II-.'-M 23,219 8,747 Ili,;l32 J.t k*a • l,2liJ-.J l,l4S7tO 3,!i2l,0li7 2,4 •» ',272 2,K.9 9b2 l8,2C)',btU 11,154,307 , Mmi sprnU • 2ii,63l l4 !l3.Ki 26,4.i5 197 1 'i'..biw 7».ii18 77,2..0 27J.T'il 21i»,7n^ 11, uu B,!(«6 — — T'ltioli 21,';!ti I3,S2I 3,473 u.22(> — 1,408 ~> Trir.iiiail 339,015 2,-9,303 7,714 9,5.16 99,494 84,640 160,915 33,060 H^h:tiiiis 4 — — m — «^ 46,579 28^,166 neniiU'Iu 2 33 .~ ._ „. Deiiirr.tra • " 6*7,.W2 701.376 l,J73.6!>3 1,873,243 2-^.%7 221,782 I,48I,«,IS6 61,277 113,411 i:0,GU9 6,223 l,U4J,Ur8 2,027,037 li'twliirai — — 4 18 — — 163 MAIRITIUS Total liiiportatiotis - Proportion re- J W.I, M.i.ro 5)((,7I2 1 201 206 61.7,627 4,733 701 243,296 4^9T,St,(i 4,082. ')2I 5,1I2,4M 5,4A3I8 6W,372 2,078 22,082,191 1 li,l(«,S7li 12,313 II.ISW 1.7.)0 ( l,6:3,lfia 1,G6H.203 768,.M9 j ci;;od The duties on West India produce entered for home consumption during the year 1835, yielded about 6,700,000/. nclt. The exports from this country to our West India colonies consist of coarse cottons, linens, checks, hats, and other articles of neg-o clothinf Ei|«irta. exii,iitt:d tnthe Britlali Well Intiiel, j i £ £ £ £ £ 18U fl.022,309 6,282,226 339.912 6,222,138 7,019,938 1815 9.1KI3,2«iO 6,712,151 453,030 7,190,081 7,218,057 1810 ",''17.895 4,.'-|81„'in9 808,719 4,S53,2aS 4,537,056 1817 8,:t2rt,U2fl 6,032,798 382.8^*3 7,015,.'-;91 5,t-90.I99 1818 b,(''a'^,7!>0 5.717,210 272,491 5.9S9.707 6,021. ('27 1819 8,188.5:!9 4,.?9.'>,215 297,199 4,092.414 4.8il.2.'i3 ISM 8.;i.'!,i,7oe 4,210,783 314..'.07 4,.501.3.^0 4,197,701 18'il 8,:i(;7.i77 4,9 '9,009 .170.738 6.311,347 4,;t-;o,.';8i 18'22 8,019,705 4,127,052 243,126 4,370,178 .3. i:i9.s|S 1823 H,l2;j.270 4,021,589 2i^5,217 fl,900,S."6 3,070.789 1824 9.no.j..'-,jo 4.813..').';0 321.375 5,107,9.11 3,827, !89 1825 7,932.829 4,702,219 29.').021 4.«»7.27n 3.80H,8:!.t 1820 8,120,4,M 3,792,4.53 255,211 4.017.091 3,199.205 l.'^27 S.SMI.-^.'IS 4,085,789 331, .'.80 5,9l7,:i75 3,t'83,222 1S28 P.1W>.9:"0 4,1;M,744 320.298 4.ifll.0!3 3,289,701 1'<'29 9,987,923 6.1 (■2, 197 SSiMLIO 5..'.2l,2.'i6 3.012.a'-5 ISIO 8..')()y,i()n .3,749,799 2!H),87'i 4,010,077 2.838,418 IN.tl 8, 1 i8,h;;9 3.7-J9..V22 2,-'^,70l 3.9'<8,'.'80 a,,'* 1,9 19 18M 8.i:i8.(;()8 3,81.3.s21 2-0.005 4.190.420 2,439.'-n7 18,13 8,098.2(8 4,401. 9<.;o :ill2.1l-9 4.701,180 2..'-.nd imwrotielit, 319,842 Ihs,; t'tirlhi'nwiirt?, 1,331.799 picfes ; cl^iss, 23,5! I fwf,; li;ir(lw!iri' iind ititlt'rv. 13,5;!5 cwt. ; iniils nnd nilin, l8,r-30 nms ; Oeef und pork, 24,173 barrils ; soup and ciiidlca, 4,3s9,'.,(jb Ibi,., &.c.—(,Parl. I'apir, No. 6:0. i'.v.^a. 18;i3,) The articles exported from Canada and the Briti-uh possiWons in North America princi- pally ronsist of tinilicr anil lumber of all sorts; grain, flour, and l)i.»cuit; furs, dried fi.-ih, ii--ih oil, tur|)cntine, &c. The imports iirincipnlly consist of woollens, cottons, and linens, rarthenwiiie, hardware, leather, salt, halicidasliery of all sorts; tea, sugar, and colfec; epiccs, wine, brandy, and rum, furniture, staiionery, &c. United Kinjdo- «.mcri.d for Ho" CuSre. 683,41 J ll',;(3i 2Cy,6(y IS", 96,0114 197 60,31? 40,679 r,9,U^8 Iti3 701 liC OSO 6'.N'5 ll..-.i7 . N W 'I|1H3OT M,:'«2 -'" M,fl60 ««J,li6 i.ian.nu «.U.i:,037 ^9 ) cij,o-o I lie year 1835, ottons, linens, ware; staves, ong Willi fur. iianufiictiirin<» w mcclianics' and the opei,. ' ^Vost Indies ed, asap|)carg ish West Ijidia :cl,irej Value of lish and Jriib I'rciiuc'ts t>'U(t«l to (he ill Wm InJJM. £ ,01B,9.18 ,218,057 ,S37,(«6 >P0.I<10 ,(I2I.(;27 .SJl.ViM Hl7,T(iI Ko.riHi i:i!i.s|S tiTii,7t-(l se7. :,-,« ■.-'.'1,2*2 iM.din ^(),fl•2a l'<"pt Indian iirils; hills, ■•■''s; cl.'isa, pork, SH,473 ica princi- dried Tls!), nd linens, id colFucj COLONY TRADE. 493 The folldwing are tho quantities of aomo of ilie prineipal articles exported from Great Prilnin to Canada, Nova Scotia, Ac, in ISDl : — Cottons, 15,618,10'') yards ; woollens, 9()0,l"'t yards; linens, 3,309,105 yards; earthenware, 2,253,S51 pieees; iron and steel, (vrnui^lit and unwrouf»ht, 12,4(10 tons; hardware and cutlery, 29, '182 cwt. ; coals and tii\\n, 31.134 tons; salt, 1,55U,084 bushels; hccf and pork, 8,534 barrels. &c. — {Purl. ;'(///«•'■. No. 5r)0. Sess. 1833.) \Vo are indebted to Mr. Mayer, of the Colonial OfTiee, for much valuable informntion, and in particular for tho 'J'ablcs given in the next two pai;es, tho nio.st coiiipleto that have over been published, of tho population and trade of our colonial p()s»ew.-ions. .Wiiiey.— VVIi:it is enlled West India currcnry is iin linnirinnry ninncy, mi. I haa ii diU'eront value in diRVrc'iil ciili>iiie!>, Tlii! viihK! it liears, an (,(ini|i.irHil Willi alerliiic niniii'y, was smiipuscd to lepreKi'iit tlic ii>rri'H|)iiniliiig v:ilue of tlie enins in rirciil'iljiiii in ilie ditl'iiriMit ixluniN lit tliu tiiii« tliu |irii|iiirlioa wnn H.mm! : tliese colim lieinir for tlii! most piirt iiiilliluli'd, and otiierwii'c wurii iiiid defac'd, niirtiii-jr Is ill III! casft.s leKM valiialile tliiin I'terliiiit. The liilluvviii); uru lliu values of lUO/. sterling, uiid of a dullur. In tlie ciirreiiciuii of llio dill'urvnt islands:— Strrlini. .lanmira ...... iniK, = ll.'irliadiii'S ..... ino/. r. Windward Islands (except Barbadoes) - liWl. » I.ecward Islanils .... 10U{, •= llal lliose prni'K" t>! .jiini acted upon ; the exi liange heiiig ,jrenerully from 10 to 20 per cent. abiive tlie II.VHi l!y an Older 111 iiicil o ;Sd of Mari'h, 1^2.1, Hrilir^h si -i ,iey is innile lecal lender t^rni.ch- niit all llritiKli colonial pflsl•..^»,lln8, nt iIik noniiiiul value lis i., Knulanil; niiil lulls fnrllii' saniii are (livi'ii on the Treai-iiry of t.ondon, of 100/, each hill lor HW, mii-.h silver iniiiiiiy. Uy thin nnler, aUii, Ihi^ value of the t^panish dollar is li,'ceil at U, id. Urilish Kilvvr money tliroii'ghout all lliti colonies where it is nirrent. The following are tho gold coins circulating at Jamaica, with their legal wei);ht and fineness : — Ciim.rcy. Uoilir. riiripncy no/. 1 = l!.v. 8U. 1 ;!.'!/. 1 = On. :ui. 17.'./. 1 = t-s, StI. 200/. 1 =-• t'rf. 0(/. Iho't. gri. Tr Spanish dnnhlnon - - 17 H Two piKtole piece - • 8 10 I'isiolii • . 4 8 Halfpintolo . . 2 4 Portuguese .lohiinnes (called Joe) . 18 12 IlalfJoe - . _ « C Uiiarler Joo . _ 4 15 Moiilorc . . R 22 Half inoidoro . m 3 11 English eninea • - .0 8 lliilf Bnitie.l . . m a 10 Sovereign - - . 5 3 Vdlue in C.ir renry /.. f. d _ 5 . o 10 _ 1 5 . 12 6 . 5 10 , 2 15 . 1 7 . 2 _ 1 . I 12 _ II) 3 . 1 12 IV. Ukgulations c.xnr.n which Coioxt Tiiadk is cosductep. — Dispcsal op Lakh in thi-; Coiomks, &c. These are embodied in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4.c. 59., which came into operation on the 1st of September, 1833. It is as follows : — [iiiporlalion and EtpnrliUUm of Goods runjined In free Ports. — \o ponds slinll he imported into, nor shall any (ii)ods, except the produce of the fislirries in Urilish ships, he cxporiid from, any of the DiiiiFh piissesslons in America hy sea, from or to any place other than the United Kintrdoni, or some niliiT cii' siiili possepsions, except into or from the seviiral ports in such pussessioiiii, ciillcii "Free I'.iil,*," eiiiiiiierated or ilescrihed In the liilile followiiiir ; (Ihal is to say.) 'I'lible iiffire I'urls. — Kiiit'sloii, (sioiis coiiirary thereto, siali poods shall he forfeited.- J 2. /Ii.i Miije.inj iiiuij nppnint olhrr Purl.i to be frrr I'nrln.-- Provided always, that if Iiis Majesty shall deem it expedient to extend the provisions of this act to any port or ports not enuinerateil in Ilic said talile, it shall he lawful lor his Majesty, hy order in council, to do so ; anil I'roni llie day mentioned in siicli order ill council, all the privilet'es :iml advantapes of this act, aeil all llie provi,~ioiis, petiallies, mill forfeitures therein contained, shall exleml, and he deemed and construed lo exleiiil. to any siiili port or ports, as fully as if the sami! had heeii inserted and eniiiuerateil in llie ahove lalde : provided also, that iiollilnp herein liefore contained shall extend to pnihihii ilie iiiiporliilion or exporlation of goods into or from Tiny ports or places in Newfoundland or l.ahr.ulor in linlisli ships, -} ?, Ili.i Jl:ije.-t!i maijnytiiiinl I'nrlf for thiiiled Viirpnfr.i.—XwiX whereas lliere are ill the said possessiwiis many places sitiilited in rivers and in hays at which it may he necessary to i -fildish ports for p.ir- tlciilar and liniiled purposes only; he it tliereforo enacted, that it shall he lawful for his Majesty, on any order in coniieil made tor the appolntmenl if any free port, lo limit and coniiiu' such a|ipointiiieiits respedively to any ami such purposes only as shall he exp^e^isell in such urdi r- i) 1, I'ririlnrrn irraoird to t'linian Sliiim liihitid to tlir Sliijit: of llio,-e Voinilrirs ur^mlh".' the, like Pririleirm to Hrilish .S7i/;;.-', .ij-c,— And whereas hy llie law of uaviL'alioii foreipii ships are perinil'.ed to import into niiv of the British [lossessions ahroa'l. from the countries lo wliicli liny helmip, po-uls llie produce t f those countries, and to export pooil;-. from such possessions lo he canieil lo any hireit'ii country what- ever; he it therefore enacted, that !lie privileL'es therehy cranted to foreii;n ships shall he Iin iled to the ships of those countries which, havinir colonial possessions, shall L'ranl Ihe like privilepes of tradiiip with those possi'Ss'onH to Urilish slii|is, or which, not liavini: i nloni.'il |i I/itTer Can-ida . gyiooo 200,000 421,030 641,001 ; Upper CaoAJa • ■ iw.oon 70,7 IS 1.7,141 336,,|61 1 New Brtinitvicl • • 2:,70O 85,000 72,932 119,457 ; N<)va Sci>lia • • l.%600 6-1,000 I04,('fl0 1 1C,(XI0 < 142,64" 1 Cij»e Breton - • • 3,100 2,313 Prince K.lwarJ'i Island . • 2,ion 9.676 2(I,H)0 32,2ur, Total. Colouica. Colnni(*f I ^ into U. K. J •= inlMi. : •; 1 1 S £ 1 1 II 1^ h Si AntlfTua 109 C'cl. IS-i.VM l,NO WO 1,149 2,346 14,454 I6,ri3l 36,!'6ll 1,(>SU 33,432 31,4121 Barliadiiea • IjO 8i!3,70n 6,S27 7,803 2,2 Ji 2.266 S-sl.W 42,li57 97,970 I4,91ii S,|,|6 82,«07 I02,!II2| 27J 2,>,0I4 4x7 417 1,406 1,7:.8 7.919 8,(i3i 2 10401 7«1 2,(100 8,722 l,<22 St. Kitt*i 6-i 87.6I4! 1,613 1 1,996 9,103 10,313 23,42.1 1,012 3,(;fio ao.eiio 2S,2;2 St, Lucia ■ Ft< 34,l3)i 67B 6t8| 1,576 ^,083 6,297 7 497 1S647 mi 3,91(1 13.34" Is. US 130 l!)-|,0-.6i 1,053 1,482 12,007 12..!r. 2fi,7,>-7 1,301 2,-24 22,WI7 27,12. TnUix" • 187 77,2(iO, 2-'0 H 225 360 6,153 7,0»6 I4,4S1 2tiO 3,CC0 Il,b2l 4,i;o Toriola and Tirtiu ( hUnds. _ 13,821 207 201 2K) 32ii 2,975 3,4S'I> 7,478 47: 1,266 5,192 P.M. _ \ei 203! 130 17" 1.279 l,6»5 Slif* ,%■ 327 2,3>> 3.0-1 Trinidad 2,-lUO 221,342 2,-243 l,s 3 6,(iM 7,3141 13.0 1 lO.DJIO 41,47!) 4,201 18,721 2J,;i-i'. 4.1.2t. 2,2 2 2,27! HCT 1,332 S,'.29 S.-'TO l7,-67 4.&1- 4.'2I 1 9,703 IM7 llrrii'Udai __ ., 1,697 2,7 jl 31J 410 2,o20 2,ti>2 10,612 4,26, 4,4J6 _ 8,T2l| British Guiana, Vir- niarara and Ks- leqiiibo _ 5'l->,284 2,609 2io| 1,336 l.TTs' 41.224 33,7'>3 80,041 D,0(« 6,3m 61,116 74,f22 — 12ti,l43 4-.3 lOi. 32S 6I0| 13,007 10,:M!1 24.7-2 57( l,6ol 10.3-.! 2].hK\ lluriduras 63,000 156 61 6»3 73- 1,654 bll Total • 4,ll!7 2X i,;ni 1,920 Total 1 3,1* i 781/i7 i 1 (O0..KI1 1 j Population and Trade of Asiatic, Afi'ican, and European Colonies in 1831. p s II ^ §3 fp , : .!! Dechrcfl nr Nunitier and Tnnnii^e of Vesseli British Afriran and European Colouie*. PopulaUoD. Imports into llie Uniiel Kitifdntn, Official Value. Exports frrnu the United Kiii'8 — 93.310 336,1.19 230,141 ( " i2,4'-n 90 2S,567 .- 6U .1,089 ;i,i.l3 ) Ca|)c of Grxx! Hone Sierra Leone, and selOpmenti 55,673 70,279 248,760 619,153 301,391 27 6,566 47 9,145 1 on the coast of Africa- 85 33,438 ' River Gambia, Sierrv Lenne, and coast lo Me«ura:ia - WiiilwardCi**! from Mf»u- rada to Cai« ApoHonia Cape Otast Cnstle ani Gold . 456,016 794,973 323,087 136 32,213 130 33,358 Cfvutfrim UipeAp>ltonia toRioVolta Coav froni Rii V.dta to Cape of Good H.ipe (iucluiiiig Ft-rnando Pu) - Heligoland - 2,»l — 11 203 31 1 s« 1 53 Oitiraltar • t4,9!)S 10 47.315 1,4-23,160 4'-0,719 2s 0,7211 ICO 12,'M Malta 123,!2.i — 14,935 5W,42> 212,696 9 1,219 86 13,006 United Statei of the Ionian Ulandi - 194 391 — 1 207,393 214.229 — 62 8,469 42 6,713 t Thft white populatioD of Jamaica ii lupposed to amount to about 36,000. COLONY TRADE. 42B llli B S c : li|e'l.l.|?rpi| 3-? Is" i^|?2.'S 3sjl 3i■3ft nil BJ § ?308! i BBBBBOOg li."siiS|lil§ill?. el's PBojf a bbbbbbbI' p. ^ . . 'I. I • . I * • 5 5* -gS -'^Pp^j -^15^S sig i?s^ ISiiifsi^gi^ OC5-^ tO*--lCl.J.£.0'Xi — 0.005 S3 i3 wo 3 S5e §3§ 3B*slSE!^f3i2S -I I 'C'^ JS i3>' t^ d -I ;;< -1 hi (3 u -" S O Ki - 1 to O 'a aSot OiS.itjSJqp^cbSt^uP ^1 - k — - «- — ^ —01 — ^^ »-pi — M A to — S — |C«^ It a--.- if I I £!3§ -ST, o,fegrtg5«.§*;K:a?i w X * (OyiK) •- *. « C rjDO — U. ^, O --1 (5 * -*■ t.' ffo-i KJiS-gMoa 5mS« — f5o :-re ijis^^^s?.. »? g 5 :? s ^ ? 8 T S s ji^— jOMJJ — (0;*J0 r2 '« 10 O Z Oil K.^ X *> td *£ 8 1 9 ?i S "it s ^ g^ W 1' « U S 2 s s Ss'~ 2 Ta BO BBS B 1 el §9o I I BB BBS » f II' iil'^l i BB EBB 8 I t Si lis i I I 1? ir It si 2 88 i is iig :l ^ii' ^■? f?3 ^1 - JO o E a; g| ESI ^ 5 i S si s f f' SS £,3- = ., Si.ipi. rf- 'is o L" to Toiii. Ships. S .-I g & & 2 Toiij. Shi|w. 5 — a: ta — Toi* i I 5 05 I -1 -' .* Torn. S c " CO 3 B » I- S. 54 a e a 3 s a s e. p" s 9 it t il ' ■■ , ■ t II ' ' .1 I. ' -■i! 420 COLONIKS AND most flivourn! nntinn, nnl*»«« !iN ^I'i,i"«ty by nnlrr In cnnnril xlmll in nny rn^ft ilnnm It oxpiiillt-nt to prrufit ttirt wlitilc ur iiny iiI'MUih iirivitfirt's to ilic ntiipw <'f nu\ i\irv\)ti\ mnt'try, titfhtuiL'ti ili.w.- (undi. ticitH Im> not in idl rt'ttpiTtH t'liltillcil by Hiich foriMun rountry : prnviiU'it, thiit nn i'nr- uii (niinir) sh ii| bi« il-eiiH'i! til have I'lillilli'd tlir' ItHlnr'' niciilioinMl forulitin(m, nr tti hi^ f|ilillt»t| tn tlictif (invil. -_ ,, iitil»>«rt liiH ]M.ijM|4ty (thill, tiy liinnlr> liuth sn tiil- tllh'i) tlH> Mant rtMMlili iiiH. iiikI \t I'lititlml U> tlir ^tiiil |irivil», tliiit r\ i ry nnlir n t'xiiit, ,1 ill t'.iri'f tit tin* tintu nt' ihd rtunincip t-iniMtt •>! this m t, \vlii-ri'lt< tin Mr ilimi is mailf ni thu f oiiiitrii*.^ iMititI '(I in u linlc or in part to I ho pilv ilt'tfi'H nt'tht* hiw (tt*niivt({ itioit, Hhult continut! in I'nrce n^* rirt'i'ti'Hlly i\H it' the nrnc hml Imm-h riiiiilo tnnltr lln' nnlhiTKy of ihin lul.- ^ .), '/' H .iri ii-it fo oiln't rvrtnin Arts, Nothing ronliuMfil In Ihln rut, or any iilhtT net pnfltioit tn Iho pre. fiMil H''H-*iin. frp;irli;iiih'iil, mIiiiII cxtrml Xw rcpt'il "f In i»ny other Wiiy hllcr or nttett an ;»ri (I (.,.,, ; c. Ti.), ihtilnlfij "An A''t to iinthnri/.i* hin Miii'v-tiy, ntitji-r i^rrlaln rinnniHtanrt--^, lo riU'ihilc iht* ^)\^\i^^ Hnra\vl)urUH nri (iooil^i iiiiporti'il or pxporttitt iii I'orMiun VcMiHilH, ami to oY<>iri|it ocrt.iin Inr un V('p!<»'| n iVoni Piloiiiu'i*,'* nor to rt»|>eal or hi any way iilitT or ait'crt an an (.^ (iro. 1 c, fiO ) to :im!i ml Ihr iMt-iii'iitlotrc') art; ami that all triilr anil iritciroiirHi' hitwi'cn lint Hrili:«h potiRi-M^iuhii and all fi*ir.i;ii riMiMlru'M t-h;iil hi^ i*nli|t;it to lh«» powiTH grantiMl to hU M.iji sly hy thnsr nits. — { 0. ih- ih fnuihihiti,.' or rff'rirfgti fo he nupurttd into d Imui.*. - Tin* scvfriil f^orli* ofL't'i'ilM rininn'rnti'ij or ft ■■iiriht'il in ihu tahl' till >\vlntf, ilnnnninatnl ".VTalih' of I'lohihiii'm^ ami Ui'HirlrtioriH,'* art' iirr.-liy IirohiMtt'il to l)(> hnporli-.l or hronKht, f itln^r hy H<'a or hy intaml larriaifn or navieatlmi, hiio tli? trtli.