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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fiimis A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir de I'angle supirieur gauche, de gauche it droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imeges n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la rrdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 V! \ ^ ' i »"^i^' * AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE EXPEDITION AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, IN THE YEAR MDCCLXIV. UNDER THE COMMAND OF HENRY BOUQUET, ESQ^ COLONEL OF FOOT, AND NOW EBLICADIER GRNP.RAL IN AMERICA. Including his Tranfaftions with the INDIANS, Relative to the DELIVERY of their PRISONERS, And the PRELIMINARIES of PEACE. With an introductory account of the Preceding CAMPAIGN, And BATTLE at BUSHY-RUN. To which are annexed t ^ \ MILITARY PAPERS, ^,0" r>i CONTAINING ^ Reflexions on the War with the Savages j a Method of forming Frontier Settlements-, fome Account of the INDIAN Country j with a Lift of Nations, Fighting Men, Towns, Diftances, and different Routs. The whole illuftrated with a MAP and COPPER-PLATES. Publifhed, from authentic Documents, by a Lover of his Country. PHILADELPHIA, PRINTED: LONDON, Re-printed for T. JEFFERIES, Geographer to his M A J E S T Y, at Charing Crofs. MDCCLXVL ^ V J -.V 1 ^ T ,fe '1 1 '/:' TV «r -^ i' -. J. vi A.;i. 1 > -'i A.. .A :r .: J t % i»,i i ■r.i ;'•') INTRODUCTION. THE general peace» concluded between Great-Britain, France and Spain, in the year 176a, olthougk viewed in different lights by per<* fons varioufly afFcdted in the mother country, was ncvcrthelefs unU verfally confidered as a moft happy erent in America. To behold the French, who had ib long inftigated and fupported the la-' dians, in the mod deftru6tive wars and cruel depredations on our frontier fettlements, at lall compelled to cede all Canada, and reftrifted to the weftern fide of Miffifippi, was what we had long wilhed, but fcarcely hoped an accomplifhment of in our own days. The precifion with which our boundaries were expreded, admltred of no ground for future difputes,. and was matter of exultation to every one who underftood and regarded the intereft of thefe colonies. We had now the pleafing profpedt of " entire* " fecurity from all moleftation of the Indians, fince French intrigues could ** no longer be employed to fcduce, or French force to fupport them." ** Unhappily, however, we were difappointed in this expedlation. Our " danger arofe from that very quarter, in which we imagined ourfelves in the " moft perfedl fecurity •, and juft at the time when we conduded the In- " dians to be entirely awed, and almoft fubjedted by our power, they fud- *' denly fell upon the frontiers of our moft valuable fettlements, and upgn *' all our out-lying forts, with fuch unanimity in the defign, and with fucli " faviige fury in the attack, as wje had not experienced, even in the hottefb " times of any former war." • T!\£ fcveral quotations in ihli introduSion are taken from the Annual Rrgiflcr, 1 763. .whicli is writ (en with gcat c]fg:r,ce and truth, fo far as the author appears to have been fiiinilhedwith A a SzVi^Al. •M- ti INTRODUCTION. Several reafons have been afllgned for this perfidious condufl: on their part; fuch as an omiflion of the ufual prefents, and fome fettlements made on lands not yet purchafed from them. But thefe caufes, if true, could only af- ie(5t a few tribes, and never could have formed fo general a combination againfl: us. The true reafon feems to have been a jealoufy of our growing power, heightened by their feeing the French almofl: wholly driven out of America, and a number of forts now p^flTclTed by us, which comminded the great lakes and rivers communicating with them, and awed the whole Indian country. They probably imagined that they beheld " in every little gar- *' rifon the ^erm of a future colbny," and thought it incumbent on them to make one general and timely ettbrt to crulh our power in the birth. By the papers in the Appendix, a general idea may be formed of the ftrength of the different Indian nations furrounding our fettlements, and their fituation with refpefl: to each other. .; . . i The Shawanefe, Delawares and other Ohio tribes, took the lead in this war, and feem to have begun it rather too precipitately, before the other tribes in confederacy with them, were ready for adion. Their fcheme appears to have been projidled with much deliberate mif- chicf in the intention, and more than ufual (kill in the fyftem of execution. They were to make one general and fudden attack upon our frontier fettle- ments in the time of harveft, to deftroy our men, corn, cattle, &c. as far as they could penetrate, and to ftarve our out-pofts, by cutting off their fupplies, and all communication with the inhabitants of the Provinces. In purfuance of this bold and bloody projeft, they fell fuddenly upon our traders whom they had invited into their country, murdered many of them, and made one general plunder of their effefts, to an immenfe value. The frontiers of Pennfylvania, Maryland and Virginia, were immediately over-run with fcalping parties, marking their way with blood and devaftation wherever they came, and all thofe examples of favage cruelty, which never fail to accompany an Indian war. All our out-forts, even at the remoteft diftances, were attacked about the fame time •, and the following ones foon fell into the enemies hands — viz. 4 Le Boeuf, INTRODUCTION. iU f. Lc Bocuf, Venango, Prcfqu* Ifle, on and near lake Erie ; La Bay upon lake Michigan •, St. Jofeph's, upon the river of that name •, Miamis upon the Miamis river •, Ouachtanon upon the Ouabache j Sandulky upon lake Ju- nundat} and Michilimackinac. Being but weakly garriibned* trufting to the fecurity of a general peace /o lately eftablifhed, unable to obtain the lead intelligence from the colonies, or from each other, and being feparately perfuaded by their treacherous and favage aflailants that they had carried every other place before them, it could not be expe£ted chat thefe fmall pofts could hold out long ; and the fate of thcir'garrifons is ferrihle inrelate. ••i'* -i ?■ ■ : . . . i; t The news of their furrendcr, and the continued ravages of the enemy, ftruck all America with confternation, and depopulated a great part of our frontiers. We now faw moft of thofe pods, fuddenly wrefted from us, which had been the great objedt of the late war, and one of the principaladvantag^ acquired by the peace. Only the forts ot Niagara, the Detroit and Fort-Pitt, remained in our hands, of all that had been purchafed with fo much blood and treafure. But thefe were places of confequence, and we hope it will ever re- main an argument of their importance, aiid of the attention that ihould be paid to their future fupport, that they alo, . ^ continued to awe the whole power of the Indians, and balanced the fate of the war between them and us ! These forts, being larger, were better garrifoned and fupplied to ftand a fiege of fome length, than the places that fell. Niagara was not attacked, the enemy judging it too ftrong. ,,j,, ; ,1.... . The officers who commanded the other two defcrvcd the higheft honour for the firmncfs with which they defended them, and the hardlhips they fudained rather than deliver up places of fuch importance. Major Gladwin, in particular, who commanded at the Detroit, had to ^ithftand the united and vigorous attacks of all the nations living upon the Lakes. The defign of this publication, and the materials in my hands, lead me more immediately to fpeak of the defence and relief of Fort Pitt. The .^ INTRODUCTION. \y % <■ The Indians had early furrounded that place, and cut off all communtcft* tion from it, even by tnelTage. Tho* they had no cannon, nor underftood the methods of a regular fiege, yet, with incredible boldnefs, they polled themfelves under the banks of both rivers -f- by the walls of the fort, and continued as it were burled there, from day to day, with aftonifhing patience \, pouring in an incelTant ftorm of mufquetry and fire arrows *, hoping at length* by famine, by fire, or by harrafling out the garrifon, to carry their point. Captain Ecuyer, who commanded there, tho' he wanted feveral necei^ faries for fuilaining a fiege, anH «-fn* fnrctfirsitinns haH he«»n grrntly damaged by the floods, took all the precautions which arr and judgment could fuo-- geft for the repair of the place, and repulfing the enemy. His garrifon^ joined by the inhabitants, and furviving traders who had taken refuge there, feconded his efforts with refolution. Their fituation was alarming, being temote from all immediate afliftance, and having to deal with an enemy from whom they had no mercy to expedt. General Amherst, the commander in chief, not being able to provide in time for the fafety of the remote polls, bent his chief attention to the relief of the Detroit, Niagara, and Fort-Pkt. The communication with the two former was chiefly by water, from the province of New-York -, and it was on that account the more eafy to throw fuccours into them. The detachment fent to the Detroit arrived there on the 29th of July, 1763-, but Captain, Dalycll, who commanded that detachment, and feventy of his men, loft their lives in a rencounter with the Indians near the fort. Previous to this dif- after he had paflcd thro' Niagara, and left a reinforcement there. Fort Pitt remained all this while in a moft critical fituation. No ac- count could be obtained from the garrifon, nor any relief fent to it, but by a long and tedious laixi march of near 200 miles beyond the fettlements •, and through thofe dangerous paflcs where the fate of Braddock and odicis ftill rifcs on the imagination. CoL. Bouquet was appointed to march to the relief of tliis furt, v/itli a large quantity of military ftores and provifions, efcorted by the ftiattered rc- ini.^indt;r of t'he 42d and 77th regiments, lately returned in a difmal condition f The Ohioand Monongahela, at the junflion of which ilands Foit I'itt. fr^offl i rKfRODUCTION. v from the Weft-Indies, and far from being recovered of their fatigues at the liege of the Havannah. General Amherft, having at that time no other troops to fpare, was obliged to employ them in a fervice which would have required men of the ftrongeft conftitution and vigour. Early orders had been given to prepare a convoy of provifions on the fi-ontiers of Pennfylvania, but fuch were the univerfal terror and conftcrna- tion of the inhabitants, that when Col. BouoyET arrived at Carlifle, nothing had yet been done. A great number of the plantations had been plundered, and burnt, by the favages •, many of the mills deftroyed, and the full-ripe crops ftood waving in the field, ready for the fickle, but the reapers were not to be found ! Thb greateft part of the county of Cumberland, thro* which the army had CO pafs, was deferted, and the roads were covered with didrefTcd families, flying from their fettlements, and deftitute of all the neceflaries of life. Im the midft of that general confufion, the fupplies neceflary for the expe- dition became very precarious, nor was it lefs difficult to procure horfes and carriages for the ufe of the troops. The commander found that, inftead of expecting fuch fupplies from a mi< ferable people, he himfelf was called by the voice of humanity to beftow on them fome fliare of his own provifions to relieve their prefent exigency. How- ever, in 1 8 days after his arrival at Carlifle, by the prudent and a£):ive meafureS) which he purfued, joined to his knowlege of the country, and the diligence of the perfons he employed, the convoy and carriages were procured with the aflifliance of the interior parts of the country, and the army proceeded. Their march did not abate the fears of the dejected inhabitants. They knew the ftrength and ferocity of the enemy. They remembered the former defeats even of ourbeft troops, and were full of diflidence and apprehenfions on beholding the fmall number and fickly ftate of the regulars employed in this expedition. Without the leaft hopes, therefore, of fuccefs, they feemed only to wait for the fatal event, which they dreaded, to abandon all tlie country beyond the Sufquehannah. In fuchdefpondency of mind, it is not furprifing, that tho* their whole was at fl^, and depended intircly upon thq fate of this little army, none of theiii . offers*!. ¥1 INTRODUCTION. oflTered to aflift in the defence of the country) by joining the expedition) in which they would have been of infinite fervice, being in general well ac- quainted with the woods, and excellent markfmen. It cannot be contefted that the defeat of the regular troops on this occa- fion, wuuld have left the province of Pennfylvania in particular, expofed to the moft imminent danger, from a victorious, daring, and barbarous enemy i for (excepting the frontier people of Cumberland county) the buWc of its induftrious inhabitants is compofed of merchants, tradefmen and farmers, unaccuflomed to arms, and without a militia law. The legiflature ordered, indeed, 700 men to be raifcd for the protedUon of the frontiers during the harvcfl ^ but what dependence could be placed in raw troops, newly raifed and undifciplined ? Under fo many difcouraging cir- cumftances, the Colonel (deprived of all afTiflance from the provinces, and having none to expeffc from the General, who had fent him the lafl: man that could be removed from the hofpitals) had nothing elfe to truft to, but about 500 foldiers of approved courage and refolution indeed, but inBrm, and intire Grangers to the woods, and to this new kind of war. A numbo: of them were even fo weak, . as not to be able to march, and ilxty were carried in waggons to reinforce the garrifona of the fmall pofts on the communication. ' Meanwhile Fort-Ligonier, lituated beyond the AUegbeney-Mountains, was in the greateft danger of falling into the bands of the enemy, before the army could reach it. The ft<»ckade being very bad, and the garrifon ex- tremely weak, they had attacked it vigofOufly, buthad b«cnTepolfed by the bravery and good oondudt of ^Lieutenant Blane who ^mmanded^here. n The prefervation of that poft was of the atmoft confequence, on account of its fituation and the quailtity of military ilores it contained, which if the enemy could have got pofletfion' of, would have enabled them to continue their attack upon Fort-Pitt, -aftd reduced the army to the greatcft ftreights. For an objeft of that importance, every ri(k wa&tolje run ; 4nd the Colonel determined to fend thorough the woods, with propetr guides, a party of thirty men to join that garrifon. They fucceeded by fosced marches in that, ha- zardous attempt, not having been difcovered by the enemy till they came within fight of the Fort, into which they threw themfelves, after receiving fome running (hot. Previous INTRODUCTION. VII Previous to that reinforcement of regulars, 20 voluntlers, all good woodfmen, had been fent to Fort-Ligonier by Capt. Ourry, who commanJid at Fort-Bedford another very confiderable magazine of provifions, and mili- tary (lores, the principal and centrical ftage between CarliHe and Fort-i itt, being about 100 miles diftance from each. This fort was alio in a ruinous condition, and very weakly garrifoned, althougli the two fmall intermediate pods, at the crofllngs of the Juniata and of Stony Creek, had been aban- doned to ftrengthen it. Here the diftrefled families, fcattered for 12 or 15 miles round, fled for protedlion, leaving moft of their effefts a prey to the favages. , All the neceflTary precautions were taken by the commanding officer, to prevent furprize, and repel open force, as alfo to render ineffedtual the ene- Qiies fire arrows. He armed all the fighting men, who formed two companies of voluntiers, and did duty with the garrifon till the arrival of two companies of light infantry, detached as foon as pofTible from Colonel Bouquet's little army. ... ..;. ./. •», ... These two magazines being fecured, the Colonel advanced to the re- motely verge of our fettlements. where hc could receive no fort of intelli- gence of the nutpber, pofition, or motions of the enemy. Not even at Fort-Bedford, where he arrived with his whole convoy on the 25th of July, for tho' the Indians did not attempt to attack the fort, they had by this time killed, fcalped, and taken eighteen perfons in that neighbourhood, and their fculking parties were fo fpread, that at lad no exprefs could efcape them. •* This ** (want of intelligence) ** is often a very embarrafTrng circumllance in the conduA of a campaign in America. The Indians had better intel- ligence, and no fooner were they informed of the march of our Army, than they broke up the fiege of Fort-Pitt, and took the rout by which they knew we were to proceed, refolved to take the firft advantageous ** opportunity of an attack on the march.'* - ..... In this uncertainty of intelligence under which the Colonel laboured, he marched from Fort-Bedford the 28th of July, and as foon as he reached Fort-Ligonier, he determined very prudently to leave his waggons at that poft, and to proceed only with the pack horfes. Thus dilburdened, the army continued their rout, Before them lay a dangerous defile at Turtle .ii.jju . b Creek, «( *c ({ It m vm INTRODUCTION. Creek, ftveral miles in length, commanded the vihclLe way by high anu craggy hills. 1 his defile he intended to have pafled the enfuing night, by A double or forced march •, thereby, if poflibk, to ehide the vigilance of fb alert an enemy, propofing only to make a Ihopt holt in his way, to refrefli the Troops, at Bu(hy-Run. ;=(....:. v, i. jUi't: When they came within half a mile of that place, about one in the after- noon, (Auguft 5th, 1763) after an harrafling march of fcventcea mUes, and jiift as they were expefting to relax from their fatigue, they were fuddenly attacked by the Indians, on their advanced guard ; which being Ipeedily and firmly fupported, the enemy woa bene ofl^ and crcn purfucd CO a COn- fiderable diftance. , . * -f But the flight of thefe barbarians muft oflen be confidersd as a part * of the engagement, (if we may ufe the exprefllon) rather than a dierelidlion * of the field. The moment the purfuit ended, they returned with renewed * vigour to the attack. Several other parties, who had been in ambu^ in ' feme high grounds which lay along the flanks of the army, now flarted * up at once, and falling with a refolutkui equal tO;t|u( of (hek con»|^^iqns, * galled our troops with a Qiofl: obftinate fire. .- r :'; ; ■ « It was neceflary to make a general charge with the whole line to dif- * lodge them from thefe heights. This charge fucceeded i but ftill the fuc- * cefs produced no decifive advantage ; for as ibon as the favages; were dri- * ven from one poft, they ftill appeared on another, tin by conftant rein- ^ forcements they were at length able to furround the whole detachment, *■ and attack the convoy which had been left in the rear. *■ This manoeuvre obliged the main body to f«Ul back in order taprotc6^ ' it. The aftion, which grew every moment hoi;ter and) hotter, now became *■ general. Our troops were attacked on every fide ; the favages fupported * their fpirit throughout; but the fteady behaviour of the Engliftimaops, ' who were not thrown into the leaft confufion by the very difcouraging t I'he above quotation is from the writer already mentioned, and (eetns fo accurately and elegantly drawn up, from the account of this engagement, font tohia-MKJefty'a miniflen, that nothing betr<;r can be iqferted in iu room. There atcibut ont. or two AmU avilake* it >t» wUkb are here corrected. . , J .^ * nature INTRODUCTION. IX * natvirc of this ferrice, in the end prevailed j they repuKed the eheniy, and * drove them from all their pofts with fixed bayonets. * The engagement ended only with the day, having continued from one * without any intermiflion, i , V ■>•■■■ The ground, on which the adion ended, was not altogether inconvenient -* for an encampment. The convoy and the wounded were in the middle, and * the troops, difpoled in a circle, incompafled the whole. In this manner, * and with little repofe, they paffed an anxious night, obliged to the ftridetl * viuilance by an ent«rprizing enemy who had furrounded them. * Those who have only experienced the feverities and dangers of a cam- * paign in Eurupc, can fcarcely form an idea of what is to be done and en- * dured in an American wan To adt in a country cultivated and inhabited, *■ where roads are made, magazines are eftablifhed, and hd*pitals provided •, * where there are good towns to retreat to in cafe of misfortune ; or, at the * worft, a generous enemy to yield to, from whom no confolation, but the * honour of vidory, can be wanting*, this maybe confidered as the exercife * of a fpirlted and adventurous mind, rather than a rigid conteft where all is * at (lake, and mutual deftruftion the objed : and as a contention between * rivals for glory, rather than a real ftruggle between fanguinary enemies. * But in an American campaign every thing is terrible -, the face of the coun- * try, the climate, the enemy. There is no rcfrelhment for the healthy, nor * relief for the lick. A vaft unhofpitable defart, unfafe and treacherous, fur- * rounds them, where viftories are not decifive, but defeats are ruinous; and * fimple death is the lead misfortune which can happen to them. 1 his * forms a fervice truly critical, in which all the firmnefs of the body and * mind is put to the fevered trial; and all the exertions of courage and addrefs * are called out. If the adions of thefc rude campaigns are of Icfs dignity, * the adventures in them are more inierefting to the heart, and more amu- * fing to the imagination, than the events of a regular war. '" * But to return to the party of Englifh, whom we left in the woods. At * the firft dawn of light the lavages began to declare themfclves, all about the ' camp, at the diftance of about 500 yards; and by Ihouting and yelling in the * moft horrid manner, quite round that extenfive circumference, endeavouretl * to ftrike terror by an oilentation of their numbers, and their ferocity. .... b 2 « Aftlr ^1 INTRODUCTION. < After this alarming preparative, they attacked our forces, and, under the favour of an inceflant fire, made feveral bold efforts to penetrate into the camp. They were repulfed in every attempt, but by no means difcou- raged from new ones. Our troops, continually viftorious, were continu- ally in danger. They were befides extremely fatigued with a long march^ and with the equally long action, of the preceding day } and they were diftrefied to the lad degree by a total want of water, much more intoler- able than the enemy's fire. ■> . I : * *. * »» * Tied to their convoy, they could not lofe fight of it for a moment, wuh- out expofing, not only that interefting objeA, but their wounded men, to fall a prey to the favages, who prefiled them on every fide; To move was impracticable. Many of the horfes were lofl, and many of the drivers, ftupefied by their fears, hid themfelves in the buihes, and were incapable of hearing or obeying orders.^ * Their fituation became extremely critical and' perplbxihg,1iavihg expe- rienced that the moA lively efibrts made no imprefllon upon an enemy, who always gave way when prefied ; but who, the moment the purfuit was over, returned with as much atacrity as ever to the attack. Befieged ra- ther than engaged •, attackedAi^^ithout interruption, and without dbcifion } able neither to advance nor to retreat, they faw before them the mod me- lancholy profpecl of crumbling away by degrees, and entirely pcrilhing without revenge or honour, in the midft of thofe dreadful defarts. The fate of Braddock was every moment before their eyesj but they were more ably conduacd."^^ ,vmiyM>-rrn v^^ m^ 'm n^ri^rf .tmiu tmt:^^y> • * The commander was fenfible that every thing depended upon bringin^ * the ravages to a clofe engagement,, and to ftand their ground when atr * tacked. Their audacioufnefs, which had increafcd with their fuccefs, * feemed favourable to this defign. He endeavoured, therefore,, to increafe * their confidence as much as polfible. * For that purpofc he contrived the following firatagem. Our troops were * ported on an eminence, and formed a circle round their convoy from the * preceding night, which.order they ftill retained. Col. Bouc^jjet gave di<- * rcftions, that two companies of his troops, whahad been ported in the moft ' advanced fituations, fhould fall within the circle ; the troops on the right .5 * and INTRODUCTION. *" and left immediately opened their files, and filled up the vacant fpace, that ' they might feem to cover their retreat. Another company of light infan- * try, with one of grenadiers, were ordered " to lie in ambufcade," to fup- *^ port the two firft companies of grenadiers, who moved on the feigned re- * treat, and were intended to begin the real attack. The difpofitions were *- well made, and the plan executed without the leaft confufion. * The favages gave entirely into the fnare. The thin line of troops, which took pofleffion of the ground which the two companies of light foot had lefc,.being brought in nearer to the center of the circle, the barbarians miftook thofe motions for a retreat, abandoned the woods which covered them, hurried headlong on, and advancing with the moft daring intrepi- dity, galled the Englifh troops with their heavy fire. But at the very moment when, certain of fuccefs, they thought themfelves mafters of the camp, the two firfl companies made a fudden turn, and fallying out from a part of the hill, which could not be obferved, fell furioufly upon their right flank, . • , « « « t t' t. (( c • «. * The favages, though they found themfelves difappointed and expofed, preferved their recoUedlion, and rcfolutcly returned the fire which they had received. Then it was the fuperiority of combined ftrength and difcipline appeared. On the fecond' charge they could no longer fuflain the irre- fiftible (hock of the regular troops, who rufliing upon them, killed many, . and put the reft to flight. . \'\ \ * At the indant when the favages betook themfelves to flight, the other two companies, which had been ordered to fupport the firfl:, role " from the ambufcade," marched to the enemy, and gave them their full fire. This accomplifhed their defeat. The four companies now united, did not give them time to look behind them, but purfued the enemy till they were totally difperfed. '" '"""^ -- ,..,. * The other bodies of the favages attempted nothingi They were kept * in awe during the engagement by the reft of the Britifli troops, who were * fo poftcd as to be ready to fall on them upon the leaft motion. Having * been witnefles to the defeat of their companions, without any effort to fup-- * port or aflift them, they at length followed their example and -fled. -,.,.. J ... "This. %it INTRODUCTION. - « Thi3 judiciotis and fuccefeful manoeuvre rcfcued the party from tfie « moft imminent danger. The viftory fecured the field, and cleared all the * adjacent woods. But ftill the march was fo difficult, and the army had fuf- « fered fo much, and fo many horfcs were loft, that before they were able to * proceed* they were reludtantly obliged to dcftroy fuch part of their con- * voy of provifions as they could not carry with them for want of horfes. * Being lightened by this facrifice, they proceeded to Bulhy-Run, where * finding water, they encamped.' . ,., ., , ,.;, u> u' ilillc .': : ;• .//., » A PLAN of this engagement is annexed, and it was thought the more ne- ceflary here to infcrt a partlculaf account of it, as the new manccuvres -f* and ikilful conduft of the commander, fcem to have been the principal means, rrot only of preferving his army in the moft critical fituation, but likcwifc of cnfuring them a compleat victory. ^ '"" ... . i...... ,. ,.v .. .i.u . The enemy loft about fixty men on this occafion, ibme of them their chief warriors j which they reputed a very fevere ftroke. They had like- wife many wounded in the purfuit. The Englifti loft about fifty men and bad about fixty wounded, jf'l il: Mv .-.il 5H5 h .'^.jji ■.■;)J:, , :''o[iljiU.'jri ih, j h'. Thi iavages, thus fignally defeated in all their attempts «» cut off this re- inforcement upon its march, began to retreat with the utmoft precipitation to their remote fettlements, wholly giving up their defigns againft Fort-Pitt j at which place Col. Bouquet arrived fafe with his convoy, four days after the aftion -, receiving no further moleftation on the road, except a few fcattered (hot from a dilheartened and flying enemy. Here the Colonel was obliged to put an end to the operations of this cam- paign, no^ having a fufficient force to purfue the enemy beyond the Ohio and take advantage of the vidtory obtained over them •, nor having any reafon to expeft a timely reinforcement from the provinces in their diftreifed fitua- tion. He was therefore forced to content himfelf with fupplying Fort-Pitt, and other places on the communication, with provifions, ammunition, and J f Another reafon for being fo particular in this account, is that the military papers annexed to ihis work, and the plan for carrying on any ftitare war with the Indians, were compofed upon the experience of this engagement, by an officer h>ng employed in the iervice he defcribcs. Hisovrn impiovement was his principal motive in the compofition of them ; but being told that they might convey many ufeful hints to others, and be of much fervice if laid before the public, he was pleafed, upon my rec[ueft, freely to communicate them to me for that purpofe. ftorcs J INTRODUCTION. Xllf flores i (lationing his fmall army to the beft advantage he could, againfl; the approach of winter. The tranfadions of the fucceeding campaign, will be the fubjed): of the following work, and we fhall conclude this introduction, by (hewing the fenfe which his Majefty was pleafed to entertain, of the conduct and bravery of the officers and army, on this trying occafton. Head-Quarters, New- York, Jan. 5, 1764,^ ORDERS. ** TT I S Majefly has been gracioufly pleafed to fignify to the commander " L X in chiefs his royal approbation of the conduft and bravery of Col. " Bouquet, and the officers and troops under his command^ in the two ** a£tions of the 5th and 6th of Augull ; in which, notwithftanding the *' many circumftances of difficulty and diftrefs they laboured under, and the unufual fpirit and refolution of the Indians, they repelled and de- feated the repeated attacks of the Savages, and conducted their convoy «* fafe to Fort-Pitt. f* Signed Moncreif, ** Major of Brigade.*f To Colonel Bouq^tet, or officer commanding at Fort-Pitt. cc «( ./i ^- ;.-i:.j;/,).' /. uoj ;!• '•^:^f}l.v :.} I "i r:iiii ?io;! .«j .':; lb ill ... .^ '.:■:•:!;;-:( .l):i]r;i«,-3iU vd fOoHiufK'-ij'.i ■ii;,; v', j}onj tail ■-'v li.'if ,;!iov/ ri'ui'i' r, t A J iji v:. TS.y..fMO 'jc.i to .;;j!.;r.i;^T: I J. jj:- _/, •I i i.,'Mi:i: o;,.;:,jc> ,„.i; i.'ii. :. I h'Jt i ; i. .Ill r« I) ?; ». ■ • I y. 'f u. 1^ :».'. nv'.'j !j ;. 1 v-bit?/; ? i tf -Ti » >:;f"' \ ».•* *• '■J f r K' -4 -'''. v ■ /• Colonel Bouquet, as before mentioned, not having a fuffident num- ber of troops to garrifon the different ports, under his command, and at the fame time to crofs the Ohio and take advantage of the dejeftion into .which he had thrown the enemy, by the defeat at Bu(hy-Run, was obliged »,1 V ■t' B to ■' ■■/ l.i .-v.-J M^^-MiflMb > ' .i^ ^A3:.iLi^^Ji^l t HISTORICAL ACCOUNT .J" J ; » i , , It J. .,V ;:J colonel BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION :) AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS IN THE YEAR 1764. 1 N the preceding introdudbion, fome account hath been given of the fudden, treacherous and unprovoked attack, made by the Indians upon the frontiers of Pennfylvania, Mary- land, and Virginia, foon after the publication of the general Peace, at a time when we were but juft beginning to refpire from our former calamities, and looked for an approach of quiet on every fide. The principal tranfadlions of the campaign 1 763 have likewife been briefly recapitulated, and the reader informed by what mieans the editor be- came pofleffed of the valuable papers, which have enabled him to bring the hiftory of this Indian war to a conclufion, and furnifhed the materials of the following (heets. .f >i-r' " ' ! » ' / ' Colonel Bouquet, as before mentioned, not having a fufficient num- ber of troops to garrifon the different polls, under his command, and ac the fame time to crofs the Ohio and take advantage of the dejedlion into , which he had thrown the enemy, by the defeat at Bulhy-Run, was obliged B to i COLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION to rcftrain his operations to the fupplying the forts with proviHons, ammu- nition and other neccfTaries. -./, < .-^ - if Ik the execution oif this fervice, he received no annoyance from the,;., enemy, for they now faw themfelves not only forced to give up their defigns againd Fort-Pitt •, but, retreating beyond the Ohio, they de- ferted their former towns, and abandoned all the country between Prefque-Ifle and Sandufki i not thinking themfelves fafe till they arrived at Mufkingam. -^ 11 Herb they began to form new fettlements, and remained quiet during the winter. But, in the mean time, having fupplied themfelves with powder, &c. from the French traders, (and now flattering themfelves that the great dillance of their fettlements woukl render them inacceffible to our troops) the enfuing fpring 1764 prefented thefe favage enemies afrefh on our froiUiersi ravaging and mutxkring with cheir uiual barbarity. To chailife them for their perfidy. General Gage relblved to attack them on two different fides, and to force them from our frontiers -, by carrying the war into the heart of their own country. With this view, he deftined a corps of troops to proceed under Col. Bradftreet, to adt againft the Wiandots, Ottawas, Chipwas and other nations, living upon or near the lakes ; while another corps, under the command of Col. Bouquet, ihould attack the Delawares, Shawanefe, Mingoes, Mohickons, and other nations, between the Ohio and the lakes. ' .... ; ■"''1 ■ ' ' , I These two corps were to aft in concert 5 and as that of Col. Bradftreet could be ready much fooner than the other, he was to proceed to Detroit, Michilimackinac and other places. On his return, he was to encamp and remain at SanduJki, to awe, by that pofition, the numerous tribes of weftcrn Indians, fo as to prevent their fending any afliftance to the Ohio Indians, while Colonel Bouquet ftiould execute his plan of attacking them in tlie heart of tlieir fettlements. ., ^j. CoLi m AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. the heir de- ■veen 1* Col. Bouquet's expedition was to proceed altogether by land, and was t)n that account attended with great difficulties. His men were to penetrate through a continued depth of woods, and a favage unexplored country v without roads, without pods, and without a retreat if they failed of fuc- cefs. "When once engaged in thefc dcfcrts, they had no convoy, nor any kind of afllftancc to expeft. Every thing was to be carried with them — their ammunition, baggage, tooli, (lores, and provifions neceflary for the troops during the whole expedition. And befides, they were liable to many embarrafments, and difficulties which no prudence could forefee, fcarce any caution prevent % fo that, in this account, fundry things, which, in the ufual method of condufling military operations, might not be thought worthy of a detail, may neverthelefs be found highly ferviceable to thofe who may afterwards be employed in this fpecies of war, which is hew to Europeans, who muft fubmit to be inflrudted in it by experience, and in many articles even by the favages themfelvest Part of the 42d and 60th regiments were ordered on this expedition, and were to be joined by two hundred friendly Indians, and the troops re- quired olf^*Virginia and Pcnnfylvania. The Indians never came, and the Virginians pleaded their inability to raife men, having already in pay about ^00 militia for the defence of their own frontier. In Pennfylvania, a bill for raifing 1000 men was pafled May 30th ; but, with the utmod dili» gence that could be ufed, the number could not be compleated till the be- ginning of Auguft. ... r / ill.. II v:.ii: 'lf:,f; .'K'..-: iA u.:i ••Kir Ok the 5th of that month, the men being alfembled 4t Cat-lifle, one hundred and eighteen miles to the weftward of Philadelphia, Governor Penn, who had accompanied Col. Bouquet to that place, acquainted the two Pennfylvania battalions with the neceflity we were laid under of chaf- tifmg the Indians " for their repeated and unprovoked barbarities on the ♦* inhabitants of the Province; ajuft refentment of which, added to a re- *' membrance of the loyalty and courage of our provincial troops on for- ** mer occafions, he did not doubt^ would animate them to do honour to •* their country \ ahd that they could not but hope to be crowned with ** fuccefs, OS they were to be united with the fame regular troops, and B 2 under rKLi.t*^ m ' ! ! in vHH t4^ ttl !'. "''- .' . ifl !.■ ' -'^H • ; . 4 dOLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION *' under the fame able commander, who had by themfelves, on that veiy " day, the memorable 5th of Auguft in the preceding year, fuftained the " repeated attacks of the favages, and obtained a compleat viftory over " them." — He alfo reminded them " of the exemplary punilhments " that would be inflicted on the grievous crime of defertion, if any of " them were capable of {ql far forgetting their folemn oath and duty to " their king and country, as to be involved in it." . ,., : ,, . ^:,..;. Col. Bouquet then afTumed the command of the regular and provinr cial troops ; and the four following days w^ere fpent in the neceflary pre- parations for their march -, the Colonel giving the mod exprefs orders to the officers and men to obferve flridt difcipline, and not to commit the lead violation of the civil rights or peace of the inhabitants. — He, at the fame time, made the moft prudent regulations for a fafe and commodious carriage of the baggage, taking care to rid himfclf of all unnecefliary incumbrances. The 13th of Auguft this fmall army got to Fort Loudoun ; but not-* withftanding all the precautions taken to prevent defertion, thi,Pennfylr vania troops were now reduced to about 700 men. The Colonel was therefore under a neceflTity to apply to the government of that province to enable him to compleat their number to the full complement > which was generoufly granted by a refolve of the Governor and Commiflioners Auguft 1 6th i and the army advancing now beyond the fettled parts of Pennfyl- vania, he made application to the colony of Virginia, where (under the countenance of Governor Fauquier) the men wanted were foon raifed, and joined the army at Pittft)urg, about the latter end of September. Nothing material happened in their march, from Fort Loudoun to Fort Pitt, (formerly Fort Du Quefne) on the Ohio, three hundred and twenty miles weft from Philadelphia -, at which place Col. Bouquet arrived the 17 th of September. During this interval, feveral large convoys were forwarded under ftrong efcorts; and though the enemy continued their ravages all that time ■i^ M AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 5 time on the frontiers, they durft not attack any of thofe convoys, which all arrived fafe at Fort Pitt. .',■>> 'i' ■ '1 \ ,! '. " f- '■::■•■"'■ ■ While Col. Bouquet was at Fort Loudoun, he received difpatches by exprefs from Colonel Bradftreet, dated from Prefque-Ifle Auguft 14th, acquainting him that he (Colonel Bradftreet) had concluded a peace with the Delawares and Shawanefe •, but Colonel Bouquet perceiving clearly that they were not fincere in their intentions, as they continued their murders and depredations, he determined to profecute his plan without remiffion, till he fliould receive further inftrudions from General Gage i who, upon the fame principles, refufed to ratify the treaty, and renewed his orders to both armies to attack the enemy. About the time of Colonel Bouquet's arrival at Fort Pitt, ten Indians appeared on the north fide of the Ohio, defiring a conference; which ftratagem the favages had made ufe of before, to obtain intelligence of our numbers and intentions. Thre6 of the party confented, though with apparent reludlance, to come over to the Fort ; and as they could give no faticfadtory reafon for their vifit, they were detained as fpies, and their aflbciates fled back to their towns, . . On the 20th of September Colonel Bouquet fent one of the above three Indians after them with a meflage, in fubftance as follows — " I have •' received an account from Colonel Bradftreet that your nations hail «' begged for peace, which he had confented to grant, upon afllirahce that " you had recalled all your warriors from our frontiers ; and in confe- " quence thereof, I would not have proceeded againft your towns, if I " had not heard that, in open violation of your engagements, you have " fince murdered feveral of our people. «' As foon as the reft of the army joins me, which I exped imme- " diately, I was therefore determined to have attacked you, as a people- *' whofe promifes can no more be relied- on. But I will put it once more " in your power to fave yourfelves and your families from total deftrudion, « by giving us fatisfaclion for the hoftilities committed againft us. And « firii mA (C ti (( 'i . \, >h. . ; i ;>J,;.G^ • !.: ^ .>: . i i.'ir:,"tvi ,?'fr.-!J i. The front-face of the fquare, compofed of part of the 42d regiment, marched in a column, two deep, in the center path. ^ j, ._ , The right face of the fquare, compofed of the remainder of the 42d and of the 6oi,h regiment, marched in a fingle file in the right-hand path. . The firft battalion of Pennfylvanians compofed the left face, marching in like manner in the path to the left of the center. , ■- The corps de referve, compofed of two platoons of grenadiers, fol- lowed the right and left faces of the fquare. The 2d battalion of Pennfylvanians formed the rear face of the fquare, and followed the corps de referve, each in a fingltf file, on the right and left hand paths ; all thefe troops covering the convoy, which moved in the center path. „...,.! ' . . , . , ♦ .- - .• • Thefe were the men raiied in Virginia to compleat the Pcnnfylvania troops, and were In the pay of the laft mentioned province. ;:k'V c A PARTY 1 •;-i 4 ^ q; pa c^ ca( M pa i^ ^ rpi cd Bd tari ^art tal cti iBsE^ m^: \\ ff.-.v. "::::.:b i ibs. fat psii p^ qsi P^ ,«*",",' ta ira 'csl cai ±^ b9 *'Wii,;.-,*J.,?./!,VviS»-'-' '•■.V' RJE r JC R E JV^ C £ S 1=1 ■fine of/Z/a^i/t 'Jia. a. 6 .:s_ g.. I SI H I \\ 4 i 1 J 7 fiBl I fl' a Scaffoffeet. -I I "J c r I ami I i>V N .■'■"'.■. , ■■ -m ■•* Av. Vf.i' ...... ^ ,». ..\ ■ V, m AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 9 A PARTY of light horfc-men marched behind the rear-face of the fquare, followed by another corps of Virginia volunteers, forming the rear-guard. The Pennfylvania volunteers, dividing thcmfelves equally, and march- ing in a fingle file, at a proper dillance, flanked the right and left faces o£ the fquare. This was the general order of march. Nor was lefs attention paid to particular matters of a fubordinate nature. The ammunition and tools were placed in the rear of the firil column, or front face of the fquare, followed by the ofBcers' baggage, and tents. The oxen and Iheep came after the baggage, in feparate droves, properly guarded. The provifions came next to the baggage, in four divifions, or brigades of pack-horfes, each conduced by a horfe mafler. -05 nwc- •uq." ... /' , . The troops were ordered to obferve the mofl profound filence, and the men to march at two yards diftance from one another. When the line or any part of it halted, the whole were to face outwards-, and if attacked on their march, they were to halt immediately, ready to form the fquare when ordered. The light horfe were then to inarch into the fquare, with the cattle, provifions, ammunition and baggage. Proper difpofitions were likewife made in cafe of an attack in the night ; and for encampments, guards, communications between the centries, fienals, and the like. . , ,. Things being thus fettled, the army decamped from Fort-Pitt on Wednefday Odtober 3d, and marched about one mile and an half over a rich level country, with flately timber, to camp No. 2. a ftrong piece of ground, pleafantly fituated, with plenty of water and food for cattle. . , . Thursday Odlobcr 4th, having proceeded about two miles, they came to the Ohio, at the beginning of the narrows, and from thence followed the courfc cf the river along a flat gravelly beech, about fix miles and C a quarter ; >j:k^ ' ' .^fdw^.-v^r ' /I 10 COLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION a quarter ; with two idands on their left, the lowermod about fix miles long, with a rifing ground running acrofs, and gently floping on both fides to its banks, which are high and upright. At the lower end of this idand, the army left the river, marching through good land, broken with fmall hollows to camp No. 3 ; this day's march being nine miles and a quarter. — - 1 1 I Friday OAober 5th. In this day's march the army pafled through Loggs-town, fituated feventeen miles and an half, fifty feven perches, by the path, from Fort-Pitt. This place was noted before the laft war for the great trade carried on there by the Englifh and French; but its inhabitants, the Shawanefe and Delawares, abandoned it in the year 1750. The lower town extended about fixty perches over a rich bottom to the foot of a low fteep ridge, on the fummit of which, near the declivity, flood the upper town, commanding a moft agreeable profpeft over the lower, and quite acrofs the Ohio, which is about 500 yards wide here, and by its majcftic eafy current adds much to the beauty of the place. Proceeding beyond Logg's-town, through a fine country, inter- fperfed with hills and rich valleys, watered by many rivulets, and covered with ftately timber, they came to camp No. 4 ; on a level piece of ground, . with a thicket in the rear, a fmall precipice round the front, with a run of water at the foot, and good food for cattle. This day's march was nine miles, one half, and fifty three perches. wv J lu- Saturday Odlober 6th, at about three miles diftance from this camp, they came again to the Ohio, purfuing its courfe half a mile farther^ and then turning ofi^, over a fteep ridge, they croflcd Big Beaver-creek, which is twenty perches wide, the ford ilony and pretty deep. It runs through a rich vale, with a pretty ftrong current, its banks high, the up^ land adjoining it very good, the timber tall and young. ■ About a mile below its confluence with the Ohio, flood formerly a large town, on a fteep bank, built by. the French of fquare logs, with ftone chimneys, for fome of the Shawanefe, Delaware and Mingo tribes, who abandoned it in the year 1758, when the French deferted Fort Du Qucfne. Near the fording of Beaver-crcek alfo ftood about feven houfes, which were 6 dcfcrtcd miles both end land, nine PLxVN oftheBATTLEnearBUSHY-RTTN^; 1 Vlawmrs .Sliawaiiefe.Miiigoes A\5^aii(lols,Moliikaiis,Miaiuics,&'Otta\\T:is ; ( '// //n \ ./.a////o "t>/f ' ttft/t/. > / 1^0;\ . jni % ^C * »- 4^' rat H. *. % /. ('rf/tfif/it'm j.J'jNfrfMf/ttufnf o^yifujo K.^/ifKncftfi/ ^\ FinttPfnttftf/f o/' //tr7/f><>/f,i D {rmi' '•( V "'*" .s«' '» > V I'/yM HV.l'U i'l ' «>fil|i;/V/^;','>/jrf^ii(),/ ')\ y.ir/it:i\'<' i/'ii:.-.';' < ■M •> ^ ' . '« S i-..'>!i',.rr;.\> / ' , « ...r- •,» t' ., ■-.■J"'- ^flfsi]-- <^_ ", ^'.. ■•• I •III .^ » * I ,1 . . >., ■.<«>« ' 1 AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1754. n .):.v:h(l i % tleferted and deftroy«d by (he IndiaAs, after their defeat at Bu(hy-run« when they forfook all their remaining fettlements in this part of the country, •s has been mennoned above. About tyro miles before the army came to Beaver-creek, one of our people who had been made prifoner by fix Delawares about a week before, near Fort Bedford, having made his cfcape from them, came and informed the Colonel that thefe Indians had the day before fallen in with the army, but kept themfelves concealed, being furprifed at our num- bers. Two miles beyond Beaver-creek, by two fmall fprings, was feen the fcuU of a child, that had been fixed on a pole by the Indians. The Tradts of 15 Indians were this day difcovcred. The camp No. 5 is feven miles one quarter and fifty feven perches from big Beaver-creek •, the whole march of this day being about twelve miles. Sunday 7th Oftober, palling a high ridge, they had a fine profpcft of an extenfive country to the right, which in general appeared level, with abundance of tall timber. The camp No. 6 lies at the foot of a fteepdefcent, in a rich valley, on a ftrong ground, three fides thereof funounded by a hollow, and on the fourth fide a fmall hill, which was occupied by a detached guard. This day's march was fix miles fixty five perches. y .. Monday 8th Oftober, the army croflcd little Beaver-creek, and one of its branches. This creek is eight perches wide, with a good ford, the country about it interfperfed with hills, rivulets and rich valleys, like that defcribed above. Camp No. 7 lies by a fmall run on the fide of a hill, commanding the ground about it, and is diftant eleven miles one quarter and forty nine perches from the lafl encampment. Tuesday Oftober 9th. In this day's march, the path divided into two branches, that to the fouthweft leading to the lower towns upon the Muflcingham. In the forks of the path ftand feveral trees painted by the Indians, in a hieroglyphic manner, denoting the number of wars in which they have been engaged, and the particulars of their fucccfs in prifoners C 2 and ,> , *i 12 COLONEL BOUOJUETs EXPEDITION and fcalps. The camp No. 8. lies on a run, and level piece of ground, with YeJlow-creek clofe on the left, and a rifing ground near the rear of the right face. The path after the army left the forks was fo brufhy and entangled, that they were obliged to cut all the way before them, and alfo to lay feveral bridges, in order to make it paflable for the horfes ;. fo that this day they proceeded only five miles, three quarters and fcvcnty perches. > ' ' , . Wednesday loth. Marched one mile with Yellow-creek on the left at a fmall didance all the way, and crofled it at a good ford fifty feet wide i proceeding through an alternate fucceflion of fmall hills and rich vales, finely watered with rivulets, to camp No. 9. feven miles and fixty. gerches in the whole.. . / Thursday nth. Crofled a branch of Mulkingham river about fifty feet wide,, the country much the fame as that dcfcribod above,, difcovering a good, deal of free-ftone. The camp No. 10. had this branch of the river parallel to its left face, and lies ten.mUes one quarter and forty perches from the former encampment. , ■ ■; • ' ■" - 'i ' '■ • Friday 1 2.th.. Keeping the aforefaid .creek on their left, they marched through much fine land, watered with fmall rivers and fpi ing? ; proceed-, iiig likewife through feveral favannahs or cleared fpots, which are by nature extremely beautiful j the fecond which they pafled being,, in par- ticular, one continued plain of. near two miles, with a fine rifing ground forming a femicircle round, the right hand fide, and a pleafant ftrcam of water at about a quarter of a mile diftant on the left. The camp No. lu has the abovementioned branch of Muflcingham on the left, and is diftant ten miles and three quarters from the laft encampment.. ^ .. . • , Saturday 13th. CroflTed Nemenfljehelas creek, about fifty feet wide, , a little above where it< empties itfelf into the aforefaid branch of Muflc-^ ingham, . having in their way a, pleafant, profpedt over a large plain, for near. two miles on the left. A little further, they came to another fmall river which they crofled about fifty perches above where it empties into i ^ the ■0 -fl I AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. >1 the faid branch of Muflcingham. Here a high ridge on the right, and the creek clofe on the left, form a narrow deBle about feventy perches long. Pairing afterwards over a very rich bottom, they came to the main branch of Muflcingham, about feventy yards wide, with a good ford. A little below and above the forks of this river is Tufcarowas, a place ex- ceedingly beautiful by fituation, the lands rich on both fides of the river ; the country on the north-weft fide being an entire level plain, upwards of five miles in circumference. From the ruined houfes appearing here, the •Indians who inhabited the place and are now with the Delawares, are fup- pofed to have had about one hundred and fifty warriors. This camp No, 12. is diftant eight miles nineteen perches from the. former. . i Sunday 14th. The army remained in camp •, and two nwn who had been difpatched by Colonel Bouquet from Fort-Pitt, with letters for Colonel Bradftreet, returned and reported ? — " That, within a few miles ** of this place, they had been made prifoners by the Delawares, and " carried to one of their towns fixteen miles from hence, where they *• were kept, till the favages, knowing of the arrival of the army here, '* fet them at liberty, ordering them to acquaint the Colonel that the head ** men of the Delawares and Shawanefc were coming as foon as pofilble to •• treat of peace, with him.'* . .... . Monday 15th. The army moved two miks forty perches further down the Mufliingham to camp No. 13, fituated on a very high bank, with the, river at the foot of it, which is upwards of 100 yards wide at this place,, with a fine level country at fome diftance from its banks, producing {lately timber, free from underwood, and plenty of food for cattle^ . The day following, fix Indians came to inform the Colonel that all theit chiefs were aflfembled about eight miles from the camp, and were ready to treat with. him of peace, which they were earneftly defiiousof obtain- ing. He returned for anfwer that he would meet them the next day in a bower at fome diftance from the camp. In the mean time, he ordered afmall ftockadedfort to be built to depofite provifions for. the ufe of the trcQps on their return ; and to lighten the convoy. AS .14 COLONEL FOUQXJET»s EXPEDITION As feveral large bodies of Indians were now within a few miles of the •camp, whofe former inftanccs of treachery, although they now declared they came for peace, made it prudent tc trufl; nothing to their intentioni, the ftriftcft orders were repeated to prevent a furprife. Wednesday 17th. The Colonel, with m^ of the regular troops, Virginia ^s luntcers and light horfe, marched from the camp to the bower crefted for the congrefs. And foon after the troops were Rationed, fo as to appear to the beft advantage, the Indians arrived, and were condu£l;ed to the bower. Being feated, they began, in a Ihort time, to fmoak (heir pipe or calumet, agreeable to their cullom. This ceremony being over, their fpeakers laid down their pipes, and opened their pouches, wherein were their firings and belts of wampum. The Indians prefent were, Senegas. Kiyafhuta, chief with 15 warriors. Delawares. Cuftaloga, chief of the Wolfe-tribe, Beaver, chief of the Turky-tribc, with 20 warriors. Shawanese. Keiflinautchtha, a chief, and 6 warriors. Kiyafhuta, Turtle-Heart, Cuftaloga and Beaver, were the fpeakers. The general fubflance of what they had to offer, confifled in excufes for their late treachery and mifconduA, throwing the blame on the rafh- nefs of their young men and the nations living to the weflward of them, fuing for peace in the moft abje£t manner, and promifing feverally to deliver up all their prifoners. After they had concluded, the Colonel promifed to give them an anfwer the next day, and then difmiffed them, the army returning to the camp. — The badnefs of the weather, however, prevented his meeting them again till the 20th, when he fpoke to them in fiibflance as follows, viz. ** That their pretences to palliate their guilt by throwing the blame «• on the weflern nations, and the rafhnefs of their young men, were " weak and frivolous, as it was in our power to have protected them ** againft all thefe nations, if they had folicited our afTiflancc, and that M It I Ji.ll'fjtl>lv' /a/i{' ^>- C.'•;. . . . ■ 1 • * ' ■" : , ■i^*; ^^t|^i);,. -' "- ii>ftvt^'-- •-*,>"- >^„.* ,v ;■•»;•*■■; ' ' >^ " ^^^t A'!,!. ■^^^f- **7 ^^^ ^:n^;- '^1%!^'- :V:..- .:,^,^l. ' '7 ■:4-t,. l^.,:,^;:^^;,; :?j:1^-'*^^'*^','»H:v, if?V;i|,, 4 ' . • , ,.-?; .. . ■ ., - .-1 '*4:j' /vf-'; ■ ■ •^'' ^■% r^» t' r^ ' >"' '■M. «^>-"- M. ' 'ili^ ..,lff*|^ .^! ..^i^^rn-,^,: \. ^11 i ,'''■ ''? /« * . 1 r.!.:.l ; • kC V cv AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 15; " it was their own duty to have chaftifed their young men when they " did wrong, and not to fufFer thcmfclves to be directed by them.** ■,}-'■■ ■. , .■*■ <« t* tt u «( *^-' ■*'■''>- He told them how treacheroufly they had violated even their late engagements with Colonel Bradftreet, to whom they had promifed to deliver up their prifoners by the 10th of September laft, and to recall all their warriors from the frontiers, which they had been fo far from complying with, that the prifoners ftill remained in their cuftody, and fome of their people were even now continuing their depredations •, add- ing, that thefe things which, he had mentioned, were only " a fmall ** part of their numberlefs murders and breaches of faith ; and that ** their condudi: had always been equally perfidious.— —You have, faid he, ** promifed at every former treaty, as you do now, that you would de- «* liver up all your prifoners, and have received every time, on that ** account, confiderable prefents, but have never complied with that or ** any other engagement. I am now to tell you, therefore, that we will ** be no longer impofcd upon by your promifes. This army fhall not ** leave your country till you have fully complied with every condition ** that is to precede my treaty with you. C( I HAVE brought with me the relations of the people you have mafla- " cred, or taken prifoners. They are impatient for revenge; and it is. «! with great difficulty that I can proted you againft their juft refentment, which \-f»^-^. 16 COLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION ** which is only reftrained by the afiurances given them, that no peace *« fhaU ever be concluded till y«u have given us full fatisfadlion." — « «c c< *( t( u «( <( (C (( 4( ** Your former allies, the Ottawas, Chipwas, Wyandots, and others, have made their peace with us. The Six Nations have joined us againflyou. We now furround you, having poffeflion of all the waters of the Ohio, the Miflifippi, the Miamis, and the lakes. All the French living in thofe parts are now fubjedts to the king of Great- Britain, and dare no longer afllft you. It is therefore in our power totally to extirpate you from being a people But the Englilh arc a mercifiil and generous nation, averfe to Ihed the blood, even of their mcft cruel enemies; and if it was poflible that you could convince us, that you fincerely repent of your paft perfidy, and that we could depend on your good behaviour for the future, you might yet hope for mercy and peace — — If I find that you faithfully execute the following preliminary conditions, I will not treat you with the feverity you deferve. -li-.. «( -cc sc «c «( • ;) ** I GIVE you twelve days from this date to deliver into my hands at Wakatamake all the prifoners in your poflefllon, without any exception •, £ngli(hmen. Frenchmen, women and children ; whether adopted m your tribes, married, or living amongft you under any denomination and pretence whatfoever, together with all negroes. And you are to furnifli the faid prifoners with clpathing, provifions, and horfes, to carry them to Fort Pitt. J j\ ■J -J. ,, \ I: ** When you have fiilly complied with thefe conditions, you fhall then know on what terms you may obtain the peace you fue for." — m r-J* This fpeech made an impreflion on the minds of the favages, which, it is hoped, will not foon be eradicated. The firm and determined fpirit with which the Colonel delivered himfelf, their confcioufnefs of the jiggravatcd injuries they had doac us, and the view cf tlie fame com- - ..... J -^ . . .,' ,. ,. ,. '.. . . - . . . mandtr I- peace AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 17 mander and army that had fo feverely chaftifed them at Bufliy-Run the preceding year, now advanced into the very heart of their remote fettle- ments, after penetrating through wilderneflcs which they had deemed impafTable by regular troops all thefe things contributed to bend the haughty temper of the favages to the loweft degree of abafement j fo that even their fpeeches feem to exhibit but few fpecimens of that ftrong and ferocious eloquence, which their inflexible fpirit of independency has on former occafions infpired. And though it is not to be doubted, if an opportunity had oflfcred, but they would have fallen upon our army with their ufual fiercenefs, yet when they faw the vigilance and fpirit of our troops were fuch, that they could neither be attacked nor furprized with any profpedl of fuccefs, their fpirits feemed to revolt from the one extreme of infolcnt boldnefs, to the other of abjeft timidity. And happy will it be for them and for us, if the inftances of our humanity and mercy, which they experienced in that critical fituation, Ihall make a« lading imprefllons on their favage difpofitions, as it is believed the in- ftances of our bravery and power have done ; fo that they may come to unite, with their fear of the latter, a love of the former •, and have their minds gradually opened, by fuch examples, to the mild dictates of peace and civility. The reader, it is to be hoped, will readily excufe this digrefllon, if it (hould be thought one. I now refume our narrative. The wo De- laware chiefs, at the clofe of their fpeech on the 1 7th, delivered eighteen white prifoners, and eighty-three fmall fticks, exprefling the number of other prifoners which they had in their pofTeflion, and promifed to bring in as foon as poflfible. None of the Shawanefe Kings appeared at the congrefs, and Keiffinautchtha their deputy declined fpeaking until the Colonel had anfwered the Delawares, and then with a dejedled fullennefs he promifed, in behalf of his nation, that they would fubmit to the terms prefcribed to the other tribes. , The Colonel, however, determined to march farther into their country, knowing that the prefence of his army would be the bcft fecurity for D the i- ,%-4*M- ¥^ I i ft COLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION the performance of their promifes j and required feme of each nation to attend him in his march. KiYASHUTA addrefled the feveral nations, before their departure, " de- " firing them to be ftrong in complying with their engagements, that " they might wipe away the reproach of their former breach of faith, •* and convince their brothers the Englifti that they could fpeak the truth •, " adding that he would conduft the army to the place appointed for re- " ceiving the prifoncrs." Monday Oftober 2,2d. The army attended by the Indian deputies, marched nine miles to camp No. 14. crofllng Margaret's creek about fifty feet wide — — The day following, they proceeded fixteen miles one quarter and fevcnty fcven perches farther to camp No. 15. and halted, there one day. ' ' >. ■ > Thursday 25. They marched fix miles, one half and fixteen perches to camp No. 1 6, fituated within a mile of the Forks of Muflcingham ; and this place was fixed upon inftead of Wakautamike, as the mod central and convenient place to receive the prifoners; for the principal Indian towns now lay round them, diftant from feven to twenty miles j excepting only the lower Shawanefe town fituated on Scioto river, which was about eighty miles ; fo that from this place the army had it in their power to awe all the enemy's fettlements and deftroy their towns, if they fhould not punftually fulfil the engagements they had entered into. Four redoubts were built here oppofite to the four angles of the camp ; the ground in the front was cleared, a ftore-houfe for the pj»vifions eredted, and likewife a houfe to receive, and treat of peace with, the Indians, when they fliould return. Three houfes with feparate apartments were alfb raifed for the reception of the captives of the refpeftive provinces, and proper ofiicers appointed to take charge of them, with a matron to attend the women and children 1 fo that with the officers mefs houfes, ovens, &c. this camp had the appearance of a little town in which the greateft order and regularity were obferved. • .v# * On AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 19 m ■ i.'|S-"?Tj' On Saturday 27th. A mellenger arrived from king Cuftaloga, inform- ing that he was on his way with his prifoners, and alfo a meflenger from the lower Shawancfe towns of the hke import. The Colonel how- ever, having no reafon to fufpedl the latter nation of backwardnefs, fent one of their own people, defiring them — " to be punctual as to the time *' fixed J to provide a fufficient quantity of provifions to fubfift the pri- *« foners •, to bring the letters wrote to him lad winter by the French *' commandant at Fort Chartres, which fome of their people had Hopped *' ever fince-," adding that, " as their nation had exprefled fome un- *' eafinefs at our not (baking hands with them, they were to know that " the Englifli never took th' ir enemies by the hand, before peace was " finally concluded." The day following, the Shawancfe melTenger returned, faying that when he had proceeded as far as Wakautamike, the chief of that town undertook to proceed with the meflage himfelf, and defired the other to return and acquaint the Englifh that all his prifoners were ready, and he was going to the lower towns to haften theirs. October 28th. Peter the Caughnawaga chief, and twenty Indians of that nation arrived from Sandufki, with a letter from Colonel Bradftreet, in anfwer to one which Colonel Bouquet had fent to him from Fort-Pitt, by two of the Indians who firft fpoke to him in favour of the Shawancfe, as hath been already mentioned. The fubftance of Colonel Bradftreet's letter was " that he had fettled nothing with the Shawancfe and Dela- *' wares, nor received any prifoners from them. — That he had acquainted " all the Indian nations, as far as the Ilinois, the bay, &c. with the in- " ftruftions he had received from General Gage, refpedting the peace he ** had lately made •, that he had been in Sandufki-lake and up the river, " as far as navigable for Indian canoes, for near a month ; but that he ** found it impoflible to flay longer in thefe parts i abfolute neceflity *• obliging him to turn off the other way," &c. On CoLONFL Bradstreet, without doubt, did all which circumftances would permit, in his department; but his not being able to remain at D 2 Sandufki {.. 20 COLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION Sanduflci agreeable to the original plan, till matters were finally fettled with the Ohio Indians, would have been an unfavourable incident, if Colonel Bouquet had not now had the chiefs of fundry tribes with him, and was fo far advanced into the Indian country, that they thought it advifeable to fubmit to the conditions impofed upon them. The Caughnawagas reported that the Indians on the lakes had deli- vered but few of their prifoners ; that the Ottawas had killed a great part of theirs, and the other nations had either done the fame, or elfe kept them. From this time to November 9th, was chiefly fpent in fending and receiving meflages to and from the Indian towns, relative to the prifoners, who were now coming into the camp one day after another in fmall parties, as the different nations arrived in whofe poflefllon they had been. The Colonel kept fb ftedfaftly to this article of having every prifoner delivered, that when the Delaware kings, Beaver and Cuftaloga, had brought in all theirs except twelve., which they promifed to bring in a few days, he refufed to (hake hands or have the leafl talk with them, while a fingle captive remained among them. By the 9th of November, mofl of the prifoners were arrived that could be expected this feafon, amounting to 206 * in the whole ; beddes about 100 more in poflefllon of the Shawanefe, which they promifed to deliver the following fpring. Mr. Smallman, formerly a major in the Pennfyl- vania troops, who had been taken lafl fummer near Detroit by the Wy- andots, and delivered to the Shawanefe, was among the number of thofe whom they now brought in, and informed the Colonel that the reafon of their not bringing the remainder of their prifoners, was that many of their principal men, to whom they belonged, were gone to trade with the French, and would not return for fix weeks i but that every one of Virginians . . . . Males) Females and Children, 3» S8 Pennfylvanians, Males. Females and Children, 49 67 In all 306 theif AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 11 their nation who were at home, had cither brought or fent theirs. He ftirther faid that, on the army's firft coming into the country, it had been reported among the Shawanefe that our intention was to deftroy them all, on which they had rel'olved to kill their prifoners and Bght us -, that a Frych trader who was with them, and had many barrels of powder and ball, made them a prefent of the whole, as foon as they had come to this refolution ; but that, happily for the poor captives, juft as the Shawanefe were preparing to execute this tragedy, they received the Colonel's mef- fege, informing them that his intentions were only to receive the prifoners and to make peace with them on the fame terms he fliould give to the Delawares. On this intelligence they fufpended their cruel purpofe, and began to colled as many of the prifoners as they had power to deliver •, but hearing immediately afterwards that one of our foldiers had been killed near the camp ai; Mufkingham, and that fome of their nation were fufpeded as guilty of the murder, they again imagined they would fall under our- refentment, and therefore determined once more to (land out againft us. For which purpofe, after having brought their prifoners as far as Wakau- tamike, where they heard this news, they coUefted them all into a field, and were going to kill them, when a fecond exprefs providentially arrived from Colonel Bouquet, who aflfured them that their nation was not even fpfpecled of having any concern in the aforefai ' murder ; upon which they proceeded to the camp to deliver up the captives, who had thus twice fo narrowly efcaped becoming the vidlims of their barbarity. On Friday, November 9th, the Colonel, attended by moft of the prin- cipal officers, went to the conference-houfe. The Senecas and Delawares were firll treated with. Kiyafhuta and ten warriors reprefented the former. Cuftaloga and twenty warriors the latter. KivASHUTA fpoke — " With this ftring of wampum, we wipe the tears •* from your eyes — we deliver you thefe three prifoners, which are the ** laft of your flcfli and blood that remained among the Senecas and Cuf- * taloga's tribe of Delawares, we gather together and bury with this •belt « ?7»S},v,. 33 COLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION *' beltf all the bones of the people that have been killed during this un- " happy war, which the Evil Spirit cccafioned among us. Wc cover « the bones that have been buried, that they may be never more re- " membered — We again cover their place with Itavcs that it may be no " more fecn. — As we have been long allray, and the path between you «' and us ftopped, we extend this belt that it may be again cleared, and *' we may travel in peace to fee our brethren as our anceftors formerly " did. While you hold it fall by one end, and we by the other, we (hall *• always be able to difcover any thing that may difturb our friendlhip."— cc <( C( ..CI 4C «C it it it The Colonel anfwered that " he had heard them with pleafure ; that he received thefe three laft prifoners they had to deliver, and joined in bu- rying the bones of thofe who had fallen in the war, fo that their place might be no more known. The peace you afk for, you (hall now have. The king, my maftcr and your father, has appointed me only to make war ; but he has otltcr fervants who are employed in the work of peace. Sir William Johnfon is empowered for that purpofe. To him you are to apply i but before I give you leave to go, two things are to be fettled. .; /,' ,,;•'■ .-■■■■■" ' •■ •■ ■ .\':n-.::>'S ,";.u:^; . .^j ,. . i . u, . 1. " As peace cannot be finally concluded here, you ^dll deliver me two hoftages for the Senecas, and two for Cuftaloga's tribe, to remain in our hands at Fort Pitt, as a fecnrity, that you ihall commit no further hofti- lities or violence againft any of his majefty's fubjefts j and when tht peace is concluded thefe hoftages (hall be delivered fafe back to you. 2. " The deputies you are to fend to Sir William Johnfon, muft be ** fully empowered to treat for your tribes, and you fliall engage to abide *« by whatever they ftipulate. In that treaty, every thing concerning " Trade and other matters will be fetded by Sir William, to render the " peace everlafting •, and the deputies you are to fend to him, as well as " the hoftages to be delivered to me, are to be named and prefcnted to " me for my approbation." f A belt or firing is always delivered when thus mentioned. The AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 23 The Colonel, after promifing to deliver back two of their people, Capt. Pipe, and Capt. John, whom he had detained at Fort-Pitt, took the chiefs by the hand for the firft time, which gave them great joy. The next conference was on November loth, with the Turky and Turtle tribes of Delaware's, King Beaver their chief and thirty warriors re- prefcnting the former j and Kelappama brother to their chief* with twenty- five warriors the latter. The Senecas and Cuftaloga's tribe of Delawares were alfo prefent. Their fpeech and the anfwcr given, were much the fame as above i excepting that the Colonel infifted on their delivering up an Englifhman, who had murdered one of our people on the frontiers and brought the fcalp to them •, and that they fliould appoint the fame number of deputies and deliver the fame number of hoftages, for each of their tribes, as had been ftipulated for Cuftaloga's tribe. November 11. King Beaver prefented fix hoftages to remain with Col. Bouquet, and five deputies to treat with Sir William Johnfon, who were approved of. This day he acquainted the chiefs prefent that as he had great reafon to be diflatisHed with t'je condudl of Nettowhatways, the chief of the Turtle tribe who had not appeared, he therefore depofcd hirn ; and that tribe were to chuje and prefent another for his approbation. This they did a few days afterwards — Smile not, reader, at this tranfadlion ; for though it may not be attended with fo many fplendid and flattering cir- cumftanccs to a commander, as the depofing an Eafl: Indian Nabob or chief i yer to penetrate into the wildernefles whfre thofe ftern Weft Indian Chieftains hold their fway, and to frown them from their throne, though but compofed of the unhewn log, will be found to require both refolution and firn ii.ls-, and their fubmitting to it clearly fliews to what degree of humiliacion they were reduced. ,. - But to proceed. The Shawanefe ftill remained to be treated with, and though this nation faw themfelves under the neceffity of yielding to the fame conditions with the other tribes, yet there had appeared a dilato- • The Ciiief of the Turtle tribe, for fome reafon, chofe to abfent himfelf. 6 rinefs 24 COLONEL BOUQUETS EXPEDITION « * . dnefs and Allien haughtincfs in all their conduA, which rendered it verf iufpicious. The i2th of November was appointed for the conference with them » which was managed on their part by Keiflinautchtha and Nimwha their ■chiefs, with the Red Hawke, Laviflimo, Benfivafica* Eweecunwee, Keig- Jeighque, and forty warriors i the Caughnawaga, Seneca and Delaware chiefs, with about fixty warriors, being alfo prefent. The Red Hawke was their Ipeaker, and as he delivered himfelf with t ilrange mixture of fierce pride, and humble fubmifiion, I (hall add a paf- fage or two from his fpeech. " Brother, ** You will liften to us your younger brothers ; and as we difcover fome- *' thing in your eyes that looks diflatisfaAion with us, we now wipe away *' every thing bad between us that you may clearly fee — You have heard *' many bad flories of us — We clean your ears that you may hear — We ** remove every thing bad from your heart, that it may be like the heart •« of your anceftors, when they thought of nothing but good." [Here he ^ave a firing.] ** Brother ; when we faw you coming this road, you advanced towards " us with a tomahawk in your hand ; but we your younger brothers take it " out of your hands and throw it up to God f to difpofe of as he pleafes j " by which means we hope never to fee it more. And now, brother, ** we beg leave that you who are a warrior, will take hold of this chain «• (giving a firing) of friendfhip, and receive it from us, who are alfo " warriors, and let us think no more of war, in pity to our old men, wo- «' men and children" — Intimating, by this laft expreffion, that it was mere compafTion to them, and not inability to fight, that made their na- tion defire peace. t Their ufual figure for making peace is burying the hatchet; but as fuch hatchets may be dug up again, perhaps he thought this new expreffion of " fending it up to God, or the ^' Good Spirit," a much ftronger emblem of tlie permanency and fiedfailnefs of the peace now to be made. Hi AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 25 He then produced a treaty lield with the government of Pcnnfylvania 1701, and three meflfages or letters from that government of dinVrcnt dates; and concluded thus — *• Now, Brother, I beg We who are warriors may forget our difpute?, " and renew the friendfliip which appears by the' :. papers to have fubfifted " between our fathers." — He promifcd, in be! ,• iof the reft of their na- tion, who were gone to a great diftance to hun and could not have notice to attend the treaty, that they Ihould certainiy come to Fort-Pitt in the fpring, and bring the remainder of the prifoners with them. As the feafon was far advanced, and the Colonel could not ftay long in thefe remote parts, he was obliged to reft fatisfied with the prifoners the Shawanefe had brought -, taking hoftages, and laying them under the ftrongeft obligations, for the delivery of the reft 1 knowing that no other eflfedual method could at prefent be purfued. He expoftulated with them on account of their paft conduft, and told them — *' that the fpeech they had delivered would have been agreeable to ** him, if their adlions had correfponded with their words. You have Ipoken, " faid he, much of peace, but have negledted to comply with the only ron- ** dition, upon which you can obtain it. Keifllnautchtha, one of your chiefs, *' met me a month ago at Tufcarawas, and accepted the fame terms of peace " for your nation, that were prcfcribed to the Senecas and Delawares ; pro- *' mifing in ten days from that time to meet me here with all your prifoners — ** After waiting for you till now, you are come at laft, only with a part " of them, and propofe putting oft" the delivery of the reft till the fpring. " — "What right have you to expeft diftcrent terms from thoie granted to «' the Delawares, &c. who have given me entire fatisfadion by their ready " fubminion to every thing required of them? But I will cut this " matter ftiort with you -, and before I explain myfelf further, I infift on " your immediate anfwer to the following queftions — , , ift. " Will you forthwith colled and deliver up all the prifoners yet in « your poflenion, and the vrench living among you, with all the Negroes «' you have taken from us in this or any other war -, and that without any " exception or evalion whatfoever ?" E «i / «0 COLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION ad. " WitL you deliver fix hoftages into my hands as a fecurity for ** your pundual performance of the above article, and that your nations " fhall commit no farther hoftilities againft the perfons or property of his •• majefty's fubjecls ?'* Benevissico replied that ** they agreed to give the hoftages required, " and faid that he himfelf would immediately return to their lower towns ** and colled all our fledi and blood that remained among them, and that " we fhould fee them at Fort-Pitt -f as foon as poflible. — That, as to the *' French, they had no power over them. They were fubjcfts to the king " of England. We might do with them what we pleafcd •, though he be- ** lieved they were all returned before this time to their own co'.»ntry."— They then delivered their hoftages, and the Colonel told them " that though he had brought a Tomahawk in his hand, yet as they had now fubmitted, he would not let it fall on their heads, but let it drop to the ground, no more to be feen. He exhorted them to exe^cife kindnefs to the captives, and look upon them now as brothers and no longer pri- fopers } adding, that he intended, to fend fome of their relations along with the Indians, to fee their friends colle£lj:4 and brought to Fort-Pitt^ He promifed to give them letters to Sir William Johnfon, to £icilitate a: final peace, and defired them to be ftrong in performing every thing ftipulated." C( «( «( '^ ?: . h h- <' ^ 1 l^£ 1 ^ '^ " . *< '1 If' ''," Si' 1 « '•' _'- ti 1- ,ir":i:r v?*:.^;*;". /^t^ ■*:-'.• .'S^.. ,1* •*^'. ' ■:j- a <• '. • 1^ I' ~-Mf*H t^ KA 1 .; r. n= ^v ^ -t^lf-- ' * "■'^■*' '^. >s - » ,-:-:\. AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 29 and one, fuppofed to be hers, v/as produced to her. At firfc fight flie was uncertain, but viewing the child with great earneftnefs, {he foon recollected its features j and was fo overcome with joy, that literally forgetting her fucking child (lie dropt it from her arms, and catching up the new found child in an extafy, prefled it to her breaft, and burfting into tears carried it off, unable to fpeak for joy. I'he father fcizing up the babe (lie had let- fall, followed her in no lefs tranfport and aficdion. Among the children who had been carried off young, and had long lived with tlie Indians, it is not to be expelled that any marks or joy would ap- pear on being reftored to their parents or relatives. Having been accuf- tomed to look upon the Indians as the only connexions they had, having been tenderly treated by them, and fpeaking their language, it is no wonder that they confidered their new ftate in the light of a captivity, and parted, from the favages with tears. But it mull not be denied that there were even fome grov/n perfons who Ihewed an unwillingnefs to return. The Shawanefe were obliged to bind feveral of their prifoners and force them along to the camp ; and fome wo- men, who had been delivered up, afterwards found means to efcape and run back to the Indian towns. Some, who could not make their efcape, clung to their favage acquaintance at parting, and continued many days in bitter lamentations, even refufing fufcenance. For the honour of humanity, we would fuppofe thofe perfons to have been of the lowefc rank, either bred up in ignorance and diftrefling penury, or who had lived fo long with the Indians as to forget all their former con- nections. For, eafy and unconflrained as the favage life is, certainly it could never be put in competition with the bleflings of improved life and the light of religion, by any perfons who have had the happinefs of enjoy- ing, and the capacity of difcerning, them. Every thing being now fettled with the Indians, the army decamped on Sunday 18th November, and marched for Fort-Pitt, where it arrived on the 28th. The regular troops were immediately fent to garrifon the different polls ) i 30 COLONEL BOUOJCJETa EXPEDITION pofts on the comiminication, and the provincial troops, with the captives, to their feveral provinces. Here ended this expedition, in which it is re- markable that, notwithftanding the nr)?ny diiRculties attending it, the troops were never in want of any ncceflaries ; continuing perfciftly healthy during the whole campaign j in which no life was loft, except the man mentioned to have been killed at Mulkingham. In the beginning of January 1765, Colonel Bouquet arrived at Phila- delphia, receiving, wherever he came, every polTible mark of gratitude and efteem from the people in general j and particularly from the overjoyed relations of the captives, whom he had fo happily, and without bloodlhed, reftorcd to their country and friends. Nor was the legiflative part of the provinces lefs fenfiblc of his important fervices. The aflembly of Pennfyl* vania, at their lirll fitting, unanimouQy voted him the following addrefs. In ASSEMBLY, January 15, 1765, A. M. To the Honourable HENRY BOU Q.U E T, Efqj Commander in Chief of His M A J E S T Y's Forces in the Southern Department of AMERICA, The Addrefs of the Reprefentatives of the Freemen of the Province of Pcnnfylvania, in General Aflembly met. III. SIR, * rr^ H E reprefentatives of the freemen of the province of Pennfylvar ' ■*- nia, in general aflembly met, being informed that you intend * (hortly to embark for England, and moved with a due fenfe of the im- * portant fervices you have rendered to his n'-'iefliy, his northern colonies ' in general, and to this province in particular, and altho* we now de- •* liver them up to you, we will always look upon them as our relations, ^ whenever the Great Spirit is pleafed that we may vifitthem, " "'' ■ + , i ., « Father, POST S C R I P T. 35 '* Father, We have taken as much care of them, as if they were our " own flefh and blood. They are now become unacquainted with your " cuftoms and manners ; and therefore, we requeft you will ufe them ten- " derly and kindly, which will induce them to live contentedly with you. ** Here is a belt with the figure of our Father the King of Great- •' Britain at one end, and the Chief of our nation at the other. It repre- ** fents them holding the chain of friendlhip} and we hope neither fide " will flip their hands from it, fo long as the Sun and Moon give light." The reader will further remember that one of the engagements which the different Indian Tribe^ entered into with Colonel Bouquet, was to fend deputies to conclude a peace with Sir William Johnson. This has alio been pundtually fulfilled i and we are aflured that Sir Wt'liam " has fi- *' niflicd his congrefs greatly to his fatisfadtion, and even beyond his ex- *« peftations." Thus every good confequence has enfued from this im- portant expedition, which our fondeft wifties could have induced us to ex- pedt from the known valour and fpirit of the able commander who had the conduft of iti and we now have the pleafure once more to behold the temple of Janus ftiut, in this weftern world I F 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. TH E long continued ravages of the Indians on the frontiers of the Britiih colonies in America, and the ratal overthrows which they have fometimes given our beft difciplined troops, efpecially in the beginning of the late war, have rendered them an objeft of our confidera- tion, even in their military capacity. And as but few officers, who may be employed againft them, can have orpor, unities to obferve the true caufes of their advantages over European troops in the woods, it is with the utirioft pleafure that I now proceed to lay before the pubHc the following valuable papers, which I mentioned f to have been communicateil to mc by an of- ficer of great abilities and long experience, in our wars with the Indian?. As fcarce any thing has yet been publilhed on a fubjedc now become of the highefl: importance § to our colonies, thefe papers will undoubtedly be an acceptable prefent to the reader, and the remarks contained in them may be more and more improved by the future care and attention of able men, till perhaps a compleat fyftem is at Icngrh formed for the condu(5t of this particular fpecies of war. , , . ^i ^ f See the introduftlon. § It will appear by the account of Indian tribes and towns annexed to thcfe papers, that the enemies wc have to deal with are neither contemptible in numbers or ftrengtii. <>"-■ S E C TION «8 RETLrCTIONS ON THE WAR \ J\ _ SECTION I ',; OF THii TEMPER AND GENIUS OF THE INDIANS. The love of liberty is innate in the favage v and feems the ruling pafllon of the rv^Mc of nature. His dcfires and wants, being few-, are eafily grati- fied, and leave him much time to fpare, which he would" fpend in idlenefs, if hunger did not force him lo hunt. That exercife makes him ftrong, adlive and bold, raifes his courage, and fits him for war, in which he ufcs the fame ftratagems and cruelty as againfl: the wild bealls -, making no fcruple to employ treachery and perfidy to vanquilh his enemy. Jealous of his independency and of his property, he will not fuffer the leaft encroachment on either ; and upon the flighteft fufpicion, fired with re- fentment, he becomes an implacable enemy, and flies to arms to vindicate his right, or revenge an injury. . ^« The advantages of thefe favages over civilized nations are both natural and acquired. They are tall and well limbed, remarkable for their affivity, and have a piercing eye and quick ear, which are of great fervice to them in the woods. Like beafts of prey, they are patient, deceitful, and render^Lh|yhabit almoft infenfible to the common feelings of humanity. Theirbarbarous- cuftom of fcal'-'ing their enemies, in the heat of adVioni the exquifite tor- ments often intli(5led by them on thofe referved for a more deliberate fate ; their general ferocity of manners, and the fuccefles wherev/ith they have of- ten been flufhed, have confpired to render their name terrible, and fome times to ftrike a pannic even into our braveft and beft difciplined troops. • ' TiiEiR acquired advantages are, that they have been inured to bear the extremes of heat and cold ; and from their infancy, in winter and fiKhmer, to plunge themfelves in cold ftreams, and to go almoft naked, expofed to the fcoiching fun or nipping frofts, till they arrive to the ftate of manhood. Some of vlern deftroy the fenfation of the Ikin by fcratching it with the (hort and . % fliarp WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 39 fliarp teeth of fomc animal, difpofcd in the form of a curry-comb, which makes them regardlcfs of briars and thorns in running thro' thickets. Rivers are no obftacles to tliem in their wild cxcurfions. They either fwim over, or crofs them on rafts or canoes, of an eafy and ready conftrudtion. In their expeditions they live chiefly by hunting, or on wild fruits and roots, with which the woods fupply them almoft every where. They can bear hunger and thirfl: for feveral days, without flackening, on that account, their perfcverance in any propcfed enterprize. By conftant praftice in hunting, they learn to fhoct with great (kill, either with bows, or fire-arms i and tofteal unperceived upon their prey, purfuing the tradts of men and beafts, which would be imperceptible to an European. They can run for a whole day without halting, when flying from an enemy, or when fent on any meflilige. They fleer, as if by infliinft, thro' tracklefs woods, and with aftonifliing patience can lie whole days motionlcfs in am- bufli to furprife an enemy, eiteeming no labour or perfcverance too painful to obtain their ends. They befmear their bodies with bear's greafe, which defends them againfl: rains and damps, as well as againfl; the fliings of Muflcitocs and Gnats. It likewife fupplcs their limbs, and makes them as flippery as the antient gladiators, who could not be held fafl; when fcized in fight. ». • Plain food, conftant excrcife, and living in the open air, prefcrve them healthy and vigorous, • • .. •■ ■ •• ] They are powerfully excited to war by the cuuoni efl;abUIhed among them, of paying diilinguifl^ed honours to warriors. h ■•; ■•. ": ' <•■■ They fight only when they think to have the advantage, but can- not be forced to it, being fure by their fpeed to elude the mofl: eager purfuit^ ^ . • ( Ti Theirj ^o REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR Their drefs confifts of the fkins of fome wild beaft, or a blanket, a Ihirt either of linen, or of drefled fkins, a breech clout, leggins, reaching half way up the thigh, and faftened to a belt, with mokawfons on their feet. They ufe no ligatures that might obftruft the circulation of their blood, or agility of their limbs. They (have their head, referving only a fmall tuft of hair on the top i and flit the outer part of the ears, to which, by weights, they give a circular form, extending it down to their Ihoulders. They adorn themfelves with ear and nofe rings, bracelets of filver and wampum, and paint their faces with various colours. When they prepare for an engagement they paint themfelves black, and fight naked. Their arms are a fufil, or rifle, a powder horn, a fliot pouch, a toma- hawk, and a fcalping knife hanging to their neck. When they are in want of fire-arms, they fupply them by a bow, a fpear, or a death hammer, which is a ihort club made of hard wood. Their ufual utenfils are a kettle, a fpoon, a looking glafs, an awl, a fteel to ftrike fire, fome paint, a pipe and tobacco-pouch. For want of tobacco, they fmoke fome particular leaves, or the bark of a willow • which is almoft their continual occupation. Thus lightly equipped do the favages lie in wait to attack, at fome difli- cult pafs, the European loldier, heavily accoutred, harrafled by a tedious march, and encumbered with an unwieldy convoy. « Experience has convinced us that it is not our intercft to be at war with them •, but if, after having tried all means to avoid it, they force us to it, (which in all probability will often happen) we fliould endeavour to light them upon more equal terms, and regulate our manoeuvres upon thofe of the enemy we are to engage, and the nature of the country we are to a& in. - r.. It l\. WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA; 4* It does not appear from our accounts of Indian wars, that the favages ^ere as brave formerly as we have found them of late i which mufl be im- puted to their unexpeded fuccefTes againU: our troops on fome occalions, particularly in 1 755 i and from the little refinance they have fince met with from defencelefs inhabitants. . ,u ; .' ,•. > ■_ ■ - It is certain that even at this day, they feldom expofe their perfons to danger, and depend entirely upon their dexterity in concealing themfelves during an engagement, never appearing openly, unltfs they have flruck their enemies with terror, and have thereby rendered them incapable of defence. From whence it may be inferred that, if they were beat two or three times, they would lofe that confidence infpircd by fuccefs, and be lefs inclined to engage in wars which might end fatally for them. But this cannot reafonably be expefted, till we have troops trained to fight them in their own way, with the additional advantage of European courage and difcipline. Any deviation from our eftablilhed military fyftem would be needlefs, if valour, zeal, order and good conduft, were fufficicnt to fubdue this light- footed enemy. Thcle qualities are confpicuous in our troops ; but they are too heavy, and indeed too valuable, to be employed alone in a deftruc- tive fervice for which they were never intended. They require the afliftance of lighter corps, whofe drefs, arms and cxercifes, fhould be adapted to thi$ new kind of war. ;,!-! •;ia .!! ;■. i--! This opinion is fupportcd by the example of many warlike nations, of which I bee leave to mention the following. " " , . ; M ^» •■ • ^ . *^ * t \t ' • < . 1 .,■'•■ The learned Jefuit f who has obliged the world with a treatifc on the military affairs of the ancient Romans, tells us, from Salluft §, that this t Vid. Joannii Antonii ValtrJni Lbr. de re mlUt. Vet. Rom. § Neque eivm Romanis fuperbia unqunm obftitit, quo minus aiiena inftituta, fl modo proba fuiffent, imitarentur ; ct quod ubique apiid focios vel hoftes idcneum vifum eflet, cum ftudio do- mi exfequerentur. — Aliaque ab aliis accepts, ipfi longe facere meiiora qus quidem digna ftatuiiTent. •» ,3;nriH! ^ai^ ^.^.I'ii 9 wife rjif- .*^^ REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR wife nation, our maflers in the art of war, were never hindered even by the pride of empire, from imitating any foreign maxim or inftitution, provided it was good j and that they carefully adopted into their own pra6tice what- ever they found ufcful in that of their allies or enemies ; fo that by receiv- ing fome things from one, and fome from another, they greatly improved a fyftem even originally excellent. ' ' ' ■" ■;'.-''. The defeat of Antony and Craflus by the Parthians, of Curio by the Numidians, and many other inflances, convinced the Romans that their le- gions, who had conquered fo many nations, were not fit to engage light- troops, which, harralTing them continually, evaded all their endeavours to > bring them to a clofe engagement •, and it is probable that if Julius Cjefar had not been aflaQlnated, when he was preparing to march againil the fame Parthians, to wipe off the reproach of the former defeats, he would have added to his legions a greater number of light troops, formed upon the principles and method of that nation, and nave left us ufeful leflbns for the condud of a war againft our favages. That he did not think the attack of irregular troops contemptible, ap-^ pears clearly in feveral parts of his commentaries, and particularly in the A- frican war. The various embarraffments he met with from the enemy he had then to deal with, necelTarily call to our :nind many fimilar circumftances in the courfe of our wars with the Indians; and the pains he took to inftruft his foldiers to (land and repel the fliirmifhes of the nimble Africans, may furnifti inftrudlion to us in our military operations againft the favage Americans. . , -t.i "1 1- We are told that while Cxfar was on Iiis march " to Scipio's* quarters, •* the enemy's horfe and light-armed infantry, rifing all at once from an „ . .. .- ..,,,!, ambufcade, * Labienu;, Afr^niufqiie com omn! equitatu, levlque armatura, ex infidiis adorti agmini Cx' faris extrcano fe offcrunt, atquc ex collibut primis exfiftunt. — Primo impetu legionum equitatus, levis armatura hoftium nuUo negotio loco pulfa et dejedla ell de colle. Quum jam Caefar cxilli- mafll-t lioftes pulfos deterritofqiie finem lacefTendi fafturos, et iter coeptura pcrgcre coepiiTet ; itc- rum ccleritcr ex proximis collibus erumpunt ; atque in Cscfaris legionarios impetum fiaunt Nti- midw, Icvifquc armatura?, mirabili vclocitate procditi ; qui inter equites pugnabant, et unn pari, terquc cum equitibus accuirere et refugcre confuevcrant. Hoc fepius facerent, &c. — Cxfaris ■ autem (( <( <( «c «( (C <« <« <( «( «c WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 45^ ambufcade, appeared upon the hills, and attacked his rear. His legions forming themfelves, loon beat the enemy from the higher ground. And now thinking all fafe, he begins to purfue his march. But immediately the enemy break forth from the neighbouring hills ; and the Numidians, with their light-armed foot, who are wonderfully nimble, always mixing and keeping equal pace with the cavalry in charging or retiring, fall afrelh on the Roman foot. Thiis they frequently renewed the charge, and ftill retired when he endeavoured to bring them to clofe engagement. If but two or three of his veterans faced about and caft their piles with vigour, two thoufand of the enemy would fly, then returning rally again, making it their bufinefs to harrafs his march, and to prefs upon his rear, following at fome diftance and throwing their darts at the legions. ** C/ESAR, having fo fubtil a-n enemy to deal with, inftruAed his foldiers, <* not like a f^eneral who had been vidlorious in the moft arduous exploits, *' but as a fencing-mafter-f would inftruct his fcholars j teaching them with ♦* what pace to retreat from the enemy, and how to return to the charge-, *' how far to advance, and how far to retire; and likewifc in what place and «' manner to caft their piles. For their light-armed infantry gave him the *' greateft uncafinefs, deterring his troopers from meeting them, by killing «* their horfes with their javelins, and wearying his legions by their fwiftnefs. *' For whenever his heavy-armed foot faced about, and endeavoured to re- «* turn their charge, they quickly avoided the danger by flight." But without going back to the ancients, we have feen this maxim adopted autem non amplius trcs, a'it quatcor militcs veterani, fi fe convertifTent, ci pila viribus contorts inNumidas inf'ellos conjcLlflciu, amplius duoium millium numero ad unum terga vurtebaiu; ac rurfus ad aciem pafiim, convcifib equis, fc colligcbant, atquo in /"patio confequebantur, etjacula in Legionarios conjicitbant. CiESAR contra ejufmodi hoftium genera copias fuas, non ut imperator exercitum veteranum, vifloremque maximis rebus gcllis, fed ut lanilla tironcs gladiatores condoccfacere : quo ped« ■fefe reciperent ab hofte, &c. -— IWirifice enim hoftium levis armatura anxium exercitum ejus atque foUicitum habebat : quia ct equitcs deterrebat proclium inire, propter equoru.n intcrritunj ; qiioJ eosjaculis int«rficiebat ; et Icgionarium miiitcm defatigabat, propter vclocicatem. Gravis eniia armatura miles fimul atque ab his infcdtatus conlliterat, in eofque impetum fecerat, ilii veloci curfa facile periculum vitabant. f Lanilla, in Latin, is aa infiru£lor cf gladiators, which in Engliih can only be traiiilatcd a « Fencing mailer.' G 2, in u HEFLECTIONS ON THE WAR in our days. Marfhal de Saxe finding the French army harrafled by the HwC- fars and other Aufltian light troops, formed alfo feveral corps of them of different kinds i and the king of Pruflia in his firft war introduced them into his army, and has augmented and employed them ever fince with fuc- cefs. We hare ourfelves made ufe of them in the two laft wars in Europe : But the light troops wanted in America muft be trained upon different prin- ciples. The enemies we have to deal with, are infinitely more adtive and dangerous than the Huflars and Pandours -, or even the Africans above^ mentioned. For the American favages, after their rapid incurfions, retreat to their towns, at a great diftance from our fettlements, through thickety woods almoft impenetrable to our heavy and unwieldy corps, compofed of foldiers loaded with cloaths, baggage and provifions, who, when fatigued by a long march, muft be a very unequal match to engage the nimble favagv? in woods, which are his native element. '-If.Io' Till h'lhinjifk- .fy *r 'vu>o: v.\-r>-'o nr- ■.':\ in , !'i ': t I . .v' Another unavoidable incumbrance, in our expeditions, arifes from th© provifions and baggage of the army, for which a road muft be opened, and bridges thrown over rivers and fwamps. This creates great labour, retards and weakens the line of march, and keeps the troops tied to a convoy which they cannot lofe fight of, without expofing it to become a prey to a vigilant tnemy, continually hovering about to feize every advantage. • f I _ An European, to be a proper judge of this kind of war, muft have lived fome time in the vaft forefts of America ; otherwife he will hardly be able to conceive a continuity of woods without end. In fpite of his endeavours, his imagination will betray him into an expedtation of open and clear grounds, and he will be apt to calculate his manoeuvres accordingly, too much upon the principles of war in Europe. . „. , Let us fuppofe a perfon, who is entirely unacquainted with the nature of this fervice, to be put at the head of an expedition in America. We will further fuppofe that he has made the difpofitions ufual in Europe for a march, o/to receive an enemy -, and that he is then attacked by the lavages. He cannot difcover them, tho' from every tree, log or bulh, he receives an inceffant fire, and obfcrves that few of their Ihot are loft. Pie will not hcfi- tate WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 45 tate to charge thofe invifible enemies, but he will charge in vain. For they are as cautious to avoid a dofe engagement, as indefatigable in harrafllniT his troops ; and notwithftanding all his endeavours, he will flill find himfclf furrounded by a circle of fire, which, like an artificial horizon, follows him every where. Unable to rid himfelf of an enemy who never (lands his attacks, and flics when prefll'd, only to return upon him again with equal agility and vigour-, he will fee the courage of his heavy troops droop, and their Ibength at laft fail them by repeated and incfFcdual efforts. He mull therefore think of a retreat, unlefs lie can force his way thro' the enemy. But how is this to be elTcftcd ? his baggage and provilions are unloaded and fcattered, pare of his horfcs and drivers killed, others difperfed by fear, and his wounded to be carried by foldiers already fainting under the fatigue of a long adion. The enemy, encouraged by his diftrefs, will not fail to encreafe the dilbrder, by prcffing upon him on every fide, v/ith redoubled fury and favage bowlings. He will probably form a circle or a fquare, to keep off" fo daring lan enemy, ready at the lead opening to fall upon him with the deftrud:ive to- mahawk : but thefe difpofitions, tho' a tolerable fliift for defence, are nei- ther proper for an attack, nor a march thro' the woods. This is not an imaginary fuppofition, but the true flate of an engagement with the Indians, experienced by the troops who have fought againft them. Neither is there any thing new or extraordinary in this way of fighting, which feems to have been common to mod Barbarians f-. What is then to be done to extricate our litde army from impending dcftrudlion ? This is a problem which I do not pretend to refolve. But as every man would, in fimilar circumllances, determine himfeli" fome way or otiier, I t Vid. Ca:'. Comm. lib. V. ds bello CalUco, et lib, II de bcllo .ivll'. will jfF -REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR will propofe my own fcntiments, founded upon forae obfervations which I .i SERVICE OF THE WOODS. I SHALL only venture a few notions fuggeflred by experience upon this fubjeft, chiefly with a view to recommend it lo the confideraiion of perfons 2 capable WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 47 capable of propofing a proper method of forming fuch an eftablifhment : and, in order to be better underllood, I will fuppofe a corps of 500 men to be raifcd and difciplined for the woods, befides two troops ol light horfe, to which a company of artificers might be added. The fitteft men for that fervice would be the natives of America bred upon the frontiers, and in- lifted between the age of 15 and 20 years, to be difcharged between 39 and 35. CLOATHING. The cloathlng of a foldier for the campaign might confift of a fhorc coat of brown cloth, lappelled, and without plaits ; a ftrong tanned fhirt, Ihort trowfcrs, leggins, mokawfons or (hoe packs, a Tailor's hat, a blanket^ a knapfack for provilions, and an oiled furtoutf againll the rain. To this might f The following Watch-coat was contrived by an ofScer, whofe name I do not remember. But inllead of the oiled linen to be put under the hat, a cap might perhaps anfwer better. He writes as fallows, viz. *' As the Indian war will require frequent incur/ions into a wild country, where a man ficlc <■ or wounded, is in feveral refpeAs more detrimental to the fervice than a man killed, every " thing that may contribute to the health of the men is of moment. " In this view, I propofe a fort of furtout, to preferve men, in a great meafure, both from " wet and cold. " Take a large checked fhirt, of about half a crown (lerling per yard, for it Ihould be pretty " fine; cut oft the wrifl-bands, and continuetheopeningof the bread down to the bottom ; k<.v " up the fides from the guflets downwards ; rip out the gathers in the fore parts of the collar as <' far as the (houlder (Iraps, and refew it plain to the collar. " The ftiirt will then become a fort of watch-coat like a bed-gown, with very wide fleevcs, " Take a quantity of linfeed oil, and boil it gently till one half is diminifhed, to which put " a fmall quantity of litharge of gold, and when' it is well incorporated with the oil, lay it on *' with a brulh upon the watch coat, fo that it (hall be every where equally wet. " I fuppofe the watch coat, hung in a garret, or other covered place, and fo fufpended by " crooked pins and packthreads in the extremities of the fleeves and edges of the collar, that <' one part (hall not touch another. In a fiiort time, if the weather is good, it will be dry ; " when a fecond mixture of the fame kind ihould be laid on with a brufli as before. When the " fecond coat of painting is dry, the greafe will not come ofF, and the furtout is an effeflual pre- •' fervative from rain ; it is very light to carry, and being pretty full on the back, will not only " keep the man dry, but alfo his pack and ammunition. " The fleeves are left long and wide, to receive the butt end of a firelock (fecured) and to " cover it below the lock. The coat is double brealled to be lapped over, according to which <• fide the rain drives. A man will be kept dry by one of thefe funouts as far as the knees. If, " from the vicinity of the enemy, it is improper to make fires at night, he may place his pad: : <' on a ilone, and, fitting upon it, change his (hoes and leggins, and, if he pleafes, wrap his " blanket. 48 REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR might be added, in winter quarters or time of peace, three white fhirts and ftocks, with a flannel waiflcoat. ARMS. Their arms, tlie befl that could be made, fhoiild be fliort fufils ami fome rifles, with bayonets in the form of a dirk, to fervc for a knife j with pow- der horns and fliot pouches, fmall hatchets and leathern bottles for water. EXERCISES. The foldiers being raifed, cloathed, and formed into companies under proper ofiicers, mufl:, before they are armed, be taught to keep themfelvcs clean, and to drefs in a foldier-like manner. This will raifc in them a becom- ing fpirit, give them a favourable opinion of their profefllon, and preferve their health. The flrft thing they are to learn is to Walk well, afterwards to Run } and, in order to excite emulation, fmall premiums might from time to time be given to thofe who diftinguifh themfelvcs. They mud then run in ranks, with open files, and wheel in that order, at firft flowly, and by de- grees increafe their fpeed : this evolution is difficult, but of the utmoft con- fequence to fall unexpeftedly upon the flank of the enemy. They are to ciif. perfe and rally at given fignals •, and particular colours fliould be given to each company, for them to rally by •, the men muft be ufed to leap f over logs and ditches, and to carry burthens proportioned to their ftrength. " blanket round his legs and feet, then drawing the watch cort clofe to hlslicdy, it will keep " him warm, as no air can pafs through it, and, leaning againll the trunk of a tree, lie may pais •* a tolerable night, both warm and dry. " It would be of fervicc lo have a fmall piece of the fame oiled linen to put under the hat " or cap to carry the rain down to the watchcoat or furtout, otherwife whaiever wet foakt " through the hat or cap, will run down the neck, and thereby, in fome meafure, defeat the " defign of the watch-coat. «' Perhaps ii might be ufeful to mix fome dark or greenifli colour with the oil of the fecond •* coating, to make the watch coat lefs remarkable in the woods," _ . , . .' f Vegetius gives an account of many fimilar exercifes, which the Romans found neceflary to eilablifh among their military. Miles fylvam cxdcbat, a:th.is temporibus natabat, ad palum dimicabat, faltabat, currebat. Exempla hujus exercitationis crebra funt apud Livium. Sic iile de Scipione Africano, 3 decaii. lib. Vf. " i'rimo die legiones in armis IV. millium fpatio de- " currerunt. Secundo die arma curara et tergere ante tentoria jufTit. Tertio die fudlbns inter '< fe in modum judae pugn?e concurrerent, prxpilatisque miflilibus jaculati funt. Quarto die " quies data. Quinto iterum in armis decuifum ell." — Quibus porro modis obviam eatur •lephantis. Veget. lib. lI*. cap, 24. Whsw WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 49 When the young foldiers arc pcrfeft in thefe exercifcs, they may receive their arms, with which they are to perform the former evolutions in all forts of grounds. They will next be taught to handle their arms with dexterity ; and, without lofing time upon trifles, to load and fire very quick, (landing, kneeling, or lying on the ground. They are to fire at a mark without a reft^ and not fufiered to be too long in taking aim. Hunting and fmall pre- miums will foon make them expert markfmen. They ought to learn to fwim, pufhing at the fame time their cloatlis, arms, and ammunition before them, on a fmall raft i and to make ufe of fnow Ihoes. They muft then be fet to work, and be taught to throw up an intrenchment, open a trench, make fafcines, clays and gabions -, likewife to fall trees, fquare logs, faw planks, make canoes, carts, ploughs, hand and wheel barrows, (hingles and clap-boards, cafks, batteaus and bridges, and to build log houfes, ovens, &c. • ' By example and praAice, the mod ingenious among them will foon be- come tolerable good carpenters, joyners, wheelwrights, coopers, armourers, fmiths, mafons, brickmakers, faddlers, taylors, butchers, bakers, (hoe- makets, curriers, &c. ... LIGHT HORSE and DOGS. I SAID that, to complcat this edabliihment, they Ihould have two troops of light horfe, fuppofed of 50 men each, officers included. The men are to perform the feme exercifes as the foot, .and afterwards be taught to ride, and particularly to be very alert at mounting and difmounting with their arms in their hands, to gallop through the woods up and down hills, and leap over logs and ditciies. The horfes ought to be bought up on the frontiers, where they are bred and ufed to feed in the woods, and are ftrong and hardy. They are to be thoroughly broke, made to ftand fire, to fwim over rivers, &c. their faddles and accoutrements very fimple, flrong and light. The number of horfes might be reduced to one half, in time of peace, tho' they would be of little expence, as they might be bred and maintained without charge in the mili- tary fettlement. This corps fhould be equipped as the foot, having only a {hort rifle in lieu of a fufil, and a battle ax with a Igng handle, the only fort of arms they fliould make ufe of in the charge. • ' ■ L ni .c. •. j.s c;;:: • • . • ■ H Every 50 REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR Every light horfe man ought to be provided with a Blood-hound, which would be ufeful to find out the enemies ambulhes, and to follow their tra£ls » they would feize the naked favages, or at lead give time to the horfe men to come up with them ; they would add to the fafcty of the camp at night by ^ifcovering any attempt to furprize it. ARTIFICERS.' ' "':..' ' ' The company of artificers ftiould be compofcd of the mod ufeful tradef- men, and ought to be maintained at all times for the inllruflion of the fol- diers, the ufe of the fectlement, or the fervice of the army, during the cam- paign. It will now be time to draw forth this military colony and remove them to the ground laid out for that ufe in the woods, and at a good diftance from the inhabitants. The nature of this fettlement will hereafter be more particularly defcribcd. , Necessity creating induftry, our young foldiers will foon provide them* felves with the mod ufeful articles, and in a couple of years be able to raife provifions for themfelves. While the greateft part would be employed in clearing the ground, fencing, ploughing, fowing, planting, building and making utenfils and houfiiold fur- niture, others might hunt with their officers, and remain a fortnight or a month out of the camp, without other provifions than a little flour, and what they could procure by hunting and filhing : then to be relieved, and the whole trained up in that way. ■- ■" t The military exercifes muft ftill be kept up and praAlfed, and great care taken to inculcate and prcferve purity of manners, obedience, order and decency among the men, Which will be found much eafier in the woods than in the neighbourhood of towns. . ., . ^ .. .,,. i. . Jt U> tJ In order to make this military edablifhment more generally ufeful ', I would propofe that the foldiers Hiould only receive a very fmall part of their pay -, leaving the remainder in the military chefl. * Their accounts (hould be iettled every year, and when their fcrvices ^ould intitle them to their difcharge, I could wilh that each of them had 200 acres of land given him, in a didrid appropriated for that purpofe ; and ■ 'i a receiving WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. fii receiving then the whole balldnce of pay due to them, they would be en- abled to compleat their fettlement. This inditution appears not only prafticable, but eafy, if attended to with patience, afllduity and firmnefs. The plan I would propofe is as follows. Method of forming fuch Settlements upon the Frontiers, as might .. .. fupport themielves during an Indian War. Let u8 fuppofe a fettlement to be formed for one hundred families, com- pofed of live perfons each, upon an average. Lay out upon a river, or creek, if it can be found conveniently, a sqjt are of one thoufand feven hundred and fixty yards, or a mile for each fide. That Square will contain - - - - Allowiag for ftreeta and public ufes To half an acre for every houfc To one hundred lotts at five and half acres 40 50 55° ] 640 acres 640 acres The four fides of the fquare meafare 7040 yards, which gives to each houfe about 70 yards front to flockade, and the ground allowed for build- ing will be 210 feet front, and about 100 feet deep. J\ N acre of ground will produce at Icaft 30 bufliels of Indian corn. There- few.-, two acres are fufficient to fupply five perfons, at the rate of twelve bulhels each perfon. Two other acres will be a pafture for cows and fheep, another acre for hay, to be fown with red clover. The remaining half acre may be laid out for a garden. Round the town are the commons, of three miles fquare, containing, ex- clufive of the lots abovementioned, 5120 acres. On three fides of the town, five other Squares will be laid out of three fquare miles, containing 5760 acres each, one of which is referved for wood for the ufe of the Set- tlement •, the other four to be divided into 25 out-lotts or plantations, of about 230 acres each, fo that in the four Squares, there will be one hun- dred fuch plantations, for the 100 families. Another townfhip may be laid out joining this, upon the fame plan, and as many more as you pleafe upon the fame line, without lofing any ground. II 2 The 5i Townfliip A. REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR 1 The following is a rough Iketchof the whole. Townfhip B. . . Townfliip C. Townfliip D. 5760 acres wood for the Town A 25 lotts of 230 acies I |i ' Wood for the Town B Wood for the Town C <\u C j ) 1 9 m 03 [D^ { £^ ' ♦ r i cSl \^\ pc3 Wood for the Town D Thus the town. A, has its commons, its woodland, and its 4 fquares marked No. i. each containing 25 plantations of 230 acres, as propofed above. In like manner, the other towns, B, C, D, have their appurtenances relpedlively marked. - ■■:■, ,.' .^b», ■ u -> . • . ., • ; »; i— ,,t Let us now fuppofe this plan accompliflied', and fuch corps as thefe fully fettled, trained and difciplined, in the manner abovementioned ; I would afk whether any officer, entrufled with an expedition againfl the favages, would not chufe to have them in his army ? I may fafely anfwer for all thofe who have beerr employed in that fervice, that they would prefer them to double the number of the beft European troops. And when they had ferved the time limited,.namely from their 1 5th ta their 35th year, what vafl fatisfadlion would it be to pay over to them their fhare of favings from the public chefl; and, as a reward of their faithful toils,, to veft them and their heirs with their feveral plantations, which they would now be enabled, to cultivate as their own ? This profpeft would engage many people to enter their fons, in fuch corps }. and thofe veterans, when thus difcharged,, would not only be the means of forming and animating others by their example, but in cafe of a war would ftill bravely maintain the property they had fo honourably acquired, and be the greatcfl; fccurity of the frontier where they arc fettled. Pre Pit •» >n WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 53 Pkbparations for an expedition in the woods against savages. It is noii: praAicable to employ large bodies of troops againft Indians ; the convoys necefTary for their Support would be too cumberfome, and could nei- Eher be moved with eafe, nor protefted. It would be better to fit out feveral finall expeditions, than one too unwieldy : I will therefore fuppofe that a corps intended to a£t ofFenfively fhall not exceed the following proportions. Two regiments of foot ---------- 900 One battalion of hunters --------- 500 Two troops of light horfe ----.----100 One company of artificers --------- 20 Drivers and necefiary followers --------280 In all iSoo The firft article to provide is the provifions, and next the carriages. The daily ration of a foldier in the woods (hould confift of one pound and- a half of meat (which requires no carriage) and one pound of flour, with a gill of fait per week. Upon that allowance 1 800 men will require for fix l ^ ,, ^, , „ , C 327,000 lb. Flour, months or 182 days --------- j"' Allowing one fourth for accident ----- 81,900 For fix months Meat for the fame time with a fourth part more 1 for accidents, or 2048 beeves at 300 lb. each ^ Salt for 26 weeks -.,-«-« 409,500 lb. Flour. 614,4001b. Meat. 1S2 BuIhelSi .A The above quantity would ferve the whole campaign, but one half would be fufficient to penetrate from the laft depofite into the heart of the enemy's country : therefore we Ihali compute the carriages for this laft quantity only. Every horfe carries about 150 lb. neat weight, therefore, to carry flour for three months or 204,7501b. will require 1365 horfes. Horses ^4 REFLECTIONS ON THE "WAH Horses for flour brought forward For 91 bufhelsof fait - Ammunitipn Tents " Tools ' 'ji '■■ Holpital -'i''^ - Officers baggage and ftafF •1 . l'-.i ar.ji. J i^^5 46 50 50 50 20 150 1 73 1 A-' To reduce this exorbitant number of horfes, and the great expence at- tending it, I would propofe, for fuch parts of the country as would admit of it, to make ufe of carts, drawn each by four oxen, and carrying about 13001b. or fix barrels of flour. The above quantity of 204,7501b. wiH then be carried by 160 carts drawn by -. - - 640 oxen Spare oxen with the army r -: r -5 384 ,1 -fj J^r.Thc number of 6xen wanted 1024 T-His method would not be as expeditious as the carriage by horfes, and would require more time and attention in cutting the road, and bridging the fwampy places, &c. but, on the other hand, what an expence would be faved ! ana by killing the oxen in proportion as the flour is uied, and abandoning the carts, the convoy is daily reduced, and the grafs near the encampment will not be fo foon confumed, which is not the cafe with horfes, which mufl equally be fed though unloaded. This is an objeft of confequence, parti- cularly near the end of th^campaign, When Ihe fcarcity of fodder obliges to move the camps every day, and to place them in low and difadvantageous grounds. I WOULD therefore incline for the ufe of carts, and they could be made before hand by the hunters and their artificers. *• The oxen fhould be bought in the provinces where the farmers make ufe o'" them in their works. One or two foldiers would drive the cart and take charge of the four oxen. < '. i^ There WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. -55 There are few rivers in North-America deep in fummer, and which thefe carts with high and broad wheels, could not ford ; but if the contrary Ihould happen, the carts, provifions and baggage, may be rafted over, or a bridge built. In a country full of timber, and with troops accuftomed to work, no river will flop an army for a long time. Bv the above method, 3 or 400 horfes would be fufEcient to carry the baggage, ammunition, tents, tools, &c. EXPLANATION OF thz four PLANS, f Plate 11. Reprefenting the different pofitions of our army in the woods, ENCAMPMENT. The camp (Fig. 1) forms a parallellogram, of one thoufand by fix hun- dred feet. Eight hundred men of the regular troops (i) encamp on the four fides, which gives twenty- four feet to each tent, containing fix men. The light-horfe (3) encamp within the parallellogram. The referve (7) in the center. The provifions, ammunition, tools and fVores (8) and the cattle (9) are placed between the two troops of ligh' horfc and the refcrvc. The hunt- ers (2) encamp on the outfide diiaona!/ v nt the four angles, being covered by redoubts (5) formed with kegs a; d hags of flour or fafcines. Befides thefe four redoubts, another is plactcl to the front, one to the rear, and two before each of the long faces /" the camp, ^iM^ing in all ten advanced guards of 22 men each, and 7 centiies, covered if poflible by breafl works of fafcines or provifions. Before the ?rmy hy down tlicir arms, the ground is to be reconnoitred, and the guards pofted, who will immediately open a communication from one to the other, to relieve the centries, and facilitate the pafTage of rounds* , t . i . • The centries upon the ammunition, provifions, head quarters, and all others in the infide of the camp are furnifhtd from the referve. The officers, except the flaff and commanders of corps, encamp on the line witli their men. f See this Plate before Fag, 7, The X.. - 5^ REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR Thf. fires are made between the guards and camp, and put out in cafe of an attack in the night. L I N E of M A R C H, Plate 11. Fig. II. Part of the hunters (2) in three divifions detaching fmall parties (5, 6) to their front and to their right and left, to fearch the woods and difcover the enemy. The artificers and ax men (4) to cut a road for the convoy, and two paths on the right and left for the troops. One hundred and fifty of the regular troops (i) in two files, who are to form the front of the fquare ; thefe march in the center road. Two hundred and fifty regulars (1) in one file by the right hand path -, and 250 (i) by ^^^ Jsft hand path, are to form the long faces. < These are followed by 150 regulars (i) in two files, who are to form the rear of the fquare. The referve (7) compofed of 100 regulars in two files. The reft of the hunters (2) in two files. The light horfe (3.) The rear guard (5) compofed of hunters, follows the convoy at fome di- ftance and clofes the march. The fcouting parties (6) who flank the line of march, are taken from the hunters and light horfe, and polled as in plan (Fig. 2) fome orderly light horfe men, attend the General and field officers v/ho command the grand divifions, to carry their orders. Two guards of Jight.horfe take charge of the cattle (9.) The convoy (8) proceeds in the following order. The tools and ammunition following the front column. The baggage. T«£ cattle. I L. Thi WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. The provifions. The whole divided into Brigades, and the horfcs two a brcaft. Zl DEFILES. In cale of a defile, the whole halt until the ground is reconnoitred, and the hunters have taken pofleflion of the heights. The center column then enters into the defile, followed by the right face \ after them the convoy, then the left and reai face, with the referve, the light horfe, and the rear guard. The whole to form again as foon as the ground permits. Disposition to receive the enemy. Fig. (3) The whole halt to form the fquare or parallellogram, which is done thus. The two firft men of the center column ftaad faft at two yards diftance. The two men following them, ilep forward and poft themfelves at two yards on the right and left. The others come to th# front in the fame manner, till the two liles have forr led a rank, which is the front of the fquare. The rear face is formed by the two file-leaders turning to the center road, where having placed th'^mfelves at two yards diftance, they face outwards, and are foQlowed by their files, eacn man pofting himfelf on their right or left, and facaog towards the enemy ihe moment he comes to his poft. As foon as the front and rear are extended and formed, the two long £acd- huuiids. WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 59 hounds. The intervals of the two columns who attack in the front, and of thofe who attack in the rear, will be clofed by the little parties of rangers (5) polled at the angles of the fquare, each attack forming in that manner, three fides of a parallelognim. In that order they run to the enemy (X) and having forced their way through their circle, fall upon their flanks j by wheeling to their right and left, and charging with impetuofity. 1 he mo- ment they take the enemy in flank, the Firll Firing of the regular troops march out brifl*efttet^^- 6i A P P r . N D I X I. The gsrrifons of fuch forts would be free from furprizes, even if they K'ld no Gentries, for nothing can get at them, while the doors are well bolted and barred. Some reasons for keeping possession of our large forts in thi; Indian countrv. As thefe forts have been one of the caufes of the lad war and are a great cye-fore to the favages, they have bent their chief ellbrts againll them •, and therefore, while thus employed, they have been lefs able todillrefs our fettle- ments. Our forts keep the Indian towns at a <;^eat diftance from us. Fort- Pitt has cfFedtually driven them beyond the Ohio, and made them remove their fettlements at leaft 60 miles further weflwaid. Was it not for thefe forts, they would fettle clcfeon our borders, and in tin e of v.ar infefl: tis everyday in fuch numbers as would o\'cr-power t'y diin inhabitants fcattercd on ourcxtenfive frontier. The farmer unabl? to fow or reap would foon fall back on our chief towns, or quit the country for want of bread. In either cafe, what would be the fate of the large towns burthened with the whole country, and deprived r fubfiftance and of the materials of trade and export ? The de(lru(5tion of thefe forts being, in time of war, the chief aim of the favages, they gather about them to diftrefs the garrilbns, and to attack the convoys ; thereby giving us an opportunity to fight them in a body, and to Ih'ikc a heavy blow, which otherwife they would never put in our power, as their advantage lies in furprizes, which are bed elFeded by fmall numbers. Kxperience has convinced them that it is not in their power to break thofe fliackles, and therefore it is not probable that they will renew the attempt ; and our pods will continue a check upon them, and fave the difficulty and fxpence of taking poft again in their country. Our forts are likewife the proper places for trade, which being clofely infpefted, it will be eafy for us to limit their fupplies, to fuch commodities as they cannot turn againft us, and to put a fpeedy ftop to all juft caufes of complaints, by giving immediate redrefs. A FEW forts, with flrong garrifoni;, I fliouW judge to be of more fervice than a greater number weakly guarded. In the laft v loft all our fmall pofts i but our more confiderable ones, Detroit and on Pitt, refifted all the efforts of the favages, by the ftrength of their garrifons. A P P E N- APPENDIX II. ^3 luui (ui/a itiu* ijut 1^/' '^ ^L/* '^W "^ W* '^Af •Ha '^* ^^ 'V "^V *^ "J^ 'Af %^ "^^ ^A* "^Z" "M* APPENDIX II. TH E following Paper was u. by an Officer well acquainted with the places he dcrcribes ; and is thouglit worthy of a place here, as tvcry thing is material which can encreafe our knowlege of the va(l coun- tries ceded to us and of the various nations that inhabit thcin. Account of the French fouts ceded to Great Britain in Louisiana. The fettlement of the Illinois being in 40 degrees of latitude, is 500 leagues from New-Orleans by water and 350 by land. The moft proper time of the year for going there, is the beginning of February. The waters of the MilTifippi are then high, and the country be- ing overflowed, there is lefs to fear from the favages, who are hunting in that Icafon. The encampments fiiould be on the left of the river, as the enemies are on tlie riglu, and cannot have a fufficient number of crafts to crofs if their party is large. They generally attack at day-break, or at the time of embarking. The inhabitants might bring provifions half way, if they were allowed good pay. The Delawares and Shawanefe lie near Fort Du Quefne, -f which is about 500 leagues from the Illinois. The Wiandots and Ottawas, (who are at the Detroit) are about 250 leagues from the Illinois by land. And tiie Miamis. about 200 by land. Nevertheless as intelligence is carried very fad by the Savages, and as all the nations with whom we arc at war, can come by the Ohio, J we mi.il be vigilant to prevent a furprize. The. -}• So the I'reiich foimcrly called what is now Fort Pitt. J Part of the navigat.on oi' the Ohio, from Foit fitt is defcribcd n3 follows, viz.. That the ditHcult \an it the river is from I'ort-Pit: .ibout 50 or 60 miles downwards. There. 6 are it IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) II.O l^|2.8 1^ m 1.1 1. ^ MUl. 1.25 M 2.0 m 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 & ^ «4 APPENDIX II. The mouth of the Ohio, in the Miflifippi, is 35 leagues from the Illinois, Thirteen leagues from the Miflifippi, on the left of the Ohio, is Fort Mafliac, or Affumption, built in 1757, a little below the mouth of the river Cherokee f . It is only a ftockade, with four baftions and eight pieces qf cannon. It may contain 100 men. In four days one may go by land, from this fort to the Illinois. It is of confequence for the Englifli to preferve it, as it fecure^ the com- munication between the Illinois and Fort-Pitt. Fort Vincennes, which is the laft poft belonging to Louifiana, is upon the river Ouabache :j:, 60 leagues from its conflux with the Ohio. It is a fmall ftockade fort, in which there may be about 20 foldiers. There arc alfo a few inhabitants. The foil is extremely fertile, and produces plenty of corn and tobacco. The diftance from this fort to the Illinois, Is 155 leagues by water. And it may be travelled by land in fix days. The nation of favages living at this poft is called Pianquicha. L can furnifh 60 warriors. Altho* we do not occupy Fort Vincennes at prefent, yet it would be of the utmoft confequence for us to fettle it, as there is a communication from it with Canada, by going up the Ouabache. From this poft to the Ouachunons is 60 leagues, and from thence to the Miamis (ftill going up the Ouabache) is 60 leagues further •, then there is a portage of fix leagues to the river Miamis, and you go down that river 24 leagues to Lake Erie. sre ;2 iflands between Fort-Pitt and the lower Shawanefe town on Scioto ; and none of them difficult to pafs in the night, but one at the mouth of Mufkingham, occafioned by a number of trees lying in the channel. From the lower Shawanefe Town to the falls, there are but 8 or 9 iflands. At the falls, the river is very broad, with only one paflage on the eaft fide, in which there is waur enough at all feafons of the year to pafs without difficulty. Below the falls, the naviga< tion h every way clear, down to the Miflifippi. f River C herokee falls into the Ohio about 800 miles below Fort.Pitt. This river is in ge- neral \^ dv' and Ihoal up to the fouth mountain, pallkble only with bark canoes, after which it grow vfiy fmnll. J iiahache • t^ :<] ->^ ,r -^u The Illinois Indians living near this village are called Cafquiars, and can turn out 60 warriors. - ^ • I COMPUTE that there are about 300 Negroes at the Ilhnois. The country of the Illinois is fertile, producing good wheat and oorn. All kinds of European fruits fucceed there furprizingly well, and they have wild grapes with which they make tolerable wine. Their beer is pretty good. There are mines of lead, and feme falc. They make fugar^ ra^e, and there arc ftone quarries. APPENDIX III. ROUT from Philadelphia to Fort-Fjtt* From Philadelphia to Lancafter to Carlifle to Shippcnlburgh to Fort Loudoun ^ to Fort Littleton to the crofllng of the Juniata .:.'.: to Fort Bed^rd to the crofling of Stoney creek to Fort Ligonier to Fort Pitt . • -•■' '. ., \ . •'■■a ... ■'■.'t.-V.:>l fouth of Miffouri Pania piques, j Padoucas, J Ajoues, north of the fame - : ; l Arkanfes, on the river that bears their name, falling into Mifllfippi on the weft fide - . , . - Alibamous, a tribe of the Creeks « • *Ouanakina "j r ^ ; , • Chiakaneflbu I Unknown, unlefs the author has put them *Caoui!as ( for tribes of the Creeks ^,. • Souikilas J Miamis, upon the river of that name, falling into Lake Erie Delawares (les Loups) on the Ohio Shawanefe on Sloto - - - " - Kickapoos ■% Ouachtenons > on the Ouabache Feanquichas J Kafkafquias, or Illinois in general, on the Illinois river - • Pianria -----.. Catawbas, on the frontiers of North-Carolina Cherokees, behind South>Carolina - - - - . Chickafaws 1 Natchez r Mobile and MifTifippi Chaftaws ^ 2500 1800 3000 1000 600 1600 2000 1700 500 1 100 2000 600 300 350 800 700 200 - 350 600 500 300 400 250 600 800 150 2500 750 150 4500 r i The above lift confifts chiefly of fuch Indians as the French were con- nedled with in Canada and Louifiana. Wherever we knew the names by which the different nations are diftinguiflied by the Englifh, we have in- ferred them. But the orthography is yet very unfettled, and the feveral nations marked with an * afterifm are unknown to us, and therefore they arc left as they ftand in the original lift. 3 ■■ . . -. '. So APPENDIX V. 71 So large a number of fighting men may ftartle us at firft fight •, but the account feems no where exaggerated, excepting only that the Catawba nation is now almoft extinft. In fome nations which we are acquainted with, the account falls even fliort of their numbers ; and fome others do not appear to be mentioned at all, or at leaft not by any name known to us. Such, for infliance, are the Lower Creeks, of whom we have a lift accord- ing to their towns. In this lift their warriors or gunfmen are 1180, and their inhabitants about 6000. Thus a comparative judgment may be formed of the nations above-mentioned i the number of whofe inhabitants will (in this proportion to their warriors, viz. 5 to i) be about 283,000. ; J THE END.