IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // {/ ^ A PICTURE c^. ^i^'^-'.y ^--' ^ ^ I) r BRITISH CENTRAL 1!®^-t;;j a[i:/ji[Ra©^\ THE PllOPOSKD NEW CROWN COLONY, AND Uv THE GREAT HIGHWAY BETWEEN CANADA AND THE PACIFIC: II V w« HI. o. ¥L\mc^bnr r>K,iCE oiTB SM:i3Lx,iisra-. mi^ /eod «^^^ ACROSS AMERICA. 193 FOKT WILLIAM, LOOKING IP THE KIVKU. ACROSS AMERICA. A SUMMER trip across America, from the fertile corn-producing country of Canada, to the new rich gold-giving Colony of British Columbia — how delightful, how romantic, how grand in conception. It has been done, it is being done, and it will be done again; of that there can be o doubt. We will try, therefore, to pick up what information wo can ot -. past, present, and future of the route. The route I speak of is the dirt and shortest route through British territory to the north of its boundary line, and that of the United States. First, let us get across to Canada, an undertaking easy to be accom- plished on board the fine Canadian steamers leaving Liverpool every week, and landing us at Quebec in ten days. By a continuous line of vail, we journey on till we find ourselves on the shores of Lake Huron, ■whence a steamer will convey us along the northern coast of that lake, among the Manatoulin Islands, past the rich Bruce Mines to the canal of the Sault St. Mary, which connects Lake Huron with Lake Superior. Now across Luke Superior we paddle towards its western shore, where 194 ACROSS A5I ERICA. will be found a long established post of the Hudson's Buy Company, called Fort William. Our business is now to get from Fort William to Fort Garry, the chief fort of the Red River Settlement. And where is this Fort Garry ? and where is the Red River Settlement? it is just possible some reader may ask, and he may insist on knowing something about it. Of that I will gladly tell him by and by, but at present the question is, where is it ? Take a map of North America, and about a hundred and fifty miles from the boundary line between the United States and British territory, and nearly in the v^ry centre of the continent, will be found a point where two rivers unite, the Assinniboine and Red Rivers, which shortly after empty themselves into that basin of water called Lake Winnipeg. At the point of junction will be found Fort Garry, with its neighbouring houses, cottages, and huts inhabited by some few hundred whites, and several thousand half-caates and Red-skins, with, I believe, at this moment, Mr. Dallas as Governor, and Dr. Anderson, a most devoted man, as Bishop ; while, if the settlement does not produce and export oil and wine, it does corn, and fish, and butifalo meat, and a variety of other articles, besides the rich furs, which form the Company's staple article of com- merce. The settlement is known, variously as Rupert's Land Settlement, the Red River Settlement, or Assinniboia. But the question is, how are wo to get to this half-way house acrdss the continent? and when we have got there, how are we to get on over the less known part between it and the Pacific ? At present there is a quicker way to get there than by Fort William. Having reached Upper Canada we cross into the United States at Detroit, and from thence rattle on by railway, via Chicago, to a town on the upper Mississippi, called La Crosse. From this place small steamers run up the Mississippi to the falls of St. Paul's, where navigation for steamers ceases. To reach St. Paul's is a matter of perfect ease. From thence, it is asserted that there is a good road with wagons and coaches to the American town or village of George Town on the Red River, the time occupied to perform the distance being six days ; and that from George Town there are steamers running regularly to fort Garry, taking three days to perform the trip, so that Fort Garry may be reached from Quebec in about twelve days' pretty hard travelling, but not harder than any man in strength would be wnlling to undergo. We, however, have reached Fort William, and wish to proceed by the shortest route to Fort Garry. Instead of going the old way, by canoes up ny, called the chief rry ? and ader may liat I will is it? ifty miles territory, iiit where >rtly after ;hbouring iites, and moment, man, as and wine, ' articles, of com- ittlement, w are wo have got ; and the by Fort ;ed States to a town steamers ;ation for e. From I coaches liver, the hat from y, taking died from 'der than 3d by the 3anoes up ACROSS AMERICA. 196 the Dog River, with numerous portages, into Dog Lake, we proceed north in our steamer to Thunder Bay. Here we land, and push our way across country, where we hope soon to have a good road, 28 miles, to Dog Lake. Along this Dog Lake we have clear navigation of 35 miles, and then we must land and make a portage of 5 miles to the Savanne River, whore Ve obtain a free navigation of 65 miles, through Lac des Milles Lacs and the river Seine to the little falls. Wo have now numerous portages, altogether amounting to 7 miles, and 59^ of navigation. Once more we are afloat, and with only one interruption we get a run of 208 miles by steamers or boats down the river Seine into Rainy Lake, and from thence into the Lake of the Woods, which we cross to the western extremity of Lac Plat. Here vre land and travel across the country for 91 i miles to Fort Garry, the whole distance wo have gone over being exactly 499 miles, say just 500 miles. Supposing all the proposed arrangements made, good steamers, rail- roads, or roads for coaches and tramways, over which loaded boats may be drawn, the distance might be accomplished from Fort William to Fort Garry in six days. The greater portion of this distance would be per- formed by steamers. On the sixty miles of broken navigation on the River Seine, large boats would be more suitable than steamers. These could be dragged up inclined plains, and dragged over tramAvays along the portages to the next navigable part of the river. From Lac Plat to Fort Garry the country is open, and the inhabitants of the Red River Set- tlement can already supply ample means of transport. The Hudson's Bay Company's canoes voyaging up the Dog River to Dog Lake, and pr ^(^ed- ing through the Lake of the Thousand Isles, Rainy Lake and Late of the Woods, occupied three weeks between Fort William and Fort Garry. Another route is proposed from Fort William south, to Arrow Lake and River, and from thence by Pigeon River in boats, crossing the port- ages on tramways into Rainy Lake and then along Rainy River to the Lake of the Woods. The objection to this route is that it runs along the American border for a considerable distance. The expense of opening it is calculated as under 12,000/. There will be of carriage roads 145 miles ; tramways, 3 miles ; boat navigation, 156 miles ; steam navigation, 186 miles ; total 490, to occupy 99 hours of actual travelling. Thus, allowing eight hours of rest in the twenty-four, the journey may be performed with ease and pleasure in six days. I have reason to believe that this first o 2 in« ACROSS AMERICA. portion of the route across the continent is at present the mojt difficult, and that Fort Garry once reached, the rest of the road to the Rocky Mountains will be found comparatively easy, when proper arrangements are made for supplying traders with provisions. However, we cannot do better than accompany a very active and intelligent gentleman, Pro- fessor Hind, of the University of Trinity College, Toronto*, who, when in charge of the expeditions sent out to explore the Red River, Assinni- boine and Saskatchewan districts by the Canadian Government, went over a great portion of all the routes I have mentioned to Fort Garry, and thence proceeded for many hundred miles across the continent in the direction of the Vermilion Pass, through the Rocky Mountains, said to bo the best suited for a wagon road. On a misty May morning we fiight Isle Royalo off the western shore of Lake Superior, and, passing Thunder Cape as the fog clears off, the im- posing and magnificent scenery of Thunder Bfiy is gradually revealed. Soon wo and our baggage are put on shore at Fort William, standing close to one of the mouths of the Kaministiquia River. The fort is }>ic- turesquely situated, but has not a very imposing aspect. Near it is the site of an Ojibway village and pasture ground for a herd of cows. At an Indian reserve, a short distance off, a Roman Catholic Mission has been established. Unpretending as Fort William is in appearance, to the Hudson's Bay Company it is an important post, and may ere long become a very impor- tant one, not only to Canada, but to England herself, for vessels of ithreo or four hundred tons have already traversed the whole distance between other places on the lake and Liverpool. I have spoken of two routes from Fort William — one up the Kaminis- tiquia into Dog Lake; but there are numerous rapids to pass, when our * This account is taken chiefly from " The Narrative of the Canadian Red River Ex- ploring Expedition of 1857, and of the Assinniboinc and Saskatchewan exploring Expe- dition of 1858," by H. Y. Hind, M.A., F.R.G.S., Professor of Chemistry and Geology in the University of Trinity College, Toronto ; 2 vols. ; London, Longmans. This work is written in an admirable spirit, and will be found, even to the ordinary reader, full of the mostl interesting matter. There are descriptions of numerous Indian tribes, bufialo hunts, scenery, the fur trade, and the result of missionary labours throughout that part of ;the continent. Mr. Hind makes his readers desire to become personally acquainted withhim, and long to hear more of his adventures. The publishers have kindly allowed mc to use several of the smaller woodcuts which illustrate the work. ACROSS AMERICA. 187 x\ it difficult, ho Rocky mgements -ve cannot nan, Pro- 'lio, when ', Assinni- lent, went irt Garry, ent in the IS, said to n .shore of f, the im- revealed. staudintj ort is }iic- r it is the s. At an has been son's Bay ry impor- i of three ! between Kaminis- rvhen our '. River Ex- ring Expe- Geology ill 'his woi-k is full of the )c.s, bnfralo It that part acquainted avo kindly canoes and stores nnd luggage must be carried overland, by portage, as the term is, and hence those paths taken to avoid rapids, or from one river or lake to another, arc called portages; and so Mr. Hind, who has been that way, takes the southern route by the Pigeon River. As the road between Fort William and that river no longer exists, we proceed to an American post near the mouth of the river called Grand Portage, and our two canoes being carried across a neck of land, wo embark on the river and paddle away up stream to the westward. These same birch-bark canoes were built at Lachine, near Montreal, and have been brought all this way by steam-boat and rail-road. We have a guide and twelve Iroquois Indians from the same locality to man the two canoes, besides Avhich each carries two gentlemen of the party and stores and provisions. We paddle on all day and camp at night. When we come to a portage we jump out. Two men carry the canoe, the rest load themselves with her freight, and bear it, perhaps a mile — it may be two, till smooth water is reached. Sometimes we track up a rapid, or where the river runs very swiftly. We feel how useful a tramway would be here. Every portage has its name, and so indeed has every point, ov stream, or isle. For ages the fur traders' canoes have been traversing this country. To their people every mile is well knov/n. We indulge in small tents for sleeping, but our beds are the hard rock, with a few rugs about us, with some fresh spruce or pine boughs under our bodies. We rise betimes. The morning is probably calm, the stars are slightly paling ; cold yellow light begins to show itself in the east ; on the river or lake rests a screen of dense fog, landward a forest impenetrable to the eye. Walking a step or two from the camp, a sudden rush through the under- brush tells of a fox, minx, or martin pr , ; ling close by, probably attracted by the remains of last night's meal. I'rom the dying camp fires a thin column of smoke rises bright above the trees, or spreads lakevvards to join the damp misty veil which hides the quiet waters from view. Round the fires are silent forms, like shrouded corpses stretched at full length on the bare rock, or on spruce branches carefully arranged. These are the Indians ; they have completely enveloped themselves in their blankets, and lie motionless on their backs. Beneath upturned canoes, or lying like the Indians with their feet to the fire, the French voyageurs are found scattered about the camp ; gene- rally the servant attached to each tent stretches himself before the canvas o 3 198 ACROSS AJIEBICA. door. No souihI distuibs the bilenco of the early dawn if the night has been coUl and calm. All nature seems sunk in perfect repose ; the "silence is almost oppressive. As the dawn advances, an Indian awakes, uncovers his f^ice, sits on his haunches, and looks around from beneath the folds of his blanket, which he has drawn over iiis head. After a few minutes, his companions showing no signs of waking, he utters a low " waugh." Slowly other forms unroll themselves, sit on their haunches, and Took round in silence. Three or four minutes arc allowed to pass away, when one of them rises and arranges the fire, adding fresh wood and blowinn- the embers into a flame. He calls a French voyageur by name, who leapl from his couch, and in a low voice utters "Levc, Icve." Two or three of his companions quickly rise, remain for a few minutes on their knees in prayer, and then shout lustily "Lcive, messieurs, Icvc." In another minute •all is life, the motionless forms under the canoes, by the camp fires, under trees, or stretched before th^ tent doors, spring to their feet. The 'canvas is shaken, and ten minutes given to dress ; the tent pins are then un- loosened, and the half-dressed laggard rushes into the open air to escape the damp folds of the tent, now threatening to envelope him. Meanwhile the canoes are launched, and the baggage stowed away. The voyageurs and travellers take their seats, a hasty look is thrown around to see that no stray frying-pan or hatchet is left behind, and the start is made. An effort to be cheerful and sprightly is soon damped by the mists into which we plunge, and no sound but the measured stroke of the pj>.ddle greets the ear. The sun begins to glimmer above the horizon, the fo'r clears slowly away, a loon or a flock of ducks fly wildly across the bow of the first canoe, the Indians and voyageurs shout at the frightened birds, or imitate their cry with admirable accuracy, the guide stops, pipes are lit, and a cheerful day is begun. Thus we go on day after day. Sometimes the stream is with us, and we spin merrily along. Sometimes it is against us, and we make with hard toil but slow progress. Sometimes we cross a broad lake, the shore scarcely visible on either side ; this is called making a traverse ; but gene- raUy we coast along the shores, for storms may arise suddenly, and the waves in an instant begin to roll and foam, sufficient to overwhelm our frail canoes. Now we track our canoes up a rapid, against which no power of the paddles can avail. Now we shoot down°one not always without danger. A French Canadian voyageur is at the helm, an Ojib- ACROSS A3IERICA. 199 e night has the silence s, uncovers the folds of ninutes, his " waugh." !, and look way, when id blowinjr , who leaps or three of ir knees in lier minute ires, under riie canvas 2 then un- r to escape ived away. is thrown id, and the mists into ;he p.-'.ddle n, the foff the bow of ned birds, pipes are ;h us, and aake with the shore but gene- y, and the s^helm our whieh no Dt always , an Ojib- ! way Indian, Charley, is bowman. The helmsman fails to give the proper direction to the canoe to avoid a rock jutting out at the head of the rapid. JuBt as we make the leap, the stern, borne swiftly round by the current, f^razes the rock, and the bark is rent, how much we cannot tell. ClKirley turns round and brandishes his paddle ut the unfortunate helmsman. We are deeply laden, and the bottom of our canoe is so covered with our bag- gage, that no purl is visible. " Put your fingers to the bottom of the canoe, IMonsicur," says our Canadian. " How much water !" " Two inches," we answer " That will do ;. we shall make no more water now, we are out of the rapid — it is only a crack, and the bark is tough." We, however, make three inches in a short time, antl to save our bag- f^a^o from being wetted, it becomes advisable to land immediately and gum the leak. We have a supply of gum with us, which is speedily applied by melting over the flame of a burning stick. We have also a supply of watap. This is the root of the tamarac, used for sewing together the pieces of birch-bark of which the canoes are constructed. At length we reach the Lake of the Woods, which is 325 miles by the Pi"-eon lliver route, and 381 by Dog Lake from Luke Superior, and is about seventy-five miles in length and the same in breadth. The scenery among the islands towards the north-west corner of the 1 iko is most lovely, and presents every variety of bare precipitous rock, abrupt timbered hills, gentle wooded slopes, and open grassy areas. We purpose landing at the extreme western corner of the lake, and travelling overland to Fort Garry; but while we are encamped at Garden Island, a pai-ty of Indians, attracteif by our fires, make their appearance, and next morning a large number assemble. They have just returned from an expedition against the Sioux, and look hideous in their war paint and the scalps they have taken. They claim the country, through which we intend passing, as their own, and positively forbid our penetrating into it. Several of our party are ill, and altogether we deem it politic not to make the attempt. The chief observes, " It is hard to deny your request ; but we see how the Indians are treated far away. The white man comes, looks at their flowers, their trees, and their rivers ; others soon follow ; the lands of the Indians soon pass from their hands, and they have nowhere a home. O 4 2(10 ACROSS AMERICA. Y„t go b, the .., the whu;„;;;r.,a. Lt..;— 1,„, ,„ -ff^^ss^Kw^^^ti^^^i^ violence detains us for =f3^^^J - r W^ ^^^^ liours on a small island, and we arrive the scenery'presents tl^e aspl: 7» lolZmlXn'' rr? ""' "" the romantic scenery of the Winnipeg, the i.h J;!. °.r '""'' white houses of thp seftl.-. „f *i r I ^ ' ™''""gs> the neat signs of improv^lt m i: n Tase" ne.r:':,""' f'"" "'' """=- ond rapids where half-clad savage; fish and f,. ''°'".,'"^r'"'" <'»=»-^ i«r„::s!f'the' Which ..as ™:fa wi:i';rtrtrrrofir" r t^^" f^- feet in tenacious clay through nearly levecouPt,^f„! JT. ^'^ ^ *° '^"''^ one hundred miles. ^ "" " "^""'''""'= ""^ding disrn^irm :hTrtS:,it^^^^^^^^^ r "^ «■« ^-^^ '- » ^-t .P .0 Port Garry. Th; TlsJ sMc of tie ^ er7, ril'^ Td'Tr/'f varying from a few yards to a mile. At Grand « Jf ' " ''"" where every desirable comfort is enioved ZL ^^''^^^Se house, Hunter- tvho r-^c^iv-. -, ' V^ ^7^, ^ ^ encumbent, Archdeacon of his curlte anlTlul T ^T',"^* "^ ^^'^^^'^^^ it is the residence curate, and a well-built school-house. We proceed on till we reach i ; ACTIOSH AMERICA. the same cha- ' Canada to the Uing-houses fcr are surrounded Lck of Indians, de, and native t of cultivated by moonlight. rev, where the ppears, and all liough we miss ings, the neat ige, and other itiful cascades od, and recon- Christiau men t stream, hire r rises in the ich about 140 outh, in Lake confluence of de in British atures of the 50 feet wide, hirty to forty ice exceediufT 5 from a short y^-three miles fled, the belt ass a collec- seating five nage house, Archdeacon he residence ill we reach 205 ht. PauU Churol,, in tho ,„i,l,|l„ settlement, ofght miles north of Fort Gary. Hero the river win,I» between prairie banks abont thirty i^e of St. John s Chureh, tlio peaked roof of St. John's Colle-e, the sohool- bonse, the bishop's residence, *e„ oifer the appearance of ala "e v in.t winch .reproduced, after a hI„„,, turn at Point Douglas, by tho° L^^ Roman eathohc chnrch dodieatcl ,„ St. Boniface, the s^aeions nnnnen° and the p.,nsh school, with other buildings on tl.e leftf and I !ro„p ^f ™ commodious private dwelling-house, just below Fort Garrj- on the B=,-«!p*«?*4^il,-i'lM-^*g entsTed'Kfvr'aL"''"'''; "'," v"'""" ^''""""' "•■""" "'« Assinniboine enters Ked Kivei and a short distance up this stream the bastions of 1 or Garry come into view. The houses of settlers continue to a p on :xri;^t.rG"- ' '"""""* '-'-'--• "- - "«-- Such is a very cursory view of the Bcttlemcnt. The va=t oce-in of lnv„l prau.,e which lies to tho west of J(„d Kiver must bo see . ], rC^rd ..ary aspect to be rightly valued an.l understood in refercn o to i^ 7u „ 1' occupation by an energetic and civili.s,.,l race -hU t„ ;„™. capabilities, and appreciate its marvellous" bcauJies ^ "" ''"' The philanthropic Lord Selkirk established this interesting settlement w 206 ACROSS AMERICA. m 1812, chiefly with Scotch emigrants, to whom ho afterwards added a hundred disbanded soldiers. The colonists had manv difliculties to undergo, and in 1816 a serious conflict took place between them and the Indians employed by the North West Company, when many were killed on both sides. In 1821, when the North West was mer-ed in the Hud- son's Bay Company, their chief trading post was established in it and numerous half-breeds settled there. In 1856 the population amounted to 6,523 souls, the increase being of half-breeds, and many families of Canadians and Europeans had, during the last previous years, quitted the settlement. A large number of the half-breed population spend the summer in hunting the buffalo — an exciting occupation, which sadly unfits them for the more regular and important business of agriculturists, and many are fast relapsing into the wild and uncivilised life of their ancestors. How- ever, we must not stay longer to describe the settlement, but we must be off over these level pra,iries to the west. We engage some siiiall carts and a wagon, with horses and guides, and load our wagons with our tents, instruments, provisions, cookin*^ apparatus, and clothes, and, above all, with two birch bark canoes, capable of carrying several people, each canoe weighing 150 lbs. Our party consists of the four gentlemen already named, six Cree half-breeds, a native of Red River of Scotch descent, one Black-foot half- breed, one Ojibway half-breed, one French Canadian, and an old hunter of Cree origin, familiar from his youth with Indian habits and strata- gems. Our provisions consist of 1,000 pounds of flour, 400 of pemmican, 1,000 rations of Crimean vegetables, a sheep, three hams, a supply of tea for three months, with a few luxuries, such as pickles, chocolate, a gallon of port wine, and a gallon of brandy. Each cart carries about 450 and and the wagon 900 lbs. Thus we number in all fifteen men, fifteen horses, six Red River carts, one wagon, and one ox, which we take in case we do not succeed in killing buffaloes when our meat is expended. We are fairly off on the evening of 14th June. On the 16th we reach Prairie Portage, beautifully situated sixty miles west of Fort Garry, on the Assinniboine. Here a mission has been esta- blished under Archdeacon Cochrane, and a settlement commenced which will bo one day of importance, on account of the vast extent of fertile country which surrounds it, because it is in the track of the buffalo hunters proceeding south and west, and because it is also near the fertile I ACROSS AMERICA, 207 wards added a difficultieg to 1 them and the ly were killed d in the Hud- hed in it, and n amounted to ly families of rs, quitted the lie summer in mfits them for and many are 3stors. How- it we must be 3 and guides, iions, cookins moes, capable ed, six Cree ack-foot half- .n old hunter ts and strata- Df pemmican, supply of tea late, a gallon bout 450 and men, fifteen I we take in is expended. 1 sixty miles IS been esta- | enced which | nt of fertile I the bufialo '^ r the fertile region drained by White Sand River, while the road to tlie timber- covered Ridmg Mountains passes near it. Tiie prairie hero is of the richest description, and towards the nortli and cast boundless to the eye The river bank is fringed with a belt of fine oak, elm, ash, and ash- leaved maple, and on the south there is a forest of four miles in depth. The river abounds with sturgeons and gold-eyes, and within ci-hteen miles, m Lake Manitobah, vast quantities of white fish are cau-ht. We have taken two days to accomplisii these sixty miles, and probably from thirty to forty miles a day is as much as horses and carts, even sup- posing relays, can be expected to perform. TKAIEIE rOETArxE, ASSINNIBOIXE IlIVER. We advance cautiously in certain localities, on the look out for Sioux Indians, who would probably attack us if they found us unprepared We are exposed to several very severe thunderstorms, when we are oblic^ed to camp, as it is impossible to make head against them. We find al^o'the traces of locusts, and meet with them also in immense flights. Here as in Africa and Asia, they completely destroy all herbage on which thev settle. •' ^ Our course is towards Fort Ellis; i.nd now wo push on, two days' journey or rather more, to the Little Saskatchewan river, and al)out the same to Fort Ellis. Hence we have a distance of about 320 miles to per form to reach Carlton House on the North Saskatchewan, a distance' which it takes us about ten days to perform with perfect ease. The shortest road is not always tiavelled over the most rapidly. It is 'of the first importance that a road of extent so great as that across America 208 ACROSS AMERICA. u : fhi, III w Hi li t c 1 I g 1 f. o a h c M M h ■w ct h should pass through a fertile region, capable of affording food to the settlers who must of necessity be placed on it, and to the travellers who pass along it. Now we must especially draw attention to the map drawn by Professor Hind, published in his account of the Assinniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition. There exists a belt of land, the greater part known as the valley of the Saskatchewan, varying from sixty to two hundred miles in width, in a semicircular form, and extend- ing from the Red River Settlements, which it embraces, to the very foot of the Rocky Mountains. The western portion is watered by the North Saskatchewan, the eastern by the Assinniboine rivers. To the north, on the portion we are now going over, are tlie Riding, Duck, and Porcupine Mountains, all well timbered, with numerous navigable lakes and rivers on the other side of them. A groat portion of these two large rivers are navigable for steamers, inueed a large number of the rivers and streams running through the territory are navigable for boats, so that settlers will find water communication from one point to another equal to that to be found in any part of Canada itself. Throughout this vast belt there exists either a rich pasturage, land peculiarly adapted for agriculture, or well, though not densely, timbered country. The climate, too, is admirably suited for agriculture, and healthy in the extreme. The winters, though severe, are short, and, owing to the ample moisture of the climate when spring commences, vegetation pro- ceeds at a rapid rate, and all the products of Upper Canada are produced in perfection. It is through the centre of this fertile territory that the road to connect Canada with British Columbia must be formed. There is already an easy cart tra^l over which we are now proceeding from Fort Garry, past Fort Ellis to Carlton House, on the north Saskat- chewan. By keeping rather more to the south, so as to strike the elbow of the north branch, a more direct road will be found to Edmonton. Near the elbow is Fort Pitt, and hence Mr. Kane, whose journey I have before described, rode the whole distance to Edmonton on horseback. From Edmonton he proceeded, partly by land and partly by river, to Jasper's House at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and over them, an easy pass for horses, to Boat Encampment on the Columbia River. To this river a road is in course of formation to Shouswap Lake in British Columbia, whence steamers are about to run to the Fraser River. However, the Vermilion Pass is considered more suitable for carts than that above Jasper's House. Weh( ^5 River I thmg I succe( j prepa: 1 veyor then where These for af points placec not or j of the j fishen 4 '> also fi I soon I I in the J partia } howe\ i colon} I probal the be very ( canno safety and a lakes perfor have equipi with I journe are inl will dc formec Coloni requiri I l!l ACROSS AMERICA. 80» 1 to the settlers Hers who pass n by Professor Saskatchewan I, tlic greater ins from sixtv B, .ind extencl- 3S, to the very is watered by rivers. To the iing, Duck, and igable lakes and these two large f the rivers and r boats, so that mother equal to pasturage, land ensely, timbered ure, and healthy lid, owing to the , vegetation pro- ida are produced jrritory that the rmed. now proceeding e north Saskat- strike the elbow Edmonton. Near ey I have before jrseback. From iver, to Jasper's , an easy pass for this river a road olumbia, v/henco T, the Vermilion 3 Jasper's House. I We hope to find a better line of road by keeping near the course of Battle Eiver, and thence along the upper portion of Red Deer River. Of one thing we are very certain, that before any large body of emigrants could succeed in passing along the very best route to be found, considerable preparations must at no small outlay be made. In the first place, sur- veyors accustomed to explore the country should decide on the route ; then stations not more than fifty miles apart should be established, where not only horses can be kept, but ultimately a population sustained. These stations should therefore he selected with reference to their fitness for agricultural operations. Of necessity they would bo placed at all points where rivers must be crossed. Here also passage boats must be placed. These stations or forts must of course be supplied with provisions not only for the persons in charge of them, but for travellers. To many of them provisions may be conveyed by water. At others, hunters and fishermen may be sent to catch and salt buffaloes and game of all sorts, as also fish. Cattle would by degrees be driven to them ; vegetables might soon be grown ; and potatoes, as well as other crops, might be produced in the course of a year or two ; and pigs and poultry reared, to afford partial, if not sufficient, provision for their support. These arrangements, however, can only be made when the territory is erected into a British colony, and this most desirable act should be performed without delay, probably as a portion of British Columbia, which would then extend from the borders of Canada to the shores of the Pacific. Of one thing we are very certain, that under existing circumstances, satisfactory arrangements cannot be made to convey any large bodies of emigrants with the ease and safety they require. Until the vast valley of the Saskatchewan is peopled, and a well defined road is formed, with steamers placed on the rivers and lakes from Fort William to New Westminster, the journey will not be performed by any body of people in two months, even should the posts I have spoken of be established. Under present circumstances, a well- equipped party, carrying only provisions and tents, if under a good head, with military discipline and sagacious guides, may undoubtedly make the journey without accident in the course of the summer. However, all who are interested in the progress of Canada, as well as of British Columbia, will do well to exert their utmost influence to get the Saskatchewan territory formed into a British province without delay, and then Imperial as well as Colonial money will be most advantageously employed in forming the required means of transit across it. Great as might be the expense of iU •ACROSS AJIESICA. forming such iv i-oaJ, a largj iutorast ivm.l.l „» Z T"?" traffic which must inevitably sXun- T'^ be obtained by the William and the Kcd Kiver :s ooenfl ' ^ T/ "'" "'"= '"^'"'^™ '^'"'^ pastures to the west will puru."f'toT,/ ' '"• ''"'""' "^ ""= »«'■ were township, to b; fonn^dt e cToft e poarriT" °' ''"""■ '"<''^^^' land sold at a low price, almost a nomin^ va e wiror"""-"'-,™' ""^ is most probable that the posts would be folmed T r^^'^So^' '' or no expense. Wagon and coach proprietors hot w'""""' "' ""'° and coach makers and wheelwri-rht, Tr/ ^ '. •""■■'' "'"Ponters and butchers, besides farmer l^tien: It/Lr'h'":'""^"' '"'^"' their way to the different posts. EverrcrZalre^^^^ to gardeners especially to settle at thn no«t» »„ "=™™' s"ouId be given vegetables. Each pos"^; might be *7plld TJ T "'"""' ''^P'^' officer of the Hudson's Ea; Company and L > "/=" "^ " '"'''"^ made on condition that tho'^ownT "Lus toTcerfr' '"""/''"■"^ ''" military discipline, which would be e'ireJ*" '''"^ tempting the hostility of the Indians ^ ^'■''™' "'° "^'^ °f However the subject is too important to be discus,.,! „.„ , present, and demands far more time than we can .iveTt wf "^ ^ ^ ■■" wonderfully few difficulties on our pro-ress thou"h wm f ™™"ter Everywhere rabbits are numerous We IZ^ T """"^ •■'<'™"tures. locusts, or grasshoppers as the/a^ LreTaMr„m:r:"="-^:rtV if pass over our heads, appearing like silvery elori! • .i ^"f ^'S'"' voracions are they that they destToy eve y artkle of ctol ' . f^' ^" grass. Saddles, girths, leathern bags, and elotts le t'"° f °'\ ""= distinction. Ten minutes suffice them, as th balle dITnd .T t^"' left^t^rxr '-'' '' "-'- — which^ :a::eies:; tz lead colour, according to the nnrnhprc: .1 *^' ash-gray and Opposite to'the sun Llrtlm^^lZ' ,11 trwh^f ^'^"'^ '' ^"^^^*^- ing. The hum produced by so marxi it Tf ' continually flash- sounding somewhat like a ringTn'rouT "" ItT"f " "^^--^'^^^H awe and uneasiness, as if some CiM: ^ mit^^ TCJ , t^ ^' ihese grasshoppers will prove, we fear, great fo^s to thof . ^P^"!' turist of these rP^ions unL- mpan- ,. ^'' f/ ^"^"""^ ^Sncul- We fall in ^UhZ 7l . "" '''"^^ *^ exterminate them. We fall m with elk and deer, and wolves and buffaloes, and our hunters One I a hill i I disappi I hear ti night, 1 will b( 1 diately breeds after t Ml- ACROSS AJIERICA. obtained by the ine between Fort aring of the rich )f them. Indeed, [proposed, and the ther privileges, it iintained at little epers, carpenters boatmen, bakers be found making should be given ample supply of trge of a retired ' land should bo unt of necessary 'nt the risk of sed properly at Wo encounter )me adventures, ling-birds, and e. Vast flights the sky. So ing left on the voured without s find to their carelessly been " nit, we see the I, ash-gray and iids of insects, itinually flash- indescribable, s a feeling of 5ut to happen, uture agricul- te them, d our hunters 211 succeed in killing one of tlie latter animals. We meet with them after- wards in large numbers. The picture we hero give will afibrd an exact idea of our encampment. At night iires are lit, and we assemble round them to cook our provisions, and to escape mosquitoes and other insects, whicii their smoke keeps away! Our horses are turned loose, as we know that they will not stray far. Wo send out scouts first to ascertain that there arc noKed-skins in the neic'h- bourhood, as they will steal our animals if they can. EXCAMPMEI'fT IS THE QU'ArPELLE VALLEY. One night, one of the half-breeds sees a creature approach the brow of a hill about twoliundred yards off. After gazing at the encampment it disappears. The next night, while at supper, some of our party distinctly hear the neigh of a horse. This, with the occurrence of the previous night, makes us sure that we are watched by Sioux, and that an attempt will be made to steal our horses. Our camp fires arc put out imme- diately, the carts placed close together, and a watch organised. The half- breeds do not anticipate an attack until the approach of dawn ; but, soon after ten o'clock, several horses who are feeding in the valley, about a i> 2 212 .(JB08S AMEmCA. hundred yards fr*w U8, suddenly gallop towards th. carts, provin<. that the Indmu« ar. iv*ar us. On hearing the horses app.oa.h, the me.rstar up and run to stop thorn. This they ..cceed in doing before thoy pa.s the carts. LaC. k^se is now tathered to a cart or stake, and the half- breeds, crawhng tlvn,,,^/ the Jong grass, arrange themselves in a half circle, about seventy yard, from the carts, each with his gun loaded with buck-shot. The n.ght is dark, and perfect silence is maintained in the camp. Towards morning, one man comes in to report that he heard sometlung cross the river, and crawl through the grass within a Ce^v yards of him I e waited a few minutes for more to follow, before ho hred or gave the alarm, and then cautiously crawled through the Ion- -ra^s m track of the, "something" which had passed near to him. Tl.: Track led h.m to within thirty yards of our tents, and then turned towards the river, and evidently crossed it. Morning soon dawns, and the other watchers come in; we examine the tracks described by the half-breed who had first heard the intruders, and they are pronounced to be those of an In- dmP Further examination, in full daylight, shows that we have been surroundet ,y a band who, however, perceiving that we were on the alert and that tl-e horses were tethered, made no attempt to ^teal them Had it not been for these precautions, we should undoubtedly have lost them We proceed on for a considerable distance, when we hear that a lar-e body of Crees are encamped in the neighbourhood, and with a view to secure a favourable reception, send a messenger to announce our arrival and to express a wish to see their chief. ^ After the lapse of some time, we see about sixty Cree horsemen gallop- ing towards us, many of them naked, with the exception of tlie breech cloth and belt. They are accompanied by the chief's son, who informs us that in an hours time they will escort us to their camp. They are about constructing a new pound, havin-' literally filled i^e present one with buffalo, and being compelled to abandon it on account of the stench which arises from the putrefying bodies.* We sit on the ground and smoke until they think it time for us to accompany them to their encampment. The .'.lief expresses a wish, through his son, that we should see them entrap tlie ^ * Halo in this pound ~ a rare opportunity few v/ould be willing to lose. We pass through the caa.p u- ..i place whie' the chief's son points out and there erect our tents. Tae v. omen are still employed in movin- the camp, being assisted in the operation by large numbers of dogs, each do- il!i: ACROSS AMERICA. 1'13 9, provin;^ that I, the men start }fore thoy pass and the half- ^Ivcs in a half un loaded witli ntained in the that lie heard i within a few low, before ho the long grass m. TJie track ed towards the other watchers »reed Avho had hose of an In- vve have been •e on the alert, them. Had it lost them. ir that a large viih a view to ce our arrival •semen gallop- of the breech '^ho informs us ■ally filled f?:e it on account We sit on the pany them to 3 son, that we portunity few »n points out, n moving the ogs, each dog I having two poles harnessed to him, on which a little load of meat, peni- miean, or camp furniture is laid. After another smoke, the chief's son asks us if we would like to see the old bufTalo pound, in which during the past wok they have bei n entrapping buffalo. We accept the offer, and a guide leads us to a little valley, through a lane of branches of trees, which are called "dead men," to the gate or trap of tiie pound. A sight most horrible and dis- gusting breaks npun us as we ascend a hill overlooking the pound. Within a circular fence 120 feet broad, constructed of the trunks of trees laced together with withes, and braced by outside supports, lie tossed in every couciivable position above two hundred dead buffaloes. From old bulls to calves, animals of every description are huddled together in all the forced attitudes of violent death. Some lie on their backs, with eye^ starting from their heads, and tongue thrust out through clotted gore. Others are impaled on the horns of the old and strong bulls, others again, which had been tossed, were lying with broken backs, two and tliree deep. The Indians look upon the dreadful and sickening scene with evident delight, and tell how such and such a bull or cow exhibited feats of won- derful strength in the death struggle. The flesh of many of the cows has been taken off, and is drying in the sun on stages near the tents. The odour is overpowering, and miUions of large blue flesh-flies are humming and buzzing over the putrefying bodies. After the first run, ten days ago, the Indians drove about 200 buffalo into the enclosure, and are still urging on the remainder of the herd, when one wary old bull, espying a narrow crevice which has not been closed the robes of those on the outside, whose duty it is to conceal every orifice, makes a dash and breaks the fence, the whole body then runs helter skelter through Mi. gap, and dispersing among the hills, escapes, with the excep- tion of eight, who are speared or shot with arrows as they pass in their mad career. In all, however, 240 animals have been killed. The mode of pounding buffaloes is very similar to that by which wild elephants are caught in Ceylon. From the pound two lines of trees are placed, extending to a distance of four miles into the prairie, each tree being about fifty feet from the other, forming a road from one and a half to two m-iles, gradually narrow- ing towards the point. These trees are calhd dead men. Men are also concealed near the trees, and when the hunters have succeeded in driving P3 214 ACROSS a:\ierica.' a herd into the road, they rise and shako their robes should ni^TT^ animals attempt to break away from it ^ At the entranee of the pound there is a strong trank of a tree placed ^out a foot from the ground, and on the inner side an exeavation is made suffie,ent ly deep to prevent the buffalo from leaping back ,vhen o„"e t the pound. As soon as the animals have taken the fatal spring, they be, ° to gallop round and round the ring fence, locking for a chan e o e 'eape but wuh the utmost s leneo men, women, and children hold their robe; before every onfice until the whole herd is brought in. They then climb therear of e buffalo spear or shoot with bows and arrows or fire-arm, at the bewddered animals, now frantic with ra"e and terror o„ fl T themselves unable to escape from the narrow Ihnlts " the ^o^d ° In consequence of this wholesale and wanton destruct on the bufr,I„ has greatly diminished in numbers. The old chief tell us uL, are, and the buffalo thick as the trees in the forest." Mr. Kane, in his " Wanderino-s of in Ar.fJc+ " •' »^t Of a ..alo bunt, and mentioL^ ^ n^L: Zl^^^ sance wbt^h shows the necessity of c^stablishing B itilh f le i "the" country. Wlule accompanying the baud of half-bLd hun ers - Brit sh subjects, ,t must be remembered, sons of British fathers -one of t^^eir 2v had'/r-'r" '"""' -urdered- supposed bv Sioux-, wi^Ltm hey had then been at war for several years. " Three da^s afterward" St rt^f, ^ '"/ .™"'^ """""S them, which brought down ^ L, T ' ^'"'^"^' """"Si' several must have been wounded as much blood was afterwards discovered on their track " ™"'""=0/. ; preparing : total expendi- mot find farms e they may ere [•ice. nt to feed any s, and we also level plains of ibitants of the ■ a few Scotch to prepare for ere long. A md turn them Bflect that the may form an s susceptible, e settlement, u is well and rom the date The prairies 215 would urge the importance of establishing an authority to prevent the subjects of our Queen from shedding each other's blood. To return to the buffaloes. Although they may disappear, it is satis- factory to remember that the rich pastures which fed them will equally support the domestic cow, sheep, oxen, and horses, and we ^.nd "that in many districts horses can remain out the whole winter and find food for themselves. Our journey is not nearly accomplished, but for the present wo must bnng our account of it to a conclusion. In the meantime I must beg my readers to try and bring before their minds' eye this magnificent country, abounding in resources which would make it the happy abode of civilised man, now lying utterly useless, but which the cxpendUure of a compara- tively small sum would throw open to British industry, and would literally and truly bring within twenty days of Liverpool. The work proposeu would add greatly to the wealth and importance of Canada, as well as to the value of British Columbia, and tiie province would then become the high road to China and the numberless islands and wide extending shores of the Pacific. ^^^ INDIAN HUNTERS' TENTS IN THE HEAK OF FORT GAEKY. r 4 ACnOSS AMEEICA. ————_______ 259 abundant.; To,aJi:J:jrZ^2TL^^''' '"''' ™'^ and attain large dimensions Ha^ln, , ! '"''^' 8ro«r well, All garden veielaileTZuZlJi^rl f '"'" "'^ ""* '"'"='' «"l"™te'-<"«''l were there means of maH„g Iti^o Z^Cs' u' fT' i""""' ""-^ attention would bo given to^tlie „ ng rf t' L. ' *'°- ^."'""■ such goods aro required for tho fur trad! A™ -« ^"^ 1"''"""'=^ "'^ ««< to take possession of the land Uwould L ! 1' ""'^'■'""' '<"»'''^ somebody to estam, ic.^ orTa^ding f„C t^T^.^-- ^« spinning and weaving also. *'' ^' ""^ ''y^'^S' P^^^iiaps JSirc^;x:tTmr ^ '"-"'r' ^-^^'^ *^« p'-o of impediments, arising f"mato o?!^ '''"? "'"^^ ^''^ »» Phy^'""' Eupert-s Laid from' becl1™to of l"b: t'lf' ™°' *'^ ?''"™^ °^ world. Introduce European Li^.««L • . !f ^ '"^ countries in the machinery they have br 1?^ 'T^l47:Z ^^ fT^'l trhTcutard^aT^/^/ir," r'^"^^^^^^^^^^ ance between thoRfd-R^^str^CnutdlTalfr:^^^^^ and without muoii difflcultv bo d!rJt!.i • f ' "™P"''y""=''«''S8' need scarcely observe tha tho ^ 'f • " "" "^^'^^ <"^'«'»^'- T^« Company, J.o'^l^MVu i^Zl rH ^ ''" """^""'^ ^''^ trically opposed to such a hnn„v„i^ ,., Paramount, are diame- kings Vd' barons '<:de:T:''Tul:r "■"i"'^^ "^'"^ ^— poi^Jxr airrab-: ?:i:\r nfttrr ■'^' -'■' --- opened up, wiU prove a friend n,:,i . ^ *' *^^ ''°'"'*'y' ^heu Caoada. Make the road tZ ^o ZT' "', "f," " P™""^'' *° Canada wiU obtain an amp,:Vp pVlf hidrj^ .^t. ^/f' ""^ wool, and hemp, and will find «. «n-« « i "\ " '^' ""^ "^^^' ^^^ manufactures. ^ShaU it he soror^CUt^t ;:;:^::yt ^: X SCO ACROSS AMERICA. ft > ( are content to live the precarious lives of hunters, and to dwell in skin or bark-covered tents, as do the Crees and Ojibways of the present moment? We must give an account also of a visit paid, in the fall of the year, to a missionary station at Fairford. We left the Selkirk settlement on September 18, on board a freighter's boat, the largest kind of craft then navigating those waters, and proceeded down the Red River into Lake SKIN TENTS, CEEE; BIECHBAEK TENTS, OJIBBEWAY. Winnep-^g. Thence we steered nearly north along the lake till the 25th, when, turning south, we entered the Dauphin River, known also as the Little Saskatchewan ; then we crossed St. Martin's Lake, and entered the Partridge Crop River, at the end of which, on the afternoon of the 29th, we reached Fairford. It is prettily situated on the banks of the river] about tv.ro miles from Lake Manitobah. Here is one of the Church missionary stations, an account of which we give in Mr. Hind's own words:— "We attended evening prayers in an excellent school-house, which serves the purpose of a chapel. There were forty persons present,' consisting of Indians and half-breeds. The service comprised a hymn and a chapter from the New Testament, respectively sung and read in the Ojibway language; an exposition of the chapter by means of an inter- preter, and a concluding prayer: the Lord's Prayer was repeated aloud in Ojibway by the whole congregation. dwell in skin or (resent moment ? 1 of the year, to <. settlement on kind of craft River into Lake ACROSS AMERICA. :e till the 25th, wn also as the md entered the m of the 29th, 1 of the river, 3f the Church r. Hind's own school-house, ersons present, jrised a hymn md read in the IS of an inter- >eated aloud in 2(51 " There are one hundred and twenty Christians, adults and'diuiw^ this miss.on. The houses, fifteen in number, are neat, comfortable, and in excellent order and several new dwellings are in process of erection. The appearance of the mission is very promising, and in every way most creditable to the unceasi.^ labours of the zealous missionary, the Z Mr Stnp. Miss Harriet Thompson, a young lady from my native place, Nottingham, is residmg at the mission, and devotes herself with exemplary industry, m connection with xAIrs. Stagg, to the education and care of Indian and half-breed children. It was a very unexpected and pleasant incident, m those remote wilds, to meet a young lady, so recently from FAIEFOED, OE rAEXEIDGE CHOP. herself to her difficult task in the right way. Although only a few ZotnC T Tf"' t '"."^''' considerable progress in the L,ua,e spoken by the Indians who visit Fairford, and I was much surprised and Player in the Ojibway tongue, leading a score of dusky worshippers, who, m the absence of that commiseration which made this incident possiblo would hi all probability have still been worshippers of ManLtLrslfvt to a degrading superstition, in place of possessing a growincr faith 'in B 3 262 ACROSS AMERICA. ;vi3 'Our Father, which art in heaven.' The farm nf +J,o\«- '^'^~~. capital order , a„a, although the area adapted rout vat on rZ rl T to induce the establishment of a large settLent, yet Fdrford In. 1 ^ ^ an important centre. We wpre »,.n„i;„,i -^i. '^ J^a'itordwiU become A little fleet of canoes arrived dnrino- +v.« «,r^«- sound, of drunken revelry told how tSthrahf •"'•'« "'^''''■''" *''^ traffic must operate again't the Chris af'J\VmttTnlT„r"" V't' missionary. The distribution of intoxieating T^^ "^^^teTd- ' appeared to be a subject of deen anxietv „n5 * t. ! Indians Stagg. Mr. Stagg's .i^siou is ^:Z:^;iZ:lv'Tl'JTc^''- »f post established that the Indians might benefihv.,;. ■ I ^""P^-y's fear not, or the officers in charge woufd „oTfa e foltp^^ "^^^^^^ ^^ ttetrer;:tert,'^r^:tf:r-''"---~ ve. liberally to the .Z^^^^U^^^ "1^:7^:^^ "The impression was irresistibly forced iinnn m« j t ^ strongly felt by some residents in Ee'd Zj, th t thr^ro;'! „ TbV' tianity among the Indians would be rather aided than othS ifl aries were not to receive any assistance in the form of a„ anlll ""." from the Company. Perfect freedom of action ™ induciri^d "'"/ settle, in the education of Indian orphan children and H ^ f ^ »d adults the blessings of a sej, Cfe'^: Xf T, tt'^f """ /««f Christianity among thorn? are there any Ls loLdt „of"ThT r "?"" "° -n-ionaries? We answer! Men to aitef th ; oltZrZs^'T:' "" r?"'""^ '■™- "^^ "^"^ «nd the Indiana served Ze';; J '■^^Ct T''" """'•'? '^'"' wiHi tlincr. r.„ , "'=1'^ puipofetb. iiaa the missionaries interfered n lonarv f r~ u f'^ '""^™''*'"* "'« I"'''"" '•™"' hunti„g_Tot of view mav iu» Iv hi > . I!' "" ''"''""=' *^°'' "''»'• '" " ^™'Wly point boundlr e of It 1 •"'^''°''' *■*' ™"' «'^P ^"' ^e to define the w th r^Zl *! 3 P"""""- Ho™ '^e differ from Captain Palliser itshoXni::::;:hrn:da"^^ixrr^^ We can,hleL3h* .hTrt^' should despair of its settlement. Lake „f Af-n T ' ? """ ^^ "'« ™y of Thunder Bay, Dob Lake an e:s;'eommn^::t-^ ""'f ^^'''^' ^^'"^^'"'«' --^ 1""'-^ '"^ ^-d i n easy commnnioation can be speedily opened up at trifling cost Th=^ Canada Coldt- n,„,j. r t , . its claims over Enperfs Land. However a"! ^./BertUsTro' posed to colonise furnishes but a "maU proportion f But „ robes" and a very few other skins, they being found chiefly on theTkes and nvers to the north, and tho Buffalo to tho south, it will be more than com posts wil obtain provisions, and tho advantageous channels opened «n for sta't: ':uf.?^rf.:: ttl:,rrtr: ™"' ^™'" *'- ^'^^ daiiriVi. c.fn X 1 ooununiy is the commencement of the Selkirk sttement ; and commerce flowing naturally in that direction England is losing all trade with the «ettloment8 ^ half-castes mi^ht be Tff atcomT ? "r"' "'" "^"^'^ "•^'^"^-^- ^^^^'-^^ ^^olumbia, and cu oflf all communication between Canada and tho PnnJf;. B-'f-'h -nnr' tural settlements would make this impossible "' "° ' It will be unlike every other colony, by being a Great Highway, and X 4 312 BUPEBT-S LAND THE HIGH ROAD TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. .J <; pii ^1* •i tl a' . found formed, some of the more intellLt 1^ T "" ^^»"™»'-' have been should be induced to visit them that the! """™"*' '"'"™^ &««. Canada remove there. The most str.T.'eit relu Ir^' ''''""''' *'''" ''"=*''ren S he =a!G of spirituous liquors to the nftite, ."""'' ^' P"^'"' '» P^^Wt can be thought of must be held out T !'T^ ^^"^ indueement whieh ■node of life as hunter. By the Jan '' *'""° "^""-^o" 'heir frmer can at „„ „^^,^^ ^.^^. ^ f;/J;" P™P°- i* is obvious that they for themselves and families, while as tw^ "=' '"'®'''™' «"PPO't may beeome possessed of compe tenev a„7 """" ■■" "'-"'nation, they of the New Zealanders are aTnresZ ° '" '''"'«'' «°'=i <« nu^bera heir fellow-men be up and do'n?aldTf "'°" ^'''"' '^' "" -"o 'o™ opportunity of redeeming the past' be 0*.^.^ "^ ■ "°" " S'"""-" ■» the t,me-to.morrow it may be too late """'^'■"^^''y ='way. Now is ..*'