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No. ■^f' THE PRETERTIARY INSECTS OF NORTH AMERICA, INCLUDING CRITICAL REMARKS ON AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME EUROPEAN FORMS. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER. NEW YORK: MACMILLAN AND COMPANY. 1890. • • • • • ! • • • • • • • • ••. • ••■ ...•.• •,. ; •,. ••• i"" •*j • • • * (I •• • • «• t t • • • • t • ■ TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction ix An Inquiry into the Zoological Relations op the First Discovered Traces op Fossil Neurqpterous Insects in North America; with Remarks on the Dipper- ENCB OP Structure in the Wings op Living Neuroptera. PI. (1). (Mem. Boat. 80C. nat. hist., i. 17C-192, pi. 6 ; published December, 1866) 1 s/On the Oarbonipbrous Mtriapods preserved in the Sigillarian Stumps op Nova Scotia. (Mem. Best. see. nat. hist., ii. 231-239 ; published July, 1873) 21 Supplementary Note on Fossil Myriapods. (Mem. Boat. sec. nat. hist., ii. 561-562 ; published March, 1878) 81 The Early Types op Insects; or. The Origin and Sequence op Insect Lipe in Pale- ozoic Times. (Mem. Boat. see. nat. hist., iii. 13-21 ; published March, 1879) ... 88 c/ Paleozoic Cockroaches: a Complete Revision op the Species of Both Worlds, with AN Essay toward their Classipication. Pla. 2-6. (Mom. Boat. aoc. nat. hiat, iii. 28-184, pis. 2-6 ; published November, 1879) 43 / ,i^g>HB Devonian Insects op New Brunswick. With a Note by Sib William Dawson. ^ PI. 7. (Anniv. mem. Boat. aoc. nat. hiat., art. (3), pp. 3-41, pi. 1 ; published October, 1880) 155 Archipolypoda, a Subordinal Type op Spined Myriapods prom the Carboniferous Formation. Pis. 7*, 8-10. (Mem. Boat. aoc. nat. hiat., iii. 148-182, pis. 10-13 ; publiahed May, 18«2) 195 The Carboniperous Hezapod Insects op Great Britain. PI. 11. (Mem. Boat. aoc. nat. hist., iii. 218-224, pi. 17 ; publiahed June, 1883) * ... 235 Two New and Diverse Types op Carboniferous Myriapods. Pla. 12, 18. (Mem. Boat. 800. nat. hist., iii. 288-297, pis. 26, 27 ; publiahed March, 1884) 247 ^^ The Species of Mylacris, a Carboniferous Genus of Cockroaches. PI. 13. (Mem. ^ Boat. 800. nat. hiat, iii. 299-309, pi. 27 ; publiahed March, 1884) 263 i^ The Earliest Winged Insects op America: a Re-examination of the Devonian Insects ^^ OP New Brunswick, in the light op Criticisms and of New Studies op other Paleozoic Types. PL 14. (Publiahed separately at Cambridge, February, 1885) . 275 Dt)e^ Tf^ 3 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Palaeodictyopteba ; ob, The Affinities and Classification op Paleozoic Hexapoda. Pis. 15-18. (Mem. Boat. soo. nat. hist, iii. 819-361, pis. 20-82 ; publishod April, 1885) 288 Winged Insects from a Palbontolooical Point of View ; ob. The Geological Histoby OF Insects. (Mom. Bout, soc. nat. hist., iii. 858-858 ; published April, 1885) . . . 817 The O'.uest Known Insect-Labva, Mobmolucoides abticulatus, pbom the CoNNEqjicuT RiVEB Rocks. PI. 19. (Mem. Boat. sec. uat. liiat, iii. 481-488, pi. 45 ; published September, 1886) , .... 828 Note on the Supposed Mybiapodan Ofnus Tbichiulus. (Mem. Best. boo. nat. hiat., iii. 438 ; published September, 1886) 830 A Review of Mesozoic Cockboachbs. Pis. 20-22. (Mem. Boat. aoc. nat. hist., iii. 489- 485, pis. 46-48 ; published September, 1886) 881 New Types op Cockboaches fbom the Cabbonifebous Deposits op the United States. Pis. 23, 24. (Mem. Best. soc. nat. hist., iv. 401-415, pis. 31, 82 ; published Septem- ber, 1890) 877 New Cabbonifebous Mybiapoda fbom Illinois. Pis. 25-80. (Mem. Boat. soo. nat. hist., iv. 417-442, pis. 88-38 ; published Septem. or, 1890) 893 Illustrations of the Cabbonifebous Abachnida of North America of the Obdebs Anthbacomabti and Pedipalpi. Pis. 31, 32. (Mem. Boat. soc. nat. hist., iv. 443- 456, pis. 89, 40 ; published September, 1890) 419 The Insects op the Tbiassic Beds at Pairplay, Colorado. Pis. 33, 84. (Mem. Bost. soc. nat. hist., iv. 457-472, pis. 41, 42 ; published September, 1890) .... 483 Bibliographical Note on American Ltteratuue treating of the Older Fossil Insects 449 Index 458 ILLUSTRATIONS. rr.ATB MlAMIA AND HgMGIIISTIA I. Carboniferous Cockroaches op the World II.-VI. Devonian Insects op New Brunswick VII. Restoration op Acantherpesteh, with surroundinoh VII*. Archipolypoda VIII.-X. Carboniferous Insects op Great Britain XI. Palaeocampa anthrax XII. Trichiulus and Mylacris XIII. Devonian Insects op New Brunswick XIV, American Carboniferous Palaeodictyoptera XV.-XVIII. MORMOLUCOIDES ARTICULATUS OP THE CONNECTICUT RiVER TrIAS XIX. Mesozoic Cockroaches op Great Britain XX.-XXII. Amep.ican Carbonifepous Cockroaches XXIII., XXIV. American Carboniferous Myriapoda XXV.-XXX. American Carboniferous Arachn.'oa XXXI., XXXII. Triassic Insects op Colorado XXXIIL, XXXIV. FIGURES IN TEXT. FAOB Sigillarian Myriapods 81 Etoblattina lgsquereuxii ; part op the Venation 88 Etoblattina mantidioides 98 Anthracoblattina dresdensis 112 Schematic Figures of a Modern Diplopod and a Carboniferous Archipolypod . . 196 EUPHOBERIA ARMIOBRA ; TWO FIGURES 218 Edphoberia horrida 220 Platephemera antiqua 277 Homothetus fossilis 279 MuHoIOLDCOIDGS ARTICULATUS (AFTER HiTGHCOCK) 828 wmmu M^ I INTRODUCTION. 'T^HE Essays contained in the first vuhime of the present work Imve no lojfioal connection except that they cover nearly the whole of a Hingle limited field whose scope is indicated by the title. They were written and printed ot different times during the last twenty-five years, and ire here issued exactly as fir^t piintca. In the January number of Silliman's "American Journal of .Science" for 1864, (vol. XXXVII., page 34,) Prof. J. D. Dana announced the discovery for the (inst time in North America of the fossil remains of Neuropteroua insects. They were found in flattened iron- stone concretions, which occurred in the carboniferous beds at Morris, Illinois, in company with various coal-plants and amphipod crustaceiuis. Two specimens only had fiillen under his observation, which, in the Journal referred to, in tin article entitled "On Fossil InsectK from the Carboniferous Formation in Illinois," he hits ligiu'ed upon wood and briefly described under the names of Miamia Bronsoni, and Ilcmeristiu uccidcntulis, the former after the ntune of the original discoverer of these important remains. Through the repeated courtesy of Professor Dana, I have been permitted as long an ex- amination as 1 desired of these interesting fossils, the results of which, and the comparisons I have incidentally instituted with allied groups of living insects, J have now the honor to lay before the Society. The specimens imbedded in these stones exhibit the insects in the ntitural attitude oi repose, which, as in many other Neuroptera, is with the wings overlapping one another above the abdomen ; in those Neuroptera which close their wings in this mtmner the right upper wing overlaps the left upper wing (or the left overlaps the right), while that again overlaps the right under wing, and this the left under wing ; the result is that in certain places we have actually in a cross-section four thicknesses of wing with their accompany- ing nervures, which last, if of sufficient thickness and strength to give an impression through these four thicknesses, when compressed between layers of mud, wotdd in a case like that o{ Ilemeristia, where the cross-veins are quite heavy and nmnerous, present an almost in- extricable network of veins, and render it a very difficult ttisk to determine the neuration of any one of them. In Miamia the nervures are feeble, though the wing-tissue is appar- ently correspondingly delicate ; and the wings not overlapping one another so completely as in Ilemeristia, it is not so difficult a task to determine to which wing different nervtires be- long ; yet were it not for the general similarity of the neuration in the upper and under wings in this suborder, it would even here be a perplexing matter. In Miamia the abdomen is preserved, and the nervures crossing it leave no room for doubt that the insect is viewed from above ; but in the specimen of Hcmcrislia we have the additiontil disadvantage that we cannot tell which surface we view otherwise than by the structure and relations of the wings themselves, which besides are but fragmentary, and exhibit in continuity but a small portion of the outer margin of a single wing and the inner border of none at all, the base and apex also being absent. We have then in Ilemeristia — given the central portion only of four wings, completely overlapping one another, unusually charged with cross-veins reunit- ing the branches in every part, with no external means of deciding whether the upper or under surfivce is presented to the eye, to determine what is the exact structure of each w ing. I I would here express my obligations to my friend Mr. P. use freely his extensive and varied collection of Neuroptera, R. Ubier, for the kindness with which bo has permitted mo !o containing many form; .>thcrwise quite unknown to mo. 1 1^ ; Looking at the right side as being in this case more complete, and following the course of the vein which appears at the margin next the base, we see that at a little distance out it sends forth a prominent branch which has a peculiar curve. Now as we know that among Neuroptera neither the vena marginalis ^ or vicdiastina sends off branches in this way, we necessarily conclude that this canr. ot be either of those veins ; and as it is quite what we might expect in the v. scapttlaris and is just so important a vein as that is, and as at one side we find two veins outside of this running parallel to one another and to this, closely connected by and frequently charged with cross-veins, which in this part of the wing is often characteristic of the v. marginaUs and mcdiastina, we conclude that these three veins belong to one and the same wing, and are those of the outer margin. Glancing at the opposite side we see the same peculiar curved vein, which here also is quite prominent, though there are no veins outside of it, and we naturally conclude that this belongs to the corresponding wing on the other side, the outer veins of which have been destroyed. We may notice next that on the right side between the peculiar curved branch and the vein from which it springs there lies a vein running midway between the two and apparently . connected with either by frequent cross-veins, which being quite an anomalous feature among Neuroptera, if our previous views were right, excites our suspicions; but knowing that it would be quite as great an anomaly were there to be four parallel veins along the costal- border thickly beset with cross-veins and similar in every respect, we look more closely to see if these may not belong to another wing, either above or below that to which the curved branch belongs. We notice, in confirmation of this supposition, that on the left side this dividing vein does not run midway, but considerably at one side ; and observing the right side more carefully, we see that the cross-veins between the v. scapularis and its branch override the vein which runs midway between these two, which has also itself separate and less distinct cross-veins, connecting it with a vein which must be directly beneath the v. scapularis ; and we therefore conclude, that the space thus covered by these less prominent cross-veins must be either the area marginalis or scapularis of the wing lying beneath ; to determine which of these it is, we look for the homologue of the peculiar curved branch and find it taking its rise from this vein at a point similar in position to what we found in the wing above, tyid less conspicuous than there, not only as it naturally would be from lying beneath but proportionally less so, as is also the v. scapularis of the lower, as compared with that of the upper, wing. The area referred to is then the area scapularis, corresponding to the inner of the two narrow ones which lie outside the v. scapularis of the wing above. Now,, as in Neuroptera, not to speak of other insects, the anterior half of the wing is more special- ized, and contains stronger veins in the anterior wing than the corresponding portion of the posterior wing, whiih in its turn is generally more specialized in its posterior half, Ave con- clude from the prominence of the v. scapularis, and its branch and cross-nervures in the wing which lie above, that they belong to the anterior wing, and that we view the insect from above. In very strong confirmation of this view is the fact that thet'. scapularis of the wing above lies outside of, and yet parallel to, the r. scapularis of the wing below, proving, beyond a doubt, that the upper is the anterior wing ; for the v. scapularis of the posterior wing could not lie outside of that of the anterior in any part of its course without crossing it or at least being divergent from it. Pursuing, then, the same method of inquiry in regard to the other principal veins, ' Sco note 3 on p. 3, wheru tlicsu names are explained. the course of [stance out it r that among this way, we uite what we id as at one ) this, closely the wing is B three veins ncing at the e prominent, a belongs to 2n destroyed, and the vein id apparently jlous feature knowing that ng the costal- >re closely to o which the L the left side bserving the nd its branch separate and pneath the v. ss prominent beneath; to d branch and bund in the from lying mpared with spending to ibove. Now,, norc special- ortion of the lalf, we con- in the wing insect from of the wing ving, beyond r wing could it or at least jcipal veins. we discover that those of the right anterior wing cut across the principal veins on the left side which con-espond to those of the right anterior wing, and therefore that the right wing overlaps the left. The position of each of the wings being then satisfactorily made out, it requires only patient examination and studied comparisons to determine of every one of the principal veins, or even detached * branches and cross-veins, to which of the four wings it belongs;^ and being able thus to delineate the remnants of each of the four wings, and making up from one, so far as is proper, the deficiencies of another, and carrying our point somewhat farther into what is partly :!onjectural, but guided principally by our knowledge of the relations of this insect to the Neuroptera in general, we are able to re- construct, more or less accurately, the complete structure of all the wings of this insect, as partially figured in our plate. But this is only one step ; it is indeed but the starting-point. We have now merely a basis, but a firm one, upon which to stand in making our most essential inquiry as to the relation of these ancient types to the other members of the sub-order to which we saw at first they were allied. We need to investigate something of their more intimate relation- ship, and to know how much kinship these forms, which flitted through the oozy marshes of the carboniferous forests, had with the living realities of our own day. To determine this point we have in the Hcmeristia only the wings to guide us (except a fragment of a leg which is here of but little value), and must therefore inquire whether the difierent families of Neuroptera have anything in the structure of these parts Avliich shall enable us by their aid alone to distinguish them from one another, and to determine of any wing-form presented to our eye, to which of these groups it belongs. If we can do so, we can ask of course, in reference to the fragments in question, whether they belong to any one of the hitherto described family groups, and to which, — or whether they must form an- other akin to them, but belonging to the same sub-order of Neuroptera. Inquiries made with a view to determine this point have convinced me that this is quite possible, and I have therefore embodied the results of my inquiry in the following statement of the distinc- tion in wing-neuration amoug the families of Neuroptera." Tekmitina. The V. marginalk and mcdiastina run parallel to the \-i/»fv/»'ut branolu's from its undi'r surlUoc, It Is of oonsidoraldo injportanoo. whilo tho r. i>iii(t. Tlu» V. notniiftirin is gojuM'al'y tnuoh as in Sialina. but fiu'ks gonorally uoar to tho baso, ur.d tho brauoltos aro straight instvad ^f t'urv»>tl, soldoui inutod by uioro tlian oiio or two oiH)ss-voins. and thoso gon«>rally vory rogidarly disposod, frotpiontly »niito«l oloso to tho margin and immodiatoly forking again. It oooupios also ahnost. Ihc ontiro wing. TI'.o othor voins aro uuu-h as in Siahna, but quito iusignilioant. Coiiio/i/ir'/ifiiiir. Tlio voins u»»vor roaoh tlu> bt»rdor. and aro oxtromoly simpK\ but thoy novorthoU'.xs do n«)t .soom to agroo in oltaraotor with tho.xo of anv olhor familv. Tho only lirauohing voin is tlio r. .ww/Wfrm, whioh oooupios half tho wing. It .sonds out lVt>m it»i undor si(h» di.stant from ono an.ttbor oiu» or two branohos which fork wi(hdy uoar tho mar- gin, .somotimos ooniu'otod by oross-voins, It is oonnootod to tho v. i'.tiirii(Hiiriila by a ou)ss- voin, li. Tho r. .v»vi/»hAw/.v tkios not bnMu'h until boyond tho mi«ldlo of tho wing, thon sonds out a branch which forks anti is rooonni'otoj. hi fnro roachiujr tho border, bv u cross- voin wiiioh .sends out .several brauchos to tl'.o border. This vein thus ,tccu|)ios tho apex of the wing. Tho r aiiriKHiiiifin «>ccupies tho central and largest portion. It .sends »)ut branches c«)iu«octed by cross-veins which latter themselves .send out towards tho border olVslmols, whioh aro sometimes again roconueotod. Mttii/i's/Kuiiv. The r. tiiiihosfiiin impitiges ou the v. st'(t/>tilom in tho outer half of tho wing. The /'. .vi'(»/>»/(»r/.s- .sends out near together, iu the ba.sal half of tho wing, two branches, tho oulenuost of which .sends out a branch parallel t«t the main stem, which ,»gaij» emits branches tv>wards (be border paralKd to and otpiidislant from ono an«>th«>r. The.se unite next (he border and then fork again as iu IIomer«>bina. This vein t>ccupies u>ore than half of tho wing. The v. ijftriKHiii'ifid is mncJi as in Khaphidlidio. but blanches nearer the ba.so. The anal area is (piito iusignilioant. t'tiitorfiiiin. Tho r. snt/titlan's forks near the middle of the wing, its lower branch ropoat- e»lly tbrkiug. It occupies about ono third of tho wing, taking in all tho apical portimi. Tho f. «M/(VH(HH«'(//(r forks inasimilar mainuM' but altogether boyond tho nnddle i»f its course. Tho branches «»f the veins iu general are uuiinly coufnunl to the outer half of the wing, un«l they aro couueetod by distant, straigh* cross-veins. l*/in/ifiiiiiiiit. Tlu> /'. scdfutlitris sends from its lower side I'hKse to tho ba.so a branch, which forks near tho middle of tho wing, tho branches being eonnectod together alU«rwanls by a oross-veiu. which continues on and eouuoots the branches of tlu^ r. rjiiriio-iiitifiif. Krom thi.s continuous eross-voin ii oonsidorable numb«M' of branohos aro s(>nt toward tho apex. This i.' nearly or quite the i»nly cwss-voin in the wing, Jlriiitrixtiiiii} The r. m'ttfiiilitris semis dowuwanis a branoh »u«ar tho midillo of tho wing, which curves ontwanls .so as to run nearly parallel to the nniin stem, and sonds fnun it.s umler siu'faco several other branohe.s, occupying about a third tlmna ni-o |m<|uH(i<|iiH-tiv« voins and tboir brani'bos aro intinuttoly nnitod by vory fro(piont, straiglit, strong oross-voins. Pahro/ifrrino} Hotb tho v. nitifiilwis »\\i\ iwhrinHiififin fork not far from fhoir origin vory narrowly, tho lowor fork of tho formor and tho uppor I'ork of tho luttor .•»omotinu's rofork- ing noar tho margin. 'l\)gothor thoy oooupy soarooly moro voom tluin tho f. i>ifiriii>iiicih\t, whioh at a tlistam'o l\x)n» tho baso sonds downwards nu>r«> tlivorging branohos wliioh aro oo- oasionally tntitotl to ono anothor and to tho provious voin by disljint, straight, but obliquo or«>,ss-voins. as aiv also tho branohos of tho /•. ncii/iiilon's to ono i.notbor. Tho r. (»;*(i//.v ooou- pios oonsidorablo spaco. .sonding out many narrowly 'livorging forkod branohos not diohoto- mi'/.ing. Othor important distlnoti»n)s. drawn lV«>m or dopottdont npt»n tho strvu'turo of tho wit»g.s, will bo found to bo «"haraotoristio of (ho familios of Noun)ptora. Thoy tlitVor, f»)r oxampto, in tho various positions assmnod by tho wings whott in an aMitudo «»f roposo. In tho Tiriiiiiiiia tho wings in thoir natural attitndo whou at rost aro oxtondod horizon- tally baokwanls. thoso of tho opp«)si(o sidos o«)u»plotoly ovorlapping ono anothor. Thoro is no n as in tho ortlu)ptorous family K«)rfio»dariiO. Kron* figuros of thom ono would jndgo that thoro was no dollootion of tho oostal aroa aiul no plioation of tho am\l aroa, ami that thoir p«>sition n>ay bo oxaotly as in Tormitina. In tho I'aoriiKi thoy aro oxtondod backwards, sloping oblitpioly fr«»m « -lo anothor liko tho n»of «)f a hou.so, thoir innor odgos mooting loosoly, witlu>ut plioation of tlio anal aroa of tho hinil wings ; anal aroa of foro wings with a slight h'..ri/,ontal dollootion; no dotlootion of tho oos(:d aroa. lu tho IVrlim thoy aro oxtondod horizontally backwards, oomplotoly ovorlapping ono anothor; tho anal aroa of hind wings plicat'-d ; tho costal aroa of fore wings slightly dc- lloctod. In tho Hf>/ii'ini'niiif thoy aro extended perpendiouliirly upwards, tho surfaeos of tho oppo- site wings appr«)ximato. ov st)me(iuu>s separated by a slight, sohhtm a consiilorablo, angle ; no dollootion of tho oostal aroa; no plioatit>n of tho anal aroa. In tho Oiioiiiifii thoy aro oxtondod either laterally and horizontally, or (.Vgrituuna) up- wards, and, by tho struettiro of the th«>rax. baekwanls, tho surfaeos of tho opposite wings approximate; the anal aroa not plicated ; no detleoti«)n of tho oostal aroa. In tho iSidh'mi thoy aro oxtondoil baokwanls. incmnploteh ovorlapping i>ne another, arohe-' over tho abdtMuen ; a single plioati«)n tu* n«>ne in tho anal aroa of hind wings ; u slight «lollootion in tho costal aroa of the foiv wings. In tho llninrohiiia thoy aro oxtontled baekwards. steeply sloping obliquely frt)m ono an- other liko the roof of a hoi-..;o, the-- innor o«lgos in ch)so eontaot throughout ; no plioation of tho anal aroa ; tho costal aroa tiot ilollootoil." Tho (\mopttrifiiitUr antl lihufthitiiiiUr \ have ne vet" seen alive, but they probably do nt)t dilVor essentially fmm IhMuewbina. Neither have I seen tho MiVifis/>a,fa', but thoy aro probr.ldy either as in l*orlina. though withoot delleetion or plioation, or also witlu)ut com- ploto or any ovorlapping «»f tho opposite pairo (»f wings as in Panorpina. I 8o« note on |mai»« pug... t u«i S«vig»y ng«n<« N.-moiUoia in «n ttllitiulo \ik« K|tlum)ont. •'mmmmmmi'f^im Ilif i it: 'V I: i |;- 14 In the Panorpina the wings are extended backwards horizontally or sloping slightly, the lower completely covered by the upper; the opposite pairs divaricate slightly, so as not to overlap one another at all, while the inner edges meet only along the basal half. The anoJ area is not plicated, nor the costal area deflected. In the Phryganina they arc extended backwards, steeply sloping from one another obliquely like a roof, at tip generally steeper, nearly vertical, and the opposite pairs ap- pressed ; the anal area of the fore wings ^ /^fleeted horizontally, those of the opposite pairs overlapping one another, the anal area of the hind wings pl.'cated ; the costal area not de- flected. In the Hemcmiina the wings overlap one another horizontally very completely, even close to the base, probably arched over the abdomen, and probably with the sides protected near the base by the deflected costal area. In the Pfila'ojyterina they overlap one another partially in a loose way horizontally over the abdomen, probably with no costal deflection, and in general as in the Termitina, though with not so complete an overlapping. Some of the families of Neuroptera will also be found to differ in the position assuried by the wings of the pupa, as follows : — Termitina. When developed more than as tubercles they are represented by Westwood as extended horizontally elongate over the abdomen, their inner edges touching at tip, Psocina. Horizontally extended backwards in a level plane, not covering much of the abdomen, the posterior covered by the anterior. Perlina. Same as in Psocina, but never covering any of the abdomen, the posterior being behind and not overlapped by the anterior. Ephcmcrina. Curving backwards and upwards over the abdomen, the posterior covered by the anterior, the outer edges meeting along the median line. Odomhi. Projecting backwards in a level plane, somewhat deflected, the hinder edge downwards, those of either side parallel. In the other families the wings are bent over, either curving over upon the breast or extended along the sides, the posterior partially or completely covered by the anterior, or with some modification of one or the other of these modes, so nearly the same as to make the distinctions valueless. The families differ also from one another, but agree among themselves in the position of the head. In the Termitina, Embidina, Perlina, Sialina, and Kaphidiida?, the head is in the same horizontal plane with the body. In Psocina, Ephemerina, Odonata, Hemerobina,* Panorpina, Phryganina, Mantispadae," and Coniopterygidw, it is in a plane vertical to that of the body. We do not know the position of the head in Hemeristina, but in Pala;opterina it is horizontal. From this review of the distinctions among the families we see that the Hemeristina are related to the Hemerobina and Sialina more than to any other, by the mode of branching of the v.scaptdaris ; to the Ephemerina by the comparative importance of the v. intcrno-media and analis ; to the Odonata by the character of the v. marginalis and v. mediastina in the basal half of the wing ; to the Ephemerina again in the method of dispersion of the cross-veins ; 1 It may be noticed here that the larva of Myrmelion lias the head Lorizontal. 3 This is an additional reason why this should be separated as a family group from Raphidiidte. 'I I 16 slightly, the so as not to r. The anal )ne another te pairs ap- iposite pairs area not de- pk-tely, even ies protected ;ontally over itina, though ion assiir ted »y Westwood jg at tip. much of the the posterior erior covered linder edge le breast or anterior, or as to make le position of lead is in the lemerobina,* ical to that of Palajopterina 'emcrisiina are of branching intcrno-medla in the basal cross-veins ; and to the Odonata in the strength and importance of the same ; and once more to the Sialina in the form and manner of folding the wings ; while it has distinctive characters, not only in the unusual combination of these peculiarities, but also in that the v. marginalia, mediastina, and the main stem of the v. scajmlan's are equidistant nnd parallel throughout, uniformly connected by straight cross-veins ; in the peculiar curving of the principal branch of the V. scapuhm ; in the mode of branching of the v. externo-mcdia ; and in that the lower principal fork of the v. inierno-mcdia occupies more space with its branches, and is of more importance than the upper fork, 'Mp The Pdceopterina show their relation to the Tennitina in the character of the v. mcdiastina and the irregular cross-veins which run towards the margin ; to the Termitina more than to any other, though not intimately, in the mode of divarication of the branches of this same vein ; to hardly any unless it be the Panorpina in the peculiarities of the v. extcnio- media ; to the Ilemerobina and still more to the Sialina in the structure (though in Palae- oplerina given with more precision and exaggeration) of the v. iiilcnio- media ; to the Eph- .;, emerina in the mode of branching, and to the Sialina in the important development, of ■^ the V. analis ; to the Rhaphidiida) more than to any other, though but slightly, in the infre- "l quency and manner of dispersion of the cross-veins, excepting the marginal ones ; and to the Termitina in the obliquity of all the cross-veins apart from those on the margin, and generally in the manner of folding the wings in repose. In the importance of the v. intcrno- media and amdis, occupying as they do fully half the wing, v.e have characters which of themselves would clearly separate this family from the otheis ; we also find distinctions of sufficient significance in every vein of the wing except the v. marginalis and mcdiastina. "Wc have thus far treated only of the structure of the wings. In the Palaeopterina, how- ever, we have other portions of the body to examine in addition to these, though their structure is generally scarcely as di.^tinct as that of the wings, being crushed and displaced. The contour of the abdomen is best preserved, though least so at the terminal segment, the most important part. It is apparently depressed ; the roundness of the lateral edges of the segments indicate a membranous rather than a corneous, or even coriaceous integ- ument, broad at the base, slightly increasing in breadth towards the middle and then taper- ing considerably to the apex, the terminal segment apparently furnished with a pair of short, stout, conical, anal stylets, — in all this corresponding in general to what we find in some Sialina. The meso- and meta- thorax are somewhat indefinite in their outlines, but the inequalities of the upper surfiice and the direction of the principal wing-nervures, which afford us an indi ation of the point of attachment of the wing, together with the faint sutu- ral marks, show that it was similar in character in this part of the body also to the struct- ure we find in Corydalis, one of the Sialhia. The prcMiorax is quite remarkable for its diminutive size, its width being only half that of the mesothorax. We find similar abrupt changes in the Rhaphidiidoe, but in the Pala;opterina the pro thorax is not, as there, length- ened anteriorly as a compensation, but is formed much as in Pcrlina, depressed, quadran- gular, Avith a slight median carina, but its anterior edge produced in the middle to quite a prominent tooth. The anterior legs are v.-anting,^ bat both the other pairs are present in fragments, enough to show that thoy were of moderate length and strongly co.mpressed. 1 It vrill bo seen in our description of the nntorlor legs and reasons for this wo have given elsewhere, of the head, that we interpret these parts very differently Science, (2) XL : 2G8. from Professor Dana in bis article in ns into other ita-thorax and and eyes, the our mind, the femoral as to lead us peculiarities of nbracing both it in detail the mg themselves ; un- ely separated from of Pseudo-ncurop- 17 characters of the families, genera, and species of the fossil insects referred to in the pre- vious remarks. Family Pal-uopterina Scudder. Ncuroptera of medium, size. Body rather broad and flat; the head horizontal. Head oval, depressed ; eyes rather large, elongate ; thorax square and depressed ; the prothorax and head much narrower than tiie rest of the body ; legs compressed, not long ; abdomen full, long, probably (like Corydalis) not corneous; the terminal segment probably with a pair of very short anal appendages. Wings large and regularly roimdeu, very broad near the base, the two pairs nearly equal, extending beyond the abdomen, and when at rest both pairs reaching about the same point ; Avith only a very few and slight cross-veins, except in the area marginalis, where they are numerous and irregular ; when at rest, folded as in the Sialina. The r. mcdiastiua rims parallel to the v. margiimlis, but not in close proximity to it. It terminates at about two thirds the distance to the apex by impinging on the r. papillaris, which runs parallel and quite near to the v. mediasfiiia, reaching the margin just before the very extremity of the wing. The v. nn^ is forks at about one fourth its distance from the base, the upper fork taking the direction mentioned and remaining simple, the lower diverging but little though with constant increment, forking at about three fourths the distance from the base, the forks reforking one or more times. The upper branch is connected by a few oblique cross-veins with the lower, which run outwards and down- wards. The V. cxtcrno-mcdia forks quite near the base, its branches but slightly divergent, sometimes forking again. The v. iiitcrno-media covers Avith its branches a wider space. It is at first about as divergent from the last as that is from the lower branch of the v. scapiilaris. It soon forks, the upper branch again forking twice, the forks remaining par- allel but separated from or.'e another at the start as widely as those of the previous vein at their termination. There r.re one or two cross-veins imiting these forks, and one or two uniting the upper branch to the lower branch of the previous vein, where it comes in close contiguity. Of the v. aiialis little can be said, except that it terminates in a large number of closely contiguous, parallel nervures, which arise from fo 'ks near the ba.se, which seldom refork, the branches running parallel to the innermost branch of the v. iiiterm-mcdia. The urea marginalia has a large number of irregular cross-veins curving outwards from the f. mediastina, as in many Termiiina. Tlie wings are quite alike and weak. In the specimen they are in their natural attitude of repose, overlapping one another in a loose way upon the back, probably with no side support Genus Miamia Dana. Head ovate ; eyes oblong-ovate, situated on the sides in the middle, slightly approximate anteriorly, prominent above and below but not protruding laterally beyond the general contour of the head ; prothorax as wide as the head, quadrangular, broadest anteriorly, the anterior border very much produced forwards into a median projection, both anterior and posterior angles prominent but rounded, the posterior border square ; meso- and meta-tho- rax much broader than prothorax, with large, slightly elevated tubercles just within the base of the wings, as in Corydali? ; middle and hind femora and tibia) broad and not long, femora and tibia) of equal length ; abdomen large and plump, as in Corydalis, the basal joints not quite so large as the central, tapering regularly, though but little, from the 5 !! 9 '■ ' t '• 18 middle to the tip ; Inst joint considerably smaller thnn the penultimate, furnished apparently with a pair of very short, bluntly conical, anal append, tges. The costal border of the wings is almost perfectly straight, till near the tip, at a point just before reaching the tip of the abdomen when the wings are at rest, where it begins to curve. The inner border begins to form an opposite curve at a corresponding point, and together they form a curve of per- fect regularity with no angle whatever. The inner border is straijjht for some distance from this curve towards the base, the wing growing but slightly narrower till near the base, when it narrows suddenly, Lut (probably) with n regular curve. The cross-veins connecting the branches of the v. scapulam are only two or three, run- ning obliquely downwards and outwards from the upper to the lower branch at equal dis- tances from one another, and the outer at a similar distance from the forking of the lower branch. The cross-veins, between the branches of the v. mtenio-medut, run parallel to the inner margin between the extremities of those branches. The cross-veins are very slight, and in the case of those in the area marginalis are very irregular in direction and disposi- tion, like the same sp.ace in the Terraitina. In the other parts of the wing the two or three scattered ones in the places mentioned are regular and straight. Miamia Br ^soni Dana. Measurements : head, .10 in. broad ; length of eye, .08 in. ; length of prothorax, including front projection or tooth, .15 in. ; breadth of meso-thorax, .25 in. j from the hinder edge of prothorax to the extremity of the abdomen, 1.12 in. ; breadth of middle femora, .05 in. ; length of hind femora (what is seen of them), .33 in. ; breadth of sam3, .07 in.; length of hind tibia?, .18 in. ; breadth of .same, .04 in.; expanse of fore wings, 2.16 in. ; expanse of hind wings, 2 in. ; extreme breadth of fore wing, .40 in. ; length of the anal append- ages, .05 in. Head just twice as long as broad ; prothorax of the same width as the head, the front border convex, produced considei'ably forward in the middle to a pointed and rather slen- der tooth, a very slightly impressed median carina extending the whole length of the pro- thorax, a scarcely perceptible linear impression crossing the hinder portion, starting from a little in front of the posterior angle and curving forward so much that the broad, straight, scarcely elevated ridge connecting its two extremities is equally distant from it and the hind border of prothorax ; the sides of prothorax very slightly convex, the prothorax itself about five sixths as broad posteriorly as anteriorly. Femora (front legs wanting) broad, slightly swollen along the middle line, flat upon either side, tlie extremities docked, the angles slightly rounded. TibioD much narrower, with no median ridge except in the hind tibia), where it is slight in the middle. Wings in repose reaching the same point. Family Hemeristin.\ Scudder. • . ,. 'v ' ., ' Neuroptera of large size. The prothorax is quadrangular, narrower than the meso- and mcta-thorax. though not proportionally so much so as in the Palajopterina ; the femora (probably the front pair) are as in the Palaeopterina, but proportionally broader. Wings large, long, about twice as broad beyond the middle as near the base, the costal border convex in its outer half, with numerous ajid prominent cross-veins, but no reticu- lations ; when at rest, overlapping quite completely even close to the base, much as in the Perlina, and probably with the sides protected near the base by the deflected arece marffiih alis d scapularis. 10 ictl apparently !!• of the wings the tip of the irder begins to curve of pcr- some distance near the base, or three, run- h at equal dis- ; of the lower )arallel to the ire very slight, n and disposi- iir the two or orax, including hinder edge of LMnora, .05 in. ; in.; length of a. ; expanse of ! anal append- lead, the front nd rather slen- gth of the pro- i, starting from broad, straight, •om it and the )rothorax itself wanting) broad, es docked, the pt in the hind )oint. the meso- and a; the femora der. Dase, the costal , but no reticu- 111 uch as in the ed arew margin- The V. mcdiasfina and v. scapularis run nearly parallel to each other throughout their course. The v. scapuhiris, at about one third the distance from its origin to the apex, sends out a branch, which curves outwards and considerably downwards, again curving upwards, so that when about two thirds the distance from the base it is as far from tiio main stem as that is from the front margin ; beyond this, it keeps apparently parallel with the main stem; at the deepest part of its curve it sends out a branch about as divergent from it as it was from its parent stem, which continues directly to the margin, and again, but a short distance further on, it sends fortli another, which runs parallel to the former. The r. cxfenio-meiUa is found a short distance from the base in close contiguity with the V. scapularis, but forliing as it separates from the former, the up])er branch continues a short distance in close contiguity to it, and then passes unchanged to the border of the wing parallel to the lowermost branch of the v. scapularis ; the lower branch runs in a direction parallel to the general course of the upper, and forks once a little more than half way to the border. The v. inter iio-vwdia forks at its origin, both forks running very nearly parallel and in quite close contiguity to one another, and parallel to, but rather distant from, the lower branch of the v. cxterno-mcdia. The upper fork again forks at a little distance from the origin, the forks keeping in close contiguity. The lower fork sends off from its lower side one or two slightly curving, rather divergent branches. Of the origin and branching of the V. analis little can be said ; the branches are rather numerous and distant, and sub- parallel to the lower fork of the v. iiitcrno-mcdia as continued in its first branch, and the area covered by it is large and well developed. All of these veins and branches are connected together by numerous cross-veins, which are quite prominent, equidistant, and equally dis- tributed throughout the wing, much as in most Ephemerina. The lower wing differs from the upper, so far as can be determined, in that the branch of the i\ scapulari'' does not curve towards the main stem, and that there are other branches to the V. scapularis beyond the iirst, parallel to that. The veins below this were not easily distinguishable. Genus Hemeristia Dana. Prothorax equally wide throughout ; the sides straight ; the anterior and posterior bor- ders slightly if at all convex ; (fore ?) femora as in Miamia, but proportionally broader, though with the same flat surface on each side of a slightly swollen middle ridge. Wings of large size, probably extending considerably beyond the body, the costal border probably quite straight during the first part of its coiu'se, curving broadly towards the ex- tremity, probably with the extremities rounded and without a pointed apex, and with a full anal area and angle. The second branchlet of the principal branch of the v. scapularis in the upper wing, previous to the origin of the third, is connected with the principal branch by sinuate cross veins as frequent as the cross-veins in other parts of the wing. Hemeristia oooidentalis Imna. The prothorax here is so indistinct and poorly defined as to be incapable of specific de- scription, or of measurements. Mesothorax, .25 in. broad ; the fragment of the (fore?) femur is .10 in. broad. The wings, too, being but partially preserved, it is impossible to give accurate measurements, save of parts within a wing. Ine probable expanse is 5.15 in. ; the distance, when the wings are at rest, between the first branching of the v. scapu- laris on one wing and that on the other upper wing, is .50 in. The estimated breadth of ir 1 20 ench wing at its widest point, probably the same as that between the margins of the wings at rest at their widest point, is .85 in. ; the distance between the origin of the principal branch of the v. scapulam of the upper wing and that of its second branch is .53 in. ; the greatest width of the space between the i>. scapulam and its principal branch in the upper wing is .11 in.; and the distance be' ocn the v. scapular is and the margin at this same point is .09 in. The figure answers better than description. In this specimen the right upper wing overlaps the left upper wing, and the insect is seen from above. Explanation of the Plate. Vig. 1. — The right upper wing of Ifemeriitia occidentalit restored, inagniflud 1 J diameters. Fig. 2. — Restorntioii of Miamia Bronsoni, magnified 2 Jinmeten). The dotted lines in these two figures show the conjectural parts. Fig. 3. — The four wings of HemerUilu occidentalit as seen in the fossil, magnified 1 ^ diameters. Fig. 4. — The veins of the wings only of Miamia Brontoni, as they appear in the fossil, magnified 2 diameters. Published December, 18G6. I* 'I '' d the insect ia On the Carboniferous Myriapods preserved in the Sigillarian Stumps OP Nova Scotia. Among the most curious and interesting results of Dr. J. W. Dawson's researches in the ancient fauna and flora of Nova Scotia is his discovery, in the carboniferous strata at the " Joggins" mine, of erect sigillarian stumps, whose cavities enclosed, vnth the debris of those ancient times, the reUcs of a fauna othenvise quite unknown. Tlie land-shells and gally-worms — than which none are known of older date — with fragments of hexapod insects, which had nom'ished the reptiles of that period and are now preserved in their coprolites, indicate, from their nature and comparative abundance, a fauna of considerable magnitude ; three stumps alone, Dr. Dawson informs me, have yielded the articulate re- mains which I have examined.^ The gally-worms occur mostly in fragments of from three or four to about sixty segments ; but also in smaller bits, enclosed in the masses of reptilian coprolites ; hexapod insects scarcely appear except in the coprolites, and although they unquestionably belong to Orthoptera and Neuroptera (of small size), they are in general too fragmentary to justify one in predicating anything of their generic affinities. In this paper attention is directed to the Myriapoda alone. These were originally re- ferred by Dr. Dawson to a single species and described imder the name of Xylohins sigil- larice.^ Greatly to my surprise, I found, on examining them, that they represented not only several species, but two genera of gally-worms. Urged by the doubts both of Dr. Dawson and myself, I subjected the specimens to repeated and most minute inspection, but found my previous opinion confirmed at every step. The condensed description, origmaUy given by Dr. Dawson, is as follows : — " Body crustaceous, elongate, articulate, when recent cylindrical or nearly so, rolling spirally. Feet small, numerous; segments thirty or more; anterior segments smooth, posterior, with transverse wrinkles, giving a fiu:rowed appearance. In some specimens traces of a series of lateral pores or stigmata. Labrxun ? quadrilateral, divided by notches or joints into three portions. Mandibles two-jointed, last joint ovate and pointed. Eyes ten or more on each side." Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xvi., p. 272. In stating that the anterior segments were smooth, while the posterior were provided with " transverse wrinkles," Dr. Dawson seems to have drawn his conclusions from a com- 1 Tho opportunity of studying them I owe to his kindness. ' For previous writings on " Xylobius sigillarix " see : Dawson, J. \V. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., xn, 268-273, figs. 4-9 (figs. 5, 6, 8, A. xylobioides ; fig. 9, X. sigll- lariai) ; ibid., xviii, 6 ; ibid., xxii, 116 ; Air Breathers of the Co.il Period, 62-64, 67, pi. vi, figs. 57-61 (figs. 57, 61, A. xylobioides ; fig. 59, X. Dawsoni ; fig. 60, X. sigillar!(e) ; Can. Nat. and Geol., Viii, 280, 283, pi. vi, figs. 57-61 (s ^e as previous) ; Acad. Geol., Suppl., 33, 34, 36, fig. 45 {A. xylobioides) ; ibid., 2d cd., 385, 386, fig. 151, (fig. 1516 A. xylobioides; fig. 151c X. sigillarioe). WooDWAno, H. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg.,ii, 235-237, pi. iii, figg. 11-13 (figs. 11, llo, 13, 13a, X. Woodward!; fig. 12a, A. xylobioides). ScuDDER, S. H. Dawson's Acad. Geol., 2d cd., 495-496; Geol. Mag., v, 21". (21) V 22 pariflon of specimens in which the anterior segments only were preserved, with others which ho considered posterior segments ; but every specimen I liave seen either is or is not smooth tliroughout the whole length of the fragment, and there are quite a number of fragments in which more than half the body is preserved ; this distinction is the one upon which I would base my division of these millipedes into two genera. In one (for which the name of Xi/lobiua may be retained, since it comprises the larger "number both of spe- cies and of specimens) the segments composing the body are broken up by longitud- inal sutures into little quadrangular plates, of varying form and proportion, which, for want of a better name, I have designated below as fruatra, and which, to the best of my knowledge, are wanting in any living Myriapoda.* In the other, which may be called Archiufua, the segments are apparently composed mainly of one unbroken piece, as in recent myriapods. Other distinctions between these groups will doubtless be found; but the imperfect preservation ot the fossils — not one of them approach- ing completeness — forbids their present discovery. In the meantime it does not seem imreasonable to consider this feature alone in the structure of the segments of sufficient importance to separate the groups generically. Of the genus Xylohitia four species may be distinguished among the remains from Nova Scotia. For the species best represented both in numbers and in the character of the specunens, I have retained the original name applied by Dr. Dawson. Xylobius sigillarieB Dawi. There are no large fragments of this myriapod and but few that throw any light upon the form of the terminal portions of the body ; the specimens are usually more or less coiled, and the largest, which is 28 °"°- in length, is curved in the form of a semi-circle. * Mr, Edward Burgess lins c.iUcd my attention to n myriapod, Spiroslrephon laclarius (Say) Brandt, which presents a some- what similar appearance ; the zcgments in this peculiar chilognatli bear frequent, longit idinal ridges, very elevated and strongly compressed, the n titude of every other one being double that of the intermediate; the segments arc divided by these ridges into quadrilateral sections of much the same proportions as the frustra of Xylnbius sigil- lariee Daws.; but since these sections arc perfectly con- tinuous (undivided by any sutures) they can bear no struc- tural aflinity or homology with the frustra of Xylobius. Another instance Vtay be seen in Trachyj'iUus ceylanicus Pet. from Ceylon, spc.smens of which Professor Humbert has kindly given mo '..i opportunity of examining, and which are thus describeU by him (Essai sur les Myriapodes de Ceylan, pp. 43-4G, pi. iii, figs. 18, 18a- ISA) ; "Each segment is divided into *.ree successive regions ; the front one, formed by the r.rticular portion (prozonite), fits into the preceding segment and is regular and smooth ; behind it is an annular region marked by numerous projectin^- longitudinal Uncs; finally the hinder part of the segment is prominent and furnished with strong longitudinal carinie, each formed of two sharp spinous tubercles, placed ono behind the other and united at their base. These carina succeed each other in regular lines from one end of the body to the other, and thus form strong longitudinal ridges which follow those of the first segment. The ridge formed by the median dorsal carina is slightly pronounced; on each side of it are two stronger ones ; the second lateral carina projects more strongly than the others, and arises or each side of a strong, black, cylindical tubercle, which is truncated at its summit, where the foramen rcpugnatorium opens, and followed behind by another smaller sharp tu- bercle, obliquely docked at the edge ; below this scries of tubercles, there are five or six other rows, diminishing grad- ually in size toward the base of the legs." Humbert further states tbat, in this sculpturing of the segments, Trachyjultu greatly resembles Glyphiulus granulalus Gcrv. from Mauritius. Markings similar to the sutures dividing the frustra are found in all lulids in the lines of growth on the lower borders of the sides of the segments; but these invariably become indistinct, and finally invisible at a short distance from the lower border of the segment, and, moreover, never traverse the segment in a straight line, but in a curve across the lower anterior angle, or in lines parallel to such a curve ; they are also closely approximate, while the division lines of the firustra are at comparatively wide intervals — alto- gether too wide to be mistaken for these lines of increment. ftsi I, with others licr in or is not ) a number of ) the one upon one (for which r both of spe- t by longitud- ortion, which, :i, to the beat r, which may one unbroken will doubtless lem approach- joes not seem its of sufficient ins from Nova aracter of the iny light upon more or less a semi-circle. n one end of the longitudinal ridges The ridgo formed y pronounced; on tlio second latcrul hers, and arises of tubercle, which ia men rcpugnatorium smaller sharp tu- low this series of diminishing grad- Hunibcrt further mcnts, Trachyjxdus TV. from Mauritiug, ig the frustra are 1 the lower borders invariably become distance from the rcr, never traverse curve across the to such a curve ; the division lines ) intervals — alto- iines of increment. 23 Tlie body is cylindrical, of uniform width throughout the principal part and tapering a little at either end ; none of the speciuicnH, however, are Hufficiently well preserved to as- certain in what degree or over how great an extent the body tapers ; one specimen, whifh shows the posterior three or four sognieuts quite clearly, topers from 1.05 """■ to 1.5 """• in bread til in a distonce of 1.125 """•; another fragment occurring in the middle of the body is 18 """■ in length and of uniform breadth throughout. It is of course impossible to determine of how many segments the body Avas composed, but the largest fragments number twenty-seven and thirty segments, respectively, and the body was probably fur- nished Avith at least forty or fifty ; the breadth of the body varies from 2.25 "'"• to 3.6 """■, and generally averages about 2.75 """• ; at the posterior extremity, however, it meosures only 1.15 °"°' The segments of the body are a little convex, and measiu'c from .7 °"°' to more than 1 """• in length, averaging .87 """•, the length being to the breadth as 1 to 3.441. The surface is smooth, and both the anterior and posterior borders appear to be slightly incrassated. The frustra are quadrangular in shape, extend regularly across the segments and are always more than twice, and often more than thrice, as long as broad ; in segments which measure from .7 °"°' to 1.05 """• in length, the frustra vary in length from .2125 ""• to .45 '"'"•, and average .29 """•, the breadth being to their length (on an average) as 1 to 3.043 ; they are so arranged doAvn the sides of the segments that the upper edge of each is always a little higher than the lower edge of the next frustrum above ; except in partaking of the convexity of the segment, they are flat. A single specimen seems to show a slight circular depression in the centre of one of the frustra, which occurs about half way up the sides of the segment ; it resembles and is found in the place of the lateral pores.^ There are two pairs of legs to each segment ; they arise in close proximity, and apparently not from the middle of the segment, but from the middle of its anterior half (possibly its posterior half — which, cannot bo deter- mined from the imperfect nature of the fragments) ; they are very long and slender and of nearly equal breadth throughout, tapering at the tip ; they vary, probably in different parts of the body, from .6 "™- to 1.45 "™- in length,' and the largest are .075 """• broad: they are apparently composed of five joints j of these the terminal is the longest ; the first and second are equal and next in length, and the fomrth is the smallest of all." Zylobius similis sp. nor. The form of this animal does not seem to differ much from that of X. aigillaricB Daws. In one or two specimens, which show some of the terminal segments, the extremities are a little smaller than the middle of the body, the diameter diminishing near the head, in a distance of about 11 """•, fi:om 5.5 °^- to 4 """• ; the hmder end tapers from 3.5 "^ , at a distance of 3 ""• from the extremity, to 2.75 '°°- at the extremity itself. The number of segments on the fragments vary from twenty-seven to at least forty, and in one specimen apparently to sixty, while in none of them are all the segments preserved. > Fovamina repugnatoria of Waga. 'The length of the legs in this and all subsequent measure- ments, refers to the distance to which they extend beyond the crushed body. 'This statement concerning the joints is doubtful, being based on a single instance, not clearly defined. HKHoiBs soar. VAT. HIST. VOL. II. SB J 24 Tlio Hppcimens vnry in length from 18 '"™ to 38 ""••, and in breadth 1.5 """ in mi- nute, i)rohal>ly young, «peeiuiens to 5.5 """■ in very large ones ; UHually they are about 3.5 """• broad. The wegnientN are a little more convex tlian in X siyilhirite DawH., and (with one exception, wliero tlie segments vary from .105 """• to .175 """• in length, and the body in only 1.5 """• ))road) vary in length from .55 '".'" to 1.3 ■""', where the body ranges from 2.5"'"- to 5.5 """'• in "oreadth ; the average length of the negment to itH breadth is as 1 : 5.574. The 8egn;ents are ordinarily nmooth, but sometimos appear to be coarsely, irregularly and very faintly scabrous ; they arc but slightly, if at all, in- crassated at the anterior and posterior margins. The frustra are quadrangular in shape, cross the segments regularly and are generally a little less than twice as long as broad ; except in the case of the small specimen already al- luded to (where they are .087 """ in breadth), they vary from .275 """• to .75 ■"■"■ in breadth ; in segments, the lengths of which vary from .55 °^' to 1.3 '°°'' the frustra average .55 ""• in breadth, and the breadth is to the length as 1 : 1.9. As in X atgillaricB Daws., they are flat, except as they partake of the convexity of the segments, and their upper edges are slightly prominent. Besides the cross lines upon the segments, indicating the division of the frustra, finer, fainter, parallel and more frequent impressed line« are occasionally seen ; some which were measured were .0125 °"°" broad, and on an average 1 ■""• apart. In one specimen I found a whitish substance, which appears to be the altered chitinous coat of the animal, and in this were alternating elevations and depressions crossing the segment, at distances varying from .1 """• to .175 '"°' apart; they are in direct continuation of the fine lines mentioned above^ which at this point vary similarly in distance ; they differ, however, in that the first mentioned lines are sharply defined furrows, separated by broad plane siur- faces, while these are dull grooves between alternating slopes of elevation ; in the latter also, the lines of depression are deepened and broadened at regular intervals, giving the whole field a maculate, pitted appearance, apparently found in other chitinous spots, Avhich bear no trace of the lines ; it may be noticed that these various sculpturings usually occur on segments near the head and on the lower half of the body. I have not found any trace of foramina, nor are any legs visible, with the exception, in a single instance, of what seems to be a basal joint; it is .175 """• broad, or much larger than in X. sigillarice Daws. In one specimen, in exactly the place where the eyes should be, an aggregation of minute tubercles may be seen, arranged in five parallel rows, each row containing from two to five tubercles; very probably these are only accidental roughnesses on the stone. : rylobius firaottu ep. noT. I have seen but three fragments of this gally-worm, and my knowledge of its structure is correspondingly limited ; only one fragment shows what may be an anterior or a poste- rior end, or both, and it is so imperfectly preserved that one cannot be sure whether the lessening breadth of the extremities is real or accidental. The largest specimen — and this is parted in such a way that it may have belonged to two individuals — is slightly curved in position, 25 °™' long, and composed of forty-five rings, the longer portion counting twenty-eight ; another fragment, 7 °"°' in length, is composed of sixteen seg- 16 5 """ in mi- ey are about lie Daws., and "■" in length, 3 mni.^ where the segment etinios appear , if at all, in- ro generally a en already al- to .75 ""»• in "• the frustra X. sigillariat nts, and their frustra, finer, 10 which were le specimen I of the animal, t, at distances the fine lines r, however, in id plane eur- in the latter ds, giving the 8 spots, which usually occiur exception, in sad, or much here the eyes parallel rows, ily accidental its structure or or a poste- 3ure whether specimen — — is slightly )nger portion sixteen seg- ments. The body ordinarily varies from S.G"""' to 3.75"" in breadth, but is fwmctimes BO nuich (i'storted as to bo only 2.25 ""• broad. The segments are still more convex tlian in A', aimilia Scudd., exceedingly short, and vary in length from .425 """• to .675 """•, averaging about .58 ""• only ; in other words, the average length of the Hegincnts to their breadth is as 1 : 6.617; the surface does not present any noticeable irregularities, and neither the anterior nor posterior margins appear to be thickened. Tlie frustra are quadrangular in shape, cross the segments regularly and are very nearly square, save at the lower portion of the sides of the body, where iliey become almost twice as long as broad ; they vary in breadth from .275 ""• to .5 '■"'■ averoging .42 ""• ; their average breadth is to their length as 1 : 1.353 ; except ia so far as they partake of the convexity of the segments, the frustra ai'O flat, but the upper edge of each is very slightly raised above the surface of the contiguous frustrum. The fine lines which were noticed in X. aimilia Scudd., are also found in this species (probably they are common to all), and occur invariably on the lower half of the body only ; in distance apart they vary from .038 mm. to .1 ""•, being usually about .075 ""•. In one individual, where only one or two segments are preserved, a slight depression, probably a lateral pore, may bo seen in the centre of one of the middle frustra of eacU rogment. Only one specimen, and that a very small fragment, preserves any sign of legs ; they seem to agrfs in general with those of the species previously described, but the different joints cannot bo distinguished j there are apparently two pairs to each segment j they are 2 ™"* in length, and near the base measure from .0626 ""• to .0875 in breadth. ZylobiuB Dawsoni ap. nor. The only representatives of this species before me are two admirably preserved single segments and a crushed mass of contiguous segments, all from the middle of the body ; even in the latter case, there are not enough segments to show the form of the body j the parts preserved measm-e 23.5 ""• in length, are composed of about twenty-five segments, and are of uniform breadth throughout, measuring in this direction 3.5 ""• The segments are quite pecidiar, and, if we except their being broken into frustra, resemble very closely those of the single species of the genus Archiulus, described further on. The portion of the segment lying, in repose, beneath the adjoining anterior segment (I say anterior by assumption, for the remains themselves do not prove anything), is flat, or nearly so — perhaps slightly concave ; while' the exposed portion is first (anteriorly) strongly and abruptly convex, making a narrow prominent ridge aoross the body, and occupying a little more than one-foiu:th of the length of the exposed portion of the seg- ment, and then regularly and broadly, but rather deeply, concave along the remainder of the segment. The segments are longer than in the other s^jocies, varying fcom 1.15 ""• to 1.65 ""• in length, and averaguig 1.5 ""• ; but the portion concealed by the over- lapping of the contiguous segment, .4 mm. in length, is not given in the measurements of the previously mentioned species, and for comparison with them, must be subtracted ; this leaves the average length of the exposed portion 1.1 ""■, and the average length of the segment to its breadth as 1 : 3.4. The exposed svu-face of the segments is provided with a very faint, minute and indistinct punctulation ; and also with fine, indistinct lines of scidp- ture, .25 ""• apart, running parallel to each other and to the anterior and posterior borders of the segment. !.-! :||.:-l ill -^ \l 26 Tlie frustra are not regularly quadrangular, as in aU tlie previoua species, but the lines of division in crossing the segments curve slightly, and divaricate a little as they pass fi'om the anterior border. If these frustra coidd slide over each oth'ir, as the specimens seem to show, the animal could coil itself more readily and completely than the other species of this genus ; the frustra vary in breadth, increasing, in general, in one direction, but whether upwards or downwards, the nature of the remains does not permit us to judge ; in the two separate segments they varied thus: first (visible only in one) .35 """• by .9 """ ;^ second, .35 ""»• to .fi75 •""••, by 1.05 '"'°- to 1.25 """• ; third, .5 ""»• to .875 """•, by 1.1 '""'• to 1.25 ""»•; fourth, .575 ""»• to .7 """•, by 1.25 ""»•; fifth, .5"""- to .025 """^ by 1.3 """• to 1.5 ""••; sixth, .675 """• to .9 "»"•, by 1.25 ""»• to 1.55 ■""'•; average .59 """• to .815 ""»•, by 1.1-i """• to 1.36 """•, or .7025 ""»• by 1.25 ■»". Both edges of the ex- posed portions of the frustra are raised — that which seems to be the upper one to a considerable degree ; so that, besides partaking of the varying contoxu' of the segment, the frustra are slightly and oppositely concave ; the lines dividing the frus- tra run through the concealed, as well as through the exposed portion of the segment, but, in the former case, they do not have their edges raised, and the lines of separa- tion are straight, less distmct, and run at right angles to the anterioi' border of the segments. The concealed portion of the segment is also provided with fine impressed lines crossing it at right angles to the anterior border of the segment; they are pliiced at an average distance of .075 """• apart, but every other one is more deeply impressed and conspicuous. Although some of the specimens are remarkably preserved, I have been unable to detect any trace of lateral pores, and no legs can be seen on any of the fragments. The well preserved single segments are probably from the region near the head where lateral pores do not occur. The genus Archiuhis has but a single representative among these sigillarian relics ; ' in general appearance it resembles the last mentioned species, and may be called Arohiulus zylobioides gen ct sp. nor. As this species includes some of the best preserved and most completely coiled speci- mens among thf fossils, nearly every part of the body can be seen in a more or less perfect manner. Excepting at the two ends, the body must have been of nearly uniform width throughout ; at about the seventh segment it begins to taper anteriorly, at first gradually, afterwards quite rapidly, so that the segments adjoining the head are scarcely more than half the width of those in the middle of the body ; the head itself appears to be well rounded, and to have no ridge or crest ; apparently the body tapers neither so lapidly nor considerably at the posterior end, although the fragments of this part are less perfectly preserved. None of the fossils exhibit all the segments of the body, but vary in length from 7 """• to 26.5 """•, and in the number of segments from nine to thirty-tliree ; probably full grown individuals had as many as forty or forty-five segments. The middle of the body varies from 2.5 °™' io 't.6 """• in breadth, averaging 3.4 """• ; in one instance, at a distance of 15 "^' from the head, ^Tho shorter mciis'ircmcnt is tho brcndtli of the frus- are given, the first in every case refers to the lamospeoi* trum, tho longer its length ; when two sots of measurements mens. 27 cies, but the lines ittle as they pass as the specimens ly than the other , in one direction, not permit us to ily in one) .35 """■ 5 """• to .875 """•, .5"""- to .925 °'•■^• ; average .59 ""• edges of the ex- the upper one ? contour of the ividing the frus- i of the segment, hne.s of sopai*a- 'ior border of the til fine impressed :ment; they are ! is more deeply rkably preserved, I be seen on any from the region sigillarian relics ; be called e\y coiled ^peci- a more or less been of nearly taper anteriorly, »ining the head body ; the head rently the body the fragments 11 the segments the number of id as many as 5 "™' to ;.6 """• from the head, rg to tho aamo Bpeoi- it measured 4.25 """ , and at a distance of 7.5 """ , 3.25 ™»-; at 5 "" from the head it measured 2.5 """ (the average breadth at this point is 2.375 ™™ ), and next the head 1.62 """ . One specimen, closely coiled, the body of which at its widest part was 2.75 ""• in breadth, measured 4.625 "" across the coil. Btii-iath, there is a faintly impressen line along the middle of the body, on either side of which the lines of divisions of the seg- ments are inclined a little posteriorly. The segments are sliaped much as in X. Dawsoni Scudd., but are not broken up into frustra ; the anterior ridge is more prominent, and oc- cupies a greater extent of each segment in the anterior part of the body, and especially in the fii-st seven segments, than in the posterior part ; and when the body is coiled, the hinder edges of the segments project strongly above the adjoining ring, much as it is rep- resented in some of Dr. Dawson's illustrations; other fragments show that the lower edges of the segments were well rounded posteriori}' ; the segments are proportionally a little longer close to the head than hi the middle of the body ; in general they vary in length from .8 ""• to 1.5 °"°-, averaging 1.28 ""• (but one segment, near the head, in a small specimen, measured only .475 °""), while the breadth varies from 1.62 """• to 4.5 """• ; the average length of the segment to the breadth is as 1 : 3.05; the ridge occupies from one-fifth (in the middle of the body) to nearly nine-twentieths (near the head) of the en- tire length of the segment. In some specimens, which seem to be a little worn, tho sur- face is perfectly smooth, but in others the altered integument is apparently marked with broad, shallow, circular, tessellated pittings, the centres of which are .0875 """• apart ; there are fine, parallel, longitudinal hues on the segments, varying from .04 °"'°' to .2 '°™* apart ; those on the under surface, or on the lower portion of the sides of the segments, seem to be in closest proximity, but the lines on the upper surface are sometimes not more than .875 """• apart. The foramina repugnatoria are more distinctly preserved in some specimens of tiiis spe- cies than in any of the other fragments of fossil myriapods which I have examined ; they occur from tho seventh segment backward (I could not determine how far, but at least to the seventeenth segment), and are placed in the middle of the sides of the segments ; they are oblong oval in ehape, with their longer diameters vertical ; the mean of their di- ameters averages .2 "^•. A specunen of the under surface seems to show that the legs are inserted cloL.e together, one a little outside the other ; together they are placed in tho middle of the anterior half of the segment, and about midway between the ventral lino and the outer edge; they vary in length according to their position on the body; on the fifth segment, where they commence, they are from 1.35 ""• to 1.8 ""• long, while at the middle of the body they measure from 1.75 ™"' to 2 '°°'' long ; at the base they average less than .1 ""• broad. I cannot determine whether the animal had any eyes, but the tubercles delineated by Dr. Dawson cannot be considered as such, for an examination of his original specimen shows, as his illustration itself indicates, that these tubercles are placed in the segment behind that which should boar the eyes ; and, moreover, similar tubercles may be seen on other segments, and indeed on other parts of the stone where there are no organic "e- mains ; in another spot, close to the base of the antennae, and exactly where Newport rep- resents the eye of the immature lulus, two or three minute tubercles, .0167 ■"" in diame- ter, are situated close together at the upper edge of an abrupt pit in the stone, which — if tJiese are parts of the aye — has engulfed the rest; these are the only possible iudica- m m\ , si ■ 1: i ' I : 1 ' H " 1 1 „ i 1 J' 28 tions of eyes which I have been able to find. There are, however, two fragments of anten- nae ; one is broken and parted, and simply indicates that the original was probably at least .9 """• long, and in one place .2 ■""• broad ; the other is comparatively well preserved, and ehov's that the fossil myrinpod preserved in its maturity the simple form of antenna, now characteristic of adolescence ; it seems to be 1.3 ""• long, and is cojnposed of four joints, forming two parts somewhat siniilnr in appearance ; the first and second joints together have an oblong oval, well rounded outline, and run in a nearly sti*aight direction ; while the third and foiu:th have a somewhat similar outUne, but are a little curved, lunate or reni- form ; that is, the first and second are connate (or at least in no degree moniliform), as are also the third and fourth, while a deep constriction nearly divides the second and third ; the exact shape of the first cannot be determined, but it appears to be a little larger at the apex than at the base, and about as long as its extreme width ; * the second is docked squarely at the base, and is of equal width for a short distance, when it tapers gradually to a well rounded apex, where it xmites with the third ; it is .4 """• long, .3 °"°- broad at the base, and .1625 '°^- broad at the tip ; the third, which forms almost the whole of the outer half of the antenna mentioned above, is .6 """■ long, and .375 """• in extreme breadth ; it is broadest in the middle, and tapers toward either e.id, being .15 """• broad, where the mi- nute apical joint is connate with it; the fourth, or apical joint, is but ,1°""- m leng ; . only serving to round off the tip of the antenna ; were it not for the deep constrlctiuu at the middle of the antenna, this organ would closely resemble the representations of the young lulus given by Newport ; the surface of the whole antenna seems to be marked with very minute, irregular, raised points, not crov,-cled together. I ought here to .speak of the remains referred doubtfully by Dawson to a labruro ; they are situated next to the head, but are equal to it in size, and seem to be three or four connected segments o^ the abdoinen of some orthoptcrous or neuropterous insect ; their whole length is 2.15 """■, and they vary from 1.1 """• to 1.45 """• in breadth. Mr. Henry Woodward, of the British Museum, in an article printed in the Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow,* has announced the first discovery in Great Britain of a species of Xylohius ; having examined specimens from Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, and from Cooper's Bridge, near Huddersfield, he states that he does not " think the specimens of this fossil entitle us to consider it as specifically distinct from that discovered by Dr. Daw- son, although a comparison of the figures may convey that impression." The illustrations of the English specimens given by Mr. Woodward differ so greatly from each other, that one would almost feel justified in believing they belonged to two distinct species ; I would hardly hazard such an opinion without a. comparison of the specimens themselves, yet I cannot bcheve that they belonged to any species I have had before me, unless the illustra- tions greatly misrepresent the comparative length and breadth of the segments ; in these drawings the segments are half as long as broad ; in the Acadian species they vary from a proportion of 1 to 3.05 to that of 1 to 5.574. I am convinced, both from this and from sim- ilar differences, that the British species — if there be only one — must be distinct from any of the American ones, and I therefore propose for it the name of Xylohius Woodward'. That the English specimens belong to Xylohius, and not to Archlulus, is probable, for 1 There may be more than one joint at this place, although one only can h: seen. •Vol. II, pt. iii, pp. 234-218. ■ments of anten- robably at least preserved, and )f antenna, now of four joints, joints together ition ; while the lunate or reni- niliform), ns are I and third ; the cgev at the apex locked squarely iually to a well '• broad at the ole of the outer B breadth ; it is where the mi- ni leng ; . only Qstrlctiuu at the as of the young irked with very I labrum; they I three or four us insect ; their he Transactions 1 Great Britain shire, and from 3 specimens of id by Dr. Daw- 16 illustrations ach otlier, that )ecies ; I would mselves, yet I ess the illustra- icnts ; in these ey vary from a and from sim- tinct from any J Woodward'. ) probable, for 29 Mr. Woodward states that " the segments are marked by alternate ridges and furrows, and the surface presents a somewhat rugose appearance, very different from the smooth and shiniu" articuli of the recent lulus," and again, " this shows the segments to have been ornamented with transverse, finely undulating lines." If the cross lines given in one of Mr. Woodward's figures are correctly rendered, and represent the frustra into which the seo-ment is broken, we have an additional featiu'e distinguishing the species, for these frustra are far longer and narrower than those of X. sigiUctrlce Daws., the most extreme of the American species in this particular ; the engraver has of course rendered the legs inac- curately in making the tips furcate, since in all myriapods they are furnished with only a simple claw; the length of the legs is another point of distinction, if we are to judge from the plate, but as the desv iptioii of these parts is so greatly at variance with the figures,^ we will only draw attention to the necessity of examining this point more carefully. The British specimens seem to be much more perfect than any I have seen. It seems fairly deducible from the above detailed descrintions, that these fossil myriapods compose a family of chilognaths, closely allied to the lulidoe, but distinct from any now living, and to which the name of Archhdidce may be applied. They may be characterized as having a cylindrical (or subcylindrical ?) body of uniform size throughout the principal portion, but tapering, at either extremity, to about half the dimensions of the central portions of the body ; they are composed of a large number of segments, not differing greatly in character from those of lulidaj, and furnished with lateral pores of a large size from the seventh segment posteriorly ; the legs are attached in double pairs to the anterior half of each segment posterior to the fourth, and are not known to be present on segments anterior to these ; the head is destitute of eyes, or, if furnished Avith them, the oceUar tubercles are few in number, and rather distant from each other ; the antennae are com- posed of four (?) joints, very simple in structure. The genus Xyloh'ms may be defined as an Archiulid, in which the segments — with the exception of those composing the head and anal plates — are broken by sutures into fragments which may 1)e termed frustra, which run anteriorly and posteriorly across the segment; the segments themselves are either slightly and regularly convex, or ridged anteriorly. The genus Archiulus closely resembles Xyloh'ms, but the segments are not broken into frustra, and, in the single species known, are prominently ridged on the anterior borders of the segment ; the antcnnie are divided into two nearly equal halves by a deep constriction between the second and tliird joints. *Tlie fi'^iire rcprcconts the legs as nearly twicj as long as " two lines across the wiilcst, anb8ence of other fragments of the body ; moreover a characteris*"ically apterous form of ft • Ann. Soc. Ent. Franco, Vol. ii, Bull., p. 7-8. It is also ,te(l that tliu same specimen was exhibited by Audouinjon 'eb. 25, 1833, before the Academic dcs Sciences; but no re- irt of the meeting was published, unless in Le Temps iwspa|>er, which I have not seen. The insect was consid- by Audouin as neuropterous, but has recently been lown by Swinton to bo orthopterous. * For Gerniar's writings on palaeozoic insects, see the lowing : — 1. Besclireibung einiger neuen fosailen Iiisecten. Munst., Beitr. z. Petref., v: 79-94, pi. 9, 13. 4°. Bay- ath,1842. — 2. Die Versteinerungen dus Stoinkohtengubirgoa lu Wettin und Lobejiin in Saalkruiso. t°. Halle, 1844-53. For those of Goldenberg, see the following : — 1. Prodrom ner Naturgeschichte der fossilen Insecton der Kohlenforma- n vr those of America, papers by Dana, Dawson, Harger, Le .^uereux, Meek and Wortlien, Scudder, and Smith. i I 1 I ^!illl! i:;! H 34 cockroach* has been described from the rockn of Sanrbriicken, which ore us old as any of the insect-bearing beds of Europe. The insects of the middle Devonian of New Brunswick,'' on the other hand, are known only by their wings and the most diligent examination of thousands of fragments of shale has failed to reveal anything else. Further discussion of this point may be dismissed with the remark that geological data .are not likely to throw much light upon it. It is of course of prime importance that we should understand the relative subordination of groups in insects, before investigating their order of succession in time. Many attempts have been made to harmonize the cui'rent views of their relative rank and geological suc- cession ; but hitherto with indifferent success, mainly from the prevalence of the opinion that Coleoptera were to be ranked highest among insects, while this suborder has been known, from the first, to occur in Carboniferous strata, and some other suborders only much later. Another obstacle which has stood in the way of a clear comprehension of the facts has been the very common division of hexapod insects into two series, upon which the English entomologists have perhaps specially insisted, called Mandibulata and Haustellata, a division based upon inadequate physiological grounds. Or if it be maintained that the function expressed in these names has a structural basis, it would be easy to point out that in either of the two divisions the diversity of structure of the mouth parts is so great as to admit of no common expression in other than physiological terms. If it were not so, the claim made by Agassiz,^ on embrj'ological grounds, of a higher rank for the haustellate insects woidd hold good, and we should be at a loss to account for the simultaneous appear- ance of Coleoptera and Hemiptera. An apparently more rational division of the true insects into two series is that which separates those with complete from those with incomplete metamorphosis ; the young in the former case unlike, in the latter resembling, the parent. This however, taken abso- lutely, separates closely allied groups, such as the caddice flies and dragon flies, and one form of metamorphosis shades into the other ; moreover it allies the Coleoptera with the Hymenoptera rather than with the Remiptera or Orthoptera, and disaccords to so great a degree with the general relations of structure among insects as to show that it cannot be considered as of so fundamental an importance as we should suppose it would prove. Yet it is an impoi'tant factor in the life history of insects, and cannot be disregarded totally, as is done in divisions based upon the mouth parts, but must be considered in any attempted dis- tribution of the suborders. So too must the nature of the wings, for Ihe possession of wings is the preeminent characteristic of hexapods as a whole, and we should naturally anticipate fundamential features in the differences of their structure. My own view of the primary relations of the suborders of hexapods was first expressed by Packard in 1863,* when he said that Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Neuro- ptera " seem bound together by affinities such as those that unite by themselves the bees, moths and flies." To the latter or higher series he has since applied ^ the term Metaboi.a ' (PulyzoKleriles i/raiionw.) (ioldvnb., Fann. Siir. foss., i: 18, pi. l.fig. 17. " These Devonian insects, which were first briefly noticed by me in Bailey's Observations on the Geology of Southern New Brunswick (8°. Fredericton, 1 865) will form the subject of a special paper now nearly completed. ' L. Agassiz. Classif. ins. embryol. data. j)p. 4-8. * Packard. On synthetic types in insects. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vir : 591-92. » Packard. Guide to the study of Insects. Introduction. 8° Salem, 1869. In later editions these names are also in- troduced in the text, on p. 104, with varying spelling. 35 as old 88 any of New Brunswick,'' it examination of her discussion of t likely to throw ive subordination Many attempts id geological suc- e of the opinion iborder has been orders only much nsion of the facts upon which the I and Haustellatu, lintained that the to point out that :s is so great as to t were not so, the 3r the haustellate ultaneous appear- ies is that which lis ; the young in ever, taken abso- ;on flies, and one eoptera with the ords to so great a that it cannot be ould prove. Yet irded totally, as is ay attempted dis- Jic possession of should naturally as first expressed tera, and Neuro- mselves the bees, term Metaboi,a )l. data. pp. 4-8. 1 insects. Boat. Journ. InsoL'ts. Introduction, liestt names are also in- arying spelling. (in a more restricted seme than first used by Leach), and to too former, Hetero-ME- TABOLA. The Metabola are unquestionably more homogeneous than the other group. One of their primary features is found in the more clearly marked regional divisions of the body ; this is a consideration of gieat significance, since in the progress of structure, from the worms, through the crustaceans to the insects ; or within the class of insects, from the myriapods, through the arachnids to the hexapods ; or in the developmental history of the Metttbola themselves, from the larva, through the pupa to the imago, we discover a con- stantly increasing concentration of the segments of which the body is composed into distinct : regions, culminating in the Hyinenoptera, where head, thorax and abdomen are most sharply I defined. This feature was first insisted upon by Agassiz in his remarkable essay on the f] classification of insects (I.e., pp. 20-28), but its application to the division of the hexapods ■k has not before been pointed out ; yet a very little consideration will show how much more I clearly these regions are marked in the Metabola than in the Pleierometabola, especially if ; the separation of the thorax and abdomen is examined. This is indeed what we might, :, not unreasonably, look for in the highest members of a group characterized, as are the hex- I apods, by the possession of organs of flight : the greater devetopment of these organs would I necessitate a more compact and distinctive organization of the region devoted almost ex- «i clusively to them ; and accordingly in the Metabola we have, on the one hand, a more highly I organized thorax, more definitely separated from head and abdomen, than in the Hetero- |metabola ; and on the other hand, greater power of continuous flight, of poise, of rapid /fmovement, of sudden and repeated change of direction, and a far greater grace of move- 'inent in the former than in the latter.' This specialization of the thorax led me at one .time to think of proposing the term Sternoptena for the Metabola; and, in allusion to the , jjeneral preponderance of the abdomen in the groups composing it, Gastroptena for the ':|Heterometabola. For the latter series the term Gastroptena would be more distinctive, tmt the names suggested by Dr. Packard seem to me better adapted to general use, besides having the advantage of prior application, and I accordingly adopt them. In addition to the primary features mentioned (which were not stated by Packard), the [etabola are characterized by a usually cylindrical body with a very small protliorax ; mouth oarts formed in whole or in part for sucking, the points of the mandibles seldom opposed to Vpach other ; front wings membranous and much larger than the hind wings, which latter are 'IjWmetimes aborted ; the larva cylindrical and very unlike the adult, and the pupa always in- 'iMJtive. The Heterometabola on the other hand usually have a flattened body, with a very 'large prothorax ; mouth parts usually adapted for biting, the points of the mandibles then ©pposed to each other ; front wings usually more or less coriaceous or with very numerous »/iuid thickened veins, and usually smaller than the hind wings, which latter are only excep- l^onably aborted, and never throughout large groups ; the larva is usually flattened, often Pesembling the adult, and the pupa either active or inactive. ft ' This we affirm only as a general rule, taking eavh sub- iler as a whole. There are, it is true, apterous or sub- pterous Hymenoptera, bungling and inert flijis among the epidoptcra, and Diptera whivh have a he.'>.vy and direct ght; and on the other hand, groups like the Odonata aong Neuroptera, whose rapidity and power of sudden change of flight is very striking ; but these do not aflfect the characters of suborders as wholes; and in the exceptions which might be noticed, the specialization of flight is nearly always accompanied to a certain zoic times. been described by brthcn, Roemer, Scud- Is from the same forni- >n, Meek and Worthcn, hers from other palaeo- The earliest known Diptera occur in the Ltossic rocks at Cheltenham, Dumhleton and ■ Forthampton in England; the Ijepidoptera ' in the middle Oolite (Solonhofen) ; and the ■ Hymenoptera in the same formation.' The Metabola are then later in time and more per- fect in development than the Heterometabola. When we analyze the insect fauna of the earliest times more closgly, we notice that the higher suborders of Heterometabola, the Coleoptora and Hemiptera, arc represented in the palaeozoic rocks by very few types, as compared with the Orthoptera and Neuroptera ; the two former groups having but three or four each," while Goldenberg enumerates fil>ee.n or sixteen of each of the others from Saarbriicken alone, and double that number must be . known. No Coleoptera nor Hemiptera have yet been found in the palaeozoic formations t of America, while I am acquainted with about forty Orthoptera and Neuroptera from M these rocks. The almost entire absence of Coleoptera from palaeozoic rocks is the more 5 remarkable, because their crust is much thicker than that of other insects, and their shards ^" as hard as the shell of the body. This is peculiarly the case in the lowest and presum- I ably oldest type, the weevils or Curculionidae. Their remains have been preserved with |: the greatest readiness in more modern strata ; in fact, in all the newer rocks, Coleoptera r^ are best represented of all insects ; yet in the oldest, very few have been found in com- ' parison with the remains of the lower suborders. This is a strikin;^ and indisputable fact, and notwithstanding the paucity of the material whereon to base a general statement, is ':■'■ scarcely to be explained on any other hypothesis than that of the later appearance of Coleoptera. In the Orthoptera again, nearly all the families represented belong to the lower series ; only four or five members of the saltatorial families have been found, the cockroaches of the Carboniferous period outnumbering all the other Orthoptera many times. In the lost catalogue of fossil cockroaches (by Goldenberg), thirty-five species are recorded from the J Carboniferous rocks and only seven from the Tertiary formation. Indeed about one-half (the known species of palaeozoic insects are cockroaches. Or, if we look at the Neuroptera, we find that the Neuroptera proper, or those with com- >^lete metamorphosis, scarcely occur at all in the palaeozoic rocks ; whereas the lower Pseudoneuroptera, with incomplete metamorphosis, are comparatively abundant. Many of •the reticulate-winged insects of early periods, however, combine the characters either of the Neuroptera and Orthoptera, or of the Neuroptera proper and Pseudoneuroptera. So iatriking, indeed, is the comprehensive nature of these early type; i that Dohrn, and atlter him jts ' Tlie carboniferous Breyeria of de Borre (Comptos tend. Soc. Ent. Belg., [2.] xiii : 7-11) s universally con- ceded to be a neuropterous insect. See the remarks in the ^Mune journal by Hagen, Heer, McLachlan, de Sclys, Scudder, Van Volxera and others. • A single species, doubtfully referred by Heer to the latter suborder, has, however, been found in the Lias of ISchiimbelen. • The only Coleoptera known to me are Curculhides insticii Buokl., from Coalbrook Dale, Troxiles Genmri ^Goldenb., from Altenwald, and the borings of a Hylesinus i|^e«cribed by Brongniart as occurring in petrified wood from the carboniferous limestones of Autun. Geinitz also de- scribes borings of a larger beetle in fossil wood from the Saxon coal measures to which Friu gives the name of Xi/luri/cles planua; and Sti'rnberg others from Bohemia of a doubtful character, which Fric calls Xyl. aeplariun. Cure, Prestvicii Buckl. has been shown to be an Arachnid. The only Hemiptera from these lowest rocks are Fxdgora Ebersi Dohrn and Fulgorina Klieveri Goldenb., from Saarbriicken, and Macrophlebium Hollebeni Goldenb., from I.>ancbach ; besides Fulgorina lebachensis Goldenb., from the Permian. Eugereon Boeckingi Dohrn, cannot be classed here, as will appear further on. Goldenberg, proposcH to group them under a new Hubordiniil diviHion, to which Goldenberg has applied the name Palaeodictyoptera.' This view I am inclined to think a correct one, but no definition of the group has yet been attempted ; and while, on tho one hand, Goldenberg appears to have gone too far in referring to it the Carboniferous insects from Illinois described by Dana, and the Devonian insects of New Brunswick, it would seem probable that Woodward's Archimantis' should be classed therein, as well as the genera Eugereon, Dictyoneura, Paolia and Ilaplophlebium ; and it is by no means improbable that they all possessed mouth parts structurally com- parable to the remarkable Eugereon of Dohrn, which certainly can be refer ed to no exist- ing group of in.'tects. When more of their structure is known, they will probably be found to agree in the possession of a remarkably depressed, cockroach-like body, with ample thoracic segments, the prothorax well separated from the ot''«r joints, broadly expanded or extended, reticulated wings, lancet-shaped mandibles and maxillae, long labial palpi which have no direct part in the haustellate structure of the mouth, and multiarticulate antenniB. This is a combination quite at varia.ice with that of any group of recent or of newer geo- logical times, and indeed is known to us only in the palaeozoic rocks. It forms a synthetic type in the largest sense, and nuiy be said to combine features of all the Heterometabola. But it was not the only such type then existing ; for, as has already been noted, there arc many other palaeozoic insects which combine in their structure features now characteristic of diverse groups. Such are nearly all the Devonian insects. It is also not a little re- markable to find that recent types existed in the earliest periods side by side with these. Some of the Devonian insects, for example, are to be referred with very littl' lestion, not only to the Neuropteru, but even to a particular family of Neuroptera n i^ting, the May flies. Indeed, the presence, at the apparition of a given group, of mouou types, side by ^'ide with those which elude our classification of existing forms, is one of the peculiar problems of palaeontology. Perhaps no more striking instance of this can be found than the recent discovery by M. Charles Brongniart, in the upper Carboniferous rocks of Commentry, of one of the most specialized forms of insects which exist ; of a type indeed so modern, that, so far as I may judge from a rough sketch sent me by Brongniart, one would not have been surprised to meet with its exact counterpart in every detail, living in the tropics of the old world. It is a species of large, spinous, thick-bodied «Phasma or walking-stick, with abbreviated teg- raina, long wings and body, rather long and slender legs and antennio, and in all its parts > Cf. Dohrn, Palaeontogr.,xiii: 338-39; xiv: 134. Gold- enberg, Faun. Sar. foss,, il : 8. Dohrn first proposed the term Dictyoptera, but afterwards withdrew it, as preoc- cupied. ' Woodward. On a reninrkable orthopterous insect from the coal-measures of Scotland. < Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lend., 1876 : 60-64, pi. 9. Woodward, it seems to me, has in all probability mistaken the aflinities of this insect. If his figure is placed beside Dohrn's first illustration of Eugereon, the similarity of the two wiU be apparent. The form and relations of the head, prothorax and broadly expanded wings (nearly all that is preserved in Archi- mantis) are the same in each, as well as, in a general sense, the neuration of the wings. The projection in front of the head, therefore, would seem to be, not a ]>rolongation of tlio head itself, comparable, as supposed by Woodward, to that of the hcatf of some living Mantida;; but a rostrum, like that of Eugereon, though much shorter than it, and by its state of preservation apparently amalgamated witli it into a single mass ; or, it may be the labrum alone with the otlicr parta removed, for it would then probably appear as an integral part of the head. The close relationship of the wing- structure in Archiniantis, Eugereon and the other genera sjjccified alxjve render it not improbable that they were all sucking insects. Protophasma however, similarly related, certainly was not. hich GoWenberg 10 group hiis yet 3 gone too far in nd the Devonian liiniantiH' Hhould Ilftplophlebium ; itructurally coin- >r ed to no exint- robably be found ody, with ample idly expanded or abial palpi which liculate antenniB. ar of newer geo- foruiH a synthetic eterometabola. 11 noted, there are low characteristic Iso not a little re- y side with these, ittl' lestion, not n isting, the loucni types, side le of the peculiar cent discovery by f one of the most t, so far as I may )een surprised to le old world. It abbreviated teg- nd in all its parts 'ojection in front of the ot .•» prolongation of tlie by Woodward, to tliat but a rostrum, like that an it, and by its state of d witli it into a single )nc with the otlier parts appear as an integral tionship of the wing- and the other genera lable that they were all vever, similarly related, perfectly reproducing the custoiniiry and yet uni(iue features of the Phasmida of to-day.* I The family hud not previously been known earlier than the Tertiaries. We may glean still another fact from the scanty data the rocks alTord us concerning the early types of insects. All the lleiniptera of the palaeozoic rocks belong to the llom- opterous division of the suliorder ; indicating, what is generally conceded, tiiat this division is lower tl/ui the lleteroptera, which (irst appear»Ml in the .Fura."'' Now one conspicuous dillerence between these two divisi(ms is found in the structure of the l)ase of the front wings, which is coriaceous in the lleteroptera and membranous in the Ilomoptera ; show- ., ing that differentiation of the front anf the families, uidess it be the walking-sticks, have more densely coriaceous fore-wings than the earwigs and the cockroaches. The earwigs first appeared in the Oolite ; and while cockroaches were alumdant from the earliest times, it is not, with one exception, until we reach the I.iiis that we find species with close approximation and multiplication of the veins of the front wings, giving them a coriaceous appearance. This exception, Ledrophora •| Girardi? in which the veins are nearly obsolete, occurs in the Trias ; and it is the earliest ■m indication of any diflerentiation of the front and hind wings in cockroaches ; for all the ;i1^ palaeozoic species had tegmina which were as distinctly veined as the wings, and could not, "^ in any sense, be called coriaceous.* The same distinctness of the veins is ap])arent in all 'the other palaeozoic Orthoptera ; so that, excepting the two species of Carboniferous Coleo- ptera and Protophasma (which do not aj)iiear to differ in this respect from living types), we nijiy say that the wings of palaeozoic insects were homogeneous. Inasmuch as we know the earliest insects principally from the rei»ains of their wings, it }a interesting to note in them a further striking fact. If we should formulate the charac- f. ' Since the aliove was written, I have received from M. /^Broiigniart his final inenioir on Protophasma (Note sur un 'llouveHii ^>nre d' Orthopture fusailo do la famlllc ilcs Phas- aiens — Ann. Sci. Nat., [fi] vii, Art. 4), by which it ap- ars that the wings must be excepted from the statement liven above ; for they ditl'er remarkably from the wings of living Pliasmida, and resemble extraordinarily the wings of < Jpalacodictyoptcra, and especially those of Dictyoneura. ^They cuiild not have been folded longitudinally to the de- ,^ "jjpee that the wings of Phasmida are now plaited, for the Anal area embraces less than one-third of the wings, and the interspaces between the veins of that part of the wing ^bich lies almve the anal area, are not straight but curved; 4li the number and arrangement of the veins in this upper «rt of Oio wing we have an almost exact counterpart of the rings of Dictyoneura; the same, to a less extent, may be lid of the wings of the Fulgorina described by Golden- erg. This type of wing structure was therefore a very nmon one among palaeozoic insects, and accotmts for ftrongniart's suggestion, hardly to be received, that these Mgorina should be considered Neuropterous ; indeed the euration of the wings of the numerous carboniferous IHattarisB does not lack a somewhat close adherence to the ne type, and we may yet succeed in establishing an un- gual degree of homogeneity in the wing structure of all or krly all palaeozoic insects. ' Perhaps a similar statement may be maile even of the few Coleoptera known. For, if we accept LeConte's prim- ary division of Coleoptera into normal and rhyncoph- orous, the tormer the higher, and look upon the Troxitcs of OoUleiJjerg, as I strongly incline to do, as a curculionid, — the only indication of the higher normal Coleoptera in the pal.icozoic rocks will be the Irarings brought to notice by (ieinitz, which were evidently made by a longicorn, a family of normal Coleoptera ranking rather low in the series. • Ilcer. Ucber die fossilen Kakerlaken. < Viertel- jahrschr. naturf. Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix : 297, pi., fig. 8. 8°. Zurich, 1864. * Exception should perhaps be made to the very remark- able cockroach described by Goldenberg (Faun. Sar. foss., I : 17, pi. 2, fig. 14, 14a), under the name of BlallinainsignLi; this insect has a slender, perhaps cylindrical, abdomen with tegmina and wings which appear to be equally leathery and in which nearly all trace of veins are lost. Here, however, all the wings appear to be alike in form, consistency and structure; and Goldenberg has given us only a meagre ac- count of it, which is the more unfortunate, since it is second in interest only to Eugereon and Protophasma. X It 1 I 40 teristics of the wing structure of living insects (which show, indeed, a variety of type truly marvellous, and ranging from exceeding simplicity to a complexity which nearly baffles all attempts at homology), we should not need to modify our statement in the least particular to include the wing-strunture of the insects of earliest times. The plan of neuration upon which the wings of iiic«^cts were then constructed is the plan we find in all existing types. At the same time, r^ stated above in a note, there was an unusual degree of homogeneity in the wings of palaeozoic insects This review clearly indicates that the laws of succession of the insect tribes are quite similar to those which have long been known to hold in other groups of the animal king- dom ; and that the facts are, in the maiii, such as the theory of descent demands. The ex- ceptions to theory, however, and indeed the general facts, are such as to indicate that pro- found voids exir-t in our knowledge of the earliest history of insects. The appearance of hexapods in the middle Devonian long previous to any traces either of myriapods or of arachnids ; the apparent advent of generalized groups of a comparatively narrow range, before those which are wider in scope and embrace the former ; the apparition of Cole- optera,. wliii^li present no indication of any divergence from the subordinal type, in Carbon- iferous beds first yielding an abimdance of insect remains, — that is, as early as any insects whatever, excepting the homogeneous-winged Ileterometabola of the Devonian ; and the occasional discovery of highly specialized types at very early periods : — all point to the far earlier existence of widely comprehensive types, from whiuL .Jl these comparatively specialized but still more or less synthetic forms must have originated. The additions to our knowledge of palaeozoic insects within the past twenty years, and the increasing indi- cations of dry land at earlier and earlier epochs,* must leave little doubt in tlie reflecting mind, notonly that insects existed in no scanty numbers in Devonian and even in Silurian times, but that persistent research over wider fields will probably enable us, at no distant day, to replace hypotheses with facts. In conclusion, we may recapitulate, as follows : — i. With the exception of the few wings of hexapods known from the Devonian, the three orders of insects — hexapods', arachnids and myriapods — appeared simultaneously in Carboniferous strata. 2. Hexapod insects may be divided into a higher group (Metabola), in(;luding Hymen- optera, Lepidoptera and Diptera ; and a lower group ( Heterometabola), including Coleo- ptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Neuroptera. 3. All Devonian and Carboniferous insects are Heterometabola, the Metabola makint; their first appeiu'ance in the Jurassic period. 4. Many synthetic or comprehensive types existed in palaeozoic times, combining the charaoters either oi all the Ileterometabola ; of Orthoptera and Neuroptera ; or of Neur- optera proper and Pseudoneuroptera. 5. The Devonian insects either belong to comprehensive types related to the two lower suborders only, or are low Pseudoneuroptera ; and were undoubtedly aquatic in early life. G. The lower suborders of Heterometabola, — Orthoptera and Neuroptera, were much more abundant in palaeozoic times than the higher, — Coleoptera and Hemiptera. ' Cf. lA'9(iucrt'ux. Lniiil iiliuits, recently discovered in the Silurian roclcB of tliu United States. < IVoc. Aiuer. Fiiilos. Soc., xvii: 108-78, pi. 4. 8°. Philadelphia, 1877. On the first pnge of tliis pa]>er will he found a rdsum^ of our knowledge of this subject. ity of type truly nearly baflles all 3 least particular ' neuration upon II existing typos, of homogeneity tribes are quite the animal king- nands. The ex- ridicate that pro- lie appearance of myriapods or of y narrow range, parition of Cole- type, in Carbon- ly as any insects vonian ; and the - all point to the le comparatively The additions to i increasing indi- in the rellecting even in Silurian us, at no distant le Devonian, the simultaneousl" hiding Hymen- including Coleo- letjibola makint;; i, combining the ra ; or of Neur- i the two lower tic in early life, tera, were much jtera. 8 41 7. Nearly all the palaeozoic Orthoptera belong to the lower non-saltatorial families, ^^and are olmost exclusively cockroaches. 8. The Neuroptera proper were at that time much rarer than the lower Pseudoneur- optera. 9. All the earlier types were therefore of inferior or^^anization. 10. The general type of wing structure in insects has remained unaltered from the t earliest times. 1 ^ . With the exception of two species of Coleoptera and one of Orthoptera, the front ' and hind wings of palaeozoic insects were similar and membranous, heterogeneity making its appearance in mesozoic times. At the same time, the neuration of the wings of palae- y ozoic insects in otherwise widely diverse types was much more similar than now. , 12. The series of facts presented to us by the progress of geological research leads to ' the conviction of the probable existence and possible discovery, in the Devonian and even 'lin tho Silurian formations, of winged insects, still more generalized in structure than any I yet detected in the palaeozoic rocks. It may also be added that nearly all the earlier insects were large, many of them ', gigiintic in size, and, further, that there is a striking similarity between the carboniferous fi insect-fauna of Europe and North America. I- 1 Note. Tlio preceding pages were printed before I chnnced upon the following passage from Lacordairo rf,(Intiod.iirentora. I, p. 326), which may bo taken as a note to the last paragraph of third page of this paper: — t " Toutos les diilurenccs que I'on observe dans lo thorax dcs Insoctes provionncnt du plus ou mo' .is do d6vel- oppemont qu'a pris chaque anneau thoraciquc, du nombro de pit^oes quo chacun d'eux pr6sunto, ct do la grandeur relative de chacune de ccs pi6ces en particulier. Si lu prothorax a acquis un d6veloppement extra- ordinaire, et s'est en quelquc sortc 86par6 du mdsothorax et du mC'tathorax, on aura le thorax d'un CoI{)opt6re, ^d'un Derniapt6re, d'un Orthopt6i"0 et d'un IK'mipt6rc. Si au contraire le prothorax est r6duit & des dimensions ' trds-cxiguos, ct que le m^sothornx intimemcnt uni au m6tathorax nit pris un accroisscment 6norrae, on aura ioelui d'un IIyni^nopt6re, d'un L^pidopt6re et d'un Diptdre." xmd a rdsuind of uur ■i lir: Si W i ?ALAEOZOIC CoOKKOACnES: A COMPLETE REVISION OF THE SPECIES OF BOTH WoRLDS, WITH AN Essay toward their Classification. 1 HE study of fossil insects has hitherto furnished very little material toward a knowledge y of the general laws which have governed the progress of animal life. The reason of this ^is not far to seek. The delicate nature of their framework is such that they are never found preserved in any abundance, and seldom in such condition as to preclude doubts as to their affinities ; the number of extinct known forms bears, indeed, a very smal'' propor- tion to that of other fossils. Moreover, the most important period in the history of any 'group of animals is its earliest ; and while the later appearance of mammals, creatures Jpossessing a bulky framework less liable to destruction, enables the naturalist to recon- struct what must be a very significant part of the primitive mammalian faunas, the very early appearance of insects, with their fragile framework, is a serious obstacle to obtaining iny light whatever concerning their origin. Fragment by fragment have the few facts been patiently gleaned ; yet to-day we possess for the entire palaeozoic period not more than one species of insect to every thousand existing forms.^ A few scattered generaliza- ions concerning these earlier insects have been attempted, and in the preceding paper I indeavored to collect all that was known upon the subject, and to show that some general .tements might be made, not likely to be gainsaid by further facts. The present paper iscusses with greater fulness the cockroaches of the palaeozoic period, a group which mtains fully one half the species of insects I nown from the ancient rocks, and therefore e most likely to be fruitful in results. Their remains were first made known by Germar^ in 1842, in Count MUnster's Beitrage Petrafactenkunde, where four species from Wettin were described and figured. Soon rwards, in his general work on the fossils of Wettin and Lobejiin, Germar redescribcd ese with as many more ; and additional forms have been published from time to time by oldenberg, Heer, E. Geinitz and others, until the number of European species at present cognized in the palaeozoic rocks is about forty. To find the original descriptions of these irty species one must look for no less than sixteen different papers by seven different iters ; rarely, too, have any of them received any further study after their original description ; it necessarily follows that our knowledge of them is very fragmentary, and a orse showing could be made were we to include the American species, of which descrip- ;ons of seven have appeared on six separate occasions. j^ » Compare this with the ratio of fossil to living mamninls, " One species liad been previonsly described, but as a fern iecn in the list given in Murray'^ Geographical Distribu- leaf, n of Mammals, pp. 320-64. 4°. I^ndon, 1866. 1' ;i . ■.; I; 44 « It Ih true that some slight suggestions have been made toward the classification of these insects, but, as will be shown further on, without much success. With rare exceptions all have been described under the generic term Blattina ; the species, however, have occasion- ally been confounded, and their relationship to one another and to the cockroaches of later times has never been seriously examined. This examination seems the more desirable for tv :; reasons. First ; as a general rule, it is the upper wing of thiese creatures which has been preserved, allowing the best comparison not only with their living representatives, but with one another ; for, owing to the transparency of the front as well as hind wings of palae- ozoic insects, the venation is remarkably distinct, and from the nature of the part preserved is rarely displaced in fdssilization. Second ; our opportunities for any generalizations con- cerning palaeozoic insects are exceedingly limited ; and this group, as the most abundant of all the ancient types, offers the most inviting field of research. It would appear, too, that the known species are in reality only the fragment of a vast host which existed at that tir/ie, but have left no further traces, a host so great as to render it suitable to charac- terize th<^ carboniferous epoch, so far as iiisects are concerned, as the age of cockroaches. This conclusion is drawn from two facts. Every new discovery of palaeozoic cockroaches with scarcely an exception, reveals new species, so that upwards of sixty different kinds are enumerated in this paper, showing great diversity of structure, and seldom represented by more than a single specimen ; this indicates that their petrifaction is a rare event, and that the few relics we have really represent a vast horde. The second fact is the decreasing representation of these insects in the rocks as we approach the present time, coupled with a very generous allowance of cockroaches living at the present day. If we divide the time which has elapsed since cockroaches appeared into three great divisions, corresponding to the palaeozoic, mesozoic and caenozoic epochs, embracing the present period in the last- named, we shall have, say, sixty species in the palaeozoic, thirty-five in the mesozoic and only sixteen fossil species in the caenozoic (even including those occurring in that most prolific insect-trap, the Prussian amber), with upwards of five hundred living species.* If we then consider the present as a part of the pliocene, and take only five hundred species as the number actually living in each of the three divisions of caenozoic time, making fifteen hundred in all, and sixteen as the number now reported as existing in tertiary times ; and, finally, assume the same ratio between the unknown and the known to have held in the palaeozoic as in the caenozoic epoch, we shall have five thousand, six hundred and twenty-five species as the number of palaeozoic cockroaches. Even if enormously exag- gerated, this estimate will at least indicate the prodigious quantity of cockroaches which then existed and give an additional reason for the present revision.^ Giebel, who published the first list of palaeozoic cockroaches, then supposed to be only eight in number,^ brought them all under the generic term Blattina, and placed with them also some of the mesozoic species. In a foot-note (p. 315) he promises to give a "careful revision" of all the Wettin cockroaches, but this he has never done. Heer, in his catalogue of fossil cockroaches,* was the first to attempt any division of the palaeozoic forms ; his classification was as follows : — ' Thi8 is certainly a low estimate of existing types. Brun- cosmopolitan distribution and vexatious fecundity — the dom- ner in 1875 enumerated nearly foui' hundred species, and ination in short — of certain existing species of cockroach, since that time enormous additions to this fainily have been ' Giebel. Die Insecten und Spinnen der Vorwelt. 8°. made, particularly by do Saussure. Leipzig, 1866. pp. 318-16. ' Perhaps we may fairly add that the early appearance and * Heer. Vierteljahrschr. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich. Jahrg. prevalence of cockroaches also explains in a measure the ix, p). 287 et seq. (1864.) 46 isification of these [ire exceptions all er, have occasion- jkroaches of later more desirable for eatures which has spresentatives, but lid wings of palae- the part preserved tneralizations con- le most abundant 70u\d appear, too, which existed at uitable to charac- )f cockroaches. )zoic cockroaches liflerent kinds are m represented by •e event, and that is the decreasing ime, coupled with e divide the time corresponding to sriod in the last- he mesozoic and ring in that most i^ing species.* If hundred species )ic time, making in tertiary times ; to have held in six hundred and normously exag- ickroaches which osed to be only (laced with them give a "careful y division of the I fecundity — the dom- pccies of cockroach, en der Vorwelt. 8». Ilsch. Zurich. Jahrg. ^i Div. Div. Div. Div. a. b. c. d. k Winged ; Reticulation tetragonal ; main veins free. (9 species.) Main veins connected at the base. (1 species.) Reticulation polygonal ; main veins free. (2 species.) Hind wings. (2 species ; one wrongly placed here.) The only other classification which has been attempted is that recently made by Golden- berg,* which is merely an extension of Heer's. He first separates those of the true carbon- iferous series from those occurring in the dyas, and for the -former offers the following icheme : ii ( with simple quadrangular cells arranged f fore-wings membranous r principal < in rows; Group I. (11 sp.^ with distinct venation ; < veins free ; ( with polygonal cells ; Group II. ( 18 sp.) ( principal veins connected at the base ; Group IH. ( 1 sp. ) fore wings coriaceous, with indistinct venation ; Group IV. (1 sp.) f Wingless ; Group V. (1 sp.) J- The few species from the dyas are divided into that from Weissig (1 sp.), and those j4rom Lebach (2 sp.), and the latter are placed severally in groups corresponding exactly to Cl-roups n. and III. of the carboniferous series. '{' Nearly all the species represented by fore-wings, whether in the classification of Heer or #f Goldenberg are grouped, then, according to whether the minute cross-venation or reticu- '^tion of the wings is composed of polygonal cells or simply of cross veins running directly from one nervule to another. There are three serious objections to the naturalness of such it classification. First, it assigns a high importance to a necessarily insignificant feature in ^e structure of the wing. Second, the reticulation is frequently invisible either from its itctual absence or the imperfect preservation of the fossil. And third, the same wing 0xhibits, certainly in some American species (o. g.^tobl. venusta, E. Lesquereuxii), a trans- verse reticulation in one part of the wing, and a honeycombed reticulation in another. Te may therefore fairly set aside these classifications as insufficient and unsatisfactory. More than ten years ago, in studying the first fossil cockroaches that came under my bbservation, and noticing the diversity of structure in the wings of palaeozoic species, described two types under new generic names ; but on the discovery and separate descrip- tion of additional forms, it seemed best to revert to the common custom of referring all to plattina until the present revision or some other was attempted .* A considerabl*^ number p{ new and interesting forms having recently accumulated, it seemed a favorable oppor- tunity to pass the entire series under review ; accordingly the illustrations of the described European species were copied and brought, as given in the plates, to the same scale Ix 2 diam.), and, when necessary, so reversed as to place the costal margin on the left, the base of the wing being uppermost. This renders comparison more direct and simple, and such as have been reversed it is merely the same as if one koked at the wing from the [opposite surface. A comparison of these with American types at once showed that, among the latter at Bast, a remarkable degree of diversity obtained, necessitating the division of the palaeozoic ckroaches into two tribes, according to the structure of the uppermost vein of the front I^Ting : this vein, in one tribe, exclusively American, being composed of a series of long * Goldenberg. Fauna 8araepontana foasilis. 18-20. 4°. Saarbrucken, 1877. Heft 2, pp. > Canad. Naturalist (2) Vii, 271. (i: M 46 and unequal rays spreading from a common base, much like the rods of a fan ; while in the other, found on both continents, the shorter and equal rays originate at regular inter- vals, as branches from the side of a main vein. No such important distinction exists in the cockroaches of the old world coal-measures, even in the most aberrant types ; but within each of these two tribes, other distinctions appear, in the relative extent or position of the different areas, in the mode of branching of the main veins, or in the point of origin of the branches, affording valuable data for generic distinctions, and a tolerably safe clue, it is believed, to the true relationship of the species. The classificatio i proposed in this paper, based upon the structure of the framework of the wing, and gen Tally neglecting its mere form or surface sculpture,"may be expressed briefly by the sch ^me on the opposite page, which will be more fully developed in the body of the memoi . A word may be s lid concerning the nomenclature employed in this scheme. It will be noticed that the generic term Blattina, first employed for palaeozoic cockroaches by Germnr and since universally adopted in the same sense, has been dropped. It is not a little curious that the first four species described by Germar (and, I may add, the first American palaeozoic cockroach, t. ascribed by Lesquereux) all belong to a single genus as here defined, namely Etoblattina, a genus at the same time the richest in species ; so that there can be no doubt whatever as to which of these genera should bear the old name, if any of them can do so. It were indeed to be wished that it might be retained by Etoblattina, and to preserve the old name as far as possible I have retained it as a ^art of all the compoimd terms I have employed to designate the genera represented in the European carboniferous fauna, as well as in the tribal name which embraces them. But before Germar made this use of the term Blattina, earlier indeed by about thirty years,* he applied it to a cockroach from amber, which must be employed q^ the typical species, and which is utterly distinct from any of the palaeozoic forms. We are therefore unwillingly compelled to reject the name for palaeozoic cockroaches, and, unless indeed it be a synonym of some earlier name, to employ it for the tertiary Blattarian only.'' The use of the term Palaeoblattariae for all the palaeozoic cockroaches to distinguish them from more modern types requires also an explanation. In commencing this investigation it was anticipated that the mode of distribution of the principal veins of the wing and the relative juea occupied by each would furnish some ground for discussing the affinities and natural classification of these animals and of separating them into genera and species. But the degree of divergence from living types which t' e palaeozoic forms exhibit, and their own division into two large groups was entirely unexpected. To appreciate the former distinctions, it will be best first to examine the "vvings of living Blattariae. The structure of the organs of flight in cockroaches has received an unusual share of attention, principally from Mgssrs. Brunner and de Saussure, who have devoted a great » Germar. Mag. d. Entom. Jahrg. i, 16 (1813). ^ In his first uso of the term Blattina, Germar employed it witlioiit any explanation whatever. In his work on Wcttin fojisils (p. 81), he says: " Dlattinac nomine utimur, quo omnes species complectimur, quae antuhae ad Blattao genus sunt relatae." Goldcnbcrg (Palaeontogr. iv, 6) was the first to define the genus, as follows : " Venis omnibus areae analis hcmelytri in inarginem internum excurrcntibus." In it he placed Etobl, primaeva, Hermatobl. labachensLi ami Pelrahl. gracilis. Goldenborg {loc. cit.) further credits Berendt with the first uso of the term, but I cannot discover that Berendt used it either in 1830 or in 1836, the two oc- casions when he referred specially to fossil cockroaches; while Germar certainly employed it in 1813. Nor did Ber- endt use it in 1845 in the essay prefixed to bis Organisclie Reste im Bernstein. jf a fan; while in e at regular intcr- tction exists in the types; but within ; or position of the point of origin of jrably safe clue, it ' the framework of "may be expressed developed in the jheme. It will be roaches by Germnr It is not a little the first American le genus as here ies; so that there Id name, if any of y Etoblattina, and all the compound pean carboniferous Germar made this it to a cockroach is utterly distinct lied to reject the ome earlier name, ) distinguish them this investigation the wing and the the affinities and tiera and species. »rms exhibit, and appreciate the ttariae. unusual share of devoted a great Miolil. labachensLi and cil.) further credits , but I cannot discover w in 1836, the two oc- to fossil cockroaches; n 1813. Nor did Bor- ed to his Orgnniscliv 47 PALAEOBLATTARIAE. •Tribe I. Mylacriiloe. Branches of the mediastinal vein arranged in a radiate manner, mostly springing from a common DOlnt at the base of the wing; mediastinal area subtriangular, uniformly tapering apically. (3 genera. American.) All the branches of the mediastinal vein arising close to the base of the Wing. Wings broad. Mediastinal and scapular areas together occupying loss than half the wing. Ex- turnomedian area tolerably large, expanding regularly beyond the first branch. Mylaorls. (5 species). Wings slender. Mediastinal and scapular areas together occupying more than half tho wing. Externomedian area small and compressed, scarcely expanding apically. Iiithomylaoris. (3 species.) le of the apical branches of the mediastinal vein arising beyond the base of the wing and scarcely partaking in the radiate arrangement of tho others. Neoymylaoris. (2 species.) Branches of the mediastinal vein arising at regular intervals from a principal stem; mediastinal (8 genera. Both worlds.) /Tribe II. Blaltinariae. Mita generally band-shaped. '■% 7p ':^' latornomedian vein tcrmin- itting beyond, rarely at, tiie middle of tho outer Ittlfofthe wing. Scapu- lar and externomedian ^as together covering lim than one half of the iring. lomedinn vein termin- ing before the middle of outer half of tho wing, ipular and externo- ian areas together ering more than half wins. ^Mediastinal area compar- I atively short, rarely ex- ceeding, seldom equalling , two-thirds the length of the wing. Scapular area not reaching the tip of the wing, the extrem- ity of the main vein curving upward. Externomedian area comparatively large. Etoblattina. (20 species. Both worlds.) Scapular area extending beyond and embracing the tip of the wing, by the backward sweep of the main vein. Ex- ternomedian area comparatively small. Arohimylaorla. (2 species. American.) ' Externomedian branches inferior, so that the nervules divaricate on either side of the scapular-extemo- median interspace. Anthraoo- blattina. (7 species. European.) Branches of scapular vein superior. Mediastinal area long, usu- ally at least three-fourths the length of the wing, sometimes nearly reach- ing the tip. Externomedian vein di- rected toward and ter- minating near the apex of the wing, its branches inferior. Externomedian branches superior, 80 that the nervules divaricate on either side of the externomedian- internomedian interspace. Oerablat- tina. (12 species. Both worlds.) Branches of scapular vein inferior. Hennatoblattina. (2 species. European.) ' Principal veins closely crowded in the basal half of the wing. Branches uniformly distributed all over the wing. Scapular area terminating above the apex of the wing. Progonoblattina, (2 species. European.) Principal veins widely separated in the basal half of the wing. Branches much more closely crowded in some parts of the wing than in others. Scapular area termin- ating below the' apex of tho wing. Oryotoblattina. (l species. European.) Externomedian vein directed toward and terminating near the middle of the inner border ^ of the wing, its branches superior. Fetrablattina. (2 species. Both worlds.) 48 deal of study to this family,^ and having used the tegmina and wings for systematic purposes, have examined an immense series of specimens. These authors distinguish in the tegmina four, in the wings five, principal veins, the distribution of which is pretty constant in their general features, variable in the details; and this permits excellent characters to be drawn for the separation of the genera, etc. The four veins of the tegmina are the mediastinal, the scapular, the internomedian and the anal.' The mediastinal vein runs from the root of the wing in a nearly straight course to about the middle of the costnl border, throwing off branches to that border. The scapular vein extends to the tip of the wing in a nearly straight course and throws off toward the costal border a number of branches, which may be simple or forked and disposed with greater or less regularity ; in some instances, especially toward the tip of the wing, it also throws out branches on the opposite side. The anal furrow is an impressed curved line, characteristic of cockroaches, running to the inner margin before the middle of the wing ; within the area thus marked off at the base of the wing are a number of simple or forked anal nervules, often curved, but always straighter than the anal furrow ; these, although they impinge upon the latter, are to be considered branches of the anal vein, for they correspond to the radiate nervules of the longitudinally plicate portion of the hind wings. Between the scapular and anal veins runs the internomedian vein, an irregular nervure, the branches of which may be inferior or superior, longitudinal or oblique, simple or forked, and it is here there- fore that the greatest variation in thfe manner of distribution occurs, although the relative extent of all the fields may greatly vary. The hind wings have two features which are different from what we find in the tegminn ; the first is the great expansion of the anal area, the innermost nervule of which is not developed as a furrow ; the second is the presence of a new and distinct vein, the externo- median, lying between the scapular and the internomedian. There is no doubt that in the tegmina this vein should be regarded as amalgamated with the scapular vein, and the branches occasionally found near the apex of the tegmina, parting from the so-called scapular vein and terminating on the inner or apical margin (e. g., Chorisoneura), as the branches of the externomedian vein ; the more so since in some genera (Ectobia, etc.) the internomedian vein is also amalgamated with the scapular, so that the so-called scapular vein appears to throw branches indifferently to one side or the other of the wing. This curtailment or disappearance of the externomedian vein is due according to Saussure to the contraction of the tegmina. In comparing the tegmina with the wings, he remarks :' " La portion de I'organe [i. e. the tegmina] situ^e en arri^re de la nervure hum^rale [scapular vein] s'est tellement contract^e que le champ anal a p^n^tr^ dans le champ disco'idal [internomedian area] et se trouve un pen envelopp6 par celui-ci. En y p^n^trant, il I'a ^trangl^ h la base, en refoulant la veine discoidale [internomedian vein] contre la nervure hum^rale [scapular vein], en sorte que ces deux nervures se confondent ^ la base ; et il s'est r^tr^ci lui-m6me. Dans cette contraction, I'aire vitr^e [externomedian area] a disparu." We should be careful however not to give Saussure's words a meaning they were not intended to convey ; the broadly expanded plicated area of the hind wuigs • Brunner. Nouveau Systbme dos Blattaires. 8°. Vienne, 1865, pp. 4-12. — Saussure. Etudes sur I'ailo dcs Orthoptferes < Ann. Sc. Nat. [6] Zool., x, pp. 161, seq.; — lb., Orthop- teros de rAindrique moyenne. 4°. Geneve, 1864. pp. 16- 28. — lb., Miss. Scieiit. au Mexique, Ins. Orth. 4°. ParL<, 1870, pp. 4-8. ' This is Heer's terminology, not Brunner's nor Saussure's. s Ann. Sc. Nat. [5] Zool., x, p. 196. 49 ;8 for systematic ithors distinguish tion of which is permits excellent ins of the tegmina B mediastinal vein ddle of the costal to the tip of the 'der a number of less regularity ; in t branches on the ic of cockroaches, lin the area thus lal nervules, often impinge upon the tnd to the radiate ireen the scapular )ranches of which I it is here there- bough the relative id in the tegmina ; le of which is not vein, the externo- doubt that in the lar vein, and the rom the so-called Chorisoneura), as era (Ectobia, etc.) so-called scapular le wing. lue according to dth the wings, he re de la nervure a p^n^tr^ dans le ir celui-ci. En y .ernomedian vein] res se confondent e [extemomedian words a meaning if the hind wings , Ins. Orth. 4°. Paris, Irunner's nor Saussurc's. 6. 18 with little doubt a comparatively late development, and we may not look upon the :ttegmina as a contracted form of the wings; but rather, at the disappearonce of the externo- ^ median vein in the tegmina as one stage in the increasing heterogeneity of the organs of flight, as we pass from ancient tinu's to the present; indeed the hind wings of insects in •general contain far more indications of the earlier structure and ornamentation of the wings tiian the front pair.' As one example of this we find that the extemomedian vein was perfectly developed in the front wings of all the palaeozoic cockroaches, and although probably some of the different nervures were sometimes blended at the base (e.g., Etoblatt. rumoma, Pelrahl. grncifw), apically each vein was always developed quite separate from |the others. ■ :|: This is a distinction of prime importance, and so far as we can discover, there is not a illingle exception in ancient or modern types. In all the palaeozoic species, the e.xterno- fmedian exists as an independent vein ; in all modern species the vein itself is blended with fthe scapular, and can only be occasionally recognized near the extremity by its branches. i; Besides this difference tliere is another which, although of less importance, is perhaps as ;iconstani and certainly is significant. In palaeozoic cockroaches the anal veins of the fore '*lwing, as first noted by Goldenberg, intpinge upon the border, just as they do in the few ■hind wings which are preserved. In living cockroaches, the branches of the anal vein in "ihe hind wing, preserving here again the ancient characteristics, impinge upon the margin ■:^ tlie wing; while the specialization of the anal area of the fore wing — a distinctively 'Blattarian feature — has gone so far as to affect the direction of the veins, which do not Impinge upon the border, but run parallel to it and strike the anal furrow. ■ For these reasoiis, as being of fundamental importance in the structure of the tegmina, ind indicative of the profound changes the entire group of cockroaches has undergone since .lis origination, it appears nece.ssary to separate the palaeozoic cockroaches from those i|xisting at the present day as a distinct subfamily type. In reviewing the existing species, in order to obttiin some clue among them to the [earest allies of the palaeozoic cockroaches, it would appear that very little resemblance ists between the fore wings of the ancient species and those of the Blattariae sjnnosae, compared with those of the Blattariae muticae. Further than this it would perhaps llarflly be possible to go, unless indeed we were to compare some of the Blaberidae of the Vjlresent day, comprising the giants of the time, with some of the ancient types, which, fwhile generally larger than recent forms, also often boast of their very great size. Unfor- :l|inately we know almost nothing of the structure of the legs in the ancient cockroaches; ihey have been preserved, so far as appears, in only one or two instances. In one, Blat- fina Tischheini, Goldenberg speaks of a fragment of a hind leg, consisting of the femur illad tibia with traces of spines [Spuren von Dornen); but as neither his illustration nor his Bcription show whether the spines occur on the femora or on the tibiae, we have no proof to whether the former should be considered spinosae or muticae. In the illustration of e other {Anthracohl. sojnta) no spines appear; and the describer of this species. Dr. Geinitz, gives no further account of the legs than their size ; perhaps their preservation lows of no further statement, but this point should be studied. 'his puint, which I hope to expand anil illiiBtfatu on ithcr ovcasion, is what iiiiglit well be cxpeeU'd when we reflect how coinmonly the hinil wings of insects are con- cealed by the Iron', pair, when the insect is at rest. 50 Ijet US now cxaniiiio the neunition of tlie winj?s of cockroaches with Hpcciiil reference to its (leveU)pinent, in order to detennine wliich of the two tribes into which we have diviiled tho Pahieobhittariae is to be consi(U>red the more primitive type. At tiie outset we mnv remark that were we to base our ideas of the rehitive rank of the existing? suborders of insects upon tlje degree of complication of the neuration of their wings idone we should undoubtedly fall into error. Yet, although in studying the most ancient insects tliis portion of their structure is nearly all we have to guide us, we may confidently assume that it is here sutlicient to determine their relationship with accuracy. The variation in the structure of the wings of existing insects is the result of a multitude of forces exertcil through aeons, and exhibits every imaginable form from extreme simplicity to excessivi- complexity: in some insects the wings, like the rest of the body, have retained an ancient simplicity of structure, as in the May-flies; in others they appear to have lapsed into simplicity, or to have retained a simple distribution of the veins, when the other parts of the body have become highly organized, such as the Lt'pidoptera generally; in still others, by the diversity of use to which the wings have been put, they have beco'.ie in different ways extremely complicated, so that the plan of neuration is greatly disturl>ed or nearly lost ; as in the hind wings of earwigs, and of many cockroaches and beetles, and in botli wings of dragon flies, — nearly all of which insects are otherwise lowly organized. This differentiation of the neuration, we may judge by many proofs,' had made sligiit progress in palaeozoic times. The wings of the tiien existing insects were comparatively simple and uniform. Nevertheless, the variation o. structure was already sufficient 'u the carboniferous epoch to prove that we must look far back of it for the origin of winged insects. We have already shown that differences existed among cockroaches warrantinu,' their division into two great groups; and as a whole this family group was distinctly separated, even at that early time, from all other insects, even as they are to-day, unless we except their nearest allies the Mantidae, in the burial of the innermost anal vein at the bottom of a deep sulcation, dividing the anal area from tiie rest of the wing. They were also peculiar — although a few ancient types partially shared with tiiijm this character- istic — in that tiie large number of mediastinal branches, as well as the main inediastin;il vein, terminate on the costal margin only, and do not leave it simply supported by the main vein lying in close proximity. This peculiarity necessitated a somewhiit central origin for the veins at the base of the wing, and apparently led to the diversity noticed in the two types of ancient cockroaches. If we were to express in simplest terms the. structure of a symmetrically developed winir (like that of the palaeozoic cockroaches with iu live principal branching veins), we should figure the middle vein as running straight to the apex, forking as it went and occupyinjj,- the apical margin with its branches; while the similarly forking branches of the upper two veins would curve toward and terminate upon the costal margin, and those of the lower veins upon the inner margin. A wing has already been found' quite as simple in idea as this, but belonging to the other group of palaeozoic insects, in which the wing is not symmetrical, but where all the veins and their branches impinge upon the inner and apical margin of the wing. In such a wing, differentiation of the veins may scarcely be said to ' Soe tlic prccL'ding paper: The early ty|>e8 of insects. '•' Scmliler. An inoeut wing of extreme simplicity from tin coal formation. The following table represents the cockroach fauna of the different localities in the Ijalaeozoic beds of Europe, the two doubtful species of Weissig being placed in brackets. j DTA8. iWeisaig, Snxony. Etoblattina flabcllata. " weissigcnsis. [ " cni-'ooimrin.] [Anthracoblattina spcctabilis.] •♦ Bopita. ♦♦ porreota. ^•}^^€bach, near Saarbrtlckon, Rhenish provinces of PruDssia. tt Hcrmatoblattina lobachensis. Mtockheim, Bavaria. Pttrablattina gracilis. Anthracoblattina Riickerti. CABBONIFERC'TS. Maarbriicken (immediate vicinity), Rhenish provinces of Prussia. Etoblattina primaeva. Anthracoblattina winteriana. •*^ " labachensis. Gerablattina intermedia. « inaicmia . u scaberttta. Hermatoblattina wemmctsweilericnsis. insignis. rbnlcken (basin). Anthracoblattina Remigii (Cusel, Rhenish Bavaria). lat'A, near Ilmcnau, Saxe Weimar. Etoblattina didyma. " manebnchensia. Gerablattina Goldenbergi. Gerablattina weissiana (Brtlckcn, Waldmohr, Rhenish Bavaria). Ger.tblattina clathrata. « Mahri. Progonoblattina Fritschii. ^etlin-ZdbeJtln, Prussian Saxony. Etoblattina euglyptica. " afBnia. « flabellata. " anthracophila. " Dohrnii. " an.iglyptica. " carbonaria. " didyma. Etoblattina russoma. " leptophlebica. " parvula. Anthracoblattina spectabilis. Gerablattiiia Geinitzi. *• Mttnsteri. •• prodncta. *• Germari. Oryctoblattina reticulata. ' ■ ^ ^1 ! ' ; ■ 1 1 ,! " ■ 'V- i! ^' S ' 1 • 1 I 'I 1 I p .Klein- OpitZj near Dresden, Saxony. Erbignoti, Switzerland. Durham, England. 64 Anthraooblattina dresdensis. Progonoblattina helvetica. Etoblattina mantidioides. The following table, mainly based on the " Chronologische Uebersicht des Steinkohlen- Ablagerungen in Europa", given by Dr. H. B. Geinitz in Geinitz, Fleck u. Hartig: Die Steiukohlen Deutschlan^ls, 4°, Miinchen, 1865, may serve to indicate the probable relative age of the Eu. opear i-pecies. The carboniferous beds are divided by him into five zones, as follows, commencing at the base : I. Hauptzone der Lycopodiaceen ; II. der SigUlarien ; in. der Calamiten ; IV. der Annularien ; V. der Farren. The two dyassic species enclosed in brackets are those credited by Dr. E. Geinitz to this formation. Perhaps all the carbon- iferous species should be classed together as upper carboniferous, excepting the three placed under zona ii-iii; and these to the middle carboniferous. LOWER DTAS. Etoblattina flabellata. (Woissig.) " weis8igensi8.( " ) [ " carbonaiia.] ( " ) " elongnta. ( " ) [Anthraooblattina spectabilis.] (Weissig.) Anthracoblattina sopita. (Weissig.) « porrecta. ( " ) ** Rttckerti. (Stockheim.) Hermatoblattina lebachensis. (Lebach.) Petrablattina gracilis. CAKBOKIFEROUS ZONE V. Etoblattina didyma. (Mancbach.) *'• nianebachensis. ( " ) Anthracob ' .ttiua dresdensis. (Klein-Opitz.) " Remigii. (Cusel.) " weissiana. Progonoblattina Fritschii. (Mancbach.) Gcrablattina Goldenbergi. " clathrata. « Mahri. ( " ) (Manebach.) ( ^ ) ( « ) (Brttcken.) g I Etoblattina primaeva. labachcnsis. euglyptica. affinis. flabellata. anthracophila. Dohmii. anagiyptica. carbonaria. didyma. russoma. CARBONIFEROUS ZONE IV-V. (Auerswald.) Etoblattina leptophlebica. (Labach.) " parvula. (Wettin.) Anthracoblattina spectabilis. (Ldbejttn.) Gcrablattina inteimedia. (Wettin.) ' « Geinitzi. ( « ) « MUnsteri. ( « ) «« producta. ( " ) " German. ( " ) Hermatoblattina wemmetsweilericnsis. (Wettin.) (Wemmetsweiler.) (Lobejiin.) Oryctoblattina reticulata. (Wettin.) (Lobejttn.) ( " ) ( " ) (Wemmetsweiler.) (Ldbejan.) (Wettin.) ( " ). ( « ) CARBONIFEROUS Etoblattina mantidioides. (Durham.) ZONE n-v. Progonoblattina helvetica. (Erbignon.) \[ CARBONIFEROUS ZONE II-III. Etoblattina iusignis, (SaarbrUcken.) Anthracoblattina winteriana. (Dudweiler.) Gkrablattina scaberata. (Altenwald.) 65 K v^: The American species come from the following localities, the Mylacridae being placed in ■Ihe left hand, the Blattmariae in the right hand column. ACADIAN COAL-FIELD. t des Steinkohlen- jk u. Hartig: Die ! probable relative im into five zones, r, I. der Sigillarien ; ic snecies enclosed ■ I Ah ips all the carbon- ^m g the three placed M (Weissig.) ( « ) (Stockheim.) is. (Lebaoh.) ->i<^^^^^H Sydney, Cape Breton. Mylacris bretonense. « Heeri. l^ictote, Nova Scotia. Petrablattina sepulta. Archymylacris acadicum. .APPALACHIAN COAL-FIELD. Cannelton, Beaver Co., Penn. Mylacris pcnnsylvanicum. Archymylacris parallelum. " Mansfieldi. Ncoymylacris heros. Pittston, Luzerne Co., Penn.* Lithomylacris angustum. " pittstonianuni. Necymylacris lacoanum. Cassville, W. Virginia. Etoblattina Lesqaereuxii. Ger.iblattina fascigera. . Gerablattina balteato. Sellairc, Ohio. Gerablattina balteata. (Manebach.) ( •> ) ( " ) (BrUcken.) (Labejttn.) ( " ) ( « ) (Wemmetsweilcr.) (LobcjQn.) (Wettin.) ( " ). ( " ) reilerionsis. (Wemmetsweilcr.) (Wettin.) Crbignon.) (Dudweiler.) EASTERN INTERIOR COAL-FIELD. DanviUe, 111. Lithomylacris simplex. Colchester, III. Mylacris anthracophilum. WESTERN INTERIOR COAL-FIELD. Froff Bayou, Arkansas. £tobi'aches formed the species was very from the present f, for instance, rc- ockroaches in the at least this was schbeini ; and he in numbers in ii individuals which I that cockroaches greatest develop- forest vegetation le intimate corro- }ation between the insect world and the plant world, by which the former finds its prin- cipal nourishment in the latter. Such a food-plant for ihe palaeozoic cockroach he would discover in the tree-like Nocggerathia, or the Cordaites of the period ; just as the ally of Hhe former, the sago palm, furnishes food to the cockroaches of to-day. Ileer also relates, in hif. essay on fossil cockroaches, that the botanical garden at Zurich accidentally imported from Cuba cockroaches in all stages of development in stems of Cycads, and thereupon suggests that Nocggerathia might very probably have been the food of palaeozoic cock- roaches. I have also described a species of Platyzosteria (P. sahalianus) which lives in the tops of the cabbage palmetto, Sabal palmetto. We thus arrive at some indications of the inanner of life of these ancient creatures. Heer believes the scantiness of our knowledge of fossil cockroaches to be due to the slight attention that has been paid to them, and that in the mass of plants which have been exhumed from the coal beds, many more will be found when these have been carefully ex- amined with this in view. At the tune he wrote not a single species of cockroach had been jfijund in more than one spot (and at Wettin and Manebach they formed aliiKJst or quite ittie only insects found there) while many species of plants were common to the different beds from which cockroaches had been exhumed. Notwithstanding the considerable in- orease of our knowledge since that time, this is almost as true now as then. In this paper we have discussed almost exclusively the front wings of the palaeozoic cockroaches. In an appendix, however, those species which have been described from other fragments are reviewed and the descriptions put into an English dress. These species are Blattina Tlachbelui, lil. kdinervis and Bl. venosa, described from hind wings or very im- perfect remnants of fore wings ; and Polyzosterites grnnosus, a wingless species. Acridiies carhonaria, first described by Germar as the whig of a saltatorial orthopteron and subse- quently considered by him as the hind wing of a cockroach, possibly of Etohl. didyma, and so catalogued up to the present time, appears rather to be a neuropterous wing and there- fore is not discussed here. Besides these a couple of obscure fragments from the American jpcks are briefly noticed but without name. It only remains to give an alphabetical list of iSbe former and present names of palaeozoic cockroaches, and the bibliography of the sub- ject, before taking up the species in detail. Synonymical Tadi.e of hitheiito describkd Palaeozoic Cockroaches. A(chitnyl.icris acadicum Scudd. = Arehimj Lioris ncaditniin. Bbtttidiiiiii inantidiui)blattiiia aflinis. Blattina aua^lyptica Gei = Etoblattina anaglyptica. Bkttina anaglyptica var. labacliuiisis Gold. = Etoblattina labacliunsis. ]|bttina anthracopliila Gcru = Etoblattina anthrncophila. Hftttlna anthracopliila Goin. = Etoblattina flnbcllata. Blattina brctonunais Scudd. = Mylacris brutouunse. Bkttina carbonaria Germ. := Etoblattina carbonaria. pUttina clatlirata Ileur. = Gcrablattina clathrata. ItUttina didyma Germ. = Etoblattina didyma. Bkttina didyma Gein. := Aiithracoblattina sopita. Bikttina drcsdunsig Gcin.-Dclchm. := Anthracoblattina drcs- dcnsis. ittina euglyptica Germ. = Etoblattina ouglyptica. ittina euglyptica Gold. fig. 8. = Etoblattina Dobrnii. Blnttina euglyptica Gold. fig. 9. = Gcrablattina producta. Blattina euglyptica var. weissiana Gold. = Gcrablattina wcissiana. Blattina fascigera Scudd. = Gcrablattina fascigera. Blattina flabellata Germ. (Miinst). = Etoblattina flabellata. Blattina flabellata Germ. (Wettin). =: Gcrablattina Miin- pieri. Blat.ina Fritschii Heer. = Progonoblattina Fritschii. Blattim. Gcinitzi Gold. ^ Gcrablattina Geinitzi. Blattina Germari (Giebel) Heer. = Gcrablattina Gormari. Blattina Goldonbcrgi Mahr. = Gcrablattina Goldedbergi. Blattina gracilis Gold. = I'etrablattina gracilis, Blattina Hecri Scudd. =: Mylacris Hceri. Blattina helvetica Heer. = Progonoblattina helvetica. Blattina insignis Gold . ^ Etoblattina iusignu. Blattina intermedia Gold. =: Gcrablattina intermedia. Blattina labachensis Gold. = Etoblattina labachensis. 1 p Mi 58 Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina Blattina latinervis Hecr. = Blattina latincrvis (hind wing). loKichcngig Gold. = Ilcrmatoblnttina Icbachcnsis. loptophlebiea Gold. =: Etoblattina leptophlebica. Mahri Gold. ^ Gcrablattina Mahri. Mahri Gcin. = Etoblattina elongata. manebachensis Gold. ^ Etoblattina manebachcnsis. parvula Gold. = Etoblattina panrula. porrccta Gcin. = Anthracoblattina porrccta. primaeva Gold. =: Etoblattina priniacva. Remigii Dohrn. ^ Anthracoblattina Remigii. reticulata Germ. ^ Oryctoblattina roticulata. Riickerti Gold. ^ Anthracoblattina Riickerti. russoma Gold. = Etoblattina russoma. scaberata Gold. = Gerablattina scabcrata. Blattina acpiilta Sciuld. = Potrablattina scpulta. Blattina spectabilis Gold. = Antliracoblattina spectabilis. Blattina Tischbcini Gold. = Blattina Tischboini (fragment). Blattina vcnosa Gold. = Blattina vcnoaa (fragment). Blattina vcnusta Lcsq. =: Etoblattina vonusta. Blattina wcissiana Gold. ^ Gcrablattina weisaiana. Blattina weissigcnsis Gein. ^ Etoblattina weisslgensis. Blattina wommetsweiloricnsitf Gold. = Hcrmatoblattina worn- mctswcilericnsis. Blattina winterlana Gold. =: Anthracoblattina winteriana. Mylacris anthracophilum Scudd. = Myiacris anthraco- philum. Polyzoi^tcritcs granosus (Gold.) Jord. = Folyzoeterites gra* noeut (body). BIBLIOGRAPHY. The papers are arranged chronologically under each author, and the order of the authors is by a chronological arrangement of their first papers. Papers on the European insects precede those on the American species. EUROPE AX. Halnc. Host (W.) De filicum ectypis obviis in lithanthraciim Wettincnsium Lobejuncnsium fosdinis. 8°. No date. pp. 31. (Not seen.) Gebuab (E. F.) Beschreibung ciniger neuen fossilen insecten. n. In Schieferthon dcs Stcinkohlen-Gebirgcs vonWettin. < Mttnst, Beitr. zur Petrefactenk. Heft 5 : 90-94 taf. 13. 4°. Bay renth, 1842. -i^^— Die Versteinerungen des Steinkoblengebirges von Wettin und Lobcjttn im Saalkreise ; also entitled : - Petrifacta stratorum lithanthracum_^Wettini et Lobejuni in circulo Salae rcperta f°. Halle, 1844-63. Ueberreste von Insekten ; also entitled : Inscctorum vestigia. Heft 7 : 81-88, taf. 81, 1851 ; — Heft 8, tab. 39, fig. 15, 1853. QoLOENBEBQ (F.) Pi'odrom einer naturgeschicbte der fossilen Insecten der Kohlenformation von Saar- brUcken. < S'tzungsb. matb. nat. CI. k. Ak.id. Wiss. Wien, Bd. ix: 38-39. 8°. Wien,1852. The name is wrongly given in this paper as Goldberger. — — Ueber versteinerte Insectenreste im Steinkohlengebirge von SaarbrUcken. 4. ii' Die Urweit dor Sehweiz. Mil sieben luiidscliaftliehin Hilderit, elf Tjifcln, einer f{eoloji;is«Iien Uober- sielitskarte der Selnveiz mid zablreielien in den Text eiiifiedruekleii Abbildmigen. 8". Zdrieli, I8«ir). . Le nioude piiinilive de la Suisse. Traduit do ralicniande par Isaac Deinolo. 8". Geiu^ve et Bale, 1872. .„ Tlie primitive world of Switzerland. Edited by James Ileywood. 2 v. 8". Loudon, 1S7(». DOHRX (A). Zur Kennluiss der Inseeteu iu der rrimiirfonuationeu. < rabieoutoj:^-. Md. xvi: 120-84, taf. 8. 4". Cassel, 1807. KiRKnv (J. W.) On the remains of insoets from the co.il measures of Durham. < Geol. Mag., vol. iv : J188- 90, pi. 17, figs. G-8. 8^ Loudon. 1867. Mahr ( — .) Beit rag zur Kenntniss fossiler Inseeteu der Steinkohlenformatiou ThUringeus. • T Neues .Tahrb. f. Mineral., .T.dirg. 1870: 282-8r> (ligs.) 8°. Stuttgart, 1870. ||Ikimt;^ (K.) Versteinerungen aus dem Br.iudsehiel'er der untereu Dyas von Weissig bei rillnitz in Saehsen < Neues Jalirb. f. Mineral., ete., J.ahrg. 1873 : t501-704, laf, 3. 8". Stultgiut, 1873. Also separ.ate, pp. m i-*- "•m -Ueber neue Aufselildsse iut Brandsehiefer der uuteren Dyat vou Weissig bei I'illuilz ii~. Saebseu. < Neues Jalirb. f.^^Miueral.,, lalirg. 187r): 1-14 pi. 1. 8\ Stuttgart, 1875. Also si'p:irate, jip. 14. pi. ;0EINIT/ (H. B.) Berielit fiber die . . . auf ileiu Heviere des Carlseliaelites der Lugau-Xiederwflrtseliiiitzer -| Steinkoldenwerke gesammelten Steinkolilenplaiizeii. ExnEiio, Palaeontogr. iv, 20-21. * Bi'i den HIatten der Jetzwelt miinden die A. PI. 5, figs. 18, 14. Fore wing. Only the basal half of the Aving is preserved, with none of the inner margin, so that it is impossible to determine the form of the wing; the course of tiie veins however would seem to indicate a shorter and stouter, as it certainly is a broader wing than in Myl. Heeri. The outline as given in fig. 14 probably makes the wing a little too long. The costal margin is regularly and considerably convex, more so than in Myl. Ileeri. Tlie veins originate from the middle of the wing or s]i"-)itly below it, and curve a little at tiie base. Tlie mediastinal area has a basal width u. /lalf the wing and, separated from the scapular by a .scarcely curved line, strikes the costal margin close to the limit of the fnig- ment, and probably somewhat, perhaps considerably, past the middle of the wing ; the extreme base is covered in the specimen by a foreign object, but four veins appear beyond it,' the two middle ones simple, the others deeply forked, all tolerably close, scarcely divergent, oblique and very gently arcuate ; toward the humeral angle there are no veins and the edge of the wing at this point is very narrowly and delicately marginate. Tlie scapular vein is gently and broadly sinuous throughout and probably terminates before the apex of the wing, to judge from its apical curve; it runs very closely parallel to the costal margin through most of its course, and down very nearly the middle line of the wing, perimps nearer the costal than the inner margin ; it commences to divide very near the base and emits five branches, all but the first of v.'hich are simple and all are subparallel to the course of the outer mediastinal veins ; the basal branch is doubly forked and renders this portion of the area a little more crowded. The externomedian vein is arcuate imtil it divides, before the middle of the wing certainly, and some distance before the extremity of the fragment; it forks only once however in the part preserved, two parallel veins running longitudinally to the edge, equidistant from each other and the veins on either side. The internomedian vein runs in a broadly sinuous course parallel to the preceding vein, and although much obscured upon the specimen, at least one and perhaps two brai^ches can he seen to be emitted before the division of the externomedian vein. Ine anal furrow- is strongly impressed ujion its basal half, less so but still distinctly upon the apical hah", appears to be composed of a pair of fine grooves closely approximated, and is regularly and not very strongly arcuate, terminating on the inner border at some distance before the ' In both the figures on our plate the vein nearest the humeral angle s^huuld bu erased ; it does not exist. 8 of tlie gemiH. ipccinl feature, it e veins it is very broader species; American forms; w of this species Qther in the Icsh he scapular vein, ferns and leaves :s, in the produc- i, by Mr. Richard :he inner margin, lie veins however ing than in Myl. e too long. The \/yl. IleerL Tiie e a little at the )arated from the limit of the fmi'- if the wing; the IS appear beyond y close, scarctdy lure are no veins irginate. The nates before the dlel to the costal ine of the wing, de very near the re subparallel to ked and renders s arcuate luitil it the extremity of el veins running ither side. Tlie ceding vein, and jraiiches can he ne anal furrow 1 the apical hall', and is regularly tance before the is not exist. 65 ■r,r «nd of the mediastinal area, and about opposite the origin of the last scapular branch ; the anal veins are numerous and crowded, the first deeply forked and basally distant from the furrow, the others simple and all slightly arcuate ond subparallel to the basal half of the furrow. The single known fragment represents a tolerably large species, the breadth of the wing being 1.3.5 mm., while its length may be estimated as anywhere from 24 to 30 mm., the •ctual length of the fragment being 19 mm. and the breadth to the length about as 1 : 2. It is the under surface of a left wing which is exposed, in which all the veins and branches of the costal half (namely those of the mediastinal and scapular areas) are prominent, while ill the others are very obscure, and as the obscurity affects to some degree the anal furrow, it is probably entirely due to the preservation ; by favorable light and on careful examina- ikion, slight indications of transverse wrinklings may be seen in the scapular area, but there Qould have been no regular nor definite reticulation. The species, which is peculiar for its breadth and the slight tendency of its branches to subdivide, appears at first glance to have considerable resemblance to 3Iyh Ileeri ; but it is certainly distinct from that by the stronger curvature of the anal furrow and consequent jjbbreviation of the anal area ; it also differs by the sinuosity of the scapular vein, the Ipore arcuate line of separation between the mediastinal and scapular areas and the more Irowded branches of at least these areas. From Mi/l. anfJiracojihiliim it may be distin- l^ished by the lack of the strong deflection of the base of the principal veins, by its less orowded venation, simpler branches and by the direction of the branching portion of the aoapular vein, which is parallel to the border in this species, but converges toward it in Myl. anthracojihilum. A single .specimen, marked No. 284 by the discoverer, Mr. I. F. Mansfield, was found at Cannelton, Beaver Co., Ponn., in dark .sandy shale immediately under a vein of cannel coal known as the vein C of Professor Lesley. It is partly covered by a leaflet of Sj/henojihyl- fwm, Schlotheimii. Lower coal measures of Penn. /f Mylacris anthracophilnm. PI. 5, figs. G-8. J Mylacris anthracophila Scudd., in Worth. Geol. Surv. 111., in, 568-70.. figs. 5, 6. ( Fore wing. The wing is very broad at the base and tapers almost from the base by the idope of the costal margin, which is strongly and regularly arcuate, while the inner margin is nearly straight, bringing the rounded but rather produced apex in the lower longitudinal half of the wing; the extreme apex is broken. The veins originate below the middle of the base and curve strongly upward before assuming a more longitudinal direction, when •II are subparallel to the costal margin. The limitation between the mediastinal and Scapular areas is strongly arcuate basally, straight apically, and the mediastinal vein termi- iwtes at the end of the apical three-fifths of the wing ; the mediastinal branches, three or ur in number, most of them forked, are straight or very gently arcuate, and radiate from common point near the middle of the base of the wing, some of them plainly emitted m the principal vein just beyond the base, and one from the same at a considerable itancc from the base. The .scapular vein is strongly arcuate at the ba.se, but, next the t branching of the mediastinal vein, takes a nearly straight longitudinal direction, sub- rallel to but slightly converging toward the costal margin, and terminates near or at I ^1 6r> the tip of the wing but below the middle line of the same; it emit« five equidistant nlmost equal longitudinal branches, each of wiiich forks at or sonu'what beyond its middle and iit similar distances from the costal margin ; the mediastinal and scapular branches accordinf,dy change their direction in the most gradual way from nearly transverse to longitudinal, and the mediastinal and scapular areas together occupy nearly one-half the width of the Avin;'. The externomedian vein, strongly arcuate, like the preceding, at the base, begins to divide ns soon as that, and beyond this is straight, terminating at a short distance before the tip of the wing; its first branch passes down the middle of the wing and dies out a little beyond the middle; its three other branches, which like the first are superior, are emitted furtlior out in the apical half of the wing ond are each simply forked before their middle ; tlio upper fork of the first of these approximates very closely to the scapular vein, leaving no passage for the basal branch. Beyond the base the internomedian vein is also straight and emits four equidistant branches, .the first (at near the origin of the basal branches of tlio preceding veins) being doubly, the others, excepting the apical, simply forked. The auid furrow is deeply impressed, very regularly and rather gently arcuate, terminating a little before the middle of the Aving ; the anal veins are numerous, gently sinuous and mostly simple, the upper ones deeply forked and more distant. The species is u bttle above the medium size, the length of the fragment preserved 28.5 mm., being scarcely siicrter than the real length of the wing ; its greatest breadth, at the end of the basal fifth, 13.5 mm, oi the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.1. The specimen is very nearly perfect, and represents the upper surface of a right Aving ; the anal area is swollen ; the A'eins of the Aving are prominent, and the interspaces are rather regularly divided by inconspicuous straight cros.s-lines. The species is remarkable in this genus for the form of the Aving, which has its tip noticeably Avithin the middle line of the Aving and somcAvhat produced. In this it difleis decidedly both from Myl. hretonense and Myl. Mansfieldi It agrees better in this point Avith Myl. Ileerl, but the crowded neuration of 3Ii/l. anthracoiihllum Avith the strong deflection of the base of the veins distinguish it at once from that species. There is only left 31yl. j)fnnsyhamcum Avith Avhich to compare it ; and although the apex of that species is .10 far lost as to render it very imperfect, Ave may be sure from the sinuosity and apienl curve of the scapular vein that the apex of the Aving is not Avithin the middle line ; it is further distinguished from J!/^?.^}enHsy/«rtH/cH»i by its tapering form and the very stron}; ba.sal deflection of the veins*, so that this species is abundantly distinct from all the others. Besides the front Aving a pronotol shield has been found. At least it probably belonj.fs to this species, as the size agrees and both came from the same locality and Avere col- lected at the same time. It is of nearly the same form as in Perijjlfineta americana (Linn.). broadest in the middle of the posterior half Avhere it is roundly angulate, and in advance of Avhich it tapers very rapidly to a convex front, hardly angulate laterally ; posterior border broadly and strongly couA'ex ; its Inmiediate edge narroAvly and very slightly raised; the Avliole pronotum is a little convex, and the surface is nearly smooth, Avitli a few minute, transverse and longitudinal lines ; its greatest breadth is 16 mm. ; its anterior breadth 9.5 mm. ; length 12 nun. The specimens above" described were found by Mr. A. H. Worthen, at Colchester. qiiidiHtnnt nlmost itH iiiiddio nn^cuato in its apical half, and terminates at the edge of tho fragment, probably at about vlthe end of the basal half of the winsr. I The species is a tolerably largo one, the largest of the genus, tho fragment of tho wing , -measuring 24 mm. in length and 13 mm. in breadth ; probably the entire length was about #80 mm. and tho breadth to the length as 1:2.3. The wing is a left one and the upper 'Burfaco is exposed ; tho veins are lightly impressed throughout and uniformly and rather ; closely crowded ; tho surface is nearly smooth, but with care a delicate wrinkling of ob- scure tran.sverse lines can bo made out. The wing is peculiar for its tapering oval form and the inferior origin of the externo- edian branches, which distinguishes it at once from every other species of this genus. The single specimen found was sent to mo by Mr. I. F. Mansfield and by him obtained |at Cannelton, Beaver Co., Ponn., in dark sandy shale immediately under the vein of cauuel loal known as vein C of Professor Lesley. Lower coal measures of Pennsylvania. Lithomylacris nov. gen. {/.{•to;, /wkaxpi^). The mediiistinal vein of the upper wings consists of about live principal shoots, only two or three of which fork and these generally close to the base, all of them straight or gently curved, and the outermost extending to variable distances along the costal margin, but generally beyond the middle of the wing; the point toward which these branclios converge is co/isiderably nearer the inner ;han the costal margin of the wings; this with tlio great length of the outermost shoot gives the nu>diastinal area an unusual extent for M}!;!- cridae. The scapular vein is considerably curved before branching, but beyond its first branch is almost exactly straight, even the outer portion scarcely curvii^g, and runs down the middle line of the wing to tlie tij). so th;it the mediastinal and scapular areas togctluT occupy fully half of the wing ; it emits four or five branches, more or less closely^ approxi- mated, according as one or two of them fork or not, and all run subparallel to, but rather less obli(|uely than, the outer branches of the mediastinal vein. The extornomedian area is very narrow and of small extent, occupying the lower half of the narrow tip of tlio wing, the vein first branching at or beyontl the tip of the wing, and then but once or twice, either superiorly or interiorly, the first branch sometimes forking. The interno- niedian and anal veins together divide nearly equally between them the inner margin of the wing, the anal furrow being rather cons])icuous and gently arched, and, from tiio narrowness of the wing and the infeiior position of the conunon point of origin for .all tiio principal veins, imusually longitudinal, most of the species difl'ering in this respect some- what conspicuously from those of JNIylacris; the internomedian vein has oidy two or three branches, which are very longitudinal and verv long, and yet Ibik comp.iratively little, rarely doul)ly ; the vein may emit its first brancli somewhat before, opposite to, or considerably beyond the origin of the first branch of the scapular vein. The branclies of the anal vein are known only in one species, where they are parallel, rarely fork, and are slightly more longitudinal than the branches of tlie internomedian vein. The wings are remarkable for tiieii' elongate form and nearly parallel sides; the greatest breadth is at about the middle and they are generally three times as long as broad, being exceptionally slender for Mylacridae. Upper wings are all the remains known of this genu.'?, whit h diflers from Mylacris in fho more atteniiatcd and etpial shape, tlie sligiit oblicpiity and gentle curve of the anal furrow. the slight iiiiportaiico of the externoiuedian area, and also by the unusual sulcation of tlic interspaces between all the veins ; from Necymylacris it is readily separated by the very wide extent of the (•ond)ined mediastinal and scapular areas. Tlie species are all of rather small size and are U)und only in America. Lithomylacris angustum nov. sp. I'l. r>, f\s curving very le width of the wing at the base, and occupies very nearly two-thirds of the ccstal margin, its Ihnitation next the scapidar area being almost straight, a slight sinuosity being scarcely perceptible; the gently radiating veins of this area are six or seven in number, tho.se next the shoulder simple and distant, the two outer somewhat sinuous, simply or doubly forked and clo.ser. The scapular vein curves gently upward at the base until it has nearly reached the middle of the wing, next pa.sses down the middle or slightly below it, subparallel to the costal margin, and then curves gently upward again, its entire course being very broadly and gently sinuous, terminating at the apex ; it begins to divide at the end of the basal lifth of the wing, almost before it has lost its upward curve, and emits half a dozen oblique branches, the first pair near together, the rest at snbequidistant intervals ; the second and third are forked near the middle (one of the branches of the former again at the tip), but the others are simple ; they become increasingly longitudinsd toward the tip but only to a very slight degree, continuing the decr";ifMng radiation of the mediastinal veins; together these two areas occupy more than half of the wing. The externoinedian vein runs in a straight coiu'se nearly to the middle of the wing, scarcely turned downward from a longi- tudinal direction ; here it forks, the upper branch again forking near the tip, the lower at less than half way to the border, each of the latter forks again dividing, the upper before, the lower beyond its middle; all follow a longitudinal direction and occupy upon the margin only the lower half of the narrow apex of the wing. The internomedian vein is remarkably straight throughout and is indeed the only palaeozoic cockroach known in which it is straight; it terminates just before the tip of the wing, connnences to divide almost as soon as the .'^capular vein, and emits, long before the middle of the wing and at regular and short intervals, three straight veins, the first simple, the others forked in the middle, al! having a constantly lessening obliquity, so (hat the outermost fork is ))arallel to the main vein ; besides these the main vein emits aiiother slight longitudinal branch close to the apex, and the whole area occui)ies about one-half of the fainer border of the wing. The anal furrow is vei deeply and sharply impressed and acarcely at all arcuate, running in nearly a straight line to a little before the middle of the wing ; the anal veins, foiu- in nuiidjcr, one of the middle ones forked, are straight, equi- liistant and pandlel to the furrow. The wing is a little above the medium size. 2'J.r) unn. long, and yet only !).5 nun. broad, or the breadth to the length as 1 to a little more than 3. It is nearly perfect, being only i little iVagmentarv about the base and the lower ])ortion of the tip. It is a le''t wing, of which the under sui'liice is exposed, showing the veins and anal furrow as ridges ; the anal Ibrrow is renuirkaldy prominent, and most of the veins are also very prominent ; this is ispecially true in the veins of the ,>adly fractur"d ; it is evident, however, that the wing is very long and slendei, with a gently and regularl}- arcuate costal margin : probably tlie wing is nearly equal, tapering very gently on the apical half. The vein- must oi'iginate below the middle of the wing, i.nd are nearly straight. The mediastin;il area, which is more tlnin half the width of the wing at the base, terminates at the middle of the costal margin, and is separated from the scajjular area by a straight border, the , veins, six or seven in number, being sti'aight, gently divergent, and simple or rarely con- nected close to the l)ase. The scapular vein runs ])arallei 1 the costal margin in the l)asiil half of the wing, gradually approaches it in the apical half, and terminates probably a litile before the tip ; it emits live simple, straight branches, which divaricate very slightly in continuation of the divergence of the mediastinal veins, which they entirely resemble ; the mediastinal and scapular areas togeiher occupy ju-t about one iialf of the wing. The externomediiin runs parallel to the scapular vein, divides a little beyond the middle of die whig, and emits aljont lour inferior, .slighth arcuate branches, which are simple (unless the first be a])iially forked), and together probably occupy the entire apical margin of the wing. The internomedian vein is very gently arcusite, and nuist terminate just beibre the tip of the wing ; it emits, wholly in the basal thiv(^ of tiie wing, three siaple or simply forked branches which are very longitudinal. The anal furrow is distinctly but not heavily impressed, very gently arcuate, and nuist terminate at about the end of the basal third of the wing; but such is the slenderness of the wing and the low origin of the principal veins, that the anal area must be several times longvr than broad. The wing is of moderate size, the fragment mi'asuriug 22.5 nnn. in length and 8,5 mm. in breadth ; proI)al)ly the entire length of the wing is 26 nun., or the breadth to the leiiutli as 1 : o ; it is a left wing with the upper surface exposed ; the veins are all \c\-y distiiu'tlv hnpressed, excepting those of the internomedian area, which are obscure ; the interspaces between the veins are vaulted also, so as to add to the impression of the veins them.xi'lvcs; but otherwisi' it is smooth excepting in the (latter internomedian area, where a deliciite and crowded cross-veining is faintly nnirked ; the basal third of the costal edge is gently margineil. With the preceding species, this insect is peculiar lor the biisal attachment of the internomedian branches. In its shape it resembles only Lith. sulcutimi in this genus ; IVuiii fl momedian vein. L> baso ; in sluqio 3(1iau area ; Init inches. ■M\\\ tlu'ii licli also divides lapo oC the \\\\v^ 3. l^acoe, at Voit ni of coal of tln' ion. Upper euul anal area, ami ii ivident, however. te costal margin : hall". The veii;- The mediastinal k's at the middlf [Ught bonier, the , )le or rarely con- M'gin in the basal ! ])r(il):ibly a Utile 3 very slightly in ly resemble ; the the wing. Tin.' he middle of tlu' mple (unless tlic d nnirgin of tin nate just bcl'oiv si-.iple or simply ■ init not heavily the basal third nl' principal veins, igth and S.,") nun. dth to the length dl very distinctly ; the interspiices ,eins themscdvcs; where a delicate al edge is gently t'ichnient of the this genuH ; IVeiii ■':4 this it differs in the simplicity of the branches, which are very rarely fnrcate ; conse- (incnth tlu> venation is much more open, and in this respect it approaches Lith. simplex, Avith whic'h. from its shape, it conld not possibly bo confounded. The .single specimen found Avas obtained by Mr. R. D. Lacoe Avith the preceding at Port Grilfith switch-back, near Pittstdn, Penn., in the roof shales of the E seam of coal (of Prof. Lesley's table). U])per coal measures of Pennsylvania. LithomylaoviB simplex nov. sp. PI. 5, fig. 5. Fore wing. The Aving is long oval, tapering beyond the basal third, but very gradually, the costal margin much arched next the base, the humeral lobe being large and Avell rounded ; but along the most of its course the costal margin is very gentl;^- convex, almost straight in the middle ; inner margin gently convex, the tip tapering but avcII rounded ; the Aving is nuich broader than in the other species of the genus. The veins originate some- w'.iat ))elow the nnddle of the Aving. and curve upward very sloAvly Avith a broad areuation. Mediastinal area occupying more than half the base of the Aving, and on the costal margin almost the entire extent of the Aving, ternnnating only a little before the tip ; it is sep- arated from the scapular area by a very gently and broailly arcuate limitation, and is filled with very fcAV veins (only three in the specimen seen), each of Avhich forks once near or at its base ; all are divergent and gently and broadly arcuate, the outer the least so, and all fail to reach the margin. The scapidar vein is very broadly ai'cuate, rmniing doAvn the nnddle of the Aving parallel to the costal margin, and, lins ".ly longitudinal, teriiunates just beyond {I.e., l)elow) the extreme tip of the Aving ; it connnences to divide Avhile still arcu- cuate, just beyond the basal fourth of the Aving, and emits at subeqnal distances apart four simple, gently arcuate branches, having a sinular direction to the outer mediastinal veins, but if anything less longitudinal. The oxternomedian vein, arcuate as lar as the division of the >ioapul;u", is straight beyond this, parallel to and rather distant from the same, fork- ing simply at the ^i\\u of the middle third of the Aving, and occuining only an inconsider- al)ie space on the border just below the tip of the Aving. The internomedian vein is sinular to the pi'eceding at the base, but becomes straight a little sooner and continues straight to the tip, terminating about as far from the apex as the mediastinal vein ; it emits a very short branch close to the tip, another a little l)eyond the nnddle of the Aving, and tAvo others, which must have their origin much nearer the base, as in the other members of the genus ; only the apical portion of the outer of them, hoAA'ever, can be traced on the specimen. The anal fin-row is distinct but not deeply impre.s.sed, is very regularly and rather gently arcuate, and terminates just beyond the middle of the Aving, affording a vei'} large anal area. The Aving is of medium size, measuring pi'obably 24 mm. in length (the fragment is 22.5 nun. long) and 10 mm. in breadth at the middle, Avhich is probably not quite so broad as the middle of the basal half of the Aving ; or the breadth is to the length as 1 : 2.4. It is nearly perfect, a small portion of the tip only being lost, together with the Avhole anal area ; it represents a left wing seen from the under surface, the veins being in relief; the veins are prominent, but not remarkably so, and the anal furroAV no more prominent than they, if it is as prominent ; as in the preceding species, the branches of the internomedian vein are not elevated ; indeed they cannot all be traced in the someAvluit Avorn specimen, and the vein itself, as Avell a» the externoniedian, i)artakes in part of the obscurity ; this 73 region also is flat, while the interspaces of the scapular and mediastinal areas, especially of the former, are broadly sulcate {i. e., arched on upper surface) but much less so than in the other species of the genus ; the surface seems to be completely smooth, is of a carbonaceous black in the specimen, distinguishing it strikingly from the day-colored matrix. The ex- treme edire of the entire humeral lobe is marginate as far as the mediastinal veins. The Aving is peculiar for the very large proportion which the mediastinal and anal areas occuj^y to the rest of the wing, and for the extreme simi^licity of the neuration, in which there is not a single forked branch outside the mediastinal area ; the veins are very distant a)id the species is at once distinguished from the others of the genus by the much stouter shape of the wing, which is much less, while they are much more than three times as long as broad. The single specimen discovered was obtained by Mr. \Vm. Gurley, from the coal meas- ures of Illinois, about six miles from Danville, and sent me by him for study. Lower coal measures of Illinois. Necymylacris nov. gc;i. (vlxu^, /wkuxi,i;.) The mediastinal vein of the upper wing differs from the same vein in the other members of this group, to judge at least from the most perfect specimen, in emitting from the outer- most vein several branches at infrequent intervals, even to a long distance from the base ; these branches may themselves be compound, so that a certain resemblance or approxima- tion to Blattinariae may be seen ; but, in addition to these, there are the usual radiating veins next the humeral lobe ; in the typical species, the only perfect specimen of the genus known, the last vein terminates in the middle of the apical half of the wing, but in the otiier it appears to be nuich shorter. The scapular vein, curved or bent before branching (whioli it (loos near the end of the basal third of the wing) thereafter runs in a straight or sinuous ('(jurse to a little before the tip of the wing, emitting three or four veins which may be multiple-l)ranched or perfectly simple. The externomedian vein is forked a little before tlio middle of the wing, and emits a number of forking branches, which, while they are longi- tudinal in direction, are superior, so that the e((ual interspace between the externomedian and internoiiii'diaii veins is marked b}' oppositely diverging branches ; the externomedian area occupies the entire or almost the entire apical border of the wing, so that it is of a Diirrow wedge-shaped form. The internoniedian area is apparently more extensive than the anal, the anal furrow terminating on the inner margin nearly opposite the termination of the nu'diastinal area and having a rather oblique curving course ; the internoniedian vein emits live to ten branches, generally simple, occasionally forked at the base, and in one of the STiecies itself forks longitudinally not far beyond the middle, the upper fork dividing near the tip and the lower emitting the apical branches ; these all run in a slightly curved course more oblique than the anal furrow. The branches of the anal vein are numerous, run more longitadiiuilly. are more closely crowded toward the anal angle and fork feeblv. excepting the upper one which, though considerably curved, is well separated from the anal furrow and emits several inferior braiKihcs. Besides upper wings, the flight fragment of a part of one of the lower wings has in one instance been fouiul. In which the veins of the apical po'"tion are thickly crowded, straight and parallelj and fork feebly toward their tip. ^ 73 s, especially of so than in the ii carbonaceous trix. The ex- veins. and anal areas alion, in whicli re very distant 3 much stouter e times as long the coal meas- y. Lower coal other members roni the outcr- from the base ; or approxima- usual radiating n of the genus •ing, but in the ore branching n a straight or ins •which may I little before ley are longi- xternomedian xternomediau that it is of a xtensive than le termination lomedian vein and in one of fork dividing lightly curved ire numerous, id fork feebly, from the anal gs has in one vded, straight The genus differs from the two preceding by the smaller extent, both in breadth and ^length, of the combined mediastinal and scapular areas ; from I)oth also, but particularly from Lithomylacris, in the great extent of the externomedian area. The species are of large size, including the largest American forms, and a. 3 unknown to Europe. Necymylacris lacoanum nov. »\<. VI 5, fig. 12. Fore wing. The form is indeterminable from the oidy fragment known, although it is probably proportionally shorter tlian in JVec. heros ; the veins are all strongly curved at the base. The mediastinal area is less extensive than in the other spe«..js of the genus, and resembles the other genera of Mylacridae to a greater extent in a more radiate disposition of the veins, at least four in number, of which the last has at least three rather distant and apparently simple branches, the outermost originating at some distance beyond the first division of the scapular and internomedian veins; probably the area does not extend beyond the middle of the wing. The scapular vein has a rather strongly sinuous curve and at least three straight and simple branches, of which the first, prol)ably arising in the middle of the basal half of the wing, is in direct continuation of the basal portion of the vein, and thus separates the scapular from the mediastinal area ]>y a straight lino ; the branches are parallel to the outer of the mediastinal veins, ;u.d the area, which is certainly broad, probably more than a third of the breadth of the wing, extends no doubt nearly to the tip of the w'ng. The externomediiui vein beyond its l)asal curve is straight, and first divides beyonci the last (preserved) branch of the scapular vein, oi-, pr(y))ably, shortly before the middle of the wing; it emits at least two superior branches, the simple bases only of which are preserved in the specimen, but, from the divergence of these, the area proljably occupies the entire apex of the wing. The internomedian vein is regularly and very strongly arcuate, probably terminating at some distance before the tip, and emits four equidistant, woU-separatad branches, one of which is deeply forked, the others simple, all straigiit or gently arcuate and very long, the area occupying apparently more than half of the wing. The anal furrow is .scarcely more distinct than one of the veins, and is nearly as straight as they, appearing to originate from the internomedian vein near the base of the •^wing, and terminating probably a little before the middle of the wing; the anal veins are numerous, especially toward the basal angle, gently arcuate, simple or forked, the outer one very much curved, distant from the others, and compound. The wing is of medium size, the largest fragment measuring about 13 mm. long, and the l)readth of the two fragments when united nearly 12 mm.; probably the entire length f the wing was about 25 nnn., and the breadth to the length as 1:2. It is a left wing, of hich the upper surface is exposed, but is very fragmentary and shattered, no part of the order, indess in the unimportant anal area, being preserved ; probably nearly half of the ,pex is gone, as well as a slight part of the base; the veins are delicately impressed, but "distinct, excepting toward tiie costal border, and the surface flat, and, at least in the iinternotnedian and anal areas, rather distinctly marked with very frequent transverse rinkles. Hind wing. Protruding from beneath the front wing is a small fragment of a hind wing, apparently the apical lower portio/i of tlnit of the opposite side of the body; all that can rbe made out are about a dozen straight e(|uidistant parallel veins, about half of (hem '^mostly those nearer the apex of the wing) forking simply ; their direction, as they lie on ' i 74 «» the stone, is parallel to that of the scapular veins of the front wing In distinction from the veins of the front wing, these are slightly elevated, and the basal ii.U" of the fragment has a glistening surface, while that of the apical half is dead and shows exceedingly faint traces of transverse wrinkling like the cross neui-ation of the front wing. If, as the direc- tion of the veins leads us to suppose, the wing is that of the opposite jng and slerjder. very long obovate. nearly equal; the costal iMBTgin is ver- geuiliily coaroex. nearly -rraigh' along the middle, tlie inner margin even loss convex, and ihe irtmtly tifi»ering apex roiiudi'd; the vt-ins originate from near the middlu ♦if the l)a:se oiii tliic iniug. ami most of them curve upward a little for a short distance. Tl"' ■tt!«liastinal "wein it- at fir"* nlirectt-; towanl the middle of the basal half of the co.-lal ■■i'i;:in. but olose to the ba-r nii.l~ ai)ru[)tly. and runs in nearly a direct line to the middle ;ii slightly upwiini iiu just before lli« 75 extreme apex ; it emits four branches at unequal distances apart, all of them nearly longi- tudinal, the first being compound and dividing only at the middle of the wing,^ the second . doubly forked, and the third simply forked, both at a long distance from the origin, while the last, arising opposite the fork of the third, is simple. The externomedian vein is very broadly sinuous, being rather strongly arcuate at the base, then runs in a nearly straight line a little divergent from the costal margin, and, finally, in the apical third of the wing, becomes more longitudinal, and terminates just before the apical margin ; it first divides opposite the second branch of the scapular vein, or at the end of the basal two-fifths of the wing, and emits at subequal intervals, the last a little beyond the middle third of the wing, four superior longitudinal branches, the first of which runs down the middle line of the wing, forks at a little before the end of the middle third of the wing, its upper fork again dividing ; the second forks in the middle of its course, and the others are simple ; all are closely crowded together, and occujiy upon the border the lower part of the apical margin. The internomedian vein follows nearly the direction of the preceding, being strongly arcuate at the base, straight and considerably oblique in the second quarter of the wing, beyond this subparallel to the costal margin ; at its change of direction, almost exactly in the middle of the wing, it omits a branch, which runs close to the main stem, and, except- ing for an apical shoot, emits all the regular branches beyond its origin ; including these eecondary branches there are about ten simple slightly arcuate oblique veins, whose direc- tion, especially that of the basal ones, is rather at variance, from their regular obliquity, with that of the branches of all the other veins; the basal branches are more closely approximated than the apical. Tlie anal area being broadly tumid, the anal furrow is very deeply impressed, and is very strongly arcuate on the basal half, nearly straight on the apical half, and terminates a little before the middle of the wing; the anal vein next the furrow is straight and nearly longitudinal at base, curved gently downward beyond, atul emits three or four arcuate distant branches; the other veins are very numerous and 'crowded, generally simple, nearly iiaight or arcuate, in an opposite sense to the first, and about as longitudinal as the mediastinal branches. The wing is of extreme size, the largest of the American 8pe general rule are slenderer than those of most of the Mylacridae, the breadth being contained in the length on an average more than two and a half times. Etoblattina ('-V"7, Blattina) nov. gen. Blait'ina Auct (pars). The mediastinal vein of the fore wings with its l)ranchc8 rovers a rather narrow and not very extended area, being seMom more, seldom much loss than one-fourth of the width of the wing, and generally terminutiug ai)i('ally from a little mon* than one-half to a little less than two-thirds the distance toward the tip of the wing ; in one or two instances, as particularly in E. leptoplilchlca, it extends a little more than two-thirds the distance; the area is usually of uniform width nearly to the tip, but it sometimes tapers througliout the entire apical half, and in E. pritnaeva, where the whole wing is vory broad, it (ajiers willi unusual rapidity and throughout the greater part of the wing; the jrincipal vein emits from five to ten sinqile or forked, equidistant, obliciue branches. The .-icapular vein gen- erally terminates just before the tip of the wing, rarely at the tip itself, and occasionally is decidedly removed from the tip. though not to a great distance; it generally begins to Ibrk a little before the mithlle of the wing, occasionally at it, and rather more frequently only one-third the distance from the base; and the l»ranches usually take on the n ode of distri- bution of those of the mediastinal vein, although the similarity is sometimes ,'ost from the gre»<*ir breadth of the area and the consequently greater length of the veins; in other instanW'S, »*i4 particularly in those in which the early branching of this vein is correlated with more tb»N an average length in the mediastinal area (as particularly in E. venusta), all similarity is Uj^i, the division assuming more or less of an arborescent form, gciti'iiillv accompanied by frequ; nt ramifications ; as a general rule, however, more or less similarity exists between t^e two areas, and in some (as in E. affinls, E. Dohrnii) the resemblance is affinity to the [inches ia nover- iccording in this mylacris, for the it doubtful. Id, was obtained ' nnder the vein tf Pennsylvaniii. 'ided, the nicdi- is of the wing, iially some wiiy le costal border forking once in led. The area tea beyond the •f the European ['he wings as i breadth beintr narrow and not of the width of -half to a little in.stanc'OH, as e distance; the throughout the , it (apers with ipal vein emits jiular vein gen- oocasionally is ' begins to I'ork frofjucntly oiilj n ode of distri- s ,'ost from the ic'nu; in other in is correlated in £. vemtsta), brm, gt'iicniilv • less similarity resemblance is :t 77 very great ; the general course of the scapular vein is usually parallel to the costal margin, but without partaking of its generally slight convexity; beyond the immediate base of the wing therefore its course is nearly straight, sometimes with a gentle sinuosity; occasionally it is conspicuously sinuous, as in U. lahachensw, so that the greatest breadth of the scapular area is double that of the mediastinal ; yet even here the general resemblance and trend of the branches of the two veins may be perfectly kept. The externomedian vein is of moderate importance, occupying always a portion, generally the whole, of the apex of the wing, generally commencing to branch not far from the first divai'ication of the scapular vein, but in this respect showing great variation ; its branches are not numerous, occasion- ally reduced to two or three, and while longitudinal are yet always superior, so that the equal sinuously curving space between the extei-nomedian and internomediiin veins is always marked by divergent branches, very frequently arising exactly one opposite an- other. The internomedian vein originates near the middle of the wing in about half of the species (the first half of the species described below), somewhat above the middle in the other half; usually it is pretty straight beyond the arched base, and does not terminate so near the apex of the wing as does the .scapular vein; but not infrequently it reaches as far as the scapular, or at any rate extends further than it otherwise would by curving outward near the tip, and thus reaching to a greater dii^tance; there is therefore much difierence in the rapidity with which this area narrows, being very rapid in some (as in E. riissoma), very gradual in others (as in U. Lesquereux'd) ; its numerous veins are nearly straight; usually some of them are simple, and they have an obliquity about equal to those of the mediastinal vein, although of course ir. an opposite sense. The anal furrow is rather more lightly impressed than visual, arcuate and very oblique, generally terminating on the inner margin at about two-fifths the distance from the base ; the veins of the anal area are usually simple or forked near the base, very frequent, subparallel and subequi- distant, generally less arcuate than the anal furrow; in one species, 31. mantkUo'tdes, they are very irregular. Usually the upper wings are moderately .slender, from a little less than two and a half to about two and three-quarter times as long as broad; but a few of the species have wings more than three times as long as broad, and the first two .species dift'er from the others, not oidy in their unusual breadth, being only a little more than twice as long as broad, but also in other features, such as an unusual breadth (and in E. (abarhensis an unusual length) of the mediastinal area, the narrowness of the externomedian area, and the extreme longitudinality of its hianches; as, Jiowever. the form of the wing often appears to differ very considerably in species of the same genus in this group, there is not sullicient ground for the separation of these .species from the others even as a section, and the more so as there are several other species, placed in the middle and at the other extremity of the genus, which have quite as broad wings. The general average is scarcely less than two and three-quarter times longer than broad, which is a trille slenderer than the average of the whole tribe; and it is not a little curious that this is exactly the same proportion as holds in the genus next to this most prolific in species, Gerablattina. Besides the front wings, which constitute most of the fragments of this genus preserved? there are two which show the hind wings also; one of the.se also has the thorax and abdomen, and a third the thorax. The hind wings appear to resemble the front wings I losely, and not to be much larger, at least in one of the species ; the thorax in both " 78 fl is Hlmilar, being subtriangular, tapering anteriorly, but with rounded sides and a rounded front. The abdomen in the single species where it occurs is extraordinarily slender, but apparently not cylindrical, as would at first appear from Goldenberg's illustration. This genus difl'ers from Archimylacris in the greater conformity of the mediastinal and scapular areas, the superior position of the branches of the externomedian vein, and the usually snudler extent of the scapular area; from Anthracoblattina, Gerablattina, and Hermatobliittina by the greater brevity of the mediastinal area and the correlated greater importance of the scapular area, as well as from the former by the superior position of the veins of the externomedian vein, and from the latter by the superior position of the branches of the scapular vein ; from Progonoblattina it is readily separable by the unim- portance of the externomedian area; Orycloblattina differs from it in its excessive and peculiar development of the mediastinal area with its inferior branches, and by the exces- sive narrowness and length of the mediastinal area, as well indeed as by nearly every other feature in the wing ; while Petrablattina, with the extraordinary development of its externomedian area, fonned of longitudinally directed but yet superior branches, can be confounded with no other. This genus is by far the most numerous in species of all the carboniferous types, a third of the species belonging to it ; it is, however, almost exclusively European, for only two American species fall into it, one of these the first described from America ; this is not ii little curious, for the first known fossil cockroaches of the European coal measures also full into this genus. Etoblattina primaeva. PI. 3, iig. 7. Blattina 2)rimaeva Gold., Sitzungsb. math-nat. CI. k. akad. Wiss. Wion, ix, 38 ; — lb., Pa- laeontogr., iv, 22, taf. 3, fig. 4 ; — lb., Foss. Ins. Saarbr., 6, taf 1, fi;^. 4 ; — lb., Jahresb. Gymn. Saarbr., Ifi ; — lb., Faun, saraej). foss., i, 16, taf. 2, fig. 13 ; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19, 51 ; — Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 31G ; — Broun, Leth. Geogn., 3 aufl., i, ii, (jS'6, tab. 9^, fig. 15'; — Heer, Viertelj. naturf Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix, 288 ; — Roem., Leth. geogn., tab. 47, fig. 18 ; — Gein., Geol. Steink. Deutschl., 149. The front wing has a very regular o\ate form, and is broader in proportion to its length than any other species of Blattina, being only twice as long as broad ; beyond the expand- ing base, the front margin is very gently convex, and the hind border, at first nearly straight, tapers considerably in the apical half; the apex is very broadly rounded. The veins originate in the middle of the wing, but all curve at first upward, and where the middle ones assume a general longitudinal direction, the externomedian is considerably above the middle. The mediastinal vein passes with a very slightly sinuate course to a short distance beyond the middle of the front margin, emitting five or more simple or simply forked oblique branches. Beyond the basal curve, the main stems of the scajjular, externo- and internomedian veins are longitudinal, nearly straight, and parallel ; the first terminates in the upper and the last in the lower part of the tip, leaving only the central part of the apical margin in the possession of the externomedian vein. The scapular vein branches from its base and emits about five branches which are generally simply forked, and the last of which runs parallel to the extremity of the main stem. The externomedian is forked before the middle of the wing, its branches approximate and simply or doubly and a rounded ily slender, but ition. nediaHtinnl and I vein, and the rablattina, and I'elttted greater po»itiun of the )Osition of the ! by the unim- I excessive and I by the execs- Y nearly every dopment of its 'anches, can be types, a third a, for only two ; this is not a ;asures also fall 38 ; — lb., Pa- — lb., Jahresb, , Faun, saraep. aufl., 1, ii, 083, - Roem., Leth. n to its length id the expand- it first nearly 'ounded. The ind where the considerably course to a lore simple or r the scapular, iillel ; the first dy the central scapular vein simply forked, ixternomedian ply or doubly I 79 forked. The internomedian is scarcely arcuate, so that the area it covers narrows princu- pally by the curvature of the raar^'in ; the vein emits four or five simply or doubly forked branches. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate on the basal, straight on tlie apical half, and terminates at the middle of the inner margin; the anal veins, eight or nine in number, are simple, parallel, and gently arcuate. The single specimen of the wing known is blackish brown, perfect, excepting the extreme tip, the costal border distinctly nuiginate ; the veins are distinctly pronounced, and the interspaces filled with delicate transverse veins, running from the veins and not meeting those of the opposite vein directly, but forming by their mode of union pentag- onal, sometimes tetragonal, cells, which can be seen by the naked eye ; those toward the apex of the ving being lirger than the others. Length 39 mm., breadth 16 mm., or the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.4. Goldenberg compared this species, which is of large size and one ol the largest of the genus, with L'tohl. carbonaria, but like the following species it is distinguished from other Blattinariae by the unusual breadth of the wing as compared with the length ; and in this respect this species is the more remarkable, being only twice as long as broad ; it is also readily distinguished from the following by the rapid narrowing of the mediastinal area, and by the brevity also of the same area. Several specimens have been found in the Auerswald coal-seam in Gersweiler near Saarbriicken, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Etoblattiua labachensis. PI. 8, fig. 5. Blattlna ancujlyptka var. labachensis Gold., Vorw. Fauna Saarb., 16 ; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., i, 16, taf 2, fig. 15 ; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. Blattlna labachensis Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 51. The front wing has a regular obovate form, a very little more than twice as long as broad, the sidr>s nearly parallel. Beyond the base, the costal border is broadly convex, the inner border xery ^^early straight, the apex very regularly and brot/t'ly rounded. The veins originate near the middle of the wing and have scarcely any basal curve. The mediastinal vein is very long and scarcely sinuate, terminating beyond the middle of the apical half of the costal border, which is unusual in this genus ; it emits a large number of generally simple or forked oblique branches, and is itself so far from the border as to make the area very broad, about one-third the breadth of the wing in the middle. The limit between the scapular and externomedian areas cannot be certainly determined, either from Goldcaberg's illustration or description ; but is probably, almost certainly, as marked in our plate, where the latter is exceedingly narrow, as in the preceding species, occupying the extreme tip ; both the principal stems are longitudinal and straight, and both probably fork rear the middle of the wing, to judge from the incomplete course of those given in Goldenberg's illustration, and the branches sometimes fork singly, all the forks having a longitudinal direction, parallel and close to each other. The internomedian bends a little irom the longitudinal course of the other veins toward the inner border, while passing over the anal area, but beyond that is nearly longitudinal, scarcely arcuate, terminating only a little below the tip of the wing, making the internomedian area, like the mediastinal, of unusual length for a species of this genus, by which it seems to have some aflSnity to Gera- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ii* 1.0 1.1 m — Sf 1^ 12.0 PhotogFaphic Sciences GorpoFEition •C^ 23 VVKT MAIN SiRHT WIISTIR,N.Y. MSN (716)t73-4S0» '^ A '■ '! 80 blattina; the area is also of unusual equality, occupying like the mediastinal about one-third the breadth of the wing; the main vein emits four or five branches, which may be simple or forked, but all have a nearly similar oblique direction. The anal furrow is, apparently, not especially distinct nor marked as an arcuate vein, but is nearly straight, terminating at the middle of the inner margin, and, like the other anal veins, following fhe direction of the internomedian veins ; as no mention is made of the innermost region of the wing by Dr. Goldenberg, perhaps his illustration is fuulty at this point, as indeed it would be rather anomalous ; more probably the species would not be found to differ greatly in this respect from the preceding. This species has a brownish colour, and a delicate reticulation, formed on the same gen- eral plan as that of the preceding species. It is of comparatively small size, being 20 mm. Jong and 9 mm. broad, or the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.2. It was at first considered a variety of Etohl. anaglyptica by Goldenberg, but afterwards separated by him. He noticed at the outset the smaller size and broader shape, but it also differs decidedly in general shape, in the far smaller extent of both the scapular and inter- nomedian areas, the length of the mediastinal area, and the widely different distribution of the veins in the internomedian area. The breadth of the winj; separates the species at once from all the other species of Etoblattina excepting the preceding, and it is also pecu- liar, as remarked, for the great length of the mediastinal and internomedian areas, although in the last point other species of Etoblattina equal it. It differs from the preceding species by its much smaller size, its broader tip, and the small extent of the scapular area. Several specimens have been found in the coal shales of the Labach coal seam near Saar- louis, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Etoblattina englyptica PI. 2, iig. 16; pi. 4, fig. 7. Blattina euglyptica Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, 8G-87, tab. 31, figs. 7% 7^ 8 ; — Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 315 ; — Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix, 287; — Gold., Fauna saraep. foss., ii, 19. Compare also the synonomy of Etohl. Dohrnii, Gerahl. prodmta, and G. weissiana. The front wing is long and slender, having a very regular and rather strongly arcuate costal margin and a straight inner margin ; the tip in the specimens known is broken, but there is no reason to suppose it to have been other than regularly rounded. The veins originate in the middle of the base, but immediately curve upward, so that the mediastinal area is narrow and equal, occupying about one quarter of the width of the basal half of the narrow wing, the main vein reaching somewhat beyond the middle of the wing, and emitting about nine oblique, simple branches. The scapidar vein, curving somewhat strongly near the base, is beyond it nearly straiglit, rather distant from the mediastinal, and terminates at some distance short of the tip, commencing to divide at some distance before the middle of the wing, and emitting three or four long branches, which fork midway in their couree, and are somewhat more longitudinal than the mediastinal branches. The externomedian vein is very similar to the preceding, and approximates it rather than the internomedian vein, while its course assumes the curve of the latter ; it begins to divide at the middle of the wing, and emits three or four strongly divergent but nearly longitudinal branches, which fork again and occupy with these forks the entire apax of the wing, en- \ I 81 croacliing a little upon the costal and especially upon the inner margin. The intemomedian vein is somewhat arcuate at the base, curving upward to above the middle of the wing, but afterwards extends to the inner margin in a nearly straight, arcuate course, terminating probably at some distance beyond the middle of the apical half of the wing, and emitting six or seven simple, oblique, straight, parallel and rather distant branches. The anal fur- row is distinct, sharply arcuate, and terminates near the middle of the basal third of the wing, the four or more rather distant simple anal veins being subparallel to it but iess curved. Two specimens were described by Germar, both plainly belonging to the same species,^ which ;is a large one, the wings measuring 10.5 mm. in breadth, and the longest l"agment 31 mm. in length ; the entire length was probably 33 mm., and the breadth to the length as 1 : 3.14. The specimens subsequently referred to this species by Goldenberg noi, only do not belong to it, but are referable to several distinct species (cf. Etohl. JDohrii'd, Gerabl. prodiicta, and Gercibl. weissiana). Hind wing. One of the specimens figured by Germar has, besides the larger part of the left foro wing, broken fragments of the two hind wings, one of which, the left, we have reproduced on pi. 4, fig. 7. These show that the neuration of the hind wing was very sim- ilrr indeed to that of the front wing. The mediastinal vein extended further toward the tip, but was somewhat similarly formed. The scapular vein had the same general arrange- ment and proportional extent. The same is true of the externomedian vein, excepting that the branches appear to be inferior instead of superior ; but of the rest of the wing nothing can be d termined ; tb'3 interspaces throughout are of the same width. From the distribu- tion of the veins it would appear as if the anal field were plicated, and this Germar asserts, but the fractured condition of the fossil does not allow of certainty, so far as the illustra- tions show. It would appear from Germar's figure that there is some difference in the venation of the two v'ings ; tlje mediastinal area appears much longer, for instance, in the right than in the left wing. On the right wing an additional principal vein, the marginal, extends down, next the costal margin, as far as the middle of the Aving, but this portion is broken from the left wing. This species is one of the largest of the slender forms of Etoblattina, the front wing having at the same time a more equal width than usual. In this particular it differs from the preceding species conspicuously ; from Etohl. affinis, to which it appears to be most nearly allied, it differs in its very much greater size and in the more distant neuration. From Etohl. Dohrnii, which was referred to the same species by Goldenberg, it differs in the course of the mediastinal vein, which is parallel to the costal margin ; probably also by the smaller extent of the intemomedian area apically ; and by the form of the wing, which has a more strongly convex costal margin, and especially an arcuate base which bends the roots of all the veins downward, instead of leaving them straight as in the latter species ; it is also a little larger. The two specimens come from "''^ettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. * Giebel says that the two fore wings figured by Germar " show some dilTerences, whoso meaning will only be under- stood when perfect wings are discovered"; but the differ- ences are so very slight that they cannot have specific value. :n •"i ,4! i 82 Etoblattina afflnis. Fl. 2, fig. 2. Blattina affiinis Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. mineral., 1869, 159, taf. 3, fig. 3; — lb.. Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. The front wing is long and slender, straight and a little tapering beyond the base ; both costfl and inner margin are nearly straight almost to the tip, which is well rounded. The veins originate a little above the middle of the wing, and curve a little upward in passing from the base. The mediastinal vein is arcuate, subparallel to the costal margin and rather close to it ; the area occupies one-fourth the breadth of the wing, and terminates at some distance beyond the middle of the wing, emitting a large number of oblique, generally simple, approximate branches. The scapular vein is also arcuate but much more gently, rather distant from the mediastinal before branching, and terminates just before the ex- treme tip of the wing ; it commences to divide near the middle of the wing, and emits about five long, straight, simple or simply forked branches, closely approximate, and pre- serving very nearly the direction of those of the mediastinal area. The externomedian vein has a course very similar to that of the preceding vein, commencing to divide at nearly the same point, and emitting three or more compound or irregularly forking, closely approximate, longitudinal veins, occupying at their extremity a narrow area at the apex and the extremity of the inner margin of the wing. The Intemomedian vein is gently arcuate, having a nearly straight course from scarcely above the middle of the base of the wing nearly to the end of the inner margin, emitting a large nr.mber of slightly sinuate, subparallel, simple or simply forked branches, oblique toward the base of the wing, and gradually more longitudinal toward the apex. Anal area unknown. The single specimen known is perfectly preserved, with ihe exception of the minor veins near the base of the wings and the anal furrow ; it is a small species, being only 17 mm. long, and 5 mm. broad, and the breadth to the length as 1 : 3.4. This species is one of the slenderest of the smaller species of Etoblattina, and is peculiar for the straiglitness and gently tapering form of the front wing ; in its form it most resem- bles EtohL leptophlehica, from which it difiers a good deal in neuration, and especially in the lesser breadth of the scapular area and the less crowded disposition of the veins. Goldenberg considered it as coming between this species and Etohl. anaglyptica, but its much closer affinity to Etohl. flahellata must be conceded; from this species it differs par- ticularly in its straight costal edge and its longer mediastinal area ; it is also a slenderer species. From the species which precedes it it is sufficiently separated by its very much smaller size, as also by the straight costal margin. One specimen. LobejUn, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Etoblattina flabellata. PI. 2, fig. 4. Blattina flahellata Germ., MUnst. Beitr. z. Petref., v. 92, tab. 13, fig. 4% 4";— Gieb., Deutschl. Petref, 637;— Heer, Viertelj. Naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 287; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. (Not Bl flahellata Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin.) Blattina anthracophila E. Gein., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1873, 694, taf 3, fig. 2 ; — lb., Verst. unt. Dyas Weiss., 4, taf, fig. 2. (Not Bl. anthracophila Germ.) Compare also synonymy under Gerahl. Munsteri. 83 The front wing is long and slender, of only slightly unequal breadth, the costal border being gently convex and the inner border nearly straight until near the tip, while the tip itself is well rounded. The veins originate considerably above the middle of the I ase, and curve somewhat so as to be subparallel at first to the costal margin. The mediastinal vein is parallel to and not distant from the costal border, the area being less than one fourth the width of the wing, and terminates at or a little beyond the mirldle of the wing, emit- ting a considerable number of oblique, usually simple branches. The scapular vein is some- what distant from the preceding and also runs very nearly parallel to the costal margin, along the base of the anterior third of the wing, terminating just before the tip of the wing ; it commences to branch just as the mediastinal commences to bend toward the costal margin, and has four or five, generally simply forked, occasionally simple, branches, which have a direction very similar to that of the mediastinal branches, although much longer than they. The extemomedian vein is rather strongly sinuate, commences to branch directly opposite the first dividing of the scapular vein, and emits at rather large angles four or five branches, which are usually forked once, but, in two of the specimens known, one' of the forks of the second branch again divides ; the branches occupy on the margin the entire apex of the wing, the main vein following very closely the course of the succeeding vein. The intemomedian vein is also strongly arcuate, and beyond the middle of the wing assumes a more longitudinal course than before, extending the area very nearly to the ex- tremity of the inner margin ; toward the base this area, with the anal, occupies more than half the breadth of the wing, but it narrows rapidly beyond, and the vein emits a number of branches, the basal half of which are simple, straight, oblique, and comparatively distant, while the apical half of the same are simple or simply forked and considerably more longi- tudinal. The anal furrow is distinct, very strongly and regularly arcuate, and terminates at the end of the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins are few, simple, similarly arcuate and parallel. The species is a comparatively small one, the front wing measuring 15-17 mm. in length and 6-8.5 mm. in breadth, the breadth to the length being as 1 : 2.56. Geinitz describes his specimens as supplied with delicate cross-veins. Germar described two species under this name, which I have of course retained for that bearing the earliest date, described in Miinster's Beitriige. The other, described by Germar in his Carboniferous fossils of Wettin, is redescribed further on under the name of Gerahl. Miinsteri, where also the points of departure will be noted. Dr. E. Geinitz, in his fossils of Weissig, has figured the present species with brief remarks, comparing it to Germar's Bl. anthracophila, and giving it that name in 'he explanation of the plate where it is figured ; the points of resemblance pointed out by Dr. Geinitz are the simple character of the basal branches of the intemomedian vein, the sudden assumption of a longitudinal direction of the same vein beyond the middle of the wing, and the simple character of the anal veins. With Elohl. flahellata he says it does not agree on account of the structure of the medias- tinal area ; but it is evident from this remark that he has compared it, not with the true Etohl. flahellata, but with Gerahl, M'dnsteri, and that his comparison is, therefore, in great measure justifiable. In all the points of his comparison with Etohl. anthracophila, how- veer, it agrees even better with the true Etohl. flahellata, with which it also agrees in the distribution of the extemomedian branches and in size, points in which it is at variance with Etohl. anthracophila. Had Dr. Geinitz compared his specimen with the illustrations I. I ^ ,; i .if!- '' ■ 'i t7 84 of Germar's species as given in Munster's Beitrage, he would certainly have come to a dif- ferent conclusion. As indicated above, the species is very closely allied to Etohl. anthracophila, from which it differs in the points mentioned, as well as in the greater narrowness of the mediastinal area, and in the less arboreocent branching of the extremity of the internomedian area. From Etohl. affinia, with which it agrees in size, it differs in its rather shorter mediastinal area, the wider interspaces of the extemomedian area, and in the shape of the wing, the costal margin of which is more convex and the whole wing not so slender. Germar's single specimen came from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. The two specimens described by Geinitz, from the lower dyas of Weissig. Etoblattina antfaracophUa. PI. 2, %. 1. Blattina anthracophila Germ., Miinst. Beitr. z. Petref , v, 92-93, tab. 13, fig. 3 ; — lb., Verst. Steink. Wettin, 84 (" ? = Bl anaglypika ") ; — Gieb., Deutschl. Petref, 637 ; — Heer, Viertelj. naturf Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix, 287 (" = Bl. anaglyptica "). Compare the synonymy of Etohl. fldbellaia. The front wing is of medium size, rather slender and regularly tapering, both costal and inner margin very gently convex, the tip broken in the only specunen known, but probably rather contracted and well rounded. The base of the veins is not preserved. The medias- tinal vein terminates a very little beyond the middle of the wing, and the branches, the apical ones at least, are tolerably distant, simple, and a little curved ; the area is rather bioad, occupying in the middle more than a quarter of the breadth of the wing, and nar- rowing throughout nearly the whole of the apical half; the basal half or more unknown. The scapular vein is very closely approximated to the mediastinal, begins to divide before the middle of the wing, or opposite the last branch of the mediastinal, and has an arcuate course beyond this, the convexity downward, and terminates a little before the apex of the wing ; the branches are about six in number, having a direction parallel to those of the mediastinal vein, simple or forked (in the specimen cited, the first two are forked, the oth- ers simple), and the branched portion of the area occupies about one-third of the breadth of the wing. The extemomedian vein is broadly sinuous, its curve in the fragment pre- served, and the location of the other veins, indicating that it curved rather strongly at base ; it commences to branch with the scapular vein and emits two or more very long branches, the first of which is compound and the second simple in the specimen ; the vein occupies a long and very narrow area in the middle of the wing, and on the margin the entire tip and a portion of the extremity of the inner border. The internomedian vein is also sinuous, being at first probably arcuate, then straight and very gradually approaching the inner margin, until a short distance beyond the middle of the wing, when it assumes a longitudinal direction, and finally curves downwaiJ to the border in the middle of the api- cal fourth of the wing ; it throws off a considerable number of veins, those emitted before it assumes a longitudinal direction being straight, oblique, simple and rather distant, those beyond being simple and compound, and rather closely approximated. The anal furrow is rather strongly and regularly arcuate, terminating at about the end of the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins, about six in number, are simple and subparallel to the furrow. 85 Tlie species is of medium size, the fragment of the single front wing which is preserved measuring 24 mm. ; the length of the wing is probably about 25 or 26 mm. ; the breadth is 9.5 mm. in the middle, making the length to the breadth as 1 : 2.7, but the breadth is probably a little greater toward the base. After describing this insect in Milnster's Beitrage, Germar concluded that it was probably the same as his Bl. anaglyptica, described in the same place, and subsequent authors have accepted this assumption, rtpparently Avithout any special examination of the matter, with the exception of Dr. E. Geinitz, who has referred to this species a wing described by him from Weissig. Etohl. anthracophila, however, differs from Etohl. anaglyptica in several important points : the mediastinal area is a little shorter ; the branching of the scapular vein more closely resembles that of the mediastinal, originates farther towards the middle, and is less arborescent, and the distribution of the externomedian branches is less regular ; besides this the shape of the wing, and especially the curve of the costal border, is very different. The wing referred by Geinitz to Elohl. anthracophila is, however, to be consid- ered as belonging to Etohl. flahellata and not to this species, for the reasons mentioned in the remarks here appended to the description of Etohl. flahellata. Our present species is indeed closely allied to the last named, but may be separated from it by the greater breadth of the mediastinal area, the approximation of the scapular to the internomedian vein, the greater narrowness of the scapular area, the greater marginal extension of the externome- dian area, and the more arborescent branching of the internomedian veins in the outer half of the wing ; it is also considerably longer. It is also somewhat larger than Elohl. weis- sigensis, which stands very close to it, and differs also by the tapering form of the wing, the larger marginal area of the externomedian area, and in the branching of the veins of the same area ; this is both less regular and commences much further toward the base of the wing ; at the same time the vein itself is much less sinuous than in Etohl. weissig ensia. The single specimen known comes from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Btoblattlna weissigenBis. PI. 6, fig. 5. Blattina weissig ensis E. Gein., Neues Jalirb. f. Mineral., 1873, 692-94, taf. 3, fig. 1 ; — lb., Verstein. unt. Dyas Weiss., 2-4, taf., fig. 1; — lb., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1875, 6j — lb., Neue Aufschl. Dyas v. Weiss., 6. The front wing is long, slender and equal, the costal margin rather gently and very reg- ularly convex, the inner margin straight Avith a very slight and very broad median excision, the apex well rounded, and almost produced. The veins originate from the middle line of the wing, and curve rather gently upward before assuming a nearly longitudinal direction. The medijistinal is parallel to the costnl margin, curving rapidly to meet it a little beyond the middle of the wing ; the area occupies nearly a third of the breadth of the wing, and possesses comparatively few and very distant oblique branches, most of them rather deeply forked. The mediastinal vein is in close contiguity to the mediastinal, is also parallel or subparallel to the costal margin, and beginning to branch where the mediastinal begins to curve toward the margin, emits a considerable number (about seven) of rather crowded branches, most of which are simple, gently arcuate or sinuous, and while less oLlique than those of the mediastinal area, are similar in distribution ; in the single specimen known the first of the branches is compound, the rest simple ; the vein terminates just before the tip. Beyond the basal curve the externomedian vein is straight mitil it branches, a little beyond m ■■■? ■n ■) ill Ilii ■'■*'i, !t ^ ^' il [\ '•iM ■;i- i i' . 1 86 tlie middle of the wing ; beyond this it emita two or three sometimes forking branches, which are longitudinal and nearly approximated, so that the marginal extent of the area ia very slight, occupying only the very tip of the wing. The internomedian vein, running con- tiguous with the preceding in tlie basal curve, parts rather rapidly from it, being directed at first toward the middle of the outer half of the inner border in a nearly straight course, until opposite the branching of the externomedian vein, when it assumes a slightly arcuate, longitudinal direction, and terminates just behind the tip of the wing ; in the middle of the wing it is therefore very distant from the externomedian vein, which it afterwards rapidly approaches ; in the basal portion, the distribution of the veins is very similar to that of the scapular area, but they are distant ; beyond they are more frequent and arborescent, the branch originating at the point of change in the main vein, emitting a compound branch- let, which repeats the distribution of the branches of the main vein beyond it. The anal furrow is distinct, strongly arcuate, somewhat bent in the middle, rather distant from the internomedian vein and its first branch, and terminates at the end of the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins are frequent, simple, arcuate and parallel to the furrow. The wing is of rather small size, being 19 mm. long, and 6 mm. broad, or the breadth to the length as 1 : 3.17 ; the veins of the middle of the wing are very sharply defined, and the surface is delicately granulate. Dr. Ceinitz compares this apecies with Etohl. anaglyptica and Etobl. leptophlebica, and in a secondary way with Bl. nffinis. It is indeed related somewhat closely to these species, and especially to the first named, and in form resembles best, though not very well, the two last named ; but in essential features it has closer affinities with Etohl. anthracopMla, which is somewhat larger than it, and is otherwise distinct from it by its general form and by the distribution of the branches of the externomedian vein, which divides much nearer the base, and occupies a larger marginal area than in Etohl. anthracopMla ; the branches of the basal portion of the internomedian vein are also much closer together in the same species. The single specimen described by Geinitz came from Weissig, Saxony. Lower Dyas. Etoblattina DohmiL PI. 2, fig. 5. Blattina etiglyptica pars Gold., Neues Jahrb. f Mineral., 1869, 162-63, taf. 3, fig. 8 (nee 9). Not Bl. euglyptica Germ. Compare also synonomy of Gerdbl. producta. The front wing is of a very regular shape, the tip being well rounded, and the upper and lower halves almost exactly alike in form, the costal and inner borders gently convex ; the wing is largest in the middle, scarcely tapers toward the base, but more rapidly toward the tip, and especially near the apex. The veins originate together considerably above the middle of the wing, and have scarcely any, if any, basal curve. The mediastinal vein is straight, and terminates a little short of the extretoity of the middle third of the wing, and emits, mostly from near its origin, lialf a dozen very long and unusually longitudinal simple veins ; next the base the area occupies nearly one-third the breadth of the wing, and it tapers very gradually on its apical half. The scapular vein is also ntaWy straight, curved upward toward the costal margin only near the tip, and terminates just before the apex of the wing ; it runs parallel to the costal margin along the middle of the anterior 87 two-thirds of tho wing, commcncea to divide before the middle of the wing, and emits only two or three simple or forked ))rnnches, having the coiu'se of the apical branches of tlio preceding vein. The externomedian vein takes a straight course nearly down the middle line of the wing, does not divide until past the centre, and then emits two or three com- pound or forking branches, which spread at a considerable angle and occupy the entire apex of the wing. The internomedian vein, scarcely arcuate throughout roost of its course, and slightly more longitudinal toward the extreme tip, terminates on the inner margin just before the apex, opposite the extremity of the scapular vein, and emits only a few rather distant straight or occasionally forked branches.* The anal furrow is not very strongly arcuate, and terminates at about the end of the basal two-fifths of the wing ; the anal veins, about five in number, are rather distant, similarly or less arcuate, mostly simple, or when forked, but slightly so. The wing is of medium size, measuring about 26 mm. in length, and 10.5 mm. in breadth ; or the breadth to the length is as 1 : 2.5. The wing is peculiar for its symmetry of form, and the straightness and longitudinality of the veins, and particularly for the very loiigitudinal direction and basal attachment of the veins of the mediastinal area. It i3 not very closely allied to any species ; from the true Etohl. eiifflyptica, which Dr. Goldenberg considered it to be, it differs in form and size, and in the branches of the mediastinal area ; from Gerabl. producta, which Goldenberg placed in the same species, it differs in the brevity of the mediastinal area and the nature of the branches in the same, in the origin of the division of the externomedian vein, and in the gradual narrowing of the internomedian area. It is perhaps most nearly allied to Etohl. weissigensis and Etohl. anthracophila ; from the former it is sufficiently distinguished by its form, as well as by the distribution of the apical branches of the internomedian area, and the great length of the branches of the mediastinal vein ; from the latter by the nearly uniform breadth of the wing and the same peculiarities of neuration. I have placed the American Etohl. Lesqiiereuxii beside it, but it is not very nearly related, the branches of the mediastinal and also of the anal area being very different, while the whole wing in Etohl. Lesqiiereuxii is larger and much less bilaterally symmetrical. A single specimen is known, and was found at Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. 3i r Zitoblattina Lesqnereudi nov. sp. PI. 6, figs. 8, 4. (Soe also figure in text below.) Front wing. This is long and slender, the costal margin very uniformly and consider- ably convex, the inner margin straight or scarcely convex, the whole wing nearly equal, the apical fifth tapering, the tip well rounded. The veins originate at about the middle line of the wing, the mediastinal and the united anal and internomedian in rather prominent ridges, the scapular and externomedian in a furrow between them ; all together curve upward at first before assuming a more longitudinal direction, so that at the parting of the anal and internomedian veins, the anal area has more than half the width of the wing. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, but continually and very grad- ually approaches it, much as in Etohl. Dohrnii, striking it at an unusually slight angle at a point a little beyond the middle of the wing ; it emits about nine equidistant, and rather ^ In my plate the anal furrow is incorrectly represented as being a forked vein ; in reality the vein following the forked one is the anal furrow, so that there is one less vein in the internomedian area than is represented. il'iK I .'1 ;■'■': ■!: '•■•I I 88 distant, simple, curving branches (the basal ones not represented on the plate), of which the ba'proximate, are arcuate, parallel, and mostly simple. The wing is of medium size, being probably 20 mm. long (the fragment preserved has a length of 25 mm.), and is 10 mm. broad ; or the breadth is to the length as 1 : 2.5. Tho representation on my plate gives it a very little too small, and especially too short. Germar subsequently placed his Bl. anthracojthila with this species, but wrongly, as I have endeavored to show in my remarks under that species. Goldenberg at one time consid- ered Hermatohl. lahachentsis as a variety of this, but afterwards more correctly removed it from that category ; for the principal distinction in this case also, see the remarks under that species. We bave placed it between the two American species of this genus, not because it seemed most closely allied to them, but because their place in the series appeared to lie here. Etohl. anarjhjptica, however, seems to be very closely related to Elobl. vemista in most of its features, but is smaller than it, has n proportionally smaller scapular field and a ' considerably larger externomedian field ; the distribution of the apical branches of the in- tcmomedian vein is also more complex in this species than in Etohl. venusta ; from Etohl. Lesfjuereuxii it is at once separable by the form of the wing and the greater breadth and extent of the mediastinal area. Among European species it is perhaps most nearly allied to Etohl. mantidioides and Etohl. carhonaria, but differs from both of them in much tho same particulars as from Etohl. venusta ; it is also larger than they, and especially than Etohl. mantidloidea. The single specimen comes from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Etoblattina Tenusta. Tl. 0, fig. 12. Blattina venusta Lcsq,, Owen, 2d Rep. Geti. Ark., 314, pi. 5, fig. 11 ; — Heer,«Viertelj. naturf Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 287; — Scudd., Geol. Mag., v, 176-77; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. Front wing. The wing has an oblong subovate form, apparently resembling that of Etohl. carhonaria, so far as can be judged from the rather imperfect fragment which repre- sents the American species ; the costal margin, however, is nearly perfect, and is very regularly and considerably convex — more convex, perhaps, than in any other species of Etoblattina. Although the base of the single known specimen is broken, the veins by their curve appear to have arisen near the middle line of the wing, and to have been well arched in running from the base. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, gradually approaching it in its apical half, and at last rather suddenly impinging on it, at about the end of the middle fifth of the wing ; it emits an excessive number (sixteen or more) of mostly arcuate, simple or forked veins, closely crowded and subparallel, at base nearly transverse, at tip very oblique ; in its middle the area is nearly one-fourth the width 91 tenni- of the wing. The Hciipular vein runH Hubpiirallol to tljo coHtiil border and ratliL'r diHtant from it, hut dooH not have a roj^idar curvo, for it dividon not far from tho ontl of tlio IiiimuI third of the wing, and turuM from tho original (U)iirso as miioii as does tho branch ; it apjUNirn, therefore, to l)e formed of two HtetnH, and each of these emits in a similar manner three branches, the first two forked, tho last simple ; tho distribution of the branches of this vein is therefore arborescent, the voiidets being mainly longitudinal, an/>/. viaiitidtoides, but its nnieh jyreat-'r si/e and more extensive mediastinal area > . ul- ily separate it from that spoi'ies. The points iti whieh it (litters from the only other Amer- iean species of the jjenus will be iouni' mentioned under Htobl. Lixtiv.ert'uxii. A single specimen only has been found, which lacks the base and tip. aiul has a ragged inner margin. It is doubtfid whether the dotted line in PI. ('», lig. 12, by which I have in- dicated the supposed outline of the base, is correct, for the curves of all the veins would seem to indicate that too mucn is represented as lost ; but as this wouhl represent an amd area of unusual brevity, I have only indicated in the measu''ement.s given above the possi- bility of an error in my delineation. It comes from Frog IJayou, Ark;>usas. and was obtained by Prof Leo Lesipiereux in black carbonaceous ^hale. wilh broken fragments of plants, overlyijig the thin seam of coal be- tween the millstone grit and the subcarboniforous limestones ; and if the period of deposi- tion of the inillst»)ne grit was the same in tiie eastern and western coal deposits (see the intro'.luction), is tlie oldest, sis it was the first discovered of the American fo.ssil cockroaches. Etoblattina mantidioides. PI. '^, tig. S. (Si>i> als(> tUo tigmv on tliu opposito |>:igo.) TihitUt sp. Kirkby, (leol. Mag., iv, 38'.), pi. 17, fig. 6, 7. lihittUUnm mantidioides Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20. The sijigle known specimen of this species is c<»mposed of oidy the basal half or more of a front wing, so thai it is impo-ssible to give its shape with any certainty, or to be sure of the lijuit between the scapular and externomedian areas. The costtd uuirgin is regular antl rather gently arcuate, and the inner margin, beyo'.id the basal curve, is straight. This is inaccurately given in our plate as cnrveil like the costal margin, and the ternunal portion has therefore been incorrectly restored; it is far more probable that the shape of the wing was nuich as in EtohJ. carbouaria, and a corrected figure is therefore given on the opposite page. The veins originate above the middle of the base of the wing, and have a gentle basal curve. The mediastinal vein is very short, ahnost reachiuj; the n\i\ of the frag- ment, which cer^'iiidy does not represent more than one-half of the costal border; it runs parallel to and not distant from this border, the area occupying less than a fourth of the breadth of Ihe wing; it emits live or six simple or forked, parallel, oblique branches. Between the mediastinal and internomedian areas, near to the base of the wing, are th.rei. veins; whether the midtlle of the.>:e belongs to tite upper or lower — i. c, the scapidar or externomedian — cannot bo told from the broken specimen ; it appears, however, to branch from the scapular, and this I deem to be the most probable relation of this vein, although it is otherwise indicated on the plate by the mark at the border; for on first study its approxinuition, toward the end of the fragment, to the internomedian vein seemed to render this i\n probable relation, and to make me then conclude that its basal union with the scapular was only apparent ; subsetpient study, especially in comparison with the species to which it appears most nearly allied, has since made the opposite appear the truth; and while one cannot be ctrtnin of one's ground with so imperfect u fragment, the comparison of this fragiuent with the more perfect relics of the specues near which I have now placed it will coaviuue any ouo, I think, tluit ita true attinitiea are here, and tliat the middle niuhi 93 bninch probably boloiiojs nooordinj^ly to the sonpulivr voin. Supposinj; tbis to bo so. tlio scapiibu* una is vi>rv oxtonsivo, torininntinj:^ probably at or scan-oly abovo (bo tip of (ho wing, and oooupyiug in tho niitulle of tho wing noarly ball' its witltli; tbo voin branolios vory noar tho baso, anti eaoh branch dividos diobotoinonsly sovoral tinios, soniling forth b)ngitndinal shoot.-*, whloh in th«> uppor branch at loast sinnv, by a oortain ohliqiiity, signs of a siniilarity to tbo voins of the niodia «tinal aroa. Tho oxtornoniodian voin branolios (liohotonionsly I'ko tho lowor branch of tho soapnlar voin, oonnnonoing a littlo boforo (ho middle of tho wing; the br.vnohos approximate, at loast at first, bnt afterwards pr(»bably spread in more or loss of a fan shape. The intornomedian voin is gently obliqne and vory slightly sinnons, and, to judge by its a.ssuniing toward the end of tho fragment a nu)re longitudinal direction, probably terminates far out on tho inner margin toward tho tip of the wing, tho aroa occupying nearly half tho breadth of the wing at tho middle; it etnits a number of \ -allel, oblique, forked, rather distant branches. The anal furrow is strongly and regular'^.' arcuate, terminating at not far from tho end of (he basal third of (ho wing; (bo amil voins are ruthor numerous, sui)parallol, nearly straight and nsCially forked, tho forks .sometimes torntinating on the neighboring veins or on the anal furrow, and so i)re- .sonting a confused appearance. In addition the wing is described as having the front margin produced and llattonod. The fvagment is nearly 11 nun. long, representing awing of com- pa'-ativoly snudl .»f/)topfihhit'a, but the wing does not appear to be so slender, and tho distribution of the branches of tho scapular voin is again difl'orent; from JCtohl. nissointu with which it agrees in general features, it diJlers in its smaller size and the brevity of the mediastinal aroa; while frtmi EtoUl.jUiheUata, with which it agrees vory well in tho extent of tho Viiodiastinal area, it dillors by tho very dittbreiit distribution of the branches of tho oxtornomodian vein. The single sp, Mmen ca.no from '' the north bank of the Wear, opposite to Claxheugh, about two miles from Simderland," Dm-hani, England; from '• very near to the dip of (he coal-h>oa.sures, as developed in Ourhani." Upper carbojuferous, according to tho recent classilication of Hull. Etoblattdna carbonarla. PI. *2, ilg. 8. niattina cm-bounrla Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, SiVvSO, tab. ol, figs. G", G'"; — Oiob., Ins. Vorw., 315; — Ileer, Viertelj. natnrf. Goselb;'h. Zilricli, ix, 287, No. W (noi, 28S, No. 15);~E. Coin., Neuoa Jahrb. f. Miner., ISTf), 5 ; — lb., None Anfschl. Dyas v Weiss., 5; — Cold., Faun, saraop. foss., ii, 1!), No. '^ (not 20, No. JU). Tho front wing has a somewhat obovato form, the costal border boin^ very regularly and ruther 8trongly convex ; the tip ih broken in the ningle specimen known, and the inner i:tMiiltiitf iiMiiiiiHiiiiiin. I i !i it; '^U i-i- 1 94 border ia not continuous, so that its contour cannot be certainly determined, but it appears to he (gently convex. The veins stirt from some distance above the middle of the wing, and curve upward .considerably before assuming a longitudinal course. The mediastinal vein continues subparallel to the front border, and terminates scarcely before the middle of the apical half of the wing, emitting seven or eight very oblique, usually forked branches; the area is narrow, scarcely occupying one-fourth the breadth of the wing. The scapular vein has a sinuous course, diverging slightly from the costal margin and from the medi- astinal A jin in the basal half of its course, afterwards converging and terminating barely before the tip of the wing ; ^ it commences to divide far before the middle of the wing, and anterior to several branches of the mediastinal vein ; its branches are numerous (seven or ■more), and simple or forked, having in this respect as in direction, although not at all in length, a resemblance to the mediastinal branches ; the mediastinal area occupies two-fifths the breadth of the wing. The externomedian vein beyond its basal curve is nearly straight, and terminates at some distance before the end of th") inner border, so that the area occupies rather broadly i^e lower outer angle of the wing; the vein commences to branch a little beyond the middle of the wing, and emits three or four simple or com- pound branches, which, like those of the preceding areas, ai*e pretty closely crowded. The internomedian vein follows closely the course of the externomedian, so that the area narrows regularly and rather rapidly ; the vein emits six or seven simple or simply forked branches, which are pretty straight, oblique, and more distant than those of the other areas. The anal furrow is well impi'essed, strongly arcuate, and terminates near the end of the basal thii'd of the wing, while the anal veins are subparallel to it, simple, and rather closely crowded. This gracefully formed wing might well stand as the type of this group of fossil cock- roaches ; it is of medium size, the length of the fragment being 20 mm. ; the probable length of the wing is 22.5 mm., and its breadth is 8.75 mm.; or the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.57. The pronotal shield attached to the wings has a parabolic outline, the hind border, however, strongly convex ; the broadest part is scarcely in front of the middle of the posterior half, where the breadth equals the length; in front of this it tapers rapidly. Length, 9.5 mm. The wing has much the same shape as Etohl. mantidioides, from which it diifers in its larger size, the greater length of the mediastinal area, and the distribution of the branches of the scapular and externomedian veins. It also approaches the American Etobl. venusia, which is larger than it, but agrees better in the mediastinal area, and to a large extent in the branches of the scapular vein ; in Etohl. venustu, however, this fii'st divides still further toward the ])ase of the wing; and the branches of the externomedian vein are also simple in the American species and compound in the European. From Etobl. didyma it differs by its very much smaller size, the narrowness of the mediastinal area, and the distri- bution of the externomedian branches. Germar described the species from seven Individual?? from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Geinitz mentions a specimen from WeLssig, Saxony. Lower Dyas. (But as no description or figure is given, this may ha looked upon as dubious.) Acridites carbonaria, referred by some authors to Blattina, appears to be a Neuropteron. ' The area of this vein is represented on our plate m broader than it should be, and the restored outline is also probably too contracted, throwing the extremity of the vein at the extreme Up of the wing. K.il- ■' M 96 Btoblattina didyma. PI. 2, fig. 13. " Dictyopteris didyma Rost, Dissert, flor. Wettin, 21." Blatlina didyma Germ., Miinst. Beitr. z. Petref, v, 92, tab. 13, fig. l"!*"; — lb., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, 83, tab. 31, figs. 2, 3 ;— Quenst., Handb. Petref., tab. 24, fig. 16 ; — Gieb., Deutschl. Petref., 637 ; — lb., Ins. Vorw., 3^4; — Pict., Trcit^ Pal., 2" <3d., ii, 362, pi. 40, fig. 2 ; — Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 287 ; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss.. ii, 19. Not Blattina ? didyma Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, 87, pi. 31, fig. 10 ; nor Bl. didyma Gein., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral. : nor Blatta didyma Germ. - Ber., Org. Re.'^te Bernst., II, 34-35. Compare the synonomy of Anthracohl. sopita. The front wing is long and nearly equal, the costal margia regularly and considerably convex, the inner margin almost straight until near the tip, the apex broadly and regularly rounded. The veins appear to originate somewhat above the middle of the base, but about the middle line of the wing. The mediastinal vein runs parallel to the costal margin at about the middle of the anterior half of the wing, and terminates by a somewhat rapid curve upward at about the middle of the apical half of the wing ; it emits a large num- ber of not very closely crowded simple or forked oblique branches. The scapular vein, beyond its basal curve, ha.s a nearly longitudinal course, but apically bends upward some- what abruptly,' and terminates just before the tip of the wing ; it first divides at about the end of the basal third of the wing ; its first branch is compound, but the others, two or three in number,* are simple ; the vein is very distant from the mediastinal, so that the area, at its widest, occupies nearly one-half the breadth of the wing. The externomedian vein also divides early, before the middle of the wing, and occupies with its branches the entire broad apex of the wing, and encroaches slightly on the inner margin ; it emits first a compound arborescent branch, and then several simple branches, the latter terminating below the extreme apex. The internomedian vein, beyond its basal curve, is nearly straight, and terminates a little before the apex of the wing, emitting eight or nine simple or occasionally forked, somewhat sinuous, oblique branches, besides, in the only example known, a single superior branch parallel to the main vein.^ The anal furrow is well im- pressed, strongly oblique, and terminates at the end of the basal third of the wing ; the numerous anal veins which follow it are similarly but more gently curved and simple or forked. The wing figured by Germar is a little broken at the base, but otherwise nearly perfect, for although • the apical margin is represented as doubtful by Germar, its agreement with the tips of the veins rtnders it almost certainly correct; the wing thus preserved is 40 mm. i * Tliis is the way it is represented in Germnr's larger r.nd presumably more correct figure in liis Wettin fossils; in his smaller figure it has no such abrupt bend. ' Diflurent in the several figures by Germar. ' It is impossible, from Gcrmar's figures, to be quite sure that th ! lowest two or three branches of the externomedian vein do not belong to this superior branch of the interno- median vein, which latter would then have the peculiar dis- position common to Etoht. anaglijplica and other allied forms ; but the mode of distribution of the branches of the main internomedian vein beyond the origin of this superior branch is very regular, while in ull those species in which the internomedian vein changes from an oblique to a longi- tudinal course and is accompanied by an arborescent disposi- tion of the apical branches, this portion of the area is either itself filled with similar arborescent branches, or is at least irregular. In his description GArmar also assigns these doubtful branches tu the externomedian and not to the in- ternomedian vein, and we may therefore reasonably follow the same course. 96 !!;■ I!!! I'i! ■'*<: long and 15 mm. broad,' and is therefore the largest, or one of the largest, of the species of this genus ; the breadth is to the length as 1 : 2. 07 ; with a lens the entire surface is seen to be covered with a delicate network of cross veins, connecting the veins by exact trans- verse lines. The two species to which this insect is the most nearly allied are those between which it is here placed. From both it is at once distinguishable by its far greater size; from Elohl. carb'juaria it differs in the less extent of the scapular area, the fewer number of veins in the same area, and its earlier division. From Etobl. russoma it is separated by its nar- rower and longer mediastinal area, and the less profuse branching of the scapular and externomedian veins. Germar described the species from a single specimen and its i-everse, found at Wettin, Germany. According to Mahr, the species has been repeatedly found at Manebach, near Ilmenau. Germany. Upper carboniferous. Acr'uUtes carbonaria, considered by some authors as the hind wing of this insect, is rather to be looked upon as neuropterous. Blatta didyma Germ.-Ber., is an amber insect, which does not belonj; to the Palaeoblattariae Etoblattina russoma. PI. 2, fig. 6. Blattina russoma Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 18G9, 159, taf. 3, figs. 2% 2*, 2"; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20. The front wing is tolerably broad, the costal margin very regularly and rather strongly convex, the inner margin nearly straight to the tapering, well-rounded tip. The veins originate far above the middle of the wing, and have a slight upward curve. for a short distance. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal border, which it approaches apically in a very gradual manner, and terminates shortly before the end of the middle third of the wing ; the area is less than one-fourth the breadth of the wing, and is filled with seven or eight simple or forked, straight, oblique branches. The scapular vein has a broadly but rather strongly sinuous course, running parallel to the costal margin in the basal two- thirds of the wing, and beyond that curving toward the margin, terminating just before the tip ; it begins to divide in the middle of the basal half of the wing, and emits about five branches, which become less and less compound apically, but terminate on the margin in about a dozen closely crowded branches ; this area occupies more than one-third the breadth of the middle of the Aving. The externomedian vein is broadly and rather strongly arcuate next the base, afterwards nearly straight, terminating at some distance before the end of the inner border; it commences to divide at some distance before the middle of the wing, but further out than the scapular vein, and bears a couple of com- pound branches, which subdivide irregularly many times, and fill with numerous veins an area larger than usual in this genus, occupying upon the margin not only the whole of the apical border, but an equal extent of the extremity of the inner border. The interno- median vein is parallel and close to the externomedian vein throughout its course beyond the basal curve, and emits about half a dozen long, generally simple and nearly straight branches, parallel to and rather distant from one another; so rapid is the narrowing of the ' Germar gives the ineasiiruincnt as 30 mm. long and 10 mm. bruuil; but eviilently by mistake, as it disagreos both with the dimensions of bis unenlarged figure and his Ger- man measurements (18 liaes long by 6 lines broad); these latter are also inaccurate, as the wing is not three times as long as broad. The figures we have taken are from measure- ments of the smaller Sgure in the Wettin fossils. 97 area, that its length along the inner margin is only a little longer than its longest basal branch. The anal furrow is strongly impressed anil its basal two-thirds very strongly arcuate, while the apical third is straight, terminating some distance before the middle of the wing; the anal field, notwithstanding its unusual length, is almost as broad, and is iillcd with about eight arcuate, moderately distant veins, most of which are simple, those nearest the furrow subparallel to it, the others curved in an opposite direction. The wing is peculiar for the prominence of thj lower basal angle, which in nearly right- angled, and for the corresponding extent of the anal area; it is of medium size, measuring 25 mm. in length and 10.5 mm. in breadth, the breadth being to the length as 1 : 2.38. Only a single specimen is mentioned as having been found, which is perfect but for the obliteration of parts of one or two veins at the tip of the internomediaii area. Goldenberg compares this species to Etohl. earbonaria, remarking that it agrees best with it in size and shape, but must be considered specifically distinct on account of the pecidiar venation of all the areas, and especially of the combined scapular and externo- median areas (Mittelfeld), which has nearly double as many brunches as in Etohl. ear- bonaria; he also mentions the peculiar branching of the externomedian vein by which the vein, beyond its last fork, rims free to the margin, parallel to an oflslioot from the last branch of the same vein ; and also the shoulder at the base of the wing, which is wrinkled and projects as a sharp angle. Although certaiidy very closely allied to the species mentioned, Etohl. russoma diflers further from it in the less frequent forking of the mediastinal veins, in the earlier division of the scapular and externomedian veins, the doubly forking basal branch of the former, the greater irregularity in the branching of the latter, and in the much more rapid narrowing of the internomedian field. It also differs a little in its greater size, but it is not truo that the combined scapular and externomedian areas have nearly double as many branches as in Etohl. earbonaria ; the broken tip of the latter will not allow us to determine just how many there are, but there is room for additional )n-anches in the broken portion, and those actually visible are eighteen, against twenty-five at the very nuirgin of Etohl. russoma ; or if we take each vein separately, we find in the nearly perfect scapular vein of Etohl. earbonaria eleven branches, against twelve in Etohl. rus- soma ; in the externomedian vein of the former, which is certainly very imperfect, seven veins, against thirteen in the latter — a difference Avhich is nearly double, but which is unquestionably due, in part at least, to the imperfect, state of the only known fragment of Etohl. earbonaria. From Etohl. dichjma, Etohl. russoma differs in nearly all the points by which it may be distinguished from Etohl. earbonaria, and, besides, differs consider- ably from it by its smaller size and less symmetrical shape, and the more frequent division of the scapular and lower externomedian branches. From Etohl. leptophlehica it differs in its broader and rounder form, and the much smaller extent of tiie scapular and interno- median areas, as well as in the fuller expansion of the externomedian area. A single specimen was found at Lobejiin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Etoblattina leptophlebica PI. 3, fig. 9. Blattina leptophlebiea Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 18G9, 158-59, taf. 3, figs. 1*, 1*; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. The front wing is long and slender, tapering, and straight ; the costal margin is veiy gently convex, the inner margin straight, but the tip of the only specimen is broken. 1% IP. ,11 '■^ J; ■ , ; I i. 98 The veins originate considerably above the middle of the wing, and curve slightly upward from the base before becoming longitudinal. The mediastinal vein is gently arcuate, runs for a short distance parallel to the border, then curves gently toward it, and terminates at about the mi i-i i ( 1-^ u . ' t j^ i!! 102 BtobUttUia (?) Inaignlii. n. 2, fig. 7 ; pi. 4, fig. 9. Blattma InHit/niH Ciohl., Vorw. Fium. Saarhr., 17 ; — lb., Faun. Hnracp. fo88., i, 17, taf. 2, fig. 14; — lb., Faun, naraup. funs., ii, 20, 51; — Scudd., Mem. Bost. boc. nat. liiHt., in, 19. Tlic front wing of this insect seems to liave very nearly the same form its that of the preceding species, but lius perhaps a little fuller anal area, and a less pointed tip. It is not at all c.oar from what point the veins originate, and it is doubtfid whether they have a conunon origin. Tlie veins are all exceedingly obscure, and even the limit*< of the areas are doubtful. The mediastinal area appears to have a width of one-third that of the wing at the base, and the vein seems to terminate at about the end of the middle third of the wing. The scapular vein is apparently nearly straight, running down the middle of the wing, and terminating at the tip. The externomedian probably occupies a narrow area; it can hardly divide before the middle of the wing, and on the uuirgin covers the apical third of the inner border. The internomcdian vein probably terminates at the end of the middle third of the wing, perhaps farther out, and is supplied with closely crowded forking veins. The anal furi'ow is deeply impressed, arcuate, and rather bent in the middle, and terminates at the end of the basal third of the wing. No branches of veins can be made out, to judge from Goldenberg's drawing, excepting in the internomedian area. The two front wings are present in the only specimen yet discovered, one broken at the tip, the other along the inner margin ; between these two the form of the wing can bo accurately detemiined, but the tip is represented inaccurately in PI. 2, fig. 7, as fully rounded, whereas its form shoidd be much as in Etobl. ixirvnla. With that species, it is the smallest known, the front wing measuring but 9 mm. in length, and 4.25 mm. in breadth, the breadth being to the length as 1 : 2.12. Goldenberg renuirks, that from the slight traces of the veins, the texture of the front wings of this insect was probably similar to that of those of Corydia and Phoraspis. Hind wing. The hiiul Aving of this species closely resembles the front wing in form and size, and could scarcely have possessed a plicated anal area ; the neuration, too, is nearly as obscure as in the front wing, throwing some doubt upon the presumed thickened consistency of the front wing, since, in living insects, the hind wing is always membranous. In the original drawings of this insect, which formed the basis of Goldenberg's plates, and which Dr. Goldenberg has been kind enough to send me for study, the two hind wings are not quite alike, the left wing, which I have reproduced in outline in PI. 4, fig. 9, being con- siderably more pointed and narrower than the right wing ; the two winga show, also, a somewhat different arrangement of veins, although these are very obscure in both ; next the front wing, which hides a portion of the costal area, there are in the left wing several longitudinal parallel veins, which cannot be made out in the right ; and the rest of the wing, or fully two-thirds of it, is made up of a single longitudinal vein (the anal), with numerous obliquely longitudinal, simple branches ; on the right wing, however, it would appear as if these branches, holding much the same position, were about equally divided between an anal and an internomedian set, in both of which they appear to be forked as often as simple ; the arrangement faintly indicated on the right Aving, corresponds better, although not closely, to that of the front wing. Goldenberg considers all the veins as f'i, 103 belonj^ing to the niml field, which he jlcBcrlben as having " mnny dolicato, radiating, longi- tudinal voinH, connected hy scarcely perceptil)le delicate cross veins." Length, 11 mm. ; breadth, 4 mm. This insect is, perhaps, the most complete of any of the palaeozoic species of cockroach, the abdomen being almost completely preserved, but the legs unfortunately wanting. The pronotal shield is shiiped st mewliat as in EtobL carhonaria, being longitudinally oval, broadest near the posterior margin, tapering toward the rounded front, the hind margin apparently broadly romided ; it is somewhat gibbous, and shows in the middle and laterally weak longitudinal furrows ; it is 7 nmi. long, and 6.25 mm. broad. The mesothorax is very short and inconspicuous ; the metathorax quadilateral, nearly as long "s broad, broadest in front, and narrowing rapidly behind ; the front and hind borders are slightly arcuate, tho curve opening posteriorly, the lateral angles rounded, the surface marked by weak median, longitudinal and transverse furrows ; length, 2.75 mm., breadth behind, 2 mm. The abdo- men is extraordinarily slender, as it is in no modern types, giving tho insect a remarkably strange aspect ; seven segments are preserved, and these grow gradually larger and broader posteriorly ; they are sharply separated from each other, and the lateral margins somewhat upturned; the whole abdomen is 8.5 mm. long; its breadth at base is l.G mm.; at the end of the seventh segment 2.2 mm. Goldenberg remarks of this insect, that it is by far tho most complete and best preserved of all that have yet been found in the carboniferous formation (Anthracohl. sojnla was not then known) ; and that it presents so many anomalies in not unimportant parts of its structure, separating it from all hitherto known cockroaches, whether living or fossil, as to render it highly probable that it should be considered a peculiar extinct genus, either belonging to the family of cockroaches, or falling very near it. So little, however, is yet known of parts other than the wings in this genus, and as the wings appear by their neuration to fall within this genus, it has seemed the best way to place it here, at least until new examination shall give us a better clue to its true ailini- ties. Should the neuration prove clearly tlistinct from the other members of this genus, there can be no doubt that it should stand by itself. The single specimen found was discovered in n bluish shale, in the Skalley-shaft of the Ilirschbach coal-pit at Smirbriicken, Gennany. Middle carboniferous. 1. , Archimylactls {"px^, /wXax/iii) Archimylaeris Scudd., Daws. Acad. Geol., 2d ed., 388 (1868). The mediastinal vein of the front wing runs parallel to and not distant from the costal margin to a little beyond the middle of the wing, occupying less than one-fourth the breadth of the wing, and emitting a considerable number of mostly forked, very oblique, but still short branches. The scapular vein is considerably and pretty regularly curved, in the same sense as the costal margin, but rather more strongly than it, lies rather distant from the mediastinal vein, and, beginning to branch at some distance before the middle of the wing, occupies with its branches, in the apical half of the wing, an average of nearly or quite one-half the breadth of the wing ; its trend, however, is so fur downward that, trav- ersing the apex of the wing obliquely, it terminates below the tip ; it emits a large number of branches, the general direction of which is similar to those of the mediastinal vein; they fork repeatedly, so that the area is closely crowded with veins. The externomedian t; 104 area in inHigniflcant; tho vein runn parallel to tlio preceding, furkfl a little way beyond it, the branches again bifurcating once or twice, all in a longitudinal way and cloHcly approx- imated, 8o that at tho extremity of the inner margin the area only covers a very limited space. The anal and internomedian areas together cover almost the entire inner margin, ore very broad opposite the middle of the former, where they occupy considerably more than half the breadth of the wing, and rapidly and regularly diminish in width ; tho anal furrow is very strongly arcuate, rather distinctly impressed, and terminates at or a little beyond the end of the first third of the inner margin ; there are six or seven simple or forked branches of the internomedian vein, nearly all of which curve a little outward as they approach the margin, and are more longitudinal toward tho apex than toward the base. The veins of the anal area are five or six in number, more frequent toward tho anal angle, nearly straight and oblique, and simple ; excepting that next the anal furrow, which Ih arcuate, and emits two or three inferior branches, nearly parallel to the other veins. The wings are peculiar for the backward sweep of the scapular vein, so that tho entire apex is included in the area of this vein ; the two species diiTer very much in the proportion of the length to the breadth, one being remarkably stout, the other a little more than usually slender. Besides front wings, one of the species referred to this genus, preserves a fragment of the hind wing, and a pronotnl shield ; the former consists of the extremity of the costal margin, and simply shows a collection of closely crowded, forked veins, having a somewhat oblique direction, so nearly resembling those of the corresponding portion of the upper wing, by the broken tip of which they lie, as to appear at first sight as a continuation of them ; the pronotal shield is attached to the wing^ and is very regularly rounded, s(;arcely exhibiting the least angulation, somewhat broader than long, with a central circular de- pression. This genus differs from Etoblattina in the character of the scapular vein and area, and in the narrow limits of the extornomcdian area ; from Anthracoblattina, Gcrablattina, Hcrmatoblattina, in the brevity of the mediastinal aretv and the much greater development of the scapular area; from Progonoblattina in the very different distribution of the branches of the scapular Vv.'-i, and the far greater extent of the internomedian area ; from Oryctoblattina in the character or position of every area in the wing ; and from Petroblat- tina in the distribution of the veins of the internomedian area and its slight importance. The genus is confined to America, and is the only one of this group which has no Euro- pean representatives. Archimylaozis aoadloum. PI. 6, figs. 8, 14. A iiutlacris acadicus Scudd., Daws. Acad. Geol., 2d ed., 388, fig. 153 ; — lb., Amer. Nat., 1, 630, pi. 16, fig. 2j — lb., Geol. Mag., v, 177. Fore wing. The shape of the wing cannot be definitely determined from its imperfec- tion ; the costal margin, however, is very regularly and strongly convex, and all the veins are arcuate, arising apparently from about the middle of the wing. The mediastinal vein is aubparallel to the costal margin, but a little less arcuate than it, probably occupies about one-fourth its width, and terminates at about the end of the middle fifth of the wing ; it n 106 emitH n Inrgo numbor of oblique, goncrnlly forked, ntrnight, nnfl nenrly parallel branches. The Hcapulnr vein iH very Hlrongly nrcimte, parallel almont tbroiigbout to the coHtal margin, terminating beyond the apex ; it in rather dintant from the mediaHtinnl ond externomedian YcinH until it heginH to divide, at about the middle of the M'ing; here, and a little further on, it HendH forth a couple of compound branehec, besideH a nhort, apical, Himple nhoot ; the earlier forkn of the compound broncheH have p direction nimilar to the mediaHtinal voinn, while the loter arc longitudinal. The cxternomcdian vein followH cioHely parallel to the Hcapular vein, and emits only two branches, superior, Himple, and nearly straight, near together, and only a little way beyond the branching of the scapular vein ; consequently this area occu- pies only a narrow space at the extremity of the inner border ; somewhat before the middle of the wing this vein is connected with those on either side of it by a pair of short, oblique, cross veins, having the same direction as the internomedian branches. The internomedian vein is even more strongly arcuate than the preceding, and very regularly curved ; in the part which is preserved, and beyond the basal fourth, it emits four equidistant, nearly straight, parallel and oblique, simple branches (they are represented as too sinuous in the plate), and there are probably several others in the apical portion. The anal furrow is not deeply impressed, is very strongly and regularly arcuate, and probably terminates a little before the middle of the wing ; there are half a dozen anal brancher., mostly simple and oblique, and straight or arcuate, those next the furrow about as widely separated as the internomedian branches, the others more closely crowded. The insect is of medium size, the wing being 2.3 mm. long, and the breadth of the frag- ment 10 mm. ; probably the entire width of the middle of the wing, where it was presuma- bly the widest, was 11.5 mm. and the breadth to the length as 1 : 2. The specimen is not very perfect, being partially overlaid by the frond of a fern, by which the lower apical half is obscured, excepting most of the longitudinal branches of the scapular and externomedian veins ; the extreme baae is also broken ; if the upper surface is that exposed, it is a right wing ; all the interspaces of the wing, excepting in the mediastinal area, are traversed by delicate cross veins closely approximated. The shape of the wing at once separates this species from ArcJi. parallelnm. The single specimen known was found by Mr. James Barnes, at the East River of Pictou, Nova Scotia, in shale overlying the roof of the main seam of Pictou coal. I owe an opportunity of examining it to Principal Dawson. Middle coal formation. i\ I ft Arohimylaorls parallelnm nov. sp. PI. 6, fig. 6. The fore wing is very equal, the larger part of both costal and inner margins being straight and very nearly parallel, the wing tapering only in a very slight degree until near the tip ; the anal angle is broadly rounded, and very similar in this respect to the humeral lobe ; the extremity of the wing is broken, so that the form of the wing cannot be stated ; the veins originate a '. tie above the middle of the base, and curve upward as they pass outward. The mediastmal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, but gradually approaches it throughout (hardly so represented on the plate), until about the middle of the wing, when it curves rather rapidly to the border, terminating at some distance beyond the middle ; it occupies le«s than a fourth the breadth of the wing, and emits, mostly in its outer half, five or six oblique, forked, or simple branches. The scapular vein, beyond its m M fill! .!:(■ I ! 100 strong biumvl curve, is straight, subparjvUol to, but a little divergent iVoin, tlie costal margin, and terminates beyond the apex of the wing ; it connnences to divide a little beyond tno bjuial (jiiarter of the wing, antl emits about seven longitudinal branches at subequidistant intervals ; the lirst is c«»mpound, begiiming to branch next the apical curve of the nietlias- tinal vein ; the others are simple or forked, or rarely doubly forked, and (ill the apex and apical third of the costal margin with straight, crowded veins. The externomedian vein, beyond its biusal curve, runs parallel to the i)receding throughout, but before it forks, in the centre of the wing, is rather distant from both the scapular and internomedian veins ; it emits three inferior branches, distant at their Jmses, the first two doubly forked, the last simple, the branches all closely crowded, as in the preceding area, and occupying rather less than the apical tifth of the inner margin. The internomedian vein, beyond it.s basal curve, is straight, t)nly curving downward a little at the extremity, which reaches the bor- der only just before the apical sixth of the ving; it «H)nunences to branch before the end of the basal f»)urth, and emits about seven branches, simple or forked, the biusal ones trans- verse, oblique, and sinuous, the apical longitudinal, oblique, and nearly straight. The anal furn>w is very deeply impressed and strongly arcuu»;>, terminating before the basal third of the wing ; the first of the anal veins is nearly as arci!>ito us fhe fiu'row, more distant from it basally than apically, and has a couple of braiu'hes ; the uihi;;":' are generally simple, obli(|ue, nearly straight, and erowded. The insect is of medunn size, the wing measuring, as preserved, 2"> nun. in length, .uul 9.0 nun. in breadth ; the entire length was probably 20 nun., aiul the l)readth to the leuj^th as 1 : 2.7-1 ; only the tip of the wing is wanting, with the apical third of the costal mar^;in. It is the upper surface of a right wing. The anal area, especially next to the fm-rov , is rather tumid, rendering the depth of the furrow uuich nmre apparent ; on the contrary, there is a depressiim in the central parts of the humeral lobe ; excepting the anal furrow, the moressed than any ; the branches of this vein, and those of the two following veins, as well as the veins them.selves, ai'e rather obscurely impressed, while the vems and branches of the internouu'dian and anal areas are delicately raised like tracery; the surfiu'c is very fiat, and the whole is covered with an obscure net- wi)rk of j)olygonal cells of rai.sed lines, which become more distinct in the anal and metli- astijjal areas, where they are nu)stly changed to Imusverse lines, frequently forking in pass- ing frouj one vein to another, or uniting with the neighboring cro.ss vein. Hind wing. A fracture of the front wing, beyo'ul the middle of the co.stal margin, with the removal of the parts beyond it, leaves expo-sed a fragment of the corresponding portion of tlu underlying right hind wing. Indeed, as I have proved by experiment, the upper wing may be j)eele»l off from the lt»wer ; the piece broken oil", carbonaceous in appearance throughout, rei)resents not only the upjierwing, but the fihn of detritus which hiy between the two wiugs afU'r deposition ; for it shows upon the one side (the under) siuu'ply rai.sed, delicate lines, corresponding exactly in reverse to the sharply iniprcssed veins of the under wing ; while upon the upper sinface are faintly impres.sed lines which are not opposite those on the other surface of the lamina, but represent the veins of the upper wing. The frag- ment of the hind wing thus exposed is very small, ami covers the outer half or third of the costal border. The veins have the closest resemblance to those of the front wing, beyond which they lie, and ahnost appear as thiir continuation; the veins represented on Mate 0, fig. 0. above tlio nuvrk separating, for tho front wing, the niodiastinal and scapular h) 107 arena, together with the vein next below it, are delicately raised, and probably represent the apical branchea of the mediastinal vein of the lower wing, while all the others are distinctly impressed, anil probably belong to the scapular vein. The former vein can bo traced (but is not represented mi the plate) for a short distance, through the thickiiess of the upper wing, running in a straight line toward the middle of that portion of the bju^e of the wing which is covered by the prothorax. Attached to the front wing is the pronotal shield, this being the only American fossil cockroach in which this part is certainly known. It is of a very broadly and transversely ellip- tical form, but, as preserved, uoea not have a perfectly regular outline, the curve of the left side being uniform, while that of the right side would place the bmadest part of tao shield a little behind the middle; with this exception it is extremely regular, either lateral or antei"o-posterior half being like its opposite. The surface is nearly flat and shows a cen- trally disposed circular or elliptical furrow, irregularly subparallel to the margin, enclosing a slightly convex central area, whose diameter is n littio more than a third the breadth of the pronotum ; the fiu'row is coarse and rather deeply impressed, but irivgular frou» the irregularities of the stone ; the posterior third of the shield is nm.'kei^ with faint, very closely crowded, minute, straight, transverse wrinkles, crossing the .vhole pronotum. Length, 7.5 mm. ; breadth, 10 nun. The parallel-sided front wing can by no possibility be confounded with that of Archim. acadicHtn, with its strongly convex cos*al margin ; in this species the strongest part of the curve of the veins is close to the base, as in most palaeozoic cockroaches ; but in Archim. acadicum it is at the middle of the wing, in conformity with its strong ;ostal curve. The single 'specimen was obtained by Mr. I. F. Mansfield, at Cannelton, Beaver county, Penn., in dark, sandy shale, immediately under the vein of Cimnel cool referred to vein C of Pi^ofessor Lesley. Lower coal-measures of Pennsylvania. Anthraooblattlna uov. gon. (»v:!>es are not numei*ous (more numerous in A. spevti%bilia than in the others), and seldom fork more than once; owing to the length, of the medias- tinal area, the space occupied by this vein and its branches is very restricted, lUthough not more so than that occupied by the next vein. For the externomedian vein, which is sepa- rated from the preceding by an etjual intti'space, on either side of which the branches of the two areas diverge at equal angles, is usually a close counterpart in a reverse sense of the scapular vein, excepting that the first offshoot is usually more important than tlie others, often equalling, with its forks, tlie rest of the vein. The combined internomediaii and oiiol areas ocoupy fully half the breadth of the wing near the base, and, excepting in [1 1 ff f ^|! Ti';- 108 A. dreadensia, diminish in breadth more gradually than usual, the intemomedian vein passing in a very gentle curve or a nearly straight lino to a point on the inner margin usually beyond that to which the mediastinal vein reaches on the opposite border ; it emits a large number (in A. dreadenais a small number) of either simple or forked, nearly straight veins, of about the same obliquity as those of the mediastinal area. The anal furrow appears to be tolerably well impressed, :i.' rather strongly curved, and usually ter- minates a little more than one-third down the inner margin of ihe wing ; the anal veins, about half a dozen in number, have a somewhat similar though slighter curve, are nearly parallel, some or all of them simple. The wings are stouter than usual, only one of them coming up to the average of the whole group of Blattinariae, the average proportion of the breadth to the length in the genus being as 1 to 2.4. Only one of the species of this genus shows anything besides the front wing; this single species is unusually perfect, showing the whole body and the legs as well as both pairs of wings. The body is very slender, but almost equally so, the abdomen being as wide as the rest, but much slenderer than is usual in modern types. The thoracic shield is longitudi- nally oval, and the legs are similar to those of modem types ; whether or not they are spinous does not appear. This genus is most nearly allied to Etoblattina, from which it differs principally in the greater size and much greater length of the medastinal area, and the lesser extent of the scapular area; from Archimylacris it is similarly separated, although in one species {A. win- teriana) the termination of the scapular area is somewhat similar, owing to the peculiar conformity of the tip ; from Gerablattina it diflfers in having the branches of the extemo- median vein Inferior instead of superior ; and from Hermatoblattina in having those of the scapular vein superior and not inferior ; from Progonoblattina it differs in the much more restricted extent of both the scapular and externomedian areas ; from Oryctoblattina in the far less importance and very different nature of the scapular vein, and by the very different character of nearly all the other veins ; and from Petroblattina in the nature and distribu- tion of the veins in the externomedian area. The species of this genus are altogether confined to Europe, so far as yet known. ■in'-!', jL: |:, AathraeoblattLaa speotabills. PI. 2, fig. 8. Blattina apeetabilia Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1869, 161-62, taf. 3, figs. 7, 7% 7"; — lb.. Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19; — ? E. Gein., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1876, 6;—? lb., Neue Aufschl. Dyas v. Weiss., 6. Fore wing. Although the only described specimen of this species is very imperfect, its form is to a great extent known, excepting toward the base ; the costal margin is regularly and stiongly arcuate, while the inner margin is straight; and as the wing tapers rather rapidly in its outer half, the middle of the well-rounded tip is thrown considerably to one side of the middle line of the wing. The mediastinal vein runs parallel to the costal margin nearly as far as the middle of the wing, when it curves somewhat rapidly toward the margin and terminates at about the end of its middle third ; the width of the area is about one-fourth that of the wing, and it is filled with numerous, rather crowded, simple or forked, oblique, straight branches. The scapular vein also runs parallel to the costal margin, and terminates on the apical margin just above the tip, and, being very straight in the apical m^) 109 half of the wing, approaches the costal margin very gradually ; it commences to divide before the middle of the wing, and emits at equidistant intervals half a dozen, simple or forked, straight and nearly longitudinal branches. The extemomedian follows the course of the scapular vein, and begins to branch at the same point, emitting at unequal intervals four branches, which, with their offshoots, occupy the apex and very extremity of the inner margin of the wing ; the first and last of these branches in the specimen described are compound, the others simple. The intemomedian vein is gently and regularly arcuate, and emits, in the middle third of the wing, half a dozen branches, the basal ones of which are compound, the apical simple, and all nearly straight or slightly arcuate. The anal furrow is roundly bent where it parts from the other veins, and beyond that straight, prob- ably terminating a little before the middle of the wing. This insect is the largest of ~ the palaeozoic cockroaches, the fragment measuring 43 mm. in length and 22 mm. in breadth ; the probable length of the whole wing was about 54 mm., or the broadth to the length as 1 : 2.45. Goldenberg describes the surface as covered with a network of reticulations visible to the naked eye, which near the apex of the wing are formed of transverse, closely approximated, parallel cross-veins, broken into square cells by other fine lines ; while at the base and in the middle of the wing they form an irregular tetragonal or pentagonal network. This fine species has no rival in the genus excepting the next to be described, than which it is only a little larger. It differs from this, however, in the shape of the wing, which is much slenderer and has a less convex costal margin ; it also has a proportionately shorter mediastinal area ; from its size, it can by no possibility be confounded with any other species of the genus. Goldenberg compares it with Elohl. didyma, from which, as we have seen, it is generically distinct by the inferior origin of the extemomedian veins; but, as he rightly says, it differs from that species in the distribution of the branches of each of the principal veins. Besides being peculiar for its great size, this species is marked by the crowded venation and by the comparatively conspicuous reticulation. The specimen described came from Lobejiin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Geinitz reports the discovery of a specimen at Weissig, Saxony. Lower Dyas ; but as he appends to it a query, it may be considered dubious until direct proof is given. Anthraooblattina sopita. PI. 4, fig. 8. Blattina didyma E. Gein., Neues Jahrb. f Mineral, 1875, 4-5, taf. 1, fig. 1; — lb., Neue AufschL Dj as v. Weiss., 4-5, taf. 1, fig. 1. Not Bl. didyma Germ., for which see Etohl. didyma. The fore wing is rather elongated, obovate, the costal border very strongly and regularly arched, the basal two-thirds of the inner margin almost straight, the tip well rounded ; it is broadest in the middle, and narrows almost equally toward both extremities ; the humeral lobe is greatly produced at the extreme base, by its sudden deflection to the root of the wing, forming a rounded subacute angle ; the veins originate rather below the middle line of the wing, and curve strongly upward, following very closely the basal curve of the cos- tal margin. The mediastinal vein runs parallel to the margin ovet* nearly tWo-thirds of the wing, and then curving toward it, terminates rather beyond the middle of the outer half of the wing ; it emits a large number, a dozen or more, of simple or forked, oblique, and oonnddrably arenate branches, tolemtbfy distant firom one another ; the area occupies nearly m 110 hk\ '1' i; t one-quarter the breadth of the wing in the middle. The scapular vein ia differently repre- sented in the two wings (of the same individual) figured by Geinitz ; so differently indeed that both can hardly be correct, and for our description we have chosen the one which accords with the structure of the species evidently allied to this ; in this it runs at first parallel to the costal border, as far as a little beyond the middle of the basal half of the wing, where it forks ; its first branch is simple and contin^ies in close proximity and parallel to the mediastinal vein, while it itself runs in a nearly straight, longitudinal course, termi- nating just before the extreme tip of the wing ; it emits three other simple branches, the last one forking a. the extreme tip, just beside an additional short apical branch of the main stem. The extemomedian vein, more strongly arcuate next the base, divides a very little beyond the division of the preceding, and then runs parallel to that, emitting in all four branches, the first forking in the middle, the others simple; and all longitudinal, closely crowded, and together occupying an extremely narrow area on the margin at the extreme apex of the wing. The internomedian vein runs parallel to the preceding vein and ito basal branch; but somewhat beyond the middle of the wing, emits a supplemental superior, branch running nearly parallel to the main stem, and extending the area so much furth . r out, that it terminates as near the apex as the scapular area, and narrows very gradually ; comraeucing before the middle of the basal half of the wing it emits about eight nearly straight, slightly sinuous, oblique branches, the basal ones simply or doubly forked, the others simple, four or five of them emitted before the supplemental vein, the others beyond. Geinitz states, what his illustration bears out, that the second branch on this wing is forked only at the end ; while in the opposite wing it is not only distinctly forked near the base ("nahe der Wurzel," but really at the end of its basal third), but one of the forks again divides at the tip. The anal furrow is rather deeply impressed on the arcuate basal half, lightly on the struighter apical portion, and terminates at about the end of the second fifth of the wing ; the anal veins are arcuate, those next the furrow compound, the others simple, and all considerably and equally crowded. Here again Dr. Geinitz's illustration is at fault, the two wings differing considerably, the anal area being undoubtedly too extended in the wing which we have not copied. Care seems to have been taken only with the wing which does not overlie the body ; this is altogether unfortunate in illustrating an insect which is undoubtedly the most perfect exam- ple of a palaeozoic cockroach which has yet been found ; and the chance to observe the differences between the two wings, as a basis for a distinction between individual and specific differences, is lost, excepting in the points actually specified by Geinitz ; and as he particu- larly remarks upon the value of the differences observed by him, it is the more probable that the other differences, apparent on his plate, do not actually exist, for if they do they are of much greater importance than those he specifies. The wing figured is a very large one, measuring 45 mm. in length, as stated by Geinitz (in his plate it is 46.5 mm. long), and 20.5 mm. broad ; this he says is shorter than it should be, the wing being contracted by a transverse wrinkling of the specimen, represented in his plate by some wavy, transverse, narrow bands ; the other wing is 50 mm. long and 20 mm. broad, and represents, he thinks, the proper size ; it is not impossible, however, that the wings may have actually varied a little in length, and the breadth to the length may be put down as between 1 : 2.2 and 1 : 2.5. Both wings are nearly perfect, the apical edge of each being lost for a little way, and a few of the veins being obscured. The wing we have Ill chosen for illustration and principal description, as probably delineated with greater accu- racy, is a left wing exhibiting the upper surface. Hind wing. Portions of both hind wings are preserved in connection with the fore wings, but show no outline of their form, but only some branching veins ; which from their close resemblance to the scapular and extemomedian veins of the front wing, as to the mode and position of their forks, probably belong to these veins ; their branching appears to be a little further from the base than in the front wing. The single bpecimen known, is, with the possible exception of Etohl. insignia, the most perfectly preserved of all palaeozoic ''ockroaches ; for, besides the wings, we have the head, thorax, a part of the body and the legs. It is, therefore, to be hoped that Dr. Geinitz will give a fuller account of it at an f>arly period. The abdomen is probably ill preserved, as it is not represented on the plate, but is said by Geinitz to be 40 mm. long, and about 10 mm. broad, the narrowness of which he remarks. Of the head he makes no special mention ; it projects a little beyond the thorax as a transversely oval body, 2 mm. long, and 5 mm. broad. The pronotal shield is longitudinally oval, broadest apparently in front of the middle, its front border well rounded, th* '" " convex, and the hind border apparently rather etraighter than the front, its length lo mm., and its breadth 10 mm. The two hinder pair of legs are well preserved, apparently shaped much as in modem types; no mention is maue of spines ; the legs are short, particularly the hind pair, where the whole leg is about 35 mm. long, the femora and tarsi of about equal length, while the tibiae are a little longer ; measuring his figure, we have the length of the former, 12 mm. ; its breadth, 3 mm. ; length of tibia, 14 mm. ; its breadth, 2 mm. ; length of tarsi, 10.5 mm. ; their breadth, 1.25 mm. The wing is larger than in any other European species, excepting Anthr. spectahilia, from which it is readily distinguished by the more arched costal margin, the longer medias- tinal area, and the earlier division of the scapular vein. It is related to Anthr. porrecta by the extent of the mediastinal area, but the distribution of the branches and the extent of the other areas differ considerably. Geinitz considers it identical with Etohlait. didyma with which he says it closely agrees, specifying, indeed, the illustration of Germar copied in our PI. 2, fig. 13. He mentions, however, ceri,ain differences, such as the greater simplicity and number of the anal veins. But there are much more important differences than these, and such as leave no doubt whatever of the specific, not to say generic, dis- tinction, although there is imquestionably a general resemblance between the two. The shape of the wing is very different from that of Etohl. didyma, principally on account; of the greater convexity of the costal margin in Anth. sopita and the greater median breadth of the wing, as compared with the extremities ; in A. sopita again the mediastinal area is considerably longer, the scapular area very much narrower, as compared to the breadth of the wing, and its branches longitudinal, instead of oblique, and similar to those of the mediastinal area ; the distribution of the veins of the extemomedian area is totally differ- ent, the branches being mostly simple and inferior in Anthr. sopita, while the branches are superior and the uppermost unusually compound in Etohl. didyma, and all together cover an extensive area at the apex of the wing, instead of a very narrow one as in Anthr. sopita. No differences of importance exist in the internomedian and anal areas. The single specimen comes irom Weissig, Saxony. Lower Dyas. 112 m m m H ii I! * -r'.' ▲afbraooUattlaa drwdnHls. (See flgnre in text.) Blattina dreadenaia Gein.-Deichm., Sitzungsb. naturw. Gesellsch. Isis, 1879, 12-13, figs. The fore wing ia elliptical and very regularly formed, broadest in the middle ; the costal margin is pretty strongly convex, especially on the basal half; the inner margin much straighter, and the tip well rounded. The veins originate a little above the middle of the wing, and curve gently upward before assuming a longitudinal course. The mediastinal vein, beyond the basal fifth of the wing, is nearly straight, scarcely curving upward with a broad sweep apically, and terminating only a little before the apex of the wing ; it emits eight or nine rather closely crowded, nearly straight, oblique branches, about half of which are simple, the others simply or doubly forked at or beyond the middle; the area is broadest a little before the middle of the wing, where it is one-third the width of the wing. The scapular vein runs parallel and close to the mediastinal until it forks, a little beyond the end of the basal third of the wing, and then turns downward in a nearly straight course subparallel to the costal margin, to just below the tip of the wing ; it emits three equidistant longitudinal branches, the first two of which fork near the origin of the simple third, and embrace between them the upper tip of the wing. 1 8 extemomedian vein, beyond its curved base, runs in an almost perfectly straight line to just below the ex- treme tip of the wing, and, commencing to branch just before the middle of the wing, or scarcely beyond the division of the scapular vein, it emits four simple, inequidistant, arcuate branches, which (especially the basal pair) are at first oblique and then longitudinal. The intemometdian vein is broadly sinuous in its course, being at first convex in the same sense as the costal margins, afterwards, on parting from the anal furrow, in the oppo- site sense, and terminates scarcely before the middle of the outer half of the wing ; the area then diminishes rapidly in size, and is occupied by only three or four straight, oblique, distant branches, none of which are long, and which become continually shorter apically. The anal area is lost, as well as most of the anal furrow, which apparently terminates not far from the end of the basal third of the wing. The length of the wing is 28 mm. ; its breadth 11 mm., and its breadth to its length as 1 : 2.5. It was therefore somewhat smaller than the average of the genus. The frag- ment probably represents the upper surface of the left wing, and is nearly perfect, the tip being broken in two places, and the entire anal area absent; the interspaces are filled with a well-preserved reticulation of polyhedral cells. Geinitz compares this species with Etohl. euglyptica, and, although he mentions Anthracohl. porrecta, foils to see how much more closely it resembles the latter species. Besides the differences he points out in his comparison with the former, the stouter form of the wing and the inferior origin of the extemomedian branches should be mentioned. Of the species of Anthracoblattina, it most nearly resembles A. porrecta, but differs from it in being less parallel-sided, in the unequal width of the mediastinal area, the frequent forking of the mediastinal branches, and especially in the more simple and regular branching of the scapular and extemo- median veins; besides these points, the scapular-extemomedian interspace strikes the margin below and not at the apex, and the intemomedian branches are more distant. It A nthracoblattina dradenii*. 113 is also Bomewhat closely allied to the much larger Anthracohl. sopita, from which it differs principally in the unequal width of the mediastinal area, and the form and infrequent branches of the intemomedian area. In the form of the latter area, indeed, it differs from all other species of the genus, the course of the intemomedian vein in all the others being broadly and somewhat uniformly arched, while in this it is rather strongly sinuous or sigmoid, and has an unusually small number of branches. The single specimen known was found in the rubbish at the mouth of the Kaiserschacht, near Klein-Opitz, in Saxony, and, according to Geinitz, is the oldest insect known from the rocks of Saxony. Upper carboniferous. [The publication of thio species was known to me, by the kind communication of Dr. Geinitz, only after the plates were engraved and the printing of the text well advanced. I have, however, been able to place the species in its proper position in the text, to add a wood-cut, and even to alter all references to the genus where necessary.] Anthraooblattina porreota. PI. 4, fig. 5. Blattina porreeta E. Gein., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral, 1875, 6, taf. 1, fig. 4; — lb., Neue Aufschl. Dyas v. Weiss., 6, taf. 1, fig. 4 ; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20. Fore wing. The wing is long and narrow, subequal, the costal border strongly arcvate at the base, but beyond very gently convex to the rather broad, well-rounded tip ; the inner margin is broken, but probably nearly straight ; the veins originate at about the middle of the base, and curve gently upward before becoming longitudinal. The mediastinal vein follows very closely the costal margin, but at considerable distance, approaching it very gradually in the apical half of the wing, and terminating only just before the apical sixth of the wing ; it emits nine or ten oblique, straight, generally simple veins, and occupies about one-third the breadth of the wing. The scapular vein has a regular, gently and and broadly sinuous curve, runs subparallel to the costal margin, and terminates at the tip of the same ; it breaks into two shoots judt before the middle of the wing, the lower of which emits two apical, superior, simple branches ; the upper, at subequidistant intervals, three straight, superior branches, the basal forked, the others simple, similar in direction and appearance to the apical branches of the mediastinal area. The extemomedian vein runs closely parallel to the preceding, and emits two inferior branches, one at the point where the scapular vein divides, which is doubly forked, and the other nearly half way to the margin, which is probably singly forked. The intemomedian vein is regularly and rather gently arcuate, and terminates on the inner margin a little before the extremity of the mediastinal' vein, and emits four long and very gently arcuate, simple branches at regular intervals from the middle of the basal half of the wing. The anal furrow is distinct, very regularly and broadly arcuate, terminating scarcely before the middle of the wing ; the anal veins are simple, arcuate, and apparently distant. The wing is a large one, measuring 34 mm. in length, and 12.5 mm. in breadth, the breath being to the length as 1 : 2.7. The only example known is nearly perfect, and if the upper surface is exposed, represents a left wing, whose inner margin is nowhere well defined, the anal field obscured, and an unimportant fragment of the tip missing. As Geinitz says, it is clearly distinct from any other species, and is peculiar for the reversed similarity of the scapular and extemomedian veins, which occupy equal spaces on either 114 1 ^■^1 ii' i. '"■i;l side of the extreme apex. It is much smaller than the preceding species, from which it also differs in form, in the width of the mediastinal area, and the very different distribution of the scapular and externomedian branches. It probably agrees better in size with Anthr. R'dckerti, from which it is abundantly distinct by the much earlier division of the scapular and externomedian veins. From the succeeding species, Anthr. winteriana, it differs strikingly in the greater width of the mediastinal area, and in the distribution of the branches of the extei-nomedian veins. The single specimen was found in the coal shales of Weissig, near Pillnitz, Saxony. Lower Dyas. Anthraooblattina winteriana. PI. 4, fig. 12. Blattina winteriana Gold., Neues Jahrb. f Mineral, 1870, 288-89, figs. 1-4; — lb., Faun. saraep. foss., ii, 19, 25-26, 51, taf 1, fig. 11. Fore wing. The basal third or thereabouts of the wing being broken, its shape cannot be fully described, but in the parts which are preserved are some unique peculiarities ; the costal margin, straight in the middle of the wing, is afterwards strongly curved, and meets the almost equally curved inner margin at nearly a right angle, the tip being bluntly angu- lated, an extremely rare occurrence in palaeozoic cockroaches. The mediastinal vein is nearly straight, m near proximity to the costal margin, and when the latter begins to curve toward the apex, this curves in an opposite direction, giving the mediastinal area an elon- gated lancet-shaped form ; the vein terminates at some distance before the apex, probably scarcely before the apical sixth of the \(ing, and emits a considerable number of rather distant, straight, simple or forked, oblique branches, becoming more longitudinal toward the tip ; the area is probably not more than a sixth of the width of the wing, at the middle. The scapular vein is rather widely separated from the mediastinal, and forks probably not far from the middle of the wing, and continues then in a nearly straight line, subparallel to the costal border, and terminates below the tip of the wing, being near the apex double the greatest width of the mediastinal area ; it emits, at subequidistant intervals, four straight longitudinal branches, the first compound, the second forked beyond the middle, the others simple, the ultimate branches much more closely crowded than the mediastinal branches. The externomedian vein divides close to the base of the wing, in exactly what manner cannot be said ; for in the only specimen known, three very straight veins, which most probably belong to this area, appear at <.he basal edge o^ the fragment, the outer ones forking once beyond the middle of the wing, all parallel to the scapular vein, and occupying a small area near the extremity of the inner margin, shorter than that occupied at the margin by the scapular area, and, by the nearly uniform width of the area throughout the wing, forming a striking contrast to the fan-shaped disposition of the scapular branches. The internomedian vein is also parallel to the same veins, showing only a slight tendency to an arcuate course, and terminating at the same distance from the apex as the mediastinal vein ; it emits four or more, rather distant, simple or forked, straight and oblique branches. The length of the fragment is stated by Goldenberg to be about 22 mm., its breadth 13 mm. ; the entire length can only be roughly conjectured ; it may have been 30 mm. long, or above the medium size ; its breadth was to its length probably as 1 : 2.3. Golden- berg's illustration of the natural size would, however, make the fragment only 18.5 mm. long , or his magnified drawing only 21 mm. ; the enlargement on our plate chances to ■i 115 have been based for size upon the smallest of these figures, and is therefore doubtless too small ; in length it should have clorely resembled Anthr. Buckerti. The fragment repre- sents the upper surface of a left wing, in which the basal third, the whole anal field, and part of the internomedian is destroyed. The veins are all deeply impressed, and the inter- spaces are correspondingly vaulted, but the mediastinal vein, probably by the mode of preservation, is sharply elevated into a ridge. Goldenberg describes the cross venation as nearly effaced, but where traces of it are found, as consisting of a network of delicate quadrangular meshes, visible only by considerable enlargement. This wing is very peculiar, not only for its pointed apex, but for its elevated mediastinal vein, perhaps due, as remarked, to accident ; and also for the nearly equal breadth of its long externomedian area, which is the more striking because unaccompanied by corre- sponding differences in other parts. These peculiarities forbid any reference of this form to any other species, and render unnecessary any special comparison with allied types. It is placed in its present position, however, because it resembles the preceding species in the dis- tribution of the scapular and mediastinal branches, and the following in the narrowness of the mediastinal area, more than it does the other species ; but the resemblance is not very great, nor does it extend to other important parts of the wing. Goldenberg compares it to Blattina russoma, but only as regards the size. The single specimen was found in the Dudweiler coal-pit, near Saarbriicken, Germany. Middle carboniferous. Antbraeoblattma RemigiL PI. 4, fig. 2. Blattina Bemigii Dohrn, Palaeont., xvi, 133-34, taf 8, fig. 3 ; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20, 26-27, 51, taf 1, fig. 13. Fore wing. Nearly the whole of the inner margin is wanting, so that the form of the wing cannot be definitely stated ; it would appear, however, to have been nearly equal or slightly tapering, for the principal veins are straight for most of their course, and the costal border is very gently and regularly convex, with the appearance of a fully-rounded apex. The veins originate from above the middle of the wing, and have only a very broad and gentle upward curve near the base. The mediastinal vein runs subparallcl to the costal margin, very gradually approaching it, a little more rapidly as the apical third of the wing is entered, terminating scarcely before the apical sixth of the wing ; the area is about one- fifth the breadth of the wing, and is filled with a large number (eight to ten) of arcuate, simple branches, longitudinally oblique even at the start, and becoming nearly longitudinal toward the apex. The externomedian vein is much more distant from the mediastinal than from the internomedian vein, has a very gently arcuate, longitudinal course, parallel to the costal margin in the basal two-thirds of the wing, and terminates at the very tip of the wing ; it divides, a little before the middle of the wing, into two branches, each of which fork near the tip of the wing only. The externomedian vein runs in close proximity to the pre- ceding, is straight beyond the basal nfth oi the wing, is represented by Dohrn as first dividing in the apical third of the wing, and emitting two cimple inferior branches ; the space, however, in the apical half of the wing between the externomediaxi and interno- median veins is so great, that there must certainly be at least another, and that probably a forking vein, originating a little beyond the middle of the wing and occupying this space. 7 116 The internomedian vein is rather strongly and regularly arcuate throughout, and termi- nates probably about as far from the tip of the wing as the mediastinal vein ; it emits only three similarly arcuate, long, and very distant branches. The anal furrow is not very deeply impressed, rather strongly and regularly arcuate, terminating at a little before the middle of the wing ; as the veins originate above the middle of the base, even including the anal furrow, the anal area is very large ; the anal veins, to the number of six or seven, are rather distant and simple, at first arcuate, afterwards nearly straight. The wing is one of the smaller ones, the fragment measuring 14 mm. in length and 6.2 mm. in breadth, the whole wing being probably about 15.5 mm. in length, and the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.5. A large part of the lower outer portion of the wing is broken, but the course of the veins is pretty clear throughout ; the upper surface of the wing, which is a left one, is exposed, on which the veins are slightly elevated ; but the anal furrow is rather indistinct and depressed, the anal area being vaulted to a considerable degree, while the middle of the wing is rather concave ; no cross venation can be seen. The distant venation of the lower part of the wing, i. e., in the anal and internomedian areas, is in unusual contrast to the crowded distribution of the other branches, and marks this wing as very distinct from others; so, too, the narrowness and equality of the space between the mediastinal and internomedian veins in the basal half of the wing is rather peculiar, and allies the species to the foUo.wing; from which, however, it is remarkably dis- tinct in the narrowness of the mediastinal area ; in this particular, one is reminded only of the preceding species, but the distribution of all the other veins is very different. Dohrn and Goldenberg compare it to Hermatohl. lebachensis, with which, indeed, the general resemblance is greater than with perhaps any other palaeozoic cockroach ; but besides its lesser size and the comparative narrowness and equality of the mediastinal area, we find the scapular branches superior, instead of being inferior, as in Hermatohl. lebachensis. The single specimen was found in an argillaceous schist in a coal-pit on the Remigius- berge, near Ousel, in Rheinpflalz. Upper carboniferous. !l Anttaraooblattina RliekertL PI. 4, fig. 1. Blattina EUckerti Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1869, 163-64, taf. 3, fig. 11. Fore wing. The apex of the wing only being preserved, and that not perfect, it is im- possible to describe the form of the wing ; the apical half of the costal border, however, is preserved, showing a curve very similar to that of the species last described. The medias- tinal vein, if I hnve ri^^htly interpreted it, is remarkably distant from the costal margin, so that the area must occi'py more than a third of the width of the wing, terminating just before the apical s'T.,th of the wing, and possessing distant, simple, nearly straight, and oblique branches. The scapular vein is straight or scarcely arcuate in an opposite sense to the costal margin, in t^ : outer half of the wing, and terminates scarcely before the tip, dividing only in the apical third of the wing, and emitting at rather wide angles three simple or forked branches. The extemomediat: runs down the middle line of the wing exactly parallel and close to the preceding, begins to divide at the same point, and has two equally divergent, simply or doubly forked branches, occupying an exactly equivalent area to those of the scapular vein. The internomedian vein is gently arcuate in the distal half .1 " I. ! . 117 of its courfle, terminating a little beyond the modinstinal vein, and has a large number of straight, oblique, crowded branches, Himple or deeply forked. The length of the fragment is 16.5 mm.; its breadth, 13.5 mm. ; probably the length of the wing was about 30 mm., or a little above the medium size, and the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.2. The restored parts in our plate, however, no doubt represent the wing as too broad, the projecting part of the internomedian area being inaccurately drawn. Goldenberg describes the interspaces as filled with parallel and straight cross lines. If the upper surface is exposed, the wing is a left one. It is peculiar for the great width of the mediastinal area, even if we have carried it a single vein too far inward ; and the regularly opposed and straight distribution of the branches on opposite sides of tlie scapular-externomedian interspace, which follows nearly the middle line of the wing, gives it a peculiar aspect. Goldenberg compares it to Her- matohl. lehachensia, but the different position of the scapular branches, superior instead of inferior, at once distinguishes it from that, not to mention the points referred to by him. It is more nearly allied -to Anthr. Remigii, from which, however, it may be distinguished at a glance by the far less arcuate form and the much greater frequency of the interno- median branches. Goldenberg neglects to record this species (of his own description) in his Catalogue of fcssil cockroaches (Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19-21.) A single specimen, from the Max coal-pit of Stockheim, Oberfranken. Dyas. Oerablattlna nov. gon. (;>'>'<;, Blattinn). Blaitina Auct (pars). The mediastinal vein of the front wing runs parallel or subparallel to the costal margin, and generally rather distant from it, frequently more distant in the middle of its course than elsewhere, and terminates generally beyond the middle of the apical ualf of the wing, frequently far toward thie very apex ; it sends a large, sometimes a very large, number of oblique, straight or curving, usually simple branches to the costal margin. As the division between the scapular and externomedian areas is at or before the tip of the wing (in a single species, G. Mahri, perhaps slightly beyond it), the scapular area is nece.-»i3arily much restricted ; generally speaKing, it is limited to only a few apical branches, which scarcely originate before the middle ' 1 the apical half of the wing ; and in one or two, such as G, Geinitzi and G. Munateri, there is only a single apical fork; but in G. Germari and G. weiaaiana there are several branches, which originate near the middle of the wing: the American species, however, seem to form a distinct section ; for notwithstanding that the great length of the mediastinal vein is still retained, the scapular vein begins to branch before the middle of the wing, and emits three or four branches, some of which branch again, and that more than once ; the branches of this vein are always superior, whether the extent of the branching be considerable or slight. The externomedian vein is very similar to the scapular, although in some, but not all, of the species in which the scapular area is greatly reduced, it does not suffer to a corresponding extent; in the species placed at the head of the series, as well as in G. Geinitzi and G. Miinateri, it is considerably more extensive than the scapular area, but in the others, including the American species, it is very simi- larly developed ; all the branches are likewise superior, so that the reverse obliquity of the 118 branches of neighboring veins appea^' in this genus in the interspace between the extemo« median and internoincdian veins. The combined intcrnomedian and anal areas occupy, in the species at the head of the series, somewhat more than half of the width of the wing at the base, about one-half or slightly more than that in the others ; and it generally dimin- ishes gradually and regularly in width, and terminates, with rare exceptions, nearer the tip than does the long mediastinal vein ; in some species the intcrnomedian vein is nearly straight ; in others, however, while there is at first a rapid diminution in the breadth oi the area, the vein afterwards runs parallel to the inner border, and extends the area far toward the tip of the wing ; the vein has a large number of subparallel, straight or gently curving branches, which are indifferently simple or branched, and the obliquity of which corresponds in most cases very closely, although in a reverse sense, to the branches of the mediastinal vein. The anal furrow is generally pronounced, and straight or gently curved ; in one or two, however, it is very arcuate, and, while somewhat irregular in ter- mination, its tip seems never to be far removed from the end of the baaal third of the wing ; the anal veins, where known, are frequent, parallel, arcuate, and generally simple in the European species and in one of the American species ; but in the other Am« '•lean spe- cies, G. fascigera, they are very different, being nearly straight, multiple-forked, running in a direction somewhat divergent from that of the anal furrow, and approaching the latter only near its termination. , The wings in this genus are slightly above the average in slenderness, being precisely the same, as a whole, as in Etoblattina, the breadth being contained in the length scarcely less than two and three-quarter times. This genus appears to be most nearly allied to Hermatoblattina, from which it differs sufficiently in the superior position of the branches of the scapular vein ; from Etoblattina and Archimylacris it may be separated at once by the great length of the mediastinal area f from Anthracoblattina it differs in having the branches of the e.xtomomedian vein superior and not inferior ; Progonoblattina, with the wide extent and importance of its scapular and externomedian areas, is readily distinguished from it ; Oryctoblattina for similar rea- sons, as well as for many others, cannot be confounded with it; while the strong backward curve of the externomedian vein in Petroblattina, with the extensive area covered by its longitudinal branches, separates it from that genus at a glance. Most of the species of the genus, which next to Etoblattina is the richest in known forms, come from the old world ; but two American species must be placed here, although the extensive development of the scapular vein wnjld perhaps, as suggested above, warrant separating them as a peculiar section. U: ;'' ti '* Oerablattina OoldenbergL PI. 3, fig. 18. Blattina Goldenbergi Mahr, Neues Jahrb. s Mineral., 1870, 282-84, fig. 1 ; — Gold., Faun. saraep. foss., ii, 19. Fore wing. The apical third of the wing being lost, its precise form cannot be described, but it was evidently long and narrow ; the costal margin is regularly and rather strongly arcuate, with a very prominent humeral lobe, the inner margin straight, with its basal angle rather broadly rounded. The veins originate much below the middle of the ba£e and curve strongly upward over a considerable distance, so as soon to occupy the middle of I 119 the upper two-thirdn of the wing. The mediastinal area is nearly one-third the width of the wing, Ihe main vein running parallel with the cofltal margin for a long dintance, probably over the basal two-thirdH of the wing, beginning to turn toward the border only at the very extremity of the fragment, and probably reaching the border at no great diHtance before the tip of the wing; it emitf* nearly a dozen distant, nearly straight, simple and oblique branches. The scapular vein runs closely parallel to the preceding throughout the frag- ment, supposing the two veins which appear to originate from its under surface to represent the externomedian vein ; whether this interpretation is correct, neither the description nor the illustration of Mahr enable us to state positively ; but the resemblance of this wing to others of the genus in which we place it renders it probable thn't here, as is usually the case in the genus, the scapular is of less importance than the externomedian vein, and in such a case only one of the three veins which lie between the mediastinal and intemomedian veins in the middle of the wing can belong to the scapular vein ; although this vein is simple in the iiragment, the turn of the mediastinal vein toward the costal border renders it nearly cer- tain that it forks at least once or twice in the apical third of the wing. The externomedian vein, on the same assumption, divides into two branches before the middle of the wing, each of which again forks beyond the middle of the wing, and undoubtedly branches again beyond that, probably occupying upon the mnrgin all the space from a little above the tip to the extremity of the intemomedian area ; the general course of the vein is at first strongly arcuate, afterwards longitudinal. The intemomedian vein is strongly arched in the basal half of the wing, then becomes straight or bent a little toward a longitudinal direction, and probably terminates about as far from the tip as the mediastinal vein ; it emits only three branches, the first forked, the others simple, all gently arcuate, oblique, and distant; the veins of this aiea are represented by exceedingly heavy lines in Mahr's illustration, but as he makes no mention of any difference between them and the others, this is probably an error. The anal furrow is very strongly arcuate indeed and deeply im- pressed, terminating, probably, a little before the middle of the wing; the anal veins, according to Mahr, are ten in number, but many more are represented in his figure, which is carefully followed in our plate; these are all arcuate, regular, simple, and, in striking contrast to the other areas, closely crowded. The wing is of medium size, the length of the wing being 15.5 mm., while the entire length of the wing is probably about 23 mm. ; its breadth is 9 mm., and the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.55. From Mahr's statement that the anal field is concave, the under surface is evidently exposed to view, and the wing is therefore a right one. It is remarkable for the great extent of its anal area, by which it is readily separated from all the species of the genus in which this area is known, and for the close proximity of the veins in this area as contrasted with their wider separation in the rest of the wing ; in the uniform belt-like nature of the mediastinal area it resembles several of the species, particularly G. clnthrata, G. intermedia, and G. Mahri ; irom the first of these it is quickly distinguished by the distance of the branches of the mediastinal vein, in which particidar it more nearly resembles the other species ; from G. Mahri it differs greatly in size and in the convexity of the costal margin ; and from G. intermedia in the early division of the externomedian vein and the strongly-curved intemomedian vein. A single specimen, from an argillaceous schist between the third and fourth veins of the Ilmenau coal basin, Manebach. Upper carboniferous. !l ill I 120 m !r Oerablattina elathrata. PI. 8, fig. 4. Blattina elathrata Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 288, 294-96, pi., figs. 3, 3", S*" ; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. Fore wing. The extreme tip and most of the anal area are wanting, and the inner mar- gin is also broken, so that the precise form is uncertain ; it is, however, tolerably broad, and the costal border rather strongly and regularly arcuate, much as in the preceding species, but with a very slight humeral lobe ; the principal veins are all almost similarly arcuate, origirating near the middle line of the wing, and running subparallel to the costal margin ; the branches on either side being very frequent, long, and straight, and, parting from their stems at an equal angle, give the wing a peculiai'ly simple appearance. The mediastinal vein run« nearly parallel to the costal margin, but is more distant from it in the middle than at the nase of the wing, is bent at the origin of its first branch, the humeral lobe being devoid of branches, begins to approach the margin a little beyond the middle of the wing and terminates at the very end of the fragment, or probably about midway be- tween the middle of the costal border and the extreme tip of the wing ; it emits about a dozen closely-crowded, straight or nearly straight, simple or occasionally apically-forked, oblique and nearly parallel branches, the direction of the apical not diverging greatly from that of the basal branch ; the area is very broad, occupying nearly one-third the breadth of the wing. The scapular vein, appearing to originate from the same stem as the externo- median and to separate from it in the middle of the basal half of the wing, runs close and parallel to the mediastinal, until that vein turns toward the costal margin ; it retains there- fifter its former direction for some distance, and then turns very slightly and gradually up- ward, and terminates just before the tip ; in this apical portion it emits three closely approximated branches, the first next the last branch of the mediastinal vein, and basally forked, the others simple and soon parallel to the main stem. The extemomedian vein does not fork until past the middle of the wing, and, just this portion being destroyed, it is impossible to give a precise statement, but in any case the distribution of the veins is peculiar, for the three or four straight and simple branci\es, which occupy the tip of the ^ving and run subparallel to the scapular branches, spring, in the apical fourth of the wing, from a vein which runs almost exactly parallel with the costal border, and in continuation of the main extemomedian vein ; while the other three or four branches, which strike the apical part of the inner margin, run parallel to the internomedian branches, and are much longer than the other extemomedian branches, running parallel to each other in a straight and simple course, and originating, in some indeterminable manner, scarcely beyond the middle of the wing. The internomedian vein is rather strongly and very regularly arcuate, terminates a little nearer the apex than the mediastinal area, and emits about ten nearly straight, very long, parallel, oblique veins, the first doubly forked, the others simple; the area at its broadest occupies considerably more than half the breadth of the wing. The anal furrow is well Impressed, strongly arcuate, apically nearly straight, terminating not much beyond the basal third of the wing ; one or two fragments of anal veins ntxt to the furrow are preserved, running parallel to the same. The wing is of rather large size, one of the largest of the genus, the fragment measuring 32 mm. in length, and 13.5 mm. in breadth; the whole wing ia probably 35 mm. long, according to Heer, the breadth being to the length as 1 : 2.6. By some accident it has i" "^^ ^■il 121 been represented upon my plate as magnified slightly less than twice. From Heer's description of the reticulation, probably the upper surface is exposed, and the wing is that of the left side ; all the interspaces, according to Heer, are filled with a very fine network, as in Oryctobl. reticvlata, consisting of polygonal cells, forming from two to four rows in each interspace; whence the specific name. The species is peculiar for the regular distribution of the branches, parting in a uniform manner on either side of the principal veins ; and for the unusual distinction of the upper and lower branches of the externomedian vein, which take the direction, — the upper of the scapular, the lower of the internomedian branches. In the great breadth, length, and uni- formity of the mediastinal .irea, this insect resembles several of the species of Gerablattina, but especially G. Goldenbergi and G. Mahri. In the form of the wing it most resembles the former species, from which it is readily distinguished by its larger size, the much greater extent of its internomedian and much smaller extent of its anal area. From Gerahl. inter- media, with which it agrees to a certain extent in the apical division of the scapular and externomedian branches, it is readily separated by the far more crowded neuration and the larger size of the wing. The single specimen comes from the coal-measures of Manebach, in Thiiringen, asso- ciated with leaves of Pecojiteris arborescens. Upper carboniferous. Gerablattina intermedia. PI. 3, tig. 11. Blattina intermedia Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19, 24-25, 51, taf. 1, figs. 10, 10". Fore wing. The wing is of an obovate form, its regularity only lost by the prominence of the anal angle and the relatively diminished size of the humeral lobe ; the costal border is considerably arcuate, but the humeral lobe so little developed as to be less full than the inner angle ; the inner margin is gentlj' arcuate, and the tip broad and broadly rounded ; the veins originate from about the middle, perhaps above the middle, of the base, and are gently arcuate at their origin. The mediastinal vein, subparallel to and rathet distant from the costal margin, turns rather rapidly toward it somewhat beyond the middle of the wing, and terminates in the middle of the outer half of the wing, emitting seven distant, arcuate, oblique, parallel, simple branches ; the area occupies a little less than one-third the breadth of the wing. The scapular vein runs parallel to the costal mar- gin until it branches in the middle of the third quarter of the wing, beyond which it cui ves toward the margin, and half way to it emits a s(>cond and only other branch, which is simple, the first being forked. The externomedian vein, which appears to be coalesced with the preceding in the basal fourth of the wing, runs parallel to the internomedian, and does not fork until it has reached the apical fourth, when it only emits from its upper sur- face two simple, short, and straight branches, which, with tlie main vein, occupy the tip of the wing, and leave a wide space between the scapular and extern )median veins. The internomedian vein is rather gently arcuate at the base, and beyond nearly straight, in- clined downward, terminating a little before the tip of the wing, and emitting half a dozen or more distant, straight or gently arcuate, simple or aplcally forked, oblique brunches. The wing is of medium size, measuring 22 mm. in length and 10 mm. in breadth, the breadth to the length being as 1 : 2.2. If the upper surface is exposed, it belongs to the right side. The anal area is lost, but otherwise the wing is perfect, and in certain places, I W 122 i! ,'! I 2"= Si' I ili 1 a says Goldenberg, one may see with a lens a delicate polygonal reticulation in the inter- spaces, which he represents as formed of very closely approximated cross lines, often con- nected near the middle by oblique cross lines, so as to form elongated interdigitating cells. This wing is peculiar, as Goldenberg remarks, for the very slight development of the scapular n,nd externomedian veins, and especially for the apical division of the latter. He might also have added; its open neuration. In comparing it with ^•Blattina flahellata Germ.," Goldenberg doubtless had in mind our Gerahl. Miinsteri, with which it no doubt agrees in general features, but is at once distinguished by the peculiar marks of the species just referred to; it is, however, more closely related to i. species described by Goldenberg at the same time, Gerahl. acaherata, which also has very sparse neuration. It differs from this, however, in the character of the mediastinal branches, which are far more longitudinal in Gerahl. acaherata, and some of them also forked, while the division of the scapular and externomedian veins in that species is even simpler than here. In the apical division of these two veins just mentioned it is related to Gerahl. clathrata, but the smaller size and openness of the neuration at once separate it from that species. The single specimen comes from a bluish bituminous shale at Wemmetsweiler, near Saar- brucken, Germany. Middle carboniferous. Oerablattina scaberata. PI. 3, fig. 3. Blattina acaherata GolcJ., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19, 25, 51, taf. 1, fig. 8. Fore wing. The fragment preserved is exceedingly imperfect, and all that can be said of the form of the wing is that its costal border, away from the two extremities, is nearly straight or scarcely arcuate. The neuration of the wing, however, is suffi- ciently preserved to indicate its probable pltice in this genus, and to distinguish it from the other species of the same. The mediastinaal vein runs parallel to the border in the basal third of the wing, then approaches it very gradually, terminating in the middle of the apical half; it is very distant from the margin, the •^rea probably occupying about one-third the width of the wing ; it emits half a dozen straight and very long, longitudinally oblique veins, some of the basal ones rather deeply forked, the others simple, and all distant. The scapular vein terminates just before the tip, is nearly straight from beginning to end, and probably emits only a single, and that a simple, branch at the middle of the outer half of the wing ; for there is hardly space for more. The externomedian vein runs in a straight course down the middle of the wing, and can hardly fork more than once,^ and that beyond the middle. For the internomedian vein also runs in a straight line along more than half the wing, and must terminate scarcely below the tip ; only one branch of this vein can be seen, and this has an unusually longitudinal trend, like the branches of the mediastinal vein. The wing is of tolerably large size, the length of the fragment being 25 mm. ; its breadth, 7.5 mm. ; the probable length of the wing is 30 mm., but its breadth can only be conjectured. The base, almost the whole of the lower half of the wing, and a large part of the tip are lost. If the upper surface is exposed, the wing is of the right side. Gold- enberg mentions that no reticulation can be discovered, but that the interspaces are sprinkled with small raised points. * In the plate the branch of thb vein should have been given in dotted llies at the base ns well m beyond. 123 The wing is peculiar for the longitudinal direction of the branches of the mediastinal and internomedian veins, and also for the simplicity of the scapular and externomedian branch- ing ; the hitter, indeed, is only inferred, but reasonably so, from the openness of the exist- ing neuration, the small space left for branches, and the extreme straightness of the prin- cipal veins, which is another peculiar feature of the species. It is more nearly related to the preceding species than to any other, but is readily distinguished from it by all the features above named, and by the straightness of the costal margin. The single specimen was found in a bluish bituminous shale from the culm of the Alten- wald mine, near Saarbriicken, Germany. Middle carboniferous. Oerablattina GeinitzL PI. 'i, fig. 11. Blattina Ge'mitzi G d., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1869, 160-61, taf 3, fig. 5 ; — lb.. Faun. saraep. foss., ii, 19. Fore Aving. The wing is of peculiar form, the costal margin being straight nearly to the tip, while the inner border is rather strongly ai'cuate and the tip well rounded ; Golden- berg considers the humeral angle as complete, and therefore statts, as another point in con- trast to the form of the wing in other ancient cockroaches, that it does not project so far basully as the anal angle; but this would hardly seem consistent (to the extent figured) with the use of the wing, and we are thereiore forced to believe the wing imperfect. The veins originate from the middle of ^ue upper half of the base, and do not curve upward. The mediastinal vein, owing to the straij^htness and basal contraction of the costal margin, is nearer the margin basally tlian beyond, pursuing an arcuate course, first divergent from, afterwards convergent with the margin, and terminating only a little before the apex, or at the extremity of the straight portion of the margin ; the area is widest in the middle of the wing, where it is less than a fourth of the entire width of the wing, and is filled with frequent, longitudinally oblique, simple, arcuate veins, about eight in number. The scap- ular vein is remarkable for its excessive simplicity, following close to the mediastinal vein, and forking once only and close to the extremity, beyond the origin of the ? ist mediastinal branch. The externomedian, on the contrary, has a broadly sinuous course through nearly the middle of the wing, and although it begins to fork before the end of the basal third, it only occupies, with its three branches, the extreme apical border of the wing ; the branches are equidistant, the last emitted before the end of the middle third of the wing, superior, longitudinal, and closely crowded apically, the first one (in the only specimen known) simple, the next simply, the last doubly forked. The internomedian vein is subarcuate, or bent in a sense opposite to what is usual in palaeozoic cockroaches, the basal half beiiig nearly straight and bent downward, the apical nearly straight and sublongitudinal, termi- nating just before the tip, where the scapular vein ends, and emitting about eight crowded, subarcuate, simple or forked veins, the apical much more longitudinal than the ba.sal. The anal furrow appears to be lightly impressed, gently arcuate, terminating a little before the middle of the wing; the fivc unal veins are at first simple and arcuate, like the furrow, afterwards forked and straighter. The wing is of small size, measuring 14 mm. in length and 4.75 mm. in breadth ; or the breadth to the length nearly as 1 : 3. If the upper surface is exposed, the wing is from the right side. Goldenberg makes no mention of the surface characters. The wing is • mi il •If I 124 unusually perfect, but probably the basal portion at the humeral lobe is wanting. It is peculiar for the straightnesa of its costal margin as contrasted with the fullness of the inner margin, for the basal narrowing of the mediastinal field, and for the extreme apical simple forking of the scapular vein. In the first and last of these features it is undoubt- edly allied to the preceding species, but is readily distinguished from that by its narrower mediastinal field, as well as by abundant division of the externomedian vein,' the smaller size of the wing, and the nujch more crowded neiu'ation. Gerahl. Miinsteri has a some- what similar scapular vein, and also has a crowded neuration, but it also has an extremely wide mediastinal field, in striking contrast to this species ; its straight costal margin also at once separates this species from Gerahl. JUiinsleri, as indeed from all the other xmmentioned species of this genus. The single specimen found comes from Ltibejiin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Oerablattina Miinsteri. PI. 2, iig. 12. Blattina flahellata Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, 84-85, tab. 31, fig. 5% 5"; — Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 315. Not Bl. flahellata Germ., Miinst. Beitr. (for which see Etohl. flahellata). Fore wing. The costal margin is rather strongly and regularly arcuate, while the inner margin is straight ; and the Aving, being broadest at the end of the basal third, tapers very regularly thereafter to the tip, which is broken, but probably weli-roimded ; the veins orig- inate a little above the middle of the base, and curve a little upward at first. The medias- tinal vein is arcuate at base, straight and subparallel with the costal margin beyond and past the middle of the wing, curving gently toward the margin, which it does not reach until about the middle of the apical foiu'th of the wing ; the area is very broad, being fully two- fifths the entire breadth of the Aving in the middle of the latter, and emits a large nuniber, a dozen or more, of nearly straight, mostly simple, occasionally forked, branches, the basal ones transversely oblique, the apical longitudinally oblique. The scapular vein is very sim- ple, broadly sinuate, follows the course of the mediastinal vein, and, passing nearly through the centre of the wing, forks once in the middle of the apical half of the wing, and occupies only an extremely narrow area on the extreme apical portion of the costal margin. The externomedian vein appears to be coalesced with the scapidar in the basal fourth of the wing, but both before and after its separation follows exactly parallel and close to the inter- nomedian vein, which terminates probably almost as near the apex '.s the scapular vein, leaving for the externomedian vein only the very apex of the wir.g ; it begins to branch a little before the middle of the wing, and emits, at equidistant intervals, three longitudinal branches, the middle one arising in the middle of the wing, and simple, the others simply or doubly forked, so that the apex is crowded with veins. The internomedian vein is rather strongly arcuate at base, then runs downward in a nearly straight line toward the middle of the apical half of the inner margin, until nearly the end of the middle third of the wing, when it turns suddenly outward, and runs parallel to the inner border, doubtless afterwards approaching it, and probably terminating only when the apical margin is reached ; it emits about eight straight, oblique veins, the short apical ones only slightly more longitudinal, all simple excepting one which is compound, and fills the apical part of the regular portion of the area. The anal furrow is distinctly impressed, rather gently and regularly arcuate, and 125 '' terminates a little beyond the biusal third of tiie wing; the anal veins, six in number, arc simple and similarly arcuate. The wing is somewhat below the medium size, the fragment being 17.25 nun long and 6.5 mm. broad; probably the real length of the wing is 18.5 mm., and the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.85. The upper surface of the wing appears to be exposed, and is that of the left side. Gcrmar speaks of the principal mediastinal and internomedian veins as delicate. Germar confounded this species with that formerly described by him in Miinster's Beitriige imder the name of Bl.Jlahellata. It is indeed very close in general appearance, but if the figure given in Miinster's Beitriige is correct, two species belonging to diflerent gener.t are indicated. The principal dift'erence is to be found in the upper half of the wing. In Elohl. flahellata (as lirst described, and as we have restricted it), the mediastinal area is veiy nar- row, and the vein terminates at about the middle of the costal niargin ; in Gerald. Man- steri, on the other hand, the area is very broad, and the vein teruiinates only just before the apex. In Etohl. Jhthellafn again the scapular area is extensive, and filled with many veins ; in Ge.rahl. Miinsterl, the scapular vein is simply forked once. Or, to put it other- wise, the branches of the basal half of the mediastinal vein of Gerahl. 3Iiinsteri. are trans- ferred, in Etohl. Jlabellata, to another short principal vein, running above the mediiustinal, and which does not exist in Gerahl. Mtniftteri ; while the scapular vein of the latter, amal- gamated at base with the three-branched externomedian vein, is to be considered, in Etohl. Jlabellata, as the basal branch of a four-branched externomedian vein. The close resem- blance of the externomedian and internomedian areas in the two wings would have led me to consider the illustration in Miinster's Beitriige as simply faulty, were it not for the follow'':g considerations : First, Gcrmar makes no mention of any such error, but merely quotes the reference in his synonymy. Second, there are several points of difference besides those pointed out ; for instance, the shape of the wing, which is less tapering in Etohl. flahellata, with a less arcuate costal, and a more arcuate inner margin ; the com- pound branch of the internomedian vein, found just beyond the middle of the wing in Gerahl. Milnsteri, is represented in Etohl. flahellata by a pair of forked branches, having a widely distinct origin ; the simply forked vein which I have considered the scapular in Gerahl. 3I'unsteri originates from the externomedian vein nuich nearer the base than in Etohl. flahellata; and the borders of the broken tip do not agree in the two wings. Third, if they are to be considered the same, the correct drawing is certainly the later one, but the structure of the mediastinal vein is circumstantially described, as well as figured, in both, of Germar's works, in each case corresponding to the illustration in the same work ; yet the structure of the wing of Etohl. flahellata is wholly in keeping with that of the genus Kto- blattina, which comprises the largest proportion of the Eiu'opean palaeozoic cockroaches, and is indeed very closely related indeed to that of Etohl. aflinis and Etohl. anthracophlla, as we have already pointed out ; and were it not for the rcuuirkable similarity of the distri- bution of the nervures referred in Etohl. flahellata to the externomedian vein, it scarcely seems probable that any doubt would arise concerning tlu distinction of the two species. Unless Germar's original types exist, and can be verified, it seems questionable whether the point can really be decided. Germar, in his Wettin fossils, compares this species to Elohlattlna anaglyptica, which he says it closely resembles, so that one might take it for a small specimen of the same, but ois we have seen above, the Wettin species must be placed in Gerublattina and not in Etoblat- 126 SV tina. It is related to Gerabl. GeinUzi by the simple structure of the medio^tinnl vein, and the branching of the internomedian, but is at once distinguishable from it by the extreme breadth of the mediastinal area, and by the general shape of the wing. In the distribution of the oxternomedian veins it also resembles Gerahl. pi'odncta, but it hardly resembles it in any other feature, imless it be the shape of the wing. The structure of this same vein separates it from all the other species of the genus, Giebel plainly described the Wet tin species, and mistaking the scapidar vein for the first branch of the externomedinn (since they are united at the base) considers the internomedian as entirely wanting, and suggests that it should therefore form a peculiar genus. The single specimen comes from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Gtorablattina produota. PI. 3, fig. 2. Blattina euglyptica pars Gold., Neues Jahrb. f Mineral., 1869, 162-63, taf 3, fig. 9 (nee. 8). Not Bl. euglyptica Germ, (for which see Etohl. euglyptica). Compare also synonymy oi Etohl. Dohrni. Fore wing. The wing is rather broad and subovate, the costal margin strongly and reg- ularly arcuate, contracted at the humeral lobe, the tip well rounded and the inner border nearly straight. The veins originate considerably above the middle of the wing, and are scarcely turned upward at the base. The mediastinal vein, liowever, curves upward nearly as much as usual next the base, where it is unusually near the costal margin ; but beyond the base it is straight, and follows nearly parallel to the costal margin until past the middle of the wing, when it bends very slightly towrrd the margin, and terminates in the middle of the outer half of the wing ; it emits about eight straight, oblique, mostly simple veins, and the area at its widest is scarcely one-quarter the width of the wing. The scapular vein is nearly straight from one end of the wing to the other, and terminates just above the extreme apex, separating an upper third of the wing from a lower two-thirds ; com- mencing to divide at the middle of the wing, it emits four straight, obliquely longitudinal, superior braiiches, the first forked beyond its middle, the others simple. The oxterno- median vein is also nearly straight, but diverges a little Iron? the preceding beyond the basal third of ^!.e Aving, and terminates below the tip of the wing, and n little farther from it than tl i scapular vein ; it commences to branch a little beyond the basal third, and emits about four straight, longitudinal, forked or simple branches at subequal distances all the way to the end. The internomedian vein is somewhat peculiar; straight, or perhaps a little arcuate at the base, it bends downward toward the lower outer angle of the wing in the second fourth of the same, and then takes a longitudinal course nearly parallel to the inner border, which it retains to the end, being throughout this portion of the wing slightly broader than the mediastinal area, or a little more than half the width of the coiribined internomedian and anal areas near the base ; on account of the length of the apical por- tion of this area, I have proposed the above specific name ; the vein emits about eight simple, oblique, straight, arcuate or sinuous, rather distant branches, the apical ones much more longitudinal than the basal. The anal furrow seems to be lightly impressed, rather gently and uniformly arcuate, and terminates at about the end of the middle third of the wing ; the three or more anal veins are similarly arcuate, simple, and unusually distant. ■ !■ i\ 127 The wing is of medium size, being 26.5 mm. long and 11.25 mm. broad, the breadth to the length being as 1 : 2.35. The wing is a right wing, viewed from above, exhibiting no cro88 venation. Goldenberg described this insect as identical with Etohl. Dohrnii, and referred both to iJtobl. eiKjh/ptlca. This species, however, difiurs from both of them in the greater length of the mediastinal area, the later branching of the scapular vein, and the earlier branching of the externomedian vein. From Etohl. euglyptica, and to a lesiser degree from Etohl. Dohrnii, it differs in the unusual form of the internomedian area, one of the characteristic marks of this species ; while the wing is also much broader in proportion to its length than in those species, and differs considerably in form from Etohl. euglyptica. The differences between the other two species are stated in the proper place. The larger size, narrower mediastinal area, and ovate rather than tapering form, as well jis the more complicated scapular vein, distinguish this species from Gerahl. M'dnsteri, to which it appears to be most nearly allied. In the narrowing of its mediastinal area at either extremity, in the character of the exter- nomedian branches, and to a certain extent in the form of the internomedian area, it is to be compared also with Gerahl. Geinitzi; but it diflcrs cry much in the form of the wing as well as in the character of the scapular vein. Froni the species which follow it differs to such an extent in the extended production of the internomedian area, as by no means to be confounded with them. The single specimen comes from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. •Gold., Faun, saraep. Gerablattina QenuarL I'l. 3, iig. G. Blattina sp. Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, 87, tab. 31, fig. 9. Blatta Germari Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 321. Blattina Germari Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix, 288;- foss., ii, 19. Fore wing. The wing is slender and tapers considerably, besides being slightly curved ; the costal margin is very strongly and regularly convex, the inner margin straight or very slightly concave and a little convergent with the costal border, narrowing the rounded tip unusually ; the veins apparently originate near the middle line of the wing, and curve up- ward a little at the base. Beyond the base the mediastinal vein runs longitudinally in a straight line to the middle of the wing, nc a great distance from the costal nuirgin, which it reaches at about the middle of the outer half of the margin ; this area at its broadest occu- pies more than two-fifths the breadth of the wing. The scapular and externomedian vein's appear to run together, and in very close proximity to the mediastinal vein, as far as the mid- dle of the wing, and then divide, the scapular running to the apex of the wing and dividing, so that about half a dozen veins strike the costal nurgin. The externomedian vein, having but a narrow space to expand in, appears to emit only a single forked branch or two from near the middle of its free course, furnishing about five veins to the extremity of the inner margin. The internomedian vein, also running so close to the mediastinal in the basal half of the wing as to occupy the middle line of the wing, and crowding the middle pair of principal veins together, turns toward the inner margin more slowly than does the medias- tinal toward the costal border, and, having throughout a broadly arcuate course, strikes the inner margin a little before the apical sixth of the wing ; it emits four straight, oblique, m III fi'i 128 •p.j. ■ i -A- i simple or apically forked branches. The anal furrow is well impressed, strongly and regu- larly arcuate, and terminaten near the middle of the wing ; the anal veins that can be seen are simple, closely approximate, and similarly orcujite. This is one of the smallest species, measuring only 11.5 mm. in length by 3.75 mm. in breadth, the breadth being to the length rather more than 1:3. If the upper surface is exposed, it is a left wing. Germar does not describe it, believing the neuration too imper- fect for determination ; but it is sufficiently preserved, to judge from his illustration (on which this description is based), to determine its generic and specific relations with a reason- able certitude. The form, excepting perhaps at the base, is well preserved, and this separates it at once from all known species. In size it agrees only with Elohl. parvula and Elobl. insignia, from which it is at once separated by the extent of the mediastinal area. The mediastinal branches are obliterated, as well as the base of those of the scapular and exter- nomedian areas, but the extent of the mediastinal area, and the common distance from the base at which the scapular and externomedian veins divide, show that it belongs to this genus ; while by the close approximation of all the principal veins in the basal half of the wing, as well as by its size and form, it is readily distinguishable from all the other species of the genus. It has no very close affinities to any of the species, although perhaps nearest to Gerahl. Mahri, beside which we have placed it. One specimen, Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Oerablattina MahrL PI. 3, fig. 14. Blattina Mahri, Gold., in Mahr., Neues. Jahrb. f. Mineral, 1870, 284-85, fig. 2», 2"; —Gold. Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. Compare also synonomy of Blattina elongata. Fore wing very slender and somewhat tapering, the costal margin rather gently arcuate on the basal third, beyond nearly straight, the inner margin, at least in the middle, straight. The veins originate below the middle of the wing, and are strongly arcuate at the base. The mediastinal vein follows closely the curve of <-'ie costal margin, showing no tendency to approach it throughout the fragment, that is, probably, as far as the middle of the apical half of the wing ; it probably terminates only just above the tip, and emits about ten straight, oblique, equal, very distant, simple branches ; the area occupies nearly or quite a third of the breadth of the wing in its apical half. The scapular vein is closely parallel to the medi- astinal, but very distant from it, running scarcely above the middle line of the wing ; it forks once in the middle of the wing, and, to judge of the openness of the neuration, prob- ably not again, the two forks probably enclosing the extreme tip of the wing between them. The externomedian vein is distant from the scapular vein, but not so distant as the former is from the mediastinal ; beyond the base, which is lost, it is straight and longitudinal nearly to the middle of the wing ; just before this it is bent rather abruptly and slightly downward, and runs nearly parallel to the internomedian , vein, emitting near together, just beyond the middle of the wing, two superior, longitudinal, simple, straight branches. The internomedian vein is very gently and uniformly arcuate, and being also as distant from the externomedian as the latter from the scapular vein, the area is unusually narrow and slender, the vein probably terminating a little before the middle of the apical half of the wing ; it emits half a dozen nearly straight, oblique, mostly simple, parallel, and distant H 'if 129 branches, the second only apically forked in the specimen, and, so far o« preserved, the only forked vein in the wing ; the anal furrow is slight, rather gently arcuate, apically straight, terminating at the end of the basal third of the wing. The wing is a very large one, the fragment measuring 40 mm. in length, and 15 mm. in breadth ; the whole wing is probably 47 mm. long, so that the breadth is to the length as 1 : 3.1. Goldenberg estimates the length at 45 mm. The base is broken obliquely, so that the anal veins are absent, and a considerable portion of the apex is wanting, particularly next the inner margin. If the upper surface is exposed, the wing is of the left side ; the veins are very prominent, and the Interspaces are filled with a close, irregular net work of delicate cross veins, particidarly distinct in the interspaces on either side of the first inter- nomedian branch. This species is pecidlar, both for the spai'seness of the neuration, and for its extreme simplicity, only one of the many branches preserved being forked ; it is also much more elongated than most of the species, and has an excessively long mediastinal area, reaching nearly to the tip of the wing, and, notwithstanding the slenderness of the scapular area, throwing the externomedian branches wholly upon the inner side of the apex. In the slenderness of the wing tlie preceding very much smaller species approaches it, and in sim- plicity Gerahl. weissiana seems nearly allied, but it is readily distinguishable from- both by the extreme length of the mediastinal area. The single specimen was obtained in the " upper division of the Thuringen carboniferous series," at Manebach, in the neighborhood of llmenau. Upper carboniferous. Gtorablattina weissiana. PI. 3, fig. 1. Blattina euglyptica var. loeissiana Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1869, 1G3, taf. 3, fig. 10; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. Blattina weissiana Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 26, 51. Fore wing. Only a part of the upper half of the wing being preserved, its form cannot be stated, but the costal margin is strongly and regularly arcuate, and the tip apparently well rounded ; the veins are arcuate at the base. The mediastinal vein runs entirely parallel to and not very distant from the margin until beyond the middle of the wing, when it grad- ually approaches it, and terminates in the middle of the outer half of the wing ; it emits nine or more straight, parallel, rather longitudinally oblique, simple branches. The scap- ular vein also rims parallel to the costal margin, and terminates just before the extreme tip ; it begins to divide at a little distance beyond the middle of the wing, and in quick , succession emits three nearly longitudinal branches, whose course cannot be traced far beyond their origin. The externomedian vein diverges slightly from the preceding in the basal half of the wing, running in a nearly longitudinal course about as far from the me- diastinal vein as the latter is from the margin ; it probably terminates not much further below the tip than the scapular above it,' and only the extreme apex is therefore occupied by this vein and its two branches ; these branches are longitudinal, and arise near together, one at, the other a little beyond, the middle of the wing, and seem to crowd this part of the wing with veins more closely than elsewhere. The internomedian is represented by 1 Wrongly represented on our plate by the outside mark, as if tlio internomedian vein belonged to this area. pi w '1l ^*l^i. I i 130 Goldenberg m straight, and no inferior branches are preserved ; a simple superior branch, running parallel to the main stem, is represented as arising at the end of the middle third of the wing.' The wing is a large one, the length of the fragment being 33 mm. ; its breadth, 10 mm. ; the probable length of the wing, 35 mm. ; its breadth, perhaps 12.5 mm. ; making the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.8. Goldenberg gives the probable breadth as 16 mm., and the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.4, and this breadth is represented by the dotted lines on our plate, where Goldenberg is followed. The straightness, however, and the slight obliquity of the internomedian vein, render it probable that the internomedian area was a narrow one, more as appears in Gerahl. balteata, for instance, and the longitudinal direction of all the veins and all the branches render it all the more probable ; for longitudinal branches in the internomedian area are generally correlated with a narrow area ; there is no reticulation in the interspaces, and the wing, if the upper surface is exposed, is of the left side. The extreme base, the Avhole of the anal area, all of the internomedian area below the main vein, the neuration of the apical third of the wing, and the lower half of the margin of the entire wing are destroyed ; enough, however, remains to indicate both the generic and specific alliances of the insect, and to show that it is certainly distinct from any other described form. Goldenberg's first reference of the insect as a form of Etohl. euglyptica was natural, from the general resemblance of the neuration to what is found in that insect; but the much greater length of the mediastinal area, not to mention the more apical division of the scapular vein, at once forbids such a reference. In the form of the wing and in the general distribution of the veins it most nearly resembles, perhaps, the American Gerahl. balteata, but the far more apical division of the scapular and externomedian veins, and especially of the former, separates it at once. In these points it is more closely allied to Gerahl. Mahri, but the wing cannot be so slender as there, nor so large, and the medias- tinal area is much shorter. Goldenberg considers this species allied to Etohl. euglyptica and Bl. laiinervis on account of the uncommon breadth of the veins, and to the liassic Legnophora Girardi on account of the smoothness, of the margin, which the veins do not quite reach. The single specimen comes from Briicken, Canton Waldraohr, in the Rheinpflatz. Upper carboniferous. Oerablattina balteata, nov. sp. PI. 6, figs. 9, 10. Blattina sp. Font.-White, Upp. carb. flora W. Va., pi. 22, fig. 16, 16" [ined.]. Fore wing. The form of the wing cannot be definitely stated, as a large part of both base and apex are wanting ; the costal margin, however, is moderately and regularly convex, and the inner margin nearly straight, and parallel to the former, indicating a moderately slender wing of a somewhat ovate shape, tapering at either end, and largest near the mid- dle. The veins are arcuate at the base, and probably originate near the middle of the wing. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, but is straight to just beyond the middle of the wing, when it curves gradually toward the costal margin, and ' Two are incorrectly represented on our plate, following Goldenberg'* first representation of the same. 131 terminatos near the end of the middle third of the wing ; in the fragment, which rcpreaents all but the ba^al fourth, there are about eight feeble, niniple, gently arcuate, rather diHtinct, longitudinall; oblique branchen, and the middle breadth of the area is Hcarccly Ichs than one-fourth the width of the wing. The scapular vein, in the basal third or fourth of the wing, runs in very close proximity to the mediastinal vein, then diverges from it, being directed toward the apex of the wing ; but a little past the middle it returns by a broad curve to its former trend, and terminates probably just before *he extreme tip of the wing; in the fragment it emits four branches, and in the apex, which is destroyed, it p obably had one or two more ; the first of these four is thrown off where the vein diverg» s from the mediastinal, \h., a little beyond the basal third of the Aving ; and this branch continues subpnrallel to the mediastinal vein, but is compound, forking once next the second forking of the scapular vein, each fork again dividing at unequal distances before reaching the border ; the other branches are simple, and originate at unequal distances apart, the second in the middle of the wing. The externomedian vein follows very nearly the same sinuous course as the scapular, but constantly a little divergent from it, and widely distant from both it and the internomedian vein ; it emits its first branch midway between the first two branches of the scapular vein ; this forks at least once, but probably only onco, at less than half way to the apex ; a second branch, not shown on the plate, and obscure upon the fossil, arises opposite the fifth internomedian branch, but only its base is preserved. The internomedian vein, so far as it is clearly preserved, is straight, and considerably oblique, being parallel to the general trend of the middle portion of the externomedian vein, and, in this portion of its course, it emits five equally and widely distant, generally forked branches, which are oblique at origin, and excepting the first, very strongly arcuate beyond, becoming nearly longitudinal ; directly beyond the origin of the fifth branch, or just at the end of the middle third of the wing, the vein itself becomes longitudinal, and runs scarcely convergent with the margin, probably ending in the middle of the apical third of the wing,* and thereafter emits one or two more simple branches. The wing is of medium size, the fragment measuring 19 mm. in length and 10 mm. in breadth ; probably the entire length of the wing was 25 mm., making the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.5. The upper surface of a left wing is exposed, and the more essential parta of the neuration are present, although the entire anal area, with the corresponding upper portion of the base, is gone, together with a large fragment from the apex of the wing. The most characteristic feature in the wing, one found apparently in no other palaeozoic cockroach, is the peculiar limitation of the cross neuration to broad, piceous belts, which follow the veins and their branches throughout all part i of the wing sufficiently preserved to see it, excepting the branches of the mediastinal vein ; they are apparently worn from all but the basal portion if the scapular and externomedian veins, to the extent represented in the plate ; but, wherever they can be seen, follow each of the veins and their branches with extreme regularity and nearly equal width, so as to cross the interspaces where these are narrow ; the cross veins in these belts are very delicate, crowded, elevated, a little irregular, but usually transverse to the interspaces, and only to be seen by the aid of a magnifier ; between the bands, which are about 0.75 mm. in breadth at the widest, no * The outside mark on the plate (fig. 9), representing the teraiination of the internoincdiiin aren, slioiild tlicrelure be removed considerably furtlicr toward the tip of the wing. 132 "I "i'iil' Si\> trace of tranflverae markinga can be 8cen. Thifl peculiar atructure is well brouglit out in fig. 16*, of Fontaine and White's plate, but the ligure of the wing, fig. IG, represents the course of the neuration as entirely wrong. The species is, of course, based upon the wing described above, but another fragment of a wing (PI. 6, fig. 10) has been found by Professor Fontaine ; and, notwithstanding it occura in a considerably lower deposit, and represents a part absent from the other wing (thus sup- plementing it, but at the same time affording no common ground for structural comparison beyond the size), we must consider it as belonging to the same species, on account: first, of its size, which agrees perfectly with the other fragment ; and second, from the fact that each of the veins is accompanied by a black belt, although without the addition of the transverse veins. The fragment is that of an entire anal area, and shows that the anal furrow af this species was very deeply impressed in its basal half, more gently in its apical, was rather strongly arcuate and a little bent in the middle, but probably terminated a little beyond the middle of the basal half of the wing, being unusually short: the anal veins Avere simple, the first three rather distant (but the first very close to the ..nal furrow), scarcely raised above the surface, and bent in the same sense as the anal furrow, being subparallel to it; the other three or four are gently arcuate in an opposite sense, delicately elevated, and closely crowded. The length of the fiagment is 7.5 mm.; its breadth, 3.5 mm. The black belts accompanying the veins are a little narrower than in the other fragment. The surface exposed is also that of a left upper wing. This species is sufficiently distinguished by the banded neuration of the wings to separ- ate it from any other. The distribution of the veins, however, shows that it falls into this genus and has certain special affinities with Gerabl. Mahri and G. weissiana ; from the former of these it differs very much in the greater brevity of the mediastinal area nd fro a the latter it is distinguishtd (there are few points of comparison, from the fra ^- ary nature of G. weissiana) by the much earlier origin of the first scapular branc. it has closer affinities, in most of the broad features of its neuration, with the other American species of thj genus, G. faaciata, but to the fine subdivision of the veins of the latter it has nothing to correspond ; neither has it in the length and multiple division of its scapular vein, nor in the basal union of the principal veins, nor in the structure of the anal area. The first and principal fragment described above was found by Messrs. Fontaine and White at Cassville, Monongolia County, W. Va., in the roof shales of the Waynesburg coal, or the very highest of the beds of the upper productive coal series, in the nomen- clature of the first Pennsylvania survey, or the beds termed Permo-carboniferous by Pro- fessor Fontaine. The other fragment comes from Bellaire, Ohio, near Wheeling, W. Va., associated with plants of the upper productive coal beds, in shales twenty feet below the Pittsburgh bed of coal, which lies at the base of the upper productive coal series, and clearly within the carboniferous series proper. Professor Fontaine, who kindly sent me the specimens, writes me that the two localities are eighty miles apart, and separated by three hundred feet of strata. Upper carboniferous ; Permo-carboniferous. 133 i OerabUttiiia f aaolg tra. PI. 0, figs. 1, 2. Blatthm fuacigera Scudd., Proc. Bost. hoc. nat. hlHt., xix, 2.38-30; — lb., Entom. notes, VI, 3r>-3G. Fore wing. The wing is broad and nearly equal, the humeral lobe full, the costal margin very gently and very regularly convex, the inner margin nearly straight until the apical third of the wing, where it is roundly l)er.t and thus narrows the well-rounded apex ; the veins originate below the middle of the wing, and all but the mediastinal and the anal veini. from a single root considerably below the middle, from whence they curve rather strongly upward. The mediastinal vein is very faintly preserved, and runs subparallel to the costal border, with a similar arcuation, to the middle of the apical half of the wing, and then curves toward it and meets it at the extremity of the fragment, or beyond the middle of the apical fourth of the wing ; * it emits a very great number of closely crowded branches, which are only visible in the apical half of the area, nowhere visible throughout their length, both their boses and even the principal vein itself being obliterated, and the course of the vein only indicated by the position of their outer extremities ; enough remains to show that they are generally sunple (in a single instance a fork is seen), straight or faintly arcuate, the convexity away from the costal nuirgin and oblique, the apical ones becoming slightly longitudinal ; in the middle of the wing the area occupies somewhat less than one-fourth the breadth of the wing. The common stem from which arise the scapular, externomedian, and internoinedian veins and the anal furrow, runs in a straight line parallel to the nearly obliterated mediastinal vein until just past the middle line of the wing, at about the middle of tli<' basal third of the wing, when they all divide simul- taneously, excepting the two lowor, which do not separate at once from each other. Be- yond this common point of departure, the scapular vein is at first gently arcuate, shortly afterwards, after its first branch, nearly straight, running throughout parallel to the costal margin, but at a wide distance from the mediastinal vein, and terminates at the tip of the wing ; it is, however, slightly arcuate, in an opposite sense to its first arcuation, between each pair of branches, the main stem and each branch appearing, almost equally, as forks of the preceding part of the main stem; these branches are four in number; the first differs from the rest ; it parts from the main stem a little beyond the basal third of the wing, soon becomes nearly longitudinal, but gradually approaches the mediastinal vein, and finally forks, the two branches of the fork closely resembling branches of the medias- tinal vein ; the second branch of the scapular vein arises a little beyond the middle of the wing, the fourth midway between this and the apex, and the third midway between the two; the second is doubly, the third simply forked, and the fourth simple; the apical shoots of these branches strike the margin of the scapular area at increasingly wider inter- vals, the lower interspaces being similar in width to those of the inner margin. The exter- nomedian vein, beyond the point of common origin,'' runs in a nearly straight but fiiintly wavy course nearly along the middle of the wing, parallel to the preceding, and has similar arborescent but inferior branches, also emitted at irregular intervals ; the first, which is doubly forked, is emitted at the centre of the wing ; the second and third, which are sim- ' The mark separating the mediastinal and scapular areas is placed a little too far toward the apex in the plate. ' Represented on the pliite a little incorrectly, as it should be united at its base with the scapular vein. 184 pie, are thrown off, one opposite the first fork of the first branch, the other opposite the last branch of the scapular vein ; there is also the oomnicnoement of an oblique, stout cross-vein opposite the basal branch of the scapular vein, running half way to the second branch of the internomedian vein, almost precisely similar to what occurs in Etobl. venusta and in Arch, acadicum, both, like tliis, American species, and members of the same sub- family. The internomedian vivn and anal furrow part from each other almost iuunediately after their common depart ire from the luiited vein, and the internomedian then runs in an irregularly straight line, subparallel to the externomedian vein, and tei*minates a little fi.rther from the tip than the mediastinal vein ; it curves downward a very little at the origin of its third branch, so as to be a little more distant from the externomedian between its third and fourth branches than before ; it has in all five branches, which originate at subequidistant intervals, the last of which is simple, the others more or less deeply and simply forked ; they are all more or less arcuate and somewhat longitudinally oblique. The anal furrow, from the common origin of all the veins, is straight, very deoj)ly impressed on the basal lialf, somewhat longitudinally oblique, and terminates in the middle of the inner margin ; ' the anal veins are very independent of the anal furrow, consisting first of a pair of compound veins arising from the extreme base of the wing at the origin of the connnon st-^im of the principal veins, and running in an obliquely longitudinal coarse to strike the apical half of the margin of the anal area, and leaving a wide interval at the base between them and the common stem and tho anal furrow ; and in the angle four closely approxi- mated, straight, sunilai'ly oblique, simple veins. The wing is a large one, measuring 35 mm. long as far as preserved, and 15.5 mm. broad ; the entire length of the wing must have been 38 mm., and the proportion of the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.5. The wing is perfect, except a slight fragment of the tip and a little piece of the base of the anal area. The specimen shows the upper surface of a left wing. The surface is covered with a very delicate network of raised veins, which are arranged more or less irregularly, transverse to the interspaces, in a broad marginal band aioinul the apex and inner border of the wing, and as nn entirely irregular polygonal retic- idation upon the disc ; no network can be seen, probably fi'om poor preservation, upon the mediastinal area. This species was wrongly compared by me to Eiohl. prbnaeva, with which it has very few special points in connnon, and from which it is widely distinct in the structure of the medi- astinal and anal %eius. It seems to belong certainly in the genus Gerablattina, but forms perliap-^ a distinct section, difl'ering from all others in the extreme nudtiplicity of the medias- tinal branches, in the basal coalescence of the other principal veins, in tlie arborescent division of the scapular and externomedian veins, and in the longitudinality and dichotomy of the anal ^■eins, and their wide separation from the anal furrow. In the broad features of its neuration, however, and particularly in points of division of the scapular, externo- median, and internomedian ureas, it resembles most and to a considerable degree the only other American species of the genus, G. bnlteata, but it diflers from it in all the points above mentioned, and in lacking tlie banded ornamentation of the veins. The single specimen found was obtained by Mr. II. D. Lacoe, at Pittston, Penn., and lies on a piece of black carbonaceous shale coming from the interconglomerate beds of the true ' Tho termination of tlio anal area ii marked in the plate on tlio wrong side uf the anal vein. 135 coal monsurea at the anticlinal next north of that in which the Pittston species of Lithoniy- lacris occur, and also on the south-east siile. Lower carboniferous. Bermatoblattina nov. gen. {^i>nit, Bl»ttini))< ' Blatt'ma Auct, (pars). The two species which form this genus differ in the nature of the mediastinal area in the front wings ; in one it is nearly one-third the br-Midth of the wing, equal nearly to the extremity, and terminates close to the tip of the wing ; in the other it is fidly a tliii'd the breadth of the wing near the base, and diminishes regularly to the extremity, which is somewhat beyond the middle of the outer half of the wing ; in both the vein is gently sinuous and the branches frequent, oblique and generally simple. Tiie scapular vein, although beginning to branch before the middle of the wing, has only two or three branches, which are inferior, diverge but slightly, and nuiy or may not fork, so that the area occupied by the vein is slight, and terminates at the tip of the wing. In consequence of the inferior position of the branches, the equal interspace between the mediastinal and scapular veins is marked by oppositely diverging branches. The externomedian vein is very similar to the scapular in extent, place and mode of branching, but the bi-anches may be either superior or inferior, but always fall upon the margin below the apex of the wing. The anal and internomedian areas are very broad at base, occu|)ying more than half the breadth of the wing, but narrow rapidly, the internomedian being considerably lu'cuate, and terminiiting not very far from the apex ; the branclicx of the externomedian are as oblique as those of tiie mediastinal area, and althougli very long and straight, fork v ry little. The anal furrow is not very pronounced, more or less arcuate, arl terminates not far beyond the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins are subarcuate, subparallel, frequent and simple. Nothing is known of the genus but front wings, which are unusually stout, the breadth being contained in the length scarcely more than two and a quarter times ; with the possible exception of I'etrablattina, the average form is stouter than iu any other genus, although other genera contain stouter species. This genus is peculiar for the inferior position of the branches of the scapidar vein, a characteristic it sliares only with Oryctoblattina, from which it is readily separated by tiie slender development of the same vein, and by the dilferent nature of almost all of the others. But for the inferior position of these branches of the scapular vein, it could hardly be separated from Gerablattina. From Archimylacris and Etoblattina it is distinguished by the breadth and extent of the mediastinal area. From Anthracoblattina it is airain separated by the inferior position of the scapular branches. The limited extent of the combined areas of the scapular aiid externomedian veins readily (iistinguish it from Progo- noblattina, while the totally difl'erent nature of tiie externomedian vein in Petrabhittina permits of no confusion with that. The two species belonging here come from the old world, and are of large size. Hermatoblattina wemmetsweileriensis. PI. 4, fig. 14. Blatlina wemmetsweileriensis Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19, 24, 51, taf 1, fig. 9. Fore wing. The wing is broad and nearly equal, ahnost imperceptibly diminishing in aize up to the apical fourth of the wing ;' the costal margin is very gently and regularly > ThiB soiircoly appeani on our plato, wlmre tho apical Imlful' tlio costal margin ii n trillu too full. r. ^^ %i^ 186 convex, the inner margin straight, and the apex well rounded, no doubt, but broken in the specimen. The veins probably originate a little above the middle of the wing, and are gently arcuate at their base. The mediastinal vein runs jiarallel to the costal margin, but beyond the middle of the wing scarcely recedes from it, afterwards curving very slightly upward, and striking the apical border not a great way above the tip of the wing ; it emits a large number, thirteen or more, of rather frequent branches, most of which are simple (the penultimate doubly forked), parallel, the earlier ones oblique, the later longitudinally oblicpie ; the area is a little more than a fourth the width of the wing in tl»e middle. Tim scapular vein runs closely parallel to the media.stinal throughout its course and emits, at equal distance., apart, three inferior, apically forked branches, the fu'st scarcely beyond the basal third of the wing, the third somewhat before the end of the middle third of the wing, and all with their forks crowded closely together into the space between the tip of the mediastinal vein and the extreme apex of the wing. The externomedian vein, on the other hand, runs close and parallel to the internomedian vein ; but it also has three branches, whicli are slightly further apart thanin the preceding, but originate almost exactly ojjposite them, the last simple, the others compound, (illing the area with veins as closely crowded as in the pre- ceding area ; the branches being superior while those of the scapular area are inferior, brings the branches opposed to each other in a sense the reverse of what is conunonly found in palaeozoic cockroaches, and gives the wing a peculiar appearance. The internomedian vein is gently and decreasingly arcuate from the base outward, and is very regular, but, at tiie origin of its last branch, takes a direction a little above its former course, the branch and the apex of the vein nuiking common forks of the preceding part of the stem ; it terminates before ■''le apical sixth of the wing, and emits eight equidistant, simple or forked, straight veins, .til but the last of which are oblique ; the vein originating above the middle of a broad wing, and extending So far toward the tip, gi^es this area a great extent, making it not a little remarkable that some of its basal branches, all of which are more distant than the mediastinal branches, should be simple, and so very straight. The anal furrow is apparently deeply impressed at base, pretty regularly and very strongly arcuate, terminat- ing a little beyond the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins, nine in nmnber, are, so far as preserved, simple, straight, and closely crowded toward the inner angle, gently arcuate and more distant next the anal furrow. The wing is a large one, the fragment measuring 34 mm. in length and 16 mm. in breadth ; the length of the wing can vary little from 37 mm., making the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.3. It is almost completely preserved, a little of the extreme base and tip only wanting. If the upper surface is exposed, the wing is from the right side ; the reticulation is mostly effaced, but with a lens one may see exceedingly delicate transverse wrinkles, giving the wing a shagreened appearance. Goldenberg compares this species with Etohl. primaeva, with which, however, at least above the internomedian area, it has very little in common, and from which it differs greatly in shape; the other spt^ies of the genus agrees far better with Etohl. primaeva. This species differs from Ilerm. lebachensis in the structure of the mediastinal area, which is here almost equal, and in the distribution of the externomedian branches, which are superior and not inferior. The single specimen was found in a bluish bituminous shale in the neighborhood of Wemmetsweiler, near Saarbriicken, Germany. Upper carboniferous. 137 Heruatoblattlna lebachenslB. PI. 4, flg. 11. Matthin lehachenHis Gold., Sitziingsb. nuitli.-nat. CI. k. Akiul. WIhh. Wion., ix, 38 (nnde- pcril)c«l). BUittina lehachenms Gold., Palneonto}?r., iv, 22, 23, taf. (5, fig. 7 ; — ll>., F<).s.s. Inn. Saarhr. 6, 7, taf. 4, (Ig. 7; — lb.. Faun. Haraep. Ioh.s., ii, LO, 27, 51, taf. 1, fig. 20; — GicI)., Ins. Vorw., 310;— Gcin., Geol. Steink. DcutHchl., 150. Fore wing. The extreme base and n considerable part of tbe apex of the wing being lost, its form cannot be given in detail ; but it is remarkable ibr its great breadth near the base, due to the unusual convexity of the basal half of the costal margin, which is a little exaggerated in the plate ; ))eyond this fulness the costal margin is straight, and gradually approaches the inner nuirgin, which is itself very gently and regidarly convex, so that the wing tapers considerably beyond the basal third. The veins appear to originate not far from the middle of the base, perhaps a little above it, and have a long basal arcuation. The mediastinal vein is very broadly and gently sinuous, straighter than the co.stal margin, so that the mediastimd area, which terminates just at the tip of the fragment, and probably not much before the apical sixth of the wing, narrows toward either extremity from the middle of its basal half, being at its broadest about one-third the width of the wing ; It emits eight distant, straight branches, all excepting one which is forked, simple, the basal one transversely, the apical ones a little longitudinally oblique. The scapu! cr is throughout close and parallel to the mediastinal vein ; it seems to be coalesced with the externo- median vein in the basal fourth or third of the wing, and to have three inUsrior, simple, longitudinal, arcuate, apically distant branches, the first arising beyond the basal third of the wing and reaching the extreme tip, the last arising at about the end of the middle third of the wing. The externomedian vein is very broadly and gently sinuous, running down the middle line of the wing, terminating just below the tip, and emitting three inferior, simple, gently arcuate, sublongitudinal, apically distant branches, arising almost opposite those of the scapular vein. The internomedian vein is strongly and regularly arcuate, apically straight or slightly iircuate in a reversed sense, terminating about opposite the end of the mediastinal vein, and emitting half a dozen rather closely approximate, very long, oblique, straight or sinuate simple branchofi, the penultimate, in the individual figured by Goldenberg in his Fauna saraepontan v, ending in the preceding branch.* The anal furrow is lightly impressed, gently convex, and terminates a little befon; the middle of the wing ; the anal veins, five or six in number, are simple, not very clo.^ely crowded, and similarly arcuate. The wing is a large one, the fragment measuring 28.0 mm. in length, and 16 mm. in breadth ; the length of the wing may be anywhere from 32 to 36 mm., so that the breadth is to the length as 1:2- 2.25. The wing is from the left side, and the upper surface is exposed ; the recticulation of the wing is composed of polygonal, mostly tetragonal or pentagonal, cells, forming a network which may be seen with the naked eye, and are more delicate on the disc than near the apex. * In Ilia first description, Goldenberg describes tlio six in- ternomedian brandies as all simple excepting the fuurth, whicli is forked ; nnd ho figures tliein as nil simple and run- ning to tbe margin o/iuupting tbe third, which is forked. In his second description, based apparently on the same speci- men, he describes tlicni as all simple and figures them as we have here described. 138 Goldenberg compares the species to Etohl. eugli/ptica, frotn wlilch ho snys it differs in its larger size, broader mediastinal area, hirger ntunber of branches in the anal area, and a wider interspace between the scapular and internomedian areas. The differences between the two species in every part of the wing are so groat that it is ditlicult to see any special point they have in conunon, excepting the simjjlicity of the internomodian and anal branchc-!. •. hich is connnon to a great number of forms. Goldenberg subsequently com- pares tiiis species to Etohl. aiuuflj/ptlca, with which it agrees better both in shape and in neuration, but it is still larger than that species, and differs besides in the brevity and non-production of the intevnomedian area. It much more closely resembles Etohl. j)ri- viaei"x tlian either, although still widely distinct from it. From the only other species of the genus it is distinguishable by the brevity and unequal breadth of the mediastinal area, the inferior origin of the externomcdian branches, and the tapering form of the wing. Several specimens must have been found in the iron-stone nodules of Lebach above Saarlonis, Germany, as Goldenberg remarks that it appears there to be conunon. Dya.s. We come nov lo the more aberrant forms of this group of carboniferous cockroaches, the preceding genera being more closely allied to each other than to either of the groups which are to follow, and which comprise between them but live species. I i ProgonoMattina nov. gen. (r^>S}'u>«)f, Blnttinn). Blatt'ma Auct. (pars). In the genus now under consideration the mediastinal vein of the front wing runs par- allel and near to the costal border, occupying, even in the slender species, less than a third of the breadth of the wing, and terminating only a little beyond the middle of the costal margin ; its branches are frequent, oblique, gently arcuate, and simple. The scapular vein is of much greater importance, commencing to branch far toward the base of the wing, emitting five or six Ibrliing branches, and terminating only just before the tip of the wing; the branches are superior, but longitudinal or scarcely oblique, and at the termination of the mediastinal vein the are aoccupies about half the breadth of the wing. The exter- nomedian vein early divides into sevei'al principal branches, which are very similar in nature to those of the preceding vein, and occupy on the margin a similar extent ; ac- c"rding, however, to the curve of the main scapular vein, this area may occupy, with its many doubly forking longitudinal branches, more or less room than the scapular area ; to- gether they occupy the entire apical half of the wing, and more than a third of the basal half. The internomedian vein, which originates in the middle of the base of the wing, slopes in a more or less arcuate curve toward the middle of the inner margin ; it emits only three or four branches, simple or apically forked, and altogether plays a very insignifi- cant part in the wing, the anal farrow, which is slight and considerably more arcuate than the internomedian vein, terminating beyond the middle of the basal half of the wing. The anal veins are more oblique than the anal furrow, not very numerous, subparallel, and simple or forked. Nothing but upper wings are known, and these vary exceedingly in slenderness, one of the two species being the slenderest known species, while the other is a little below the general average. 139 This gonus is ronrlily separated from nil the preceding by tlio much greater common expanse of tlie scnpuhir and externomedian veins, and the unimportance of the interno- medianarea; indeed, in these particulars it surpasses any "f the ancient genera of cock- roaclies. B'rom Orvctohhittina it is readily separated by the brevity of the mediastinal area, and by the approximation of all the \eins in the basal half of the wing. The totally dillereut character of the externomedian vein distinguishes it from Petrablattina, although it approaches that genus in the abundance of the neuration. The two species, which dilfer widely from each other, are European ; one of thcni is a largo species, the other rather small. Progonoblattina helvetica. I'l. a, tisr. in. niaftinn hehefica Tleer, Viertelj. naturf (Jesellsch. Ziirich, ix, '2S7, 21)1-0.'], pi., fig. 1 ; — lb., Urw. Schweiz., r)!)'J, note ; — lb., Monde prim, suisse, 22, fig. lOc"''; — Gold., Faun, saraop. loss., ii. It). Blaita hchetivn Meer, Prim, world Switz., i, 20, fig. If.c"". Fore wing. The ving is pretty regularly elongate-obovate, the costal and inner margins about Cipially and consideral)ly convex, +he apex tapering but well rounded. The base of the wing is broken, especially next the margins, so that the mediastinal vein can be traced only a short distance ; here it runs near and parallel to the margin, and by a gentle curve strikes it at the end of the middle fifth of the wing ; tho width of the area is less than a sixth that of the wing, and in the portion preserved only a couple of branches are setMi, widely separated at their origin, simple and arcuate, but brought near together by their unusual longitudinality, so that it is doubtful if there are more than live or six branches to the vein. The following areas, as lleer has pointed out, are d'lUcult to separate, from the fact that the base of the wing is lost, and they all divide so early as to exhibit at the edge of the fragment, very near the base, no less than eight nervules between the mediastinal vein and the anal furrow. It would, how■ traight branch near the middle of its preserved course, and terminates considerably beyc ad the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins are scarcely so crowded as the others, simp ■}, forked or compound, arcuate, and subparallel to the anal furrow. The wing is a very large one, the fragment measuring 39 mm. in length, and 17 mm. in breadth. The probable length of the wing is 42 nun., making the ratio of the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.5. The wing is from the left side and shows the upper surface, which is covered with a network of ve y numerous, closely crowded, delicate cross veins, visible only by aid of a glar^. Heer compares the species with Etohl. jjrimaeva and Etohl. clith/ma, but fails to point out its closer alliance to Progon. Fritschil, which he describes immediately afterwards, or to notice the feature which is most characteristic of it, viz., the exceedingly early division of the scapular and externomedian branches, and the nearly uniform longi- tudinal course of all these branches ; no other palaeozoic cockroach has such an abundance of longitudinal veins filling the larger part of the wing. From its congener it is readily distinguished by this feature, and also by the smaller extent of the scapular area as compared to the externomedian, and the far greater size and stoutness of the wing. A single specimen, found in the anthracitic schists of the lower quarry of Erbignon, Canton Wallis, Switzerland, is remarkable as the only animal yet discovered there. Middle or upper carboniferous. i 1 I Frogonoblattina FritschiL PI. 3, fig. 12. Blattina Fritschii Heer, Viertelj. naturf Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 287, 293-94, pi., fig. 2; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. Fore wing. The wing is exceptionally slender and equal, both borders being almost perfectly straight ; the apex and outer half of the inner margin are lost, but the part pre- served is more than three times as long as broad. The veins originate just above the middle of the base of the wings, and have the slightest possible upward curve in passing outward. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, but always almost imperceptibly approaching it, more rapidly toward the tip, which strikes the margin at the end of the fragment, or a little beyond the middle of the wing ; in the middle the area is a little less than one-third the width of the wing, and it is occupied by about seven longitu- dinally oblique, slightly arcuate, simple veins. The scapular vein runs close beside the mediastinal through the basal quarter of the wing, then turns abruptly although only slightly from it, and runs in a broad, arcuate curve past the middle line of the wing, to strike the border just above the tip, or where a continuation of its basal course would have brought it ; it has five superior, obliquely longitudinal branches, the first emitted at the 4 141 i point where it diverges from its first course, wliich is doubly forked ; the next, which is forlly. just bi'f(»rt' the apical sixth of the wing;' in the fragment preserved it emits three longitudinally ohli(|ue, straight branches, of which the first is simple, the seconnronnalw)n llolgions. < Si(7.nnjjsh. niotiorrlioin. (io.**oll.soh. Bonn, ISTCt. UT-US) in wliioh niontion is niado of (ho ooonrronoo of (ho wing of a otM'ki-oaoh in (lio ooal forinadon of ]{olginni.- Tho andior nioroly s(a(os (hat an ollip(ioal frajftnont, ropro.« two foUowini; :nv ciiiioni liioiil.'i oopio.s from otiior nutliom; llio H(>m1»> is rtltoivtl whow noooss.'H-y. so ns to lio uiulornilv iiliout two (liiiiiu'tors .ibovo tho iiatiiriil siw; tlu> murks out- sido tlu' wing ropivsont tho limits of tho sovoriil iiroiis. Thoy nil roprosoiil Kuropoim insoots. Drawn by tho .-nitlior. Ki>i. (. hyoNattiiiii otit/)i'iicof>/>ilt> ((Jorin.), |). S4. Copiotl from Mllnstor's Hoitriigo /,ur IVlrofuoton- kunilo, V, pi. l!l, tig. .'? ; ivvoi"soi( :mil tho liordor rostorotl. Fig. '2. f-yoNitltina tijtf»ii> (Hold.), p. 8'J. I'opiod from tho Nouos Jithrhuoli i\lr Minoralogio, 18tH>, pi. !l, tig. ;J ; rvvoiKod. Kig. ;>. /.VoWciWifni iiirhomin'a (llorm.), p. Oil. t'opiod from GornnirV Vorstoinornngi-n . KtohlUtino Pohniii Sondd., i>. Sti. Oopiod from tho Nonos .liihrbnoh (\lr Minorulogio, I8tH), pi. !J, lig. S. right wing; rovoi-sod. Tho outsido mark, roprosonting tho tormination of the iinal uroa, should bo oar- ri»>d ono intorsp.-voo turthor toward tho tip of tho wing. Fig. 0. KtMitttiiKi nissomn (Gold.), p. J)t>. Copiod troin tho Nor.;-:; .lahrhuoh (!»■• Rlinoralogio, 18tt!t, pi. 8, tig. 2* ; rovorsod. Fig. 7. J-'toN. Of pi. 4, tig. J). Fig. 8. Antftrocoblotthui s/tectofiilh (Gold.), p. 108. Copiod from tho Nouos Jahrbuoh (Ur Minoralogio, 18(>8, pi. ;l. fig. 7 ; rovorsod. Fig. '.>. i^of>la4tiita iHirvulij (GoM.), p. 101. Copiod from tho Nctios Jahrbucli lUr Minornlogio, 1800, pi. ;i, tig. t>. Fig. 10. EtMiittiiHi (loiujatii Soudd., p. 100. Copiod from tho Nouos .lahrbuoh i\\r MinoraIt>gio, 1875, pi. 1, lisi. 'J; rovorsod, ami with tho basal margins rostorod. Fig. 11. Gerahlottina GciuiUi (GiAy\.),\'>.V2'A. Copiod from tho Nouos Jahrbuoh ftlr Minoralogio, 18tJ8, pi. :Ctig. .">. Fig. 1-. Gtrahlattina MiinMerii Soudd.. p. V2\. Copioil (Voni Gcrmar's Vorstcinorungcn dcs Stuiiikohlon- gebirgos von Wottin, etc, pi. 31, fig. b^ ; the apical m.-ngin restored. Fig. 13. Etohlattina iUdt/ma (Germ.), p. 95. Copiod from Gcrmar's Verstcincrungon dcs Stcinkohlcn- gobirgi's von Wottin, etc pi. 31, fig. 3 ; reversed. Fig. 14. EtohlattiiM mancfHicfiensis (Gold.), p. 99. Copied from the Nuucs Jahrbuoh fUr Minoralogie, 1869. pi. 3, fig. 4. I 151 Kl^- Ifi- fCto/iliiffiini nnifjfh/fitira ((Icrm,), |i. Kl>. ('o|ii('(l IVoiii ( Irniiiu'H VoiHl.ciimninjti'n il. V\H. U\. Klofiliitthiii i'U!/li/f)tii'H ((li'i'iu,), y, H(». (1it|»i(>i| fVoiii lli'iiimrV Vt'iMiiinoiimKoii iIch HluiiikoliUiii- ^oltii'KCH von VVotliii, <x|ilitiiiitiiiiiii In Pinlii II. Ki^. !■ ViriMttthut m'liiDiinni {(UM.), \t. \2\l Oopinl rimii \.\w Nimich ,Iiilirl»iicli ttlr MincriiliiKif', IH(IH, pi. U, l)f(. 10; with piii't dC till' iiiiicr lionlrr I'chIoi'ihI. 'I'Iki i)iil.Hii|i> niiirk, iii>liriitiii^ iJiii liiwi'r liiiiil. mI' l.liti oxtcrnoinciiiiiii lircti ix pliiiti'il iiiiii'h loo liu' I'i'diii tlio lip of tlio wiii^; IIkm'd hIhiiiIiI Iii> iiIhh ii Niii;^!^ hrikiioli to tho ititiiliini v«iii. Fig. 'J. (hrahliitliiia proitinfii Hciulil., p. 1V!((. ('opinil f'riiiii tlm Nomw .liilirliiirli liir MiiiciiiloKii', IH(|H, pl. !l, lig. II ; ri'viTHcil. V'm. (I. (ivriMotthia Hvtthirntii ((iolil.), p. Vl'i. (!ii|iii'i| IViiin Onldcnlii'i-^'M Kiiiiiia Hiiraiit;iiiit foHNlJiH, ii, pl, 1, I!k H ; "(il. 'Pli*' Itratirli of tliii itxtoniDiiii'iliitii vi^iii, liriiij^ roiijuctiii'iil, hIhmiM Intvi' liriiii ilottfij tlll'Oll^llDUt. Ki^. 4. iJi'niMiifthni rldt/irato (lliHir), p. IW. (lopiml Irimi tlin VirrtnljiilirHHolirill ilur iDitiirrnrHM'Kwuliiti OcHi'llsoliiilV, Zlti'icli, IX, pl., 11^. !l; with tlii* itiiitM' iiiiil iipiniil iiiaixiM n'Htori»l. TliiH fi^iint ur.i^iilfiiliilly rcpi-o- HunlH till) wiii^ MH iDii^iiiiioil It litthi Icnh thitii two iliiiiiu^toi'H. Kilt. f*. l'!toblaUiiiii. /nfiiirhiiiHiH (ditlil.), p. 70. (Copied f'roiii (1(»IiIi'iiIm!I'^'h Fiiiiim Hiintopniitiiiiii fimHiliH, i, pl. '2, lift. If* ; ri'Vi'iMdil. Kijt. 0. (tinibldfliiiti (hrmari ((ticli.), |>. 1U7. (lopicil (Voiii (ioriiiiu'V Vn-Htciiioriiii^i^ii iIi'h Sti'iiikohli;iig«- hii'm'H vim W«'ttiii, pl. ill, lift II. Fijt- 7. I'Jlohliittiiiii^ .•himvmi ((Jnhl.), p. 7K. (N)pi<'il rioin r.ilfMMmtiistnipliicii, iv, pl. II, liit. I". Fift. H. I'JtitlilaUiiin miinfiifioii/iK (Onlil.), p. {I'2. ('opiml tVoiii tlio (Idolofticfil Mujtu/.inr, iv, pl. 17, lift. 0, Till' ri'Ntorcil ouliiiio of tlio iipiciil liiilt' iif tliif wiiift i^ iiiuloiililoilly iiii'.ori'oitt, iui!' tlio l)iiNi< is rfpR'Hcii It'll tm iiiiich tiio cinivi'x ; ii j,'ii ti J form of the wing, which is presumed to be much as outlined on the plate. The wing was probably more than GO mm. in length, and about 27 mm. in breadth ; the alar expanse was therefore at least 125 mm., and pi'obably 135 mm., and the two figures have been so placed as to indicate this expan.se. This is more than double the ordinary size of the larger Epliemeridae and the largest mentioned in Eaton's paper on these insects has an expan.se of only 78 mm., and the largest of the jur.vssic species only 65 mm. The costal margin is very gently arcuate ; the apex probably somewhat pointed, toward ^ which the upper veins are directed without additional arcuation ; the greatest breadth was probably a little before the middl'.' of the wing, and the outer perhaps half as long again us the anal margin. The marginal vein runs close to but does not form the margin of the wing, the latter being indicated in the figures on the plate b}"^ a dotted line. The mediastinal vein runs as close as possible to the margin, and is not connected with it by cross veins ; these two veins apparently run side by side to the apex, when the marginal disappears and the mediastinal takes its place close to the border. The scapular vein runs sub-parallel to the mediastinal, but at double the distance from it apically as basally, the change occurring rather abruptly near the middle of the preserved portion of the wing ; it is connected with the vein above by straight cross-veins at tolerably regulai, rather frequent intervals. As usual in this f'vmily, the externomedian vein is apparently divided, probably not far from, or at the base, into two stems, and the upper of these stems is again divided, prob- ably at some distance from the base, into two principal branches ; the main portion of the upper branch runs parallel to, but somewhat distant from the scapular vein, approaching it, however, apically, and is everywhere connected with it by cross-veins, very much as in the mediasthio-scapular interspace; it throws off from its inferior surface several inequi- distant feeble offshoots ; the first originate a little before the middle of the wing, and run irregularly but with a gentle downward curve to the outer margin ; tlu^y have between them and between the outermost and the niain branch a number of equally irregular intercalary nervules, all of which are connected together by cross-veins, and thus form over the whole area a mesh work of irregular but usually hexagonal and longitudinally elongated cells, uuiking it impossible to distinguish between normal and intercalary veins, since the latter are as prominent as the former, and invariably arise from cros.s-veins ; while whatever nervules lie next the main branch are united with it by frequent and, equally irregular cross-veins falling from the main branch quite in the manner of the oll- fhoots proper, and Ibrniing cells only slightly larger than the others, although generally transversely elongated ; together there are about nine rows of cells between the main upper branch and its first offshoot. The lower branch of the upper stem is simple and, originating apparently near the middle of the basal hidf of the whig, diverges at first slightly from the upper branch, afterwards a little more r ipidly, and in its apical fourth curves downward consideiably, and is .somewhat irregular in its course ; its direction is in general parallel to the oflshoots, and especially the nciirer offshoots of the upper branch, and on the border it is separated from the apex of the upper branch by nearly one-third of the outer margin of the wing; in its simplicity this branch resembles the same nervure in Tricorythus, which is peculiar in this pariicular among modern Epliemeridae. As in modern EpheineridtB generally, there is no intercalary nervule between this lower branch of the npper externoniedian stem and the first ollshoot ol the lower branch, bnt this interspace is lilled with simple and freqnent cross veins. The lower externomedian stem is apparently formed on the same plan as the npper, a feature which appears to have no counterpart amon.L? livinjif Ephemeridae ; appsirently it is composed, like the npper, of two primary branches, whicdi seem to i)art from eacii other very nearly at the same considerable distance from the base, (about one-third the distance to the margin), a feature nnconunon but not unknown in living Ephemeridae ; but instead of having a single independent intercalary or two between the forks, it has several otl'shoots which depend from the npper branch, just as tlie offshoots of the upper branch of the upper stem do, while between them in the outer half of their course other intercalaries arise, depending from angnlar cross veins — the whole iniited by frctjueut cross veins (again as in the upper area), to form a mesh-work of irregular cells generally pentiigoual, althongh not often longitviilinal ; there are thus included between these forks altout six rows of cells. The interspaces directly adjoining either side of the lower branch of the upper externomedian stem are slightly wider than the interspaces between the nervnies in the area of the lower externomedian stem, possess no intercalaries, and are divided by frequent cross veins. The lower branch of the lower externomedian stem also curves downward at the tip, like the lower branch of the upper stem ; the area of the lower externomedian stem repeats, therefore, and on only a little smaller scale, the structun; of the area of the upper stem, i'lstead of exhibiting, iis in recent forms, distinctive features. That portion of the fragment of the wing lying below what we have hero considered the lower simple branch of the lower externomedian stem, and which is shown in fig. 10 and not in Hg. 9, is so fragment^iry and so separated from its basal coiuiectlons that it is ditficnlt to decide to Avhat area of the wing it belongs; it consists of four rows of cells separated by curving nervules a little more iniifonn in their course than the minor nervules above, with slightly less frequent cross veins ; the cells being slightly larger and more regular, frequently quadrangular nd visually longitudinal ; this (ield belongs of course either to the externomedian or the internomedian area. The general similarity of the structure of the lields would lead one at first to suppose it to belong to the externomedian area, in which case cf course our description of the lower stem and its branches should l)e modified t« receive it. As, too, the form of the fragment would indicate that a very considerable part of the region about the anal angle is lost, the reference of this field to the internomedian area would give that areti a very great and very unusual preponderance in the wing. But its reference to the externomedian area, which is certainly possible, would involve ([uite as great an anomaly ; for in that case the U)wer externomedian stem nmst be supposed to consist of two branches, the lower lying beyond the present fragment and probably simple, the upper forked and reproducing on a wmaller scale the whole of the upper externomedian steui, including the minor offshoots depending froui the nppermost branch of each. In this case the area of the lower stem would exceed that of the upper, which occurs in very rare instances iu modern Epheuu'ridae and then only by crowding out of room the lower areas, which the probal)le wiile expanse of this wing would not allow unless this lower area is of an exceedingly disproportionate size. The translation of the Iticts which 1 have offered in my description, on the other hand, while it I It i'-l i Iffi-I il i. ^l" llio inlriiidiiMMliiin iirca. loaves \hv lower oNlenio- luodian Tu'lil in its nsnal |)V<)|)oi'(i()natt> cxtenl as i-onipared to (lie njiper Held, and is Ivntlier snpjunted hy several eonsidenitions : eliiel'\ liy llie inoltaliilit v tliat where repetitions ot" struetnre .ire foinid — a mark of sini|)lieit\ nmeli more eoninion anionff ancient than anionn' reeent inseets — they me tar more apt to oceiu' between repetitive parts than hetwt'en those whieh mav not he so exaetlv compared. On the livptttiiesis sustained nh«)ve. this repetition occnrs in the fields eml>raced between the two similarly disposed set.s (»!' branches into which one vein is divided. On the other sufi'n'csted (and ajiparently the only alternative, lor (lie oper interspaces on either side ol' the lower branch »)!' liie npi'iT exteriiomedian stem siM'in to lix that nerviile nn(|Ucstionabl_v) (he repetition wonld be between the whole ol" one set ol" branches of this vein, and one portion only of the two of whieh the other set ol" that vein is eoiiipos«'d. Other arguments may be advaiu'ed from the character both oi"tlie nervules and ol" the c«'lls rornied by them and the cross veins, which dilTer slightly from those in the field in'\t above, a dinerence greater both in extent and in nature than that existing between what we have coiisideresnlting in a slight emargiuation of this border of the wing, abhough apparently not found at all in living Kphemeridae. wonld be f"ar more likely to occur, does far more fre»iuently occur in other insects, between two adjoining areas than in the middle or other part of one. Con.sidering then the Held under discussion as belonging to the internomedian area, wt* must describe (his as plainly of" very nnnsnal extent, and a.s filled as it never is in living types willi a large number of intercalary nervules. It may be remarked that none of the many intercalaries in this wing arise indepen- dently, and that they are not more abundant at tlu' extreme outer edge of (he wing, as is f"re(iuently the case in modern types, '["he former feature is the more notew(M'thy, as the independent origin of the intercala y veins in Kphemeridae would nntmally b- taken as a mark of inferior organization; a?' I \,\'i it does not occur in this oldest member of the group, nor yet in the jiu'assie species from Solenhofen. described on a previ(Mis page: in this last, however, the edge of the wing is more broken by intercalaries than the parts removed from it. The length of the fragment ])re-^erved is I'J mm. and it.s greatest breadth. L").;') mm. The points in whieh this insect presents the nu)s( siriking dilTerenees from modern typos, and ujum which we would establish tlie genus IMatephemera. are. the very similar instead of distinctive structvre of the I'ranie vork of the two sets ol" bran<'hes of the oxternomedian vein, and of the respective areas included between them; the excessive niimber of the intercalarios in the area included between the lower set of oxternomedian branches, and their attachment (in the api^-al half of tlsc wing) to the ujjper of these branches — from which the jn-evionsly mentioned peculiar ("eature mainly depends ; the simplicity of the lower branch of the n|)per externomedian stem in an unusually ramose wing; the unusual extent of the internonu'dia!! area and its rich supply of intercalaries; the density and polygonal form of the cells ftu'iued by the cross veins below the upper oxternomedian vein ; the emargiuation of the outer border ; and finally tho vast dimensions of the wing. If we look to ntluH" (Nirly lypM lor s|)i>.'i(H akin (o (his wf Hliall rni^l ii wlioji- frroiip of ('iirl)oiiill'i-ous iiiMcu!l,H with n'l.iciiliitiMl wiiiirs, to whitih tluH is cvith-iiUy rclntcil. 'Wt tluH ht'lonjj; those ronns (o which the fj;(>iu>i-i»i mimes Diotyouoiirii iiiid Ureycrin hiivc Imm-ii frivcii in the ohl worhl, iiml I'lioliu tind llii|)lo|ihl<>l)iiiMi in the new. Scvenil new loriiiM, iih yel, u:i|)uhlishi'(l, nrc known to ni ^ from (he Am 'riciin curhonil'fnMH rocks. In nil these j^ononi, hnt, es|)i>eiii,lly in DictyoiiiiiuM an'l IIa|»loi»hlel)ium (which |ierhti|)s shonhj not he Hoparateil from eaeh otJu'p), the winj; is very mueJi larirtn- ami slon h-nn- (like a, dnifftm-lly'H wini?) than tJii- fniffment of this devonian winu; will allow ns l,o snppose it to he. Ah in thes(' winrfs, the mediastinal vein is present, and n-?imd id some distane.e from the tip of the winjj;. and tiie }r(.iieral relation of the princtipal veins is sim- ilar ill all ; in none of the olliers, however, do we fmd s(» distintd, a meshvv(»fk <»f Fuh- t)rdinale veins, noi- can they he re-tolved as here inl^o sets depenilinj.^ from the two prin- cipal hranehes of tlie externonu'diaii vein. So that while a f^eneral similaiitv of Htnictnrc may he conceded, there is no occasion for consideiin^ the inseiMs iis closely alliliiitcd. The distim^ti(»n hetween IMalephemera and (}ore|)hemera will h(' point»!d out in treating of the latter insect. This ins(>ct comes from planl-hed No. 7 of l'rofess(M' llartt, iind was the only in.sect found at that hori/. 111' (|niili's llial v\im< atlcnli n Uioii-imi Iwii'c ;w " llriiwiisDiii " ; Dana Ivt'ui: a» " .Scud- wliiuli would I'lilitlc liiiii lo use llii; laii;'ua!';- oi' riiliciiiu dur " ; .Scmldur six tiiiiui h< '•Uawnoii," ~f 1 If 164 idae." I do not know by whom ; certainly not by myself, who first described them. Phitepheniera lie says, may possibly belong to the Ephemeridae, " but there is nothing in the figures to make Ibis cert^iin." The bett(»r figures published with this should be sufficient ])roof that Platepheniera belongs whei-e 1 originally placed it. The neuration agrees in all essential featiu'cs with that fiiniil}', and indeed, considering the antiquity of the creature, shows marvellously little divergeuce from existing types. And although Mr. Eaton has nothing to say of the wing structure of Mio Ephem- eridae as a whole, in distinction from that of other neuropterous families, I can hardly believe that any one who has studied it from the standpoint of the substantial unity of wing structure in all insects, could fail to discover that the Ephemeridae have a special development of wing neuration distinct from all others, permitting formulation, and to which Platephemera conforms to so close an extent, that until we have further light by the discovery of more complete remains we are amply justified in considering it as an antique type of Ephcmoridae. IV. GKKKrilKMKIJA SIMPLKX. PI. 7, figs. 8, 8a. Gerephemern s!n)])Ie.>' Scudd., Geol. mag., v, 174-75 (1808). Mentioned without name, as the fourth species, in my letter to Mr. Ilartt: On the devonian insects of New Brunswick, p. 1 ; Bailey, Obs. geol. south. New Br., 140 ; Amer. journ. sc, (2) xxxix, o57 ; Can. nat., (n. s.) n, 235 ; Trans. Ent. 8oc. I^Kind., (3) ii, 117 — all in 18()5. In the specimen and reverse as first seen by me, scarcely more could be said of this insect than the brief notice ahead}- jiulilishcd ; nothing ajjpeared but a slight fragment of the tip of a wing, and this would iu)t have been dignified by a name had not the extreme interest attaching to Ibssil insects from the horizon at Avhich it occurred seemed to demand it. The portion preserved was the upper half of the outer border with the extremities of the veins impinging upon it, and two of the principal veins near the tip of the Costal margin ; these two veins are as usual in the P'i)liemeridae and ])robably re|)resent the nuir- ginal and mediastinal (or .scapular), and .«^how that the latter reached the border scarcely above the tip of tlic wing. Since my first exnmination, however, Mr. G. F. Matthew has worked out a considerable part of the wing on one (jf the stones belonging to the St. John Society, which, though veiy diflercnt in certain parts in.m wliat would have been anticipated from the portion first ex])osellows closely the course of the veins above, and lies as far from the near- •wii tw^lke laaaer from riie next ; a little beyond the middle of tiie wing, however, this s))aco is 'IJL-iitl^ increased, and an intercalary vein, straight and similar to the others, but fainter, take- ;t> rise trom an ublicjue bent cross vein; all the other cross veins in (his interspace and on either side of the intercalary vein, are like the others in the scapular interspaces, and the wuole area in which the.se straight and directly transverse cross veins lie, namely that between the mediastinal and iq)per externon.edian veins, forms a deeply sunken but broad sulcus, the floor of which is nearly flat, and not V-shaped as usual in folds in this 167 part of the wing ; probably it is otherwise further toward the base of the wing before the division of the Hcapular vein, for the sides o» the sulcus are tolerably steep, and where only a simple vein occupied the sulcus, ns is ordinarily the case in neuropterous wings, the sulcus would be angular. The lower externomedian branch at the middle of the wing is already as far from the upper branch as that from the upper scapular branch, and continues to diverge from it with a very gentle curve, which increases apically, so that it strikes the border with the same direction as the veins above ; in the interspace between these two branches runs a feeble intercalary vein, slightly irregular in direction, sending oiT cross veins to one side and the other, forming longitudinal irregularly pentago- nal cells ; as the interspace widens these become more irregular, until at about two-thirds the distance from the base of the wing to the tip of this branch, a superior offshoot from this branch is emitted, having a course about midway between the two branches, but very soon taking a somewhat zigzag direction, and assuming altogether the appearance of the intercalary, to which it sends frequent cross veins ; a short distance further on, or at about the end of the second third of the wing, this emits a second offshoot, rather more prominent and regular than the first, which parts rapidly from the branch, and, remaining near the first, afterwards takes the apical direction of all the veins ; it is bound to the upper off- shoot by frequent cross veins forming small polygonal cells ; between it and the lower externomedian vein is another very feeble intercalary arising from a cross vein, ■ and becoming, like its lateral oflshoots, nearly imperceptible toward the outer margin ; as indeed do all the other cross veins and intercaliiries, so that they were nearly unobserved when the margin alone was exposed, and many of the cross veins fail to compass the interspaces. What can be seen of the internomedian vein is traceable slightly further toward the base of the wing than the preceding, but as the win;/ is broken here, it is impossililn tii my whether it is basally divided, and the poition visible is the upper branch, or whi'llier what we see is the whole vein ; in the former case the upper branch, in the hitter the vein proper, I'uns sub-i)iiiallel to the lower externomedian, very slightly diverging IVoiii it, and in the middle of the wing (wlicir it is brokt-n. but where its connections leave no doubt whatever of its course) is as distant from it a>! the two externomedian branches at the same point ; n single, distinct, pretty regularly zigzag intercalary runs midway between it and the lower externometiian bran(!li, connected with tolerable regxdarity to the veins on either sixde bv alternating, straight, transversi orobrKiue cross veins, generally forming rather regular, longituilinal. pentagonal cell^ which become exci'edingly irregular, obscure and broten next tlie outer margin of the wing ; just below the apical olVH|uiot' of the lower externomedian branch it throws otf an inferior branch, wliich is nearly straight, and is apically as distant from it as is the next vein above ; between these bran(dies in a very irregular intercalary vein. reseniMng in its connections the a))ical part of the intercalary above. 'Hie parts of the wing l)«*low this branch are wanting. The relations of this insect to living types is far more obscure than in the case of Plat- ephemera. It has certain rcsembhuaces to Platepiiteauera and also to the carbon ilerons PHla«'u(liiig slightly beyond the basal part, then straight in the middle, gently arcuate apically ; it is connected with the margin, so far as can be made out, by a single straight cross vein somewhat before the middle of the wing. The scapular vein fblh/ws a similar coxu'se as the mediastinal, always about as far removed from it as it is from the margin, excepting in the apical third ; where its distance from the mediastinal is slightly greater, so as to carry its termination, no doubt, exactly to the tip of the wing : no cross veins can be seen to conned this vein with the mediastinal. No other veins can be traced at the extreme l)ase ut" the wing between the seajjidar and the lower margin; but at a short distance (about 2-3 mm.) from the base of the scapular vein, and where its course turns from a descending to a longitudinal direction, a strong trans- verse vein depends from it, directed a very little obli([uely outward, and reaching from one- third to one-half way to the lower margin of the wing ; and from near ai..l at the lower extremity of this stout transverse vein, other longitudinal veins arise. The uj)permost arises from the middle of the lower half of the vein, at a distance from the scapular nuich greater than the scapular from the costal margin at this point ; at first it tends upward, parallel to Ill i I $ s i I 170 the coHtal mnrj^in, but very soon divides into two main steniH. ThoHc two stems I take to be : the upper the main scapular braneii, of whioh the transverse vein is the J)ase ; tlie lower the externouied'an vein, amalgamated with the former at the base, the two being com- parable, as will be shown further on, to the same uervures in the Odonata. The connecticm of the main scapular branch with the veins ])reserved in the held bejond cannot be directly traced ; but from the j)osition of the latter the following accciunt must be sub- Btantially correct. It runs in a nearly straight course to the middle of the a))ical half of the wing, where from not ibllowing the arcuate course of the uuiin scnpuliir vein it has diverged considerably from it; here its straight coiu'se suddenly terminiitcs. but it passes to the same point on the .ii)ical nuivgin (just below or at the apex), by a gentle arcuation subparallel to but distant from the main scapular vein, with which it ajjpears to be nowhere connected by cross veins. This main scapular braiu-h emits two basal and several iipical inferior olfshoots ; the apical ollshoots are thrown off at wide angles, at sub- equidistant intervals from the arcuate portion of the main branch, the first at its bend being abruptly and widely forked not far from its origin, the others being simple and the interspaces apparently free from cross veins. The basal oflshoots are probably thrown off (their origin is destroyed) at a little distance either side of the end of the basal third of the wing ; and, unlike the apical offshoots, certaiidy diverge at a very slight angle, and are each similarly forked ; the first from the base is forked near its origin, and its upper fork is again divided mirrowly about half way to the margin, the general course of all the near- vules of this basal offshoot being broadly arcuate. The other and outer basal off> 14 mm., rodnred at base to 4 mm. Tiie most important vein in this wing is the seapular, whose brunches occupy a))out half the (Uiter margin ; the externomecUan is comparatively unim[)ortant, the interno- median occupying a larger area. The more striking features of the wing besides this are : the origination of the principal scapuhir branch (from which tdl the sca])ular nervides nri.se) and the externoinedian vein from a common stem, having its .xource in a transverse basal nervule ; and the meagreness of the transverse neuratiou, which in no place shows any sign of reticulation. The point (irst mentioned hnds no parallel among insects excep- ti'^g in the ()(l(mata, where it is almost precisely similar. There, as 1 attempted to show many years ago in treating of the structure of the wings of recent and of fossil Neurop- tera, the transverse vein termed the arculus in modern nomenclature should be considered as made up of two veins meeting each other; for the upper of the two longi- tudinal nervures which always originate from it belongs to the scapular vein, while the lower belongs to the externomedian. Here, these two veins appear, at least, to be amal- gamated at the base, but it is not impossible, and would indeed seem a jn'ior! more prob- able, that the}' run side by side by side to the arculus, and are merely connate in ai)))ear- ance from the preservation of the fossil. However, this may be, it would seem as if we had in this peculiar structure the presence of an arculus as a forerunner at this early day of the specialized type of Odonata ; the main scapular bi-anch arising from the arculus is here, as in all nornnd modern Odonata, the principal vein of the wing.' from which most of the subsidiary branches arise ; in these two points this fossil wing is distinctively and decidedly Odonate in cluu'acter ; but if one looks further, one fails to find expected fea- tures, now, and even in Jurassic time, invariably corellated with those mentioned; esjjcc- ially is a nodus to be sought in vain ; the marginal vein runs without break to the tip of the wing ; for, although it cannot be followed from want of its perlect preservation, all the neighboring veins can, and the number is similar throughout. So too the fine niesh- Avork of Odonate wings is not only absent, but what cross neuration exists is confined to a dozen or so straight veins for the whole Aving. If, however, we consider this uppermost offshoot from the arcidus as the main branch of the scapular, and simply inuigine the arculus-structure removed, so as to bring this main bi'anch directly and plainly dependant from the scapular vein, one cannot fail to see how close the entire structure would be to what we find in the Sialina. In the latter group indeed, there is no such .separation of apical and basal oflshoots to the main .scapular branch as here, but all the scapular nervules take their rise, not from the vein itself, but as here from a principal scapular branch, arising far back on the scapular vein ; the general relations of the diflerent areas of the wing are also much the same in both, while the cross venation is very similar. Here as there, the internomedian vein and its branches are of niox'e impor- tance — cover a Avider area and bifurcate fiir more — than either the externomedian vein on the one side, or the anal on the other. We have here, therefore, as I pointed out * It is teimed vena principalin in the modern nonii'nclntiire not arise in the s.iine w.iy as in ofiicr Oilonata, but hastrans- of students of Oilonata. In some Calopterygidae it does ferred its origin to the seapular (median) itself. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i.O 1.25 US us 1^ lii 12.0 1.4 Mil I 1.6 HiolDgFapliic Sciences Carporation 23 WIST MAM STRIBT WIUTIR.K.Y. 14510 (71*)t72-4S03 \£^ V^' ^ 1 c I ll , m. ;\) : ! :i 172 when first calling attention to this fossil, the distinctive features of two tolerably well sep- arated groups combined in one individual : certain features of the wing are distinctively Sialid in character ; others occur nowhere but in the Odonata. Yet these two groups belong, one to the Neuroptera proper, the other to the Pgeudoneuroptera, and we find here the earliest proof ot their common origin, in a wing whose type is more distinctly synthetic than any other known. It seems also to bring new and unanticipated evi- dence in support of my view of the homologies of the vein arising from the arculus in Odonata. It is plainly impossible for us +o place this insect in any known fnmily of N( roptera. It must be considered the first known member of a family, forming the connecting link between the Neuroptera proper and Pseudoneuroptera, and will be evidence, in so far as it goes, of a closer connection between these two groups, than between the latter and Or- thoptera. For this family I would propose the name of Homothetidae, and would char- acterize it as a family of Neuroptera {aensii latiori), allied to Sialina, but In which the prin- cipal scapular branch, instead of originating as in Sialina directly from the main stem, usually nci.r the middle of the wing, arises in common with or close beside the externo- median vein, from an arculus near the base of the wing, connecting the scapular and inter- nomedian A^eins ; and in which, further, the basal and apical oflTshoots from this main scapidar stem are diflcrentiated, instead of exhibiting a similar and uniform character. This insect was found in plant bed No. 8, of Professor Hartt's section, the highest in the series as developed at the Lancaster locality. VI. Dyscritus vetustus. Pi. 7, fig. 4. Dyscritiis vetustus Scudd., Geol. mag., v, 172, 176 (1868). Mentioned without name, as probably identical with one of the other species, in my letter to Professor Hartt : On the devonian insects of New Brunswick, p. 1 ; Bailey, Obs. geol. south. New Br., 140; Amer. journ. sc., (2) xxxix, 357; Can. nat. geol., (n. s.)ii, 234 ; Trans, ent soc. Lond., {S) i, 117 — all in 1865. The insect brieflj^ mentioned hitherto under this name has not before been figured, and is the least important of the devonian wings. It consists of only a small fragment of a wing, which shows a bit of the lower margin with three or four curved veins running toward it, and connected rather uniformly with one another by cross veins foiming quadrate cells. It is plainly distinct from all the others, for the equivalent region in no case is similarly broken. In Lithentomum Harttii the corresponding region is indeed not preserved, but the cross veins in the neighboring parts, although weak, straight and direct as here, are so very infrequent and irregular that we cannot presume the parts which are wanting below them to be very different. The veins preserved are four in number. The uppermost has two inferior branches at short distances, of which only the extreme base of the outer is preserved, while the inner is traceable throughout its extent ; it parts from the main vein, which in the brief portion preserved runs nearly parallel to the lower margin, at an ordinary angle and passes in a regular arcuate downward course to the margin. The three veins below this take a course sub-parallel to this, and are sub-equidistant ; the upper, at the base of the 173 part preserved, is a little nearer to the vein above, and to its first branch, than to the vein below, and may possibly, not improbably, be a branch of the fir?t vein mentioned, parting from it further toward the base than the fracture of the specimen allows us to see ; the two veins; below it seem to belong together ; the bit of margin preserved, covering only two interspaces, is slightly convex. The cross veins are weak, but tolerably uniform, and either direct or slightly oblique, or occasionally a little irregular ; they are nearly equidistant as a general rule, but more frequent in the outer of the two interspaces touch- ing the margin than elsewhere. The length of the fragment is 15 mm. The fragment then consists of some curved veins striking the lower margin of a wing, one at least of which is one of two or more inferior and, so far as can fc? seen, simple branches of a principal longitudinal vein, whose course would make it terminate either at the very tip of the wing, or, if it afterwards curved considerably, very near the extremity of the lower margin. This principal vein probably belongs either to the scapular or exter- nomedian, while the lower curved veins appear like branches of the internomedian vein. The wing cannot therefore be referred to the vicinity of either Platephemera or Gereph- emera, both on account of the relations to each other of the veins, and of the nature of the reticulation, the latter being certainly polygonal in this region in both these genera ; wiiile the irregular course of the veins themselves in Platephemera and their considerable apical divarication in Gerephemera constitute peculiarities not observed in the simple frag- ment under discussion. So far as the course of the veins is concerned it can be much better, and indeed very well, compared to Dictyoneura and its allies ; but in all these insects the interspaces am filled with a minute polygonal reticulation (wherever it is preserved), which is such a characteristic feature that Dyscritus can by no possibility be considered a:* very closely allied to them. The neuration is altogether different in Xenoneura, finding nothing at all comparable in this region. The longitudinality of the veins throughout Lithentomum seems to forbid any close comparison with it. But in Homothetu:* we do find some points in common with Dyscritiis ; for while the reticulation is much more sparse in the former, there is a certain regularity about it similar to what we have in the latter, while the curving of the internomedian veins and their parallelism certainly resemble in a general way the same features in Dyscritus. And if Ave presume the fragment of Dyscritus to be broken from near the middle of the wing, we may see a not distant resemblance between the longitudinal vein of Dyscritus and its tAvo visibly connected branches, and the main branch of the scap- ular vein in Homothetus ; Avhile the upper, independent, curved vein of Dyscritus may be taken perhaps for the externomedian vein, and the other two nervules for branches of tlie internomedian vein. The resemblance is at least sufficient to make us believe we have here a clue to its relationship ; while at the same time it differs so much from it that we cannot associate the two even generically ; for if they are to be compared in this way at all, the lower stem of the main scapular branch, as seen in Homothetus, must either have become single and simple in Dyscritus, or it must have assumed the longitudinality and mode of bifurcation of the upper stem. There is nothing, however, in the fragment to show Avhat the connection of the main scapular branch may have been, and consequently nothing to prevent the reference of this wing to the Sialina, Avhere the relations of the veins would be the same. Judging f1 II . > I l:h I If ''X m Nil I i ten: L m • ■ i I II 174 by compariHon of what we have presumed to be similar parts, we may suppose this wing to have been slightly larger than that of Homothetus fossilis, and its probable length not far from 50 mm. Whatever views are held of the special homologies of the veins, its right to generic dis- tinction from Homothetus, to which it is most closely allied, must be conceded on tlie ground of the greater simplicity of the neuration. On account of the insignificance of the fragment, however, and the consequent impos- sibility of any sure clue to its affinities, it would not have been worth while to confer upon this wing a distinctive generic name, even granting its generic dissociation from all others, were it not for the extreme interest attaching to any insect fragment of such high antiquity. The remains were found in plant bed No. 8, of Professor Hartt, the highest in the Lan- caster series. VII. LlTHENTOMUM HaRTTII. PI. 7, fig. 3. Lithentomtim ffarttii Scudd., Can. nat. geol., (n. s.) in., 206, fig. 4 (1867); — Ib., Geol. mag., iv, 387, pi. 17, fig. 4 (1867); Ib., Daws., Acad, geol., 2d ed., 525, fig. 183 (1868) ; — Ib.. Amer. nat., i, 630, pi. 16, fig. 5 [Hartiq (1868); — Ib., Geol. mag. v, 172, 176 (1868); — Pack., Guide ins., 77, 78, pi. 1, fig. 5 (1869). Mentioned without name, as the third species, in my letter to Professor Hartt : On the devonian insects of New Brunswick, p. 1; Bailey, Obs. geol. south. New Br., 140 ; Amer. journ. sc, (2) xxxix, 857 ; Can. nat. geol., (n. s.) ii, 235 ; Trans, ent. soc. Lond., (3) II, 117 — all in 1865. The relic to which this name has been given is the central upper portion of a wing in a very fragmentary condition, but with a bit of the upper margin sufficient to enable one to determine pretty positively the homologies of the veins. A fragment of Calamites has unfortunately covered the base and lower part of the wing, but one or two of the veins appear through it at what must be the very base of the wing, and help to determine its nature. The fragment preserved is 36 mm. long, and 15.5 nmi. broad; but the wing was probably 55 mm. long, and perhaps 20 mm. broad, if one may judge from its general appearance only ; it certainly represents a large insect. The marginal vein forms the border. The mediastinal vein in the basal half of the wing, and probably for some distance beyond, runs parallel to and at considerable dis- tance from the border, with which it is connected by very weak oblique cross veins at irregular intervals, which toward the base are considerably more oblique than further outward ; this weak construction of the costal margin renders it probable that the wing was a hind one. The scapidar vein in the basal quarter of the wing runs in very close proximity to the mediastinal, then parts from it a little, and continues sub-parallel to it, but a little nearer to it than the latter to the border ; there appear to be no cross nervules between these veins, but a slight and irregular tortuous lo igitudinal line like a mere puckering of the membrane ; at some distance before the middle of the wing this vein puts forth at a slight angle an inferior branch, which takes an arcuate course sub-parallel to the vein, and is forked about as far beyond the middle of the wing, apparently, as it arose anterior to it, both offshoots taking a longitudinal direction. 175 The externomedian vein next the base of the wing is somewhat distant from the scap- ular, is afterwards still further removed from it, and, in the middle half or more of the wing, has a somewhat irregular, sinuous, longitudinal course, sub-parallel to the scapular vein ; just before the end of the basal quarter it appears to have a straight ob- lique inferior branch widely divergent from it ; this is the vein next the lower margin of the fragment ; by its course it would appear to be a branch of the externomedian, but it is not impossible tliat it may be the internomedian vein ; v.hichever it is, it forks in the middle of the second quarter of the wing, each Ibrk beir g straight, simple and slightly divergent. From the point where this inferior branch appears to be thrown oft' from tlie externoinedian vein, a superior branch appears also to be emitted ; it scarcely parts from the vein and runs only a short distance along the interspace in a nearly straight line and then dies out. Beyond this the externomedian vein throws off" two, so far as can be seen simple, branches, which are nearly straight, obliquely longitudinal, and part from the vein, one at the middle of the wing, the other a short distance before it or just below the branch of the scapular vein. The interspaces thus formed below the scapidar vein ire very unequal and variable in bi-eadth, giving the neuration a feeble uncertain appearance, whicli is heightened by the irregular distribution of the cross veins, which, although nearly always straight and transverse, sometimes bridge the narrowes-^t, sometimes the broadest parts of the interspaces ; they are exceedingly feeble and infrequent, the largest number being found in the interspace between the scapular and externomedian veins, although they may have been present in some of the areas where they cannot now be seen. We shall seek, in vain to acconmiodate this wing in any of tlie modern families of Neyroptera. There are none excepting the Ephemeridae, the Embidae ond perhaps the Raphidiidae, in which the externomedian vein has such a preponderating importance, and in none of these do the scapular or externomedian veins have a structure at all similar. The structin-e of the scapular vein is somewhat similar to what we find in the Sialina, but is widely different from it in the paucity of the offshoots of the scapular branch, in which this wing is comparable to Xenoneura only. The structure of the externomedian vein is also distantly similar to that of the Sialina, but in this family, in modern times at least, the number of principal branches is always fewer, they never assume such a longitudinal course, and never cover so great an area. We must, therefore, separate this group from all known families, as one having its nearest affinities to Sialina in modern times, and perchance to Xenoneuridae in the ancient ; and, considering it as in some sense a precursor of the Sialina, may call it C'ronicosialina.' It should be looked upon as a family of Neuroptera proper, of feeble neuration, in which the scapular vein emits a nuun branch near the middle of the wing, which, running nearly parallel to the main vein, emits one or at most two subsidiary, also longitudinal, simple offshoots. The externomedian vein, tolerably distant from the former throughout, terminates near the tip of the wing, emitting two or three branches at very unequal distances apart, all of them longitudinal and all but the basal simple ; the irregular interspaces thus formed are crossed at very unequal distances by very feeble but straight cross veins. The lower veins are unknown. This specimen is the most obscure of aii the devonian insects and would have been overlooked by any less keen-sighted observer than the late Professor C. F. Ilartt. ' hiiiivixiij, old fiiBliiuned. i 1 i:f -I! 1 ' m li! 176 Very few persons seeing it would recognize it as an insect, yet it was the first insect found by him which he recognized as such. It is on this account that I have selected this of all the devonian wings to comtnemorate his discovery. It comes from plant-bed No. 8, the highest in the series. VIII. Xenoneura antiqlokum. pi. ?, figs. 5, 6, 7. Xenoneura antifjuoriim Scudd., Can. nat. geol., (n. s.) in, 206, fig. 5 (1867); — Ifl., Geol. mag., IV, 387-88, pi. 17, fig. 5 (1867); — Ib., Daws., Acad, geol., 2d ed., 625-26, fig. 184 (1868); — Ib., Amer. nat., ii, 163, fig. 1 (1868); — 1b., Geol. mag., v, 174. 176 (1868).- Mentioned withoiit name, as the fifth species, in my letter to Professor Hartt: On the devonian insects of New Brunswick, p. 1 ; Bailey, Obs. geol, south. New Br., 140 ; Amer. journ. sc, (2) xxxix, 357; Can. nat. geol., (n. s.) ii, 235; Trans, ent. soc. Lond., (3) ir, 117, — all in 1865; see also Amer. journ. sc, (2) XL, 271. This fossil is represented by a fractured biL-al fragment of a wing, probably including a little moi'e than half of it. It is the smallest of the devonian insects, the wing having probably measured only a little more than 18 mm. in length. It was long and slender, broadest near the middle, and probably tapered to a rounded but somewhat produced extremity, as in certjiin species of Dictyoneuni. The costal border in the preserved por- tion (probably a little more than half of the whole) is gently convex; probably beyond tne middle it is straight nearly to the tip, as represented on the plate ; the portions of the lower margin preserved indicate that this was more strongly arcuate but not full next the base ; the direction of the margins and the course of the distant veins indicate, as stated, a tapering tip, which was probably rounded, and in no way angular. The marginal vein fonns the border. The mediastinal vein is simple and gently arcu- ate ; at first it curves gently in the opposite sense to the margin, from which it is some- what distant, and with which it is connected by faint, neai'ly transverse, or, aAvay from the base, gently oblique cross veins, not very closely approximated. At tlie beginning of the second quarter of the wing, it is about as distant from the scapular vein as from the mar- gin, and thereafter runs nearly parallel with the latter, but with a slightly stronger curve, to a little past the middle of the wing ; where it suddenly teruiinates in a cross vein bent at a right angle, the upper half a little the longer, by which it is connected with the veins on either side of it ; a somewhat similar termination of this vein is shown in Goldenberg's figure of Divtyoneura Uhelluloldes. The scapular vein is one of the most important in the wing. In the part of the wing preserved it is very straight. Next to the base it is in exceedingly close proximity to the mediastinal, diverging gently from it by the curve of the latter at about the end of the basal fifth of the fragment, imtil it is as distant from the mediastinal as the mediastinal is from the margin, and again gradually approaches it ; it is about equidistant from the bor- der at the end of the fragment, and where the mediastinal diverges from it ; beyond the tip of the mediastinal, it probably continues its straight course fl,t first, or even trends slightly upwaixl to tjike the place of the mediastinal vein, until it is in close proximity to the border, and then follows nearly the curve of the latter, gradually approaching it until 177 near the tip ; but the track of the vein beyond the tip of the mediastinal ih of course conjectural. At a little beyond the end of the first third of the wing, it emits at a considerable angle an inferior branch, which, at about half way from its base to tho tip of the mediastinal, or at just about the middle of the wing, begins to curve, so as to assume a direction parallel to the main vein, and at the same time forks ; this whole branch is very faint, and is almost efliiced at the fork next which the wing is fractured. To judge from the course of the otiier veins, one and only one of the offshoots of that branch is again simply forked ; which, it would be impossible to say ; but the upper offshoot (with its upper fork, if it divides) most probably runs sub-parallel to, and at considerable distance from, the main scapular vein, very gradually approaching it, especially apically where it curves downward, initil it terminates, probably at the very apex of the wing. The sketch in fig. 5, however, represents the lower branch as forked, at a little past its middle ; there can be little doubt that the branches impinge upon the margin at about the distance apart that is indicated, or at a little less distance apart than the bi'anches are seen to abut on the fragment of the lower margin which is preserved. The only question is concerning the basal attachment of the vein which strikes the border the second below the scai>ular vein itself ; if not attached as represented in the plate, it originates from the branch of the scapular vein at probably a little less than half the distance between its first forking and the apex. The vein lying next below this, and which appears on the plate (fig. 5) to have a double attachment to the scapular vein, seems to be the externomedian vein. That its basal half, like that of the preserved portion of the scapular branch, is very faintly indicated on the stone seems due to some accident of preservation, for its apical branching part is distinct. It appears to originate from the scapular vein at a little more than half way from the base of the wing to the origin of the scapular branch ; its basal portion must therefore be either connate with the scapular vein, or be so closely connected with it by the accidents of preservation as to be inseparable from it. It diverges from the scapular at the same angle as the scapula" branch, is very soon connected with the adjacent vein below by a short cross nervule of u.iusual distinctness, bends outward a little beyond this cross nervule, and at an equal distance beyond is again bent to its former course ; here it is connected to the scapular vein by a faint oblique cross vein, which is almost exactly continuous with the subsequent part of the externomedian, and reaches the scapular vein directly above the distinct cross vein above mentioned ; thus giving the mediastinal vein the appearance of having a double base, and enclosing between its basal attachments an elongated subrhomboidal cell. Beyond these basal divisions the vein runs in a straight oblique course to just before the centre of the wing, where it forks widely, the upper branch being simple and excepting for a gentle arcuatiou at its base nearly straight and a little more longitudinal than the main stem ; the lower branch nearly continues the direction of the main stem, and at a little less than half way to the margin forks, again widely, but synnnetrically, the offshoot being simple, the upper again forked half way to the margin, the final upper fork being nearly horizontal and striking the border in the middle of the apical half of the wing. 1: Wu , 1 ' lll J i i I s M m i 178 The intemomedinn vein seems to be repreHented by two widely separated simple veins, the course of which, so far as they can be traced, would seem to indicate that they have a common origin very near or at the base of the wing, directly below the common stem of the scapular and externomedian veins. The upper branch first comes into view directly beneath this stem, running parallel to it, and not very far away from it, but at double the distance from it that the mediastinal vein is at this point, which is before the end of the basal quarler of the wing ; when the mediastinal vein curves upward from the scapular, this curves downward in about the some degree, until it reaches the distinct short cross vein which unites it, as before stated, to the externomedian vein ; here it bends downward, becomes more distinct than any of the nervules between it and the main scapular vein (previously it had been rather inconspicuous), and runs in a nearly direct faintly arcuate course to the middle of the lower margin of the wing, gently diverging throughout from the externomedian vein and its nearer branches. The lower branch is first seen in the very centre of the basal third of the wing, from which point it passes in a nearly straight course almost parallel to the distincter portion of the other branch, and is as heavily marked. The anal vein is perhaps simple, running at first doAvnward and curving outward, Bubparallel to but distant from the lower basal margin, becoming just before the middle of its regular course straight and distinct, when it diverges slightly from the border of the wing, and inclines distinctly although not greatly toward the lower internomedian branch, con- tinuing in this course until it reaches a distinct oblique cross vein which unites it to the latter in the middle of the basal half of the wing ; here it bends abruptly downward at right angles to the cross vein, and nms doubtless into the margin ; the cross vein is nearly traun'erse to the interspace in which it lies, and is about parallel to, and is of the same length as, the upper limb of the bent cross vein in which the mediastinal vein terminates. Next the basal margin of the Aving is a brief simple shoot directed almost vertically downward, Avhich may be an inferior bt.sal branch of the anal vein. The other lines between the internomedian veins and the margin, seen in fig. 5, represent merely fractures in the stone. Besides the three distinct cross veins mentioned, — (1) that in which the mediastinal vein terminates, (2) that between the upper internomedian branch and the externomedian vein; and (3) that connecting the lower internomedian branch and the anal vein — and the weak cross veins visible in the interspace above the mediastinal vein (of which only those in the basal half are represented in fig. 5), there are in various parts of the wing exceedingly indistinct, very weak, very closely approximated, but unequally distant cross veins, transverse or nearly transverse to the interspaces, sometimes curved but never showing any tendency to unite so as to form any kind of reticulation ; it is probable that they exist throughout the wing, or at least below the main scapular vein ; they are most distinct in the externomedian interspaces, and in those on either side of the internomedian branches, especially next the nervules themselves, as may be seen in fig. 5 on either side of the lower internomedian branch, where they are more distinct than in any other part of the wing ; this mode of fracturing the interspaces, rather than reticulation, is the more marked from the exce^uingly open and distant neuration. 179 BesidoH these normal features of nexiration tliere arc some other charocteristics in this wing, purposely left for description to the end. These are some peculiar marks near the base of the wing, originally described by me as " apparently independent veiidets, forming portions of concentric rings." These ridged rings overlie the probable position, as here described, of the basal part of the lower internomedian branch, and lie just beneath the initial divergence of the mediastinal and scapular veins ; they consist of an alternate series of broken concentric grooves and furrows, some faint, others in places very distinct, extending over nearly half the Avidth of the wing at this point, i e., almost reaching the upper branch of the internomedian vein on thr- one hand and the anal vein on the other; the most distinct are three short, shallow furrows, with very rounded low ridges between them upon the upper side, next tiie upper branch of the internomedian vein ; the outer of these is distant from the extreme mark upon the opposite side about 2.2 nun. ; the central region, rather less than a milli- meter in diameter, presents a slightly elevated, irregular, granulated surface, like many of the rougher parts of the stone outside the wing, and has no peculiar structure ; the whole lies directly upon what would be the continuation of the lower branch of the interno- median vein were it present, and apparently obliterates it; one of the outermost grooves, an extremely faint and delicate one, crosses the anal vein at a very sharp angle. This peculiar feature in the wing I formerly compared to the stridulating apparatus of the Locustariae, and suggested that this insect thereby united characteristics now found only separated, some in Neuroptera and some in Orthoptera. Several naturalists, e. g., Darwin, Dawson, and Packard, following my suggestion, have used this as a striking illustration of synthetic character in early types of animals, and have pictured this as the earliest exanjple of stridulation. I am now obliged to confess that I have led them altogether astray; this peculiarity, although bearing a strong superficial resemblance to the stridulating organs in liocustariae, having, I believe, nothing whatever to do with the wing itself The stridulating apparatus of Or- thoptera, whenever it concerns the wings, is invariably based on a modification of existing veins; in its simplest forms it is the mere thickening of certain nervules, and furnishing them with a sharp or rough edge. In the original appearance of a stridulating organ in insects, we should look for some such simple form as the initial stage. But in this fossil wing we find nothing of the sort; no one of the concentric lines or grooves are continuous with any of the neighboring veins. The only appearances which favor such a view are: (1) the openness of the neuration at this point, which allows this great scar to lie at the base of the wing without disturbing more than one of the veins; (2) the curve of the anal vein, which has the appearance of passing around this obstruction ; but the course of which is in keeping with the curve of the lower margin of the wing, equally explaining it; and (3) the curve of the cross veins in the neighborhood of the scar, as seen on either side of the lower internomedian branch in fig. 5; which veins, however, when narrowly examined, are seen to form angles with the more prominent concentric grooves and ridges. These ridges, too, are not of a form suitable for the production of sound, the depressions or elevations being extremely smooth and gradual ; they are also of very unequal size and thickness ; they do not occur in the anal area, as in alT Locustariae, but in the internomedian ; •li i] 180 nnd tliey Imvo just Hufficient regiilnrity to render it mont probable that the central, irregular, rough, and nlightly elevated mans is either the relic of a foreign subHtance, which has fallen ujion the wing, subsequent pressure upon which, when the nien)brane of the wing formed, so to speak, a part of the floor upon which it lay, has caused the mud and membrane together to assume the present appearance ; or, that we chance here to have stumble'd on a wing which, in the nymph condition, has met with some accident, producing in the imago a blister-like distortion, such as those figured by Mocquerys, as suggested to me by Dr. Hagen, in the elytra of Citrahvs monilia, Meaonjjhalia g'lbba, Timarcha rvgosa, and as must have been observed in the veined wings of insects of the other orders by all entomologists. This last supposition woidd better account for the greater prominences of the peculiar markings around one part of the scar than elsewhere, and for the apparent partial conformity of the cross venation to the contour of the scar. Whichever way it be considered, it does not now appear to me reasonable to maintain my former hypothesis of a stridulating organ, to which nevertheless there is, as stated, a remarkable genei'al resemblance. That such a stridulating organ would be a great anomaly no one can question, and the proposition should not be maintained in the face of the objections which careful a'^d prolonged study and comparison elicit. But putting aside its extraneous features, we may discuss the aflRnities of this insect on the basis of the unquestionable characteristics of its neuration, and shall find in these enough to excite our interest and even to perplex us. In its general features the wing is plainly neuropterous. It would appear from the strength of the margin to be an upper wing, and in its form to resemble that of many true Neuroptera ; its sweeping forking branches with direct transverse cross venation attest the same proposition, but when we come to compare it with known types, we shall find it extremely difficult to place it. Its very open neuration is one general feature which is peculiar ; the presence of two or three very prominent cross veins, with an extreme multitude of feeble cross veins never breaking up into an irregular reticulation, is certainly strange ; so is the termination of the mediastinal vein, and still more the entire simplicity and extreme separation of the internomedian veins, occupying so large an area of the wing without a fork, and connected in so unusual a manner with the veins on either side ; the apparent absolute amalgamation of the bases of the scapular and externomedian veins in such early insects is very unexpected ; — and all combine to form an ensemble which is the odder for the general simplicity of the neuration. It would be hard to say which is the most prominent vein in the wing; the scapular, externomedian and internomedian occupy about equal areas, and Avhile the tAvo former branch more than the latter, their nervules are compar- atively much feebler. In the openness and sparseness of the neuration and in the paucity (but not at all in the position) of the principal cross veins, it bears a certain resemblance to the Coniopterygidae and to no other neuropterous family ; but the differences are far greater and more important than the resemblances and scarcely need be stated. There are also some features which give it a sialidan appearance ; if we suppose, as we may, that the second nervule rejiching the margin below the main scapular vein arises from the main scapular branch, we shall have a condition of the scapular vein very like that of the Sialina, excepting in the slight number of offshoots from its branch, which would be very abnormal; in the near or actual amalgamation of the externomedian 181 ic contrnl, snbHtnnce, E?n>brnne of ic mud nnd ;re to hnve ;, producing Liggested to Tmarcha ,f the other the greater ewhere, and ,f the Hcar. mahitahi my 8, as stated, I be a great lined in the elicit. this insect on these enough ing is plainly I upper wing, king branches n wo come to eit. Its very two or three i veins never termination of aration of the t a fork, and jarent absolute h early insects odder for the most prominent )y about equal les are compar- ucity (but not resemblance to ierences are far tated. i suppose, as we pular vein arises ar vein very like ts branch, which externomedian with the scapular vein, there is also nothing to separate it from the Sialina, excepting their amalgamation for so great a distance ; but the structure of all the other \eins and the peculiarities of the cross venation is very different from the same points in the Sialina. In the course of most of the main voins and their mode of branching, it has some resemblance to the Rnphidiidae, but it has no affinity whatever with that group in the peculiar directions of the nervules and their connection by distant cross veins, so as to form large polygonal cells, which is one of the most striking of the characteristic features of Eaphidiidae. The apical two-thirds of the wing (excluding, therefore, the attachments of most of the veins) are in sufficient harmony with these parts in the carboniferous Dlctyoneurae to presume, at first, that the wing will fall in the ancient order of Palaeodictyoptera. As yet, however, we know too little of the extent and even of the peculiar characteristics of this group to say whether or not the structure of the base of the wing will allow its location here ; certainly it will not admit its being placed in the same family with the genus Dictyo- neura ; and at present this is, perhaps, all that we can say until the structure of all the ancient wings shall have been most carefully studied. It is in large measure in those points of structure which Dictyoneura shares with the Ephemeridae, that Xenoneura is comparable to the former, and we therefore see in this wing ephemeridan, sialidan, raphidian and coniopterygidan features, combined with others peculiar to itself. Whatever the closest affinities of the wing may prove to be, it must certainly, by its combination of characters, bridge over the gulf now separating the wing features of Neuroptera and Pseudoneuroptera ; and these various considerations assure us of its family distinction from any known ancient or modern type of Neuroptera, and of the propriety of applying to the group it represents the family name of Xenoneuridae. This species, with Gerephemera simplex, came from the lowest insect-producing beds of the Tjancaster Shales, called plant bed No. 2, by Professor Ilartt. IX. General Summary. It only remains to sum up the results of this re-examination of the devonian insects, and especially to discuss their relation to later or now existing types. This may best be done by a separate consideration of the following points : 1. There is nothing in the structure of these earliest known insects to interfere with a former conclusion ' that the general type of w'ng structure has remained unaltered from the earliest tim,es. Three of these six insects (Gerephemera, Homothetus and Xenoneura) have been shown to possess a very peculiar neuration, dissimilar from both carboniferous and modern types. As will also be shown under the tenth head, the dissimilarity of structure of all the devonian insects is much greater than would be anticipated ; yet all the features of neuration can be brought into perfect harmony with the system laid down by Heer. 2. These earliest insects were hexapods, and as far as the record goes preceded in time both arachnids and myriapods. This is shown only by the wings, which in all known insects belong only to hexapods, and in the nature of things prove the earlier apparition of that group. This, however, is so improbable on any hypothesis, that we must conclude the record to be defective. *Tlic early types of insui-tg. Mom. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist,, III, 21. 182 1';^ I 3. They were all lower Heterometaiola. As wings are the only parts preserved, wo cannot tell from the remains themselves whether they belong to sucking or to biting insects ; for, as was shown in the essay already referred to, this point must be considered undetermined concerning many of the oldest insects until more complete remains are discovered. They are all allied or belong to the Netiroptera, using the word in its widest sense. At least two of the genera (Platephemera and Oerephemera) must be considered as having a closer relationship to Pseudoneuroptera than to Neuroptera proper, and as having indeed no special affinity to the true Neuroptera other than is found in Palaeodictyoptera. Two others (Lithentomum and Xenoiveura), on the contrary, are plainly more nearly related to the true Neuroptera than to the Pseudoneuroptera, and also show no special affinity to true Neuroptera other than is found in Palaeodictyoptera. A fifth (Homothetus), which has comparatively little in common with the Palaeodictyoptera, is perhaps more nearly related to the true Neuroptera than to the Pseudoneuroptera, although its pseudo- neuropterous characters are of a striking nature. Of the sixth (Dyscritus) the remains are far too imperfect to judge clearly, but the choice lies rather with the Pseudoneuroptera or with Homothetus. The devonian insects are then about equally divided in structural features between Neuroptera proper and Pseudoneuroptera, and none exhibit any special orthopterous, hemipterous or coleopterous characteristics. 4. If early all are synthetic types of a comparatively narrow range. This has been stated in substance in the preceding paragraph, but may receive additional illustration here. Thus Platephem'^ra may be looked upon as an ephemerid with an odonate retic- ulation ; Homothetus might be designated as a sialid with an odonate structure of the main branch of the scapular vein ; and under each of the species will be found detailed accounts of any combination of characters which it possesses. 5. If early all bear marks of affinity to the carhoniferov.^ Palaeodictyoptera, either in the reticulated surface of the wing, its longitudinal neuration, or both. But besides this there are some, such as Oerephemera and Xenoneura, in which the resemblance is marked. Most of the species, however, even including the two mentioned, show palaeodictyopteran characters only on what might be caller the neuropterous side ; and their divergence from the carboniferous Palaeodictyoptera is so great that they can scarcely be placed directly with the mass of palaeozoic insects, where we find a very common type of wing structure, into which the neuration of devonian insects only partially fits. For : 6. On the other hand, they are often of more and not less complicated structure than most Palaeodictyo2)tera. This is true of the three genera mentioned above with peculiar neuration, but not necessarily of the others, and it especially true when they are com- pared with the genus Dictyoneura and its immediate allies. There are other Polaeodicty- optera in the carboniferous period with more complicated neuration than Dictyoneura, but these three devonian insects apparently surpass them, as well as very nearly all other carboniferous insects. Furthermore : 7. With the exception of the general statement under the fifth head, they hear little special relation to carboniferous forms, having a distinct fades of their own. This is very striking ; it would certainly not be possible to collect six wings in one locality in the carboniferous rocks, which would not prove, by their affinity with those already 188 known, the carbonifcrouB age of the dcponit. Yet we find in thin devonian locality not a ningle one of the Pahieobhittariae or anything reHoinbling them ; and more than half the known insects of the carboniferous poriod belong to that type. The next most prevoiling carboniferous type is Dictyoneura and its nenr allies, with their reticulated wings. Gerephemera only, of all the devonian insects, shows any real and close attinity with them ; and «!ven here the details of the wing structure, as shown above, are very dillerent. The apical half of the wing of Xenoneura (as I have « jpoaed it to be formed) also beors a striking resemblance to the dictyoneuran wing ; but the base, which is preserved, and where the more important features lie, is totally different. The only other wing which shows particular resemblance to any carboniferous form (we must omit Dyscritus from this consideration, as being too imperfect to be of any value) is Phitephemera, where we find a certain general resemblance to Uphemerites liuckerti Gein., and Acrkliteit prisciis Andr., but this is simply in the form of the wing and the general course of the nervules ; when we examine fhe details of the neuration more closely we find it altogether different, and the reticulation of the wing polygonal and not quadrate as in the carboniferous types.' In this respect indeed, Phitephemera diflers not only from all modern Ephemcridae, but also from those of other geological periods.' Another prevailing carboniferous type, the Termitina, is altogether absent from the devonian. Half a dozen wings, therefore, from rocks known to be either devonian or carboniferous, would probably establish their age- 8. The devonian insects were of great size, had membranous wings, and were probably aquatic in early life. The last statement is siniply inferred from the fact that all the modern types most nearly allied to them are now aquatic. As to the first, some state- ments have already been made ; their expanse of wing probably varied from 40 to 175 mm. and averaged 107 mm. Xenoneura was much smaller than any of the others, its expanse not exceeding four centimetres, while the probable expanse of all the r«»st was generally more than a decimeter, only Ilomothetus falling below this figure. Indeed if Xenoneura be omitted, the average expanse of wing was 121 mm., an expanse which might well be compared to that of the Aeschnidae, the largest, as a group, of living Odonata. There is no trace of coriaceous structure in any of the wings, nor in any are there thickened and approximate nervules — one stage of the approach to a coriaceous texture. 9. Some of the devonian insects are plainly jirecitrsors of existing forms, while others seem to have left no trace. The best examples of the former are Platephemera, an aberrant form of an existing family ; and Homothetus, which, while totally different in the combination of its characters from anything known among living or fossil insects, is the only palaeozoic insect possessing that peculiar arrangement of veins found at the base of the wings in Odonata, typified by the arculus, a structure previously known only as early as ' Dr. H. B. Gcinitz lias kindly ru-t- xntnlnt'd Ephemeri/ea ' The Dictyoncurac and their alliea, an may bo inferred, RUckerii at my ret, and status that tiie rutioiilation is in arc vonsidurud hs bulonging to the Palaeodiotyoptera general tetragonal, but that at the extreme outer margin although their cjihemeridan affinities are not disregarded, the cells appear in a few places to be elliptical five- or six- sided. 184 'f i the Jurassic. Exumples of the latter are Gerephemeru, which hn« a multiplicity of simple parallel veins, next the costal margin of the wing, such aa no other insect, ancient or modern, is laiown to possess ; and Xenmieura, where the relationship of the internoniedian branches to each other and to the rest of the wing is altogether abnormal. If too, the concentric ridges, formerly interpreted by me as possibly representing a stridulating i.i'gan, should eventually be proved an actual part of the wing, we should have here a structure which L;vs never since been repeated even in any modilied form. 10. They show a remarkable variety of structure, indicatimj an abundance of insect life at that ejioch. This is the more noticeable from their belonging to a single type of forms, as stated under the seventh head, where we have seen that their neuration does not accord with the commoner type of wing structure found in palaeozoic insects.* Those six wings exhibit a diversity of neuration quite as great as is found among the hundred or more species of the carboniferous epoch ; in some, such as Platephemera, the structure is very simple ; in others, like Homothetus and Xenoneura, it is somewhat complicated ; some of the wings, as Platephemera and Gerephemera, are reticulated ; the others possess only transverse cross veins more or less distinct and direct. No two wings can be referred to the same family, iinles ? Dyscritus belongs with Homothetus — a point which cannot be determined from the great imperfection of the former. This compels us to admit the strong probability of an abundant insect fauna at that epoch ; although many palaeozoic localities can boast a greater diversity of insect types, if we look upon their general structure as developed in after ages, not one in the world has produced wings exhibiting in themselves a wider diversity of neuration ; for tlie neuration of the Palaco- dictyoptera is not more essentially distinct from that of the Palaeoblattariae or of the ancient Termitina, than that of Platepheniera or Gerephemera on the one hand is from that of Ho.nothetus or of Xenoneura on the other. Unconsciously, perhaps, we allow our knowledge of existing types and their past history to modify our appreciation of distinctions between ancient forms. For while we can plainly see in the Palaeoblattariae the jjx'ogenitoi's of living insects of one order, and in other ancient types the ancestors of living representatives of another order ; were we imfamiliar with the divergence of these orders in modern times, we should not think of separating ordinally their ancestors of the carboniferous epoch. It may easily be seen, then, how it is possible to find in these devonian inscits — all Neuroptera or neuropterous Palaeodictyoptera — a diversity of wing structure greater than is found in the carboniferous representatives of the modern Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Ilemiptera. 11. The devonian insects also differ remarkably from all other known types, ancient or modern ; and some of them ajjpear to be even more complicated than their nfarest liinny allies. With the exception of Platephemera, not one of them can be referred to any family of insects previously known, living or fossil ; and even Platephemera, as shown above, difl'ers strikingly from all other members of the family in which it is placed, both in general neuration and in reticulation ; to a greater degree even than the most aberrant genera of that family do from the normal type. This same genus is also more compli- cated in structure than its modern allies ; the reticulation of the wing in certain > CI'. Mum. Boat. Soc. Nnt. Ilitt., Ill, 19, note 1. 185 structurally defined areas is polygonal and tolerably regular, instead of being simply quad- rate; whilM the intercalated veins are oil connected at tlieir ba-e, instead of being free. Xenoneura also, as compai'ed Avith modern Sialina, rhows what should perhaps be deemed a higher (or at least a later) type of structure, in the amalgaimition of the externomedian and scapular veins for a long distance from the ba>*octs. All such theories have required some Zoaea, Leptus, Campodea, or other simple wingless form as the foundation pomt; and this ancestral form, according to Ilaeckel at least, must be looked . r above the silurian rocks. Yet we have in the devonian no traces whatever of such fouus, but on the contrary, as far down as the middle of this period, winged insects with rather hig'dy differentiated structure, which, taken together, can be considered lower than the ma.ss of the upper carboniferous insects, only by the absence of the very few Ilemiptera and Coleoptera which the latter can boast. Remove those few insects from consideration (or simply leave out of mind their future development to very distinct types , and the middle devonian insects woidd not suffer in the comparison with those of the upper carboniferous, either in couiplication or in diversity of structure. Furthermore, they .show no sort of approach toward either of the lower wingless forms, hypothetically looked upon as the ancestors of tracheate Articvdata. 13. Finally, tchih there are some forms tohich, to some degree, bear out expectations based on the general dericatire hypothesis of stractKral development, there are quite as many which are altogether unexpected, and cannot be explained by that theory, tcithout incolving suppositions for ivhich no facts can at present be adduced. Palephemera and Gerephemera are unquestionably insects of a very low organization related to the existing uuty-llies, which are well known to be of inf.'rior structure, as com- pared with other living insects ; these may-llies are indeed among the nu)st, degraded of the sub-order to which they belong, itself one of the very lowest sub-orders. Dyscritus too may be of similar degradation, although its resemblance to Ilomothetus leaves it altogether uncertain. But no one of these exhibits any inferiority t)f structure when compared with its nearest allies in the later carboniferous rocks, and they are all higher than some which might be named. While of the remaining species it can be con- fidentially .isserted that they are higher in structure than most of the carboniferous types, and exhibit syntheses of character dlftering from theirs. It is quite as if we were on two distinct lines of descent when we study the devonian and the ci'.rbon- iferous insects ; they have little in ccmmon, and each its peculiar comprohe i.-^ive types. Judging from this point of view, it Avould be impo.sslble ^o say that the devonian insects showed either a broader synthesis or a ruder type than the carboniferous. This of course may be, and in all piobabillty is, bocause oiu" knowledge of carboniferous insects is, in comparison, so much more extensive ; but, judging simply by the facts at hand, it appears tiiat the carbonifewms insects carry us buck both to tlie 186 more simple and to the more generalized forma. We have nothing in the devonian 80 simple as Euephemerites, nothing so comprehensive as Eiigereon, nothing at once so simple and comprehensive as Dictj'oneiira. On the derivative hypothesis, we must presume, from our present knowledge of devonian insects, that the Palaeodictyoptera of the carboniferous are already, in that epoch, an old and persistent embryonic type (as the living Ephemeridae may be considered to-day, on a narrower but more lengthened fscale); that some other insects of carboniferous times, together with most of thos>„ of the devonian, descended from a common stock in the lower devonian or "ilurian period ; and that the union of these with the Palaeodictyoptera was even further removed from us in time ; — carrying back the origin of winged insects to a far remoter antiquity than has ever been ascribed tr them ; and necessitating a faith in the derivative hypothesis, which a study of the records preserved in the rocks could never alone afford ; for no evidence can be adduced in its favor based only on such investigations. The profound voids in our knowledf,e of the earliest history of insects, to which allusion a\...3 made at the close of my paper on the Early types of insects, are thus shown to be even greater and more obscure than had been presumed. But I should hesitate to close this summary without expressing the conviction that some such earlier unknown comprehensive types as are indicated above did exist and should be sought. NoTK ON THE Geological Relations of the Fossil Insects from the Devo- nian OP New Brunswick. By Principal Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. 1 $- 1 1 ; j 1 h i i-- 8 i t 1 t ' II : > i i The beds affording these remains occur in the vicinity of the city of St. John, New Brunswick, and are well exposed on the shores of Courtney Bay, on the east side of the city, and at Duck Cove, Lancaster, on its western side. They consist of sandstones, shales, and conglomerates, having an aggregate thickness of about 7,500 feet,* as shown in the following genenilized section, in ascending order : — 1. Bloomshury Conglomerate — Reddish-gray conglomerate with interstratified hard red shale. 500 feet. 2. Dadoxylon Sandstone — (Lower part of Little River Group in my Acadian Geol- ogy). Gray sandstone and grit, with beds of gray and black graphitic shale — ' Fossil plants, etc. 2,800 feet. 3. Cordaite Shahs — (Upper part of the Little River Group) — red, gray and black shales, with beds of sandstone and conglomerate — Fossil Plants, etc. 2,400 feet. 4. Mispec Conglomerate — Red conglomerate and shale. 1,800 feet. In the vicinity of St. John, these beds rest on cambrian rocks of the Acadian (Mone- vian) group, and are overlain uncomfomuibly by loAver carboniferous ("sub-carboniferous") conglomerates, which in their extension eastward are associated with the Albert shales holding fossil fishes and plants of characteristic lower carboniferous types."'' Elsewhere in * Report cf Bailey and ; atlii-w, Gi'ol. Survey of Canada, 1871. In the author's Acadian Geology, tliu thickness it given as 9S00 feet; but later obBorvatious have reduced the thickness of the lower members. 'See ft'i details the author's Acadian Geology, :id Kdl- tlon. 187 Southern New Brunswick, they overlie Iiiurentian and huronian rocks, and are seen to rise unconformably from beneath the carboniferous rocks of the great central coal-for- mation area of New Brunswick.' They are everywhere more distiu-bed and altered than the overlying carboniferous beds; and Messrs. Bailey and Matthew have shown that certain intrusive masses and «lykes of granite, known to be of pre-carboniferous ago, were erupted subsequently to the deposition of these beds. The vegetable fossils of this formation are very numerous. I have caUUogued or des- cribed from it upwards of 50 species, belonging to the genera Dadoxyloii, Sigillaria, Cal- amites, Asterophyllites, Lepidodendron, Cordaites, Psilophyton, Neuropteris, Sphen- opteris, Hymenophyllites, Pecf»pteris, &c.; the whole constituting a well-marked devonian assemblage, distinguishable from the uppei devonian flora of Perry in Maine, which is perhaps newer than the Mispec conglomerate, and still more distinct from the lower carboniferous flora of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, while on the other hand it is incomparably better developed than any known flora of silurian age. Owing to the richness of this flora, and to the fact that some genera and species of plants appear earlier in North America than in Europe, some European palaeobotanists have been un- willing to admit the devonian ago of this formation, but e itirely witiiout good reason. That some of the spocies of the St. John beds, as C(daml(es transUionis {=C. radlatus of Brongniart), are found in the lower carboniferous of Europe, is not wonderful, as in the devonian as well as in subsequent periods the flora of America has been somewhat in advance of that of Europe. Still the prevalent plants in the St. John beds are distinctively erian or devonian and not carboniferous. Further, recent discoveries of tree-ferns and petioles of ferns in great abundance in the devonian of New York, and as low as the Hamilton group, have shown that the devonian must have been even more remarkable than the carboniferous for the abunda'icc and variety of its ferns. A few additional species of ferns found among specimens remaining in Professor Hartt's collections will shortly be described. The crustjiceans recognized in these beds are lUuri/ptenis 2)itllcaris Salter ; Amphi2)elHs paradoxus Salter, a precursor of the Stomapods ; and a pygidium of a small trilobite, unfortunately too imperfect for determination. A species of iSpirorhis, which I have described as S. erlamitt,^ occurs attsiched to leaves of Cordaites, and is distinct from the conunon Spirorbis of the coal-measures {S. carhouarius or piisilliiK). A fragment of a spiral shell may possibly represent a devonian puhnonate, and will be noticed in a forthcoming paper on the pulmonate>y^^he carboniferous. No other animal remains fossil insects. The conditions of deposit were the abundant fossil plants testify to the i)rox- iJoWT il have been found in these beds, excei! probably estuarine rather than nuirine imity of land. It is diPicult to correlate the subdivisions of the devonian in eastern Canada, with those in the great erian area of New York and western Canada, owing to the absence of the murine limestones, so characteristic of the latter. In my report on the fossil plants of the devonian and upper silurian of Canada,'' I have, however, stated some grounds ' Biiiley niul MiittiiuwV Kf |)ort8, whioli sets aha fur dutiiils of thu Hti-uvtiiru aiitl rc'latioiLs uf tliu duvonian uiul ussuciittuU furiuutiuiis, ill suutliurii Nuw Uruiiswiuk. " Kc|M)i't on iluvuniiin |il iiit». Guul. Siirv. Canada, 1871. » Gool, Survey of Canada, 1871. ^m yhi ,1 >'i 188 for believing that the Dadoxylon nandstone and Cordaite shales may be equivalents of the Hamilton group in New York and Ohio, which has afTorded some fossil plants compara- ble with those of the St. John beds, especially trunks of conifers of the genus Dadoxylon {Armicaroxylon). The horizon of the fossil insects of St. John would thus be middle devonian. In the finer shales of this series, the remains of plants are very perfectly preserved, the most delitate leaves having not only their outlines but also their nervature repre- sented by films and lines of shining graphite, resembling pencil drawings on a dark gray ground. The insect wings are preserved in a similar manner. The discovery of the insect remains is wholly due to the late Prof. C. F. Ilartt, who, with the aid of other gentlemen, members of the Natural History Society of New Bruns- wick, removed by blasting largo quantities of the richest fossiliferous beds and examined them with great care. The extreme rarity of these remains renders it probable that but for the large quantities of material examined by Professor Hartt, they would not have been found ; while the extreme delicacy of the impressions would have prevented them from being observed except by a very careful collector scrutinizing every surface in the search for leaflets of ferns, preserved in such a way as to be visible only under the most favorable light. These unusually perfect explorations should be taken into the account in any comparisons made of the fossils of this locality with those of other places. The following detailed section of the Little River Group, at the Fern Ledges, Lancaster, N. B., where the insects occur, is derived from Professor Hartt's paper in Bailey and Matthew's report before alluded to, and is substantially the same as given in my Acadian Geology. Section at the " Fern Ledges." {Order ascending.) Heavy beds of gray sandstone and flags (Dadoxylon sandstone). Dadoxylon ouan- gondianum Daws., Calatnites, etc. Thickness, by estimation, 300 feet. Under this head I have classed all the beds underlying the Plant-bed No. 1, which I am disposed to regard as the lowest of the rich plant-bearing layers, and the base of the Cordaite shales. These beds occupy the low ground lying between the ridge of the Bloomsbury group and the shore. They are covered by drift, and show themselves only in limited outcrops, and in the lodges on the shore. In the western part of the ledges they are thrown forwaiJ on the beach by a fault, forming a prominent mass of rock, in the summit of which a fine trunk of Dadoxylon is seen embedded in the sandstone. Recent excavations made in these beds in quarrying stone for building purposes, in the eastern part of the locality, where the rocks are very much broken up by dislocations, have exposed numerous badly preserved impressions of large trunks of this tree. Plant-bed No. 1 Thickness, 1 foot. Black arenaceous shale, varying from a fissile sandstone to a semi-papyraceous shale, very fine-grained and very fissile, charged most richly with beautifully preserved remains of plants, among which are the following species : — Calamites transitionis Goeppert. (C. radiatus Br.) Occasional, in large, erect speci- mens. — Asterophyllites lati/oUa Daws. Extremely abundant, often showing ten or twelve whorls of leaves, sometimes with many branches. — A. acicularis Daws. Also 189 very their abundant. — A. amtigera scale-armed nodeH, occur Daws. The curious stems of this species, with abundantly in this bed. — Sphenophyllum anti- qtnim Daws. — Pecopteris obscura Le.sqx. — Sphenopteris sp.? — Cardiocarpum cor- nutiim Daws. Rare. — Pti'dophyton elegans Diiw.s. Occasional. I have never detected any trace of Cordaites Rohh'd Daws., in this bed. It is extremely common in the overlying strata. Gray sandstones and flags, with occasional ill-preserved plants, Calamites transitionia Goeppt. — Cordaites Rohhii Daws. — Asterophyllites and Sternhergiae . 2 feet 6 in. Black arenaceous shales ot the same character as those of Plant-bed No. 1, but without fossils, so far as I have examined 11 inches. Compact flaggy, gray sandstone, with badly preserved plant remains, Calamites, etc 2 feet. Very soft, dark, lead-colored shales, much slicken-sided and charged with frag- ments of plants. This bed is so soft that the action of the weather and the sea have everywhere denuded it to the level of the beach .... 4 feet. Plant-bed No. 2 1 foot. At the point where the section crosses the bed, and where I first discovered it, it con- sists of very compact and hard, light lead-coloured, slate-like, arenaceous shale ; but the character of the shale varies much in its different exposures, being sometimes very soft and fissile, and of a very black colour. The following is the list of species which it affords : — Calamites transitionis Goeppt. Occasionally; never in good specimens. — C. cannae- formis Brongn. Occasionally ; never in good specimens. — Asterojihyllites acictdaris Daws. Rather rare. — A. latifolia Daws. Rather rare. — A. longifolia Brongn. (?). Rather rare. — A. parmda Daws. Whorls of a minute Asterophyllites, which may belong to this species, are not infrequent in this bed. — Sjiorangites acuminata Daws. — Pinnularia dispalans Daws. Abundant. — Psilophyton --elegans Daws. Quite common, always in fragments, never in good specimens. — P. glabrum Daws. Flattened stems, with a wavy Avoody axis traced in a brighter line of graphite, occur in this bed, but always in fragments. — Cor- daites Rohhii Daws. Extremely abundant, and very fine specimens may be obtained, especially from the upper part of the bed, and rarely specimens showing the base or the apex of the leaf. — Cyclopteris ohtusa Lesqx. Occurs very abund- antly in detached pinnules. — C. varia Daws. Rare. — Neuropteris polymorpha Daws! Extremely abundant, never in large fronds. — Sphenopteris Hoeninghausvi Brongn. Quite abundant, often in fine fronds. — S. marginata Daws. Abundant, in fine fronds. — S. Ha'i 'tii Daws. Very rare. — The original specimen came from this bed. — Ilymenophyllites Gersdorffii Goeppt. Rather rare. — H. obttisilohtis Goeppt. Rare. — H. curtilobus Daws. — Alethopteris discrepans Daws. Amongst all the abundance of plants afforded by Plant-bed No. 2, I have delected only one or two pinnules of this fern, which appears first in abundance in Plant-bed No. 3. It is afterwards one of the most common species. — Pecopteris ingens Daws. Very rare, only two or three fragments of pinnules having been found. — Trichomanites (?) Only a single speci- men, probably, as Dawson has suggested, only the skeleton of a fern. — Car- m; 6: i 1 it! ji 190 diocarpum cormttum Daws. Abundant, and very finely preserved, never attached — C. obliqiium Daws. Quite abundant, also never attached. — Trigonocarpma racemosum Daws. Rare. — Eury2)terus jt^tl'^caris Salter. The occurrence in Plant- bed No. 2 of this minute crustacean was first detected by my friend Mr. George Matthew. It is very rare, not more than four or five specimens having been found by Messrs. Matthew, Payne, and myself at the time of the description of the species by Salter. I have since that time succeeded in collecting nearly twice as many more, some of which appear to belong to a new species. — Amphipeltis paradoxus Salter. The specimen figured in Salter's paper was found by Professor Dawson and myself, in breaking a piece of shale in my cabinet, that came from this bed. Only one other specimen has since been obtained. It consists of two or more of the thoracic seg- ments, and was collected by Mr. Lunn. It is in the collection of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. In addition to the above species, this bed has afforded the following: — Cydopteris, sp. nov — Neiiro2iteris, sp. nov. A single specimen collected by Mr. Lunn. — Sphenopteris, sp. nov. — Sjnrorbis erianua Daws. The leaves of Cordaites in the upper part of the bed are as thickly covered with a little Spirorhia as are the fronds of the recent fucoids of the Ledges. The specimens are poorly preserved. — Trilohites. Mr. Payne collected a minute trilobite from from this bed, but it proved not determinable. — Insect Remains ! In the sum- mer of 1862, I discovered an organism in Plant-bed No. 2, which at the time I could make nothing of; but which I have since proved to be the wing of an insect. Several weeks after, I found in Plantrbed No. 8 an unequivocal insect's wing. This discovery was followed by that of others, my father, J. W. Hartt, finding another in this bed. [The insects of this bed are Gerephemera simplex and Xenoneura antiquorum.] Compact flaggy sandstone, quite barren 5 feet 10 inches. Plant-bed No. 3 10 inches. Black and lead-colored shales, quite compact in upper part, but in lower very crum- bling, splitting irregularly, slicken-sided, often with polished surfaces, and traversed by thin quartz-veins. These shales are so soft that the sea and weather have everywhere denuded them to the level of the beach. There are now no exposures of the bed work- able. The following are the fossils which occur in it: — Calamites transitionis Goeppt. Occasionally. — C. cannaeformis Brongn. — Aste- rophyllUes latifolia Daws. Very beautiful whorls of this plant are very common here, the whorls, though usually detached, being sometimes found united three or four together. — Sporangites acuminata Daws. Common. — Pinmdaria dispalans Daws. Common. — Psilophyton elegans Daws. Occasionally. — ^P.(?) glahrum Daws. Occasionally. — Cordaites Rohhii Daws. Extremely abundant, but not so well preserved as in Plantrbed No. 2. Leaves usually appear as polished bands of graphite, with venation obliterated. — Cyclopteris ohtusa Lesqx. Not very abundant. — Neuropteris jtolymorjiha Daws. In beautiful specimens, common. — Sphenopteris marginata Daws. Not common. — S. Hoeninghausii Brongn. Not common. — Pecop- teris (Alethopteris) discrepans Daws. It was here that I first discovered this species. It occurs quite abundantly, but always in fragments. — Cardiocarpum cornutum Daws. Quite common. — C. obliqtmm Daws. Quite common. 191 6 feet 6 inches 2 feet H 3 « « ^ 4 feet 10 « « 9 (( 5 feet 10 « 7 (( 18 feet 9 « 1 foot « Coarse sandstone, full of obscure casts of Sternbergiae and Calamitea . Soil shale and fissile sandstone, with Calamites ..... Sandstones Shale with obscure remains of plants Sandstones, barren, so far as examined ...... Sandstone and shale, with a few Calamites and Cordaites Sandstone and coarse shale, with obscure markings .... Light greenish, coarse shale, with fern-stems, Cordaitea, and obscure markings, CarpoUtes (?) Sandstones and coarse shales, with badly preserved vegetable remains Plant-bed No. 4 Coarse shales, affording at the point where the line of section crosses it : — Cordaites Robhii Daws. — Calamites transitionis Goeppt. — Neuropteris pohjmorpha Daws. — Psilophyton glahnim Daws. — Pinmilaria dispalans Daws. I have examined at two different points, in the eastern part of this locality, a bed which appears to correspond to this. It is characterized there by a very beautiful Neu- ropteris * (iV^. Dawsoni Hartt) with long linear lanceolate pinnules decurrent on the rachis, to which they fo; a broad wing. The pinnules are often four inches in length. This is one of the most beautiful ferns occurring at the locality. Several other new forms are associated with it. Among these is a magnificent Cardiocarpum, nearly two inches in diameter (C. Baileyi Daws.). Sandstone with obscure markings 9 feet 6 inches. Plant-bed No. 5 6 inches. Soft, fine-grained light-greenish shale. Cordaites Robhii Daws. Extremely abundant. — Calam,ites cannaeformis Brono-n. Found occa-sionally. — Psilophyton (?) glabrum Daws. — (?) Asterophyllites acicidaris Daws. — Alethopteris discrepans Daws. Quite abundant. — Sphenopteris marginata Daws. Quite abundant. — Pecopteris, sp. nov. (?) — Hymenophyllites sp. (?) — Neurop- teris polymorpha Daws. Very abundant — Spirorbis occurs in the bed, attached to the leaves of Cordaites. I have never detected it in any of the beds higher up. Compact fljiggy sandstones and coarse shales, with a few plants. ... 8 feet. Plant-bed No. 6. 2 feet. Fine-grained and light-coloured shale, with great abundance of Cordaites Robhii, and Calamites transitionis ; above that a layer of coarse shale, with Cordaites and stems of plants badly preserved ; then a layer of soft, very friable shale, with few fossils ; and lastly, a layer of coarse shale of a greenish-gray colour, with : — Alethopteris discrepans Daws. Abundant. — Cordaites Rohhii Daws. Abundant. Calamites cannaeformis Brongn. — Neuropteris polymorjiha Daws. — Cardiocarpum cornutum Daws. — Cardiocarpum ohliquum Daws. — Pecopteris, sp. nov. Occurs abundantly in some of the overlying beds. Sandstones and coarse shales, with abundance of plant remains, principally Cordaites and Calamites 5 fggt_ * TbU plant belongs to a new genus, subsequently named Megalopteris. Report on devonian plants of Canada 1871, i i ilii ■;^;r :¥1*-H ;; ;ai 192 Pr>ANT-BED No. 7 2 feet. This is one of the richest plant-beds of the section. The shales composing it vary much in character in diflferent exposures. They are for the most part of a gray colour and compact, like a fine-grained sandstone, though they pass into a light brownish, very fissile, soft shale, and there are some layers of a very black colour. Cordaites Rohhii Daws. Very abundant, and in a beautiful state of preservation. — Calamitea tranaitioms Goeppt. Not abundant as good specimens. — C. cannaeformis Brongn. Rare. — {1)A8terophyllite8 acicularis Daws. In very beautiful specimens, very common in certain thin layers. There are two or three other species, occurring also in the overlying beds, which appear to be new. — SporangUea acuminata Daws. Extremely plentiful. — Pinnularia dlspalans Daws. Extremely plentiful. — (?) Psilophytoa elegans Daws. I have obtained several specimens of a Pailophyton growing in tufts, and closely resembling this species. — Neuropteria polymorpha Dn,ws. Occasional. — Alethopteria diacrepana Daws. Abundant, and obtainable in good specimens. — Cyclopteria ohtuaa Lesqx. Occasional. — Sphenopteria mar- ginata Daws. — HymenophyllUea auhfurcatua Daws. — Cardiocarpum cormitum Daws. Quite abundant. — C. obliquum Daws. Quite abundant. — C. Crampii Hartt. — Alethopteria Perleyi Hartt. — Sphenopteria piloaa Daws. — Several other plants not yet determined. — Inaecta. A single insect's wing was obtained from this bed by my father and myself. [Platephemera antiqua.] Compact sandstone and coaive shales (barren of fossils) 3 feet. Plaxt-bed No. 8 1 foot 10 inches. Fine-grained, tough, but fissile sandstones, rather coarse shales, often of a greenish cast, and at the top a thin layer of very black shale very rich in plants. The middle por- tion does not contain so many plant remains, but the lower is as well stocked as the leaves of an herbarium. The following are the fossils I have collected from it : — Cordaitea Rohhii Daws. As usual in great profusion, and in very fine specimens.: — Calamitea tranaitionia Goeppt. Occasional. — C. cannae/ormia Brongn. — (?) Aate- rophyllitea acicularia Daws. Quite common, together with one or two other species apparently new, which occur also in Bed 7. — Anmdaria acuminata Daws. Ex- tremely common, especially in certain layers. — Pinnularia diapalana Daws. Abun- dant.—^?) Lycopoditea Matthewi Daws. Rare. — Cyclopteria ohtuaa Lesqx. — Cyclop- teria, sp. nov. — Neuropteria polymorpha Daws. Quite frequent in detached pinnules. — Hymenophyllitea auhfurcatua Daws. Very common. — Alethopteria diacrepana Daws. This is the most abundant fern in this bed. It occurs usually in detached pinnules, though not unfrequently in considerable fronds. — Alethopteria. Besides the above, there are three or four other species, some of which occur also in Beds 6 and 7 ^ — Cardiocarpum cornutum Daws. Not very common. — C. ohliquum Daws. Also not very common. — C. Crampii Hartt. Quite common. — Several other species of plants not yet determined. — Inaecta. Two species, two specimens. One was obtained by my friend, Mr. James Hegan. [Three insects were obtained from the bed: Homotiietus fossilis, Dyscritus vetustus and Lithentomum Harttii.] > Prubnbly the ii|)ecic9 afterwards described (Dr. Dawson's serrulcUa Hartt, and Pecopleris preciosa Hartt. Report of 1871) as AleUiopleris Perleyi Hartt, Pecopteris 193 Sandstones and coarse «haleH, with badly preserved Corddlten Rohhii Daws., C. tran- sitionift Goeppt., and Alethopteris lUstrepanH Daws. ..... 26 feet. Fine-grained, light-greenish shale, with obscure remains ..... 1 loot. Sandstone and shales, with Calamites and obscure markings .... 23 feet. Total thickness of the beds embraced in this section 440 feet, 11 inches. XI. EXl'LxVNATION OF PLATE VII. Fig. 1. Ilomothetua foasilia (in;«gM. f). The dottud linos nro (ioiijcetuial ; the break in tlio dotted line it'ljiesenting tiio outer border indicates the |n uined ninount of separation at tiiat point to account for the l)ending of the outer piece of llie wing. Fig. '2. The same ( \). With no j)arts restored. Fig. 3. Jjithentomiim Ifartlii (}). Tlie dotted lines show tlio presumed connection of the basal veins with the other fragment. Fig. 4. Dysci'Uus vetustua {\). Fig. 5. Xenoneura antifjuoi'iini (5). The dotted lines indicito the supposed course of the veins and border where they are not preserved. A portion of the base is shaded to show the exact appearance of the concentric ridges; this basal portion is mostly drawn from the same stone as fig. 7, but the small fra!j;inent unshaded, at tlie extremity of the anal vein, and the cross vein are drawn in from the reverse of fig. 5, shown in tig. 6; so also is the larger apical piece with part of tlie lower margin, these two parts being more lete as in fig. 6. Figs. 8 and 8*. Oerepheniera simplex (f). The two incle|)endent lines at the extremity of the costal margin are inserted from ii drawing made under the camera when only these lines and the outer margin with the tip of the veins were exposed : in working out the rest of the wing these were broken .away, but are here restored. The arrow indicates the direction of 8', which represents the contour of the surface of the wing, the upper dotted extremity indicating the costal margin (shown to the left of the arrow), and the dots along its course the position of the veins it crosses. Fig. 9. Platephemera untiqua (|). The faint line of dashes above the mavginal vein represents the margin of the wing, indicated on the stone by a slight darkening of the surface The dotted lines at base and at tip indicate the presuniiul form of the wing. Fig. 10. The same {]). This figure, the reverse of fig. 9, is so placed in relation to the jireceding as to indicate the prob.ibje expans ■ of wing of this insect; a fragment at the lower angle of this specimen is not preserved in fig. 9, which ])os8es8e8 a bit of the outer margin not found in this. Figs. 1, 2, 4, 8, 8, 10 represent specimens jjreserved in the nniseum of the Natural History Society ol St. John, N. B. Figs. 3, 7, 9 represent specimens in the musetim of the Boston Society of Natural History. Fig. 5 is a composite drawing from the specimens in each nnisemn. The Boston Society of Natural History possesses the reverse of a small portion of fig. 8; and the St. John Society the reverse of No. 3, neither of which are engraved. The plate was executed by Messrs. Sinclair & Son of Philadelphia. lENTOMUM t! AuCIIirOLYrODA, a Sl'lJOIlDIXAfi TVPK OK Sl'INKI) MVKIAI'ODS I'ltOM TIIK CaKUONIFKHOUS FoitMATION. All tlie i)alco/,oic inyriapods wliich have I)ul'ii puhlisiuMl. only lit'toun iioiniiial spocii's in all. have been referred to the Diplopodii or Chiloj^iiatha as they are variously ternieil. Among them are species which seem to bear a very close general reseuiblanco to modern Inlidae, and some of them have oven beeii descrihed under the generic name lulus. Others, however, first made known as inyriapods by Messrs. Meek and Worthen in 1808, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and in the same year figured in the third volume of the reports of the Illinois Geological Survey, dill'er strik- ingly from modern types in the presence of rows of very large forked aii ! 'nanching spines upon the surface of the body. Those naturalists were al)le also to show the probability that a fossil from the coal measures of England which Mr. Salter had rel'crred lo the crustacean genus Eurypterus belonged in the same group, and more recently Mr. Henry Woodward has pointed out that not only this form, but another, known since the pul)lication of IJro- die'sAvork on the English Fossil Insects in ISIm, and which was supposed by Westwood tt) be the larva of Saturnia, a genus of Lei)idoptera. should ("ertaiuly be referred to this group of spiny myriapods ; and to the list Woodward has also added another species. Having enjoyed the opportunity, through the kindness of Messrs Carr, Worthen and Pike,* of examining a considerable number of specimens cf these curious fossils — all from the ironstcme nodules of Mazon Creek, Illinois — 1 bring here the results of my study, which show that these spined myriapods, while allied to the Diplopoda rather than to the Chilopoda, certainly form a very distinct type, which was no doubt the precur.sor of the Diplopoda; and it appears very probable that even those paleozoic species which have been supposed to resemble closely the modern Inlidae were also spined, and may therefore be presumed to have resembled their evidently spined relations in other points of structure in which the latter are distinguished from modern forms. The reasons for this belief will , be given further on. One nmin distinction between the two groups, Diplopoda and Chilopoda, into which mod- ern Myriapoda have been divided, consists in the relation of tne ventral to the dorsal plates of the body segments. In the Chilopoda there is a single ventral plate, bear- ing one pair of legs, to every dorsal plate. In the Diplopoda, on the contrary, there are * A consiilui-Hblc iiiiiiibvr of spuciinunif, incUidinj; some new Carr, I'iki>, AnD.stronjr niiil Bliss, ndvnntagu has boon taken speeies, having been sunt me afler tlic first presentation of of tliu delay in its pii1)lic'iition to introilnee into tlic text this paper to the Society, through tlie kindness of Messrs. deseriptions of all sueli additions. (Jan. 31, 1882). 'M \ I i ! Hi?: • 11)0 two Huch vontral pliitcH, ouch hcMiriiig a pair of logH, to every doraal plate (with the excep- tion of a few Hogiuoutrt at the extreiiiitiert of tlie body). The Diplopoda arc univerHnlly considered tlie lower of the two in their organization and it in therefore not Hiirpriaing to find that no Chilopothi have been found in rockt* oUler than the tertiary xerieH, wliile niyria- podn with two pairs of legs correspciiding to eacli (K>rsal plati' range batik through the entire series of rocks to the coal measures. This being the case, in any comparison wliicli we may make between the ancient and mod- ern types we may U-ave tl»e Ciiilopoda entirely out of account, and confine our attention to the jmints of distinction between the ancient types and the modern Diplopoda. At first we shall confine oiu'selves, in speaking of the ancient forms, to the large-spined species alone, many of which attain a gigantii- si/e. 'I'he head and its appendages, wlicrcin are found the greatest divergencies of structure in the diflerent modern forms, are again so poorly preservetl in the carboniferous species that our conipari.sons must be drawn almost entirely from the structure of the body segments, which are mainly a repetition one of another throughout the body. In modern Diplopoda, each of the segnients of the body is composed in large part, almost entirely, of a dorsal plate forming a nearly complete ring, for it encircles nine-tenths of the body as a general rule, leaving scanty room for the pair of ventral plates (see Fig. 1). On the side of the body (Fig. 2) it is perfo- rated by a minute foramen, the opening of an odorif- erous glan'd; usually tife ring is nearly circular, but occasionally the body is considerably flattened and the sides are sometimes expanded into flattened lam- inae, with a smooth or serrate margin ; a few spe- (iies are provided with minute hairs, sometimes perched on little papillae ; and the surface of th. body, ordinarily smooth or at best wrinkled, is occasionally beset with roughened tubercles which may even form jagged projections. So far as I am awai-e. no nearer approach to spines occurs on this dorsal plate than the serrate edges of the lateral laminae, the roughened tubercles or the papilla-mounted hairs. In the ancient forms from the coal measures we find a very different condi- tion of things. The body segments may be nearly circular, or they may be laterally compressed, or, as in many modern types, depressed ; but in all, view'^oC a seg" the dorsal plate occupies at most apparently only meiit of a car- two-thirds of the circuit of the body, being met chipoiypwi. by broad ventral plates (see Figs. 3, 4). This P'ijl. 1. Croi-ii m'l'lion of Viff. 2. Siilc n iii(i(lt>rn Diii'.opod. 'Hh' view »(' n w^- iino.i iiiHiilo Uk> rinn iiinrk iiiciit of ii iikiiI- llif (i(>|>nrii(ion of llie tlorsnl »'rn DipIojHKl. mill vt'iitrnl {ilaloK. // Fit;. 3. Cross section of a car- hoiiilerous Arcliipol,v|)o<]. Tliu lines inside the ring mark tlic sup- anition of tlie dorsal and ventral plates. 107 (lorHiil plato Ih not porfornted lor ioriiiniiiii ivpii^ntitorin,' l>ut iih iiioanN of dofoncu it im aniii'd with huge MpinoH upon I'lthor hIiU' ; ono row O'ov tln\v oocvu' on all Iho Mi»giui'»tH) Wvx alxivo, near the uiidiUe line of the hody ; another lieH hiw down upon the HiiK'H near the h)wer margin of tlie dorsal phite ; and a third row Ih HonietinieH interponed between them.' Tliese spineH an? simihir in all the rows, hi it diller in the dilTerent npecieH ; in few proh- al>Iy lire they nimpU' hut provided with npinuK'H to a greater or K'hh extent. In the most bristling the spines are forked at the tip, and besides this have a basal eorona )(>il;mg that I ean discover in modern Arthropotla,' tniless it be certain thorny spines seen in the early stages of some Crustacea, and especially of some found on the tail i)ie('i; of cirrhiped lar- vae figured by Clans, to which Mr. Alexander Agassi/, has called my attention. Some of his own unpublished drawings of the yoiuig of our common barnacle exhibit still closer resemblances, although even here it is not very nuirked. These spines are fixed, and ono can readily picture the diflerence in external aspect between one of these creatures a foot or more in length, bristling all over with a coarse tangle of spines, and the smooth coiling lulus of the present day. (See PI. 7".) If we pass, however, to the ventral plates we shall find diHerences of even greater sig- nificancti. In the modern Diplopoda, as already remarked, these plates are minute ; they are similar in size and form ; the anterior one Ibrms the anterior edge of the segment, con- tinuous with that of the dorsal plate; together, however, they are not so long as the dorsal plate at their side, and the latter appears partly to encircle the posterior plate by reaching inward towards the coxae of the legs ; the legs are attached at the posterior edge, and those of the opposite sides are so closely crowded together that they often absolutely touch each other (Fig. 1 ) ; the stigmata, of which there is a pair to each ventral plate, are placed at the outer edge rather toward the front margin ; they are minute, and have their openings lon- gitudinal as regards the animal, t. e., they lie athwart the segment ; the coxae of the legs of the anterior plate are therefore opposite the stigmata of the posterior plate. No other organs are found upon the ventral plates ; one might indeed say there was not room for them. The legs themselves" are composed of six cylindrical simple joints, subequal in length, the apical armed Avith a single terminal claw ; the whole leg is short, rarely more than half as long as the diameter of the body. In the ancient types all is very different. In the first place the ventral plates, which are of equal size, occupy the entire ventral surface, and perhaps may be said to extend partly up the sides of the rounded body, and no part of the dorsal plate passes behind the * This h whiit wotiltl bu uxpuc-tuil I'ruiii tlic prust'iicu of tipiiivs; two 8Ui-h iiifniis of (lmico ahoiild not bu lookuJ for in the mme nnimiil; oUx. -te glnniln aru prvsunt only in slow-movinj;, or othurwisu dufenccloss ure.itiircs, as in Phasiniilito among Orthoptera for uxaniplt'. ' In ono gpccios thoro is only ono row ot' spinos on either side, sitUAtctI where the thini row occurs in the trebly gpincd forms. ' Since this was written, Sir. J. II. Comstovk has shown me his capital drawings of Coccidae and pointed out to me forked spines, niierosvopie indeed, fringing the Inst abdomi- nal segment of the female, and occurring, he says, only in the sub-fiiniily Dinspinae. The spini>!< of these myriapods havp nothing to do with the barbed hairs on the body of the embryonic Slrungylu- soma as figured by MetschnikofT (Zeitseh. f. wiss. Zool., xxiv, pi. 26, fig. 1 a.). These latter are comparable with the der- mal appendages of the embryonic !-tuated in the middle of each ventral plate (Fig. 4), each spiracle opposite to and imleed touching the outs'de of the coxal cavity of the plate to which it Ix'longs. and running therefore with and not athwart the plate, /*. e. across the body ; its length equals the diameter of the large coxal cavities. But in addition to these structures, which nutke up the sum of the furniture of the ventral plates in modern Diplopoda, we find in these ancient types some further interest- ing organs which are so perfectly preserved that no doubt can be entertained concerning their presence and their adherence to the ventral plates. The coxal cavities are not cir- cular but oval and are situated with tho major axis in an oblique line, running from near the middle line of the body forward .nid outo'ard ; this, and the slight posterior insertion of the legs leave even a wider space between then> oti the anterior edge of the plates than posteriorly, and this place ia occupied by a pair of peculiar organs (see Fig. H and PI. 8. figs. 1-4), situated one on either side of the median line at the very front edge of the ven- tral plate ; to these it seems to be impossible to assign any other function than that of sup- poru. for branchiae ; they consist of little triangular cups or craters projecting from the under surface, through which 1 believe the branchial appendages protruded ; so far as I am aware, no other organs than branchiae have been found in any Arthropoda situated within tl^e legs, and repeated on segnieiit after segment ; a single exception may perhaps be nmde of Peripatus, in which Balfour has foviud segmental organs having their external openings somewhat similarly situated ; but this being the only known instance ot their 190 presence in arthropods ' ; brnnchine also occurring in not a few instances nearer the metlio- ventral line of the body than the legs, and branciiiae and spiracles coexisting even in the true insects, and then in somewhat similar relative positions (though the branchiae in these instances have never been Ibund next the niedioventral line) ; and the presence further of swimming legs leading us to presume in these creatures an aquatic or amphibi- ous mode of life : 1 believe we may fairly conceive these cup-shaped organs to be bran- chial supporis, and that Ave are dealing here with a type of myriapod.'* very diflferent from any existing forms, — suited to an amphibious life, capable of moving and of breathing both on land and in water. Moreover the assemblage of forms discovered in these Mazon Creek beds lends force to this proposition ; for the prevalence of aquatic Crustacea, of fishes and ferns indicates, what the presence of marsh-frequenting flying insects does not contradict, that the fauna and flora was that of a region aljounding in low and boggy land and pools. These however are nol the only points in which the ancient forms differed from the rocent. The modern forms are of uniform size throughout, while the ancient, at least when seen from above, tapered noticeably toward eithar end and especially toward the tail, the largest part of the body being in the neighborhood of the seventh to the tenth body segments, which were often two or even three times brvMui^r than the hinder extremity, and consid'^rably broader Ihan the head or the flrst segment behind it. A single segment seems to have carried nil the appendages related to the mouth parts, while in modern types two segments are required for tliis purpose. This is inferred solely but sufliciently from the fact, even more lemarkable, that every segment of the body (as represented by the dorsal plates), even those innnediately following the head, is furnished with two ventral plates and bear;' two pairs of legs. As is well known, the segments immediately following the head-segments in nuxlern Diplopoda have each only one ventral plute and bear only a single pair of legs, — a fact correllated with the embry- onic growth of these creatures, since these legs and these only are developed at about the time of hatching. The mature forms of recent Diplopoda therefore liere resemble their own young more than do these carboniferous myriapods, a fact wliich is certainly at vari- ance with the general accord betwe(;n ancient types and the embr3-onic condition of tlieir modern representatives, and one for which 1 can offer no explanatory suggestion worth consideration. These remarkable points, in Avhich the structure of the carboniferous myriapods are found to be distinguished from modern Diplopoda, none of which (with the single exception of the least important, structurally considered, v'vi. the spined appendages) have belbre been pointed out, seem to warrant our placing them in a group apart from either of the modern s.k')orders of m3Tiapods, and of a taxonomic value equivalent to them. For this group, the -ime Archipolypoda is proposed. Unfortunately the preservation of the appendages of the head in these anciei.t types has not proved sufficient'" ^uuu to allow much compari.^on between them and modern types. This is the more to be regretted since these parts are those on which v.'e depend largely for our judgment of the relationship of the Myriapoda to other Insecta and to Crustacea. If they were present and clearly defined we nuiy well suppose that they would afford some clew to tlie genetic connection of these great groups. ' Attention slioiild bcilraTrn in tliis place to Kydcr's recent inlly of its trnchcnl system (Amor. Nut., xiv, 375), the uxtor- observniionR on tlie nnntomy of Scolopentlrella, and espcc- nal openings of wliitli arc " inside the bases of the Ivgs." M If! < T i ! ill 200 There are certain features, however, common to most, at least, of these ancient types, which should be mentioned ; these are the great breadth and depth of the head, which is the more remarkable from the tapering of the anterior extremity. In one or two speci- mens also the antennae have been more or less completely preserved (see PI. 10, figs. 7, 13, 18), and appear to differ little from their modern representatives unless it be in their greater slenderness and brevity, possibly resembling iiore the embryonic condition of modern types. Wha-t appear to be eyes are also preserved in one or two instances (PI. 8, fig. 10, and PI. 10, fig. 18), and also present no contrasts worthy of special mention. Besides these, careful examination has shown in specimens of not less than four species of two genera, the presence of a long and straight unjointed appendage, or pair of appen- dages, upon the under surface of one of the early segments of the body (the fourth, fifth or sixth), which varies in length from one-htilf the width of the body to more than its width. It is always entirely different from the spines and clearly not one of the ordinary legs. No other external organ is known in Ihis part of the body in modern Myriapoda, excepting the pair of intromittent organs, which are morphologically logs, supplanting them on the sixth segment, and it seems, therefore, highly probable that we have in these ancient types a movable organ of the same nature, but of an exceedingly simple char- acter. Full description of each instance is given in the text. The results reached by a study of these spined myriapods of the Mazon Creek nodules lead naturally to the enquiry what their relations were to other paleozoic myriapods. In some of these previously studied * I have , pointed out what I then believed to be for- amina repugnatoria. These are described in Xylohius sigillariae Daws., where one spec- imen h said to have " a slight circular depression in the centre of one of the frustra . . about half way up the sides of the segment; it resembles and is founl in the place of the lateral pores." Also in X.frcictiis Scudd., where " a slight depression, probably a lateral pore, may be seen in the centre of one of the middle frustra of each segment " (only two segments were preserved in this specimen). And also in Arch'mlus xylohiokles Scudd., where they occur " from the seventh segment ... at least to the seventeentli . . . and are placed in the middle of the sides of the segments ; they are oblong ov.il in shape, with their longer diameters vertical ; the mean of their diameters averaged 0.2 mm." in specimens the diameter of whose body is about 4 mm. In a subsequent page of the memoir, mention is made of the " large size " of the lateral pores. In lulus Brassi described by Dohrn ^ he says he was unable to find any foramina, but states that Kner thought he had recognized stigmata on some segments above the legs ; " er glaubt an einigen Ringen oberhalb der Beine den Abdruck von Stigmen zu erkennen ; gewisse Punkte," adds Dohrn, " an diesen Stellen kann man gewiss daflir ansehen, wenn schon ihre wirkliche Natur nicht zweifellos festzustellen ist". Woodward in his description" of the British Xylohius sigillariae (X.Woodwardi Scudd.) says : " each segment of the body, wherever sufficiently well preserved to show it, bears upon its lateral portion a slightly raised whart, indicating the position of the pores, stomata or tracheal openings." These are figured in his plate, in fig. 11a, as nearly one-eighth the diameter of the body. * The Carboniferous Myriapoils preserved in the sigiHariiin stumps of Nova Scotia. Mem. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., Vol. iii pt. 2, No. 3 (1873). » Verb, naturh. Ver. Rheinl., [3], v, 635-536, taf. 6. 'Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, ii, ?36, pi. 8 (I'?67). 201 page or The great size of these lateral marks struck me, at the time my paper wa" written, as inconsistent with their reference to the foramina repugnatoria, but there did not then seem to be anything else to which they could be compared. A re-examination of a few specimens of the sigillarian myriapods in my possession, coupled with the statements of Woodward and Dohrn, lead me now to the conclusion that these marks are the scars or bases of spines, which appear as warts or tubercles in man}' of the Mazon Creek myria- pods, or, in casts or views of the interior surface, as pits of greater or less dimensions. Their position would entirely accord with this. Add to this the fact that all of these lulid-like carboniferous myriapods had a decidedly fusiform body (some more than others) tapering somewhat toward the head and a great deal toward the tail ; and that the legs where preserved are of unusual length — both of these features peculiar to the spined myriapods of the Mazon Creek nodules : and I think we may fairij'- consider it probable that they too possessed some at least of the other features characteristic of the latter, and should be h)pothe*;ically classed, until proof to the contrary is found, among the Archipo- lypodn. In this paper however no further attention will be paid to these smaller lulidiform types, which were not improbably wholly terrestrial in habit, and may very likely have formed a distinct family of Archipolypoda, to which I have already applied the term Archiulidae, and which, in addition to the characteristics mentioned in the paper upon them, were not unprobably distinguished from the Mazon Creek myriapods, to which the family name of Euplioberidae may be given, in the absence of branchiae. It only remains, before proceeding to the discussion of different forms of Euplioberidae, to point out that we have in these Archipolypoda still another proof of the close alliance of the fauna of Europe and Aiiierica in paleozoic times. The genera Xylobius, Acanther- pestes and Euphoberia, including ten of the twelve species of myriapods found in American carboniferous rocks are all represented in the coal mciisures of England. I shall be able in future papers, from materiiil already in my hands, to point out among other insects addi- tional evidence of great interest in this direction, and shall hope at no distant day to offer lists of the carboniferous insect faunas of Europe and America in partallel columns, so as to bring clearly to the eye this prominent feature of early insect life. The number of forms of Archipolypoda represented in the carboniferous rocks has proved unexpectedly great. By the kindness of seveml friends, mostly residents of Morris, from whence the ironstone nodule;-, in whicii most of them were found, come, I have been al)le to study twenty-six specimens, which with the eight previously known belong to tAvelve distinct species and four different genera. The genera are distinguished in part by the form of the segments, and in part by their armature ; Acantherpestes having three rows, Euphoberia two rows, and Amynilyspes one row of spines on either side of tiie body, while in Eileticus, spines are absent and their place supplied by a series of warts. Euphoberia is far the most abundant in species, Acantherpestes having only two, and Amynilyspes and Eileticus one each. ii 202 Order MYRIAPODA. Suborder ARCHIPOLYPODA. Paleozoic myriapods, with a fusiform body, largest near the middle of the anterior half or third, the head appendages borne upon a single segment; each segment behind the head composed of a single dorsal and two ventral plates, the dorsal of nearly uniform length superiorly and inferiorly, occupying most of the sides as well as the top of the body ; desti- tute of foramina repugnatoria, and divided into a ridged anterior and flat »^ osterior portion, the anterior provided with longitudinal rows of spinej or tubercles ; the ventral plates occu- pying the entire ventral portion, each bearing a pair of long jointed legs, and furnislied outside of tliem with lai-ge spiracles, the mouth transversely disposed. Family Euphoberidae. Archipolypoda armed with very large forked or branching spines, occasionally '•3duced to tubercles, running in several uniform rows along the back or sides of the body, and attached to the dorsal plates ; the legs compressed, the second joint much longer than any of the others and the whole adapted to swimming ; those of opposite sides well separated at base, and having between their insertions a pair of branchial appendages. Genus ACANTHERPESTES («x«vO«, ?,,!7<».) Acantherpestes Meek and Worthen, Geol. ; urv. 111., Ill, p. 559 (hypothetical). Spines bifurcate at tip and arrayed in subdorsal, pleurodorsal and lateral rows. Segments three or more than three times as broad as long. The name Acantherpestes was suggested for one of the species which falls within this group by Messrs. Meek and Worthen, in case it did not agree with the genus Euphoberia (to w'.iich the species itself was referred with question marks) in having two ventral plates cci responding to each dorsal plate. This it does possess, as indeed the very figure they pre- sent shows, two pairs of legs being pictured as corresponding to each dor.sal plate. Not- withstanding this, and notwithstandhig the impropriety of suggesting hypothetical or con- ditional names for animals whose affinities are not clearly understood, the name is a good one, and rather than burden our heavily taxed science with .synonymy, it is brought into requisition. Acantherpestes major. PI. 7", «, figs. 1-4, 6-8, 10, 11. Etiphoberia ?? major Meek and Worthen. Ainer. Journ. Sc. Arts, [2], XLVI, 2-5-27 ; —lb., Geol. Surv. 111., Ill, 558-559, fig. (1868). The figure was reproduced by Woodward in the Geol. Mag., X, p. 105 (1873), and also in his Monograph of the Merostumata, p. 172, fig. 62 (1872). The specimens upon which this species was founded were very fragm"'ntary, the one fig- ured consisting of only seven segments with a part of one spine, the spine-bases and .sev- eral imperfect legs. Two other specimens have been placed in my hand by Mr. J. C. Carr, 203 one of which is very perfect nnd of enormous size, and which was first shown nie by Prof. J. W. Pike ; the other though only fragmentary is the more interesting because it exhibits the ventral plates more clearly than any other specimen of Archipolypoda yet discovered. A third specimen with its reverse, representing a younger individual, has more recently been placed in my hands by Mr. Pike. In the specimen figured in the Illinois Report, and which by the kindness of Professor Wovthen we are able to reproduce here, we have a lateral view, apparently of the ante- rior part of the cylindrical body a little curved downward, in which the scars of the lower spines and the mammiform base" of the other series are present, besides one or two of those of the uppermost row upon the further side of the body. The width of the body shows how huge the creature must have been. Judging by compar- ison with the most complete one 1 have seen, it must have been three decimeters or just about one foot long ; " it probably atti ' - length of 12 to 15 inches" say the describers. The seg- ments, which are about three times as broad as , T'iji I'ii iii Fi«> 5. Acanihernesles mnjor. long, are divided transversely into two parts, the arched anterior portion a little longer than the flat posterior part and bearing the spines. The surface is apparently smooth. The spines are altogether wanting beyond their bases with the exception of a single fragment in the uppermost row ; and this is evidently one of the basal spinules and not the spine itself, being comparatively small, simple and conical. The bosses and scars, however, show that there was a subdorsal row of spines tolerably near the mediodorsal line, another at the lower portion of the dorsal plate and a third pleuro- dorsal vow considerably nearer the former than the latter. The legs are mostly broken olf near their bases, but two or three are longer, and one is represented in the figure (not men- tioned in the text) as complete, being regularly conical, shorter than the body, and divided into five nearly equal joints ; I cannot doubt that this and the apparent joints of the other legs are either given quite inaccurately or that at all events the marks do not represent the joints of the legs. The length of the fragment is 62 mm. and its width 21 mm. The most complete specimen seen (PI. 8, figs. 6-8, 11 ), exhibits a side view of apparently the entire creature, the greater part of the body in a straight line, but the anterior part curved a little upward ; along the entire upper line the spines of the subdorsal series may be seen,, many of them very perfect ; the position of the other rows may be traced by the' pits in the body itself, while legs, many of them almost perfect, may be traced along nearly the entire lower margin. The body is cylindrical or nearly cylindrical in form, perhaps a little higher than broad, tapering forward from the seventh or eighth segment so as to be from one fifth to one fourth smaller ; and backward from the twelfth or thirteenth seg- ment very uniformly and gradually, so as to be at tip only about one half the greatest breadth. The whole length of the body is 207 mm., its greatest breadth 16 mm. There can hardly be any doubt that the whole animal is preserved. The rapidly tapering form of the extreme hinder extremity with the change in the characteristics of the spines make it certain that the body ended here ; at the front extremity the first segment has every 204 1 11 1 I appearance of being the termination of tlie body, and an a|'])endage, presumably an antenna or a part of one, is attached at the upper nuirgin of the front ; it would also be in keeping with the general form of tliese animals as shown by the study of all the species if thia anterior segment were the head. This head segment is only about half the size of one of the nearer body segments, round- ed, higher than long, the front rather flattened, and bearing in front, above, a straight antenna composed apparently of tinee joints, the basal joint equal, small, cylindrical, slen- der, longer than broad, the apical oblong ovate, twice as broad as the others and four or five times longer than broad ; the whole antenna is mm. long, of which two thirds belongs to the apical joint, whose gieatest diameter is O.i) mm. From the lower outer angle of the head projects a bundle of spines (?), which afterwards diverge into three nearly straight rods ; they evidently do not belong where tiiey are, but their structure and surface appear- ance give them the aspect of spines and not of legs ; the triangular offshoot from them appears to have no connection with them, but to be an accidentjil mark in the stone. The segments of the body behind the head are forty in number, and of a similar size ; where the body is broadest the length of tlie segment is 5.5 nnn., and this proportion of length to breadth holds tolerably well throughout, e segments being about three times as broad as long. They appear to be strongly arched and more equally than would appear to be the case in the next specimen to be described, although some segments seem to present an anterior, broad, I'ounded side where the spines are seated ; certainly the segments are deeply and coarsely incised. A large part of the body and of the spines (PI. 8, fig. 8) are covered with circular flattened raised disks of a yellowish color (PI. 8, fig. 7), with a slightly raised rim and either a depression or a slight elevation at the centre, crowded closely together and appearing as if formed of the dried up contents of the body ; the outside of the spines seem to show them quite as much as the inside of the same ; indeed the outside of the spines appears to be entirely made up of them. They are usually about 0.5 mm. in diameter, but a considerable nuiiiJ)er are smaller and show no structure ; the head, antenna and the trifid appendage of the head are all furnished abundantly with them, but they are entirely absent from the legs. The only spines that are preserved belong, apparently all of them, to the subdorsal row, but the openings into the hollow interiors of those which are necessarily concealed indicate clearly that there are three rows upon either side, arranged exactly as described in the specimen figured by Messrs. Meek and Worthen. The spines of the subdorsal rows (PI. 8, fig. 8) are cylindrical, equal, hollow throughout, rather longer than the diameter of the body, rather deeply and equally forked at tip, so as to appear Y-shaped, the branches not veiy divergent; at the base, (in the anterior part of the body), or near the same (in the poi- terior part of the body), is at least a pair, but nu)re probably a whorl, of subsidiary spines springing from the main stem ; anterior and posterior spinules are preserved at the base of nearly all the spines, but there are also indications of others which lie interiorly and exte- riorly, and which necessarily cannot be very clearly exhibited in a fossil like this ; such an indication appears at the base of PI. 8, fig. 8, repree:nting the spine enlarged, whtre a rounded hollow seems to prove a spinule in addition to those in front and behind, as clearly as the other pits in the body walls indicate the position of the principal spines ; they appear to originate at the very base of the spine throughout the body and to be less divergent 205 than the other spiniile.s ; of the front and hind spinules, the posterior is generally longer and slenderer than the anterior, and sitnated higher upon the stalk ; the double set oi holes next the base of the legs in several segments of the body indicates that this was the ease also with the lateral spines ; these spinules are longer on the posterior part of the body than on the anterior, and have about the same angle from the main stem as the terminal forks fioni each other. The spines occur, one to a segment In each row, on every segment behind the head ; on the penultimate and antepenultimate the main sjdne seems to end where the spinules spring out, and the latter are of unusual leugth ; on the last seguieut the same arrangement occurs, though the spinules are very short. The main spines are of uniform size throughout most of their extent, but enlarge slightly above where they fork, and below where the spinules diverge ; the spinules are geuerally tapering and pointed, but in the front part of the body the anterio." and posterior ones are stout, often scarcely taper, and are blmitly tipped. The length of the spines is from 12-13 mm., and they are l.U mm. in diameter in the middle. The legs' (PI. 8, fig. 11) are better preserved than in any other of the Archlpolypoda examined ; the creature is crushed in such a way that one sees in a groove, running beneath the dorsal plates for the greater part of the body, the interior surface of the basal joints of the lower lying legs (the renuiining portions of which are buried in the matrix), and just below these upon the plane of the dorsal plates, the exterior surface as well as all the rest of the legs of the upjjcr lying or nearer pairs. They consist of six joints. The first is about twice as long as broad on a side vi(!W, narrowing a little at either end ; it is about as broad as possible, the series o(!eupying almost the entire space below the segments so as to crowd against each other ; it is apparently a little compressed, the outer surface furnished with a distinct longitudinal carina at both anterior and posterior edge and furnished also with a very prominent and stout median longitudinal carina, which is generally a little curved ; corresponding to which on the inner face is a rather deep and very abrupt sulca- tion. The second joint is very different ; it is laminate, nearly equal, considerably nar- rower than the basal joint, very long, Iteing more than six times as long as broad ; it has a distinct median carina, at least on the outer siile, or perhaps the slightly convex sides are pinched or angidate along the middle; in some instances the one, in others the other appears to be the case, even on adjoinmg legs. The third joint exactly resembles the sec- ond, except in being shorter ; it has about the same width, and the same median carina, but it is only about half as long again as broad, equal, quadrate and laminate. The fourth joint is of the same length as the third, but slenderer, a little tapering and with only slight tracp of the m-edian carina. The fifth is as long as the fourth, continues the gentle tapering of the leg so as to be nearly half as broad as the second joint, and has no carina. There is pretty certainly another still slenderer and apparently cylindrical joint of about equal length beyond this, but it is only preserved in one or two instances and in part. Nothing positive can be asserted of the claw, but one leg appears to have a single slender gently curving claw of considerable length. The legs are at first sight apparently shorter at the two ends of the body than in the middle, but this is due simply to imperfect preserva- ' Between tho tips of two of the le<;s mny bo seen a crushed consiilered by Dr. Dawson (Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., niollnscan shell, having the appe'kranuc of a luinute Planorbis, xxi, 157) as Spirorbis (Microconchus) carbonarius. ■-fll If 206 tlon, mcnsurcmonts ef the second joint showing no difference whatever. The length of the first joint is 2.4 mm. ; of the second 7.7o nun.; width of .same 1.2 mm.; lengtii of third joint 2.2 nun.; of fourth joint 2.2 nun.; of fifth joint 2.2 mm.; of sixth joint 2.mm.; of tiic whole leg as it lies on the stone 21 nnn. So fur ;is the legs are preserved there are two pairs to every dor-sal plate ; the stone is broken away next the last two segments so that they do not show there, one only appearing oti the penultimate, non j on the last segment ; the same is true in front, sn that none appear on the first segment behind the head, and only one on the second segment ; but this one is placed posteriorly, leaving room for an additional one in front of it on the same segment. Alt ig the ridges which separate the bases of the two sets of legs (of opposite sides) from each other can be .seen remnants of the branchial cups to be mentioned further on, but in a fragmentary and often somewhat displaced condition ; enough however to show clearly to one who has studied the specimen next to be described that they were present here throughout the greater part of the body, as they can be traced in various parts. Both relief and intaglio of this specimen are preserved and have helped to reconstruct the mj'riapod as we have attempted to depict it. Tliey belong to Mr. J. C. Carr of Morris. Illinois, from whom, through tlie kind intervention of Mr. J. W. Pike, in whose hands I first saw it, it was received for study. Notwithstanding its far greater incompleteness, the next specimen (PI. S, figs. 1-4) of this species to be mentioned rivals tiie one just dcscriltcd in interest and importance, on account of its perfect exhibition of the ventral plates. It consists of only a few segments from the stouter part of the body, probably presenting an oblique view, mostly dorsal, with a cast of tlie same. In the breaking of the stone, the part reprosenting the former under crust of the animal has in a small part of the fossil parted from the upper crust, so that in looking upon the dorsal surface one sees also, in the central part of the fb-tsil, the interior view of the ventral plates ; and its cast represents, no doubt with tolerable faithfulness, the appearance of the under surface of the ventral plates. The body is a little curved and the posterior segments parted from one another. The convexity of the upper surfiice "of the bod}' well appears, but the form of the body cannot further be told from this specimen. The fragment is 67 nnn. longa.s it lies, but this should be reduced to about 58 nnn. to allow for the displacement of the posterior segments. It is 17-18 mm. broad and shows no sign of tapering ; proliably it is a fragment from the broadest part before the tapering had com- menced ; on that supposition its size indicates a creature rather larger than the complete specimen last described, but not so large as tluit described by Meek and Worthen. l]leven segments are present, four anterior ones in their natural relations showing the dorsal plates; then three, also connected with one another and the preceding, but of whicli the dorsal plates are gone, revealing the inner surface of three pairs of ventral plates ; and finally four more dorsal plates separated from one another by more than their own length. The dorsal phites are from 3.75-4.5 mm. long and therefore about four times as broad as long, their anterior lialf bearing a broadly rounded, elevated, transver.se ridge with mammiform knobs which are the broken bases of the spines ; the posterior edges of the segments are also a little thickened and slightly elevated, giving the appearance of a slight transverse ridge at this point. The surface appears to be almost or quite smooth ; in one or two points a delicate granulation may be seen under a strong lens, and next the hinder edge of 207 Hotnc of th" '"jgmcntH there appears to be a feeble wriiiklin^r or faint «'orrugation of the Mur- Ihce. In general only the bases of tlie spines an* present, whicli so far as (Min be deter- mined show a disposition very similar to what is seen in the other specimens, Imt exhil)it more clearly than they the relation of the snbdorsid series to each other as to distance, showing that they are almost as far removed from each other as they each are from the pleurodorsal series ; one or two spines also of this latter series remain and by their stractnre show that they probably did not differ at all from those of the other series, unless oossibly they were slighter and shorter. The legs do not ajipear, but on the ventral plates their insertion is plainly visible (IM. S, figs. 2-3), showing that the basal joint-t were probably obrK|uely appressed, for the coxal cavities are obovnte and directed toward the anterior outer edge of the ventral plate next in advance of that on which they are seated ; they are also seated a little posteriorly upon the ventral plate, for they reach its posterior edge, but are separated from the anterior bor- der by about one third their own shorter diameter ; those of the same ventral plate are also separated from each other by a space equal to at least their own longer dianu'ter. In the llattened part showing the ventral plates, these extend Just as far laterally as the dorsal plates, and the distance from the outer edge, which is preserved upon one side, to their median line is even greater than to the median line of the dorsal plates, showing certainly that they had a wide extent and covered at least the entire under surface of the body ; they were of equal size throughout, narrowing only at their extreme lateral extension where they appear to have been rounded. Their length is 2.25 mm. Outside the basa of each leg and abutting upon it are the large oldong-ovate spiracles (I'l. 8, figs. 2-.'5), running transversely to the 1)ody, and showing as a deep groove with a very thin laminate ridge along the (uiddle ; they are 2.5 mm. long, ().() nun. broad. Fiving next the front edge of each ventral plate and on either side of the medioventral line of the body, almost attin- gent at their slightly swollen bases, are the branchial cups (1*1. 8, (igs. 2-4), which ai)pear from Avithin as sunken pits, rounded triangular in Ibrm, two sides of the tv:.vngle l)eing formed by the i jdian line of the body and tiie front edge of the segment, the latter i)eing the longer ; all the angles are well roimded ; the lloor of this pit is Hat, but depressed around the edges, so that the deepest part forms a groove just at the base of tlu? bounding walls : the surface of the floor has in some a spongy as|)eet with an appearance of converg- ing laminae, but this is not clear ; these branchial pits are a third as broad again as long, being 1 mm. in breadth and aliout 0.75 imn. in length. When viewed from the cast show- ing these organs as they probably appeared upon the outside of the body (IM. (S, lig. 4), they appear as crater-like elevations, the rim of which is suboval rather than triangular, with the posterior inner angle of the boimdary wall somewhat higher and thicker than the rest ; the lloor presents nearly the same aspect as in the other face. This specimen was sent to me by Mr. Pike after I hiid seen and studied the large and perfect specimen last mentioned. In studying that I had become convinced of the possible aquatic life of the creature from the structure v.i the long paddling legs, and stated my belief at a meeting of the Boston Society of Natural History held October 20, 1880. It was therefore with no small pleasure that I subsequently found my conclusions supported in .so remarkable a manner by the discovery of these structures on a second individual of the species. Another specimen received from Mr. Carr is as small as that last mentioned and 208 more iiiiperfoct, consiHting of only a ilozon Hcgmcnts or lo8« of the front portion, with scarcely any appendngcs. It in of particular interest, however, from partially preserving the eye of one aide (PI. 8, fig. 10); it forms nn oval bo88 3 mm. long and 1.5 nun. broad, gently elevated above the principal curve of the head, situated low down on the anterior portion of the head, its longer diameter vertical ; it is covered with nearly heinispiierical, low, circular warts about O.IC nmi. in diameter, crowded rather closely but not attingent, and scattered about over the whole convexity with a slight indication of serial arrange- ment. Tlie length of the fragment is 36 nun. and its breadth about 10 mm. The last specimen I have to mention was sent to me by Mr. Pike and represents the larger part of a young individual curled in a broad sigmoid curve. Sixteen or seventeen consecutive segments besides the head are preserved, all poorly ; the spines and legs are everywhere fragmentary and add nothing to the other specimens ; the diameter differs only a very little at different parts, though the usual enlargement of the segments a little way behind the head is indicated. The head itself appears to be larger than the segments behind it, but is very badly preserved. The points of interest in it are : first, that tiie basal joints of a leg may be seen on the first segment behind the head ; second, that the ventral plates, where seen, are divided by a distinct suture into anterior and posterior portions, as does not appear in the other specimens where ventral plates are preserved, but as occurs in some specimens of Euphoueria ; and third, that from near the posterior extremity of the sixth (?) segment behind the head, there projects downward a long, straight, stout, cylin- drical, bluntly terminated rod, as long as the width of the body, the apical apparently a little stouter than the basal half, suggesting, as in other cases to be mentioned, an intro- mittent organ. The length of the specimen as it lies is 83 nun.; if straightened it would measui'e about 97 ram. in length; its diameter is 11 nmi.; and the length of the rod men- tioned 10 nun.; the greatest diameter of the latter is 1.25 mm. This species differs from the next to be mentioned in the much less rapidly tapering form of the body, in the proportionally shorter segments, and in the character of the spines, which in this species are longer bodied, rather less divergently and much more equally branched at tip, and are f irnished with basal spinules of a remarkable character which are not apparent in the other. m II Aeantherpestes Brodiei Sciuldcr. PI. 8, fig. 5. "Caterpillar" "Vestwood in Brodie, Foss. Ins. Eng., xvii, 105, pi. 1, fig. 11 (1845). Eurypteru8 ? {Fuphoheria) ferox (pars) Woodward, Geol. Mag., X, 109-110, fig. 10 (1873). Arthroplmra ferox Woodward, Monogr. Merost., 172, fig. 63 (1872). Euphoheriafercx Roemer, Leth. geogn., pi. 47, fig. 4 (1874). Not Eiirypterus ferox Salter. This species has been known through Brodie's Fossil Insects for many years, but it is only recently that its relationship was determined. This is partly due to its fragmentary nature, for it is pretty evident from what we now know of the spined myriapods of the carbonifer- ous period that the specimen is considerably imperfect, the head (and perhaps, two or three 200 MognicntH more) being iibMont from the front end nnd ii coiisidernhli' niiinlu'r of sognioutM iit tlio tiiil onil. It prosuntM ii dorsal view of ton Mognit'iits in the stouter part of tlie body, enough however to show that it tapered somewhat toward the head ami very eonsideral»ly behind the tliickest portion of the body, so that the hinder portion seen is only lialf as broad as the broadest, only six or seven segments distant ; the body has every appearance of having been cylindrieal ; the fragment is -"trt mm. long and 18 nun, broad in the widest part. The segments show a well arched transverse ridge en the anterior porti«>n, which seems generally to occupy much the largest part of the segments, but there is an irregular- ity al)out this in the engraving which would seem to be defective ; as a whole they are from threi! to four times as broad as long. The three rows of spines are clearly marked, partly by the spines themselves and partly by the tul)ercles which mark their former origin ; these show the rows to have been equidistant from one another, the subdorsal rows being as far apart as either frcmi the pleurodorsal ; the spines are preserved only in the lateral rows ; these appear to be uniform, subcylindrical, nearly or quite half as long as the width of the segments (counting to the forks of the spines), expanding at the tip and bearing a couple of stout spinules, the hinder and longer of which is as long as the body of the spine, taper- ing and i)ointed, directed slightly backward, and according to Westwood " evidently artic- ulated" at the base; the front and .shorter spiuule is short, tapering and pointed, directed a little forward. There is no appearan(!e of any basal thorns. This species may be easily ilLstinguished from A. iikijoi' by its decidedly more tapering body, comparatively shorter and broader segments and the charact'cr of the spines, which not only appear to lack the basal thorns, but arc very unequally forked at the tip. The specimen comes from the carboniferous rocks ( ironstone?) of Coalbrook Dale in Eng- land, and is in the Hope collection at Oxford. (lenus Eui'iioBEiUA. (•'», y,,p'- /,»,-.) Euphoheria Meek and Worthen, Am. Journ. So. Arts, (2), XLVl, 2') (1868). — lb., Geol. Suvv. HI., Ill, 550. Spines spinidiferous, but with a single pointed tip, and arranged in subdorsal and lateral rows only ; segments less than three times, generally about twice, a.s broad a.s long, rarely le.ss than twice as broad iv, long, and then only upon a few segments of the body. Enphoberia ferox Evryptcrus ? [Arthrojjleura) ferox Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., XIX, 86-87, fig. 8 on p. 84. Euryptems ? {Euphoheria) ferox (pars) Woodward, Geol. Mag., X, lOD, fig. 8 on p. 105. — 76., Mongr. Merost., 172, fig. 62 (1872). Half a dozen segments of the body, seen from above, are all that are preserved of the i-ingle known specimen of this animal. The body is equal throughout, but is perhap.s broader than high, subcylindrical according to Salter, the surface rugose. Each of the segments is r :h $1 1 '!■• M hi m I ' f 11 ! 210 divided into im anterior and » )st»M'ior po •tioii. tlie ioriner appariMitly eli'vati'd, Hpinit'eroiiM, (KMMipviiij? from two-tliinls to tlirce-limrtlis of the entire sej^nient., wliieli iih a wliole is Hcarcely twice an hroad as long. The lour rows ol' spines are represented as if at ahont e(|iial distanees apart, tliose of the siilxlorsal row indicated only hy tiieir l)ases ; those of the lateral row appear from the lij^ures j^iven to he ahnosi a mere lateral expansion of the edge of the dorsal plate, apparently depressed, forming a laminate et>mponnreadth of the !iyi«. without the long forked spines is jjths inch. The forked spines are jjlhs of an inch each." liocality : North Strallin-dshire. in ironstone. This specimen was considered hy Salter as " the central lohe of the ahdomen of a trilo- hate Kurypterus Ol allied genus," and like Westwood in speaking of the last spev. np. PI. 10, figs. 11, ll>, 14. Messrs. Armstrong and Carr have each sent me a specimen and reverse of an unusually large species of Kuphoheria, with highly developed spines, to which the ahove name may be given. Mr. Cnrr's specimen (fig. 11). is 'lie better preserved and the more perfect. It api)arently represents nearly the entire anJiiK 1 lying partly upon its side, so as to throw the legs upon one side and the subdorsal spinc.« upon the other, but exposing part of the dor- sal surface also; towai'd the hinder evtremity the legs appear on both sides ; the body lies in a rather strongly sinuous curve, the -wo extremities broken ofT, each probably close to the tip, at the edge of the nodule. As it lies it is 107 mm. and if extended would be 111) mm. long, so that its total length must have been at least 130 mm; its width anteriorly is 8 mm. ; at the greatest 4.5 mm ; at the posterior extremity 10 mm. About twenty-eight segments are preserved, and there may not have been more than three or four and probably were not over five or six more. The first five or six segments preserved are of equal size, then the body enlarges a little for six or seven more, then diminishes again, and continues to do so with considerable regularity to the hinder 211 II of a Inlo- nioH, ho Mil VH cxtPMiiity, which U htinlly iiiori' thiiii liiilf iis hroiul as tht> front extruinity, and a little Iusm than halCas l>roa«l aH tlif niiildht of tin- hody. The swollen |)ortioii of tiio hody is thercforo iniusiialiy distant from the head. In several places near tlit; niiddlt; and at the anterior extremity of the body the original texture of th(> dorsal |)ljite-i seems to l»e |)n!served ((ij^. 14). showin^i; that the surface was covered with minnte and rather sharply elevated circular papillae, about (l.l)H5 nun. in d.iamuter ami pretty uniforndy distril>utc'd at distances averaging alxmt 0.1 nun. apart ; otherwise it appears to he smooth: l>iit the* s(U'fac(> of the ventral plates is very finely and transversely striate. 'I'he junction of the dorsal anti ventral plates can he seen high up upon the sides of the body as it lies, as repnwuted in figure I I. the line of .separation being a straight one. The segments, as rei)resented by the dd, .sellifbrm and spiniferous, the hinder half depressed and nearly flat. The spines of only one series, apparently the subdorsal, arc preserved, but in this throughout nearly the whole length of the bouy ; each is sitiuitcd on a somewhat elevated boss which u'crges into the spine, l)ut at base i't as broad as the entire; front half of the dorsal plate and develops anteriorly the nuiiu spine, a .stout, cylindri(!al, erect, straight stem, .slightly inclined backward, which in its uuddle divides into two portion.s, a compara- tively small, short, conit'al, pointed thorn, continuing very nearly the erect lino of the main stem but inclined slightly forward, ami a ."-imilar but very h)ng and slender pointed thorn, as long as or even longer than the main stem, diroc^ted backward at a considerable angle and also slightly curved in the same sense, so as to make the entire spine about half as hmg as the width of the body in the broadest pcu'tion of the same, or about two-thirds its width in the other portiims. In addition to this forking of the main stem, the bo.ss expands at its posterior extremity, at the hinder lower elevation of the selliform dorsal plate, and bears the spinules which in other species seom to cluster more strongly to the very base of the main stem of the spine ; those spinules are two in nund)er, straight, ver- tical or iiu'lincd backward a little, the anterior much longer than the posterior, both slender, nearly equal, tapering oidy next the pointed tip, arising from a very short main stem which is even stouter than the main stem of the s|)ine proper, the tip of the longer spinule reaching about as high above the body as the fork of the main spine. The legs are preserved throughout the greater p;irt of the frigmout, but so indistinctly that in no case can the joints be determined with any precision ; they appear in general to be divided much as in Acantherpestes ".ndjor, but they are propeytionally slenderer thiin there, as is the case with all other species of Euphoberia ; they are slightly shorter than the width of the body excepting near the slender hinder extremity, where they do not diminish in size and length ho rapidly as the segments, and are therefore propor- tionally to the width of the body longer than elsewhere ; they appear, as in Acanther- pestes major, to have a median carina, to taper gradually, especially in the apical third and to be either bluntly pointed at the tip, or, in other places, rounded. The legs are .Hi 'II .41 I f :ii! III ilJ : ^t ^^ 11 1 212 about 7 mm. long in the front part of the body, 9 nun. in the mid'llo and 5.r) nun. at the posterior extremity. Tlie spines are about 5 nnu. hmg. Mr. Armstrong's speoiinon represents nearly as large an individual as the preceding, but it is not so well preserved, nor is the fragment so great, being composed of thirteen or fourteen segments besides the head, and exhil>iting a dorsal view, but with some of the veTitral plales expo.«ed. The friigment is 7- nun. long, stretched in a straight line, 8.0 nun. broad in the bronde-t. part (near the middle of the fragment), from either side of which it (liminishes regularly and very slightly .so as to be about mm. broad at the segment behind the head, suid 7.;') uun. Iiroad at the end of the fragment; it is hu'gest and about equally large from the Ibnrth to tlio eleventh segment beiiind tlu> head. Tlie .spines, the lateral rows of which are exposed along either side of the body, are exactly similar iu structure in every particular to those of the preceding specimen, Imt are a little longer in proportion to the width of the body than there, being (1 nun. long where the width of the body is a littli more than 8 mm. Signs of the position of so:ne of the closoly apj.ro.vi- mated subdoi>al series n\ay also be seen. Excepting at the hindmost end of the fragment, the segnu)nts are everywhere scarcely half as broad again as theij length. No legs are visible, but on one side of the fourth (or fifth ?) segment behind tlu iiead is a straight, equal, npically pointed, compressed, unjointed rod, carinate along the middle, as stout as the stem of the spines, nearly three-fourths as long as the widtii of the segment on whiclj it is seated, and projecting from it at rigiit angles (lig. 12). Prol)al)ly, as in other cases to be given in other species, it is the intromittent m-gan ; it is 5.7") mm. long and (1.(5 mm. broad ; as the fu'st segnu'ut preserved is not uniiuestiouably the head, the .segment on which the rod is situated is of course luicertain ; the reasons for supposing it to be the head are that the body ap})ears to terminate there, just before tl'e edge of the stone, and that the seg- ment it.seU', while bearing no appendages, is, as is the case with the head in soeciiuens of other species of Euphoberia, more deeply impressed and extends fiu-ther on one side than on the other of the fo.ssil. No characteristics beyond this can be made out. This species dilVers from the other of thj genus in its greater size, and from the next, to whicli it is most nearly allied, in its proportionally longer segments and in the more exteiuled development of the basal posterior spinules of the spines of the body, which in tliis species are more widely separated from the main stem than usual. Euphoberia armigera Meek and Wnrthcn. IM. !t, fi^'s. 1, '2, 8, 5, (), l!l ; — |.l. 10, iijrs. 7, 8, 10. Jixphohtrla (innlijera Meek and Worthen. Amer. Journ. Sc. Arts, (2), XLVI, 2;')-2(i (1808); — /ft.. Geol. Surv. HI., Ill, 50(1-058 (pars), figs. C. D on p. 550 (1808) ; — Wood- ward. Ceol. Mag., Y11I,'103-1(U, pl. 3, fig. 7, (1871). To this species I refer two specimens and reverses received from Mr. Carr, two others with reverses from Mr. Armstrong, another with reverse from Mr. Bliss, another, also with its reverse, from Mr. Worthen, a fragment sent by Mr. Pike, and the two figures C and D of Meek and Worthen 's illustration, though it is po.ssible that (ig. C may be distinct. 213 nun. at the The spechucn figured in tlio Illinois report under the letter I), here reproduced in fiji^ure 6, by favor of Mr. Worthen, and which is copied by Woodward lus above referred to, exhibits an inferior side view of tiic entire animal extended in a straight line. From this it seems that the tapering form of the creature does not appear on a side view, and it is even drawn as enlarging toward the head, which is considerably larger than any other part of the animal ; toward the hinder extrenuty, however, ii tapers gently ; " the entire length is 3.9 inches and its breadth about 0.2 inch." The head is *• s<;micircidar, as wide as any part of the long slender body. It is not CM Vif. ti. lui/ilioheria tirmiijern; &ft\veif 1) of Mook niihi>lifiiii armi'irrn ; (ig. C of Muck luiil WurthiMi. 214 " i :f 4 further side their bases may not show, in which case they are longer ; they are tapering and sharply pointed and bear anteriorly, not far before the tip, a small, delicate, pointed spinule ; they are represented on every segment but the last. The legs which the text describes (for all the specimens) as five-jointed are three- or four-jointed in all figured, the joints of equal length, the whole leg moderately stout, tapering, and slightly longer than tlie width of the body. Similar circular holes are shown above the bases of the legs on each of the ventral plates, as in the last specimen mentioned, and like them probably represent the bases of the nearer pair of legs, all of which are wanting. This specimen difiers from the last mentioned in the greater length of the dorsal plates, and in a more conspicuous ttipering of the body posteriorly on a similar view ; but it prob- ably should be considered as of the same species. The third specimen which I would refer hure id one which 1 have received from Mr. Carr, and first saw through the kindness of Mr. Pike (PI. 9, fig. 1). It lies flat upon its back, with the lateral spines projecting equally on eithor side ; a fragment on a higher level at one side shows a few legs, proving that we have here the inner view of the dorsal plates. It is nearly straight and nearly or quite complete. It has the appearance of being unnaturally flattened so as to preserve slight indication of its probably nearly cylindrical form, but its position gives the best view of the form of tiie animal ; it is largest at the end of the first thiid of the body or from the twelfth to the eighteenth segment.-- -p front of this it taper.' very gradually and regularly, so as to be about one fifth siujillcr just behind the head, while the iicad itself, as in the fii'st specimen mentioned, is again broader ; posteriorly it gradually tapers more until the hinder fourth is reached ; this is of nearly luiiform width and a little less than one-third smaller than the broadest part ; in the form of the front of the body therefore it more nearly resembles the first specimen mentioned (D, fig. 6, supra), while in that of the posterior extremity it is like the second specimen (C, fig. 7, supra) ; the length of the animal is 105 mm. As to the head (PI. 9, fig. 3), it is rounded in front and very short, being much shorter than the body segments and as bi'^ad as they, but even broader than those nearest to it ; it bears posteriorly a narrow, prominent, transversa ridge which appears to bear on the left side the scar of a subdorsal spine, but situated, like that of the next segment, far toward the side of the body ; something which looks like a spine, but which may be an auterma, projects forward and outward from the outer front angle of the head ; it is straight, tapering, rather regular and bluntly pointed, as long as the depth of the head ; no joints can be seen in it. The segment iiiunediately behind the head k very pinched, not half so long as the head, and bears lateral as well as subdorsal spines ; the lateral spine is not represented on the enlarged drawing of this part. The other segments are similar to one another and number thirty-seven, including all but the head ; prob- ably they include the whole animal, although the hinder edge of the creature is brokea, and there may be one or two more segments ; this number it will be noticed agrees very closely with that of the first perfect specimen mentioned. The; average length of the body segment^) is nearly 3 mm. while the average breadth is about 5.5 mm., the segments being about twice as broad as long, in which it agrees again very well with the other specimens described ; this proportion holds well throughout tlie body, the broadest segments measur- ing about 7 mm. and their length about 3.5 mm. ; while at the tail where the width is 4 mm. ^ are tapering icate, pointed hich the text II figured, the / longer than f the legs on leni probably dorsal plates, ; but it prob- ved from Mr. i flat upon its t on a higher of the dorsal [ince of being \y cylindrical largest at the segments, 'p 1 sniiillor just r&in broader ; i is of nearly ; in the form n mentioned nd specimen being much than those lich appears that of the a spine, but angle of the the depth of head it- very spines ; the ler segments head ; prob- brokfc.1, and very closely »dy segments being about specimens ents measur- idth is 4 mm. 215 the length is barely 2 mm. The segments although much flattened in preservation show, particidarly in the larger parts of the body, distinct signs of having been ridged on the anterior half which bears the spines, a feature not seen, where we should the more expect it, in the figures given of the lateral views of the two other specimens. The head is delicately granulated, the granules oblong with their longer axes longitu- dinal, and showing a tendency to run together in wavy but generally straight longitudinal ridges ; these markings however are rather faint and dull ; similar granulation appears obscurely in one or two of the segments behind the head, but shows no tendency to a long- itudinal arrangement. The same circular disks which were described in the large speci- men of Acantherpestes major appear here also all over the body, but the material of which they are formed has generally cracked extensively in an irregular manner, so that they are not so conspicuous ; those of average size have a diameter of about 0.35 mm. The subdorsal row Oi sspines appears only by the little pits upon the surface, which show that these rows are placed a little nearer together than either of them to the lateral rows. The spines (PI. 9, fig. 2) are presarved in the lateral rows on one side nearly throughout the body, on the other in the anterior third ; in their length they show a constant relation to the size of the segments, and are present 'on all the segments behind the head, excejv t'-nw near the tail where they are lost. They are more than half as long as the segments on wh'ch they occur, very broad at base, rapidly narrowing at first, especially on the hinder edge, and then taper gently, with a slight backward curve, to a delicate pointed tip ; they lire not compressed or depressed but cirular in cross section, and bear at the base posteri- orly (only seen in this specimen on one side of the body) a posterior, basal, triangular thorn directed backward and outward ; it is stout, conical, pointed and nearly half as long as the segments ; its absence from the spines of the right side is due no doubt to the position of these spines, and the spinules might be found attached also to them by cutting the stone ; besides this basal posterior thorn, there is an anterior delicate spinule on the middle of the spine plainly visible, at, the base of which the spine has a slight bend back- ward in most cases ; this is not shown in the one selected for enlargement (PI. 9, fig. 2), nor is it brought out in the drawing of the natural size ; from certain appea ranee ^ it looks as if there were, at the point where this anterior spinule arises, not merely this one spinule, but a circlet of them, three or, counting the extremity of the spine as one, four in number : one anterior as described, minute, pointed, hardly directed forward ; the posterior or spine proper, \vhich is nearly as long as the basal part of the spine, tapering regularly and pointed, directed only a little backward, divergent from the first af. .an angle of about 45°, and occasionally very slightly curved backward ; still another superior (or interior) one is indicated by a slight mark, seen in the enlarged drawing as a dark spot at the base of the anterior spinule, indicating the base of a spinule ; and possibly, to match it, one on the opposite side, of which of course no indication could well appear. The only appearance of legs is in a short fragment at the middle of one side which slopes down toward the body, where three sets of two each appeal ; they are of equal length, and therefore are probably con.plote, for the stone is not split on a diflbrant plane from that in which they lie until some distance beyond their extremities ; they are therefore very much shorter than in Acantherpestes major and considerably shorter thnn the width of the body ; the first joint appear'^ to be broken off at the edge of the stone ; the second T\ 1 ^fi Ni il:. III i?'-i. J'' III liH it .,, 216 is equal in length to the remainder of the leg (though this point is obscure and doubtful), slender and compressed, with only a faint sign in one of any carina, equal. in width through- out, and about six or seven time i as long as broad ; the rest of the leg tapers to a bluntly rounded p int, with no possibility of making out distinct joints from the obscurity of its preservation ; on two, a tapering, curved claw appears to be present, not sharply pointed, less than 0.5 mm. long ; the entire leg is 5 mm. long and its greatest breadth 0.4 mm. The next specimen referred here, and ^vhich was received from Mr. Worthen (PI. 9, fig. 6), presents a nearly straight and uniform ventral view. There is no apparent sign of taper- ing toward the iiead, the anterior half being nearly uniform in size ; behind this it tapers gradually and uniformly, so that the hinder end is about two-thirds the width of the anterior half The length of the creature is 98 mm., its greatest breadth 6 mm., narrowing to 4 m-i. at the tiiil. The head and first segment (PI. 9, fig. 5) are together represented by a deep and large, well rounded depression, in the intaglio half, a-s broad as the segments behind it, and together much more than equalling two of them ; the head would appear to have been much broader than deep and higher than broad, drooping and passing below to a lower plane than the rest of the body, and with the next segment forming a compact globe ; next the lower front edge of this globe is a slight rounded depression (indicating a slight boss in the living creature), on which are half a dozen ovate wartlets or granules which may indicate the eye, but it is too vague for any assertion. The segments are many of them obscure, but appear at first siglit very numerous, numbering some sixty or seventy, but as these are the ventral plates the real number is only half of this; the whole body is blurred in parts, rendering it difficult or impossible to be more precise ; these ventral plates average 1.5 mm. in length, and where they are distinct, as in the broadest part, they are four times as broad as long ; they are well arched transversely, indicating a well rounded body, and have their anterior half stoutly ridged. They show in places series of short, longitudinal, slightly oblique, slight and irregular corrugations. Traces of the insertions of the legs can be seen on many segments, situated in the centre of the front margin of the depressed portions ; above them (that is^ toward the spined margin) there is a slight trace here and there of stigmata, but I hav e not been able, so poorly preserved is the fossil, to detect any of the crateriform bran- chial cups, described in Acantherpestes major. The subdorsal spines of a single row are present on many of the segments, but poorly preserved, and are small, being only about one-third the length of the width of the segment on which they occur, rather stout at base, beyond this tapering, and curving slightly backward, and at first sight apparently simple ; one, however, faintly shows a part beyond the apparent tip, indicating that the others have been broken ; and as this is provided also with a slight anterior spinule in the middle, and a basal posterior thorn, it agrees entirely with the last specimen described. There are a couple of fragments of legs just beneath the junction of the first and second ventral plates behind the head, situated side by side and touching ; they apparently rep- resent the basal joints. We have here new proof that the first segment, represented by one dorsal plate behind the head, bore two pair of legs in these myriapods, and the additional evidence derived from the presence of the complete ventral segments to which they were attached. There is besides only a single indication of what may be a leg, which appears at about the eighth ventral plate behind the head, on the side opposite to that to which the I'll 217 spines are attuched (PI. 9, lig. 5) ; it iippears as a .straiglit, cylindrical, slightly tapering, unjointed rod, 4 mm. long, 0.3 nun. broad, the segment from which it springs heing 0.3 mm. broad ; it has the appearance of a spine, bnt is altogether nnlike any of t'^e other spines and probably represents the intromittent organ. The next specimen to be discussed is a fragment received from Mr. Pike after this paper was written, and is introduced here with a figure (PI. 10, fig. 8) of a portion of it, because it exhibits certain features of the ventral portions seen on no other examined. It repre- sents the posterior half, more or less, of a myriapod, extended in a slight sinuous curve, the legs trailing beneath, and a few spines showing al)ove. The length of the fragment is 47 mm., its breadth in front 4 nnn., and beyond the middle of its posterior half 1. it iiiiu.; beyond this it is very obscure, but between tliese two points it seems to tai)er regularly. From twenty-one to twenty-three segments are preserved. The jointing of the legs is very ob.scure but appears to be as in the tigure, the l)asal joint seen, un(loul)tedly the second, being about as long as the rest of the leg ; the legs are" about as long as the width of the body, slender and tapering. The subdorsal series of spines, the only ones preserved, ai'e rather small, and show only here and there, and ol)scin'ely, an}' subsidiary spinules. What, however, is of the chief interest is the preservation of the ventral plates in an unusual manner ; these are separated from the dorsal plates by a straight line along the middle of the body, and appear to l»e four in number to each dorsal plate ; in reality there are two, each being again divided into a pair of subsegments by a transverse line just behind the middle and oidy a little more faintly incised than the lines of demarkation between the plates; the api)en(lage9 are borne oidy by the anterior, larger, subsegment ; these are, .so far as can be seen, the legs, which are iittached at the extreme base in circu- lar pits ; .lid just above them the spiracles, slender, ovate in form, their longer diameters nearly as great as the diameter of the leg-pit and placed a little obliquely but nearly tnins- veri-e to the bo, fig. 7), shows u single row of marks of spine insertions (?) along the middle line of the body, on the depressed portion. To judge from the cast, they seem to be arranged in distant subdorsal and lateral rowi, and those of the subdorsal row, as seen be- yond the body, to be mammiform at base, beyond tapering, curved, pointed, and as long as the segment's apparently simple, and originatitig from the arched part of the segments ; the pits figured by Woodward should probably originate from the other half of the .seg- ments and represent the lateral rows. The legs (PI. 'J, fig. 8) are represented as being as long as the width of the body and as composed of throe joints, the first and last of etjual length and the second as long as the others together ; this can hardly be correct. The only American species with which this can be compared is the one to which Meek and Worthen's name of ii'. armUjera is here retained. 1 have given under that species the reasons for believing that it is distinct, but this cannot be con^^idered as conclusive until a further study of the Scotch specimen is undertaken. The specimen was tbund in a nodule of clay ironstone from Kilimaurs, Scotland, by Mr. Thonuis Brown. Euphoberia granosa, nov. h|). PI. !>, figs. tJ'J, '24, :ir), 2(5 ; |.l. 10, tig. 1.1. Eiiphohcrla armUjera Meek and Worthen, Amer. Journ. Sc. Arts, [2], XLVI, p. 25-26 (pars) (18('.8).— 76.. Geol. Surv. 111., Ill, O^tHoGS (pars), figs. A. B. on p. 550 (18G8).- lloemer Leth. geogn., pi. 47, fig. 10 (1870). The study of the ^ei-i(!s of specimens that have been intrusted to n>e, and of the figures and descriptions given by Meek and Worthen. lead me to separate one (A) of those figured by them as distinct from the others, and to place with it some others, for the opportunity of examining which I am indebted to Messr^ v\rorthen, Carr and Armstrong. The specimen figured in the Illinois report, and which is reproduced in tiie accompanying wood cut kindly furnished by Mr. Worthen, presents a dorsal view, with a trace also of the ventral plates of one side of the body in a curved position, neither end preserved, and .sliowing spines upon one side and legs on the other. The body is of nearly uniform ize through- out, but tapers a very little posteriorly. It is not .so large as any of the previously mentioned species, the fragment being about 54 mm. long, and averaging about 5 mm. broad. The Fig. 8. Eu,,Uoi^ria yranoody, but toward the posterior part the spiniferons portion is dearly seen to be elevated above the plane of the remainder of the segment. The whole body is minutely and clo'fely granulated like a very fine shagreen (PI. 9, fig. 4, showing the first segment eidarged) ; there are also some slight signs of the same circular disks that have been described in other specimens, and which are of the same size as in Acautherpentes major. The subdorsal spines are placed in contiguous rows, which are separated by a considera- ble space from the lateral row, where only are any preser>ed entire, and that only in a few places. They j're of more uniform length than the width of the body (PI. 9, ligs. 17, 19), being about half as long as the width of the body where the latter is slender, and less than one-third as long in the anterior broader part ; they are almost simple, being conical and sharply pointed beyond a more or less mammiform l)ase, curving slightly back- ward, especially beyond a minute anterior thorn or spinule which springs from the end of the basal third, and is only slightly divergent from the main spine. Tlie legs are pre- served at onl}' one part of the ibssil, in the slenderer portion of the body ; they appear (PI. 9, fig. 18) to taper throughout and almost uniforndy, or a little more rapidly on the apical than the basal half; there is plainly a median carina, and on some it even extends throughout the length of the leg, but it is impossible to tell where the joints are ; the whole leg is 4.75 mm. long, where the width of the body is slightly less than that. The second specimen (PI. 9, figs 9, 12) probably presents the animal throughout its entire length, exhibiting a side view of the creature, doubled upon itself downwards in front of the middle, the front portion considerably curved ai d overlapping the other. The body tapers forward, but not very .strongly, from about the seventh segment ; the broadest , part appears to have continued for about ten or twelve segments (the bend renders this uncertain) and then to have tapered rapidly, for the hinder third is uniform and nearly half as broad only as the broadest part ; the body was plainly cylindrical, about 42 nun. long, 4.25 mm. broad at the broadest part and 2.5 nun. in the apical half. The head (PI. !>, figs. 14, 15) consists of a single segment considerably appressed, well rounded, not so long as the next segment behind it. but much deeper than it and droop- ing ; what little can be seen of the surfac! is pitted and rugose ; something which looks as if it might be an antenna droops from the upper anterior margin of the head, curved, tapering, and apparently rugose like the head, or else broken up into a great number of 'W li'i'i; : ■ 'til '■ "I I I iiii 224 joints ; the whole in however very problematical. The xegments are difficult to determine IVoMi the doubled position of the ftwsil, but there are apparently only twenty-eight of thoin ; in all excepting the broadest part of tlie l)ody they are twice an broad as long ; there, they are a little nioro than twice as broad as long; the anterior half is transversely ridged and bears the spines, ivhile the posterior half is flattened. The segments in the posterior portion ()f the body show a very faint, rather coarse and distart, scarcely noticeable granulatioji, but it is not elsewhere visible. The subdorsal rows of spines are a little nearer to ea noticed that it appears on the upper part of the hea«l and not. as in a specimen of Aranf/iei'/x'stes major, on the lower part. Projecting beyond the lower edge of the front is seen a long and slender jointed organ, which seems to be an antenna, agneing in a general wa}' with that found in U. (jrnnnsn. It is about as long as the legs, nearly eipial, perhaps a little larger in the middle than at the two ends, moniliform, composed of five subequal, broad, oltpyriform joints, a little longer than broad, besides a much smaller, roundish oval, apical joint. The whole length of the antenna is 2.ti mm. and its mi«ldle width. 0..'] mm. (PI. 10, fig. 18.) This specimen difters from all the others in the greater length and slenderness of the subdorsal spines, but agrees so well in its other characteristics that there are hardly valid groimds for its separation from them. The fourth specimen is the largest i>l' all though not very perfect ; apparently the whole creature from head to tail is represented. It is 75 mm. long and appears to have about ^53 or .'14 segments besides the head, but some of the posterior s-gments are very obscure, making the exact number uncertain ; the body tapers Ibrward from about the fifth seg- ment, but only slightly ; back of this as far as the sixteenth segment or thereabouts, they are of nearly equal size, and then taper again a little more ra|)idly ; but not so much so as usual in this species, although the hinder half of the body as a whole is only just half tue breadth of the front part, the breadth in the front portion being 5.8 mm., in the middle of the hin- der half 2.!) mm., at the hinder extremity 2.5 nun., and on the first segment behind the head 4.2 mm. The body is preserved on a dorsal view and the segments of the Ijroader portion are a little more than twice as broad as long. The spines are very small, shaped as in the first specimen described, and not more than one-fourth as long as the width of the body in its broadest part. The legs are only to be seen in a few places ; on the seg- ments directly behind the head they are about three-fourths as long as the width of the segments, while near the middle and a little behind the middle of the body they are nearly as long as the width of the segment bearing them. The head is about as long as the segments next it but much broader ; indeed nearly twice as broad, being 7.5 mm. broad, with a well rounded fiont. No traces of any appen- dages can be seen. The second and third segnu'nts behind the head bear each two pair of legs, and the first segment a spine. This and all the specimens hitherto mentioned were received from Mr. Carr. The last specimen to be mentioned (PI. 10, fig 17), and which belongs to Mr. Armstrong, is a mere fragment of the head end of the body, showing about seven segments besides the 226 i I I 3 I ' ( head, upon a side view. The fragment is IG ram. long, somewhat curved, and shows spines upon one side and some legs upon the other. The spines are small and obscure, 1 nun. long and scaicely more than one-lburth as long as the width of the body. The legs are more distinct and are considerably longer than the width of the anterior segments where only they can be .^een ; a single unusually stout pair is attached to each of the first two seg- ments behind the head, much stouter than, though of the same length as, the legs behind them, probably from being preserved on a front instead of a lateral view, thus indicating the poss'ible paddle-like condition of legs, which appear to be very slender ; whether there are other legs attached to those segments is uncertain ; these legs are 3.5 nun. long, as long as the width of the body at this point. The head is considerably larger than the segments behind it and dioops as in tiie secontl specimen described, ialling considerably below the level of the l)ody. As there, the front is full 'uul well rounded, ani terminates l)elow in a l)eak-like projection, forming a very pointed and .slighth" recurved lip. From the lower portion of the front, at the base as it were oi' the lip, projects the single, basal, joint of an antenna, which is somewhat obovate in shape and 0.5 mm. long. This species is remarkable for the suddenness with which, and extent to which, the body tapers; the liinder half as a whole is only about half as broad as the front half as a whole, and somewhere about the middle of tiie Ijody nearly the whole alteration in size occurs, liilling often upon three or iunr segments. In the character of its spines, it is closely related to the preceding species, but the subdorsal rows are not nearly so distant from each other. It is also related to the same species in the Ibrm of the segments as a whole, but diflers in this lospect I'rom the two following s])ecies, in each of which the segments have a peculiar form, and where also the outline of the entire body is diflerent. The opportunity of str.dying this species is due mainly to the favor of Mr. J. C. Carr, of Jtorris, 111., for whom the species is named and to whose cabinet four of the live specimens belong. The remaining one ])el()ngs to the collection of Mr. P. A. Armstrong. They occur in the ironstone nodules of Mazon Creek. Euphoberia flabellata, nov. s|i. PI. 10, fig. 15. Through the kindness of Mr. Pike I have been able, after the other species had been studied, to exTiiiine another and tolerably well preserved specimen of this group of myi-i- ii')ods. which can be relerred to none of them. It lies upon its side, coiled into the connjiencement of a very open spiral, and altiiough preserving none of the spines and (udy a few of the legs, and these imperfectly, it is interesting from the good preservation of the hinder segments, and the exhibiti(>n of the dorsal and ventral plates abutting against each other along a l...e passing nearly down the middle of the exposed surface. The entire body is preserved in its contiiniity and consists apparently of thirty-five seg- ments besides the hoiid. The body tapers forward from the eighth segment or thereabouts, and rather ra])i(lly, so that the anterior extremity, incliidhig the head, which does not appear to be larger than the segments next it, is scarcely one-fourth the widtii of the eighth segment; behind this, however, it apparently tapers .scarcely at all, until near the hinder end, when the last six or eight segments, and especiall}' the last four, rai)idly narrow ; the dorsal plates however do diminish in size from near the middle of the body backward. 227 lending to the presumption, that, if Letter displayed, the ereatiire would show the usual appearance of a swollen second fourth of the body. The dorsal plates are very uiuch larger in the front than in the hind part of the animal, and are nearly quadrate or even slightly broader than long (as exposed), while in the middle they are of equal length and breadth, and posteriorly are longer than broad. This refers however only to the plates as they are shown above the line which appears to separate, along the side of the body, the dor- sal and ventral plates; but in the hinder third of the body, or the last dozen segment. , one sees far below this line the true rounded lateral edges of the segments ; between the two very different margins the ventral plates appear, and continue forward nearly to the head, with occasional indications of the division line between consecutive dorsal plates seen through them, or through which the ventral plates are seen ; as in many other fossils, both carboniferous and tertiary, the sutural marks of both an originally underlying and an overlying chitinous mass appear upon the same surface, so as frequently to render it quite imcertain Avhich was originally superincumbent. Judging from those appearances the dorsal plates, perhaps only when flattened, were four or five times broader than long, and in front of the last six segments regularly and fully rounded ; in these last six segments, the anterior half is rounded as before, or very nearly so, but the outer hinder angle is pro- duced, bearin{5 a triangular process which extends to the middle of the succeeding segment ; together they give a straight margin to the sides of the body at this point, and evidently form by their combination a terminal flap, since the triangular process closes the lateral excavation which the rounded front angle would otherwise create (whence the specific name); a rapid forward and backward movement of this part, after the manner of macruran Crustacea, would propel the creature Itackward in the water ; and we have seen that the structure of these myriapods allowed so much freedom of movement between the joints, as to render it no great surprise to find a movement so peeidiar for myriapods to- day indicated by the special structure of the segments. It adds too another fact in support of (he theory that these were aquatic or partially aquatic animals. Perhaps a similar flexibility of the body is indicated by a feature seen in the ventral plates, which seems entirely different from anything hitherto found in the Arehipolypoda. These plates, as stated, are visible along the inner side of the body throughout a large part of its length, two to each one of the dorsal plates ; and along the mi0(ls from Ma/on Creek, although in several the parts equivalent to these are amply exposed ; but theii regularity here is such that it cannot be looked upon as accidental, but only as an inherent structural feature, and reminds one of the repeated and regular fracture of the dorsal plates in Xylobius, where 1 have shown this peiMdiarity to be a feature of the entire genus. Next the outer side of the coiled specimen one sees, partly on one stone, partly on its counterpart, a partial duplicate as it were of the fossil, a teatiu'c which I have seen in 228 ii ni other fossils, and for whioh I scarcely understand how to account ; it is as if a cast of the creature had been taken, left connecteld at one edge, then turned over on this edge as by a hinge, without rupture, and laid down beside it ; for here, and always, if I rightly recollect, it is concave while the fossil proper is convex. But here at least it does not perfectly repeat the parts which lie beside it, especially in that portion of it which I have liad drawn, and which is on the half of the stone on which the fossil lies in relief; for the structuie of the surface is quite different, and is uniformly flat (excepting for the general concave curve of the whole) instead of showing the irregularities of the bosses on which the spines rest, noticeable in the fossil itself; this surface is finely and regularly striate in a t»'ansverse sense, a feature which no doubt belongs to the surface of the fossil at this point, since it is found elsewhere, but which does not appear here on the specimen proper. This fine transverse striation of the surface is a marked feature of this species, and .seems U) be confined to the dorsal plates, although in the portion of which we have just spoken it extends over a great breadth, apparently as great as the entire supposed width of the dorsal plates, instead of being limited to Aie narrow breadth of the portion truly exposed at their side. The fine striation seen over the lower half of the body apically is either adventitious or it belongs to some similar cast as this puzzling duplicate ; it lies beneath the body in a different axis, for the lines are oblique to the true plates of the fossil, whether dorsal or ventral, and extend slightly beyond their actual limit. No spines are preserved, but their position can be determined to be the same as in other species by the bosses which mark the bases of the upper series, and in a few places by the small pits which mark the casts of the underlying spines of the lower series, seen through the segments above. Neither can the legs be made out, but only faint indications of them h J and there of no value. There is however an additional though problenmtical feature in this fo.ssil, of much interest. Below the sixth segment behind the head, but still at sonfe distance from it and therefore not necessarily connected with it, is the impres.sion of a long and slender, straight, rod-like body, consisting of a close series of delicate transverse impressed lines, cut by a central longitudinal impressed line ; it is half as long again as the width of the exposed dorsal plates at this point, and nearly or quite as slender as the legs must be. Taken by itself, it would appear of little importance, detachad lus it is from the body; but considered with somewhat similar instances in other species of a long and straight appendage to seg. ments at about this point, it cannot be denied that it may indicate an intromittent male t)rgan at this point. Tlie length of the IkmIv. if uncoiled, would be about 44 mm. ; its extreme width 4.5 mm. ; its width next the head 1.75 mm. ; and its width at the seventh segment from the t^iil 3.8 mm. ; the length of the dorsal plates in the middle of the body is 2.1 mm. ; the length of tlie problematical rod 3.2 mm. The specimen comes from the Mazon Creek nodules, and was sent me for study by Mr. J. W. Pike. Euphoherkt flahellata differs strikingly from the other species described in the form of the terminal segments, as well as in the comparative stoutness of the entire body, and its unusually tapering anterior extremity and small head. The spines being unknown and no clear indications of the legs preserved, these important features necessary to di.stinguish a creature of this sort are much to be desired, but the further distinction of a transversely \S . 4; 229 striate surface of the body may be mentioned. It would ^oem in some of its features to have closer resemblances than other Euphoberiae to the genus Amynilyspes. Enphoberia angullla, nuv. n\^. PI. 9, tig. '20. The single specimen upon which this species is founded is very obscure, but differs so nuich from all the others in the parts that can be made out that it nuist be referred to a dii'tinct species. It is probably a complete animal preserved so as to show a dorsal a-^pect, bent laterally but not abruptly i)chit)d the middle, and the whole, besides, curved in a sinuous manner. The body is remarkably long and slender, broadest from the seventh to tenth segments, tapering in front somewhat rapidly, so that the head, which is somewhat narrower tVnn the segment behind it, is scarcely more than half as broad as the broadest part of the bo.ly ; behind the tenth segment it tapers very gradually indeed and with great uniformity over considerably more thun half the body, so that the hinder end is only two-fifths the width of the broadest part ; this and its serpentine position give it an eel-like appearance; the length of the body is about oO mm.; its greatest breadth 8 mm.; its breadth at posterior extremity 1.2 mm. The head, as stated, is narrower than the following segment and of the same length, subqxuulrate in form with a flatly rounded front ; no appendages can be made out. 'I'he segments of the body are difficult to enu nerate, owing to the obscurity of certain parts, and especially at the bend of the body, but there are somewhere between 32 and 'M\ and probably the niunl)er is 34. The body, although almost completely flattened in preservation, does not wholly conceal evidence of a former trans- verse ridging of the anterior part of each segment, not shown in the flgiu'e ; probably also the body was cylindrical. The segments themselves vary considerably in their proportions, those at the posterior end being much longer in ])roportion to their Avidth than in the other parts of the body. The last six or seven segments for instance show a gradation from an almost perfectly square form, in the last segment, to a quadrate segment twice as broad as long ; while directly in front «)f this, and also in the broadest part of the body, they are three times as broad as lorg. Marks of the position of some of the subdorsal spines can be made out with difficulty, showing that these were not distant from en<'!i other. There is also on one side of the broadest part of the body a faint indication of a simple, straight, short, conical, outward directed, lateral spine, next the anterior margin of two or three iccessive segments; it is scarcely more than one-fourth as long as the width of the same segments. No legs are visible. This species is remarkable for its extreme slenderness and the delicate tapering of the body, and the length of the jjosterior segments. In all these respects it diflers strikingly from all the species described. The specimen is from Mazon Creek and was submitted for study by Mr. .1. C. Carr, of Morris, 111. Genus Amynilyspes, nov. gen. (i/vivio, iXuttndona.) Spines so far as known simple, conical and pointed, arranged in dorsolateral rows only ; segments nearly four times as broad as long, the dorsal plates terminating below in prob- ably free rounded flaps j the extremities and perhaps the whole of the body more or less onisciform. ! i 230 This genus, represented by a single species and a fragmentary one at that, is so evidently distinct from p]uphoberia, to which it is most nearly allied, that there can hardly be any question of the undesirabilit)' of placing it therein even provisionally. Its definite separa- tion will call iittention to its distinguishing characteristics and bring to light, much sooner than would otherwise be the case, allied forms in carboniferous beds. Amynilsrspes VTortheni, nov. sp. I'l. l(t, fills. 1-4, 9. A single specimen and its counterpart represent the anterior extremity of the body with about ten or eleven segments. From these it would appear that the form of the body itself did not taper anteriorly, the first throe segments behind the head forming with it the common roiuided front of the body, each of the three segments becoming successively narrower and shorter from behind foi-ward, while the head, still narrower but a little longer, completed the ouisciform hood which all combined to form. The body appears to have been stoutly arched, a little flattened above, the sides and front equally deflected, and by the juipression of the ventral rings perhaps reaching or nearly reaching the surface on wliich the creature crawled. With the exception of such modifications as are required for those in front to form the hood, the segments are all alike, each being nearly four times broader than long, and divided about equally into a longitudinally and strongly arched anterior half, and a gently arched posterior half; both portions help to form the deflected lateral lobes, which are triangular, well rounded, and terminate rather in advance of the middle ; at the outer edge of the dorsal field, the anterior lobe bears on each side a spine, straight, erect, simple, scarcely tapering above the basal boss until near the bluntly pointed tip, about half as Icng as the space between the two spines of the same segment; they are borne by every segment behind the head and are just as long on the narrower first and second segments as elsewhere. The head is a little more than half as broad as the entire body, as seen in the specimen simple, and forms the greater part of the front of the hoof-like anterior extremity of the body ; no appendages can be made out. The length of the fr.agment is 18 mm.; its widtli 8.1 mm ; length of segments 2.15 mm. ; length of latersil deflected lobes 2.5 nnn. ; length of spines 2.8 mm. ; l>readth of head 5.4 mm. ; length of the deflected head-shield 2.9 mm. ; space between spines of same segment 5.6 mm. The single specimen comes from Mazon Creek and was received for study from Mr. P. A. Armstrong. I have dedicated the species to Professor A. H. Worthen, who was the first, witli Mr. Meek, to detect the myriapodan character of these spined articulates in his Illinois (jieological Reports and elsewhere. Genus Eileticus, nov. gen. (iiXr^uxo;.) Segments longer than in the other genera, being considerably less than twice as broad as long, very few in number, and furnished in place of spines with a series of tubercles, of which there are more than one in the same row upon a single segment. Although presenting at first glance a very different appearance from the types already described, there seems to be no reason why it should be separated very widely from them ; the spines are merely reduced to tubercles, and this reduction allows their multiplication along any one line, especially when the segments are at the same time longer tlian com- i»i. 231 mon. As in the other types, we find a pair of legs attached to the first segment behind the head and the head composed of only one segment ; such agreement in general features will not permit a wide distinction, while the minor differences which do occur are certainly of generic value, especially when several are correlated. EUeticuB anthracinuB, nov. »\\ V). 10, figs. 5, 0. This species is founded upon a single individual, exhibiting the lateral and partly dorsiil view of the anterior portion of the animal ; how nmcli is lost posteriorly cannot be positively stated, but the body is unusuiilly stout and short, is largest frou) the fourth to the eighth segments, and tapers toward eithei' end, slightly in front, raj)i(lly behind, so as ratiier to indicate that the creature is nearly all preserved ; the body was transversely arched and probably nearly cylindrical. It is 44 mm. long and 7.5 mm. broad in tbo widest part. The head (PI. 10, fig. 5 ) is very obscure, but it can be stated to have been well rounded in front, very shallow and broad ; the shortness of tlie head is the more remarkable from its con- trast with the great length of the segments, being not one-third their length ; from the upper extremity of the front projects a very obscure appendage, which is nearly as long as the depth of the head, very '^lender, regularly tapering to a point, nearly straight, slightly curved forward, and projecting upward and a little forward ; it has some appearance of being broken into a large number of joints. The segn^ents behind the head are only eleven in number ; longitudinally they are per- fectly Hat, showing no sort of appearance of an anterior transverse ridge, but they are never- theless composed of two nearly equal parts, a slightly larger anterior part which appears to have been more chitinous, and a posterior more membranous ; these segments in the broad- est part of the body are 5.5 nun. long, st) that they are only half as broad again as long; their surface is entirely smooth excepting for the low mannniform tubercles which take the place of the spines, and which appear to be arranged in low lateral and subdorsal rows. In the lateral row there are two to each sjegnient in the same row, one in either longitudi- nal half of the segment, of which that on the anterior half appears so much more prominent that it may be the base only of a real spine ; iu the subdorsal rows, there are three in a row on each segment and confined to the anterior half of the same ; these mammiform elevations are shallow and transversely ova or roundish. Three or four legs are preserved at the anterior extremity, showing the diplopodous character of the fossil and that the legs were long and slender; they are apparently' about () mm. long where the body is 7 mm. broad, anu they are about 0.5 uu)i. broad in the . middle ; they appear to be flattened, but from their fragmentary nature no determiniitiou of their jointing can be reached. They are interesting from their attachments, for one of them certainly proceeds from (though it is not in absolute connection with) the anterior part of the second segment behind the head, while one in front of it is similarly related to the posterior portion of the first segment ; there is also something that looks like the frag- ment of a leg in part of the last, and which, if so, must be a second leg to the first segment beliind the head. This specimen comes also from the Muzon Creek nodules and was comuiunicated by Prof. A. H. Worthen, of Springfield, 111. 232 r It may he well, in closing this paper, to rofer to otiior inyriapodal or suppo8U(i niyria- podal remains from tiie paleozoic formations. No mention Itas heen made of one, Pahteo- jtilus dyndlrii)* Geinitz, from tlie Saxon Permian, hecanse its myriapotlal nature has l)een iJenieil,' and it is now eonoetUHl hy its author to he a fern, as shown hy Ster/.el, and in any event is tot) imperfect to he discussed liere. Three species of luhis have also heen named (only) hy Fric" froui the IVrmiau rocks of Hohemia. AnthracerpeK li/pus from the Ma/.on Creek l)eds descrihed hy Meek and Wortlien." wiiicii tiiese authors were " rather inclined to view as a myriapod " wlien lirst descrihed, has heen referred to the worms, and was afterward so coiisidered hy its descrihers; it is perhaps very fragmentary and may helong here. Gohler. ()erg descrihes and figures.* under tlie name o( Athopleiirion J[Arthr<>- plcurioH ?] inerniis, a ointed fossil from the coal measures ol iSaarhriick. wiiicii he considers a crustacean, perhaps allied to Arthropleura. and which u>ay possihly he a myriapod ; it is. however, not worth liscussion until something uu)re perfect and somewhat resemhling it is found. Finally Jorda.i has descrihed and ligured.'"' ami iJoldenlierg" also, another jointed creature, also from near Saarhriick, which they consider a crustacean, and to which Jordan has given the name of Chonionotiis fithanthraca. It is here reproduced in PI. 8, fig. J). It bears certain resen»hlan'''.'s to these spiny niyriapods, and perhaps helongs to Acanthor- pestes. It is however a mere fragment, consisting of only five segment^s, including perhaps the head. The segments are about four times as broad as long, uniform in size, uniformly and not greatly arched, with no division into an anterior and posterior suhsegment. There is a mediodorsal groove, jv row of approximate subdorsal tubercles (broken bases of spines ?) sit- uated centrally on the segments, and a pleurodorsal series of similar but a little smaller tid)er- cles showing only on one si«le. These extend over the four segments behind the front one ; this latter is smooth and well rounded in front, as long as the other segments and may possibly represent the head. The length of the fragment is 14 mm. and its breadth H nun. By the presence of two rows of spine-bases (?) on either side above (any lateral series not showing), it must be nearer Acantherpestes than Euphoberia ; provided indeed it belongs in this group at all, which the fragmentiry nature of the fossil by no means allows us to assert. m U ft ii 'il I ill -i >Cf. Stcrzol, ZcitM-lir. duiitdi. )^-7.11 ; »w aUo |». TA3. 'Fmiii. Ciaskulilo Hoiiiu., I, .11 (1879). Geol. Surv. III., li, 409, pi. .Si. fig. I. * Fauna Mra« lin'ijosl, si/.c, for wliM'li tliorc '.vmh not room on (lie (iliilo. 'I'lio l»oi1y is miidi' r.illn'r too sJiMiilcr awl not MMllicicnIly t.'i|it'rinLt ; tlic licnil, lirini^ very iiii|K'rlVi'liy iviiown, is coMt'iMlcil i»y » liroopinix fi'onil of Xi itro/itirin (■/iir/,:ii)iii |j('S(|. Tlii' Hiicciincn in rciirc- KiMitciliis ti'uvinij till' wiUiT in wliicli it is still swimniinir l>y nicnns of its liiuilcr li"j;s, iiml its crccpin;^ m|i tlio trunk of ii Iji'iiiiloilrcndrftn ( //. rinfi'/mn Ii('si|.). UiKin tlic trunk t'rawls n cockroiicli, /''fn/t/nf/ind iini-niia Scuilil., wliilt' !i In'okcM stem of ii Ciiliiinitrs (('. Cis/ii Hiontjn.) Iins pintly fallen into ii flnnip of {'crn, Aiiiro/>liri.i fjOi'Ki'hIi Hronirn. All tlio tisfurcH inv of tlio naturiil si/.(>, iunl rcpn'si'iil. N|i('cii'H t'oinirl in tlin idulr Mm/oh Crook, Drawn by J. S. Kingsloy. 'I'lio iilaiits liowovor, with llio oxoopt ri.ATH VII of the last, aro onji tl w rarer s|u'i'ii'H. [I'^iiis. 4 anil 1(1 aro from tlu' tirawinjis of J. IF. IJIako; lijjs. fi ami It aro coiiiod ; llio romaini xfm iiiitjor 'f. 'I'ho lioad of a third specimen, to show the eye. l''iu'. II. The Hiimc if. 'I'hroo adjoining loifs from the middle of the body of tlu' l.arp' specimen repro- cnted in liir. '». PbATK IX. [Kijis. 7, S, 'J1 .'Mid 'J'J aro oopiod. The others aro from drawins^s by J. S. Kini^^sley.] l''!-;. 1. Kiii^hohi ria iirniiijiiui \. Specimen from Mr. Carr's cabinet. Fiii. '_'. '/'/(( xmiii' J. An onlarji'oil spine from tho above. I''i<;'. Ii. 'I'hi siiiiif j. An enlarired view of the heai b. V\\i. 8. The xauw. One of tho lojjs still fnrther onlarjied. (\)|iiod from the same, tij;. (i c. Fiji'. !t. JCii/ifid/itriu Ciirri '^. 'I'ln' donbled specimen from Mr. t^arr's collection. l''iir. I". 7''t)' Kdtiic y. One of the loi;s, poorly proserveil, from the same Hpeciinon. Fi,H'. II. T/i)' naiiit' y. 'I'ho apparently forked spine of the sann' specimen. Fiif. I'i. T/ii' Kitinf \. 'I'lio reverse of tho s.amo specimen. Fi'j;. l.'i. /'J'ljihitfiii'iit . exhibit intt 'ho spines. "W"HHPB!W ■|i|iai,j)ippiiii| 234 \) t '^n < 'm Fig. 14. IMS,'. 15. Kitf. 10. Fi-. 17. Fi|T. 18. Kii?. lU. Fisj. 'JO. Fij?. iil. fitj. (^ - Fi.i;---'- Fii;. -ja. Vol. X. p. Fij;. 24. 8]lilU>. Fijr. 125. Fig. 20. Euphoheria Varri ^. Tlio liutid of the sjH'ciini'ii shown in Kj?. I'J, enlarm'd. T^e same J. The head of tlic K|it'cinH>n shown in tijj. l>, I'nljirgi'd. 77if «f»wje {, TIk' L-slia|)('d N|u'cinu'n from Mr. Carr'n coUcction. T/ie same ^. A pair of the spines from tlio anterior end of tlie hist mentioned speeimen. The same f. One of the Icj^s on the iiinder part of Ihe body of tlie same. The same ^. One of the spines on the iiinder pari of tlie body of the same. Kiijihoberiuanj/uilla if. From Mr. Carr's eolleetion. J'Juphohei'ia Jinmnii of Seotland \. Copied from the (teoloj»ical Majj^a/.ine, Vol. VIII, pi. 3, \-^V' J''ii/)/i(i/)t I'ia, >/i-inioHii f. The speeimi'ii shown in fij::. *25, eiilareated in the front segment of the less magnified part. From tlu; collection of Sir. Bliss. Fig. 8. The same ^. Three or four segments from the stouter i)art of tlie body, showing not only the 8])ines and legs, but also the stigmata. From the collection of Mr. I'ike. Fig. 9. Amynilifspes Wortheni f. The front spine of figs. 1-3. Fig. 10. Euphoberia armigera \. One of the legs, showing very well the division into joints. From the collection of Mr. C.irr. Fig. 11. Euphoberia horrida \. From 3Ir. Carr's collection. Fig. 12. 77«c' same f. The suiijmsed intromittent organ. From the collection of Mr. Armstrong. Fig. 13. Euphoberia granosa \. The anterior ])ortion of the sjtecimen, showing the head and antennae, the legs, and a few spines. From Mr. Carr's collection. Fig. 14. Euphoberia horrrida *,«. A fragment of fig. 11, from near tlie middle of the specimen on the right side, to show the character of the surface. Fig. 15. Euphoberia flabdlata ^. From Mr. Pike's collection. Fig. 10. Euphoberia Carri ^. From Mr. Carr's collection. Fig. 17. Tho same if. The anterior portion of tlie body, showing the basal joint of the antenna. From Mr. Armstrong's collection. Fig. 18. The same f . The anterior portion of the reverse of fig. 16, to show better the head, with its eye and antennae, as well as the legs, the comparative breadth of the anterior ones of which is the opposite of what obtains in fig. 10. NoTK. The introductory part of this paper, nearly as given here, ajipeared in the American Journal of Science for March, 1881. ■ft ^)1. VIII, j.l. 8, The Caiiboxiferous IIexapod Insects of Great Britain. lli'otioii of Mr. rc8 ill tlic third 'j; not only the joints. From t'ciinen on tlic the nntoiinii. ■an .Toiiriial of iVi/niOUGIl it is very nearly fifty years since Aiiilouin first announced the discovery of in ■'-"•t remains in the coal-measures of England, the number of known forms from that country is still so small that they may ho counted upon tlie fingers of one hand. The addition of two species to that number, which I am able through the kindness of Rev. P. li. Brodie to make at the present time, is therefore of more tlian common significance. I*lach of these, moreover, has a special interest, the one from its striking color-contrasts, the other from its gigantic size ; and both throw so much new light upon the ancient insect fauna of Great Britain that I venture to pass all the neuropterous forms under review, partly to clear away certain niisappreheusions concerning the affinities of those that have been described, partly with the view of vindicating the accuracy of Audouin's early announcement ; partly also in the hope that this may lead to the discovery of more forms in these older beds, where every addition to our knowledge is likely to be of more tiian ordinary importance. Both the additional foruxs represent genera hitherto unknown, as do also each of those already described. To tiie first of tlie new types we may apply the generic name Brodia nov. goii. Ill this genus the wing is long and slender, shaped somewhat as in Panorpa, slightly poduiiculated at the base ; the (postal margin is nearly stniiglit, being very gently and and efjuably convex, the lower margin moderately full, straiglit along the middle portion. The marginal vein forming tlie border is stout, armed throughout witli short prickles or spines (pi. 11, figs. 5,6). The mediastinal vein is the most indistinct in the wing and situ- ated at a low level (compare pi. 11, fig. .S and fig. -4) ; it runs midway between and entirely parallel to the marginal and .scapular veins until near its extremity, where it turns upward very gently, terminating in the margin at about the middle of the wing. The scapular vein runs parallel to the margin throughout the wing (as preserved; that is, nearly to the tip) and is situated at a high level ; its main branch, which is again at a low level, parts from the vein at ar. exceedingly slight angle at the end of the basal fifth of the wing, and runs parallel to the main vein, anil at a distance from it about equal to the distance of the latter from the margin ; this main branch emits half a dozen or more equidistant, oblique veins fro;ii its lower side (five are foinid in the fr.'Xgm'^iit), which run parallel to each other 11 I'-' 1 , f fowiii'd tlio outoi* part of (ho lower n)tir<;in ; Mic lirst of tliosi' ihtviiU's Ih nt ii liijjii level, is tlii'own olV iH'iir the hiise in eoiitiiiinitioii of tlie hiise of (he inniii hriincii iiini is iiiure eurved tlian the oliiers. its l»asiil direotion lieiiig K'ss (tltlique than theirs. 'I'lie «'xteriioiiie- (haii vein is a 8iM)|iU>, gently arenate vein, runnin parallel to the scap- ular Itrauches ; hoth main vein and branch are situated at a very low level. The intcino- niedian"vein is nearly straij^ht.a little arcuate, especially in the apical hall', and perfeclly simple, situated at a iiigh level and terminating a little itelore the middle of the lower margin. Tlu' anal vein, neither elevateil nor depressed, is forkt'd at the hase, one fiu'k rim- ning parallel 'o the internomedian vein in (he hasal half, anil heyoml curving downward to the margin, which is slightly indented at this point ; and the other again forking, the forks similar, curving, hut very short. There are severid distinct cross-veins in tlu' wing; one important one. a lung and eiu'v- ing vein, connects the externonu'dian and scapular veni, near the l»ase. and appears to Ibrm a d(»wnward curving hasal «'ontimiation of the main liranch of tie' scapular, making it look like a superior hranch of the lower vein ; the others a>e trans/erse and most of them nt exactly right angles to the nervnrcs, and they are all situated in the dark hands, llesides these, there are a large numher of fainter cross-veins transvcr-iii, \vlii. "i'liis pciiuliiirity is liorrowud, llioiirent, it has none of the archin;^ of the costa almost universal anion;; Siaiina, and usually a(M!oin|):iiiied in nioilern ty|ie.s hy a liroad space hetween the niarL^inal and niedi:i- simidicity of the internonKMlian vein in Ur.)dia, when; it (consists ol oidy a single un livided ray, is very dillerent from that now foinid in Siaiina, where it i» always divided and often plays a soine- wliat im|»ortant part. Urodia, then, is a planipennian in a Itroad sense, refiisin;^ to alliliatcf closely with the restricted families of the present day. Nor does it appiMr to he iiitiinattdy ndatcd to any paleozoic insect yet descrihed. It is also peculiar for possessiui; a very larif(! ninnhcr of* fnie cross-veins or wrinkles, hesides the stout cross-veins which are .-(tattered here and there over the winj; ; the latter are, however, confined to dark i)at(di(vs to ite numtioned presently ; while the former are uniforndy distrihuted over the win^, siil»(M|uidistant, and always run at ri;.5ht anj^Ies to the nervures they connect, even where, hy kiseping that course, they strike the often ohli(|uely direc^ted, stouter cros.s-veinH. In the preservation of its cng paleozoic insects the markings are sh:irply delined and, to judge from illustra- tions, uKM'e deeply tinted than in Pi'otophtisinit Ditinnxll recently desping than, bnt running subparallel to, the internoniedian vein, and omits several similarly curving branches, of which fragnK'nt!* of two can be seen upon the stone : at base it is separated from the veins above by a space several times its own width, and at the extreme biise it seems to part more widely from them, and to 'have its root attach- ments at a considerable remove from them ; the vein itself is neither depressid nor elevated. The cross-veins ol the wing are ve.v conspicuous, especially in the two broad upper interspaces ; here they are pi'ominent, in relief, generally simple, occasionally lurking, and then rather widely, generally curved or sinuous, suboquidistant, and dividing the inter- spaces into cells gent'iully about twice as broad as long. In the mediastino-scapuhir interspace th'jy arc generally regularly curved with the convexity outward ; and the same is usually the case with the other cross-veins of the interspaces below, in all tf which tiiey are found (even in the slender interspace between the scapular and the upper branch of the externomedian vein) ; though here they are much feebler, more numerous, uniform and simple ; they are especially feeble and numerous in the internomedio-anal interspace, as well as in the slight fragments that remain of the ansd area. Besides these cross- veins are a few others, the nature of which it is more dillicult to divine; such are three short, curving, transverse impressions which cross continuously the base of scapular and externomedian veins ; and also a considerable number of transverse impressions on these same veins away from the base generally crossing the vein, sometimes only half crossing it and usually in continuation of the ordinary cross-veins in the inter- space below ; these latter cross- veins are not shown in the figures ; they are not con- spicuous in the fossil nnd appear to be confined to these two veins. In addition to these points it may be mentioned that the only fragment of a border which remains c'lows that the edge of the wing was spinous ; toward the base the costal margin is furnished on its convex portion (pi. 11, fig. 11) with frequent short, oblique, spinous points, which further out seem to be altered to distant, recumbent, outward directed, longer and rather slender spines. Length of the fragment 43 mm. ; breadth 32 mm. ; greatest width of upper interspace 10 mm. Ttiis fragment is remarkable for representing the largest known insect-wing from the paleozoic rocks, not excepting the Acr'nUten formosus of Goldenberg froui Saarbriick, or my Meijathentomum imstiilatum from Illinois. Certainly not more, probal)ly much less, than the fifth of the ving is preserved (pi. 11, fig. 12), but the direction of the veins, their very great robustness, and the extraordinary distance apart of the upper three, are clear indications that the spread of wing enjoyed by this insect was not less than 25 cm., and may have been even more than 35 cm., while the width could not have been far from 6 cm. All the principal veins are a millimeter or more thick. The specimen occupies the entire surface of a reddish-brown iron-stone nodide and came from the coal measures near Chesterfield, between Shelton and Clayborne, Derbyshire, Kng- land ; it was received for examination from Rev. P. B. Brudie, to whose collection it belongs. Tiie reverse is in the British Museum, from which I have received excellent casts through „M 241 1 it belonirs. Dr. Henry Woodwarrl. The specimen before me represents the upper surface of a left wing, or else the reverse of the lower surface of a right wing. The exact position of a fragment a.s small (proportionally speaking) as this would seem to be indeterminaljki at first sight ; and so indeed it would be, were there not other forms living at that time, l)eloiiging to a group from which this cannot bo separated by anything in the structure of tiu' base of the wing ; and yet, as it dillers stril\ingly from all of them in certain features, and from its immense size can be confounded with none, it merits dis- tinct mention and a name. All of the principal veins are present, and from their trend and relative level, and from the width and nature of the interspaces, there can be no (juestion that the insect belongs to the same group as fhe oidy other heretofore known neurc,,te- rous wings found in Great Britain, viz., C'uri/ilalix lirontpiUifli Mantell and Lilhoiiiaiit' ■■ ' ci- hoiifn'iiis Woodward, and is only to be separated generically from them. Its proper; .^t- .;. can therefore best be determined after the structure of those wings has been disci -^'d, — a point to which we will now direct our attention. Dr. Woodward is assuredly mistaken in refei ring Lithomantis to ■' the neighborhood of the Mantida'," notwithstanding that he supports himself by the adherence to his views of such able entomologists as Messrs. Westwood, Waterhouse and M'Ltu-hlan, who can hardly have made a serious study of the neuration. It bears indeed a vague resemblance to that of the Mantida^ excepting in the hind wings, where tlie fullness of the anal area, with its special development of folding ray.s in the insect of to-day, need not be looked for in its less specialized ancestor; but when the elements of the neuration are examined, the reseudjlance is seen to be ])urely sui)erlicial. Then it appears that Lithomantis agrees with other ancient types, and not at all with tiie Mantida\ The front wing of the Man- tida^ has a very peculiar and characteristic neuratifui. The nuirginal vein Ibrms the front border of the wing, as 1 believe it never does in any saltatorial Orthoptera, and always does in the Neuroptera. The mediastinal vein is simple, and runs in ch)so proxin»ity to the scapular, terminating near the tip of the wing. So far there is nothing essentially difler- cnt from the condition of things in Lithomantis; l)ut in the next three veins all is different. To use the s])ecific exiimple {Ii/i'/)h - 'I 242 very much tho larger part of the wing. The internoiiu'duin vein, on the contrarv. is exceedingly simple, being forked only once (often, in other Mantida^. not at all), and occupies much less space tiian even tiie anal area. Now in Litlioinantis the easo is very diflerent ; the e.vternomedian vein does not divide at all until near the middle, and then only once or twice, its branches covering an area which is certainly nuich less than a quarter part of the wing ; while the internomedian vein subdivides nmnerously, no less than eight final nervures reaching the margin, and covering an area, certainly as great as, and apparently considerably greater than, that of the extt'rnomedian vein. These singu- lar dill'erences between the Mantidse and Lithomantis, allecting the distribution of the three most imi)ortant veins of the wing, leave no doubt whatever that the reseujblances between the two are only superficial, and that Lithomantis can with no propriety be referred to the Mantida>. What place, then, should be assigned to Lithomantis ? T believe we should compare it with certain other paleozoic wings, and not;ih]y with '- Cparatus ; for (1) the "file" he figures could not produce any somul wiien brought into contact with a similar structure on the opposite wing, since from their course the two would not be l»rought into the pi;)i)er relations to each other, or at least into such relations as they always are brought in strididating Ortlioptera ; (2) but it could not be brought at all into contact with the similar |)art of the opposite wing, the wiiig-inserti(ms being far apart in (Jryllacris, anil the supposed file lying at the extreme base of a vein in i\w middle of the wing; (o) if this were a stridulating organ, it would not only lie in a (lidcrent area from that in which it lies in all other Locu^itarians, but would agree with its place in no other Ortlioptera whatever.' The supposed file in Grvllacris being no stridulating ai)paratus. any i-omparisons between it and the fossil from this point of view are of cour.se misplaced ; but, aside from this, the ])osition and course of the supposed file of the fossil is entirely diflerent from that of the supposed file in Gryllacris, more indeed as it really is in Locustarians. IJut a careful c» aiiiiiiation of casts of both obverse and reverse, kindly given me by Mr. Woodwanl, and wliicli show even more details than are given either by Swinton or Woodward (as, for instance, tlie spiny nature of the edge of the costal margin), brings nothing to light which lends any supjiort to this supposition. In his comparison of the general neuration of the fo.ssil wing and the modern Orylla- cris, Mr. Swinton's language is vague ; and his conclusion, though evident, is wholly erroneous. It needs only the figures upon his plate to point out the essential diil'ovences in the neuration. In the first jdace, a distinction of i>rime importance appears in the margin- al vein, which forms the border (and is heavily spined) in the fossil, is widely removed from it in Gryllacris, the margin being formed of a film supported by superior oiTshoots from the marginal vein, which of course do not exist in tli fossil. In Gryllacris, tlie ^capuliir vein is crowded into a narrow s|)ace. embracing 'on the margin only the extreme tip of the wing ; while im such contraction apjiears in the fossil, wdiere the area embraced by this vein iiiu t cover the entire apical margin. The externomedian vein of the fossil i< closely crowded against the scapular at base, and parts from it beyond with a sweeping curve (as in most Neunnitera), a])pearing as if a branch of it; while in Gr^dla- cris it lies m: way between the adjacent veins, and has scarcely the slightest downward tendency, its lanches lieing en tht fos- t;uw (if any cii(;an, as fi^inrcil liy Mr. .Swinton . . . t'xists on sil and its counterpart." (icol. Ma;;. (2) viil, iW. note, tlip spu'iincn In i|ncslioii. The snpposcd ' striihllHiin;; organ' 1 m 244 These difroronces, many of which separate also most of t!ie families of Orthoptera from those of Neuroptera, prove that the fossil is widely distinct from Ciryllacris, which, on its side, has a nenration more nearly allied to that of Neuroptera than, perhaps, any other group of Orthojitera; any comparison with other Orthoptera would therefore he still more vain, the nenration of the I'ossil wing hearing so i uich closer resemblance to that of those groups to which Audouin at lirst referred it. Compared even with IJroilia, it will be seen that the essential features of the nenration are the" same, with the single exception of the niedia>tinal vein, which in lirodia ends on the margin not far from the middle of the wing ; while in tiiis ancient " Corydalis " it extends no doubt nearly or quite to the tip. But exactly such a dillerence as this is found to-day between Raphidiidiu and Sialidie, and there can be little doubt that all four of the wings which have now been discussed (comprising all the important fragments of wings from the English carboniferous rocks but one — a cockroach) belong to an ancient type of planipennian Neuroptera. Of these, the two which are most nearly related to each other are, unquestionably, the Corydalis lironguiartl of Mantell and the Lithomaiitiii carhonririiisoi' Woodward. Indeed, the resemblance between them is so close that one would almost consider them as belong- ing to the same genus. The basal narrowness of the margiuo-mediastinal interspace^ however, as well as the considerably greater importance of the internomedian area in Lithomantis, forbid this, though the course and general disposition of every principal vein is nearly identical. Corychdis Bronyniartl, then, being generically distinct from its synchronous allies, and widely difterent from living types, merits a distinctive name, and may be termed Lithosi- alis, to recall its relationship to the forms to whicii Audouin lirst compared it. From Lithomantis it dift'ors in the points just mentioned; from Brodia in the basal breadth of the margiuo-mediastinal interspace, the much more numerous branching of the lower veins, and the greater extent of the mediastinal, besides the more luiiforui breadtii of the whole wing ; from Arducoptilus, in the proportionally narrow area occupied at the base of the wing by the upper two interspaces, and the far later division of the externomediau vein. Objection would perhaps be made by some to the retention of Woodward's name of Lithomantis for an insect whose supposed resemblance to the Mantidic is found to ]n> erroneous, and which does not even fall witiiin the sui)oi' ler to wiiich the Mantidto belontj ; but, aside from the fact that it belonged to an age when the char.icteristic I'eature* of Orthoptera and Neuroptera were more or less bleuded, its outward aspect is at (irst glance by no mean;j very dilferent from the insect to which Wojilward has compared it ; and the retention of tlie name has an historic interest which should not be disregarded ; the tium- ber of p.aleozoic insects is not, and is not likely to become, so great as to render the nauie itself an obstacle to a knowledge and easy recollection of its true attinities. Attention luay here be drawn to the apparent fact (the e are nuiny described fossils whicii 1 have not yet studied with sulHcient attention to speak in any stronger terms) that while all the carboniferous Neuroptera of CJreat Britain belong to a single groui), not oidy is this group not represented (at least at all conspicuously) in any other locality, whether in Europe or America ; but also the prevailing forms of other coal measures, the Dictyoneurae 245 Termites, etc., arc entirely absent from England. It is a noticeable exception to the prevailing uniformity o( insect type among carboniferous localities generally. The same oxcoi)tio:i does not exist among the arachnids and myriapods of Great Britain, as Mr. Woodward has sliown in nearly all his papers upon fossil insects. ConcLMMjlng the otlicr hoxapod insects described from Great Britain we have here noth- ing to add besides a mere list of all the species hitherto recorded, with which this paper is concluded. LIST OF THE CARBONIFEROUS IIEXAPOD INSECTS OF GREAT BRITAIN, Neuropteka. 1. Lithasialis Brongniartl Scuddkk, Gool. Mug., (-J), vni, '297-300 (1881); — lu., Ilarv. Univ. Bull., ii, 17o (1881). Cori/'lulit (ulliofl to) AunoriN, Ann. Soc. Entoni. Franco, ii, Bull., 7-8 (1833) ; — ^Iast., Wond. (icol., ii, 080 (1839) ;— Mlucii., Silur. Syst., i, 104-li:5, tig. a on p. Ho (1S39) ; — In., Siluriii, p. 2^4, lig. 1 (1854). Si'iilidiiv (liilor.gs to) Fk tet, Traite Paloont., '2i' od , ii, 377-378, |il. 40, tig. 1 (ls54). C(iri/(l'tli.i /yrw«///;/rtrt* .Ma\ti:u., Mud. Crc'.it., 11, 575, 578, ligii. 1*24, iig. '1 (1844); — In., ib., 2d ed., it, 551, 551, li-n. 181:2 (lf'54) ; — Muitcii., Siliiria, 3d ud., 320, loss. 81:1 on p. 321 (1859);— Swint., Geol. Mag., (2), I, 3-5 (1874). Gi'i/lla ri'n ( Coi'i/ldlin) lii'.niijniarti S\vi\ ton, Gool. Mag., (2) i, 5, jd. 14, fig. 3 (1874) ; — WooDW., Quart. Journ. (Ji'ol. Soo. Lond., xxxii, GO, pi. 9, fig. 2 (187G). Gri/lhicri's Jiroiit/niarti Novak, Jalirb. geol. Rciclisaiist., xx.\, 73-74, pi. 2, fig. 4 (1880). [Coalhrook Dale, Shropshire], 2. Lith^mintls ca/bsnarlns Woonw. Quart. ,Tourn. G.'ol. Sod. L')u 1., xxxir, Gl)-G4, pi. 9, fig. 1 (1876); — S. ii>i)., Giol. M:ig., (2), VIII, 'jgG-SCO (1881); — III., Ilarv. Univ. Bull., ii, 175 (1881). Air/iiiiiiiiitin (err. ti/j>.)ciirfio.'niriitii Soi;oi>., Mem. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., iii, 18, note 2 (1879); — In., Arch. Sf. I'iiys. Nat., (3) iii, 3(33 (1880), [Scotland]. 3. Archaeoptilus ingens Scidd., Geol. ^Ing., (2) viii, 295, 300 (1881). [Ni'ar Ciu'sterlii'l 1, lietwei'ii Sliultoii and Clay Lane, Derbyshire], 4. B.-Jdia p.-isc3tinota Soudd., GjoI. .Mag., (2), viii, 293-295, 3J0, fig, on p. 293 (1881). [Tipton, Staffordshire]. Ohthopteua, 5. Etoblattina mantidioides S( inn., Mem. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., iii, 72-73, fig. on j). 73, \)\. 3, fig. 8 (1879) ; In., Geol. Mag. (2) viii, 300 (1881). Ji/iitfa sp. KiKKij., (JeoL Mag., iv, 389, pi. 17, fig. 6 (1867). B!attidiaiii mantidioides Goi.dknu., Faun. Saraep. Foss., ii, 20 (1877). All indetenninite fragment of auotlier wing, perhaps of the same species, is mentioned and figured, fig. 7, by Kirkby as above. [Claxheugh, Durham.] 6. Phasmidae sp., Kikkii., Geol. :Mag., iv, 389, pi. 17, fig. 8 (1867); — Scunn., Geol. Mag., (2) viii, 300 (1881). [Cla.vheugh, Durham,] COLEOPTERA, 7. CurcnUoidea Ansticii Bucki.., Ge(d., n, 76, pi. 40", fig. 1 (IS37); — Aoass., Buckl., Geol., Expl. pi. 4G", pp. 1-2, pi. 4G", fig. 1 (1838) ;— Manx., Med. Creat., 2(1 ed., ii, 555 (1854) ; — Scudd., Geol, Mag., (2), VIII, 300 (1881). //«"i7rt /l«s<»f/t GiEH., Ins. Vorw., 143 (1856), [Coalbrook Dale, Shropshire]. Tlie other species described by Bucklnnd as a beetle has been sliown to be an arachnid. •246 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL • ' Fig. I. LithoiiiaUs Brotifjniiirti '\. Tlic figure given by Swiiitoii ; coined from Geol. Mng., (2) i, pi. 14, fig. 3. The .trrow points iit tiie stipjiosed file. Fig. 2. The same. \. The figure given by Mureliison ; eopied from liis ^ilnrin, 3d ed., p. 321. The figure given by Pietet is copied from the same. Fig. 3. Jirodia priscotincta. \. Showing sim])ly the neuration with the heavier cross veins. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley. Fig. 4. The same. ?. Cross section of the same at the jioint where the dotted line is jilaced in fig. .3, to show the different jilanes at which the veins lie. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley. Fig. 5. The same. *,»• '^ l*'t i>f the costal margin frniii near the tip of the wing, showing the double row of approximated depressed teeth. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley. The positions of ligs u ami upon the [ilate would better have been reversed. Fig. 6. The name. y. A bit of the same margin niarthc base, showing the single row of more disti'.nt and elevated teeth. Dr;iwn by J. S. Kingsley. Fig. 7. The same. \. The whole wing and stone. Drjiwn in color by J. II. Ulake. Fig. 8. Lithosialis JJrougiiiarti. {. The figure given by Woodward; copied from the Quart.. louin. Geol. Soc. Lend., XXXII, pi. 9, fig. 2. Fig. 9. The rime. \. The figure given by JIantell ; copied from his Medals of Creation. 1st. ed. ii, ]i. 57S. Fig. 10. Archaeoptilns iiiide as having no clo pines a little longer than the legs. The bunches are seated on mammillae and arranged in dorsopleural and lateral rows. The individual rods have an intricate structure (pi. 12, figs. 1-4); instead of being striate, as supposed by Meek and Worthen in their last examination, they are furnished externally with about eighteen longitudinal, equidistant ridges, about half as higii as theii distance apart; the edges of these ridges are broken into slight serration ■; at regular intervals about equal to the distance between neigiiboring ridges, the highest point of each serration being toward the apex of the spine; the body of the ridge itself appears as if broken at each serration. The intervening space between neighboring ridges is equally divided by two or three exactly similar, but miniature ridges, serrated at more frequent intervals. This serration of both larger and smaller ridges, with the apparent jointing or incision of the ridges to the base at ^'le lowest point of each serration, gives the whole spine a jointed appearance ; but a close inspection of the floor of the spine itself between the ridges shows no sign whatever of any break in its perfectly snu)oth surface. The diameter of the spines is only about one-tenth of a millimeter, and yet it gives room for an exquisitely regular division of its periphery by seventy or more delicate ridges, every fourth one higher than the intervening, and all broken at minute intervals by uniform serrations (pi. 12, fig. 2). The preservation of these structures from carboniferous times is only less iy;L't!iy*i 249 roinnrUnble tlinn the occurrence, nppnrently so nenr the origin of the type to which it hc'loiigs, of ornaMicnttitioii of such excessive delicacy, finish, coiiiplication and regularity. 1 cannot di-scover that dermal appendages of such delicate and spcciall/ed organization ovcw :i'iy.v'iure to-day among arthropods, unless it be when developed as scales, iM ill rji;)Moi)t'3iM, and o:!c;isionally in other group* of hexapods ; some chactopod worms have indo'jd hairs of curiou-i asymmetrical structure, often very delicate and somewhat specialized, but never, so far as I can learn, to nearly so liigli a degree as here. The col- lection of these rods into fascicles is also not a little curious, and is again a feature known now in artliropods only in a few in-itancos, sucli as some tufts of hairs in lepidopterous cater- pillars like Orgyia ; or tiie pencils of hair-like scales in the riiales of some perfect Lepidop- tera, e. g. at the tip of the abdomen in Ileliconia, Danais, Agrotis, fjcucarctla, etc.; or in the terminal fascicles of barbed bristles in the myriapodan genus Polyxenus.' There is no group of aniuials into which such a jointed creature as this coidd fall except- ing worms, myriapods, or the larvae of hjxapol inject''. Tlie certainty that this animal possessed a single pair of well developed legs of identical cliaracter on every seguient of the body behind the first segment or head is of itself suliicient evidence to exclude it both from the worms and from the larvae of liexapod injects. No such legs or leg-like struc- tures occur to -day in worms, and it would be idle to look for them in their ancestors of car- boniferous times. The only approach to such an appearance in liexapod larvae is in the young of tenthredinous Ilymenopter.i, where, however, a difference of great morphological significance is found between the true or thoracic legs and the ])ro-legs or those attached ti) the abdomen; a difference based on one of the most essential underlying features of their struct, ire as hexapo.ls. No such difference occurs in Palaeocampa, and it is, therefore, impossible to conceive of it as the larva of a luixapod insect of any sort.'* In myriapods only do we find a repetition of legs of exactly similar structure on every or nearly every segment of the bo;ly ; ' by this test Palaeocampa is a myriapod ; and now that we have found ancient types of this group, like the Archipolypoda, bearing huge and liri-itliiig spines arranged in series along the sides of the body, we need not be at all dis- coner.ed at discovering this new type, with longitudinal series of fascicles of stiff" rods, al- tIiou/!i w;) cannot restrain our surprise and admiration at their exquisite intricate structure. Accepting Palaeocampa then as a myriapod, we may next ask what relation it bore to the myriapods of the same period and found in the same waters, and also to myriapods of to-day. The differences bi^tween the stout, forked and bristling spines of the Archipolypoda and the close-set but spreading bunches of highly organized stiff rods of Palaeocampa appear upon the barest statement. Were it not, however, for the complicated ornamentation of • Seo Pioe. BoKl. Snc. Nat. Hinl., xxii, 66, figg. ^ Ur. P.itk.iril li«8 riict'iitlv reiiiiirki'd (/V«f. Amtr. Phil. Snc XXI, 208)': "It sei'iiis to ust that the hirvae of t\\v neiiro|)- tui'oiis I'luiorpiiliic, with tlivir two jointed abiloiiiinal prop- lv<;x, iiniall huiid and siiigidarly hir^u spinosu npinvs, arising ill gruiiiM troin a tiibi rvlu or niaiiiinillii, voniu iiuarcr to IV lauDCMiinpi thitn any myriapod with whiuh sviunc.t is ac- qiiaiiitvd." Tiiis opinion, cxprt-saud since this pa|ierwas writ- tun and since the pnbiivation of mr general results in the American Journal of Science, the author supports by no facts beyoiKl what are implied in the above quotation. How he will ai'eouiit for tlie uiupiostioi.ably eloso relationship of Pa- laccieauipa, Trieliiuliis, and Kuiihoberia does not yet appear. ' Siane smaller groups, fornieily, and by some autliors still, considered as belonging to ilie myriapods, must be excepted from tids statement; their relation to Palaeocampa will be discussed further on. \'l i' i ,.; '-• m 250 the rod'? them^elvo^, the d*ntinction betwoan tho fassicloi of P.ilaooc:impi and tho sp'no< of Euphoberia would be hardly gruatur tlian that botvvcL'ii the latter and tho long hairs of Trichiulus; ho that to this feature alone we cannot grant so high an importance' as to an- other which has already boon nauvjd: thj presLMice in l*ahuM)ca npi of a sin.;le pair of legs (and consequently, to judge by analogy, of a single ventral pi itL') to e;ic!i s'g lu-nt ; w!iilo there are two ventral plates and pairs of leg< to eac!i sjgiu3iit in Are'iipolypoli. This is a difference of profoun 1 signiticance, which has separated the pr.'vailing typ„>s ol niyrlapods down to Jbhe present day, lying as it does at the lnne of the ilistiiict'om between the living chilopods and diplopods. The discovery of thi< typa is of Uu greater importance because we have hitherto known ni)t!iing of any chilopodiform nyriapods previous to tjrtiary times, unless Miin-tter's duMou* G3ophilus procunis from the Jura prusibly be an exception,' In studying the Archipolypoda we necessarily confined our comparisons with modern types to the Diplopoda, became of their common possession of the fundamental feat. ire just named ; in the samj way the comparisons between Palaeocampa and recent forms must be reiluced to the com no.i featare< or the radical distinction'* which appear in study- ing the Chilopoda. Now altliough the structure of Palaeocampa can be far less p^'rfejtly known than that of the equally ancient Euplio'jeria and its allies, enough can be seen to point conclusively to wide and important diffjrences between it and modern Chilopoda. In Chilopoda, of which the modern scolopendra or centipede is the type, the body is al- ways depressed, formed of many segments, rarely a^ few as sixteen behind the head, each of which ia compound, being formed of two sulKseginonts, one of t!iem atropliied an 1 carry- ing no appendages; both dorsal and ventral plate e coriaceo.ia, of nearly equal width, and possess no armature whatever excepting the simplest hairs, which are occasionally scat- tered over the surface. The larger sub-segment bears a single pair of legs wliicli are com- posed of five slender, cylindrical, sub-equal joints beyond the coxa, and armed with a single apical claw ; they are attached to the interscutal membrane uniting the distinct dorsal and ventral plates of each segment and are therefore .sepnrated by the entire width of the broail ventral plates. The hindmost legs are transformed to anal stylets, while the first two pair are more profoundly transformed to subsidiary mouth parts, the first becoming palpi and the second stout nippers. The head really composed of eight primitive segments, i< appar- ently made up of two, each of which is generally of about the same size as the body seg- ments and as distinctly separated; the stout biting jaws, composed of the second pair of legs, spring from this second segment of the head, and the palpi or first pair of legs froju the hinder part of the first cephalic segment; the anterior part of the same bears the many-jointed simple antennae. Passing now to the comparative stud}' of Palaeocampa, we find that its boly was in all probability cylindrical, composed of a limited number of segments behind the head, and the head itself, considerably smaller than the body segments, is composed of only a single apparent segment. The legs of the segment immediately succeeding it are in every respect like those of the rest of the body, and have nothing whatever to do as auxiliary to the mouth. In this point alone we have a distinction as wide and incisive as any whi':!; separate the modern Diplopoda and Chilopoda. In the body segments we discover no trace of anything more than a simple ring without sub-division, but as the specimens indicate a coriaceous > Uagen considers this a nerciil worm, a suggestion I once udopted, but now find ruasoii to ijiatitioii. f«'ii liliiiii p ^ftm>aiVse-'^*mKin!*mmaiit»-ff-*^^'-' 261 structure like thiit of modern Chilopoda, and no trace of the division between the dorsnl and ventral plates can bo seen in any of them, the separation of the segments into two Kub-segnients, as in Chilopoda, one of them greatly atrophied, could hardly be apparent did it exi-it. But on the other hand, as wo regard tlie socond sub-segment of Chilopoda as atiopliied. we should expuct to (ind it fidly or partially developed in these creatures, which of all kuD.vu aiicle;jt typj< are cortiinly the most closely related to them. Yet we find here no sign of anything more than the simplest possible, uniform, leg-bearing segments, and of a very limited numbor. In one feature, however, thi'y are not so simple as in Chilopoda ; for, as stated, each is provided on each side with two pairs of nuunmillae, support- ing very large bun.dijs of spreidiug rod<, and the rods the.nselves are sculptured in a very remarkable way. This distinction between the two typiis, though more striking and notice- able thiui any othir. is in itself by no means so important as the others, but may be added to the catalogue; and it must have some weight, from the total absonce of appendages of * any sort (l)eyond scattered hairs) from the dorsal plates of Chilopoda. The position of tlu'se rows of fascicles and of the legs indicates thiit the ventral plates were otdy a little nariower than the dorsal, and probaldy of about the same extent as in the Archipolypoda ; in this respect they would not differ to any important degree from modern Chilopoda. The legs were diflerent in form, but tlu-ir poor preservation in the only specimen in which thev have l)eeii seen prevents anything more than the mere statement of the following difference: while the legs of Chilopoda are invariabl}' horny, slender, adapted to wide ex- tension and rapid movement ; those of Palaeocismpa are fleshy, or iit best subcoriaL^eous, very stout and conical, certainly incapable of rapid movement, and .serving rather as props. These differences, which luiderlie every part of the body that is preserved in J^daeocampa, show that while the general accordance of grand features compels us to look upon I'alaeoeampa as a precursor of the Chilopoda, we must separate it from them in the same wiiy as we separate the Archipolypoda from the Diplopoda. For such a group the nan^.e of Prolosynguiitha is proposed, indicating its ancestral relations to the ChilopoUs, or Syng- natiia, as they were called by Latreille. There are, however, two aberrant groups of living animals more or less closely related to myriapods, and placed with them by some authors, with which also we should compare Palaeocampa. The first of these is Peripatus, our knowledge of which has been so nmch increased of late years, and especially by the researches of Moseley. In external appearance Peripatus resembles an annelid, but is furnished with a pair of long, jointed antennae, and with numerous fleshy, tapering legs, each armed at tip by a pair of claws; the legs, set wide apart, are o!)scurely jointed, the joints being perceptible only at the extreine tip and on t'.ie apical half of the inner side, above which are the large elongatt'd openings !n o the uepliridia. The entire body is of a leathery texture with no external sign of segments, or of the separation of the heiul from the rest of the body, except the appjniages: namely, the legs, the nephridia opening on the legs, and the ordinary appi'udages of the head. The same is true when the internal structure of the body is ex- amined, for neither in the disposition of the muscles nor of the tracheal apparatus does it appoar that one could judge whether a pair of legs represented one or more segments of tie body ; even in the n jrvous system it is only indicated by a small ganglionic swelling next each pair of legs. The tracheae are like extended cutaneous glands, independent of ra I I 'liMi mwM ^-^ ill i iliii •252 one another, and scnttered ovit tho body, nnd tlio lonj^itudiniil miiaclos show no r('j»)ihir segmental breaks. This weiikntHs of Mo^inoiital divisioiH is iiowli Tt* parjilU'K'd nmoii;^ hexnpods, arachnids or niyriapods, and is an in llcation of v^'ry low orgin'zation aiiionj^ arthropods generally. The number of legs lndtcate^ from !•') to 3') seg iient-< in tbe body, aoeording to the species. The first pair, a-* they are develop-'il in the adult, are finic- tionless as legs, and are situated (in t'le sp.'ciinen-* I haVv- '»xa iiin^fd — a South A lu'r'eiu Bpecies, probably P. Edwarch'd), midway between the ant'nniie and s.-cond pair of legs ond not .only outside of, but ut soiio distance fro;n thj mouth parts *o tliat tho latter are not furnished with auxiliary appi-ndages borrowed from a segment beliind the fir.-t, as in chilopods ; this is further proven by the development of these parts in the two groiipx. The body is profusely covered idjove with corrugated papillae, without regular distribution. From this it will appear that Palaeoeampa differs in many essential features fiom Peri- patus, and in most at least of these shows a higher organization. The seguients are well separated froui one another, and the head is distinctly marked. The number of segments is much less, and each bears clusters of appendages of a highly specialized cimracter. Al- though no spiracles are present in the remains we have of Palaeoeampa, it is clear that res- piration must have been effected through linearly di.spo.sed openings ; since the muscular or mechanical re(ii.:''nuients for tiie movement of a completely segmented body (especially if, as in Palaeoeampa, tiju segments bear a heavy armature), forbid the miscellaneous dis- tribution of tracheae, and demand a well-developed systeui with the same linear arrange- ment which we fnid in the armature. The best that can be said of the respiratory appara- tus in Peripatus is that the tracheal bini'lles show a tendency toward "a concentration along two sides of the body, ventral ami lateral." The posuth parts resemble those of Thysnuura. and difl'er from those of Chilopoda ; indeed the whole head is decidedly thysaiuiriform ; the legs are provided with a pair of claws, and the terminal segment bears a pair of caudal stylets with a special function. Besides these points the possession of a collnplior.' is dNtinctively tiiysauuran, and the position of the stigmata, between the legs, is dilU'rent froni the position they uniformly maintain in Chilopoda, while it only adds to the great irregularity of place seen in Thysauura. On the other hand, the identity of form in the thoracic and abdominal segments, the lull development, ujjou the abdominal segments, of jointed legs like those of the thoracic segments, and the occasional alternation ol leg-bearing and apodal segments in the ab('omen, are striking marks of its real alKnity to the chiloiKxls, Alxlominal appen- dages, homologous with legs, but unjointed, do. however, occur in Thysauura to a greater degree than in other hexapoils, so that we can hardly refuse to admit these polypodous creatures as lowest members of the sub-class of insects proper, although they are the only non-hexapodal type. Now the separation of the head and its appendages from those of the next succeeding segment distinguishes Palaeocatnpa from the chilopods in the same way as it does Scolo- pendrella; so, too, the segments behind the head in I'alaeocampa and Scolopendrella, alone of all arthro|ols in which the liead is thus clearly separate*!, agree in showing no distinc- tion whatever between what nuiy be looked upon as thoracic and what as abdominal, V. iicther in the form of the segment itself, or in the appendages of the segments. These are certainly fundamental points, bat when we have mentioned them we have reached the end of all possible alKnities. or prints of resemblance, unless we may consider the minute structure of the rods in the fascicles of Palaeocampa parallelled by the well-known Jelicacy of organization of tlie scales in souje Thysauura. though they do not exist in Scolopen- drella. The limited number of abdominal segments might be looked upon as a further point were it not that the number is even less than in Scolopendrella or in th(> Cinura; and that the Pauropida among diplopod myriapods have in some instances even a still smaller nund)er. On the other hand, the character of the legs, the apparent absence of a double claw at their tip, the peculiar arnuiture of the fascicled rods, which ibrms so striking a feature in Palaeocampa, the want of any caudal stylets, anil the complete uniform- ity of the segments of the body unprovided with distinct dcu-sal scutL-s, distinguish Palaeo- campa not only from Scolopendrella but from all Thysauura whatever; the general form of the body, too, is altogether different from anything occurring there, even itscylindricity being foreign to the Thysanura, excepting in their highest types among the Collembola. It seems, therefore, clear that the points of affinity between Palaeocampa and Scolopendrella, with the single exception of the separation of the head and its appendages from the body, are precisely those in which Scolopendrella is chilopodan, and that the assemblage of fea- tures which our fossil presents are therefore chilopodan rather than thysanuran. Regarding Palaeocampa then as a myriapod, though of a type very distinct from any i m i ir)4 known, whether living or fossil, we are brought faeo to face with two remarkable and somewhat parallel facts : First, that in this nnvient myriapod, as old as any with which we are acquainted, carrying us back inlojd as fir as any tracer of winkles < trachoate artliro- pods have been found, and, therefore, pros;iinably not far fro;ii tlio origin of this form of life upon the earth, loe find dermil appendages of an extraordinarily high organization, more complicated, as we have pointed out, than anything of the sort found in living iirthro- pods, excepting the more varied but not more exquisite scales of several orders of hexa- pods ; u form of appendage >f!uch it would seem, on any genetic theory of development, must have required a vast time to produce, but which we now seem to find at the very threshold of the apparition of this type of arthropod life. Second, that at this early period, in ii;arked contrast to what we find in other groups of articulated animals, the dicergencies of structure among myriajjods loas as great as it is to-day. This is the more surprising because we possess only imperfect remains of a few types, and yet from what we iilready know of the Archipolypoda on the one hand, and of the Protcsyngnatha on the other, tliey are found to differ quite as nuicli as the Diplopoda and Chilopoda, and in point-s fully as i;iiport.viit as tliose wliich separate so sharply the^se great modern group-*. Whether they are to be looked upon, one as tho ancestor of one, the other of the otiier. of these modern groups, is another question. It would certainly be reasonalde to consider the Archipolypoda as the common ancestors of both the Chilo- poda and Diplopoda ; and possibly on the P.oto-iyngnatlia as tlie descendants on one line of a primitive type which, on another line, has retained its integrity up to the present day in Peripatus (and on possibly a third line has reached Scolopondrella) ; while on that whioii p'^oduced Palaeocampa it ha-s not, so fir as we know, survived t!ie carSoniferous epoch. With the facts of structure of ancient and mo lern types now before us we are coinptdled, on any genetic theory, either to presume a great acceleration of devL-lopment in earlier times or to look for tiie first appearance of myi-iapods at a vastly remoter epoch than we have any rea.«on to do from the sligiit bin's in the rocks themselves — a period .so remote as to antedate that of winged insects, which are now known from rocks older than any which have yielded remains of myriapod-!.^ In a memoir on Devonian insects,'^ I showed the probability, on developmental ground-*, that so:iie of t!ie carbouil'erous insects, " to- gether with uiost oftho.se of tlie Devonian, descended from a common stock in the lower Devonian or Silurian period; and that tlie union of these witli tiie Palaeodictyoptera (of the carboniferous), was even further removed from us in time." The structural relations ofmyriapods and liexapods render it probable that the former preceded the hitter ; and in complete accordance with this expectation, the .structural relations ol the oldest fossil myviapods indicate their apparition at a period earlier than that to which the winged insects are liypothetically assigned. This would compel us to consider the earlier type as aquatic, for which we have presumptive evidence in the structure of the Euphoberidae, and renders it all the more surprising that Mie penetrating researches of the last thirty- seven years, since the fir.st carbonifenms myriapod was di.«covered, have not yieldefl the slightest trace of fossil myriapods below the Coal measures.' This discrepancy between fact and hypothesis should never be lost siglit of, and should stimulate to more searching ' This VIH.1 written butore the iiiiblivatioii of .Mr. IVuira dificov- erv of iiivriiiiio.ls in the Ol Hrl Samlstonc of Seotl'tnil. '^ Aiiniv. Muiiioir.i Dost. Sue. Nut, Hist., 188U. •J 00 investigations particularly of those articulates of the older rocks whose affinites have not been satisfactorily settled. It only re T.ains to give descriptions and refer to illustrations of the species of the two •Toups whose general affinities have been discussed. Suborder ARCHIPOLYPODA. Family Euphoberidae. Trichiulus nov. gen. (ep\{, tuXot.) Segments from three to four or five times l)roiid('r than long, covered closely with toler- ably large papillae, which aro arranged in definite sfrios both longitiulinidly and trans- versely, and support long flexible hairs, which together form a sweei)ing mass covering the whole body. These points will serve nbiindantly to distinguish thi^ genus from the other Archypoly- poda descril)ed in my previous paper on the suUject. They are derived from tiie study of all the species descril)e!l below, no one o( which, however, presents them all ; only one o( them shows the sweeping mane of hair enveloping the whole creature ; the others eitlicr have no hair pre^'erved at all, or at most vague app^'aranees of a mat of hair next tlie integument ; on the other hand the specini'Mi showing the hair so well siiows nothing of*the papillae which (doubtless) bear them, and which show to perfe'ction in most of the othiM" specimens. The number of segments appears to vary consideraldy, from about 20 or more in one specii'S to o5 or more in another ; the form appears to be nearly the same in all, the body being much larger at the front than at the hinder extremity, and tapering prett}' steaddy toward the tail ; in one, however, which is fragmentary, no sign of this change is shown. The head end also tapers, but oidy just next (lie head itself so far as known, in this respect dill" M'iug iVo n ot'ur Arc'.iipolyp;)da. The heail ivself, too. joins in tliis rapid diuiinution entirely, in-tead, as in most other Archipolyi ula, of being consideraldy larger than the segments just beliiud it; its outline, however, is perfectly preserved in oidy a single speci- men, so that this statement should not i)e taken as absolute. The various species dilfer iron eaeli other in tiie form in which the hoily varies in proportion, in the uuud)er and relative proportions of the segments and in the freijiienciy and arrangement of the papillae or tubercles from which the hairs originate. TrichiuloB villosns nov. sp. ri. 13, fii,'. 2. Ho ly composed of more than thirty segments which vary from two to three times as broad as long, being broa lest in the stoutest part of the boily; it is broadest from the third to about the tentii segment ami then tapers very regularly to less than half the diameter at the hinder extremity ; the anterior extremity of the body in front of the third segment tapers very rapidly and considerably, the head l)eing oidy a little larger than the tail — a point seen best in the reverse of the specimen drawn and not appearing on the W'ti W t plate. The whole surface of the body upon both sirles, as it lies coiled in an open spiral, is covered with a thick mat of rather fine hairs which appear to he two or three tines longer than the diameter of the body. Two or throe pairs of short and slender tapering legs can be seen (not given on the plate) depending from the anterior segments; they are scarcely half as long as the diametci" of the segments. The length of the fossil if unrolled would be 20 mm. ; its greatest diameter is 2.1 nun. Thu specimen is from the nodules of Mazon Creek and was obtained by Mr. P. A. Armstrong. Trichiulus nodulosus, no v. sp. PI. 13, figs. 1, 3. Two specimens at hand are referred to this species, though each is so fragmentary that the determination is uncertain. One of them (pi. 18. fig. 1) represents a dozen segments of the entire width of the crea- ture, lu'lng apparently only a fragment of the larger end ; it does not taper, and the seg- ments are about four times as broid as long, each furnislied with two transverse series of equidistant, small, rounded warts, apparently the bases for appendages of some sort ; the series are also equidistiuit so that the warts are sprinkled over the surface in a very regu- lar fashion, like a ciieckerhoard, in both longitudii4.il and transverse rows. Each series on the same segment is separated from the other by a transverse depro^.-iion a little shallower than the sulcation between the segments. The warts are about 1.25 m n. d"s- tant from each other and slightly less than half a mill! ujter in dia:njter. The length of the fragment is 29 nun., and its breadth 0.23 mm. No appju :la^\>s of any s;)rt are to he seen; but next the margin in soma places are fiint signs of delicate iiairs an 1 the discol- oration of the skin in the neighljorhood may indicate its previous extent. The other specimen (pi. IS, (ig. 8) is longer. l)ut by tiie method of preservation and the cleavage of the nodule it only shows a portion of the breadth, and neitlier edge, so that no appendages can !)e seen, nor any hairs. Tlie same arrangement of warts or tubercles can be seen, rendering it probable that it belongs to the same species as the other. These wartlets are at the same distance apart as in the other sj)ecimens, and the series are simi- larly arranged, the sulcations between tlie segments being slightly deeper than those between the transver.se series of a single segment ; but tlu' warilets appear a litt' j sharper or more conical. The length of the fragment is 4-3 mm. and its extreme breadth 4.(3 mm. ; the segments can only be faintly seen over a portion of the fragment, l)ut there were prob- ably about twenty ui this piece, which does not seem to reach either extremity. Uoth specimens are from Mazcm Creek and ..-ere obtaineil by Mr. P. A. Armstrong, and are in his collection. Trichiulus ammonitiformis, nov. sp. PI. 13, tiff. 4. Although the single specimen found presents few tangible characters, it differs go much from the others that it seems worth while to make it public. It is of much greater size Mid is coiled into a sligiitly open spiral, and being preserved on a side view has a cursory 'i.semblance on the stone to a fo.ssil ammonite. If unrolled it would measure about 115 267 ram. in length and its extreme breadth is 14 mm. The head end is broken badly but enough is preserved to show that it tapered anteriorly, the largest part of the body being probably the end of the anterior third; beyond this the body tapered gently to very near the tail, but then diminish jd very rapidly in size, thu tip, however, b nng rounded; a little before the rapid diminution in size the diameter is 9 mm. There se Mn to hive been about thirty-five segments to the body, about four times as broa 1 as long on tlie average, not very much arched and least so along the upper poition, whore, at least in the fossil, the surface is almost completely flat and shows scarcely a sign of the division-! of thj segments. In certain parts of the fo«il there are indications of minute tubercles as if for the supi)ort of liairs, but they are obscure and would not have bL>en nuticud but for their occurrence in the preceding species. There is, however, along the outer edge an excet^dingly faint indication of a delicate mat of very fine hairs, wliere the surface of the stone, as in T. villosus, is decidedly darker than elsew here. This specimen also was found by Mr. P. A. Armstrong in the nodules of Mazon Creek. Suborder PROTOSYNGNATIIA. Palaeozoic myriapods, with a cyliudrical body, the head appendages borne upon a single segment; each segnent beiiind the head co;nposed of a dorsal and ventral plate of equal length and, probably, of suljequal breadth ; the dorsal at least somewhat broader than the ventral, occupying the greater piirt of the sides of the body, and supporting several longi- tudinal rows of clustered needles ; the ventral plates occupying the entire ventral portion, each bearing a pair of widely separated, stout, fljshy legs, i. e., one pair to each segment of the body beliind the head; spiracles probably present in a definite longitudinal row. Genus PaLAEOCAMPA (iroXauJs; ico|iin|.) Palaeocampa, Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1805, p. 52 (1805); — lb., Geol. Siirv. 111., 2 : 410 (1800). Desmacanthus, Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., 3 : p. 505 (1808). Head corneous with no armature. Body coriaceous co'irsely shagreened, composed of ten segments furnished on each side with two ro.vs, dorsolateral and lateral, of fascicles of needle-like spines, one to a segment in each row, placed upon tubercles near the front of the segments ; tht fascicles are cylindrical at base, the needles diveiging oidy a little ; each needle tapers very slightly, is blunt at tip, and very regularly divided by longitudinal serrated ridges. Legs stout, subequal, about as long a< the width of the body, tapeiin"" and pointed. Palaeocampa anthrax, Meek and Worthen. PI. 12. Palaeocampn anthrax, Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1805, pp. 52-53, (1865); Palaeont. 111., Vol. 2, pp. 410-411, pi. 32, fig. 3 (1866); — lb., Vol. 3, p. 565 (1868) ; Scudder, Geol. Mag., Vol. 5, p. 218 (1868). Figured also in Packard's Guide to Study of insects, fig. 68 on p. 78. 1 ^H 1 !fi« i mi^immm'imimmi'^f'iiK'm .|H a n m- w 258 Four specimens of this species have been examined, two of them belonging fornerly to Mr. J. C. Carr, of Morris, 111., and received for study fro:n him, but now in tlie collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pitt-tton, Penn. ; a third rec^iived fro n Mi-. Licoj and nu nberjd 1831 in his collection; the fourth obtained by Mr. F. T. Bli-!s. of M():•ri^ III., and in my own collection; all of these are alinirably pro'survod and show b:)th rjliot and counterpart. Both of Mr. Car/s specimens are preserviid from above and have t!ie fasciicles spread regularly upon either side of the bo ly. In one (pi. 12, fig. 7), wliich has the hL"id end as well as the opposite completely fringed with spines, the general cursory resemblance of the whole to the caterpillar of an Arctian is very striking. The rods of tlie fascicles of the first and second body segments and especially of the first are considerably shorter than those of the succeeding segments, those of the first projecting forward over and concealing the head ; in the same way those of the last segment make a complete fringe around the posterior extremity of the body. The fascicles are more readily seen on this than on the other specimens to emanate from tubercles, which are conical and apparently (here at least) higher than their basal breadth. The fascicles are longer than the wiiHh of the body, and their most divergent rods are about at right, angles to each other. Tlie length of the body in this specimen is 33 nun. ; or. with the rods, 40.5 mm. ; the width of the body is 5.5 mm. ; or, with the rods, 17 mm. The longest rods are (5.5 mm. long. The second specimen of Mr. Carr's collection (pi. IJ, I'lg. G) is about the same size as the last, the body measuring 34 mm. by 5 mm. ; or with tlie rods 40.5 mm. by 15 mm. The rods in the fascicles are, however, considerably less divergent and trend a little backward giving them a more bunchy appearance; tliose of opposite sides of t!io same fascicle rarely diverge more than 55° ; the rods themselves appear here to bo usually a little longer than in the first specimen though the longest are of the same length, and to be seated on tuber- cles which are stouter and less elevated, but this may be merely an appearance due to the way in which the specimen 's preserved. The relation of the rods of the first and second body segments, and of the last segment to the others so far as their size and distribution is concerned, is the same as in the previous specimen ; but those of the anterior segments are not directed forward, but on the first segment backward an 1 on the second laterally so as to leave the head nearly uncovered. Tliis appears as a rat!ior sin dl, transversely oval, rounded mass, al)<)Ut twice as broad as long, iind only about half as brcjid as the body ; neither eyes nor antennae can be made out. The specinicn obtained by Mr. Bliss (pi. 12, fig. 8) is slightly smaller than the others, preserved on a side view, and arcuate instead of straiglit. If extended, the length of the body would be 33.5 mm. and its height 4.5 mm. ; or, including in the height both spines and leg><, 13.5 mm. The rods in the fascicles are even less divergent than in the last mentioned specimen, rarely exceeding 40" between opposite rods of the same fascicle (pi. 12, figs. 5, 9). There is also less indication here of any tubercles at the base of the fascicles, and those of the first and second by numerous darker bands which seem to indicate joints but they are ratlier more numerous than one would ex- pect, and a little irregular, so tliat little can be (k'linltjly allirmed concerning them ; taking tliein, however, where they appe u' mo'it r..'gular an 1 be of one side show in full. The spines of the first and second segments are latjr.d ; but, nevertlu'le-is, no head is visible, being, perhaps, buried in the stone. The spines, especially individual ones, are of unusual length, the longest being 8.5 n);n. long ; they diverge in the fascicles less, rarely exceeding a divergence of oj^ and unidly not exceeding 20'. The fascicles of the hinder half of the body trend slightly backward, increasingly so toward the tip, but they are almost exactly at right angles to the bo ly on tliL.' front half No legs are visible. The bod}' is 32.5 mm. long, or including the .spines which fringe the posterior end 3') mm. (perhaps more, for the end of the stone is reached) ; the width of the body is 0.5 nun. ; or, incluy the same. Fig. 8. The specimen with legs, found by Mr. Bliss, f. Drawn by the same. Fig. 9. The same cluster of spint^s shown in fig. o, f . Drawn by the same. PLATE XUl. Fig. 1. Trichiulus nodiilosus, f. From the collection of Mr. P. A. Armstrong, No. 7. Drawn by Kiitlier.ne Peirson. Fitf. -. Trichiiilii I'illosnK, J. From the same colltrtion, No. l^^- D^a^m by the >ical. 7 Externomcilinn veins distinctly siijierior. .3 5. Externomedian veins rather ajiical than su- perior. 5 6. Apex of wing falling in the middle line, the costiil and inner margins being about equally arcuate. 1. M. hretonensis. C. Apex of wing falling below the middle line, the inner margin being nuicii straighter than the costal. 4 7. Costal margin curving inwar wing, each of these branches again forking, but not widely ; in the part lost they probably branch more but can hardly occupy much space on the boi dor. The internom'-'dian vein is gently and unifonr-ly arcu- ate and probably terminates where the inner margin begins to curve considerr.bly toward the tip ; in the ba^^al half of its course it emits four or five simple, occasionally simply forked branches, more liaintly traced than the other veins of the wing and which curve gently in an opposite sense to the main stem. The anal furrow is slight and faintly impressed, gently and regularly curved throughout, terminating probably at the middle of the wing; the anal veins are aot preserved. The species is a large one, the fragment being 22 mm. long, while the entire wing can hardly have been less than 3.3 mm. long, .ind its breadth, whicli is preserved, is 15 mm., making the breadth to the probable length as 1 : 2.2. The veins are slightly elevated and distinct and regular. IhtTc appears to be no reticulation or cross venation whatever, and the surface of the shoulder of the wing is particularly smooth. The ppecies appears to be most nearly allied to M. Heeri, but it is much larger than it, or, indeed, than any other .species of the genus, except the preceding, and its anal furrow is even more longitudinal ai.d less arcuate than in 31. Heeri; it differs also from the latter in the much greater number and closer approximation of the nr^diastinal nervures and in the downward sweep of the externomedian veins, probably causing uie area to occupy the margin Avholly below the apex of the wing. In the stout square humeral lobe of the wing, in which the veins are obliterated, it seems to be peculiar, as it is also in the regularity of the curve of the anal furrow. The single specimen upon which the species is based was found by Mr. R. D. Lacoe at Port Grittith Switchback, near Pittston, Penn., and bears the No. 2017 in his collection. 5. Mylacris pennsylvaiileiun. PI. 18, fig. 11. Mylacris pennsylvanicum Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 44-45, pi. 5, figs. 13-14. A second specimen of this species enables me to supplant the previous description froui an imperfect specimen by a better ; the present specimen ia also itaperl'ect but makes up in part what the other lacks. Fore-wing. The distal extremity is lost in each, but more of the costal is preserved in the new s^^ecimen, while the inner margin is almost completely lost in both ; the form of the wing can nevertheless be judged with probable accuracy ; the course of the veins indicates a shorter and stouter, as it certainly is a broader wing than in M. Heeri, The 267 humeral lobe is prominent, its straight basal side bent at nenrly a right angle with the arcuiite costal edge, the angle rounded off; the costal margin is considerably arcuate, more strongly at extreme base and beyond the middle than in the intermediate straighter portion where the arciiation is very gentle; in this respect the fig.'.re previously given is slightly inaccurate. The course of this margin with the breadth of the wing and the direc- tion of the veins render it probable tiuit the rest of the wing had the form given in the dotted lines in the figure, in which the apex of the wing falls within the middle line, and slightly change* the fcu'in fro:n wliat was given l)efore, and which we had already noticed as irobalily not toriect. The veins originate from the middle of the wing and curve a little at the base. The mediastinal area has a I)asal width of very nearly half the wing, and, separated i'roni the scapular by a scarcely curved line, strikes the costid margin at about tiie end of the second third of the wing (in one specimen probably a little less than that, in the other probably a little more) ; the basal part of the costal margin is very Uiiriowly and delicately marginate ; the part of the mediastinal area next the humeral allele is not veined, b.i^ below it are four or (Ive scarcely curving; long, gently diverging, simple or deeply forked veins ; the middle cues simple (possibly united nearer the base, where they are not sulliciontly preserved to see it), the otiiers forked. The scapular vein is gent'y and broudly sinuuu- and probably terminates just above the apex of the wing; in the basal pi.rt of its course it runs closely parallel to the costal margin and a little nearer to it t'laii to tlie iirier innrgin ; in the latter half or more it curves in an opposite sense to the costal margin ; it commences to branch very near the base, and emits four or five brandies, simple or forked, rarely conipounl, long and nearly straight, having the same direction as the outer mediastinal veins ; in one specimen the basal, in the other the apical vein is compound, tlie rest generally simple. The externomedian vein is somewhat arcuate until it divides, a little beyond the basal third of the wing ; both these branches again divide scarcely beyond the middle of the wing, the uppermost again forking not long alter ; probably tliey fork more, and, as in the central part of the wings, fill their area with dichotomizing veins whose general direction is nearly longitudinal, with a slight down- ward tendency, but closely approximated, so that on the edge the veins occupy a narrow area mostly below the apex of the wing. The internomedian runs in a broadly sinuous course parallel to the preceding vein, probably strikes the lower margin where the wing begins rapidly to narrow, and emits four or five, perhaps more, simple or basally forked, indistinct, arcuate branches, which occupy upon the inner margin about as much space as the scapular upon the costiU margin. The anal furrow is strongly impressed upon its basal half or more, less so but still distinctly beyond, is composed of a pair of closely approxi- mated fine grooves, and is regularly and not very strongly arcuate, terminating on the inner border at some distance before the end of the mediastinal area, at just about the middle of the border ; the anal veins are numerous and closely crowded, nearly all simple, and uU slightly arcuate. It is a tolerably large species, the breadth of tue wing being 13.5 mm. and its length probably 2G nnu. ; or, its breadth to its length about as 1:2; the actual length of one frag- ment is 19 nun., of the other 20.76 mm. ; the condition of the first is iren'^ioned in the former description of the species ; the second specimen is represented both by that drawn and by its reverse ; in the one diawn the veins are in relief and the figure represents, therefore. Ill II ' i I 1 ■ 'i m i! i il fi 268 the under surface of a right wing (or a cast of the opposite) in Avhich, as in the individual previously described, slight indications of transverse wrinklings may be seen here and there and especially in the scapular area, but there could have been no regular or defi- nite reticulation. The species differ frora M. Heeri, its nearest ally, in the stronger curvature of the anal furrow, and in the greater width of the anal area but not in its greater abbreviation, as previously stated, the breadth of the area making up for the greater curvature of the furrow ; it also differs, as before stated, in the sinuosity of the scapular vein, the more arcuate line of separation between the mediastinal and scapular areas, and the more crowded branches of all the areas but the internomedian ; the wing as a whole is also pro- portionally broader. The new specimen comes from the sauje bed as the last, and was sent me by Mr. R. D. Lacoe of Pittaton, in whose collection it bears the number 2024. It occurs on the same stone as M. carhonum. 6. MylaeriB carbonmn nor. sp. PI. 13, figs. 6, 7, 10. Fore-wing. The greater part of the wing is preserved, but the apical fourth or fifth ot the tip is missing as well as a pa'.ch along the inner margin from the tip to the ana! area. From what remains, the wing had probably a form somewhat like that of M. anthra- cophihim, but was not quite so tapering, the costal margin being .i little less convex ; the inner margin next the anal area was straight. The veins originate from the middle of the wing, but do not curve at the base. The mediastinal area has, therefore, a basal width of half the wing and extends to beyond the anal, or probably to just about the middle of the wing; in the humeral portion ot the area no veins can be made out, but in the opposite half two compound veins can be seen, the first consisting of a pair of simple veins united basally, the second of a pair of forked veins united bfisally very near the extreme base of the wing ; both of these veins are forked about midway in their course, the outer twice, close together. T'.ie scapular vein can only be traced basally to where it begins to curve inward, a little beyond the forked mediastinal vein just described ; it, together with the next vein in close juxtaposition, curves strongly but only for a very short distance, and the curve of the anal furrow would seem to preclude any further continuation of the curve, so that in reaching the base of the wing it must resume its outer course ; beyond this basal curve it is straight and must strike at the apex of the wing, though it cannot be traced throughout ; in the fragment it has five equidistant branches, and probably has a couple more before the tip ; the third of these is forked not far from the base, but all the others, so far as seen (excepting the first) are simple and straight, although very long, for the straight main vein runs sub- parallel to the costal margin scarcely above the middle line of the wing ; the first branch, however, differs from the rest ; it originates where the main vein begins its straight course, and continues the direction of the deflected basal part of the vein, and emits from its apical side three long, straight, equidistant offshoots, the first from its very base, the last half way to the margin. The externomedian runs in a straight line scarcely below the middle of the wing and first divides a little before the middle, and in 269 the fragment has three sniiplc sliglitly cui-ved branchos, their convexities toward tlie anal area, and their bases considerably further apart than the scapular branches. The interno- niedian runs parallel and close to the externoinedian vein and its basal branch, probably reaching the inner nuirgin more than half-way from the anal furrow to the apex ; it com- mences to divide as soon as there is space for it opposite the middle of the anal furrow, the (irst branch forking, and the second bianch originating, next the first branch of the externoinedian vein ; a third branch springs at a similar distance further on, b'lt more cannot be seen. The anal furrow is tolerably distinct, curved gently throughout and bent a little in the middle, terminating at more than one-tliird of the distance toward the tip, or about opposite the first divarication of the externomedian vein ; the anal veins are exceedingly numerous and crowded, many of them forked, some of them doubly, gener- ally near the middle of their coarse ; those next the anal area are obliterated, but if they retained the character of the remaining part of the area, about twenty voinlets must have impinged upon the outer margin in the anal area ; those lying next the angle of tlie wing have a sinuous course, changing to a simple gently arcuate curve toward the anal furrow. This fragment represents a species of toleral)ly large size, the breadth of the wing being 13.5 nnn., the length of the fragment 2o mm., and tlie preserved length of the \tring about 27 mm. ; so lint the breadth to the length must have been as 1:2. It is the under surface of a right wing, i^H the veins and the anal furrow being in relief and, with the exception of the anal veins and the internoiuedian branches, .somewhat prominent. No trace of reticulation or transverse wrinkling can be seen. The specimen occurs on a piece of black carbomiceous shale with reeds at Cannelton, Penn., and was sent me by Mr. iC. D. Lacoe with the number 2022 a. After the above description was prepared two other specimens came into my hands through the indefatigable exertions of the same friend. As they are less perfect than that already described, the points in which they vary from it may best be pointed out by separate description. The first, No. 2022 b, c, occurs in duplicate on the same stones with No. 2024, M. 2)ennxyleaiucitm, and was found at Cannelton, Penn.. in the same shales as that which yielded the type. It preserves a middle fragment of the wing, with a portion of the costal margin only, and a minuie bit of the inner margin ; no part of the wing appears which is not seen in the type, unles.s it be a little jnore of the externoinedian vein. It is a little smaller than that specimen, its width at the end of the br al third of the wing being 11 mm., where in the other specimen it is fully 13 mm. In 2022 b, c, all the mediastinal veins are straight and simple as far as they can be seen, so that they do not divide beyond the base, giving this area a very dilFerent appearance from what it has in 2022 a. The scapular vein, although extending on the fragment as far toward the apex as in 2022 a, has only three branches, the outer two simple so far as they can be seen, the basal, how- ever, dividing at its very base into two forked branches, the upper fork of the upper branch again dividing ; this is somewhat different in description from the condition in 2022 a, but is really much the same as if the second ofTshoot of the first branch were united to the first offshoot and they together arose in the axilla of the first branch. The externome- dian vein also differs somewhat and reminds one rather of the arrangement of that vein ■if 1 31 A ■ 270 in 31. pennaylvanicum. It commences to divide at the same point, but instead of two or three simple inferior brunches with a tolerably good expansion it forks narrowly in a longi- tudinal fashion, and each of its forks simultaneously divide in a similar way a little further on. Below this the wing is not well preserved, but the veins that do show do not appear to diflFer from the type. The second additional specimen, No. 2022 d, comes from a different locality, the Empire Mine at Wilkesbarre, Penn., and was found at the horizon of the E. vein on a piece of gray shale filled with remains of ferns, etc. This specimen, excepting in the internomedian area, preserves also no part not found in 2022 a ; it is of the same size as it, measuring fully 13 mm. in width at the same point ; the basal half of the costal border (excepting the humeral angle) and a fragment of the inner margin beyond the anal furrow are preserved ; the costal margin is represented as perhaps too convex in the figure, where it should cor- respond very closely to 2022 a. The veins of the mediastinal area are better preserved than there and resemble their disposition more closely than that of No. 2022 b, c, being compound or two-forked away from the base, while in 2022 b, c, they are all simple ; they diverge from one another more widely than in 2022 a, and those toward the humeral angle are simple, distant and incomplete. The scapular vein agrees very closely with its disposi- tion in 2022 b, c, differing only in having an additional branch in the same spnce, in which it agrees more closely with 2022 a, and in having the axillary branch simply forked instead of compound. The externomedian vein does not agree with either of the other specimens ; its main stem runs closely parallel to the scapular and has only one branch, which is emitted in a similar ];)osition to that of the first branch in the others ; this branch, however, is compound, its upper fork dividing, and the whole area which it appears to occupy, in the lost part of the wing, as broad as in 2022 a. The internomedian area appears to be exactly as in 2022 a, but as a general thing only the terminations, while in 2022 a only the bases, of the veins can be seen ; the fragment of the inner border at their tips is straight. The anal furrow appears to be more gently and regularly curved than in 2022 a, but the difference is slight. No anal veins are preserved. The differences between these specimens, although considerable, do not seem to be more than individual and strengthen rather than weaken the validity of the other species of the genus, and support the distinctions upon Avhich they have been separated from one another. This spef ' -j, peculiar for the excessive crowding of the veins in the inal area, falls in its general features between M. pennsylvanicum and M. anthracophibim. From the latter it differs in that the veins do not curve downward at the extreme base of the wing, but have a sinuous course, the greatest curve being nearly as far out as the middle of the anal area ; in the simplicity of the scapular veinlets and the comp')site character of the first branch ; and in the crowded condition of the anal veins in contrast to the comparative openness of the neuration elsewhere, nearly all the nervules being long and simple, while in M. anthraco- philum nearly all are forked about the middle. From M. pennsylvanicum, which comes from the same general locality, it differs in its more tapering form, due to a greater con- vexity of the costal margin ; in the straighter course of the scapular vein, the more gentle sweep of the anal furrow allowing a much narrower space for median veins, which in M. pennsylvanicum first divaricate at the same point, but here, notwithstanding the narrowness 271 of the space, the internomedlnn first forks between the first nnd second branches of the scapulnv, while in M. pennsyhanicum only opposite the base of the third branch ; the anal veins are also much more numerous in the present species. 7. Mylaorla anthraoophilain. Mylacris anthracophihim Scudd., in Worth., Geol. Surv. 111., in, 568-570, figs. 5, 6. — lb., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii; 45-47, pi. 5, figs. 6-8. Colchester, 111. 8. Mylaorla priaeovolana. PI. 13, fig. 9. Fore-wing. A bit of the extreme tip and a considerable part of the wing next the inner border is v/anting, although the position of the margin itself is indicated by a depres.sed line upon the stone, showing the form of the wing to have closely resembled that of 31. carbonum, being broadest at the extreme base, narrowing toward the apex with increasing rapidity, so that the inner margin being straight, the costal margin is considerably curved ; the tip, though narrow, is broadly rounded, and lies within the median line of the wing ; the humeral lobe is v>.'ry square, rounded inly at the extreme angle. The mediastinal area is of a very regularly triangular form, one-third the width of the wing at the base, and apically extending considerably beyond the middle of the distal half of the wirg ; its three or four veins fork near the base, and extend their long, simple, or branching rays far out to the margin. The scapular vein is rather strongly curved near the base, beyond which it sweeps with a very slight opposite arcuation, subparallel to the costal margin to the very tip of the wing; its four or five long and mostly simply and deeply forked branches have a completely longitudinal course, and the area forms a triangle of about the same size and regularity as the mediastinal area, but with an opposite disposition. The externomedian vein passes with a curve similar to, but stronger than that of, the scapular vein, diverging from it, and terminating on the inner margin beyond the middle of the outer half of the wing ; but within the extremity of the mediastinal vein, its long, arcuate, simple, or simply forked branches being superior. The internomedian vein is again curved in the same sense as the externomedian and has about four simple or forked arcuate branches. The anal furrow starting from above the middle of the wing is deeply impressed, regularly and con- siderably arcuate, but more strongly curved in its basal than its apical half, and terminates at the middle of the inner margin ; the anal veins are oblique or arcuate, simply forked or compound, somewhat irregular and hardly more crowded than the internomedian veins. The species is a large one, the wing measuring 26.5 mm. in length by 14.5 mm. in breadth, the breadth being to the length as 1 : 1.8 ; the continuous part of the fragment is 25 mm. long and 12 mm. broad at the base. The wing is a right one, the under surface (or cast of the upper) having been figured, and the veins are distinctly and sharply- impressed ; no sign of cross venation or of any reticulation appears. The wing is peculiar for its excessive breadth at base combined with its square-shaped humeral lobe, which causes it to taper from the very base ; it is nearly allied to M. carbonum and M. anthracophi- lum, differing from both in the peculiarities just noted, as well as in the less produced and M 272 more fully rounded npex, nnd the considerably greater extent of the mediastinal area ; the veins of the anal area are less crowded and less resjular tlian in M. cnrhonum, and the cxternoniedian branches are superior instead of inferior ; hence it agrees better with M. anthracophilum, but tlie externomedian vein lacks the basnl brancii found there and tlio anal veins are not so regularly disposed ; the much less strongly curved costal margin is dependent upon the basal breadth of the wing, already mentioned. The specimen figured is numbered 2031 a, in Mr. Lacoo's cabinet, and its reverse No. 2031 b. It comes from Cannelton, Penn. 1^ 9. MylaoriB MansfieldU. Mylacris Mamfieldii Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in, 47, pi. 5, fig. 15, Cannelton, Penn. 10. Mylacris ovale nov. sp. PI. 13, fig. 6. Fore-wing. The anal area and the extreme base of the wing is absent, but the larger part of the wing is entire with perfect margins except an unessential fragment, showing the wing to have been a little more than twice as long as broad, very regularly oval, with similar and symmetrical costal and inner margins and a rounded subacuminate tip. It is peculiar for the basal narrowness of the mediastino-scapular area. The mediastinal area is very small though reaching beyond the middle of tiie wing, for next the base it is not more than one-fiftli the width of the wing and begins to narrow opposite the end of the anal furrow; its veins are only two or three in number, simple or forked, very gently arcuate and subparallel, the limitation between the mediastinal and scapular areas being arcuate in a sense opposed to that of the anal furrow. The scapular vein has a consider- ably arcuate course throughout ; starting so as to be fairly within the upper fourth of the wing, it curves first downward and then upward with a r'-guUir sweep which includes two- fifths of the wing in the middle, and terminates just above the apex of tlie wing ; it emits in this specimen four branches, gently arcuate in the same sense, simple, singly or doubly forked, all but one of which are thrown off in the basal third of the wing, not very fur apart. The externomedian vein has an arcuate course in the same sense as the preceding, running in the outer half of the wing subparallel to the inner margin ; it coimnences to divide before the end of the anal area and emits four inferior equidistant branches, the last opposite the end of the mediastinal area, the extreme ones simple, the middle ones simply or doubly forked, all considerably curved in the same sense as the main vein, at least at their base. The internomedian vein curves again in the same sense, taking no curve toward the inner margin until close to the tip, and reaching the margin farther from the apex of the wing than the scapular vein, so that the larger part of the externomedian area is below the .pex ; it emits half a dozen or more very long, simple, or simply forked veins, all arcuate in the same sense, though more gently ; three of them arising near the base far within the tip of the anal furrow, three other near the middle of the wing at no very great distiince apart, and probably an apical one. The anal furrow is lightly im- pressed, very slightly arcuate and probably terminates before the end of the basal third of the wing. No anal veins are preserved. 278 The species is a Inrge one, the fragment measuring 24.5 mm. long and 12 mm. broad ; probably the entire length was not less than 28 mm., and the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.3. The wing is a right one, of which the under surface is shown in the figure and the upper in its le.ss complete counterpart. The veins are distinctly marked, and some- what prominent on the under surface, excepting those of the internomedian area and all the veins in the apical fourth of the wing ; no cross veins or reticulation can be discovered. This species agrees with M- Mansfield'd in its form and size and in the inferior origin of the externomedian branches, but it diflers decidedly from it, as well as from all other species of the genus, in the sweep of the mediastinal and scapular veins, as well as in the exceed- ingly restricted area they cover in the basal part of the wing. The specimen comes from Cannelton, Penn., and was kindly communicated by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, in Avhose collection it bears the No. 2033. Explanation of Plate xiii. m Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. [All the specimens are from the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe.] Mijlacris ovale. ^. No. 2033. Drawn with camera hicida by S. H. Scudder. Mylacris carbonum. J. No. 202'2 b, from Cannelton. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley. The same, f . No. 2022 d, from Wilkesbarre. Drawn by the same. JUi/lavria luciftigum. f . No. 2017. Drawn by the same. Mi/lacris priscovolans. ^. No. 2031. Drawn by the same. Mylacris carbonum. f . No. 2022 a, from Cannelton. Drawn by the same. Mi/lacris pennsyluanicum, ^. No. 2024. Drawn by the same. The other figures belong to the preceding memoir. m II i I M Thk K.vurjKHT WiV(iKi) IvsKcrrs ok Amkiuc.v: A IIk-kx.vminatiox of the Dkvmmas InsK(!T.S ok NkW BkUNSWICK, in TIIK liKJHT OK C'lMTK'ISMS AND OK Nk.W Studiks ok ()Tiii:i{ I'ai.ko/ok; Tvi-kh. llKfjIKVlNCJ that scioiico is little lulviinrcd hy llit- acritiioiiy ciif^t'iKlcnMl Itv conlrovcrsiiil ossavH, the writer lias always avoided n'|»iyiiij< to any criticisiiis ol' liis sciciitirK! work, liowcver di'striKftive tlioy luiglit appear at first sight, until in the natnral (loiirse of snl)- secpient studies it l)e(fainu necessary to snltjeet tliein to puldic exaniinntion. (Jenerally nni(;li time will then have olapsed, both pariic^s may view the matt(M- mort> dispassionately and, notwithstanding the delay, the truth is likely to lu^ sooner reached. It is on this account that up to the present time I have in no way noticed the ohjecrt ions which Dr. Ilagen' made four years sinci' to my interpretation of the wing-strncitiu'e oC the Devojiian insects,' although his criticisms were not always ccMU'licd in tiie most temperate language. Now, however, that it has l)ec<'me necessary, lor a work in hand, lor me to review systematically the entire series of |)aleoy,oic insects, the Devonian wings have Iteeu studied anew, with the intention ol' profiting hy thecom;nent^ of so thorough and learned a student oi" Neuroptera, hoth reiHiiit and lossil, as Dr. Ilageii is everywhere well known to he; of profiting also hy the greatly extendtMl special knowledge I have myself gained in the last live years through the kindness of many cctrrespondents (iind especially of Mr. I{. 1). Lacoe), who have liberally furnished me with a very considerable iiuinl)er of new paleozoic insect types, discovered in this coimtry. Without wishing to discredit in the least the worth of Dr. llagen's general opinion in questions which alVect the Neuro|)tera, 1 think it is only lair ti» point out dispassionately to the iii(|uirer of the future four things. 1". That in the historic development of tlio broader groups of insects, so far as we now are acquainted with them, no important c!»anges have transpired since paleozoic; times; while our perphfxity regarding the proper relation of paleozoic insects to modern ty])es is often very great, and our conclusions variable. 2". That Dr. Ilagen has published nothing upon paleozoic iii-'ise than stumble and wander astray. To refuse to use it is to merit failure. 4". That m 1 Bull. Mils. Coiiip. Zool., VIII, no. 14. <* Anniv. Moiu. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., ISHO. ' S«u IVoe. Anier. Ai'iul. Arts So., xx, I('i7-178. 276 of tlio Dovotiinii wiiij(s. Pr. Ilnjrt'u lm^^ stutlicil in nnturc only tlio (in inoxt ciimow ixiorcr) rovor«o« of tlu» o»'ijjiniil s|u'cin»('ns. wliiK* sovoral Jinios Ih'Toiv and tmco sinco tlio i)nl)li<'a- tion of liis criticisuis I hiivi' oaivlnlh slmlitMl both sct.s fnjroliu'r. Oerephemera dlmplex. 'V\u>* insect was placoil l»y nic in a (lisliiict I'aniily frn»n|) to wliicli I jravi' the naino ol Atocina. Ctnnparisons \ti'iv partit'ularly insiilnlcil with unc ttf Uu' otliiT Devonian loi'mH. I'lateplienu'i'a, ami witli Dictyonoura and it.M allies of the earboiiiferoiis epoeli, to the latt(>i' of wliieli it was tliou'xht to have most reseiniilane*'. At that time the jjij^antie forms of l*i:.tophasinida made Unown In llrongniart had not heen pnhlished. and I was not aware of the variety of ni'uration found in that ancient type. Now tlitit this is known I am far more iiiclineil. notwithstmidinu; itl ,u'ronp. anil that the name of Alocinu slionid he dropped ; particularly as a new study makes me see that the neiu'ation will hear an interpretation which Ivsseus the points of distinciioii hetween them, and renders the structure of Gerephe- mera less anomalous. Dr. Hajien. on the other hand, refers it unhesiliitind hy him. I have not said that "the mediastinal vein is never a depressed one in such insects." hut 'the marginal would then he an elevated and the mediastinal a depressed vi'in. which [comhination | is never the case," etc. He rightly says that no menliou is mnde of the <|uailrangular cells occurring hetween the ohiique nervules which run Ifom the medi.istiual vein to the margin, for they were not looked upon as important ami are exceedingly faint and ohsciu'c. He remarks that if they exist they would he the oidy features inconsistent with an Odonatc hypothesis, overlooking the fact that the nervules they are supposed to coiniect are strongly ohliqne, as never in Odonata and usually in other Xeuroptera. The superior origin of the hranches of the i)rin- cipal vein preserved, which he calls ■•prol)al)ly the sector medius." is also entirely inconsist- ent with an Odonate hyp(»thesis. and is the most salient |)oint in the wing next to the numerous parallel veins alxtve it. hut to this he does not at all refer. The superior origin of the hranches of this vein, however, is not iniknown in paleozoic wings as I had supposed, having its counterpirt in several of the Protophasmida, as lirongniart calls them, and I t\n\ now inclined to helievo that this wing should find a place her., somewhere in the neighhorhood of Haplophlehinm. This would necessitate a diO'erent and I think a soniewhat more rational view of the neuration. viz., that wiiat 1 had looked upon as the exteruomedian is the internomcdian vein, and that the externomedian is the first hranched vein in the wing, counting from the costal honler, tho "intercalary nervure" heing really a hranch of this, room for other hranches heing found, if the main externomedian hranch felt the curvature of the apex of the wing as soon as the other veins; this would hring the slight hetid in the outline of the outer border at the extremity of the outermo-ii." "It lioloiiufM." Iu« huvm. "to ii piirt. oC tlic l»iist> ^A the wiii^ wliit'li Im ii(»t pn'sci'vi'd" in tli« I'ikuio piil)liMli«>('i. It, slu»\vs. iitM'onlinjr to iiim. the "HCdtnr ti'i){«)inili iiitoi'ior," wiiicli liolongH to tiu> Imho of tli(> wiii^ timl "is to l)*> roiiinl only in ()r paper), whieh lies / the comments of Dr. I I'igen, this point cannot l)i> disputed. It will he ohserved thai in no other place is Dr. Ilagen's language more positive than hen'. Platephemera iintlqna. This insect was referred hy me to the Mphemeridae, Itecaiise the ncuralion ''agreeil in all essential features with that family, and . . . considering tin' autiipi'ly of the creature shows marvellously little divergence from living types," Its relation to Dictyoneura and allies was discussed, and ii "general similarity" of structure pointed out. though they wt'i«' not considered "closely alliliated." Dr. Hagen, on the contrary, stat«'s that it "has nothing whatsoever to do with the Mphemeridae," adding that his "deliherate determination is not hased upon a difference of «>pinion, hut merely on the simple evidence of facts. The spei'iimui is a part of the apicid half, without the tip, <»!' u wing of a gigantic dragon lly." Hecognixing the life long hihors of Dr. Ilagen U|ton the Odoiiata. the writer has .striven eirnestly to see this fo.ssil in the light in which Dr. Ilagen declares ih;it he setvs it, hut is ohliged to confess that the distortion is not within his power. The "siuiple evideuct« (»f fact.s" is unalterahly oppo.sed to it, as the following considerations, among others, seem to show, in which the special points of Dr. Ilagen's assertions or criticisms .ire touched upon. 1. In no dragon lly, living or fossil, is there lound, heyoiid the nodus, lielween the "mediana" and the margin, more than a simple longitudinal vein — the marginal v('in ; excepting clo.ye to the nodus, where the suhcosta sometimes appears to extend a very little way l)cyond the nodus, and then torminates on (he mtd'innti. In Platephemera ihere is an additional vein, which, on Dr. Ilagen's hy|)othesis, extends inu»di more than half way from his location of the nodu.s to the tip of the wing, and terminates i>i> t/ir iii'irijliiiil iwin; in other words, there is no nodus, — one of the chief char- acteristicH of Odonata, absent, ho far as I know, from no' dragon fly, living or extinct. 2. To carry out this hypothesis of an Odonate structure. Dr. Hagen is compelled to say that ".something less than 20 mm. of the tip are wanting." To add only I ') mm., as 1 I .1 I .1 1 !• • .1 • 1 , , Tip of wiiiK "f I'lftli'iilii'iPiirn, risloreil hy IS done by tlic dotted lines m the accompany nig .skeU'h, i)r. iiiiK.ii's.iiiin. would, on the most favorable showing, make a wing of ridiculously extravagant appi'ar- ance; the cour.se of the known portion of the lower margin will not allow us to suppose, at the outside, more than 5 nun., and probably not more than 2 nun. of the tij) to be lost. ,-'l W^WPPWWPBF 278 3. The narrowing of whiit Dr. Ilagon calls the "second cubital spncc" is a common ieatinv in Epheujeridae (e.(j. species of Calliarcys, Ciioroterpes, Blasturus, Atalophlebia, RhoenaniliMs. Chloeon, etc.). tliou>r|i not often to quite such an extent., nor perhaps quite so rapidly, as here ; and as this varies in dilferent species of the sumo genus, it seems to be a very unimportant matter; the a|)proac)i of the t»vo veins, contrary to Dr. Ilagen's stjite- ment, is mentioned in my p.»per. 4. What Dr." ILigen calls the sector suI)uoilalis does not run unbroken to the tip. as in all dragon tlies 1 have examined, luit is lost in the reticidation shortly before the nuirgin. In looking over all the ancient types known. I lind none to which this insect may be at all closely cou)nared excepting the KpluMueritli.i ; uidess it be lireyeria, to which it bears some distant resemblance, and to which it is not impossible that it is allied ; but it dift'ers strikingly in every detail I'roin that form, and so mu(di more closely resembles the Epiiemeridae of the present day tliat it would a|)pear to be soniewhat of a strain to attempt to bring tiiese two old I'orins in close proxMuity. wiien otherwise the series of forms in the ancient IMiasmida is so co.nplete. I referred in my former uiemoir (p. !>) to the repetition, in the lower cxternomedian stem, of the features of the upper stem, if these two are looked upon as distinct cxterno- median and internomedian stems, we have an additional reseud)Iancc in this insect to .some of the IVotophasmida. though not to IJreyeria ; yet this repetition, "which appears to have no counterpart among I'viiig Epiiemeridae." is in reality a feature constantly seen ill paleozoic wings, and is indicative merely of simplicity and conunon origin such as we should naturally look lor in early insects ; and on this ground we may be justitied in con- siilering this insect as a representative o'" a distinct early type of Ephemerientioned was the only one laying claim to distiiiguish the Cronicosialina from the modern Sialina, I do not discuss this point here, ns I sha'l soon do so to better atlvantage, in treating of the whole group. 279 nomothetas fossilis. On nccount iniiinly of a tronsvorsc vein noiir tlio buso of the wiiij:^, which I consiilorod liomoloffous with the arculus of niodiM-n Odonnta. wliile ahnost everv other foatiiie of the wing was distinctively n'tn-Odonate and generally Sialidan, 1 looked on this as the tyjie of a distinct, synthetic group, which I called lloinothetidae. a family "fon.iiiig tlie connecting liidv between the Neuroptera proper and Pseudi)neuroptera." Dr. Ilagen, who has not seen the single original, says. "It is obvious that the wing belongs to the Sialina," and explains the so-called arculus as the end of a horny basal part of the wing, such as is seen in Corydalis. ••The fragnic'it," he says, "shows nt.thiug foreign to the Corydalis type, excepting a smaller nund)er of transversals." The re-examination of thi.s' fo-m after a special study of a considerable nn:nber of later pa'.eozoic wings, some of wliicli ..gree tolerably closely in general structure with Homo- tlietu.s, apart from the supposed arculus in the latter, ccmviiu-es me that 1 have been mis- taken about this arculus. 1 ve. and that, what 1 strangely overlool'ied before, it is elevated, while the other veins about it arc depres.se(l ; it lie.s, indeed, at a slightly higher level on the stone than the others, on a piece which shows a fracture tiirther away from the base of the wing, where the first separation of what I then co.\sidered the main scajjular branch and the externomedian vein takes place. Upon this elevated i)iece that portion of the supposed branch lying between the so-called arculus and this separation is placed, and if we discard one we discard also the other ; that is. these veins do not a.nial- gamate at their base and curve downward (in passing basoward), but, as a closer exanunatiou shows, feebly and uncertainly it is true, both run parallel to each other and are separated by a slight interval, winle the supposed obli(|uely curving basal amalganiiition is something foreign to the wing, as, indeed, is shown by its also being elevated and not depressed. Examined with this new light to seek for the basal attachments of the branching veins, u few faint indications, over that ps.rt of the I'ossil from which the wing has been llaUed oil (represented in the published ilrawing by dotted lines), show that there are. between what I Ibrmerly called the externomedian vein and the main scapular vein, two separate, parallel, longitudinal veins; moreover, that what I had looked upon as the basal part of the so-called externomedian vein is really only the edge of a llake of stone. I)eneath which, at a slightly lower point, this vein pa.sses, the vein being unseen further t- ward the base than where the cross-vein strikes it. If, then, within the ba.sal fourth of I he wing, between the stout scapular vein, and the so-called externomedian vein (which itself lies lower than indicated in the original draw- ing), there are two parallel, longitudinal veins, it. is highly probable tiiat the upper of thent is directly connected with the vein which strikes the tip of the wing ;.nd carries several snbsequidistant, considerably ob'iipie branches; and the lower with the vein or vi'ins carrying the entire set of more longitudinal branches, between the preceding and what was formerly called the externomedian vein, somewhat in the manner I have indicated en UlMnotlll'lUS lll^^ili». ( 'unvili'il skc'li'li. 280 the ncooinpanyinj; skotch corroctiii}? tlmt fonnorly given, in which the lines marked in longer dashes give tli^f conjectural course of the veins where they are not determinable, and the lines marked with shorter dashes the portions where faint indications on the stone render the determination soniewhat more probable. This view is based on the complete change between the course of the nervules attache«l apically to the upperniost braiuhing vein, and those below it, by which they are separated into two sets, intensitied no doubt by the accident which has caused them to overlap where they are nearest together, but ever, in other respects very distinct. On this basis we nuist make a very iliiTerent interpretation of the entire nenration. The scapular vein must be looked upon as a simple unbranched vein; the ve'.n terminating at the tip, with the more obli(|ue branches confined to the apical fourth of the wing, as the externomedian vein; the branches below this, as Car as but not including what 1 formerly considered the externomedian vein, as branches of the internomedian vein ; nid the re- mainder of the nervules impinging on the low -r margin, and more ch)sely connected than the others by cros.s-veins, as l)rauches of the anal vein. Thus interpreted, the wing falls into a group of paleozoic insects which was perhajis the most numerously represented of all the old neuropterous types in carboniferous times, a group which is separated from all other.s h\ the complete independence of the medi- astinal, anil the lack of any inferior branches of the scapular vein, — a group to which the name of llomothetidae, with this complete alteration of the features by which it was at first characterized, nuiy be applied. As the lack of inferior branches to the scapular vein is an attribute at the present day of nearly ail I'seudoneuropterous wings, and as it occurs in no true Neuroptera whatever, or certainly only in very exceptional instances, we lind in Ilomothetus characters borrowed from prominent features of two great divisions of insects. As stated above, Dr. llagen suggested that the "arculus" could be explained by sup- posing it to indicate the point where, in the front wings of (Jorydalis, the horny l)asal part is separated from the mend)ranous portion by a .softer integument. This explanation would hardly be tenal)le on account of the distance in this case of the "arculus" from the base of the wing, but the facts given above show that the explanation is unnecessary. Xenoneura antiquorum. A re-examinati(^n of both fragment.s of this wing in the light of Dr. IIagen'.s statements shows my ligure to be corre(^t in every point wherein it has been criticized, except in the wholly insignificant matter of on/itting to give with sullicient distinctness what Dr. Ilagen has compared to tiie "recurrent vein" of Ilenierobidae. On the other hand, Dr. Hagen is incorrect in every statement of fact where his statement controverts mine, lie has had the misfortune to publish his statements after an examination of oidy the more incomplete and less distinct of the two halves of the fossil, lie complains that "the whole wing is shown by numerous parallel and very elo.se longitudinal lines to have been placed beneath or above some part of aplaiit; on acci 'ut of these lines some parts of ilie venation are less distinguishable." In the better St. John specinten these I'nes do not in the slightest dej^i-ce interfere with the neuration or its determination, but in at least two spcciflc cases these lines on the Boston specimen have led Dr. Hagen into error. 281 One case is where he stnrts upon liis theory that, two partially overlapping wings are present, one of which 1 had overlooked, — a theory he could not possibly have niaintained with the St. John specimen l)eside him. "Its hind niargin," he says, "is a little below the hind margin of the main wing." Only a mere fragment of the hind margin exists in the Boston specimen, and therefore the marking on the stone which he interprets as the hind nnirgin of a second wing is recognizable with little doubt, and a glance at its relations to the other lines proves at once that it is simply one of the "numerous parallel and very close longitudinal" lines which he refers to a plant. An examination of the reverse shows no such mark at all, and the glazed texture of the stone, peculiar to it where any part of the .wing is found, does not extend, on either stone, beyond the limits of the wing as 1 have defined them. Dr. Ilagen would, however, probably base his double wing theory more upon his next point: that the branches of what I have called the externomedian vein (found on the outer detached fragment) are elevated, while the "corresponding sectors of the main wing" (by which I suppose he refers particularly to the scapular and internomedian veiiHof tlio p;irts on the basal piece) "are depressed." That is, that the detached fragtnent represents one wing, the basal piece another. IJut in the St. John specimen, and indeed, though less clearly, in the lloston specimen, we have absolute proof of the inaccuracy of this view, since the externomedian vein, whether on basal piece or detached fragment is, f/iroiKjhoiif its course, elevated or depressed, according to whether obverse or revei-se is e\ainiu;>(l ; the same is the case in the reverse sense with the inttTiiomedian vein, which is elevated, on both i)ieces, where the externomedian vein is depressed, and tuvc rcrsa. A little more familiarity with paleozoic wings would have taught Dr. Ilagen to expect this very featiu'e. Dr. Hageji is equally unfortumite with the .sc-ratcli of a tool on the costal margin of the Boston specimen, which he would look for in vain on the reverse stone. If it had been shown on my former plate (Jig. 5) it would have lain 3 mm. to the right of the outermost cro.ss-vein figured ; his uuiking the other existing cross-veins ^^ therefore very donbtfid" is accordingly unwarranted. The upper branch of the ineil ?4 282 This new review of the Devonian insects alters somewhat the conclusions which we pre- viously reached. Gerephemera is now considered a member of the g/oup Protophasmida> formerly looked upon as its nearest ally, but from which it was regarded as distinct. The structure of Homothetus is shown to be different from what was formerly supposed, in tiikiug from it its presumed Odonate affinities, but its position is otherwise retained, and the relation of the major part of the Devonian insects to later, carboniferous types, is shown to be more intin.ate than was supposed. This latter conclusion has been reached mainly by a study of forms discovered since the former paper was printed and which are yet unpublished; and it is the only point in which the thirteen several general conclusions formulated in my previous paper require any essential modification. It is even still, true that notwithstanding the discovery of greater unity between the Devonian and carbonitl erous insects, the little fauna of St. John has features which instantly stamp it as distinct from the carboniferous; since, while most of its members belong to restricted groups which occur in carboniferous deposits, they are in most cases very different from the later mem- bers of these groups. Instead, thei'efore, of the five species' being divided; — none to Ephemeridae, two to Odonata, and three to Neuroptera proper (and "probably" to Sialina), as claimed Ijy Dr. Hagen, we find none whatever belonging to Odonata, but of the two so claimed, one referable to an ancient type of Ephemeridiie, and one to an ancient type of Phasmida ; while the remaining three belong to as many distinct families of ancient Neuroptera, doubtless related to, but still distinct from, Sialina, two of which were well represented in carboniferous times. The third, however, had, so far as yet discovered, no representative even among paleozoic insects, and has special interest from its distinct resemblance to the carboniferous Protophasmida, — a group afterwards differentiated as a special type of another order. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. I venture to add to this p.ijjer a plate enjiraved many years aart incorrect. It will serve, perliaps, to explain some of tlic changes my views have undergone, and to rurther illustrate to a slight degree some of tiie errors into whicli my critic has been drawn. All the figures except- ing fig. 5 are of the natural size. Fig. 1. IIoTDOthetus fossilis. Figs. 2, 3. fJthentoniuin Ilarttii. These figures differ from those given in my formerly published plate to a considerable degree. Fig. 4. Vyscritus vetitstua. Figs. 5, 6, 7. Xenoneura antiquorum. Fig. 5 is made up from several camera sketches, and is enlarged about 20 diameters. Figs. 8,9. Gerephemera simplex. These rejiresent both obverse and reverse, as they originally appeared. Fig. 9 is the one that has never been figured before. All or nearly all of these wings appear in reversed position on the plate. Fig. 9 sliould have been turneil a little. Figs. 10, 11. Platephemera antiqua. It will be noticed that fig. 11 shows what looks like a bit of the outer margin not far from the tip; this I suspect is simply a series of cross veins and was meant to represent only that; it is, however, given precisely in this way in my original drawing. ' Oiniiling Dvwritiis, too in.pcrfeia fur any untiffuctory iliwiwcion. Palaeodictyoptera : or the Affinities and Classification of Paleozoic Hexavoda. JjiXCEPTING the cockroaches, which form so large a proportion of carboniferous insects, moL-t of tlie known psileozoic hexapods have long been referred to Neuroptera. But the opinion has been gradually gaining ground that (1) the wide divergence of some of them from post-piileozoic as well as from existing forms, and (2) the occasional unexpected proofs of the combination in single individuals of characters now only known to exist separately in insects of distinct ordinal divisions, i.e., the appearance of broadly synthetic or generalized types, required somo modification of our earlier notions. The discovery of Eugereon and the discussion of its structural peculiarities by Dohrn, Hagen, Gerstaecker, Snellen van Vollenhoven, Packard, Brauer, Goldenberg, etc., did more than any thing else to suggest and enforce this opinion. Dohrn himself in his very earliest paper went so far as to propose to place Eugereon in an ordinal group apart under the name of Dictyoptera, and in the following year to add to the same order the group of insects then known luider the name of Dictyoneura. Ten years later, in changing this ordinal name to Palaeodictyoptera, on account of previous employment of Dohrn's term, Goldenberg also included in it the types described by Dana as Miamia and Hemeristia. and Beneden's Omalia ; Brongniart has of late years employed it in much the same sense, his only really distinctive addition being that of Geinitz's Ephe- merites'. The recent startling discovery by Brongniart of insects plainly related in no very distant way to modern Phasmida, — a highly specialized and unique group of Orthoptera, — but yet bearing wings whose venation compels us to connect them directly with the synchronou? type of Dictyoneura,'^ and which had heretofore been supposed either neuropterous or to belong to an archaic type some of whose members showed distinct hemipterous characteristics ; — ' In liis latest writings Brongniiirt, influenced no doubt by the striking combination of neuropterous and ortliopterous characters which liu discovered in Piotopiiasnia and Titano- phasmn, has endeavored to supplant this term by Nevror- ihoptcres. Three distinct oV)jtctions can bo made to this: 1. The group already has a good name which has been pre- viously accepted by Brongniart, and which the recognized laws of nomenchiture will not allow us to set aside; 2, as a distinctive term his fails to cover the synthetic characters of the entire group (cf. Eugereon); 3, the accepted language of nomenclature is Latin and not French. « See Proc. Amer. Acad., xx, 167-173. '4 I -' 1 t I t 284 this discovery following close upon m}- demonstration that all paleozoic cockroaches belonged to a type distinct from and taxonomically equivalent to existing Blattariae, lends countenance to a new attempt to discuss the relationship of all paleozoic hcxapods to each other and to later types. The time has plainly come for a revision of our general knowl- edge in the light of special discoveries. Our acquaintance with paleozoic hexapods is mainly based upon the structure of the wings, and this is greatly simplified by the fact that, as has been previously noted, differ- entiation in the structure of the front and hind wings of insect., had not in paleozoic times obscured the neural framework of the front wings. It is nevertheless true that the great advances in our knowledge of relationships among paleozoic insects have not come from a study of the wings, but from the happy and rare discoveries of other parts of the bodily structure, as in Eugereon and Protophasma. T'ais would be supposed to render any attempt to reduce the entire series to systematic order somewhat hazardous, were it not that, as will appear later, the great body of Ibrms now known can be grouped, by their wing structure, into a few distinct types, whose relation inter se is such as to warrant a belief that they must have been structurally related in the rest of their organization; and that, among the forms so related, one or another has generally preserved such frag- ments of the body as enable one to speak with some degree of confidence ; at the f^ame time it will have to be admitted that while we are dealing with imperfect remains, any deductions which may be drawn from inferred structure is valuable only as it is cumulative. Brongniart in his latest papers, while, as stated above in a note, unnecessarily and undesirably dropping the name Palaeodictyoptera, — a name historically connected with the greatest advances in our knowledge of the relationship of paleozoic insects, — has also extended its scope, so as to include also all the forms he (and others) had previously placed under Neuroptera and Orthoptera, but, impliedly, leaving the species of Fulgorina still under Hemiptera. There is no reason for this exclusion, and it is probable that it was not intended. Leaving aside, for a moment, the question of the existence of paleozoic Coleoptera, we submit that the same reasons which would justify the use of the term Palaeodictyoptera for Eugereon alone, as was done in the first instance by Dohrn (for its predecessor Dicty- optera), compel us to include in it the entire series of paleozoic hexapods. It is a name too which is peculiarly appropriate to the insects of the paleozoic epoch as a whole, with their undifferentiated wings. It is as applicable to the ancient ephemerids as to the phasmids or cockroaches, and any definition of it grounded on known characteristics must be based almost wholly upon the structure of the wings, from which the name is derived; this structure is, collectively, so simple, the similarity between representatives of groups whose descendants are afterwards ordinally distinct so striking, that we may be justified in claiming the probability of the homogeneity of other parts of their structure. At all events the known facts of the structure of paleozoic insects, apart from the historic develop- ment of the hexapod type in subsequent epochs, would warrant no ordinal separation between them. In saying this I do not overlook the fact that Eugereon was probably a sucking, and Protophasma a biting, insect, for a physiological distinction is of itself of no value whatsoever ; it is the underlying structure only that should be considered ; and we 286 .':aine h any it is have no fact beyond the subsequent development of biting types into groups ordinally dis- tinct from sucking types (a fact paralleled in wing structure), to show that from the stntc- ture of the mouth parts Eugereon should be ordinally separated from Protophasma. Whether the paleozoic relics which have been referred to Coleoptera should also be grouped with the Palaeodictyoptera is another question. That coleopteriform insects then existed is I think probable, both from the traces which are reasonably referred to borings similar to those made by existing types, and by the present structural relationship of Coleoptera to types whose predecessors are most plainly recognized among paleozoic forms, i.e. other Heterometabola. Troxites — the single relic from the paleozoic referred to Coleoptera — is nn obscure ooject, and may, as Brongniart has suggested, be the fruit of a plant. It seems to me most probable, all things considered, that Coleoptera sprang from such Pniaeodictyoptera as were wood-borers throughout life, and which in paleozoic times had no greater differentiation of structure between the front and hind wings than exist in other Palaeodictyoptera. Such differentiation would be likely to arise from the preserva- tion of favored races with such a habit ; while the inherent probability that all the heterometabolous types had their already diverging stems in paleozoic times, coupled with the entire absence from these rocks of "'xy shards of beetles, which in later rocks are the most readily and frequently preserveo ,{ all insect remains, renders the supposition the more acceptable. If then, Troxites be a fruit, and the above hypothesis account for what are apparently beetle borings in the older deposits, we have left one insect only, Pbthanocoris, claimed to come from paleozoic rocks, which shows any considerable sign of such differentiation in structure as led to the existing distinction between the front and hind wings of heterome- tabolous types, as we now know them. Another reason for the claim here urged, viz., that all paleozoic insects should be grouped in one order, Palaeodictyoptera, is to be found in the fact that whenever any of the special groups which it includes, whose distinct affinities to special modern types are easily recognized, are compared with these types, they are found to possess characters which distinguish them as a whole from them. My meaning here will be clear by reference to my paper on paleozoic cockroaches ; these insects, though plainly cockroaches or the ancestors of existing cockroaches, are nevertheless structurally distinct from the latter to such a degree that it was necessary to recognize them as a separate group, Palaeoblattariae, taxonomically equivalent to the entire modern group Blattariae. The passage from one group to the other took place in early mesozoic times. The above view of Palaeodictyoptera then reduces itself to simply this : that hexapodous insects were not ordinally differentiated until post-paleozoic time. The example we have given above, however, sufficiently indicates the next step we must take, and that is to dis. tinguish between groups which the historic development of insects shows were the precursors of types ordinally distinct. This it is difficult to do on any other basis than that of family-continuity. It is comparatively easy to see that the Palaeoblattariae were the probable ancestors of Blattariae, Protophasmida the precursors of Phasmida, Palephemeri- dae of Ephemeridae, and Hemeristina perhaps of Sialina ; but from wing structure alone, Palaeoblattariae (ancient Orthoptera) are as nearly allied to Palaeopterina (ancient Neurop- tera) as they are to Protophasmida (other ancient Orthoptera). Our clew is through the 286 minor groups, and by their aid, and almost entirely by their aid, we may distinguish between orthopteroid, neuropteroid, and hemipteroid Palaeodictyoptera. , I '. >,: PALAEODICTYOPl'ERA. Body more or less elongate, composed of three well-defined regions, head, thorax, and abdomen ; mouth parts as in modern Hexapoda, variously developed ; antennae filiform, simple ; eyes compound. Thorax three-jointed, subequally developed, each joint bearing a pair of moderately long legs ; the meso- and mctathoracic wings closely similar, equally membranous, supported by a framework in which six principal stems are developed, the first of which always forms the costal mars^in ; the mediastinal is simple or only provided with superior branches, the scapular and internomedian simple or compound, the exter- nomedian and anal nearly always compound, their branches almost always inferior ; generally most branches dichotomize ; the membrane is usually more or less reticulate with generally irregular polygonal cells ; stout and well-defined cross veins are rare ; the costal area is generally scant, the anal area generally ample, often very ample, yet not so much from depth as from distal extension ; when at rest the wings appear in all cases to have covered the abdomen as in modern cockroaches, white ants and Sialina ; but although there is some indication from their greater breadth that the hind wings were then folded > they were never plaited like a fan as in modern 0? thopter.i. The abdomen was usually long and slender, composed of nine or ten joints, the last one sometimes furnished with a pair of articulated appendages. [Orthopteroid Palaeodictyoptera.] Palaeoblattariae Scudder. The points in which the ancient cockroaches differed from existing types has been fully pointed out in a comparatively recent paper,^ and need not be repeated here. The classi- fication there proposed has been generally accepted and no little addition to our know- ledge of ancient types of cockroaches has since been added. A number of undescribed forms are in my hands from American deposits, including several new genera, and will be made the subject of special papers. Recent explorations in Triassic beds of Colorado have thrown new light" on the passage of the Palaeoblattariae to later types and it is announced by Brongniart that he has discovered a cockroach in the middle Silurian. The figures he has given, however (La Nature xiii, 116), though unsatisfactory, would lead us to suppose the insect to belong to the neuropteroid Palaeodictyoptera. Protophasmida Brongniart. A classification of the members of this group having been recently proposed by me*, and as I intend to refer to them more fully on another occasion in fully describing and > Mem. Bosf. Soc.Nat. Hist., in, 23-134. » Amer. Journ. Sc., (3) xxviii, 199-203. • Proc. Amer. Acad. Acad. Arte. Sc., xx, 167-173. A careless error vhich crept into this paper may be corrected here. Diet. elon. titiH, -2. :). Archegogr alius prlncntt Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Ilist. xi, 402-403. Ill now publishing figures of this fossil, I place it among orthopteroid Palaeoblattariao simply in accordance with my early determination of it, not wishing to speak positively aa to the character of so fragmentary and uncertain a specimen. The remains consist of what appears to be a broken leg, and of a fragment of a wing in close contiguity but possibly not at exactly the same level. The wing, as may be seen y the figure, shows only a few parallel veins of varying degrees of stoutness, with one, apparently detached, crossing several at an acute angle ; no sign of any margin is seen excepting in the presence above of two or three very distant, delicate, arcuate, oblique veins, apparently of the costal area. The leg is broken into fragments from which an apparent saltatorial femur and a very irregular tibia can be made out, the general course of each straight, but bent at a slight angle with each other. They are somewhat remarkable, for the femur is smooth, has a median flat area bounded by slight ridges, while the tibia is furnished with several promi- nences of large size ; in modern types the prominences when they occur are found only on the femur. There is a slight rounded prominence on the upper surface near the very base of the tibia and another a little beyond the middle ; opposite the latter on the upper surface, is a deeply cleft elevation, its hollow corresponding to the elevation on the upper surface ; thelbasal half of the under surface is occupied by a very broad prominence, of nearly equal height throughout, but slightly depressed in the middle and terminating abruptly at either end. The femur is slightly larger than the tibia and more than twice as broad* Length of wing fragment 15 mm., width of same 11.5 mm., length of femur 10 mm., greatest breadth of .same 3.1 mm., length of tibia 8.5 mm., breadth of same at base 1.5 mm., at tip 1 mm. More has been uncovered since its first description. The specimen was obtained by Dr. J. S. Newberry in the lowest cold beds at Tallmadge, Ohio. [Nenropteroid Palaeodictyoptera.] Palephemeridae Scudder. This name has just been proposed by me' for the ancient Ephemeridae, in which the lower seems to be formed on the same plan as the upper externomedian stem. The ancient types are distinguishable from their fellows, as the modern are from most of theirs* by the great number of cross veins breaking the interspaces into generally quadran- gular cells larger then the fine irregular reticulation of other paleozoic insects. The following insects may be referred here : — Palephemern antiqua Scudd., Dev. Ins. N. Brunsw. 7, pi. 1, f. 5, 9, 10 ; Devonian, St. John, New Rrunswick. ' Earliest wingeil in8. Aiuer., Cambridge, 1885, p. 4. 288 Ephemeritea SUckerti Geinitz, Jahrb. f. Miner., 1865, 385, pi. 2, f. 1 ; Lower Dyan, Reitsch, Saxony. PaUngenia Feiatmantelii Fritscii, Beitr. Pal. Oesterr.-Ung. ii, pi. 1, f. 1-fi; Carboniferous, Bohemia. Although one can hardly doubt the position of t\m insect, the re! ""uvifi) gen. iiov. Stout bodied, the thoracic segments twice as broad as long, the raeso- and mctathorax very large ; the abdomen ovate, the final segments with a median keel ; front wings very regular, oblong obovate, the costal border uniformly arcuate, the mediastinal vein straight, terminating before the apical third of the wing, with numerous straight, simple and regular branches ; scapular vein terminating midway between tho end of the mediastinal vein and the tip of the wing, with similar branches; externomedian vein very important with rather distant branches. Bucaenns ovalis sp. nov. PI. l.*), fig. 4. The fore-wings are very regularly rounded, a little more than three times as long as broad, the tip situated rather below the middle, only a little above the termination of the middle externomedian branch ; externomedian branches about five in number, taking a course about parallel to the apical third of the cosUil margin, very distant compared to the mediastinal branches, always forked, sometimes doubly ; anal veins more oblique, numerou.s and parallel. The prothorax has a slight median ridge, and the flat fore femora are minutely, distantly and rather coarsely granulate. Length of body (excepting the missing head) 22 mm., breadth of abdomen 7 mm., length of front wings 22 mm., their probable breadth 7 mm. A single specimen is known from Mazou Creek and bears, in the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, the number 2049. Oerapompns (rip«> «o|Mn>i) gen. nov. Body slender, elongated, the meso- and metathorax tolerably stout, but the prothorax at I" tn 290 leoMt 118 long m broad. F'ront wiiigH obovate, the coHtnl margin Mlightlj lesH nrciiate in the middle than at either extremity, the mediastinal vein Hubparallel to the co-sta and tormina • ting near the apical third of the wing, with rather distant HJinplo branches ; scapular vein terminating near the tip, with longer and usually forked but otherwise similar branches. Externomedian vein very important with numerous, very long, generally forked, curving branches, subparallel to the outer half of the costal border. Ctorapompns bUttlaoldM ap. nov. PI. lA. flg. I. The general aspect of the closed wings is that of a cockroach. The prothorax is sub- cordiform, not unlike that of some Carabidae, with a blunt subcentral boss ; the parts in fVont are obscure. The hind leg is rather long, the femur much stouter than the shorter tibia, the tarsi obscure but nearly as lung as the tibia. Win^a slightly produced at the apex, but well rounded, less than three times as long as broad. Scapular vein first forking some way beyond the middle of the wing, at or beyond the last fork of the mediastinal vein, and then at once curving downward to approach the margin less rapidly. Length of prothorax 3.5 mm., hind tibia i mm., breadth of hind femur 1.5 mm., length of front wing 20 mm., breadth of same 7.5 mm. The carboniferous beds of .\Iazon CrB3k ; discovered by Mr. P. T. Bliss. Oerapompns Mctmsns sp. nov. PI. 15, figs. 5, 8. The prothorax is quadrate, the mesothorax of the same width in front as the prothorax , but widening posteriorly ; the head apparently a little smaller than the prothorax. Fore wings tapering apically but rounded at the tip, less than three times the length of their median width, the costal margin less arcuate than in the preceding species. Scapular vein nearly straight, first branched near the middle of the wing, some distance before the final forking of the mediastinal vein, and unaccompanied by any change in the direction of the stem. Hind wings, very similar to the front wings in size and shape but with the branches of the externomedian vein much more transversely oblique and curving in the opposite sense, their open side being toword the tip of the wing. Leu'^th of prothorax 3 mm., breadth of same 3 mm., length of front wings 30 mm., median width of same 11 mm. Mazon Creek, Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 2019. ▲nthraoothramma (S>^9^, Mmm) gen. nov. Body stout, appi*."\i'i,ly >^8pre«:5r5d, the iii'»racic segments several times broader than long, tapering anteriorly to a subtriangular head and more gradually behind along the almost parallel-sided abdomen, broader at tip than the head. Wings elongated, with nearly straight costal margin, extending far beyond the abdo:nen ; the mediastinal vein extends over about two-thirds of the wing ; the scapular vein rather strongly arcuate, and reaching very near to the tip ; the externomedian vein closely parallel to the latter, commencing to branch before the middle of the wing and emitting many long, parallel, simple or simply forked, straight or gently curving, longitudinally oblique branches ; internomedian branches similar. 201 Anthraoothramma roboata. t>\>. nov. IM. in, tig. i. A, B. The Murface of tho body in tho Hpccimen illuHtruted in f^. in not well enough pre* Hcrvcd to n\\ov/ much texture, but the bond iippenrt* to have a median suture and to taper riipidly to a rounded trout in advance of the lateral eyeH. The prothorax, althou<;h very Hhort and transverne, taperH rapidly in tront ; the mcHotborax ih a little larger and longer than the tnetathorax, which docH not exceed the abdominal Hegments in length. The trout wingH are three and a quarter timcH longer than broad, with the coxta very Htraight excepting at the extremitiuH ; the HtiffneHH of the wing, however, i8 relieved by the arcuation of the principal veiuH ; the branchcH of the mediaHtinal vein are Himple, oblique, n little curved, not crowded ; thone of the 8capular vein are few in number, lie wholly beyond tho mediastinal and are rather vague ; thoHc of the externomedian vein arc nearly straight, on one wing about half of them forked at varying distances along the stem, on the other ving in the single specimen at hand most of tiiem simple, and one transferred from the main stem U> a forking branch ; they are equidistant and not closely crowded. Legs stout and llattened. Length of body 30 nun., of head 3.25 mm., of prothorax L5 mm., of entire thorax 0.25 mm., of abdomen 19 mm., breadth of head 4 mm., of thorax 10 mm., of lant segment of abdomen 5 mm., length of front wings 28 mm., breadth of same 8.65 mm. ' Mazon Creek, 111. Carboniferous. Collection of Mr. R. D. Ljicoe, No. 2048. Another specimen (tigs. 1, 5) is better preserved in some parts, showing the texture of the body to have been uniformly and delicately granulose. The borders of the head are imperfect so that the drawing nuiy here be incorrect. The tip of one of the wings is better preserved so that the form can be better determined. Nothing additional can be gained from the neuration. It comes from the same locality and bears in Mr. Lacoe's collection the number 2052. G«noptar]rx {!(*•*, «Wpi<) gen. nov. Win^^s obovate, with more or less arched costa, and somewhat produced apex ; medias- tinal vein of vaiiable length, the scapular extending to or nearly to the tip, connected to the veins on either side of it by transverse or oblique cross-veins ; externomedian vein very important, commencing to branch considerably before the middle of the wing and by several longitudinally oblique mostly forked veins, closely connected by feebler cross veins, feeding the apex of the wing ; internomedian vein also important with several similar veins, the outermost of which runs in close proximity to the basal externomedian branch from its very origin, so that at first sight both externomedian and internomedian branches appear to spring from a common vein. Oenopterjrx coii8tric:ci. sp. nov. PI. 1.5. flg. ii. A single broken wing is preserved with part of another, probably of the same side. It conforms best to the generic characters laid down above in the similar appearance of the externomedian and internomedian branches, wh'ch are all less longitudinally disposed than in G. lithanthraca. Another marked distinction from that species is in the comparative narrowness of the area of the wing above the scapular vein, due partly to the less strongly 2!»'2 convox oostul margin, and in tho nuu'li groatcc loiigtii of tliu nioiliiustiiiai voiii, wliicli in G. lithanthraoa scarcely extends beyond the niidille ilurd of tlie wing, while liere it doi>s not. stop -.nnch aliort of tlie tip. L*robabU> hMigth of wing .'iO mm., its breadth, S.'Ja mui. Carboniferons beds of Ma/.on (-reek (Mr. \i. I). Iiacoe No. *JOK>). li! Gtonoptaryx llthanfJuraoa. Gri/flnn'tK' IKhanthraca Ooi.o., I'Hiaeontogr., iv, lil-27, pi. 1. ligs. I, 'J. Carboniferons deposits of Fisehbacli ««id liusliiitle near Saarbriicken, (Jermany. CheUphlebla (xn^i 4^«Pu>v) tion. nov. A large coarse-winged group, with tolerably slendiM* lornu indicated by the position of the wings in rep«)so and marks on the stom* ttu'. vag»i'> to be well represented. The wings are elongated with snb-parallel b«)rders, have a scarcely arcnate costal margin and variable tip, and cross veins, unle.s.s e.xeeedingly feeble, entirely absent. The mediastinal vein is short, terminating before the middle of tlu^ wing. The scapnlar vein being dist^ln^ f''om the margin, though tolerably straight and supplying many obliipie branches to tho same, reminds one of the species last nuMitioned. The externomedian veins are few, distuMt, simple or compound, and terminati* ntostly on the apical margin ; while the internomediau vein extends far towards the extremity of the lower margin parallel to the externome- dian branche.-i, and feeds all that margin with transversely oblitjue, curving branches. This feature, nuist conspicuous in the first of the species, has snggesti^d the generic name. dhsliphlabla oarbocarla. Hp. uov. IM. li>, iIk. h. The wing is about three times as long as br«)ad, uniform in Itreadth over most of its extent, with a very broadly rounded ti|). The middle third of the low<>r margin is ahiio it per- fectly straight, g'ving a sti IV appearance to the wing, which seems to be largest beyond the middle; the veins are very prononnce longitudiuid than the internomediiiM branvihes. Urngth of wing, probably, .'IS nnn., breatlth l;5 mm. Carboniferous nodides of Maxon Creek, 111. (Mr. U. 1). liucoe. No, 20:M.) CheUphlebla elongata, h|i. nov. I'l. i:>, il^. 7 The wing is probably aitvMit three and a half times longer than broad, broadest in the middle, and beyond that regidarly tjipering to a prolonged and probably somewlmt pointed tip; the veins are «»b,scure. The mediastinai braisi-hes .seem to be few, distant and Him|de. The oxternomedian branches differ considerably on the two front wings, being of the usual type ?im>nt of wlnj^ 25 imiii.. prol>iil>lo coinploto lonjj;(li US mm.. hiviitUli 7.7") mm. i/iirltoiiilV'i'ous Ixm's «)!' Miizoii ('ivt«k. III. (Nfr, L. M. UmltiicliV Tlio H|u>ciiiu>ii li^uivd on pi. I(>, lij«;. 7. nlso lu'lon^.s to this liimily. I'lit too little of llio tuMiration is pro.sorviMl to onalilo ono to spoaU witli any «u)iirnl(>uci> of its oxiict. poiitioii. It would .soiMii proltaltic that it should fall lu'nv Tin* iiH»>ft is cxpim'il on a side vi«'\v and thi> wings ovoiiap so a;; to ot>nl'ns»> tht> nounition at tho co-ilal liordcr. hut tho mivjiaslinal and soapniat' voins atv plainly sinipli> and tho I'ormor oiids o\i the «*osta and has I'cw or no hraiudios. 'riu> hody was oiongattMl and llio wings proltiihjy altont '.\'t mm. long. It coinos iVoni Ma/.«>n ('I'l'ok, Illinois, anti hiNirs the ninnltor'JdlS in th(> colhs'tion of Mr. |{. I). Ijaroo. Oanentomum (y^vot, jfvToiM*) »<uration and ahinidaut. soinowhat locldo oross voins. Tho front is inoro ovato than tho hind wing. th«' ooslu! margin hoiug nioi'o a 'ohod. tho tip apparontly nioro point«>d and tho anal ar«>a miuv oxoi.sod. 'I'ho modiastinal voin is Itmg. at lo:ist two-thirds tho h'ugth of tln^ wing, anil sonds altnnil. ut though not orowdod Id'anohos to tho oostal nniigin. 'I'ho scapular voin lios vory oloso to it and omits no hranohos until hoyond it. whou it sonds olY a fow nioro ol)li(|no onos and it^tdf o.vtonds to tho tip. Tho (>\tornomodian voin is soparatod hy an iniusual iiit«'rval Ironi tho .so;ipular and omits sovoral stout forkod hranohos, whi«'h oovor tho apioal and tho oxtromo outor part of tho iidi'rior hordoi. Tho inlornomodia.; voin is forkod ono«> or twioo «»nly in tho front wing, tho hranohos ap])oaring similar to tlioso of tho proooding voin : whilo in tho hind wiiiu, it hoirs utany shortor and niuoh nioro ohlitpio inferior hranohos. m Oonentomum valldum. xp. uov. 1*1. Id. il^x. -.>, ;t. Tho tmly [.arts prosorvod in tho singlo spooimon known aro tho groator portions of two wings, a front and a himl wing, widoly soparatod from oaoli ttlhor Imt in tho sann- nodulo. In tho front wing tho groator p:irt of tho oostal margin, inoluding all of tho nuMliastiual voin and its hninohos, is d«'strovod. nnloss as is prohahU* tho first voin shown is tho o.'ctromily of this voin; in tho hind wing tho hnujohos of this voin aro oltlitpu'. ir.oroasinglv longi- tiidinid away from tho haso, and ofton lork(>d i>t)d sinuous. In tho front wing tho oxtiM- nomodian vt>in is .soparaicd from tho scapular hy a spico altoiil cipial to tho intorspacos holwoou its hraiudios hoforo .",oy fork, and is connoctod with it hy distant transverse «*ros8 veins, hreaking the iulorspaco up into sul»t]uadrate oolls ; ni the hind wing, the course of tho voin is not so straight, it is rather more wid. ly so| aratod from tho .scapul.sr vein and. hesidos tho trausvorso veins, tho intoi'spaoo is traversed hy a siipplotuontary. hmgitutliual. hiuding veil in the middle of tho wing nearly a fourth the length of tho latter; the l>ran«'hos of the oxtoruoniodian vein an* nn»re fretiueullv and t-xlonsivoly forkoil in tho fron' than in tho hind wing hut do not t, 4Mi|r) gen. nov. This is one of the most anomalous genera of this family, all the veins nnd branches above the internomedian being longitudinal and nearly parallel to each other and the straight costal margin ; the externomedian vein is twice forked not far from the base of the wing, and all the branches run in the same genenil direction ; so does the internome- dian vein, which is exceptionally developed, and emits a considerable number of rather distant, parallel, oblique, rarely forked, nearly straight branches. DidjrmophlepB oontosa. PI. la, tig, )>. Termes contustis ScvX)J)., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 300-301. The body is crushed past all recognition, and fragments of legs lying between the wings only show that they were slender. The wings, al< him as internomedian should be considered as anal. Mizotannes Ingauensis. JUixotermes Ingauensis Sterzel, Ber. naturw. Gesellsch. Chemn., vii, 273-276, pi., fig. 3-5. Carboniferous deposits of Lugau, Germany. Omalia Coem.-Vaa Ben. Probably tliis form belongs here but the original needs a new study, as its curious venation is plainly impossible and no sufficient description has ever been given. Omalia maeroptera. Omalia maeroptera Coem.-Van Ben., Bull. Acad. roy. Belg., (2), xxiii, iv, 384-401, pi. Carboniferous deposits of Sars Longchamps, Belgium. Palaeopterina Scudder. Wings obovate, several times longer than broad, the mediastinal vein of front pair ter- mintinag, usually not far from the middle of tiie wing, by running into the scapular vein. I !! J m i .1 1 ' M ii ^^B 1 ■' ''' - -i ■ i i i 1 1 i 296 The scapular vein throws off an inferior branch before the middle of the wing, generally close to the base, and runs past the extremity or the mediastinal without being affected by it ; it usually reaches nearly the tip of the wing, but in some cases does not extend beyond the middle ; the inferior branch is forked a few times, the branches, very longitudinal, rarely occupying more than the upper half of the tip of the wing. The externomedian vein is very unimportant, often simple, occasionally divided at the base into two stems, each of which may fork once or twice, and in one abnormal type assuming an importance equal to the main branch of the scapular .ain. The internomedian vein nearly always extends so far as to occupy with its branches the whole of the lower margin; the m-^in vein is some- times strongly sinuous, and the branches are nearly always more oblique than in the Homotbetidae, more numerous and arising somewhat continuously from the base out- ward. The anal vein is provided with many closely crowded, generally longitudinal branches, the area never reaching beyond tlie middle of the wing. This account of the structure of the wing differs from that formerly given by me (Mem. Bo."t. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 189) in some slight pnrticulars only, due to the discovery of addi- tional types. The group differs conspicuously from the Homotbetidae in the termination of the medias- tinal vein, which impinges upon the scapular vein and not upon the margin of the wing. The relative importance of the externomedian and internomedian areas is reversed, and the contrast between the course of the br.inches in the two areas generally more marked here than in the Homotbetidae. Tiie importance of the internomedian area, prevents the anal from encroaching beyond the middle of the wing. It differs from tlie Xenoneuridae principally in the structure of the lower part of the wing, in the complete independence of the externomedian vein, and in the conspicuous branching of the internomedian. The ter- mination of the mediastinal vein separates it from the Hemeristina, as does the less im- portance of the scapular and externomedian areas. Apart from the termination of tlie mediastinal vein, the relation of the neuration to existing neuropterous families is much the same as in the Homothetidiu. In this respect, however, it more closely resembles tlie Sialina and Perlina. From these it is separated by the decided deficiency of the scapular branch, whose offshoots rarely fall below the middle of the apex of the wing; by the unim- portance also of the externomedian vein, which is usually simple; by the far greater extent and importance of the internomedian area, which may be considered the remarkable part of its structure, reaching out far toward the tip of the wing, and with the anal area occuping nearly half of the wing. Gerstaecker has in various places claimed ihat tlieir neuration would place the Palaeo- pterina in the Perlina, but nowhere specifies the reasons for this belief. The more perfect presentation of the family characteristics, which we are now able to give, shows that his claim is unfounded ; indeed, the single point in which a special resemblance can be traced is in the distal union of the mediastinal and scapular veins, by the impinging of the former on the latter in the apical half of the wing; a feature which these two families share in common with the Embidina, Raphidiidae, etc. The e.\ternomedian vein, for example, is either simple or divided almost at the base in the Palaeopterina, while in the Perlina it runs undivided past the middle jf the wing, separating two great fields, the one above devoid of cross veins, the one below cut, at least in one sex, by numerous prominent cross veins. 297 and together forming a very distinct and characteristic feature having no sort of coun- terpart in Palaeopterina. Most of the genera agree in the structure of the intemomedlau vein; but in one (Stre- phocladus) it is remarkable for throwing off its offshoots from its superior, and not inferior, side ; while another type (Aethophlebia), which we have placed at the end of the series, is very remarkable throughout, though it would seem to fall in this place. Miamia Bronsoiii Dann. Miamia Bronaoni Dana, Amer. Journ. Sc, (2), xxxvii, 84-35, fig. (1864). Mazon Creek, Morris, Grundy Co., HI. Proptetioiui («|m(, imiTMrfi) gen. nov. Body apparently flattened, of moderate size, the thorax very broad but narrowing in front of the wings, the reduction falling on the mesuk ., the prothorax and head being narrow and proloi?ged. Abdomen apparently similarly slender. Mouth parts formed of a spreading tuft of organs extended in front of the head and in the same pkne. Legs obscure but apparently rather long and slender, and increasing in size in passing back- ward. Wings large, full, oval, of nearly equal breadth excepting at extremities, at rest considerably overlapping the abdomen ; the scapular vein prominently elevated, widely distant from the margin in the basal half of the wing, gradually approaching it in the dis- tal half where the mediastinal vein soon falls into it, and terminating in the margin just before the tip ; it has a single inferior branch arising near the base, which divides beyond the middle into two apically forked or simple branches. The externomedian vein divides at base into two long curved branches either simple or apically forked, which, with the branches of the scapular, occupy the whole of the apex of the wing. The internomedian and internal veins occupy nearly half of the wing, the former the outer and probably larger portion, with nearly straight, oblique, rather distant, simple veins. Straight or curved cross veins are scattered over the whole wing. Like Miamia, this genus has a remarkable aspect from the narrowness of the head and prothorax as compared with the rest of the body. The mesothorax is broader than long and narrows rapidly, so as to be less than half as broad in front as behind, while the head and prothorax, each longer than broad, are parallel sided. Since the mouth-parts project for- ward in the same plane, the prolongation of the parts in front of the base of the wings is excessive, being considerably more than half as long as the body behind the front base of the wings, and perhaps as great as the extension of the abdomen behind the posterior base of the hind wings. The wings are ample and apparently folded upon the back as in mod- ern Sialina. The hind wings appear to have been of the same general shiipe or a little broader, but without any special fulness of the anal area ; tliis point, however, is very obscure from the imperfection of the fossil. The genus differs from Miamia in the even great'»r slenderness of the head and protho- rax, the anterior prolongation and tapering of the mesothorax, the larger anal appendages, and particularly in the neuration of the wings ; viz., in the wider marginal field in advance of the scapular veins of the front wings, the arcuate course of the same vein, the much i mmm u •fi ■ if Sifl ill 1 298 earlier origin of ita inferior branch, and the much wider space between it and the main vein filled with stout, arcuate branches. Proptetleiui infemiui, sp. nov. PI. 17, iiga. 3, 4. Head subquadrate, rounded behind and apparently a llutle broader than in front, nearly half as long again as broad, very slightly arched above, the eyes and antennae not appearing on the stone ;' the mouth-parts are nearly as long as the head itself, but do not admit of any clear separation of the parts; apparently, however, they consist of three pairs of very similar, single-jointed, moderately stout blades. Prothorax simil tr in shape to the head, but a little larger, subquadrate with rounded an- gles, and apparently no broader behind than in front, transversely arched like the head, with a slight median carina obliterated in the centre. The head could apparently be partly with- drawn beneath it, since it seems to have been preserved in that condition, as the illustrations show, the front margin of the prothorax appearing to cut the head in halves in fig. 4, where it best appears ; while in fig. 3 the hinder edge of the head is seen embrr ced at the sides by the edges of the prothorax, as is seen better still upon the stone. The front legs appar- ently are indicated by the scars on either side of the stone, especially by that on the left side of fig. 4 and its reverse, where a tibial joint appeal's to be marked. The legs are shown by this to have been rather short and very slender ; toward the base of the de- tached scar of the right leg. in fig. 4, is seen the end of a slender femur, which appears even slenderer in the reverse (left side of) fig. 3. The mesothorax is of a very strange form when taken in connection with the prothorax ; it is half as broad again as long, and the wings are attached next the hinder margin, while the parts in front taper, as has been said, to the size of the prothorax, which is considerably less than half the posterior width of the mesothorax ; the front margin is roundly excised as if forming a socket for the movement of the prothorax, and the taper- ing sides are gently convex ; the surface does not appear, as in the parts in front, to be regularly arched, but to be furnished with coarse bosses, especially in the medial portions. Its legs are shown only on one siile, ami that very obscurely, indicating a length about the same as that of the front pair. The dimensions of the metathorax can only be judged by the size of the legs and wings, the hind wings being ampler than the front pair, and the hind legs longer, so far as can be told from the scars, than either of the others ; it can hardly be narrower than Lhe meso- thorax, and in all probability was of the same width ; its legs, or rather the fracture-scars indicating where they were, are preserved on both sides of the body, and a basal fragment of that of the right aide (in fig. 4) is actually preserved, showing again that they were very slender, compressed, and of consideraole lengtli, or much longer than either of the other pairs. The indications of the abdomen are very vagvie, but show it to have been slender, nearly as broad at tip as the prothorax, and provided with a pair of rather slender, tapering, pointed anal appendages about as long as the mouth-parts. Front wings broad, more than three times as long as broad, oblong oval, the middle half or more equal or very nearly equal, the apex very regularly rounded ; costal margin a lit- 299 tie shouldered near the base. Marginal vein bordered on the proximiil half of the wing by a very narrow and tapering membrane, so that it does not form the actual mai'gin until beyond the middle of the wings. Mediastinal vein parallel to it, impinging on the scapular a little before the end of the middle third of the wing, and running nearer the marginal than the scapular '^ein. Scapular vein gently arcuate, running in the proxinuil half of the wing in a straight course parallel to the marginal vein, then bending slightly upward to meet the top of the mediastinal, and in the apical third of the wing curving gradually downward, a little less rapidly than the marginal so as to unite with that not far before the extreme tip (which is broken off); very far toward the base of the wing (near the middle of the ba.sal fourth) the inferior offshoot originates, and runs completely pai'allel to the marginal vein until it forks, at or just beyond the tip of the mediastinal vein ; each of its forks again subdivides in the left wing, at no great distance from the border, the upper one more distant from it than the lower ; but in the right wing the upper fork is simple, and the lower as in the opposite wing. The externomedian vein forks near the base, next the origin of the scapular branch, and its branches pass in a broad curve to the tip of the inner margin, the lower one simple, the upper forked apically, the fork being deeper on the right wing than on the left, where, in this feature, it stjmds midway between the two forks of the scapular branch. The internomedian vein is a little obscure except in the apical por- tion, where the veins originate a very little earlier on the left wing than on the right ; it parts from the neighborhood of the other veins next the forking of the preceding vein, and passes first in a straight line to just about the centre of the wing, when it sends a straight oblique branch to the middle of the apical half of the lower margin ; it then takes a course sub-parallel to the costal margin, very soon emits another similar branch, and finally forks opposite the tip of the mediastinal vein ; whether it also emits some branches nearer the base is uncertain, but it is probable that either there is a single one turown off close to the base, parallel to those beyond ; or that all the nervules within the first distinct branch belong to the anal vein ; these last nervules are obscure, but appear to repeat the course and separation of the internomedian veins. Hind wings shaped as the fore wings, but more ample, extending at rest, like the fore- wings, beyond the tip of the abdomen, which reaches about the middle of the distal half Little of the neuration can be made out. but the apical half of the scapular vein appears to be the same as in the front wing. The internomedian vein is strongly curved before it forks in a sense opposed to the general course of the curving veins ; it first branches a lit- tle before the middle of the wing, and in sending out its three or more branches (a little nearer the base than in the front wing) it turns parallel t<) the costal margin, and its branches part at a much wider angle and pursue a much more transversely oblique course than in the front wing. The anal area is probably not any fuller than in the front wing, for the hind wing of the right side shows by its apical margin, beneath the front wing of the left side (a margin not shown in the figure), that if there were any fulness to its anal area 't should appear be3'ond the costal margin of the left front wing. Length of body, from extremity of head (exclusive of mouth parts) to tip of body (exclusive of anal cerci), 34.5 mm., of mouth-parts, 2.5 mm., of head, .S.25 mm., of pro- thorax, 5 mm., of mesothorax, 5.75 mm., of anal cerci, 2.5 mm., of front wing, 31 mm., breadth of head, 2.25 mm., of prothorax, 3 mm., of mesothorax, 9 mm., of front wing, 10 mm. 300 This specimen is one of the most beautifully preserved of the fossil insects in nod- ules which I have seen. It was sent me for study by Dr. Jasper C. Winslow of Danville, 111., to whom it belongs, and was found by him on Little Vermilion River, about four miles above Georgetown, Vermilion Co., 111., in a carboniferous deposit. It is referred to as a species of Miamia in the Oeology of Illinois, vol. iv, p. 253, where the relation of the deposit to the region is explained. The drawing by Mr. Blake is a very perfect represen- tation of its appearance. Di«oon«ara (SiiixM, vavpov) gen. nov. The wings of this genus are long and slender, largest beyond the middle. The medias- tinal vein strikes the scapular vein considerably beyond the middle of the wing, while the main branch of the latter, bearing two or more simple or forked branches, which fill the whole apex of the wing, arises in the middle of the basal half of the wing. The extemomedian vein is simple. The internomedian vein is very long, reaching nearly to the extremity of the lower margin, and sending at equal distances a number of simple oblique branches to the border. The anal vein with its branches occupies the basal third of the lower margin. The simple extemomedian vein, combined with the importance of the internomedian, are the striking features of this genus. Dieconenra arcnatn sp. nov. PI. 16, flg. 4. The scapular branch begins to fork beyond the middle of the wing, and is connected near here by an oblique cross vein to the extemomedian vein, which is at first straight and divides equally the broad space in the middle of the wing between the scapular branch and the internomedian vein, but afterwards curves downward following the course of the extremity of the internomedian vein. The latter is strongly sinuous, taking at first a nearly straight course as if it would terminate at about the middle of its actual area, then curving upward into close proximity to the base of the first offshoot of the scapular branch, and then turning to its former course, but arcuate ; the main stem is bordered throughout by a dusky band intensifying its otherwise striking cha; acter. The abdomen is long and slender, the joints of nearly equal length and breadth. Length of thorax and abdomen 29 mm., of front wing 30 mm., width of same, 7.25 mm. Carboniferous beds of Mazon Creek, 111. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 2043. lH;l I XMeeonetua rlgida »p. uov. PI. 15, flg. 10. All the veins are remarkably .straight and stiff. The mediastinal strikes the scapular vein at an acute angle without bending down to it. The scapular branch has few and distant branches (two only are seen), the first arising far before the middle of the wing and forking near the origin of the second branch below the imion of the mediastinal with the scapular vein. The extemomedian vein is perfectly straight, filling the equal space between the internomedian vein and the scapular system. The internomedian vein is slightly bent near the middle of the wing and its simply oblique briinches are slightly 301 arcuate. The wing is the only part preserved and 's very imperfect, showing only the middle of the wing. The length of the fragment is 11 mm.; piobahly the whole length of the wing was 20 mm., the breadth 6 mm. From the intercomglomerate beds of Pittston, Penn. Mr. R. D. Tjjieoe, No. 2042. Strephooladna () geu. nuv. A very remarkable and anomalous genus, particularly in the structure of the interno- median vein, and in the existence of an adventitious vein made up largely of a branch of the internomedian, and running across the externomedian vein into the main branch of the scapular vein in such a way as to appear z baseward continuation of it. The medias- tinal vein strikes the scapular a little beyond, and the main scapular branch is thrown off a little before, the middle of the wing ; the latter is at first parallel to the costal margin until, just below the tip of the mediastinal, it meets the adventitious vein, when it takes the upward course of the latter until it is in near proximity to the main vein ; it emits three or four longitudinal, slightly declivent, parallel branches. The externomedian vein is coalesced with the internomedian at the base, then takes a straight, horizontal course to the adventitious vein, where it forks into two simple branches parallel to the scapular oflF- shoots, the base of the fork forming part of the adventitious vein, ihe internomedian vein runs in a slightly tortuous course toward the middle of the lower margin of the wirg and beyond its middle sends out obliquely upward the main branch which forms the adventi- tious vein, and from the lower surface of the branch and the outer surface of the main stem arise frequent straight ond mostly simple branches like the scapular offshoots. i n III |:j 1^1 i 802 Aethophlabia sliigiilwrla np. nov. PI. 17, fl«. 9. The single specimen is a nearly perfect wing, broadest in the middle, with the tip lust where it extended beyond the nodule. The straight mediastinal vein is at considerable distance from the nearly straight costal margin and connected with it by straight, trans- versely oblique, mostly simple veins which become more crowded toward the extremity, and where they arise from the scapular vein, which is sinuous and beyond the tip of the mediastinal approaches the margin. The interspace between these two veins is traversed by straight, transverse veins, but the other main interspaces are crossed by oblique and generally straight but sometimes arcuate and always simple cross veins ; the offshoots from the scapular branch and adventitious vein are parallel to each other and equidistant, con- nected by straight, transverse veins in places (and probably everywhere), making quadrate cells in these narrow^er interspaces. The large triangular space between the middle portion of the cxternomedian vein (here straight and parallel to the costal border) and the interno- median and adventitious vein is broken by a sinuous, longitudinal vein parting from the externomedian, below which the cross veins are oblique, above, transverse. The anal veins are obscure, excepting the two outer principal ones which are close together, distant from, and sub-parallel to, the internomedian vein. The lower margin is gently convex. Length of fragment, 31 mm., probable length of the wing, 38 mm., breadth, 12 mm. Carboniferous deposits of ^lazon Creek, R. D. Lacoe, No. 2037. Xenoneubidae Scudder. The characteristics of this family have already been given by me in my paper on Devo- nian Insects.* It agrees best with the family just reviewed, in that the mediastinal vein impinges upon the scapular, and that the latter bears a principal branch with offshoots feeding the tip of the wing. But the externr median vein is peculiar in being amalga- mated for a considerable distance with the s capular, and then forking considerably and occupying the outer half of the lower margin; while the inner half is equally divided between the internomedian vein with its basally divided, simple branches, and the anal vein crowded against the border. Zenonenra antiqnomm. Xenoneiira antiquonim Scudd., Dev. ins. New Brunsw., 24-29, pi. 1, figs. 5-7. Eai'lier references will be found there. Devonian beds of St. John, N. B. Hemeristina Scudder. Wings elongate, the mediastinal vein simple, terminating on the costal margin beyond, generally far beyond, the middle of the wing. The scapular vein throws off an inferior > Anniv. Mem. Boat. Soc Nat. Hist., 1880. if 303 branch which arises before, generally far before, the nrnMIe of the wing. anr of obliquely longitudinal, Himple, or forked ott'shoots, which generally occupy the whole of the apex of the wing, and sometimes infrin'ge a little upon the lower margin. Tlie externomedian vein generally extends nearly to the middle of the wing before branching, and then forks uu>re or less abundantly, showing considerable variation in this respect, the nervnles sometimes oc- cupying the larger part of the outer half of the inner margin, sometimes reduced to a sin- gle branch or two. The internomedian vein resembles the preceding, although it branches from the the base and is generally more important than the externomedian vein where the latter is poorly developed, though .sometinies it is simple. The anal veins generally occupy the basal fourth of the inner margin, with a series of simple, or simply forked, sub-paral- lel branches, generally arising close to the base of the main stem. This group has been twice described and named by me — once in 1865 ' under the name of Hemeristina, when only a single and rather aberrant form was known to me ; and again in 1880' under the name of Cronicosialina, when discussing the affinities of one of the Devonian forms. It now appears that not only these, but the series of wings discussed by me in a paper on English paleozoic insects (excepting one, Archaeoptilus, shown to belong in quite another place) should be brought together from possessing one important charac- ter in common, characteristic of the ncuration of most plannipennians to-day, — the exis- tence of a main .scapular branch from which a consideral)le numbei of inferior offshoots arise and occupy the entire tip of the wing, or even more than that. In modern planni- pennian Neuroptera it is ftsually more important than here, and the modern groups to which this series of forms bears most resemblance — the series allied to Sialis — differ in that the mediastinal vein impinges on the .scapular and not on the costal margin. The ancient group can, indeed, only be looked upon as a generalized plannipennian type, as we have already pointed out in our discussion of the British forms (loc.cit.). Other ancient groups, indeed, the Palaeopterina and Xenoneuridne, agree with it in the possession of a single, main scapular branch from which offshoots arise ; but in each of these the offshoots are few in number and importance as compared to what is found in the Hi ueristina ; from them it further differs in the point of termination of the mediastinal vein, aiid the usually far greater importance of the scapular branch ; while from the Palae- opterina it may also be distinguished by the minoi- importance of the internomedian vein, and from the Xenoneuridae by the more abundant neuration. Gerstaecker has referred Hemeristina positively to the Ephemeridae, with which it has no more in common than have the other families here characterized, whose mediastinal vein terminates on the costa. Lithomantis Woodward. Prothorax with large, dilated, and rounded lateral lobes. Mediastinal vein of front wings running in very close proximity to the border, but farther from it in the middle than at the base of the wing. Internomedian area extensive, occupying the middle third of the lower margin, and fully as important as the externomedian area. > Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 190. •' Devon. Ins. New Brunnw. * Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hut., iii, 213. 304 Ziithoiiiaiitis onrbonarla. Lithomontia carbonariua WooDW., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., xxjui, 60-64, pi. 9, flg.l. Carboniferous deposits of Scotland. Zilthoalalla Seudder. Wings only known. Mediastinal vein of front wings moderately dintant from the margin, gradually approaching it all the way from the base ; internomedian area unimportant, and far less exten»ive than the externome<1ian. LlthMialla BrongniartL Lithosialia Brongniarti Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 223. Carboniferous' deposits of Coalbrookdale, England. See the reference above for earlier synonymy. Zilthmialia bohemloa- 4' m i MM Iii Idthoaialia bohemica Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxi, 167. Gryllacria bohemica Novak, Jahrb. geol. Reichs., xxx, 69-74, pi. 2, figs. 1-2. Coal measures of Stradonitz, Bohemia. . Ziithoalali* carbonaria. Acriditea carbonariua Germ., Miinst., Beitr. zur Petrel'., v., 92-94, pi. 13, fig. 6; — Ib., Verst. Steink. Wettin, 87, pi. 31, fig. 10. 1 place this species here from the close general resemblance of the neuration to that of the two preceding species. To do so, however, it is necessary to suppo.se an error in the figures given by Germar in making the mediastinal vein arise as a superior offshoot of the scapular; but as this correction seems neces.sary to any understanding of its neuration, it is not a violent supposition. Germar in his later work presumed it to be the hind wing of his Blattina didyma, but it does not at all agree with the neuration of the hind wings of any paleozoic cockroaches. Carboniferous beds of Wettin, Germany. Brodia priseotincta. Brodia priscotincta Scudd., Mom. Bost. Soc. Nat. H:t. m, 215-217, pi. 17, figs. 3-7. — Ib., Geol. mag., (2) viii, 293-295, 300, fig. Carboniferous deposits at Tipton, England. Pach]rtylopBiB DeBorie. There has been some dispute about the position of this genus, but I think there can he no doubt that its place is here. Through the kindness of Mr. DeBorre I have been able to examine not only the excellent heliotypo he has published, but a cast from the fossil, by nor> which it in uviduiit that whilo tho wing has much tho Ki'nural form and proportionH of a mstlorn Pachytylu<4 \U nouratioii in altoguthur ditfuriMit. The niodiastinai vein vtvU in the margin a littlu huyond the mt(Mlo of the wing. Th ■ strong and prominent gently arcuate Hcapnhir terminates at the upper tip; from it is throvvn off before tiiu middle of the basal half of the wing a simple branch parallel to it-ielf, wU'u'h supports numerous, parallel, oblique branches, the innermost of which strikes tlio middle of the outer half of the lower border. The externomedian and internomoilian odshoots, similar and parallel to those of tho scapular branch, are comparatively insigiiifiuiint and divide about equally between them the space between tho scapular and anal veins, which latter strikes the lo«ver margin below the origin of tho first offshoot of the sciipular branch. An additional proof of its position hero is tho presence of a long lon^^itudinal cross-vein uniting the base of tho nuiin scapular branch with the externomedian branch, as in Brodia. Paohsrtylopala Peraocairei. I'l. I7, fl»r- '• Pachi/fyhpn'iH Persinnlrei DeBorre, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xvm, 5-6, pi. 5, fig. 1 ; — GiARD, Bull. Sc. Hist. Litt. Nord, VII, 121-122. — VanV'olxem. Comptes Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. (2) XXIV, 20-26. Carboniferous beds of Mons, Belgium. Lithentomnm Scmldcr. This genus differs from all the others placed in this group in the presence of only a single offshoot of the scapular branch ; and although this point is uncertain from the imperfect nature of the single fragment, it seems improbable from what is preserved that more can find a place. It agrees, however, in all other features with the family and seems to find its place here. Lithentomnm Barttil. TAthentomum Harttii Scudd., Dev. Ins. New Br., 22-24, pi. 1, fig. 3, where earlier refer- ences are fully given ; — Haoev, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, 278 ; Scudd., Earl. Winged Ins. Amer., 4, pi. fig. 2-3. Devonian beds of St John, New Brunswick. OhrestotM Sciidder. The termination of the mediastinal vein in the border and not in the scapular show.s that this insect cannot be referred to the Palaeopterina as formerly supposed by me. Its place seems to be here in the neighborhood of Hemeristia, though it differs widely from that in the character of the scapular branch, and is peculiar for the deep impression of the principal anal vein. OhraatotM lapidea. PI. I7, flg. 2. Chrestotes lapidea Scudd., Geol. Surv. III., iii, 567, fig. 2. In the figure formerly given the engraver obscured the venation by numerous lines parallel to the veins. The one now given is from a sketch taken by myself at that time. Carboniferous beds of Mazon Cr., Morris, Illinois. mirmimiffmmmwyimmmmmm 806 fif'-t i_i i.t',. W% HomeriBtia oooidantaUa. Hemerhtia occidenfnUs Dana, Aincr. Journ. So., (2) xxxvii, 35, fig. 2 ; — Scunn., Amor. Journ. So., (2) xl, 261M',7l; — Iu., Mom. Host. Soc. Nut. Hist., i. 1J)M02, pi. «, fig8. 1, .H; — In., Geol. Mag., v, 217-218. Same depoHitH. Apparently allied io this, bnt too iniperfeot to wnrnuit oonlidenoe in a (Icfinito stAtc- mcnt, is an inHOct(pl. 17, (ig. S) frotn the nanjo deposits, reooived from Mr. R. I). FiHOde nnder the nnnilier 2050. It oert^inly «Uflers from the precedin}? in the development and ptri'Ure and enrving di.>4position of what appear to be the internomedian vein; l)nt tlie outer half of the wing being lost, iu> soapular braneh can bo seen, although one would look for it in the portion presorveil. The eonrse of what appear to be the e.\ternomedian oflfshoots — at least as seen on the lelY side — lead one to suppose that sueh a branch (or branches) nuist exist, and the general a[»pearanee of the insect is that of this family. The head is transveis(>, well rounded and strongly convex, and obscure parts in fi*ont of it take on a triangular form. (sKKAKiNA fam. nov. Wings variable in form but usually not so elongate lu* in the other types, and sometinios remarkably short in proportion to their width. The mediastinal vein is simple, runs close to and torminatos in the margin, usually far toward the tip of the wing, and sends numerous oblique oflslu>ot8 to the imirgin. The scapular is generally the ntost important vein in the wing, running parallel to the mediastinal, and emitting several or many longi- tudinally oblique branches, most «>f them generally in the outer half of its course; these branches may be perfectly simple, the outermost forked ;v little, or all more or less forkeil, and then liable to ap>i ur arbores«'ent; even when most numerous they rjirely occupy njore or much more than tiie tip of the wing, mi accttimt of their longitudinidity and their lack of tendency to sj»read. The extcrnomedian vein is generally less, often far less, impin'- t4int than the scapular, and has two or more branches, the otrshoots nnniing parallel to those of the preceding vein, which they resemble so as to bo indistinguishable fn.m thetn when their origin is concealed; the innern.ost branch neve" strikes tb" margin in the basal half of the wing. In one curious type (Megathentonunn) this seems to be the most important vein in the wing, and all its branches fall on the broad apical margin. The in- ternomedian vein is geiierally re«luced to a simple vein, or to u lesser imit^ition of the externomedian vein. The ar.al area generally extends to or beyond the middle of thi' lower margin of the wing, and seems UHiiall^v t«> be filleil with more tn* less oiilique and more or less frequent nervules running to the nnirgin. This family ditYersfrom all the precceding in that the scapular vein has a considerable number of oftshottts depending from the main vein it-self and not from a simple principal branch. Nor is tnereany modern type to whi«'li it can be eompareti. uov. Hody apparently of inodoratv stout nos8. tho wings largo and rathor broad, woll rounded. ModiiiMtinnl vein at a tolcpable tlistniMV iVoni tlio front margin, to wliirl; it sends ntany curv- ing liranches, and extending nearly to tiie tip of the wing. Seapnlar vein with three or four dist^mt, inequiiHstHnt. but very longitudinal, and therefore elosely erowded, raniose l)ranelies, the lowermost falling but little below the tip of the wing. Kxternomedian nu- luewusly branched but less ranu>se, of about equal importane«' with the preceding. Inter- nomedia.. ..ith numerous inferior, mostly simple l-"anches, occupying the middle half of the lower margin. Anal veins .similar. Polyemna oomplanatua, Hp. uov. IM. is. n^n. s, n. The prothorax forms a sort of depressed shield like that of a cockroach, ami is tolerably well preserve»l, showing that it was sidxpiadrangidar, narrowing «nteri«)rly, with well roundel! front and rounded posteri«)r angles, a little broader tJiau long, the posterior margin convex ; the wimie surface was rugose, itut especially over a large, subcentral but poste- rior, sul)ciroular boss, tho cast of which shows a depression fdh'd with coarse, low granules. The wings are very large and long, evidently extending liir bcyttnd the tip of the abdomen, and overlapping, in the single example known, so that it is dillicult io separate them, or to distinguish certainly to which wing each belongs. From . a careful study, however, it would appeal- that the mediastinal extends nearly or (piite t«) the tip of the wing (which is lost); that the scapular throws olV three long and slightly curving, forked, or multiple forked, oflshoot^s ; and the k'XternonuMiian three or four more t)blique, but not more curv- ing, simple, or simply forked, branches, licngth of prothorax, 7 mm., breadth of same, '.) mm., bri-adth of mesothorax, t^o mm., length ot fragment of wing, •{(> nun., probable length of wing, 'itt n)m., apparent breadth of the same. I'J to II nnu. Mazon Creek, HI. Heceived from Mr. U. I). Lu-oe. N«>. 2(tr»S. Polyemiw lamlnamm. »\*. nov. I'l 17. li^. i. The four overlap])ing wings ure alone preserved, the base lost aiul the wh'^le somewhat oltscure ; the tips of all are rountlly pointed. The mediastinal vein is much farther re- moved from the margi:i in the hind than in the front wing, and shorter ; in the front wing it reaches only the rapidly decliveut portion of the margin before the tip *, the branches both of the scapular and cxterntMuedian veins have a strong, but graceful, downward sweej) in the apical third of the wmg ; and the two basal oflshoots of the former are forked just on a line (slightly oblique) with the singly forking extenioniedian branches, and just before the commencement of the tlownwani curve of the nervules ; the outer branches »)f the scaj)ular vein are very ramose, in rather .strong contrast t«) the simple forking of theextei*- nomedian branches. licugth of fragment r<<) nun.. Itreiidih of sanu> M) mm., probable length of wing (lO nun., its probable breadth 'J.'i mm. A single specimen and Uh rever.se, Niw. 2012, 20 1. '1, were receiveil from Mr. H. I). liiicoe. They are fn)m a thin shale interleaved in the conghuuerate near IMttKton, Penn. (No. xii of Roger's Survey of L*etni.), and very near its ba.«e, there being but six or eight feet of cearse pebbly roek between this shale am! the " red shides" beneath. ! It I 1 1 J P 1 I s ■ 1 ' ' 308 Oeraros (vf^) gen. nor. Body slender and elongated, the prothorax rapidly narrowing in front, so that the head is probably narrow and elongated. Wings correspondingly slender, well rounded, but with tips not produced. Mediastinal vein at a considerable distance from the front margin, united to it by many arcuate cross veins, and extending a variable distance toward the tip, but always to some distance beyond the middle. Scapular vein with a considerable num- ber of longitudinal, more or less oblique, simple or forked offshoots, ipn,king it by far the most important vein in the wing, the internomedian and anal veins apparently dividing the remaining space about equally between them. Qeranu vetiui, sp. nov. PI. 17, flg. 6. The mesothorax appears to be broader than long, the prothorax rounded .subtriangulur, and in front of it a linear prolongation more than three times as long as broad, which may be the head, or a prolongation of the prothorax ; in front of this the stone shows a black- ish discoloration. The wings are broadly rounded at the apex. The mediastinal vein ex- tends nearly or quite to the tip ; the scap>dar vein, arcuate and separating itself gradually from the former, again sweeps toward it past the middle of the wing, and throws off a large number of mostly simple, parallel, oblique branches, the earliest of which must strike the lower margin not far from the middle of the hind margin ; transverse cross veins are to be seen throughout in the minor inter.spaces. Length of whole preserved portion 71 mm., of head (?) 11 mm., breadth of same, 3 mm., breadth of musothorax 10 mm., length of wings 62 mm., breadth across the partly opened wings 23 mm., breadth of wing 19 mm. Mazon Creek, 111. Received from Mr. J. W. Pike and now in the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe under the nu^.^er 2054. A. much smaller but very imperfect fossil, figured on pi. 18, fig. 3, appears to belong in this neighborhood, but to be distinct from anything known. Nearly all the numerous ner- vules of the scapular and lower veins are straight, simply and early forked, parallel and oblique. A future find may enable us to place it more exactly. The length of the frag- ment is 30 mm., the probable length of the wing about 40 mm., and its probable breadth about 15 mm. It comes from Mazon Creek and bears the number 2016 in the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, to whom 1 am indebted for the opportunity of seeing it. Oerams maionna, sp. nov. Pi. 18, (ig. 7. The body is much elongated, but is very imperfectly preserved, patches only or obscure indications of it appearing at various places. There seems to be a transversely roun led granulated prothorax, in advance of which is a longitudinally ovate head, shaped like that of Eugereon, and in advance of that the base of a tube-like prolongation, which is almost immediately broken at the end of the nodule in which it is embedded, and is half as broad as the head. The abdomen is slender and the wings long and slender with scarcely pro- duced rounded tips. The neuration is imperfectly preserved, and in some parts it is difK- 309 cult to determine whether certain veins belong to the upper or under wings, but it would appear as if the mediastinal vein were shorter than usual, not reaching the middle of the outer half of the wing, and that the scapular vein had four or five forking and curving branches, which occupied nearly one half the area of the wing. The neuration would appear to bring the species in this group, and I have accordingly placed it here, but with reserve. Length of body from front of head (excl. appendages) to tip of abdomen 45 mm., of head 3.5 mm., breadth of same 2 mm., apparent breadth of prothorax. 6 mm., apparent length of same 4.5 mm., probable length of wing 42 mm., breadth of same 12 mm., width of abdomen 3.5 mm. Mazon Creek, 111. Found by Mr. F. T. Bliss and now in my collection. Perhaps in this vicinity comes another ni.-,derately slender species (pi. 18, fig. 5) which is very imperfectly preserved. Very little of the wing structure can be made out, but the general arrangement seems to be much as in Gerarus and to be most nearly allied to what is found in the preceding species. The wings are about 20 mm. long. It comes from Mazon Creek, where it was obtained by Mr.F. T. Bliss. QeraroB Danae. PI. 17, fig. 5. Mia7Hia Danae Scudd., Geol. Surv. III., iii, 566, fig. 1. This species differs from the others placed here by the xongitudinal disposition of the veins, which have little obliquity in them. The mediastinal vein extends nearly to the tip ; the apical scapular branch is compound, but the others simple ; a few cross veins may be seen. It is the smallest species in this genus. The body is very vague but shows enough to prove that it was much elongated. The thorax looks as if it had a median furrow. The wings were apparently about 25 mm. long ; their breadth is 8 mm. Carboniferous deposits of Mazon Creek, Illinois. Adiphlabia («-. 8*"«, ^'Pmv) gen. nov. Body rather stout, of subequal breadth throughout the thorax and basal two-thirds of the abdomen, the latter tapering apically, and the obscure parts in front of the prothorax tri- ang(da>' lui) iibout as long as one of the thoracic joints. Wings rather broad, well rounded, with 8trafi.h^ costu. All the nervules arising from the main stems in the basal third of the wing ami v\v u'ling without any forking, sub-parallel, scarcely divergent, straight and lon- gitudinal thicii'^hout the wing, giving it a very unusual appearance. Adiphlebia Lacoana, ap. nov. PI. 18, fig. G. The mediastinal vein runs to the declivent portion of the costal margin, the scapular in olose proximity to it, throwing off" three branches only, close together at the root of the wing, which run parallel to each other unbroken to the tip, where they do not fall below the middle. Il is impossible to tell to which veins all the subsequent similarly simple ner- vules belong, as they also part from one another and their main veins at the very root of the wing. Length of body 31 nun., of abdomen 17 mm., breadth of body 5.25 mm., length of wing 25 mm., its width 9 mm. Mazon Creek, 111. K. D. Lacoe, No. 2057. L> i t| 310 Blegathentomnm Scudder. This genua has certain relations to the preceding, since most of the branches, which are apically formed, must, in most instances, to judge of their direction by the only fragments whicii are known, have originally parted from the main ster^ very near the base. The branches are, however, very few in number, and the wing remarkably broad, rounded and large, the main scapular vein branching only near the tip, and the vein there bent upward as if it were a superior branch and the first branch the main vein. Two species are known, one from this country and one from Germany. MegathentoPiiiun piistiilatiim. PI. 18. flgs. l, 9, 10. Megathentomum puatulatum Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 401-402 ; Ib., Geol. Surv. 111., in, 570, fig. 7. The original specimen (fig. 1) is the best that has been found, so far as I know, but sev- eral others have been discovered, one of which is figured here. The wing was exceedingly broad, indeed, probably more than half as broad as long. It was broadest beyond the mid- dle and subtriangular in shape, though the outer margin was fully rounded. The medias- tinal vein was long, terminating shortly before the declivent termination of the straight costa, and emitting several very oblique and nearly straight branches to it. The scapular vein, parallel to the latter, first branches near the tip of the latter, sending out one or two simple or forked branches which support the upper tip of the wing. The externomedian vein occupies the middle third of the wing, and occupies the largest area, dividing into three branches near the base of the wing, each of which forks singly and rather widely near the border, and at varying distances from it. The internomedian vein divides more than once and supports the lower outer angle of the wing. In this specimen there are six larger, round or squarish, discolored spots, the surfaces irregularly elevated or blistered ; four of them form a bent row in the middle of the outer half of the wing, the upper three spots being nearly straight and the lower one turned inward at a little more than a right angle ; the uppermost spot occurs in the scapular-exter- nomedian interspace ; the others follow in succeeding interspaces. The two other large spots are found in the same interspace with the upper two of the inner row and are situ- ated about half way between them and the border. There are also many smaller spots, often deeper in tint and not elevated, which appear to be leas regularly distributed ; they are usually round but sometimes oval or transversely elongated ; there are three at equal dis- tances from one another in the lower interspaces formed by the branches of the scapular vein, another occurs just within and above the inner of these thrje, and one in tlie angle of the last branch of the scapular vein; there are two between the forks of each of the upper branches of the externomedian vein, and one near the margin between these two forks ; two larger and elongated spots occur in the same interspace with the lowest of the larger spots, at equal distances on either side of it, and the outer close to the margin of the wing; three equidistant ones are seen in the fork of the upper internomedian branch, one near the middle of the hind border, and finally two faint ones in the middle of the wing situated beneath and against the upper branches of the externomedian vein. 311 In the other fragment particularly studied (fig. 10) there are two largo spots, as before, in the scapular-externomedian interspace, but they are more widely separated ; a single large one in the interspace beneath, situated mid-way between tbe two ; but one of inter- mediate size, though apparently belonging to the larger series, in the same interspace nearly half way between the inner and the margin. The smaller spots are distributed in a very irregular and evidently meaningless way ; they are i i n ' m ^Hii - - 812 Fulg. lebachenaia Gold, and F. Klieveri Gold, are probably hind wings of Palaeoblatta- riae. I may remark that Goldenberg left behind him a drawing, now in my possession, in which he tried to restore the latter so as to make it fit the wing of a Gerablattina. Macro- phhalum Holleheni Gold, seems to me also most probably the hind wing of a cockroach, and the supposed separation line between a basal and distal area (corium and membrane) an accidental circumstance. C The two forms conceded above to belong in this section of Palae^dictyoptera seem to foreshadow the homopterous rather than the heteropterous division ot hemipterous insects. The reverse is the cose with the interesting species next to be described. PhthanoooriB OCCidentallS (^*<^> "o'lMt) gen et spec. nov. PI. 18, fig. 4. Phthanocoris occidentalis Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xx, 58-59. A perfect front wing of moderately large size, nowhere very broad, and less than three times as long as broad. The corium occupies rather more than three quarters of the wing, separated from the membrane by an oblique sinuous line running from a point on the lower margin about three-fifths the distance from the base, and reaching the costal margin only a little before the tip. Beyond the basal fourth the costal margin is very regularly and gently arched. The inner margin is strongly rounded next the base, beyond that to the end of the corium straight, with a scarcely perceptible turn outward where it strikes it ; beyond this forming with the apical margin a regularly convex curve, the apex of the wing falling in the middle of the upper two-thirds and the greatest breadth of the wing being twice its width near the base. All the principal veins are stout and prominent, but especially is this the case with the mediastinal and scapular. The marginal vein forms the costal border. The mediastinal is simple and follows the curve of the margin, constantly and very gradually approachin;; it and finally blending imperceptibly into it just before the extremity of the corium, or in the middle of the downward slope of the margin. The scapular vein is the stoutest and most prominent in the wing ; it originates scarcely aucv» the middle of the base (thp mealostinal midway between it and the margin), and runs par- allel to the mediastinal until it divides, a little beyond the basal third of the wing ; its infe- rior branch here recovers the straight course of the extreme base of the vein and retains it to the extremity of the corium, scarcely turning upward at the end and gradually losing its prominence ; while the upper branch or main vein curves upward, very gradually and very slightly approaching the mediastinal vein until it reaches the upper limit of its con- vexity, and then runs parallel to it, terminating in the margin at the extremity of the corium. The externomedian vein originates just below the middle of the base of the wing and runs in a straight course down the middle of the wing to the end of the corium ; it is the least promiment vein in the wing but occupies most space, filling the area below it with somewhat approximate, parallel, straight, oblique veins, most or all of which originate from a principal branch which runs parallel and near to the main vein. The internomedian vein, or sutura clavi, runs from the base of the last vein to the inner extremity of the corium a little beyond the end of the middle third of the wing in a strai'i'ht line, curving very slightly .1! 313 toward the margin at the extremity of its course. The anal vein, starting from the same point, runs parallel to the inner maigin throughout its basal curve and as far from it as the mediastinal from the marginal, and after that runs in a straight line to the tip of the sutura clavi, or almost exactly parallel to the inner margin. The margin of the membrane is filled from a quarter to a third its breadth with crowded, parallel, straight veinlets, which appear to arise vaguely from irregularly arborescent interlaced veins originating from the margin of the coi-ium, at subequidistant intervals, which are about equal to those between the oblique branches of the internomedian vein. The surface of the clavus and coriuin has a minutely wrinkled appearance, not shown in the figure, formed of faint, crowded, transverse lines ; these are most distinct upon the clavus ; the surface is of a pale brown color, a little irides- cent excepting where along some of the veins it appears to be covered with a clay brown film. The length of the wing is 15.75 mm., and its greatest breadth 5.75 mm. ; a minute fragment of the tip is all that is not preserved. It was found in the upper coal measures of Kansas City, Mo., in a small nodal'' in the blue and bituminuous shales, forming layer 95 of the general section given by Broauhead in Pumpelly's Geological Report, ii, 88-97 (1873), and was received for examination from Mr. B. D. Lacoe under the number 2030. The discovery of this fossil in carboniferous beds is a very remarkable one, for up to its discovery not only was no hemipteron known from rocks earlier than the tertiary in Amer- ica, but no heteropterous hemipteron aad been found anywhere in paleozoic formations. Yet the structure of the wing shows it to be distinctively heteropterous. The separation of the corium and membrane and the differential character of f heir structure is as clearly marked, apparently, as in existing types ; the corium, it is true, is usually large in propor- tion to the membrane, and the clavus is very narrow; moreover while unquestionably divided into areas as in modern Heteroptera, their characters are very different. The su- tura clavi for instance, instead of arising far toward the costal margin above the middle of the base of the wing, originates as in most ancient insects considerably below it ; and the clavus, instead of being a broad field of a quadrangular shape (the opposing suturae clavi often forming a secondary triangular projection similar to the scutelluin) , is a narrow, elon- gated, triangular field of very slight importance and scarcely affecting the shape of the wing, especially as the sutura clavi terminates not before but it the extremity of the corium. Then the membrane, as stated, is very small, somewhat as in Zaitha, and indeed there is no group of Heteroptera to which it can be so well compured as to ttie aquatic reduvioid subfamily Belostomidae, one of the lowest groups of Heteroptera, though it certainly cannot be brought within the limits of any existing family. Another striking feature is the basal width of the margino-mediastinal, and mediastino-scapular interspaces* a feature almost or quite unknown in Heteroptera though not so uncommon in the Homo- ptera. We see, therefore, in the structure of this wing inherent signs of its antiquity — of its alliance to the earliest types of Homoptera and of less degree of divergence from other ancient types. No signs whatever of any approach to an embolium or cuneus are present, showing that in this as in other respects differentiation of the wing had not proceeded very far. Still the actual differentiation into the three grander areas is an indisputable fact which is very surprising; and adds another to the many startling distances already known, where a deep seated difference of structure has appeared abruptly so far as any evidence in wing structure or discovery in the rocks can point out. wmmm 814 A (eyr species which have been mentioned, figured or described as coming from paleozoic rocks have not been introduced above and may here be briefly referred to : — Euephemeritea primordialis Scudd. (Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 248-249), is no in- sect at all, but the half of a leaf of Cyclopteris. The three species which I described briefly and flgured poorly in the Geol. Surv. HI., vol. Ill, under the generic name of Ephemerites ( wrongly printed Eupheinerites) are also prob- ably plants. lAbellula carbonaria Scudd. (Can. Nat., (2) viii, 88-89, fig.), as a recent examination shows, is more probably the abdomen of an Arachnid, one of the Anthracomarti. Termitidium amisaum Gold. (Faun. Saraep. Foss., ii, 17, pi. 1, fig. 6), ia too fragmen- tary to be of any value, and it would be impo.ssible t V ^ mil ■ 4'- 2 ■: , ■*l;i«, 1 1 ii' It' i 318 latter, that we find very varied foriuH of inetamorphoHiH within the liniitH of u single order, 8o that it would require a diHineinborniont of the orders to uphold tiie distinction in u logical form. In the attempts alluded to above, naturalists have simply selected, as it were, combina- tions of acknowledged ordinal peculiarities in order to form and distinguish their super- ordinal divisions, and have failed to search deeper into the general structure for more fundamental characteristics. Packard, however, has done this, and by employing the terms Metabola of Leach, in a modified sense, and Ileti-rometabola, has brought the Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptcra under the former, and the other orders under the latter. In a paper published six years ago on the Early Types* of Insects, 1 gave my adhe- sion to this view, and strengthened it, as I believe, by some additional characteristics drawn from the regional divisions of the tnmk. In the Metabola, the thorax, supportinor the organs of aerial locomotion — a primary feature of the Hexapoda as a whole — is very nighly organized and compact, well diflferentiuted from botii head and abdomen, the prothorax very small; the body is generally cylindrical ; the mouth pirts prolonged into a beak of tome sort, and the mandibles rarely opposed at tip; the front wings are membranous and larger, generally very much larger, than the hind pair ; the larva is cylindrical and in no way resembles the adult, and the pupa is inactive. In the Heterometabola, on the other hand, the prothorax is large, and the joints of the thorax are les.4 compacted, as a rule, than in the Metabola, or, if compacted, generally massively soldered to the abdomen ; the body is usually flattened ; the mouth parts are generally not prolonged into u beak, and the tips of the mandibles are generally opposed ; the front wings are generally more or less coriaceous or with very numerous and thi.ikened veins, and generally smaller than the hind wings ; t'le larva is unially depressed, often resembles the adult in form (except- ing, of course, in the wings), ..nd the pupa may be active or inactive. The exceptions, in special points, to the above general statements, are not few, especially among the less homogeneous Heterometabola, but if any superordinal division of Hexapoda is to be looked for, it would seem to be on the lines here indicated. The points which are especially disturbing are the opposition oi the mandibles in the Hymenoptera, and the appearance of many metabolous characteristics among the Neuroptera properly speaking, a group which is, nevertheless, as a whole, admittedly related most nearly to other hetero- metabolous orders. That the Metabola should rank, as a whole, higher than the Heterometabola, can scarcely be disputed ; the regional division of the body, the structure of the wings for flight, and especially for strong and directed flight, the complication of the mouth parts, and the univStsally complete metamorphosis and quiescent pupal state, — are fundamental features, in which the hexapodal type is carried, as a whole, to its highest development. And yet, as we shall see, there are some features in which its members have held to fundamental characteristics of paleozoic hexapods more firmly than have most of the heterometabolou.s groups. This brings us fairly to the main object of this paper. Wliat were the relations of the ancient to the modern types of winged insects ? In what succession did the two super- ordinal divisions of insects appear, and at what period the diflerent orders as we now recognize them ? What light, in short, can paleontology throw upon the origin and suc- cession of insectH ? 819 In attempting; nomo yonrs ago, in ii paper already referred to, to answer thin question in a broad way, I stated that all the orderM of Ileterunietabola, and none of Metabola, had been found in paleo^joic depositn. To-ra with a limitation, for the following reasons : Troxites, the only supposed paleozoic beetle which has not been shown to be an arachnid, is a very obscure object, and is very likeiy, as Brongniart has suggested, to be merely some fruit. But there have been found wood borings of different kinds which so nearly resemble similar excavations made now by Coleoptera that it iu natural, though of course not necessary, to attribute these to them. Yet if Coleoptera, with front wings differentiated as those of to-day existed then, it would be rather anomalous, since all the paleozoic insects we know excepting one, Phthanocoris, which foreshadowed the heteropterous Hemipteru, '."id fore wings rs completely membranous as the hind wings. It seems to me probable, tlierefore, though there are no further grounds for it than those just given, coupled with the present relationship of the Coleoptera to other Heterometabola, that Coleoptera sprang from such Palaeodictyoptera as wore wood-borers throughout the greater part of their life, and which at first showed no greater distinction between the front and hind wings than existed generally in other Palaeodictyoptera ; but afterward those races were preserved in which the tlxickening of the membrane of the upper wings the better protected the insects while in their burrows for the marriage (light in open air. Their habits .vould render their preservation in tlie rocks less frequent, and this special diff'^reutiation would be likely to proceed rapidly, and to be retained even by those which lost the wood boring habit; — a habit, by the way, likely to have existed with some insects living in the vast carbon ifei-ous forests. Of the metamorphoses of the paleozoic insects we know absolutely notning, for no lar- val or pupal forui has yet been found, nor even any apterous insect' whicli might by any possibility be looked upon as suih. The preparatory stages of existing Heterometabola ; the fact that from every form of evidoict tiio more '• complete " metamorphosis must have been derived from the less complete; and the generally admitted proposition of Brauer and others that metamorphosis, that is, radical change of form after birth, 's a secondary adaptive feat-jre ; — these all lead us to conclude that the only significant change in the paleozoic Ptilaeodictyopteron after leaving the egg was the acquirement of wings ; and that the acquirement of wings was the lever which natural selection handled to procure the present varied forms of metamorphosis in insects. ' PulyxiBteritui of Goldenberg ia luokud iipuii lu h crustavonn. .'{21 A curious and somewhat unexpected fact is found in tlie present universal prevalence of membranous front win}»3 in all the orders of Metabohi, similar to what is foimd in the direct paleozoic ancestors of Heterometabula ; while most existing Heterometabola, though lower in general organization than the Metabola, liave passed beyond this feature of uniformity to one of greater differentiation, the front wings being more or less coriaceous, while the liind wings ara still membranous. This, together with the direct relation of some paleozoic insects to later types, would lead us to believe that we are to look at the neuropteroid Palaeodictyoptera as the ancestors not only of later Neuroptera but also of all Metabola, and would account i . a measure foi' the somewhat close relationship of the Phryganidao and lower Lepidoptera.' Allusion has been made to Brongniart's discovery of an insect's wing in the middle Silurian — a long way removed from the upper Devonian, which had hithetto been their lowest known horizon. But though he quickly published a rude figure of his fossil, it is insufficient for critical purposes, and it would probably be hard to obtain from a single discovery tho clew we need as to the ancestry of the Palaeodictyoptera. We may safely conclude, however, that the winged Palaeodictyoptera came in as early as the middle Silurian and that up to the close of the paleozoic epoch their divergent stems were still admissible into one general order. Now when we look at the insects of latter formations, we find types of every one of the existing orders of insects — speaking of these orders in their broadest sense, as we have everywhere done in this essay — we find every one fully developed in the Jurassic period. In the Orthoptera we find as good a proof as anywhere, since cockroaches are the only insects found in any numbers in the ver^' lowest mesozoic rocks. Their presence in the Triaa and its significance will be alluded to later. In the Jurassic rocks nearly forty species are known, of which about one-third are in the lower Jurassic, and nearly all are true Blattariae. So too in the Liiussic rocks we recognize all the families of saltatorial Orthoptera and the Forficuluriae, so that the Orthoptera may be considered as well established early in mesozoic times. Unfortunately no Phasmida have yet been recovered. Only one or two Neuroptera have been recognized in the Trias, but in the Lias we have a considerable number, including Megaloptera, Sialina, Panorpidae, Phryganidae, Ephe- meridae, Termitina and Odonata, showing that the differentiation into the nort-existing ,-, i farailiei; was apparently complete early in mesozoic times, and that forms of nearly all recognized families were abundant in the middle and later Oolite. The two orders just mentioned are almost the only ones that have yet been recognized in the scanty fauna of the Trias, but the moment we reach the lower Jurassic rocks we find traces of nearly all the others; thus several families both of Homoptera, and of Heter- optera are found in Lin-ssic rocks, including such diverse types as the Coreidae, Belosto- midae, Cicadina and Cicadellina, while Fulgorina and Aphidina are added in the Oolite. The Coleopteru, of which we found oidy indefinite traces in paleozoic rocks, have been found in the Trias (Chrysomelites), an Etoblattiria insignia Guldonb., cp., may, perhaps, Ih; nil pruservation, aa the 'lind wings sliaro fully the same cbarac- exception, but the apparent tliivkening may be due to poor teristiv. Is it possibly a " pupal " form? The oldest known Insect-lakva, Mormolucoides autioulatus, fuom the Connecticut Rivek Rocks. A ROPESSOR Edward Hitchcc k, who published so extensively upon the footprints found in the sandstones of the Connecticut River was the first to make known the presence in the triassic shales at Turner's Falls, Mass., of insect remains.' These he first mentioned in his report on fossil footmarks published by the state in 1858, giving illustrations upon one of his plates, which are too obscure to be of any value. Judging the creature to be a crustacean, he sent specimens to Prof. J. D. Dana of New Haven, who, in a letter published in this volume by Professor Hitchcock, considered it to be " probably a larve of a neuropterous insect," and sent to Hitchcock the cut we here reproduce, in which he regards A as the head, i? to C as thoracic, and C to D, abdominal segments. This, reduced, is the figure given in Dana's Manual of Geology. Some years after this, the late Dr. J. L. Leconte, having express'id the opinion from an examination of the figures alone, that Professor Dana was coi .-ect in his judgment of the neuropterous character of these remains, and having further referred them more definitely to the Ephe- nieiidac. Dr. Hitchcock, who never lost the opportunity of changing the name of a fossil, if he thought he could thereby indicate more closely its afiinities, proposed that the name of Mormolucoides articulatus, he had at ^rst given it, should be altered to Palephemera mediaeva. The first name, being in no sense misleading, must, of course, b retained, and indeed fortunately, since this is not the end of the oj)inions which have been held (and may perhaps yet be held) regarding it. Having an opportunity some years since, of studying a slab lent me by Prof. O. C. Marsh, containing twenty or thirty individuals, and of comparing them with others in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History, I published my views of the structure and relationship of this fossil larva in the Geological Magazine of London, in which I came to the conclusion that they were coleopterous larvae, and sug- gested that they " remind one of some Cebrionidac," but the only larva of that group whose history is known "lives on the roots of plants and would not be likely to occur in ' Mormolucoides articulatus Hitchcock, Ichiiol. N. Engl., pp. 7-8, flg., I'l. 7, llgs. .S-l.— Dana, Ibid.— Scuddkr, Proc. no8t. Soc. Nat. Hist, xi, p. UO; Ii>., Guul. Mag., v, pp. 218-20. Pulephemera meilit., iii, p. i. (323) Kiu. 1, Moniiolii. coiiica articiilutUB Hitchcock. 324 such a deposit as that in which these remains were found. " In this communication, finding among the specimens I exainined none with any lateral appendages, I concluded that the figures which had been given were inaccurate in that particular, a conclusion based, as will be seen, on insufHcient material. A few years later, Dr. A. S. Packard published a short note upon them, in which he expressed the opinion thuc they were " aquatic coleo])terous larvae, belonging perhaps near the family Heteroceridae." It will thus be seen that some difference of opinion has been expressed concerning the affinities of these fossils, though they have uniformly been considered larvae, and as belonging either to Neuroptera or Coleoptera. Having recently been able through the kindness of Professors Emerson and Hitch- cock to examine the considerable collection of these remains in the cabinets of Amherst College, and by favor of Professor Marsh to study all the specimens in the Yale Muse- um, I have examined with care some hundreds of these larvae, and reviewed the whole subject anew. Notwithstandini, ihe considerable differences which show themselves, I am strongly convinced that all the specimens I have studied belong to a single species, differing somewhat in structure from what I formerly believed, and whose affinities are pretty clearly different from what I formerly supposed, several new features, not before observeu, being now apparent. This point, however, will be discussed afler the struct- ure has been set forth in full. The body is composed of thirteen apparent segments, of which the head forms one, and three are differentiated, sometimes very obscurely, as thoracic. The statement that the head forms but a single segment is at variance with my former conclusion, for the two segments of the description then given by me form together what I now look upon as the head. There are doubtless a good many specimens which lend color to ray former conclusion, and I reproduce upon the plate (fig. 3), a copy of a drawing made fifteen or more years ago of what I then considered the first three segments of the body. A sim- ilar development of the first segment may be seen in fig. 13, and to a much less extent in fig. 9. Whether these lateral anterior lobes of the head, always separated from it by a more or less marked suture, are inferior appendages showing only when projedted for- ward, can hardly be determined, but this seems the most probable explanation. The de- cided differentiation of the thoracic segments in certain individuals (see figs. 1, 5, 14 for example) leaves no room for doubt that the smaller segment in front of them, usu- ally single, at other times apparently double, represents the head. The head ther is a rounded segment, usually a little broader at base than in the middle (see especially figs. 12, IG) and slightly broader than long, the front well rounded. It is generally about as large as the hindmost segment of the body, but occasionally is larger than it where the final segment appears but partially extended, and in a few in- stances is much larger; it is then also out of all due proportion to the segments behind it, as in fig. 10, where it does not appear to be crushed and unnaturally expanded, but rather as if the lower appendages of the head, fonning in other cases the protruded an- terior lobes, had been laterally spread out and lay beside the head, of which, as in the other case, they seem at first sight to form an integral part. That this is the correct view is the more probable because, when the siu'face is not absolutely flat (as may be the case 325 in any fossil insect, no mnttei- how highly irrcgnlnr its snrfacc may have been in life), the head is provided with lateral bosses, which may be partly explained as due to the under- lying appendages; for when these supposed appendages are thi'ust l.)rward and form the anterior lateral lobes, it is these lobes which are embossed, as described in my previous paper; while when, as in fig. 10, they are supposed to lie outside the lateral limits of the head, the protuberances arc still foinid connected with them. What appendages these lobes may represent it would be difiicult to say. One w«)uldmore naturally expect sui'h evidently corneouH organs, forming bosses even where they ?»rc separated from the head, to be mandibles, but their broad and rounded shape gives no clear evidence of their use in such a way ; and in such a Hattened larva it could not be supjKJsed that they formed a vertical fang, the crnshing of which, from above downward, would bring all the chiti- nous portion together in a mass, and so produce a boss upcm the stone. The three thoracic segments are almost invariably larger, generally ccmsidcrably broader than the others, and are often distinctly ditterentiated as a separate region, both by their breadth, greater than that of the uniform segment behind, as well as by the slight forward inclination of their sides. This appears clearly iii fig. i5, but is generally less marked than there by the smallness of the hindmost thoracic segment, which is not often broader than the following abdominal segment, as in figs. 5 and 14. Usually also the middle thoracic is larger than the front thoracic segment, so that their r'lativo size is II, I, III (see figs. 1, 11, 12, 14) but not infrequently the front one is the largest, as in figs. 5, 6, 10, and there are some cases where the broadest part of the body is behind the thoracic segments, and the order of breadtii in the thoracic segments is III, II, I. In these cases, as in figs. 4, 7, 13 and particularly 0, the whole aspect of th i insect is (^hanged, and yet a careful study of the specimens leads one to the conviction that all belong to a single species. In some, of which fig. 5 may be taken as an extreme type, we are re- minded, in form, of the larva of a longicorn beetle, while the other extreme, as in fig. 0, recalls rather some of the Sili)hidae. What may be looked upon as the average or normal thoracic segment, is about three times as broad as long, subquadrate, with very slightly concave front margin, and a little more distinctly convex hind margin, the sides well rounded and the hinder angles more broadly rounded off than the front lateral angles, giving a slight sublunate form to the entire segment. These segments are further marked by more or less distinct lateral marks, usually impressed, cither angular (figs. 5, 14) or roimded (figs. 1, 10, lo), which are the only indications, if such they are, of appendages. I had thought they might be taken for the marks of very short legs, and perhaps they can ; but the figures given by Schiodte of the larvae of the cok!oj)terous gen- era ]S^ecrophorus,Anisotoma and Agathidium, where similar marks are purely sculptural, leave me in doubt. Eveiy one must have seen in nature similar marks on longicorn larvae, but these are more generally nu'sially disposed, .md do not, as here, reach so dis- tant a point from the middle line. W^hatever they are, there is nothing else on a single specimen examined by me — many hundreds in number — which could be referred to h^gs. The abdominal segments invariably taper to some extent toward the tail; sometimes the tapering is scarcely visible on the anterior segments, and it is always more pro- noimced posteriorly, but here as before there are nearly all shades of difference between 326 '' :l I j I 'i iiulividunls, the oxtivmeH of which may again be represented in figs. i> anil ; in the former of tliese the l>aHal abdominal segments are only about half as broad again as long, and the middle ones are about s(|uare; while in the latter, the basal al)dominal segment is more than twiee as broad as long and it is only tin; terminal segment whieh is sijuare. As a very general rule, the segments are (juadrate, with very gently e()nv»'X sides, and slightly and equally rounded anterior and posterior lateral angles; but in a few eases, as in fig. J), the ^interior angles are eonsideralily more rounded than usual, aiul the posterior angles, besides being sipiare, are furnishi d with a faint posterior extension, bi-istle, or tapering eluster of hairs (it is im|)ossible tt say whieh, but the last is the most probable). This same posterior set of appendages ma}' be seen more or less distinetly in s(»me of the other specimens, where the segnients have t le posterior angle as rounded as the anterior, but otherwise resemble this fig. (as in fig. -4), or in whieh the segments are of the nor- mal form, as in fig. (>, Avhieh represents the specimen which apparently furnished the figure which has hitherto been current, and in which these a[)pendages ap[)ear more decidedly as hairs, being more spreatl out, and also as attached to the posterior thoracic segments. The surface of the abdominal segments is in general flat, but not quite nniform, at least on many specimens. There appear to be two kinds »»f ine<(ualities, one of which from its iufrequency and position seems to be accidenlal, |)erliaps due to pressure. This is seen in fig. lt>, in sharp lines close and jmrallel to the margin. The othei-, howevei', though often obscm-e, is too connnon to be so considered, and consists in a longitudinal series of slight ridges, laterally convex, and extending the whole length of the abdomen, tlividing the segments into eipial or subeijual transverse thirds, of whieh the middle third is apt to be the largest. This may be seen in figs. 1, 0, 1;>. IJesides these, thei'e is nearly ahvays i-onie median mark of greater or less intensity, indicating probably the track of the alimentary canal. Two specimens whieh T have figured (figs. 2, TJ) show this in a mai'ked degree, the remains of a tube which extended the entire length of the body bi'ing visible. It is nnich more pronounced on the abdominal segments than else- where, but in fig. 2 more distinct on the anterior half of the abdomen, Avhile in fig. 1 1 it is more distinct on the posterior half, where it is clearly at least double, being turned upon itself between the fifth and sixth abdominal segments, forming there a distinct rounded loop, and again njore obscurely on the front of the eighth segment. To coi'- respond Avith this, we have in fig. 2 a distinct horse-shoe shaped dejjression suy n-poscd a little latci-ally on the median groove at the p<)sterior end of the fifth abdominal seg- ment, and a shallower, smaller, circular depression in Avhich the gi'oove appears to ter- minate on the front of the seventh abdominal segment. From these it would appear tolerably clear that a slender alimentary canal, nowhere expanding into a well marked stomach, doubled sharj)ly upon itself at or near the seventh abdominal segment, and again, by doubling at the hinder extremity of the fifth abdominal segment, resumed its former course, the whole of the sixth segment and at least a part of the seventh haviug therefore three sections of the canal passing through the middle. The variations in form of the different segments of the abdomen have been mentioned. It now remains to speak of the curious variations of the terminal or ninth abdominal segment and of its S2>ecial appendages. The general relation of this segment to the ■i ■■ 't m •■' :{27 jH'Ccedlng as well ns its ordinary Ibrm is shown in figs. 1, 10 anil 10, whoi-o it is quad- rate bnt well rounded, tapering and about two-thirds as large as the preceding joint. In some cases, however, as in fig. 0, it is very small, and its sej)aration from the preced- ing joint hardly noticeable, Avhile at the other extreme, as in fig. 7, it is scarcely smaller than the preceding segment and longer, if anything, than broad. But the most inter- esting feature in this segment is the discovery in a few specimens, as in figs. and 14 and to a slight degree in figs. 2 and 10, of appendages. There is an outer pair of slender styles, a little shorter than the penultimate segment, directed backward and a little divergent; and a much shorter pair, or perhaps only projections of the pygidium, lying between the longer styles. As there is not a single specimen among the hnndreds I have seen showing a lateral or even a partially lateral view, the insect could not have been cylindrical but must have been considerably flattened. The variation in the general form of the specimens, as pre- served, indicates a not very corneous oi- rigid integument, since the shape of single seg- ments varies considerably. Yet the general form is as a rule so uniform (as ap|)ears in fig. 8, where a number of specimens are exhibited just as they lie on the stone, much better than my selection of other specimens to be di'awn for some particular feature) that we must consider the integument to have been at least coriaceous, and the varying proportions of single segments to depend, partly at least, upon the greater or less ex- posure of the intei'segmental membrane. AVben we come to consider the probable aflinities of a larva having the structure above described, we are at a loss. Ko living form seems to be at all nearly allied to it. It would appear on general grounds to be either coleopterous or neuropterous, and from its aquatic habit to be more likely neuropterous than coleopterous; but further than this one must tread largely on conjectural ground. The structure of the head, in which the only recognizable appendages appear to be nearly or quite globular and chitinous, the absence or extreme brevity of the legs in connection with a plainly flattened bod}', and a terminal segment provided with cerci, are combinations and features very extraordi- nary. The only coleopterous larvae which seem at all to remind one of their general appearance are the Silphidae, all the larvae of which now known prey upon decaying animal and vegetable mattei- or live upon fungi, and none ai-e aquatic; the Lampyridao, which are equally out of the question ; and the Ileterocerijae, which have no terminal appendages. These larvae, besides having a general form somewhat resembling that of lilormolucoides, have a flattened body,' short legs, and the Sili)hi(lae also a small head and distinct anal cerci, besides posterior lateral extensions of, or appendages to, the ab- dominal segments; but they have also comparatively small and tendei" mouth-parts; and the Silphidae stout, jointed antennae of considerable length, while their legs are usually as long at least as the greatest width of the body; and besides the ordinary nine seg- ments of the abdomen, there is m the Silphidae the strongly protruding pipe-like pygid- ium, for which there is no homologue in Mormolucoides, unless the inner pair of cerci be taken as representing a completely forked pygidium. When we add to these diller- ences the peculiar habitat of the living Silphidae, and the similar terrestrial haun'ts of ' In Ilctcrocci'us it U cylhulrlctil. I m in- 'I i :iW-i-.vL .1; i " .'i i ' - J ! & ' ' (?1 J! 1 iii ;i2H the Lampyrldac and ITctcroccrulac,' wo sliall be loth to assert a close aflllnity with those groups. Such groups of Coleoptcra as have aquatic hu'vau show, however, no points of resenibhuice at all to Aloruiolucoidus, and it seems, therefore, far more probable that they are neuropterous. In support of this view, we have on general grounds, the flattened and postcrioi'ly ta- pering form, much more common in Neuroptera tlum in Coleoptera, besides the ter- minal corci, and posterior latei'al apiiendages of the abdominal segments — features much more in accordance with the structure of those groups of Neuroptcra to which they seem most nearly related, than with the structure of any Coleoptera. These groups arc the Perlidae, Ephemeridae and Sialidae, in all of which the larvae are at least in large part aquatic. In each of the first two of these groups, there is a re- markable uniformity of larval organization, and they seem to ditl'er so much from Mor- niolucoides as to make it unwarrantable for us to look for intimate relationship with them. In Perlidae, for instance, we have a prothorax distinctly ditterentiatcd from the other thoracic segments, and the latter bearing at a comparatively early age, as in Blat- tariae, indications of the coming wings in the form of pad-liko expansions of the outer angle of the said margin; W( have also long and prominent antennae, very long and large fiattened legs, anal cerci of great length, and no sign of an inner pair of cerci. In Ephemeridae, we have an entirely ditferent form, equally discordant in its relations to ^lormolucoides. The legs are nearly as long and stout as in Perlidae, lateral respiratory filaments cover the dorsum of the abdominal segments, the head bears stout, and often long antennae, while the terminal segment is almost invariably armed, not only with outer large, long, feathered anal cerci, but also with a similar, single, median style, even when the latter is absent from the imago; two inner styles are never present. The comparative uniformity of larval structure among the diverse genera of each of these two groups prevents us from believing that Mormolucoldes with its very dilferent structure could by any possibility be included in either of them. Not a trace of thoracic wing pads or abdomiiml respiratory filaments can- be seen on the hundreds of specimens examined. The great length and size of legs and multiarticulatc antennae in both the groups, find no counterpart in Mormolucoides, and the appendages of the terminal seg- ment are altogether diiferent. Not so, however, or not by any means to so great an extent, when we compare the iTvae of Sialidae. Here we find a considerable greater range of characteristics, so that it is not so easy to recognize a common facies among them. But we may note one or two charactei'istics by which they approach much more closely our fossil type. All the ap- pendages, — antennae, legs and (often) the cerci, are shorter and slenderer than in the two groups last mentioned. In some, the antennae at least are comparatively insignificant. The mandibles in some are very stout, and though long in all that are known may well be believed to be capable of modification in this regard. The abdominal segments are provided with lateral filaments, projecting backward from the posterior outer angles. The appendages of the terminal segment vary very much, some having a single median style of considerable length, others a shorter lateral pair, in some cases furnished ajji- ' The Ilctci'occrldue llvo near but not lu water. cnlly with rceurvcd liooltH. The olijcctioiiH to conHulering tlnw as the iiiost nearly nllicd group are the considerable Hi/,e of tiie Ie«^H even when k-ast developed, the {jfreat Hize of the head, which is at least as lar«j^e as the segments Ix'hind, and tlu; slight diHereiitiation of the pi'otiioracic^ segment shown at least in its larger si/e. I had reached the conclusion that upon the whole W(; miglit look upon tlu; SiaTKhic at the group of insects to which MormoIucoidcH was the most nearly allied (though still regarding the conclusion as provisional) when it received n ciu'ioiis support fi'om an unexpected (piarler — the internal structure of the larva. I have said that several spec- imens of Mormolucoides showed traces of the alimentary canal, and that in two of them (figs. 2, 11) in the posterior part of the body it doubled tAvicc upon itself, covering with its triplication the sixth abdominal segment and partsof others, indi<-ating a convolution of the small intestine. Looking at the published a(vounts and figures of the internal organs of the larvae of the three groups of Neuroptcra we have been discussing, I Hnd that the digestive tract so far as known, is invariably straight and simpU; in both I'er- lidae and Ephemeridae, while a triplication of the small intestine is not unknown in Sial- idae, being distinctly figured and described by Leidy in Cori/dalis aonmlus,^ wluin; it covers the fifth abdomimil segment, or the one next in advance of that in which we have found it in Mormolucoides. The only other figure of the digestive tract of a Sialid larva, which I have found, is that of Sialitt lutarlus published in the same year by Dufour,'^ where it is figured as perfectly straight and desci-ibcd similarly as "droit commc cclui de rinsccto aile." Several species in their perfect state, in groups closely allied to the Sial- idac and sometimes placed with them, such as Panorpa, have a similar triplication of the small intestine, and it is also found in the larva of Myrmcleou as figured by Dufour:' These seem to be fair corroborations of the conclusion independently i-eached, that Mor- molucoides is ])robably the larva of a Sialidan ncuropteron. It has spetial interest from the fact that it is the oldest known insect larva. KXl'LANATKJN OF PLATE 19. All Uic Okiii'L'.'; rbpr'Mont Sformnliir.otilrii artieiilatun, niul all lint fl^. 3 wuru driiwii by J. Ilciiry Dluku. Fig. H \h iiatiirni Nlze; ttif. SuiilarKL'd iibout !i diamutcrH; tliu otlivrx uiilargcU :i (llaint'lcrH. Ki;;. I. A Hpfciinen ri'oiii Moiitaguu, Ma.sH., culluctud by I'rof. O. C. Marsli and In tliu Tualiody Mnscuni of Yalu CoN lege. Tliu huiid Ih sniidlur Uian usual. V\g. 2. From the Hainu place and vnlluctinn oh the last and on the same Rial) as II;;. If!. AltliouKh Iniperrcct, the head and llrst thoracic scf^nient wanting, It shows remurkalily a sharp median Kroovu, which can lie nii wlilcli beai't it wry olil priiitcil liiliul with tliu orlKinnl immo, niul ihl.t Hpucliiiuii U tlin only oiiu ill wlik'li tliu liitoriil n|)pi-ndii|{*^H nru illstliict. It Iiiin, iniiri'ovcr, liooii tonlctl to moiiic rxtuiit mid Iniiirx no mniill rv;Hi-iiililniiL'o to till' flituri'N III llltuJKHX-k'M pinto. Apnrt rroin Itit InlvroNt It woiilil liiivo licvn drawn iit tlilx tinio If only to bIiow tliu liitcriil iip|u'iiil;it!('!< of llio iiliilonii'ii, wlilcli Nt'fiii licru to liu NUppllod iiNo to tliu litMt tlioruciu NfUinuiit. Kl;j. 7. L'nliilM'lK'il sl;il) In llw Anilicr.Hl ('.illi({u Caldnct. Ilciniii'kiililu for tliu vury HniidI si/.u ol' tliu llioriiulu mu^. iiiuiitM, wlili'li iiru not only niirrowur than tliu unturlur, lint no widur tliiin tliu posturior iilidondnnl si'u;inuiiti«. It Ih tliu only Hpuulinun I li:ivu xuun nIi4i\vIii;{ .snuli a ruiitiiru, and lit tlio niuro iiiitrkvil bucausu llio tlioruclciiv|{niuiitM uro, II' any tiling. ■Iiortur tliun iinnal. V\!i*. !> and l:l aru or. tliu .sainu Ntoiiu. Fiji. H. A Hiali i'roni MiHita^iiu, M.'imm., luiniliurud I,i!:l7 in tlio Vale Collu);u Mii. C. Maritli. TIiIh Is lltsnred to xliow tliu aliumiancu ol' larrau on a Niiistlu Ntonu, »ltlion|{li other iimtanco!* cihiUI liavu liuun ^Ivun wliuro tliuy hi'o two or three tlinuM a.s iiiiinoroiiM. This was selected simply oil account of the small size of thu sliili. The speolnien niarkud a is roprosunted eiilai'Kud in ttg. ID. Fl^. '•>• Speuinien from tlie saiiio slali as li;{s. 7 and i;i. It Is oiiu of the most Inturuslinu; seen, as it Is ruiiiark:ililu not only for the iiiiiisually syinnietrliMil and purP'ot duvelopment of both the lateral and turnilnal appuiidauus of thu alidoin- inal su);inuiits, wlileli to;{utlier show III no other spuclniun seen, but iiiso lor tliu syinniutrieal and nniisnal rnsiforni shape of the body. Tiie last se!;nient is iiniismdly small. Thu huail too shows some slj^ns of thu fronlnl lubus. FIj;. 10. Thu spuclniun niarkud >i on ttf. M eiilarKud, In which the m.ilnintei'ustueiitres In the head, wlileli Is unnsiially broad, apparenlly from a liilunil di^plauuinunt ol the fronlal lobus, as uxpl.ilnud In thu luxt. Fl;;. II. (Ml the saniu slab as ll;;s. 5 and I'.'. 'I'liU Is drawn to show tliu iiimsnally uluar tloiibllii;; of thu allmuntisry canal at thu Mitnru butwuuii thu lil'tli and sl.\lli abdominal Ku;;muiit. (In thu front part of tlioul^lith su;imuiit, tliulufl hand tubu Is seen to pass benualh that on the rl^;lit on the eomineneumunt of its recurrent conrsu, but It does not show clearly ill lliu platu. Fli;. I'.'. On samu slab with llgs. /i and II. Iluad of moru than the usual sl/.e. slniwlii!; nn iiiinsual linsai uxpa'i>loii. Fi;;;. lit. On thu .same slab Willi llijs. 7 and '.). It is especially luterostinj; on account of tho tliio dovelopinent of the frontal lobes of thu liuad. Fljt. 14. Spuuliiiun from thu Horse Ifaeu, (illl, Mass , iinmburrd H in the Amhurst CoIIuko CoIK 'Ion. Tliu head Is nii- usually circular and rather small; the thoracic appundaKus (orsculpinrin;;) unusually distinct and anj;nlar ; the abdoinun tapurs with jfwnt ru^jnlarity, and the last sejjiiient is supplied with all tlie appundaijus. As drawn on the plate the last scijmeiit Is perhaps a little too loii^. Fi;;. 15. On the same slab with 11^. (!. Thu special fuaturo Is tho nearly uniform size of the body throughout and thu position of tlie head, sunken nearly out of sl^lit within tlie thoracic 8e;;meiit beliind It. FIk. 1(>. From the samu slab as 11^. '2. The specimen is of unusual size, thu head has au unusual banal cnlar^jemeut, ami a slight sign of oiio of the terminal styles Is seen on the last segment. Note on the suppo-sed Myiuapodan Genus Tiuchiulus. A. WO years ago I published in the jSIemoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History the tlescription of u genus of supposed hairy niyriapods, Triehiiilus, from the beds of Mazon Creek in Illinois, of Avhich three species were distinguished. A short time ago my attention was again called to these specimens by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, Avhose collection is very rich in remains both of plants and animals from tho carboniferous period, and in which are all the types of the species described. Mr. Lacoe was convinced that at least two of them should be regarded as the terminal circinate jjortions of ferns. Dr. II. IJ. Geinitz of Dresden (who had made a similar mistake in regarding a frond of Scolecop- teris as a inyriapod, to which he gave the name I'alaeojulus) also wrote me somewhat to the same effect, and I have accordingly reexamined the original specimens by the favor of Mr. Lacoe in the light of half a dozen undoubted coiled fern-tips from his collection, sent me with them; with the result that there is no doubt whatsoever that they are ferns of the genus Pecopteris or one of its allies, preserved obscurely at the time of their par- tial unfolding, and that the name Trichiulus must disappear. The only specimen not re- examined is that of T. nodulosus, figured on pi. 27, fig. 1. A lii;viK\v OK IVricso/orc Cockuoaciiks. OlX yoavH iif'n, wlu'U I |tu])Hslu'(l a revision of all llu' paleozoic coi-kroaclu's lljcii known, I was ohii<;c';ni'ly drawn, any attempt to reach delinite eonchisions concerning' them, withont upeciinens themselves fron> that peiiod to examine, seemed I'ntile. It was my hope that, since strnctural distinctions of fundamental importance and of complete uniformity were shown to exist between paleozi>i(r and recent cockroaches, renderin;^ an examination of the mesozoie forms most desii'al)le, Home 10n<;lish nat- ni-alist would undertake the task; for it was evident, from x\u' illustrations already yiven by Hrodie and Wcstwood, that the Mritish Lias and Oolite were especially prolific in these forms, and that abundant material must exist in public and private collections for the elucidation of the problems sujjfjjfestcd. This hope has not been fullilled; but an unexpected discovery of Ti'iassic cockroaches in considerable a])undancc in the South Park of Colorado rendered the examination of other mesozoie foi-ms still more desirabli', and I determined, therefore, to study the ques- tion myself as best I could. My venerable friend, the Ivcverend 1*. 15. Hrodie, the pioneer student of British fossil insects, kindly came to my aid by sendinjif me, from his unex- ampled collection of IJritish mesozoie insects, such s[)ecim((ns as seemed to be cockroach Avings. In this way, I have not oidy been able to study from the specimens themselves as many as ten of the wings which had before been described and figured, but nearly three times as many forms now i)ublished for the first time. The study of these natu- rally threw much light upon obscure points in the illustrations of species not studied from the specimens, both in I'lUgland and on the continent, — a number less than those seen, and most of them easily inter])reted with their aid and often without it. The fruits of that study are hei'ewith presented, with my best thanks to the Rev. Mi". Brodie for \n- generosity. The number of mesozoie types now slightly exceeds the paleozoic, though their relative proportion to the rest of the synchronous insect fauna is far less than in the earlier period. (331) *1 i..{ Ml m I ::i ■'i ] I I: 892 As in the paleozoic cockronclios, so licro, moat of the remnitiR coiiHist exclusively of front wln;ifs, and the ])rincl|))il ^nide to our knowlodgo of these enrly forms eomes nec- essarily from u study of the neuration of these parts. This study, in the ease of the paleo/oie cockroaches, led to the discovery of some features of fundamental importance, by which the front wings of paleozoic cockroaches could be invai'iably distin^^uishcd front those of existing types. In paleozoic forms all of the main veins are completely inde- pendent, and the anal nervides fall at regular intervals upon the inner margin. In exist- ing types, two or more of the main veins are amalgamated, either completely or to a large extent, while the nervnles of the anal area strike the anal furrow, or nt least compose a fusiform bunch directed toward the tip of the fiu'row. In consequence of these distinc- tions the paleozoic forms were distinguished as a sei)aratc group under the name Palaeo- blattariae. Tliis discovery naturally led to the enquiry: Which of the veins in the modern teg- mina have undergone the blending i)rocess? An examination of existing species showed that, as a rule, the veins were still independent in the hind wings, and an opportunity was therefore afforded of investigating the subject by the comparison of the front and hind wings of many modern types, and the conclusion reached that in modern tegmina the scapular and externomedian veins were those which had blended.' This conclusion was shortly shown to be incorrect for mesozoic types, by the discovery, above mentioned, of cockroaches in the Triassic beds of Colorado, where a series of forms were found associated, some of them belonging to the Palaeoblattariae, ond some witli blended veins, allowing a more exact comparison than had before been possible. The conclusion newly reached from their study was that "when we compare the series of gen- era near the boundary line of the departure of the Palaeoblattariae toward later forms (those i)aleozoic cockroaches allied to Petrablattina) and especially those [Palaeoblatta- riae] brought to light by the discoveries at Fairplay, we find that in the mesozoic species at least, it is the mediastinal and not the externomedian vein which has blended with the scapular, although the externomedian also may become blended with the others in living types. Tliis amalgamation has proceeded by the enlargement '•; the scapular area, Avhich has ci'owded the mediastinal toward the base of the wing, whose few remaining branches finally become attached to the scapular vein, no trace of their former depend- ence remaining visible."" The present study shows that this conclusion must also be modified by a somewhat further extension. The above statement is true of about two-thirds of the species, but there are also others, both in the Lias and the Oolite, in which a diflVjrent or even a greater variation is found, the externomedian vein being sometimes united, throughout at least part of its length, with the scapular, or it may be wholly united with the inter- nomedian, and in both cases, the mediastinal may or may not also be united with the scapular. The variation is therefore already very great in Liassic times, although it reached its maximum only in the later Oolite. With the exception then of about a dozen species of Palaeoblattariae in the Triassic rocks, all of the mesozoic cockroaches, like the living, have front wings in which two or more of the veins arc coalesced. As regards the other distinction, drawn from the anal area, there is much diversity, >Mciii. Bo6t. Sac. Nat. HUt. Ill, 28. *Ainer. Journ. 8c. (3) xxvili, 201. ■ ' -; ■ 1 '- 1 '^ '• u ■• . II 1 : 1 Hilil M^' 333 le. Tlu! and in fact very imperfect knowledge, this region being freqnently tniHsing in the fossils. In most of the gcncrn the nnal nervnies, so far a.s known, ntHke tlie margin, bnt in Home the Bpeciesvary in tins respect; in otliers tlieir conrse is entirely unknown, while in such as are perfectly preserved in the most prolific genus, Mesol)lattinu Cteinitz, they impinge indeed upon the margin, but show a decided tendency to direct themselves toward the tip of the anal furrow, as in many modern forms. This feature cannot therefore be said to have become fairly established in mesozoic times. These changes in the general structure of the front wing are no doubt but one ex- pression of the increasing heterogeneity in the neuration of the front and hind wing which was almost entirely unknown in paleozoic times, but which has reached a high development at the jjresent day. The remains of the hind wings of mesozoic c(»ck- roachos are indeed not sulliciently abundant to jirove this, but we have grouped here under one generic name, Aporoblattina, such single detached wings as seem to be prop- erly considered as such, and here the veins arc entirely distinct. Another iiulication of this specialization on the part of the front wing is their increasing density, by which the neuration is in part obscured. This is not very marked, but in some species is un- mistakable. A fiu'ther peculiarity of mesozoic species, as a general rule, is their small size. Tn a previous paper, before the number of paleozoic forms known was as great as now, the average length of their front wings was estimated as 20 mm., and there is no reason to suppose that that measJirement would be altered by later discover' "s to any extent woi'th mentio ling. On the other hand, even the Triassic Palaeoblattariae already show a ten- dency toward that diminution in size which is well marked in the mesozoic Jllattariae, for the average length of the former is only 16 mm., while in the mesozoic Blattariae as a whole it is still further reduced to 12.5 mm. Even this would be somewhat diminished (to 11.5 mm.) if we should omit the species from the middle Oolitic beds of Solenhofen, all of which were large and some gigantic, one reaching a length of (JO mm. That this should be the case seems a little unexpected when we find the species of the upper Oolite (of England) a little smaller as a genera' rule than the Liassic forms. This somewhat curious fact led me to ask what should be considered the average size of the modern cockroach. I accordingly took Brunuer's Systeme des Blattaires and tabulated the measurements of the front wings given there whenever the material was at hand for the purpose, to the number of 243 species. One measurement only was taken ft)r each species and where the sexes differed (as oflen excessively) these also were averaged. Of course the apterous species had to be omitted, and it was plain that the result would be too large as the larger species find their way to collections much more rapidly than the smaller forms. The general result was that the average size of the front wings of recent cockroaches is 18.2 mm. which is considerably more than that of the mesozoic spe- cies, and much less than that of the paleozoic forms. As regards the relative geological position of these mesozoic cockroaches two facts are patent: 1°. No species has been found in more than one deposit. 2". While all three of the genera of the Trias are peculiar to it (some of the genera of the Triassic Palaeo- blattariae have also been found in lower paleozoic rocks) and two genera are found only in the upper Oolite, all of the genera found in the intermediate Lias also occur in the If- . i' 334 . Oolitf'P. The genera peculiar to i,'.^ .-ppcr Oolite are however very poor in species, one having only one and the other only two representatives, while the genera, common to the Lias and Oolite are generally prolific in this respect. Of the seventy-seven species of Blattariae mentioned in the following pages, not in- cluding those found in the Appendix, three are found in the Trias, seventeen in the Lias, three in the middlo Oolite and forty-six in the upper Oolite, besides three whose precise horizon is unknown. A comparison of the venation of tho tegmina of mesozoic and recent cockroaches, to determine, as far as possible, the imrpediate relations of the former to existing forms, gives little satisfaction. Still, Mes'oblattina and Rithma may be said to bear considera- ble resemblance to the Phyllodronxidae — as Phyllodromia, Apolyta and Thyrsocera, for example — and the peculiar neuratioii of Elisama is in part repeated in the Panchloridae (e. g., Panchlora, Leucophaea, Nauphoeta) and also occurs in some Phyllodromidae (Thyrsocera > and Epilampridae (Paratropa, Epilampra) . Scutinoblattina also reminds one in certain features of some Bpilampi'idae, like Phoraspis. The other genera, and particularly Blattidium and Pterinoblattina, appear to have no relations to any special typo. As ". \\ hole, then, it Avould appear as if the Blattariae sjnnosae approached closei- to the mesozoic forms thai . the Blattariae muticae. As I have already stated, tlie n)ost fundamental distinction separating the mesozoic i'rom the paleozoic f^ockroaches is in the change which the principal nervures of the upper wings have undei-gone, by the basal or total amalgamation of some of them, — a change which reaches its culmination in living cocki'oaches. On tlie basis of these differences, mesozoic cockroaches may be divided into three groups : a, those in which only the mediastinal and scapular veins are amalgamated ; h, those in which the externomedian is united with one of the veins on either side of it ; and c, those in which either the mediastinal, scapular and externomedian veins are all united : or there are two lines of union, one between the mediastinal and scapular, and the othev between the externomedian and internomedian veins, i.e., where, besides the union of the mediastinal and scapular veins, the externomedian also allies itself in whole or in part with the united mediastino-scapular, or with the internomedian. In all meso- zoic cockroaches, exce[)ting the Triassic Palaeoblattariae, amaigamation of some of the veins occurs; for a further study of Pterinoblattina convinces me that my first interpre- tation of its neuration was incorrect, in that what I had taken for the internomedian vein is really the anal, and that what was loiiked upon as the externomedian must be regarded as the united externomedian and internomedian veins. a. The mediastinal and scapular veins of the upper wings, and these oidy, are amalgamated. CteNOBLATTINA gen. nov. (xrsucuToc). In the wings of this group, which are minute, the humer.al angle, usually consider- ably developed in cockroaches, is obliquely docked, and the united mediastinal and scap- ular veins occupy a broad area, at first nearly one-half of the breadth of the wing, and extend nearly to the tip, provided with numerous parallel more or less forking branches. 335 The internomedian occupies a very similar belt on the inner side, extending nearly or quite to the tip; and between them the pinched externomedian, eniurging a little toward the t^p, finds narrow quarters. The anal area is very brief, but the chi;racter of its vena- tion is not known. Two of the species come from the English Purbecks; the third from the German Lias. Ctenoblattina arcta sp. nov. n. 20, fig8. 1, 2. . This minute species, as may be seen by fig. 2, has its venation somewhat obspui'cd, partially perhaps by the thickness of the integument. In its interpretation, in fig. 1, it is probable that the internomedian area is given too little width, as its apical nervules are given toe little curvature. The form of fig. 2 is more correct. The wing is broadest at the extremity of the anal area, just before the end of the basal third; up to this point it increases rapidly In size, the humeral angle being strongly docked, and beyond tapers very gently to a well rounded tip. The costal area (as the united mediastinal and scap- ular areas may be termed) is crowded with nervules, every alternate one appearing a little heavier than the others, so that the intermediate are probably intercalary veins, as one would judge also from their absence from the internomedian area, where the veins are more distant. Excepting for the simple division in the middle of the basal half of the wing, the externomedian vein does not fork before the middle of the wing, and then but narrowly, but the whole of this region is obscure, though it seems certain that it occupies outwardly nearly the whole tip of the wing. The anal furrow is distinct and very strongly arcuate. The anal area is neither elevated nor depressed, the whole wing being entirely flat. The wing is about 2.7 times longer than broad, its length being 5.5 mm. and its greatest breadth a little more than 2 mm. The specimen comes from the English Purbecks (precise locality not known), and occurs on a stone of a very pale sordid brown color, on which the veins appear dark brown ; it was received from Rev. P. B. Brodie. On account of the obscurity of the venation, and its apparent derivation from the thickness of the integument, I formerly, from partial study, considered this a species of Hcer's genus Legnophora, from the Trias, and so referred it, without name, in Zittel's Handbuch der Palaontologie (II, 766) ; but a severer examination has enabled me to trace the neuration, which cannot be made to accord with that of Legnophora. Ctenoblattina Langfeldti. Blattina Langfeldti E. Gien., Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., 1880, 521, PI. 22, fig. 3; i6id., 1884,571. This species seems certainly to fall here, but Geinitz appears to have confounded the costal and inner margins. The externomedian vein resembles the foregoing more than the following species, but first forks much farther from the base. The wing is 5.5 mm. long and about 2.2 mm. broad. It comes from the Lias of Dobbertin, Germany. m ill i if M. I:. r t 1 ; - '-•«! 'V. \ -l ■I !■ 1 336 Ctenoblattina? pinna. [Without name.] Brodie, Foss. Ins. Eng., 118, PI. 5, fig. 5. Blatta pinna Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 322. Blattidium pinna Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zarich, 1864, 290. This species appears to belong here, but I have not seen the specimen and the obscu- rity of the drawing renders its location uncertain. It is badly broken at base, so that the humeral angle and anal area are (probably) entirely obliterated. The fragment is represented as nearly 4.5 mm. long, and its real length was probably about 5 mm. It differs from the preceding species in the uniform width and greater extension of the cos- tal area, which must reach the very tip of the wing, the apparent absence of spurious nervules in the same area, the even slenderer externomedian area hardly expanding api- caily, and the very great width- of the internomedian area, which occupies fully half of the wing. It comes from the English Purbecks. NeORTHROBLATTINA Sciulder. Neorthrohlattinu Scudder, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 108. In this genus the wings are about two and a half times longer than broad, with fairly well rounded apices, the costal area extending nearly to the lip, and in the middle of the wing occupying nearly one-half its width. The internomedian vein is of varying importance, and in the large anal area the veinlets terminate on the margin ; the anal furrow is strongly arcuate, and deeply impressed. All the species come from the American Trias. The four species are N. alholineata, N. Lakesi, N. rotundata and N. attemmta, all found at Fairplay, Colorado. They were brielly described in the Philadelphia Academy's Proceedings, and will be fully discussed and figured in a jjaper devoted to this Triassic locality, so that it is only necessary here to indicate their apparent position in the series. RiTHMA Giebel (emend.). Rithma Giebel, Ins. Vorw., 318; Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 113. The wings of this group, as it is limited by me in the place above referred to, are gen- erally rounded wedge-shaped, i.e., slender and tapering (though the latter peculiarity is wanting in some even of the slenderest species) with the costal area large, occupying nearly or quite half of the wing, the main vein sinuous, generally conspicuously sinu- ous, rarely almost straight, terminating close to, sometimes even below, the tip. The anal area is generally pretty large, vaulted, and filled with arcuate parallel veins whicli terminate on the margin. The externomedian and internomedian veins are also sinuous and divide the remaining space about equally betAveen them, each forking considerably and radiating apically. Their nervules, and especially those of the internomedian vein, are rarely more longitudinal than oblique. The genus stands midway between Neor- throblattina and Mesoblattina, the flatness of the humeral field, and the great extent of 337 the costal area distingnisliing it from the former, the greater obliquity of the inferior nerviile? anil particularly those of the interiiomjdiau area, as well as the paralk-l and similar course of the anal nervules, separating it from the latter. Most of the species come from the English Purbeeks, but two occur in the Lias of England and Switzerland. Rithma Strickland!. PI. 20, (Igs. 4, .'.. Blatta StncUandi IJrodie, Foss. Ins. Engl., 32, 118, PI. 4, fig. 11 (2 figs.) ; (lieb., Tns. Yorw., 317. Blottklium StricMandi. Ileer, Yiertelj. naturf. Gosellsch. Zurich, ix, 290. By the favor of Mr. IJrodie, I have had the opportunity of studying and redrawing the original of this species, which shows a c()m[)licated cross-neurati.ou by the overlap- l)ing of the four wings and the tenuity of the membrane. This has enabled me to trace out the separate neuration of the tegmina, as shown in (ig. 4, which would not have been possible from the original drawing, whi(th was in other respects not wholly correct. Xo description accompanied the figure. The most perfect wing is the U[)per wing of the left side, and this is only preserved sufficiently to show that it probably belongs in this genus and caimot be identified with any otlier of the species here referred to Rithma. The humeral area is very narrow, and is not dilferentiated from the rest by its llatness; the costal area of ni'arly esjual breadth until close to the tip as in the next species, but the main vein has a slight sinuosity and no terminal inferior forked vein, and its branches are comparatively few and distant. So too, are the branches of the cxternomLnlian, which in other respects do not differ from the next species. In the hind wing, the costal area is nmch narrower and distinctly tapers apically. The inner bases of all the wings are wliolly obsi-ured by the meso- and meta- thoraeic scuta, which cf)me to the surface as large spots, so that there is no indication even ofchK anal furrow; they indicate, however, the p :)sitiou of tht' bases of the wii ,s, enabling us better to judge of their exact length, while the curves show, where the tip must lie. Judging by these, the length of the wings was 12 nun.; the breadth of the two wings at rest o.o nun.; that of one of them, probably about 1 nnn.; and the width of the mesothorax, 3 nnn. The specimen comes from the rurbecks of the Vale of Wardour, 'Wiltshire, England, and is of the same color as the di y brown stone on which it rests, excepting that i)arts of the thorax are black, the veins n-ying from light to blackish bi-own. The surface of the specimen is very slightly convi >, and the veins are slightly nnpvessed. ' !| Rithma Oossii s^p. nov. ri. 20,n<;. 15. This species is founded on a nearly perfect wing in which only the anal area is r.iiss- ing. The wing is of nearly uniform width, nearly robable length of wing, 11.5 mm.; l)i'eadth of same, i".25 nun. The specimen comes from the Lias of AVainlode, Strensham, England. Rithma formosa. Blattina formosa Ilecr, Lias-Ins. Aarg., 15, PI., figs. 11, 42; Id., Urw. Sehweiz, 83, PI. 7, figs. 1, \h. mtlnna formosa Scudd., I'roc. Acad. !N"at. Sc. I'hilad., 1885, 114. In this species, in which the t^'pical rounded wedge-shaped form of the wing is excel- lently shown, and only interfered with by the lateral expansion of the anal area, [)erhap8 due to displacement by the ci ushing of its vaulted Ibi'ui. the humeral field is very narrow and small, the costal area broad, equal and appearing to embrace the tip (the figures are 11 m w ii ^^' I i- i .ii . ' I I 1 1 tin m ■ll , il i not quite clear nor consistent), while in no other species is the fan-like disposition of the rays of the externo-and internomedian veins so well shown as here; they divide the field very equally between them, the externoniedian vein forking far back toward the base; and the large anal area with its almost regularly arcuate annl lurrow and parallel veins oc- cupies about a thii'd of the inner margin. The nervules on the two sides of the wing are of similar distance apart and i-ather crowded. I have not seen specimens of this species but describe it briefly from the figures. The length of the wing is 15.5 mm; its breadth 5.5 mm; it comes from the Lias of Schambelen in Switzerland, and is known from a single wing. Rithma MorrisL [Without name] Westw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., x, 390, PI. 18, fig. 3L liithma Morrisi Gieb., Ins. A'orw. 319; Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Philad., 1885, 113, 114. Blaltidium Moft'lsi Ilecr, A'ierteij. naturf. Ciesellsch. Zurich, ix, 290. A single nearly jjerfect wing, known to me only by Wcslwood's figure, is closely relat- ed to li. Jbiinosa, but is smaller, has its greatest width close to the base, has even more crowded veins, with more abundant dichotomizing and a nnich smaller not protruding anal area. The humeral field is very small but not slender, the costal area as in H.for- mosa, but terminating just above and not nibracing the tip, the median veins much as there but Avith more abundant forking of the branches. The anal fui'row appears to be bent roundly in the middle and to be oblique apically, yet not to reach even a fourth way down the inner margin. The length of the wing is 10 mm. and its breadth nearly 4 mm. The specimen comes from the Lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay, England. Rithma purbeccensis. ["Without name] Westw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., x, 390, PI. 18, fig. 32. liithma jmrbeccensis Gieb., Ins. Yorw.,319; Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 113, 114. BlattiiUum purhtccensis Ileer, Yicrtelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 290. This wing is only known to me as the last, and it is less perfect, but has characteris- tics which easily distinguish it. It is ])robably broadest in the middle of the basal half and has the typical wedge shape. The humeral field is large and broad, tajiering much apically and reaching more than one-third way down the costal margin. The mediasti- no-scapular vein is very sinuous, making the costal area broadest in the middle of the apical half of the wing where it occupies two-thirds of the entire breadth, but as the vein curves upward again apically and ])robably strikes the exact tip of the wing, it nar- rows rai)idly at the end; the area is filled with crowded, sinuous or arcuate, partially forked nervules, which are much more crowded than the distant, slightly forked, sinuous branches of the externomedian and internomedian veins, which appear to divide the space to the anal furroAV about equally between them. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate in ■; :■ ■ ! Ul the middle and terminates as far out as tlie luuneral field and far lieyond tlie basal brancli- inj? of the externomedian ', ein; anal veins not i)reserved. Tiie length of the fragment is 10.i> mm. and the presumed length of the wing 11.3 mm.; its breadth is 3.5 mm. It comes from the Lower I'urbccks of Dnrdlestone Bay, England. Rithma Daltoni sp. nov. PI. 20, fig. 16. The single wing sent to me by ^Ir. Brodie is preserved in a similar manner as H. jmr- heccensis and was at fii'st taken to be the type of that species, but a closer examination showed that if the latter has been correctly drawn by AVestwood, this nuist be distinct from it. The wing is of the same color as the dirty chalky white stone on which it rests, the veins even showing no color distinction. These are finely impressed, showing as well as the slightly arched surface that its upper side is seen ; there are some faint inter- calary veins in the costal area not showji in the figure; the anal furrow is no more deeply incised than are the others, and the humural fii^ld is fiat and at a lower level than the rest. The wing is undoubtedly broadest in the middle of the basal half, is wedge-shaped, ta- pering very regularly and considerably, with a straight inner and gently convex costal margin, to a somewhat pointed (here broken) tip. The humeral field, at first etpud, tapers in the apical half, which reaches neui'ly to the middle of the wing. The medias- tino-scapular vein is broadly sinuous, giving the costal area tlni same shape that it has in E. imrhecccnsis, including the entire tip of the wing, the exti-emity of the vein passing a short distance below the very apex; its branches are neai-ly sti-aight, i)aral!el and oblique, the early ones simi>Ie, the later, arising in the bi'oadening field, forked, the forks originating on a line with the bases of the simple veins. The remainder of the wing is as in It. jiiii'beccensis, only the branches are equally distant on the two sides of the wing. Length of the fragment 10.75 mm.; probable length of wing 12 mm.; its breadth prob- ably 4 mm., though the extreme breadth at the tip of the anal furrow is slightly less, or 3.85 mm. The specimen comes from the English Purbecks, and the species is named for Mr. W. II. Dalton of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. Rithma Westwoodi. ri. -20, lig. 11. [Without uame] Westw., Quart. Jouru. Geol. Soc. Loud., x, 300, 39(3, 1'l. 18, fig. 22. lilthvia Wcstivoodi Gieb., Jns. Vorw., 318-310. Bluttidium Westwoodi Ileer, A'iertelj. iiaturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, rx, 200. Among the specimens sent me by Kev. V. B. Br(»die, one occurs Avhich seems to be the type of AVest wood's figure, since in all that I have seen the figure is reversed, and in this instance the resemblance is close. I am able, therefore, to describe this s])ecies from the original and find the doubts I expressed concerning its ])ositi<)u (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. I'hilad., 1885, 113) hardly to be confirmed, though of all the species of Rithma it is the most closely related to Mesoblattina-. The under surface is exposed, the specimen being ti-ansversely concave, with elevated veins and concave interspaces: all arc of the same color as the dirty chalky-white stone. 3': :i I " Im \m ¥ } m M2 Tlic "wmg is t'xci'i'dinjjfly slcmlt'r and suIk'UIU'Hoi'iu, Ju'Iiif? lU'iirly four tiinos lonjjoi' tliiin broad, its jjirati'st hri-adtli just bcfoir tin' middle, botli costal and inner inar<>:ins f^ently areuate, and the ti|) somewhat produeed. Theouter hairol" the inner mar<>°in appears to be sli" occui)ieN moiv and j'enerally nuich more than half the breadth, embraces the entire tip and is filled with re<>"ular, strai;e, the furrow, which is no more prominent than the other veins, bein<;' bent roundly and sharply in the middle, and yet reachinj^; almost as far as the humeral field, and as far as the basal fork of the externomediau vein. No anal veins are prcservi'd. The exteruomedian branches are oulv three or four in numbei-, sinuous and lon<>-itudinal: • CD 7 those of the internomedian quite as few, nearly strai<;ht and oltlique. The lenjith of the will";" is 10 nun.; its breadth, 2.(5 mm. It comes from the l]u<>lish I'urbeclvs, and according to West wood, from the lower members at Durdlestoue Hay. It is p()ssil)le that the obscure s])ecimen tigiu'cd in IM. 20, lig. (5, also belongs to this species. It i*. too imperl'cct to determine. The sleiuK'rui'ss of the wing" and the resem- blance of the humeral iield and amd furrow are very similar, but the form is less tapering, and the nervules, especially toward the ti[), are nuicb more crowded and moi"e directly longitudinal. It is j)os!t ])ointed tip, but the neuration is too imperfect to indicate any fui'ther characters. I'robably the right baud margin is the costal. The wing is flecked with reddish-brown, contrastinjjf with the light brown color of the stone, the veins dusky. Its length is 7.2.") nun., and its breadth. 2.<) nun.; and like the last it comes from the Knglish Purbecks and was conununicated by Kev. Mr. IJrodie. Rithma? minima »p. nov. IM. 22, flga. 2,8a, Sjr, 11. [AVithout name] figured with others by AVestwood, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. Lond., x, J383-384, I'l. !;■), fig. 1-1, the ui)permost and the letl hand of the two lowest objects. Two objects Avhich probably belong- together, as their relative sizes agree perfectly, are found on the same light brown stone, and are referred here from ulight indications ! fi il- ^13 'i'lu- Hav, only in tlii' clini-actcr ol'llic win<:f. The K|K'cii's is ccHainly distinct from any Iviiown on acconnt of its si/c alone, and tlic diri'ction oT tiic ni('diastino-scai»nlai' vein is siicli as to !<'ad ont' to pi-csinnc it tt'rminatcd at tlii' very tip ol' tiic win^, wliicli is ol'an oval slia|)C! and rather lnoad for its IcnjjjtJj, ta|K'rin<^ in tiie apical lialCto a ronndcd tip c(|nally slop- in{5 on both sides. The anal fnri'ow is not w-vy stronjifly ai-cnate, but unnsnaliy li-ans- versc and the anal veins inipine very slij;htly min-ked by n darker line. As it corresponds exactly t(t what Ave should expect of a |ironolum belon<;iu;>' with the wing on the same stone, and is only about 2 cm. reujoved from it, and as no other known niesozoic sj)ecies approaches it closely in size, there can be little doubt that they belong together. 'V\u\ specimens come from the middle Piirbecks of I)j)i-set, Kugland. The other objects found on this same stone are als(» figured on the same plate. One of them, I'ti'.vinohhdlinfi pi iniui, is described elsewhere in this paper. Fig. I (S/>) is lig. \\X of Westwood and considered by him as the wing (»f a grasshopper. Fig. 10 (S/") is lig. 11® of Westwood and considered by him us one of the Trichoptera. Fig. 12 ( 8^/) is fig. 14:* of AV\\stwood, also considered by him as trichoptenuis. Fig. V.\ (Se) is fig. 14* of Westwood and named by him Cercopidlam TtleftpJioriis. 'i'hese will be dis- cussed at some future time, and are only mentioned here to exi)lain the jdatc, accord- ing to AVestwood's views. MkSOUT.ATTIXA E.Goiiiilz. Mi'soblcitllua E.(iein., Zeitschr. deutsch. gcol. (Jesellsch., 18S0, r)19-r>2(); Scudd., I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phi lad., 188.'), 1 14. This gemis, ])roposed at iirst by (ieinitzas a sub-genus for a cotiple of species of nies- ozoic cockroaches, on account of the course of the anal ni'rvures, was afterwards ex- tended by him to include another species, which disagn'cd in this ])articular from the others. In this he was right, inasnmch as the group, which slutnld be accorded generic value, contains forms which vary considerably in this respect. The characters refi'rred to in my paper on niesozoic cockroaches (si-e above) relating to the course (»f the inter- nomedia?! and externonu'dian nervules seem to be more important. The genus was the most prolific of any in niesozoic times. The wings are generally slender and parallel sided or nearly so, though in not a few they taper as conspicuously as in most of the species of Kithma, and one species at least is broadly oval. The flat humeral field is nearly always large and cons])ieuous, and the costal area large as in liithmn, from which it is distinguished mainly by its greatest peculiarity, which is the basal sinuosity and subsequent almost completely longitudinal course of the extcrnomediuii and interne- median veins and all their branches, the latter even rarely touching the border before the a])ical half, and generally not before the apical fourth or fifth of the wing, while the anal furrow does not extend ont after them, but meets the border at a broad angle. In addition to this, the veins of the anal area show in a considerable number of species (in •B'in 'M \ »>rtnvt1u*ivirt i" not piv<«ovvoi\^ n «tv.>»vu' (ontloiwv \\\ run in n ^iinilulv l.M\iii(n. tlio rtiv.K \\li» IT th»\\ nn' olo-.olx (1\\s(,m«mI. I'l\i«< i>. on n|>|»ri>Hth low ;uil lli<' {ionouilh lonaiUhlinrtI »Nnn'so of \\w i\\\',\\ \v\w< in ro»>ont «'ooki>>iM'hoH, wlw'co lln-v ulnH npon thr rtn.\l rnn-o« mu] n<>t .Nn tho n<;\Vi;in. Tlio f>«MuiH hJiuuIh nn«>l««M'n Kill\n»ii nnti Kli>;un:\. tlio lull or l^ciiiu ■"' ij< i\n>- in wlnoh iho |>(M'nliin'«'<»ni>*(' o(" (l\o ini'«lii>n \ i'in« i^ n>««ii> o.' {h;\\\ ]\cvi\h\\\ \\]\\y\\ h;\s no snrh laijio snud incst :i>< !•< I'lnninmi to (Iii> s)v«^ioN ol'ihit \ivnnH. Mo«(>M;U(in,» is (i«\t\ liodi in (hi' Lin-j ;)noli(i'. Imt osixH-ijiUv in \\w l;\((or. ri\<' sp,. ii». \\\:\\ he '.<>p;n.i1«tl inio i\>o oioup'^. M«»r^olM«tMn(» BtAk<>< ■-\y n v. n. M. «!2. t'h A siniil*' winja iVoiw whith !i < o\»>i>l<>V!«l>I«' portion of (l\(> tip i- lo-^t. Iml witiili show- nil tli«MhjnM«^1oti;vtio i>,ni>- ol'il>(> n>>ni;Hion !ilnii»>l «'oi\tpl('iol\ . A'^ io^IoiimI on tlioplnd'. ihc winsi i> o\ioo«linj:l\ -londcr. \»0!\il\ (o\n' li(\ios .■t-' lonu ;i>« InoMil. \> illi mmx puitilli'l sidoN. tlio «ost;)n>orn'l\ ;iri' iniiltilc ;in'' ''\o innor ncnj^iii ivrtvlx strjusihi. Tlu' lntnnM';«l (iold iv xciv lotijj. lim< ri-s|\!ipi'»l. ('\(«'i\. no noin'l\ to tln' niiilitmi_\ •-ittnonx. (In> imtm Itcinji br.v^ilo^l .^p]vwiio thi' ti]> o1' thi' l\nn\i>;;il (icM. \\ hi>ii' it i'' no,iil\ linlT oT tlio iMonlth ol thowiuii. ;>n»l oxtt^nilittu (prolvihlv "^ o)\l\ ;i little di'-tuncv' I>i'\oni| \]w niitlillc ol" the ontcr h;\ir<>rtlH' wit^ii-; tho ttoiv (tit- iin> oMi,pio. siinplo. pinnllcl. toloifihlx (tlniniliinl. Tlio on t< ii\oiuo \\in,i>' .'titil litis loii^. ho liir ns <;\\\ Iv Mvn siin)0«\ whollv loni:itnilin!il. or npw.ivil cnixiim InfiinlicM wliicli Irnnl sn ns ]M\>1viM\ l<^ tonnin;»1r on tlio t.ipi rinu .•ip«'\ oltlu* \\inom> iIic nii(lilli> line; proK-iM\ tli»\\ tovk noar tlio ti|>. Tin- in(ornonit>(li;in \riii is \\er margin anil rather inon- eloseI\ eiNMxdt^d than (he eosial ner\ iiIom. The iinal an\-« is ver\ larj;e. exteiulins: \er\ nearix a-- Car out a'- the Innneriil llehl ; (he anal riiirow i> «le]Mvssed. \er\ iinilorinlv aivnale, and (lie anal \eins ar.> \(>r\ peenliar. appearing (o consi'»( of a niitl-\ein jvirallel (o (he anal furrow, dividinn' the area into (wo nearlv tNpial halves and fnrnished \\i(h loiiiiitudinallv oMiipie paralh>l nervnh's whieli appear (o tenuinalo at e anal fnn\nv, the tennination of whi»'h is iineiMlain sinee (he outer lower half of the anal aiH'a is hndxen awav. revt-alinii' heneath (he v»>rv eloselv ap ]m>\inia1ed. ]>aralle1. ohliijni' olVshoots of (^prohahlx) (he anal area of (he hind wiiij^'. Length of iVacnuin lo nun.; piN>hahle leiiiidi t^f winji' 15> nini.; wiildi ."» nun. In (he struotuiv of the anal aivrt (his winjiis (o(ally «lilVeri>n( from miv odier s|)eeies. It comes friMtt the I'pp.T l.ias of Alder(on. (ihuiivstorshiiv. l-ln,i>-land, ami was moiiI iiu> I»,v Ke\ . MIA I*. 11. HriMlii'. It 1l'")'J nil II tlillv IllnWII mIiiIIc, IIh' \*'\\\^ llilllji lljlli'Mull. I ||||\t> lllMlll'll it lor K(|\ . .1. I'', nilllu' \\\\<\ llll' llliuli' ■ li'Mi'iMi'lu'i i||iii|| ll|i< |,it|M ill-Ji'llu. Ni>\) (n (ll'n I |i|||ri', i|nl|liirilll> . ll i iii||i|.' iiri'iinil'^ M llii It ii|i> im!i||'||||\ llniih K Itllctl, mill ii|i|iiiii'iill\ liolitiivi ill llii-i > ii iiiil> , ltii< III)' liMt iiii|ti'iTci I (n iIImi ihm liill^ iiiilil licl - li>r iiiiHiM'iitl hIiiiII itll'i'i'. i )\\o i»|' iliiMii ( V\. 'Jit. Il;t'. ;i) liiH ll liM«ii' mill Imiio' cimliil mi'ii In wliii Ii ||ii> iniilii vi'lit I** irunliirh iiii'iiiili' mill iN iili|i<|iii> Iniiin Ihm m r iliMimii ni |iii' mid ii|rn ullv I'Mildil: mi cNliMiiiMiK'ilimi M'iii III' liltir iiiipi ii t iiiHi' wilti tWM III lini'i' ulmllv |iiii;>il inliiiiil liiiiiii Id'm niiiiilii^ iliiwii llio iiiiililli' III' (III' «iiiji; mi iiilii iiniiiiilimi willi (Iiiim' m I'mii' Iiiliiiiii. nl IIi'mI rntlii'i' ili'iliiiil, liiMil liriiiK'lii'H. Iriiiiiiiiitiii^ I'm' mil ; mihI mi iimil I'liiinw v\ liii li ii nli lii|iii> mill Miniio.lil ii|iiriill>. iiiiliriitiiuv ll nitlii'i ImjH' mml iinii. ll mIihiiIiI Iii> imli'il ImwiMM' lliiil llir iiid riniiiii ijiiiii tinii ]» i iiliiilv Mi'|im iiliil I'lnin mul lioH III II mIIoIiIIv ImMT Ii'M'I IIiiIII |I|i< I'I'hI III llir wilia. mm) lull il i^^ llnt illl|ili'J'^ilili' ( ll|MM(i|| linl |l|ii|llllt|i') tlllll llli'lt' mi' Iwn « ill,",^ lli'lt'. IImIIi jiiiiIm mr |ii| |i'<( I >' IImI Willi ItlMWII- IhIi vi'iiiH. 'Tilt' Iciiydi hI' llii' ll iii'iiii'iit \i A 7r» mill mill iN IikmiIiIi |.r» miii. iiiijii'iiliii^ n wiii(.> iiliDiil I'J mill. Iiiii^', mill |ii'rliii|i'4 A iiiiii ImohI. ll i'imih'm I'imiii lln' l'!iii>li i|i I'm lii'i'h'4 mill WllM Hrlll me liv Wi'V. IV M. Ilnnlii'. ( )ll lllr t:!imr 'jImim , ijiiuic III MJiji' till' i||i|ii I liMu;- iiii'iil. lii"^ llii' H|n riiiii'ii til' / hiilinn/iftittiini tlnih/i ili^ii ilnil liiillii r mi mhI lij'.iiii i| mi n. '"-', 11^. n. 'I'lii' iillii'i' ( I'l. 'Jl'. ll;',. IM) liii'j 11 liiiiinl iM^liil mh'ii wliiili wmiM Im' iiilliir 'iliml, Iml. lliiil (III' itdit'rwiMi' I'iiIIh'I' Hli'mi!>lv iiniiiili' miiiii viiii jw icinrnirfd ii|pii nlly I'V Iwn or llll'i'c Hii|ii'riiir lmi«',iliiiliiiiil liiiiin In '% wliili' IIh' iiilii inr In imt In m mr nniin huh, Kiiii|i|('. |tmiillrl mnl iililiijiii'; lln' i\lii inimiiliMii mIii i'^ iiiinli inj in Ilii' inci i iliiii'. iiinl tlic inlcr- iiiimi'ilimi liiiH iiIiiiiimI ('i|iiiiIIv lnn^iilinliiiiil mIih, linldiiji cmiMiiliinlily mnl i^ciilly iin iinlc III liiiMi' iiiiliriiliii}' II lmi win;; uliiili willi IIh' MinKi'^li limwii vi'IIih ili'^liiiiriii'^li it i|irn l mm. mnl ilw liii'inllii I.Ljri mm., in- iliciiliii^' II wiii^' iilimil l.'l mm. Imi^ mnl piiliiipH I. A mm. Iiioml. It wiih li'ccivt'il I'l'iiii |{(>v, Mr. Hi'oilii' Inil willimil iinliriilimi nl' liHiilily m- Inni/mi. A:'- A ' I }^ Monoblnttiitn Bntinonl b|i. imv. I'l. W, tU;. 17, All iiliiinHt pcil't'cl wiiit^, lii'Iiiir liiuld'ii Hli^rlilly (ll lln- liimc ll im very ^liinlcr, li. /\ii iimli'i" Hiii'riirt" Ih hIkiwii, 'IIh- liimn'idl lidil i^ iiKMlfriilc, fxti'inliii;/ 'iv«r smm'- wlinl iiioiT llimi II ipiiiilc r ol' tlic winy. 'I'lic mfdiimtiini-HC'iipnl/ii vein i-j j/i nlly Kimioiis iM'iir till' liiiHc, liryinl iniiily Hlriii^lil, tf'i'miiiiiliii<,c.i"**t nliovc lln' fxticmf tipfx mnl <.':ivirij< the nisliil mrii iirmly liiiH" tlir wiiij<; tlic viiiik mr iiimnroim, sli^^htly clrvdt'd, psiKilJil, lmi;jiiliidiiiiilly nltliipH', mnl in the miter Indl" ol' tin- win;; (ilwny^ Torked l'» n modcnitf ili'gn'c. Tlic c.Nlcniomcdinii liiHl I'mkn opjir»silc the end of the hiimerfil lield,iind h(i-< id- ';h !.) 1 '■! : i ! i 340 timntoly about ciglit or niiio hrnnclics which liuvtMi vi'vv ^ract'ful h)nf?llinVinnl ('oursc, scarcely arcuato downward and oceupyinjjf tho whole of the lower half of the winjjf t'p. The iiit.M'noinedian is flrsl forked even earlier than the precediiifj;, and its similarly abundant and crowded branch<'s have a very f?raceful and nlle, longitudinally Hiiuions sweep, all falling on the mar;;in in the apical two-liniis of the wiufj^. The anal area Ih nmplc, the furrow being very regularly arcuate, ternunating near the end of the hccoiuI lilYh of the wing, ical half; the anal n»'rviden of a similar nbundanco t<) those of the rest of tlu' wing, mostly forked near their base, arcuate and parallel to the furrows. The length of the wing is about 18.2.1 mm. its breadth /i.! nun. It comes from the Upper Lias of Dumbleton, Gloucestershire, England, where it was obtained by Kev. H. L IJenson, who gave it to Kev. I*. H. Mrodie, to whom I am indebted for an opportiuiily to study it. It is of a dull fuliginous color with here ami thee a reddish tinge on a blu- iaii gray stone. * MoBoblattina Swlntoni fHtal area broadest in tlu^ middle and a littb* leHs than lw<»-(illlhH tilt! width of the wing; its branehits are tolerably nnnierons, longitndinally obli(|ne, tho basal ones simple, the odierH which an; morit obli(pi(t iorki-d about their middle. Tlieex- turnomediaii vein forks first oppositi; the tip of the nnal ftirrow, and tcrminaleH an far below the ti|>as the upper vein above it; it has two or three simple or forked longitudi- nal branches. The internomedian forks opposite the end of tin; humeral field and haH three or four more or less longitndinally sinuous branches impinging on the outer half of the inner margin, which, like the costal branches, are less crowded (m the margin than the externomcdian. The anal furrow is rather deeply depressed, strongly and very regu- larly areuate, terminating a little beyond the end of the basal third of the wing; the nnal nervules are parallel to it, but sinuous mesially (as if by an accident of iiduunation) and apically forked, terminating at erpiidistant points on the margin; they are about aH dis- tant as the costal branches. The wlwde wing, cx7(), PI. l.'J, fig. 1. Mesohlattina dobbertinensis Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phllad., 1885, 115. This spoeies has bctm de3cril)ed with some care by Geinltz, and needs no further men- tion than to say that its nearest ally appears to be .U. Geikiei, a species twice as long; it differs from it also in the greater brevity of the anal area and the much greater breadth and importance of tho costal area. Its length is G.5 mm. and it comes from the Lias of Dobbertin, Germany. Wy \ ' I ' 2. Hie anal veins are directed toward the tij) of the anal furrow. Mesoblattina Higginsii sp. no v. ri. 21, fig. 14. This species and the next, of neither of which is the anal area known, are placed in this group because of their general relations to the species which unquestionably fall here, though it may readily be found hereafter that they must bo transferred to tho Ii i ■--■' :m8 preceding proi'p, to the latter s]ieeie8 of wliieh they hear main' niarlis of resenihlauee, but from which ru y also hoth dilfer much in the immense extent of the humeral field. A sin}>le wing with a fragmentary lip represents the upper surface of this species. It is of a dull, i)ale yellow color on a dirty chalky-white stone. The surface is Hat, the veins depressed and slightly dusky. Restoring the form of the apex from the course of the existing margins and veins, the wing a])iiears to have been elongate elliptical in shape, pi'obahly three times as lom.-* as broad, with u>iiforml\ and considerably arctiate costal margin. The humeral field is depressed, lancet-shaped, and of unusual extent, reaching certainly over one-half the wing and probably more. The mediastino-seai)ular vein is pretty strongly sinuous, especially arcuate a little beyond the base and terminates at the tip of the wing, the costal area occupying in the A mm. The specimen comes from the English Purbecks, locality not stated, and was submitted to me hy ilev. 1*. li. Brodie. The species is named for Rev. II. II. lliggins of Liver- pool. Mesoblattina Murcbisoni ri. 21, flg. 5. [Without name] Westw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., x, PI. 18, fig. 43. Jtithma MHirhisoni Csieb., Ins. A'orw., 319. JilaUiilinm Murchi>!, lij;. 2. Although a slight fiagment isbndien from the base and from the ai)i'x of the specimen representing this species, il is practically perfect, and though the ,'ostal mai'gin is con- siderably less arcuate, it is of much the same shape as that presumed of ]\r. Mnrv/iisoiii, with which it agi-i'es closely in all other ])arlicnlai's. Tt shows an under surface, l)eing concave, the anal ari-a separately and to a considerable degree; the veins run along the top of convex ridges. The humeral Held is, lio\vevi>r, simple, lanei't-shaped. and only about two-lifths the length ol" the wing, though slill exii'iiding further than the anal area. The costal ari'a is almost a eompUte dnpliiale <.'f that of .1/. Jlinr/iisoni, but is a little broader in the middK-, almost eipialling half the l)readth of the wing. Tiie extei'- noniedi!".! vein arisis in the same way but lirst forks a little later, just beyond the tip of the anal area, and the branches, diverging very slightly and uuifoinily, covei- a con- siderable space on the margin, so as to occupy nearly all the arcuate porti(m of the apex below the costal area. The internomediau veins are hence a very little li's> longitudi- nal, trending sliglitly downward, though they stiike the margin only in the apical half of the wing. The anal an-a is of about the same size, but the I'urrow, which if an upper surlaec were shown would be uniformly and rather lU-eply iinpressi-d, is almost uniformly arcuate, Avith no median bend, striking the margin oliliipiely, a little beyond the basal third of the wing. The anal veins, next the furrow subpai'allel to it, form as a $ f III (' ' I I t« ■ ng i i 350 wliolo a subfiisifonn hiimlle, its ontor apov cliivcMcd (oward the pxdvinity ofllic anal furrow; thov si'om, lunvovor, to tonninate ratlu'r on the iniuMiiiost vrin wliich runs p.n-- alK'l to till' niar>;in, tlian on tlu' niar<>in ilsclC The anal aiva Jind tin- outor adjoining;- mi'ts show .i fuu' cross-vi'ining hirakinj;' up tho intrispaccs hito tolerably re^^uihir (|ua(l- rato I'l'lls. Lonj^th of IVai^ini'ut, It) mm.; prosnniahK' lonj^th oCwinj;-, 11 nnn.; its breadth, 3. 2."> mm. The speeiinen, re('elve>'al. Sc. IMiilad., ISS-I, 1 bl. This spi'cies is too obsc nrt'ly li,i>ined to enable me to cesci'ibi' its strticture in detail, but it certainly aj;rei's closely with M. lincldandi, with which it a,:;rces well also in si/e. As, however, they diifer in several points of importance, I have m.. thouj>ht it right to consider tluMU identical; in particular maybe noted in this species tlni coin])arative brevity of the humeral iield, which apju'ars to be hiokeu olf, the abundance of the co.stal nervures, and the upward sweep of the median nervules. The species is re|)resented as 11.7;) mm. long, and comes from the Middle rurbecks of Durdlestone Bay, England. Mesoblattina protypa. Blatthia (.Uesohlattuin) ^>/-o////>rt K. Gein., Zeitsehr. Deutscli. geol. Oe.-icllsch., 1880, O19-20, n. 22, fig. 1 ; Id.j iUd. 1881, oGO-TO. Mesohhittlna protypa Scudd.. Troc. Acad. IN at. Sc. Philad., lS.s.1, 114. This si)ecies, distinguishable among its neighbors by the comparative brevity of the humeral fiidd, tho narrowness of thu e )st;il area and the straightnuss of the mtuliastino- scapular vein, has been carefully described and liguriul by (Jeinitz, and liouds no further mention here. The wing is 8.5 mm. long and comes from the Lias of Dobbertin, Germany. Mesoblattina Murrayi sp. < ov. I'l. 21, llg. 4. This species, Icnown by a singli' example broken in the middle and lacking the tip, is still so nearly complete as to be satisfactory, and its evident relationship to the next two species shows that, although the anal veins are wanting, it must fall in this group. The specimen is screely dingier than the dirty chalky-white stxme on which it lies, the veins concolonms '1 ho upper surface is exposed and it is well arched, the veins impres.sed, the into"'i»acc.s < • .ivex, and when narrow, as at ajiex, prominent. The wing is broad- est a iiuic ber<;;e the middle, and tapers very gently owing to the arcuation of tiie 861 costal tnarfj^in; the lip Is ]>r()l)ahly in-cdy fully rountlod. 'IMic luimoi-al fiold is well dc- volopcd, well inni'kcil. Hat a?t(l stroiif^iy (luprcsscd, Hlcmlci'ly laiu'cojiitt?, fxlcudiii^ over tiic basal tvvo-liriiis of llic wiiijj^, tiif (lostjil boi'dor di'iicatcly niar<;iiiat(!. 'V]n'. incdias- tiiiD-scapiiIar vein has ,"ii t'litii-t'ly similar coiirsc! to that of M. MiirrlilsnnI, iiiakiii;^^ lh(( costal area broadest in [\\v middle of (he wiii^, but lhei'(! only l\vo-(ii'llis tlu! width of till! wiii^; llu! iiervides are simple, rather lon<;itiidii)ally obliipie, parallel and nnmeroiis. The base of the cxtornonuidian vein is obsinn'ed, but the branches, which ar(M)ccasionally forked in the apical hall" of the win;^', an; all straij^ht, crowflcd ami completely lon^^itu- dinal or trend Kr the tij), when the wing tajjcrs sf)mewhat by tlu; rounded excision of the lower outer angle. The winjr as a whole is about two and one-half times as long as broad. Tin; humeral field is lanceolate, its inner border bent in the middle, its pointed tip icaching two-fifths way down the wing, '^fhe mcdiastino-scajmlar vein, parting from the humeral field at its an- gle, runs eubparallel to, but a little divergent from, the costal margin in a very broadly arcuate curve to the tip, throwing off many ])arallel, oblicpie nervurcs, the basal ones of which arc simple and crowded, the apical mf)rc distant, more longitudinal and forked, forming a costal area which occupies considerably more than two-flfihs of the width of the wing. The externoinedian vein runs close and parallel to the preceding, first forks just before the tip of the hiuneral field, and has three or four generally simple, inferior, sweeping, arcuate, longitudinal branches, followe mm. broad. It comes from the Knglish Pur- becks, and was received from Mr. Brodie. It difi'ers from 3[. Brodlc.i in the form of the wing, the shape of the hnmoriil area, the course of the m^dlast'mo-scapular vciu and the character of its brandies, and in the multiplicity of the apical externoniedian ner- vules. It is named in memory of Mantell the English gi'ol')gist. Mesoblattina Hopei s[). nov. ri. 21 , fij?. 11. I'lie liiignu'iit of ii wing representing this species laclcs the apical fifth of the wing and a considerable fragment of the liumeral region as ^\^•\\ as the anal area. It s! \vs the under sin-face of llu' wing, whicli is a little dingier than tlu' dirty clialky-wliite stone, l)elng nniforinly concave transversely, witn the veins slightly sunken on the sunnnits of ridges; aUhougb the anal aiva is gone, the furrow shows slightly proniiuent as a /idge. As restored in the hgnre, which seems to indicate its proI)able form, it was parallel-sidi'd, with a scarcely perceptible taju'r, and ])i'ol)al)]y a little more than three times as long as broad, for the remains of the costal and iinicr margins aiv straight and almost |)arallel and the veins have a vi'ry longitudinal aspect. 'I'lu' mediastino-scai)ular vein was broadly and gracefully sinuous, ])lainly terminating at some distance before the tip, most of its branches somewhat longitudinally ol)li((ue and com|)ound, the costal ai-ea being I)i'oadest at the end of the basal third of the wing, wlu^re it is scarcely less (lian hall" its entire breadth. The externomi'dian and internomedian veins are longitudinal beyond their base, and even, especially the externomedian, swing upward, the division between tiio two being probably at the very a])ex of the wing. The anal furroAV, roundly bent very strongly before its middle, takes an oblique course beyond it, Imt probably does not ex- ceed the basal fourth of the wing. The length of the fragment is 11.25 mm.; the ])rol)able length of the wing 14.2.11 mm.; its width 4.75 mm. It comes from the English Vurbccks, and is named for the late Rev. F. W. Hope who has contributed to our knowledge of fossil insects. In this vicinity appears to fall another specimen from the English Purbccks (PI. 21, fig. ()) which is too obscure for extended description. It is a nearly perfect wing, showing the upper surface, but being of the same color as the dirt}' brown stone it is hard to deter- mine the venation excepting in the most general wa}'. In form it appears to resemble I'ather closely that presimied for .1/. Hopei, except in being slenderer and having a more acuminate tip. It appears to be more than three times as long as broad, with a large, ])rominent, sunken humeral field; a scarcely sinuous mediastino-sca]nilar vein, terminat- ing ])robably above the apex of the wing ami having numerous ol)lique branches, form- ing an area which occupies nearly half the wing; longitudinal and closely approximate, ])arallel, median -eins; and a comparativel}'^ small anal area, the furrow not reaching one- fom'th the way out. Length of wing, 1(5.7 miu.? ; breadth, i'..") miu. Mesoblattina Feacbii a\i. iiuv. ri. 21, (lii. 10. The uearly perfect specimen which represents this s])ecies shows the upper surface of i; >\ '"fX, which is a little dusky on a dirty, chalky-white stone. It is gently convex with JH ' M f :■■ ■ M I 854 t1)o veins tlc'lionloly improssod, the .iniil fiirrow nppanMitly no more dooply (Imn llio otliors. The win<>' is voiy iTji^nliuly I'lon^atc I'lliptic;)! in lorni miuI ahont two and tln'cc- Iburths tinios lon^or than broad. Tlu' I'xtronu' haso is hi-okon, Init the Hat Iiinni'ral Hold is apic-ally pointed and tapoiinj;". and ap])ari'ntly Jnst ahont as Ioiilj as tlic widtli of tlio Avin^j^. The eharacters of the eostal nerviiles are just about intermediate between those of Jf. lirnilii'i t\\u\ M. Maiitrlli, the area beinj*; broadest in tlie middle, wliere it is very nearly ludf the widtli of the win<»- and extends t(» tlie exact lip of tlie win<^. The externomedian and internoinedian veins aiv also about inteiinediate betwi'en tln^ same two species, thouj>'h their terminal area is almost exactly as in J/. JirodifL It dilVers, however, from both of these species in the very regular form of the Avinjif. The anal furi'ow is precisely as in J/. Jfopii and terminate^ on the margin Just short of the tip of till' humeral Held. Length of fragment. 10.;") mm.; probable h>ngth of wing, 11.(5 nun.; breadth of same, 4.1 nun. It is named for Mr. IJ. X. I'each of the (Jeological Survey of Scotland, and comes from ihe English I'urbecks. Mesoblattina angiistata. nJiilthia (/»r//^>j/r/^/IIcer.A'iertelj. naturf. Gesdlsch. Zurich, IX, 288, 290-:]00, Tl., tig. C. BUtttlmt {}[<\sohhiftl)Ki) (tniiHKlatu 10. (Jein., Zeitschr. 1 )(>ulsih. geol. ( iesellsch., lvS8(), .■51!»-.")20. Msoh/dtfiiia (iiiiiii.^tafa ''^.•ndd.. Trnc. Acad. Xat. Se. I'hiiad., 188."). 1 U. This species, which is wi'll ligurcd and dcscril)cd by Ib'er, is conspicnons among the species of Mesol)lattiiia for its wn^.i^i'-shaped form, in which it closely resembles a Ikitiima. The course c I" the interiiomvdian liraimches contends, however, ;igaiiist this, and besidi's. all the anal ve ns cluster apirally towan' llii.- tip of the anal fui'row. as ofti'ii in Mesoblattina. and iievi r. so Car as known, in liitbirna. The co---al area occu|)ies half the ■wing a"..' the luiineraiil tield. of Avliich lleer rmike-^ no mention, must be very small, sK'iuler :.iui sliort. Length of wing, 8 mm.; I)rea(khi. '2S> aaim. Ifc t*t)ines from the Lias of ScluunbeU'ii, Swiiri-rlaiid. Hi H lUE^ffiblolxma Mazixudae. JJlat'-i" ■J',ihU,hn' YL •^r.-rn.. Flotzform. Meeklenl... 2!>-;50, V\. <>. Iig. \. Ti..- -' A ;;u ;;.>eiT:ann fonn ofMesolilnrina has been wronu'ly interprt'lcd by Dr. M. (ireiiutz. as he ha»- !ui>tuu--n the inner lor tiu' costal margin and rive vevMi. The base of tli>' wing is l)r «ut-u- •■£ the iisiirmeiit -"cms to represent an elliptical wing, a little more' Dsan I wo and onie-iatH'-— - iLrer than broad, with the lower outer vkV^^} rouiKU'd otl". M :i» lO ])riiig i;;i.' ti| . iiig ai»'Ve the middle line. .Xo trace of a humer.il tiiea cutti Ih' *hs«u and it nn. -i oiiliiud to the broken base and therefore short. The mediu?*uiin>-»t-apular vein (anal and part of intenioniedian of Geiiiil/) is ])retty stronglv and !■• _'n! • ly an nate in the r'':'Lrinent (probably with a reveise curve, so as to be sin- uous, toward the uawe), terminaiing just above the elevated tip of th" wing, broadol in the middle, where it in more than t wo-llltlis of the bi'eadth of the \>iiig, all its brandu - a litth longitudinally obliijue and parallel, tlu' basal ones simple, the outer forked oi .>;> compound. 'Vlw cxloriiomodiau is nrcuato at, liasc, lii-sl rorkiiiL-; opposito ihc lip ol' (lio iinal lurrow, sh )rtly aCtcr whicii tlu> (t»rkiii;j; l)raiu!lu'.s I);'C()im' coiiipIfU'lv loiij^iliulinal and occ-upy apically a very narrow portion ol" tlu' I'xtrt'nio api'x. Tlu' inlcrnonu'dian lirst (brlvs haciv ol'llu" lrai>nuMit and with its hranclu's has a decidedly areuate sweep, all tiu> veins in tlie apical half ol' the win;;- hv\i\jx alniosl completely longitudinal, and ini- pin;>in,'j^ at suhoipial distances aloni;- the whole iniuM- niai'^-in heyoiid the anal Inrrow. In this particular it rather resenihles Kitlnna, hut this is l)r(Mii;hl about hy tin' sin;;le (act that the inneiMUost hraneh, just opposite and close to the tip of the anal fui'row, has ji forked hraneh wliich sends three siioots to the niari^in closi" beside it, but for which, all the li'rininal branches would rt'ach bi'yonil the middle of the win;;'. The anal Inrrow is only seen near the I'nd, where it is straii>hl and obli(pie and probably .strikes the mar- ;;in before the end (»f the basal third of the win;;'. ]jen<;-th of fra,i>inent. IS mm.; prob.ible leiiL-lh of win^-, '_'_*..> mm.; breadth, HM mm. It eome.s from the Lias of Dobbertin, (iermany. Mesoblattina antiqua. [Without name] Weslw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., \, l^!).', PI. 17, Ih^. 10. . h'ithiiia (iiifiqiKi Ciieb., Ins. N'orw. IW.). lilatHilinm iiiifiiiiniiii I leer, \'iertelj. naliu'f Gescllseh. Zurich, ix, 2!)0. Mcsoh/itflina (iitfi(iiitt .Sciidd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad., ISS,"), jl.i;. This species is peculiar for its remarkable form, the costal mar;;in bein;j^ nearly sli'ai;;ht and the inner and apical mar_L!;in slron;:^ly curved, thi'owin;>' the apex of iIk win^;^ far above the njiddle; in this resp;>ct no spe;'ies Inil ,1/. Mulhi' hie re-i( inliles it ; but the foi'in is exa;>;;;erated in AV^i'sl wood's lii:^urc from the fait that the base i-^ want in;j:, which, if supplied, would i)robably make the win* im 'aitll I. It will llg l>t •adth wing, tbin vein, idles icIk m 1. .>..) 11. .s- I ii w % 'd'Ai Mesoblattina? lithophila. Miimi UfJinjtJii'la Germ., Acta Aciul. Leoji.-Caiol., xix, 222, PI. 23, fij?. 10; Woyonh., Aifli. aius. Toyl., II, 2.")0-2r)7, PI. :{1, ^i<,^ 2; Asmu., Ik-ikht Vers, deutscli. Natuil'. L. 102. Itlattldium /{froldhif/idnum I leer, Vleilelj. natiirf. Gesellscli. Zi'lricli, IX', PI , fig. 8. Assinann is jjrobahly correct in referring I leer's species to the one earlier (leseril)e(l by Gennar, and it appears probable that it belongs to this genus, thongli no figures good enough to make it certain have yet been published, and its reference here is only by way of suggestion. The upper Avings are 10 mm. in length and the species comes from the Jurassic beds of Solenhofen, Bavaria. ElI8A:M.V Giobd (emend.) J^lis(im, lig. 2(5. lifethania MoIoshus Gieb., Iijh. V'orw., 321. Giebei founded the genus ^ethania upon this single species, npon characters drawn 357 from the supposition that tho obrKinc veiiili'ts were tlmsc of the nnal, while tlicy are really those of the costal area, the mar:e(l in his coneeption of it. The j^enus Nethania tlu'ii niij^ht he allowed to drop out of sii-ht, even if it did not appear that the spi-eies in ((uestion should fall into tlie sanie j^enus as the s})ecies referred hy him to Elisania, in thi^ conception of which, as ])ointed out above, he made an exactly similar error. The species seems in fact to fall next to E. Kiicri, hav- iufif a very similarly arcuate mediastino-scapular vein, terminating^, probably, hiy;her than there, and a similar sweep and manner of forking of the median veins, and, I)esides, a spot near the base of intei-nomedian area (but larther out than in J'J. Kiurt) apparently njade up of numerous cross veins; but the basal sinnation of the main vi'in is much j;reater than is possible in E. Ktutrl and the basal arcuation of botli exiernomedian and inter- nomedian nervules, especially the latter, is so much less marked, so comi)aratively slial side, sin<-e ix'vond, by successive forks, it loses the sti'englli of if-; ai'cuiiti )ii aail is pi'obahly carried to the veiy tip of the wing; the greatest width is before the midille of tlii' wing, where lln' costal ari'a is considerai)ly more than two-iifllis the l)reai. rv^. i;i. [AVithout name] Itrodi.', Foss. Tiis. Kiigl., 118, l»l. .}, fig. 20. J'JIisdiiKt minor (Jii'b., Ins. \'or\v. ;>"J(). JSlutlidiiiin iiiiiior Heer, \'iertelj. natnrf. (iesellseh. Ziirieh, ix, ii!)l. A speeimen received from Uev. Mv. IJrodie seems to me to represent pretty cer- tainly the oiiginal of his illusti-ation of this species (represented, as nsual, reversed on his plate). But even if it is not. it certaiidy belongs to the same species, and its exam- ination shows that, as in the single specimen of 7^'. /v;<(;y't, the base is l)adly broken, and aboiitaqnarter of the tip lost; nevertheless the most important ])art of the nenration re- mains and enal)les us to restore the wing with considerable confidence, by which it Avonld appear to be nearl}- two and one-half times longer than broad and to have had a more convex costal mai'gin than J'J. Kncri. An under surface is exposed, of the same color as the dirty brown stone on which it lies, with black or blackish brown veins and intereaiaries. The surface is ilat or scarcely concave, the veins scarcely elevated, and the intereaiaries slightly suid min.; the probable length of the wing 7.7.> mm.; its breadth 12.1 nnn. The specimen comes fi'oni the English Purbecks and bears also the name "Blake,"' probably the collector. Eliaama Bucktoni sp. nov. PI. L'l. lios. S, 12. Two specimens, sul)mitted lo me by Mr. lirodie, represent this species, neither of them with the base quite perfect, and one with about one-fifth broken from the tip. Both (if llicin show Ihc upper surlju'c linnsvcrst'Iv, slij^litly mikI rc^xiilnrly arched, with ihe (h lieiite veins impressed sliiirply ;md sli<;htly in the iiunl hjdl' ol' llic win;;', ^\llIleill the it|)ieid hall' they run mh shglit rid<;'es nt tin liottoni of Ihitteiied furrows between sli;;lil, rounded rid;;es, the lid^cs senreeiy uaridwer tlian the furi'ows and tiu* passaularly to about the middle of the apical half. w hen, especiallv bv the rounded excision of the imu'r mari^^in, tliev ua rr' w nnicl I nioi'e rapidly and terminate in a somewhat poiiiti'd shape, the apex above tlu- middle line of th(^ winj;; alonj^ most of their course both eostal and inner margins are straight or very nearly straight. Tlie nu-diastino-scapnlar vein is vi-ry broadly and pretty uniformly arcuati', terminatiuu,' just al>ove the extrein:; apex of ihu wiui;', and, excepting' two or three simpli- ones close* to the base, all thi' braiu'hes are arcuate, pai'allel, oblique and Htrouyly compound, so that comparatively few orij;'inate directly Irom the main stem, while a very lai'<;'e numl)er of crowded uervidi's reach the nuu\!j,iu; at its extreme breadth, about the middle of the winj>-, the costal area occupies a little more than two-fifths the width of the wiu;^'. The e.xteruomedian and intei'nomediau veins arc broadly sinuous, beiuj^- almost longitudinal in the middle, pri'lty strongly arcuate in o]w sense next the base, and gently arcuate in the opposite next their pretty uniformly forking tips where they curve downward to strike the margin, the externoinediaii terminating upon the apex ami exti'eme apical end of the inner margin, the internoniediin beyond the middle of the inner margin. The anal fui'row is a straight obliipie line, ajjparently curving down- ward at extreme tip, in one specimen (lig. 12) terminating at no further than one-iiuh of the way from the base, and leaving necessarily an extremely small anal area. lA'iigth of one specimen (fig. 8) 10.(5 mm.; breadth 1 mm.; of the other (fig. 12) 8 inm.; probable length of wing 10.1 mm.; breadth 3.7.") mm. IJoth spe(imens come from the English I'nrbcck-; the species is named for Mr. G. li. IJuckton, who, in a recent nionogra[)h of British Ai)hides, has not neglected the fossil species, whetlier British or foivijrn. j \ 1 Vf \ I ' 1'' I '1 Elisama Kirkbyi sp. nov. I'l. 21, (ly:. .'i. A wing fi'om which the base and one-third of the tip aie lost represents this species, wliich nevertheless plainly belongs in this genus and is very distinct from the other spe- cies, the neuration being so regular that it could be restored in the inlssing apical por- tion with high probabii'ty of accuracy, though the form of this part is more conjectural. As restored, the wing was probably rathei'inoiv than two and one-half times longer than broad. It represents an under surface, being uniformly concave, and is of the same .ii'i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) *^ V 1.0 1.1 11.25 ^ I2i2 12.2 WIKU U 11111.6 F^tograpnic Sciences Corporalion ■-G^ iV -^^ <^ ^. 33 WIST MAIN STMIT WnSTM,N.V. 1 49 JO (716) t72-4903 i\ i m t''': 360 color, veins and t.U, as the dirty, chixlk^'-white stone on wliich it rests, the veins beinpf slightly impressed on the summits of rounded ridges separated by transversely rounded furrows. The niediastino-scapular vein is straight in the basal half of the wing; beyond curves slightly and probably terminates a little above the tip with, so far as can be seen, only simple or basally forked, parallel, oblique, scarcely sinuous branches, the costal area being slightly less than two-fifths the breadth of the wing. Tho externomedian and internomedian veins are strongly arcuate at the extreme base; beyond comjdetely longitudinal in the externomedian area, probably terminating in a uai-row space at tlie extreme tip of the wing, and the same, but slightly declivous, in the inter omedian area, ■where from this cause they terminate along the entire inner margin, even within the basal h'alf of the wing; in the median ureas, the interspaces arc generally seen to be broken by dull cross veins into quadrate cells, but near the middle of (he wing both veins and cross veins are effaced by imperfect preservation. The anal furrow is trans- versely oblique with no distinction of impression and must termi'iate at a very shoil dis- tance out. The s])eeies is remarkable for the straightness and simplicity of its costal area, the early termination of its earlier internoinedian nei'vules and its uniform breadth. Length of fragment, 7.5 mm. ; probable length of wing, 14 mm. ; breadth, 4.5 mm. The specimen was received from Kev. Mr. Brodio, as from the English mesozoic beds, but without further indications. It is named for Mr. J. "W. Kii-kby, who has made us acquainted with some of England's earliest fossil cockroaches. Elisama ? media. BlattkUmn medium Ileer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. ZQrich, ix, 289, 300, PI. fig. 7. An obscure and imperfect specimen, which agrees better with this genus than any other and probably belongs here and to a si)ecie8 distinct from any others known, being distinguished for its tapering form, its straight inner mai'gin, while the costal margin is convex, the regular narrowing of its costal area, Avhich is broadest close to the base and which probably terminates at the very upper extremity of the apex, its intercalary veins and the complete longltuf^inality and straightness of its median veins. Length of fragment, 8 mm.; pi-obable length of wing, 10.25 mm.; breadth, 3.5 mm. It comes from the Lias of Schanibelen, Switzei-land. h. The extri'ntmf'Uav rrhi of the vppcr ivings is amalgamaied either irifh !:. ^rnjuilor • vith the intemoriedian, and all other vtlns are indejjendent. PtKKIXOHLATTINA ScmUkr. Pterinohlaftina Scudd., Proc. Acad. Jfat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 105. Among the fossil cockroaches figured by "NVestwood thirty years ago, was one which Giebel afterwai'ds named lilatta jtlumn, on account of the resemblance of its neuration to the barb:; of a feather, with the shaft on one side. Several species are now knoAvn, including one 'described as an hemiplcron by Germar nearly fifty years ago, and on 361 account of this cni'lous arrangcincnt of the vehis, I proposed recently the generic name here employed. The wings are very broad, expanding considerably beyond the base, broadest beyond the middle, and lilled with an abundance of branching veins. The mediastinal, scapular and combined externomedian and internomedian veins run close together, side by side, in a perfectly straight course (the shall of the feather) from near the middle of the base of the wing toward a!ul nearly to a point on tlic costal margin a little within the apex of the wing, and the superior mediastinal and scapular and inferior externomedian and internomedian branches, ci-owdcd closely together, part from this apparently common stem at nearly similar angles on either side of it; \r\\\\e the anal area, at least where known, occupies a considerable and nearly equal band along a considerable portion of tlie in^uir margin, running into and often strongly interfering with the internomedian nervules. As stated in the introductory ])ortion of this paper, what was formei'ly regarded by me as internomedian is now looked upon as imquestionably anal, so that we can only interpret the neuration by sunposing the externomedian and internomedian veins to be amalgamated, and this will remove the giMius from the Palaeoblattai'iae. 0?he genus was tolerably pi-olifie in species, which vary greatly in size, the two spe- cies from the middle Oolite of Solenhofen being particulai-ly large, while one of the Liassic species from Germany is one of the smallest of mesozoic cockroaches. Four species (including two doubtfully referred here) are known from the middle and lower Purbecks of England, two from the middle Oolite of Bavaria and three from the Lias, one in Germany and two in England. Pterinoblattina pluma. PI. 22, figs. 7, 8°. [Without name] TVestw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., x, 384, 394, PI. 15, fig. 14. (2 figs.) Blatta pluma Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 322. Plerinohlattina pluma SciuM., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 188;"), 10o-l()(3. The speci)nen, the original of Avhich I have had the [)rivilege of studying, by the favor of my kind friend Kev. P. li. Brodie, is rather imperfect, and a little deceptive from the fact that just that porticm of the tip is missing which contains the scapular branches; it is probable, however, from tae longitudinal character of the apical offshoots of the me- dian vein that the species more closely resembles P. clirysea than P. intermixta. There is no discoloration of the stone to mark the wings, tlumgii the veins are pale; no ])ortion of any margin is preserved; it lies fiat upon the stone, but the scapular vein is slightly depressed while the others with their branches are slightly elevated, by which it would seem that the under surface were uppermost. All the mediastinal branches are simple, parallel, equidistant, almost straight, closely crowded, and part from the main stem at an angle of about 45". The nu dian branches, the only others preserved, part at a less an- gle, gradually become quite horizontal apicalh', are nearly as close at l)ase as the scapu- lar branches, and as most of them fork andev^n re-fork, though with entire irregularity, become excessively crowded toward the margin. k, ' 3G2 The length of the fragment is mm. ; its breadth 5 mm. Probably the Aving was 12 mm. long, and 5.5 mm. broad. It was found in the Coi-bula or Pecten beds of the middle Purbecks of Dorset, England. Pterinoblattina penna. PI. 22, tig. 14. Pterinohlattlnc penna Sciidd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 100. The single specimen of this species at hand is preserved in much the same manner as the last, but shows a fragment of the anal region. Tlie specimen is of the same color as the dirty chalky-white stone on which it rests. Tlie im dian area is scarcely concave, the vein depressed; the mediastinal area is slightly convex and its main stem is elevated above the two next below it. The three principal veins approach each other very gradually so as to give them the ap]>earance of a tapering rod. The mediastinal branches part from the stem at nearly a right angle near the base of the Aving, gradually increasing in obliquity distally, initil they form an angle of 45" with it; they are slightly curved, the concavity outward, very closely crowded, and about every third one forked near the mid- dle, but with no regularity. The scapular brandies are not preserved, but as in JP.pluma, and for the same reason, they proI)al)ly i'eseml)le JP. chrysea rather than P. intermixta. The median branches are very closely crowded, generally straight, part from the stem at an angle of 45° next the base, and become almost wholly longitudinal at the apex; they fork about as frequently as, and more irregularly than, the mediastinal branches. The anal area extends far out on the wing, and its branches (what few can be seen) resemble those of the preceding area, and at its extremity are parallel to them. Length of fragment, 13 mm. ; width, 9 mm. Probable length of wing, 15 mm. ; prob- able width, 9 mm. Described from u specimen from the English Purbecks sent me for examination by Rev. P. B. Brodie. It is not impossible that the fragment of a larger wing figured without name by Westwood (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., x, PI. 17, fig. 7), from the Lower Purbecks of Durdiestone Bay, may be a species vi'ry close to this, if indeed it is not the same. Pterinoblattina ctuysea. BlaWna chrysea Gein., Zeitschr. Deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., 1880, .'520, PI. 22, fig. 2. Pteniyohlalthia chrysea Scudd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 1885, lOG-107. In this case Ave have a more i)erfect Aving, the tip being almost completely preserved. The mtdiastinal vein terminates before the middle of the outer half of the costal border, and is furnished Avith simple, straight, oblique branches, not so numerous as in the other species, to judge by the figure, though they arc spoken of by Geinitz as "very nmnerous and closely crowded.'' flust before the scapular readies the tip of the mediastinal, it turns parallel to the costal margin, runs to the ui)per ti[) of the Aving, and emits branches similar to those of the mediastinal, but of course of equal lengtli. All the median branches run almost longitudinally, are straight, sometimes forked, and appear from the 868 figure to be less crowded than the ineduistinal brandies, tliough they are com])ared by Gehiitz to the barbs of a feather. The anal runs to just beyond the broadest part of the wing, being thus longer than the mediastinal, and sends less crowded, <;ently curved, usually forked, rather short branches to the border. The few anal branches curve and strike the inner margin. Length, 5 mm.; b/eadth about 2.25 nun. Fi-om the Li^is of Dobbertin, Gernmny. The descrijition is drawn up from the data given by Gein'tz. 3 same. Pterinoblattina Curtisii sp. no v. ri. 22, flg. 16. The fragment of only a tip of a wing represents a species ajiparently about midway be- tween P. chri/sea and P. intermixta, a])proaching the latter in delicacy and nuUtiplicity of its crowded neui'ation, the former in the disposition of the scapular vein and 'fs branches. It is independent of both in the pointed, almost falcate shape of the tip of the wing. The scapular and median veins and ijranches are the only ones preserved. The for- mer runs i)arallel to, and at but a short distance from, the declivous curve of the (mter part of the costal margin and sends frequent, longitudinally oblicpie, apically foi-ked branches to the margin, ending at the extreme pointed tip of the wing. The median veins are numerous, straight, parallel to each other and to the apical portion of the scapular vein, and forked pretty uniformly when about as far from the margin as the width of the scapular area. The length of the fragment is 10 mm. ; probably the wing was of twice this length. It comes from the Upper Lias of Alderton, Gloucestershire, England, and was received from Rev. P. B. Bi-odie. It is named for one of the first English naturalists who inter- ested himself in fossil insects. Pterinoblattina intermizta. ri. 22, fig. 9. Pterinoblattina intermixta Scudd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., ISSo, 107-108. A nearly complete wing of this species has almost the same shape as P. chnjsea, but the upper i)art of the apex is more produced, though not at all pointed as in P. Curtisii. The mediastinal vein terminates before the middle of the outer half of the wing, and the area narrows more gradually than i any of the others; its branches are gently curved, and oiten forked, but not excessively crowded. Just before reaching the tip of the me- diastinal, the scapular vein suddenly bends toward the apex, running subparallel to, but away from, the costal margin, terminating at the tip and emitting a crowd of ciu'ved and forked branches. The closely crowded median bi-anches part at an angle of 45" with the stem, are straight, and fork only just before the tip, forming a tolerably regular belt of croAvded veinlets along the margin. The basal branches, howevei-, are interfei'ed with and aft'ected by the anal vein, winch is nearly straight, at first running plump against the median branches, curves then downward jiarallel to these and terminates a little before the mediastinal; it is furnished abundantly with branches curving like its extremity and t I il ^ I 1 ^ ' 3G4 l)raiichingiu'Xttho border likt'tlir iiudian bnuuliis, but whore it abutH aj^ainst these lat- ter, they Himibite the appeaniiu'e of tl>e anal branehe.s so as to appear an if a part of the anal area, and thus j^^ive the Intter tiie appearance of extei.dinj? out beyond the broadest part of the winjn'. The speeinien is of a sli<>hlly glistening, «lark brown eolor on a dirty brown stone, the veim-- and all the nervules sharply though only slightly impressed, while the whole wing is at a dead level. Length of fragment, lOf) mm.; probable length of wing, 12 mm.; breadth, iU.T.'Jmm. Received from Kev. P. 15. Urodie, as coming from the Upper Lias of Alderton, Glouces- tershire, England. , Ftexinoblattina hospes. Ricania hospes Germ., Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., xix, 220-21, PI. 23, fig. 18. Ptennohlatthm hosjws Sci.dd., Proc Acad. ^Tat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 108. Germar took this for one of the Fulgorina, in tlie neighborhood of Kicania and Poecil- optera. Assmann thought it a neuropteron, ialling in the neigliborhood of Drepanop- teryx. It is pretty plain, however, that it belongs here, though the figure given by Germar is not sufficiently clear to enable one to fonnulate any characteristics. It would seem, however, that the scapular vein i)robably terminated on the costal margin some way before the tip, ai d that the latter is shaped nuich as in P. intermixta, and occupied by median branches only; these are more obliipie and the lower outer angle much less prominent than in P. intermixto, Avhile in the present species the anal angle is prominent and the anal area extended by that alone, occui)ying a very oblique equal basal band. It comes from the Oolite of Solenhofen, and measures about 25 mm. in length and 13.5 in breadth. Pterinoblattina gigas. Ricania gigas AVeyenb., Arch. Mus. Teyl., ir, 270-71, PI. 3/), fig. 23. Pterinoblattina gigas Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885,108. Following Crermar, Weyenbergh placed this enormous species in liicania, bnt it evi- dently falls here and bears a close general resemblance, excepting in size, to P. penna of the Purbecks. It dift'ers from P. hospes, which it most resembles, in the greater ex- tension of the scapular area, which nearly reaches the tip, and in the far wider extension and angular protrusion of the anal angle. It measures GO nun. long and 35 nun. broad, and conies like the last from the Oolite of Solenhofen, Bavaria. Pterinoblattina? Sipylus. Sialium Sipylus AVestAV., (^uart. Journ. Cteol. Soc. Lond., x, 3{)0, 39G, PI. 18, fig. 24. Westwood considered this to re])resent '' a wing of an insect allied to Sialis," while of the closely allied form, P. Binncyi, he says it aj)i)ears " to be orthopterous." An exami- nation of the series of wings here ranged inider the name «)f Pterinoblattina will convince any one of the close i)roxiiiiity to them of these two abnormal wings; in their elongated form they are indeed entirely diiferent, and were they certainly comparable as front wings ! Oolite of 305 they sir Ail be neparated goiierli-ally; but their elofse reseinl>h\iu'e in neuration, whieli is at the same time in most i)arts of the win(liastin(>-scai)uhir vein in the second quai'ter of the winj^. 'Jlie ecKstal tield is very broad, while the intenioniedian areaiseonsiderahly restrieted in width, thon<^h it ex- tends a {jfood distance towai" nun. The specimen comes from the English Purbecks and was studied by the favor of Kev. P. B. Brodie. It is named in honor of the veteran English geologist. .SG8 I I 'i» I ^ Nonnoblattina Woodward! np. nov. 1*1. 22, (Ig. G. This minute spccii's is rcpri'sonti'd by a siii;>:li' nciirly pcifi-ct wiiijf, brokiMi obliciucly across tlu' hasi*. \\\ uikUt surfiuT is fxposcd on the dark ^j^ri'tMiish ;jfray sfonc, as «p- j)oars from its siifi^lit concavity, and the prominent veins; the winj? is t'uli<:^iii<)us and the stout veins broadly marked in bhick. The win;? is com|)arativeIy broad, the costal and inner margins straight and parallel, thi' tip broadly rounded, the apex slightly above the middle. The njcdiastino-scapular vein rims in an obli(pu'ly and gently sinuous ccuu'se, terminating below the apex and broadest in the whole apical third of the win;:f, where it occupies fully half of its width, furnished with considerably arcuate, rather numerous, ])arallel, simple, oblifjue branchi's. The externomedian vein arises from this in the mid- dle of the second fourth of the win^ and is but once forked, ni'ar the tip. The inter- nomcdian vein is strongly sinuous, the urea rapidly narrowing and the branches very few, short and s«)mewhat divergent. The anal I'un-ow is scarcely or not at all more distinct than the other veins, is stron^'; the anal veins are simple, parallel, impinge on the margin, the basal ones turned apically a little outward. Lensjth of fragment Ii.7o nun.; probable length of wing 4.1 mm.; its breadth l.G mm. It comes from the Wiltshire Pnrbecks, w'as reci'ived through Kev. 3[r. Hrodie and is named for Dr. Henry AVoodward who has introduced to us so nuich of the life of tlu^ past. DiPLUKOnLATTIXA gen. nov. (.5if, rXsupiiy) In this genus the externomedian vein has become completely amalgamated, not M'iili tlic mediastiuo-scapular but with the intcrnomedian. The humeral field again appears and, notwithstanding the amalgamation mentioned, the mediastino-scapular area occupies a very large share of the wing, which is of a tapering, cuneiform shape in the only 8p<>cies kno\vn. The veins are, therefore, branches of two principal stems which pass down the middle of the wing side by side, but as distant as the principal branches frimi each other. The single species comes from the English Purbecks. Diplaroblattina Bailyi »p. nov. PI. 22, fig. 5. A nearly perfect wing represents this species in Avhich the an.ll area only is wanting, excepting a minute fragment of the tip. It has a tajjoring, graceful form, both costal and inner margin being similarly aiid gently arcuate and the slender tip being well rounded. A smooth and Hattened humeral field, lanceolate in shape, extends over ai)out a third of the Aving. Tlie mediastino-scapular, strongly arcuate near the base, runs in its apical hall' nearly through the middle of the wing, terminating scarcely above the tij); its rather nmnerous branches, simple at first, beyond simple or forked, arc oblique and tolerably 860 Htrniglit. Tlic niodiiin •, ciii niiis pnrnllcl to the procodinp tbrouprhoiit, lins four inferior l)rnnclu>H nt'iNiii<^ toU-ralily near tojfi'tlu'r juat lu'lbrc the middle of (he win^, whieh are very strongly areiiate, Hiinple or forked, apieally longitudinal; in the apieal thinl of tlu) wing, distant in origin from the preeedin*;, are a eouple of NimpK> longitudinal hranehes. The anal area eannot I'Xtend beyond the basal fourth of the wing. Length of fragment O.Tonnn.; of wing restored T..! nun.; breadth Q.O.TI nun. The wing, whi:'h is weareely dingier than the ehalky-white stone cm whieh it rests, showing its upper d(// mm.' Ihh-ikIiIi, 4 mm. Tim Hjn'citiK'n is of llic Hiimo ('(»lor iih tlio yj, >S'. intermedia and S. recta, \\\\ found at Fairplay, Colorado. They have been briefly described in the I'hiladelphia Academy's Proceed- ings, and Avill be fully discussed and figured in a paper devoted to this Triassic locality, so that it is only iiecessary liere to indicate their position in the series. vV I LeoXOPIIOKA Ileor. Legnopliora ITeer, Yiertelj. iinturf. Ciesellsch. Zflrich, ix, 207. lleer gives this name to an object of whose animal nature he was not wholly convinced. If, as he supposed, the front wing of a cockroach, it differ.* from all known foi-ms in the j)arallel and longitudinal course of the veins of the costal area. Ajiparently it falls near this place, and the wing itself appears to have been somewhat coriaceous. The single species is L. Qirardi Heer {loc. cit.) tig. ;>, from the Trias of Trebitx, Germany. APOKOnLATTINA gen. nov. («;;<>/)«?). Under this name, I group a series of wings, of three of Avhich I have seen specimens, which appear to me to be in all probability hindAvings of cockroaches They difl'er con- siderably among themselves, but agree in having the mediastinal and scapxdar veins dis- tinct, the former occupying a narrow belt with longitudinally oblique veins, and in having n very extensive develoj)ment of the internomedian vein, with long, sweeping, arcuate nervules; the externoinedian, in all eases but one or two, where it appears to be either altogether wanting or amalgamated with the internomedian, being very slenderly devel- oped in a A^ery narroAV area. Most of the species come from the upper Oolite of England, but three speeiet. come from the Lias, two of them from England and one from Geniiany. 871 Aporoblattiiui Batonl ttp. nov. ri. 22, ng. 19. TWit* HpcciiiuMi is n nearly coiuplctc wiiijf ol'llu' same <<»Ior an tlu> lij?li(, dlrly l>i'(»wn Htouc nil wliicli It 1h prt'siTVcd, with very dark brown veins; it is perfectly Hat, hnt tlie veins are slip*>iii>d apically, and ori^i^inatin;;^ at e(pial distances far apart, the second in the middle of the winj^. The ex- ternomedian vein is also strni;:^ht, llrst divides in the michlle of the winjj; and is very sli, PI. 18, fig. 38. This species, represented by xx wing which AV^estwood regarded as orthopterous, seems to belong here and to be nearly related to A. nana, than which it is not nnich larger. The mediastinal vein runs to the middle of the outer half of the wing. The scapular 9U \e\n runs almost sti'uifj^lit to tlic tip, ami, coinineiicinj^ to hrancli pretty near tlie base, sends fonr widely and equally distant, superior, and almost longitudinal branches to the niarical third of the wing. The anal area ai)pears to be brief and narrow with rwo or tlnve oblique veins. Tile narrowness of the wing is its marked I'eature, disguising its resemblance to its allies, ne t to Avhich is the general nuiltiplication of branches in the apical third of the wing. It is from two and a half to three times as leyond the base of the wing aud scarcely partaking of the radiate arrangement of the others Neoymylaorii. MylaetiB mansfieldlL Myldcris mansfieldii Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., m,. 47 (1879). A fragmentary and small specimen of this species, affording some points in addition (877) I 378 r ' 4o the original specimen, has been sent me by Mr. W. F. E. Giirley. It is incomplete ami the best face is l)roken into several fragments, but it shows the greater part of the costal margin with the outer tip of the wing. Though the wing tapers apically, this tip is not at nil pointed, as was supposed from the original imperfect specimen, but well rounded, and the costal margin is pretty regularly and gently rounded but a little flattened beyond the basal two-fitths of the wing, where there is a slight change in the cui"ve, due to this flattening. As in the original, two or three of the mediasti- nal I'nys are forked near their origin, and the mediastinal area appears to extend a very little further than in the original. What can be seen of the other areas (the scapular vein is nearly complete, but only a little of the others) agrees tolerably well with those of the original specimen, except that the externomedian vein certainly be- gins to fork at an earlier part of its course, namely at about the same point as the scap- ular vein. The wing is presei-ved a little further toward the base than the original, but only imperfectly, so that little more can be learned from it. None of the anal veins ap- pear. Length of fragmcint, 17 mm. ; probable length of wing, 21 mm. The specimen was found at Potty's Ford on the Little Vermilion river, four miles east of Georgetown, Vermilion Co., Illinois, in the same deposits that furnished Prop- teticus infeiiius Scudd. PrOMYLACRIS (Trpd,MtjXaxp{i;^, Promylacris Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 34. Allied to Paromylacris, remarkable like it for its strong convexity, and its stoutness of form, although surpassed by Paromylacris in both features; the frontal shield is about twice as broad as long, sometimes much less than that, and the wings are considerably less than half as long again as their united breadth. The mediastinal vein, though large and abundantly supplied with veins, tenninates at about the middle of the wing; most of the branches fork. The scapular and externo- median veins together occupy the greater part of the wing, the latter teiminating below the tip of the wing, but in the diflferent species known they are of varying importance, sometimes the externomedian, at others the scapular, having the predominance; in all, the externomedian branches are long and nearly straight. The internomedian area is narrow, though deep, its veins few and faint. The anal furrow which terminates only a little before the middle of the wing is very deeply impressed and the anal area strongly convex and. raised, its veins regular, simple or forked, frequent, and strongly curved. Indications of legs in one species show that the femora were about as long as half the width of the tegmina, and about as stout as in the modern species of Periplaneta. This genus is closely allied to Paromylacris, but differs from it strikingly in the much smaller development of the mediastinal area and the course of the scapular vein, which runs through the middle of the wing in Paromylacris but here considerably above it. The costal margin of the wings is much more convex here than in Paromylacris, the pronotal shield not so broad in proportion to its length, though this is variable, and the whole insect not so stout nor so arched. Three species are kiiown wliich may be separated as follows: 379 TABLE OF THE SPECIES OP I'nOMYLACRIS. Prothorax distinctly twice as broad m long. Scapular voin miicli more important than thu ostcrnomcdlan 1. P. teBtudo. Prothorax distinctly loss than twice as broad as long. Scapular vein not nnro important than the oxtcrnonicdinn. Prothorax more than half as broad again as long. Scapular vein far less important than the oxternomudiau ; anal veins simple 2. P. ovalis. Prothorax less than half as broad again as long. Scapular vein not far loss Important than the cxtcrnomedian ; anal reina mostly forked 3. P. rigida. 1. PromylacriB testado sp. nov. PI. 24, flg. 6. A single excellently preserved specimen showing both obverse and reverse, slightly broken on one side. The form of the body with closed wings is slightly more elongate than in JP. ovalis and it is a smaller species. The front wings have a strongly developed well rounded humeral lobe; the costal margin is strongly and regularly conve.K, while the inner margin is nearly straight, and the apex, so far ar an be told, well rounded and not at all produced. The mediastinal area, which is very oroad at base, rapidly narrows and terminates at some distance be- fore the middle of the wing and before the anal furrow; the main vein is sinuous in its course, and several of the radiating branches arise from the main stem and nearly all ai-e forked near the margin. The scapular vein, strongly arcuate at the base, is nearly straight but ajiically arcuate in the opposite sense, running in the middle subparallel to the cos- tal margin, terminating just before the tip of the wing; half a dozen more or less forked branches originate from it mostly in the middle third of the wing, neighboring ones sometimes amalgamated at their bases into a bunch. The externomedian branches oc- cupy all but the upper portion of the tip of the wing, but they are not numerous, though the earliest originate as far or nearly as far as the scapular branches. The internome- dian area apparently occupies about half the space from the anal farrow to the tip of the wing, but the veins are few and obscure. Tho nnal farrow is very deeply impressed, the anal area being strongly vaulted, its veins delicate, numerous, straight and paral- lel; the furrow tenninates a little beyond the middle of the wing. The whole body is considerably arched but the outer fourth of the costal region from the scapular vein to the margin is flattened, a flattening which is shared in no way by the transverse pronotum ; the latter is slightly more than twice as broad as long with well arched, slightly appressed front, pronounced though rounded posterior lateral an- gles, scarcely convex hind margin, and minutely marginate edge ; a slight median furrow is indicated, besides two anteriorly converging but distant straight and faint depressions of the surface, and a scarcely perceptible similar V-shaped central impression. Length of whole body, 23 mm.; of pronotum, 4.75 mm.; width of same, 10.5 mm.; length of wing, 19 mm.; breadth, 8 mm.; breadth of closed wings, 14 mm. The single specimen known comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and was received for ex- amination from Dr. J. S. Ncwbeny. It is preserved in the Columbia School of Mines. I ' Bt' c> wi ' '111 m 380 Ui 2. Promylaoria ovalia. PI. 28, flgs. 1-4. Promylacris ovale Scudd., Pi oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 34-45. This species is represented by a single specimen and its reverse, in a nodule presei-v- ing well the front half or more of the body. The wings have all the tip removed, but the curve of the costal margin is so strong that we may believe only a little less than a third to be gone. This would give to the whole body a rather short obovate foi*m. The front wings have a strongly developed humeral lobe, and a costal margin of considerable convexity ; the inner margin appears to be straight but is ill defined. The mediastinal vein originates at the middle of the base of the wing, and after the basal curve the innermost vein runs in a straight course to near the end of the fragment, or to what is apparently near the middle of the wing; most of the branches dichotomize. The scapular vein runs, beyond the base, in a nearly straight course constantly approaching the margin and terminates apparently at the middle of the apical half of the wing; it has three principal branches each of which has several superior branchlets. The extemomedian vein is far more important, occupying with numerous branches the entire apex of the wing; the principal branches are three, all of which originate near together far toward the base and dichotomize beyond. The in- ternomedian area is nnususMy small, reaching apparently not so far toward the tip as the scapular. The anal area "S considerably domed, the furrow very deep, considerably cui-ved and ending only a little beyond the basal third of the wing; the veins are numer- ous, simple, parallel, curved. Besides the wings, the prothoracic shield and the legs may be seen; the former is reg- ularly arched, about a fourth as high us broad, and twice as broad as long; the latter are seen but vaguely as discolorations through the wrings, but closely resemble those of modern cockroaches; whether they are spined or not cannot be said. Length of fragment of wing, 20 mm.; estimated entire length, 29 mm.; breadth of same, 12 mm.; length of prothoracic shield, 8.5 mm. ; breadth of same, 15.5 mm.; length of hind femora (partly estimated), 7 mm.; breadth of same, 1.5 mm. The single specimen comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and was sent to me by Mr. W. F. E. Gurley of Danville, 111. 3. Promylacxis tigiite sp. nov. PI. 28, fig. 6. A single specimen of which the anterior half is well presei-ved, including most of the prothoracic shield; but the apical half of the tegmina is broken away, revealing the apical parts of the hind wings somewhat displaced. It is of about the size of P. ovalis and resembles it more than it does the other species, but has its prothoracic shield much narrower in proportion to itp length, being distinctly less than half as broad again as long, the front margin distinctly though bluntly angulated in the middle, smooth through- out, very gently and unifonnly arched and overlapping the wings posteriorly. are numer- 881 The fore wings have a well developed angulate humeral lobe, so that the curve of the prothorax is hardly interrupted in passing to the wing; the costal noargin is regularly but not strongly convex, much less convex than in either of the other species, so far as it can be traced. The mediastinal area is triangular, broad at base and rapidly narrowing, ter- minating at the middle of the wing and slightly beyond the anal furrow ; the radiating veins are almost perfectly straight and only the outer ones fork and then but singly and deeply. The scapular vein is almost rigidly straight, stiffly forking beyond its basal fourth, the upper branch again dividing in a similar way near its base, and altogether much resembling a continuation of the mediastinal vein, and covering on the margin only the proximal half of the outer half of the wing. The externomedian vein is simi- larly rigid in its upper half, but in its lower shows the proximity of the more arcuate internomedian ; it divides close to the base into two branches, the upper of which mimics the scapular, forks once before the mid"'© of the wing and probably again beyond, while the lower with a downward curve, scarcely perceptible in the part preserved but no doubt more pronounced beyond, forks a little earlier than the upper branch, each fork again dividing at about the middle of the wing; this vein evidently holds the tip of the wing in its grasp. The internomedian vein, feeble in structure, is gracefully arcuate, but otherwise closely resembles the preceding; for it divides in two branches close to the base, the upper forking just before the middle, the lower sending out two or three arcu- ate simple or forked veins to the inner margin. The anal furrow is sharp and deep, considerably curved, terminates considerably before the middle of the wing, the anal area well domed, with numerous, parallel, mostly simple and deeply forked veins, the outer ones more arcuate than the others and simple. The hind wings are exposed apically but not enough to show much of the structure of the wing for want of the vein-attachments. It would appear, however, as if the scapu- lar area were very broad and nearly uniform in the distal half of the wing with relatively few, oblique, moderately distant, straight bi'anches; that the externomedian was not greatly different from what appears on the fore wing; and that the rounded apex was somewhat pointed. Length of entire fragment as misplaced, 43 mm.; probable length of creature, 37 mm.; length of prothorax, 12.5 mm. ; breadth of same, 16.5 mm. ; probable length of fore wing, 28 mm.; apparent breadth of same, 16.5 mm. One specimen from Mazon Creek, received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe under the number 2086ab. '■ 1 * 1 ;H PaROMTLAOMS («<resent, and the limits of the abdo- men are partly marked by a depression. The former is nearly semicircular, somewhat broader than long, veiy regularly rounded in front, the sides very slightly divergent be- hind the middle; the posterior edge appears to be scarcely convex; a little to the outside of the middle of either lateral half is a slight rounded furrow or depression, less curved I i II 890 than the margin and passing faintly aronnd the front close to the margin; a subcircular flat depression nearly a third as broad as the shield rests upon its posterior margin ; the edge of the shield is veiy delicately marginatc. The abdomen is remarkably slender like that o^ Eloblattinaf insignia, as mentioned in my memoir on Palaeozoic cockroaches, being scarcely more than a third as broad as this pronotal shield, and extending beyond the middle of the outet* half of the closed wings; a few incisures marking segments can be seen, but the whole contour is exceedingly vague. The insect is of pretty large size, much larger indeed than the other species of the genus, the fore wii.gs measuring 30.5 mm. long and 10 ram. broad, the proportion of the breadth to the length being as 1 : 3, making it also slenderer than the other spec? .s. The length of the whole body from front of pronotal sliield to tip of abdomen is 29 mm., the pronotum itself being 6 mm. long and 7.75 mm. broad and the abdomen about 3 mm. broad. The specimen is unusually perfect, both fore wings being nearly complete, as well as the apical half of both hind wings, and most of the pronotal shield; the latter is in its natural posi- tion in relation to the partly expanded wings, but the direct connection with it is broken ; the abdomen is only traced by a depression in one stone and a rough ridge in the ■"everst. The front wings are covered throughout with a delicate but readily traceable reticulation, consisting of very irregular polygonal cells in all the areas but the mediastinal, interno- median, and anal, where the nervules are united by frequent uncertain or wavy cross veins into subquadrate cells, usually square in the mediastinal area and broader than long in the others; hi the latter, too, and especially in the internomedian area, they tend next the margin of the wing to change to the irregular polygonal reticulation. This species differs decidedly from either of the species of this genus hitherto known. It is larger and has a much slenderer wing than either. The scapular area is of consid- erably less extent, the vein far less branched, and the mode in which its branches are dis- tributed very different; its internomedian area is also much more restricted than in the otherb. The specimen occurs in nn ironstone nodule found at Morris, Grundy Co., Illinoib, and was 'iiscovered by Mr. J. C. Carr of that place, through whose kindness I have been able to examine it. It is now in Mr. R. D. Lacoe's collection with the number 2011. It may be added that this specimen is of particular interest as having the wings more completely preserved than in any other paleozoic cockroach yet known, and offere even a better example than Anthracoblattina sopita} for >3omparison of the neuration of opposite wings; it leads us to hope that future discoveries may enable us by correlating these dif- ferences to determine the distinction between individual and specific characters among an- cient cockroaches, — a question we are hardly yet in a position to discuss. Oiyctoblattina oecidna. PI. 24, fig. 3. Orydohlattina occidua Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Philad., 1885, 37. The single specimen known lies in the half of a nodule, and show«4 the larger part of ' C/. Scudder, Palaeozoic Cockroaches, Mem. Bost. See. Nat. Hist., m, 89 (1879). Gelnitz, Blatttnen unter. Dyas V. Welssig, Nora, acta Leop-Carol. Akad., xli, 428 (1880). 891 the two front wings, slightly parted and vague indications of the thorax and possibly of the legs. The prothorax is quadrate, pinched transversely in the middle to a definite ridge, which is probably accidental. The legs, if the elevations near their position may be taken to indicate their appearance, must have been veiy short and tolerably slender. The front wings are rather slender, the tip well rounded and slightly produced, the costal margin slightly shouldered at the base, beyond nearly straight in the basal half, apjiarently sloping downward beyond, the inuer margin apparently broadly rounded but the basal half not clearly indicated in the specimen. The veins appear to originate fi'om the middle of the upper half of the base of the wing, and have scarcely the least basal ar- cuation. The mediastinal vein runs at but slight distance from and nearly parallel to the costal border, in the outer half or more constantly but very gradually approaching it, emit- ting numerous oblique generally simple branches; the vein tenninates in the middle of the outer half of the wing, and shows no such peculiarities at its tip as characterize the Eu- ropean species. The scapular vein also is not so peculiar as in 0. reticulata; it runs in near proximity and parallel to the mediastinal vein, but there is the same slight bend in its course at the base of the princip"' ' '^nch; the mass of the branches, which are much fewer than in O. reticulata, do not arise as there from a vein emitted abruptly from near the base of the second branch, to which they are inferior, but from the principal branch itself, to which they are superior. Less can be said about the other veins, as they are ob- scured throughout most of their course, but the internomedian vein tenninates at about the end of the middle third of the wing and has only few branches; and the externome- dian branches all terminate on the inner margin. The wing is 19 mm. long, and 7 mm. broad, the breadth to the length being as 1 : 2.7. It is reticulated minutely, as in the European species, and is interesting as being the second species of the genus known, and as illustrating once more the close relationship of the insect fauna of Europe and America in carboniferous times. It is a smaller and slenderer species than the European. It comes from the beds of Mazon Creek, Illinois, and was sent to me by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 2039. among an- Figs Fig 1. 2. 8. 4. 6. 6. 7. Figs Fig I. 2. 8. 4. 6. 6. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate 23. 1-4 by Mrs. Kathcrlno Fclrson Ramsay ; fig. 5 by J. S. Klngsley ; figs. 6-7 by J. H. Emertou. Promylacris ovalis, f cast. Promylactis oralis, f side view. Promylacris ovalis, 'i cross section of prothorax in middle. Promylacris oralis, f relief. Archimylaeris pavctnervis. J Promylacris rigida. } Paromylacris ampla. ) Plate 24. 1-2 by J. S. Klngsley ; flgs. 3-4 by Mrs. Katherlne Peirson Ramsay ; flg. 6 by S. H. Scudder ; fig. 6 by J. Henry Blake. Paromylacris rotunda ; f cross section of thorax in middle. Paromylacris rotunda. ^ Oryctcblattina oeeidua. f Etoblattina oceiitentalis. f LUhomylaerts pauperata. ) Promylacris testudo. f 'if' I tli 1 Nbw Carboniferous Myriapoda from Illinois. X HE publication of my paper on Archipolypoda, eight years ago, in which a consider- able number of new types of American carboniferous Myriapoda were described, has so stimulated search in this country that, thanks to the kindness of many friends and par- ticularly of the indefatigable Mr. R. D. Lacoe, there has since passed under my eyes a much greater number of specimens than I had then seen, and as they contain not a fc" additional and some remarkable forms, as well as throw more light upon the old, it has seemed well to bring them together in a systematic way, and to present some tables by which they may be distinguished, when sufficiently perfect. Accordingly there are here published such as have been found at Mazon Creek and vicinity leaving for a future pa- per several new forms which have been found in the sigillarian stumps of N'ova Scotia. The sources from which the specimens were received are in all cases indicated, and the paper concludes with a summary list of known American species of palaeozoic MjTia- poda. TABLE OP THE ORDERS OF PALEOZOIC MYRIAPODA. Each of the principal body segments composed of a single dorsal and single ventral plate, each of the latter with a pair of legs. Body usually unarmed. Head apparently formed of a single segment. Dorsal plates of body supporting clusters of nccdle-lilce spines on serially ranged tubercles. Legs stout and fleshy Frotosjmgnatha. Head apparently formed of two or more segments. Dorsal plates of body sometimes furnished with lateral expan- sions but otherwise unarmed. Legs slender and horny Chilopoda. Each of the principal body segments composed of a single, but more or less distinctly divided dorsal plate and a pair of ventral plates, each of the latter with a pair of legs. Body generally armed with spines or tubercles serially ar- ranged Archipolypoda. Only the Chilopoda and Archipolypoda will be considered in the in'esent paper, as I have nothing to add concerning Palaeocampa, the sole representative of the Protosyn- gnatha. Order CHILOPODA Latreille. It has not been supposed that this group of myriapods reached further back than the Jura or even than the tertiaries, for its only claim to recognition in the secondary rocks 1S Ik m I &t t!ff. ' V t * 394 is Mtlnster's Geophilus proavuSy which is very probably not even a myriapod. The near- est proof of the appearance of the oi'der in paleozoic deposits is in the possible judgment of some that Palaeocampa (which bears somewhat the same relation to Chilopoda that Euphoberia does to Diplopoda) should be taken as one of them. No one has made such a claim, and should one do so he woulu nave to recognize in Palaeocampa a highly organ- ized and very aberrant type. But not only do specimens received in recent years from Mr. R. D. Lacoe and Mr. W. F. E. Gurley, but especially from the former, show that Eiletieus was nearly allied to the Scolopendridae, and either belonged to the Chilopoda, or was an archaic type to be looked upon as its forerunner; but a single specimen from Mr. Lacoe has also revealed still a second type of chilopodiform character, an ancient typ*^ of Scutigeridae. These discoveries carry the chilopodiform line much further back than it was believed it existed, and so far as the record goes renders nugatory much of Dr. Packard's reasoning concerning the gi'eater antiquity of the Diplopoda (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. XXI, 206-207), though the occuri-ence of the diplopodan lino in the Scottish devonian should not be overlooked. The indications of the presence of heavy armature in some of these chilopodiform car- boniferous myriapods, together with the character of the segments, and the features by which they show kinship to their contemporaries rather than their descendants, lead me to believe that when more is known about them, they may prove to form an archaic type distinguishable as a whole from the later chilopods, as the Archipolypoda from the di- plopods; but the incompleteness of our knowledge of their structure leads me to wait for further light and meanwhile to place them in distinct families separable from their evi- dent successors by trenchant characters. Gebascutioeridae fam. nov. Body relatively short. Head no broader than the body. Dorsal scutes of the same number as the segments and corresponding to them, much broader than long, with no evidence whatever of mediodorsal stomata. Coxae extending beyond the sides of the body, followed by femora of excessive length. Latzelia. gen. nov. Of the general aspect of Scutigera but differing essentially at every point. The head is vaguely preserved, and none of its appendages can be seen. The body is broadest in the middle, and tapei'S gradually and about equally in each direction, giving it a rounded fusiform appearance, and the head does not interfere in the least with this outline, so that it is scarcely half as wide as the middle of the body. The segments, to which the dorsal scutes exactly correspond (so different from Scutigera), are subequal in length, and ap- parently nineteen in number, certainly not more than one or two segments away from that; in the middle of the body where widest they are about four times broader than long; both front and hind margins are entire, showing no trace of a recess to favor the pres- ence of stomata. The legs are nowhere completely preserved, but are apparently unequal in length and slender, as in Scutigera, and at shortest raoi-e than half as long as the body, apparently very much as in Scutigera; but their composition is veiy different; the coxae The near- e judgment lopoda that I made such ghly organ- , years from •, show that I Chilopoda, icimen from , an ancient urther back jry much of Proc. Amer. ;he Scottish sdiform car- features by tits, lead me archaic type from the di- e to wait for n their evi- of the same ng, with no sides of the The head is broadest lit a rounded pline, so that |h the dorsal fth, and ap- away from than long; ^r the pres- itly unequal IS the body, :; the coxae 395 are even EileticnB anthraeinas. PI. 30, fig. 6. Eileticus anthracimis Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 179 (1882). Another specimen of this species, far more perfect than the first and with its reverse, has been found at Mazon Creek, and sent me by Mr. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 1835ab. It exhibits the dorsal surface of the anterior extremity, very likely about half the body, but fragmentary and without appendages, of an animal of about the same size as the original. It shows about thirteen segments besides the head. The lat- ter, broken in front, shews a flattened globular mass of smooth texture, with a faint trans- verse median impression separating independently though'faintly arched anterior and poste- rior portions; a longitudinal median impression of similar depth crosses both but is not accompanied by an independent arching of the head in the other sense; from the middle of the posterior margin of either lateral half of the hinder section of the head arises a de- cided, cornuous, tapering, forward and downward reaching, independent arched member, plainly represerting the foot-jaws. The segments of the body are sub-equal in length, but enlarge in breadth in passing from the first behind the head where it is slightly narrower than the head to about the sixth segment, beyond which they are about equal; each, when perfectly preserved, shows a transverse, marg'^ial, strong and abi-upt, rounded sulcation at its anterior edge, the mar- gins of which are prominent, and the hinder at a much higher level than the anterior or proper margin of the segment. The surfa.'fi of the segment is smooth and uniform, ex- cept that at the extreme lateral margins, as in the original specimen, are seen more or less distinctly small tubercular bosses serially arranged. The best presei-ved segments appear to be a little more than twice as wide as long. 397 Length of fragment if extended, 48 mm.; breadth of hend, 6.4 mm.; gi-eutost breadth of body, 8 ram. BUationB aequalii ap. nov. ri. 80, flgs. 6-9. A second' species seems to be indicated by n couple of specimens from the same local- ity sent mo by Mr. Lacoe under the nunibei's 1836ab and 1836cd, both shown in obverse and reverse. The better of these (figs. 0-8) is a remarkably well-preserved but very fragmentary specimen, showing the dorsal view of the front part of the body consisting of the head and eleven segments. The head closely resembles that of the specimen of the last species just described, but has more accentuated sulcations both longitudinal and transverse, and the foot-jaws are more pronounced even than there; as there, also, the front of the head is broken, but on the reverse, what appear to be the fii'st two joints of an enormous antenna project laterally, in which case the antennae are broader at the base than the very base of the foot-jaws. The segments of the body have a smooth texture, and the same transverse stepped sulcation that occurs in the preceding, but with less prominent edges; still it differs from it markedly in that the segments are almost absolutely uniform in size; they have a late- ral depressed and horizontal flange with a rounded edge, while the main body is strong- ly arched, and the lateral flange bears such slight tuberculations as can be seen; without this flange the body is slightly narrower than the head; with it a little wider; the seg- ments without the flange are a little more than three times as broad as long. Length of fragment, 26.5 mm.; of one of the principal segments, 2.3 mm.; breadth without flange, 7.25 mm.; with it, 10 mm.; breadth of head, 7.75 mm. The other specimen (fig. 9) is similarly preserved but more imperfect, one whole side being broken, and the head far less complete. There is little to be said about it, but its transverse arching shows that it was nearly cylindrical ; and the posterioi* as well, but not to the same extent, as the anterior margin of the segments has a stepped transverse sulcation. The head is far less perfect, but as far as it goes shows precisely the same features; the body segments are thirteen in number, and show by their apparent inequal- ity in length that there was greater or less power of extension by elastic intersegmental membranes. No one of the segments is perfect, so that the proi)ortion8 cannot be stated, and only one side is approximately perfect, and that does not preserve the lateral flanges ; but enough remains to show that the specimen by its equality of breadth belongs to this rather than to the preceding species. Length, 50 mm. ; breadth of head, 7 mm. !ii f I : I III PaLiSNAIITHUUS gen. nov. (To^aj, hapOpn^) A genus evidently very different from anything before known from the carboniferous rocks, but unfortunately known only by a single specimen, which from its incompleteness leavos much to be desired. That it was a scolopendriform chilopod or archaic type of chilopod is evident from the flattened rectangular plates of which the dorsal surface of 398 the body w compoBcd, cnch •< coinpniiied by n Hinglc pair (>r 1»g8. What is poculiiir about it, is not only its tnpuriiig form iintoriorly but its grcnt attenuation at this extremity, in- dienting apparently a remarkably small head followed by a slender neck of at least t'YO elongated segments, whieh do not appear to be pcdigerous; these neck-segments are fully twice us long as broad, and not only do the segments behind them taper as they approach them, but the anterior of these two is the smaller and narrower and not a fourth nor probably a sixth as broad as the brtadest segments of the body. The logs are poor- ly preserved, about as long as the bi'eadih of the body (relatively longer in front) and apparently have very prominent coxae, as in other carboniferous myriajMids. ,*. Paltnarthnis ImpreMiia Hp. nov. PI. SO, flg. 4. The single specimen probably represents nearly the whole animal, though neither end is shown; it is hardly probable that anything more than the head is wanting at the an- terior extremity, but posteriorly an indefinite number of segments. T'^cre are twenty- three segments in all. The first two behind the head arc slender and twice as long as broad, the third subquadrate, the four or five succeeding broader than long, of subequal length, but increasing breadth in passing backwuiil; thereafter they appear to be of the same size, about twice as broad as long and rectangular, the front outer angle sometimes a little produced. The first two elongated segments show a slight median carina; the fourth and succeeding ones on either side a laterodorsal series of large circular depres- sions next the anterior edge. Length of fragment, 46 mm. ; breadth of first body segment, 1 mm. ; of seventh, 5 mm. ; length of legs, 3 mm. Mazon Creek. Mr. R. D. Lacoe^ N^o. 1821ab. Ilyodes gen. nov. (i^omSi^i) I ven<,ure to propose this name for some obscure forms in the hope of stimulating furth^T search for more perfect specimens to elucidate their structure. One of them is l^lainly chilopodifoi-m, though very different from anything we know; there is certainly but a single pair of legs to each segment, though the line of separation of the segments is obscured by the curious transverse sculpture of the dorsal plates; but we are aided in our determination by the presence of serial tubercles. These latter, or their reverses, also occur on the taenioid body of a second form which has no legs preserved, and wb:oh is provided with such a multitude of short ivfuisverse segments that it would seem impos- sible that it could have possessed more thiin a single pair of legs to each; it reminds us somewhat of Geophilus. The onl} points these have in common are that they are com- posed of a large number of similai transverse segments each bearing a single pair of legs and furnished with serial rows of tubercles. Ilyodes divisa sp. nov. PI. 30, flg. 1. The single specimen referred here is a straight fragment composed of fourteen simi- 890 lar Bogmcnts shown nppnrontly upon n sulo view, tho lower edge of the HogmcntH h'rcg- iihii'ly broken ho thnt their exact pro])ortionii can hardly hu told, though Hotne of the legs a\\: partly preHerved; there is no indication, however, that the HegnientM varied in size, and all were probably about half as broad again nn long. They tthow two features: first, each segment is composed of a scries of equal and similar slight transverse ridges, abont eight in number; these ridges arc more or less tremulous or sinuous, and slightly uneven, presenting faintly a beaded appearance; second, there is a '.utcral series, one to a segment, of rather largo tubercular bosHcs, irregularly rounded, upon the very front margin of tho segments. The legs arc very obscure, and their jointing, as shown in tho figure, oltogether uncertain; as far as preserved, which m»>y very well bo not to their ex- tremity, they arc shorter than the breadth of the body. Length of fragment, 48 nun. ; apparent breidth, 5.5 mm.; average length of segments, 3.6 mm.; diameter of tubercles, 1.5 mm. Mazon Creek, III. ITr. R. D. Lacoc, No. 1830ab. Dyodea eIon<{ata sp. nov. PI. 80, fig. 2. The single specimen which represents this species is formed of two masses, one L- shapcd and overlying tho other which is U-shapcd; evidently both belonged to the same individual, and their connection could have been traced had the stone been broke!', open more favorably. The division lino between the segments cannot be overywhcre traced from the obscurity of the preservation on the stone, but there aro present evidently at least ono hundred and sixty-six segments, which differed apparently not over a sixtli in width and that little perhaps duo to a twist in the body as laid down; they differed, it would appear, as little In length, being almost uniformly about three and a half times as broad as long; they show no sculpture whatever, but an obscure series of small de- pressions in tho middle of tho segment next the suture; if the creature where these so appear were lying on its side, those depressions would hold precisely the position of the tubercles in /. divisa and may represent the cast of weaker tubercles. Length of whole if extended, 65 -{-96=161 mm.; breadth, 3.5-4 mm. Mazon Creek, III. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 1829ab. Order ARCIIIPOLYPODA Scudder. It is in this order that the principal additions in specific forms are to be found, and they are mainly in the family Euphoberidae from which, as already stated, the genus Eileticus must be removed. It is, moreover, not imposjible that future discovery of more perfect sp'^cimens may show that Amynilyspes should be regarded as one of the Diplopoda (allied to tho Glomeridae) rather than as a member of the Archipoly poda ; but tho apparent necessity of ventral plates of excessive width and the known armature of the dorsal plates render it proper to retain it in the Archipolypoda until its structure is better known, or at any rate until undoubted Diplopoda are found at so early a pe- riod. teen simi- ( .IS' 400 Fnm'ily Ecphobkridae Sciidder. AcANTiiKRPESTES Meek and Worthen. Aeantherpestes major. Acantherpestes major Sciidd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in, 150 (^882). Mr. R. D. Lacoe has sent me several new specimens of this species, which appears to be not uncommon at Mazon Creek, but they add little or nothing to what has previ- ously been published. The best specimen (No. ISOlde) exhibits about twenty-four segments of the body, neither end of which appears. The spines are nowhere well pre- served, but the legs are partly snown at each extremity, and seem to be unusually broad, flattonefd, and crowded, with no sign of any median carina; although the specimen is not of the largest size, the fragment measuiing about 15 cm. in length, and at most 17 mm. in breadth, the legs are 1.5 mm. broad in the middle. Another >pecimen of this species, from Mazon Creek, sent me by Mr. "W. F. E. Gur- ley, consists of a fragment from the middle of the body, of twelve segments preserved upon a side view, the spines of the subdorsal series showing finely, but no trace of legs. The body is curled slightly backward, as is most common in the specimens so far found, and the segments are 20 mm. high and in the middle 7 mm. long on an average. The spines are about 15 mm. long, the apical 4.5 mm. concerned in the furcation ; the forks are deeper than usual, and the boss on which they are seated is 2 mm. high. Finally, a smaller specimen, pi-esumably of this species, likewise from the middle of the body and about 11 cm. long, from Mazon Creek, is in the museum of Columbia Col- lege, the opportunity of examining which I owe to Dr. J. S. Newberry. It is also pre- served upon the side, shows no legs, and only indications of the subdorsal spines, the pleiu'odorsal indicated by abraded bosses. It contains nothing to add to the structural peculiarities of the species. It is made up of sixteen segments which are about 14 mm. in height. AcantherpesteB ineqnalis sp. no v. PI. 25, flgs. 2, 4. Two specimens of gigantic myiapods have been sent me, one by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, the other by Mr. J. C. Cai-r, but now in the possession of the former, which are clearly dis- tinct from anything hitherto known. Although very differently preserved and shov/ing very different characters, they seem tv^ belong to^Jther since they agree in the one feat- ure of the inequality of the tines of the forked spines. One of them (fig. 2), received from Mr. Carr, but now numbered 1819ab, in Mr. La- coe's collection, is a fragment of the anterior part of the body preserved to show u com- pletely dorsal view. The head is transversely oval, but shows no structure; about a dozen segments are preserved, showing that the body tapered forward, and that the first segment was much narrower than the head, unless, as is very probable, the latter is un- naturally crushed ; the first few segments are very short and broad, but postenorly they enlarge and lengthen, so as to be only about three times as broad as long, and rresent a somewhat coarse granular structure. The armature, however, is the most interesting eh appears has previ- wenty-four re wellpre- lally broad, imcii is not lost 17 mm. F. B. Gur- s preserved ace of legs. far found, srage. The 1 ; the forks e middle of ilumbia Col- 1 is also pre- spines, the e strnctural )oiit 14 mm. ,. D. Lacoe, clearly dis- id shov/ing le onefeat- 1 in Mr. La- low a com- ^e; about a lat the first latter is un- li'iorly they Jind rresent [interesting 401 feature; the lateral spines extending on either side are fully as long as the width of the body, sometimes considerably longer, and are remarkable for the great length and ine- quality of the forks, at least from the fifth segment backward, the longer fork being posterior and diverging from the other and sometimes as long as the stem of the spine itself; there are, besides, basal thorns both anterior and postei-ior, of varying lei;gth but the anterior usually the longer and sometimes very long and slender. The subdorsal row of spines is clearly indicated by bosses (or pits in th. obverse) upon most of the seg- ments; the pleurodorsal series is not so clear, but appears to be indicated, posteriorly, by the extremities of appai-cntly simple spines which protrude laterally beyond the sides of the body between the lateral spines. There is besides, protruding from the poste- rior extremity of the sixth segment, just as I described it in A. major, a long slender stiff rod, here thrust sidewise and thrown a little forward, longer than the width of the body. The length of the specimen is 6.3 mm. The second specimen (fig. 4), received from Mr. Lacoe, under the number 1819cd, shows only the posterior part of the animal and in an entirely different position. It is preserved upon a side view, and shows about eighteen segments though only ten are here figured. Here only the dorsal spines are shown, and they differ remarkably from the others in being almost boot-shaped, the longer posterior fork being almost the only one developed; this is inclined at a strong angle with the stem, and is neai-ly as long as it; moreover, the whole is short and stumpy, less than half as long as the width of the tapering body, excepting on the posterior segments, and the anterior fork is only indi- cated by a slight projection at the heel of the boot; as, however, they agree with those of the lateral row in the other specimen (and not seen here) in the unequal length of the forks, which mainly distinguishes either fi-om A. major, they are placed together until further light is obtained fi'om other specimens. The legs are fairly well preserved, are not closely crowded, slender, with only slight sign here and there of a median car- ination, taper very regularly beyond the middle to a point, the last joint the shortest, the preceding three subequal and only a little longer; at the hinder extremity of the body they about equal in length the width of the body, but a dozen joints away, while of the same length, they do not more than equal half the breadth of the body. The length of the fragment is 93 mm.; the lugs are about 9 mm. long. The spines of the other rows do not plainly appear, but their place is here and there obscurely in- dicated. It remains to be seen whether we are here dealing with two species, but the complete and striking inequality in the forks of the spines will not allow us to look on them as belonging to A. major, to which at first night they have a striking resemblance. Neither of these specimens indicates quite so large a species as that, though much stouter than any species of Euphoberia. Mazon Greek, 111. EuPHOBERi.*. Meek and Worthen. I subjoin a table of the species of this genus known up to the pi-esent time in North America. mm mm fmai mmmmmmm mmmm 402 TABLE OF THE SPECIES OP EUPHOBERIA. Body stout. Very large species, with large bristling spines having large basal splnules. Largest of all, with spines like Acanth. nuyor but more deeply forked, not very divergent and with basal splnules both anterior and posterior E. bystrioosa. Smaller with more delicate spines and only posterior basal splnules B. horrida. Ordinary sized species with more delicate compound spines, the basal splnules not so highly developed. Spines long ; splnules highly developed. Surface sculpture delicate; body largest on segments 12-18, tapering gradually each way B- armigera. Surface sculpture coarse ; great contrast in elevation of Bubsegments E. granosa. Spines either very short with highly developed splnules, or long with very slightly developed splnules. Body with broadly rounded hinder extremity. Hinder half of body much smaller than front h^lf , the change sudden ... E. oarri. I Hinder half of body gradually tapering and not strikingly dllTerent in the two halves B. ouspidata. Body with hinder extremity abruptly tapering to a blunt point B. flabellata. Ordinary sized species with simple spines B. spiniilOBa. Body slender and long drawn out. Nearly uniform throughout. Segments at least half as broad again as long. B. simplex. Segments hardly broader than long E. traota. Delicately tapering so as to be less than lialf as broad at tail ns in front E. angxillla. •\K ' . I M Enphoberia hystricosa sp. nov. PI. 25, figs. 1, 8. Unfortunately but a small fragment of the single known specimen is preeervec^ hit this is so characteriistic r.s to leave no doubt of its relations. Seven adjoining segments from near the middle of the body appear on the small nodule, all of the same size and showing a dorsal aspect. The segments are about two and a half times broader than long, and the shorter anterior portion is considerably elevated and bears near its outer limit a boss which represents the base of a spine belonging to the subdorsal series ; the spines themselves are broken off, but those of one of the lateral series appear, and are exceedingly large and formidable. They are very stout and very long, nearly as long p". the entii'e breadth of the body and apparently depressed, forked a little beyond the middle, the forks only slightly divergent aud subequal, lying in the same plane as the body of the spine, the anterior the longer, stouter and blunter, and scarcely bent forward from a continuation of the basal part of the spine. Besides this, there is at the base, apparently clearly separated in all instances from the great spine, but in close proxim- ity to it, a slender spinule anterior and another posterior also lying in the same plane, but showing no signs of depression. Length of the fragment, 46 mm. ; of the single segments, 5.5 mm. ; breadth of same, 14 mm.; length of spines, 13 mm.; width at base, 1.75 mm.; length of splnules, 3 mm. The species closely resembles in general affect Acantherpestes mq/or, but there arc no pleurodorsal series of spines, and therefore it cannot fall into that genus. No species of Euphoberia at all resembles it, or can compare with it in size, excepting the Euro{)ean E.ferox, which differs entirely in the shape of the spines at base, and in lacking the an- terior ridge upon which the subdorsal spines ai-e mounted. The spines of this species closely resemble those of Acantherpestes major, and agree with them in size, but they differ in the great depth of the apical fork, as well as in minor points. The nodule comes fi-om Mazon Creek, III., and was sent to me for study by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 1802ab. w 403 :id with basal !. bystrioosa. E. horrida. cd. B. armigera. E. granosa. Inules. E. oarri. E. ouspidata. E. flabellata. E. apimUoBa. E. simplex. E. traota. E. anguilla. Beer"C(' ''it ig segments line size and roader than 3ar its outer 1 series; the ;ar, and are irly as long beyond the ilane as the lent forward ,t the base, se proxim- lame plane, Ith of same, js, 3 mm. Ihere are no [o species of le European ling the an- jthis species \e, but they Mr. R. D. f Ecphoberla annlgera. PI. 26, figs. 2, 4, 8 ; pi. 27, fig. 3. Euphoheria armigera Meek and Worthcn, Amer. Journ. So., (2), xlvi, 25-26 (1868). A specimen received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe (No. ISOicd, of his collection, fig. 3) from the Mazou Creek nodules, is nearly complete but appears to lack both extremities; thirty-five segments are preserved, showing a dorsal view of a sinuous body, the lateral spines of one side nearly complete, together with a few of the other side in front; these are slender, gently curved, and do not appear to show any spinules whatever, though there are here and there possible indications of them, not shovMi in the figure; the spines are, however, poorly preserved, and the absence of spinides may be looked upon as merely the accident of preservation. The body is not prominently ridged, and is flattened by preservation; no rug sity of the sui-face is noticeable. The anterior half is of nearly uniform size, scarcely tapering in front, the segments about twice as broad as long ; the posterior half tapers very regularly to less than half the size of the middle, the segments shortening a little. The spines are about half as long as the greatest width of the body. No legs are visible. Length of specimen, 75 mm.; greatest breadth, 4.25 mm. Besides this I have seen nearly a dozen specimens, most of them received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe, but others from Mr. W. F. E. Gurloy, Prof. J. S. Newberry and Mr. F. T. Bliss. None of these require special mention, axcepting one of those received from Mr. Lacoe under the number 1804kl (fig. 8). This is a portion of the hinder end of the body of unusually large size, and containing about twenty-nine segments; one remarkable thing is the slight degree to which it tapers, the diminution in size being altogether confined to the last ten segments, half the diameter being lost in that distance. The segments are nearly twice as high as long, have the subsegments well distinguished, and show the texture of the surface, which appears to have been finely pitted with ti-ansversely arranged somewhat transverse punctures, shown as too circular in the figure (fig. 2). Along the middle line of the body and also next the under edge appear some perhaps a. holly foi*- eign textures, one of which is represented still further enlarged in fig. 4, which are seri- ally arranged and may be mere mineral fillings of spine-scars. Nearly all the subdorsal spines are seen ; they are well heeled, rather slender, arcuate, and pointed, considerably longer than the segments. Very many of the legs can be seen, and these are unusually short and stout and incurved; the enlarged figures show well their division into joints at different parts of the body, from which it would appear that the second joint was not elongated, and on this account I have very much doubted whether this specimen should not be sepaiated from the others as a distinct species. . Length of fragment, 108 mm. Enphoberla granosa. PI. 26, flgs. 6, 6 ; pi. 28, fig. 2. Euphoheria granosa Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ni, 168 (1882). To this species I refer several specimens seen since the originals were described, which II I'- 1 I,' 1 1 ti It 404 y i' 1 fi i i'j^ 1 I 1 9* ■* t \ i' i ^ ='l are remarkable for their coarse sculpture, inequality of the subsegments, and general form of the segments, although some at least of them have spines which differ somewhat from those of the previous specimens, perhaps due, however, to their belonging to different longitudinal series. One of them which is here figured (fig. 6) shows only about a dozen or fifteen seg- ments from near the anterior end of the body, and is considerably larger than the largest specimens hitherto known. It is preserved upon the side and the spines seen at one edge are evidently those of the subciorsal series. The segments are about three times as broad as long, but the flattening of the body largely conceals the evident previous in- equality of the subsegments; the surface is veiy coarsely granular (fig. 5). The spines are rather stout, very much shorter than the segments, curved backward, and show no sign of any anterior fine basal spinule, but instead a distant basal posterior spinule of similar coarseness as the main spine, but very low; these are not well shown on the plate as they can only be well made out by shifting the point of view. The legs are slender and nearly as long as the width of the body. The ventral plates are seen in part and are normal. Length of fragment, 58 mm. ; breadth, 10 mm. The specimen comes from Mazon Creek, III., and was received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 1805ij. Another specimen, also received from Mr. Lacoe and bearing the number ISOSmn, is of nearly equal size, preserved in a sinuate curve, lymg upon its side, and showing similar parts; it is much more complete, showing almost the entire length of the animal, the head possibly and a portion of the tail certainly absent. About thirty-eight seg- ments are present. It is of nearly uniform size throughout, except that it is slightly larger over a rather broad sjiace in the middle, the front third about equal, and the pos- terioi- pail; considerably smaller, giving a contour imlike any before met with. The segments have the usual proportions and distinct heavy sculpture of the species, the granulations, however, somewhat exceptionally unequal and distant. Here also the spines of the subdorsal series are much as in the specimen last described, but do not show so clearly the posterior basal spinule, and also show no sign of any anterior one. The legs are slender, extended at full length, and evidently longer than the width of the body in advance of the widest part. Length of fragment if extended, 95 mm. ; greatest width, 9.5 mm. Two other specimens also received from Mi-. Lacoe, Nos. Io05kl and 1805h, of smallei' size, also belong here; they show nothing peculiar excepting that each at its hinder ex- tremity, which in one case is perfect, shows that the subdorsal spines at this extremity of the body were apparently simple but remarkably stout, short, and blunt; they are only twice as high as their basal breadth. To this species I also refer doubtfully a specimen fi'om Mazon Creek (fig. 2) sent me by Mr. Gurley, showing about twenty-four segments preserved on a side view with some of the legs. No spines are present and only a few places are at all characteristic. It is in any case a small specimen, measuring but 40 mm. in length, and 1.75 mm. in diameter. It is nearly equal throughout, tapering only a little toward the tail. The legs are 2 mm. long. m III 405 P ■1 Enphoberia cai-rL Euphoberia earn Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in, 171 (1882). A single additional specimen has come to hand, a large fragment containing all but the two ends of the body, stretched in a oent line, presenting a dorsal view of about thirty segments. As in the specimens already described, there is not only considerable diver- sity in the genei-al size of the front and hinder half of the body, the front half being nearly double the width of the hinder, but the change is relatively rapid, falling upon a few segments near the middle, though this is not so pronounced as in those previous!;' described. The segments are about three times as broad as long, with a slightly greater relative breadth on the front than on the hinder half of the body. The anterior spinif- erous half of each segment is heavily ridged, while the posterior is nearly flat, though this condition is somewhat effaced by crushing in the middle of the body. Only the basal bosses of the subdoi'sal series of spines can be seen and these are near together, but in many cases obscure. The lateral series is tolerably complete through- out upon both sides and shows these spines to have been tolerably stout, sharply pointed, a little curved and scarcely so long as the segments ; where suitably turned they show an angle near the middle of the front contour, which is all that appears of a spinule, probably broken off; but a veiy considerable, straight, slender needle arises fi-om behind the base of the main spine, in situations favorable for it to be seen, almost half as long as the main spine. No legs are preserved. The whole surface of the body is finely and evenly granulate. Length of fragment, 63 mm.; greatest breadth, 9 mm.; least breadth, 5.5 mm.; length of spines, 2.5 mm. Mazon Creek, Illinois. Museum of Columbia School of Mines, communicated by Dr. J. S. Newberry. \i 'r. Enphoberia enspidata sp. nov. PI. 26,Jig9. 8, 7. A e.ingle specimen only is Icnown of this species, the head end of which is obscure, and the other extremity broken off. About seventeen segments are shown, pi-eserved in a straight line upon a side view. The body tapers forward a little on the three or four front segments and to a somewhat similar degree behind the tvvelflh or thirteenth seg- ment, but the portion preserved is very nearly uniform. The surface is granulose as in E. granosa. The head is exceedingly vague, but appears to be large, to have a rounded front, and to droop. The body segments appear to be slightly selliform by the ridging of the anterior edge, and they bear, apparently on the posterior half of the segments, a row of superior spines (presumably on both sides). By the fracture of the stone, these spines are very obscure, but they appear to be shoH., stout and double, having an ante- rior erect prong, not higher than one-fifth of the thickness of the body, and an oblique, backward directed, posterior prong a little shorter and subtriangular. The legs are a little loTiger than the thickness of the body, laminate, the flat surface set obliquely (the edge being foi*ward and outward), of nearly equal width until near the pointed tip, when they taper rapidly, the joints indistinguishable in this specimen. \{^ 406 Length of specimen, 36 mm.; breadth, 2.5 mm.; length of legs, 4 mm.; their basal breadth, 0.75 mm. The species is distinguishable from the others by its short, double spines, its more than usually equal form, and by the shape of the segments, which are only about half as broad agaiu as long. It seems to be most nearly related to E. carri, but altogether lacks the sudden attenuation of that species in the middle of the body. It is not unlike JS. granosa, with which the texture of the body and the length of the segments agree, but the spines are very differont and there is no such sudden contrast in elevation between the sub- segments. The figure represents the legs as much too slender. The specimen was sent me for study by Mr. R. D. Laeoe, in whose collection it bears the number 1814 ab. It comes from Mazon C eek, Illinois. r:^ ■ HI l-isf ' I i( ■ Enphoberia spinnloBa sp. nov. PI. ?C, tig. 1 ; pi. 27, figs. 1, 4, 5 ; pi. 28, flgs. 7, 8. The single specimen upon which this species was first recognized is a nearly complete animal lying partly coiled on its side (PI. 26, fig. 1) and showing the legs and a few spines. It is somewhat stout, tapering only a little in its posterior half and still less an- teriorly, the specimen composed of about thirty-seven segments; the segments consist apparently (for they are crushed and obscure) of an anterior, shorter, elevated, domed portion, beai'ing spines, and a longer, lower and flat portion. In some places the ventral plates, two to each of the dorsal subsegments, can be seen, every alternate one bearing legs; that is, every ventral segment is broken into two, — an anterior larger, pediferous, and a posterior apodal subsegmcnt, the division indicated by a slightly lower level of the apodal half. The main segments of the body are from two or two and a half to a little less than three times as broad as long, and the spines (of which only a few of the sub- dorsal ones can be seen) are perfectly simple, straight, slender and tapeiing, scarcely half as long as the width of the body. The legs are slender and tapering, slightly more than hplf as long as the width of the body. The head is completely obscured, being mingled with the legs toward which it is coiled, but the posterior end of the body is dis- tinct, with a rounded rectangular hinder edge where in tlic last segment it suddenly comes to ?^n end. I-jtimated length of the specimen if imcoiled, 94 mm.; breadth in the middle, 6 mm.; at posterior extremity, 3.5 mm.; length of legs, 3.5 mm.; of spines, 2.75 mm. The specimen lies on a piece of blue limestone forming the roof shale over the lower coal seam at Braidwood, Illinois, and was received for study from Mr. R. D. Laeoe, in whose collection it bears the number 1820a. The species as based upon this specimen seems to differ from all I have seen in the simple character and delicacy of the spines, which have no basal thorn ; the anterior ele- vated portion of the segments is also narrower in proportion to the rest than usual. About a dozen other specimens later examined agree pretty well in their general char- acteristics with E. granosa, and in the form of the segments with E. earn, but differ from them, as from nearly all others, in the character of the armature, the spines being long' and slender and entirely without basal or other secondary spinules, and are there- 407 heir basal more than f as bi'oad • lacks the 1. granosa, the spines 1 the siib- on it bears y complete and a few till less an- nts consist ted, domed the ventral >ne bearing pediferous, level of the to a little if the sub- :, scarcely ;htly more red, being (ody is dis- It suddenly |le, 6 mm. ; the lower |. Lacoe, in teen in the iterior ele- isual. Iieral char- but differ lines being 1 are there- fore regarded as belonging here. In this respect they agree apparently with E. brmonii of England, with which indeed they may possibly prove identical, though they grow to a much larger size than any British specimens I have seen. The most perfect example (figs. 4, 5) is preserved upon a side view, each half with a distinct and partial coil. The lateral termination of the dorsal and ventral scutes is visi- ble throughout; and the large transverse spiracles are readily seen next the outer base of the legs, in the middle of the segments or with the anterior edge in the middle of the segments. The head shows little beyond its outline, and appeal's little larger than the segment behind it, with an inferior tapering prolongation; from a little below the middle of the front springs an antenna whose total length a little exceeds that of the head, in- terrupted in the middle, but apparently as a whole consisting of ten or eleven joints which are oval and subequal, more than half as long again as broad, and slightly lai'ger apically than basally, the terminal joint smaller than the others. The body is largest in the middle and subequal in more than the middle half, tapering about equally and very gently at each extremity. As thus preserved, upon a side ' 'cw, showing only one half of their surface, the dorsal scutes are of about equal length and breadth, and appear to be composed of a larger anterior and shorter but higher posterior section, upon the latter of which the straight, simple, delicate spines shorter than the segments are mounted. The legs are exceptionally short and stout, and blunt tipped, hardly tapering; they are about as long as the segments. Length if unco: Idd, 84 mm.; height in middle, 4.5 mm.; length of segments, 2.75 mm.; of spines, 2 mm.; of legs, 2.5 mm. Mazon Creek, 111. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, "No. 1820cd. One of the largest specimens belonging to this species (PI. 27, fig. 1) is also preserved upon a side view coiled into a semicircle. The ventral scutes here look as if formed of a collection of transverse straps, three or four to each scute> with a finely granular sur- face, but the dorsal scutes are less perfectly preserved, thoagh when clear differ in no way from those of the typical specimen; the siiines at the front end of the body are, however, relatively coarser and the legs seem relatively longer. The specimen measures 130 mm. in length, and 9 mm. in middle height, tapering as in the preceding toward either end but perhaps over a longer region. The specimen is in the collection of Co- lumbia College, whence I received it through the courtesy of Prof. J. S. Newberry. Another specimen (PI. 28, fig. 8) shows the same view of the front half of an animal stretched out straight, and is interesting principally from its preserving one of the an- tennae attached to the middle of the front of the head (fig. 7) ; this is apparently not com- plete, a little shorter than the head and composed of about seven joints, some of them obscure, but where best preseiTed cylindi'ical and half as long again as broad ; it tapers a little. The distinction between the anterior and posterior sections of the body-seg- ments is greater than usual, and where the surface is clearly scon it is distinctly and rather coarsely granulate; the stigmata are very distinct, and as in the previous speci- mens, but the legs are vague. It comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and bears the number 1820ef, in Mr. Lacoe's collection. Other specimens, ^ome received from Mr. Lacoe, others from Mr. Gurley, do not ap- pear to add much to what these have told up One, however, No. 1820gh, of Mr. Lacoe, I If i;; 408 is a young specimen, and here the spines appear to be erect with no backward sweep and to be neni'ly or quite aa long as the width of the body ; only a dozen segments are preseiTed and the specimen, very imperfect, is only 17 m.n. long and 1.75 mm. in diam- eter. nov. Eaphoberia aimplex sp. PI. 27, flgs. 2, 6, 7. A couple of specimens of spined Archipolypoda differ so much from the others I have described, that they seem better separated from them. By their slender forms they agree best with the two species which follow, while in their size and armature they agree better with most of those that precede. The first and best specimen (fig. 2) shows the whole of a myriapod extended with a gently sinuate curve; it jiresents a lateral aspect. The head is a little larger than the immediately succeeding segment, but is very poorly preserved, and shows no appen- dages. The segments of the body are thirty-seven in number, increase rather rapidly in size on the anterior six, the size then attained being retained up to the third or fourth before the hinder end when they taper similarly, the last segment being bluntly rounded and about as large as the head; excepting where tapering, the segments are a little less than twice as broad as long, and are separable into a shorter anterior and a longer and more elevated posterior subsegment, at the anterior part of the latter of which the sj^ines are seated. These are arranged as usual in the genus, and the subdorsal series consists of nearly simple, short and pointed, arcuate spines, barely or not half so long as the segments, with a posterior basal spinule arising faintly from a sort of heel to the spine, often very inconspicuous and not shown on the plate ; in texture, the upper sur- face appears to be finely granulated, while the lower plates show a fine punctuation, the punctae transversely elongated. The legs are very well preserved, in many places showing well the division into joints and the median longitiidinal carina; the second joint is usually just about as long as tb- subequal remaining three; they are strongly compressed Lerally, and most of the tapering occurs on the apical joint; their surface is smooth but not polished. Length, 91 mm.; breadth in middle, 4.5 mm.; length of middle legs, 3.75 mm.; of long- est spines, 2 mm. Mazon Creek, 111. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 1812ab. A second less perfect but interesting specimen from the same place (fig. 7) is simi- larly preserved on the stone but with the hinder end drooping and possibly not quite complete. The head is better preserved than in the preceding specimen, much larger than the immediately succeeding segments, well rounded, a little longer than broad, and shows a few obscure antennal joints (fig. 6) ; they are only three or four in num- ber, subequal in length, but narrowing slightly, and all together not more than half as long as the head. The body is subequal almost thoughout, scarcely showing any signs of tapering in front, while the specimen is too imperfect behind to determine that point. There are about thirty-three segments which are only about half as broad again as long. "JSo spines can be certainly made out, but nearly all the legs are preserved, though ob- 409 rd sweep ments are . in diam- J others I der forms jture they ed with a • than the no nppen- er rapidly I or fourth ^ rounded I little less anger and which the rsal series ilf so long icel to the [ipper sur- ntion, the ,ny places le second strongly |ir surface ; of long- is simi- I not quite |ch larger m broad, in num- hi half as Iny signs Vat point. |i as long. )ugh ob- scurely, and where preserved do not always show the longitudinal carina on adjacent segments; legs are found at entirely equul intervals up to the head, but the state of |)re- servation of this general region does not permit further statement ; the legs are a little shorter than the width of the body. Length, 51 mm.; breadth, 2.75 mm.; length of legs, 2.4 mm.; of antennae 1.75 mm. Mazon Creek, III. Mr. W. F. E. Gurley. The species is peculiar for its slender form and relatively long segments combined with short sharply pointed spines. In general appearance, except for its slenderness and general form, it reminds one most of E. earn. Bapboberla tracta sp. nov. PI. 28, figs. 1, 4-6. The first specimen seen (fig. 1) is only tolerably well preserved, shows both obverse and reverse, and exhibits a lateral view of the greater part of the creature from the head backward over about thirty-four segments. The body is gently curved, the back convex, and near the head end more strongly arched, exceedingly long and slender, of nearly uniform size throughout, there being no sign of tai)ering anteriorly, and it is barely perceptible on the posterior fourth preserved. The head is larger than the seg- ments behind, and droops considerably, the larger size being indicated by the amount of this droop, since the top of the head is continuous with the upper surface of the body; it is well rounded in front, but nothing can be made of any ajjpendages. Unfor- tunately also none of the spines are preserved, and the only indication of their presence is in occasional pits, especially at the anterior end. The segments are unusually long, bringing the legs of succeeding pairs much farther apart than usual. Excepting in the anterior part of the body, they are of about equal length and breadth, — a feature which at once distinguishes this species from any other; the anterior part of the segments is narrowly ridged, and across the middle is a less prominent and more rounded transverse elevation dividing each segment into two equal subsegments. This has not been made to appear in the figure. In places where best preserved the surface of the segments shows a very delicate granulation. The legs are, as stated, far apart, a little longer than the width of the narrow body, slender, tapering regularly and pointed. They show slight or no signs of any unusual basal expansion, and their joints are indistinguishable. Length of body, 46 mm.; width of same, 1.6 mm.; length of legs, 2.5 mm.; their basal width, 0.3 mm. The specimen comes from Mazon Creek, HI., and is numbered 1838ab, in the collec- tion of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, from whom I received it. The second specimen (fig. 5) is in a similar state of preservation, and was not seen until the preceding was descnbed. It shows both obverse and reverse and represents the lateral view of the entire animal, if the tail end is complete, and though difficult to determine by its obscurity in certain partf., appears to be composed of about thirty-five segments behind the head. The body is long and slender, tapering very inconsiderably in its pos- terior half. The head appears to be still partly buried in the stone, and consequently does not show its size or form, but it evidently droops very much below the lower level of 6 mmm ^ 1 i 410 the body. No spines nre preserved anywhere, and only slight indications of their in- sertion ore opparent. The segments are obscure throughout, excepting near the head, and therefore could not be cniimerated, but for the legs. As in the previous specimen, they appear to be generally of about equal length and breadth, but next the head they are broader than long. The division into two parts, as shown in the other specimen, is obscured here, excepting next the head where it is identical. The legs are as in the other specimen, except in being possibly a little longer and in showing some basal ex- pansion. Length of body (if straightened), 40 mm.; middle width of same, 1.5 mm.; length of legs, 2.8 mm.; their basal width, 0.3 mm. The specimen comes from the same place, and bears the number 1838cd, in Mr. Lacoe's collection. A third specimen (fig. 4) seen, together with the following, after the preceding de- scriptions had been written, shows o lateral view of a slightly arcuate animal, nearly the whole of which is pi'eserved, although almost wholly destitute of appendages. The body is thus seen to be of nearly equal size thoughout, scarcely tapering on the first three or four segments and in the posterior fourth, composed of forty-two subquadrate segments, besides the head; the latter is a little broader and larger than the segment behind, well rounded but shows no appendages. The segments are everywhere simi- lar, about a third or a fourth broader than long and show a division into two subseg- ments by a median or antemedian tranverse sulcation and a slight difference in eleva- tion of the two subsegments, the anterior being slightly the higher; the signs of spines are slight, but occasionally a simple, arcuate, very short spinule rises above the dorsal outline. The legs are almost entirely obliterated, but a few at either extremity show that they are as long as the width of the body or even longer, and very slender. Length of body (if straightened), 45 mm.; middle width of same, 1.6 mm.; anterior width, 1.2 mm.; length of anterior legs, 1.5 mm. The specimen comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and was received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 1838gh. A fourth specimen (fig. 6) shows a scarcely arcuate body of a specimen slightly larger than the last but not so fully preserved, both ends being lost. About thirty- six segments are seen, slightly broader than long, but in genei-al they show very little structure ; it would seem, however, as if besides the median sulcation between the sub- segments, each of the latter had its own aubmedian transverse sulcation much sharper and slighter than the other; the surface was apparently smooth; no signs of spines ap- pear except a lateral series indicated at one extremity by very deep circular pits at one margin, presumably the anterior, of each segment. Legs are seen all along the lower margin of the body, though by no means always perfect; when complete they are some- what longer than the width of thr body, very slender, and delicately tapering. Length of the fragment, 52 mm.; breadth in middle, 2 mm. This specimen also comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and from Mr. Lacoe, and bears the number 1838ef. A fifth specimen is a curious one ; it represents apparently a single specimen, but it is bent abruptly upon itself twice, so as to be broken or apparently broken into three 411 nearly equal parts, lying one above the other, the upper and lower parallel, the middle and longer pi&^e, really the anterior third, a little oblique, crossing one end of one of the others. The great length and slenderness of the spcijimen with the subquadnite form of the segments leave no room to doubt that it belongs here, but it shows very little, for the head is unprovided with appendages, and only slight indications of spines, quite as in the other specimens, appear. Some parts display the legs fairly well, showing that they were very slendei* and tapering, considerably longer than the breadth of their segments. The body appears to have been largest near the base of the antei'iiM* third and to have tapered very slightly in either direction, the hinder end quite blunt. If it is not broken, but the disconnected parts are united beneath the present exposed surface of the stone, its total length must have been fully a decimeter; if broken and all parts are seen it would still be 9 centimetres long, while its greatest breadth is 2.5 mm., and at the hinder extremity 1.75 mm. The specimen comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and was received from Mr. R. D. Lacoc, in whose collection it bears the number 1838ij. Another specimen has been received from Mr. W. F. E. Gurley fi'om the same local- ity, but is exceedingly imperfect; it is apparently a young specimen, being if uncoiled only 40 mm. long. It is too poor to measure the breadth at any point, but it ajjpears to have been equally slender with the others. The species is remarkable for its nearly unifonn and slender body, the great length of the segments as compared with the width of the body, the slenderness of the legs, and the unusual distance apart of consecutive pairs. I. • 1 Mr. R. D. Enpbobetia sp. Mr. R. D. Lacoe has sent me a straight fragment of a Euphoberia, composed of about fifteen or sixteen similar and equal segments from what is apparently about the middle of the body, but Avhich is too imperfectly preserved to detei-mine the species, though it perhaps represents E. tracta or E. simplex. It would not be worth mention- ing but for the appearance it presents of being covered above with a mat of flowing hairs, here appressed to the surface. The segments are about half as broad again as long, and tho?r surface finely granulate. The total length of the fragment is 26 mm.; it comes from Mazon Ci'eek, 111., and is marked 1839a, by Mr. Lacoe. , and bears Euphoberia angnilla. PI. 28, flg. 3. Euphoberia anguilla Scudd., Mem. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., in, 177, PI. 12 fig. 20 (1882). An additional specimen (fig. 3) has been found, but it adds little to our previous mea- gre knowledge. It is nearly complete, however, though the head end is altogether ob- scure. It lies in an arcuate position upon the stone, the dorsal parts convex, and the legs drooping from the under surface. The head is very obscure, but apparently agrees with what is seen in the original specimen, and, as there, no appendages are visible. The body is largest in the middle of the anterior half and tapers very gently in each direction, the tail being about half as wide as the broadest portion, which is not so nar- ,' f: :lM! 112 I h 5,1* f . ? 1 ,' mwly oonfliu'd dh in the s|-.ociinon hofoiv foinul; llio Hc^jfiuiMitH vary In t1u>ii' proportionH vory nincl) an in (luMX'i^i^innl, II)y appvar lo 1m> ivlativoly nIioHoi' ni>xt tlio liinilor on nvv\\ tin-on;i:h all hut the fi'ont end of tho hotly to hi> Hhorlor than Iho width ol'tho hoily, oHpocially in itH wiilont portion, and to ho rathor ntout, Hli)<;htly taporinjic 'tud hlunt tipped. No HpincH are oloarly H(uody is less than 0.25 nun. hroad. Nothing can he told from this specimen any mor ■ fnmi the lirst known c«mcerning' the structure of the spines or legs, unless certniii marks at the siden «)f this, near the middle, indicate legs; these would then ho exceedingly slender and ful'y as hmg as the width of the hody. Ma/ )n Creek, 111., nodules. No. l»S07cd. "' i Family Archiitlidak Scudder. AuciiiULlis Scudder. Several s])ecie8 are now known to me from North America, hesidt's those hero de- scrihed which are sonu'what prohlematical from the natui'c of their entomhmeut. Others from the sigillarian stumps of Nt)va Scotia will he descrihed o\\ another occasion. n nov, Arehinlua? glomeratns »[>. ri. 29, Hgs. 2, 3. A closely coiled, moderately large galley-worm (fig. 2) is douhtfully referred to this genus, though much larger than any heretofore found, hecauso its well preserved seg- ments show no sign of any division into fi-ustra and no indication of spines or any lon- gitudinal series of prominences. Eighteen or nineteen segments are preserved, all hut iVA four or Hv«' of (ln'in v»-ry Wiili, — lU l«'n«t Hie iIih'mhI Hriil«'M. 'IMh'h«( rnimiHt oC Niiupl<> pInlcH with wt'll i-\l«ynn)l IIh* liilcnil liiiiilH (>rtli(« body pr»t|u'i' ((<> jiitlp;*' l»y the IniiiMvt'rMo nirviii^ nd;;^*'^ fi;('n('i'ally hccii iiI»ov«' llicir ((■nniiintion), iilioiit twice iih IhoiuI ih llx'ir ^ri'iilcHt (Hiipcrinr) lon^tli, willi iiidiciitiiMH (>rH tliickciiiit^j: <>r tlic inil«'iiior iiiul poHtonor:!Mn';,;;lnM, prcct'dcd l»y ii uxnw or Ichs ilis- tiiict and cxtniNivc tnn)sv(>i'M«> IniTow. No dclliiitc ni^iiH oC tli«> vt'iitnd Hciilt's cini Im> Horii iiMy the prrHiiincd liitrral cxpnnHimi of tlin doi'Hiil HCiltcH whioli oil 11 Nidc ', i«'W would roiirt'ul tliciii. Tlu> IrjfH iirr him'II in Hi'vcnil pliici'M, but too s(Min>ly iiiul intci'iuin^lcd to Niiy tnoriMd' th«Mu tlian that (hey appear to Im< «-t>r- tainly very Htout mid lon^ and h)ti};;itudinally rid;f<'d. Neither extremity of tlie body iH Heeu and there \h no apparent F«i^n of any tapering;. lieiifi^tli orHp(>einien if iiiieoiled, hIho I am ineliued to place a Nimilarly coiled but. miH^h Ntnaller specimen (11^. '() IVom the Nnine locality, prcNerved in ii Ninall iioduh^ Nent tnc; by Mr. K. I). liaco(t and bearing the number IH'i.'icd. It Ih rather obHcure and hIiows little mor(> than the dor- sal HcutcH Heeu on a wide view with no hI^jii of HpincH «)r Ic^^m or fruHtra. About forty- two Hc^mentH art^ repr( 414 as it does in Great Britain and, as will be seen by the following descriptions, from the carboniferous deposits of Mazon Creek, III. ■'^\ ZylobioMiraBtnlentns sp, nov. . PI 29, flg8, 4-6, This is a small species and represented by specimens closely resembling in general appearance our smal'fir species of lulus from temperate regions. One is preserved on a side view (fig. 5), strongly curved like a fish hook, and is apparently complete, though both ends are rather obscure. It is long and very slender, almost equal, tapering scarcely in the least at either end and composed of alternately longer and shorter seg- ments, as shown in fig. 6; the number cannot be determined from the obscurity of parts of the body, but they would appear to number all told more than fifty. The larger ones arn about three, the smaller about four times as broad as long. The frustra are the same on both, separated from each other by delicate incised lines, which are a little sinuous as well as slightly oblique; they are very narrow, narrower than on any known species, being eight or ten times longer than broad. The legs are delicate, slender, cylindrical, a little shorter than the width of the body, the joints indeterminate. Length of the body, 33 mm.; width of same, 1.75 mm.; length of legs, 1.45 mm. This specimen, which comes from Mazon Creek, was received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe, and is numbered 1842ab, in his cabinet. The second specimen (fig. 4), sent me after the preceding desciiption was prepared, is similarly preserved in a somewhat semicircular curve; as there, both ends are obscure and probably neither of them is complete. It is long and slender, nearly equal but slightly tapering on the posterior half and anterior fifth, and not so clearly composed as there of alternate longer and shorter segments, the shorter, in the greater part of the body at least, appearing more as mere interspaces and showing no sign of division into frustra, which are perfectly evident and exactly as in the other specimen in the shorter segments. The shorter segments have ir.ore the appearance of bfing originally formed of a less dense integument than the larger ones, and as being here folded or com- pressed; in this way only can the structure of the two specimens — which agi-ee in all other respects — be made to accord sufficiently to consider them the same species. The nmnber of segments, counting only the larger ones, are twenty-nine, and they have the same form and proportions as in the other specimens, with exactly similar frustra. The }«!gs are of similar delicacy and length, but, as there, with indeterminate joints. Length of body, 31 mm.; width of same, 2.2 mm.; length of legs, 1.75 mm. This specimen was obtained at Mazon Creek and was received from Mr. J. C. Carr, but is now in Mr. Lacoe's collection under the number 1842ed. Still another specimen from the same place has been more recently sent me by Mr. "W. F. E. Gurley. It is in better condition than the others, cnrled much as they, and shows all but the very head and hinder extremity; probably not half a dozen segments are lacking; forty-one appear. These are alternately longer and shorter, one about one- half longer than the other, each with its own independent arching; the whole of a pair of segments as thus constituted when seen on a side view, is about two-thirds as long 415 from the 11 general erved on 3, though tapering orter seg- y of parts he larger I'ustra are ire a little iiy known J, slender, :i _f • mm. D. Lacoe, prepared, ■e ohscure equal but composed art of the division len in the originally tl or com- ree in all lies. The hey have ,r frustra. joints. C. Carr, le by Mr. they, and ■segments jout one- lof a pair Is as long as high and is traversed longitudinally by fine lines breaking it up into frustra of ex- ceeding slenderness, perhaps eight or ton times longer than broad. The legs iire ex- ceedingly slender, finely tapering to a delicate point, and about as long as the width of the body. Length if extended, 44 mm. ; breadth, 2.25 n. m. The species is mainly peculiar for the exceedingly narrow frustra, but also for the alternation of longer and shorter segments which appears wherever two adjoining seg- ments are clearly denned. It bears certain resemblances to the interesting Knmjiecaris forfarensis Page, so carefully described and figured by Mr. Peach of the Geological Survey of Scotland ; more indeed than to any myriapod yet described from this con- tinent. But the smaller segments are much less important than there, the feet are much slenderer and Mr. Peach makes no mention whatever of anything akin to frustra. Onr own species is represented by specimens far less perfect than his and does not admit of a really satisfactory comparison. Zylobias mazonus. PI. 29, figs. 7-11. XyloMus mazonus ^c\\^A., Zittel, Handb. d. Palaeont., i, ii, 730, fig. 902b (1885). The first specimen of this species which came under my notice was received from Mr. Lacoe with the number 1809ab, and was interesting from being the first myriapod seen from Mazon Creek in which the segments wei-e broken into frustra, and much larger than other species of the genus, found heretofore only in the sigdlarian stumps of Nova Scotia. This specimen (fig. 7) is preserved on a side view, and shows a gently arched body, bent a little behind the head; excepting near the extremities, which taper considerably for half a dozen segments (fig. 9), the body is of nearly uniform width; it is complete, and composed of numerous very short segments, obscure in places but ap- pai'cntly numbering about fifty. The form of the body and its general appearance at first recall the commoner Euphoberiae of these beds, but a closer examination soon shows considerable diflferenees. Spines are wanting, the extremely short and broad segments extend the whole width of the body and are broken regularly into frustra; the legs are very delicate and not very long, and the head is not larger than the segment behind it. The segments are about six times as broad as long and the frustra unusually narrow, being fully four times as long (equal to the width of the segment) as broad, as shown in the enlarged sketch (fig. 8) of two or three adjoining segnients a little in front of the middle of the body. The legs are very slender, and apparently cylindrical, but their full length shows only at the hinder extremity of the body where they equal its diminished diameter. The specimen is 01 mm. long; 5.5 mm. broad in the middle; 2.75 mm. broad at the head end; the longest legs at the posterior end are about 4 mm. long. The second specimen (figs. 10-11) is more interesting on account of its perfection. It was also received from Mr. Lacoe and bears the number 1809cd, in his collection. It also shows a side view, gently arched, especially toward the head end, which is appar- ently complete though obscure, while the hinder end is partly concealed under stone, II 416 and may extend beyond the limits of the enclosing nodule. The body is of nearly uni- form width, but tapers forward a very little on the first eight or nine segments and toward the posterior end. The segments preserved are forty in number, and are of about the same proportion as in the other specimen. From its better presei-vation, how- evei", it shows clearly, what the other shows but vaguely, the exact form of the segments; the body was plainly cylindrical or nearly so, and the anterior and postei'ior border of each segment was thickened to form together an elevated, more or less rounded band, together a little more than twice as broad as the intei-mediate, lower and more flattened interspace covering the most of the segment; the anterior thickening occupies twice as much of the band as the posterior; the sutures of the frustra cross the entire segment, including the band, both anteriorly and posteiiorly; the frustra are separated and marked oif by slight raised lines, running with a slight obliquity and are of the same proportion as in the other specimen. The head shows no peculiarities, as it merely ends in a blunt- ly rounded curve, with no visible appendages and is altogether very obscure. The legs are delicate, slender, cylindrical, pointed, and unless in the proportionate lengths of the joints, which cannot be detennined, in all respects like those of a modern lulus; they are nearly as long as the width of the body. This specimen is also of special interest from the fact that its excellent preservation ensures seeing any spines which might project beyond the body, and which do not exist. On one of the stones, however, there may be seen on most of the segments a minute wart or tubercle centrally placed, forming a pleurodorsal row apparently about midway between the middle of the sides and the middle of the back, similar therefore to some obscure indications of the same sort on other species of Xylobius. It is interesting also e jhowing clearly the lower edges of some of the dorsal shields next the present lower edge of the fossil, showing that here the ventral scutes must be much narrower than the dorsal. The length of the specimen is 45 mm.; its breadth in the middle, 4.5 mm.; at the head end, 4 mm.; length of legs, 4 mm.; their greatest breadth, 0.08 mm. Both the specimens are from Mazon Creek, El. The species differs from any known by its much larger size, the narrowness of its frustra, and the strajj-like character of its sutural prominences, which do not fall grad- ually to the level of the lower part of the segment forming a more or less striking selli- form curve, but abruptly. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate 25. Fig8. I and 8 are by Mra. Katherine Peirson Ramsay ; flg^. 2 and 4 by J. H. Emerton. Fig. 1. Euphoberia hyslricosa \. Fig. 2. Acanth«rpeate$ tnequalis \. Fig. 3. Euphoberia hyttricosa \; reverse of flg. 1. Fig. 4. Acantherp«$tei tnequalis {. Plate 26. Figs. 1, 3 and 7 are by Mrs. Katherine Peirson Ramsay; the others by J. H. Emerton. Fig. 1. Euphoberia spinulota f . Flcr. 2. Euphoberia armigera; a portion of the Integument of one of the neighboring segments of flg. 8, further en- larged. 417 Fig. 8. Euphoberla eutpUUtta f ; the anterior extremity only. Fig. 4. Euphoberla armigera ; one of tlie pccnliar structures of tlie opposite segment of flg. 8, further enlarged. Fig. 5. Euphoberla granoea ; a portion of the integument of one of the neighboring segments of flg. 6, further enlarged. Fig. 6. Euphoberla granosa }. Flg. 7. Euphoberla eufptdata }• Fig. 8. Euphoberla armt'jera ^ ; several of the legs are still further enlarged and placed opposite their position on the Iwdy. Plate 27. Figs. 1, 2, 4 and 5 are by J. H. Emerton; flgs. 3 and 7 by Mrs. Katherine Pelraon Ramsay; flg. 6 by J. Henry Blake. Fig. 1. Euphoberla tptnulosa \. Fig. 2. Euphoberla $lmplex f ; some of the legs stlU further enlarged are placed opposite their position relative to the body. Flg. 8. Euphoberla armlgera \. Fig. 4. Euphoberla splwilosa ?. Fig. 5. The wme f ; the head ; from the reverse of flg. 4. Fig. 6. Enp,. ' erla simplex f ; the head and antenna of flg. 7. Fig. 7. 7%e same i ; the entire animal. Plate 28. Figs. I, 2, 8, and 6 are by Mrs. Katherine Peirs')n Bamsay; the others by J. H. Emerton. Fig. 1. Euphoberla tractai. Fig. 2. Euphoberla granosa }. Flg. 8. Euphoberla angutlla f . Flg. 4. Euphoberla traeta }. Fig. 6. The same i. Fig. 6. The same }. Fig. 7. Euphoberla splnulosa ; the antenna of flg. 8, still further enlarged. Flg. 8. The same 'i. Plate 29. Figs. 1-5, 7 and 9-11 are by Mrs. Katherine Peirson Ramsay; flgs. 6 and 8 by J. Henry Blake. Fig. 1. Archlulua sp f . Fig. 2. Archlulus glomeratus i. Fig. 3. The same \. Flg. 4. Xgloblus frustulentus \. Fig. 6. The same |. Fig. 6. The same f ; a couple of segments from mar the middle of the body of flg. 5. Flg. 7. Xyloblus maxonus }. Fig. 8. The same { ; three segments from the middle of the front half of the body of flg. 7. Fig. 9. The same i ; a few of the terminal segments of flg. 7 Fig. 10. The same }. Flg. 11. The same ? ; reverse of flg. 10. l! iv. Fig. I. llyodes dlvisa {. Fig. 2. Ill/odes elongata f . Fig. 3. Lattella prlmordlalls i. Fig. 4. Palenarthrtu Impressua f . Fig. 6. EUetlcus atUhraclnus i. Fig. 6. Elletleus aequalls ^ Fig. 7. The same \ ; side view of flg. 6. Flg. 8. The same £ ; reverse of flg. 6. Fig. 9. The same f . 6 Plate 80. All the drawings are by J. H. Emerton. further en- \ 418 SUMMARY LIST OF THE KNOWN PALEOZOIC MYRIAPODA OF NORTH AMERICA. PROTOSYNONATHA. 1. Falaeocampa anthrax Meek and Worthen. Creek, III. Mazon CHILOFODA. OerascutigerMae. 3. \ ,<,zeUa prlmordlalts Scudd. Mazon Creek, lU. EoMToloprndritlae. 8. EUeticus antbraclntia Scudd. Mazon Creek, III. 4. EUeticus aequalis Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111. 5. Palcnarthrus Impressus Scudd. Mazon Creek, III. 6. Ilyodes dlvisa Scudd. Mazon Creak, 111. 7. Ilyodes elongata Scudd. Mazon Creek, HI. ARCIIIFOLYFODA. Etiphoberidae. 6. Acanthe'pestcs major Meek and Worthen. Mazon Creek, III. 9. AcanthiM -tes incqualis Scndd. Mazon Creek, 111. 10. Euphobi'i'ia hystricosa Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111. 11. Euphoberla horrlda Scudd. Mazon Creek, III. 12. Euphoberla armlgera Meek and Worthen. Mazon Creek, 111. 13. Euphoberla granosa Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111. 14. Eaphoberia carrl Scudd. Mazon Creek, III. 16. Euphoberla cuspidata Scudd. Mazon Creek, III. 16. Euphoberla flabcllata Scudd. Mazon Creek, III. 17. Euphoberla splnulosa Scudd. Mazon Creek and Braidwood, 111. 18. Euphoberla simplex Scndd. Mazon Creek, III. 19. Euphoberla tracta Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111. 20. Euphoberla angullla Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111. 21. Amynllyspcs worthenl Scudd. Mazon Creek, III. Arehiulidaf. 22. Archlulus xylobloldes Scudd. Jogglns, Nova Scotia. 28. Archiulua glomcratus Scudd. Mazou Creek, III. 24. Archlulus sp. Maiden Mine, W. Va. 25. Xyloblus slgUlariae Daws. Jogglns, Nova Scotia. 26. Xyloblus simills Scudd. Jogglns, Nova Scotia. 27. Xyloblus fractus Scudd. Joggins, Nova Scotia. 28. Xyloblus dawsoni Scudd. Joggins, Nova Scotia. 29. Xyloblus frustulentus Scudd. Mazon Creek, III. 80. Xyloblus mazonus Scudd. liazon Creek, IlL ( f * rjj t'l hen. Mazon ^m Illustratioxs op the Carboniferous Araohnida op North America, op THE orders AnTHBACOMARTI AND PeDIPALPI. i < X HE present paper contains a discussion of all the carboniferous Araohnida of Amer- ica, excepting Arthi'olycosa, of which Mr. C. B. Beecher has lately given a fuller and more correct account than we have had before, and the scorpions, which will be treated on a future occasion. The descriptions of the previously known species are more de- tailed than at first, other new forms are added, and illustrations are given of all, except of Architarhus rotundatum, previously figured ; with that exception it is the first attempt to figuie the American forms in these groups. It should be added, however, that since these illustrations were prepared, furth-^r material has come to my hand, mostly fi-om the rich collections of Mr. Lacoe and if Mr. Gurley, which may still further extend the list, but I have been obliged to leave Uiom for another occasion. ;! Order ANTIIRACOMARTI Karsch. Body somewhat depressed, the cephalothorax and abdomen distinctly separable. Ce- phalothorax usually made up in large part of more or less wedge-shaped peuigei'ous seg- ments, the arrangement of which corresponds to that of the coxae. Abdomen forming a single mass and composed of from four to nine distinct joints. Palpi not much longer than the legs and simply terminated. This group, the only extinct order of Arachnida, was established by Karsch for some interesting carboniferous forms of somewhat obscure relations allied to the Phrynidae and Phalangidae, but very distinct from either of them. Its position seems to be be- tween the Chelonethi and the Ped'palpi, to the latter of which it bears perhaps the closest relations. The Anthracomarti were the most varied in structure and, with the possible exception of the scorpions, the most abundant in species of the carboniferous Arachnida, and being unknown after that period they may be considered the most char- acteristic of paleozoic Arachnida. The forms here considered belong to two distinct families. • («») 420 Fnniil.v PoMoniKiunA k SouiMor. Cophalothornx qimdrnto, not nuu'h Hiualloi' tlini) (lu> alxloinoi). (\)\iu< rndialin^ »p- pajviUly fiH>in a median lino. Alulonion ronndod, ol'oqnal hiva«Uh with tho (vphalotho- rax, with very intlistinot or no longitndinal sonlptnring', ooniposeil ol'only lour Kog-nu'ntH, oC whioh tho ba>jal is vory short ami Iho others of equal UMtgth. No abdominal appen- dages. A ^^ingIo gonns and spoeies ai'o known, eonfir.od to North Amorloa. f 1 H I .1 t: W. !l *'5a U 1 IVn.ioriir.iiA Sendder (-"■>"'-, r>'?) /W/(W»f'rrt Seudd.. Pi >o. Amor. Aoad. Arts So. xx, 10 (18.S1). IVphalothorax qnadi nte, a little longer than broad, tho front stpiaro, tho sides neai'ly and the posterior boi-der quite straight, the sm-laoe Hat. Abdomoti roumh'd siib«pia«l- rato, a little longer than broad, its base ooniplet«>ly sosnilo, as broad as tho eephalol borax, tho sides and extremity oonvex and with a oontinuons ourvo, the surlaeo flat and on tho same ]>lane as thecopbah h»»rax, the llrst segment short, the others large and etpial, tho transverse sutures straight. Legs tstout, dopresNcd, nioderatoly long. This very auon\alons araohnid, the position of whieh f"H'n»s to lie near tho Arehitar- boidae. must be ivlorrod to a distinet fannly as given above. It would «oom not im- pi\>bable that Kusta's genus Seud»leria (junue preoooupied in Orthoptora, — Silil, IHT.'l) is nearly allied to this. Polioeheni punctulata. ri. ;)i, «i>rs. 2, 0. Poliochcra punduhxia Seud«l., IVoo. Amor. Aead. Arts So. xx, KJ (1881). The fr«mt border of the oephalothorax is a little elevated, and behind it, extending nearly to tho middle, a very broad, very shallow, transverse deprosHion; tlu-io is also an equally slight but small oontral dopivssion, but all of these searcoly atVeet the extreme tlatnoss of tho whole Held whioh is shared also by the abdomen; both oephalothorax and abdouu :*• are regularly and deeply pmiot.'ito, as shown in lig. (J, oxoopting (Ui tho brief fii>it abdominal segment whieh is «mly puuotate.jdong its hinder edge, and excepting also, as in tho figuiv, in the division lines of the sognu'uts' tho pinictualion is perhaps a very little heavier on the oephalothorax tbati on tho abdomen. Tho abdomen is also marked by slight straight lateral ridges, dividing tho segments into throe nearly oipud ]>arts whioh are only notieeablo on tho fr«)nt half of the Boguu'nts, but oun bo traood tht»ughout; a moderately narrow and slightly elevated rounded Ixmndiug ridge seems to follow tho ontiiv rim of the abdomen. The logs are stout or at least all but the front jtair, and all are long though none are preserved for their entire length; tho basal j(»iiils of all of thomnre short, stout ami <|uadrato, those of tho fi'ont pair about half ns stout us the otlioi"s. and thosoof tho third pair thostmitost of all; tho joint beyond is long and only a little more than half as broad as the basal joint, those of tho ditferent logs of about equal length with eaoh other and nearly as long as tho width of the oephalothorax; the tiiird 421 Fimtily Aiutii tTAitno m»ak ScikMci*. (.Jcplitilolliortix viiritililc in lonii lint nl IciiHt liiill' iih Inr^r ih tlic iiIxImhicii. roxiii- cn- dinlin^ IVniii n cinlriil pit, ii iiirdiiiii line, or IVoiii a lii-oinl Iriini^iilMr Hpncr, itn Iiiihc on tlu< iilxloniiniil iniit-gin. Alxloincn oi'liicnliif or ovnl, hi-oinl iit Imihc w'hli a more or Iohb (liHtincI liHcrnl Htliyo on nicli «i(U', convi'itifin;;- lowind llm nnnH; Hc^nu'nlH lVt»ni Ht'vcn to nine in ninnluT, viHili|(> below, llion^li llic liiisnl oiu'h oHcn cxtrnncly hIioi'IcikmI in \hv. niiddio; no alidoininiil nppcndii^cM. Tins Mppi'MTH to l)(> \\h> Ik'sI (IcvclopiMl lunon^ llic rmnilicH of pnh'OKoic AnIlnMconiinIi, oHprcinlly in Anicricn wlu'W IbiM" gcni-ru occnr, inosl orilicni, ho fur hh known, pccniinr \o\\w Now World. i! flKKAIMIIIVNIIH Scnddcr (,•,;,., body \» coinpiicl with no constnclion nt. llu* m\vH holwrcn the (>(>plinlotlioi-(ix and alidonicn, a<;(i'('('in(7 in its g(!ni'i-id Htniclnio willi Arcli- itarluiM, hnl diircring fVoni it considiM'nbiy in detail. The eontonr of the body is ovate, but inHtead of being rounded in front aH in Architai-biiH, it iH pointed and angnlnte, whilo behind it \h also pointed, thongh roundly. Tin; eephalothorax oeeiipieM a litth^ Ichh than haH'oi'tlu; body, and the pedigeronn eoxal HegnientH whieh, aH in Aredigerous coxal segments arc very faintly punctnlatc, so as to he scarcely perceptible; the lli'st pair taper more rapidly toward the interior than the others from the shape of this part of the body and terminate in a point, while the others present to the median ridge an edge; the others taper about ccpudly, their interior margins being a l-ttle more than half as long as their exterior. The posterior shield has its front edges divaricating at considerably more than a right angle; at the base of the anterior sloping triangle is a transverse rounded ridge of considerable width, its posterior margin limited by a very broad and shallow double ere >'eutic line; following this, opposite the anterior margins of the first abdtmii- ual segment is a similarly waved grooved ridge, the grooves of either side fading out before reaching the middle lino; the sinuous postericu" margin of the cephalothorax fol- lows hard upon this. This posterior shield of the cephalothorax is faintly pnnctulate but more distinctly than the pedigerous segments (coxae). The postthoracic shield is similarly punctnlatc, while the abdomen is profusely and rather distinctly punctate (fig. 0); the postthoracic shield is triangular, more than half as long as broad, extending laterally over alnnit one-half of the body. The first six ab- dominal segments are unifonn in size at the margin of the body where they occupy nearly one-half of the abdomen, but mesially are crowded down less atul less strongly in pass- ing backward, the last showing it more in being naiTowed centrally than in any other way. The last three scgilients are equal in length though constantly decreasing in width, and the extremity of the body is marked by a circular impression. The lateral furrows of the abdomen extend from the third segment backward, beitig sharp on the narrower, deeply impressed but carrying the surface with it on the broader, segmentH, so as to leave the outer narrower portion archod. There is besides a faint ridge down the middle of either lateral half of the abdomen across all the segments, but fading out toward the hinder extremity. Besides the body, however, there are several fragments of legs and palpi, the siu'faco of all of which is heavily punctate. The palpi arc the most perfect, nearly or quite the whole of one and half of the other being i)rcsent; they arc attached at the extreme front of the head and extend backward and outward on either side; they consist of seven joints, the first two small, quadrate, subequal, together reaching to the \livlsion line between the first and second pair of pedigerous segments, each a little longer than broad. The ■XotMni; ot UUs sort occurs in the Bngltsh Arehitavbita sii6rifa/« Woochv., ami U would apponr probable that a dlfltreirt 8iif face of the body was esposeil ; and as It gcems tolerably clear that the dorsal Hurfacc of Gcraphryniis U expoMi'd, Woodward's sjn'clnien probably sho .'. a a ventral aspect. 423 noxt three NegnuMitM n\v \nr}fvr iniil l(>ii;;f«'r, NtilHM|iiiil, hut cncli ii litlle l<>n;j;;i'i- tliiin tlie pi'ucciin}j:l«>H rnllicr N(|iiar('; tlicHixlli joint \n an long UH the tilVli Imt Nlen(K>rer ami e(|ual, whiU> the Hcvenlh \h a mere rapidly taper- ing hliiiitly pointed eap to the Hixth. The HnrlaeiMtrall liiil. the last thnrjoinlH Im Hat or e(pially ronnded, while these terminal JointN have a eoinmon nuMlian ridge i»r eunsid- crnhle Ntrungth. Ah preHerved, there Ih next the anterior margin a very the laleral grooves join; they are Hiender. From the single fragment of one of the anterior pairs of legs that remains, apparently of the lilHh joint, these wtMV scarcely st)»nter; Imt the hinder pairs are twice as sloni, and very heavily pnnctate; of (he third pinr tlu; lii'st fonr joints are preserved in whole or in part npon either side. Tlu^ lirst joint is too oh- Bcnre tor description; it can only he said to have heen small, and probably of the sanu^ size and perhaps of the Hame form as the second which is «pnulrale (it is oidy seen per- feiiiy u|)onone side), about twice as long as broad; the third joint is of similar form but longer and perhaps slightly br«)ader at its distal than its basal extremity ; it is half as long again as the preceding joint, and is fitllowed by a fourth joint exactly like itself; all the joints of this leg, with tin; possible exception of the basal, are Inuivily ri<]ged as in the front legs but not so conspicuously. Of thu fourth pair of legs only what are perhaps tin; third and fourth joints i-emtnn (and not completely); if they an* these joints they agrei; altogether with those of the third pair of legs. 'rh(Mlistin(*tion in si/e between tin; base and apex of the joints of all the legs has been exaggerated by the artist. Length of the body, 1!) nun.; breadth of same, Uft nun.; length of median furrow, mm.; last three abdominal segments, (} mm.; palpi, 11 mm.; breadth of same, 5 nun.; lenglli of third joints of third pair of legs, 2.1) nun.; breadth of same, I nun. This description was originally drawn up froni a single specimen from Ma/on Creek, submitted to me by Mr. ]{. 1). J^acoe under tlu! niunber ITOlab. Since it was written, the same gentleman has sent me fonr more spe(!imens from the Hame locality all of which arc believed to belong here, although they range in si/.e from 1(>.5 mm. to 21 nun. in length and from 8 nun. to 11 mm. in breadth. In oik; of them, No. ITOlcid (lig. 1), the legs are unnsually well preserved, one in particulai', apparently th(^ third pair, being nearly complete, showing nearly the whole of live joints, the terminal being siui|>ly pctint- ed, and their size, counting from the tip, being as follows: lirst or tei-minal joint, length, 1.85 mm., breadth at base, 1 nun.; second, length, 2.2 mm., breadth at i>asc, I.J) nun.; third, length, 2.2 mm., breadth nt base, 2 mm.; fourth, length, 2.1 uun., breadth at base, 2.1 mm.; fillh, length, 2 mm. The fourth pair of legs is slightly longer. i' m Qkiiatahhus gen. nov. (>-»>«?, t«>;9..;) Cephalothorax snborbicular, the front rounded or very broadly angulate, about half as large as the abdomen, or a little more than that, but either distiiuitly narrower than the abdomen or separated from it by a mark(>d lateral constriction. Coxae ratherH ta|>(>i'ing slightly; the joints of the I'ourth pair are not very dill'erent. T\w abdomen In Hhaped wry nuieh an iu the last wpceii's hut more Hmoothly roiuided, mneh more elongati'd, being nearly twii'o as long as, and at itH greatest only Hli;;htly broader than, the ecphalothorax; the lateral Hnleus, only diHtingnishabh' in plaees, is Nim- ilarly clone to the margin. The whole body Ih eoarsely, deeply and nniformly punctate, and the Hui-fact! between the pnnotureH apparently minutely and faintly pun<*ttdate, giving a Hcabrcuis appearance to the whole; the name is true of the legs though the puneta would appear to be ii little Hhal lower. Length of body, 1/) nun.; ecphalothorax, /;.2.'» nun.; abdomen, 0.7/> mm.; breiuliii of ecphalothorax, /).2/> mm. ; abdomen, ().25 nun. ; length of second joint of third pair of legs, ii nun. Ma/on Creek, III. Mr. U. D. Lacoe, No. ITOOab. AnciiiTAunus Scuddcr. AvchitarhiH Soidd., Gcol. Surv. III., iir, flOS (IS()8). Cephalothorax oibicular, broadly rounded in front, much smaller than the abdomen, but not separated from it by a marked lateral constriction. Coxae radiating from a cen- tral pit. Abdomen ovnl, composed of nine segments, of which those on the basal half are very nnieh shorter than the others, and on the dorsal einrface are forced still more closely together by the large postthoracic jdate. Species of this genus are foinid iu the coal measures of Silesia, Great Britain, and Illi- nois. In addition to the one long known from the last locality, another is described below. Arcbitarbus rotandatnm. Architarbus rottmdatus Scudd., Geol. Surv., 111., in, 508, fig. 4 (1868). I have nothing to add concerning this species. It comes from Maz(»n Creek, III. i, .' nov. Archltarbna elongatom ap. ri. 82, ng. 4. This species is remarkable for the great elongation of the abdomen which hardly ta- pers apically ; it is twice as long as the cephalothorax and of equal breadth on the basal half, thr Inst segment nearly as long as broad. On one face of the opened stone there appear to be only five abdominal segments, but on the opposi^^o face, while the three apical segments remain the same, the basal portion is broken by very pronounced ridges and furrows into five short segments, together not half the length of the remainder of the abdomen. Only the merest fragments of the base of the legs are preserved. The 7 l-iMifith. 1 1.7.'> mm. (r(>]>l»al<>th.7rt nun.) ; Ini'HtUh, A.'J."» nnn. Ui'!ii(hvo Mnx.on ( ■n'«>k WAh M Moni^. Me. It, IV I,n.»i>o. No. 17(V_)nh. Krsr.VHAt'MNTo (Knsiu, nom, |>i'«>pv., «/"<>''»,) ^hmi. nov. 1V>]>«>M'«! for n jixmnn of onrl>onironni« nvin'ln\i«l» |n"»'f«ninoil to h«>tong to \\w Antln-ii' oom.ivti jin crphnloihovnN iw I>rM(M)\ii' jU itH l>iis«> tlhM'Ofiulinl\ oxiUo «l<(|onu>n, l>nt not so no to pi^'vonl i) lU'cidoil ronMriotion botworn (ho t«o liitoiMllv. In tho sinjiio N|u>cinion vot Known, tln< «>lonu>\ii«h it \\\ \W\h prtvt lVon\ tho othov jforn'rn. Tlu* \\'txf* whirh worn t<^ hrt\o !\ stont hnNi« mi> lintg- nnd ovoroilin^lv sU>n«l«'r. Tin' |»«lpi \\i\\o tin' Hinno slon(l«'v\ioss hnt onlv the haso is pi-oHn'ivod. The ttlxlomon pvoprr ih oonNidornMv lin^oj* thnn tli«' o»'phMlo(l\o\!i\, tli>i(lotl into scxon sooinontH. ol" ninoh tho llrst I'onr mo I'ipuil i\ni\ lonjiv\' than tho l;«st thn^o, which ni'o (ollowoil In n pi-otnh«'n)nt pv^iilinni t'ojnpoHoil ol'twosiihsoj^montK. It isposxihlo that this wns (i>l|ow«'(l In ii joinloti sotn; if so it ronhl h;n\lly tall in this plaoo, hnt .-nnonji- the Podipnljii whot-o it wonhl tlilVor striKin^lv iVom tho Viuinvn tornis. Tho invgular divisions of the nhdonn'n do not distnrh tlu' rognlnr mu'vo of tho sidos. Named in honor «>lTrolossor .loha\ui Knstaof UaKonitz who hanso j^vcntlv onlargi'd our knowlodjfo of carhUK Araohnida by Iuh wtndy of tho ooal-laniia of Hohcniia. I S) It. .i ^11 i 1 ,1 u KuatAiKchne tennipea n\y nov. l'i.;VM\!<. T. Thi oxaot h'mits of tho oophalothorav in tho oidy sporinuMi nro rathor ohsonro hnt so far as oan ho soon this ivgion is «>rhio\dar wit ? slijihtly ^j^roator hroadth postoriorly. Tho radiation of tho oo\ao fn>m tho oontral pit is a littlo ohsonro, hnt nnipu'stionahlo, and tho }>it ojvnn ^wstoi'iorly with llarinii' sidos. Tho lojjs aro ovoossivoly nlondor, long, straight, and almost throad-liko. and tho palpi havo at haso tho wanio lonn. two whort atnl sh^ndor joints «»f ono iM'ing visihlo. Tho al>ilom«')» is vory rognlarly oval, tho hroador basal oxtromity boing sossilo hnt having its basal sntnn' woll dollnod and tho latoral o\- oision at thoir bonndarios distinct ; tho last thivo Bogin»'nts of tho abdomon propor, whioh aro oqnal, aiv abi>nt half as long as (ho four opial. basal sogmonts; th«> torniinal Nnbsog- nion(s intorforo with tho ivgularity of tho f«M(n of tho abdonion. oxtonding boyojid tl(o oval; tho tirst is of tho samo longth as tho tonninal sogmont, hnt o(dy half itH hroadth and semilunar in fo present ; the last segment is as l<>ng as tho pounltiuiato but (uneh slenderer, being fnlly half as htng again as lm>ad: and thoiv are some indieations on tho Ntojte (whieh may lu' fortiiitons) that it was followed by a slender seta; the stu'faee of the abdomen Ik faintly and shallowly punet;Uo. A straight bolt of lighter color than the Hides and an wido m the 127 \\\ to W Mr. U. l»ly linp.'''" mo iMjnnl «(> '\[ I'ould inglv «Voi« I' ' Uoltontia. nHU'iiorlv. >HtioiinM«', [tilor, lonf), short nnti l«> l>rom\or ltUornl ON- HT, whirlt lovoiul tlu' In Itiviulth jippotn'H (<» V'iug Tully A\ mny lu' Ik Tuiutly liilo «« Uio 1«>rtninitl Hnl)<4i>^ii)i lt^nl'l< tlif Knnlt-liKr up prntltt^t'H uirntioniMl itltoM> ni ilu' ontrr Iuihi' n|' npinil MnltHc^tncnlM of tlii< ilMlonn'n, (Iritwn liv (In* iniiHt, Init I lit\t< tlirnt li« he pini-lv iUTii|)>nliil itml pi'tlnipM uIidIIv iiitci^n to tlu> cnMitnit' HH they nro rnilly iliHlimily pn-Hcnt «nily <(|y, 1 1.Tt nnn.; « tilth urcrpliMlntliitiux. I.rt nnn. ; li-nolli ni tiltitMntcn. nut In- rlnilinn ti'iniinnl Ht'onirnlM. 7 nnn.; ilMMitllh. I.TTt nnn.; uiiltlmr li-iniiniil HnliHi-pincnl, 1.2A n\in.; It'np;th o|'I('i i'ii\i«i> litrnilly iilMxnl, liKliiitiii^ IVnin n Im.miiI liinn^nlin- ntrrniil pliili', tln> linsi' III' wliirli liniiH tin- piiMli'ilnf nitn-;>ln. MidiH nl' tlii' Imily HJinwin^- ii •llHtlnt'l tlmn^'l) nli^ht riinMti'iclinnlii'l wiM'ii till' i'i>pliiilMtliniii\ Mini tlii' iiImImiiiimi liy tlii' niMii* rnn- vi>\ Miili'Hiil' tln> liittrt'. Aliiliiincn niliirnlnr, ii litth' lun^rr lliiin liininl, cMinpnMt'il nrNcvcii m'P,ini'ntH orHiiniliU" li'ny;tli. TIiIh im tipptnrinly tin* iiiuhI iitinnitiint lyin' nl' Ariii'linlilii In tin- ••inliMnWi'i'MnM (itiimi- tinn. KiiHtii liiiM Innnil i'mir or llv<> HpnliH in llMliiMniii tiliini<, iini< \» I'lMnnl in MiJiMin, iin- otlior in Itclginin, tnni ill IciiMt tun in nil' nwii cmmI. 'I'lii'Mf IhhI iiri> iIi'mciHiciI IicIow. AntlimoomNrttiii trilobitttii. I'l. Ml. Iluq. 7 lit. Avffii'ovoiwtvttm fnlohifiiH Mi-mlil . I'imi'. Amcr. Annl. AiIh Mi-., \\, 17 (IHH(); ('nnip- ti's icnil. HIM', int. Miljr., (M) Nn. (I'J. p. Hr.. Iljr. (IHHr.). Alllmn^li iiiDrc lliiin litill' ti iln/i'ii Hprcinii'iH nl' IMm Mpi-cii'M linvi' hci'ii MJilnini'd, tin' iili' iliinii'ii Ih tlio only pint tlinl liim Imtii mtiu'i'iI in ii cnninlcli' cnnililiMn, tin- fcpliiiltilliunix ln'inf»; inciiinpli'ti' il' pri'sciit, iiinl tlic ippciMliiycH in no ('((«»«' pri'tont. It oII'i'ih, lntwcvci', Rtrikin^' (liHi'rrm'i'H IVmn tlii'iitliri- hiiccIi'm knnwn. 'I'lic n'liliMlnlliotiix wim lifxiij^oinil in outlin«>, till* iVont iiml liiinl niiir^inH i'^irniin^ tlic Inn^rMt iiml '^nlii'tpiul mIiIih, iinil tlif liilciiil niiirgiiiH lii'ii)^ ronmlly tini>;nltit<'il lii'liiml tln^ niiildli', tin* ninili>i- liitcriil iiiiiigitiM rnrnifd thi' Hlmi'tcHt bIiIi'h III' the ln>xiiy;on; the Iront l« nciirly Hli'ni;^lit, Hli>r||(|y c(»nv«!X, mimI »i llf- (li> IniiffiT limn tlio Hiriiijiflil nr cvrn Hliii;litly ciMinivi' liiinl inni^in; tlin Htnl'dfc (h ucitv- ]y lliit lint wli^^litly ilnincil, willi tin' triiUHVi'iMi'ly ridfri'd hinder imirKln Hcpiinilcd rrnfn lh»< niiiin iiiiih^ liy ii Mriii^hl triinRV('i-Hi> inrniw. Tlic MlMlnnicn Ih vi-ry hrdinl find well mniuli'd, «>x(>(n> tin; cxtrcnH'ly li -niid liiinn in iiIiiiohI ntmi^ht, gen- tly t'onvox, nnd on eiifh Hide exlendH I'lir lieyniid the eephiihithonix, heing even here, where the iilidinneii Ih nnrroweni, wider Ihiiii the widcHt, purl of the ee.pluihfthornx; nnd iiM the hinder pnrtion of lh«> eephiilMtlinriix rnpidly nnri-dWH Imekwiird, an nniH- Uitlly deep uxviHiuii HeporiileH il iVoin the iilidoiiiun. The outer nngleH oi' tlio Imne of hi •! .» 428 the abdomen are distinct and not rounded, and the first conrse of the hiteral slope as the abdomen enlarges is in exact continuation of the direction of the anterior half of the sides of the cepL..; .. orax;the abdomen widens to beyond its middle, so as to be half as broad again as the cephalothorax, and then narrows, the outline of its apical half being an al- most exact semicircle with the central point of the abdomen (near the middle of the fifth segmenc) for its centre. A soalaviform incised line runs on either side obliquely in- ward from opposite the outer limits of the cephalothorax to either side of and in close proximity to the large circular or more often transversely oval anus, dividing the body into three subequal longitudinal thirds a.'d giving it a trilobitic aspect, which is more pronounced from the fact that the central region is nearly flat or only slightly domed, while the' sides fall off" as far as the again flat, lateral flanges; these are separated about as distinctly from the rest of the body by an incised line subparallel to the margin and dividing the lateral iobes as a whole into nearly equal halves, extending also across the middle of the sevonth segment and dividing it just beyond the anus into an aaterior and posterior half. The entire surface of both cephalothorax and abdomen is delicately, uniformly, and rather spaisely granulate. In the original description it was described as piuictate, but this is ajjparently a mistake, the surface being punctate only in casts, though it is diffi- cult in the flattened condition of all the specimens to speak confidently. Length of cephalothorax, 5.25 mm.; its greatest width, (J.75-7.5 mm.; width at poste- rior extremity, 4.5-5.5 mm.; length of abdomen, 8-12.5 ; width at base, 5.75-8.25 mm.; at widest point, 8-12.5 mm. The specimens were found on a dark gray carbonaceous shale associated with ferns, in the subconglomerate coal mcasiu'es six miles northeast of Fayetteville, Ark., by Prof. F. L. Harvey of Fayetteville. Some of the specimens are in Mr. R. D. Lacoe's collec- tion under the number 1753. t . 1 . » J , » i' *i 1 ' I * ' 1 ilh-y !:■'■■/ lilt t i»i 1 1 1 t 436 ] i immci'ous oblique simple branches. The scapular reaches nearly to the tip of the wing, 1 anning in a nearly straight coui'se, most distant from the costal margin in the middle of the wing; it begins to branch just beyond the basal third of the wing, and sends to the costal margin half a dozen or less oblique branches, subparallel to the mediastinal branches, but apically growing more longitudinal, any of which may, and the greater number do, fork at less than halfway to the margin. The extemomedian vein occupies the centre of the wing, and with its branches feeds narrowly the apical mai'gin, for it only forks three times, usually simply, near the centre of the wing, beginning a trifle earlier than the scapular vein, and the long branches are wholly longitudinal and closely crowded. The internomedian starts as if to terminate with a gentle arcuation before the middle of the outer half of the wing, sending off half a dozen moderately distant, usually simple but sometimes deeply forked, slightly sinuous, parallel, oblique branches; but when it reaches the middle of the wing, it throws off from its other side a couple of deeply foi'ked or com- pound, nearly straight, crowded, longitudinal branches, which extend the range of the interKomedian area almost to the very tip of the wing. The anal furrow is moderately impressed, strongly arcuate or almost bent, and the anal veins simple, moderately fre- quent, also strongly arcuate, and parallel. To this species I refer with little doubt (if it belongs to any of the species here de- scribed) a prothoracic shield, independently preserved in the same shales. It is pretty strongly domed, rounded subtriangular, more than a third as broad again as long, strongly rounded in front, centrally subtruncate behind; the surface is smooth and the margins entire, but the disk shows a little behind the middle a very faint subtriangular depres- sion, one-fourth the size of the pronotum, the apex posterior. Length of wing, 20 mm.; breadth, 8.4 mm.; length of pronotal shield, 7 mm.; breadth, 9.75 mm. Four fragments of wings were found, with a singit pronotum, Nos. 21 and 65, 22, 29 and 69, 66, 67 and 68. The species is cleai'ly different from anything before described, but in the apical reach of the internomedian area and the means of securing it, it resem- bles the later carboniferous Etoblattinae. i 1 Etoblattma sp. PI. 34, flg. 20. A second and smaller species of Etoblattina is indicated by the poorly preserved fore wing and its reverse figured as above. Like the preceding, it is about two and a half times longer than broad, with well arched costal margin, and the general course of the veins shows that it is neavly allied to that species; the details of the neuration, however, are very obscure. The mediastinal vein reaches the end of the middle third of the wing. The scapular occupies about the same area as in the preceding species, and with very similar, crowded, pretty longitudinal veins. The extemomedian is more obscure. The internomedian certainly differs in that the inferior branches are fewer, more longitudinal, and far longer, but there is apparently, though this is uncertain, a somewhat similar api- cal extension of this area, and apparently by a similar method. The anal furrow is ar- «• «« »••••#•» .•«••• .'t I t 487 cuate, but more broadly than in E. peraiatens, and the anal veins similai-ly arcuate, longer, and perhaps less numerous. Length of wing, 12 mm.; breadth, 5 mm. A single specimen and its reverse, Nos. 28 and 70. )wever, B wing, th very The budinal, jlar api- is ar- Spiloblattina Scudder. Spilohlattina Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 35-36. This genus is allied to Etoblattina, but differs from it and from all other genera of Blattinariae in the divergence of the scapular and externomedian veins beyond the mid- dle of the wing, and then their rapid convergence beyond a more or less conspicuous elongated spot (whence the generic name) which fills the space so produced ; a similar arrangement is seen even more conspicuously between the externomedian and interno- median veins, where the spot is much larger and round. This genus is only known from the Fairplay triassic, where four species occur. 8. gardineri may be considered the type. TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF 8PIL0BLATTINA. Scapular vein as far as Us penultimate branch almost cnni|ilctuly parallel to the costal margin, not receding from It opposite the middle of the adjoining dlscal stigma. Wings relatively slender, fully three times as long as broad. Scapular faintly approaching the externomedian vein to enclose the stigma between them . 1. S. gardineri. Scapnlar In no way approaching the externomedian vein to enclose the stigma between them 2. S. triassioa. Wings relatively broad, not over two and a half times longer than broad 3. S. guttata. Scapular vein distinctly receding from the costal margin opposite the middle of the adjoining dlscal stigma 4. S. marginata. 1. SpUoblattina gardineri. PI. 33, figs, 4, 6, 8, 10. SpilohlatUna gardineri Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 36. This was the most common species found at Fairplay, and a number of tolerably per- fect fore wings well exhibit the chai'acteristic discal stigma of the wings; some hind wings also occurred, and one somewhat crushed specimen with parts of all the wings and some of the body. The fore wing is long and slender, more than three times as long as broad, the costal margin very gently convex, the tip produced and attenuated but rounded. The mediastinal vein terminates some way beyond the middle, approach- ing the margin very gradually and emitting numerous parallel simple veins. The scap- ulai* vein runs parallel to the costal margin, slightly more removed from it in the apical than in the proximal half, and terminates a little before the tip of the wing; it first branches a little before the middle of the wing, and has many offshoots usually forked, sometimes, especially the first one, compound. The externomedian vein usually begins to branch beyond the middle of the wing opposite the distal end of the stigma between it and the scapular vein, and its longitudinal, more or less forked branches, which are sometimes superior, sometimes apical, fill the apex of the wing; to form the enlarged cell for the larger stigma, the curve of the main externomedian vein is graceful and gradual. The internomedian vein at first descends rapidly toward the margin as if ' > terminate near the middle of the outer half, but shortly before reaching it, it bends outward with a sinu- I I 438 m< nte curve embracing the discnl Htigma next it nnd terminates about as far out as the scapular vein; its branches are almost always simple, gently arcuate, and more distant than in other parts of the wing, except those that arise nearest the somewhat sudden and considerable turn in direction, where they are generally deeply forked. The anal furrow is not pronounced, almost bent i-ather than arcuate, and terminates hardly be- yond the basal third of the wing. The whole wing is of a dark color, excepting for the two stigmas which are light or diaphanous and for occasional light streaks in the broader spaces, paiticularly in the neighborhood of the stigmas and on the costal side; besides, the whole wing, as also the hind wing, is covered with a delicate scarcely perceptible mesh of fine lines. The outer half or less of the hind wings is preserved in several instances, showing that this wing was of about the same length as the fore wing but of a different shape, having a straighter costa, a fuller hind margin, and a more pointed apex, which was far above the middle line of the wing. The mediastinal area (fig. 4) was very narrow, and subequal, terminating somewhat abruptly when it had extended over nearly five-sixths of the wing, and had numerous very oblique branches. The scapular does not branch before the distal third of the wing, and then reaches with a few longitudinal and mostly simple veins to the tip. The externomedian area is narrowly fan-shaped, the first divar- ication occurring near the middle of the wing and most of the forking of the longitudinal branches near the middle of the apical half. The internomcdian vein reaches a little further out than the scapular, but the main vein is nearly straight, and the branches mostly simple, and only gently arcuate and parallel. > as to be very different from the fore Aving. The pronotal shield can be seen and then but obscurely only in a single instance. It appears to be rather small and ti-ansversely obovate. Length of fore wing, 17.5 mm.; breadth, 5.5 mm. Eleven more or less perfect specimens were found by our party, the first and best sjjccimen (fig. 6) by my son. I have accordingly named the species for him. ' ) 2. Spiloblattina triasaica. PI. 33, fig. 1. Spiloblattina triassica Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 3G. Two incomplete fore wings are preserved showing that the species is nearly allied to the last; the veins are more delicate, however, and have other differences which will be pointed out. Although only the costal margin is in any degree preserved, and this is straighter than in 8. gardineri, the foi-m of the wing appears to be essentially the same and with the same proportions. The mediastinal vein and its branches are precisely as in 8. gardinen. The scapular vein is also very similar, and its branches similarly ar- ranged and forked, but they are a little more longitudinal and arise earlier, the first some way before the middle of the wing; the main vein is also exceptionally straight, showing, as it passes the stigma between it and the externomedian vein, no disposition to curve toward the latter. The externomedian vein is practically a repetition of the same vein in 8. gardineri. The internomcdian passes at rather a less distance from the preceding hf ,i . 439 vein than in S. gardineri, producing a small stigma, but its further sti'ui'turo cannot bo told from either of the specimcus, and the anal area is not preserved. In this species the wing appears to bo more slender than in the others, although the exact proportions cannot be given from the imperfection of the specimens; all the branches have a more longitudinal and less arcuate course, the extornomedian and scap- ular veins scarcely part from each other to give place to the stigma, and the divergence of the former and the internomedian veins is also less conspicuous. The wing was prob- ably about 15 mm. long, and 5 mm. broad. Two specimens obtained, Kos. 23, 59 and 60. It illied to will be this is le same isely as jirly ar- 3t some Rowing, curve le vein Icediug 3. BpUoblattlna guttata. PI. S3, flg. 2 ; pi. 34, flg. 14. Spilohlattina guttata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad., 1885, 36-37. Although no perfect fore wing has been discovered, it was evidently stouter than in the other species found and was perhaps not much more than twice as long as broad ; the costal margin is nearly straight in the middle. The mediastinal area is wider than in the other species, terminating more abruptly, and is filled with less longitudinal branches pretty closely crowded; it terminates directly opposite the scapular-externomedian stigma, or a little earlier than in S. gardineri. The scapular vein runs in a nearly straight but slightly sinuous course at a considerable distance from the mediastinal ; its branches, at first compound, afterwards deeply forked and then single, are five or six in number, scarcely more longitudinal than the mediastinal branches, and it woultl appear as if the last could not come veiy near the tip of the Aving as it does in S. gardineri; the first vein is given oflT about opposite instead of far before the last branch of the medias- tinal and after its second branch it begins gently to recede from the costal margin to share in the embrace of the adjoining stigma. The externomediau vein first forks about opposite the end of the mediastinal area, and sends four or more longitudinal mostly sim- ple branches to the apical margin, the basal arcuation of the fii'st branch serving for the embrace of the smaller, the sinuous course of the main vein for that of the larger, stigma. The internomedian vein has the same strongly sinuous course as in 8. gardineri, and the branches are arcuate, distant, parallel, and so far as can be seen, all sim|)le. Anal area unknown. There is a single hind wing (fig. 14) which appears to belong here as it agrees closely with the hind wing of S. gardineri except that a broader wing is indicated by the greater width of both the mediastinal and scapular areas, and therefore more in accordance with the present species. This species differs from the others in the stoutness of the wing, which is proportionally much shorter than any of the others; in keeping Avith this peculiarity is the greater width of both the mediastinal and scapular areas, and the more rapid descent to the margin of the termination of at least the former. In other respects the species completely resembles 8. gardineri. The fore wing was apparently about 15 mm. long and 7 mm. broad; the length of the fragment is 8.5 mm. Two specimens, Nos. 19, 27. ; 440 |i rh ,1' Ml ! ^^ m 1 I 4. BpilobUttliui margliuita. PI. 83, fl({. 3. Spiloblattma marginata Scudcl., Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Philad., 1885, 37. The single specimen (witli its reverse) upun which this species is founded, shows the larger and more important parts of the wing, but preserves neither the inner margin nor the tip, so that its form and proportions cannot be determined ; it has, Iiowever, some marked peculiarities. The mediastinal ai'ea is rehitiveiy broad with very few, distant, oblique, simple, and nearly straight branches to the main vein, and ends very gradually after the manner of »S. gardlneri, but opposite the middle of the scapular-cxternomcdian stigma as in S. guttata. The relations of the scapular to the mediastinal vein are as in S. gardineH, but instead of a nearly straight course opposite the stigma mentioned, it actually curves so as to encroach upon the space allotted to the stigma, and the branches, forked or simple, never compound, are distant and inequidistant; apparently the vein ter- minates not far above the tip of the wing. The externomedian vein is very sinuous and its longitudinal branches, sometimes componnd sometimes simple, are more crowded than the others, and very inequidistant, the main vein itself almost colliding with the scapular beyond the stigma. Nothing can be determined of the internomedian or anal veins. The wing dittei.: from the others in having its darker colors concentrated in a narrow margin to all the veins, the paler colors between them forming the real ground color to the wing. This species is remarkable for the paucity of its ncuration, and for the fact that all the veins and branches are margined with a slender dark edging. The scapular vein re- cedes more than usually from the costal mai-gin opposite the very slight median stigma, and the externomedian vein is consequently more than usually curved to make place for it. The probable length of the wing was 18 mm. The inner margin being lost, the width can hardly be more than conjectured, but it was perhaps 7 mm. One specimen, Nos. 26 and 58. Anthracoblattina Scudder. Antbracoblattina triassiea sp. nov. PI. 33, fig, 9. A single specimen and very fragmentary at that, with its reverse, is pretty plainly ref- erable to this genus, hitherto known only from the carboniferous rocks, but it differs so much from all the known species, which are not many, that notwithstanding its imper- fection I have ventured to name it. It was evidently a large fore wing, and presents a fragment from the outer half of the apex; it is hardly probable that more than a quarter of the wing appears, and only the mediastinal and scapular veins. The outer margin was very straight; the apex broadly rounded and roundly angulate externally. The medias- tinal area wide at base reached to the distal sixth of the wing and had numerous simple or forked, oblique, parallel branches. The scapular vein began to fork not far beyond the middle of the wing, and itself straight and running to the tip of the wing, sent four distant and subequidistant branches to the margin, the last two simple, the first two com- 441 pound, the brnncljcs boiiifj; Hcnrci-ly more longitiulimil tlian the mediastinal hnt increas- ingly BO as t\w apex is gained. The iVagment, Noh, 24 and G4, is 13 mm. hmgand indicates a wing ahont 2i'>-3()mm. long, making it much the largest of the Fairplay eoekronehes. The color is a nnlform dark brown. Pktrahi.attina Sciulder. This genus, established on forms discovei-ed in carboniferous deposits, proves to be as well develoi)ed in the triassic rocks as in the paleozoic series. Petrablattina aequa. PI. 84, tig. 13, Petrohlaltina aequa Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. He. Philad., 1885, 38. Mediastinal vein terminating scarcely beyond the middle of the costal margin, with numerous, closely crowded, simple branches; scapular vein terminating above the tip of the wing, and beyond the basal curve nearly straight, witii four or five singly forking branches; branches of externomedian vein straight, superior, mostly simple, parallel to the main scapular vein; the internomedian area extending to some distance beyond the middle of the wing. It is a tolerably large species, the wing measuring 24 mm. in length and 10 mm. in breadth. Four specimens were obtained, one however showing nothing but the anal area, Nos. 20, Gl, 02, 03. Petrablattina meierL PI. 34, flg. 17. Petrablattina meieri Scudd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 38. Mediastinal vein terminating a long way beyond the middle of the costal border, with comparatively distant, usually simple bi-anches. Scapular vein teiminating just below the tip of the wing and beyond the basal curve, gently arcuate throughout, with branches similar to those of P. aequa, but occupj'ing a larger area. In consequence, the externo- median area is of less importance than in P. aequa, and it has bnt few Itranches, which appear to be generally simple, and slightly declivent, though superior. Unfortunately this portion' of the wing in the single specimen known is very obscure. The interno- median vein is not preserved in its outer portion, but it evidently reached the border nearer the base than the mediastinal vein, and the anal furrow is strongly curved. The wing is broken at the base, but its probable length was 19 mm., and its breadth, 7mm. It is named after Mr. Robert A. Meier, of Garo, Col., in whose shaft all these sijccimens were obtained, and who afforded our party all possiide assistance in working them. A single specimen was secured, No. 25. 9 ^' Iki 1 ,1 M2 POROBLATTINA ScuddcM". PorobUHina Sctuld., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 38-30. Allied to Petirtblattina, and especially the species of that genus found in the same Tri- assic rocks, differing from them princii)ally in the insignificant part played by the me- diastinal area and the corresponding importance of the scapular area. The mediastinal vein extends no further out than the anal, terminating far before the middle of the wing, and has consequfiitly but a few offshoots; while the mediastinal, sweeping downward, away from the costal margin at the termination of the mediastinal, occupies nearly half of the wing before curving upward again to terminate above the apex. The externome- dian vein iS arcuate and terminates on the lower margin not far from the tip, and has only three or four superior longitudinal branches. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate. The anal veins are nearly parallel to the inner margin, but impinge upon it near the anal furroAV. This genus is peculiar to Fairplay and two species are known. TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF I'OHOBLATTINA. Scapular vein strongly sinuous, the proximal scries of liranclies simpic Scapular vein gcnlly sinuous, the proximal series of brnnelies deeply roikcd 1. P. arouata. . 2. P. lakesii. 1. Poroblattina arcuata. PI. 33, fig. 5. Porohlaltina arcuata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 39. The costal border is considerably convex. The scapular vein is unusually arcuate and has a large number of mostly sim|)le oblique branches. The externo- and internomedian veins, on the contrary, have few and distant bi-anches, and the former is also strongly ar- cuate. The whole surface of the wing is broken by closely crowded cross-veins, which are more transverse to the whole wing than to the interspaces. Length of fragment, 5.5 mm.; pi'obable length of wing, 10 mm.; brcddth, 4 mm. A single rather imi)erf(.'ct specimen was obtained, No, 47, indicating a wing well roiuided and much shorter in proportion to its breadth than in the next species. ".1 . ' I ■' 2. Poroblattina lakesii. I'l. 33, lig. 11. ForoUatt'ma lakesii Scudd., Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 39. The costal bordei- is nearly straight and the wing elongate. The scapular vein is much less arcuate than in the i)i'eceding sj)ecies and has a comparatively small number of dis- tant, singly or doul)ly forked, oblicpie bi-anches. The nuich less oblique branches of the itjternomedian vein are moi-e frequent but a|)pear less ci'owded from their simplicity, while those of the externomedlan are moi-e distant than the latter, and equally simple. There is no sign of any cross-venation. Two specimons, Nos. 30, 73 and 71. This sjjccies like the preceding, is small, the wing measniing about 12 mm. long, and 4.5 nun. broad. Namedallter Prof. Arthur Lakes of the School of Mines at Golden, Coloi-ado, the first discoverer of these fossils. ^.!l' 443 no Tii- :ho me- iastinul le wing, irnwartl, irly half .•rnoine- iind has areiiate. the anal >. arouata. p. lakesii. suatp and loinedian ugly ar- Ivhich arc Inim. tnig well |i is ninch T of dis- IcH of the [mplic'ity, simple. Jinall, the lur Lakes BLATTAKIAE Latieille. NEORTiuiom.ATTiNA Scuddei*. morthrohlattina Scudd., Proc. Nat. Sc. Philad., 188;Ti, 108-109. In this genns the wings are about two and a half times longer than broad, with fairly well rounded apice 1, the mediastinal and sea )ular veins amalgamated into a single vein, which extends nearly to the tip and in the middle of the wing occupies nearly one-half its Avidth. The internomedian vein is of varying importance, and in the large anal area the veinlets terminate on the margin; the anal furrow is strongly arcuate, and deeply impressed. All the species are small. N. luTcesii may be taken as the type. TAIU-K OF THE Sl'KriES OF NKOltTIIKOBLATTINA. Fore wliitf!' not nioru thiiii two iiiul ti li -U ' lines n:) loiij; us broad ; inoilinstluo-Hciipiiliir voiii tcrmlnntlnj; only n liltlu l)el'oi'c the tip ol' the wliijj. Iiitcnioint'ilfaii vein hcKliiiilii;; to Turk long bcTore fXti'rnoiiivdiMU and of cqnal linportancu with it. 1. N. albolineata. Intt'iMioinudian vein hoglniilMjj! to forii scarct'iy or not helbre the fxlernDnicdian and of less iniportanci' liiuii U. Intel noiui-dlau iiroa tcrininatlnj; niucli Tarlliur Troin thu upo\ of llio wing than tlio iiiediastinu-scapiilar. 2. N. lakesii. Iiitcrnoincdiun nreii i-enching out toward the npex of tho wiii^ nearly as far as tlie nu'diaslliu)-sca|inlar. 3. N. rotundata. Fore wiiigs al)oiit tliree times as long as broad; niodiastini)-scapular area terminating long bcforo the tip of the wiiii;. 4. N. attenuata. 1. Neorthroblattdna albolineata. ri. 3-J, lifTs. 2, 18. Neorthrohlattina albolineata Scudd., Pi'oc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Piiilad., 1885, 109. The single wing lias lost the tip, but all tlie essential f'.^atiires are prc^^erved, excepting the form of the ti[). The wing is very di'vk colored, and the veins appear as very i)ale lines upon it. The costal maigin is gently and e((iiably arched, wiiile the inner inargin is perfectly straiglit. The externoinedinn vein is little developed, lirst Ibiking and tiien not widely in the middle of the wing, its fuller development being prevented by the am- ple and unresti'icted development of the internomedian vein, which runs in a full rounded course nearly to the tip of the wing. The anal area is interesting because the veins of the upper half run close to, but (b) not imi)inge upon the anal furrow, eu'.'ving down- Avard just before reaching it, and either running into the next vein below and terminat- ing there, or continuing parallel to the furrow and tei'ininating on the innei' bordei-. A single prothoracic shield has been found which T have ii-ferred heiv. It is bi'oadly transversely oval, considerably domed, highest in a vague, transverse, median ridge, the anterior curve indistinctly bent in the middle (iu)t so shown on the plate), the jjosterior curve broad and in the middle somewliat llnttened; the sides are well rounded and the whole is about a foui'th bi-oader than long, all the margins entire. Length of fragment of wing, 7 nun.; probable length of wing. 9 mm.; breadth, 3.5 mm.; lenjurth of prothoiacic shield, ;$.5 mm.; l)readtli, 4.3 mm. Two specimens, Nos. 32, 33. T I V 1 l^i I 444 1^ Neorthroblattina lakesii. ]'l. 34, life's. 9, la. Neorthrohlattina lal-esli Sciuld., Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc. PhihuL, 1885, 109. The costal margin isar'ilied as in the last species, and the inner margin has an almost equal opposite curvature. The externomedian vein has a very sinuous course, and forks before the middle of the wing with abundant neuration, occupying on the margin the en- tire tip of the wing, and almost the outer h'.ilfof tiie lower margin, while the iuternome- dian is rcdnced to an arching vein, extending but little beyond the anal furrow, and with only tAvo or three branches; the anal veins are all jiarallcl to the anal furrow and simple. A single, st(me with its reverse shows the prothc^raclc shield, which is broadly and transversely oval, a little more than a fifth broader tlian long, tolerably i-cgular, with very bi'oad sides, tlie anterior margin scarcely l)ent in the middle, the curve of the hind margin somewhat llattened; uniformly and rathei- strongly domed, the lateral margins a little flattened, and with a median, sHght, but rather abrupt and pretty lar-ge, rounded depression. Length of fore wing, 9 mm.; breadth, 3.5 mm.; length of prothoracic shield, 3 mm.; breadth, 3.65 mm. Two wings, one of them with its reverse, and one shield with its reverse, Avere found, Nos. 34, 35 and 82, 70 and 77. Named after Prof. Arthur Lakes of the School of Mines in Golden, Colorado, Avho first made known these beds, this species being one of the first discovered by him. ^ ! » 1 'i i i i ■1 f:i. 3. Neorthroblattina rotundata. PI. 34, ligs. 7, 8. NeorthroMattina rotundata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 188.5, 109-110. The costal mai'gin in this species is very sti-ongly irched, wliile the inner margin is straight, giving a very dilferent aspect to the wing. It closely resembles the preceding species in the mediastiuo-scapidar and anaj areas, and also in the peculiarities of the externomedian \ein, excepting that the latter does not encroach to so large a degree upon the internomedian, the tei'mirial oflslioot of which creeps along the border so as to limit the marginal extent of the externomedian area ahnost as much below af above, al- though the branching of the externomedian vein is scarcely lessened thereby. Length of wing, 8.5 nun.; breadth, 3.3 mm. Three specimens, all with reverses, Nos. 78 and 70, 100 and 101, 102 and 103. 4. Neorthroblattina a ttenuata. ri. 34, '^i. I. Neorth'ohlattina attennata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 110. This species departs from the typical forms in its sienderness and pointed apex, but it agrees so fairly in general structure that it would best be jjlaced here. The costal mar- gin is not regularly arched, being llattened mesially, Avhilc the whole wing ta[)ers regu- larly in the apical half; the inner margin is alrfo arcuate, and the tip bluntly pointed. The ftV 445 mediastino-scapulai' vein terminates considerably before the apox, and the oppositely ar- cuate internouu'dian reaches almost as far out, the branchv>s of both nearly always simple. The anal veins are only slightly irregular. Length of wing, 12 mm.; breadth, 4 mm. A single specimen with its reverse, Xos. 31 and 75. SCUTINOBLATTIXA Sciuldcr. ScntlnoblttUlna Scudd., Proc. Acad. 'N'at. Sc. Philad., 1885, 110. In this genus, composed of small species, the front wings are decidedly more coriace- ous than the hind wings, so that the neuration is often more or less obscured by it. The wing itself is convex, as iiithe modern Phoraspi.s, and subtriangularin form, its greatest widtii being near the base, while the ti|) is bluntly jwinted. The mediastinal and scapular veins are again blended into one which, instead of having a sinuous coiu'se, is nearly or quite straight and terminates IjcIow the apex of the wing, while the externoniedian vein follows closely parallel to it, and the oblique veins of this and the internomedian veins follow each other so as to make it difficult to tell where the line of demarcation may lie. The anal veins sometimes fall on the margin and sometimes on the anal furrow. Scu- tinohlaltina hvongniartt may lie regarded as the type of this group. TAULR OF THE Sl'KCIKS OK SCUTINOIU.ATTINA. Medlastino-scapuliir iiiul I'xteriimiK'iliaii veins having a distinctly sinuous course tlirou;|h the middle of the v, iu^, both teruiinatiuj; l)clow the apex. Anal branches falUnj; on the hind margin 1. S. brongniarti. Anal branches falling on the anal furrow 2. Ti. intermedia. Medlastino-scapular and oxternomcdiau veins taking a straight course througli the uikldle of the wing, l)olli terniiuat- ingatthctlp . . * , 3. S. recta. •■ M 5 of the al- •s regu- d. The 1. Scutinoblattina brongniarti. ri. 34, lij;. 5, Scutikohlattlna hro^njniart!, Scndd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 110-111. In this interesting si)ecies the Avings are very strongly convex at the base, and the whole surface is flecked witli dark spots. The l)ranches part from the main veins at a similar angle on either side of the middle of the wing. The anal area extends nearly to the middle of the wing, where it is marked by a cousideral)le emarginalion, and its veins are frequent, oblique, mostly simple, and terminate on the margin. One of the specimens shows also a portion of the hind wings and most oftlu protho- rax. The former were longer and considerably !)roader than the fore wings, Imt no es- sential part of the neuration can be traced. The prothorax was transvei'sely ovate, a little angulate at the sides, sti-cmgly domed, and either the head or an impresj^ion of nuich the shape and size of a head, about half the width of the prothoracic shield, can be seen lying on the anterior half of the latter. Length of fore wing, 7 nun.; breadth, 3 min.; length of prothoracic shield, 2 mm., breadlli, 3 nun. Two specimens, one with rever.se, Nos. 36, 80 and 81. Xamed after Mr. Charles Brongniart of Paris, avcU known for his remarkable discoveries among the older fossil insects. J! 446 2. Scutinoblattina intermedia. PI. 84, flg. 4. {Scutinoblattina intermedia Scudd., Proc. Acad. !Nat. So. Philad., 1885, 111. This species resembles the hist, but is not marked by any dots, and the anal area, while shorter, shows no eniargination of the border at its extremity; the anal veins are very close, parallel to the inner margin, and terminate not on the margin, but on the anal fnr- row. It further ditters in that the externomedian branches are considerably more longitu- dinal than those terminating on the costal margin. Length of wing, 7 mm. ; l)readth, 2.75 nun. Two specimens, one Avith its reverse, Nos. 97 and 98, 99. 3. Scutinoblattina recta. PI. 34, flgs. 3, 16. Scutinoblattina recta Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 111. This species, the smallest and most abundant of all in the ti-iassic rocks, is rather slen- derer than the others, and has the surface finely reticulated. The mediastino-scapular and externomedian veins run side by side in perfectly straight lines from the middle of the base to the middle of the tip, the branches, very few in nimiber, parting similarly on the two sides. The costal is more arched than the inner margin, and where they can be made out, the one or two anal veins seem to run to the margin, but all the veins on the wing are exceedingly obscure. A couple of stones, one with its reverse, show the prothoracic shield to have been very nearly circular, slightly broader than long, scarcely more produced in front than behind, unilbi'mly and considerably domed, the margins entire and in no way displayed. Length of wing, G.3 mm.; breadth, 2.4 mm.; length of prothoracic shield, 2.9 mm.; breadth, 3.1 mm. Four wings have been found, three of them with reverses, Nos. 37, So and 8G, 87 and 88, 89 and 90, besides two prothoracic shields? one with its reverse, 2ios. 38 and 84, 83. ! HEMIPTERA. Ceucopidae Leach. The remaining insects appear to fall in this group of homoiiterous insects. Cercopyllis (dim. of Cercojyis) gen. nrv. UnuL-r this name are grouped the very few insect forms found in those beds which are not cofki-oachi'K, They are very small and api)ear to be quite unlike anything found in mesoz\\ivl([. Eloblaltiua »p. Fig- 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 1. Fig- 5. Fig. (i. Fig. I . Fig. 8. Fig. 1). Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Tig. Fig. Fig- Fig. Elg. mg. Efc- rig. Fig. Fig. ma. 1. 8. 9. IB. u. vs. s. M. IS. ic. 17. 18. I'J. 20. mu the 5. The ,ncl has can be ml fork in more n. The tly, and Bibliographical Note on American Literature treating of the Older Fossil Insects. Fossil insects have not been a favorite stndy with American natnralists, and the fore- going pages include so nearly everything that has been written in tliis country upon the pretertiary species that I have thought it worth while to make it still moi-e complete by supplying references to what other material existed in a printed form. The earliest reference to any pretertiary insect in this country is that of Dr. Edward Hitchcock in 1858 to Mormolucoides. His and subsequent opinions of other naturalists upon that larva will be found given above on p. .323. In the following year, Dr. (now Sir William) Dawson published his interesting discovery of my ria pods in the sigillarian stumps of Nova Scotia (Quart, journ. geol. soc. Lond., xvi: 271-273, figs. 4-9; Can. . nat. geol., viii: 280, pi. 6), and in 1860, Lesquereux described a cockroach from the carboniferous beds of Arkansas (Rep. geol. Ark., ii: 314, pi. 5). The more important papers were those which followed within a few years by Prof. J. D. Dana and Messrs. Meek and Worthen. The former published descriptions of two neui-opteroid types ol' insects, the fii'st known in this country from the cai'boniferous rocks (Anier. Jourii. se. arts, [2], xxxvii: 34-.35, figs.), which first drew my own attention to fossil Insects. The latter, first in serial literature (Proe. acad. nat. so. Phihul., 1840-5G5, figs), describe and figure several niyr- iapods and arachnids from the carhouiferous rocks of the pi-olitic deposits at Muzon Creek, III. Later description- liavc l>eon those of Paolia in 1871 Ity S. I. Smith (Anier. journ. sc. arts, [3], t: 44 40, fig.); of Arthrolycosa in 1874 by Ilarger (Ibid., [3], vii: 219-223, fig.), recently restudied by Beechcr (Ibid., [3|, xxxvni: 219-223, lig.) ; ol" Proscorpius from the New York silarian rocks in 188.') by Whitfield (Science, vi : 87- 88, fig.; Bull. Amer. miis. nvst. hist., i: 181-190, pi. 19, 20), the Miibjeet of some conli'U- tion on the pait of the author and Dr. Thorcll (Amer. nat., xx; 209-274; Science, vii : 216-217) ; and of a highly interesting find in the Devonian of New Brunswick by INIat- thew in 1889 (Trans, roy. soe. Can., 1888, iv: 49-(i±. pi. 4). A few minor notices may be alluded to. Clark i-eeords the discovery of a cockroach in the Rhode Island coalfield (Proc. Newp. nut. hisi. soc.. u: 9-12); James regards the carboniferous Rhizomorpha an insect-burrow (Journ. Cine. soc. nat. hist., viii: 1.'37- 159) ; and Ilagon and Chambers have somewhat t- say regarding the occurrence of galls, etc., on the vegetable remains of the Dacotiiii gioup (Nature, xxv: 2().')-26(j, .')2i) ) . Besides tltese are some critical [)apers l)y llagen on the Devonian insects of New Bi'iui?"- wick (Nature, xxiii: 483-484; xxiv: 356-357; xxxii: 53-54; Bull. mus. comp. zool., 10 (.«!») '3' 450 VIII : 275-284; Zool. anz., viii: 296-301), mul by Paoknrd on the carboniferous myria- pods (Proc. Amer. phil. soc., xxi: 197-200, figs.; Amer. nat., xvii: 326-329). Refer- ence may also be made to Lesley's Dictionary of the fossils of Pennsylvania (Rep. Geol. surv. Penns., P*) in which figures of many of our species are copied, and of Miller's North Amei'ican geology and paleontology (Cincinnati, 1889) in which a few are also re-figured; to Lacoe's list of the paleozoic fossil insects of the United States and Can- ada (Publ. 5, Wyom. hist. geol. soc), complete up to the date of its publication in 1883; and to the excellent bibliographies of White and Marcou in the American naturalist and elsewhere. It may be worth while to add that tracks upon Amei'ican triassic rocks referred to in- sects Avere first mentioned by Warren in a separate publication on footprints (Boston, 1854), next by Deane (Journ. acad. nat. sc. Philad., [2], in: 177, pi. 19), then by Em- mons (Amer. geol., vi: 136, pi. 13), and lastly by E. Hitchcock, who in his Ichnology (Boston, 1858) and supplement thereto (Boston, 1865), figured more than all the others together. A list of them was subsequently published by C. H. Hitchcock in Walling and Gray's Atlas of Massachusetts (1871). My own contributions are principally embodied in the present volume, the table of contents to which shows where they were originally published. Yet as there are some others, issued elsewhere, and the results ehiboi-atcd in the present memoirs were some- times given in abstract or epitome at an earlier or even date in some other place, it may be well to note them briefly. The first of all, a bi-ief notice of the highly interesting Devonian insect-fauna of New Brunswick, was published in 1865 in Bailey's Observations on the geology of southern New Brunswick, published by order of the House of Assembly. Descriptions of sev- eral Canadian carboniferous insects will be found in Dawson's Acadian geology, 2d ed., 386-388, 524-52(5, figs. 153, 181-184, London, 1868 (see also Can. nat., n. s., in: 202- 2(^)6, figs.). Dt'scn[)tions of Mcgathentoinum and Archcgogryllus were also given in 1868 (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hisi., xf ; 401-403; Amor, journ. sc. aits.[2],XLVi: 419-421), as well as of a number of new carboniferous insects from Mazon Creek (Geol. surv. III., iir: 56G-572); two cockroaches from Cape Brct(m in 1874 (Can. nat., n. s., vii: 271- 272, figs.) ; otiH-i' car'Donil'croiis insects from the same in 1875 (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., xviii: 113-114; PrvV. Amer. assoc. adv. sc, xxiv: B, 110-111, figs.; Can. nat., n. s., viir: 88-90, figs.) ; a list of American paleozoic insects in 187^ (Geol. mag., [2|, III: 519-520), and a Ijricf comparison of tlie carboniferous insect-faun;i of Europe and America in the same year (Proc. liost. soc. nat. hist., xviii: 358-3.59); descriptions of single carboniferous insects or sui)p<)sed insects in 1878 (Proc. Bost. so'-, nat. hist., xix: 238-239, 248-249, 300-301) ; of a single carbonifei-ous cockroach from Virginia in 1880 (Kep. geol. surv. Penns., PP, 104); of two Bi'itish carboniferous insects in 188l(Geol. mag., [2], viir; 21*;i-300, fig.; Ilarv. nniv. bull., ri: 175), with anoteon Lithosialis (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., xxi: 167) ; a descrip'ion of an Etobhitriiia in 1882 (Ibid., xxi: 391- 396); in 1883, notes on a carboniferous hcmipterous insect from Kansas, and of triassic insects in Colorado (Ibid., xxrr: 58-60), fi.rther notes on sigilhirian insects from Nova Sfotia (Pliil. trans., 1882: 649-650), and a notice of Protophasma (Science, i: 95-96, fig.) ; a revision of pai('(jzoic Arachnida wit'i descriptions of new forms was given in 451 us myna- . Kefer- Icp. Geol. f Miller's r are also mid Can- in 1883; naturalist I'ed to in- ( Boston, 1 by Em- ohnology he others Walling table of are some !re some- se, it may \ of New southern 8 of sev- y, 2d ed., Ill: 202- ven in 19-421), urv. 111., hi: 271- soe. nat. an. nat., •opt' and )tions of St., XIX : in 1880 jrfiora rcaiJ Legnophora. «H, line 20, /or inteinoiiKilian, re(((? extornonicdian. ISO, centre heading, /or tigs. 5, 9, 10, mid llgs. 0, 10. . " Till line from l)ottom, /'/r 2;?, rcncJ 23"). 1(*3, 9lh ilne from l)ottom,/or rDiitldenlially, reml CDiifltlontly. 202, line 19, /,(r arrayed, ?'ea(/ arranged. 22i), line 2, /or ligs. 10, 18, nail (Igs. IC-IH. 277. The (Ignre is very poorly printed ; ati the apiiai margin beyond tlio longitudinal veins should be dotted. 287, last line but one, /or Palephemcra, ((■'((( Platephemera. " last line, /or Hui.swick, r<-ainirnns\vicli. iOl, Una 6, for (iTctf to, reaA fTpiifu), 311, In centre, /or Megantlientomnm, renc? Megathontomuiil. 321, ilne 31, /or non existing, read now existing. 333, 8lh line from bottom, /or size, rei«i length. 371, 3d line from bottom, /or tig. G, rend llg. 18. 408, line 25, for punctae, read puncta. 'A new edition of this is now In press, to be published by the U. S. Geological Sun-ey ( Bull. C9). , ,. ■ " 1:1 St INDEX. AcaiitherpcHtes, 202, 400. Acautlierpcstes brodlel, 208. incqualis, 400. major, 202, 400. Acrldltea priacua, 289. Adiphlebia, 309. Adlphlcbla lacoana, 300. Aethophlobia, 301. Aethophlebta sliigularia, 303. Aniynllyapes, 22U, 3U9. Amynllyapea worthenl, 230. Anlhracobluttlna, 47, 107, 440. Anthracoblattlna dresdenaU, 112. porrecta, 113. remlgli, US. I'Uckert!, 116. soplta, 109. spectabllls, 108. triassica, 440. wliiterlana, 114. Authracomartl, 419. Authracoinartus, 427, 461. Anthracoinartus pustulatus, 428. trllobllus, 427. Anthracotlircmniii, 290. Aiithracothreiiinia robusta, 291. Aporoblattlna, 370. Apoi'oblattliiu aiiccpa, 371. butlerl, 374. eatoni, 371. exigua, 373. iiicoinpluta, 373. kollari, 372. innclnchlaiil, 371. iiaim, 873. recta, 373. westwoodi, 872. Archaeoptllus, 239. Arclmeoptilui] liigens, 239, 245. Archegogryllus, 4S0. Archegogryllus priscus, 287. Archlniantis, 38, 451. Arcblmylacris, 47, 102. Arclilmylacrls acadlcn, 104. Arcblmylacris parallela, 105. pnucinervis, 887. Archlpolypoda, 195, 202, 255, 393, 399. Archltarboidoe, 421. Archltarbus, 426. Arcbltarbus elongatuin, 426. rotundatuni, 42S. Archlulldae, 29, 412. Arclilulua, 412. ArcbluluH glomeratus, 412. 8p., 413. xylobloldos, 20, 31. Artbrolycosa, 419, 449. Atocina, 168, 276. Blabcra avita, 375. Blattai la dunckerl, 375. Blattariae, 443. Blattldluin, 3C5. Blattldium iingaiiR, 366. almyriis, 366, Blattlna, 46. Blattina Incerta, 375. Inslgnls, 39. latlnurvla, 147. tischbeini, 147. vunosn, 148. Blattlnariae, 47, 76, 386. Brodia, 235. Brodia priscotlncta, 237, 245, 3C4. Cercopldoe, 446. Cercopldluin tclespborua, 343. Cercopyllls, 440. Cercopyllls adolcscens, 448. dellcatula, 447. justlclae, 447. Chellphlebla, 292. Chellphlcbla carbonarla, 292. eloiigata, 292. Chllopoda, 393. Chrestotes, 305. Clirestotes lapldea, 805. Couioptcrygldae, 8, 12, 13. Corydalls brongulartl, 241. Corydaloldes Hcudderl, 314. Cronicoslallna, 175, Ctenoblattlua, 334. Ctcnoblattlaa arcta, 335. laugfeldtl, 335. pinna, 336. Curculioldes anstlcll, 245. Dawson, Plr J. W., Note by, 186. Dldymoplikps, 294. Didymoplileps contusa, 294. DIechoblattliia, 369. Dlechobliittlua ungcrl, 369. Wallace!, 369. DIeconcura, 300. Dleconeuru arcuata, 300. rlgUla, 300. DIpluroblattlna, 3I>8. DIpluroblattlna balleyl, 368. Dyscrltus vctustus, 172. Klleticus, 230, 396. Elletlcus aequalls, 397. nnthraclnu.s, 231, 396. Ellsama, i)56. Ellsama bucktonl, 358. klrkbyl, .S69. knurl, 357. media, 360. minor, 358. molos,>m8, 356. raniiHcAta, 375. Embldlna, 4, 11, 13. Eoscolopendildae, 396. Eotnrbus, 424. Ephcinerldae, 156, 328. Epiiemerlna, 5, 11, 13, 14. Epiicmerltes, 314. Ephemcrltcs riickerti, 288. Epilampridue, 334. Etoblittthm, 47, 76, 435. Etoblattlna nlllnts, 82. anaglyptica, 89. (453) \"«^ *.\2 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^.^St 1.0 I.I 8 125 £ U£ 110 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation ^\ \ <^ ^. 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WliSTIR.N.Y. MSM (716)t7a-4S03 4^ \ JPP wm iMimiiPPPPnMniPHP 454 I t Etoblattlna nntbrncophlla, 84. carooDOiia, US. ilidyinn, 95. dohrnti, 86. elongata, 100. euglyptica, 80. flabellata, 82. iDslgnIs, 102. labncheiiitls, 79. iRptophlebica, 97. lesquereuxil, 87. mauebacliensis, 99. inantidloldes, 92, 246. occidentnlis, Sae. parvula, 101. pers'jteiis, 435. primneva, 78. russoma, 96. 8p.,436. venusta, 90. welsslgensis, 85. Encaenns, 289. Eacaenus ovalis, 289. EiiepbemeriteH primordialls, 814. Eugereon bficklngi, 311. Enpbemerltes, 314. Euphoberia, 209, 401. Euphoberla angulUa, 229, 402, 411. arrnigcra, 212, 402, 403. browilii, 219. carii, 223, 402, 405. caspldatn, 402, 405. ferox, 209. flabellata, 22<>, 402. granoiia, 220, 402, 403. horrida, 210, 402. bystrlcosa, 402. simplex, 402, 108. sp., 411. splnulosa, 402, 400. tractn, 402, 409. Euphobeiidae, 20?, 255, 400. Fulgora ebersi, 149. Fulgorlna ebersi, 311. klleveri, 312. lebacbeusis, 312. Uastroptena, 35. Otinentomam, 293. Genentomam validum, 293. Genopteryx, 291. Genupteryx constrlcta, 291. llthantliraca, 291. Oerablattlna, 47, 117. Gerablattlna balteata, 130. clathruta, 120. fasclgera, 133. gelnltzi, 123. gerniari, 127. goldciibergt, 118. Intermedia, 121. Gcrnblattinn mahrt, 128. iiiUnsterl, 124. prodiictu, 126. scaberatn, 122. vrei8slana, 129. Goraliimra, 430. Oerallunra boliemica, 431. carboiinria, 431. Gerallnuridau, 429. Ueraphrynus, 421. Geraphrynus carboiiarins, 422, Gerupompus, 289. Ocraporapus bliittinoide!), 290. exteusiis, 290. Gerarlna, 806. Gcrarus, 308. Geraras dauae, 308. mazoims, 308. vetiis, 308. GerascutigeriUae, 394. Geratarbus, 42!). Get'atarbus Incoel, 424. scabrum, 424. Gerepbomera simplex, 1C4, 27'>. Graeophonns, 429. Graeophonus car'Miiai'ias, 430. Hemeiistia, 19. Heme'riMla occldcntaiis, 19, 806. Hemerlstiiia, 12, 14, 18, 302. Ilemeroblna, 7, 12, 13. Hemiptera, 446. Hemipteroid Pultieodictyoptera, 311. Hermatoblattina, 47, 135. Hermatoblattinii lebnchensis, 137. wemmetswulleriensis, 136. Hetoroceridae, 327. H«te;-ometabola, 35, 318. Hexagenites weyenbergliii, 158. Homotbetidae, 172, 288. Homotlietus, 29S. Uomothetus fossilis, 169, 279, 295. Ilyodcs, 398. Ilyodes divlsa, 398. elongata, 399. Julus brassi, 200. Kustaraehne, 426. Kustaraclme tenuipes, 42u'. Latzelia, 39^,:. Tiatzclia primordialls, 895. Ledropliora girardi, 39, 451. Legnophora, 370. Legnophora girnrdi, 370. Libellula carboimria, 314. Lithentomum, 305. Lithentomum barttil, 174, 278, 305. LUtaomantis, 803. Llthomantis carbonaria, 241, 245, 304. Litliomylacris, 47, 68, 377. Litbomylacris nngnsta, 68. pauperata, 386. pittstoiilana, 70. simplex, 71. Lithosinlis, 242, 304, 450. LitliosialU bobemlva, 304. brongniarti, 242, 246, 304. carbonaria, 804. Mantispadne, 9, 12, 13. Megatiientomum, 310, 450. Meguthe'^tomum fonncsum, 311. pustulatiim, 810. Mesoblnttlna, 343. Mesoblattina angustata, 354. antlqua, 356. bensoni, 345. blalN Ti$. f I Tiounlot. on sfcnf Scudcler on the Wiii^s of fossil Nem'OpLeri m i f m / \K h\ )t rir iittII;TYTvh^:l.■:;^ul;; 2J.. Cr^Mayiti? .^t B.-iteii Tm HnirTfvi Viip(t:ho C; .'.," Ui/.-jirsi i'i*:.i i. '1 5 Ml 1 III '^^- ^j".l 3. H^ ■.'4^?H'^" €#^ K:-- '"i 1 ■ H 1.1,1 ;, -„„ l,i„ I'l lift i^i If ( I I i ! :IE ! : I i: n' a II mmwA ■aNHHiiMMH Pi 9 I! II 1 " i ^i K r^ 1" '^' !: f P>i m : I i :! ..'W. !■, H< I i ! ui ' ■ Ml .:| I. r\ y-^. 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