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V. ■ V, -\ V ■ ' ' J^ : .'. .''ts S..:l - ' 'r A v.\^ 4 m /\ ■^fe:.. ■J» ■\ \v ^^ — «»■ V ^ ■\ 8'',: lii\' #' ■ ■.'■\ •■\ v:-.v •A V ■■ '^'^ t:.:v .. i^^ ■ ■■^ ■ .■■. .y • '•■? '-:■■? -a/ r^ (» ^^^■^■' A. W Sk _j ■Scale ^ /'^ef . S»f /*tt I •JV« /5 i t REPORT THE WATER COMMITTEE, 'i UUBMl'tTINO TUG ^*^ 4: fiEPOETS OF THE ENGINEERS m THE NEW WATER WORKS or MONTREAL ^'^^ MONTREAL: I'RINTBD BY JOHN lOVBLL, AT HIS STEAM-PRINTINa ESTABUSHMBin', ''* ST. NICHOLAS STREET. 1854. Ull II ) ■ t h REPORT OF THE WATER COMMITTEE. f h Water Committee, 20th February^ 1854. In laying the Reports of the Engineers before the Coun- cil and their fellow Citizens, at the close of the municipal year, the Water Committee believe that a short history of the Water Works of this City will be acceptable and appropriate. The first attempt to supply the City of Montreal with water, was made by Messrs. Joseph Frobisher, John Gray, Daniel Sutherland, Thomas Schieffelin and Stephen Sewell, who were incorporated in 1801, under the title of " The Company of Proprietors of the Montreal Water Works," with a capital of £8,000, and power to increase it to £12,000. The water was obtained from Springs on the Mountain, near Sword's, and conveyed in wooden pipes around the Southern slope under Monklands, and two Re- servoirs were established, one on the Priests' Farm, at the corner of Guy and Dorchester Streets ; the other near the site of the Donegana Hotel. 4 considerable sum of money was expended, but from the temporary character of the work, and more especially from a deficiency of water in the Mountain Springs, the establishment fell into disrepute, and proved almost a total loss to the Stockholders, who, in 1816, sold out their charter for £5000, to the late Thomas Porteous, Esq., and others. The new Company took up the wooden pipes and replaced them with four inch iron ones, and abandoning the Mountain Springs, established Steam Engines on the site of the present works, and pumped the water into wooden cisterns placed on what was then called Citadel Hill. The wooden cisterns failed and were replaced by ,n the present ones, erected in 1827, which are substantially built and lined with lead, their contents being 240,000 gal- lons — at an elevation of ninety-seven feet above the St. Law- rence. The amount expended by Mr. Porteous was about £40,000. The four inch pipes proved insufficient, and in consequence of the death of Mr. Porteous, by whose enter- prise it had been sustained, the undertaking again fell into disrepute in 1830, and after being advertised for two years was purchased by M. J. Hayes, Esq., for £15,000, who formed a third Company in 1832. This Company replaced the principal mains with ten inch pipes, renewed the engines, and added additional ones. In 1843, they had three engines, one of which, capable of raising 40,000 gallons per hour, was used both for pumping and grind- ing — a grist mill being attached to the works ; the other, capable of raising 53,000 gallons per hour, was used solely for pumping, and the third was employed in drawing lead pipe. Up to the first of February 1843, the Company had laid down fourteen miles of pipe, had estab- lished three taps for the sale of water to carters, and had sixteen fire plugs of their own, in addition to those owned by the Corporation. The amount expended under Mr. Hayes' management was about £10,000. In January, 1843, the propriety of the Water Works becoming the property of the Corporation was first mooted in the CityCouncil, and after treating for two years the City purchased the Company out in the month of April, 1845, for the sum of £50,000. In June, 1845, immediately after acquiring the Works, the Corporation decided to extend a condmt frorh the pumps into the river, as far as deep water, in order to procure a purer supply. In July, 1847, a report from the Special Committee on Hydraulics — recommending the offering of a premium for the best plan of pumping the water of the St. Lawrence, by water power from the Lachine Canal, into Reservoirs on the Mountain — was read and adbpted, but it does not appear that anything resulted from it. 'I Hi 4 # r .; # In 1849, a Reservoir, at an elevation of one hundred and thirty feet above the St. Lawrence, capable of holding 3,000,000 gallons of water, was constructed at Cote a Baron at a cost of £3000. In December, 1850, it was decided to extend and im- prove the distribution by laying down pipe to the extent of £10,000. Since the purchase by the City about 30,000 yards of cast iron and 12,000 yards of lead pipe have been laid, and the number of fire plugs increased to one hundred. The amount expended may be set down at £30,000. On 8th May, 1852, the Water Committee resolved to make application to the City Council, at its next meeting, for authority to procure a survey, plan and estimates for bringing water into the City from Lower Lachine or any other place that might be deemed expedient, and to ask the sum of £250 for this purpose. A special meeting of the Council was called on the 12th May. I 't' ■ h Extracts from the Minutes of tlie Council of the City of Montreal. Special Meeting of Council. Wednesday, \Wi May^ 1852. The order of the day having been read to consider a motion from Alderman Atwater, to appropriate £250, for a Survey to supply the City with water. Alderman Atwater moved, seconded by Councillor Valois ; That the Water Works Committee be authorized to have a Survey, plans and estimate made for the purpose of introducing into the Cky from Lower Lachine, or elsewhere, an abundant supply of water for all purposes, and that an appropriation of £250 be made to them for that purpose. The Council divided thereon : For the Motion : Councillors Mussen, Goyette^ AdamSy BleaUy Marchand, Campbell, Valois, Starnes, Larkin and McCambridge ; Aldermen Whitney, Leeming, Frechette, Atwater f Leclaire, Whitlow, and Lynch. — 17. ■ y, Against it : Councillors LaBelle^ Corse and Thompson ; Alderman Homier. — 4. So it was carried in the affirmative, and Resolved accordingly. On 29th May, a Special Meeting of the Water Committee was ordered for the first of June, to consider the best mode of proceeding in the scheme of getting water from Lower Lachine, and to name an Engineer to make the necessary plans and estimates. On the 5th of June it was resolved to engage Thos. C. Keefer, Esq., as the Engineer, and on the 9th of August, the scale of the proposed plan was deter- mined by authorizing the Engineer to provide for a supply of 5,000,000 gallons daily, with Reservoirs at an eleva- tion of 200 feet above the level of the Harbor. On the 25th of October, Mr. Keefer submitted his report which was approved, and ordered to be printed in French and English. At a Special Meeting of the Council, called on 10th November, The order of the day being read to consider the Report from the Water Works Committee upon Mr. Reefer's Report on the proposed new Water Works. On motion of Alderman Atwater, seconded by Coun- cillor Trudeau, it was Resolved^ — That the said Report be adopted. (Alderman Homier, dissentient.) REPORT. To His Worship the Mayor., the Aldermen and Citizens of the City of Montreal. The Water Works Committee, beg leave to Report : That in accordance with a vote of this Council of the 12th May last, they employed T. C. Keefer, Esq., Civil Engineer, to make a Survey, plans and estimates of the best mode of introducing an abundant supply of water into this City, and they have now the satisfaction to present herewith a preliminary report and a map showing the proposed line of this great improvement. The sub- ject of an ample supply of water, is one of such vital interest to the citizens generally, that it has been deemed '.i At ) .V. ■i fA i M best to have 500 copies of Mr. Reefer's Report printed in both the French and English languages ior general distri- bution. The rough estimate of the costs submitted by Mr. Keefer, may appear to many to be much greater and the work suggested by him to be on a much larger scale than is required, but when it is considered, that by the means proposed an almost unlimited supply of water will be permanently obtained, and at a so small cost too, compared to the expense incurred in other cities for obtaining a sufficient supply of this first necessity of life, — it is believedthat the citizens will not only sanction, but even urge the Council to carry out Mr. Reefer's plan with the least possible delay. It is with this view, and thut such a result may be brought about, that Mr. Reefer^s Report has been printed to be submitted to the test of public criticism. For the work is of such magnitude, that it will be necessary for the Council, before assuming the responsibilities of undertaking it, to obtain the sanc- tion of the citizens to their doing so, expressed either by a direct vote on the question, if practicable, or at all events at a public meeting called for that purpose. And your Committee recommend that measures be adopted forthwith to obtain the decision of the citizens on this important subject, by whichsoever of the means above suggested that this Council may deem the more advisable. The whole nevertheless respectfully submitted. (Signed,) EDWIN ATWATER, NARCISSE VALOIS, J. R. BRONSDON, JOHN WHITLAW, R. TRUDEAU, JOSEPH GRENIER. Committee Room, City Hall, 3rd November, 1852. At the Quarterly Meeting of the Council, on 14th Dec, 1852 : The order of the day being read to consider a Report from the Water Works Committee to be authorized to adopt preliminary steps towards carrying out the plan for the new Water Works. On motion of Alderman Atwater, seconded by Coun- cillor Trudeau, it was Resolvedy — That the said Report be adopted. (Alderman Homier, dissentient.) m ^ 1^1 l! REPORT. ^Jfb His Worship the Mayor ^ the Aldermen and Citizens of the City of Montreal. The Water Works Committee respectfully Report : That it is desirable no time maybe lost in carrying out a plan for supplying the City with water. That your Committee believe it is the unanimous opinion of this Council and of the Citizens generally, that Mr. Reefer's Report, submitted to the Council on the 3rd instant, clearly shows that it will be both practicable and profitable to carry into effect the plan submitted by him, for procuring an abundant supply of water for the City, from the Lachine Rapids ; that the plan in question is decidedly the most economical mode of obtaining a supply when the capacity for supply, the durability of the works, and the small expense of working them, and keeping them in repair, when once completed, are all taken into account. The report clearly shews, that at even a much greater cost than Mr. Reefer's estimate (£150,000) the work according to this plan will prove a profitable investment for the City. Your Committee therefore recommend, that they be authorized to employ Mr. Reefer, or such other Engineer or Engineers as may be necessary, to make such further and more definite surveys, plans, estimates and arrange- ments generally as may be necessary to ensure the com- mencement of this great work, early next spring, and its completion at the earliest possible date. Your Committee further recommend that measures be adopted to obtain from the Legislature, at its next session, authority to borrow such a further sum of money, over and above the £50,000 alreidy authorized to be bor- rowed for the improvement of the Water Works, as may be necessary to carry out the plan for the works and effect their completion. The w^hole nevertheless respectfully submitted. (Signed,) EDWIN ATWATER, Chairman, J. R. BRONSDON. JOHN WHITLAW. NARCISSE VAI.OIS. R. TRUDEAU. JOSEPH GKi^NIER. FRS. LECLAIRE. Committee Room, City Hall, 23rd November, 1852. J. P. SEXTON, City Clerk. ■ < f i ^ On the 20th Dec. the Water Committee again engaged Mr. Keefer to make the location surveys, detailed plans, and prepare for going on with the Works " as soon as authority can be obtained" from the Legislature for borrowing the sum required. On the 24th of January, it was " Resolved^ — That Thomas C. Keefer, Esq., be autho- ** rized to call in some eminent consulting Engineers ** in reference to his plans for the New Water Works, as " soon as he gets the plans ready for that purpose." On the 7th Feb., it was resolved to apply to the Council for authority to borrow £150,000, and to petition the Legislature at its next session to that effect. On the 21st February, the Engineer recommended that •the Works should be advertised for contract, the tenders to be received before the 1st of May, so that the whole of the summer would be gained for a vigorous prose- cution. The Reports of the consulting Engineers having been received and found satisfactory, it was resolved, on 25th April, to apply to the Council for authority to commence the work " if the tenders to be received come within the estimates'* of Mr. Keefer and the consulting Engineers, and on the same day it was ordered, that the prelimi- nary report of the former with those of the consulting Engineers thereon be printed in English and French. To His Honor the Mayor, the Aldermen and Citizens of the City of Montreal. The Water Works Committee have the honor to report, that in accordance with the intimation expressed in their Report of 1 1th February last, they authorised Mr. Keefer to call in such consulting Engineers as he considered most competent for the purpose of obtaining their opinions upon the plan and probable cost of the New Works. Mr. Keefer, under a full sense of the responsibility thus imposed upon him, has called in John B. Jervis, Esq., of New York, and the Hon. Wm. J. McAlpine, State Engineer of New York. Mr. Jervis is the Engineer who constructed the Croton Aqueduct, and was consulted 11 WM i 10 upon and determined the plans for the Boston Water Works. He was also the Chief Engineer of the Hudson River Railroad, and is admitted to be the most experienced Engineer, particularly upon hydraulic questions, in Amer- ica. Mr. McAlpine was the Engineer of the United States Dry Dock, at Brooklyn, one of the most important Engineering works in the country, he constructed the Albany Water Works, and has been consulted upon many of the recent water supplies in the United States. He has just been called from his post as State Engineer of New York, to the office of Chief Engineer and Assistant President of the New York and Erie Railroad, as the most competent man to manage the interests of that gigantic corporation. Both of these Engineers approve of the plan proposed by Mr. Keefer as the best which can be adopted for the water supply of Montreal. Mr. McAlpine considers Mr Reefer's estimate sufficient. Mr. Jervis recommends for greater security a double pipe for the rising main, at an additional cost of £10,000, and considers that a margin of ten per cent, over and above the estimate should be allowed for any unforeseen contin- gencies w^hich may arise. Mr. Jervis, who has been in Montreal for the last week, and has fully examined all the plans, &c., of Mr Keefer, thus speaks : " It rarely happens that a city has advantages for the establishment of similar works equal to those enjoyed here. The general plans submitted by Mr. Keefer are well adapted to secure the desired result. The plan contemplates the best mode for an open channel. It could not be improved, except by a covered Aqueduct, and it is hardly necessary to discuss this at present. " In regard to the estimate in general, it appears to be liberal, at the same time it is extremely difficult in such works fully to anticipate all the items of expense, and I have usually been in the habit of providing a contingent allowance to meet unforeseen items that are likely to be developed in the course of its construction. This, Mr. Keefer informs me, has been done in preparing his estimate, and it may be sufficient. But although the estimate may prove entirelv adequate to the cost of the works, I would still recommend that an allowance of ten per cent, be added to the general estimate. " The question necessarily arises, is there any plan more feasible or more advantageous than that proposed by Mr. Hk 11 I I Keefer. The situation of the City, as remarked by Mr. Keefer, precludes the idea of obtaining a supply by gravitation. Pumping is no doubt the means that must be used, and the only question is whether steam or water power shall be used. If water power is to be used, I have seen no means so well adapted to the object as the plan submitted by Mr. Keefer. " In view of the premises, there does not appear to me any reasonable doubt that water power in this locality is decidedly the proper plan to be adopted. " On the most careful examination I have been able to make, I have no hesitation in the opinion, that the plan proposed by Mr. Keefer is the best that can be adopted to supply your City with an abundance of good water. I have for greater caution somewhat raised his estimate of the cost, but it is still moderate for the benefits it will secure. " Though perhaps wholly uncalled for, I may be allowed to remark, that in my intercourse and discussion of the subject with Mr. Keefer, T have hadmucli pleasure in find- him an Engineer of intelligence and cr.pacity, and his plans, so far as matured, evince much practical experience and sound judgment." In view of the foregoing result, the Water Works Committee beg to urge upon the Council the importance of immediate action. While the new supply is in pro- gress, no increase in the efficiency of the old one can be defended, and considering the great risk to which the City is exposed, there cannot be a question as to the importance of urging the works by vigorous prosecution to a speedy conclusion. It is particularly important to have as much as possible of the spring and summer seasons to get the excavation far advanced, as great economy to the Corporation and Contractors will thereby be secured. The time required for preparing materials and starting the works will involve some weeks, and as every week is of value, the Committee are of opinion that no more time than is absolutely necessary should be lost in arranging the preliminaries. As the Tenders of Contractors will be presented on Wednesday, the 27th instant, at which time Contractors from a distance will be here awaiting the result — the Committee respectfully ask to be permitted to enter into fnr' h if n 12 contract immediately upon the allotment of the work, and to be empowered to prosecute it to completion with- out unnecessary delay. The whole respectfully submitted, EDWIN ATWATER, Chairman. J. R. BRONSDON. NARCISSE VALOIS. JOHN WHITLAW. PATRICK LARKIN. R. TRUDEAU. JOSEPH GRENIER. Committee Room, City Hall, 25th April, 1853. On the 27th of April, the tenders were received and opened, and on the 29th, the whole line of Aqueduct with the masonry, &c., connected therewith, was awarded to one firm of contractors, whose tender was the lowest, upon the condition that the work should be commenced not later than the 15th of May. The Bill authorizing the borrowing of the £150,000 had not at this time received the sanction of the Gover- nor General, and the contract could not be signed until after it became a law which did not take place until the 23rd May. The bill had been so altered from its original provi- sions, that after it had passed one House, it was found necessary to remodel it. The contractors were notified, however, to make every preparation for an early commen- cement and vigorous prosecution of the work. Ground was broken at Gregory's qn the 20th May, and between that time and the first of October, more than a quarter of a million of cubic yards of excavation were removed, and a substantial stone bridge, over the Race- Course road, constructed ; — an amount of work which considering the nature of the material and the time necessarily required in commencing any large work has seldom if ever been surpassed in this country. On 3rd June, it was " Resolved unanimously, that Mr. " Keefer be authorized to proceed to England and make ** such arrangements and contracts as to him may seem ,. I* 'frured f'^'* let- iei\ (h' *ork parties t'cliri- d to ll>e next " best, with full anthorii y to iclose • ad contracts on l>clia " of the Corporation." On the Gth of June, the Resorvu.rs wei ting, and tenders received on the 11th, was allotted to the lowest tender, but tli ing to enter into contract, it was award lowest tender on the 16lh June. On the 13th of June the Engineer left for Britain, and returned on the 13th August. In Manchester, he con- tracted with the well known Engineers, Wm. Fairbairn AND Sons, for two iron water wheels of 1 10 horse power each, at the price of £2680 for both, or £1340 stg. each, f. o. b. at Liverpool, and made further arrangements with the same house for machinery, j)umps, &c., in all to the extent of £6000 stg. In Glasgow, he contracted with the highly responsible house of Thos. Edington and Sons, for seventeen hundred and fifty tons of cast iron pipe, at four pounds seventeen shillings and sixpence per ton, f. o. b. at Glasgow. The present value of these pipes would be about thirty shillings sterling per ton higher, so that by this timely contract the Corporation has saved about three thousand pounds currency. On the 22nd August, the following report from the Chief Engineer was received and adopted : Montreal, 22nd August^ 1853. Sir, Since my preliminary survey for the Water Works was made, the Bridge question and other improvements at Point St. Charles have assumed a shape which I think should exercise some influence over our arrangements in that neighborhood. The level of the tail water from our wheels is twenty feet above the harbor, there is, therefore, a valuable water power which may be made use of if it can be applied. I am of opinion that the construction of a bridge at Point St. Charles will prevent the rise of the river below that bridge, to an extent which would destroy the water power from our tail races, and that if we discharge this tail water below the bridge, we may count upon being )'- r. ■==a 14 able to apply tho water power, — which we cannot do if discharged into the low grounds of the River St. Pierre, whicii are subject to inundations. By the construction of this new tail race wo secure at once and forever the greatest possible exemption from any back water on the wliocls which arc to supply the City with water; wc also preserve the whole of our waste water and keep it inside of the Grand Trunk Railway line so as to enable us to apply it to sewage purposes, manu- factures, and many objects which will add to the health and prosperity of the City. 1 am of opinion that the extra cost of tho improve- ment will be refunded by the value of the water power preserved. I propose to turn the River St. Pierre into the new tail race and to continue the rampart of the Aqueduct embankments all the way down to Point St. Charles. This will eflectually prevent any inundation of the City through the culvert under the canal such as took place last winter. The cost of this improvement, including the land which will be permanently occupied, will not exceed £10,000, and exclusive of the benefits which will result to the City and Water Works, I believe that the enhanced value of the land bargained for on the St. Gabriel Farm, and the sale of the water power, will refund to the City the whole of the expenditure. I am anxious to get the decision of the Committee on this question which I have already had the honor to explain before them, as soon as possible, as the Gentlemen of the Seminary have impera- tively demanded that we should say whether we intend to take the land bargained for or not. I have the honor to be. Sir, your obedient servant, THOS. C. KEEPER. E. Atwater, Esq., Chairman Water Committee, Corporation of Montreal. On the 12th September, the Culvert for the Pipe Track under the Lachine Canal and the grading of the Pipe Track at Cote St. Antoine were advertised and the ten- ders received on the 20th. The last letting, that of the fencing of the Aqueduct, took place on the 12th December, having been advertised on 21st November. li The whole work is now under contract, and all those partB of it wiiich will require the longest time arc in full progress — with the exception of the unfinished portion of the Aqueduct excavation necessarily suspended during the winter. For furtiier information respecting the position and pro- gress of the Works, the views of the consulting Engineers, &c., the Water Committee would respectfully refer the Counciland the Citizens to the report of the Chief Engineer. All of which respoctfuUy submitted, EDWIN ATWATER, R. TRUDKAU, JOSKPU GRENIER, NARCISSE VALOIS, ) Water Committee. J. R. BRONSDON, JOHN WIIITLAW, PATRICK LARKIN, REPORT OF THE CHIEF ENGINEER. \.'\.'\.-V-V.%'V\ Montreal, 1st March^ 1854. To E. Atwater, Esquire, Cliairman Water Committee, Corporation of Montreal. Sir, In submitting the Reports of the Consulting Engineers, some exjjlanation of the different views advanced, as well as the correction of some misapprehensions, appear to me necessary. MR. WICKSTEED's REPORT. The first of these is some 'Observations' by Mr. Thomas Wicksteed, addressed to the Hon. Francis Hincks, Inspector General of Canada, who it appears had applied for aud obtained permission from the Corporation to forward a copy of my preliminary report to Mr. Wicksteed. These observations are necessarily meagre and inconclusive, inasmuch as this Engineer was consulted without my knowledge, and with only such infoimation as he could gather from a popular report, written for the infor- mation of citizens well acquainted with the locality, — and such other instruction, if any, as may have been con- veyed to him in Mr. Hincks' letter of enclosure. In all works of importance, consulting Engineers are invariably called in, and you will do me the justice to remember that when first the Water Works Survey was placed in my hands, I mentioned that such a course would be necessary. No Engineer taking a correct view of hia position can object to have his plans submitted to good authorities ; and it is clearly the duty of Corporations to obtain the best advice before proceeding with any important n Work — while at the same time such a course effectually protects both the Corporation and the Engineer in charge from the agitation of rival or new schemes after the con- struction of the work has been entered upon. The Corporation could not refuse to have my report submitted to any Engineer when the application came from such a quarter, and I can take exception only to the circumstance that I had no opportunity of making those ex- planations to Mr. Wicksteed without which it was impos- sible for him to give a conclusive or just opinion. I might also claim that the reference should have been made to an Engineer of more varied experience in water supply. Mr. Wicksteed was the Engineer of the East London Water Works, into which he intro duced the Cornish system of pumping ; his professional experience has been chiefly confined to steam pumping, of which he is a warm, but, as in the case of the Boston Water Works, sometimes an unsuccessful advocate. As the unusual course taken by the Inspector General is a practical challenge of my position, I owe it to the citizens of Montreal, whose confidence in this matter I have received, to shew where and how my professional life has been passed. If any apology be necessary for submitting the fo^ lowing letters, I may urge that I have no other defence against private disparagement from influential quarters. Sir, LocKPORT, lO^A May, 1840. As you are not likely to return, and continue your employment in the State of New York, but are to engage on the Welland Canal, I have thought a letter from me on the subject of your engagement and service with me upon the Erie Canal enlargement, might be of some ser- vice to you ; and if it shall prove so, it will afford me great pleasure, as well as to aid you in any way possible. Your engagement with me in 1838 was the first com- mencement of your profession " in thejield" or of prac- tice in the active duties of your calling. You came on to the work thoroughly fitted, so far as education and preparatoiy studies were concerned, and with habits cor- 18 respondingly good. All which qualified you to render yourself at once highly useful and trustworthy. I have great pleasure in stating, that during the two years and more you have been with me, your conduct throughout, in a moral point of view, has been strictly correct, and your improvement in your profession highly creditable. Allow me to say that there are few young gentlemen whose prospects are more flattering than yours, for suc- cess in the business of Engineering ; and it only becomes you to give a close application to the business, and study of your profession, to gain you (in due time) a rank amongst the best Engineers in the country. I have every confidence in recommending you to gen- tlemen in charge of Public Works, in the full belief that you will do yourself and your employers credit where- ever you are placed. With assurances of friendship and esteem, I remain. Sir, Your obedient servant, A. BARRETT, Chief E, jineer^ Western Division Erie Canal Enlargement. Thos. C. Keefer, Esq. My Dear Sir, I am happy to have an opportunity of informing you that the Directors of the Welland Canal Company, and myself, were perfectly satisfied with the manner in which you conducted the works under your charge, during the time you were in their employment. With so many Public Works about to be commenced, there must be a fair field for Engineers now opening in Canada. That you will occupy an important post among them I cannot doubt, and I feel assured that you will not disappoint those by whom you are employed, be they whom they may. I am. My dear Sir, Yours very truly, J. S. MACAULEY, Colonel R. E. Engineer Welland Canal Company^ \^^i-4A. Thos. C. Keefer, Esq. ■■'^-^'^-■'^\ '-'■-- vv-''- -^ '^5;.^-:, 19 Welland Canal Office, St. Catharines, \st 3Iay, 1845. My Dear Sir, As the completion of the Broad Creek Branch, the Feeder and other works on this Canal, of which you have had charge, permits me to dispense with your ser- vices, and at the same time enables the Board of Works to place you in a more responsible and independent position — for which you are lully qualified — I must not allow this opportunity to pass without expressing my satisfaction at the manner in which you havs discharged your duties as my assistant. The works of the entrance lock at Port Maitland, and the Broad Creek Branch Canal, have been executed in a manner certainly not surpassed, and perhaps not equalled by any other works in these Provinces, and for this result I am greatly indebted to the judgment and skill displayed by you in the superintendence. With full confidence that you will discharge the duties of your new and higher position in a manner equally credi- table to yourself and beneficial to the department, I remain. My dear Sir, Yours very sincerely, S. POWER. Chief Engineer, Welland Canal, Thos. C. Keefer, Esq. Montreal, Juli/, 1846. Mr. Thomas Keefer, C. E., was extensively employed on several Public Works, under the direction of the Board of Works of this Province. He proved himself a zealous and efficient officer in the discharge of the seve- ral duties connected therewith, and to possess considera- ble experience and practical knowledge in tlie various branches of caipentry, masonry, &c., &c., involved there- in. I have much pleasure in testifying to his ability, industry, and satisfactory conduct in every respect. HAMILTON H. KILL ALY, C.E., President Board of Public Works, Canada. Montreal, 5th March, 1848. Mr Dear Sir, Before leaving the Department over which (with my lamented friend the late Mr. Casgrain) I have presided I I ! ^ ) : i y 1 ? I 20 for some time, I desire to express to you the high estima- tion in which your services were ever held by us. The works upon which you have been engaged on the Welland Canal and Ottawa River and its tributaries, re- quired the exercise of rmich skill and sound judgment in their construction, — and I have much pleasure in testify- ing to your zeal and ability v/hile employed upon them. I trust the Government will continue to avail itself of your services on the Ottawa, where they will be most essential to the public interest ; the local knowledge acquired by you on this River, and the successful manner in which you have constructed the extensive Timber Slides and other works connected with the Lumber Trade will, I feel assured, be duly appreciated. It will afford me much satisfaction, if I can at any time advance your professional interests, or any other busi- ness you may be engaged in, —and I hope to hear of your continued welfare. Believe me. Yours truly, W. B. ROBINSON, Chief Commissioner Public Wm'lts. T. C. Ke'^fer, Esq., Civil Engineer, Bytown. Hon. E. p. Tache and M. Cameron, CoMMissioNERtf OF Public Works. Montreal, ZQth September^ 1848. Sir, The appropriations for the works under your charge having been all but expended, and the present state of the Provincial Finances rendering it imperative on the Go- vernment to reduce the expenditure to the smallest possi- ble amount, I am directed to acquaint you that your services will not be required after the 31st October next. The Commissioners are of opinion, that by the period mentioned, you will be able to have your accounts fully •losed up ; and as there will not be any person appointed " a like situation, it will be necessary that you transmit till plans, books, and other documents to this office. In communicating to you the course, which under existing circumstances the Commissioners have been compelled to adopt, I am directed to express to you their full confidence in your p^'ofessional ability, and their 31 approval generally of the manner in which you have managed all matters committed to your superintendence. I am, Sir, Your obedient servant, THOS. A. BEGLY, Secretary. Thos. C. Keefer, Esq., C. E. Sir, Toronto, January, 1851. It affords me much pleasure to acknowledge the valu- able services you have at all times rendered to me while Chief Commissioner of Public Works, particularly in the returns of receipts and expenditures on the different local roads and works while under the management of Local Commissioners and the Board of Works, or Pro- vincial Government. In the surveys and reports of the River St. Lawrence, and the contemplated Railroad from the River St. Lawrence at Green Island to the River St. John, by the Temiscouata Lake, with a view of connect- ing ultimately the St. Lawrence with the Atlantic at St. Andrews, via Frederickton, — two most important routes, which will unquestionably be brought into operation in due time. It is unnecessary for me to express my views of your industry, integrity and ability, as your Essay on the Canals and pamphlet on the great Railroad Policy of Canada, speaks for you more effectually than . Your friend, W. HAMILTON MERRITT. Chief Commissioner of Public Works, Thos. C. Keefer, Esq. Sir, Montreal, \Qth August, 1852. In retiring from the Chairmanship of the Provincial Committee of the Montreal and Kingston Railway, I desire to express my acknowledgments for the valuable services you have rendered to the undertaking. I regret that you had left the Government service for the more promising field of Railway enterprise, before I became connected with the Department of Public Works,, for I am aware of the important services you had rendered by the successful and highly productive works constructed by you upon the Ottawa. if . I'i m ( 'J 'f.-' ",■ ! ■if; i ^!!l ii i' i 22 When placed in a position to commence the survey of the Montreal and Kingston Railway, and of the Bridge ove; the St. Lawrence, I found you in charge of the Rail- way from Kingston to Toronto, and I am sure the local Companies about to be formed are fortunate in having the whole of the Grand Trunk Line from Montreal to Toronto, which I look on as one road, under such able superintendence. Circumstances which it is unnecessary for me to ex- plain, render it inexpedient at present to publish your able Reports on the Railway and Bridge ; but I have great pleasure in assuring you, that I heartily concur in your plan for Bridging the St. Lawrence, and in your view of the improvement of which Point St. Charles is capable. • I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, .JOHN YOUNG, Chief Commissioner Public Works. The explanation made renders unnecessary extended criticism of Mr. Wicksteed's " observations ;" the gist of his recommendations being — delay. There are one or two of these observations, however, which require correction. He says, " I agree with the opinions expressed upon the costly Aqueducts of New York and. Boston," which " will not bear examination as commercial undertak- ings." There is no opinion expressed in my Report upon those works ; certainly none unfavorable to the policy pursued in New York and Boston — the wisdom of which has long since been proved. Mr. Wicksteed complains that I have drawn an unfair comparison between pumping by steam and water power* My Report alluded to the inefficiency and extravagant cost of our present system, and the cheapness of that at Phila- delphia, and quoted an extract from the Philadelphia Water Works Report of 1 850, to shew the comparative annual cost of steam and water pumping as it now exists in that city. No doubt the system of steam pumping in Philadelphia is inferior, but that there is no comparison between the 23 lactual cost of raising water by water power and of raising it by steam, Mr. Wicksteed himself admits when he alludes to the plan of pumping from the foot of the Lachine Rapids, where he says, " even if steam power were used, the objection would be by no means formi- dable — but loith water power it would be still less so.^^ The -question of interest, and relative investment for both systems was not entered into, because I considered the adoption of steam power would, from the cost of fuel, be a constant check on the supply ; and that where water power was within the financial reach of the city we should look to the relative value of the two systems when our consumption became ten millions of gallons per diem. Mr. Wicksteed considers that the sewage discharge should not influence the question of steam pumping, because " in the course of twelve months" the possibility of separating impurities after the water is pumped up, and selling them " in the form of marketable manure," will be made manifest. Unfortunately our exigencies are too pressing to warrant us in awaiting the issue of these experiments. These " observations" are valuable in so far as they endorse tlie dimensions proposed by me for the Aque- duct, the power obtained and required, &c. ; and there is only one of my calculations which is disputed. If the objections to an open Canal could not be over- come, I proposed to lay a pipe for the supply of the pumps, in the bottom of the Canal which would supply the wheels, and to give this pipe a fall of ten" feet. Mr. Wicksteed assumes that I said a thirty inch pipe, whereas my report says a pipe of " over" thirty inches. This was thus loosely stated to shew what its least cost would be, as there was no probability of its being required. He puts the required diameter at thirty-five inches ; good formulas make it between thirty-two and thirty-three inches, but as there are as many formulas as there are wjiters on the sub- ject, no Engineer should assert the precise quantity which ;( '.,M •J I in i. i) f: K lir I 24 a pipe four and three quarters miles long with ten feet of fall would discharge. There are also considerations of climate and position which he has overlooked. The mouth of the pipe must be placed three feet under lowest winter water, in order to feed under the ice, and would have a constant //mc/ in addition to the ten feet of/«//, varying from thr(!e to eight feet. The substance of Mr. Wicksteed's observations being in favor of pumping by steam power, instead of the water power plan adopted, it may be proper to state, that his calculations and estimates of the cost of his mode of steam pumping have been questioned by Engineers whose standing in England is superior to his own. Mr. Hawksley, before a Parliamentary commission, says, " I do not concur in Mr. Wicksteed's mode of esti- " mating the cost ; his statement would afford a result " fallaciously low. Mr. Wicksteed's engine uses less " coal but employs more capital, so that the saving " is more apparent than real." This is precisely what is done in the " Observations ;" he compares the perfor- mance of his engine with those in Philadelphia without comparing the cost of the two. Lastly, Mr. Wicksteed compares the currency price of " raising" 3,231,254 gallons by steam power at Phila- delphia, with the sterling price of the same quantity at Old Ford, without informing us how high the water was raised in each case respectively. From the evidence of Mr. Greaves, successor of Mr. Wicksteed, it appears that the lift at Old Ford is less than half of that at Philadel- phia. In placing the selection of the consulting Engineers in my hands, the Corporation evinced a degree of confi- dence, which I felt I could best deserve by selecting two of the most distinguished of those in the United States, and the most experienced in this branch of the profession. Both gentlemen were strangers to me, and my reasons for selecting them in preference to British Engineers was that they might personally and readily become acquainted with the features of the work ; and because the climate, nature and value of building materials, consumption of water, and the wants and habits of the people are not the same here as in Britain. i, MR. JERVIS' REPORT. In the Report of John B. Jervis, Esq., he recommends a double main of twenty-four inches instead of a single one of thirty inches. I have adopted this suggestion by reduc- ing the size of the main to twenty-four inches and laying it double under the Canal, River St. Pierre, and Grand Trunk Railway, and single (for the present) on the re- mainder of the route. This extent of double main does not add to the weight of pipe estimated, which is about what would be required for a thirty inch main, single, but will be a slight addition to the cost of laying. Mr. Jervis introduces in his estimate, an item of £75,000 for " distribution." To prevent misapprehension, I would here explain that this is his estimate — supposing that no distributing pipes were laid ; the value of those already laid must be deducted from it. With reference to this subject I would also explain that I purposely avoided all connection with the " distribution" in my preliminary report, because, at the time the survey was commenced, the Corporation had imported largely, and were laying pipe in every direction. The pumping main, on its route to the Reservoirs, would necessarily cross the present dis- tribution, at which junction a connection as good at least as the one between the present service and Reservoir could be made. The present system of distribution, however im- perfect, will be greatly improved by the increased pressure from the new Reservoirs. The extension of the distribut- ing pipes must keep pace with the progress of the City, and need not be provided for in preliminary estimates, as the additional expense will be incurred only provided there be the additional population to pay for it. i! 1." 20 In the new works the flow of water w^ll be reversed, the supply coming I'ronn the south instead of the north, and wherever there is now any diminishing it will be in the wrong direction. In order to make tlie present service feel at once the ellbct of the new works, I consider it will be necessary to provide a sulTicient portion of pipe, larger than any now laid, to connect the new Reservoirs with the six, eight, and ten inch pipes in St. Paul, Craig and Notre Dame Streets, on the line of McGill Street. With respect to the question of distribution, I would here take the opportunity of remarking that it is one scarcely less important than that of obtaining the supply itself, which last is indeed of little value unless efficiently distributed. Before much more pipe is laid, it would be wise to review the system with reference to a proper determination of the different sizes of pipe, and efficient means of cutting the water off, or for concentrating it upon a particular district. Mr. Jervis adds ten per cent, to my estimate, " for con- tingencies." I have been in the habit of embracing an allowance for contingencies in the estimate of each item, as I have found the public look with suspicion on a large sum set down for so indefinite a purpose. There is every prospect however, that one item will swallow up the whole of Mr. Jervis' prudent addition, and that is — the land damages. In endeavoring to shew the whole cost of the work, I embraced an item of £10,000 to cover my valuation of the land required for the Reservoirs and Aqueduct. About 200 acres of land are required for the Aqueduct, and the damage done is less than that caused by a navi- gable Canal or Railway. The farms are furnished with bridges without gates or bars allowing free communica- tion across the Aqueduct at all hours. They will be infinitely better drained than before — the damage, there- fore, amounts to the loss of so much land. Taking the actual sales as a basis, I cannot see that at the time the estimate was made, a higher rate than an average of £35 r^ 07 per arpent could be assumed from Gregory's to the St. Lawrence above Lacliine rapidn. The Race Course farm has been since purchased under this averacfc, and is certainly more valuable than tlie average of the line of Aqueduct. On the route of the pipe track I made no provision for the right of way, inasmuch as it is only necessary to open certain streets, for which any land damages awarded would be chargeable to the new highway created. For the Reservoirs only four or five acres are occupied, although more has been jmrchased. The cost of land is yet undetermined, but will more than double the allowance made by me. This arises chiefly from the high prices paid, and partially from the fact that more has been pur- chased than was required, the value of which may be fairly deducted from the cost of land. < The deficiency of the estimate for land may be Jittributed partly to the increased value of real estate since Nov., 1853, but I am of opinion that the enhanced cost is chiefly to be ascribed to the mode of purchase. The law did not require that a price should be asked by the proprietor. Arbitrators were in the outset named, who, instead of being assessors, were in fact a jury to decide on the evidence brought before them, on the weight of which the verdict was given. In such a contest the Corporation could have little chance with a proprietor. MR. m'alpine's REPORT. In Mr. M' Alpine's report he places the capacity of the Aqueduct, for the conveyance of water power under the given head and fall, at four hundred horses, and recom- mends that this power should be distributed upon four wheels each driving one pump. The plan proposed contemplates the erection of two wheels, of 100 horse power each, at present, and the other two whenever required. The only difference is in the pumps. The heavy reciprocal action of single pumps is exceed- ingly trying to any machinery, and for this reason I have r i I i 28 adopted three small ones upon a three-throw crank, instead of one large pump — in order to force a continuous stream into the main, and avoid dangerous vibratory action. Mr. M' Alpine also suggests " the advantage that may " arise from terminating the Canal at some point nearer " the St. Lawrence than " Gregory's," and thus obtain a " tail race several feet lower tlian the one proposed." This cannot be done because, from the nature of th(; ground which falls ort" from Gregory's to the St. Lawrence, the head level cannot be brought nearer to the latter without being maintaint^d between high embank- ments, dangerous to the security of the work and inter- fering with the Railway and streets ; and because the pumps at Gregory's are nearer to the Reservoirs than they would be at any other point on the south side of the Lachine Canal. With respect to a lower tail race, this has been governed not by excavations but by the neces- sity of keeping the wheels out of the reach of the winter floods, which last four months and would during that period place a Turbine on a par with a high breast wheel under the same fall. My reasons for adopting the high breast wheel in preference to the Turbine^ are that less gearing is required and the motion is slower and safer for heavy work such as pumping, while that nicety of adjust- ment and risk of friction inseparable from the Turbine is obviated. Mr. McAlpine's remarks on the question of Reservoirs, are important and very valuable. There is no doubt that the efficiency of any system of water supply is in direct proportion to the quantity of water which can be stored with sufficient head as near as possible to the points of con- sumption. To obtain larger storing capacity than now provided, at a higher level than C6te a Barron, would be attended with greater expense than is justifiable. Mr. McAlpine considers the pressure from the McTavish Reservoir on the lower portions of the City, " quite objec- ** tionable and wholly unnecessary, except in cases of SB ** extensive conflagration, when the draught of water from " the pipes is so great as to render this iieml of the " utmost importance." He also considers the pres- sure on the distrihuting pipes — which would not exc«!ed 175 feet in any case — likely to " blow up the present " pipes, rupture the house services, and be the source of " continual annoyance." While I fully agree? with Mr. McAlpine, as to the importance of a large supply of water close at hand, I do not share in his apprehensions as to the ettect of the pressure proposed. The pressure is determined, where Reservoirs arc used, by the height at which these can be placed, and both in New York and Boston this is much lower than in other cities — although as high as the ground permitted. That there is a want of pressure in both cities is evident to every traveller, and this defect can only be ameliorated by larger mains and distributing pipes, and a more abundant supply in the Reservoirs. In my preliminary report, I have considered the question of high and low service, and the ability of the present pipes to stand the new pressure, as well as tiio necessity for a full pressure where the distributing pipes are as small as they are here — no pipe now laid being larger than ten inches. I may say, that in Edinburgh, Dundee, Man- chester, Bristol and many other towns, the pipes are sub- ject to the pressure of a head of water in the Reservoirs from 200 to 400 feet, and upwards. Mr. McAlpine recommends a single rising main, two Reservoirs at different altitudes, and two systems of pipage attached to each Reservoir, distinct from each other, but capable of connection in case of fires. Mr* Jervis recommends two rising mains, the single service, and the Reservoirs under the high pressure only. With respect to the "two distributions," I do not see a necessity for them, and I fear they would be found incon- venient ; experience, however, will test this. At the same time I see no objection to adopting Mr. McAlpine's suggestion for a large storing Reservoir, at the lower level, ^1 11 ) I ■Ji 30 to be resorted to in emergencies. In case of any accident to the Main or Aqueduct tliis large Reservoir could be drawn upon for all portions of the Town which it would command, and the McTavish one be husbanded for the supply of higher points. In this case the power to form two distributions would exist by means of the stopcocks, but I trust that it will not be found necessary or desirable to maintain the double system. The latter part of Mr. McAipine*s report contains some valuable suggestions as to details of distribution which should not be lost sight of. PROGRESS OF THE WORK. Since these Reports were written, the work has been put under contract at reasonable rates, and every part of it has been prosecuted with vigor. Two-thirds of the earth exca- vation of the Aqueduct have been completed, and although — in consequence of the scarcity of men — there has not been as much done as was anticipated, every effort has been made by the Contractors to do more. A bridge has been constructed at the St. Pierre road sooner than was stipulated in order to avoid the inconvenience of main- taining a temporary crossing. Contrary to the indications of the test pits, rock has not been found for the foundation of the Wheel and Pump house ; and in order to prepare for the early arrival of the machinery, it has been neces- sary to put in a foundation of timber, concrete and ma- sonry, in the depth of a severe winter. The whole of the earth and nearly half of the rock excavation of the Reservoirs have been executed. The amount expended is about £40,000 on the Aqueduct and Reservoirs, and about £5,000 paid on account of pipes and machinery in Scotland and England, — exclusive of what has been paid for land, of which I have no account. Every part of the work, except the freight and pipe- laying, being under contract, a tolerably close (estimate of the cost ought now to be made. The recent advance in supplies of every description has, together with the high 31 rates of freight borne heavily upon the Contractors, and, should it continue, may exercise some influence on the estimate. 1 see nothing else which indicates a neces- sity, for an increase in the estimate for the works, ex- clusive of the laud damages, and unless labor, supplies, freights, &c., reach and maintain a standard which will enforce an advance in the contract prices, — or any yet unforeseen contingencies occur, or additional works a'e undertaken, I believe the works can be constructed for the sum provided. In order to derive the full benefit from the new works, five or six thousand pounds should be expended in distributing pipes larger than the present ones, and connecting with them in the Haymarkct and M'Gill Street. The only addition proposed to the original plan, is a change in the tail race. The reasons for this are explained in my letter of 22nd August last. (See page 13.) If the rigiit of way be now secured, there may be no im- me iiate necessity for carrying out this plan, as the limited amount of water at first used may be discharged without inconvenience into the River St. Pierre but the expe- rience of one winter will, in my opinion, prove the great advantage, if not a positive necessity for the new tail race. In fixing originally the level of the tail race, I placed it above that of the winter floods, as established by a register kept for a series of years at the Canal locks. Since then a winter guage ha«? been kept in the River St. Piene near Gregory's, and both last winter and this, the water has been found considerably higher than in the St. Lawrence. This arises from the fact that after the St. Lawrence has backed up the water so as to destroy the fall in the St. Pierre, the latter flows over the low grounds, and in cold weather freezes to the soil, setting back the water still more, — and for a length of time that will probably prove very troublesome to the tail race as at first proposed. 1^1 In II 3^ With reference to the date of completion, I am not prepared to pledge the introduction of the water during the present year, although every effort will be made to accomplish this; such a result is not at all impos- sible, provided we are fortunate. There are the con- tingencies of the safe and timely arrival of the pipes and machinery from Britain ; the possibility of cholera, and a scarcity of labourers ; a continued advance of supplies arising out the state of European affairs ; and, lastly, delay may arise from the nature of ihe excavation remain- ing to be done, which is of that uncertain character, that it is impossible, until it is further advanced, to say whether men enough can be placed upon it, to remove it in the desired time. The map which accompanies this report shews the position of the works, and will explain the Reports sub- mitted. It also shews the nature and cost as far as determined of the land damages. Through the kindness of Mr. Logan, Provincial Geolo- gist, 1 am enabled to present a most interesting and valu- able analysis — made by the able Chemist of the Geological Survey, Mr. T. S. Hunt, — of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence waters, and of combinations of the two at the head of the Aqueduct and in front of the City — which will be found in the Appendix. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient ser\'ant, THOS. C. KEEPER, Eng. Montreal Water Works, EEPOET oar A PRELIMINARY SURVEY FOR THE WATEE SUPPLY OF THK ■*' CITY OF MONTEEAL. BY THOS. C. KEEPER, ENGINEER. ill MONTREAL: ' BX-FRINTBD BTJOBN MVELL, AT HISSTEAM-PRI37TINO ESTABUSDMBkl*, BT. NICHOLAS StRKBT. 1854. , .; PRELIMINARY REPORT. ■WXN.-N.-N To E. ATWATER, ^SQUIRE, ' Chairman, Water Committee, Corporation of Montreal. Sir, r In compliance with your instructions of 15th June last, I have made the necessary Survey for ascertaining the practicability of bringing water from the head of the Lachine Rapids, for the purpose of affording — not only an ample supply for consumption, but also sufficient power to force this supply into the different wards of the City, and into suitable Reservoirs. My instructions were directed towards this particular plan of supply — but as I have been requested to compare it with other proposed or possible ones, I will first allude to the subject of water supplies in general, and to the particular facilities available to Montreal, for securing an abundance of this invaluable element. Three modes of water supply are usually open to the Engineer, the selection from which is to be determined by the positions of the city or town to be supplied. The first is by " Gravitation," — where water can be obtained at a high level, and be brought into the City in such manner as to supply its highest districts by its gravity alone. This is undoubtedly the best method, where suflicient head and volume of water are attainable at a justifiable outlay. The second mode is, — by pumping from a rivei^ springs, or wells, into reservoirs of sufficient height, — or without reservoirs, directly into consumption by the aid of stand pipes. The third method — where no water presents itself v/ithin reach of the surface,— is by means of Artesian M ' I, * S6 I ! Wells, sank until a subterraneous vein of water is inter' cepted and conducted to the surface, and if neoessary^ pumped into reservoirs or into the service pipes. From the first mode of supply, the City of Montreal is precluded, except at a cost not justified by the circum- stances. Situated upon an island, and surrounded by a plain but slightly elevated above tide water, no sufficient supply presents itself, at a high level, nearer than the mountains beyond New Glasgow, whose rain shed is into the Ottawa River. A sufficiently abundant and elevated supply cculd probably be obtained from this quarter by an aqueduct, as long and expensive as that of the Croton, approaching the City by the route of Isle Jesus, where no navigable channels intervene. The necessary passage of the St. Lawrence forbids the idea, of a supply from the south side of this river. The geological features and rocky substrata underlying the City, hold out no hope of obtaining a supply, by means of Artesian Wells — even if other circumstances were to render such a course desirable. But while you are by position restricted to the second mode of supply — Pumping — you have the satisfaction of knowing that this presents itself under the most favorable conditions. One of the largest and purest rivers in the world flows at the very feet of your City — affording not only an illimitable supply for consumption, but the cheapest power for elevating this supply into the highest parts of the City. Unless a " Gravitation" supply be ample for all future wants, and sufficiently elevated to supply every house, it is more or less limited in its value. In most cities supplied by this means, the elevation is insufficient, either from the want of head pressure, or of ground high enough to place a reservoir upon ; moreover, inasmuch as a fixed scale of dimensions must be assumed, there is no opportunity for enlargement with the increase of population, — the City must therefore, sooner or later, be put upon a. short allow^ce,; or else, a total reqonstruction m of the works becomes necessary. But, in the case of Montreal, the fountain head both for power and supply being mexhaustible, the works may be periodically enlargeo by successive generations to meet their increas- ing wants, so long as the St. Lawrence flows toward the sea. • With respect to the scarcely less important question of delivery, the mountainous characteristics of Montreal not only afford peculiar advantages, by admitting of high reservoirs at the same cost as lower ones, but the mechan- ical mode of elevation to be employed will enable you to maintain reservoirs of different dimensions, if neceth •sary, at different elevations ; and from time to time, a« the sides of the mountain become occupied with public or private buildings, the never ceasing power of the St. Lawrence will be available to afford to the remotest of these, bountiful supplies of this inestimable blessing. In comparing the plan proposed for supplying the City, with other modifications of the same principal, I do not propose to institute a comparison between steam and water power, as I presume the experience of the CorpO" ration is conclusive on this head. I would, however, observe first, that v/hatever objections there may be on the score of expense to the employment of steam, these are heightened in the present case by the necessity for importing fuel, and its consequent high price here. The •consideration which, in my judgment, is conclusive «pon this head, and which, in fact, is the leading prin- ciple of the proposed plan of supply is, that if it be necessary to go to the head of Lachine Rapids, to obtain a supply sufficiently pure for consumption, a slightly increased expenditure, while securing this supply, will bring in along with it, sufficient power to deliver that supply to our highest streets and tenements. That it will be necessary to go to these rapids for a pure and certain cupply, when dealing with so grave and permanent a ■question as that of providing an important city, for all time, with one of the most indispensible elements to the health and comfort of its citizens, — I hope to show. 'I' ^1 li I II ;! 38 It has been proposed to employ a water power from the Lachine Canal, and by means of it to force water from some contiguous part of the river into the Town ; and I believe the idea has been entertained of taking the supply for consumption, as well as the water power, from the Canal. The Lachine Canal is fed from the St. Lawrence through a basin cut off from the river by means of a long water-tight pier — which basin receives and retains the drainage from the Village of Lachine, and also that of the constant succession of steamers and other craft which arrive and depart during the season of navigation. This' canal is the common cess-pool for the ofl'al of boats of every description passing through it. The soil, a clayey one, is constantly disturbed by the agitation produced by emptying the locks, or by the screws and paddles of pass- ing steamers, — and, lastly, it lacks that uniform and vigorous current by means of which water relieves itself from all temporary impurities. The canal water might be filtered before going into consumption, could the popu- lar repugnance to its antecedents be overcome, but there is, I conceive, a fatal objection to any scheme based upon employment of the facilities afforded by the Canal in any shape, in no matter should a city be more thoroughly independent than in its water supply ; and it would be a sufficient reason for the City to discard all connection with the Canal, (in this matter,.) from the simple fact that it can have no control over it. It is the usual practice of the Board of Works to take the water out of the Canal, for purposes of repair, for a week or more in March or April ; and when necessary it has been taken out for a month, in August — the business, in this month being lightest — although this is precisely the period when the water consumption of the City would be heaviest. Besides this, the supply would be liable to interruption, without previous warning, at any moment,— from accident, — a breach in the embankment, or a gate Iniocked out by a steamer. Lastly, the Government lease only the surplus water, and when increasing trade multi- plies the demand for lockages, all water tenants must give way to the navigation ; so that it is very doubtful whether a lease could now be made at any one point, for the large amount of water power which it would be incumbent upon the City to secure. But if, by employing large storing reservoirs, the un- certain power of the Canal, could be risked — and assum- ing that canal water, filtered or otherwise, would be proscribed for consumption, it is necessary to determine the point on the St. Lawrence, from which the supply is to be drawn ; and which point must be within reach of a water power from the Canal — that is, at some place on the river bank above the canal entrance. The breadth of the shoal, extending out above and below Point St. Charles, is about half a mile, and a suction pipe of this length secured against the " grounding" and " grinding" of the ice, would be indispensible, in order to attain a point of sufficient purity, and depth enough to prevent its being choked by " anchor" or grounded " bordage" ice. The whole of this portion of the river is so shallow that there would always be risk of having the supply suddenly cut off by the action of the ice. With respect to the purity of the water to be obtained above the Harbor, it may be stated that if any objections have been urged against the present point for taking water from the river, on account of its proximity to the sewage discharge of the City, these objections are by no means wholly removed by the above proposed new point of departure. At present the river front, between the mills and Point St. Charles, has few living occupants — but the drainage from the burial trenches of the victims of 1847, may be considered reason for condemning any point below the Emigrant Sheds. But we must look forward to the growth of the City south of the Canal, when the whole river bank opposite Nuns' Island will be peopled, and the sewage discharge become objection- able. The extreme shallowness of the water is the '• .1 ; 40 principal objection to any point of supply, from the imme' diate bank of the St. Lawrence, between Montreal Har- bor and the head of the Lachine Rapids. In summer, the water exposed in shallow pools to tlie sun becomes heated, and from want of volume can be rendered impure, notwithstanding its current. In winter not only will the irregular lodging of islands of ice render any point of supply uncertain, but the increased current along shore, caused by the ice dams on the shoals, disturbs the bed and banks so as to render the water positively turbid. If it be desirable to obtain water from the river ir. the immediate neighborhood of the City — to be elevated either by steam, or by water power from the Canal, (if the latter can be applied,) — it will be decidedly better to take it from the channel opposite St. Helens, than from any point above — making the suction pipe of sufficient length to extend beyond, and below the influence of the sewage discharge from the City. For the foregoing reasons, I am of opinion that the plan of going to the head of the Lachine Rapids for water is the best one, under all the circumstances, which can be adopted for the supply of Montreal. It remains only to allude to its financial aspect. It may be argued, that although the annual expendi- ture after completion will be much lees, for the same quantity delivered, than the annual expense for a supply by the present mode, (steam-pumping,) yet if ^^*; interest upon the capital to be invested in the newr enterprise, exceeds, when added to the cost of management, the whole annual expenditure for pumping the same supply, by steam — the propriety of the new plan may be doubted. The determination of this depends upon the quantity to be supplied, and the height to which it is to be elevated : for while, with steam power, the cost increases almost in proportion to the quantity and height raised, this is not the case with water power, with which the most abundant supply may be provided at almost the same cost as the most limited one. And herein lies the advan- * 41 tage of fi plan whore Ihc cost is one of preliminary out- lay cliiofly — as compared with one, in which every increased facility is burdened by a corresponding increase of coat. If Ihc quantity required were fixed, and not to be increased, — and if the cost of [)ro{^uriiig it were to be a permanent burden upon tlie present generation, there would be good reasons why a known annual cost, in steam power should be preferred to the investment of a large sum, and payment of interest thereon, in ordor to secure ultimate economy of management. It is, how- ever, fairly to be assumed that such an enterprise as the water supply of a city, will be a self-sustaining one ; — and that, therefore, the burden of any investment, will be but temporary. And as the consumption will increase — not merely by the natural growth of the City, but with the facilities for extending the supply — it is evident that no- thing but absolute poverty can justify the continued use of steam, where another power is within reach, which promises not only ultimate economy, but (what is far more important) an extension of the consumption, and all the advantages which flow from it — which result will never take place if the use of steam be persisted in. The uses of water are not confined to domestic pur- poses only ; its abundance and cheapness give rise to manufactures, and thus become sources of immediate profit to the community. Secondly, by an overflowing amount and a sufficient head pressure on every street, the extinction of fires becomes certain and speedy ; and this, by reducing insurance and giving increased secu- rity, attracts immigration and capital. Thirdly, with the intense heat of our summers, and the inordinate amount of dust generated, water should be used most unsparingly not only for the comfort of the citizens but as a preservative of property. The damage done by dust to goods and furniture, at places and in seasons where and when doors and windows must be left open, — can- not be ascertained, but, could it be, it would be found to cover a large proportion of the interest upon the cost )^ t * I'll •v^ 42 of works wJiicli would obviiito the evil. Fourthly, in the supply of fountains — in parks, public gurdens, and pleasure t^rounds, abuniiance of water must be considered not merely as a luxury, and as purifying the air,— but as possessing a positive commercial value. Every object of interest and beauty about a city is an additional attrac- tion to the tourist, and the seekers of pleasure or amusement — always the wealthier classes of society. * Those who know how much our steamers, hotels, and carters, are dependent upon the annual stnmm of "pleasure travel," can best estimate the amount of money left by this class, and the relief thus aflorded to the whole com- munity. Indeed, if the positive paying character of the speculation were fully ap})reciatcd, much greater attention would be given to embellishing, by a sound taste and a little money, the many natural beauties possessed by Montreal. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN. Il is proposed to take water out of the River St. Law- rence at a point about one mile above the head of the Lachine Rapids. The river here flows deep and strong within a few yards of the shore, and ranges but little between its extreme high and low water marks. At the point where the Aqueduct would commence, the level of the river is thirty-seven feet above the summer level of Montreal Harbor, The water is to be conducted in an open channel, four and three quarter miles in length, to the Lachine Canal at Gregory's. Here the wheels and pumps would be placed, — the waste water being discharged into the St. Pierre River, which has a fall of about 12 feet between this point and the St. Lawrence, — but being narrow and crooked, some clearing out and enlargement of its chan- nel will be required. On account of the winter elevation of the St. Lawrence, it is proposed to keep the " tail race " from the water wheels, at least twenty feet above low water level of Montreal Harbor ; this will leave a 43 head and full of nt least sixteen feet at the pumps, — about one foot of fall luMng assigned to create a proper current in the Acpiednet. From the Pum|)s at Gregory's, the water Is to be forced through an iron main, 30 inclies in diameter, laid under the Canal, turnpike, railway, and all the public streets, into a reservoir, at about the elevation of the nisidence of the Hon. Mr. Justice Smith, being about two hundred feet above the level of Montreal Harbor. Having presented the g(!neral features of the plan, I proc(?ed more particularly to the difllbrent heads. The AquKDucT.- -The diinensiins proposed for the channel lo conduct the vvalci from the St. Lawenco above the Lach'>, > H.ipjds, to t»'v-*ier oi the canul is \(> be faced. v»rith stone and gr^^ve!, ind liie proFil*? if 'lie haUoni lo have an inclinaUon of ^iboul ili|. 'rjchL-s per mil'v TIki capacity ensured by the above sj'i.xMfications k ;ii;iton(:er than would be required for pa^siuj^ ihe ivqniin^f' quantity r^^ii red by the wheels and [)un)ps, In* a considerable ;vuar;,^in is provided to guard uj»aii);>! a diirin'shed 'lo\v in winter, when the ice will occupy a lari;e per cevin'^y, of the sectional area ; and also lo covei- all lot sn:^ from evapo- ration, leakage and fiUraiion, The cost of lU). open chan- nel does not increase proportie exposed. As some objections have been urged to an open con- duit, I will mention them here. The distinguishing feature of the present plan, as compared with Aqueducts generally, is, that it is proposed h W -59 44 to conduct not only the quantity required for the con- sumption, but the very much larger volume which is needed to supply two hundred horse power under the given head. Now, the great advantage possessed by an open canal over every enclosed form of conduit, is, that it will deliver the greatest quantity with the least loss of head — a consideration of the first importance when a water power is in question. If iron mains or brick culverts of reasonable number or dimensions be substi- tuted, nearly the whole available head and fall would be required to overcome the friction, and the water would be delivered at Gregory's robbed of all its value as a moving power. Brick culverts would be a very much cheaper form of conduit than iron pipes, for such a vo- lume, but the full duty from these could not be exacted without the risk of their being blown up, as it would be necessary to place the entrance mouth of these culverts below the level of the ice, which arrangement would expose them to a considerable pressure at high water, particularly, if (as they should have) an efficient fall per mile be given to them. Tron mains, therefore, would be the safest, — but these should be of the largest possible dimensions to guard against friction, and possibly the effects of " anchor " ice, which, at several points on the St. Lawrence is known to float into the shallow mill races, or flumes, and permanently resist all attempts to drive the machinery. To pass the same volume of water as would flow through the open Aqueduct proposed, would require more than a dozen iron mains of the largest size, 5 feet diameter each, laid with an inclination of double the rate per mile of that of the open channel, while the cost of any one of these pipes would be at least double that of excavating the Aqueduct, and as much as the whole cost of the latter, including land damages, masonry, bridging, and lining with stone. The Lachine Canal and water power thereon, are evidence of the perfect practicability of maintaining a full supply of water, by an open channel, during the severest winters. 45 are The only objection, therefore, which can be urged against the open Aqueduct, is, that the water will be exposed to impurities. We have alluded to the utter incapacity of pipes to convey a water power such as is required ; if therefore the objection to the open canal, on the ground of its exposure, be sustained, it will obviously be sound policy to excavate an aqueduct for the water power, and lay a pipe within it for the water supply, as nearly the whole fall could be given to the pipe — which to pass 5,000,000 galls, in 24 hours, would require a diameter over 30 inches and a fall of 10 feet in the whole di tance. The cost of this pipe would be about the same as thai of the excavated Aqueduct. The objections to an open canal, are reduced in the present case, by its secluded position. In the whole length of nearly five miles, it is crossed by but two pub- lie roads, notwithstanding its proximity to the City. By fencing in the route, and passing the highways by tight bridges, any interference must not only be premeditated, but upon such a trivial scale as would render harmless such useless and uii,)rofilable mischief. The New River — an artificial open channel 40 miles in length, and crossed by ^200 bridges, has, for 240 years, iUriiished the principal supply of water to London. The Canal de I'Ourcq — 24 leagues long — serves the same purpose to the City of Paris. Dublin and Greenock are likewise supplied by open Aqueducts. In the recfnt agitation for an improved water supply for London, two of the leading schemes proposed, con- template open canals. The " Henly Scheme" embraces an open canal to cary 200 millions of gallons daily. The " Maple-durham Scheme" proposes an open canal 4^ miles long, (about the same length of yours) for a part of the distance — thence, through three iron pipes of five feet diameter each. ' The objections to open canals are : — 1st, Loss of water by evaporation, leakage, and filtra- tion. li' ^1 11 1 9 jiji 46 2nd, Exposure to breaches in the embankments, from long continued rains. 3rd, Exposure to impurities, either from wash and sur- face drainage — absorption of the earthy strata through which it passes— or from deleterious sub- stances thrown in, ignorantly or maliciously. In the present instance, the first objection disappears with the unlimited abundance of the fountain head ; the second need not exist, inasmuch as the topography of the route admits of the whole line being " in excavation," avoiding embankments and their attendant risks. With respect to the third — wash and surface drainage may be prevented by a thorough system of side ditches, and off-take drains, and by " sodding" the inner slope of the banks above water. By lining the sides and bottom of the Aqueduct with stone and gravel, no impurities will be absorbed — so that there only remains the single objec- tion of exposure to impurities thrown in. The great volume of water is the best security against this remote contingency. Under any circumstances the Reservoirs and entrance to the Aqueduct cannot be covered, so that inspection and legislative ai'l must be relied on to pro- tect the works from malicious injury. On the other hand — the advantages of the open canal are : — 1st, It is much cheaper than any other conduit of the same capacity. 2nd, Water flowing freely in open channels, exposed to light and air, not only frees itself from impurities it may hold in suspension—but diminishes its hard- ness. 3rd, In this climate, for one-third of the year at least, an open aqueduct will be protected by a covering of ice, rendering it as secure as a covered one. 4th, It is susceptible of future enlargement. From the position of this Aqueduct, and the highly favorable nature of the ground, it may be considered a practical extension of a branch of the St. Lawrence to J» an 47 the borders of the City at Gregory's, — where the water can be delivered in nearly as pure a state as when it leaves the river. The fears of injury to the water are rather imaginary than real, and may be disposed of alto- gether by the construction of large subsiding reservoirs at the pumpsi — for which purpose the surrounding ground is highly ft.vo-able. Many cities are supplied by water collected oi. gathering grounds under cultivation — by means of catch-water drains leading into storage reser- voirs, where the water is purified by subsidence. The Survey was directed principally to the plan of bringing the open Aqueduct as near the City as prac- ticable — or until it would be intercepted by the Lachine Canal at Gregory's — the nearest point where a discharge for the water from the wheels could be readily secured. It is very desirable to shorten as much as possible the length of the "rising main" through which the water is to be forced — as this will be a saving in power, and a diminution of risk — particularly when that end of the main v/hich is subject to the heaviest pressure is shortened. It would be more convenient to have the pumps and reservoirs at Gregory's than nearer the Rapids, as they would then be under the influence of the Police and City authorities: — also, if the Aqueduct be properly constructed, what may be termed the artificial works, requiring close attention, will hardly commence until we reach Gregory's. A modification of this plan is, however, practicable — which possesses some advantages. By placing the pumps near the Telegraph Mast, at the foot of the Lachine Rapids — the length of the open canal would be shortened nearly three miles — for which a cor- responding length of rising main would be substituted. By this arrangement the cost of the Aqueduct, land damages, and bridges, would be reduced : and by placing the wheels nearer the river; the cost of the " tail race'* would be diminished. If the water for consumption can be obtained from the river sufficiently clear at all seasons of the year to go into the pumps — an important reduction 4 48 i I 1 ! ■ in the cost of the Aqueduct and protection of it from tres- pass will be effected — because in this case the canal will be cut for the water power only, and the expense of lin- ing be evaded. This would also remove any objections on the score of exposure — which in this case is altogether avoided. There is, however, a question of back water on the wheels, from the lodging of ice on the shoals at the foot of the rapids — to be first determined, and it is also, doubtful whether the supply can be taken from the river at this point. The adjoining ground is not so favorable for subsiding reservoirs as at Gregory's — and, lastly, the increased power required, and the increas<^d risk of nearly three miles additional pipe under the highest pressure, are set off against the greater economy and reduced exposure of this plan. The selection between these two sites for the pumps will be determined by more extended surveys and esti- mates, and particularly by the relative land damages upon the two routes — and the question of right of way across the Aqueduct. The Reservoir. — Next to an abundant and constant supply of water, the most important consideration is the height to which it can, when required, be delivered, and the amount of head pressure which can be obtained. Irrespective of the necessity for supplying the highest dwellings or the upper stories of lofty buildings, the greater the pressure, within the limits of the strength of the ser- vice pipes, the better will be the distribution ; and greater security against the ravages of fire is attained. In other cities, as New York and Boston, distributing reservoirs have been constructed at enormous cost, above the surface of the highest attainable ground ; but here the proximity of the Mountain and its successive terraces, enable us to select any required height, at nearly the same cost, for the construction of our reservoir. A little more power and a little more pipe, provided for in the first outlay, and a high service is as easily secured as a low one. The most ordinary pipes will bear a pressure with 49 safety of 300 feet head of water. The pipes at present laid in the City, are all under 12 inches diameter, and capable of bearing a pressure of 450 feet and upwards ; — the strength of metal in pipes of these dimensions being determined, not by the water pressure they are to sustain, but by what is requisite to make a good casting. They are in fact subject to strains from their position in the streets, which call for greater strength than what is required to resist the water pressure. With an efficient head pressure great economy in the distribution is secured — a smaller sub-main or service pipe will supply the place of a larger one with a lower head. The " high service" remedies the common evil of a failure in the delivery at points most distant from the reservoir, and in the upper stories of buildings which may have a plentiful supply in the cellar. With a " low service," — while the City is drawing, — the water is not allowed time to ascend to the height due to the reservoir head — except at night. The remedies for this are — pipes of extravagant dimensions, or a reservoir sufficiently elevated above the point of delivery to feed the service pipes faster than the consumption, and send on the surplus to the higher, or the more distant points. But it is as a safe-guard against fire that the high service is to be chiefly commended. Too many towns are restricted to — or are content with, — a pressure suffi- cient only to fill the engine tanks — relying on manual labor to throw the water on the flames. This need not be the case with Montreal — for here the merchant may have his private hose on every floor of his warehouse, and by simply turning a cock play upon a fire as soon as discovered. In the important process of cleansing the streets the benefits of a heavy pressure are apparent, enabling you to scour instead of simply wetting them ; and the greater the pressure the greater number of square yards can be commanded from one plug. Lastly, — The pipes in upper stories should be con- u :3s 50 stantly full ; if alternately wet and dry from insufficient head, air is admitted and oxidation takes place, impart- ing deleterious properties to the water, injurious to health and destructive to the pipes. As it is not practicable to place the pumps nearer the reservoir than Gregory's, (on account of the intervention of the Lachine Canal,) it was desirable to ascertain the nearest point to this possessing sufficient altitude, and suitable for a reservoir. A line was therefore run to the mountain, near the residence of the Hon. John Young. The distance to this point would be about one and a half miles, but as a reservoir here would be too far from the City it was considered preferable to select a site near the M'Tavish property — this quarter affording ground of the required elevation nearer to the commercial heart of the City than any other point. The rising main is lengthened by this arrangement but the whole length of influent and effluent pipe is diminished, and — what is more important — the great body of the water in this main and in the reservoir is laid nearer to its required destina- tion. The Pumps. — It is proposed to erect two breast wheels, constructed wholly of iron, with ventilated buckets, having a diameter of about 20 feet and not less than 22 feet length of bucket. The power is to be taken off the inside of the periphery of the wheel upon the loaded side only. The power of each of these wheels to be about oue hundred horses. The breast wheel, for falls under 20 feet, possesses several advantages, particularly for the slow and regular motion required for driving the pumps. By admitting of a diameter greater than the fall, it receives and discharges the water to better advan- tage, — works longer in and is less retarded by back water than the overshot wheel. The wheels and "plunger" pumps will be placed within a substantial building, fire and frost proof: the bulk heads, foundations, tail races, &c., to be constructed upon the most substantial and improved plans. 51 ifficient impart- o health irer the rvention •tain the de, and in to the Young, e and a » far from site near round of heart of main is length of -what is [his main i destina- breast cntilated not less De taken upon the wheels to ., for falls rticularly iving the than the er advan- by back e placed roof: the instructed The Risixg Main. — This should have as large a diameter as can be afforded, in order to diminish the friction and strain on the pumjjs and pipe itself, and lessen the power required. From the unavoidable distance of the pumps from the reservoir and centre of the City, it is desirable that the main supply pipe should have the largest capacity possible, and thus plant a good body of water as near the centre of distribution as })rac- ticable. This is assuming as probable — that as the " rising main" traverses the City on its way to the reser- voir, the supply will be taken from it at intermediate points. The track of the " rising main" may enter St. Catherine Street either by Mountain Street, or ascend the Cote beyond the Baptist College, and come down St. Cathe- rine Street to the Protestant Orphan Asylum, — where a branch would turn up to the Reservoir, and the main may continue on through this street to the north-eastern quarter of the City. Taken in respect both to elevation and position, the line of St. Catherine Street traverses the City in a central position — planting a large body of water everywhere within reach of the smaller pipes already laid. Quantity of Water. The scale of works contemplated by this survey, — as assented to at the commencement, — was for a daily supply of 5,000,000 imperial gallons, and for a reservoir at an elevation of two hundred feet above Montreal Harbour — being about 140 feet above the higher points of Notre Dame Street. Thirty gallons per head, is the usual provision, with proper allowances for the increase of population — but recent experience has shewn the average consumption in New York and Boston to have risen as high as fifty to sixty gallons per head. The above amount provides about 40 gallons per head for a popula- tion double that of the City at present, and considering the facilities for extending it under the proposed plan, is, I consider an ample provision. The dimensions of the B2 Aqueduct are sufHeient to conduct water enough in suni^ mer when the flow is unimpeded by ice, for an efi'ective power, on breast wheels, of three hundred horses j and as this is the season when the greatest supply i» required, the erection of an additional wheel and an increase in the speed of the pumps will enable you to extend the supply as required. With you, therefore, it naay prove the wiser policy to provide for that waste of water so much complained of in New York and Boston — rather than to rely upon your future ability to checjs or prevent it. The Estimate. Since the great fire a natural anxiety has been mani' ^sted to obtain the results of this examination at the earliest possible period. The limited nature of the ap- ^opriation did not admit of the preparation of detailed l^ans and estimates of the different structures required. U was therefore understood that the object of the present survey was principally to ascertain the practicability of the proposed plan, and the approximate cost of the same, IB order that it might be submitted — when if the scheme were rejected, no more time or money would be wasted upon an unsuitable project. The importance, however,, of the subject, and the strong probability that the present l^an would be recognized as the only efficient mode of supply — rendered it desirable that the whole available £;round should be examined, and all (he main features- of the project weighed before an estimate, which is to be the basis of future operations, could with safety be of- fered. The intermediate country has been topographi- cally surveyed — two lines have been located, and the nature of the excavation ascertained by test-pits and bor-^ inga. The survey, therefore, is only wanting in the de- tailed plans and estimates of the different mechanical alructures required : — but ample provision has been made fpt these under any variations of the plan which experi- ence in the development of the works may suggest. 5S One important item in the esiimate is tiie rising main — which is single and 30" diameter. As a precaution- ary measure, two pipes of a smaller size are often substi- tuted for the larger one — in case of accident or repairs to one. One Isirge pipe is however cheaper and better than two smaller ones of equal area ; and, from the great length of this pipe I do not consider the remote risk would justify the expense of a double one. Properly constructed, there should be no more necessity for the duplicate sys- tem in thityjipe than in other parts oi' the work. The 30 inch pipe, nowever, is provided to afford the full supply of 5,000,000 gallons daily. As this quantity may not be required for some time, — a smaller pipe may now be laid, and an additional one at a future date : — the only point where a double pipe may be desirable, would be in the passage under the Canal, where the pipe would be inaccessible during the season of navigation. I esiimate the cost of the aqueduct, wheels and pumps, rising main, reservoirs, with the land purchase, masonry, bridges, enclosures, &c., — all the work to be done in the most substantial and permanent manner, — at the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. Estimate of Revenue. The population of Montreal being taken at 60,000 — the number of " water tenants," according to the experi- ence of other cities, should be about 8000. The average charge per tenant in New York and Boston is about ^10 per annum, and in the city of Philadelphia about ^5. At the Philadelphia rate, the present population of Mon- treal should give a gross income for water rates of £10,000 per annum. The actual income from the present Water Works of this City is as follows : — 1064 anniml tenants £5346 3 10 Sale at water taps (2d. per puncher n), 1090 14 3 Special tenants 47 10 £6483 d 1 The foregoing is the revenue only. The amount paid for water by the City is much larger. In addition to the ! M 54 £1090 — paid the City for some 130,000 puncheons at the water taps — tlie consumers pay for cartaj^e of the same (at 7(1. per pimehcum) the sum of JC3790. What amount of water is carted from the river is not known — but hero wo liave £10,270 paid for water sujjplied by the present Water Works. It is probable that the amount paid for cartage of water from the river during the winter, would increase the gross annual payment for water by the City, exclusive of wells, &c., to some £11,000 or £12,000. The inefficiency of the present supply need^no demon- stration. The capacity of both engines, working con- stantly, is reported at 1,000,000 gallons in 24 hours or about IG gallons per head of the population ; what quan- tity is famished, on the average throughout the year, cannot be Ji-^certained, — probably not ten gallons a he.ad per diem. This inferior supply costs the Water Worka Department about £2500 per annum. Assuming that one million of gallons were raised daily, this would be the extravagant price of £7 per million gallons — and it most probably is £10 per million gallons. The cost of raising one million gallons at the Fairmount Works, Philadel- phia, in 1850, was 8s. O^d. only ! If the new works were constructed, five times the quantity of water at present supplied would be furnished to eight times as many tenants, at a cost to each of about one-third the present charge. The present population of the City, at the Philadelphia water rates, (the lowest in America,) should pay an annual revenue of £10,000 — a sum nearly sufficient to cover the interest of the new out- lay and the annual charges of management, &c., giving the City water for fires, street watering, and fountains, free ; — and as the population increases the rates may be reduced, or a sinking fund be formed of the surplus, for extension of the works or extinction of the debt. These favorable prospects are due to the cheapness at which an abundant supply can be obtained at Montreal, as compared with some other cities. The Croton Works cost the citizens of New York about £10 per head — the 55 Boston works cost that city about £8 per hoad. Equally efficient works here can be had for £>2 10s. per head, exclusive of the cost of distribution. Nor should the other advantages of a full supply and of the new phin be overlooked. The extension of manufactories — particularly those requiring a supply of pure water — would not only enrich the City, but enlarge the water rates. The Fairmount Works number in their water tenants no less than 138 steam engines, and several hundred manufactories of every description : some of these engines pay £50 per annum for water, and one sugar refiner pays $750 annual water rate. The diminution of the annual cost of supply on the new plan, is forcibly shewn by the following comparative statement of the cost of water power and steam power in the city of Philadelphia. The total expense of running the eight wheels and pumps at Fairmount in 1850, was as follows : " For wages of workmen, tallow, oil, packing yarn, and fuel for heating " the mill liouse,. . . .?2594,91 per annum, or 87,l(),''jj per diem. " For repairs to wheels " and pumps, during "the year 21C,27 " 59-j% 82811,18 per annum, $7,70 per diem. £702 15 11 do .£1 18 6 do " For which sum an average of 4,785,338 ale gallons per day were " pumped by the eight wheels and 'pumps, equal to a cost of about $1,61 " per million gallons raised per day. " The cost of pumping by steam power at the Spring Garden and NorthcrB " Liberties Works in 1 850, was as follows : — " For coal, wages of workmen, " tallow, oil, yarn, «fec $16,644 per annum-«=?46,60 per diem. " Repairs to engine and pumps, " during the year 5,127,46 do 15,06 do $21,771,46 $60,06 £5442 17 3^ do £15 3 3j per diem. " For this sum an average of 3,231,254 gallons per day, were pumped by " three engines and pumps, — about $18,77 per million gallons per day." Thus the cost per million gallons by steam was $18,77. Do. do do do water, do 1,61, or, in other words, four and three-quarter millions of gal- lons were supplied at a daily cost of thirty-eight shillings II :iil ■i* 56 by water power, while three and a quarter millions purnptul hy steam cost 303s. daily : and iho. Fainnount Works, at a cost of £702 per annum, furnished one-third more water than the steam works, at a cost of J&5442 per annum. » . ^ I am informed by the manager of one of the principal insurance olHces in this City, that, previous to the great fire, the average amount of premiums paid at all the offices on properly insured within the City might be esti- mated at about £25,000 : and that since the iire the rates have been increased upwards of iifty per cent. : — so that the premiums on the same amount of risks would now amount to about £40,000 per annum. The same gentle- man is of opinion that an efficient supply of water would have reduced the old rates twenty per cent. ; or that instead of £25,000, the amount of the premiums before the lire would have been reduced to £20,000. From this it may be inferred that the City is now paying a penalty of £20,000 per annum in extra insurance from the want of proper means for extinguishing fires. No doubt part of the present increased rates of insurance are levied to make up losses — and some part of it may have reference to the fire department, but it does not appear unreason- able to assume that at least £10,000 per annum would be saved in this single item of insurance, if the City were in possession of an ample supply of water. This sum would pay the interest on the cost of the works and is therefore all that need be claimed under this head : but, the actual money value of the additional security obtained through an abundant supply of water would be far higher, because it will embrace the reduced risk upon all the property in the City, whether insured by the Com- panies or by the owners. But arguments are unnecessary to prove the great eco- nomy of a water supply on an efficient scale. With the 'experience of the past year no rates would appear safe for insurance companies — and with the recurrence of such calamities insurance must become impracticable — or 91 unnecessary. It ia argument om u^h for the expenditure of £160,000 for preservation fri.iij fin^ alone (setting aside the otiter advantages of abundance of water) that we have seen |)roperty to five times that amount utterly annihilated in a few hmtrs, and that a repetition of such a catastrophe is by no means impossible. I have til'" honor to be, Sir, Your obedient Servant, THOS. C. KEEFER. • OBSERVATIONS ON Mr. Kccfer's Report on a Preliminary Survey FOR THE WATER SUPPLY OF THE CITY OF MONTREAL, BY THOMAS WICKSTEED, C. E. 40 Coleman Street, London, \9th January^ 1853. Although unacquainted with the gentleman who has written the Report submitted to me for consideration, it is evidently the Report of an intelligent Engineer. After a careful perusal and consideration of this Re- port, I am enabled to make some observations which I trust may prove of use, although it is necessary that I should preface my remarks with saying that without much more information than is contained in that Report, (and which would not necessarily be contained in a preliminary report,) I cannot give an opinion such as the importance of the subject, and the magnitude of the proposed outlay demands, and I should be very sorry if a want of this necessary information should lead me to express any erroneous opinions upon a Report which I consider in many respects as very valupble. I agree with the opinions expressed in the Report upon the costly Aqueducts of New York and Boston ^ which, however grand they may be considered as national undertakings, will not bear examination as commercial ones ; with respect to the latter place, my advice was asked for by those gentlemen who objected tc so wasteful and extravagant an outlay, but it was then Voo late ; the ambition to rival New York having taken too strong a hold on the minds of those who had the determining of the matter confided to them. 59 From ignorance of the locality, I niusi, at present, assume that it is necessary to go to a distance from the City to obtain an abundant supply of pure water, although the fact given in the report, that " one of the largest and purest rivers in the world Hows at the feet of your Citij^'' would have compelled me to have given the subject of steam power, (notwithstanding the high price of fuel,) very grave consideration before abandoning that mode of supply, and recommending so large an outlay as that j)roposed to be made for the j)urpose of bringing water from a distance. That the question of steam power is not one to be dismissed lightly, will appear evident after considering the following facts : In projecting new works, it will be admitted that the only prudent course to be pursued in endeavouring to arrive at a sound conclusion as to which of various modes for eflecting the object is best to be adopted, that a comparison should be made with the best modes, and not, as it appears to me lias been done in the report before me, with old works, where the machinery used is proved to be out of date by the extraordinary cost required to work it, for it appears that the expense for coals, wages, workmen, tallow, oil, yarn, &c., and repairs to engine and j)umps for raising 3,231,254 gallons per diem at the Spring Garden and Northern Liberties Works, amounted, in 1850, to £5,443, while the cost of raising the same quantity of water by the " Wicksteed Engine," at the East London Water Works, Old Ford, in 1849, which you have, I believe, seen at work, was £890 ; but supposing the price of coals at Montreal to be twice that of those in London, the cost would then be £1 100 only, or a little more than one -fifth of tiiat of raising it in Montreal in the year 1850 ; the diti'erence between the two steam works is, that the first is old and out of date, while the latter although new has had its merits proved by a practical experience of more than ten years. It cer- tainly is only fair in making a comparison of the cost of new works to make it with the best known ; again, when 60 I state that to raise water at Old Ford in 1829 , the cost was above SGs. per million gallons, while in 1849 it was not more than 15s. it will show what improvements were made in the course of twenty years, and there is no reason to suppose that farther improvements will not be made during the next twenty years, and that Water Works Compani(;s will avail them, elves of such improvements, but the interest upon a very large capital is a constant drag which no improvemeot will reduce, or relieve you from. There can be no question that when you he^ ground sufficiently elevated in the neighbourhood of town to be supplied with water, that the use of a summit Reser- voir is the best and most economical mode of distributing the supply. As respects the question of the contamination of the water in consequence of the sewage being discharged into the stream, it has hitherto been a very great difficulty in the way of economical water supply, forcing the water companies in various towns to go a distance up the stream to avoid the nuisance, but I am happy to be able to state that this difficulty will be removed before long. I have for some months div(;rted a considerable portion of the sewage water passing down one of the largest sewers in the town of Leicester, and after separating all the noxious ingredients, dissofrcd as well as suspended in it, in the form of marketable manure, have returned the water into the river, in a state of as great purity as the water in the upper portions of the river before it is contaminated. A London Company, in which I am interested, have entered into a eontractfor a period of thirty years with the Town Council of Leicester, to separate the noxious ingre- dients from alt the sewage water of the town, and dis- charge the water into the river in a pure and uncontam- inated state, and as the works to effect this desirable object are now in course of construction, during the raxt twelve months, the fact will be made manifest in a town 61 of the same population as Montreal, and as this will be cm a suificicnlly large scale, it will, I trust, set this moot que.stion at rest. I have made these latter observations for the purpose of showing that if the question of sew^age water flowing into the River at Montreal has been considered one of such importance as chiefly to induce the expen- diture of a large sum of money to bring water from a distance, it is one, that under cxistui}^ circmmtancvs, should be dismissed without further consideration. The plan proposed to supply Montreal with water appears to be as follows : To make a Canal or Aqueduct, 20 feet wide at bottom, 40 feet wide on the water surface, antl 8 feet depth of water, with a fall of 2^ inches in a mile ; this is to extend from a point on the river St. Lawrence, about one mile above the head of the Lachine Rapids, to the Lachine Canal at Gn^gory's, a distance 4| miles, — here it is pro- posed to erect two breast water wheels, 22 feet wide each, with an available fall of 16 feet, which are esti- mated at 100 horses power each ; the dimensions of the Canal, however, at the given fall per mile, are such as will enable it to bring down water sufficient at this fall to pro- duce anefl'eclive power ofrtioi'c 300 horses, and supposing that the objections to an open Canal for bringing water for consumption cannot be overcome, it is proposed in addition to lay a 30 inch pipe in the open canal to sup- ply 5,000,000 gallons of water for 24 hours consumption ; the proposed fall for this pipe in a distance of 4| miles ia 10 feet. I should observe, however, that to deliver 5,000,000 gal- lons in the 24 hours, the fall must either be incrcased beyond the 10 feet, or the pipe must be 35 inches instead of 30 inches diameter. From the pumps at Gregory's, it is proposed to have a rising main to a Reservoir situated on " the Mountain," al an elevation of about 200 feet above the pumps. An alternative plan, however, is proposed, to whi(;h, with my present information, I give the preference, and I think 62 I deserves further consideration before it is abandoned, as the argnments advanced for it appear to me more forcil^le than those against it. The plan is to place the pumps near the Telegraph mast at the foot of the Lachine rapids, and for the 3 mi bs between that and Gregory's to lay a main instead of cut- ting an open Canal — the power to overcome the friction in this main, supposing it to be 30 inches diameter, and capable of delivering 5,000,000 gallons in 24 hours, will be equal to 14 horses. This forms so small a proportion of the whole power required, that even if steam power were used, the objection would be by no means formi- dable, but with water power it would be still less so. To raise 5,000,000 of gallons, which is the amount pro- posed to be given to double the present population of Montreal, to a Reservoir elevated 200 feet above the pumps, the water flowing through a 30 inch main 4J miles in length, it will require a power of abcut 230 horses, while to raise half rne quantity for the present population would, on account of the reduced friction caused by the less quantity of water, require a power of 108 horses. The cost of coals, stores, labour and repairs for the largest power would be £2100 per annum and for the least £1000 per annum. As regards the estimate for the works, it appears to me very large, but without much more detailed informa- tion than I am at present possessed of, I cannot say how much it ought to the reduced, but I think it will appear evident, that as the sum proposed to the expended is so large, lime should be given for grave consideration, and that the best advice should be obtained before it is determined to incur so large an expense. More information is required — as to the quantity and quality of the water in the immediate neighbourhood of the City — as to whether it be absolutely necessary to go to a greater distance, and what the shortest distance is at which a sufficient supply could be obtained— as to the comparative advantages of steam and water power — as 63 to the position of the Summit Reservoir, especially as regards the question of taking the supply from the rising main between tlie pumps and reservoir — as to the length of streets, their levels, &c., that an estimate may be formed of the cost of pipage required; but before a professional man oan give an opinion to be relied upon, he should have plans a .id sections of the proposed works, and a detailed estimate laid before him, and if possible, per- sonal communication with the Engineer who will have to carry the works out. Should it be considered desirable, I shall be happy to enter further upon the subject and give it more consi- deration. THOMAS WICKSTEED, Civil Engineer. To the Honorable F. Hincks, Inspector General, Cf^nadr * if' REPORT OF JOHN B. JERVIS, ESQ. If To E. ATWATEH, GsquiRB, Chairman, Water Committee, Corporation of Montreal. Sir, Agreeably to reciuest, I have examined the project sub- mitted by Mr. Keeferfor supplying the City of Montreal with water. As Mr. Keefer has fully presented the plan, it will not be necessary for me to enter very particularly into explanation of the same. It contemplates the con- struction of a Canal or Aqueduct, by which water is to be taken from the River St. Lawrence at the head of the Lachine Rapids, and conducted about 4| miles to a place known as Gregory's, above the City. The proposed Canal to be of sufficient dimensions to afford the power required to elevate 5,000,000 gallons of water per day, to a Reservoir 200 feel u bove the level of the River St. Law- rence in the harbor of the City. The same Canal to furnish the water that is to be i levated for the use of the City. As is very proper in such works, Mr. Keefer has provided a margin of about 50 nercent. in the supply of water above tlie computed quantity, required for elevating 6,000,000 gallons per day, and should it be found on the completion of the works, that there is a surplus, as most piobably it will, this surplus will be available for a corresponding increase, to meet the demand of any ad- ditional wants of the City at a future day. It may here be observed, that tlic additional size of Aqueduct to pro- vide the above sur})lus, adds a comparatively small ex- pense in the original outlay, and in view of general expe- rience in such matters, a liberal provision in the outset has rarely been found a subject of regret. I therefore fully approve of the capacity proposed by Mr. Keefer for the work. It may be suggested to rent the surplus 65 to or a ad- here pro- l ex- cxpe- lutset efore eefer rplus power until the same may be wanted for a further supply of water for tlie City. On this point I would earnestly advise that no such use be raade. The ^roat importance of a full supply of good water to a lar^e city impresses the necessity of keeping such works entirely free, when practi- cable, from any entanglement with other objects — and the whole project should be kept insulated and fully devoted to supplying the City with water. The formation of the country for the proposed works, the point at which the water is taken from the river, and the secluded cha.-acter of the district, are all well adapted to the object. It rarely happens that a city has advantages for the establishment of similar works equal to those en- joyed here. The general plans submitted by Mr. Keefer are well adapted to secure the desired result. The point on the river at which it is proposed to take out tlie water appears well calculated to afford the purest waiter of the river. The Canal will pass through a district eminently excluded from causes of impurity, and so situated as to admit of guarding, by back drains, against the introduction of all land drainage into the Aqueduct. The plan of lining the bottom and sides with stone or heavy gravel, as proposed by Mr. Keefer, may not in mU parts be necessary, but it will in general be beneficial in maintaining and promo- ting the purity of the water, and is therefore to be recom- mended. The works, well constructed on the plans pro- posed, will secure a quality of water equal to its condi- tion when it flows from the river into the Canal, and improved, as it will be, by flowing v/ith a quick current, near five miles through a channel of stone and gravel essen- tially excluded from all external causes of contamination, — a condition that will improve its quality. The plan con- templates the best mode for an open channel. It could not be improved, except by a covered Aqueduct, and it is hardly necessary to di-^cuss this r.t present. The works may be put in operation, and if, as is not probable, at •I ■ '■ i 11 i f|B : 66 some fulnro thw it slionld be deemed advisable to Imve a coveretl eliunncl to carry water to tlic j)unn)s, a brick conduit may be taken from some point near the head of the canal, of a size to carry to the pinnps sulH- cient water to sn|)j)ly the City, having tlie open canal to furnish the power to drive tliei)umps. I mention a brick conduit becaus(! the water can be conveyed at hss ex- pense; in that than in iron pipes. Sucli a conduit could be put down at any future time alongside of lh(i open Canal. The strong probability is, that it will not be deemed necessary. The estimate submitted by Mr. Keefer, is in gross £150,000 currency or *)G00,()00. Tiiis provides for placing the water in a Distributing Reservoir, at an elevation of 200 feet above the water of the harbor. For that i)art of the work which includes the Aquedut^t and all its apj)ur- tenances 1o bring the water to the pumps and on the whecils, the estimate is £7G,500. For tlie lialanc(>, includ- ing the Pump-house,Pum])s, Rising Main, and Distribut- ing Reservoir, £73,500. If to the former be added the Pump-house and Puuii)s, the amount will be £9G,500 currency, and will include the total expense required for wheels, pumps and building, to provide the water power to drive the pumps, ;md to bring the water to the pumps for eUivation. In this two water wheels, each with a double set of j)umps, and a building for the third wheel and pumps are provided for : — leaving for Rising Main and Distributing Reservoir, £53,500 currency. In regard to the first branch of the estimate I do not see that any- thing is to be added. It seems to embrace all the works required, and on a \)\nn of permanence. The rates of estimate are liberal as compared with prices paid on the public works in this vicinity, and I do not see any ground to doubt that the work maybe constructed within the cost estimated by Mr. Keefer. In regard to the second section, the provision for Distributing Reservoir is for a surface area of 90,000 suj aicial feet, or a little over two eicres. e? This will answer the purjiose for eqnalizinj^ llio supply, and give a fair provision for any sudden demand for the extinguishment of iires. But if the ground were sucii as to admit an enhu'gement, say to douMe ihiseapacily, at moderatt? eost, it \\ ouhl be advisabh^ to have it. This, however, may be eonsidered hereafter — as the Reservoir may be enhirged at any time. The only material item that it appears important in any respeet to enlarges from the estimate is tlie Rising Main. Tiiis IVlain will be under the aetion of the pumj)s, and for tliat reason more exposed to injury tliat will recpiire a siispension of tlie works to re])air it, and on liiis aeeonnt, I advisi; that two Mains be laid, namely, one for caeli set of pumj)s, but so connected, that tlie water mny be forced into it, by either or both sets of pumps when the other is oiU of repair. Mr. Keefer lias prt)posed a OO-inch Rising Main Two 24-inch mains will deliver, under the same head, or the same ))ressure, 25 per cent, more water than one 30-inch main, and will cost about forty per cent. more. If two 24-incli mains are substituted they will be able to carry a larger supply when full i)ower is required, and one of them would be sidlicient for ordinary suj)ply when the other may be out of repair. It aj)})ears to me it will be advisable to make this change in the plan for the Rising Mains. This item if adopted will add about £10,000 to the estimate. This is the only change that I think it necessary to propose, and this is rather a matter of precaution than of absolute necessity. Mr. Keefer will no doubt approve of this, as he has intimated that such precautions might be advisable. In regard to the esti- mate in general, it appears to be liberal — at tiie same time it is extremely difficult in such works fully to anticipate all the items of expense, and I have usually been in the habit of providing a contingent allowance to meet unfore- seen items that are likely to be developed in the course of construction. This, Mr. Keefer informs me, has been done in preparing his estimate, and may be sufficient. J i tl' I i; But, though the ostimaic may prove entirely adequate to the cost of the work, I would sstill rcconimem! that an allowance of ten per cent, be; added to the general esti- mate. If the two 2 l-ineh Rising Mains be adopted, the aggregate general estimate will be £160,000 currency, and if my suggestion of ten per cent, for ctmtingencies be adopted, the total eslimute will be £176,000 currency. The population of the Ci*y, as I am informed, is about 60,000. To distribute the water, taking it from the Dis- tributing Reservoir, would cost not far from £\ 5s. or !^5. for each inhabitant. The cost of introducing the water to the Reservoir na above, would be, £1*76,000 Distributiou 75,000 I Total cost of water £251,000 Annual cost of water, namely An. Cost. Interest at per cent, on £251,000 £16,060 Annual cost for maintenance and managing works to deliver the water into Distri- buting Reservoir 1,250 £16,310 The cost for capital in construction of the works, per inhabitant, 4 8 8 The cost of annual charges, including intt rest on capital and maintenance of all works except repairs of distributing Pipes, (which latter will be small,) $1. 08 or 6 6 So far as regards the cost of delivering the water into the Distributing Reservoir, the works will require a mere trifle to add the third wheel and its set of pumps to provido a supply for double the number of inhabitants. The expense of distribution will be increased as the City increases geographically, and though the increase in expense will not equal the increase in population, it may be assumed at the same ratio, and the charge for water, when such increase takes place in the population, will bo for 120,000 people. 69 Original cost of works, namely : To nnd including Distributinj? Reservoir, as nbovp, JCllfi.OOO Add for third Wheel and Pumps, and fur enlari^enient of Distributing Ueservoir, probably 14,000 190,000 Distribution Pipes at £1 6s. for 120,000 160,000 £840.000 Annual coHt, £340,000 at 6 per cent 20,400 Annual cost for maintenance and maiingiiig the works to deliver the water into Distributing Reservoir, 1|780 Total annual cost, for 120,000 people, £22,160 The cost per inhabitant, when the supply is provided for 120,000, will be: For construction, the outlay will be £2 16 8 Or annual expense, including interest on capital expended in construction 3 8 How far the City maybe disposed to look in anticipating provision for its growth, I cannot determine ! if, however, we regard the improvements likely to take place, and their influence on this City as an important commercial centre, it appears reasonable to conclude that its popu- lation will reach the number assumed in the preced- ing calculation at no very distant period, and quite within the limits that in a prudent forecast should lead to the anticipation of such preliminary provisions for a supply of water as are involved in the proposed plan. The saving that could be effected by erecting works to meet only the supply of the present inhabitants would be very small, ana would involve a plan of works subject to continual change in its main features. I have taken up the subject of Distributing Pipes, though that does not enter into the plan of Mr. Keefer, because they w-ll be indispensable to the enjoyment of the work. The City has now a considerable quantity of pipe laid down, which no doubt will enter into any plan for general distribution and so far reduce the expense of this portion of the work. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) t^y r PhotDgraphic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5S0 (716)872-4503 "V**' > I ■e vx ''K^ v^.'^ J Z % ^o 70 The question necessarily arises — is there any plan that is more feasible or more advantageous than that proposed by Mr. Keefer ? The situation of the City, as remarked by Mr. Keefer, precludes the idea of obtaining a supply by gravitation. Pumping is no doubt the means that must be used, and the only question is whether steam or water power shall be used. If water power is to be used, I have seen no means so well adapted to the object as the plan submitted by Mr. Keefer. As fuel is rather expensive at this place, it is most probable the Cornish engine would be most economical for steam power. This class of engine is more expen- sive in construction. involving a larger outlay but requires less fuel to work it than ordinary engines, and would probably be most economical in this location. The cost of this class of engines would go far towards the cost of the Aqueduct ; the question is — would the extra capital, involved in the outlay for water power, be equivalent to the increased annual expense of maintain- ing steam power ? To establish steam-pumping, the most economical arrangement would be to take the water from the river at a point where it receives the drainage of the greater part of the City and below the shipping and canal. This would be very objectionable, on account of the general repugnance to using water for domestic purposes taken from a situation exposed to so much impurity, and could not be recommended. If the steam engine be placed so far above the City as to get clear of the difficulty of placing a suction pipe out of the reach of the ice, the extra expense of conduit pipe will make the expense of establishing the work for steam power, in original outlay, nearly as great as for water power. If the water must be taken in either case from near the same point in the river, which appears the only method ofobtainingitin requisite purity, then there can be no such difference in the outlay of capital as- would provide the current extra expense of maintaining steam over water power. The repairs and insurance 71 Would be greater for an establishment for steam pumping than for water pumping. If the water could properly be taken for steam pumping below the principal city drain- age, it is probable there would be about the same result as to cost, by either method, for a quantity not exceeding ^,500,000 gallons per day. For the larger quantity d[ 5,000,000 gallons per day, water power from the pure source would be more economical than steam power from the objectionable source. In view of the premises, there does not appear to me any reasonable doubt that water power in this locality is decidedly the proper plan to be adopted. It is proper to remark that the situation is eminently favorable for establishing a water power for the purpose. The works will be very secure from any action thai could impair their regular operation or involve any considerable repairs. On the most careful examination I have been able to make, I have no hesitation in the opinion that the plan proposed by Mr. Keefer is the best that can be adopted, to supply your City with an abundance of good water. I have for greater caution somewhat raised his estimate of the cost, but it is still moderate for the benefits it will secure. The proposed work, as compared with others estab- lished for a similar purpose, will involve a moderate cost, and once in efficient operation, will be well worth all its expense, in the security it will afford against loss and damage by fire ; and the varied and large benefits that will be experienced from domestic and manufac- turing uses, for washing streets and for ornamental purposes, may be regarded as a clear gain to the City. The expense of supplying a large city v/ith an abundance of good water is often dreaded in projecting the works, but when the flow enters the city, and its ijihabitants experience the benefits, the question of cost is lost in the numerous advantages that never fail to be realized from an abundant supply of pure and wholesome water. Instance the great expense of the works established for 72 this purpose in New York and Boston, yet no word of complaint is heard that they have cost more than they are worth, nor would a proposition for their be listened to for hardly any amount. Permit me, before closing this communication, to sug- gest that a Map of the City be prepared, shewing the present distribution, with a view to arrange the further piping, so as to make the distribution most effective for extinguishing fires, as well as most beneficial in supply- ing every locality with an efficient head and flow of water. On the judicious arrangement of distribution depends much of the advantage in a good supply of water. The position designed by Mr. Keefer for a Distributing Reservoir is on ground very well adapted to the object ; the inclination of the surfaces, though as favourable as any I have seen, with a substratum of rock, will make it rather expensive to excavate as compared with level ground wholly in earth, still it will not be such as to make this a serious objection. Its situation for distributing to all parts of the City is highly favourable ; it may be constructed so as to be very secure from accidents. It will not be exposed to injury from the dust of streets. A natural ravine will afford a good channel to carry sur- plus water from the waste weir. Its banks may easily be constructed so as to make fine walks on the top from which the whole City, the river, and surrounding country are seen, and will present a view of gfeat beauty and magnificence. Should the City be disposed to cultivate the vacant ground on the plateau, south-easterly from the site of the Reservoir, which is nearly 100 feet below, it would afford the opportunity of a fine Park, where foun- tains of water may rise and play with great beauty, and contribute much to the enjoyment of your citizens. This may not be deemed an important or necessary bene- fit, at the same time it is no doubt useful as well as ornamental. To combine works of a: ■ 12 tons (2000 lbs.) of coal per day a %i, $48, equal per annum $17,620,00 1 Engineman, per day, a $2, $2, " " " 'ZSO.OO 2 Fireman, " a $1.25, $2.50, " " " 912,50 Oil, Tallow, Ac, " a $3,50 1,277,60 Repairs of Engine and Machinery, 1,000,00 The age of the Engine and Macliinery may be assumed to be equal^to an annual cost of, 4,000,00 Total cost per annum,, $25,439,00 This sum is equal to the cost of elevating one thousand gallons of water for one and a half cents. The consump- tion of one pound of coal is estimated to be sufficient to raise 420,000 pounds of water one foot high. By some experiments recently made at the Buffalo Water Works, the consumption of one pound of coal was found to be sufficient to raise from 350 to 360,000 pounds of water one foot high, including the consumption of fuel in raising steam before starting the pumps. • 78 Some of the best Cornish engines have averaged as high a duty as one million of pounds with the consump- tion of one pound of coal. The only valuable experience which has been had upon this continent in supplying water to Cities by water power, is at the Fairmount Works, Philadelphia. Mr. Frederick Graff", the superintendent of those works, has, in liis annual reports for 1850, and 1852, given the cost of raising one million of gallons ninety six feet high per day at $1.61, for the former year, and $1.33 for the latter. These sums include the items of wages of workmen, tallow, oil, pack- ing yam, fuel for heating the mill house, and repairs to the wheels and pumps. Add to the above an item repre- senting the age of the machinery or its depreciation in value, and we would find the total expense of performing the duty alluded to, about two dollars. This is equi- valent to the cost of elevating one thousand gallons of water for one-third of a cent.* The cost of elevating the same quantity by steam power has been before stated at one and one-half cents, making the proportion of the cost of water power to that of steam, about four and one-half to one. If the interest on the cost of the Canal and works to bring the water to the wheels is added, applied to the raising of five millions of gallons per day, it will increase the cost of the water power, to about one and one-quarter cents for elevating one thousand gallons. The cost of elevating five millions of gallons daily at the above rate is per annum about $6,000. The interest on tlie diflference between the cost of the Canal and water power, and of the steam power, and its appurtenances ("say $250,000 a 6 per cent.) is, 15,000 Total $21,000 Cost per ancum of pumping by steam power, 26,439 Making an annual saving of $4,439 *This estimate is made for elevating the water one hundred and sixty feet high, while that by stctun power is for elevating it two hundred feet high. If allowance is made for this difference in the elevation, the pro- portionate cost would be as three and a half to one. 79 'k The capacity ol the water power during a greater por- tion of the yoiir will be double that which has been e.sti- maled. This exc(;ss of power can be usefully applied to other purposes, and thus render the comparison between the expense of the two plans, still more in favor of water power. I am, therefore, of tlie opinion that your plan of pumping the water by water power will be more economical to the City, than if steam were applied. The use of water wheels in so cold a climate as that of Montreal, may be objected to on the ground of the liability of their operations being suspended by the action of the ice. The experience you have of the performance of the wheels upon the Lachine Canal will enable you to judge of the value of these objections. Should you apprehend considerable diiTiculties in the use of the wheels proposed, I would recommend the adoption of the Turbine wheel, as the danger of its being stopped by ice or back water is trifling if it be properly arranged and guarded. The operation of this wheel at Fairmount Works has given entire satisfaction. The Superintendent in his last report alluding to it, says, " the perfect success of this wheel affords the means of increasing the power of the works, (by substituting Turbines for the breast wheels now in use) to the extent of from four and one-half to six mil- lions of gallons per day. It may be possible to add to the effective fall of water upon the wheels by lowering the tail race below the level you propose, and using the Turbine, which will operate in back water should you be troubled with it. If this can be done I should consider it the most judicious plan. I would also suggest the advantage that may arise from terminating the canal at some point nearer the river than Gregory's, and thus obtaining a tail race several feet lower than the one proposed. Your machinery would then be exposed to the action of freshets, and the wheels, for a certain period of time, be compelled to work in back water. 80 This objection would be quite removed by properly closing and guarding the mouth of th3 race, and using the Turbine instead of the breast wheel. The liability to derangement in all mechanical con- trivances renders it advisable to provide to a supply in the event of an accident causing a suspension in the ope- ration of the pumps. During the prevalence of extensive fires when the con- sumption and waste of water is very great, there is much danger of the pumping machinery being run at hazardous rates of speed, thereby increasing the risk of breakage at a time when its failure would be disastrous. The duplicating of the machinery, and also of the rising main is therefore indispensable, unless a Reservoir be constructed of sufficient capacity to retain a supply for the City during the existence of the breach. I have already recommended the use of four wheels with one pump attached to each; the question now is upon duplicating the rising main or making reservoirs of great capacity. Should the first named measure be resorted to, the diameter of the mains may be reduced. The cost of one these lines, say of twenty-four inches diameter, from Gregory's to the McTavish Reservoir, will be, when laid complete with all the necessary fixtures, about eighty thousand (|80,000) dollars. With double mains and duplicate machinery, the risk of a failure of supply will be mainly confined to some derangement in the canal and channels connected with the wheels, or to giving too great a speed to the machinery. In reference to reservoir capacity it may be said that the experience of every city supplied with water, fully attests the importance of holding at constant command in their reservoirs a large surplus of water. Those having reservoirs of limited capacity are annually subjected to inconvenience from the defectiveness of this principal branch of their system. The Corporation of Philadelphia have just completed, at an expense of fifty thousand dollars, a reservoir, the 81 the contents of wliich arc sixteen nnd a-half millions of gal- lons ; they having found the old ones (which together held twenty two millions of gallons) inadetjuate to meet their wants. « They have also six rising mains and v\gh\ pumps. The slopes of the Mountain in the roar of Montreal are too abrupt to admit of the construction of a large reservoir at a height which will command the whole city, and you will therefore be compelled to depend upon the constant operation of your pumps, or to erect a capacious reservoir on a lower level, from which the supply to the lower por- tions of the City may be drawn. In determining which of these modes shall be resorted to, the arrangement of the distributing pipes has a parti- cular influence. If there be but one reservoir constructed, and that at an elevation two hundred feet above the harbour, there will be a large district of distributing pipes subjected to a head pressure, ranging from one hundred and sixty to one hundred and seventy feet. This is in my opinion quite objectionable, and wholly unecessary, except in cases of extensive conflagrations, during which time the draught of water from the pipes is so great as to render this head of the utmost importance. There would also be a difficulty in using the present distributing pipes under the whole head of two hundred feet above the harbour. They \vould undoubtedly, in numerous instances, be blown up by the new supply, and with the rupturing of the house service pipes be the source of continued annoyance. The plateau of ground lying between St. Denis and St. Lawrence Streets, and west of Sherbrooke Street, offers an eligible site for the construction of a reservoir with storage capacity. The surface of water in this reservoir will be one hun- dred and forty feet above the harbour in low water, and will supply with an ample head all the buildings situate upon grounds not higher than that of Dalhousie Square. ''- \,\ 'i 1 ' ! ' ! 82 The district thus supplied comprises the major portion of the city, and in case of the failure of the upper reser- voir, all the inhabitants residing upon and below the level of Sherbrooke Street could also derive a sufficient supply for culinary purposes from the lower reservoir. It is evident that by constructing the lower reservoir with storage capacity, all the danger of an intermption of the supply by the failure of the machinery is removed, and you will also derive an advantage which in similar works is conceded to be of much importance — that of retain- ing the purity of the water by holding it in large basins.' Much economy may be practised in laying down the distributing conduits, by creating a high and low service, as the thickness of pipe required for the lower service will be diminished by only using the upper head at times when a great supply is wanted. You will also be enabled to use the pipe now laid to better advantage. The cost of the lower reservoir, capable of holding thirty millions of gallons, having the water from fifteen to twenty feet deep — made of earthen mounds with inte- rior puddle walls, and paved upon the insides, will be about forty thousand dollars. This reservoir may be supplied by a distributing pipe laid from it through Sherbrooke Street to the rising main. By this plan a saving will be effected in the outlay for machinery, and also in the power, should the day come Avhen it will all be needed. The single rising main will on this plan afford perfect security, and the saving thereby made as compared with the cost of the lower reservoir amounts to about forty thousand dollars. I therefore recommend the following plan, the erect: an of duplicate wheels and pumps ; a single rising main of thirty inches diameter; the construction of a small reservoir on the McTavish place, and of a large storing one upon the site of the present reservoir, the feeding of this reser- voir through the distributing pipe in Sherbrooke Street ; and the laying down of two services that may be con- nected in cases of fire. 88 reservoir The pumping main should be disconnected from the distributing pipes when the pamps are running, except in emergencies, as the impulsive action of the pumps would tend to produce leaks in the joints of the distributing and house pipes. In the arrangement of the two services care should be taken to connect them at convenient places by cross pipes and stop cocks, by which means the whole head can be turned upon all the pipes during conflagrations. The distributing pipes should have a capacity suflicien; to furnish the requisite supply in case of fire, and this can be obtained at a reasonable expense by enlarging each alternate or third pipe, which would in such cases become feeders to the intermediate pipes. Both services should be separated into distances of moderate size by stop cocks, so that when repairs are required the supply shall only be cut off from a limited district. I also recommend the laying down of an independent main from the lower reservoir through Sf. Deais or St. Constant Streets to Notre Dame Street, for the purpose of supplying the ridge on the City's front. This main should not be tapped by either street or house service pipes, and should be arranged to connect with the upper service on the level of Dorchester Street. The main from the McTavish Reservoir should be pro- duced through the town service, passing down Mansfield and St. Monique Streets, the upper pressure being terminated at St. Antoine Street. 1 have examined the estimates which you have sub- mitted, and believe the sum therein provided for to be sufficient to complete the works you propose. That is for the canal, wheels, machinery, rising main, and reser- voirs — the sum of six hundred thousand dollars. Very truly yours, WM. J. Mc ALPINE. Thos. C. Keefer, Esq., Engineer, Montreal Water Works. APPENDIX. In my preliminary report no allusion was made to the quality of the water, further than a general remark that the point at which it was taken out of the St. Lawrence was the most favourable possible for a pure supply. As there was no choice, a chemical analysis was not neces- sary. I was then anxious, however, to ascertain the extent of the improvement in the quality of the water which might be expected by taking the supply from the head of the Lachine Rapids, instead of from the foot of the harbour as is now done. The effect produced upon many travellers by the water now taken from the iiarbour is well known, and has never been accounted for. Although I by no means' expected to solve so subtle a question, I deemed it of the utmost importance, in connection with the new supply, that every information should be obtained bearing upon this point. The water flowing in front of the city is a mixture of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence, both good waters separately, and it would appear a paradox, that a mixture of two good things would result in a deleterious one. No complaint, that I am aware of, has been made of either the Ottawa or St. Lawrence waters, by travellers on steamers where these waters were exclusively u; -d ; and from the testimony of the Captains of steamers, I am aware that both of these waters may be drank with impunity by persons who are immediately and severely affected by the water now supplied to this city. At Montreal the sample analysed from the present Water Works was obtained under the most favourable circumstances, and was probably more of a St. Lawrence than an Ottawa water. The city is at present supplied by a " suction" pipe laid under the long-wharf, and drawing its supply from the outer end near the channel. In 85 winter, the elevation of the water allows the Ottawa, which hugs our island, to flow inshore over this wharf. At this season, also, there is very little sewage discharge at Pointe a Calli^re, and this passes over the wharf between the mouth of the suction pipe and the shore. In summer, however, the case is very different. When the water falls below the level of the long-wharf, all the sewage discharge from Pointe a Calliere, With the offal, &c., thrown overboard from the shipping, are mixed with Ottawa water — already turbid and heated from flowing over the shallows at Nun's Island and Pointe St. Charles — and from constant disturbance by the steamers of the shallow shoals in the harbour — and are drawn round the head of the long-wharf into the channel, just over the point where the supply is taken for the pumps. - To appreciate the effect of the Pointe a Calliere sewage which thus flows over the mouth of the present feed pipe, it is necessary to refer briefly to the topography and drainage of Montreal. None but the older residents, or such as interest them- selves about the drainage area of streams, may be aware that the whole water shed from the Tanneries village to a point opposite Longueuil, and from the line of Notre Dame and St. Mary Streets, as far back as the summit of the mountain, was originally discharged at Pointe a Cal- liere opposite the Custom House, and that the only reduction of this discharge is that occasioned by a tap from the Craig Street sewer cut through into the Current St. Mary near Monarque Street. Under such a condition of things the sewage discharge cannot be regular, and such as would be neutralized by the greater volume into which it pours. For with such an extent of area to be drained at one point, and with the insufficient fall existing, in dry weather little discharge will take place, and a periodical flushing must ensue, after every heavy rain or thaw, which will pour into the harbour such a quantity of sewage at one time as cannot fail to influence the quality of water delivered by the pumps. 86 Without determining whether dirty water is unwhole- some — or produces the strong medicinal effect which our present supply is known to exert on many constitutions, it is apparent that a state of things exists which will fully account for a difference in the quality of the water in front of the city from that of the parent rivers, or of any admixture of them above or below us. , It is also a popular belief that the St. Lawrence is a purer because a whiter water than the Ottawa, but those who have used both must have remarked that the latter is the softer of the two, and this quality, in an economic point of view, makes it the most valuable for public use. It has been asserted that the Shad and Salmon ascend the Ottawa in preference to the St. Lawrence, a fact which, if well established, is an argument in favour of the supe- rior purity of the Ottawa water. In order to ascertain first, the relative qualities of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence waters, — pure samples of each were taken out of the respective rivers above the rapids of Ste. Anne, and the Cascades, in the month of March, when no freshets or land drainage existed ; and, secondly, in order to determine whether there was any important commingling of the two before they pass Montreal, samples were obtained, at the same period, above the Lachine rapids, and from the wells of the pumps now supplying the city. It will be seen from Mr. Hunt's analysis that the Ottawa water, as found above Ste. Anne, already under- goes decided changes before it reaches the Lachine Rapids, and that this effect of its contact with the St. Lawrence water is still further heightened by the time it reaches Montreal. It should be observed, however, that the quality of the water at Lachine will vary very much from the results shewn by the analysis, as there is a different proportion of the Ottawa thrown into Lake St. Louis for almost every month in the year. in 87 One of the most important questions connected with the properties of water for the supply of towns is, the probable action upon lead. The use of this metal for house service is indispensible, and it is well estab- lished that the more pure the water the greater is its action upon lead. The water with which Boston is sup- plied is purer than that of any other American city, and, although its action upon lead is disputed, a most alarm- ing action on the iron mains has developed itself, which has (by nodules or accretions in the interior of the pipes) reduced the capacity of some of the large mains very materially. Mr. Hunt's analysis shews that unmixed Ottawa water contains less than one-third of the quantity of carbonate of lime which is held in solution by an equal bulk of St. Lawrence water ; and that this quan- tity is considerably more than doubled by its contact with the latter at Lachine. While this lime undoubtedly increases the hardness of the Ottawa water it confers upon it the property of resisting the action of lead. Good authorities say that soft water, when it contains less than ^wu'S V^^^ °^ solid matter in the form of carbonates or sulphates, will act upon lead. Lime water is used to coat the interior of pipes. On referring to Mr. Hunt's letter it does not appear that the water of the new sup- ply will contain more solid matter than is required, — and it is satisfactory to know from experience with the pipes which have been a long time laid down here, that no serious action on the iron is to be anticipated from the quality of the water which will be used. THOS. C. KEEPER. MoNTBEAL, \Sth Aprilf 1854. Mr DEAR Sir, I have submitted to a chemical examination the waters of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, collected above their junction, as well as the waters of the united current below Lachine, and that supplied to Montreal by the City Water Works. The water of the Ottawa was taken by me in company with yourself, on the 9th of March last, at the head of the Ste. Anne lock, where there could be no admixture with the St. Law- rence, and on the same day, we took a specimen three miles below Lachine, at the point where the Corporation are about to obtain the supply for the new City Water Works, and about 30 feet from the shore. I collected the St. Lawrence water on the 30th March, at about 100 feet from the shore, on the south side of the Pointe-des- Cascades, at Vaudreuil, not far below the rapids. A portion of water was also taken from the well at the City Water Works, on the 15th of March. All of these speci- mens were thus collected before the melting of the snows, and may be regarded as representing the average char- acter of the waters. The water of the St. Lawrence, which is pure green in a large body, appears completely destitute of color, when in masses of only ten or twelve inches in thickness, while the fine amber-brown hue of the Ottawa is very distinctly seen in a common drinking glass. The water from Lachine and that of the City are nearly alike in color and while partaking of the brown hue of the Ottawa, have as I find by comparison, the tint of a mixture con- taining one part of this and two of pure St. Lawrence water. The waters are all bright and transparent, and deposit a veiy small amount of brownish sediment, which adheres firmly to the bottom of the bottles ; the City water contains the most, and the St. Lawrence the least. When the Ottawa water is boiled, it deposits a mix- ture of earthy carbonates and silica, colored dark brown, by the presence of a considerable amount of vegetable matter, which the recent water holds in solution. Owing to this admixture the deposit is not so dense as in the other waters, and adheres but slightly to the interior 89 and ent, the of the glass vessel in which It is hoilod. This vegetable matter which colors the waters of the Ottawa, is without doubt, derived from the peat bogs which are al)undant in the regions* drained by this river. It is only in part precipitated by boiling, and llic water when evaporated to a small bulic, liiis the color of brown sherry wine. When the water of the St. Lawrence is boiled, it gives a white crystalline deposit, which is more abundant than that from the Ottawa, and adheres lirmly to tlu^ surface of the vessel. There is but little color in the evaporated water, showing that vegetable matter is present only in very small quantity. Tlie other specimens are mixtures ot" the two waters in which the St. Lav/rence predomi- nates, and yield by boiling crystalline deposits, colored by vegetable matter. The most important results of my analyses are given in the following table ; they are the means of two or more closely accordant determinations, and are calcu- lated for 100,000 parts. Carbonalc of Lime. ... Ciirb nate of Magiioiia. Silica , Cliloiinc , Snlplimic Acid Allcalics (ns Cliloiids). Stc. Anne. Laoliinc. 2-480 G-4-10 •OOG l'.)70 2 060 3250 •076 •152 •Ifil •487 •900 i;uo City W. Works. ^•400 2^1()0 3-450 •296 •498 not deter. Cascades. 8-033 2-537 2-380 •24-2 •087 rsoo No attempt is here made to shew the distribution of the sulphuric acid and chlorine amorig the bases, and farther inquiries are necessary to decide some questions of theoretical interest, but the above table shows all that is necessary in order to judge of the fitness of these waters, for the ordinary purposes of life. The results of my further examinations when completed, will be given in the Report of the Geological Survey. It may be men- tioned that in all these waters, minute portions of phosphoric acid, alumina, and of the oxyds of iron and manganese, have been detected ; the quantity of man- ganese is greater in the St. Lawrence, but the Ottawa contains more iron. A portion of the vegetable matter in the latter water, exists in the form of crenic acid, which has been found in many other natural waters. When evaporated to a small volume, these waters still retain a portion of silica in solution and a little lime, G i I m which in the Stc. Anne water amounts to '13 and in the Cascades to -28 in 100,000 parts. It will be seen from the table, that the waters of the St. Lawrence are already mingled with the Ottawa at Lachine, for the water at tiie head of the Lachinc Rapids, near the shore of the Island of Montreal, has the composition of a mixture of two parts of St. Lawrence witli one of Ottawa water. In that from the City Water Works the admixture of St. Lawrence water is much greater, the proportions being about five to one. It must be remembered that the volume of the Ottawa varies greatb' with the season, the water being lowest in Febru- ary and September. In June and October when its volume is very much increased, the proportion of St. Lawrence water near the shore of the Island, will doubtless be much less than at the time when these specimens were taken. It is important to remark that the amount of chlorids contained in the water at present supplied to the City, is greater than in the St. Lawrence water. Another sample drawn from a hydrant on the 11th of April, gave '284 of chlorine, and a partial analysis of the water from the same source, made in the spring of 1850, showed a similar excess of chlorine. The results calculated for 100,000 parts were : Carbonate of Lime, '1'560 Carbonate of Magnesia, 2044 Chlorine, •29'7 Sulphuric Acid '447 This constant excess of chlorids shows that there is a local source of impurity, probably the drainage of the City, which always affords a large supply of such salts. The whole amount of solid matter, left after heating to redness the residue from the evaporation of the diffe- rent waters, will enable us to make some comparisons with the water supplied to other cities. I give the results obtained by Prof. Silliman with the Croton water of New York, the Schuylkill of Philadelphia, the Cochituate water of Boston, and that from the river St. Charles, above Indian Lorette, at the point where it is taken for the supply of Quebec. The results are calculated so as to show the amount of fixedresidue in an imperial gallon of ten pounds avoirdu- pois, or 70,000 grains. 91 Ottawa, Ste. Anno, 3T3 gmins. St. Lawreuct', Cascades, 10 7() " Lncliine, 8 41 " City Water WoiIch <)f)2 " Cniton, Nuw York. 71)8 « Schuylkill, rinladi'lpliia 4'.i5 " Cociiituiite, ]]iist(in, lAii " St. Chai les, Quibuc 245 " Tt will thus be siccn that while the water from Lachine with which onr City is to be sii|)|)liecl, is le.^^s pure than those of Quebec or Boston, it dillers very little from the Croton, and is decidedly to be preferred to the unmixed water of the St. Lawrence, or to onr present supply. The great purity of the Ottawa is more than sullicicnt to coimtcrbalance the objection which its color oilers, and it is therefore an important considi>ration, that during a great i)art of the year the increased brdU of the Ottawa, will give us at Lachine a supj)ly of the water of this river with very little mixture of the St. Lawrence. The action of these waters upon lead, is a question of interest ; it is known that natural waters containing a considerable amount of solul)le salts, csi)ecially sul- phates, have less action upon this metal than purer waters, but I have found that both the St. Lawrence and Ottawa waters take into solution a certain portion of the lead ; the latter, somewhat the larger quantity. The contact of brass with the lead increases the action of the water, probably by a galvanic action, while in contact with iron, on the contrary, the lead remained bright, and was less affected ; the iron, meanwhile, was consider- ably corroded with the formation of red iron rust. The protecting influence which the iron mains might exercise over the ends of the lead pipes joined to them, would however, be in a great measure counteracted by the brass cocks. I remain, my dear Sir, Very sincerely yours, T. STERRY HUNT. T. C. 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SI s > b u O O >xj E? 13 wj D % ^ Md . •? • • • • K -' • • J CO * • -1 «-' • • • 05 CO t-t 4i ■.^"f vri. !. 't m pM»~.- III! Him I I «mn^ 1 f^ ^ I Montreal Water Works . M*ahew,i Lilh. J'ubZic s. ■ j-» '■<> . 'I' m . ^'J i ,..:■■) i" ,\,.i.- - .^,^„ n . ■ , i .^ I. I .I :m J>",- £LEVATIOA/ OF STOP GATE AT ENTRANCE PLAN OF STOP GATE . unit £L£VAT/ 'SSM^^^WS^WWM^^. ANCE . D. ,i^j Sc^hfy^t^^. MB ...,....l,.™i^ ; _ _ J ^^ I I CLEVATI ON OF PUMP ic WHEEL HOUSE. \ r \ \ \ waxMiUMwaiRMiwaiMMaatMaaaMaiKR Jr£ ap[Ma HWj.HH;4t),B.W |^ MMMMMtJMMinamjTOgBfBrwwi SECT /ON OF WHEEL HOUSE . Sflff Jfel " ^ i m.,., i^ - \W * y,):- .., ■ ' Ji'^^s i ii^ }. . > vw p i ; ,,fft>rrfnm>>^>f-f.'>fnf'' ' V> ' >'>V'' - f^>^"''''''''-''^''''' * ^^'' ' ^' ' '''' ^ ''^''^'^''"''"^^^ rr . .> --_ — ■r'^^ >-''g» '• ^.' •■^"aFr" - ai.._rv„ ■> ■ -. — .^'^V * ■ -IX" — 7 '' ii^^.ftJ^'' ?yf?^ r^vl-J e: . i^ l ^lJUgMlU i SECTION OF WHEEL H N Of O/STRIBUTING RESERVO/R. Hpi*^-^ '?'^^^^^^^5^^, U\ )N OF WHEEL HOUSE & PUMP ROOM . ^W^*"^ "•'^"^^^^^^riFw ■^lUTmuinm, <■'% S£CT/0// THt '"'^^^^'^'^^^SS^^^s^ii^^^^S^^frs^i!^ SECT/ON Ti SCALE /ran DETAILS ■^f- L=s i3?T^ '^ ■Tv^;^5?yiS*^ "^ sEcr/o/v thro' deep cutt/ng . .^ lIBSTy'^r^. ^^t^-^ rJ^J^'^-^j SECT/ON THRO ' EMBAA/KMEJVT JL X /<;<' /j//'£: CULVERT UNDER LACHtNE^ C\ ,^^;:^^^;i^^>x;^m^jfi.'i..W^^n^^ B V?V?'tel # i.0/ve/TODINAL SECT/OA/ Of AOUEDUCT PUAtP/MG tote jve fl I I I I I I I 1 J I I HORIZONTAL SCALE, /V/? L0Af6/ri/£>//VAL S£CT/ON . ieot ,wf ■*f' .''"''' /0oe i'lMo f'eti. 'W** SECT/ ON Of DJSTRIBUTIN6 /^ESERVO/R. :^v ^^ Wg P .l ' i. l' - '' CANAL. _ .^^ .-^.--J.- , . SECTION OF CULVERT. ^^^Jm^^mS^mT^immf'mw:^^ UEDL/CT PUMP//VG MA/Af A JV D TA/L RACE yCff T/ CA L SCALE ^'i>t>tr Att n le M *<> jv (ti V <*' ie 'M "" 'to /J*" /e^f- ''''■■''■'''■' /i£SERVO/R. -*( iKij^—TTF^^ 'J^iimrj '^-^i^-W, ■?''i*'V'