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Un dea aymbolaa suivants apparaitra aur la darnlAra image da cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbola V signifie "FIN". lat a to be led left to I as tatha Las cartaa. planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte A des taux da rMuction diff^rants. Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour fttre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fiimi d partir da I'angia supAriaur gauche, da gauche d droite, at da haut en bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagaa nicassaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ■ 5-P P2.8 1^ |5j6 1^^ 1^ tii Ih us ■St l£ 1^ b 1. nil WUU i '•« _J APPLIED IfVMGE Inc ^K '653 East Main Street =^S Roctiesler, New York U609 USA '■^ (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^^a (716) 288 ■- 5989 - Fox ^/ ^^ IProhlbttlon Serlea.) The History of Intemperance. BY THOMAS C. WATKINS. Intemperance has interwoven itself [into the minute concerns of personal, Bocial and domestic life, as well as into the great public memorable events of Inational history. We will confine our- [selves to the leading facts of history, [and social life bearing upon this great Iproblein, considering; (i) Those that jpoint to the nature and spread of the jevil; (2) Those that illustrate the fail- lu J of certain panaceas ; and (3^ Those jwhich promise a partial alleviation and (a perfect cure. No idea can be further Ifrom the truth than that which ascribes [intemperance to race or climate. History clearly proclaims that the [same races at different periods, have jbeen the subjects of drunkenness and Isobriety, and thai the vice of intemper- [ance has equally devastated the tem- aerate, the torrid, and the frigid zones. [We shall state facts here, selected from Iregions, epochs, and conditions most [widely separated, which show most con- :lusively, that, apart from total prohi- bition, no variations of social life, no iiffiirences of civilization, or of religion lave ever saved a people from the wide- spread curse of drinking. It is at once malady, and a vice that has equally penetrated the hut of the beggar, the lansion of the noble, the wigwam of )ur Western Indians, the palace of the 'rince, the tent of the Tartar, and the iiome of the European. It has equally defiled the pagodas of Paganism, the |abernacles of Israel, and the shrines 5f Christians. cl We are indebted for our earliest knowledge of this vice, not so muci. v its ruinous effects, as to the notices of the barriers set up to stem its destruc- tive, deadly influences. Dr. F. R, Lees says, that "Amongst the few fragments of historical books, and an- tique literature relating to the 'world's gray fathers,' several striking notices of intemperance, and its remedy have been preserved to us. Megasthenes' History of India, cited by Strabo, shows, that the highest, most religious, and cul- tured castes of Hindostan were then, and from time immemorial had been, abstainers. The Brachmans, the Ger- raanas, and the Hylobions (or physi- cians), all abstained from wine." He states further, " The fifth and last of the 'Pentalogue of Buddha' (B. C. 560) runs thus: 'Obey the law, and walk steadily in the path of purity, and drink no liquors that intoxicate and disturb the reason.'' The celebrated work of Porphyry contains a page of the lost work of Cheeremon, which announces a doctrine substantially identical with the Book of Proverbs, (xxxiii. 30-31.) He says of the priests, ' Some of them (the higher) did not drink wine at all, and others (inferior) drank very little of it, on account of its being injurious to the nerves, oppressive to the head, an impediment to invention , and an incentive to lust.' " Plutarch informs us that even then, the priests of inferior deities "were strictly prohibited its use during their solemn purifications"; that wine was wholly forbidden to the kings, who were also high priests, and that Psame- tik (B.C. 600) was the first of the regal line who drank it. He tells us also "The Hieratic Papyri " (Anastasi No. 4, letter xi.) contains a very singular and instructive passage, written nearly 4,000 years ago by an Egyptian priest and tutor, Amen-em an, to his young pupil, Penia-our, who, afterwards be- coming steady and reclaimed, rose to the dignity of court poet to one of the Pharaohs : " It has been told me that thou hast forsaken books and devoted thyself to sensuality ; that thou goest from tavern to tavern smelling beer at eventide. If beer gets into a man, it overcomes his mind. Thou art like an oar started from its place ; like a ■ house without food, with shaky walls. If thou wieldest the rod of office, men run away from thee. Thou knowest that wint is an abomination. Thou hast taken an oath, (or pledge) concern- ing strong drink, that thou wouldst not put such into thee ; Hast thou for- gotten thy oath ? " And again the tutor writes : "I have heard it said thou goest after pleasure. Turn not thy face from my advice. Or dost thou really give thy heart to all the words of votaries of indulgence ? Thy limbs are alive then, but thy heart is asleep. /, thy superior, forbid thee to go to the taverns. Thou art degraded like the beasts ! But we see many like thee — haters of books. They honor not God. God regards not the breakers oi pledges — the illiterate. When young as thou, I passed my time under discipline ; it tamed my members. When three months had ended, I was dedicated to the house of God. I became one of the first in all kinds of learnin([." Here we see the present in the past. o2 It is the old, old story — man and drink, drink and man, evermore the same in their mutual relations, yet each genera- tion as stupid as the one ; at went be- fore, always renewing the lesson, but never coming to a conviction of the truth. The Egyptian priest says, " ivine is an abomination" and he commands that a moral person should abstain from it, and not even go to the tavern where it is sold and drank. Solomon and the apostles use exactly similar language, but modern critics, looking at it through modern tastes and customs, actually transform their words into an apology for " sipping wine, and sitting at feasts." In contrast to the ancient Egyptians, the modern Copts are a sober people The cause, no doubt, is the long exclu- sion of intoxicating wine by their Mohamedan masters. There was no fashion 01 drinking to corrupt, no traffic to tempt them. Professor Lees says : " Persia was, no doubt, the prim- itive seat of the Aryan, or European and Hindoo races. One of its ancient religions regarded wine as an instru- ment of evil power. When history opens it up to us, the people were very temperate. In the words of Herodo- tus, ' Strangers to the taste of wine, they drank water only. ' On this regi- men, Cyrus conquered the east ; with a departure from it, began the decline of his great empire. It is singular that the deviation commenced with a medi. cal delusion. According to Anquetil, in the reign of Jemisheed, a supposed cure performed on a lady of the court, rendered the use of wine common— until then it had been considered only as a remedy. Thus by a fallacy of appetite, common in our day, what was adapted to disease, came to be con- sumed daily in health." On this change of fessor Ravi (if the bei times not( sobriety — 1 But these laid aside, self-indulgi their arms have the i all their de stead of ws beverage. on the qi the natural banquets ti cation. D a sort of i the feast ol according drunk. A deliberatini under the consequenc the ruin of Amongst " .\ncient ] Lots, a sim Rabbins he to be drui Jews, were shameless ( hamed foui "so besott stocks and Arabian sto tions of int( it was owini enormous Warnerius devout pagi from wine Mohamed." 9 words almc tions of the which, notw c! -man and drink, lore the same in yet each genera- me ; at went be- the lesson, but anviction of the •riest says, " wine id he commands uld abstain from the tavern where Solomon and the imilar language, looking at it es and customs ir words into an vine, and sitting icient Egyptians, a sober people s the long exclu wine by their There was no to corrupt, no Professor Lees doubt, the prim in, or European )ne of its ancient le as an instru When history people were very ords of Herodo- e taste of wine . ' On this regi- d the east ; with egan the decline t is singular that ced with a medi tg to Anquetil, in sed, a supposed ady of the court, »rine common considered only by a fallacy of lur day, what was :;ame to be con- Ith." On this I I change of manners and morals, Pro- i fessor Rawlinson says : " The Persians of the better Sbrt were in the earlier , times noted iur their temperance and sobriety — their only drink was water. But these abstemious habits were soon laid aside, and replaced by luxury and self-indulgence ; when the success of their arms had put it in their power to have the full, d free gratification of all their desires and propensities. In- stead of water, wine became the usual beverage. Each man prided himself on the quantity he could drink, and the natural result followed, that most of banquets terminated in general .ntoxi- cation. Drunkenness even came to be a sort of institution. Once a year at the feast of Mithras, the king of Persia, according to Duius, was bound to be drunk. A general practice arose of deliberating on all important affairs under the influence of wine." The consequence was the degradation and the ruin of the nation. Amongst the later Jews, as stated in " Ancient Monarchies," at the feast of Lots, a similar practice prevailed. The Rabbins held that they were ' bound to be drunk.' The Arabs, like the Jews, were at one time addicted to shameless excess in drinking. " Mo- hamed found them," says Prof. Lees, so besotted, that they worshipped stocks and stones." The ancient Arabian story olAntar is full of illustra- tions of intemperance in wine. Indeed it was owing to the perception of the enormous evils of strong drink, as Warnerius observes, that, " the more devout pagan Arabs totally abstained from wine long before the birth of Mohamed," That great law-giver, in m words almost parallel with the injunc" lions of the apostles, gave forth a law, which, notwithstanding the evasions of 08 the unfaithful, and the temptations o* circumstances, has more affected for good, the millions of the eastern popu- lations—Tartars, Turks, Persians, Hin- doos, Arabs, Egyptians and Moors — thanany otherpolitical institution which was ever set up amongst them. " O true believers, surely wine and lots are an abomination, a snare of Satan, therefore avoid them. Satan seeketh to sow dissension and hatred by means of wine and lots. Will ye not therefore abstain from them ?" — The Koran, v. 7, Can we resist the belief that Mohamed in his intercourse with the monks and Eremites of the desert, had heard of, or read their translation of the New Testa- ment as follows : " And they becom- ing sober again out of the snare of the devil, who are taken captive at his will." —2nd Tim. ii, 26, and "Drink not, be >, watchful, for the devil walketh about jf'"' seeking whom he may drink down." Professor Lees remarks : '* The Na- bathaeans are named by Diodorus, of Sicily (B.C. 60), as a people who live under the open heaven, and call the desert their country ; who have a law that forbids them to drink wine or build houses." He states further : " Mohamed, however, plainly distin- guishes between the native or inspis- sated juice, and the fermented product. The Koran says : ' Of the fruit of the grape ye obtain an inebriating liquor, and also good nourishment.' Doubt- less the Nabathaeans, the Pythagoreans, and the Persian magi, after the captiv- ity, had great influence in modifying opinion and practice in the region of Palestine. The Apocrypha, the Pseudo- Philon, and secular history, indeed make certain the fact of this influence amongst the pre-Christian Jews, and the early Christians, so much so, that unless we read the New Testament in the light of this fact, many of its allu- sions, even its words, will fail to yield up the truth to us, which was patent to the minds of those to whom the originals were addressed." Intoxicating liquor was a mocker of old as it is now. Pliny (A. D. 40) has shown how the Roman world in his day was related to wine : " The fasci- nation of wine being so great, that the multitude can see no other object worth living for " So much for wine countries being universally sober. Professor Lees says again : "Greece and Syria seem to have been equally affected. Theodret (A.D. 172) remarks of Tatian, that • he abiiors the use of wine.' St. Augustine reproaches the Manichees with being so perverse, that ' while they refuse wine {vinum), and call it, the gall of the prince of dark- ness {fel piincijris tenebrarum), they nevertheless eat of grapes and drink ot vinum coctum (The pure juice of the grape.) Epiphanius (A.D. 390), Bishop of Salamis, says of the Encratites : ' They did not use wine at all, saying it was of the devil, and that drinking and using it was sinful' This was evidently said of intoxicating wine, not of the natural juice of the grape, which they are foolishly charged with incessantly sucking. Photius observes of the Severians : ' They were averse to wine, as the cause of drunkenness.' Joseph- us, who wrote in the first century, describes the Essenes : saying, ' They are Jews by nation, and a society friendly to each other beyond what is to be found among other people. They have an aversion to sensuous pleasure in the same manner, as to that which is truly evil. Temperance, and to keep the passions in subjection, they es- teem virtues of the first order. They are long livers, so that many of them -" 04 arrive at the age of 100 years, which to be ascribed to their simple atK plain diet, and the temperance anr good order observed in all things.' 'J the Nazarites, and the Essenes Pales- tine was indebted for its comparative freedom from drunkenness." Dr. Lees states : " Behind these facts concerning ancient Teetotalism, there rests a deep, dark shadow, lit up anon with a lurid glare, the evidence of a still more ancient intemperance. Far as we go back beyond the verge of history, intothe dim twilight of tradition, we still find the traces of that ruin and wretchedness, which ever follow in the track of strong drink. The precautions and protests of holy men; the prohi- bitions of the All-wise ; the associations of mankind upon the basis of a com- mon bond of union, a protective pledge and a badge of brotherhood, point to a terrible background of antecedent mischief and misery ; to a long experi ence of sorrowing hearts, of broken hopes, of shattered characters, and of blighted homes. When shall the cup of instruction be full ?" Modern history, if possible, is still more significant, still more conclusive than ancient. Whether we study the moral history of the people of Europe, America, Asia, Africa, or the Islands of the seas, the same sad tales are told of evaded prohibitions of the Divine Be- ing ; of His prophets and apostles, as revealed in the Scriptures ; in the Ko- ran of the Mohamedans ; the Vedas of the Buddhists, and the sacred books of nearly all Oriental nations, the same sad history is revealed ; the same sad story of wretchedness and woe, of heartlessness and greed, of rapine and murder is told. Then as now, decep- tion, falsehood, perjury, murder were the legitimate offspring of alcoholie li<|Uors. T •in common 'are, and wc in solution, [other Act, i jtion, is quit [use, and th [this distillei Dr. F. R Oriental ni have been, ( Mongul,an( Arab and < have the pt Roman, fro to the Hib« covite and vian tribes Norwegian Anglo-Saxo this experie mates may may be re nexus ren and riot — drink and ease, madn happy dim fortable ho Bavaria wit and Switzei Ireland witl its wealth, and religior their scfioo and all, exa all these coi of intemper and extingu Schlossei teenth Ceni the Council to Buschin^ every possi commission brandy, or being appoi (Frederic I] should be ever, is mo that in ordei for nobles, 1 had to loiter are as ruin ci 100 years, which i' tneir simple and : temperance anc in all things.' Tc be Essenes Pales-i r its comparative) enness." : "Behind them :ient Teetotalism iric shadow, lit up are, the evidence nt intemperance, lyond the verge of ilight of tradition. I s of that ruin and ever follow in the The precautions men ; the prohi ; the associations basis of a corn- protective pledge I erhood, point to d of antecedent to a long experi earts, of broken laracters, and of ■en shall the cup possible, is stil! more conclusive er we study the eople of Europe, or the Islands of tales are told of ' the Divine Be- md apostles, as res ; in the Ko- ins ; the Vedas the sacred book .s lations, the same ; the same sad 3 and woe, of i, of rapine and as now, decep- \ murder were ig of alcoholic [liquors. Then, as now, those nations, Jin common with the nations of to-day, fare, and were, desolated by this devil Tin solution. Scott Act, Crooks, or any [other Act, short of absolute Prohibi- tion, is quite unavailing to prohibit the !use, and the destructive influence of (his distilled damnation. Dr. F. R. Lees has well said : " If Oriental nations and tribes are, and have been, cursed by drink, — Kalmuck, Mongul,and Chinese, Hindoo, Persian, Arab and Copt, Syrian and Jew, — so have the people of Europe, Greek or Roman, from the Southern Sclavonian to the Hibernian Celt, from the Mus- covite and the Lapp to the Scandma- vian tribes of many lands and names. Norwegian and Swede, Dane, Norman, Anglo-Saxon, o.r Anglo-American. In this experience races may mingle, cli- mates may change, social conditions may be revolutionized, but the old nexus remains — drink, drunkenness and riot— drink and degraaation — drink and sensuality — drink and dis- ease, madness, crime. Italy, with its happy climate, Norway with its com- fortable homes, France with its wine, Bavaria with its beer, Prussia, Belgium and Switzerland, with their education, Ireland with its poverty, England with its wealth, Scotland, with its whisky and religion, the American States,with their schools and freedom, are, one and all, examples of the inetficiency of all these conditions to arrest the growth of intemperance, much less to suppress and extinguish the vice." Schlosser, in his history of the Nine- teenth Century, states : — " In Prussia the Council of Education, according to Busching, who was a member, used every possible means to prevent non- commissioned ofificers addicted to brandy, or incapable invalids, from being appointed teachers. The King (Frederic II), insisted, that his invalids should be provided for. What, how- ever, is more melancholy than all, is, that in order to supply a military school for nobles, he sufTered recourse to be had to lotteries, which, as is well known, are as ruinous to the morals of the C5 poorest classes of the people as brandy drinking. Prussia, notwithstanding her education, is a striking example of the essential tendency of alcoholic litjuors, to create an ever increasing de- mand for themselves, and thus to per- petuate the evils of intemperance." Thirty-one years ago, Dr. Wald, of Konigsberg, at a public conference, made the following statement, which was re-published in his "Alliance Ar- gument for Prohibition," by Dr. F. R. Lees. "The ZoUverein consumed 122 millions of dollars worth of alcoholic liquiirs. Berlin in 1844, compared with 1745, had one church less and 1,500 taverns more. Out of 60 children un- der 6 years old in the Orphan Asylum, 40 had been taught to sip drams, and 9 had a depraved desire for them. In the Vale of Barmen — renowned for its religious character (or profession), — with a population of 80,000, not less than 13,000 were habitual dram-drink- ers. In a conscription of that year (1852) for a district of Western Prus- sia, out of 174 young men, only 4 were^ admissible, the rect being physically incapacitated by dram drinking. From year to year prisons and lunatic asy- lums became more and more crowded, while thousands became permanently mad through delirium tremens, of which too persons die annually in the hos- pitals of Berlin alone. Drinking, by promoting domestic misery and dis- cord, occasions nine-tenihs of the in- creasing divorces of the country. Finally, one-half of the entire corn, wheat and potatoes grown in the north of Germany are converted into spirits, the use of which has incrq^sed nine- fo! i 'i^i.ce 1817." Professor Lees states, tha;, "By the year 1876 Germany was consuming, besides its wine, 20 gallons of beer, and two and one-third gallons of Branntwein (spirits) per head." MalteBrun, the geographer, spoke of the Northern Germans in 1827 as being robust, frugal and intel- ligent ; as deprived of beer and spirits, while the Southern Germans, accus- tomed to wine, are given to drunken- ness and superstition. " Thus," says Prof. Lees, " within one generation ^ then, the Government temptation had altered the very character of the peo- ple." Lippich calculates, from the mortality returns in Laibach, Austria; that 120 of the whole I opulation per- ished annually from excess in alcoholic liqiiors, and that a fourth of ail the adults who died there, mij^ht have been saved by abstinence. The correspondent of the £>aity News, in 187 1, writing from Berlin to London, speaking of Spandau, says : " We meet drunken biys talking big of their soon gomg off to the war ; we find the dram shops filled at ({uite un- usual hours." The Daily News cor- respondent with the Saxon army writes: " I am sorry to say drunkenness is on the increase in the German army be- sieging Paris. In the active campaign preceding the siege, you would hardly ever see a man drunk ; now hiccough- ing gentlemen, making staggering exits from the shop of a marketander are far from uncummon." The Times correspondent at Geneva, in 1883, said : " The idea that habitual dram drinking can be anything but beneficial, has hardly as yet, dawned on the Continental mind. In France women give win- to their children ; in Germany they give them beer." Speak- ing of Switzerland, he says : " Switzer- land was, with the possible exception of Belgium, the most drunken country of Europe, although one of the best educated countries in Europe. Geneva recruits almost invariably head the list in the literary examinations for admis- sion into the Federal army. Geneva is also the most drinking, if not the most drunken, of the twenty-two Can- tons." The statements of this writer at a later ' period were so convincing, that neither education, light wines, moral suasion, or any other thing short of total prohibition of all kinds of alco- holic liquors from the country, will secure general sobriety, that the Timts at once became an advocate of Local Option. Count Von Moltke has recently be- come the leader of a movement against drut.kenness. Perfectly terrified at the imptnding ruin thac like a destroying anKcI is annually slaying its hundred of thousands of his fountiymen, li, says, " something n. ist be done ; th. taverns mus' be converted into coffci j shops." This shows that the gre.r truth is beginning to dawn upon tli. German mind, that the devil cannot I, i bound with a rope of straw. Ihey ha\. 1 tried land reform, education, coffr houses, taverns and drinking salooi, for a long time, and the taverns an.: saloons have multi[)lied amazingly, andi spread ruin and desolation over the" land, and judging from personal obser vation during my annual visits to that country, that desolation, that ruin still goes on, fostered and upheld by taverns or .saloons at almost every street corner There water, the pure, invigorating gift of God to man, is almost entirely banished from their tables. You can see hundreds of people dining at their hotels and saloons, and evtr/ one ol them has wine or brandy before them. In Berlin, Pans, and most of the Con tinental hotels, and at manv restaurants arid eating houses, it is difficult to ob tain a glass of water, and I have been warned not to drink water, as it would be sure to make me unwell, but I have always used it, and it alone, to quench « my thirst, and never ound any ill-efTect \ from it. According to official reports, as stated i in the London Times, Berne, the cajii tal of Switzerland, had in 1881-2 670 distilleries, of which 360 were large steam concerns. These agents of the devil,assisted by only 1,332 men, manu- factured 2,695,016 lures of spirits each year. Taking ..he litre at i\i pints, and counting 967,000 litres re- ceived from other parts of the country and imported from abroad, and after deducting liberally for what was used in manufacturing, there were 2)4 gal- lons left for each adult including women. The consumption of spirits in 1882 exceeded that of iS8i by halt a litre per head. Besides this, there was a large consumption of wine, beer, and cider, amongst the 550,000 inhab- itants. Schlosscr says Gustavus had recourse '.o the Russian plan of raising revenue fi im distil! tein prove I as to the 1 f come of th proportion ' prosperity I nan and c ' li.iu been f vi^^or and ! < llected by necessary which was li(|uid poisi the revenu. remarks : ' sumption c cent., notw In 1S30 th of the f in every in drink." policy has regime has in Norway erected ah nutritious f plied, but latter being in the town Lees, " Th cian, Mons on human fallacy tha country. ( murders co 446 have b rels and coi manufactur its resulting of St. Yon , the ' Degen that,'«.here of paralytic in our hosp to no othei alcoholic lie of whom I i least two h disorder to in his ' Re| "Of 8,797 lunatics, 34 — — .... ^,. by intempe potent and c7 »ying its hundreds 8 pountiymen, In .ist be (lone ; the iverted into cofTn vs that the grca: to dawn upon th he devil cannot L straw. 'Ih»'y hav education, coflTcc drinking saloon the taverns and ed amazingly, and isolation over the •m personal obser a nual visits to thutl on, that ruin still | upheld by taverns | very street corner. 'M pure, invigorating H is almost entirely ' tables. You can )le dining at their md every one oi mdy before them most of the Con many restaurants is difficult to ob and I have been ' ^^ater, as it would nwell, but I have ; alone, to quench ' und any ill-effect * I reports, as stated Berne, the capi d in i88i-2 670 360 were large se agents of the ,332 men, raanu itres of spirits he litre at i-;i 57,000 litres re- s of the country aroad, and after what was used e were 2>^ gal- adult including jption of spirits of 1881 by half isides this, there m of wine, beer, 550,000 inhab- irus had recourse raising revenue "W I from distilleries in Sweden. The sys- tem proved as ruinous to the Swedes as to the Russians, '* bccaus'- the in- come of the monarch incre.".!.ed just in jiroportion as the morality, health and prosperity of the people declined. The ruin and corrupti )n of a nation, which had been for ages distinguijhed for the vigor and smiplicity of the peojjle.were eltected by converting the corn (wheat) necessary for tlieir subsistence, and which was even partly imported, into licjuid poison, and that too, to increase the revenue of the crown." Dr. Lees remarks ; "from 1785 to 1825 the con- sumption of brandy increased 400 per cent., notwithstanding their education. In 1830 there was one criminal to 320 ol the population, and one crime in every eleven was committed in drink." Of late years this bad pf'licy has been discarded, and a better regime has been adopted, particular^ ' in Norway, where coffee taverns are erected along the main roads, where nutritious food, tea and coffee are sup- plied, but no alcoholic liquors; this latter being only attainable at the hotels in the towns. According to Professor Lees, " The philosopher and statisti- cian, Mons.Quetelet, in his great work on human development, explodes the fallacy that France is a temperate country. Quetelet says :—" Of 1,129 murders committed during four years, 446 have been in consequence of quar- rels and contentions in taverns." In manufacturing towns intemperance and its resulting evils abound. Dr. Morell, of St. Yon Asylum, says in his work on the ' Degeneracy of the Human Race,' that,'Vhere is always a hopeless number of paralytic, and other insane persons in our hospitals, whose disease is due to no other cause than the abuse of alcoholic liquors. In 1,000 patients, of whom I have made special note, at least two hundred owed their mental disorder to no other cause." M. Behic. in his ' Report on Insanity,' says : — "Of 8,797 male and 7,069 female lunatics, 34 per cent, of men, and 6 J- — — ..... wi ....o.i.^ii T»^.iv i«i«\iv liisatic by intemperance. This is the most potent and frequent cause." French c7 journals note that the years of plenty m the wine districts are years of dis- order and crime for the country at large. The " Annals of Hygiene " for 1863 observes, that, "in wine-growing countries, .- _,...-.>,. .*..■ jx..-::si.