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NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVKRS. 
 
 By Otls Titfton Mason. 
 
 "If the canopy of Heaven wens a bow, aud tlie earth were tlio cord tWereoC; and if (.nlnni- 
 ities were tlie arrows, am' iii:iiikinil tlio iiiarks for (lio.s(^ arrows; and if Aliiiiifhty (iod, <1k» 
 tremendous iind the f^lorioiis, were tlin unerring archer, to \vh<iiii < oiihl the suns of Adam flee 
 for protection ? The sons of Adam must lleo unto the Lord." — 7Vmi(i'« laslitutes, p. xlviii. 
 
 In no series of mnsenni specimens is the natural history of human 
 invention better exemplified than in the apparatns of war and the 
 chase. The history of warfare especially involves the ri^ht nnderstand- 
 ing of two words — offense and defense. The perfecting of defensive 
 apparatns has been stimnlatedby the perfecting of weapons of oflense, 
 and on the contrary the ingenuity of the human mind has been taxed 
 I to make the offensive implement of war more })owerf'ul than the defen- 
 sive.* Protection of the body is secured by what is generally termed 
 larmor. The protection of the ftxmily, the tribe, the army corps, is 
 achieved by fortification of some kind. 
 
 In the modern art of war this conflict of defense against offense 
 
 reaches its climax in the built-up steel rifle-cannon and the nickel and 
 
 ^Bteel Harveyized armor plating. One of the modern guns will send its 
 
 sliot quite through a plate 20 inches thick. Now the primitive form of 
 
 febis terrible i)rqjectile was the arrow, and of the steel plate the auces- 
 
 )r was the trifling hide and stit^k armor of savagery. 
 
 Offensive implements in all ages and stages of culture are for three 
 mrposes — to bruise, to slash, and to pierce the body of the victim. 
 
 Bruising weapons are found everywhere, but were highly develoi)ed 
 In the Polynesian area, because there abundance of hard wood exists 
 and little stone with conchoidal fracture for chipping. 
 
 Among the African savages, because they possess iron which may 
 be worked from the ore, edge or slashing weajmus have beeu.jpe- 
 cially ehiborated. 
 
 Among the American aborigines, where obsidian, jasper in all its 
 varieties, chert, quartz, and other siliceous stones abound, ])iercing 
 weapons seem to have been the favorite class. 
 
 * These two Hubj«ota as developed by the Anu'ricaii ab(H'ijj;iiies w.ll be treated 
 Bubsequentlv. Shields and armor will be described by Mr. Walter Iloifrh 
 
 G31 
 
63^ 
 
 NORTH AMKRICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVl^RS. 
 
 However, each of the chief types of savagery i)()ssesses in some form 
 the three great ehisses of bruising, shishiii*;', and piercing weai»oiis. 
 For instance, the Polynesians had th(^ club, the spear, and the shark's- 
 teeth sword. The Africans fimght with lvnol)sti(;ks, asse.yais, hows 
 and arrows, ami edge weapons in great variety. The Americans, 
 especially the Mexicans, developed a sword with obsidian edge and the 
 tomahawk. 
 
 The further subdivision of these three classes of weai)ons is based 
 upon their manipulation. Kvery weapon and every tool consists of 
 two parts — the working part and the nianual or operative part,— that 
 which wounds or kills and that by which it is held or worked. Indeed, 
 the fact is sometimes overlooked that the manual or operative i)art of 
 a tool or weai)i)n has undergone greater changes in the c«)urse of his- 
 tory than the working ])art. The bow therefore must be studied (piite 
 as carefully as the arrow. 
 
 In the rudest form of tool or wea))on a single ]>iece of stone or 
 wood serves both purposes, but even in this simple form one jjart fits 
 the hand better and the other is more adapted to the work. A stone 
 used for bruisiug generally has one end bettei fitted to the hand and the 
 other shaped by nat ure to ettect the puri)ose. The stick used as a spear, 
 or a club, or a sword, eveu in savagery, has the differentiation of hold- 
 ing end and working end. 
 
 This study of the manual end of a weapon gives rise to tiie classifi- 
 cation of Adrien de Mortillet into weapons held and used in the hand, 
 weapons thrown from the hand, and weap^ms worked by some interme- 
 diarj'^ ai)i)aratus between the hand and the working part. 
 
 Ballistic weapons of America are bolas, throwing sti<*ks or sling- 
 boards with their varied darts, slings and stones, blow-tubes and darts, 
 and bows and arrows. Some tribes are said to throw the tomahawk 
 with good ettect. Kach of these involves mechanical i)rincii)les worthy 
 of the most careful study. 
 
 In this paper attentiou will be confined to the types of bows, arrows, 
 and quivers of the North American aborigines, with incidental references 
 to similar forms tbund elsewhere. It is true that the tribes included 
 within this area developed the greatest variety of forms of primitive 
 bows ami arrows. The built up bows of Asia, studied and described 
 by Mr. Halfonr,* arc of a higher order of invention and need only be 
 menti(nied. 
 
 Mexican bows, arrows, and shields have been carefully des<'ribe,d by 
 Mr. Adolf liandelier. The South American area lias been little inves- 
 tigated, but the North American Indian archery affords an excellent 
 opportunity for the considia'ation of all the fon^es and devices which 
 entered into human inventions as motives. 
 
 The geographic distribution of materials fov weapons and of game 
 
 * Heiny HiilCoiir, Jour. Anthrop. luat., Loiulon, ;ol. xix. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN POWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 633 
 
 Ihis j»iveM rise to an iiiliiiitc \iiri(*ty of forms. Tlic tiiiluio of cortaiii 
 kinds of trees in nuiny ))la<'cs has jMit tlie bowyers to tlieir wit's end in 
 devisin<4' substitutes foi- produ(tin<4' tli«' bow's elasticity. The e.\:;;en- 
 cies of climate idid the j.;loved hand modify the form of the arrow in 
 some rejij.wis. The i)rof»ress of culture, the demands of social customs, 
 and skill of the manufacturer enter into the study of the bow and the 
 arrow, in other words, in passinj*' from tlu^ Mexican border riorthward 
 to the limit of human habitation, one (inds the rudest arrow and the 
 rudest bow and the most elaborate arrow and bow ever st^eu among' 
 savages. 
 
 A<»ain, in makinjn" this journey he will ob.serve how (juickly Ins passage 
 between certain isotherms, forested regions, deserts, tallies with a 
 sensitiveness of the bow or the arrow, which tak(^ on new forms at 
 every degree of latitude or temperature. 
 
 Finally, if the student be observant, the arrow will write for him long 
 cha])ters about the people, the fishes, birds, and beasts of the sei)arate 
 regions ami their ])eculiar habits. 
 
 The following scheme of"wea|)ons devised by M. Adrien de JMortillet 
 is modified to fit the North Auierican Area. 
 
 A.— UKIISINC AM> MAN(il.IN(l WKAI'OXS 
 
 1. Held ill the hand — Stones, clubs. 
 
 2. -1/ viid of handle. — I'oj'iuiiof^gaii.s iind casst^ ti'toa, 
 
 3. Thrown fr nil hand. — Sliiij;' stones, rabbit sticks, bolas. 
 
 H.— SLASUINC. AXI> TKAItlXC WKAPONS. 
 
 '1. Held III hand. — Stoiio daggers and swords. 
 
 ;"). At end nf handle. — Sioux war dubs, tomahawks. 
 
 6. Thrown from hand. — J^ittlc used. 
 
 I'.- .'IKUCINC WKAPONS. 
 
 game 
 
 7. Held in li'ind. — Bone and stone daggers, slave killers. 
 
 8. Jt end of handle. — Lances <>1" all kinds. 
 !). I'rojeeli'eH. — Arrows, liarpoons, blow-tnbe darts. 
 
 Besides those thrown from the hand — stones, rabbit sticks, and 
 bolas — tlu're were four types of manual or operative apparatus used for 
 propelling missile wea]>on8 by the North American ab(uigines, — the 
 bow, the throwingstick, the sling, and the blow-tube. 
 
 The throwing stick existed throughout the Eskimo area, in south- 
 eastern Alaska, on the coast of California and in Mexico, it is not nec- 
 essaiy here to more than mention its occurrence in South Anumca and 
 Australia. This weapon has been described by the author at length in 
 the report of the Smithsonian Institution (1884), and this i)aper was 
 tlie starting point of half a dozen by others which well nigh exhausted 
 that subject. 
 
 The sling is found <m the ( ■alifornia coast north of San Francisco. 
 
 The blow-tube e.»k;isted only in those areas where the cane grew iu 
 
 32076 
 
634 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN HOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 abiindaiiee, es])e(;iiilly in tlu^ JSoiitliorn States of tlie I'liion. One or 
 two tribesof theMiisklio^caii stork and tlie Clieiokees employ this wea- 
 pon for killin<4- bii'ds in swani|)y places. The Choctaws abont New 
 Orleans niak(^ still a coniponnd blow tube by fastening four or five reeds 
 together after the maniierof the Pandean pijK'. In Moxieo and Central 
 Anierica this weapon was common, hi tropical Sonth America, how 
 ever, much eare was bestowed upon the manufactnie of twt> varieties 
 of Zarabatana constructed of two pieces of wood grooved and fitted 
 together and the Pucuna made by inserting one tube inside of another 
 and tamping tlie intervening places with wax. 
 
 From the inventor's point of view, the blow tube with the (but, driven 
 to the nuirk by the elasticity of the breath, should be the antecedeut 
 and parent of the gun, i)istol, and cannon.* Historically the archer 
 was the father of the cannonier. It is doubtful whether the inventors 
 of guni)owder ever saw an American or Malayan blow tube. 
 
 The universal projecting device of North America was the bow for 
 propelling arrows ami barbed harpoons. It is found in its simplest 
 form in the south and east and becomes more complicated as we travel 
 westward and noithward. The following types are to be distinguished: 
 
 First. The idain or '• self' bow, mad«^ of a single j)ie(;e of liard, elastic 
 wood, in each locality the best that could be ibund. (Plates i.xi-LXiii.) 
 
 Second. The comjiound bow nnub* of two or more [)ieces of wood, 
 baleen, antler, horn or bone fastened together. (Plates lxii,lxiv,lxv.) 
 
 Third. The sin<'W-liiu'd bow, consisting of a single piece of yew or 
 other wood, on the back of which shredded sinew is i)lastered by means 
 of glue. (Plates lxi-lxiii.) 
 
 Fourth. The sinew-corded bow used ''bnost exclusively by the 
 Eskimo. They are made from drift and other wood and backed with 
 finely twisted or braided sinew cord and reinforced with wedges, 
 splints, and bridges. (Plates lxv-lxxiii.) 
 
 Each one of these four types nmy be sub-divided according to the 
 region or tribe. Every location furnishes a sjiecies of wood or material 
 best suited for the bow-maker, and tliis has its elfect upon the structure 
 of the weapon. The game to be killed is another cause of variation. The 
 tribal fashions, and nuiterial, and game, bring to pass a goodly number 
 of special forms of bows which will now hive to be studied in more 
 detail, commencing at the south where the structure is simplest and 
 proceeding to the north where it is m(»st complex. AssDciated with 
 each ty])e and structure and region of the bow was its appropriate arrow. 
 Nothing c<mld be more intimate than this relationship. It might almost 
 with safety be said that the arrows of each culture region couK'. be shot 
 with little eflect from the bows of another region. 
 
 Again, excei)ting the little ])iercer at the end, which does the killing, 
 the arrow shaft ami feathers and nock really belong to the bow, that 
 is, to the manual or opeiative jiart belbre mentioned. 
 
 I 
 
 * It is worthy of note, that elymologicaUij " ciuiiion," is a derivative from the 
 Greek kivvu—h reed. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 635 
 
 VOCAIULAK , (IK AKCIIKUV. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Arcmku, old Frciicli (ircbicr, Lutiii (ncurhix, froiii uicuh, a Imw; ono who alioots with 
 
 a Ixnv ; wln-iH'o archery, shootiiij; witli a liow. 
 Al{.M-(a'Aiii). Th(! .Iai)aii»'si>, in icleasiii};, revolver th(3 how in tlic left haiul; a guard 
 
 is worn on the outer side of the forearm to catch tho hh»\v of tiie strinj;. 
 Arkow, a jtioreinfi;. Htunning, or cnttinj^TinHHih' Khot iVoni a how. The possihle partH 
 
 are the ])ile or liead, harh-pieee, forcshaft, shaft or stele, featherinf;, nock, audsei/.- 
 
 in^H. 
 AkI!ONV ckmknt, Kuhstance used in fastening the arrow-head to tiie shaft. A few 
 
 trilies use ghu^ or cenient in making the sint^w-baeked how. 
 AhkowmkaI), the iiart of in arrow designed to produce a wound. The parts of tlie 
 
 ]irimitivc stone arrow-head arc the ti]» or apex, faces, sides or edges, hase, shank 
 
 <M' tang, and facettes. 
 Ar.Kow .srHAKiiiTKN'iJ!, a piece of hone, horn, wood, or ivory, with a perforation to 
 
 serve as a wrench in straightening arrow-shafts, harhs. etc. 
 Bai'k (side), tho part of the bow away from tho archer. 
 Back I'D. A how is backed when along tho outside ar<! fastened strips of wood, 
 
 hone, horn, rawhide, baleen, sinew, or cord to increase the elasticity. 
 Bamumc, tlM^ strap sujtporting a quiver or sheath, being worn over one slioulder, 
 
 across llie breast, and under the ojiposite arm ; generally mucdi ornamented. 
 Ba1!I(-1'Iiu K. tilt jticce of ivory, etc., on some arrows .'ittacluMl to the true head, and 
 
 having 1)arba on th(^ sides. This should be carefully discriminated from the 
 
 foreshaft, which has another function altogether. 
 Bask (>f an arrow-head, tho jiortion which tits into tho shaft. 
 Bki.i.y (inside), the part of a bow toward the arclier, usually rounded. 
 Bow, an elastic wcajton for casting an arrow from a string. (Sec Self-bow, com- 
 
 ])ouud bow, l)acked bow, gralted bow, bnilt-up bow.) It is thc^ manual jiart of 
 
 the weapon. 
 Bow AliM, the arm holding the bow. 
 Bow CASK, a h)ng bag or case of wood, skin, leather, or cloth, in which the Itow is kept 
 
 when not in use. Same as quiver. 
 Bow si.WK, tho liow in a rough state, liow-staves were an important item of com- 
 merce i)rior to the use of gun-powder and every thrifty Indian kejit several on 
 
 hand to work on at liis leisure. 
 Bow-siior, the di.stanco to Avhicli an arrow flies from a bow. 
 Bow sriu.N'G, the .string used in d.schargiug a bow. Tlie substanc«'s used, the method 
 
 of treatment, and of nocking arc importanli to notice. 
 Bow WOOD, the substances used for bows, generally wood, but horn, antler, bone, and 
 
 metal have been emjtloyed. 
 BowYi:i{, a maker of bows. In many tribes tliese were professional bowyers. 
 Bhackii (wrist-guard), a contrivance tor protecting the archer's wrist from Ix'ing 
 
 galled liy his bow-string. 
 BUACING (stringing), bending the bow .and putting the eye of the string over tlie ujt- 
 
 l)er nock pre]>aratory to shooting. The dirt'ertiut methods of bracing tliroughout 
 
 the world form an interesting study. 
 Buil.T-L'i' HOW, one made by glueing ])ieces of elastic wood and other substances 
 
 together, as in Asiatic examples (II. Balfour, Join'. Anthrop. Iimf. vol. xix.) 
 Bens, jtyramidal banks of earth used formerly for targets. 
 BcTT-snAKT, a blunt arrow for shooting at a butt, the ancient style of target. 
 Ciili'i'iNG llAMMKi!, called also hammer stone, a stone used for knocking ott' chips or 
 
 spalls in making stone arrowheads. There are really two kinds of tliese ham- 
 mers, the hammer stom* and tin; chijiping hammer. 
 CocK-FKATiiKK, that feather of an arrow which isu])permost when the bow is drawn. 
 Compound now, made of two or nion^ ]»ieces of wood, bone, antler, horn, or whale- 
 bone lashed or riveted or spliced together. 
 
630 
 
 NORTH AMF.IIICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AKD QUIVERS. 
 
 Kyk. the loop of a bowstring wliicli |iii.h,s»'.s over tlu' iip|it'r nock in Injiciiig. 
 
 Fac'Ks, tlio hidiKl, llat portions of nn tiri'ow head. 
 
 FAt'KTTK.s, tlio iitth) HnrlaccH Ivft l»y cliiiiping out a stone arrow iit'ud. 
 
 Fi'.Aiiii;KiN(i, tlif strips of fcatlicr at \]w bnit of an arrow, inclutliiig tli« nietliod of 
 
 Bci/in^' or fastening. 
 Fi.AKKU, the pointud ini|iluni('nt of l>one, autler, etc., used for shaping Hint arrow- 
 heads, sj^'arhoads, etc., Iiy pressure. 
 Flktciikh, and a now maker, akin io Jl relic. 
 
 FiK>riN(i, a piece of wood inserted in the shaftineut of an arrow at the noik. 
 FoKK.siiAKT, a piece of hard wood, hone, ivory, anth-r, etc., at the front end of an 
 
 arrow to give weiglit anil to serve for the attachment of the head or movable 
 
 biirb. 
 GkaI'TKI) how, a species of compound how formed of two |»ieces joined together at 
 
 the handle or grip. 
 Grip, th«) part of a bow grasped in the hand. The sam*- term should be applied to 
 
 the c(»rre8])onding part of swords, daggers, etc.. where it is ditVerentiated iu 
 
 any nuinner. 
 GUAHI) (wrist guard), a shield of leather or other substanet! fastened to the wrist of 
 
 the Ici't hand to prevent injury from the bowstring (se*^ bracer). 
 HouNs, the ends of a bow called also ears. 
 
 Ll.Mits, the parts of a bow abov«! and below the handle or grip. 
 Nock, properly the notch iu the horn of the bow, but applied .also to the whole of 
 
 that part on which the string is fastened. Ujtjter nock, the oue held u])waid iu 
 
 bracing; lower nttck, the one on the ground iu braciug; also thi' uotclied itart 
 
 iu the end of an arrow. 
 NOCKINO, placing the arrow on the string \treparatory to shooting. 
 NoCKiNd POINT, that place on a bowotring wiiere the nock of the arrow is to be 
 
 titled, often whipped with silk. 
 Noo.sK, the end of a string which occni)ies the lower horn of a bow. 
 OvKK ".s, those shot over the center of the mark and beyond the target. 
 
 Ovr.u: shooting overhand is to shoot at the mark over the bow hand, when the 
 
 head of the arrow is drawn inside of the bow. 
 PACKiN(t, of leather, fish skin, or other soft substance used in binding the nticks and 
 
 the grip of bows. 
 PlLK, the head of an archery arrow; an.y arrowhead may bear the same name, iu 
 
 which case we have a one-pile, two-pile, three-j)ile arrow, etc. 
 PiTciiixo TOOL, or knai>ping to(d, a column of antler or other hard substance, used 
 
 between the hammer and the core in knocking oft" Hakes of stone. 
 QliiVKH. A case for holding th(! weapons of the archer — Low, arrows, tire-bag, etc. 
 Rkinforcemknts, spliuts of a rigid material build into a compimnd or siuew- 
 
 backed bow. 
 Releask, letting go the bowstring in shooting. 
 
 Prof. E. 8. Morse characterizes the various releases as follows : 
 
 1. Primary release, thumb and Hrst joint of forefing«!r pinching the arrow 
 
 nock. 
 
 2. Secondary, thumb and second joint of forelinger, middle linger also on 
 
 string. 
 
 3. Tertiary, thnmb, and three lingers on the string. 
 
 4. Mediterranean, fore and middle lingers on the string. 
 
 5. Mongolian, thumb on string, with or without thumb ring. 
 Rethieving AK150W, ou(! w itli a barbed head designed for retrieving lish or burrow- 
 ing game. 
 
 RlHA.xr), a term applied to the stripes painted ou arrow shafts, generally around the 
 sliaftment. These ribands have been called clan marks, owner marks, game 
 tallies, etc. 
 
NOirni AMEUICAN BOWS, AIIWOWS, AND (illlVPUiS. 
 
 037 
 
 arrow 
 
 iIho on 
 
 Skkin. ( .sVc 'riininli riiijf. ) 
 
 Hki.K intw ( siiii]>l<'), iiiailo of .1 Hiiij^lc pirrc t>\' woimI or otiicr niiitfriiil. 
 
 SliAi r, a!icitMitly an arrow, Itiit, strictly tho portiim Iicliiiid tlm licad, ami in a Core 
 
 slialtnl arrow tlio liji^litiT jMirtioii l)cliiii«l tho Corcslialt. 
 Hii.vrr (inouVKs, furrow cuts altum an arrow rtliuft from tlio lioa<l Imrkwanl; tlioy 
 
 liavo \u'tin (viIIimI lilond 1^1 vcs and li^^htninj; f^roovtis, lint tlu^sf* nanitvs are 
 
 oUjcrtionalili) as involvin<^ llii'ori<'s ol function little nndtn-stood. 
 ShaI'TMI'.xt, tho part of im arrow on which tho fcathorin;f is laid. 
 Shank, tho part of an arrowhoad corrcHpondin;; to tho tany of tho swonl Itladc. 
 SlioiiT AKltows, thoso which fall short of tiic mark. 
 SlDi'.sol' an arrowhi<ail, tho sharp<Miod portions hctwcm the apex and the hase. also 
 
 called tho edjjos. 
 8lNl'.\v-HA<'Ki:i) Mow, one whose ehiHticity is increased hy the ns«( (d' sinew alon;; tho 
 
 hack, either in a cal)le, as anionij tho Kskimo, or laid on solid hy iiiejins of f^hui, 
 
 as in the western I'nited States. Wedi><'s, hridjres ami splints aro also nsod. 
 SLKKiiiT, th(> facility with which an archer reloa.stvs his hiwstrin;;. 
 Si'Ai.i.. a lar.iio Hake of stone knocked otV in hUx king ont arrow heads. 
 Sti:i,io (stiile, shaft), the woodeu part of an arrow, :in arrow with«nit feather or 
 
 head. 
 SrKiNiii'.K, a maker of howstrings. 
 TAKdi'/r, a disk of straw covered with canvas, on which are painted concentric 
 
 rinijs, nsed in .arclu'iy as a mark in lien of tho ancicnit itiitt. 
 TinMn IMNC, a rinj; worn on the thnmh in archery hy those jieoples that nso (ho 
 
 ^loiifjolian release; called selin hy the Persians. 
 Til', ;' term applied to th(> sharp ajjcx ')f an arrowhead. 
 
 TitA.iKcronY, tho curve which an arrow (h-scrihes in space, may he tiat, hif^h. etc. 
 Vi:ni;i".1{, a thin strip of touj;h, elastic. snbstau(;e, <flnod to the hntdc (d" a how. 
 Wi'.KiiiTof a how, the nnmherof ponnds re(inire<l to dra^v a how until tin* arrow may 
 
 stand between the strin<i and the helly, ascertained hy snspendini; the, how at 
 
 its f^rip and drawing with a spring scale. 
 WiiiiM'iNti (seizing, serving), wrapping any ]iart of ii how or arrow with conl or 
 
 sinew regnlarly laid on. 
 WiDK AUiiows, those shot to tho right or left of the niiirk. 
 
 Most (»t" tho wonls contained in this A'ociibuliiiy stand for chaiacter- 
 istics which ate important in the study of bows and arrows according 
 to natural history methods. By means of tliese terms any luimber of 
 bows and arrows may be laid out so as to become tyiu'S for all sub- 
 sequent accessi»ms and dassirtcations. False inlbrmation is thus 
 eliminated, slowly, but the most scrupulous curator is not able to jjjet 
 rid of all that at once. 
 
 In all times the bow and the arrow have been the basis of much art 
 aiid metaphor. Not only is this true in higher culture, as in the Hible, 
 iUe Homeric poems, or the " arrow-head" writing of the IMesopotami- 
 aus, but even among the North American Indians. The charming 
 Ute ditty, 
 
 The doughty ant marched over the hill 
 ^Vith hut one arrow in his (luiver, 
 
 could easily be matched in other tongues. The Indians of the South- 
 west fasten an arrow dii)ped in blood on the bodies of their stone 
 fetiches and call them the lightning. xViid Mr. Fratdc Pushing sug- 
 gests that the positions of the elements in cuneiform Avriting are those 
 of arrows dropped from the hand in diviuation, 
 
638 NORTH AMKHICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVRKS. 
 
 'I'liH now. • 
 
 III ancit'iit tinu's tlicio was no otlicr wt'iipon into whi("li m liuiiiiin 
 lu'iii^ <oiil(l throw so murli of liimsclf— liis lunids, his oyoH, liis wholo 
 niiiid, and body.f At any into this is tnu' of North Aint'iica, where 
 this arm wns jirc (Mninent. In Polynesia ami in Africa the eas(! wonhl 
 be, (lill'erent. Allot' tiie«'iirlytrjiveners in Aineriea spejik of <^ he sincere 
 attachment of the warrior or the huntei- to iiis artillery. 
 
 The noteworthy parts (»r churncteristics of m how are — 
 
 1. Hack, or part (tl" llic Imiw iiwiiy iVom tlit- aiclin- 
 
 2. IJclly, or ]»iirt ti>\vai<l tlir arclnT. 
 
 3. liiinbs. (»r ))ai'ts alxtvo aii<l below the f^rip AIho callc*! anus, 
 
 4. (Jrip. or ])()ition held in tlic liaiiil, 
 
 5. NocUh, or oikIh upon wliich the liowHtrinu; is attaciicd. 
 
 (5. Horns, 1)1' parts projrctinjL;" Ixnond tii<< limbs, at tho tuiil arc the no(!kH. 
 
 7. Striiij;, nui«l« of Hin(nv, babiclxt or cord. 
 
 8. Seizin^;, iippliciit ion (d" Htrinj; to ytrtnent the splittiiij^ of the \voo<l. 
 !). Mackiinj;. sinew or ot her siibstaiu^i biid on to increusii the e'.isl icit.v. 
 
 10. Wrist ji^Miird, any dtn'ico to prevent the bow-string from woundinj' the wrist of 
 tho left liand. 
 
 liows, as to striu'tiire, iire — 
 
 1. Self bows, mado of a Mingle pi(M«. Of these the horns may l»e sejcirate, 
 
 in a cable. C!ulle<l sinew corded bows. 
 
 \ 
 
 with riluew 
 
 s 
 
 fined (in. Sinew lined bow. 
 
 2. Hacked bnwa •' ' wrapped about. Seized bows, 
 
 V with vcnct T many kinds.. 
 
 3. Com])onu<l. 
 
 Bows are to be studied also as to tiieir materials, their shajx^, their 
 streiioth, their history, and their tradition. (Plates iai-X("V.) 
 
 In every Indian wijLfwam were kept bow-staves on iiand in ditl'erent 
 stages of readiness for Avork. Indeed, it has been often averred that an 
 Indian was always on the lookout for a ^ood piece of wood or other raw 
 material. Tiiis, thought he, will make me a good snow-show frame or bow 
 or arrow and I will cut it down. These treasures wen* i)ut into careful 
 training at once, bent, straightened, steamed, scrai)ed, shaped, when- 
 ever a leisure moment arrived. No thrifty Indian was ever caught 
 without a stock of artillery stores. 
 
 Instances are on record where the wood for bows, the scions for arrows, 
 the stones for heads, and even the plumage feu* the feathering were 
 articles of commerce. 
 
 As a rule, however, the savage mind had as its ])vol)lem, not that of 
 the modern of ransacking the earth tor materials and transferring them 
 to artilicial centers of consumption, but the development of the resources 
 
 * C'onsnlt Henry 'Jalfour. "The Structure and Affinity of the Composite How," 
 J. Atitlirop Itist., liond., xix; .John Murdoch, A study of the Eskimo bows in the 
 U. S. National Museum, Snnthson. I\e))., 1881, pt. ii; D. X. Antuhin, Hows aud 
 Arrows, Trans. Tiflis Archjeol. Congress, Moscow, 1887; l>aqo Fox, C;w;,'ogue- 
 
 t Bxirton Avotild claim this honor for the sword, 
 
NOUTII AMKKTCAN MOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 639 
 
 ^ 
 
 ot<'iirli culhirc iiiTii, to iiiiiko tin' how and tiic, arrow tlwit racli rofjfioii 
 would best help liiiii to rrcatc. His was ;iii cpocli ofdinVrciitiutioii. 
 
 "Tlionilc! liiid down by tlui Apaches for nuikinj'' tlieir bows and 
 arrows was tlie lollowin;;" siiys IJourkc: 
 
 "The Icnjitli of the bow or rather ottlio string' shoidd be eif;ht times 
 th«' spar" Ironi thumb to litth'; lin<i"('r of the warrior usin;;' it. 
 
 "Thc^enrviiture of the bow was (h'termined abnost entirely l)y indi- 
 viduiil sti'en^th or v . price. 
 
 "The iirrow should e(|nal in leny:th the distance from the owner's arin- 
 ]»it to tlu'extremity of his tlnunb nail, measured on the inner sideof his 
 extended urm; the stem should i)roJect beyond the reed to a distanee 
 equal to the span e<>vered by tlu' thumb and indexliuf^er. This meas- 
 ureineiit included tlu^ barb when ma<le of sheet iron. The iron barb 
 itself should be as lonj;- as the thumb from the <'nd to the larjjji^st joint. 
 
 "Toniuemada says that the (Jhichimees, anu)Mj;' whom he includes 
 the Apaehes, made bows according to their stature, a very vague 
 expression. {Moii. fii<l. lih., xxi, introduction.) 
 
 " Gomara says that the 1 ndiana of Florida traeu ar(!os de doce i)almas. 
 {Hist, de his j'lidlas, 181.) 
 
 " Landa (les(;ribes the Iniliansof Yucatan as making bows and arrows 
 in the nninner of the Apaches; La i..i<!,ura del are(> es sieiupre algo 
 menos «|ue el (pie lo trae." (See 6V>.s7rv ile Yuciitnii^ Urasscur de Hour- 
 bonnj, Paris, 18()1.*) 
 
 liaegert says the bows of the Lower ('alifornia Indians were more 
 *han six feet long, slightly curved, and made from the ro(>t of the wild 
 willow. The modern eottonwood b(>w, from the sanu^ region, is a long, 
 elumsy atf'air, very near to the nu)st primitive types. (Plate t;x[, tig. 1.) 
 The bow-strings were said to be made of the intestines of ))easts. The 
 shafts of arrows were common reeds straightened in the lire, six spans 
 long, feathered, fore-siiafted with heavy wood, a span and a half long, 
 with trianguhir Hint ])oiMt.t (Plate xm, tig. 2.) 
 
 Coville says that the Panamint Indiansof Death's Valley, California, 
 make their bows from the desert juniper {Jnniperiis ed.li/ornied utaheti- 
 sis). The Itulian prefers a piere of wood from the trunk or a large limb 
 of a tree that has died and seasoniMl whih^ standing. In these desert 
 mountains inoist rot of dead wood never oecurs. The bow rarely 
 exceeds three teet in length and is strengthened by gluing to the back 
 aeoveiing eomi)osed of strips of din^r sinew laid on lengthwise. The 
 string is of twisted sinew or cord nuide from twisted hemp.| 
 
 These Panamint belong to the Shoslumean stock, spread out over the 
 Great Interior Basin, and all the tribes use the sinew-lined bow, with 
 transverse wrappings of shredded sinew. (Plate lxi, tig. 4.) 
 
 The bow of the Chemehuevis (Shoshon(nin) is <',haraeteristic of the 
 stock to which they belong, being of hard wood common in the region, 
 elegantly backed with si ew and bound with shredded sinew, oraa- 
 
 ' Ciii)t. ,1. G. Boiirke, letter. 
 
 t Siiiithn<)iii(tn liepori, 1803, j). 'MVl. 
 
 \Avi, Anthrop., WiisUiugtou, 181)2, vol, v, p. 360, 
 
640 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, AUROWs^, AND QITIVKRS. 
 
 incutiMl also at tlu^ «'ihI by the skin or rattle ol" the rattlesnake* The 
 type behmjfs to tlie stock everywliere. 
 
 " Th(^ Apaehe how was made jilwiiya of the toiij^h, elastic niountaii) 
 nmlheny, called i)ar excellence, 'Iltiii,'or how wood. Occasionally tlu^ 
 cedar was employed, hut the hows of horir, such as were to he seen amonj; 
 the Crows aiul other tribes of the Yellowstone rej^ion, were not to he 
 found amony: s ;ie A])a(;hes and theii- neij>hbors of Arizona. 
 
 "The chisticity of the tiher was increased by lil)eral ai)plications of 
 bear, or deer fat and sinew was, on rare occasions, ylued to the back 
 tor tlie sanu^ i)urpose. + 
 
 It is not probable that any southern tribes of the family, to wliich 
 the Apache belonj:;', ever dwelt east of the Ixocky .Mountains. Tlie 
 Athapascan sinew veneered bow is tbund strictly west of the llockies, 
 the slender variety in the liasin and Ibitish Columbia, tlu' Hat variety 
 on the Paciluj Slope. The Navajo also have a(h)pted this ty[»(; of 
 sinew-lined bow. 
 
 The Cherokees lived in the PiedmcMit portion of the Ai>palachians 
 in Carolina, (leoriiia, and Tennessee. The tniest oak, ash, and hick<»ry 
 abounds in this region. These tribes used (^very variety of available 
 elastic wood tor bows, the toughness of whicli they imi)roved by (bppin<>' 
 them in bear's oil and warmin<;' them before the tire.| The Clun-okees 
 were Iro(pu)iaii and their bows may betaken as th<' counterjiart of those 
 made by the Six Nations. The Alj^onquiu bows ^^ ere similar. 
 
 The Pawnee warrior always ])reterred a bow of />o/.v (V<(n\ and besides 
 the one in actual use he would often have in his lodge a stick of t'le 
 same ?naterial, which at his leisure, he would be workinj;' into shape as 
 apr(>vision aj^Minsr [>ossible exiuency. IJows of this wood were rarely 
 traded away. Hois (Pant, however, was to be obtained oidy in the 
 Soutli, and for the puri)ose of [jrocuriu};" it a sort of commerce was k<'pt 
 up with certain tribes living there. § 
 
 The Blackfeet ma(U^. their bows of the Osajn'c Orauj^e, but they wei-e 
 compelled to pro(!ure it by trade fiom the tribes (l<)wn on the Arkansas 
 River.jl The Blackfeet are Siouan in lanj^uaf^e and dwelt in the buffalo 
 country in northwestern Dakota. They were in the same mode of life 
 as the Pawiu^es, who dwelt fartlwr south and are of the Caddoan stock. 
 The whole length of the .Missouri lliver was travers«Ml in this IJlackfeet 
 eonnnerce. (IMate lxxxiv, tig. 2.) 
 
 The Central I'iskimo, about Hudson Bay, have two kinds of ])ows 
 (piti(pie), a wooden one (IJoas's tigs. h'JS and 4:31), p. -">t)2), and an lu'r 
 made of reindeer antlers (Boas's tigs. 440 and 441, p. oO.'J). Parry gives 
 a very good <lescription of the f<uiner (ii, |>. oK)): 
 
 "One of the best of their bows of a single piece of lir, 4 feet H inches 
 ill length, tlaton the iniuu' side and rounded on the outer, l)eingr) inches 
 in girth about the middle, where, however, it is strengthened on the 
 
 Wliipplt', vU\, I'lic R. R. Rt'p.. vol. in, p. '.V2. pi. 11. liow .nid <|iii\rr. 
 t J. (}. Hoiii'kr, Ictlcr. Also ,1, <i. Morico, 'Pniiis. Can. lust., iv, 58. 
 
 
 rriiuhciljikc, (|ii()t(!(l hy .loiics, So. liuliiiiis, p. '2~)2, 
 ^ The Pawnee Iiidinus, J, H. Dunbar. 
 II Maximilian's Travels, p. 257. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN liOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 641 
 
 * The 
 
 iintiiin 
 ill.vthc 
 
 to Ito 
 
 ions of 
 1', l»iic'k 
 
 whicli 
 ;. The 
 'ot'kies, 
 variety 
 byiKi of 
 
 iU'liiiins 
 hickory 
 i-aihiblc 
 dippinji' 
 (H'okccs 
 of those 
 
 Ix'sidcs 
 
 c of t^ie 
 
 liipe as 
 
 rarely 
 
 ill the 
 
 as kept 
 
 ey were 
 
 kaiisas 
 
 ImtValo 
 
 i\ of life 
 
 n stock. 
 
 iV(;kfeet 
 
 of l)OWS 
 
 an her 
 •ry {^ives 
 
 S inches 
 ■> inches 
 1 on the 
 
 coDcave side, when strung-, by a piece of bono 10 inches \oug, finnly 
 secured by treenails of the same material. At each end is a lu»rn of 
 bone, or sonu^times of wood coveied with leather, with a deej) notch for 
 the re(;eption of the string. The only wood which they can procure 
 not possessing sufficient elasticity combined with strength, they ingen- 
 iously remedy the defect by securing to the back of the, bow, and to 
 the horns at ea<'h end, a (quantity of small lines, each composed of a 
 plat or ''sinuet" of three sinews. The number of lines thus reaching 
 from end to end is generally about thirty; but, besides these, several 
 others are fastened with hitches rouud the bow, in ]>airs, (Hnnmencing 
 8 inches from one end, aud again united at the same distance, from the 
 other, making the whole number of strings in the middle of the bow 
 sometimes amount to sixty. These being put on with the bow some- 
 what bent the contrary way, produce a spring so strong as to reijuire 
 considerable force as well as knack in stringing it, and giving the 
 requisite velocity to the arrow. The bow is completed by a woolding 
 round the middle and a wedge or two here and there, driven in to 
 tighten it. 
 
 The bow represented in Boas's fig. 439, p. 503, is from Cumberland 
 Sound and resembles the Iglulik j^attern. The fastening of the sinew 
 lines is different and the piece of bone giving additional strength to the 
 central part is wanting. In Cumberland Sound and farther south 
 wooden bows each made of a single piece were not very rare; the wood 
 necessary for their manufacture was found in abundance on Tudjan (Res- 
 olution Island), whence it was brought to the more northern districts. 
 
 The bows which are made of antler generally consist of three pieces, 
 a stout central one beveled on both ends and two limb pieces riveted 
 to it. The central part is either below or above the limbs, as repre- 
 sented in Boas's tig. 440, p. 503. These bows are strengthened by 
 flinew cord in the same way as the wooden ones, and generally the 
 joints are secured by strong strings wound around them. A remark- 
 Itble bow made of antlers is represented in Boas's fig. 441, p. 503. The 
 gripis not beveled, but cut off" straight at the ends. The Joint iseffected 
 by two additional pieces on each side, a short stout one outside, a long 
 ^in one inside. These are firndy tied together with sinews. The short 
 piece prevents the bow from breaking apart, the long one gives a 
 powerful spring. The specimen figured by Boas was brought home by 
 JIall from the Sinimiut of Pelly Bay, and a similar one was brought by 
 CollinKon from Victoria Land and deposited in the British Museum. 
 The 8trings are attached to these bows in the same way as to the 
 wooden ones."* Plate LXiv, fig. 4; lxv, figs. 1, 2. 
 
 The compound Eskimo bow is found in a region where timber does 
 lot grow, where driftwood even does not come in such state as to be 
 Serviceable, and where whale, narwhal, caribou, and musk ox furnish 
 
 
 cf. Franz Boas, T\w Central Eskimo, Hep. Bur. Ethnoh, vol. vi, pp. 502,503, 
 
 SM 93 41 
 
642 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 ideal material for the purpose. Last of all came the whaler with j)lenty 
 of hoop wood, and tlie ship's blacksmith, lii the National Museum the 
 material for the compound bow is baleen, antler, horn, ivory, and wood 
 from whale ships. The grip is the foundation piece, round and rigid. 
 The limbs are worked to shape, si)liced on to the ends of the grip and 
 seized in place l)y a wrapping of sinew yarn or cord or sinnet. The 
 notches are cut on both sides of the nock, which is often i)egged on to 
 the end of the limb with treenails. The whole chiss of pi(>jecting 
 weapons must be looked upon as a lesson in techno-geogi-aphy and 
 as a renmrkable example of the i)ower of human ingenuity to throw off' 
 all precedents and i)redilecti()ns under suflicient stress and resort to 
 those new methods which nature declares to be the only thing to do. 
 
 As previously intimated every Indian boy learned to make a bow. 
 Every Indian man had a certain amount of skill in the art, and when 
 he scoured about the forests, the capabilities of trees for his ])urposes 
 engaged his thoughts. He saved up good pieces for a rainy day and 
 made the imi)rovement of his artillery a i)astime. When he became 
 old, if the fortunes of his existence accorded him su(!]i a doubtful bless- 
 ing^ he kept his hold on his tribe by becoming a bowyer when he 
 could no longer take the field. Since the substances used in making 
 bows are of the region, techno-gi^ography fiiuls an excellent illustration 
 in the study of the bows of North America, which may be on this basis 
 thus divided: 
 
 (1) The hardwood^ self-botc area. It embraeed all North America 
 east of the liockv Mountains and south of Jludson Hav. This area 
 extends beyond the mountains along the southern border, and is invaded 
 by the compound bow at its northeastern extremity. Indeed, in those 
 regions where more highly differentiated foi'ins ]>revailed, it constantly 
 occurs as the fundamental pattern. (Plates lxi-lxiv, lxxx, lxxxi. 
 
 LXXXIII-LXXXVI, LXXXIX.) 
 
 (2) The compound-how area. By the compound bow is meant one in 
 which the grij) and the two wings are separate pieces, or one in which 
 the cupid's bow is made u]) of as many bits of horn as are necessary. 
 There are really two comi)ouiid-bow areas, tiie northeast Eskimo and the 
 Siouan. The former Ji.is been described by Boas. 
 
 The compound bows of the Sioux are made of buffalo and sheep horn 
 and of the antler <>f the elk. Dr. Washington Matthews states that he 
 has seen a bow made of a single piece of elk horn. All the exaniple>- 
 examined by the writer are wrapped with flannel or bu(!kskin so as to 
 conceal every trace of the Joints made by the union of the different 
 parts. The com])ound bows of the Sioux are the most beautiful in 
 shape of any among savage tribes and re<*all the outlines of the con 
 ventional form of artists. In both types the com))ound bow arose 
 from a dearth of wood for nniking a self-bow. (Tlates LXii, LXiv, LXV.) 
 
 ! ) 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 643 
 
 I wood 
 I rigid, 
 ip and 
 . The 
 il on to 
 je(5ting 
 hv and 
 row ot!' 
 'sort to 
 o do. 
 a bow. 
 d when 
 iirposes 
 iay and 
 became 
 d bless- 
 lien he 
 making 
 stration 
 lis basis 
 
 SLMierica 
 
 lis area 
 
 invaded 
 
 n those 
 
 stantly 
 
 LXXXI. 
 
 t one in 
 n w'hich 
 
 •essary. 
 
 and the 
 
 ep horn 
 that he 
 xampU'^ 
 so as t<i 
 litterenl 
 itil'ul ill 
 the con 
 \v arose 
 V,LXV.) 
 
 The horn bow was not confined to the parts of America inhabited by 
 the great rnniinaiits. l*aiidarns' bow is thus described by Homer — 
 
 'TwiiM loriinMl (»f lioni, iiiul smoothed with artful toil, 
 
 A inountaiii goat designed tlio shining spoil, 
 
 Who ))iei(!(Ml long sinee, beneath his arrows ])lt!d, 
 
 The stately (quarry on tiio clift's lay dead, 
 
 And sixteen jmhns his lnows large honors spread. 
 
 The workmen joined and sliaped the Itended horns, 
 
 And beaten gold eaeh taper jtoint adorns. 
 
 ;, (Balfour in the work quottnl has exhausted this tlieme.) 
 ' (.'{) The sinew-lined how area. — By sinew lined bow is meant one in 
 which finely shredded sinew is mixed with glue and laid on so that it 
 resendjles bark. This area extends up and down the Sierras in the 
 western TTnited States and British Columbia, on both slopes, and 
 reaches as far north as the headwaters of the Mackenzie. (Plate LXi.) 
 
 The occurrence of hard wood in the Great Interior Basin and of yew 
 and o^.her soft woods on the western slopes gives rise to the wide, thin 
 bow in the latter, and the long, ovate, sectioned bow^ in the basin. 
 
 The Shoshonean or narrow bow occupies the interior basin, and is 
 found also in the hands of Athapascans in Canada, and Apache, 
 Navajo, and Pueblo tribes farther south. Its chief characteristic, in 
 addition to the ovate section, is that in mar.y examples, at intervals of 
 a few inches, after the back was laid on, it was wrapped with narrow 
 bands of sinew. These hold the backing to the wood an('. prevent split- 
 ting (PI. Lxi). This device seems necessary with these narrow exam- 
 ples. Scarcely one may be found an inch across the back, afi'ording not 
 enough sti»*king space for the glue. With the broad California bows it 
 was different. 
 
 (4) The sinew corded hoiv area. — Where the bow has a backing made 
 up of a long string or braid of sinew, passing to and fro ahmg the back. 
 This has been carefully stiulied and described by Murdoch.* 
 
 He divides the bows into classes, and shows how each of these 
 classes originated, partly by the resources and exigencies of the 
 environment and partly throngh outside influences. There are practi- 
 cally four classes of this corded or laced pattern, to wit: 
 
 {a) The Cumberland Oul/tifpe. — In these the sinew cord, or yarn, is 
 
 made fast to one nock, and passed backward and forward along the 
 
 back of the comi)ound bow forty or fifty times. In addition to this, 
 
 additional strength is given by half turns and short excursions to and 
 
 fro on the back of the grip. Mr. Murdoch considers this the primitive 
 
 Tvi{;ype of the sinew-backed bow. (Plates LXiv, lxy.) 
 
 V {h) The Sonth Alaskan type. — The bow is of wood, broad, flat, and 
 
 :||tri, gilt, but narrowed and thickened at the grip. The back is flat, 
 
 ^nd the belly often keeled, and frecjuently a stiflfener of wood or ivory 
 
 bccurs under the sinew lining. There is a subtype of this bow from 
 
 Report of U. S, National Museum, 1884, p. 307-31G. Plates I-XIJ. 
 
644 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 the KuskcMiuiin area, in whicli the ends bend backward abruptly, 8o as 
 to lie along the striiijf, as in the Tatar bow. lu this type the strands 
 of sinew cord lie parallel, pass entirely from end to end, and the last 
 one is wrapped si>irally around the rest. The whole of the broad part 
 cf tlie lirnbs is often seized down with spaced spiral turns of the cord. 
 Next to the Cumberland type this is simplest, and is only a slight 
 departure from it. (Plates lxv-lxvii.) 
 
 ((•) The Arctic iype. — The bow is shorter and narrower, the ends are 
 often bent as in the Tatar bow, and strips of sealskin are put under the 
 backing'. The cord is always braided sinew, i)asses from nock to nock, 
 but is laid on in a nuich more comi)]icated maimer, and much more 
 "incorporated with the bow." The whole process of laying on the 
 backing is minutely described by Mr. Murdoch. (Plates lxviii-lxx.) 
 
 {d) The ^ycHtcrn type. — Bow broader and flatter than the last, but 
 less contracted at the grij), either straight or Tatar shape. Tlie 
 backing is in three parts, none of which extend as far as the nocts. 
 The lirst cable goes from end to end near the nocks; the second from 
 elbow to elbow, say afoot from each nock; the third along the straight 
 partof the back. The cables become practically one alongthegrip. The 
 jnethod of laying down and knotting this intricate lashing nuist be 
 studied from the ligures (Plates lxxi, lxxii,) so that in the Eskimo area 
 we have : ( 1 ) The plain or self-bow, of one piece ; (2) the compound bow, 
 of' wlialebone, antler, bone, ivory or wood ; (.i) the compound and sinew- 
 corded bow; (4) the single-cabled straight bow; (5) the single-cabled 
 Tatar or three-curved bow; ((>) the complex-cabled straight bow; (7) 
 the complex cabled Tatar bow; (S) the three-cabled straight bow; (9) 
 :he three-cabled Tatar bow. 
 
 The material of bows varies geograi)hically. Beginning in the south 
 t'le regions may be roughly marked oftU- 
 
 (1 ) Mexican border : Cottonwood, willow, mezcpiit, bois d'arc, juniper. 
 
 (2) Southern United States: Hickory, oak, ash, hornbeam, walnut. 
 (li) Northeastern United States: Hickory, oak, ash, walnut, hornbeam, 
 
 sycamore, dogwood, and, indeed, any of the many species of hard wood. 
 
 (4) Mississippi Valley: Sauje as on the Atlantic slope. 
 
 (5) Plains : Bois d'arc cottee tree and ash, Avood procured in commerce. 
 (0) Interior basin: Meztpiit in the south, abundant wood's in the 
 
 north, hard and elastic: species not determined. 
 
 (7) California and ')regon: Evergreen woods, yew, spruce. 
 
 (H) Cohunbia Hiver: Same as California. 
 
 (♦.)) Southeastern Alaska: Willow, spruce. 
 
 (0) Western Canada: Birch, willow, maple, sjjruce, cedar. 
 
 (10) Eskimo: Driftwood and timber from whale ships and wrecks. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND (QUIVERS. 
 
 645 
 
 , »o as 
 ;ran(ls 
 e last 
 tl part 
 ) cord. 
 sligUt 
 
 ds are 
 ler tlie 
 ) nock, 
 I more 
 on the 
 
 -LXX.) 
 
 st, but 
 , Tiie 
 uoc\i s. 
 d from 
 itraiglit 
 p. The 
 uist be 
 mo area 
 od bow, 
 i sinew- 
 fecabled 
 ow; (7) 
 fow; (9) 
 
 outh 
 
 le s 
 
 uniper. 
 iUiiut. 
 nbeani, 
 il wood. 
 
 innerce. 
 ill the 
 
 recks. 
 
 The bow-string among the North American tribes v^as made of the 
 following: 
 
 (1) Strips of tougii rawhide plain or twisted. 
 
 (2) String made of the best tibers of the country — heraj), agave, etc. 
 
 (3) The intestines of animals cut into strips and twisted. 
 
 (4) But most frequently of sinew. 
 
 The strip of gristle extending from the head along the ba(;k and serv- 
 ing to support the former, and those taken from the lower i)art of the 
 legs of deer and other ruminants were selected. These were Inmg up to 
 dry. For making bow-strings the gristle was shredded with the fingers 
 in fibers as fine as silk in some tribes, but coarser in others. These fibers 
 were twisted into yarn on the thigh by means of the palm of the hand, 
 after the manner of the cobbler. For making the twine some tribes 
 employed only the fingers. Taking two yarns by one end between the 
 tips of the thumb ynd forefinger extended of the left hand, the twister 
 seized one yarn wi ;h his right hand, gave it two or three twists and laid 
 it down on the palm of the left where it was kept in place by the 
 fingers. Seizing the other yarn he repeated the process, brought it 
 over the first yarn, laid it on the palm, caught the other yarn with the 
 fingers of the left and seized the yarn first twisted with his right hand, 
 all without losing a half turn. The writer has seen this work done with 
 great rapidity. New strands of shredded sinew or vegetable fiber may 
 be introduced at any time. 
 
 Both in New Mexico and in Alaska the natives make twine by means 
 of a twister that works after the fashion of the watchman's rattle. But 
 this device may be an innovation. The string of the Cherokee bow is 
 said to have been made of twisted bear's gut.* The same material is 
 mentioned in other connections east of the Mississippi Kiver. There is 
 a faint suspicion that in some instances the narrator mistakes tlie sinew 
 eord for gut strings. 
 
 . , The study of the knots of savages is yet incomplete. Again many 
 bows are sent to museums witliout strings, or unstrung, or falsely strung. 
 The lower end of a bow-string, technically called the noose, was fast- 
 ened on by the " timber-hitch," two half turns or hitches. There is no 
 "eye," so called, wrought on the string, but the bow is strung by mak- 
 ing two or more half hitches around the notches at the upper end. 
 Neither is there any nocking point seizing on the bow-string of any 
 American tribe. 
 
 The ancient bowyers made these ends of their bows of horn and 
 trimmed aiid polished them in great fashion. Mjiny examples from 
 ^the Malayan and the Papuan area have tlie extremities very daintily 
 ^carved. But the American bow has nothing approaching this. In a 
 'Mfew Oregon exjunples tlie sinew ba(!king is at the extremities gathered 
 ^up in a hornlike extremity and finished off with fur, beads, and the like. 
 
 vjfc 
 
 ''Jones, So. ludiai a, 252. 
 
64G 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 
 Otlu'iwise tho cud of the bow stavo is rouiul«'<l, cut in on one side o! 
 on two for the bow-string. 
 
 It was not the custom to ai)[>ly a "paciving" or a woohling on the 
 f?ri[) of bows. Tlie eastern tribes did not. I Jut the compound bow ol 
 the Sioux, the flat yew bows of the California tiibes, and the ellipsoidal 
 sinew-backed bow of the Siioshonean tribes, were so treated, in 
 addition to this, in many cases, the bows were i)ainted in several colors, 
 geonu-itric figures were marked on them, and additions of bead work 
 made them <iuite fine. This decoration of the bow occurs aujong west 
 coast tribes that manifest extraordinary artistic tastes in baskets and 
 other work. 
 
 The warrior and the hunter tended their bows with as much care as 
 tlumgh they were <*hildren. Every time they were used they were care 
 ful to oil them in order to preserve their elasticity. The western Eskimo 
 wound up his bow when he desired to use it, and was careful to unwind 
 and straighten it as soon as the hunt was over. This winding was done 
 by twisting the sinew cable along the back by means of ivory levers 
 making only a half turn, and then sliding their whole length through 
 the cable before repeating the process. The ordinary self- bow when 
 not in use was straightened and ]>ushe(l into the bow case. (Plate 
 XClll.) 
 
 The author can find little authentic informati()U concerning the 
 bracing of the bow by the North Americavk iudians. Those that he 
 has seen perform the operation followed the old English method, placinj: 
 the bottom horn against the hollow of the left foot, holding the upper 
 horn in the left hand, bending the bow with the left knee, antl tying tln' 
 bowstring witli the right hand. There was usually no eye in the bow 
 string that slid down on the bow and pushed up into the nock in 
 bracing. 
 
 Frequent reference is made to the bracer or wrist guard of the North 
 Americans. In the far north the gloved hand and the l<»ng sleeve madf 
 such device abnost unnecessary, but a few specimens of carved bone or 
 ivory objects in collections from the liyp«'rborean area bear that nauit-. 
 The Indian, par excellence, wore ui>on his left wrist a band of rawhide 
 from L* to .J inches wide, as a guard against the bowstring. Many •'! 
 these come from the Southwest, where they are ornamented with silvt i 
 and worn in ceremonies. 
 
 "Aniong the Yurok bows and arrows were made by old men skill* i 
 in the art."* As will be seen further on in studying the arrow, thevt 
 was really no guild or craft of l>owyers. In his childhood the Indi : 
 made the best Ihiw he could. Whatever ingenuity he expendcil uj* 
 it yieldtHl him an immt><iiate pat<'nt. He not only liad tlie excbisiv. 
 use of it, but every im.^rovement which he ma.«ie uimiu it inured to !> 
 a<lvant4»ge at once in the form of sustenance, flattery, and snbstaut a. 
 siH'ial reward. 
 
 -Powers, iovt. to y. .4. Kthvol.. m.1. in. p. li\2. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 647 
 
 side 05 
 
 oil tlU' 
 
 bow ot 
 psoidal 
 ed. Ill 
 [ colors, 
 id-woik 
 ii<; west 
 Bts and 
 
 care as 
 ire care 
 Eskimo 
 uiiwiiid 
 rasdonc 
 y levers 
 th rough 
 >w when 
 (Plate 
 
 ling" the 
 that h.' 
 , ]»litcinj: 
 le upper 
 ying till' 
 the bow 
 nock ill 
 
 le North 
 ve made 
 bone or 
 At uam«'. 
 rawhide. 
 
 til silver 
 
 11 skillf! 
 w. tin ; ' 
 e Indi .: 
 led ui> : 
 'xcliisi'.' 
 cd to 1;- 
 hst-auT ;ii 
 
 So far as known tlie savagi'S of America were right-handed. But 
 there is nothing in any bow from the northern jiortion of tln^ continent to 
 show this fact. Leftdianded archery wa-. certainly quite uncommon. 
 In a large number of «larting boards or throwing sticks, which under 
 certain technical exigencies are used by the Eskimos in placeof the bow, 
 there are only two specimens that are left-handed. Among the women 
 of the same areas, not one implement has been foiiml fitting the left 
 hand. 
 
 The conditions of sending an arrow into the, vital part of any game 
 are distance, wind, varying elasticity of the bow, varying weight of the 
 arrow, proper shape of the weapon, penetrability of the game. Each 
 one of these variables is rendered as constant as possible by the hunter, 
 in skulking, getting to windward, using wood of the greatest strength 
 for bows, and making one's own arrows. The intellectual stimulus in 
 the creation and using of the bow and arrow was incalculable. 
 
 Oliver Marcy gives the following on arrow penetration: 
 
 " I have in my ])ossession the sixth doisal vertebra of a bufllalo, the 
 spine of which contains an iron arrow jioint. The arrow struck the spine 
 about L* inches above the center of the spinal canal, and penetrated th.e 
 bone 0*82 of an inch. The bone at the point struck is On").") of an inch 
 thick, and the point of the arrow protrudes beyond the bone O*27of an 
 inch. The arrow was shot from the right side of the animal and the 
 plane of the jmint was horizontal. The animal was mature and the 
 bones well ossified. Though the vertebra has been much weathered, 
 the epiiihyses adhere ch)sely. The animal was not as large rts some 
 individuals. The Miiole vertical length of the vertebra is l.'J inches. 
 
 "The arrow must have penetrated several in(;hes of Hesh before 
 striking the bone." * 
 
 lie does not take into consideration also the thick hide and matted 
 woolly hair, both especially thick at the jioint struck. 
 
 As it is customary in rating the stature of a people to disregard the 
 giants and the dwarfs, so in rating the Xorth Ameri(!an projectile we may 
 as well omit the marvellous and exceptional successes in company with 
 the egregious shortcomings in order to know the importance of the 
 average. WIumi these allowances are made, there is enough to show 
 that foraccnirate and rapid and effectual shooting the bow and arrow 
 in the hands of a skilled warrior or hunter were a creditable weapon. 
 The distance at which an Indian bow will do execution has not been 
 studied airong the tribes. As i)reviously said, the design of the hunter 
 or the warrior was to get ch)se up. In all the sham battles which the 
 writer has witnessed from his boyhood, the warriors almost touched 
 
 1 and fenced with 
 
 •ity 
 
 ^.y pan 
 
 the arm shield and the bow and arrow was marvellous. Tiieabsenceof 
 noise, the invention of game drives, the universality of decoys, the 
 hundreds of disguises, theefticient skulkiug, the imitations of the cries 
 of animals, all point to the intention of getting within a distance of 20 
 yards or less. 
 
 *Science, vol. vii, p. 528. 
 
648 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 •.'ii 
 
 The South Aiiu'rican weapon is half asUmjj^ again and may do better 
 fartlier oft'. 
 
 At the request of the author the ])resident; of the Washington Arch- 
 ery Chib, Mr. Maxon, made experiments in the penetrating? power of 
 Indian arrows and the propulsive ])ower of Indian bows. The result 
 was that tlie self or plain bows are not equal to the best archery bows. 
 But the sinew-backed bows of the Pacific coast were capable of as great 
 execution as man is cjii)able of nuiking.* 
 
 "Constant i)ractice," says Capt. John (r. Bourke, "had made the 
 Apaches dextrous in the use of the bow, arrow, and lance; their aim 
 was excellent, and the range attained was perhaps as much as 150 yards. 
 I am able from myowii recollection to supply a number of illustrations of 
 the great f()r(;e with which the arrow was discharged, although a person 
 observing for the first time an arrow coming toward him would be sur- 
 prised at its apparent lethargy. 
 
 "In the summer of 1871 I was riding by the side of Gen. Crook on the 
 summit of the elevated plateau known as the Mohollon Mountains, in 
 Arizoiui. We were a short distauije alu^ad of a large column of cavalry 
 and our immediate party was quite small. We ran into an Apache 
 and)uscade. A number of arrow^s were discharged, two of them pierc- 
 ing pine trees to a depth of at least G inches. On another occasion a 
 pine doorthiee-eighths of an inch thick was penetrated. In July, 1870, 
 a friend of mine, M. T. Kennedy, was mortally wounded by an Apache 
 arrow which pierced his chest. The autopsy disclosed the fact that the 
 arrow had no head." 
 
 "jMacicenzie si)eaks of having driven a lieadless arrow 1 inch into a 
 pine log on the Columbia River in 179;i. (See YoyageH^ London, 1800, 
 p. 269.) 
 
 "Maltebrun speaks of the force with which the Apaches shot their 
 arrows. 'At a dist;>nce of 300 paces they can pierce a man.' {Univ. 
 Geog,^ art. ' ^Mexico,' Eng. translation, Philadelphia, 1832, vol. ill, lib. 
 or cap. 8r)th, p. 293.) I doubt this very much, as in my own experience 
 I have limited their range to 150 yards. 
 
 "Cabeza de Vaca seems to have been greatly impressed with the dex- 
 terity of the Indians seen along his route from Florida to the Pacific 
 coast settlements, lie tells us that with their arrows they C(mld pierce 
 through oaks as thick as a num's thigh; that the range of the arrow 
 was 200 paces; that Spaniards had been transfixed by arrows notwith- 
 standing that they wore good armor. (Iii Ternaux, vol. vii, p. 107.) 
 
 "Don Antonio Espejo also asserts that the wild tribes living in the 
 drainage of the Rio (Irande could pierce a coat of mail with their 
 arrows. {See his 'Kelacion,' in llakluyt, vol. iii, 460, p. 461, A. D. 
 1581.) 
 
 "Domenech says that the Indians have trials of skill with arrows and 
 will often keep ten in the air at onetime. (7>6;ser<s,vol.ii,p.l98.) Refers 
 
 "J'or thfi contest between bow and musket, in 1792, at Pacton Green, Cumberland, 
 and also at Chalk Farm, at 100 yards, see Hansard, vol. ix, p. xiil. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 649 
 
 A. D. 
 
 to Apache arrows sunk up to the feathers in the giant cactus on the 
 side of the Santa Catalina C'anyou in Arizona, 1870."* 
 
 MarveHous stories are told of the i)re(!isi()n with which the American 
 Indian could shoot. Cockburn said that the Indians of Darien could 
 strike down with arrows the smallest flying bird. By shooting upward 
 they were said to (-ause an arrow to pin a bird feeding on the ground. 
 Sticking a shaft in the ground, they would shoot upward and the 
 descending arrow would split the one sticking in the ground.! 
 
 The use of tin; bow was a part of the educati«)n of a boy. Among 
 the many hundreds in the National Museum a great nnniber are marked 
 "boy's bow." In handling them the student must often speculate on 
 the deferred breakfast that hung on the action of these miniature imple- 
 ments. We are told also tliat boys were frequently called out to shoot 
 for prizes. That was the predecessor of all manual training schools, 
 wherein skill and support went hand in hand with the Indian lad. 
 Indeed, their games and pastimes were spirited imitations of the suc- 
 cesses of their elders. 
 
 The author is not able to obtain reliable information as to whether 
 the American tribes shot always "overhand" — that is, over tue bow 
 hand, vrith the arrow drawn inside the bow. Dr. Shufeldt, in his prac- 
 tical experiments to ascertain the mode of arrow release among the 
 Navajos, incidentally remarks that the arrow was on the left side of 
 the bow and rested on the top of the hand. In many descriptions, 
 however, the forefinger is described as surrounding the arrow shaft. 
 
 At i)resent the bow and the arrow have well nigh disappeared from 
 the face of the earth as an active weapon. Four hundred years ago it 
 stood in the forefront, where it had remained during thousands of years. 
 It might be properly questioned whether, in the long run, the arrow 
 had not destroyed more human lives than the bullet. In Canada, and 
 sparingly elsewhere, bow guns or rude arbalests are fimnd in the hands 
 of Indians, but they are without doubt introduced. The arrow, having 
 reached its highest elaboration as such in America, was superseded by 
 the musket of the Aryan race. 
 
 The Iroquois tribes were among the first to receive firearms from the 
 early settlers. On this account they soon abandoned the bow and the 
 arrow. Oolden says that they had entirely laid them aside in his day 
 (1727). This abandonment of the bow for the gun has been spoken of 
 as showing the Iroquois to have been a progressive people. Certain it 
 is that this prompt adoption of the firearm put this confederacy at once 
 at the head of the eastern Indians and made them a terror to the Algou- 
 quian tribes. 
 
 The almost entire absence of noise in the movement of the arrow and 
 the shooting of the bow is the greatest differentiation from the gun, 
 which alarmed the whole earth, man and beast. It may be said that 
 
 Capt. J. G. Bourke, letter. 
 
 t Hausurd, p. 26. 
 
 
if 
 
 650 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QnVKRS. 
 
 the noise of the ^uii jnit the mail or beast to be kiHed ijiiite as imicli 
 out of the n^achof that weapon as the litthi ahinii i-reatecl by the, archer 
 had moved the victim away from his weajxni. 
 
 TIIK ARUOW. 
 
 'I'Ik^ iiiiciriit iirniw iMiikiT 
 MihU' Ills urrKw-hfiiUs of HiiiulHton*', 
 AiTow-lieiulB of cl.alrodoiiy, 
 Anowlii'dilK of flint iui(l,jiiH|ifr, 
 SiiiiMitli Miitl Hliarpnicil iit tlii' <'<l;;i's, 
 Iliiril anil imiIIihIkmI, kri'n anil coHlly." 
 
 I.nNIIKKl.I.oW. 
 
 The continent of America furnishes excellent facilities for the study 
 of the arrow. Kvery variety of climate, material, and land or water 
 game are here, to create an indefinite diversity of structures. 
 
 In its simplest form, the arrow is a straijiht rod jtointed at one r,i(l, 
 perhaps in the tire, and notched at the other end for the bowstriiif>. 
 But such a missile wouhl be of little worth; and so the arrow has 
 undergone many moditicati(Uis in answer to the demands of the hunter. 
 The parts of a highly developed arrow are the following: 
 
 (1) The shat't: of which it is necessary to study the nmterial, the 
 technique, the form, the length, the grooves, and the ornamentations. 
 
 (2) The shaftment; which is that part of the shalt upon which the 
 feather is fastened. This section of the arrow varies in length, in form, 
 and greatly in ovnamentation, because it is the part of the weajjon 
 upon which bands and other ornamental marks are usually placed. 
 
 (.'}) The feathering; or the strips of feather or other thin nmterial laid 
 on at the butt of the arrow to give it directness of tlight. The study 
 of this feature includes the method of seizing; the attaching to the 
 shaftment; the position of tiie feather, whether Hat or perpendicular to 
 the shaft; the manner of trinuning the plume; the line, whether straight 
 or spiral, upon wiii(di each featiier is laid, and the glue or cement. 
 
 (4) The nock; or the posterior end of the arrow, seized by the lingers 
 iu releasing. This is a very important feature in the study of this 
 weapon. For instance, the Eskimo arrows have flat nocks, while all 
 other arrows in the world seem to be more or less cylindrical or spher 
 ical. In some the form is top-shaped; in others, buUxms; in others, 
 cylindrical; and in others, si)reading, like the tail of a tish or swaHow. 
 In modern arrows a footing is added to the nock. 
 
 (5) The notch; oi' cut made at the end of the arrow to receive the 
 bowstring. Each stock of aborigines has its own way of making this 
 cut at the eml of the arrow; and this characteristic, born of the mate- 
 rial, though seemingly unimportant, is fre(|uently heli)ful to the student 
 in deciding upon the tribe to which the arrow belongs. 
 
 (fi) The foreshaft; or that piece of hard wood or bone or ivory or 
 antler laid into the anterior ])ortion of the shatt and trimmed to :i 
 symmetrical shape. It serves the double purpose of making the front 
 
 -' unti 
 - whi 
 
NOKTII AMKKK'AN HOWH, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. (Jf)! 
 
 of the arrow liciivicr than t\\o roiw, and also alVor<ls a better means* of 
 sittaeliin*;' airow lieails or liiirpoon barbs of s))e('ial form. 
 
 (7) The liea«l; or thai anterior part, of an arrow whieh makes tho 
 wound (»r produces the result. I'x^fon^ contael with the white race, 
 jiborigines were wont to make their arrow-heads of stone, bone, wood, 
 shell, an<l (!ven ol<'old hammered nuital. The study of the arrow-head 
 involves tlu^ point nv blade, the faces ol' the blade, the faiiettes and 
 serrations and notches of tlu^ expandinj;' blade, th(5 butt or tan^ for 
 attachment, the barbs, and sometinuvs the barb piece, whi(di is an extra 
 bit of bone av other substance fastened to the posterior end of the 
 stones luMid to multiply the number of barbs. (Plate i-V, tiys. 2. .5.) 
 
 Xow, each (UK's of these ])arts may be varicnl in number, in form, in 
 material, in artistic llnish; or one or more may be wanting-, it will i)e 
 seen therefore at once what an ex(!ellent instrunuMit the arrow may bo 
 for the study of the natural history of invention, how it has been 
 influenced by climate and by nniterial resources, how it has been modi- 
 fied for definite functions, ami has d(H'eIo|)C(l comi)lexity with aj;e. 
 
 It will readily be seen from an examination of the Ibrcjuoin;^' analysis 
 that the creation of an arrow involves a jiiieat many of our nM»dern 
 crafts. In ev<'ry locality tlu^ arrowniaker has slunvn, first of all, a 
 wonderful acquainfaiu'i; with the materials at hand, as thoujuh he had 
 searched all the resources of the n.ineral, vcjuefable, and aninuil world, 
 and after studyin.uall then^ was, had selected the best. We are not able 
 now to discover that the savage could have fouiul any better material 
 within his own environment. For the selection and cieation of the shaft 
 there was demanded a knowledjie of the best kind of woods, and the 
 inventicui of knives, straightening* apparatus, "sandpaper," dyeing 
 f apparatus, and gliu' or cement of some kind. In fastening the various 
 parts of the arrow together sinew was em[)loyed. The savage stiipped 
 „;^;from the leg or the neck of one of tiie larger mammals a mass of sinew 
 (Which he allowed to dry. It was tlum carefully pounded and shnnlded. 
 i^^hen he was ready to use this material he idaced several of the strips or 
 fillets in his m >uth until they became thoroughly soaked with saliva. 
 Then, holding with his left hand the parts to be attached and one end of 
 the sinew fillet, he held the otluM" part of the sinew in his right hand and 
 revolved the arrow shaft with the left, holding the parts still together 
 until one or two turns were made. He could then use the fingers of 
 liis left hand in smoothing down the sinew and directing its course, 
 while with the right he held the unwound portions tight and directed 
 the sinew to its position. When the wrapping or seizing was nearly 
 finished the loose end was carefully drawn under the last turn or two, 
 ])ulled tight, and cut off, so tlnit neither end was visible. The whole 
 was carefully rubbed down and allowed to dry. The sint^w in drying 
 shrunk very nuich and bound the parts firndy together. (Plate i, fig. (>.) 
 
 The feathers of the ariow are usually taken from the wing or tail 
 feathers of rapacious birds, though others are sometimes used. The 
 
1 1 
 
 ■i 1 
 
 652 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN HOWS, ARROWS, AND gUIVEKS. 
 
 V 
 
 feather is carefully split from one end to the other, and the i)ith and 
 uiinecessiiry parts of the <iuill ('iu<'fiilly removed, so as to leave the 
 plume and only a strip of the midrib. In laying the feather upon the 
 arrow shaft dilVerences of maiiipuliiti«»n existed iimonj; the, dilferent 
 tribes. In sonu^ of them the midrib was lai<l closr to the shaftment 
 an<l glued tij-ht, while the ends wore seized with sinew, and the plume 
 was sh<>rn either very eh)se to the shaftment in a psirallel line or into 
 some other artistic form. Not only the knowledgeof birds was necessary 
 iu the choice and the arranj>ement of tln^ fcjither, but there was a great 
 deal of mythology connec^ted with tlu^ proper bird wlnjse feathers should 
 be idaced ni)on the arrow and the position and seizings connected with 
 the feathering. (Plates xl-lx.) 
 
 The manufacture of tlu' head of tin' arrow and its various parts 
 involves knowledge of bone, ivory, or horn, iind also familiar acrpniint- 
 ance with stone and st<Mie working. Arrowhea<ls ditt'er from one 
 another in nuiterial, in size, in form, and in methods of attachment. 
 The savage arrow maker was a minerah)gist. lie not only knew the 
 qualities of ro<'ks but also their best methods of working, as Avell as the 
 best conditions in which they existed for his purposes in nature, in 
 ea(;h country the materijil employed is in <'very case the best from that 
 region. In a large collecti<ui from ii ''nited States iirrow-heads have 
 been made of every variety of «piiirt. chalcedony, agate, jasper, Iiorn- 
 stone, chert, novaculite, slate, argillite, and obsidian. In rare cases even 
 quartz cryst.il, carneHan, amethyst, and opal were used. In working 
 these materials the savage inventor soon found that the physical 
 properties and availability of the material changed by natural sur- 
 roundings, lie knew by experimentation that a stone lying in a brook 
 yielded him better results than one exposed to the sun and the weather 
 on the oi)en tields, and that a bowlder buried in the damp earth where 
 it has lain for many centuries gave him safer results with less work 
 than the brook pebble, so that he not only became a critical expert in 
 the (lualities of materials, but also was led to become a quarryman 
 in order to exploit the proper materials. It has been very well shown 
 by Professor Holmes that many spots supposed to have been the 
 refuse heaps of Indian camps for nniny years, are only the sites of 
 of jincient stone ([uarries, and the pieces found buried in these heaps 
 are the refuse of their manufacture. In places the necessary rock 
 could not be found in bowlders either on the surface or in the streams 
 or in the gravel beds, but the materials were part of ancient ledges 
 under ground, as in Ohio, Arkansas, and other places. It was ueces 
 sary there to remove the surfatje soil, to dig out great pits, and by 
 means of sledges and fire and other means within the capabilities of 
 this Indian workman, to detach cores and masses of material which 
 could be subsequently worked up into arrow-heads and other imple- 
 ments. As soon as the arrow-maker had secured his stock he began 
 to work it up into the shape desired, first, with a stone hammer, by 
 
 by 
 
NOUTH AMKKK'AN HOWS, AKKOWS, AND tiUIVKUS. 
 
 653 
 
 rnoanH of wliicli lie kiio<'k<Ml oW Hakjv; or .s|mlls «»(" tlio jjioimt si/c and 
 Hhapc. Soiiictinu's l>'> would introduce lu^twcrii his .stono liaiiiinci- and 
 tlic blcx'k of niatviial a '' iHtrliin<; tool" of ant lor or hard hono. Ah 
 Hoon as the Make of proper dinu-nsions was reinov«'d, tin' next tiling with 
 the artist was to brin^- this into i)roper form by means of the Making 
 tool or Maker. The m(>tliod of dressing' the chip of flint into shape 
 varied from tribe to tribe; in some the; pressure was downward; in 
 others it was upward; and the metho<l of hohliiiK the haml and doirifi^ 
 the work will be dtsscribed uikUu" tln'. head of " arrow-makers' tools." 
 Arrow-heads are, fretpiently eonfounded with spear heads an<l knife or 
 dajxjrer blades. The smallest objeets of this elass are usually arrow- 
 heads, and the size alone would decide in many cases, be<*a use, after 
 reach in{; a certain weight, the blade would defeat its own purpose 
 by being any larger. Hut there is lu) diMerence in shap<^ bcrtween 
 the arrow-head aiul tlu^ other objects mentioned. A great deal of 
 attention has been paid to the forms of arrow heads, but they may be 
 re<luced to a few simple classics, such a:^> the leaf-shaped, <Mther (;om 
 plete or truncrated; the triangular, and the stemmed. Subdivisions of 
 these classes have been foiined by archeologists, but many of these 
 are such as have i<^sulted from the limitations of the material in the 
 liaud of the artist, lie has simply made that particular form because 
 the material would yield to that and no other. Prof. Thomas Wilson, 
 in classifying the arrows in the National Museum, mentions those, first, 
 with beveled edges, the bevel being in one direction; second, with ser- 
 rated edges; third, with bifurcated stems; fourth, with long barbs at 
 the ends; fifth, triangular in section; sixth, broadest at the cutting 
 end; and, seventh, all polished arrows. 
 
 As will be seen in the general and special descriptions of arrows, 
 other substances besides stone were used for the heads. lu the north 
 and among the Esipiinuiuan stock, frecpiently bone, ivory, antler, horn, 
 and wood are found taking the place of stone. In each case that 
 material was selected whi(!h wouhl bring about the best results. For 
 instance, what is called the "rankling" arrow, for the destruction of 
 the reindeer, has its head made from the leg bones of the deer, the 
 barbs upon the side are very sharp, and the dowel, for the insertion 
 into the shaft of the arrow, very small, so that when the animal is 
 struck the head would easily come out of the shaft and at every move- 
 ment of the victim, be carried further in toward its vital parts. Com- 
 ing southward along the Pacific Slope, slate replaces chipped stone, 
 and for barbed arrows native copper, bone, and wood are used. A 
 ^ few arrows froni this region have also heads of shell. Along the 
 -i^ Kockj' Mountain slopes, in the land of the butt'alo, before the days of 
 iron heads, bon<3 was used (piite as often as stone in the fabrication of 
 arrow-heads. Very few specimens are preserved in cur museums of 
 arrows from the tribes of the Eastern States, but historians convince us 
 they were not diii'ereut from their Western relatives in the material and 
 
654 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 liarlxMl 
 
 Shaft. 
 
 ( )(' tlirt'c piirts.. 
 
 Ibrm of tlioir jUTow-hejids. Of the ancient inhabitants of this couti- 
 neiit the perishable material of arrows coustitiitiiii; the shaft, and other 
 parts has rotled and left us iiaiiju'ht but the stone heads. lOven tliosc of 
 l)oneand wood and other material have passed away, so as to leave the 
 iinpressioi» that the Indians of this eastern rejiion used only stone; but 
 all authorities ajjjree that other snbstancres were employed quite as 
 fieipiently as the last uamed. 
 
 There are as nuiny ways of elassifyinj? arrows as there are parts of 
 the arrow, and more, s(Mne important parts furnishiiii? several elassitu', 
 eoneei)ts. These will be s»>t down as they oeeur without re<;ard to order, 
 eaeh time seekinji' to exhaust the arrow. 
 
 liilmi Ix'd — DesifjiH'fl tit bo wiMidriiwii tVoiii tlio voiiiid. 
 (,,,.. S I'isliiini. 
 
 I I'«'t>-"'vn..u-.. H|„„ti„j., 
 
 I, 1 I- S Miintiii<{'. 
 
 Ifankln.-... ^ ^^..„. 
 
 l'/iitiiii<fliiiy. 
 
 The (!0iu'ei)t here is especially the existence and function of the 
 barb, rather than luimber and stru(!ture of parts. 
 
 Siiiiplt^, «>iitir<', iiioiioxylic. 
 
 .... . , S Sliiifr. 
 
 ' ) I'ort'-slialt and point. 
 
 (Shaft. 
 
 \ lioosc-shaft. 
 
 ( Korf-.shaft and point. 
 ^ Shaft. 
 
 Also ■' Fore-shaft and point. 
 
 f Xocl<-))i<'('(' footinfi;. 
 
 As to the feat hering, arrows are (1) without feather; (2) two feathered ; 
 (3) three or more feathered; and, as to the attachnuMits, (l)}ilued to 
 the shaft; (2) fastened only at the eiuls; (.i) with the cpiill in.serted at 
 its ends into the arrow shaft. The nock of American arrows are (1) 
 fiat as in tlu^ hyixuborean zone; (2) bulbous or spread, as in ('anada 
 and North United States; (.i) eylindri(;al, as in California ami the 
 southern tier of States. (Plates xl-lx.) 
 
 There are innumerable referc^nces to ancient arrow makers aniouju^ 
 the North Amei-iean Intlians, but the probability is that tln^ lite history 
 of the bowyer is repeated in that of the superannuated Heteher. First 
 comes the boy stn;oj^iino' throu<;h his ])rimitive institute of technoloj^y, 
 then the warrior or hunt<'r, skillful in makinj^an arrow and in wearinj^" 
 it out. Last of all he takes the winjL»s of lleinu^s from his feet and 
 spends his closing' years in makinjjc arrows fbi- his s(mis. 
 
 Then^ was, a.i',eorilinj.f to Chippewa tradition, a particular class of 
 men among our Northern trilx-s, before the introducticm of firearms, 
 called makers of arrow heads. The same is related bv other Aljion- 
 kians.* Longfellow's ancient arrow maker will occur to every reader at 
 once. 
 
 The oi)erations of <'onstructing oiu' of the more elaborate Anu'riean 
 
 Sfhoohiaft, S. Rp., vol. m, _ . «1, 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOVVB, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 655 
 
 arrows led a man into many trades — «iuarryinan, stone cutter, mineralo- 
 
 ffi 
 
 st, sinew dresser, and wood worker. In the far North lie mnst 1 
 
 )6 
 
 also worker in bone, ivory, and horn. As a rule, in all savaj;ery, })oth 
 i with men an«. women, the user of an implement nnist be its maiiufae- 
 turer. Yet, the differentiation of trades is a necessary stej) in the 
 profjjress of culture, and our Indians had taken it more than once. 
 
 The North American savaj^es were excellent (inarrynu'n. In every 
 rej^ion they knew the very best kinds of siliceous stones, the very best 
 places to find these stones, the natural conditions under which they 
 were kept in the most fraeturable state, the best way to break, Hake, 
 and chip each stone into the desired shaj)e.* The Indian was also a 
 good lapidary, as numei'ous sites examined by Holmes will attest. 
 
 Arrow-heads are found in immense numbcns about the (ields and along 
 the banks of rivers in the United btates. it would not be an error to 
 
 • 
 
 say that they are numbered t)y millions. They occur in great abundance 
 upon the sites of ancient (jamps, near shell h(5ai)s, (ishing grounds, and 
 about the fields whei-e used to wander tin^ deer and other game sought 
 by the Aborigines. This is evidence that the making of an arrow-head 
 was an easy matter, while the shaft requncd uuich time and patience 
 to finish. 
 
 It has been said that by means of the st<me, tln^ shape and artistic 
 skill with which it is wr(>ught, the edges, the tang, and the conse- 
 quent attachment to the shaft, arrows diHer from tribe to tribe and 
 individual makers show certf^iii'idiosyncrasies in the same trif)e. Chert, 
 slate and i'(uy in Eskimo land, wood and bone along the volcanic 
 portions of the Tacific kSlope, m I>ritish Columbia and Alaska; the 
 most beautiful heads m the world of obsidian and Jasper series in 
 Oregon and California, coarser stone in the East at once p'roclaim 
 "what kind ol' arrows this or tliat tribe used. 
 
 According to Holmes the stages in making an arrowhead are fnictur- 
 iDg, (diijiping, flaking. Fracturing is done at the (juarry or wherever the 
 original stone is picked up. The simplest fashion is breaking one stone 
 with another ; but stone from a (piarry works better than surfaccr bowl- 
 ders. Wiicn the workable sto!U' was in masses the Indian had more con- 
 venient tools, stone hammers or sledges, i>icks of wood or antler, and even 
 fire if he had need of it. The first operation is to break up the original 
 bowlders or masses so as to get out of its interior spalls capable of 
 being wrought into blades. Each kind of stone had its own best way 
 of treatment, whether (juart/, (pnirtzite, rhyolite, chert, agate, jasi)er, 
 chalcedony, obsidian, or what not. There did not exist in the rnited 
 States so pliable a form of flint as that occurring in great abundance 
 in western F irope. Obsidian and jasper gave the best results. 
 
 Chip[)ing was also done with a hannrer, but, this time, a pebble of 
 hard stone, oblong, convenient for the thumb and two fingers, and 
 
 * See W. H. IIolmeH. Am. Anlhropoloijisl, vols, v., VJ. ; J. C. MoGnire, id., vol. v. ; H. 
 C. Mercer, Pop. Sc. Mouth, 
 
 \ 
 
IF 
 
 T 
 
 % 
 
 656 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 somewhat bluntly poiiiU'd. The writer has often seen arrow-makers 
 hold a spall of stone in the left hand between the thumb and closed 
 fore linger, and by means of a dainty hauimer stone knock oft" flakes 
 with the greatest rapidity, barely touching the edge of the spall at 
 each blow. Arrow-heads for common use may be finished by this 
 means. (Plate i.) 
 
 The flaking of blades was done with a flaker. The simjdest form of 
 the tiaker is a piece of bone from the leg of a deer, pointed at one end. 
 The essential characteristics of the working end of this tool are that it 
 be stout enough to stand any amount of pressure that a man can give, 
 and that it be of such a texture that it will " take hold " of the stone. 
 The outer side of antler, hard bones from the legs ot ruminants, and 
 even soft iron are excellent, but ivory or steel are not good materials for 
 flakers. (Plate i.) ' 
 
 The Eskimo* make the best flakers, working the point from antler of 
 the caribou and the handle from ivory, carving the latter to fit the hand 
 and to give to the workman the best " purchase." The point is set in 
 the end of the handle and firmly lashed in place by means of rawhide. 
 
 All tril)es do not use the flaker similarly. If the reader will take a 
 tooth-brush handle in his right hand and a chip of siliceous stone in the 
 other, he may try the following methods: 
 
 (1) Lay the spall or chip on a table or bit of wood, holding it firmly 
 in place wuth the left thumb and forefinger. Grasp the tooth-brush 
 firmly in the right hand, with the thumb on the top. The handle will 
 work better if it be sharpened like a husking peg. Press down the point 
 near the edge of the spall firmly, and remove chips along the under side. 
 
 (2) Lay the chip on the palm of the left hand gloved, or upon a bit 
 of rawhide, holding it in place with the fingers, but not the thumb. 
 Press ott' flakes along the edge of the chip. 
 
 (3) Gravsp the chip between the thumb and forefinger, so that its 
 outer edge will lie along the ball of the thumb. Hold firmly with 
 fingers and press oft' flakes toward the thumb. 
 
 In all cases the operator needs confldence and knack. Wonderful 
 results are achieved by good workmen in such brittle material as bottle 
 glass, obsidian, and the Jaspers. 
 
 There are in Washington several men connected with the Bureau of 
 Ethnology who are capable of producing the n it beautiful arrow 
 heads from bits of obsidian or glass. 
 
 Within tiie past year or two a new light has been thrown upon the 
 whole operation of arr«»w-head-making. Extensive ancient quarries 
 have been oi)ened in Washington City, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Minne 
 sota, Arkansas, and the i)rocesse8 revealed. There were several steps 
 followed certainly by the eastern fletcher. t 
 
 (1) The digging of moist stone from the quarry. 
 
 " Murdoch, ix, An. Hep. Bur. Ethnol., pp. 288,289. 
 tSee Holmes, Am, Anthropologitt, vols, v and vi. 
 
 %■ 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND (QUIVERS. 
 
 657 
 
 (2) The making' of blanks on the spot. 
 
 (3) The finishing by the pr^-^'jesses named. 
 The arrow-maker among the Virginia Indians, for making liis 
 
 shafts, used a knife with a blade of beaver tooth set in a wooden han 
 die. This served him for saw, knife, and chisel. John Smith tells us 
 that he made the notch in his arrcnv-shaft by grating with this knife. 
 For cliipping his arrow-heads of stcmo he used ''a little bone, Avhich 
 he ever weareth at his bracer, or any si)liut of a stone or glasse in the 
 forme of a hart." The arrow-head was fastened to the shaft with deer 
 sinew, held tirni by means of a glue made of the tops of deer liorns 
 boiled to a jelly. This method is not unlike that of the Apache, Utes, 
 and other tribes of the great interior basin.* 
 
 This is a charming connecting link between the prehistoric; and the 
 historic. The knife with a blade of beaver tooth may at this very day 
 be seen in the hands of the Eskimos about the Yukon mouth. One 
 could say that a grip or handle of wood or antler had a groove sunk 
 into one end, the root of the tooth was laid in this, and the two lashed 
 ■with wet rawhide. At i)resent the Eskimos use tlieir beaver-tooth knife 
 to put a fine edge ou their blades of steel. The front enamel of the 
 tooth is so much harder than the rear that it makes a perfect chisel, and 
 would act well for knife or saw. " The little bone that he weareth at his 
 bracer" for flaking his arrow-heads one might see any day in the hands 
 of a TJto warrior a few years ago, and Maj. Powell collected and depos- 
 ited several in the National jNEuseum. This is simply a little bit of the 
 fibula of the deer. On the west coast and in Eskimo-land this tool has 
 its grip and its working i>art distinct. Finally, in the administration of 
 the sinew for seizing, and the glue for binding all tight, one had only 
 to watch the Apache Indian described in this text. 
 
 The arrows {qnqfljiinff) of the central Eskimos are made of round 
 pieces of wood, generally tapering a little toward the lower end, to 
 which two feathers of an owl or some other bird are attached. The 
 bone heads of these arrows are Joined to the sliaft, as represented in 
 Boas's tig. 443, j). .■)()4. Tlie difference in the methods used l)y the Mac- 
 kenzie and the central tribes in fastening the ])oint to the shaft is very 
 striking. The arrow tang of the former and of the western tribes is 
 pointed and inserted in the shaft (IJoas's tig. 444, p. 50.")), while tliat of 
 the latter is always beveled and lashed to it (lioas's figs. 44li and 443, 
 p. 504). The dire(;tion of the bevel is either parallel or vertical to the 
 edge {id. fig. 445, ]). 505). Otlier forms of arrows are shown in id. fig. 
 446, p. 506. A sinular difference between the fastenings of the foresiiaft 
 to the si)ear handle exists in the two localities. Western tribes give its 
 base the form of a wedge {id. fig. 447, ]). 506), which is inserted in the 
 shaft, while the central Eskimos use a mortise. (Plates lii-lx.) 
 
 Formerly slate heads were in general use ( id. fig. 448, p. 506) ; now the 
 heads are almost everywhere made of iron or tin, riveted or tied to the 
 
 11 
 
 * ling. Scholar's Library. Capt. J. Smith'a works, No. 16, p. 68. 
 SM 93 42 
 
f)58 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 > 
 
 point {id. li^-. 44(}, p. 50(>). In ancient ^rsives flint heads jiro, frequent ly 
 found, some of wliicli are represented in id. i\^. 449, p. 507. On Soutli- 
 ampton Island stone heads are in use even at tlie present time. Fi-^. 
 42.'?, }). 4t)l, probably shows how they were attached to the shank.* 
 
 The Panamint arrows are made from the stems of the reed {PhnKjnil 
 tes viiUjari.s) and from willow shoots. The shafts are about .'U fee t 
 long. Nearly mature, but still green, reeds are cut, their leaves removed, 
 and the stems dried and straightened in the hands before a fire. I'se 
 is also nuule of a small stone, across the face of which have been cut 
 two grooves large enough to admit an arrow shaft. This stone is 
 heated, and a portion of the crude arrow is laid in on(>. of the grooves 
 until it is hot. The cane is then straightened by holding it crosswise 
 in the teeth and diawing the end downward. By repeating this pro 
 cess throughout the whole length of the shaft a marvelously straiglit 
 arrow is produced. The head of the arrow is a pin of very hard wood 
 taken from some species of greasewood {Stri2)lex). It is about 5 inches 
 long, and tai)ers eveuly to a blunt point. The base of the head is 
 inserted about three-fourths of an inch into the hollow of the reed, 
 and rests against the uppermost joint. It is bound in place by a thin 
 band of sinew. Ai; each joint of the arrow shaft is burned a ring of 
 diagonal lines. The base of the shaft is notched to receive the bow- 
 string, and feathered Avitli three half feathers, bound on with sinews 
 and twisted so as to give to the arrow a rotary motion.! (PI. xli, fig. 1.) 
 
 '' The Spokane Indians laid a piece of buckskin on the hand, and from 
 a flint pressed oft' flakes Avith a piece of deer's horn." These Indians 
 belongto theSalishan family, and it is easy by means of the old material 
 in the Museum to rehabilitate this ancient arrowmaker of Washington 
 State. I f is process of flaking is that n:arked 4 in Plate I. The material 
 on which he worked was incom])arablej and his handiwork now forms 
 the treasures of the Museum. 
 
 "At the base of Mount Uncle Sam"' says Dulog, "on the west of Clear 
 Lake, California, there is a tract 2 or 3 miles in extent covered with 
 fragments of obsidian. 
 
 "With juaterial so plentiful, the surrounding Indians are careful to 
 choose only those pieces best shaped by nature for their purpose; but 
 at i)hu'es distant from the source of supply, the obsidian, which is often 
 brought.in large blocks, is chipped oft" in flakes from around a central 
 core by blows of a rock. 
 
 "The old expert put on his left hand a piece of buckskin, with a hole 
 cut in it to let the thumb pass through, something like the 'i)alm' 
 used by sailmakers. This was of course to i)rotect his hand while at 
 work. In his right hand he took a tool of bone ground down to ii 
 blunt i)oint. These tools, niade often fnmi the leg bone of a deer, art' 
 assorted in sizes, large ones being used for coarse work and small ones 
 for fine work. 
 
 "A piece of obsidian of the right size was held in the left hand, then 
 the right thumb was pressed on the top of the stone, while the point of 
 
 the 
 
 * Franz Boas. The Central EHkimo, vi Hep. Bur. Ethnol., pp. 504-508. 
 tCoville, Jm. Anthrop., 1892, vol. v, p. 360. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 fJ59 
 
 the bone was strongly pressed a}j;ainst the under edge of the proi)osed 
 arrowhead, and a little splinter of obsidian worked off. The operation 
 was similar to the op(Miing of a can with one of the old fashioned can 
 openers that work without leverage. Oftentimes material is spoileil in 
 the sliari)cning'. Around deserted canii)8 piles of rejected fragments 
 are sonictimes found, either broken in putting on the edge or not being 
 near enough the desired shape to pay for working np. 
 
 "A good deal of the sharpener's work, too, consisted in freshening up 
 [the edges of points blunted by nse. 
 
 "One arrow-head, weather-worn by exposure, was shown me, with a 
 border of fresh fractures extending from oniseighth to one-fourth of an 
 inch in from the edge, where the sharpener's tool had been. 
 
 "There results from this process a serrated edge, which in the best 
 specimens is beautifully tine and regnlar, but in rougher tools is often 
 coarse. The old workman Avas careful of his stock in trade, and rolled 
 up the fruit of his industry in a piece of ragged blanket to prevent its 
 being injured while in transit from place to i)lace."* 
 
 In this charming bit of description the old man i)layed the following 
 roles : 
 
 (1) Discriminating tiie best pieces of stone to work, mineralogist. 
 
 (2) Obsidian knapi>er, stone-breaker. 
 
 (3) Flaker, with deer-horn tool working on the palm. 
 
 (4) As retouching injured blades, repairer of arrow-heads. 
 
 (5) Preserver of forms, a kind of wild Vishnu, laying up against 
 future work all his stock in trade. 
 
 There seems to be little modern testimony to the assertion that the 
 savage had learned to bevel the sides of his arrow heads alternately, for 
 the purpose of making his arrow revolve in the air. Mr. Cushing has 
 shown that this alternate beveling of the edges Mas a natural result of 
 holding the piece of stone in a certain way along the thumb during the 
 operation of chipping. 
 
 Lieut. Kay was the tirst to actually send to the National Museum a 
 bit of antler, inches h)ng and alxmt three quarters of an inch in 
 diameter, to be used like a stonecutter's punch or pitching tool or a 
 smith's punch in knocking off chips in the process of arrow-uiaking.t 
 But there are constant references to this intermediary tool. The writer, 
 who has experimented in most aborginal stone-working methods, has 
 not attempted to use this apparatus in order to know its hmits. 
 
 The substitution of hoo^) iron and other metal and glass for arrow- 
 heads was one of the first lessons of a(;culturation learned by the Ameri- 
 can tribes. No custom or fashion was violated by this; the shaft and 
 feather, that is, the manual part of the arrow, and all social and mythic 
 portions remained unchanged.| This is the universal law of transfer 
 from lower to higher grades. It is for the reason that woman's arts 
 merely take better tools to do the very same work that savage women 
 are easier to elevate than men. 
 
 I 
 
 * H. G. Dulog, in Forest and Stream. 
 
 t See Smithaonian Report, 1886. 
 
 t Cf. Timberlake, quoted by JoneS; So. Indians, 251 ; Lawson, 252. 
 
660 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 For straighteiiinj? the shafts of arrows, and cvonthe bone or ivory used 
 for i)oints, tlie aborigines employed a kind of wrench. In the south it 
 was merely a convenient bit of wood, spindle-shaped, having a hole 
 through th(^ middle. The Utes used the end of the horn of the moun 
 tsiin sheep, i)erforated with holes of ditterent sizes. The Plains Indians 
 utilized the hard bones of the buttalo. The West Coast tribes made 
 use of blocks of elk horn, and the Eskimo carved out of walrus ivory 
 excellent tools for this purpose.* (Plate xxxix.) 
 
 For grinding? down and ])()lisliing- arrow shafts the Indian had a 
 special set of tools. There are in the L^ S. National Museum from sev- 
 eral localities small slabs of sandstone with a shallow groove running 
 longitudinally in which the arrow shaft was laid and drawn back and 
 forward. The leaves of grass containing siliceous matter served for the 
 smoothing process. Finally, a smooth stone or bit of bone served to rub 
 down the shaft and put on the finishing touches. The term "shaft 
 grooves " is preferable for those straight or serpentine or zigzag furrows 
 cut on an arrow shaft between the shaftment and the head or the fore- 
 shaft. They have been alleged to be synd)olicalof thelightning to invoke 
 the spirit of destruction to dwell in the arrow. Others denominate them 
 "blood-streaks," supposing they primiote bleeding from a wound, so 
 that the hunter could follow up his game by the trail of blood. The 
 reed shafts never bear such streaks; the Eskimo do not make them, 
 neither do the Northwest Coast Indians. Athapascan, Shoshonean, 
 Siouan, Kaiowan tribes are especially given to this practice. The fur- 
 rows do not always follow the same plan, and it would have been easy 
 some years ago to work out series of patterns for these marks and 
 determine their relation to tribes. They are in general : (1) straight and 
 parallel; (2) wavy and sinuous; (3) zigzag, without design. (PI. XLI, 
 tig. 3.) 
 
 The same tribe used arrows of about one lengtii and weight, as cor- 
 rect shooting, like good penmanship, is a balancing of a hundred sensi- 
 bilities. Every good archer drew his bow to the arrow-head every shot, 
 for near or for far. If one's bow be drawn always to arrow-head, and 
 one's arrows be always of the same length, whether from his own quiver 
 or from another's, the elements of variability are nuich reduced. It 
 nuist be from some such cause that the arrows of each tribe agree so 
 nearly in length. Indeed, since neighboring tribes shoot one another's 
 arrows^ there is undoubted inter-tribal agreement in length within limits. 
 It is not here affirmed that the arrows of a tribe are exactly of a length. 
 The variations are within certain narrow limits. 
 
 The author has measured a large number of quiver contents. The 
 arrows of one quiver agree absolutely. The arrows of a tribe agree 
 within a narrow.margin. Often, especially in the buffalo region, there 
 seemed to be a species of international agreement in the length of the 
 arrow. 
 
 The foreshafted arrow finds its occasion first of all in the country of 
 
 * Boas., VI, An. Rep, Bur. EthnoL, Washington, 525. 
 
 
 
NORTH AMERICAN KOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 661 
 
 oryused 
 > south it 
 g a hole 
 :ie moun 
 ^Iiidiaiis 
 •es made 
 L'us ivory 
 
 11 had a 
 rom sev- 
 
 ruimiiig 
 >ack and 
 id for the 
 ed to rub 
 in "shaft 
 ;• furrows 
 the fore- 
 bo invoke 
 ate them 
 ound, so 
 od. The 
 ke them, 
 shonean, 
 
 The fur 
 een easy 
 trks and 
 ight and 
 
 (PI. XLI, 
 
 as cor- 
 ed sensi- 
 ery shot, 
 ead, and 
 II quiver 
 •ed. It 
 gree so 
 nother's 
 u limits. 
 I length. 
 
 bs. The 
 »e agree 
 11, there 
 of the 
 
 mtry of 
 
 the reed cane — that is, ah)ng tlie Koutheru portion of the United States. 
 It may then be traced through those portions of California wliere the 
 rhus, elder, and other pithy twigs abound. In the Eskimo area it has 
 a multitude of structures and functions. 
 
 The foreshaft in the Soutli and Southwest is a slender bit of hard 
 wood sharpened and let into the top of the shaft and having the arrow- 
 head attached to the fore end. The reasons are two. A hollow ree<l 
 or a very pithy twig aftords a very poor attachment for the arrow liead; 
 and, secondly, this slenderer, heavier rod aids the directness of the 
 flight. Indeed, the very long reed arrows of the Apadu', and Mohave 
 tribes have for that reason insigniflcant feathers. 
 
 In the pjskimo arrows the heavy foreshaft of bone or ivory serves 
 another purpose. Bone being heavier* tlian wood, when one of tliese 
 ai-ows is shot at an object in the water and the head is detached, the 
 arrow stands perpendicular, and is dragged along by the divided line, 
 the featlif;!- bobbing about and enabling the hunter to follow up his 
 game. 
 
 In the harpoon arrow and the harpoon, the foreshaft furnishes an 
 excellent socket piece for the barbed head or the "loose-shaft". There 
 is no doabt, also, that its much greater speciflc gravity assists in the 
 direct or straight-forward motion of the weapon. Many of these missiles 
 are discharged into the water, in which (;asc tlie ivory foreshaft is of 
 great assistance. 
 
 It is often said by frontiersmen that the Plains Indians had two ways 
 of mounting an arrow-head with relation to the notch at tlie nock. If 
 the i)lane of the arrow-head be horizontal when the arrow is in position 
 for shooting — that is, at right angles to the notch, the missile is a war 
 arrow, to go between tlie ribs of men. But if the plane of the head be 
 vertical when the bow is drawn, the missile is a hunting arrow for pass- 
 ing between the ribs of buffalo and other mammals.* 
 
 "Dodge explains that the Comanches place the notch of the arrow 
 in the same plane with the notch of the string so that it may surely 
 pass between the ribs of the animal which are up and down; for the 
 same reason, the blade of the war arrow is perpendicular to the notch, 
 the ribs of the human enemy being horizontal. ( Wild Indians, Sau 
 Francisco, 1882, 419.) 
 
 Captain Bourke thinks this is a mistake. He says, "I have seen all 
 kinds in the same quiver." 
 
 There is more authority and reason for tlie assertion that the barbed 
 arrowheads among these same Indians were for war and the leaf-shaped 
 and rhomboidal heads were for hunting, be(tause they could be easily 
 withdrawn from the wound and used again; but the P^skimo have a 
 barbed arrow, with ivory or bone barb piece, fitted into the head of the 
 shaft in the most temporary fashion, so that when shot into an animal 
 the head remains, rankles, and works its way into the flesh. For the 
 
 I 
 
 *0n the plaue of the head cf, Hansard, 212. 
 
 X 
 
ee2 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, A IROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 *;■ 
 
 same reason the tbresliaftiMl arrows ni' the South and Southwest are 
 loosely put together. The (*oh)rin<»- oi i,iie shaft of arrows is techni 
 eally caUed th(^ riband. Tlie ICastern tribes, the liasin tribes, and tlic 
 Eskimo paint their arrows very little. Not much stress could be laid 
 on this charaeteristi(! excei)t on the ( 'alifornia and Oregon coast. Here 
 the author finds the following to be true : The arrows in t\w, sanui (jui ver 
 have the same riband. The arrows in the same tribe have ti»e sanu« 
 general type of riband, and the same colors occur in old arrows. From 
 tribe to tribe there occur ditterences in riband, but they have not been 
 studie<l out. 
 
 The selling of ju'cpared paints and dyes to the Indians by traders 
 has introduced inextrical)le confusion into this characteristic. The 
 riband on the arrow is generally in the shaftment or that portion of the 
 arrow covered by the feathering. These bands and stripes have been 
 called clan marks, owner marks, tribal marks, and the like, but they 
 are not decisive in such matters. 
 
 According to Mr. Hough "African arrow-heads and feathering au\ 
 fastened on with grass, palm-leaf strips, and other vegetable fibers, and 
 many are tanged or socketed, and are not lashed at all."* Papuan 
 arrows are served with vegetal fiber, the Ainos use bark, and in 
 South America many tribes lash with natural fibers. 
 
 Most tribes of North America do not use any cement in fastening the 
 head upon the shaft. The shrinking of the sir w is quite sufficient to 
 hold all snugly in place. But in the Southwest of the United States, 
 the Algarohia glandiUofia, fie Prompisjidlfiora, and the Laria mexicana 
 yield excellent gum, which is used by the Shoshonean and Yuniaii 
 tribes to attach the arrowhead, witlumt tlie use of the sinew.t (IM. 
 Ill, fig. 2.) Pine tree pitch and animal glue are also used. 
 
 The feathering of an arrow is an interesting study from place to 
 place. It is governed by a host of considerations. As to this char- 
 acteristic, arrows may be unfeathered, two feathered, three feathered, 
 many featliered. The feathers vary in length from those only an inch 
 to others a foot long; in adhesion, from those attached only at their 
 extremities, and lying close or standing oft', to others glued hard and 
 fast to the shaftment their entire length. In some tribes the strips of 
 feather are laid fiat along the shaftment, as among the Eskimo and 
 the west coast tribes, but in the great majority the feathers radiate 
 from the shaft. In some tribes the strips of feathering are without 
 ornament, in others they are shorn along the margins to be straigld. 
 triangular, and notched and a bit of downy feather is left at the nock 
 as a streamer. In this respect, when carefully cut, some of the west 
 coast arrows present a decidedly natty appearance. 
 
 On one occasion an Apache Indian came to the author's department 
 of the National Museum and, at his request, placed the feathering and 
 
 American ^^'aturalist, vol. iv, p. 61. 
 
 t Am. Naturalist, 1878, p. 595. 
 
NORTH AMl'lRICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 6G3 
 
 ^ipuaii ^ 
 
 (PI. 
 
 bi'tmeiit 
 lUg and 
 
 head ii|)<)n an ariow. TIk^ t'catlu'rs were split ('arcfully and any exces. 
 sive pith <n' liorny portion of the ([nill removed. Tlie pieces to form 
 the t'ciitlieiinj;- wcue tri mined to the same lenj^th. The Indian next 
 shredded some sinew, wiiieli had Uihmi sent to the Musenm from Hupa 
 Reservation in (vahfornia, i)r(^[)anMl by the rehitives of th»i Apaches 
 that had been separated from them for centnries. This ho chewed 
 until it was soft and pliant. He was now ready to lay on his feathers. 
 They were placed on the shaftment, wrapped slijifhtly at the ends with 
 sinew to hold them in position nntil they couhl be adjusted to suit hia 
 rij^orons taste, at e(inal distan(;es apart and at the proper distance 
 from the nock. Placing the shaft under his left arm and holdinji^ the 
 soft sinew in his ri<]fht arm, he revolved the arrow with the tlnunb and 
 finj^^ers of his left hand and j^iiided tiie wrapping;' with his riy:ht hand. 
 Here was a ])rimitiv(^ machine, with shaft and two bearin<;s, used for 
 the puriK)se of windin«»' evenly a thread upon a spool. The wrai)ping 
 or "seizing" of an Indian arrow is a very pretty and uniform piece of 
 work. Mr. Hough calls attention to the operation of this Apache iletcher 
 and gives drawing.* Among the northwestern Eskimos it is common 
 to neglect the seizing of sinew and to insert the ends of the quill portion 
 of the feather into the soft wood by means of a pointed ivory implement. 
 As mentioned, vciry many Eskimo u rows are found withont feathers 
 at all, the very heavy foreshaft or iron head carrying the arrow forward 
 with sufficient accuraciy. On the other hand, many of the barbed har- 
 poons an«l bird tridents of the Eskimo are provided with feathers. In 
 the feathering of an arrow one feather must be uppermost, called in 
 archery the cock feather, in Homo, beautiful specimens from Cooks 
 Inlet and near by one feather is snow white. But the author has 
 examined many hundreds of arrows without being able to detect that 
 the arrow-maker had in mind to draw attention to any one of the 
 feathers so as to create a trne bottom and top to his missile. In the 
 Eskimo two-feathered arrow there is, of course, always one feather on 
 top aiul another under. 
 
 The number of feathers on a North American arrow is an exceed- 
 ingly variable quantity. As a general rule the Eskimo have two and 
 the Indians three. This will do |)retty well as a rule, but many three- 
 feathered and no-feathered arrows occur in Eskimo land, and among 
 Indain tribes no feather arrows are coinmon. The function of the 
 feather is to retard the rear end of the missile and cause the arrow to 
 go straight. This object being capable of accomplishment in other 
 ways the feather may be omitted. 
 
 The feather nig of an arrow must be studied: 
 
 (1) The species of bird from which the feather is taken. 
 
 (2) The number of feathers, two, three, many. 
 
 (3) The shape and trimming of the feathers. 
 
 ' dmerican Anthropologist, iv, 61. 
 
 ;,i 
 
6()4 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 (4) iMcthod orsittiiclniu'iit, by sioziiij;, <»r jiluing, Jiiid to csu-hof tluvso 
 tliero arc iiuiny vsirictics. 
 
 (5) The part of the feathor attaclu'd to tlu^ Hhaftiiient, close {jlncd, 
 KtaiMliii;^' oil", or seized all alonj;' by a spiral sinew thread. In many 
 nuisenni speeinums the gbu^ has disap i>ear(Ml and feathers appear 
 standing; oiY that onj-iit to ho close laid. 
 
 Tiie feathers of arrows are nsnally laid on in a liiKMvith t\ui shaft, 
 bnt many examples liav«' conu^ to li}?ht in which the feathers have a 
 si)iral direction on the shaftnient. On one occasion the writer saw an 
 Ai>ache Indian linish the feidherinf^ of an arrow by seizing* the two 
 <'nds of th(^ featherinjn' and f;ivin<»' them a twist, simply to make the 
 feathers li«^ tlal on the arrow shaft. This ji'oes for what it may be worth 
 in acconntinjj- for the spiral jmsitionof many feathers. It is inconceiv 
 able that any savage should j^rasp the problem of the riHe bnllet and 
 constrnct his missile accordingly. 
 
 (3aptain J. ( 1. IJonrke, TJ. S. A., furnishes the following : " The Ai)ach('s 
 use tliree hawk leathers, arranged e<iuidistant along the shaft iu the 
 direction of the longer axis, fastened with sinew. 
 
 ''The Uabes on the Amazon use three feathers spirally. (Wallace, 
 Amazon, London, l.S5;>, ID.'i.) 
 
 "The L'imas of the (lila havi' two leathers instead of three. {(Jrc- 
 nioHj/^ !().'>.) 
 
 ".^Iackenzie states that the ITare Indians of JJritish North America 
 who are, like the Apaches, members of the greatTinneh family, usebiit 
 two feathers. ( roj/<(//r.s', London, 18()0, 40.) 
 
 "According to Morgan, the arrows of the Irocjuois had but two 
 feathers and ended at the ])ower extremity in a twist. {Leaijue of the 
 Jrof/iiois, N. Y., KS.")1, ,'{()(}.) 
 
 "The arrows of the Ai)ache-Yumas are feathered s])irally with thn'c 
 feathers making a quarter-turn around the shaft. (Corbusier, iu Amer. 
 AHtiipiaruoi, November, ISHU.) 
 
 "Maximilian, Prince of Wied, speaks of the feathers of the Maudan 
 arrows being tied on at both ends like those of the Brazilians; he also 
 speaks of tl>e s[)iral line, either carved or i>ainted red, which runs 
 along the greater number of arrows, and says that it represents the 
 lightning. (London, 1843, 389.) 
 
 "The explanation I received was that the runnel permitted the 
 escape of Idood ami reduced the chances of expelling the arrow or the 
 shaft."* 
 
 The nock of the American arrow is far more important than that on 
 the bow. A good classification may be based on this characteristic as 
 poiuted out long ago by this writer. The foHowing' classes are easily 
 recognized : 
 
 (I) The tiat nock, as in all Eskimo arrows and in very few others. 
 
 (L*) The cylindrical nock, most noteworthy on all reed arrow shalts 
 of the South and in those of the far Orient. 
 
 (3) The bulbous nock, exaggerated in size on the West Coast, by cut- 
 ting away the cedai' wood as much as it would permit, and then wrap- 
 
 
 "I 
 
 11 
 b 
 
 'J. G. IJourkc, letter. 
 
NORTH AMEIilCAN HOWS, AKKOWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 665 
 
 of tlieso 
 
 II niiiiiy 
 appt'ar 
 
 shall, 
 i hav(! a 
 saw ail 
 ;l»o two 
 iko tlic! 
 )e worth 
 (ioiiceiv 
 Ilet and 
 
 ipaclics 
 t in tlie 
 
 ^Valla('(', 
 
 i. {(Jre- 
 
 Americii 
 , use but 
 
 but two 
 le of the 
 
 I three 
 n Amer, 
 
 VI an (la 11 
 
 he also 
 
 h runs 
 
 nts the 
 
 0(1 the 
 or the 
 
 that on 
 •istic as 
 e easily 
 
 lers. 
 shalts 
 
 by cut 
 II wrap 
 
 piiifj the butt end of the arrow with a narrow riband of bireh bark until 
 it rtssenibled a small Turk's head knot. The IMains Indians also creat(!d 
 a bulbous nock by whittling- away tiie arrow siiaft a fourth of an inch 
 above the end, loavinj;- a cylinder for a tinj;er ^irij). 
 
 (1) The swallow-tail nock, an ex(!eedin^ly dainty tbrni alfonlin}; a 
 wi(ki open notch aiul tlaring hnj»(^r grip, without waste of material. 
 (Examples in IMates xliii-xlvii.) 
 
 Notches for the bow strinj*' wen^ either very shallow, anjiular ^^ashes, 
 U-shaped cuts with i)arallel sides or gracefully curved incisions resem- 
 bling the horizontal portion of the (Ireek letter i>si. 
 
 Conduiung the notch with the nock tlu^ student has a mark which is 
 helpful in deciding the band or tribe. At any rate, American arrows 
 difler in both. 
 
 There is another characteristic noticeable at this point, the distance 
 of the nock from the feathering. In some tribes the latter crowds 
 down over the nock. In other, more dainty specimens, the feathering is 
 several inches away. 
 
 This special characteristic connects itself with Prof. Morse's niost 
 
 interesting study respecting " arrow release." It will be easily seen 
 
 that tlie thin, tiat nock of the Eskimo lends itself easiest to these(;ond 
 
 or the third class of Prof. Morse, while the bulbcms nock and the 
 
 flaring nock conform most easily to his tirst class, in whi(;h the tln^aib 
 
 and tirst joint of the foretinger i)inch the butt of the arrow. Coming 
 
 south, into the reed arrow ccmntry, where the nock iscyliiulrical, tho 
 
 Tertiary reletise might bo looked for. 
 
 Dr. Shufoldt describes the method of arrow-release among the Nava- 
 joes.* 
 
 "Having read, with great interest, Prof. IVIorse's ptimphleton arrow- 
 release, it was with no little curiosity that 1 haiuled a bow and two 
 or three arrows to an old gray -headed warrior xiresent, and asked 
 him, ' Draw — as if you were about to kill the worst enemy you had in 
 the whole world.' Tlie old fellow seized the bow and arrows, and 
 immediately drew one of them to its very head. This is the positi(m he 
 stood in at the time: His left foot was slightly in advance of the right, 
 the bow was tirmly seized at its middle with the loft hand, while it was 
 hehl somewhat obliquely, the upper moiety inclining toward the right 
 from the vertical line, and, of course, the lower limb having a correspond- 
 ing inclination toward the left side. The two spare arrows were held 
 with the bow in the loft hand, being contined by the lingers against its 
 right outer aspect. With the right hand he seized the proximal end 
 of the arrow in the string, using the thumb and index finger, at a point 
 fully an inch or more above the notch, and consequently including the 
 feathers. The ring hnger bore against the string below this seizure, 
 and its pressure was re enforced by its being overlapped by the middle 
 digit, the little finger being (!urlod within the palm of the hand. 
 
 " This corresponded to Prof. Morse's secondary release as figured on 
 page 8, of the above referred-to pamphlet, with the exception that the 
 middle finger should overlap the annularis, and was not of itself used 
 
 Am. Nat., vol. xxi, p. 784. 
 
 
 f\ 
 
(Jfifi 
 
 NORTFI AMKRICAN HOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 t«» (Imw buck the stiiiijn'. I iioticcMl, loo, that tlu' arrow sit its head was 
 4»ii tUv, left si fir of tlic how and simply n^stcMl on top of liis cliiic'u'd 
 hand. Tliis man worn, in coninion with all tlio others who used the 
 bow, a still h'athcr bracci', fastcncil by buckskin string's abont his icit 
 wrist, the collar bcinj;' about 2 inches deep, and this, in several others 
 who stood near and who wore tlienu was ornamented with silver but 
 tons, lie dnnv the arrow back and foitli three or four times without 
 chanjiinjn' the position of his linjier <m' hands, when I suddenly asked 
 him to shoot as if he were ;ioin<;- to kill a squirrel runniiifif up a tree. 
 lie smiled ar this and simply drew the bow the siimr ictiif. Tpon 
 further (piestioninj;' him, he told nu» that tlu' Navajoes rarely ludd their 
 s|tare arrows in the bow hand, as he now had them, but carried a scab- 
 bard (quiver of buckskin) full, in fr<uit of them, from which they coidd 
 be renu)ved with <»reat rapidity while tirinji'; this lu^ immediately 
 demonstrated to nu' from one of the scabbards worn by an Indian there 
 present." 
 
 In archery-arrcnvs and in Asiutic exanqdes a |>iece of hard wood is 
 inserted at the nockinjj; end of tlu^ airow. IJut in American arrows 
 the nock is always a part of the wood of the shaft. This ])iece, in 
 technical langiuige, is calhMl the '• footiu}^/' but it need not be here dis- 
 cussed. 
 
 The subject of poisoned arrows in North America is a vexed <uie. 
 A very hijih authority has said that the thin};' was uidviu)wn. But I 
 have the t(!stimony of Iiourk«' to the contrary. No (uie avers that these 
 abori<iines prepared a ve;»'etable ])ois()n, like the curari. But tlu^ toxic 
 eli'ect of putrid flesh was known, whether ov not bitten freely by rattle- 
 snakes. J)r. \V. ,1. Iloll'man will bring' toj^ether the evidence on this 
 subject.* 
 
 Powiaken, a Salish chief, de«lared to IVIrs. McBeaii that obsidian 
 and ^lass points in arrows were poisonous (IJ. S. N. M. letter). 
 
 The Konia^^as pois(>ned their arrow and laiuie points with a prepara- 
 tion of aconite, by drying' and ])ulverizin}«' the root, mixing the powder 
 with water and, when it feiniented, api)lying' it to their weap<ms. 
 
 Bourke furnishes the following: "Selecting th«' roots of such jdants 
 as grow alone, these are dried and ])<niiuled or grattnl." {Saner, liil 
 Hmi'N Ex., 17)^.) 
 
 They made arrow [)oints of copper, obtaining' a s!q)])ly from the 
 K(^mu of Copper Kiver; and the w.iod was as linely tinished as if turned 
 in a lathe. 
 
 "Die Pfeilspitzen siml aus Eisen oder Kui»fer ersterea erhalten sie 
 von den Ivenayern, letzteres von den Tutnen." [Baer, Stat. n. Ethn., 
 lis.) 
 
 "l)e pedernal en forma de ari)on, cortado contanta delicade/a como 
 pudiera hacerlo (^l mas liabil lapidario." {Hodeija y Quadra, Xav., MS., 
 6'6'.)t 
 
 4 
 
 $ 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 at 
 
 an 
 
 wl 
 
 in 
 
 wi 
 
 th( 
 
 b(^ 
 
 wo 
 
 ai' 
 
 sui 
 
 'For 8oiitberu liuliaus, sec .loncs, p. 248. t Set' liaucroft, Native Kaos, i., 79. 
 
NORTH AMKUK'AN HOWS, AKIinWS, AND C^UIVKRH, 
 
 Cd? 
 
 tllO 
 lined 
 
 79. 
 
 THK gi IVKK. 
 
 TllO quiviT is (lilliciilt to shidy, IxM-iiiist', rollertors h;iv«> p;ii«l little 
 nttoiition to it. Amoii^ all the Plains tril)es they i»i«H>l>jerts of heanty, 
 and havo Ween jiathered as brie-a Inae, with little inrorniation of their 
 whereahouts. (1*1. IAXVII-X<'iv.) The same inles are to be observed 
 in the stndy of the (jniver that we apply to all other objects e<»nneeted 
 with aborij»inaI industries. Tin* (piiNei' is laij;ely of the region, in 
 the tii'st place th«^ niateiial out «»f which eaidi exaniiile is made must 
 be fuinisluMl ))y nature; henc(^ it is ol" sealskin in one place, of cedar 
 wood in another, of soft ])elt in anothei', and in the south land is IVe- 
 (juently mad*' ol" sonu^ kiinl of solt basketry. Aj;aiii, the stru<'tur(^ of 
 tlie «|uiver must be adapted to its function, that is, to the bow and 
 arrows to be carried; also to the exigencies of the weather and the 
 surroundings The parts of a most elaborate (|uiver are: 
 
 (1) The bow (!ase, a lou}?, slender baj>", into which the bow is thrust. 
 
 (2) The arrow cas(^ a. ]>o(;ket in which the ariows are k(![»t, points 
 downward, as a rule. 
 
 (.*i) The stitVciier, a rod of woo«l atta<'hed alonj;' the outside of the 
 arrow (!ase, to keej) it rij^id. 
 
 (4) IJaldric, a band of buckskin, or in the tinest exainjdes, of elej'nnt 
 fur, liiu'd and decorated with (juill work, passing;- over the left slundder, 
 across the breast, and attached by its ends to the quiver. It is for 
 carryin}>- the quiver. 
 
 (5) l<'ire bag, a leather ikmu'Ii in which the Indian hunter kei)t his 
 Uinta, steel, spunk, awl, and other subsidiary a])i)aratiis needful on his 
 Journey. It was tied to the ndddle of the bow case or the stitt'ener. 
 Among several of the mounta.Iii tribes the scpiaw lavished ail her skill 
 upon her husband's quiver. The costliest beaver, marten, otter, and 
 mountain lion i)elt was invoked. It was lined with soft buckskin, or in 
 later times with red stiouding. IJeads of every imaginable color were 
 worked upon the border of the arrow case and upon the lining of the long 
 }>endant therefrom. Stri[)S of fur, daintily cut in fringes, were sewed 
 alxmt the bottom of the bow case, and every spot capable of rich 
 decoration received it. Between this and the ]>lain salmon-skin (cap- 
 sule, into which the I'^skimo thrust his arrows, there are niany grada- 
 tions of quivers, as will appear in the treatment of the several tribes. 
 
 "The quiver of the ('entral Eskimo, says Boas, is made ot seal-skin, 
 the hair of which is removed. It comi)rises three divisions, a larger 
 one containing the bow and a snii.ller one containing 4 or (} arrows, 
 the head directed toward the lower end of the case. When extracted 
 from the (piiver they are ready for use. Between the two compartments 
 there is also a small j)ouch, in which tools and extra arrow-heads are 
 carried. (I'late xciii). 
 
 "When travelling tlie Eskimo carry the quiver by an ivory handle; 
 when in use it is hung over the left shoulder. Boas's fig. 451, p. 508, 
 represents quiver handles, the first being fashioned in imitation of an 
 ermine." * 
 
 Sf 
 
 F. Boas, The Central Eskimo, vi L'ep. liiir. F.ihnol., !». 508. 
 
 \\ 
 
em 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUI VERS. 
 
 It 
 
 "The quiver of the Bhickfeet was iiuuk r»()iii thecougjir skin and wiis 
 frequently valued at one horse."* 
 
 Throuj^hout the area of fur-bearinj»' animals the pelt of any one of 
 them of suflicient size served as a (quiver or arrow bag". These are, for 
 the most part, sloveidy in appearanee. r>ut the lUaekfeet and other 
 Plains tribes formerly made up their bow cases ami quivers from large 
 skins. In later times leather and cow's hide with the luur on were sub 
 stitnted. The elaborate make-up was ]>ieserved. 
 
 " The Yurok quiver was made of the skin of the raccoon or marten 
 turned wrongside out and suspended by a string-. In the lower end 
 moss was stufl'ed as a cushion fin' the arrow-heads, t The bow was 
 stuft'ed into this bag with the .arrows jind the wonder is how a man 
 could keej) the bow from destroying- the arrows. In traveling, however, 
 the bow was held in the left hand. 
 
 KOTES ON THE BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS OF VARIOUS TRIBES. 
 
 hai 
 tur 
 the 
 ad\ 
 no 
 
 nui! 
 
 a 
 
 be 
 war 
 (list 
 the 
 
 sam 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 Baegert says that the shafts of the Southern California arrows consist 
 of reeds, which they straighten by the fire. They are above (5 spans 
 long-, and h'lve, at the lower end, a notch to catch the string-, and 3 or 4 
 feathers abo> L -i finger long, not much projecting, an<l let into slits made 
 for that purpose. At the upper end of the shaft a pointed i)iece oi heavy 
 wood, a span and a half long, is inserted, bearing- usually at its extrein- 
 ity a fiint of a triangular shape, almost resembling- a serpent's tongue 
 and indented like the edge of a saw. The Californ ans (;arry their bo^vs 
 and arrow\s always with them, and as they commence at an early age 
 to use these weapons many of them become skillful archers. | (Plate xci, 
 xcu.) 
 
 The arms of the x\paches according to Pike are the bow and arrow. 
 Their bow forms two demicircles, with a shouhler in the middle; the 
 back of it is entirely covered with sinews, which are laid on in so nice 
 a manner by the use of some glutinous substance as to be almost 
 imperceptible; this gives great elasticity to the weapon. Their arrow 
 is more than the "cloth yard" of the English, being 3.^ feet long, the 
 npper part consisting of some light rush oi- cane, into which i inserted 
 a shaft of about 1 foot made of some hard, seasoned light wood; the 
 point is of iron, bore, or stone, and when the arrow enters the body, in 
 attempting to extract it the shaft [foreshaft] comes <mt of its socket 
 and the point remains in the wound. With this weapon they shoot 
 with such force j. . to go through the body of a nmn at a distance of 
 100 yards. § 
 
 "The Aj)ache arrow was composed of three distinct parts — the reed, 
 the stem, and the barb; the last affixed to the stem, and tlie stem, ot 
 
 * MaximiHan, Tmreh, etc., 2.'")7. 
 tl'ctwcra, ('out. lo W. J. Klhnol., vol. in, ]\. 18. 
 
 t Haegert, .Jacob, Ahoriyiiial iuhahU<tntti of CaUfontian Vvmnsula, Sm. AVp., 1863, 
 . ;JG2. 
 $Pifce'« Jixpedition, Phila., 1810, 10, Aitpendix to Part ill. 
 
 , th(^ ^^ 
 %aqna 1 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 669 
 
 jirroM'. 
 
 le; the 
 
 lo nice 
 
 til most 
 
 arr()^\ 
 
 g, tlH- 
 
 Iserted 
 
 I; the 
 
 .dy, ill 
 
 lockct 
 
 slioot 
 
 luce ol' 
 
 reed. 
 
 ., 1863. 
 
 liai'd wood, iiiwcited in the lood, and both held firmly in i)la('(' by liga- 
 tures of sinew. The stem was made of a hard wood called kk-iiig, and 
 the reed in Ai)ache 'klo ka,' meaning 'arrow grass.' There is a great 
 advantage in tlie use of this reed, because the arrow afterwards needs 
 no straightening, whereas the arrows made by the Zunis and others 
 must be subjected to a special proeess to make them shoot true. 
 
 " The use of sinew for securing the barb to tiie stem was believed to 
 be based ni)on the fact tlnit after the arrow had entered the body the 
 warm blood, flowing from the wound, Avould scften and loosen the sinew, 
 <lisengage the barb, and increa>se the discomfort, pain, and danger to 
 the victim. 
 
 ''It may be of interest to students of linguistics to know that the 
 Apache word for bullet, ' ka,' is really the word for «utow, and much as 
 the word has survived the weapon itself has sur\ived, beiiause the 
 cross sfction of a ritle bullet, taken along the greater axis, is all the 
 same as the same section made on a double-tanged arrow."* 
 
 "In the American Katurall,t, vol. XL, p. 264, Mr. Edwin A. Barber 
 describes nine ditt'ercnt kinds of arrow-heads — leaf-shaped, triangular, 
 indented at base, stemmed, barbed, beveled, diamond-shaped, awl- 
 shai)ed, shajx'd like a serpent's iiead. 
 
 "All the above forms maybe found in uscijuong the Ajiachesto day. 
 The same warrior may have 'u his ipiiver representatives of several 
 types, sometimes serratcMl, sometimes non-serrated, but all deadly. 
 Arrows intend'^d simply for the killing of birds or small game weve not 
 always barbed, but were generally provided with a cross piece about 
 2 inches below the tip. [This same sto]) is found in Canada.) 
 
 "The arrow of the Apache sometimes terminates in a triangular 
 piece of liard wood, which seems to be perfectly effective as a weapon. 
 One set of these is now in my possession, made of Fhu'ida orange 
 wood by Koth li, a Chiricahua [)risoner confined at Fort Marion. 
 
 "Just such arrows were observed byi'olumbus upon first reaching 
 this continent. 'They carry however in lieu of arms, canes dried in 
 the sun, on the ends of which they fix heads of wood, dried and sharp- 
 ened t) a point.' (Letters of Columbus, Ilakluyt See, London, 1847, 
 vol. II, p. 6.)* 
 
 "Stone arrow-heads were made preferably of obsidian (dolguini), 
 next of chalce'lony, petrified wood, jasper, or other siliceous rock, 
 lastly of fragments of beer bottles; l)ut if jneces of hoop iron coull be 
 picked U]) they were always utilized. 
 
 "Arrows made out of domestic glass were descril)ed over a cen- 
 tury ago by Lawson, id his aeceunt of the Carolina Indians. He 
 nuMitions having seen in an Indian town, ' very long arrows headed 
 with pieces of glass which they had broken from bottles.' (Quoted by 
 Scjuier and Davis, Mounds of the IMississippi Valley, in S7niths<mi((n 
 (Jontributions, vol. VI, 21,'> ; but there the opinion is expressed that these 
 may have been obsidian.) 
 
 "It may be well to remember that the Indians of the Southwest 
 were perfectly familiar with obsidian, and that the Apache name for 
 glass )neans obsidian. It may have been only a coincidence, but 1 do 
 not at tins moment remend)er any glass arrows that were !U)t brown 
 glass, the nearest approach in appearance to obsidian. I ha\ seen 
 the green arrows, but they were nnide of the semi-precious stone called 
 aqua marina, found among the Navajoes. 
 
 "Lyon, (pioted by Bancroft {Kat! Kaccs, vol. i, p. 342), refers to aii 
 
 
 w 
 
 ' J. G. Bourko, letter. 
 
670 
 
 iORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 Jndiiiii (tribe not given) wlio iniule liini Ji };liiss iurow from a rnij^nieiitof 
 portorbottleattlietbird trial, Jitter lie liad learned the f>raiii of the glass. 
 
 "The i>roees8 of mannfactnre was in each ease the same, and eon 
 sisted in ehip'ting small fragments from the edges of suitable pieees o| 
 malerial, the ehii»i)ing iiiiplement being a jmrtion of hardened deer or 
 elk horn held in the right hand, the silieeons stone being held in the 
 left over a thi]) of buckskin to protect the lingers. 
 
 " I once made it my business to solve the ju'oblem how hnig it would 
 take Apaches whose Village had been captured and destroyed by troops 
 to i)rovide themselves anew with weai)Ous which would render them a 
 menace to the scattered settlements of the fnmtier. I singled out an 
 Apache at random and stipulated that he should emi)loy no tools of 
 iron, but allowed him to gather from the ground such chips of chalced 
 ony as lie pleased. 
 
 "•He made a number of barbs, the time as recorded in my note-books 
 being live, six, seven, and eight minutes; an cx'pert might have done 
 even better than that. 
 
 ^'I can )U)t understand what Powers meant when he said that a Pomo 
 Indian will spend days and even weeks njion one piece, unless lie is 
 alluding to some one making a 'medicine bow and arrows for a special 
 occasion'. (Bancroft, N((f. l^accs, vol. I, p. 'M2.) 
 
 "Gen. Geoi'ge Crook, who was a very close observer of the habits 
 and cust<mis of the wild tribes annuig whom he served, relates tlui^ Ihe 
 Indians of Oregon used obsidian and made the barbs with i\m.i ir\. ',">.'. 
 faci'ity and lapidity, from tifty to sixty in an hour. {Sni!:>'Svndii 
 h'cport, 1S71.) He also states that the Klamaths were making their 
 arrows of broken Junk bottles, the tool used, a knife in place of a horn, 
 and a blanket instead (►fa buckskin. 
 
 [C3ai)tain Bourko is evidently thinking of the making of arrow heads. 
 Every tribe of Indians spent days ami even weeks upon arrow shafts 
 and bows. As in the manufacture of pottery the operation can not bt^ 
 finished at a single sitting as has been shown ]»reviously. | 
 
 "The Hoopa Jndian,who is a relative of tiie Ai)ache, makes his arrows 
 in much the same manner, but the obsidian or jasper head is untanged 
 and lashed with sinew.''* 
 
 "Catlin says that every A^iache tribe has its factory in which 
 arrow-heads are made, and in tho^e only certain adepts are allowed to 
 make them for the use of the tribe. Erriuic bowlders of tlint are col 
 lected (and sometimes brought an immense distance) and broken with 
 a sort o*' sledge-hammer, made of a rounded i>ebbleofhornstone, set in 
 a twisted withe, holding the stone and forming a handle. 
 
 "The st(nie, at the indiscriminate blows of the sledge, is broken into 
 a hundred pieces, and such flakes selected a«, from the angles of their 
 ^■'•actun^ andthickness, will answer as the basis of an arrow-lu^ad; and 
 lii the hands of the artisan they are shaped into the beautiful forms and 
 proportions which tliey desire, and which are to be seen in most of our 
 museums. 
 
 "The Piaster workman, seated on the ground, lays on(^ of these flakes 
 on the ])alm of his left hand, holding it tirmly down with two or nioic 
 fingers of the same hand, and with his right hand, between the thnni: 
 and two foretingers. jdaces his <'hisel (or punch) on the i)oint that is to 
 be broken off; and a co-operator (a striker) sitting in front of him, with 
 
 *>^- 
 
 'Capt. J. Q. liuurke, letter. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS, 
 
 671 
 
 wliii'li 
 Isved to 
 in* col 
 
 hi into 
 
 f tlK'ir 
 
 ll; aii'l 
 
 IdsiukI 
 
 of our 
 
 tl likes 
 Ir 111 ore 
 Itjiuiii: 
 litis to 
 ]i, with 
 
 
 * 
 
 a mallet of voiy hard wood, strikes tlic chisel (or i)uiicli) on the upi)er 
 end, flaking the flint off on the under side, below each projecting point 
 that is vstruck. The Hint is then turned and (ihipped in tiie same 
 manner from the opjiosite side, and so turned and chipjied until the 
 required diape ami dimensions are obtained, all the fractures being 
 made on tl.e palm of the hand. 
 
 ''In selecting a Hake for tlni arrow-head a nice judgment must be 
 used or the attempt Mill fail; a Hake Avitli two opposite parallel or 
 nearly i)arallel i)lanes is I'ound, and of the thickness required for the 
 center of the arrow-])oint. The Hrst chip])ing reaches near to the center 
 of these jilanes, but without qiiite breaking it away, and each chipping 
 is shorter and shorter, until the shape and the edge of the arrow-hea(l 
 are formed. 
 
 "The yielding elasticity of the jialni of the hand enables the chip to 
 come off without breaking the body of the Hint, Avliich would be the 
 case if they were broken on a hard substance. These people have no 
 metallic instruments to Avork with, and the instrument (pnncli) which 
 they use 1 Mas told was a piece of bone; but on examining it I found it 
 to be a substance much harder, made of the tooth (incisoi) of the sperm 
 Avhale, or sea. lion, which are often stranded on the coast of the Pacitic. 
 This i)uncli is atxmt (I or 7 inches in length and ' inch iii diameter, with 
 one rounded side and two ])lane sides; therefore ])resenting one acute 
 and two obtuse angles to suit the ])oints to be broken. 
 
 "Tiiis operation is very curious, both the holder and the striker sing- 
 ing, and the strokes of the mallet given exactly in time with the music, 
 and with a sharp and rebounding blow, in which, the Indians tell us, is 
 the great medicine (or mystery of the operation). 
 
 "The bows also of this tribe, asMclIas the arrow heads, are made 
 with great skill, either of wood and covered on ihe back with .sinew, or 
 of bone, said to be brought from the sea coast, and probably from the 
 sperm whale. These weapons, much like those of the Sioux and 
 C)onianches, for use on horseback, are short, ibr ccnivenience of hand- 
 ling, and (d* great ])ower, generally of 2A feet in length, and their mode 
 of using them in war and the chase is not surpassed by any Indians on 
 the continent."''* 
 
 ''The bows of the Beothucs are all of sycamore, which being very 
 scarce in their countiy, and the only wood it i^ oduces that is lit for 
 this use, becomes very valuable. Mr. I*ey ton iuformid Lloyd that their 
 jows were roughly made of mountain ash or dogwood ; they were formed 
 hy sj)littiiig the ])iece of wood selected for the i)uri)ose down the middle, 
 lie round side ot which formed the back of the bo\\ . The sticks are 
 i\'t chosen with any nicety, some of them being knotty and very rude 
 in appearance, but they show a eonsiderable amount of constructive 
 skill. Except in the grasj) the inside of them is cut Hat, but so obli 
 quely ;ind with so much skill that the string will vibrate in a direc- 
 tion coinciding directly with the tlii(;ker edge of the bow. The bow 
 is fully 5^ feet long. The string was made of deer's siiiew. 
 
 "Eeotlmc arrows were made of pine (white) or sycamore, and were 
 slender, light, aid straight. The head was a two edged lance about 
 inches long, made of iron taken from the traps, and other objects of 
 tl.at metal, which they had stolen from tlie furriers and Hshermen. 
 
 "Cartwright says, in his journal of a residence in Labrador, that the 
 head of the arrow was a barbed lance (J inches long made out of an old 
 
 m\ 
 
 y 
 
 t E 
 
 11 
 
 George Catliu, Last liamhles, pp. 187 to 190, in Umithsonian Report, 188;"), p 743. 
 
672 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 fit 
 
 nail let into ji cleft in the top of the shaft, and secured there by a thread 
 of deer's sinew. The stock was about 3 feet in length. It was feathered 
 with the 'gray goose wing.' They also use the feathers of the 'gripp; 
 or sea eagle, on their arrows."* 
 
 This testimony is of the sunie character as that relating to John 
 Smith. The Beothucs did not belong to any of the great Indian faniilie 
 
 .'S 
 
 known, but were a stock apart. The rudeness of numufa(;ture is jilso 
 noticeable in contrast with those of the Eskimo. 
 
 "The weapons used in the loway tribe, and of which these people 
 have brought many, are very similar to those used in most of the 
 uncivilized tribes of l!^orth America, consisting of the bow and arrows, 
 the lance and the javelin, Avarclubs, knives, etc., and with these, as a 
 protection in battle, a leathern shield, made of the hide of the buffal(» 
 bull, sufficiently thick and hard to arrest an arrow or to turn the blade 
 of a lance." t 
 
 The loways belong to the Siouan stock and their arrows are a shaft, 
 iron head, and three tolerably long feathers. The nock is either bulbous 
 or flaring, affording a grip for the' thumb and fore finger. The quiver 
 is an elaborate if^'^ir. Indeed the quivers of the Siouan and othei 
 stocks preying up. b buffalo were the most complicated on the con- 
 tinent. 
 
 The Blackfeet do not make bows of the horn of the elk or of the 
 mountain sheep. Their country does not produce any wood suitable 
 for bows, and they, obtain by barter the bow wood, or yellow wood 
 {Madura auradtiaca) from the river Arkansas. For their quivers they 
 prefer the skin of the cougar {Felis concolor, Linn). The tail hangs 
 down from the quiver, is trimmed with red cloth on the inner side, 
 embroidered with white beads and ornamented at the end or elsewhere 
 with strips of skin-like tassels. 
 
 " I saw few lances among the Blackfeet, but many war clubs which 
 they have taken from the Flatheads. Many have thick leather shields 
 painted green and red, and hung with feathers and other things."^ 
 
 All the Sioux tribes use a short arrow, with long shaftment bearinj? 
 three eagle feathers. The shafts were marked with the lightning fur- 
 rows, and streaked in different colors. The Sioux procured iron cen- 
 turies ago and substituted it for the stone head. One of the rarest 
 specimens in any museum is a Sioux arrow with a jasper point. 
 
 Mr. Dorsey says that the Omaha use the following as their arrow- 
 measures: From the inner angle of the elbow to the tip of the middle 
 finger, and thence over the back of the hand to the wrist bone. 
 
 "When in need of arrow points the Sioux would take his rawhide or 
 buckskin sack or bag and go in search of the above-mcTitioned stones; 
 when found would take another heavy stone, and by striking and break- 
 ing the stone, would gather the fragments that wouhl serve for armw 
 or spear points. Those flakes which required less work in trimming or 
 
 *T. G. B. Lloyd, ,/. Anthrop. Inst., vol. iv, p. 28. 
 
 t Catlin's Indian Gallery, Smithsonian Ueport, 1885, i»art ii, p. 148. 
 
 \ Consult Maximilian, Trav., 1843, !>. 258. 
 
 ,1 
 
 so 
 
 1 
 
 the I 
 ob;e 
 
NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 673 
 
 thread 
 Lthered 
 gripp; 
 
 John 
 amilies 
 ) is also 
 
 people 
 
 of the 
 
 arrows, 
 
 ise, as a 
 
 buffalo 
 
 le blade 
 
 a shaft, 
 bulbous 
 ) quiver 
 d othci 
 the con- 
 
 p of the 
 suitable 
 w wood 
 |ei s they 
 haiijis 
 er side, 
 sewheie 
 
 which 
 shields 
 s."| 
 ieariii}:; 
 iiig fui - 
 on een- 
 e rarest 
 
 arrow- 
 middle 
 
 hide or 
 stones; 
 break- 
 ' arrow 
 uiug or 
 
 ehippiiig would be placed in his sack, and when enough were ccdlected 
 he would take tlieni to his lodge to fashion. Holding the arrow, spear, 
 01' knife ])iece in his hand, he would chip carefully with another dint or 
 iron rock, or ])laeing the sharp edge against the projecting piece or par- 
 ticle to be removed, being careful in only chipping or forcing off suthcient 
 to make the stone in proper sliape, with siiar]) edge and })()int. They 
 made the grooves in war clubs, axes, hammers, or bone breakers by 
 constant ])ecking. 
 
 ''There; was another kind of arrow point they made of which 1 never 
 heard before, and that was out of tlu' trout part of the foreleg of an 
 e", between fetlock and knee Joint. They would take that bone atul 
 break it, and slivers that would answer were nnule into arrow points 
 by grinding them on a stone. They make a good arrow ])oint, but not 
 so strong as the iiint points. 
 
 "The stone; arrow points were each separately bound with sinews to 
 protect them from breaking even in the quiver, and the arrows were 
 unwrapped before starting after a herd of buffalo."* 
 
 Theiinw rappii'g of the sinew before shooting is quite new testimony, 
 
 but Mr. Allen has lived on the frontier many years in Montana. 
 
 "Among the jdains Indians," says Dodge "a g »od bow takes a long- 
 time and much labor in its (construction. The best wood is the osage 
 orange {'■hois Ware'' of the old French tra])i)ers, eorrui)ted into 'bow- 
 dark' by plains Americans). This wood grow^s in comparatively a lim- 
 ited area of c<mntry, and long Journeys are sometimes nmde to obtain 
 it. Only the best are selected, straight, and as free as possible from 
 knots. The seasoning process is slow and very thorough. A little 
 cutting, shaping, and scraping with knife or piece of glass, then a hard 
 rubbing with buffalo fat or brains, and the stick is i)Ut aside in a w-arm 
 place, to be worked at again in a few days or weeks. A good bow 
 with fair usage will last many years, but it is liable t(> be broken at 
 any time by accident. Kac.h w arrior, therefore, possesses several sticks 
 of bow wood in various stages of completion. 
 
 "The strings are formed of closely-twisted fibers, of the sinews of 
 aninnds. These sinews are cut out their full length. Each is then sub- 
 divided longitudinally into strings, and these picked and re picked into 
 libers as tine as hair and as long as possible. With the rude means at 
 their disposal it requires no little skill so to put and twist these libers 
 together as to form a string perfectly round and of precisely the same 
 si/e and tension from end to end. 
 
 "The arrows require in the aggregate much more labor than the 
 bow. Any hard, tough, straight grained wood is used. It is scrai)ed 
 to proper vsize and shape, and must be perfectly round. The head is 
 either of stone or iron — of late years almost exclusively of iron, for stone 
 of the necessary hardness is extremely difticult to work, and twenty or 
 more stones are spoiled or broken for each arrow-head made. 
 
 "Under the most favorable circumstances, however, the most skill- 
 ful Indian workman can not hoi)e to complete more than a single arrow 
 in a hard day's work. In a short tight, oi' an exciting dash after game, 
 he will expend as many arrows as will keep him busily at work for a 
 month to replace.t 
 
 "The constructive industry of the men was confined princii)ally to 
 the making of arms, bows, arrows, shields, and spears. These were all 
 objects in which they took great pride. The favorite material for bows 
 
 * Letter from I. Allen, Stillwater, Mont. 
 
 t])o(l{,'e, PlaiitH of the Great West, I'utuam, 1877, pp. 348,349. 
 
 SM. 93 43 
 
 i 
 
 II; 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
674 
 
 NORTH AMEUICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 was hois (Tare {Maclura aurantiaai). Wlu'ii those could not bo. obtaino(i 
 hickory or cotfoe b' .«ii [(himnocladns Cdnndcusis) was used. Tho uaiiit 
 ti-rak-is, bow, seom to indicate that bows wore oiic<> made of bone, the 
 ribs of tlie buffalo or other lar^e animal, skillfully titted and wrapped 
 thnmghout with sinew. Forty years a<»-o bows of this kind, and also 
 of elk horn were occasionally found in use. Choice bows were S(mie- 
 tinies made of red cedar, and if carefully used answered well, but were 
 extremely liable to be shatteivd by any r(m;;h handling;-. The makin;; 
 of a good bow was a task involving*' lonj;- and i)ainstakiiig- labor. It 
 was wnmght into shape only a little at a time, beinji' rei)eatedly oiled 
 meanwhile, and constantly handled to keep the wood pliable. When 
 tinished the bow was sometimes wrapi>ed with sinew audits strenjutli 
 thereby j>reatly increased. The strinj* was of sinew from the back of 
 the buffalo. As soon as the sinew was taken from the animal the par 
 tides of tlesh adhorinji' were scraped ort" and the minute libres care- 
 fully separated. The best of these were selected and twisted into a 
 string- of uniform si/e and elasticity. One end of this string- was 
 fastened securely in jdaco ui»on the bow, and the other furnished with 
 a loop so adjusted that in an instant, as occasion required, the bow 
 mijiht be strun;Li' or unstrunji". 
 
 '•According to J)unbar much labor was spent by the Pawn(M's in the 
 construction of arrows. The shafts were made fiom sprcmts of doji- 
 -wood {Corntis stohmifera). The bark was removed and the rods weic 
 rubbed between two grooved stones, held firmly together in one hand 
 till reduced to a i)roper size and smoothness. The head, made of hoop 
 iron, was then inserted in one end of the shaft and bound in position 
 with sinew. The back end of the shaft was now furnished with atrii)le 
 row of feathers attached by means of glue and sinew and the end 
 notched to fit the bowspring. With a small chisel-like instrunuMit 
 three slight grooves or channels were cut along the shaft between the 
 head and the feathers an<l the arrow was complete. Variims reasons 
 were assigned for this (dianneling. Some claimed that it caused the 
 arrow to adhere more tirndy in the wound; others that it was simply 
 designed to facilitate the flow of blood. The manufacture of arrows, 
 as of bows, was a slow and irksome ])rocess. Three or four were prob- 
 ably the limit of a day's work, even after the rough material w;is 
 already at hand. So exact Avere they in making Miem that not only 
 were the arrows of different tribes readily distinguishable, but e\ cii 
 individuals could recognize their own ariows when thrown togetlici' 
 with those of others of the same band. Disjuites sometimes arose after 
 the slaughter of a herd of buffalo as to whose .some particular carcass 
 rightfully was. If the arrow still remained in the body the question 
 A as easily decided by drawing it out and examining tl:e make of ir. 
 I ome indians made two kinds of arrows, one for hunting and another 
 foi war. In the latter the head was so fastened that wheii an attempt 
 was made to draw the shaft from a wound the head was detacdu'd and 
 remained in the body of the victim. The Pawnee never u.cd su( li. 
 When once he had i)ossessed himsidf of a good bow and a sui>ply of 
 arrows the PawiuH^. was as solicdtcms in the care of them as a huiiU'r 
 would be of a (dioice riHe. The bow, if not in actual service, was kept 
 close in its case, and the arrows in the (piiver. (ireat pains were taken 
 that they should not become by any chance wet, and nundi time Wiis 
 si)ent handling them, that the bow should not lose its sjjring and I lie 
 arrows should not warp. The average length of the former was "1 feet; 
 of the latter 20 inches."* 
 
 '(), li, Dunbar; I'awn^e Jndians, sec, 5J0, 
 
NORTH AMEIRCAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 675 
 
 btainod 
 ('. uanit 
 )ne, the 
 rapped 
 lul also 
 •c somc- 
 lut were 
 iiiakinj;' 
 bor. It 
 lly oiled 
 
 WlUMl 
 
 4reu;;th 
 ' back of 
 the par 
 res caic- 
 imI into a 
 iiig was 
 bed Avitli 
 the bow 
 
 H's in tlie 
 s of (lo.u- 
 rods wcie 
 one band 
 e of hoop 
 \ position 
 tb a tviplt' 
 L the end 
 listninient 
 ween tlu' 
 s reasons 
 iiused the 
 as simply 
 f arrows, 
 ere prob- 
 erial was 
 not only 
 but even 
 togetlH'i' 
 rose after 
 r carcass 
 
 The cas(^ for the bow and the (piiver are of the skin of some animal, 
 often of otter, fastened to each otln'r; and to the latter the tail of the 
 
 
 aninuil at full length is ai)pended. The bow is partly covered with elk 
 horn, has a very stronj^" strini;" of twisted sinews of animals, and is 
 wound ronnd in dilferent i)laces with the same to strenj^then it. The 
 bow is oftcMi adorned with colored cloth, jiorcupine (luills and white 
 strips of ermine,* 
 
 '''Tlie Pawnee bow case and (|uiver were nnule of skin, dressed to be 
 im])ervions to moistnre. The nsmd material was elk skin. Indians 
 who(^ould afford it sometimes made a (|uiv«'r ami case of the skin of an 
 otter or i)anther. In removing a skin which was to be used for this 
 purpose Irom the (!arcass, care was exercised that every ])artichi of the: 
 skin, that of the head, tail, and even the daws, sln)uld be retained, 
 and api>ear in the case when tinally nnide up. Oases of this make, 
 with their heavy coating of fur virtnally waterproof, were very highly 
 prized.''^ 
 
 "•The- bow makers of both the Ilupa and Klnnnith tribes,'' says Kay, 
 "are specialists, and the trade is now ('ontined to a very few old men. 
 I have here seen no nmn under 40 years of age that could nnike a bow 
 or an arrow, arMl only one old nnm who conld make a stone arrow-head. 
 
 "•To make a bow, the wood of a yew sai)ling 2.^ to 3 incdies in diam- 
 eter is selected and rough-hewn to shape, the heart side inward and tiie 
 back carefnlly smoothed to the form of the back of the bow. The sinew 
 is laid on while the wood is green and iudd in i)hice until dry by nutans 
 of ai twine wrapi)ing. In this condition it is hung in the sweat house 
 until the Avood is tlioronghly seasoned, Avhen it is tinished and strung, 
 and in some cases the back is varnished and i)ainted. The most deli- 
 cate ])art of the operation is to get the proper tension on the sinew 
 backing. If too tight the wood crimps or s])linters when tlu^ bow is 
 strung, and a lack of pro[)er tension leaves the bow weak and worth- 
 less. When the bow is seasoned it has a reverse curve of about 3 
 inches. 
 
 "The sinew for the backing and bowstring is t.aken from the back 
 and the hiiul leg of the deer at the time of killing, and dried for future 
 use. When re(piired it is soaked until ]>liable, stripped into line shreds 
 and laid on by commencing at each end and ternnimting at the center 
 of the bow. The sinew is slightly twisted and dried before it is placed 
 on the bow. 
 
 "The glue nsed to fix the backing is obtained by boiling the gland 
 of the lower Jaw and the nose of the sturg^'on. This is dried in balls 
 and preserved for nse, and is prepared by simi)ly dipping it in warm 
 water and rubbing it on the wood. 
 
 "The arrow shafts are usually nmde from the wood of the wild cur- 
 rant, and are worked to shape with a knife and tried by the eye. After 
 roughing they are allowed to season aiul are then finished. Any curxes 
 are taken ont with a straightener, made of a piece of hard wood, spiiuUe 
 shaped and perlbrated in the nnddie. The arrow-heads used in w^ar 
 and for big ganu' are usually nmde from flint and obsidian, and more 
 recently of iron and steel. The flakes for the stone heads are knocked 
 off by means of a i)itching tool of a deer antler. The stone heads are 
 nuide with a chippei' composed of a crooked haiuUe, to which is lashed 
 
 * Maximilian, Trareh, Londo- 1843, p, 195, ttienti>. \8 that the Sioux hows arc; 
 Biiuihxr. 
 tJ, 3, Duuhw; The i'nwnef, Jndianri, 
 
 I 
 
 ; 
 
 C' 
 
G7G 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 
 if 
 
 l|! 
 .If- 
 
 a short piece of luitler jnccisely similni- to those whitrii f colh'cted at 
 Toiiit harrow. The work is held in the h'lt hand on a jtad iind Ihiked 
 oiXhy ])ressur(^ witii ii tool in tiie rij-ht liiind in exactly tlui same luan 
 ner ns 1 toiiud the Innuits doin^' in northern Alaska. 
 
 "The bows nnide by these peoph^ are elective lor "anie up to oO or 
 75 yards, and would intlict a serious wound at 1(K> yai'ds. At .">() yaids 
 the arrows will penetrate a deer Iroiu .") to 10 inches. I never heaid ot 
 one i)assin<i- eutirely through a deer.* 
 
 '^lOells says that ''bows and arrows are us(>d at jtresentby the Twaini 
 in \Vashin.u1on state only as ])laythin,ys, and are very i»oor; but form 
 erly they were very common. Tiie ])ows were alxnit 3 feet louj;-, and 
 we're made of yew wood, the striu,us of sinews or the intestines of rac- 
 coons. The arrows were about 2A feet long, were made of cedar, with 
 feathered shafts, and points of sfoue, and of nails, after they obtained 
 them; and tlie (piiver of w(»lf skin. Arrow-heads are sometimes made 
 of brass or iron, 2 or .3 inches long, half an inch wide, and very thin, 
 and also of very hard wood, o inches long, and round. Sometimes, foi' 
 birds, they are made of iron-wood, about ."i inches long, w ith two prongs, 
 one of them being luilf an inch shorter than the otlier."t 
 
 According to Capt. Wilkes the Klamet bows and arrows are made 
 the first of yew about 3 feet long, flat, li to 2 inches wide, baidvcd witli 
 sinew ami [ inted. The arrow's are over .lO inches long, some of close- 
 grained wood, a species of Spiraea, others of reed. Feathers are T) to s 
 inches long. The barbed head <d" obsidian is inserted in a fore shaft '•'> 
 to o inches long. This is lelt in the wound. Shallow blood channels 
 are sometimes cut in the shaft. The bow is luMd horizontally, braced 
 by the thumb of the left hand and drawn by the tlunnb and three Hn 
 gers of right hand. The chest is thrcnvn back and the right leg for 
 ward in shooting. (i)uivers are of deer, raccoon, or wild-cat skins.i: 
 
 The Clallam bows were short and small, made of yew. The arrows 
 were small ami ])ointed with bone or iron. § '^i'lie Clallams are one of 
 the Salishan tribes from whom \\'ilkes gathered many bows and 
 arrows, now" in the oS'ational JNIuseum. Tlie arrow shafts are of cedar. 
 and have a large, bulbous nock, wrai»ped with birch bark. Some of 
 them have two-barbed i)oints of wood, bone, or metal. 
 
 Bows of the Shushwap were formerly nuide chiefly of wood of the 
 juniper {Jiiniperiis occidciifalis)^ named ])oontl]). They were also some 
 times made of yew {Ta.nis brcrifoli<t), named skin-ik, thtuigh this tree 
 is scarcely to be found in the Shush w^ap country. It is reported how- 
 ever to grow far up in the Xorth Thompson Valley. The bow^ was often 
 covered on its outer surface with the skin of a rattlesnake, which was 
 glued on in the same nninner which was customary among some of tlic 
 tribes of the Great Plains. Arrows wer(^ made of the wood of the ser\ 
 ice berry. Arrow -heads and spear-heads were made of various kinds 
 of stone, always chipped. || 
 
 * r. H. Ray. 
 
 t Rev. .M. Kclls. Hayden's />'////., 1S77, ;{, pp.TS-TK. 
 
 tCf. Wilkes, Xiirrdlire, vol. v., p. 23!). 
 
 ^ Wilkes. Xarnilivc, iv. 2!)!). 
 
 II " People of British Columbia," G, M. Dawson, p. 17. 
 
NOKTll AMKUICAN HOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 
 
 (;77 
 
 a lit 
 
 \k(Ml 
 iiii\n 
 
 r.() or 
 
 nrds 
 
 lid ul 
 
 WllUil 
 
 form 
 
 )[' lac- 
 , with 
 :aiu('tl 
 
 ,' tliin. 
 ii's, i'or 
 •voiles. 
 
 3 made 
 
 'dwitli 
 
 it" clost^ 
 
 ■c 5 to i^ 
 
 shaft ;• 
 
 liaiUH'ls 
 
 , bracA'il 
 
 uee tiii- 
 le<»- for 
 ius.t 
 arrows 
 i one of 
 ,vs and 
 (H'chir. 
 iSoiiie of 
 
 of the 
 ko sonu' 
 huN tree 
 ledliow- 
 
 Ls often 
 
 lu'll AVilS 
 of till' 
 
 llie s(M\ 
 IS kimls 
 
 "Tlic native how in \'an<'onv<'r*s island is bcanlifuily formed. It is 
 generally made of yew or eral» ai)|>le \voo(l, and is 'A.\ feet Ion,u', with 
 ahi)nt U inches at each end tnrned siiarply l)aekward from the striny-. 
 Tlio strin};" is ji jjieee of diied seal ji'ut, (U'ei' sinew, or twisted bark. 
 Tli(^ arrows al»ont LM) inches lonf>', ami are made of pine or <'edar. tipped 
 Willi (» inciies of serrated bone, or with two unbarred bone or iron 
 ])ronj>s. I haAc never seen an Alit arrow with a l>arbed head." (Sproat's 
 IScciirs, ]). SL».) 
 
 "Ila\inj;' now, to a j^reat exicnt, discarded the nseof tlie traditional 
 tomahawk and spear. .Many of tlu'se weaiions are, however, still pre- 
 served as heirlooms amon<i' them." ( Barrett- Lennards Trav., |>. 42.) 
 
 "No bows and arrows. (bMu'ially li.uht hand to hand, and not with 
 missiles.'' (Fitzwilliam's E\idence, i)i Jliid.soii lUni Co., h',])f., bSal, 
 
 Tl 
 
 le arrows and spears in Puf;ct Sound were usually ])oiiited with 
 
 bone; the bows were of yew, and tliouiuh slioit, were of j>reat power, 
 \'an(!ouver describes a sujierior bow used at I'liget Sound. It was 
 from UA to .'] feet lonji', made from a naturally curved i)ie(;e of yew, 
 whose concave sidi^ became the convex of the bow, and to the whole 
 length of this sidc^ a strip of elasth; hide or serpent skin was atta(;lied 
 so tirmly by 'i, kind of cement as to become almost a ])art of the wood. 
 This lining added jireatly to the strength of the bow, and was not aflee- 
 ted by moisture. Tin; bowstring" was made of sinew."' Vancouver's 
 Vol/., vol. I, ]). '2~h\. 
 
 "At (hay Harbor the bows were somewhat more circular than else 
 where.'' (Vancouver's Voij., vol. Ii, ]). !S4; Wilkes's X<ir. in I . S. Ex- 
 ploriitfj E.vpetlifloii, ])p. 14,".'{1J>: Kane's WaiuL, ])]). 1>(K), 21b.) + 
 
 Lieut. Allen, K. S. Army, has described tlM'excessive pains which the 
 ('oi>])er IJiver Indians bestow u])ou the fashioning and caring for their 
 bows. There are no tirst rate, t<»ugh, elastic woods near them. IJircli 
 and willow and such soft species are thi- only stock in trade. And yet, 
 by dint of heating or toasting, boiling, greasing, and I'ubbing down 
 they couvci-t these ]>oor materials into ex3ellent arms. It is here that 
 the wooded wrist guard or bridge is attached to the grip on the inside. 
 
 The Hong Kut<'liiii Indians (Athapascan family) closely allied with 
 Lieut. Allen's iieojile, make their how^s of willow^ after the same i)ains- 
 taking fashion, and their arrows of pine. The bows are almost straight, 
 and in order to prevent the string from lacerating the wrist they do not 
 wear a wrist guard, but lash a bit of wood to the inside of the grip {see 
 Plate 11). The Kutchiii tribes all use a similar bow% but do witlumt the 
 guard. The (jiiivei' is sim])ly a bag of skin worn under the left arm. 
 It has two loops f(n' the bow and the arrows are inserted notch down.| 
 
 "The arrow-heads of the Kutchiii are of bone for wild fowl, or bone 
 tip])ed with iron for moose or deer: the bow is about 5 feet long, and 
 that of the Hong-Kutchin is furnished with a small piece of wood ;; 
 inches hnig- by 1^ broad, and nearly li thick, which projects close to the 
 part grasi)ed by the hand. This piece catches the string and ju'events 
 it fnun striking tlu^ lu.nd, for the bow is not bent mu'.'li. There are no 
 individuals whose trade is to make siiears, bows, or arrows." 
 
 \i t 
 
 " Sec l^iincroCt. Niitivp. Ra.-es.vol. i, p. 188. 
 
 t W. 211-215. 
 
 1 .Jones, Smithtsonian Report, LSUli, pp. 322,324. 
 
 1! 
 
67H NORTH AMERICAN i30W9, ARROWS, AND QlIlVKRrt. 
 
 
 ' 1ft lv> 
 
 "Till' Kiilcliiii still retain tlu' bow, wliicli is of tlu' Siuiu' sliajx- 
 tliioii<ili all the tribes, with the exeeptioii of the small jiuard in llie 
 Jhtnji-Kntcliiii bow, mentioned before. Tlu> (jniver is the same, and 
 woi II under the left aim: it is furnished with two small loops to hold 
 the bow, thus leavinj; the hniiter both hands free to use his };iin. The 
 arrows are ])la<'e(l in the (iiiiver with the notch downwards. The Kut 
 eliiii jiie not expert with the bow; no doubt they were better shots 
 before firearms were introduced amoniu'them. The bowismadeol'wilhtw 
 and will not send an arrow with sntVicient fore<- to kill a deer more than 
 from .")() to <>() yaids. The arrows are made of ])ine."* 
 
 Father Moriee says that " the only i»nrsuit for which our Dene may be 
 said to have been ami)ly i)rovide(i with home inad(^ iini)lements was 
 war and its allied occupation, hunting-. The ottensive weai)ons in use 
 amonj;' them were arrows, s])ears, lances, ;md c<(.s,se-t('frs. 
 
 "The only really polished stone im])lement of Dene manufacture 
 was the carlli or cafisr life. The specimen illustiated is of a hard gran- 
 ite stone. A variety of that weapon, similar in form, but more elon- 
 pjted (beinji' at least twice as loiij^) was usually made of cariboo horn. 
 
 "Apart from the common arrows, the Carriers made ustM)f two other 
 varieties of missiles of Hekanais origin. The heads of both kinds weie 
 made from cariboo horn. The llrst of these, called lr<ich(unUiC(telh (cut 
 arrow) by the Carriers, was conical in form and not less tluiu (J inches 
 in len.uth. The broader extremity thereof was hollowed out to receive 
 a wooden shaft which served to dart it oft from the bow like aeommon 
 arrow, with this diflerence, however, that when in motion thelioin i)oiiit 
 detached itself from the shaft. Tliis]U'oiectil(Mvas deadly,and intended 
 only for use against an enemy or lor killing' huge game. To shootsmaller 
 game, sueh as grouse, rabbits, etc., they had recourse to a curiously 
 wrought trijde arrow head consisting of three Hat i)iecesof bone or horn 
 triangular in sha]>e and not unlike the feathers on a sea otter arrow. 
 These ]>lates were seized to the arrow shatt in several jdaces by sinew 
 passing through the ]dates and around the wood. The manner of fast 
 ening to the sliaft was similar to that delineated in ]\Iorice's tig. 14." 
 
 The knives were ordinarily made of the common arrow-head tiint, but 
 those of beaver teeth were more esteemed. 
 
 "Their arrow, common airow heads, \\ere of two kinds, bone and 
 flint. The first were made t)f the fiont teeth of the beax'er, reduced 
 by scraping to the required shajie. They were rei)uted the most eifec 
 tive. Flint, arrow-heads were of diflerent sizes, forms, and material. 
 They are i)roduced in Morice's ])aper for the sake of comparison with 
 those used by the mound-builders of Illinois and other States of the 
 American Union with which they will be found identical in shape and 
 material, though a distanee of at least 2,()(K) miles separate the Abori- 
 gines who made them. He says the 'two marked A and B maybe 
 described as the typical arrow-heads of the Western Denes, and are of 
 the blackish resonant tlint, generally used in tlie fabrication of abori- 
 ginal weapons. (' and J) are composed of a senu-translucent bluish 
 variety of siliceous stone not so common and conseipiently more prized 
 than the ordinary arrow tiint. E represents the nu)st beautiful of all 
 the Dene arrow-heads in my possession. It has been ingeniously 
 chipped from a hard crystalline .species of dint, and its form and tinisli 
 dis[»Iay evidences of, 1 should say, exc<'ptionally good workmanship. 
 Some are also formed of a whitisli siliceous pebl)le; but the points 
 made therewith are, as a rule, of a rather rough descrii)tion.'" 
 
 * Joues, aS. H., 1866, i;. 324. 
 
North American bows, aruows, and (quivers. 67d 
 
 "Tlie n'j-iilar liiintiiij;' or war bow of tlic Tso'kM'liin' was of niouiitain 
 iija|)Io (Acer j;lalnuiii, Tow) and r>A feet or ni(n«^ in length. TIkhhIj^cs, 
 ImmIi inner and outer, were snioothened over ho as to permit of strii)s of 
 nnplaited sinew bein-^- twisted iiround to insnri^ tberefor the necessary 
 strength. These pieces of siiu'W weie faslcned on with a }x\uo obtidned 
 from tlie sturgeon sound, which also did servicer foi- ail Icinds of gluing 
 purposes among (^aeli of tlie tliree, tribes, while still in tln^ir prehistoric 
 period. The central part of the bow, whi<'h was so thick as to appear 
 almost rectangular, was linally covered with a tissue of differently- 
 tinged porcupine <piills. 
 
 "(Ireat car(^ w;is taken to obtain a bow-sti'ing imi)ernieable to snow 
 and rain. With this object in view, deliciite threads of sinew were 
 twisted together and afterwards rubbed over with sturgeon glue. 
 This llrst string was then gradually strengtlu^ned by additional sinew 
 threads twisted around the first and main cord, each overlaying of 
 sinew being thoronghly saturated with glue. Finally wImmi the string 
 had attained a sutlicient thickness for eflicient service it was repeat- 
 edly rubbed over with gum of the black pine {Abies Imlmmca). 
 
 "A less elaborate bow (fig. .'51) is still to this very day in use among 
 the Tse'kehue in connecticm with the blunt airow already mentioned. 
 It is of seasoned willow ( aSV^/w; louffi/o 1 1 a), and being devoid of any 
 sinew backing or other strengthening device, its edges are more angular 
 than those of fig. .'JO. Its string consists merely of a dtmble line of 
 cariboo skin slightly twisted together. The specimen figured al)ove 
 measures 4 feet 10 inches. 
 
 "The Carrier bow was never much more than 4 feet in length, and 
 the wooden part of it was invariably Junipiu' ('/, occideHfalis). Instead 
 of being twisted around as in the Tse'kehm^. bow, the threa(ls of sinew 
 were glued on the back after the fashion of the Eskimo bow. witli this 
 difference, however, that in the Carrier weai)on the sinew was not 
 plidted. When a layer of thin sinew stiips had been fastened length- 
 wise on the entile ba(;k of the bow, it was allowed to dry, after whi(;h 
 others were successively added until the desired strength had been 
 obtained. A i)rocess analogous to that whereby the Tse'kehue bow- 
 string was nnide was followed in cording the string of the Carrier bow."* 
 
 "The most powerful as well as most artistic weai)on is the bow. 
 It is made of beech or spruce in three ])ieces, curving in ojjposite 
 direction, and ingeniously bound by twisted sinews, so as to give the 
 greatest possible strength. ^Vitows, as well as si)ears, lances, and 
 darts, are of white spiuce, and pcanted with bone, ivory, tiiiit, and 
 slate. 
 
 "They have two sorts of bows, arrows pointed with iron, tiint, and 
 bone, or blunt for birds. {Stmpxou Nar., 12H.) 
 
 "They ascended the >[a(;kenzie in former times as far as the Kam- 
 l)arts to obtain flinty slate for lance and arrow-points. (Richardson's 
 Joxr., vol. 1, ]). 2VA.) 
 
 "One weapon was a walrus tooth fixed to the end of a wooden staff. 
 (Beechey's To//., vol. i, p. Mli.) 
 
 "At ('oppermine River arrows are i)(>inted with slate or coi)per. 
 (Hearne's Travels, pp. lGl-109.") t 
 
 m 
 
 if 
 
 I 
 
 * Father a. G. Morice, Trans. Cnnod. hixt., Toronto, 1894, iv, 5H, 5*). 
 t 8«e Baucrof't, N. It. vol. i, p. 59. 
 
 ■I if^li 
 
 
u>. 
 
 pi 
 
r X I' J. A \ A 1" 1 O N O F ]• 1. A V K J. \ I . 
 
 I'l.AIN ItoWS FKOM Till". S( )l Til WK.ST, AM> Si NKW-IJNKl), NAUUOW TYl'K. 
 
 Flii. 1. liow, of lianl wood, rudely \vhittl«'<l out of a ]tole, whowing burk and kiu.is 
 on llio l)ac]<. J.engtli, 4 i'e^^t 6 inches. Notice that hows equally rude are 
 found at Tierra «lel Fucgo. 
 
 ('.'it. No. lilTfi, T. S. N. M. I>it';;iieii<)» lixliaiis, Saii Dicpt, Calit'oriiiH. ("oIlpcttMl 
 by Dr. Kdwurcl Pahiier. 
 
 Fi(i. L'. J{(»\v, of iuc8(iuit wood, li'cclaugiilar iii crosB section, tapering from flie 
 grip; single curve, liow string of two-ply sinew cord. l.,ength, ^ feet ti 
 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 12604:!, I'. S. N, M. Taraliiiiuura, (.'hiluialiua, Mt'xi<'o. ('olln<'te<l l>y l>r. 
 Edward I'ahner. 
 
 Fit;. .">. llow, of c> ton Avood, cut out of a rod leaving the hack nntriiniued; sin^jle 
 curv. liow string of sinew cord, two-ply. Length, 4 feet G inches. 
 
 ('at. No. 70021, I". S. N. M. Piiua Indians. Arizona. Collected l)y Dr. Pahner. 
 
 It should he remarked that these plain bows with rounded and rectaugular cross 
 section represent the whole area southward to Cape Hor)i. 
 
 Fi(i. 4. SivEW LIN i.DlJow made of hard wood. Back lined witli sinew and laid on 
 with glue; reenforccd by fifteen transverse bands of sinew. The grip 
 wra]>ped with buckskin string. The bow string of sinew cord, two-ply. 
 J-ength, o feet 8 inches, 
 
 ("nt. No. 75150. TT. S. N. M. Navajo IiidixuM, New Mexu-o. Collpcted \<\ Hiiroail 
 of Ethnology. 
 
Smithsonian Report 1893. 
 
 Plate LXI. 
 
 (f 
 
 Yl'K. 
 
 iiud kiu<is 
 
 J rude iirti |.: 
 
 . Collpctcd 
 
 from tlie 
 h, 3 feet (i 
 
 rted tiy I'r. 
 
 bd; 8in;j;le 
 
 dies. 
 
 Dr. I'iihncr. 
 
 [ular cniss 
 
 ud laid (111 
 
 The grip 
 
 , two-ply. 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 a-v 
 
 Hi'' 1 
 
 V 
 
 '•\i 
 
 Plain Bows from the Southwest, and Sinew-lined Bow, narrow type. 
 
I ^ ) 
 
'F 
 
 h 
 
 II 
 
 W 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII. 
 
 Plain, Sinew-mned, and Compound Bows, the last namkd also Sinem-i ixed. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bow of hard wood, ovcid in section, single curve; striui' of sinew cord. 
 Length, 4 feet 1 incli. 
 
 (at. No. i;tOC16, U. S. N. M. Crow Indians. Montana. Collected by Ma,|C. S. 15eu 
 (lire. V. S. Army. 
 
 Fig. 2. Bow, made of laickory, with a double curve — the lower curve larger tlian tlu; 
 other. Tlif' hack neatly lined with sinew, and the ends wrajiped for two or 
 three inches with shredded sinew. Grip hound witii buckskin string. 
 Bowstring, three-ply sinew cord, back painted white. Length, 3 feet 5 
 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 8418, U. S. X. M. Gros Ventres. Dakota. Collected liy Dr. Washington 
 Matliewii, U. S. Ann-y. 
 
 Fig. 3. CoMi'orxD now, made of two sections of cow's horn, spliced together in the 
 iniddJe and lield by three rivets. Lined on the back with sinew, whicli 
 covers also the nocks. Curved in shape of Cupid's bow, bound at the gri)i 
 and the curve of tin- limbs with bands of red Hannel, whicii is held in place 
 by seizings of buckskin string wrapped here and there with Inoad (inill, 
 <lyed yellow. The horns are also wrapjx'd with shredded sinew. Bow- 
 string, a three-ply sinew cord I'^nd of the bow ornamented with tufts of 
 horsehair and fur. liCngth, 3 feet. 
 
 Cat, Iso. 154015, U. S. N. M. Sioux Tndian.s, Montana, (."ollected by Gen. Hazen, U. 
 S, Army. 
 
 Special attention is called to the nuiou ol tbe compound and sinew lined bow 
 in one sptscinien. 
 
 Fig. 4. Similar to No. 3, but was collected king ago from tlie Gros Ventres, Upper 
 Missouri, l»y Dr. Washington Mathews, who spent a number of years amonji; 
 these people. Coiii.ict wiili the (ircat Interior Basin is shown by tlie 
 union of the compound bow and the Shoshouean type of sinew-lined bow. 
 Len^jth, 36 inches. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate LXII. 
 
 /• 
 
 rt 
 
 *» 
 
 ; I 
 
 a- 
 
 /'; 
 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 
 m 
 
 11^' 
 
 Plain, Sinew-lined, and Compound Bows, the last named also Sinew-lined. 
 
 la 
 
IB' 
 
 I 
 
 P 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
•w 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII. 
 
 SiNKW-LlNKD Bows, HKOAD TYPK. ( )NK HoW IM-AIN. 
 
 Fifr. 1. Row, mado of yow. This is a bow with a single curvn on the back, doublo 
 curve on the inside, broad and flat. Constricted at the grip and narrow- 
 ing toward the nocks. Along the inside is a little furrow. The grip is 
 ornamented with a tuft of long hair seized in place by a band of birch 
 bark. This bow is exactly of the form of the sinew-lined bows farther 
 south and inland. Perhaps the cold and dampness of the coast regions 
 are unfavorable, affecting the glue. The bowstring is a single ribbon ot 
 sinew twist. Length, 3 feet 10 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 72656, U. S. N. M. Makah Indians, Cape Flatterj-, (.'ollected by J (i 
 Swan. 
 
 Fl«. 2. Bow, made of yew and lined along the back with sinew, shredded and mixed 
 with glue, which is wrapped around the horns of the bow and molded to 
 form the nocks. Single curve, excepting at the ends where the limbs turn 
 gracefully backward. The grip and horns are wrapped with buckskni 
 string. Bowstring, sinew cord, three-ply. Length, 3 feet 5 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 2058, U. S. N. M. Tejon Indiana. California.. Collected by John Xanthus, 
 
 Fig. 3. Bow, made of yew wood. Broad and thin at the grip, tapering in width 
 and thickness toward the nocks, which are turned outward. The back of 
 the bow is lined with shredded sinew, laid on closely like the bark on a 
 tree, and painted green and decorated with tufts of otter skin and strips 
 of dressed hide, seized with sinew. The ip is covered with a seizing oi 
 buckskin string. The horns of the bow turn outward. The bowstring is 
 made of twisted sinew. Length, 3 feet 10 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 19322, U. S. N. M. McCloud Eiver Indians, Copehan stock, Calii'orui.i 
 Collected by Livingston Stone. 
 
 Fid. 4. SiNKW-LiNKiJ BOW, madeof yew. Broad and flat, lined on the back with sinew 
 laid on in glue and ornamented with figures painted green. Narrowed 
 .somewhat at the grip and bound with buckskin string. Aifound the horns 
 buckskin is glued and bands of sinew wrapped and the uoeks ornamented 
 with tufts of fur. Bowstring is a loose twine of sinew «'ord. Length, H 
 feet 8 inches. 
 
 ("at. No. 131110, U.S. N. M. Pitt River Indians, Northern Calitoruia. CoUerted 
 bvN. J. Purcell. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate LXIII. 
 
 U V^r. 
 
 a 
 
 i;\ \ 
 
 ; -m ' ' 
 
 ill 
 
 : t^ 
 
 
 Sinew-lined Bows, broad type. One Bow plain. 
 

 *■ '*': III 
 
 1 :| H 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 :l 
 
 

 ^^ 
 
 E X P r. A N A T I O N OF P T. A T K I. X I V . 
 Plain Hows. Onk kxami'i.k Comimund with Si\i;\\ Cahi.k Backinc. 
 
 Fio. 1. How, of liickory. Rectangular in orosH-section. Double curv«\ taptM-ing 
 toward theonclN. BowHtriuj; of very thi<'k three-ply sinew eord. Lenptii. 
 4 feet. 
 
 ('Ht. No. 12087:i, r.S. N. M. Anipalio Iiiiliaim, NebriiKkn (;<»lle(^lc(l l>y H.M.C'rcil 
 
 Fl(i. 2. How, of willow; oval iu seetjon, taperiiif; toward the ends Hlijjhtly, douhli 
 curve. Chief characteristic is a piece of wood on the iiiHide of the grip, 
 fastened like the bridge of a violin, and held in place by a buckskin cord 
 to catch the blow of the string in relaxing. Tlic Ixnvstring is a tough one 
 of rawhide. Length, 4 feet 5 inches. 
 
 (^at. No. 7545.'), U. S. N. M. Kiitchiii, Inland Alaska. (()llfct»<(l by .T.J. McLean. 
 
 Fi(i.;^. How, ofwillow ; Hiniilarto7545.'>. Evidently unfinished. It is a weak weapon, 
 
 and the bowstring is made of cotton thread. Length, 4 feet 1 inch. 
 
 (!al. No. C35.V2, r. S. N. M. Kiitcliin IndianH, Inland Alaska. Colli"«t<>d by .( I 
 McLean. 
 
 Fl<}. 4. CoMPOlTNU now, made of three ])icces of bone. The foundation is th»s grip 
 or middle piece, to which the limbs are spliced and riveted. The back ui 
 this bow is slightly reenforced by live double strands of braided sinew or 
 sennit, jtassing along the back from nock to nock, and held in place by .i 
 cross wrapping at the middle of tiie grip. Jiowstring is made of four 
 strands of sennit. The ends of this string are attached to loops of raw 
 hide, which pass over the nocks. Length, 2 feet 8 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 34055, LT. S. N. M. Kskiuio, Cumberland fJnlf. Collected by Ludwin 
 Kiimlien. 
 
SmithMnian Report, \ii)3. 
 
 Plate LXIV, 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 'HI 
 
 ^1 -. 
 
 ''f I: ' 
 
 Plain Bows. One example compound with Sinew Cable Backing. 
 
fi 
 
"»;?!* jfyp.'*"- " 
 
 ^^f^BammmmmsBm 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE L X V. 
 
 Sinkw-Backki) Hows ok Kskimo. 
 
 Flo. 1. Compound bow, nuitle of rciudeer antler siud backed with aiiiew. The spec- 
 imen is from Cuiiiberlaud Gulf, the farthest point east at which sinew- 
 backed bows have been found. This is an interesting specimen also because 
 it exhibits the method of making the compound bow after the advent of 
 the whalers. The grip piece is spliced and riveted to the limbs. In the 
 old rdgime these three pieces were fastened together by lashings of sinew- 
 cord or braid, very strongly at the points where the upper and lower seiziiii; 
 occur in this bow. Two views given. Murdoch says of this type: "The 
 main part of the reenforcement or backing consists of a continuous pieci^ 
 of stout twine made of sinew, generally a 3-8traud braid, but sometimes a 
 twisted cord, and often very long (sometimes 40 or 50 yards in length). 
 One end of this is spliced or knotted into an eye, which is slipped round 
 one 'nock' of the bow, usually the upper one. The strands then pass up 
 and down the back and round the nocks. A comparatively short bow, 
 having along its back some dozen or twenty such plain strands, and tinishti'd 
 oft" by knotting the end about the ' handle,' appears to have been the origi- 
 nal pattern. The bow from Cumberland Gulf (fig. 1) is such a. one, in 
 which the strands have been given two or three turns of twine from tiio 
 middle. They are kept from untwisting by a ' stop ' round the handle, 
 which passes between and around the strands.'" 
 Cat. No. 34053, U. S. K. M. Collected by L. Kiiinliiii. 
 
 Flu. 2. 8outhern type of sinew-backed bows of Murdoch. The essential ftv'iturea id' 
 these southern bows are — 
 First. The substitution of a columnar for a breaking strain upon the wood secured 
 by winding a great many yards of sinew twine or braid backward and forward 
 along the back of the bow, from nock to nock. 
 
 ISecond. The addition of utrands in the cable inserted by means of half-hitches at 
 various points, laid on as shown in the following plate. 
 
 Third. Holding the strands together in a cable l.y a coiled twine ninulng t'roni tiid 
 to end. 
 
 Cat. No. 36032, U. S. N. M., Cape Koiu**«ott', collected 1)\ K. \V. Nelson. .Struii:lil 
 bow with the simplest form of southern backiiijL;. 
 
m 
 
 Smithsonian Report, 1893, 
 
 Plate LXV. 
 
 ' :i 
 
 ,i I 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 >|BJf| 
 it 
 
 i«l'*' 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 I 
 
 Compound and Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo. 
 (After .^lunldL-li.) 
 

 : 5 
 
 ! 
 
■^*^1 
 
 K X PI. A N A IK) \ OF I'l.ATK LXVT. 
 
 SINKW'-HaCK Kl> Hows ol- Ksi.lMo. Sol'l IIKK.N 'rvi'K. 
 
 Fui. 'Jii. One eiul of tjg. 2 in the last plate, Hhowinjj the form of the nock, the <har- 
 aeter of the hniid of sinew, the method in which the eable is built nj), tlio 
 half hitches made about the bow, and the coil laid about the cable. 
 
 Cat. No. 36032, F. S. X. At. Kskiiiio o((;iiim Ri.mair/.od. Coll.Mt.ulby K. W.Xclsoi,. 
 (After Munioch.) 
 
 Fi«i. :>. Straifitbt bow, with Murdoch's southern type of backing. The peculiarity of 
 this bow is shown in fig. 3(j. After nearly all the filaments in the cable 
 have been passed from nock to nock, thebowyer, stopped with his braid at 
 a certain point, made two half hitches, .and tlien added a strand to the 
 cable by going to an c<iuidistant point on th«^ other side of the grip. 
 This was repeated three times on this bow and the bniid fastened off in 
 the middle. The mark at the side of the bow denotes in<dies. 
 Cut. No. 7'2408, U. S. \. M. Uiisldl Uiiv. CoHiMtt'd )iv <'. f.. M<Kiiv. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate LXVI. 
 
 IjW , ! 
 
 ' 
 
 i\ 
 
 r\ :li 
 
 ••!.( 
 
 'i 
 
 1^ 
 
 Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo, Southern Type. 
 (After Murdoch.) 
 
i 
 
 !■■' 
 
 M . 
 
 
 
lis 
 
:ii 
 
 % 
 
 KX rii.V NATION <>K "I.ATK l.XVII 
 
 .Sinkw-Ba«kk.i> Mows <>k Kskimo. 
 
 Pl.A I K 1 .wii rcpruHuiitH four tixaiuplfs otHiiiew-brtcktMl hows of Munloch'H Hoiithern 
 types. Tlio following <'liiiracf eristics aro to hv> noted : First, in all of thi'in 
 the hacking extends from nock to no(^k with hcreand there extra strands let 
 into the cable hy means of any number of half hitches passing iironnd tlic 
 how and into the cable. These have the additional value of keeping the 
 wood from cracking. In the third example in the plate is exhibited tlw 
 «'haracteristic8 of the hent or Tatm- ]»attern. The bow has really thrcf 
 curves, the greiit one in the niii ^ and two shorter ones near the end. 
 The hends where the small curves meet the larger one are strengthened 
 with hridgesof wood and seizing of sinew. In three specimens on the paj^je 
 the <able or backing has been tw isted by means of an ivory lever described 
 iu the text and held thus l)y a seizing which is rove through one-half ol' 
 the strands holding tlie whole in place. The twisting of the sinew serves 
 to tighten the how. In figures 4, 5, 7 the how is shown with a device 
 for keeping the cable from untwisting. In all examples except figure (i 
 one-half of the how is shown. 
 
 Ill the order in ■which they appear upon the plule the bows are numbered Cat. No. 
 7972, TT. S. N. M., from Bristol Bay, collected by Dr. Minor; No. 15651, Xnniviiik 
 Island, collected by W. H.Dall; No. 36028, KiiHkoquim, <ollect**d by K. AV. N.I 
 (ton; No. 36034. collected by K. W. Nelson. 
 
Smith»onl»n R«port, 1893. 
 
 Plate LXVII. 
 
 r? 
 
 ! I'.m 
 
 fe; 
 
 ^ ■' 
 
 i 
 
 .1 
 
 i 
 
 !; 
 
 
 Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo, Southern Types. 
 
 (After Murdoch.) 
 
 lit 
 
 I 1 
 
r 
 
 iii^ 
 
 
 'Jh I'J 
 
K! 3 
 
 KXPl.A NATION OF ri.ATK l.XVllT. 
 Sini.w-Mackkk lioWS <>l' KSKIMO. 
 
 Plate sbowiug Murdoch's Arctic tyi»e of bow. Tlie noteworthy I'eatiirt's ar«' — 
 
 First. Theise l)ows are much shorter tliau those of sonthtMii type and are said hy 
 Murdoch to be of very graceful shape. In some examples the ends are botind up iis 
 in some of the soutiiern bows ami the back reenforced with a short rouuded splint of 
 wood or antler in the bend. 
 
 Seco7id. The backing of these bows is always ''of a very complicated and perfect 
 jiattern, usually very thoroughly incorporated with the bow by mesins of hitches and 
 a very complete seizing of many turns running nearly the whole length of the bow 
 and serving to ecpialize the distribution of the strain and thus prevent cracking." 
 
 Third. Another notable feature is in someexamj)les the division of the backing info 
 two cables in which the twist runs in opi)osite directi«ms so that when the twocablen 
 are sewed together neither one can untwist. The examples shown iu the plate arc 
 numbered as follows: 
 
 Pirgt. Cat. No. 1972, U. S. N. M. A relic how fidiii tlio Mucki'ir/.in rejrion, back uiid 
 side view. Collected, by Koss. 
 
 Second. Cat. No. S924.'j, U. S. N. M., from Point Barrow, collected by the IT. S. TnttT- 
 natiosal Polar Expedition. The wood is in shape of a Tiit;ir bow. Figures 12 
 and 13 show the left-handed and risibt-hiinded "soldier's hitch." 
 
Strmhsor.ian Report, 1893, 
 
 Plate LXVIII. 
 
 ■••■'T^ 
 i- 
 
 %■ 
 
 id hy 
 
 np ;iH 
 lint of 
 
 crfoct 
 BS and 
 3 bow 
 ig." 
 g info 
 ablw 
 te ait^ 
 
 ick and 
 
 Infor- 
 ires 12 
 
 SH 
 
 
 t 
 
 Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo, Arctic Types. 
 
 (After MmdiPi-h* 
 
m 
 
 ;! '^ 
 
 
irtiithionian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate Lit. 
 
 !■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Barbed and Harpoon Arrows of the Eskimo about the Alaskan Peninsula. 
 
 Ill , , 
 
 u.m*- 
 
f^BL^^ 
 
 I 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIIT. 
 
 Eskimo Akkowh. with flat Fi'.ATUKns anm) i.()n<; Points, 
 
 Fici. 1. Shaft, of spruce wood, tuiKTinf; Iroiii the hwul backwards to a point, to 
 which a siuf^le leatlier is fastentMl hy a seiziiij? of sinew. The point, uf 
 Wi>lrn8 ivory, inserted in a split in the end of the shaft, and seized with 
 Ninew. Otlier specimens of tliese darts are seized with a fine rawhide line 
 of habiche. Length of shaft and point, 19 inches. 
 
 Cat. ]S'o. 45476, V. !S. N. M. Kskiiiu., Cape, Nome, Alaska. ('olltM't.Ml liv K. \V. 
 Nelson. 
 
 Fig. II Sua I'T, of pine, short and thick. Head, of bone, spatuhite and spliced on to 
 the shaft and held in jdaco hy siuew. In the specimens of this type made 
 ai'ter contact with the whites the type of this spatulate ]>oint lias a saw 
 cut across the end, into which a blade of iron is inserted and held in place 
 by a rivet. The connection between these two forms should he especially 
 noted, as the more recent could not be ex))lained without coni))arisou with 
 the ancient form. Length of shaft, 1 foot 5| inches; foreshaft, 5 inches. 
 
 Cut. Ko8. 34052-55, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Cumberland Gulf. Collected by Liid- 
 wig Kunilieu. 
 
 Fig. 2. Similar to fig. 3, except that the head is of iron. 
 
 Fig. 4. Shaft, of spruce wood. Head, a flat blade of iron, widened at the point 
 and inserted into the split end of the shaft and held in ])liice by the lash- 
 ing of babiche or rawhide string. Feathers, two, laid on tlat, the ends in- 
 serted into the Avood of the shaft. Nock, flat; notch, large and deep. 
 Not numbered. St. Liiwreuce Island Eskimo. ('oUected by E. AV. Nelson. 
 
 Flu. 5. Shaft, of spruce wood, spliced, owing to the scarcity of material. Two 
 feathers, laid on flat and seized with sinew. Nock, flat; notch, angular. 
 The point, a l»it of iron from a whaling ship, flattened out and fastened 
 into a slit at the end of the shaft by a seizing of sinew thread. The point 
 has been hammered and tile<l (;oarsely into cylindrical shape, Total leii^' th 
 of shaft, 17 inches. 
 
 Cat, No. ;j(JU16, U. S. N. M. Collected by W. A. Miiuster. 
 
 -m 
 
Smithsonian Repoft, 1893. 
 
 Plate LIII. 
 
 111. Two 
 
 angular. 
 
 fasteui'd 
 
 'he point 
 
 tal len^'th 
 
 5y 
 
 n 
 
 Eskimo Arrows with Flat Feathers and Long Points. 
 
. \ 
 
E X IM. A N A T I O N OF P L A T K L I V . 
 HiiM> !{«>i;rs KKOM xakiois Akkas. 
 
 FUi. 1. SiiAKT, cyliudric.-il and flattened toward the notch. No feathers. Notcli, 
 with parallt'l sidcH. Head, a ImUet-shaped picro of walrus ivory, perfo- 
 rated and litttMl ou the end of the shaft. Total length of shaft, 2') inches. 
 Nut inunbercd, U. S. N. M. St. Lawronce IslandH. Collected liy K. W. Nelson. 
 
 Fl(i. 2. TiiK siiAi T, <'ylindrical and flatteneil toward the nock. Feathers, two, on 
 inner ends. s(!ciirely inserted into gashes on the side of the shaft, and tlic 
 outer extremity seized with sinew. Notch, shallow. Head, of hone or 
 antler, blunt-shaped, like a llowcr bud, with seven nodes or projectioiiN 
 around the margin. This style of arrow is very common in this region. 
 The head is found in a great ^■ariety of shapes, but they are all used for 
 the purpose of stunning birds without drawing blood. Total length, 1.'7 
 inches. 
 
 Cut. No. 4o4:U, U. .S. N. M. K.'ikiiuo, Ciiin'. Darby. Alaska. Collected liy E. W. 
 Nelson. 
 
 Fig. 3. SiiAF r, of ce<lar ; !.'."> inches long ; narrow streak of red ocher around at upper 
 extremity. IShaftment, Hat; feather (aul near the uock without seizing; ;it 
 theother extremity seized with sinew thread. Nock, Hat ; notch, very deep. 
 The head is a cylinder of antler, hollowed at the lower extremity and 
 lifted into the shaft with a conical tenon Jitted into a cavity of the .same 
 shape. The hea<l, at its upper e.\tremity, is gashed, so as to have four 
 ])ointed ])rqjectiou8. 
 
 Cat. No. ;r58;W, U. S. N. M. Eskimos of Pastolik. Collocted liy E. W. Nelsou. 
 
 Fig. 4. Shaft, a jiiece of hard wood, cut down so as to leave tiie tip of the siiaft 
 and tile nock wide spreading. I'^eathors, three, long, fastened to the slmlt 
 by wide strips of sinew, No ornamentation, but very carefully ina<le. 
 Length, 27 inches. 
 
 Cat. No.237;!6, U. S. N. M. Indians of Devil's Lake. Collected by Paul l?eckwitli. 
 
 Fig. 5. The wiiole arrow is of a single piece, without feathers. Tlie head is adouUIo 
 pyramid. The nook is much expamling; the notch, shall<»w. In the com- 
 panion arrow to this one the head is a double cone. Total length of shalt, 
 2il inches. 
 
 Cat. Noa. 8509 and S508, U. S. N. M. Sbosboues. Collected by Mr. Waters. 
 
 # 
 
 II ' 
 
Smithtonian Report 1893, 
 
 UJ 
 
 .? 
 
 I 
 
 \ :v 
 
 Plate LIV. 
 
 I 
 
 J^ 
 
 L 
 
 P 
 
 Hi, 
 
 Bird Bolts from various Areas. 
 
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IMAGE EVALUATION 
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV. 
 
 Wkstkrn Eskimo Harbki* Ahkows. 
 
 Fig. I. Thk shaft tapers both ways from the middlo iind is Ihittened :it the nock. 
 
 Feathers, two, laid on spirally and seized at the end with sinew. Nock, 
 
 tiat; notch, U-shaped. The blade of the head is sajjittate, and there are 
 
 two barbs on each side of the tang, which is inserted in the end of the 
 
 shaft and seized with sinew. Length, 29 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 72765, TT. S. N. M.; also 72759. Oogluamie Eskimo, Point Barrow. Col- 
 lected by Capt. P. H. Kay, U. S. Army. 
 
 There is a great variety of form in this class of arrows, the design beting always 
 the same. In one specimen the tang is cylindrical and a series of barbs is filed on 
 the edges of the blade. In another the tang is made of walrus ivory, and the iron 
 blade inserted into the end of this tang has bajbs on the lower edges of the blade. 
 In another specimen one-half of a paii of scissors is used as a bond. The part in 
 front of the hinge, liled with two edges, forms the blade, and the part behind the 
 hinge is liled and straightened out so as to form the tang and a very efficient barb. 
 This is a remarkable specimen of the adaptive geniiM of this jHiOjtle. In the shafting 
 and filing of this scissors blade all of the characteristics and marks of the barbed 
 arrow with a stone head are preserved, except that the metal is siibstitiited for the 
 bone and stone. 
 
 Fig. 2. Shaft, of spruce wood, cylindrical. Shaftment, gradually flattened toward 
 the nock. Feathers, two, extending off from the shaft, and seized with 
 sinew-twisted thread. The nock is flattened ; notch, parallel-sided. The 
 barb, apiece of antler, sharpened at one end, inserted into the end of the 
 shaft, and seized with fine tiinew thread. The four barbs are on one side 
 of the barb piece, and they project fnmi the shaft, as in a feather, and this 
 effect is emphasized by a little furrow just where the barbs procee«l from 
 the shaft. The point, a formidable blade of iron, with jagged barbs at 
 the lower extremities, inserted into a "saw cut" on the cud of the barb 
 piece and fastened with a copper rivet. 
 
 Cat. Xo. A and IJ. 43352, U. S. N. M. E.skimo, Upper Yukon. Collected by E. W. 
 Nelson. 
 
 Fig. 3. Shaft, of spruce, cylindrical, flattened towards the end. Feathers, two, 
 seized with sinew twine. Nock, flat; notch, U-shaped. The head is in 
 two parts. The shank is barbed on one side, inserted into the end of the 
 shaft, and seized with twisted sinew. The head is sagittate; the tang 
 inserted into a cut in the end of the shank and seized with sinew. Total 
 length of shaft, 29^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 4. Similar to fig. 3, excepting that the head is all of iron. The long shank is 
 serrated on the edges and the leaf-shaped blade has also barbs near the 
 base. Length, 25| inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 875, TJ. S.N.M. Mackenzie Kiver. Collected liy K. \V. MacFarlano. 
 
 Fig. 5. Shaft, of spriice, cylindrical. Shaftment, flat. Feathers, two, seized at 
 the end with twisted sinew, standing off from th(^ shaftment. The nock 
 is flat and seized with twisted sinew; notch, U-shaped. The head is a 
 piece of sheet iron inserted into a cut in tht end of the shaft and seized 
 with twisted sinew. Three abnormally large b.irbs on each side of the 
 head. Length, 30 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 1966, U. S. N. M. Mackenzie River. Collected by R. W. MacFarlane. 
 
 I 
 
 4\ 
 
 A' I 
 
 m^ 
 
 
 t '11 
 
 ml 
 
 I. ' 
 
 1''; 
 
 ii^'W 
 
 » 
 
 ti id*. 
 
 
 !'.. li 
 
 j;? fj 
 
 !ii 
 
': 
 
 Explanation of Plate L F— Coutinued. 
 
 Fig. 6. Shaft of sprnce. The head is of steel or iron. On each side of the head 
 aro six sharp barbs pat in with a file, and ii portion of the long tang pro- 
 truding from the shaft is also serrated. The head is split, the tang 
 driven in and held in place by a lashing of sinew twine. Feathers, two. 
 seized at the end by narrow bands of sinew cord and standing off from 
 the shaft. This type of arrow is evidently the direct descendant of the 
 aboriginal form, in which the head consists of a barbed piece and the 
 bladw. These murderous heads of iron exist in great variety over the 
 Mackenzie region and have evidently been procured by the Eskimo from 
 the Hudson Bay Company. A collection of them is a very interesting 
 study in the variation of the arrowhead. Length of shaft, 2 feet; fore- 
 shaft, .") inches. 
 
 ("at. No. 875, U. S. N. M. Mackenzie liiver Eskimo Collected by R. Kennicott. 
 
 NoTK.— Specimens exist in the National Museum in which the iron blade is 
 attached to the bone barbed piece thus, and also specimens in which the blade is of 
 bone. Thus connection between the three types is established. 
 
 ; f 
 
 ^i 
 
 , ■ ■■ t 
 
Siiithsonian Report 1333. 
 
 » 
 
 I 
 
 Western Eskimo Barbed Arrows. 
 
 Plate LV. 
 
 w 
 
 mi 
 
 
 If 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 if 
 
 ^ I 
 
 iii i'l 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 il 
 
 ''3 
 
 1 
 
 lili ,. 
 
 i 
 
i ' 
 
 :1 .'1 
 * J 
 
 m 
 
 
 
Mi 
 
 ii' 
 
 ::4 '^ 
 
 i:l 
 
 I 
 
 : T' 
 
 f 
 
 
I] 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 Si 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVI. 
 
 NOKTHWKSTKKX ESKIMO KaNKLIXG AKROWS. 
 
 ric. 1. Shaft, of spruce wood, cylin«lrical. Shaftraont flat. Feathers, two, seized 
 with sinew. The nock is flat; the notch, U-shaped. The head is a 
 triangular piece of ivory dnvon into the end of the shaft, and is seized 
 with siuew. The point is formed l>y shaving oft' the sides of the pyramid. 
 Total length, 25 inches. 
 
 Cat. No, 89904, V . S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska Collected by Lieut. 
 Kay, U.S. Army. 
 
 Figs. 2, '.i, 4. Shaft, of spruce, the head is a piece of bone sharpened at the point, 
 and on the sides are cut barbs, which vary in number among difterent 
 examples. The head is set very loosely into a socket in the end of the shaft 
 by means of a tapering dowel, the object being to leave the head to rankle 
 in the deer or other animal killed. There is a great variety of these ran- 
 kling arrows iu the collection of the National Museum. Length of shalt, 
 2 feet 11 inches; foreshaft, 8 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 2674, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Fort Anderson River. Collecte<l by G. II. 
 McFarlane. 
 
 Fig. 5. Shaft, cylindrical. Shaftment, flattened transversely to the plane of the 
 arrowhead. Feathers, three, laid on flat and seized with twisted sinew. 
 Notch, angular. The head of this arrow consists of two parts— the barb 
 piece and the point. The barb piece is of bone or antler pointed and 
 inserted into the end of the shaft and seized with sinew. Barbs, two, stand- 
 ing out from one side. The arrowhead, of chert, neatly chipped, hastate- 
 shaped, inserted into a slit in the end of the barb piece and seized with 
 sinew, which is laid on in a groove. These points are very easily drawn 
 out. Other specimens from this same quiver vary iu size of the barb piece 
 and the length and serrations of the chipped blade. Total length of shaft, 
 30 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 72785, U. S N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow. Collected by Capt. Ray, U S. 
 Army . 
 
 Fig. 6. Shaft, of spruce. Feathers, two, loosely laid on and fastened with sinew. 
 
 Koad, one blade of a pair of scissors driven into the shaft and seized with 
 
 rawhide. Length of shaft, 25 inches ; foreshaft, 5 inches. 
 
 Cat No. 72757. U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow. CoUected by P. H. Ray, U. S. 
 Army. 
 
 1 ;-S 
 
 i 
 
 !'■! 
 
Snrithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate LVI 
 
 I. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' dir; 
 
 ■•1 I 
 
 if 
 
 Northwestern Eskimo Rankling Arrows. 
 
t 
 
 r 
 
I 
 
 1 
 
 "■■( 
 'I 
 
 4' 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 jii'i 
 
 1 '!;i «r! 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 11 i ;l • 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 . 1 
 
 ! .1 
 
 ' fit 
 
 1 
 
i 
 
 \'i 
 
 if 
 
 ^1 
 
 EXPLANATION OF I'LATK LVII. 
 
 Bird Holts <»k Nortiiwestkun I'.skimo. 
 
 Fui. 1. Shaft, of wood, and the licad, nl' Ixtiie, or ivory, or antler, is set on like tlie 
 head of a ciino and rounded. In one of the examples the end of the shaft 
 is split and th<^ head is Jield in by i* wedge-8hai)ed dowel. Bird arrow. 
 Length, abont 21 inches. 
 
 Cat. Nort. 24579-80, D. S.N M. Eskimo, .St. Miclinpls. Alaska. Collerted liv Lncien 
 Turner. 
 
 Note.— There is a greatvarietyofthe.se bird arrows nsed for the pnrpose of stun- 
 ning water fowl. The shaft is a simple rod of diffenmt material, and the head is 
 held on in various ways and seized with sinew. 
 
 Fkj. 2. Shaft, cylindrical. Shaftnient, llattened. Feathers, three, held on with 
 twisted sinew. Nock, flat; notch, U shaped. The head is in the conven- 
 tional form of the Eskinio bird arrowheads, fitted on to the wedge-shaped 
 end of the shaft and sci/ed with sinew. Length. 27 inches. 
 
 ("at. No. 72772, U, S. N. M. Point Barrow. CoUoctod by Capt. P. II. Hay. T. S. 
 Army. 
 
 f'lG.s. 3, .T. .Shaft, of spruce, cylindrical. Shaftment, flattened at the end. P'eath- 
 ers, three, seized with twisted sinew. Nock, flat; notch, angular. Head, 
 of iron, in imit.ation of the standard Eskimo bird arrow, the head of which 
 is a club-shaped piece of ivory or bono with notches cut in the end so !:.s 
 to give the shape of a cross in section. This is designed to wound thf 
 bird and bring him down without shedding his blood. 
 
 Fi(5. 4. Precisely similar to fig. 3, excepting that the head is of ivory, and there are 
 only two feathers. Length of both arrows, 27 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 1100, U. S. N, M, Eskimo, Mackenzie Kiver. Colleoted by R. MacFar 
 laue. 
 
 Notk. — In some samples under this number the ivory or bone heads are orna. 
 mented with lines cut in. The shaft of the arrow is cut wedge-sliaped, inserted into 
 the long notch at the base of the head, and nicely seized with sinew, which is laid 
 on in a groove or countersink cut into the base of the bone head. The workman- 
 ship of this arrow is excellent. 
 
/,1<|V 
 
 Smithsonian Rsport, I893. 
 
 V 
 
 I s' 
 
 ■Ma 
 
 i> 
 
 Bird Bolts of Northwestern Esk 
 
 IMG. 
 
 Plate LVII. 
 
 r 
 
 11 
 
 ? 
 
 ,.<* 
 
 •I 
 
 iifci 
 
 
 flH 
 
 'f 
 

 ^n 
 
 
M; 
 
 iS: 
 
 ''I 
 
 ,1'," ii 
 
 /; m 
 
 M 
 
Sfl 
 
 V\ 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII. 
 
 Compound Eskimo arrows, with 'Bwo Fkatheus, or none, and Flat Nocks. 
 
 Fig. 1. Shaft, cylindrical. No feathers. Nock, flat; notch, large and U-shaped. 
 The head consists of a long shank of bone, in the end of which an iron 
 blade ia inserted and held in phice bj' an iron rivet. The arrow shaft is 
 c'.it wedge-shaped and fitted into an angular notch in the bone shank, held 
 in place by wooden rivets, and seized with sinew. Total length, 26^^ 
 inches. 
 
 Fig. 3 is similar to 6g. 1. 
 
 Cat. No 2529, USN M. 
 S. Navv. 
 
 Aaiat'c Eskimo Collected by Commodore Kodgers, U. 
 
 
 ;i-i 
 
 Fig. 2. Shaft, short and rudely made. Head is in two parts; the long shank of 
 iron, on the outer end of which a blade of iron is riveted. Feathers, two, 
 laid on flat and held in place by sinew. AH of the specimens from this 
 region are very poor, owing to the lack of wood, and they are also much 
 modified by contact with the whites ( thanks to the early appearance in 
 this region of whale ships). Compare fig. 4. Length, shaft, 2 feet 2 
 inches; foreshaft, 6 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 30016, D. S. N M . Eskimo of Cumberland Gulf. Collected by W. A. Miin 
 8ter. U. S. Navy. 
 
 Fig. 4. The shaft is of pine. The head consists of two parts, a shank of bone and 
 a blade of iron let into the saw cut and riveted in place. The shank is 
 spliced ojito the shaft and seized with sinew twine. Feathers, two, laid 
 on flat and held in place by a rough wrapping of sinew. Nock, flat. In 
 this same number are other specimens differing from the one described in 
 minute particulars. One specimen has a common nail for the head, with 
 a piece of nail let in transversely as a stop. Other examples are unfin- 
 ished. Length of shaft, 2 f?"*- 1 inch. 
 
 Cat. No. 90138, D. S. N. M. Whale River ImJiaus. Eskimo stock, Labrador. Col- 
 lectetl bv Lucien Turner. 
 
 FiQ. n. The type >s fully described and figured in PI. Lix. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893 
 
 Plate LVIII. 
 
 y 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 
 f> 
 
 
 LI 
 
 '/ 
 
 .,%• 
 
 
 m i ■ 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 
 ■^d 
 
 m 
 
 W:-l 
 
 
 .is c.j 
 
 , r 
 
 p^1 
 
 m 
 
 
 ii ■:' 
 
 
 1 it' h 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
 "l 
 
 |i1i 
 
 
 11 !: r 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 Compound Eskimo Arrows, with Two Feathers or none and Flat Nocks. 
 
it; 
 
 i ! 
 
m¥ 
 
 . r 1 
 
 ■■ 
 
 1 f 1 
 
 
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 ' ?'■ f^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^^ 
 
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 Wi I 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIX. 
 Thk Disskctiox (»f a Sea-Ottkk Arrow, Cook's Inlkt. 
 
 This is tbo most elaborate and iugenious arrow known, and all of its parts, in 
 every specimen, are most delicately finished. Such a weapon may well have been 
 used in hunting the most costly of fur-1 taring animals— the otter. 
 
 The shaft is of spruce, gently tapering tcwaril the nock, which is large and bell 
 shape. Into the end of this shaft is inserted a foreshaft of bone, and into the end 
 of this fits the barb. Feathers, three, syiunietrically trimmed and seized at both 
 ends with delicately-twisted sinew thread. The barbed head is perforated, and 
 through these perforations is attached a braided line at least ten ieet long. The 
 other end of the line is attached to two points on the shaft by a martingale. When 
 not in use, the line is coiled neatly on the shaft and the barb is pu; ' j place in the 
 foreshaft. When the arrow is shot, the barb enters the flesh of the otter, the loose 
 fastening is undone, the line unrolled, the foreshaft drops into the arrow; the shaft 
 acts as a drag and the feathers as a buoy to aid the hunter in tracing the animal. 
 See fig. 4., PI. Lii. 
 Fig. 1. Arrow with line unrolled showing relation of parts. 
 
 Fig. 2. Theshaftment. Attention isdrawu to the delicate seizing with sinew thread, 
 the natty trimming of the feather, the most efliciont nock. 
 
 Fig. 3. The lines and knots. Notice is given of the elegance of the braid, the 
 efficient manner of "doing up" the line, the peculiar knot for the mar- 
 tingale. 
 
 Fig. i. The arrow ready to be shot. 
 This form of arrow with its southern type of sinew-backed bow is found also on 
 
 the Keniles, where these were taken by Aleuts, carried over by the Russians to hunt 
 
 sea otter. 
 
 it 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate LIX. 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 1 
 
 I ,■ 
 
 iii-' 
 
 0' 
 
 I 'if, 
 
 1 1 v' 
 
 f"! 
 
 :^^f 
 
 n 
 
 '(',: 
 
 ,iil.' 
 
 (i 
 
 Ill: 
 
 .El 
 
 f 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,1 
 
 i >; if 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 If 
 
 !'tl 
 
 m 
 
 The Dissection of a Sea Otter Arrow, Cook's Inlet. 
 
li , I- 
 
 Fi( 
 
 Fk;. 
 
 Fi(i. 4. 
 
K X P L A N A T ION 01'^ PLATE L X . 
 
 AuKow.s wnii s nil's, Kktkikvinu Bakus, or Compound Pile. 
 
 Fig. 1. Made of piuc wood; the whaft, head, and ])oiut cut out of one piece. 
 Foatliors, throe, 4 J iuchos long, laid on Hat in the following manner: The 
 throo feathers were first attached to the butt of the arrow hy a coiled 
 wrapping of sinew, their other extremities pointed backward; then they 
 were doubled backward and the ends seized with sinew. This makes 
 a very secure fastening for the feather. The coiled wrapi)ing is continued 
 over the nock and fastened olf in tlie notch. Nock, liat; notch, U-shaped. 
 The head, bulbous. The point is cut out of this by whittling away the 
 wood so as to leave a long projection like a nail or spike. Total length, 
 SI A inches. 
 
 ( at. No. yoi'JIf, TI. S. X. M. Eskimo, Ungavii. Colloctcil by L. ^l. Turner. 
 
 Fig. 2- N'ery rudely made. Shaft, of spruce. Shaftmeut, flat. Feathers, two, laid 
 on Hat, seized with sinew. Tlienock is flat and the notch angular. Head, 
 a common cut nail, driven into the end of the shaft and seized with sinew. 
 At the inner part of this seizing a piece of nail is lashed on crosswise so 
 as to i)re\ cut the arrow going more than two inches into the body of the 
 the game. Total length of shaft, 25 inches. 
 
 Cut. No. 90138, U. S. N. M. Whale Kiver, Hudson Bay. Collected by Lucien Turner. 
 
 Fit;. ;>. Thk shaft, of osier. There is no feather. The nock is tightly seized with 
 sinew cord; notch, U-shaped. The peculiarity of this arrow is that the 
 point, of iron or bone, is lashed to the beveled end of the shaft and the 
 tang is projected backwards into a long barb. This arrow is used in 
 shooting prairie dogs. It is said that the Xavahoe uses now a little bit 
 of mirror with which to throw the sunlight into the eyes of the prairie 
 dog until he can get near enough to drive one of these arrows into his 
 body. Upoa the least alarm or injury the creatures dive into their holes 
 and this arrow enables the hunter, if he strikes one of them, to retrieve 
 his game. The action of this arrow is very simili.r to that of the vermin 
 hook used by the Uto Indians, and also to those of the northwest coast. 
 Total length of shaft, 33 inches {'d2i inches). 
 
 Cat. No. 12G740, U. S. N. M. Navahots Indians. Collected by Thomas Keani. 
 
 Fig. 4. TiiK shaft is of spruce wood, ornamented here and there with band of red 
 paint, cylindrical. Shaftment, flat. Feathers, tlireo, seized at their ends 
 with twisted sinew thread. One feather is in the middle of one of the 
 flat sides; the other two leathers are at the round corners of the other 
 side. The flat nock flares a little upward, and the notch is angular. 
 This is a bident or double-pointed arrow, having two barbs of bone 
 inserted into the end of the shaft, so as to gi\ e them a spread of three 
 fourths of an inch at their points, one of Avhich is a little longer than the 
 other. They are held to the shaft by a wrapping of sinew cord. The 
 barbs face inward. Total length of shaft, 2(5 inches. 
 
 Cat No.TCVO.'), IT. S.N.M. Eskimo, Bristol Bay j Fort Alexandra, Alaska. Collected 
 by J. W. Johnson. 
 
 it i 
 
 if 
 
 1 \ 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 !. \ 
 
 I'H 1'^ 
 
 U V 
 
Explanation of Plate XZ— CoutiDued. 
 
 Fio. 5. HhaKT, of spruce, painted red. Feathers, three, roughly seized with ninew. 
 Nock, tint; notch, U-Hhaped. The thrett barbs of the trident are inHcrted 
 in the end of the shaft so as to be about an inch apart at the outor point. 
 The barbs, of bone, are serrated on the inside. They are held iii place 
 by a wrapping of sinew cord at their lower extremities, a curious Itraid of 
 the same cord attaching them to the tip of the shaft and holding them in 
 place. Length of shaft, 35 inches. 
 
 CbI. No. 72413, D. S. N. M. Southern Aljwka. Collected by CharleM McKay. 
 
 Fm. H. 811AKT, of spruce wood. The lower end has been broken off. Th«) upper 
 ])ortion of this weapon deserves especial study. A little baud of ivory, 
 fitted over the shaft, li inches from the upper end. Precisely similar 
 bands are frequently labeled ornaments. Into the extremity of the shaft 
 is inserted a delicate point of Avalrus ivory, triangular in cross section. 
 Two of the edges are finely barbed. Thn^e larger barbs, also triangular in 
 section, have their lower ends driven into the shaft under the ivory band, 
 and the edges lie along in grooves extendiug to the end of the shaft. The 
 barbs of these three points are on the inside. Just at the end of the shaft 
 each of these outer barbs is perforated, and sinew thread attaches thani 
 together and also to the central barb, and is also wrapped around the 
 bases of these barbs just above the ivory band. Length of outer barbs, 6 
 inches. 
 
 Thm iirrow iHitreseiilM a tyjic Cat. No. 48.')42, II. S. N. M. Nunivak Iitlaud. Col- 
 lected by K. W. Nelson. 
 
 '!■! 
 
Smithtonian Report, !893, 
 
 n 
 
 f 
 
 IS 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 Plate LX. 
 
 1^, 
 
 Ai 
 
 ^l\ 
 
 M 
 
 p 
 
 
 I'il* 1,:' 
 
 I; • .1. 
 
 ui 
 
 Arrows with Stops, Retrieving Barbs, or Compound Pile. 
 
li 
 
 l|4 
 
 * -I'M 
 
 1-1 
 
 ' !i 
 
Smithlonun Report. I89J. 
 
 w 
 
 f 
 
 . :ȣ{' 
 
 ■ OlitCK 
 
 ■BLKCn 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 .r 
 
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 Plate XLIV. 
 
 § 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 4 
 
 :! 
 
 !i' l^ 
 
 '!! 
 
 
 i 
 
 Arrows from Various Tribes of the Great Interior Basin. 
 
 1 I 
 
I ' ,* 
 
 J 
 
 t* 
 
 i . i 
 
« 
 
 I 
 
 I! 
 
K X I' L A N A r H » N (> V V I. A IE X L V 
 
 i: j 
 
 1 
 
 :ii; 1 
 
 AHHOWS <tl- (!aI)I)()AN TKIHKS. I'KXAS and NOinilWAHI). 
 
 Fi(i. 1. A Himple rod or t\vi<? Croiii wliich tlio iirrow Hlialt is iiiadii. It was collected 
 fniin one of tlu! Iiidiiin lri1)eH in tlio bun'alo-hiintiuj^ rej;;ion8, and might 
 liavt' ln'tMi tlio groundwork (U" any of the arrows upon this au<l the pre- 
 ceding ])late. 
 
 Fui. 2. TiiK siiAiT of tiiis arrow is a twig of osier; the shaft streaks two, straight. 
 The shaltinent is banded with hln<', green, red, and yellow. Feathers 
 three, laid on Hat a'd seized with sinew at the ends. The edges are shorn, 
 so as to give the arrows a neat apju-arance. Tlie nock is spreading; 
 notch, angular. Head, lcaf-shaj)ed, of h«)op iron, inserted into a deep notch 
 at tiie end of tlu' shaft and seized with sinew. Total length of shaft, 27^ 
 inches. 
 
 Cut. Xo. 84(>1, r. S. >C. ]\r. Tonkiiwii liidiiiiis, Tcxaw. ("ollcctcd l»_v Br. McKlderry, 
 I'. S Army. 
 
 Fit;. 3. Sii.\Kr, a slender rod of hard wood. Fcatlu^rs, tlircc, held in place hy seiz- 
 ing witii sinew and trimmed straight on the edge. Nock exjjanding and 
 hiood streaks straight and zigzag. Lengtli, '2 feet 1 inch. 
 
 Cat. No. (I'.lCri, r. S. N. M. AVicliita Indians, Caddoaii .stoik. Collcrted by E. 
 I'aliiiir. 
 
 Fl<;. t. SifAi'T, of hard w<iod; head let into tiie eiul of the sliaft and seized AA'ith sinew. 
 Feathers, Ihree, h)ng, and glued down and seized smootlily at the ends 
 with sinew. Nock, lish-tail. Shaft streaks, three in number, deep and 
 sinuous. Lengtli of sliaft, 2 feet 1 inch. 
 
 Cat. No. lltdTO.'i, r. S. N. \\. I'awiicc Indians, (Jaildoan Htnck, Nchraska. Collected 
 l),v K. V. li.Tnard. 
 
 Fio. ."). Shaft, a delicate twig, witii blood streaks consisting of wavy furrows. 
 Feathers, three, seized down with sinew and glued to the shaftment. 
 Kdg«'s trimm(^d so as to form parallel lines. The front of the shaftment is 
 iiruamcuted with broad grecu bands. Ti.e sliaftuuMit is trim* >ed away at 
 its extremity so as to leave the nocl< a cylindrical bull*. Th notch is U- 
 shr.ped. The iiead is a blad(>, of iron inserted into a ".saw cut" at the end 
 of the shaft. The tang is serrated along the barb, securing the more effec- 
 tual fastening of the hea<l. Total length of shaft, 25 inches. 
 
 Cat. .\ii. r:<.)X7:]. r.S.N.>r. rawncc Indims. Collected by II. M. Crt'.^l. 
 

 
 i 
 
 Smithsonian Repoit, 1893. 
 
 
 
 € 
 
 i 
 
 Plate XLV. 
 
 Arrows of Caddoan Tribes, Texas and Northward. 
 
 
 
 jr.. 
 
 III 
 
 k 
 
 
 1 
 
 :f I 
 
 'ti'4 IN 
 
 1 • 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
i1 
 
 ii.:i 
 
HP 
 
 ■i 
 
 mam 
 
 f 
 
 ,e 
 
 
 fii'l 
 
 j < 
 
 !■■<. 
 
 IH 
 
 '5 
 
 t' 
 
 W I;' 
 
 f I 
 
 iPii 'S 
 
 I 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 
i 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 T A 
 
 • li 
 
 KX Pl.A N A IION OF I'l.ATK XI,VI. 
 
 Skutan Aimows, Dakota Tkihks. 
 
 Fl<i. 1. SilAKT, of osier. Sbiiftiiu'iit, baiulcd -\vitli red. Koiitlieis, three, seized with 
 sinew at the end and sliorn neatly on tin' onter edj^es. Ni^ar the noek of 
 tlui arrow is an ornajnental foather in the featherinjif, jiroducicd hy leavinj; 
 the |)lunie on Itoth sides of the rih <»f the featluT for about an inch, so that 
 the arrow at this ])oint appears to huve six feathers. The noek is sli<j;htiy 
 Hjireadinj?; notcli, U-shai)e<l. No heail. Totanenj^tb of shaft, L'7^ inches. 
 Cut. No. 21L'H(i, r. S. N. M. Sioux Iiiiliiin.s, AliiiiicHOta. (.'ollcctcd liy Kcv. <;«(). 
 Aiil.slit*. 
 
 Fui. -. ( >n this arrow a pyramidal ]»iece of l»one serves for a bead, and tb(^ sliaftment 
 IS 8tri])ed with blue and re<l. This specimen is fifrured for the ])nrpose of 
 showiiiff oddities of form since the adoption of the rillc. Neither of these 
 arrows, j)rol)ably, was ever used. Amonfj; the I'biins Indians the iron 
 arrowhead was introduced many years ajjjo, and sam)»les with stone heads 
 are extremely rare and <inite opcMi to suspicion. Lenj^tb, 21 inches. 
 
 Ciit. \(i. 84;;!), I'. ,S. N. M. SiciuN Iiidiiiiis. Fort Merthold. CoIIccKmI l>y Drs. (iniy 
 iinil Mattlii'WH, T\S. Army. 
 
 Fill. H. SiiAi'T, a rod of osier; bh)od streaks, very Jaj^jjed. Feathers, three, seized 
 with sinew, loosely wrapped, ••lued to the sliaftment, and there are streaks 
 of blue paint drawn between the featherings. The nock is bulbous; the 
 notch is widely an<fular. Head, of chalcedony, notched on the sides jiud 
 iiiued into a notch in tlui end of the sliat't. The seiziuj; is gone from this 
 arrow, but the notches in the side of the head, as well as the clean apjjcar- 
 ance of the shaft, indicate that it was once ])reseut. 
 
 Fk;. 1. SiiAi'TMKXT, a delicate rod of osier; bloodstreaks. wavy. Sliaftment taperin<; 
 toward the nock. Featluu's, throe, seized at the end with sinew and staud- 
 ini; otV from the .sliaftment. Noek, slifjhtly expanding; notch, swallow- 
 tail-shaped. Head, a jiiece of wire driven into the end of the shaft, very 
 neatly .seized with sinew, and sharpened at the i»oint. Length, 2(5 inches. 
 
 Clt. Xo. '_'4C6, IT. S. X. M. Sioux Indiau.s. ColltMlfd by Dr. Wa '"'nylon Matthews, 
 I'. S. Army. 
 
 Flii. ."). Shaft, of osier. Sliaftment, banded with re<l. Feathers, three, seized at 
 
 each end with sinew and glued. Th<! nock is swallowtail-shaped; notch, 
 
 angular. In the arrows of the Sioux tlu^ nock is usually \'ery mucli 
 
 wideue<l out at the extremity, giving the warrior a lirm grip in releasing. 
 
 Head, of obsidian, rudely chipped and inserted into the notch in the end 
 
 of the shaft. In the companion to this arrow the blood streaks are slight!) 
 
 jagged. The bead is of wliitt^ jas])er and the feather is 10,4 inches Ioiil', 
 
 Length, 21 inches. Ijcngth of feathers, 10 inches. 
 
 Oit. Xo. 84:!!t. r. S. X. M. Sioux Indians. Collected by Gray and Matllicws, I.S. 
 Army. 
 
 
 
I 
 
 Smithsonian Report 1893, 
 
 U 
 
 n 
 
 -^ / 
 
 Lr\i 
 
 ^ 
 
 Plate XLVI 
 
 -rv 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 t 
 
 >'i' 
 
 
 '■ii 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ;i'' 
 
 iiii 
 
 i 
 
 I r 
 I; 
 
 II 
 
 i. I, 
 
 
 SiouAN AiiRows. Dakota Tribes. 
 
■m 
 
 
 l'! t 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ii'' 1 
 I / ' 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 M,: f, 
 
I I 
 
 ill 
 
 
 1;^ 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII. 
 SiorAN Aimows, Neukahka axi> 1>ak<)ta. 
 
 Fio. 1. SiiAKT, (if oHior. Tlio slial'linont is (Iccnratod with altt^rnato IiiiihIm <»f red, 
 )»lut', and yellow. The, Hliaftmcnt is riifc away at. tlio ollt<l^^ on<l ho u8 to 
 Iravo tho nook ii jtrojcctinn cylinder and j;iv<i a l>fitt«M' f^rij) to tlio fiiiRorR 
 in discharf^inj? tho arrow. Notch, U-shaped. The head, a slender hlado 
 oCinin let into a "saw ent" in the end (d' tlio shaft, th<^ two lips <d'lhis cnt 
 heing shaved ilown iieally so as to form no impediment to the pro|jfrnsH of 
 the arrow. This is a very delieate ami etVeetivo weapon. The iron Idade 
 is slifjhtly Itarhed at the hase. licngth of shaft, 2(1 in(;h«iH. 
 
 ('ill. No. 76831. V. S. N. M. Sii(ii\ liiiliaus, N'cliriiMka. Ccillcrtcd by (iovi-riKir 
 Furno.sH. 
 
 Fig. 2. SiiAi 'T, of hard Avood. Shaftment ornamented with yellow and red bands. 
 Feathers, seized Avith sinew, held on spirallj', and joined to the shaftment. 
 It is diffleult to say whether this spiral arranjjfement was designed to make 
 the arrow sjun through the air. AntlHtrities ditVer on this point, and the 
 object (d" direct tliglit at close range woiild be more than canceled by the 
 disadvantage ofuntangliugarevolvingarrowhead in thehair of thebntl'alo 
 or deer. The nock is bulbous; notch, angular. Head, a diamond-shaped 
 bhult^ of sheet iron, iuserttul into the end of theshaA, and seized with sinew. 
 Length of feathers, Ik inches; total length of shaft, 2(5 inches. 
 Cat. No. 131356, 1'. S. X. M. Collcctea l)y Mr«. A. C. .TackHoii. 
 
 Fill. ;i .Shaft, of hard wood ; point of iroji, long triangle, inserted into the saw cut in 
 the head and seized Avith sinew. Feathers, three, glued on, seized at the 
 ends with sinew and trinuned down. Tlie shaftment is oriuimented with 
 a blue band. Tho nock is fish-tail pattern. Shaft streaks sinuous. Other 
 arrows from this same tribe have ditferent colored bands in tho shaftment. 
 Length of shaft, 2 feet 3 inches. 
 
 Cnt. No. 8418, V. S. K M. liros Ventres, Sioiian stock. Colleitfd liy Dr. Mattbews, 
 F. S. Army. 
 
 Fi(i. 4. Blood streaks, quite straight. Feathers, three, glued to the shaft, and seized 
 Avith sinew. The strips of .sinew Avith Avhich the Sioux Indians lash their 
 featherings are much broader than those used by the West Coast Indians, 
 aiul very often are laid on like an o))en spiral or coil. Tho feathers are 
 .shorn. Nock, spreading; notch, shalloAv. Head, diamond-shaped, the mar- 
 gins of the inner half being filed like a saw. Tiie head is inserted in the 
 end of the shaft and seized with sinew. Total length of shaft, 2,") inches. 
 
 Cut. Xo. 'J3730, V. S. N. ^\. Sioux rudiuus, DcvUm Lake Collected liy Paid Bcck- 
 witli. 
 
 FlO. 5. Example of avroAvs from the Sioux Indians by the V. S. Weather Bureau. 
 This large number of arrows prouuscuously gatln red affords an excellent 
 opportunity for studying tho lines Avithin Avhicli tho bands and tribes of 
 the same family vary their arrows. Tho shafts are all slender, made of 
 hard Avood. Some have shaft streaks, others none. They vary also in the 
 niunber of streaks on the shaft and their form, whether straight, sinuous, 
 or zigzag. These arrows differ also in the length and form of the points, 
 in the length, attachment, and ornamentation of the feather, but all have 
 the Avide fish-tail nock, and this seems to be an unvarying <]uality in Sioux 
 arrows. 
 
 Cat. Xo. 154016, U. S. X. M. .Sioux ludiiuiH, Sionan stock. Collected by M. M. 
 llazen. 
 
Smithhon.ui Report 18'ii 
 
 Plate XLVII. 
 
 m 
 
 li 
 
 w 
 
 .fi€0 
 
 .Blue 
 
 m,-y£i-Lijiv 
 
 BlUtr- 
 
 t f^eo 
 
 »eo 
 
 \..ycLio\.v 
 
 ■ . nco 
 
 ■-•8 
 
 i< I, 
 
 l.\ 
 
 h 
 
 f-^ 
 
 
 1! 
 
 3 ;^ 
 
 
 >i :d 
 
 a 
 
 SiouAN Arrows. Nebraska and Dakota. 
 
I' 
 
 Il|^ 
 
 i i 
 
 u 
 
 r ,, 
 
 r. 
 
 s 
 
H 
 
 
 'iSJi 
 
 I 'ft 
 
 1 
 
 « 
 
 (^ 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 

 
 i' 
 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII. 
 Akrows of noktherx California and Oregon 
 
 Fig. 1. SiiArT.boantifnlly smoothed. Shnftnient painted deep red. Feathers, three, 
 jiliicd (til, and delicately seized at either end with sinew. The ends of 
 the feathers jtrojeetat least an incli beyond the notch. Tii, noek is eylin- 
 driciil; tioteh, U-shaped. Ucad. of obsidian, leaC-shaited, withnotch.is near 
 tht^ base, let into a notch at the end of th«! shaft, stiized with siiew and 
 transparent ylne. Total len}>th of shaft, '<Mk inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 2807. r.S. X. M. Orcuoii IiitUiius. f'ollficled liy [.it'iit. Wilkes, 1^. S.Navy. 
 
 Fig. 2. Sii.\Ki, of rhns. Shaftiiient, striped with black, red, and brown. Feathers, 
 seized at the end with sinew, standinji' otV from the shattment, and shorn 
 (luitc close to the midrib \ock, cylindrical ; notch, U-shaped. Foreshaft, 
 of hard wood, painted red, shari)ened, iiisertt^l into the end of the shaft, 
 and seized with sinew. He.-id, an extremely delicate jtoint of oltsidijin, 
 Tiiaiijii.lar, inserted into a, notch in tlie end of the sh.ift, and seizt^d with 
 sinew diaj>dnally laid on notches on (he sides of the arrowhead. Total 
 lenffth of shaft, 1^0 inches. 
 
 ('ill. Nil. l.')127, V. S. N. ^I. Xortliciii C.ilil'oniiii. (iolh'clt'd liy AViii. l{i(li. 
 
 Fig. 3. Siiai'T, a .slender twij-- of rlina, striped with red and bine atitsnpper extrem- 
 ity. Tlie shaftment is ornamented with zigzaj^ lines in the same colors. 
 Feathers. thn;« '/Ined to the shaftment and seized at either end with sinew. 
 Nock, <ylindrical ; notch, very sli-jht. Head,.of obsidian, slender, s.-ifjittate 
 in form ; the tanu; insert (^d in a slit at the extremity of the shaft and seized 
 with sinew. Thisshaft has a bjirb of very narrow re<inlar grooves around 
 the iii)])er extn'iiiity, as thongh ])rodnced by a lathe. This feature is com- 
 mon to many California arrows. Total length )f siiaft, 29 inches. 
 
 Ciit. No. TJfi.'ilT, 1'. S. X. j^I. IIiiii.a lii(li;iiis, ('iililnniiii. (Nillccted l)y ("a|)t, P. II. 
 Ray. U. 8. Army. 
 
 Fk;. I. SuAi'T, a rod. Shaftment, striped with green. Feathers, three, seized at 
 the ends witii sinew and laid tint on the sluiftment. Nock, cylindrical ; 
 notch, U-shaped. Head, of gray chert, long, anddelicately in.S(irted in the 
 end of the sliaft by a s(Mzing which ^tasses around the deep notches at the 
 sides. Total length, 'M inches. The shafts of the Californiii arrows are of 
 wild currant, rhus, willow, and other straight twig-like stalks. 
 
 Cat. Xi). i:Ull(), V. S. X. M. I'itt Iiuli.ans, Caliloi iiia. Collected by X. J. rurcell. 
 
 Fig. .'). .SiiAiT, a rod; striped with narrow hands of 1)lne and red and the natural 
 color of the wood. Feath<'rs. three, neatly shorn, seized with sinew and 
 glued fast to the shaftment. The sinew is colored with a red paint 
 resembling shellac. iS'ock, cylindrical ; notch, shallow. Foreshaft, of hard 
 wood. i)aintod blue, inserted in the end of the shaft and seized with sinew. 
 In many of the Californii arrows th<' foreshafts have been revolved between 
 two coarse ])ieces of sandstone, or by means of a tile cut so as to give the 
 ajtpearaiice of hein/ neatly seized with very line thread. It also confers a 
 8U8i»ici(m of mad inery on soino of these later examples. The he.ul is of 
 Jas]ter. triangulai, delicate, tapering, deejtly notched on the side, and held 
 in plai'c by ii diagonal lasliing of sinew. Other specimens from the same 
 i|niver have heads of chalcedony, the edges of which are beautifully ser- 
 rated. Total length, 31 iiuhes. 
 
 Cat. Xo. 120517, r. S. X. .M. JFiii'a Indians, Calilovnia. Collect, d by V. II. Hay. 
 
 Fi<;. fi. This tigure shows the variety of arrow jtoints in use among the Indians of 
 rp|)e,r California. (ila.ss, obsidian, steel, iron ]>oints, and wooden fore.shaft 
 sharpened, together with others in the same plate, give an understand- 
 ing of the various Avays of attachiiiir the arrowhead to the shaft and fore- 
 shaft. 
 
Smithsonian Repoit, 1893, 
 
 Plate XLVIII. 
 
 Bk. 
 
 
 O— ' 
 
 Arrows of Northern Califor 
 
 NiA AND Oregon. 
 
 e- 
 
 R- 
 
 m 
 
 ^'MiM 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i ^^ 
 
 ■1 
 
 W 
 
 1 i 
 
 i 
 
 *.it 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 7 ' 
 
 1 ,i 
 
 li 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 J <■ 
 
 
 I I 
 
 i 
 
11 
 
 (t 
 
 i 
 
 ■ J ■] : ; 
 
 Li, . 
 
 tl 
 
 ! '"i I 
 
 
 1 ,i«, 
 
, 
 
 M 
 
 % If!. 
 
 .It. 
 
ii 
 
 III ^[' 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 Li: 
 
 i 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XEIX. 
 
 Arrows of Pacific Statks, from California to Wasmingtox. 
 
 Fig. 1. Thk shavt is sidndle-shaped, taporins to the nook. P'eathers, two, held on 
 (lat and seized with pack thread. Nock, expanding; notch, angular. 
 Head, a hit of iron Avire, inserted in the end of tlie shaft, which has been 
 pointed for the i)urpose, and exjjanded at the end into a leaf-shaped blade. 
 In some samples the barbs have been cut into this leaf shape partlj' by 
 means of a tiling, to enable the hunter to retrieve his game the better. 
 The total length of the shaft is 28 inches. 
 
 Cat. 'So. 127872, U. S. N. ^I. Qiiin.iiolt Indians, State of Washington. Collected by 
 C. Willouglilty. 
 
 Fi(i. 2. Similar to fig. 1 in every respect, excepting the point. There are endless 
 varieties in these. 
 
 Fkj. ^. Stkm, a single rod or twig. Point of l»,rown bottle glass inserted into a notch 
 in the end of the s: f ' ' held in place by a broad band of sinew. Feath- 
 ers, three, seized at id with sinew. Shaftmeut painted red. The 
 notch similar to those ot ; ^.e Chinese arrows. Length of arrow, 31| inches. 
 Cat. Xo. 7r)()21, V. S. X. M. Tribe unknown, probably f'entral California. 
 
 Fig. 4. Siiakt, of spruce. Feathers, three, seized with sinew. Nock, cylindrical; 
 notch, angular. The point is a slender Bpindle of hard wood inserted into 
 the end of the shaft, seized with sinew, and sharpened at the point. This 
 is a very delicate and effective weapon. Total length, 25 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 649, U. S. N. M. Klamath Indians, California. Collect'^ ,1 l>y George Gibbs. 
 
 Fig. 5. Shaft, of twig. Shaftmeut striped with narrow bands of red and blue. 
 Feathers, three, glued to the shaftmeut. Nock, cylindrical ; notch, very 
 shallow. The head consists of a stone blade and a barb i)iece of bone. 
 The barb piece is inserted in the end of the shaft and seized with sinew. 
 The barbs are f of an inch long. The stone blade, of red jasper, is fastened 
 to the bone barb jtieoe by a diagonal lashing of sinew. This device is for 
 the i)urpose of retrieving. If shot into a fish it enables the hunter to 
 secure the animal and free the arrow. If shot at a burrowing animal and 
 the creature esca])e8 into its hole the hunter has a means of recovering the 
 game. Total length of shaft, 30 inches. The adjoining figure on the left 
 is of the same type with different ribbon. 
 
 Cat. Xos. 213.").1, 126576, 1'. S. X. M. Trix' Indians. Collpctod by Stephen Powers. 
 
 Fig. 6. Shaft, of reed. Shaftmeut painted wliite. Feathers, three, 4| inches long, 
 seized with sinew. The notch, a shallow cut. Foreshaft, of hard wood. 
 Head, of obsidian, let into tlie end of the foreshaft and neatly fastened with 
 gum, which is molded to conform to the lines of the arrowhead and to 
 impede as little as possible its flight. This ;irrow is very neatly made. 
 Length of shaft, 33 inches. 
 
 Cat. Xo. 19709, V. S. X. M. Indians, of Tub- River, California. Collected by Stephen 
 I'owera. 
 
 M 
 
Smithsonian Report, lfl93. 
 
 _-j 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 ^^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Q 
 
 -s«. 
 
 Plate XLIX. 
 
 ,1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■'■■[1 
 
 rtl 
 
 I': 
 
 
 Tt. 
 
 u '^y- 
 
 Arrows of Pacific States, from California to Washington. 
 
 M.'i 
 
 :; '* 
 
 ij 
 
 ii; 
 
 I I 
 
 I?! ■ 
 
 H 
 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 !| 
 
 'If 
 
 J 
 
•J 
 
 i' ' 
 
 tf 
 
 I i!) 
 
 Fi 
 Ti 
 
 Fi( 
 
 Pl(i 
 
 Mi, ■ •: 
 I, / _ 
 
 tioii 
 
f 
 
 EXPLANATION' OK I'l.ATE L, 
 Akuows ok Tuihks aiumt I'i<ikt Sound, Wa8hin(itox, ani> Hritisii ('ommiua. 
 
 Fi<i. 1. Shaft, of cedar. Nnfeatliers. Hoad, ii triiiiiftularpiccdof h()(»|» iron iiiHcrted 
 into tho end of the shaft and Huized with twisted sinew. 'I'he shaft is 
 ornamented with a spiral band of black. Lenf^th of .shaft, 32^ inches. 
 
 Cat,. No. »•).".(), T. S. N. M. Miikiili Iinliiiiis, Ciipc Klatteiv. Colloclril liy A. (i. 
 Swan. 
 I'Ki. 2. SnAi'T, of spruce. Head, of iron, inserted into split end of the shaft. Seized 
 Avith sinew cord. Feathers, three, laslied on with sinew thn^ad. Nock, 
 expanding. Length of arrow, 'M) inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 650, \J. A. N. M. Makah Indiiiiis, Cape Flattery. Collected by George. 
 Gibba. 
 
 Fii;. '^. Shaft, of cedar, tapering both ways from the middle. Seized at the front 
 cud wich birch bark. Into this end is driven one or metre barbed jtoints, 
 of brass or iron wire, pounded Hat at the point. One or two barbs filed 
 upon the cadges. Feathers, two, laid on flat and seiztfd in jdace by s[truce 
 or birch bark. The nock expands gradually from the feather to the end, 
 whore it is spread conspicuou.sly. The noticeable features of this arrow 
 are the following : First, the barbed metallic jtoints taking the ])lace of the 
 ancient bone barbs of Wilkes's time; second, the seizing by means of nar- 
 row ribbons of spruce or birch bark; third, the feathers laid on Hat, after 
 the fashion of the Eskimo; fourth, exaggerated widening of the butt of 
 the arrow at the nock. There are many specimens of this type in the 
 National Museum. Length : shaft, 2 feet 11 inches; foreshaft, 6^ inches. 
 
 Cut. No. 72656, I'. S. N. M. Makali IiMlians, Wakaalian stock, Wasbington. Col- 
 b'ctcd by J. G. Swan. 
 
 Fk;. 1. Similar to tig. 3, witii difference in shape of metal point. 
 
 Fn;. 5. Siiakt, spindle-.shaped. F\^athers, two, laid Hat, after the manner of the 
 Eskimo, and seized with narrow strips of bark. Nock, angular, long; orna- 
 mented with a wrapjting of red Hannel, the end of the feather being at 
 least two inclu'S from tlie end of the arrow. It widens out very rapidly 
 toward the end. Notch, angular. The point, a h»ug spindle of bone with 
 its shallow barbs on one side inserted in a cavity at the end of the shaft 
 and neatly seized with bark. Total length of shaft, 28 inches. 
 
 ('at. No. 762'.)."). r. S. X. Nf. Makab Indian.'^. Waka.sbaii stock. Colli'cted by J. G. 
 Swan. 
 
 Fici. 6. SiiAi'"!', of cedar. Feathers, three, 10 inches long, closely shorn, seized with 
 strips of bark and a bird's feather nicely laid on. The shaft of the arrow 
 is thickest in th.3 middle and tapers in l)oth directions toward the nock 
 where it is smallest, widening out toward the end. Nock, angular. Two 
 points of wood are fastened to the end of the shaft with a neat seizing of 
 bark. In this sample ime ]»oiut is much longer than in the other and the 
 barbs are on the outside. Length, 80 inches. 
 
 Fk;. 7. Shaft, similar to that of Hg. (5, but there is a single point of bono with barbs 
 on one side. Feathers, two, laid on flat at their ends. Feathering and 
 nock have a separate seizing of bark. Length, 27 inches. 
 f)ther samples in the same quiver a' luite similar in chi -icteristics, with varia- 
 tions in the barbs. 
 
 Cat. No. 2790, U. S. N. M. State of WasliiuKton. Collected by Capt. Charles 
 Wilkes. 
 
 t^' 
 
 4fi 
 
 I'J 
 
 'I' 
 
 .1 1: 
 
 
m 
 
 W 
 
 ■' 
 
 
 'M 
 
 1 1^\ 
 
 
 Explanation of Plate L—ContinneA. 
 
 Fio. 8. Quite Bimilar to lig. 6 in general form, but the two feathers nre laid on flat 
 and spirally. The nock, however, is much ruder, and the point is a loutr 
 dehcato piece of boue,AvitU small barbs ou both sides, inserted into the 
 split end of the shaft and seized with bark. Length, .m inches. 
 
(1 on flat 
 id u lon^ 
 into tliti 
 
 ;. Oliiirlea 
 
 Smithsonian Report 1893. 
 
 n 
 
 f. 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 Ji^ 
 
 s ^ 
 
 7 
 
 Plate L. 
 
 i1 
 
 i<^: 
 
 { 5 
 
 ill 
 
 ''' ^'^. ' 
 
 i: '^^ 
 
 :■ i'i 
 
 '-* 
 
 ■/t 
 
 'I 
 
 Arrows of Tribes about Puget Sound, Washinqtun and British Columbia. 
 
r1 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 ( ! 
 
 n 
 
 U 0} 
 
 !■:*:' 
 
 r< 
 
KXPLATn ATION <H" I'LATK LI. 
 
 
 w 
 
 ■it 
 
 Arrows ok .soiniiKASTKim Alaska am> wk.stkun Hunisit ('or.tTMniA. 
 
 Fkjs. 1 and 2. Four <ixaiiii»l»'s ofPliiiKit iirrowhciuls, tlirtMi (it'tlii>iii with barbed jiiccofl 
 to which tho inctiil Iiculs an< riveted. Thesci arrowheads luivo two fiinc- 
 tious— tliat ofretrieviiifi tiie {•aiiic and that of |iartiu;;tiaHily from tli«< siiaft 
 and ranklinjj iu tho victim until it dies. Tlio.se should Ito com])arpd care- 
 fully with stone beads in Old World si»ecimea haviiij; very long barbs. 
 
 Fi(i. 3. All iu one piece; which widcut* out iiitoalarj^e coiio to fiuin a head ; «lightly 
 expanding' at tho nock. Tho notcii is foruu^d by <iittiufjj oil' the cud of the 
 arrow into an espandiufi; wcdjj;o and then making; a very shallow incision 
 ucross the edge. Tainted brown and stn-akcd with red. Length, '38 
 inches. 
 
 Cut. No. Ii;),")!, r.S.N.M. Sitka. AliiHkii. ("ollt'ctcd l>y J. ,1. McLean. 
 
 Fui. L Shaft, of cedar, tapering iu two <liiections. Tho head is tbrnied of a piece 
 of wire 8iiar)ioued at one end and driven into the shaft. The other end is 
 tiattened and lib'd to a barb on one side. Similar to fig. 1, IM. i,. 
 
 Cut. No. 7;!.")47, r. S. S.M, IlaidaH, (iuccn ChailotU) IhIuikIs. Collected :»y ,1, (J, 
 Swan. 
 
 Fki. 5. Similar to fig. 6, excepting the point is of sbelL 
 
 Fi(i. (). SiiAiT, of cediir. Fore.sbaft lot iu witli a wedge-shaped dowel. Head, a 
 thin sheet of bone, sagittate. Feathers, tbree, fastened at the ends with 
 sinew covered with glue. Nock somewhat flat, as iu the Eskimo arrow. 
 The noticeable features of this arrow an^ the tbin head of bone, tin; fore- 
 shaft, let into the sbaft and the tlatteniug nock. Length of sh.vft, Ul inchv>.s ; 
 foroshaft, ii iuches. 
 
 Cat. No. 20694, TJ. S. N. M. Bella Coola Indians, Sali.slmii Hto.k, H. ('. ( ^dlectod by 
 >r. (i. Swan. 
 
 Fio. 7. Shaft, of cedar, tapering both ways from the middle. Shaftment painted 
 black. Fetathers, tbree, seized at each end with sinew and glued fast 
 to the sliaftmeut. Nock, bulbous; notch, U-sbaj)ed. Foreshaft, of hard 
 wood neatly doweled into the end of the cedar shaft, seizcid with sincnv, and 
 painted black. The head is a minutely-barbed thin blade of iron, inserted 
 into the foresbaft and .seized with sinew. These are tlie smallest metal 
 arrow-heads foiin<l on any arrow iu tho worbl. This arrow was found in Mr. 
 Catliu's collection, after his deatii, witliout the name of the tribe; but the 
 wood and tho delicate tiuish point to Oregon ;is its source. Total length, 
 32 incbes. 
 
 Not uuuibcied. Oregon. Collected by .Mr. (Jallm. 
 
! 
 
 Smithionitn Rcpor», 1893, 
 
 ^ 
 
 LI 
 
 p^ 
 
 H 
 
 Plate LI. 
 4 
 
 B^ 
 
 Bh 
 
 vl 
 
 ii 
 
 ll i „ 
 
 
 I 
 
 Arrows of Southeastern Alaska and Western British Columbia. 
 
 i'ni! 
 

 ^ ■*!) 
 
 ! i i 
 
 F] 
 
 Fic 
 
 Fig. 
 
EXPLANATION ( » F I' LATE Lil 
 
 Earbko ani> Hahpoox Arrows oi- tuk Eskimo akoit tiik Alaskan Pknixstla, 
 
 Fl'i. L ShaI'T, of cedar, 23| inches long and i inch thick. A streali of red around 
 the niiddh) and either end. The Kliaftnient is somewhat Hat, and orna- 
 nieuted witli two narrow strcMiks of red and one bri^lit streak of Idue. 
 Featht'rs, three, two bhiek and one l>anded brown and white; the euds 
 inserted into slits cut in tlie shaft and seized Avitli sinew poorly laid on. 
 The middle portions of the feathers are not glued to the arrow. The nock 
 is Hat, in a plau(5 Avith tl'.e head, and is simply notched. The barb ])iece 
 of boue is 8 inches long and is let into a socket in end of arrow shaft. It 
 bias a strong barb on one side at right angles to the head. It is onuunented 
 Avitli deep longitudinal furrows. The triangular head of 1)one is a Hat 
 blade inserted neatly in a deep slit at the head of the barb piece, which 
 is smoothed down so as to present no impediment to the passage into the 
 animal struck. 
 
 Cat. \(). 127fi-.'7, r. S. N. M. Alaska. Collected by J. AV. Johnson. 
 
 Fig. 2. Shaft, of spruce, cylindrical; coarsely nuide ; banded with red paint. Feath- 
 ers, three, seized with sinew, one of them at the middle of the Hat side 
 and the other two at the round corners of the other side. As usual with 
 the Eskimo, the end of these feathers is sunk into notches cut in the soft 
 wood. The i\ock is tlat ; the notch, angular. Tlu>r(^ is a barb ])ieee of 
 l»oue set into the shaft, at the end, by a cylindrical tenon, and is seized 
 with sinew. IJlade, of iron, set into the barb jtiece at right angles to the 
 plane of its longest diameter and cross section. One barb in the side of 
 the barb piece. Total length, 28 inches. 
 
 Cat. \o. 127(527, t'. S. X. M. Kskinio, r.ristol Hay, Alaska. Collected liy J. W. 
 Jolmson. 
 
 Fig. 3. Shaft, of cedar, cylindrical. Shaftmeut, Hat, banded with blue stripes. 
 I-^eathers, three, seized with sinew thread and standiugoH' (luiteadistance 
 from the shaftmeut. The nock is Hat; notch, angular. Blade, of slate, 
 inserled into the «'ud of the barb jticcti of boue. The single barb is 1^ 
 inches long and is formed on one side by a narrow notch. Two shallow 
 gutters extend from this barb to the end of tl : shaft. The barb piece is 
 fitted into the end of the shaft by a dowel o' p<'g madeof Ixuie and lashed 
 with a line sinew tliread. The blade is <overcd by a cap made of two 
 pieces of cedar neatly cut for the blade and the end of the barb piece and 
 .joined together with a braid of sinew. This is a very eH'ective and neatly- 
 made weapo \. Total length of shaft, :50 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 00404, I . S. X. M. Kudiak, Alaska, (.'ollected l>y Wni. J. Fisher. 
 
 Fig. L Shaft, of cedar; ab.»nt half an inch in diameter in the middle, tapering 
 slightly forward to within two inches of the end, where it is cylindrical, 
 and tapering backward gradually to the nock- Feathers, three, laid on 
 at equal distances apart and seized with Hue sinew thread. The plume of 
 the feather is neatly cut into a triangular shape. Tim shaftmeut is painted 
 red. The nock is a bulb of extraordinary size, which gives the hunter all 
 the grip he could ask. Not<h, shallow and angular. Foreshaft, of bone, 
 let into the end of the shaft by a dowel cut on the end of the boue. A 
 
 If!; 
 
 ii 
 
 
m 
 
 m 
 
 ii 
 
 Explanation of Plate L//— ContiniiPfl. 
 
 small wooden plufj; is inserted into the front end of this and perforated. 
 The head is a small trianf;nlar iiioce of hone, harhed on one side, c^nt away 
 at the hntt to form a very siiort dowe! to he inserted into the perforation 
 in the shaftnient, and pertt<rated near the hase to receive a lanyard or 
 martinj;ale of hraided sinew, which, near the other extremity, has two 
 branches, one of whicdi is attached to the front of the shaft and the other 
 towards the hntt end. This arrow operates in the following? manner: 
 When this line is unrolled it resemhh'S a kite's tail — the bird to which the 
 harh is attached rei)re8entinfi; the tail and the spreadinjjf bifurcation the 
 l»(>int attached to the; kite. This lino is neatly rolled up (»n the shaft to 
 the end of tht* foreshat't. The barbed head is th"n ]»ut in place; the lint* 
 tucked under the coil and drawn ti^lit, but not fastened. The hunter 
 shoots the jwauie with this arrow; the barl) penetrates beneath the skin; 
 the sudden movement of the sea otter witiidraws the barb liead from 
 tlie foreshaft and loosens the slight fastening of the coil, which is then 
 unrolled, and the bone head, being heavier, sinks in the water, while 
 the light shaft supports the feather above the surface, the whole appa- 
 ratus acting as a drag to tlio game an<l also as a buoy to enable the hunter 
 to follow. Total Icngtli of sliaft, 34ir inclies. 
 
 Cat. \o. 10407, IT. S. N. M. Kiidiak, ALiHka. Collected by W. H. Ball. 
 
 Fig. 5. Sli.viT, of spruce, cylindrical. Shaftnient, llattened. Three Itlack feath- 
 ers, seized witii sinew. The nock is tiat; notch, rectangular. Tiie barbed 
 iicad is leaf-shaped, with two small barbs on one side and one on the other. 
 The head is lifted into the end of the shaft, which is seized with sinew. 
 Lengtli, ;^3i inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 19382, U. S. N. M. Kskiino. Cook's Inlet, Alaska. Collected by Mr. Karly. 
 
 Fig. (i. .Shaft, of spruce wood, cylindrical. Snaftment, flattened. Feathers, tliree, 
 seized at one end with sinew and at the other with sinew thread. The 
 feathers are laid on at the round corners of the flattened shaftment, so that 
 really there couhl have been anothtsr feather at one of tlie corners. The 
 nock is llat; tiu' notch of the usual U sliape. Foreshaft, of walrus ivory, 
 one end cut into the shape of a tenon and inserted in the end of the shaft 
 and seized with sinew thread. The front end of this shaft is perforated 
 and into this is inserted a i>lug of soft wood. The delicate head has two 
 barl)S on either side, and a ])ertbration through the body for holding a 
 sinew cord, which attaches it to the shaft. The head is loosely fitted into 
 tlie fortishaft by a conical tang, 'i'his weap<m is shot from a bow into a 
 Hca otter or other game. The barbed head beccmies fastened in the skin 
 and withdraws tVom tlu; foicshatt. The ivory lu'ad sinks in the wafer, 
 leaving a feathered slialt bobbing in the air. The whole acts as a drag 
 upon the game ami also enables tlu^ Imiitcr to follow. Length of shaft 
 and foreshaft. 31'| inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 72412, C. S. N.M. K.skiiiio, llristol liay. Collected by Cliarle.s Mclvay. 
 
• perforated. 
 '«, ciiit away 
 > porforatioii 
 lanyard or 
 ty, lias two 
 id the other 
 iig manner: 
 <) which tlie 
 rration the 
 the shaft to 
 'e; the line 
 The huuter 
 '» <^he skin; 
 htsad from 
 <li is then 
 ater, wJiile 
 ■hole appa- 
 the hunter 
 
 I 
 
 .f if 
 
 iiek feath- 
 'he )>arbed 
 the otiier. 
 ith siuevv. 
 
 I: 
 
 ■ Mr. Karly. 
 
 3i'8, tJiree, 
 -id. TJie 
 't, Ko tliat 
 urs. The 
 'US ivory, 
 the sliaft 
 erforat(!(l 
 t has two 
 ohling a 
 ted into 
 'W into a 
 the skin 
 « water, 
 * a drai"; 
 of shaft 
 
 jKiiy. 
 
 It^ 
 
 ijif 
 
 fj(^ 
 
t I 
 
 k : 
 
 — M.U.K..:.. H..VS KsK,M., Au.n. Tv.-ks. 
 
 Tliis plate cxhihit.s the .rr(..,( rnrmf^ ,- 
 
 '■«:••-;« tl„. v,.,y l„.i,tk, ,v„„„ „'„|,L''"° """""'""«"'»"''»»««» of 
 li.lernational Palar E.pe„Ui„," ' ^^-"""Sl.t,, inlrt. f„lle„,„,l ^j, ^"^ 
 
 V 
 
ill is adniin- 
 3 chances of 
 !iH upon tho 
 n! U. S. Nii- 
 
 tlie second 
 Ml by U. S. 
 
 Smithsonian r.eport 1893. 
 
 I '.' 
 
 .■? 
 
 4 
 
 -7 
 
 TZ^'-W^ 
 
 ---a 
 
 Platu LXIX. 
 
 ii'd! 
 
 I ' 
 
 M 
 
 r, i.ii 
 
 ^m !i 'i 
 
 y-^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 3 
 
 2^>^ 
 
 :2^- 
 
 I ! 
 
 ...A 
 
 • 6 
 
 Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo, Arctic Type. 
 
 (AfltT .Miinloi.'h.) 
 
 , J. 
 '.* i: 
 
 ■V^ 
 
 
 fi^v 
 
 I 
 
 ■it. 
 
 i 
 
 ■I 
 
 t y 
 
a ^ 
 
 !j- i 
 
m 
 
I'i 
 i': 
 
 * I 
 
 ' \ 
 
 \ I 
 
 KX Pl.A N A riOX OF I'LAi'K LXX. 
 
 SlNKW-liA«KKI> I^OWS Ol- KsKIMd, AlU TIC ANI> SolJTIlKKN TyI'KS. 
 
 l'])r>ii this j)liil»' jirt' i(i|ii'tis('Mti'(l, first > a section <»f tlic. Arctic bow t-o sliow the 
 iiK'llioil ill whic'li slioi't striinils iit. tlic aiiyh's ot" thci how arc adiiiiiiistertMl in order to 
 rc'lfxti tJH^ strain irom tlu^ wooil. 
 
 l"'ir,s*. ligiirc* shows section ofAr-'tic liow 1!I7(), H. S. N. M., from MacktMizie region, 
 coUcctcd hy B. K. Hoss. 
 
 'I'lic otlicr tii:;nr(^ ( IT)), show inj; liacl\ and side, is a how <d"thc sontliern typt- i'<»niinjr 
 from tlie Yukon Delta and exhibits therefore sonuM)t' the Arctic <diaraeteristics, sncli 
 as the splint alony the i^rip and the. precautions a<;ainst splittinjf. 
 
 Cat. No. ;i:iSti7, V. S. X. M. ColliMtod liv K. W. Nclsdii on tin- (l»<ltii <.!' Ilio Yukon 
 Kivtr. 
 
 
 j ■ • 
 
Smittisonian Rppnt, 1803 
 
 Plate LXX. 
 
 kIiow (he 
 ti ordi-r (,(» 
 
 Hcs, siH'li 
 lilt) Viikon 
 
 ;/ /,•/■ 
 
 U 
 
 15 
 
 Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo, Arctic and Southern Types. 
 
 (AfttT Murdoch.) 
 
 '1 ■ ' 
 
 ir. 
 
 ,. f 1 I. 
 
 Vi 
 
 P 
 
 fi 
 
 
 ai 
 
!f 
 
 

 1 
 
 K X I'T, A NA'I'l OK OK P T. A T E L X X 1 . 
 
 SiNi;\\ -IV\« Ki:i> Kows oi- 1'"skimi>. 
 
 Tho (iiHt two (ijj;ui'<\s upon tliiH])liite, Kiiiiid 17, illtiHtruUiii bow in which the soiith- 
 «ru type of wood has iulmiiiisteiod >ij»oii it the. itackiii^ of tho Ari-tic t.y)»e. The 
 iiietliod of iidiiiiiiistcriii;; Mic hIioiI strands by nutans of lialf liitciit's to |)rt'v«'nt the 
 splittiiiji; of tlic wood is i'xiiibitt^d in tin- second drawinj;', fi^^iiic IT. 
 
 Til < hist two lij,nii<s npoii tliis ))hite belong to wliat Mnrdocli calls the Western 
 type. Perhaiis it nii},fht b(( called the Cimkchi tyjte. The most noticeable feature 
 is that tlie backinj^ docs not )»ass around the nocks at tlui ends of the bow, but the 
 whoit^ cubic is ludd upon the back by means of a series of luilf hitches. The wood 
 OI the l»ow is either stiaif^bt or of Tatar shape. 
 
 These exani[)les are (Jat. Nos. HX'22, from Yukon Delta, tij^nres ItJ and 17, (collected 
 by W. 11. J)all, and 2r»05 from Siberia, fijiure IS. collected by the North I'acilic Explor- 
 ing Expedition, H. S. \. M. 
 
 li 
 
( ;' 
 
 Smithaoniiin Report 1893, 
 
 Plate LXXI 
 
 I HI 
 
 J 
 
 ! 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 18 
 
 Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo, Southern and Western Type. 
 
 (After Murdoch.) 
 
 t' 
 
 'i 
 
 i 
 
Hi .;■ i 
 
f: i 'J 
 
 11^ i; 
 
 ..-,' 
 
 ■ /« 
 
 m 
 
h 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 51 i 
 
 r: 
 
 KX PL AN ATI ox <>F I'LATK l.XXII. 
 
 SINK\V-UA( KK1> ]i<»\VS <>l' KSKIMO, Wksti'.kx TYI'K. 
 
 The jieinliiiritit's oCiIk- Ixiw shown in lln' last ])lat<'iin<l illustrated further on fliis 
 plate are — 
 
 'J'lie extensions of tluur cables, one rfaeliinj; nearly the whole lenj^jth ot the l>ow 
 and attijclied elose to the nocks, a seeond one iiirtlier down ujion the liinhs, and a 
 third one I'roni the middle of tlie limbs, lietween these two last-named ])oiuts all 
 the three caliles are united into on«! ])assin<j: across the f'rip. 
 
 'iliis li<;in(' shows a ])ortion of the iirst eable (the loufjest cable), the passing iu 
 strands of the second aiul third caldes. and the union of all three into (uie. The 
 seL'oud figure upon this )»late(tig. 21) is a straight bow u]»ou A\hieh the backing lias 
 upward of seventy strands twisted into three cables of Arctic tyjie. In this exam- 
 ple also, the longest cable j)asses around the nocks. 
 
 Serlidu of Cat. No. 2'Mo, U. S. N. M.. uiul 2.")08, Kii.slfiii Silmtiu, .lollmleil l.y North 
 I'iiiitic Kxii!oring Kxpeilitiuii. 
 
 I !. 
 
 t! 
 
 f 
 
irthtT on tliis 
 
 li ol the l>t)\v 
 limits, and a 
 ('(1 ])<)ints all 
 
 111 passiiiiir ill 
 
 to one. The 
 
 backing has 
 
 11 tliis exani- 
 
 ■ted l>y North 
 
 Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Plate LXXII. 
 
 •^\ 
 
 Sinew-backed Bl-ws of Eskimo. Western Type. 
 (After Murdoch. I 
 
 4 
 
 ■'^ 
 
 0. 
 
 k 
 
 II! I 
 
If i 
 
 V. . 
 
 il 
 
i^> 
 
 
 
 t': 
 
 
 m 
 
 i ■ 
 
 !| 
 
; .;;! 
 
 k i 
 
 KXn.ANATTON OV P T. A T K LXXIII. 
 Si\k\v-Ba(Kki> Hows ok Eskimos, Mixkd Tyi-ks. 
 
 The first fij^iire iijum tliis ]»l:it»' exliihits the iiu'tliods of sei/.inj^ and the variety 
 of attacluuents in i)assin!j; Ihc braided cord from tlie function of Avrap])in<^' the bow 
 on to the fnnction of strand in the treble cable on the l)ack. With a little patience 
 it is easy to trace with the eye each braid strand from one function to the other. 
 
 The last two tii;;nres njxtn this plate represent a bow in which the ba<5king is of 
 the Arctic type and the shape of tiie bow apjiroaches the AV^estern type. 
 'I'hi" first tijriirc is CmI. No. '.'505, U. S. N.M. 
 
 Si-roiid, Cat. No. -rliK), K. Siltcriii. Collnrtcil l»y Niirtliurii I'lUMtic, Kxplnriim Kxpe- 
 ilitiiiii. 
 
 I 
 
he variety 
 
 ig tliG bow 
 
 [e patience 
 
 itlier. 
 
 iing is of 
 
 )riiin Kxpe- 
 
 Smifhsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 {\\\\ 
 
 Hi J 
 
 llV 
 
 ri'^ 
 
 Plate LXXIII. 
 
 I -: <l 
 
 ;! 1 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 i. 
 
 S 
 
 ■Si 
 
 Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo. Mixed Types. 
 
 (AI'tiT Miinloc'li.) 
 
i 
 
 1* 
 
 I ! 
 
 1 ,. 
 
 KX I'LA X A'rro N OF I' I. A T K LXXIV. 
 
 SlNKW-hA( Kl<;i> lioWS <)l FSKIMO. 
 
 The juiiK ipal lij;iirf upon this jthito hIiowm the {ulininistriitioii of tlio ItriiitltMl line 
 just at the point wlnic th«i third cahh^ coniinj;' from tlionock ('rosHt!s the bend in thti 
 liow. It is at this jtoini tiiat tht- jiicatcst stiain occurs ;Mid there is more prossiuj; 
 need for additional protection. Of tliishow Murdoch s, tliat " it approaeiios very 
 (dose to the Arctic type, luit shows traces of the Western nn)dtd in liavinj^ tlie ends 
 of the hinu,' strainls stret(died acioss the l>ond and one sinj^h* short strand I'tdnruin^ 
 to tlu" tij) from beyond the bend, whih* a fourth is ])recis(dy of tlie Arctic type, with 
 a very liir^o niiiiiiier of strands." Tlie ixory levers shown u))on tlie plate have been 
 described, and arc used in Cat. Nos. l.'r)0() and S'llOO, r. S. X. M. 
 
 Fiffures 2;") and 2(i illustrate a jiecnliai' '• clove bitcli " and "soldier's hitch " em- 
 ployed in this example. 
 
 I'ciiiil liiiiTKw. ( olIiTlcil 1>\ 1". S. liiliM'iialioiial I'uliir Kx|)n<liti(iii. 
 
 ! 1 
 
braided liiu; 
 '. l>eud ill tlni 
 oro ])i(,'.ssiii^ 
 roiiciics very 
 iii<^ the tMids 
 1(1 rotiiruiiij; 
 c tyi)e, with 
 e liav(i been 
 
 liitili" eni- 
 
 Smilhsnniafi Rpivut, '83,3. 
 
 Plate LXXIV. 
 
 rp 
 
 fPffl 
 
 
 Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo, Mixed Type 
 
 (Al'icr Miinidcli.) 
 
 ..■'!' 
 
 
 i.i 
 
 I; ' 
 11' 
 
 ^1 
 
I^^^^^H" 
 
 1 *' ' ■ 
 
 Ml 
 
 # 
 
j 
 
 V':l 
 
). : 
 
 ;• ^, 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i. 
 
 '. . 
 
 i ' : 
 
 KX PI. A N A riON OF }' L A T E li X X V . 
 
 I'svisi iNii Lkvkus I'oit Siniow-Hackku Hows of Eskimo. 
 
 Tliis plate. hIiowh tlic uiaiiiKM- in which flic ivory Icvcmm are used in winding np Uie 
 double cable on tlie back of an Eslviiuo )»o\v. It will be seen that each lever has a 
 liook at each end, but on altertiate sides. Tlu^ cud of eacli lever is thrust thronj;h 
 the middle of a loose cable, hook siih; downward. It is then revolved through half 
 ii circle, as far as it will i^o, then pushed its entire leutrth, which bi'in,u;s the hook 
 at the other end in place for another half turn, and soon. A rawhide string is passcul 
 through both cables, wra]»ped about the grip and made fast. This prevents the 
 cables from unwinding Avhile the bow is in use. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate LXXV. 
 
 liiiK np the 
 lover lias a 
 ist tlii'«nj;ii 
 irou^li half 
 s the hook 
 g is paisH<Hl 
 reventa the 
 
 I 
 
 Twisting Levers for Sinew-backed Bows of Eskimo. 
 
 lAI'liT Mnriliii'li.i 
 
''Vi 
 
EXPLANATION oK ri.ATK l.XXVI. 
 A Map to Iii.usthatk thk Pistrihhiton <»k Eskimo Fows. 
 
 Pre}>iir<(l l)y .lolni Murdoch to sliow tlif, distribution of the throe types of bows in 
 AhiHka. In "A kStudy of the Kskiriio Howk in tli« U, S. National Museum," l^'cport 
 of the II. S. Nntional Museiuu, ISRt. 
 
 In the ])lan — 
 
 A. Ktands for Arctic, tyjx!. 
 S. Htands for Soutliern tyite. 
 W. stands for Western type. 
 
of bows in 
 
 Smithsonian R'onit 1853. 
 
 Plate LXXVI. 
 
 hi (TIC Och.lX 
 
 V 
 
 'A 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 "-y^^, 
 
 "->. ^ 
 
 V 
 
 H 
 
 ./ia?iKw///V ^<^/.y\. -^ 
 
 
 
 .>..'^> 
 
 
 (' ■ A " II I ri/k IJ 
 
 jhj (T/j f o' aSV; it 
 
 ^nr,nrls. 
 
 > • 
 
 '^^'^ fl Yo .SHOUi THE DISTRIBUTION OFT'^f 
 
 /? !^i)ii Ih rrn Tiffin 
 )(■ \\>sl>vii TiJIii:. 
 
m 
 
 i 
 
 f\> 
 
 i'^ 
 
s 
 
 ■' 
 
4 f 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVII. 
 
 Apache Arrow Case and Arrow. 
 
 Fig. 1. Quiver, deerskin, smoke -tanned; bow case wanting. Arrow case, long 
 tapering sack, stift'ened at tlie back by means of a rod of wood sewed on 
 with buckskin string. Decorated along the back and around the margins 
 with scallops cut in red flannel and skin. A narrow band of exactly 
 the same pattern is painted down the outside, directly opposite and 
 around th»- upper margin. Bandolier, simple string of buckskin attached 
 to stiffener. Filled with typical reed-shaft arrows, with hardwood twig 
 foreshafts and iron points, as shown on the right of the quiver. Length, 
 35 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 21515. U. S. N. M. Apache ludians, Athapascan stock, Arizona. Collected 
 by J. B. White, U, S. Army. 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
Smithsofiiafi Report !853, 
 
 Plate LXXVII. 
 
 ' case, long 
 0(1 sewed on 
 the margins 
 of exactly 
 [)po8ite and 
 :in attached 
 iwood twig 
 r. Length, 
 
 na. Collected 
 
 ' 
 
 Apache Arrow-case and Arrow. 
 
 ■•i/i 
 1 
 
 
 
 f: 
 
l! 
 
 'it'* i 
 
 1 
 
i 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /. 
 
 i 
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 //J 
 
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 :/. 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 1^ |2.8 
 
 |50 "^ 
 
 M 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 :3 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4SC3 
 
 ■'^"^'■^U 
 
 

il 
 
 m 
 
 EXPLANATION OF Pl.ATK LXXVIII. 
 
 ■-:'i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 '1 
 
 (I 
 
 I If 
 
 Apachk Akhow Case ani> Akrow. 
 
 ^(1 
 
 ii 
 
 .1? 
 
 , ; .i-i 
 
 Fio. i. tJiriVRU, (h^erskin. Jiow caao, none. Arrow caso, bag with a stiffener of wood 
 attached by means of strings along the seam. About the middle of the 
 quiver is a baud of smoked dc^erskin leather, with a fringe haracteristie 
 of the tribe, in whi< h the sealloit before uienticuied apjiears. The bando- 
 lier is a striji of cotton cloth aiul blue tiannel. J^ength of quiver, 34 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 17I!;il, U. S. X. M. A]>a<ln ludiaiis. AtliupuHcuii stuck, Arizouu. Collectwl 
 by Dr. II. C. Viirrow, l'. S. Army. 
 
 NoTK. — The arrows accompanying this quiver, of which an example is given, are 
 of the characteristic, Apache type, shaft of reed, foreshaft of hardwood, points of 
 iron. The extra length of the ([uiver is diu' to the fact that the reed arrows are 
 longer than those with shafts of hard wood. 
 
net of woofl 
 (Idle of tli<^ 
 aracteristic 
 The bando- 
 r, 'Si iuches. 
 ail. Collected 
 
 i ^iveii, are, 
 il, points of 
 arrows are 
 
 Smithsonian Report, 18'53. 
 
 Apache Arrow-case and Arrow. 
 
 Plate LXXVIII. 
 
 ■t 
 
 
 ;■*■ 
 
 If 
 
•n,f 
 
 % 
 
 li 
 
1 
 
 til: 
 
 1 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATK LXXIX. 
 
 Navajo Quiver, Sinkw-Lined Bow and Arrow, all of Northern type. 
 
 Fir.. 1. Quiver, mountain lion skin. Bow case made with hair side inward; arrow 
 casp, hair side outward. There is also between the two, where they are 
 joined, a stitt'ener of wood, which belongs especially to the arrow case, 
 showing that the bow case is an afterthought. For decoration the ends 
 of the bow case are adorned with a fringe of lion skin, and from the top 
 of the arrow case the tail of the lion depends. Length : bow case, 44 inches ; 
 arrow case, 28 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 7C084, IT. S. N. M. Navajo Indiana, Atbapafloaii stock, Arizona. Col- 
 lected by Dr. "WfiHliiiifitou Matthews, F. S. Amiy. 
 
 Fni. 2. Bow, made of mcsquit wood, rounded on the back and oval in form, lined 
 with sinew, which is strengthened by three bands of sinew. The grip is 
 seized with a delicate wrapping of buckskin string. The ends of the 
 horns of the bow are wrapped with sinew and there is no especial modifi- 
 «\atiou of the ends for receiving the string. The bowstring is of two-ply 
 twine, sinew cord. Length, 3 feet 11 inches. The Tacullies or Carriers 
 of British Columbia, the Huj)a of northern California, and the Navajo 
 of Arizona, all Athapscfms, use the ainew-lined bow. 
 
 Cat. No. 76084, U. S. N. M. Navoijo Indians, Athapascan stock, Arizona. Col- 
 lect«3d by Dr. Matthews. 
 
 !;/ 
 
 1; 
 
RN TYPE. 
 
 ?^ard.; arrow 
 jre they are 
 arrow case, 
 )ii the euds 
 om the top 
 *, 44 inches; 
 
 Lfizona. Col- 
 
 form, lined 
 The grip is 
 nds of the 
 jial modifi- 
 of two-ply 
 jr Carriers 
 ;he Navajo 
 
 rizoiia. Col- 
 
 Smithsonian Runort 1893 
 
 Plate LXXIX. 
 
 (' 
 
 a 
 
 Navajo Quiver, Sinew-lined Bow and Arrow, all of Northern type. 
 
I' 
 
 rj '< 
 
 ! ' ■» 
 
 nt- 
 
 »« 
 
 1 rv 
 
 t t 
 
 I 
 
 1 41 
 
 I 
 I. 
 
 I 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 ■1 
 
 I 
 
 ? i 
 
 t >■ 
 

 ; I 
 1 
 
 ill 
 
 ^ft 
 
 
 i; X Pl-AN ATION OF Pl.ATK LXXX. 
 
 ClIEYr.NNK (^ri\ KH. SKI, I' 1{()\V ANIi AKKOW. WITH SlIAKI- fiUOOV'KS. 
 
 Fl(i. 1. (^I'lVKK, inoiintaiH li<m sUin. How case and arrow case Hcparatc. Hoth 
 iiiadti witli hair outward, and (irnaiiicntt'd with fringes. From the hottom 
 of tlio how case <lopends one of the feet of the lion with ehiWH. At the 
 hottom is another foot of fiie lion wrapped with a red llannel cloth iind 
 sli^i'htly ilecorated with lieads. Arrow ease frinj^ed at the to]> and hottom 
 with strij»s of iiidt', and with a long ])endant from the r.pper horder made 
 of tile lion's tail, faced witli red lianntd and decoraie<l with headwork 
 and rilihon. A \ini(|ue attaehment to this (piivor is a streamer consisting 
 of one and a haifyardsof red and hlack calico sewed to the inner lining 
 of the arrow case, ilandolier, of lion skin faced with tent cloth (cotton 
 duck) Th(! how shown in the plate Avith its arrow isof tht* formconnnon 
 thro i tile IMains of tin; (ireatWest. It is made of ash, and has a 
 
 sligli ole curve. L>;;:;'th : how case, 10 inches; arrow case, 2."> inches. 
 
 Cut. No. 12!tS7:i, r. S. N. M, Choyt'iiiK' IniliunH. .\l<;(>n<|iiiaii .stock. Collected by II. 
 M. Owl, r. S. Army. 
 
 
Smithsonian R.-iioit !893. 
 
 Plate LXXX. 
 
 'KS. 
 
 iti'. Moth 
 lio bottom 
 
 H. At th(5 
 
 <l<)tli iirul 
 iKlbottom 
 r<li'r iniide 
 Ix'iulwork 
 I'oiisistiiiij 
 iKT lining 
 'i (fottoii 
 " t'onmioii 
 and lias a 
 -ii iiiclics. 
 acted by H. 
 
 Cheyenne Quiver, self Bow and Arrow with Shaft Grooves. 
 
II 
 
 i t 
 
 ' ( 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 l! ;i 
 
 I 
 
 'I I 
 
 ,1,, 
 
 s 
 
 t'l 
 
 f ♦ 
 
: ! 
 
 I i 
 
 1 1 
 
 ■- f 
 
 4:11 
 
 !■» I'fi 
 
 :? 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXI. 
 
 Chippewa Self Bow, Arrow, and Quiver. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bow, nearly rectangular in section, tapering toward the end; slightly 
 double curve. One notch at each end and both on the same side of the 
 bow for receiving the string, which is a 2-ply twine. Length : 3 feet 9 
 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 9063, U. S. N. M. Chippewa Indian. Algonquiau, Dakota. Collected by 
 Dr. W. H. Gardner, U. S. Army. 
 
 Fig. 2. Quiver, dressed buffalo hide. Bow case is a loug narrow sack, ^tting bow; 
 arrow case, wide bag tapering toward the bottom. Both ornamented 
 slightly with fringe of rawhide, beads, and red flannel. The bandolier is 
 A narrow band of buffalo skin with the hair on. Length : bow case, 38 
 inches ; arrow case, 24 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 9063, IT. S. N. M. Chippewa, Algonquiau stock, Dakota. Collected by U. 
 S. War Department. 
 
 Note. — The Chippewa Indians are more civilized than their neighbors, and this 
 specimen shows a degenerate style of doing their own work, and much borrowing 
 from the whites. The arrow is of the common Plains type. 
 
 I , 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate LXXXI. 
 
 Chippewa self Bow, Arrow, and Quiver. 
 
r< 
 
 ff 
 
 If 
 
 I 
 
id 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
^' I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ."II 
 
 ■^1 
 
 ' , - 1? ■ 
 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXII. 
 
 Kiowa Quivkk coniaixini; liovvs and Aukows jx Thkiu C'asks, Firk Ba*;, anij 
 
 Awr. Cask. 
 
 Fifi. 1. Qi'iVKK, harness leatluT. T..e bow ciiso is a long slender bag just fitting the 
 ))0\v; the arrow case is a l)roa(l bag — both Iringod at the bottom by cut- 
 ting pieces of leather into strings. The two pieces are attached at the 
 margins with buckskin strings. Bandolier is a broad strip of rawhide. 
 The bottoms an<l npper margins of tlie bow case and ([uiver, the awl case, 
 the end of the bandolier, and the bottom of the tool bag are decorated with 
 leather cut in fringes. Ijength of tht; bow case, 14 inches; .arrow case, 20 
 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. l.")i;895, V. ,S. N. M. Kiowa ln(liiin.s, Kiowan .stock. Collected by .T.imes 
 Moonoy. 
 
 Fig. 2. Bow, made of Osage orange. It is rounded on the back and inside, .and 
 square on the sides. I.,argcst at the grip and tapering .along the limbs 
 toward the ends. The notches for the bowstring are cut in on alternate 
 sidesnear the end. The bowstring is made of 4-ply sinew cord. Double 
 cur> e. Length: 4 feet 4 inches. 
 
 (Jilt. Xo. 152895. I'. S. N. M. Kiowa Imliiuis, Kiowaii stock, Imliaii 'I'erritorj'. Col- 
 loc.'d by .las. Mooiiey. 
 
 This is a complete archery otitlit. The bow case, arrow case, tool bag, .and awl 
 case are separate. The bow is made of Osage orange. The bowstring is 
 of 4-ply twine or sinew cord; the arrows are of the original Plains type. 
 Shaft of hard wood, worked down with straight shaft streaks. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893, 
 
 Plate LXXXIl. 
 
 : 
 
 KIOWA Quiver containing Bow and Arrows in their Cases Fire Bag and Awl Case. 
 
 
 
1 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 !j ' ! 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■11 
 
 
 1 
 
 h' 
 
 ' "l 1: 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 il 
 
 
 
 if'' 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ' ■ ^ 
 
 m 
 n 
 
 ■ t 
 
 i: 
 
 i 
 
 Iff- 
 
 i 
 
 1.^ 
 
 i f 
 
■i' (■ 
 
 2' 
 
 I! • 
 
 I 
 
'Hi t 
 
 '>' ; i 
 
 
 ■'I 
 
 
 ji: 
 
 i 
 
 tij 
 
 f 
 
 ii 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIII. 
 
 Dakota Quiver, self Bow and Aurow, with Shaft Grooves. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bow, hickory, rectangular in section, double curve, tapering toward the ends. 
 Two notches at one end, and one at the other for receiving the string, 
 which is a 2-ply twine of sinew. Length : 3 feet 7 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 131356, IT. S. N. M. Sioux Indians, Siouan stock, Dakota. Collected by Mrs. 
 A. C. Jackson. 
 
 Fig. 2. Quiver, made of dressed bufl'alo hide. Bow case and arrow flase separate. 
 The former, a long narrow bag; the latter, a short sack, slightly tapering 
 toward the bottom. Both are ornamented with rings of bird quill whipped 
 on closely ; the upper borders and the ends ornamented with finely-cut 
 fringe. The bow case and outside sacks, top and bottom, decorated with 
 patterns in beadwork. Length : bow case, 38 inches ; arrow case, 24 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 131356, U. S. N. M. Sioux Indians, Siouan stock, Upper Missouri. Collected 
 by Mra. A. C. Jackson. 
 
 The noticeable points on the arrow are the sinuous shaft streaks, the dainty feath- 
 ering projecting behind the nock and the flaring nock, which gives a perfect grip 
 for the thumb and forefinger in the shooting by primary or secondary release. 
 
 
 t 
 
Smith&oniar) Ru|jurt, 1893 
 
 Plate LXXXII 
 
 Dakota Quiver, self Bow, and Arrow with Shaft Grooves. 
 
ra 
 
 
 I 
 > I i 
 
 :5 
 
 v"f 
 
 P • f , 
 
 ii 
 f 
 
 1 :i 
 
 
 i 
 
 i , 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 if 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
H 
 
^ 
 
 •I 
 
 Itilii 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i: I 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLA " L XXX IV. 
 
 Siorx QuiVKU, Madk ok ('ow Skin, krow and How. 
 
 Yui. 1. QuiVKU, mottled cow .skin. How raso and arrow case are made after the 
 usual j)attern, ornamented at the top and bottom with friiifres of hide with 
 the hair on, and Joined together by their margins. Handolier of a strip of 
 hide with fringes at the end. Length of bow case, 43 inches; arrow case, 
 20 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 1.54016, V. S. N. M. Sioux Indians, Siouau stock, Dakota. Collected by 
 Gen. Hazen, U. S, Army. 
 
 I ;!,■ 
 
 •I,' I 
 
 
Smithadniiin Ropoii, IHyj. 
 
 Plate LXXXIV. 
 
 [iftcr the 
 idewitli 
 I strip of 
 
 l»W C1180, 
 
 llectod by 
 
 a 
 
 Sioux Quiver, made of Cowskin, Arrow and Bow. 
 
 ill 
 

 ill 
 
 m\ 
 
 l!l<«< 
 
 ■ I 
 
 f iisi 
 
 
 5 :•. 
 
 'II 
 
 M 
 
 ■{■■■ 
 
 i r 
 
 I. 
 

 'Hi 
 
 [II 
 
It If I 
 
 
 
 ■I 
 ^1 
 
 
 Iv' 
 
 
 il ) 
 
 i: X I' L A N A T I ( ) N <) F I' L A T K L X X X V . 
 
 Dakoia (^l;i\ ki{, shi.i How and Akkow, wnii STUAKiiii Siiaii (ii{0()\K. 
 
 Fi(i. 1. (^uiN Kii, of bnft'alo ~>kiii ; Itow raseaiKl arrow caso .separate. How case, a nar- 
 row hag just littiug the how. Arrow cMse, a wide aaek tapering toward the 
 bottom. Hoth cases a(h)rne(l at u])p('r and lower margins with long fringes 
 of buckskin, .it the head of which is a liand of red tianuel decorated witli 
 '' wliitc-man's "' jtattcrns in beadwork. Bandolier is a strij) of bntfalo skin 
 with hair lelt on. The bow and arrows are of the universal Sionan type. 
 Length of bow case, 12 inches; arrow case, 2(5 inches. 
 
 Cat. \(i. '.'li":!."). r, S. N. M. .Sioux Iiiillaiis, :?it)uan slock, Dakota Colli-cti'il by 
 Taul r.fckwiili. 
 
 % 
 
KOOVK. 
 
 use, ii nar- 
 towiird the 
 iiiiC i'rin^es 
 rated witli 
 iifl'ald sis in 
 mail tvpt'. 
 
 I'olll'Ctl'll liv 
 
 Smithsoniai. Report, 1893. 
 
 mmi 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 Plate LXXXV. 
 
 Dakotan Quiver, self Bow, and Arrow with straight Shaft Groove. 
 
 i:,-|. 
 
r 
 
 
 
 1" 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 . 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 I i 
 
 Ik i 
 
 f ' 
 
 • i '^ 'i 
 
 .4 
 
 I if 
 
 -■(, •; 
 
 if ll 
 
,; 
 
 Tf 
 
 i i 
 
 
 n^ 
 
 .'■ 
 
 ! 
 
 
 hi' 
 
 1^ 
 
 i 
 
 if' 
 
 t 
 
 ■f 
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 i; 
 
 .i> . ' 
 
 I' 
 
 
 K X P L A NATION <) F V h A T K I. X X X V I . 
 
 TONKAWA. 
 
 Fig. 1. QuiVKR, made of cow skin; bow case of mottled cow skin with the hair left 
 oil, forming a long close sack. Tlie arrow case is a short, wide sack. 
 IJandolier, broad strip of cow skin. From the ends of bow case, arrow 
 case, and bandolier fringes of cnt skin depend. The bow case and arrow 
 case are sowed together at the margins or raw edges so that in the com- 
 pleted quiver the seams turn inward and are largely concealed. The tool 
 bag is of rawhide and, singularly enough, contains a flint and steel and a 
 powder charger made of the top of a buffalo horn. Length of bow case, 
 18 inches; arrow case, 28 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 8-148. (J. S. N. M. Toiikawii Iiiiliiui.s. 'ronkawan stock, Texas. Collected by 
 H. McEldoiry, I'. S. Aiiny. 
 
 Note. — After the Governmont entered into a treaty with the Indian tribes, among 
 the annuities were cattle, and from that time cow skin very largely took the place of 
 other hides in the making of quivers along the Plains of the great West, where buf- 
 falo and deer were less abundant. Numbers of Siouan, Caddoan, Kiowan, Alg(»n- 
 quian, .Shoshoneau, and Tonkawan tribes, all made their quivers of cow skin, eitiier 
 with the hair left on or tanned. The bow case and the arrow case were made after 
 the general plan of the exani[)l(^ luae described. 
 
 Fig. 2. Bow, hard wood, hickory, the natural surface of th". wood on the back. 
 Section nearly s(|iiaie, tapering slightly toward either end. Notch single 
 on alternate sides. Howstring of 4-i)ly twine. Bow has a single curve. 
 Length: 3 feet 11 incln^s. The arrow is of the Plains type, showing that 
 region and ginu! override social and other anthropological distinctions. 
 
 Cat. No. 8448. V. S. N. M. Toiikawa Iu<liau8, Caddoan stock, Texas. Collected by U. 
 Mi'Klderiy. I'. S. Aniiv. 
 
i^^ 
 
 Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate LXXXVI. 
 
 (/ 
 
 a 
 
 TONKAWA. 
 
n 
 
 I ;' 
 t 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 w 
 
 i1. 
 
 ''I'i 
 
 f 
 
 ■'I 
 
 I: 
 
 ) 
 
 it ', 
 i'i. 
 
 1 1 
 
( 
 
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 'i- I 
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 ni 
 
 i 
 
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 i I 
 
 
 ■1^ 
 
 
 
 E X p 1- A N A r I ( ) \ OF r 1. A r i; i. x x x v 1 1 . 
 
 SlIOSIIONKAN <^)l?l VKi;, I'l.AlX AKKoW Willi SlIAl I ( J l!( >i >\ KS, AM> SiNKW-l.l \Kr> 
 
 How (II' Camioknia Tvi'K. 
 
 FKi. 1. Qrivi'.i!, liliick \)VAV skin, with liair lel'toii; liow ens-' and arrow ciisc sepa- 
 ratf. Tlio oniiiiiifiils an^ lasscl.s nt' »Tiiiino skin lian<;iiig I'nun llii>, <'n»l.s of 
 iho baiKlulicr, .Mid long (laps ol lioarskin. lined on the, ontsido with /jrcen 
 cloth and (hnorated with licadwoik, ribbon, and liuH IVatheiH. The ])at- 
 tt'l'iis on llic gi'tcn cloth arc copied from those of the whitt^s. i.ength of 
 bow case, II inches; arrow case, L'T inches. 
 
 Cat. No. l»iU4. r. S. \. M. Siiaki^ Iiiili:iii^, Sliosl ;oi mIik k IiUiln.. ('nUfctcil liy 
 
 I)r S. Wiiuiior. 
 
 Fl(i. 2. liow, said to br Siiiikti Indian bow iVoin Idaho, bill it licloiigs to the broad 
 \ariety ot'sinew-liiied bows ol' (alilbrnia. If used l>y tlie Snake IndiaiiH 
 it hiis been introduced as a matter ol' trade. The nocks are simply taiier- 
 ing at the ends ami no provisions for the bowstring, which is simply 
 oanghi o\er the tapering ends. Same, as 1!);122. Length: !{ feet I inclies. 
 
 f.'iil. Nip, '.IIM4, 1'. .S. N. M. Sniiku Iii(li;iiis, .Slioslioiicioi .stock, Idiilio. ('ol|)-<'t<'<i liy 
 Dr. C Wnyiicr, I'. S. Army. 
 
K\\ -i.i\Kr» 
 
 <'iis«' Ncpa- 
 
 ln^ cihIs of 
 
 vith /iTcen 
 
 Th<' ])at- 
 
 I.IMl<rtIl of 
 'iiUfitrd l>y 
 
 tlu' lii'o;i(l 
 ^o IndiaiiH 
 |)ly taper- 
 is simidy 
 I iiH'lies. 
 
 'iillfcl<<l liy 
 
 Smithsdniari Rf.pnrt 1893, 
 
 Plate LXXXVII. 
 
 Shoshonean Quiver, plain Arrow with Shaft Grooves, and Sinew-lined Bow of 
 
 Californian type. 
 
I In 
 
 fi 
 
 f* 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 ■'I 
 
 If- 
 
 iff 
 
 I 
 
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 I 
 
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 'I! 
 
 EXPLANATION OF P I. A T K LXXXVIII. 
 Xez Pkhck QriVKU ano Bow. 
 
 Fio. 1. QiTiVKR, oV«^averskiu; bow case and arrow case made separately of beaver 
 skill wi.il the hair side out. Ornamented at the bottom with tassels of 
 strips of skin, bird feathers and little bells, and with bands of beadwork 
 and at the toj. with rings of beadwork and Ion- flaps of beaver skin, line,! 
 with red flannel and decorated with beadwork. Bandolier missing 
 Length of bow case, 3.S inches; arrow-ca>'e, 27 inches. 
 
 Cat N,. 2;)84.J I'. ,S. N. M. Xez Pe.cc. Indians. Shabaptian <tork. Maho. (-oll.,.t.,l 
 by J. H. Monti'itli. 
 
 NoTK.-Tribes of the Sb.ha,»tian stock .lisplayed a great deal of taste in all of 
 then- work, and some of the quivers from that region which are accredited to the 
 Shoshonean and 8alishan tribes have un.loubtedly been made under the influence of 
 these Indians. 
 
 i1\ i 
 
 
ly of beaver 
 h tasse's ot' 
 ' beadwork, 
 skin, lined 
 IT missing. 
 
 n). ("olK'ctfd 
 
 te in all ol" 
 ited to tlio 
 uHiieiice of 
 
 Smithsririian Rppnrt 1893, 
 
 Nez Perce Quiver and Bow. 
 
 Plate LXXXVIIl. 
 
 f/ 
 
 
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 11" 
 
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 } 
 
 K X !• L ;: x T I O N () 1' p L A T E L XXXIX. 
 
 OS, ' •'■"''^^•'■•'^'" ^^^"«'' tbesti,r,ni.I-ril, has be.n ren.oved. Length- 
 l)()^^ c.iso. .51 inclics; .irrow case, 2S indies. '^mfeui. 
 
 N-.>T,..-TI„.,., i, „„ ,„„, ,„,„, ,„„ ,|,.,,,,„,i , ,.^„„, „„, , 
 
 I -i 
 
 I I 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate LXXXIX. 
 
 Ute or Shoshonean Quiver, Bow, and Arrow. 
 
m I 
 
 ^f- ill 
 
 i M 1 
 
 ;IH 
 
 |M 
 
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 K X I' I. A N A T I () X O 1' I^ L A I' i: X C . 
 
 NkZ I*KI{<|': oil SlIAMAI'TI.W (^UIVKU, How, AND AhKOW, WITH SiNUOUS ShaFT 
 
 Ghoovk. 
 
 VUi. 1. (^riVKis, ottor skin; bow ciHe iiml arrow case separate. Kach of these is a 
 narrow bag witli the; fur sitbiof the ba,;;()ntwar(l. The bottom of the bow 
 case has a broad baud of buckskin with red flannel borders. The surface 
 of llie luickfskiu is <'overed with red, blue, green, and wiiitc beads in bean- 
 tiful i»atteriis. The liaiuloiier is also of otter skin with a broad border of 
 red llannel. (hi either si<le of the baiidcdier, and from the lower end of 
 the bow ease an<i arrow <'ase, are long fringes made of strips of otter skin. 
 The fringe of the bandolier is also adorned with a band of beadwork simi- 
 lar to that on the liow ease. The upper border of the bow case and the 
 arrow ease are also decorated with beadwork, and long tiaps of rawhide 
 entirely eovered with Leaded ])atterns. This is a very beautiful object. 
 Length of b()w case, 20 inches; arrow case, 30 inches. Length of bandolier, 
 s feet. 
 
 Cut. Xo. '.'9886, r. S.N. M. Kockv Moiiiitiiin Indiiins, trilic iiiikiiown. Colleetet'. by 
 
 Dr. Fred. Kobcr. 
 
 XOTK.— A great many of the most beautiful objects in the National Museum were 
 
 gathered by Army officers, who did not always know the exact tribe from which 
 
 specimens were obtained. (4)uivers of this type are made by the Algonquian 
 
 Siouan, Shoshonean, Salishan. and Shahaptian tribes of Montana. 
 
 I 
 
 h' It 
 
Smithsonun Report 1H93. 
 
 
 Platf xC. 
 
 Ne? Perce or Shalaptian Quiver, Bow, and Arrow with sinuoug Shaft Grooves. 
 
I I 
 
 
 n 
 
 E X r L A X A T I O N OF PL A T K X V I . 
 
 MrCi.oT I) i:i\ Kit (Cal.) Quivkh, Sinew -i.inkd How, and Fokksiiai tkd Akhovv. 
 
 Fl(i. 1. (.^tiVEK, irwnle ofii whole (IooihUiii with hair side inward. The, .skin of the 
 lo<;8 has hecn lel't (iii;:u(l «t'rve as pendauts. Thtr montii issowed up with 
 1)U( kukin striiij-s an<l the ears jtrotrude IVoni tlie outside. There is no 
 disliiution hetween the Itow oa.se and arrow case. Tlie whok' forms a 
 liidc sack in w hich the liows and arrows arc kc])t together. The bando- 
 lier is ;i mere strip of buckskin attached to the upjier border and the iui< 
 die of the (piiver. Lenj^th : 10 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. I'.KI'J'J, V S. N. M. McCIdihI Uivcr IiKiians. (.'opeliaii Htock, ('(.■nlial Cal.. 
 ma. Colli'itcd liy r.iviiii:i'.ti)ii Sloiii'. 
 
 From this point southward the eoniponnd qniver disapiiears. 
 
 I 1. 
 
Smithionian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate XCI. 
 
 McCloud River 'Cal. i Quiver. Sinew-lined Bow. and Foreshafted Arrow. 
 
V. -v 
 
f 
 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 ill 
 
 I 
 
 i i 
 
 I -I 
 
 EX 1']. A K A'l' 1 ON OF I'J.ATK XC'II. 
 
 ]U)\\, Ahhows, ani> Qi im.:k oi tiik Hipa Indians, ok Cai.ikohnia. 
 
 Bow made of vew, brn:,d inidlliiii in the middle and ta].eiing toward the t-mls, 
 which arr tuincd back. The nocks are wrajiped witli biickskiu aud trimmed with 
 strips of otter «kin. Tiie back of tlio bow ij lined with shredded sinew, laid on in 
 glue and ])ainte.l. Ph.! arrows liiv.- been described in the plate devoted to Califor- 
 nia ty])es. 
 
 The quiver is made ot" the skin of the coyote, and is used as a bag for bedding 
 the bows aii(i arrows. The method of finishing oH" the sinew at the end of the bow 
 to constitute th»^ nock and of fastening the bowstring is shown in ihe plate. 
 
 lis 
 
Smithsonian Report 1893. 
 
 BUW, AHHOWb, AND QuiVER OF HUPA INDIANS 
 
i 
 
 i|! 
 
 'U 
 
 1 
 
 IS i 
 
:ii 
 
 ,.. 
 
 
 iri 
 
 EXPLAMATrON OP PLATE XCIII. 
 Cu,„«,.,..,K„ G.^,.. ESKIMO <,nv.„, «,...w-„.c,<.„ ,.„w, ..„ Tw„.r,.„-rK*T„. 
 
 KKKI) AUHOW. 
 
 Fig. 1. QnvER, made ol soal skin deprived of l.ii.- ti, , i 
 
 la vci^> ^"''8*^' ^J"Je tlie arrow ease s vtTv ><lioif 'r' +i i..a. 
 
 l)aol<. by „,ea„s of two fhon^s of aXk i -.tf \ r '"'' °" ^^'^ 
 
 probably taken from an old mi 1^1 V^ '^ ''''^ ^'•""'"''' 
 
 tbe bow. Length: bow cl^ 37 i,, b^ " ""'" "' " '" '"' '"^^°^"^« 
 ^, ^ ^^ ° ""'^^'^«'^' -^' '»''lj«'«; arrow case, 25 iuebos. 
 
 Mtr" "■ ' "■ "■ "•'•■'■■'■ '^■■""■""'■«' «°". C""-.e.l ..y W. A. 
 
 of":l';:;:';;:;;';:;;;'„;;r ":H:r;r"H""' '^"r""" '" •"» '''^«-- ^'-'-''-^'v 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1893. 
 
 Plate xciii. 
 
 i 
 
 li 
 
 i#i^' 
 
 Cumberland Gulf Eskimo Quiver, Sinew-backed Bow, and Twq-flat-feathered 
 
 Arrow. 
 
A 1 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 i; 
 
 ^f 
 
 ( i 
 
 r 
 
 ? if J 
 
ii I 
 
 ! i 
 
 . I 
 
 i:.\ I'l.AN A r I ()\ OF I'T.A'I'K \(;iv. 
 FoirrAM.KKsuN Ksk.mo ...iivki:. s.nkw-ma. ,<,:,. I;,,nv. ani, Tnv,.-Fkatmk.; Hakhei. 
 
 AlM.'oW. 
 
 Ki«i. 1. <.»rivr.i: ,nu..h-l,; l.,.y of .l.MT.skin witl„.n< tl.ohair. Mado in th« Hl.apn of an 
 onlinary arn.w cas.. witli a Ih,.h1. A1..mo- Hh, short margin is ^ustiClen.-roC 
 w.M,,!. AionKtinM.nt.T.ni,,n.u..rn,aroinan..l,.,.,,rationsn.aa.>l,vsnsi.,.,Hl- 
 M.o- tl,,., laiso iuM.ts „f tin" (l..,.r to sliort tl.onos ..f hnoksi<in. JjandolJcT 
 sinipi.' strin- of rawlii.le atta.li,>.l to tlir stiff.Mn.r. Lon-Oi '>() inclu 
 
 les. 
 
 ('ill. X 
 
 <.. 74.S1. r. s. \. M. Kskin,,.. Fn,i A tscm. f\uu„hA ( •.,I1,.H.>.1 l.v I(„bt 
 
 .ilrl'iii'hnii'. 
 
 XoTi: -This uunU'l of M ,|niv,.r .•..ntains also niiniatnn' sinew-ha. ko.l Low an.l 
 
 arrows, )>nt they an- all correct 1 
 
 yniaUcni iniilation of originals. Ainouo-tlio Eskimo, 
 
 • lumMsof thisfonnan. very common an.l ;„■,. h.nj^ <.no„^h to ..ontain the arrows 
 and tlie bow within ilir hoo<l. 
 
Smithsonian Report 18^3. 
 
 Plate XCIV. 
 
 )\V illlU 
 
 ■ikiini". 
 
 illTOWS 
 
 I 
 
 Fort Anderson Eskimo Quiver, Sinew-backed Bow. and Two-feather barbed Arrov/.