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 i 
 
 CAXADIAX PA('1F[(' liAILWAV 
 AND TlIK NEW XOIITIIWEST. 
 
 FAR iiway in thu Xorlliwest, as far l)c- 
 yoiul St. P.uil as St. Paul is Iwyoiid 
 Cliicafj-o, staiuls Winnipoj;:, the capital of 
 Maiiiti(l)a, ami tlio (gateway of a now realm 
 about to junip from its present stat<' of 
 trackless prairies, as yet almost devoid of 
 settlement, to llic condition of our most 
 prosperous \Vest<M'n States. Here, bound- 
 ed on the south i)y Dakota and Montana, 
 west by the Rocky Mountains, north and 
 east by the <;;reat Peace liiveraud the chain 
 of lakes and rivers that stretch from Lake 
 Atlial)a.sca to Winnipe^r. lies a vast extent 
 of country, estimated toeontain:!(l(l,(H)(l,n()() 
 acres, orenouuh to make eit,rht such States 
 as J.>\va or Illinois. Not, all of it is fcM-- 
 tilf it is ti'ue, yet it may bo safely said 
 that two-thirds of it are available for set- 
 tlement and cultivation. 
 
 In fact, the extent of availal)le land in 
 these new countries is apt to be underes- 
 tim.ited, for if tho ti'aveller does iiol see 
 ])riiiries waist deep in the richest {j^ra.ss, he 
 is apt to set them down as barren lands, 
 and if hecros.sesamarsh, heat once stamps 
 it as land too wot for cultivation. Tho.se, 
 however, who remember the early days of 
 Illinois and Iowa have seen lands then 
 j)assed by as worthless swamps, now lield 
 at high prices as the best of meadow-land. 
 
 This is a land of ndling prairies and table- 
 lands, watered by navifrable rivers, and 
 not devoid of limber. 
 
 Its climate is hardly such as one would 
 select Yor a lazy man's jjaradise, for the 
 winters an; lony ami cold, and th(( sum- 
 mers short and liercely hot, though their 
 shortness is in some nu'asur" coin))ensated 
 for 1 V the great length of the midsunnncr 
 days. Xcverlheless. it is a laud where 
 wheat aiul many other grains and root 
 crops attain their fullesi jierfection, and 
 is Well litti'd to be the home of a vigoi'ous 
 and healthy race. Manitoba, of which 
 we hear so nmch now, is but the merest 
 fraction of this territory, and, lying in the 
 southeast corner, is as yet the only part 
 accessible Ity rail. 
 
 Most of our ideas of this re^rion are de- 
 rived from travellers who tivivc..>e(l it in 
 midwinter, toiling along wearily day after 
 day on snow-shoes or with Kscpiimau-'c 
 dogs and sleds, cold, hungry, and shelter- 
 loss: no wonder that we have learned to 
 tliink of it as an ai'ctic region ! 
 
 Listen to what Huller wi'itos of it when 
 about to start from Portiige-la- Prairie for 
 Kdnionlon in bis first trip. (These opin- 
 ions, however, wei'e much modified after- 
 ward.) "A long journey lay Ix'fore me: 
 nearly :!()()(l miles would have to be li-av- 
 ersed befoi'o I could reach the neis'bbor- 
 liood of oven this lonely s])ot itself, this 
 last vcviTQ of civiliza'ion. The terrific cold 
 of a winter of which I had heard, a cold 
 so iiiten.se that tra\e| ceases except in the 
 vicinity of the forts of the Iluil.son Ray 
 Company, a cold which freezes mei'cury, 
 and of which the spirit roiristors W) ' of 
 frost — this was to bo the thought of many 
 nights, the ever-present companion of 
 many days. Retween this little camp 
 fire and the giant mountains to which my 
 footst<i>s were turned there stooii in that 
 long U'dd miles but si.x houses." 
 
 This was in 1S70. Now hoar what 
 Mr. Andei-son. another English traveller, 
 writes in 1880, just ten years later: 
 "From Po|)lar Point to Portage-la-Prai- 
 rie tho land seemed i)erfection — ili'V Jind 
 workable soil, liirlit but rich in the ex- 
 treme, evidence the magnificent crops of 
 wheat we passed. A farmer to whom I 
 spoke shook his head and said : ' The black- 
 birds ar<> bad enough, but there's plenty 
 for us all; in si>it(! of them I shall have 
 thirty-live bushels to the acre' Portage- 
 la-Prairie, which a few years ago was i)art 
 of an uninhabiteil waste, is now a thriv- 
 
 
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 CANAIUAN PACIFIC RAILWAY AND THE NEW NORTHWEST. 41.1 
 
 infr little town, with a coiiijU^ of liotcis 
 aiul half a dozen niuchino depots."" 
 
 Over this vast re^rion, and indeed all 
 that lies between it and the .\retie Ocean, 
 for two hundred years the Hudson Hay 
 Company exercised territorial ri^fhts. Till 
 within a fev,- y ars it was practically un- 
 known ex<'ept as a preserve of fur-heai'- 
 \i)<; animals; and jtrior to ISTO it was hard 
 to iind any information as to its material 
 resources or its value. The Company dis- 
 coiira<red every attempt that threatened to 
 •ut"rfei'e with the fur-lieariny; animals or 
 th.' Indians who trapped them; still it be- 
 came known that some of this vast re<iion 
 was not utterly worthless (nv other jiui'- 
 poses; the .soil looked deep !ind I'ich in 
 many places, and in the western part the 
 huH'alo found a wiiitei' subsistence, for the 
 snows were siddom deep, and in the pure 
 dry air and hot autmnnal sun the tfrasses, 
 instead of witheriuir. dried into luitural 
 hay. The early e.X'plorers. too, had hroufi'ht 
 hack rejiortsof noi)le rivers, of fertile prai- 
 ries, of ifreat beds of coal, o{ belts of fine 
 tiinl)er. Bi '^ what cared the Company 
 for these '! Ire rivei-s, it is true, were val- 
 uable as heiiiff ihe homes of the otter, the 
 mink, and other fur-bearing- a?MmaIs, and 
 *'urni>he(l lisli for theii" employt's, and 
 hij,'hways for their canoes. For the rest 
 they had no use. At last, in 1H7(). seeinjr 
 that they could no lonjcer exchuk^ the 
 world from tlie.se fertile regions, the Ilud- 
 .son Bay Company sold their territorial 
 ri^rbts to Cauad.'i, which now hcffan to see 
 its way to a railroad across the continent, 
 to link Ihe colonies from Nova Scotia to 
 British Cohnnbia. The Company received 
 in return a million and a half of dollars, a 
 reservation of laud aroinid their forts, and 
 one-twentieth of the lands within the fer- 
 tile belt. It is not necessary for us to fol- 
 low the ipuirrellin^'', the wire-iiulliiifr. the 
 attem])ts to harmonize conllictinij inter- 
 ests, tlie s<'iindals worse than those of our 
 credit mobilier, that followed tlu attempts 
 of the ffovernment to inaujfurate tliis 
 scheme. To the Pacilic Railway at least 
 one adTuinistralion owed it'- downfall. Fi- 
 nally, in ISSI. after i)ublic money to avast 
 amount had been exiiended on surveys, 
 and some of the road actually constructed, 
 a bargain was concluded with an associa- 
 tion of capitalists, called, in the shiuji; of 
 the stock market, ""a syndicate." to com- 
 plete tlie midertakinji:. The syndicate 
 apreed to complete a railroad of the stand- 
 ard gauge from Lake Nipissing, near the 
 
 nortlieast shore of Lake Huron, to Port 
 Mof)dy, on Burrai-d Inlet, in Brilisli Co- 
 lumbia, nearly opposite the south cn<l of 
 N'ancoiiver Island, by .May 1, IMII, and t() 
 maintain and operate the .same forevei-. 
 [n return they were allowed to charife cer- 
 tain tolls, liad liberal exemptions fi^om 
 taxation, were uiven iri'J."). (10(1.(1(1(1 in cash, 
 'ir.,( )()(), (100 acres of land, and about 7(10 
 miles of ridlroad already built orconti'act- 
 ed for by the governm(-nt, valued at about 
 !?:!(). 0(I0,()0() more. 
 
 In short, the frovernment was only too 
 glad to g<-t cleai- of the whole si-hcme, 
 and give a royal liounty to any one will- 
 ing and able to linish it. It is said that 
 $3, (100, 000 had been spent on surveys 
 alone, and that 12.000 miles of different 
 I'outes had been actually surveyed with 
 instiument ami chain. No doubt the gov- 
 erinnent hoped, by intrusting the enter- 
 ])rise to jn-ivate bauds, to hasten both the 
 completion of llie- raili'oad and tht^ settle- 
 ment of tlie country, as it was manifest!/ 
 to the interest of the syndicate that tlieir 
 lands .should be sold and settled as rapid- 
 ly as i)ossible, wliich could hardly be done 
 exce])l as the i-oiul was built. 
 
 Now it is evident that the growth of 
 this r(>gion will be i'ai)id, probably nu>re 
 rapid, indeed, than that of f)ur own West- 
 ern States that lie beyond the lakes; for 
 in them there had been a slow but steady 
 increase of jxipulation from a compara- 
 tively early day, and when t]u> i-ailroads- 
 began to gridiron the country from the 
 gi-eal lakes to the Kocky Mountains, the 
 States east of the Missouri already pos- 
 ses.sed a considerable popuhitiiui. 
 
 In the new Northwest, however, we see 
 a laml that has remaiiu'd isolated from the 
 rest of the woi-ld, initrodden except by the 
 Indian or the trapper, suddenly thrown 
 open for settlement, and on terms as lib- 
 eral as those oti'ered by our government 
 or land grant railroads. 
 
 The Canadian Pacific Railway is al- 
 ready com[)leted loO miles west of Winni- 
 peg, which is already connected wilh our 
 Northwestern railroads, and it is 'noped, 
 not without reason, that another ."lOO miles 
 will be completed toward the mountains 
 the ])ri>sent year. To build two or even 
 three miles a day across sucli a country 
 as this division ti-averses would he no ex- 
 traordinary feat in modern railroading. 
 Branches, too, north and south, will be 
 rai)idly constructed, not to accommodate 
 existing trallic, but to create it. Now it 
 
416 
 
 IIARPKUS NEW MONTIll.Y MAfiAZINE. 
 
 
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 seems tis if iiotbiiifj sliorl of some liniui- 
 cial iiauic, souk; pross bluiHleriiiy: of stu- 
 pidity, couUl delay the ('oiisliMietiou of the 
 railroad, or cheek the flood of imniigra- 
 tioii that must surely ])our in. 
 
 Can it be that, with the government 
 Canada enjoys, one as free and fully as 
 democratic as our own, the shadow of 
 monarchy will delay the occupation of 
 
 this land hy other races 
 than that of the Hriton ? 
 
 llei'e we shall have a 
 cliaucc to see how ( "anadian 
 enter|)rise <(>m))ares with 
 our own. The Northern 
 I'aeilic Kailway has its 
 ajrenls far and wide Iryingr 
 to induce .settlers to i)Ur- 
 cliase its lands and furnish 
 trallie for its lines. The 
 two railroads are not far 
 ajjart, and the C.'inadians 
 have. (|iiite as ^ood, if not 
 better, lands to oll'er. Will 
 they be as enerp'tie, as suc- 
 cessful, as lli<'ir cousins 
 across the line ? 
 
 The climate of this repion 
 is far from what one would 
 e.\l)e<'l from its northern 
 'alitude. While it can not 
 he said to be entirely safe 
 from early frosts as far 
 north asDunvefjan, in lat- 
 ilude .'if!", ther(> is seldom 
 any fi'oni the middle of 
 May till September, and 
 even the tenib')' cucumber 
 attains maturity. Wheat, 
 barley, and vest'tablesrii)en 
 every sea.son at the various 
 ))ostsalon{,'- the Pearl River. 
 Wheat rii)ens even as far 
 nuith as Fort Simpson, in 
 latitude 02°, while wheat 
 and barley fi'oni the Lake 
 Athabasca district took a 
 medal at the Centennial. 
 These crojjs, it is true, have 
 been raised on the bottom- 
 lands alonjT the I'iver. and 
 thouffh the tablelands on 
 each side are .several hun- 
 dred feet hif^lier, they are 
 ]irotectcd by that very ele- 
 vation from tlio.sc late and 
 early frosts everywheiHi 
 l)revalenton low-lj'inp bot- 
 tom-lands. 
 The ])hysical features of this region ai'e 
 uotewortiiy. The international boundary 
 in latitudi' 411 travei'.ses the divide be- 
 tween tlie waters ilowing into the Gulf of 
 Mexico and the Arctic (X'can. Here is a 
 compiiratively barren table-land elevated 
 about -lOtH) feet above the sea, and swept 
 in winter by the fiercest blizzards, those 
 blinding storms when the air seems tilled 
 
CANADIAN PACIFIC KAII WAY AND THK NKW NORTIIWEHT. 417 
 
 jritli till! liiu'st snow driven ut. liiirricaiK! 
 need hy winds tliiit pcnctriitc an ordinary 
 kvfri'oat. as if it were l)nt naislin. Two 
 bindrcd and lil'ly iniifs to the noi'tii tin^ 
 general Icvfl is 1(11)0 li'ct lower; tii> vet :i(((» 
 re, and tiie y;encral elevation is l)nt I7()(l 
 Je<ital)<)Veseadevel, wliile the winter storms 
 lave lost nuich i>f tlieir severity. On the 
 jtlier lij.nd, the snnnnits of tin; Rocky 
 BMoiintains tjoon increa.sinj; in heiffht from 
 llatitiide 4',) ' to latitude 52 ', when^ from an 
 laltitudeof Id.ddO feet thesuininilsof Mount 
 fBrown and Mount Hooker look down on 
 [the fertliij plains at the sources of the Sas- 
 katchewan. Ileri! a stiMny:e anomaly (k> 
 * curs. Near this point two of tiic lowest 
 j^ jiasses, the Yellowhead, with an eh-vation 
 of :mw feet, and tin House I'ass. hut little 
 hifjher, anrl but sixty miles ai)art, contain 
 between tliem some of the loftiest sunnnits 
 of the riintfe. Ho f^radual is the ascent of 
 the Yellowhead (or Tuto-jaune) Pass that 
 travellers appi'oachinfr it from the eiist 
 first become consciousof liavinif pas.sed the 
 dividing' ridjfi; when they see the water 
 flowini.f to the west. While this forms 
 the best pa.ss ' r a railroad, it is o))en to 
 the objection tiiat beyond it in British Co- 
 lumltia lies a wilderness of tanpfled mount- 
 ains covered with den.se forests of tfi- 
 {jantic timber, throujfh which the railroad 
 must forc(! its way. The valley of the 
 Fra.ser, resemblin}^ a ch'ft made by some 
 mi^'hty sword, and seeming' to l)id defiance 
 to the enffineer, forms the only known 
 route tlirouf^h this labyrinth of mountains. 
 Here, however, .so much work toward the 
 construction of the railroad has already 
 been done I)y the government that the 
 route by this pass and ivcr may be said to 
 be fixed. 
 
 Three hundred miles to the north the 
 preat Peact' River flows calndythrt)uj;h the 
 range only 18(10 feet above the sea, except at 
 one point. wli(>reil boils forabout ten miles 
 throu).;h a rocky canon, and even thus far 
 north Butler found vcffetation well ad- 
 vanced in May. To the west for about 
 300 miles across British Colinnbia no ob- 
 stacle to a railntad exists, and liere we 
 shall some day see a Pacilii- Railway. 
 Some reader may ask, " But what of the 
 country to the north ;" It is eitlu»r cover- 
 ed by the {freat forest that stretches toward 
 the Arctic (Jceaii, or lies open in wliat iire 
 called the barren lands. 
 
 The reindeer, the wood bufl'alo, and that 
 relic of ajres (row, by, the nnisk-ox, sonie- 
 time,s stray down to Lake Athabasca from 
 
 these rej^ionsof the North, and where they 
 make their home there can be little in- 
 ducement for man to dwell. 
 
 Now let us look at the route and llii' dis- 
 tanc.'cs to bi; traversed by this railroad. 
 
 Mill'-. 
 Krorn lirnflivillc iiikI UUinvii ti> l.^ikc \i|iissiii^ •I'.ti) 
 
 " Ijiikf .\i|ii>.-iii;.' Id ■I'liiiiiijcr lliiy li.'iO 
 
 " 'f'liiiuilri' H;iy III \Viiiiii|M-;: rj.'i 
 
 " \Viniii|ii'H 1(1 till' l!iii-l<v Mduiiliiiiis .... Hon 
 
 " Hoc'kv MciiiiitiiiiiH ti> Kiiriildiip^ I.")!) 
 
 " Kiuniddps Id I'lJit, .>f(.d(ly \>'10 
 
 " Wiiiiiipcn Id IVuiljiiM (linuuli) •i,') 
 
 •,;i)iiO 
 
 Of this the {government has i)uilt or is 
 building;, and will turn over to the syn- 
 dicate wiien the rest of the route is com- 
 pleted : 
 
 MIL'S. 
 
 From TlmniltT Hiiy to Wiiinipcj; I'JS 
 
 " Kaiiiloops td Port Modiiy 'J'iO 
 
 " l't'iiil)iiia liraiifli tiri 
 
 "tIo 
 
 The 2fl0 miles east of Lake Ni])issinff 
 were already built, and were boujfht by 
 till! syndicate, so there remains for them 
 ,just 1!)00 miles to build. From Lake Nip- 
 issin},'' to Winnii)e}C for 1075 miles its route 
 traverses a little-settled and comparative- 
 ly unknown counti-y, said to be I'ich in 
 lumber and minerals, but with very little 
 tillaljle land. For 800 miles from Winni- 
 pejf to th(! Rocky Mountains the country 
 has been already descrii>ed, nor can there 
 be any doubt as to its rapiil settlement or 
 the early construction of new branches 
 and other ])arallel railroads. Those who 
 have crossed the continent by thi' route of 
 the Union and Kansas Pacific Raili'oads 
 will remember how rapidly one {fets into 
 an arid country after leavin<j the Missouri. 
 Here it is (piite different. The soil and 
 climate are as jjood at the base of the 
 mountains as at the Red River, and the 
 rain-fall as abundant. It must be borm^ in 
 mind, too, in speaking' of this country, 
 that wheat {frown here fetches from seven 
 to ten cents a bush(d more than that irro wn 
 south of the latitude of St. Paul. To the 
 farmer this rejire.sents about two dollars 
 per acre additional on an avera<je crop — 
 no small c(uisideration when it costs no 
 moil' for cultivation or harvestin}i:. 
 
 From the Rocky Mountains tt) Port 
 Mooily almost the entiri^* distance* is 
 throuj»'h a labyrinth of den.sely timbered 
 mountains, worthless as yet becau.se inac- 
 cessible, but destined to {jrow in value as 
 our P]astern pine Incomes exhausted. Of 
 the natural wealth of the northwest coast 
 
 1(^d33' 
 
4IH 
 
 llAUi'KHS NEW MCJNTIIIA' MAGAZINE. 
 
 it is liard to spoak in iiicnsnri'd Ici'ins. fr)r 
 ill cliiiiati'. ill ri'i'liii' snil. in I'l'iiil, in liiiii 
 licr, in ciKil, in iislicri'-s of tlif liiicsl saliii 
 nil, it serins as if the Ix'sl jril'ls ol' iiatiirc 
 li;iil licin |iiiiiri'i) nut wilii iiiistiiiti'd iiaiid. 
 ()r('t;i>ii, ^VasllillJ;tnn 'rrrritnr.N , anil i'lil- 
 isll Cnlmnhia foriii tlircc sister states, 
 ("Inscly reseinblili^' eacli ntiier, yet cacli 
 |)().ss('.Nsinir soiiH' \vea)lli nf its own ; but the 
 greatest riclies of coal and iron, so far as 
 known, lie williin liie liritisli I'nssessions, 
 
 .\ jiai't nf tlie }iTain croi) of this lanv 
 Noi'tliwest will have liut T.'ili miles to ji'o to 
 leacli tide Water on the I'aeilie; some of it 
 has l)ul .jOl) miles to reach lake navi^'ation 
 at Thunder Hii.v, on l.ake Superior, and a 
 railroad is jirojected from \\'iiiiiii)e;,i- to 
 I'ort Nelson, on JTudson Hay, a distance nf 
 ;iO(l miles, whence to Tavei']iool it is some 
 miles shorter than from New York. The 
 hay iso))en fnrahnut four innnlhs, hill the 
 straits at its entrance are much ohstrucled 
 bv ico, and could not he de])eiided on •'or 
 Tiion? than threo innnths of navijratio , if 
 even for that. Hence a crop would liavo 
 to wait over one .season for shipment hy 
 this route. Hut it matters little as to 
 routes. \Vhen the wheat is yrowii, it will 
 seek the best market hy the cheapest route, 
 without regard lo llajr or frontier. 
 
 As to the future of the (.'anadi in ]'acilic 
 Railway it is hard to predict. Tiiat it will 
 serve the piir))o.so for which it was built, 
 namely, to settle n|) the cniintry, and link 
 the colonies in a closer union, is certain; 
 that it will he jirolitable to operate is less 
 so. The lar;r''r ])art of the eastern and 
 western divisions traverse reji^ioiis which 
 must be slow of settlement, where for a 
 lonjr lime the local tratlic must b(> small, 
 and thoue'h the thrmijrh tratlic will jias.s 
 over them, that business is far smaller and 
 less remunerative than is conimonly siip- 
 |)osed. < )f the larii'e dividends of the 
 Union I'acillc Railroad but a very small 
 fractinii is earned on the tliroiieh busines.s, 
 and its amount is snrprisin^'ly small. 
 
 However, in leiifrth and in {jrades the 
 Can.idian route will comjiare favorably 
 with aii.v further south ; and from the for- 
 ests north of Lake Superior lumber will 
 be carried to th<! <'{>Htral jirairie rejrions, 
 and thither also will h(> brought tli(> line 
 coal of Hritish Columbia, all of which will 
 help to furnisli local business to the less 
 prnmisinij divisions, and with sucdi }ri""its 
 of money, land, and lini.slied road, it would 
 seem a.s if there inij^ht be some dividends 
 for the stockholders.