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'i^l^FIWT'qVIIWIIW Wl^ 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE, 
 
 GIVING A DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF AI.I. THB 
 
 OBJECTS OF OTESEST AND PLACES OF RESORT 
 
 Oir THIS 
 
 GREAT INLAND SEA; 
 
 WITH AN ACCOUNT OP TOS 
 
 (S>ii\t$t Wt\h%t$ an4 itltmv^t ^$mtkn 
 
 ON THE 
 
 SOUTH AND NORTH SHORES; 
 
 IRON, COPPER, AND SILVER MINES, 
 STEAMBOAT EXCURSIONS, &c. 
 
 WITH A TOWNSHIP MAP 
 Including the Lake Superior Region and Northern I^innesota. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 Compiled and Published by J. DISTURNELL, 
 
 No. 17 South Sixth Street. 
 1874. 
 
 
 
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 THE TOWNSHIP MAP 
 
 OF THK 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR REGION 
 
 AND 
 
 UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, 
 
 EXTENDING TO THB 
 
 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH, 
 
 Compiled from Government Surveys by J. Calvin Smith, which accompanies 
 this volume, can be relied upon for its accuracy. 
 
 Price, T5 cents, pocket form. 
 
 Published by J. DISTURNELL, 
 
 17 South Sixth Street, 
 llhUadcIphia. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, 
 
 By JOHN DISTURNELL, 
 
 In the OlTice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 
LAKE SUPERIOR REGION. 
 
 TO THE TEAVELUNG PUBLIC. 
 
 Lake Superior and its surroundings constitute one of the grandest and 
 most instructive features of the American Continent, in a physical point of 
 view. Here Nature has been lavish in her gifts to man — affording pure and 
 sparkling waters — a healthy and invigorating climate — useful and precious 
 metals, and various kinds of fish of a delightful flavor, aVJ abounding in thie 
 favored region ; where Pictured Rocks, mountains, water-falls, islands, bays 
 and varied land and water scenery greet the eye of the observing traveller 
 while passing over this Inland Sea, elevated six hundred feet above the ocean 
 with a depth of about one thousand feet near its centre. 
 
 St. Louis River with its Dalles — Pigeon River with its picturesque falls — 
 Kaministiquia River with its bold mountain scenery — Neepigon River with 
 its rapids and falls, abounding in speckled trout of the largest size and in great 
 abundance, together with other streams flowing into Lake Superior, afford 
 most delightful camping grounds and resorts for the seekers of health and 
 pleasure. Most of the smaller streams are alive with brook trout, while the 
 lake itself abounds in white-fish, mackinac trout, siskowit, and other kinds of 
 fish of a superior quality. 
 
 The Iron Mines, extending along the South Shore, from near Marquette to 
 Lake Michigamme, and beyond, afford ore of the purest quality and in in- 
 exhaustible quantities. The Copper Mines of Keweenaw Point, running south- 
 west for about eighty miles are the wonder of the world — here is found 
 mass-copper of large size in some localities, and in others copper mixed with 
 quartz, and some in a conglomerate state, such as the Calumet and Hecla 
 Mines — all these mines are accessible and well deserving of a visit. They 
 
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 THE TRAVELLING PUBLIC. 
 
 are divided into three districts, the Portage District, Keweenaw District, and 
 Ontonagon District, and can be reached from several ports where the copper 
 is shipped to Eastern markets. 
 
 The Silver Minex along the North Shore, extending from near Pigeon River 
 to the Nepigon River, embracing Thunder Bay District, are almost fabulous 
 as regards their richness and extent. For upwards of one hundred miles, 
 recent exploratiop'- indicate the existence of silver ore yielding from one to 
 four thousand dollars a ton of the precious metal. Gold is also found in the 
 north-eastern part of Minnesota and in the region west of Fort William, iu 
 Canada. 
 
 The completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad from Duluth, Minn., to the 
 Missouri River, a distance of about four hundred and fifty miles, crossing the 
 Red River of the North, adds greatly to the inducement for pleasure travellers 
 and seekers of health to visit this extended region. 
 
 The above knowledge, in connection with Commercial advantages which 
 Lake Superior now possesses, by means of Lines of Steamers and Railroads 
 running towards the east, south, and west, has induced the Compiler to prepare 
 for the use of the Travelling Public a new edition of a useful work, with a 
 Township Map, forming a complete Guide to the Lake Superior Region. 
 
 J. DISTURNELL. 
 
 £hilaoelpuia, May^ 1874. 
 
 II 
 
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CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 St. Lawrence Hiver and Lake Navioa- 
 
 TION 7 
 
 Approaches to Lake Superior 8 
 
 Lake Superior Guide — Saut Ste. Marie 9 
 
 Trout Fishing liesorts 10 
 
 Fort Brady — St. Mary's Ship Canal 11 
 
 Openinj? and Closing of the Ship Canal — 
 
 Statement of Receipts 12 
 
 Princii)al Places of Resort — Islands in Lake 
 
 Superior 13 
 
 Steamboat Excursion, South Shore — 
 
 White Fish Point, etc 14 
 
 Pictured Rocks — Grand Marais Harbor 15 
 
 Munising — Onota — Grand Island, etc 16 
 
 Marquette — Negaunee — Iron Mines 17 
 
 Ishpeming — Michigamme 18 
 
 Marquette to L'Anse — Marquette, Hovigh- 
 
 ton and Ontonagon Railroad — Escanaba,. 19 
 Pleasure Excursion — Stannard's Rock— Mar- 
 quette to Portage Entry and Houghton 20 
 
 Huron Bay — L'Anse — Portage River and 
 
 Lake — Houghton — Copper Mines 21 
 
 Hancock — Portage River Improvement 22 
 
 Portage and Lake Superior Ship Canal — Cal- 
 umet 23 
 
 Keweenaw Point — Copper Harbor — Eagle 
 
 Harbor — Eagle River , 24 
 
 Ontonagon— Rockland— Silver Mines— Por- 
 cupine Mountain — La Pointe 25 
 
 Bayfield — Ashland — Houghton Point 26 
 
 Penokee Iron Range — Odanah — Apostle 
 
 Islands 27 
 
 City of Superior 28 
 
 DuLUTir — Minnesota Point 29 
 
 Harbor Improvements — Railroads — Steam- 
 boat Lines 39 
 
 PA6I! 
 
 Mariner's Guide to the Upper Lakes ~ Llght- 
 Houses 31-32 
 
 Table of Distances — Duluth to Isle Royale 
 and Pigeon River 33 
 
 Good Harbor Bay — Marais Harbor — Grand 
 Portage Bay — Pigeon Bay — Isle Royale... 34 
 
 Trip along the South Shore of Lake Superior 35 
 
 Rapids, Saut Ste. Marie 36 
 
 Lake Superior, North Shore — Point aux 
 Pins — Gros Cap — Goulais Bay — Batchee- 
 wanaung Bay — Mamainse Point 37 
 
 Montreal Island — Cape Gargantua — Coast- 
 ing along the Nortli Shore 38 
 
 Michipicoten Harbor and Ishuid — Caribou 
 Island — Otter Head — Pic River — .. 39 
 
 St. Ignace Island — Nepigon Bay — Rt?d Rock 40 
 
 Nejiigon River, its Rapids and Lakes- 
 Waters of the Nepigon 41 
 
 Nopigon River — Nepigon Lake explored 42 
 
 Black Bay — Trip from Marquette to Silver 
 Islet 43 
 
 Silver Islet and Settlement 44 
 
 Thunder Bay and Cape— Pie Island — Prince 
 Arthur's Landing 45 
 
 Silver Mining Companies — Fort William — 
 McKay's Mountain — Kaministiquia River 46 
 
 Rei)ort of the Geology of tlie Lake Superior 
 Country — Prince's Bay, etc 47 
 
 Isle Royale — Copper and Silver Mines 48 
 
 Latitude, Elevation, and Mean Annual Tem- 
 perature of Signal Stations on the Upper 
 Lakes 49 
 
 Lake Superior — Objects of Interest— Bays, 
 Harbors, Islands, etc 50-^1 
 
 Advebtisemekts. 52-64 
 
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TO SEEKERS OF HEALTH AND PLEASURE. 
 
 |m£ |ls3^Mi ^mtm kt tie |e3|6n q! 1874 
 
 — FROM — 
 
 BUFFALO, ERIE, CLEVELAND AND DETROIT, 
 
 TO DULyTH AND ST. PAUL, 
 
 PASSING THROUGH 
 To pONTINUE DURING THE SUMMER MoNTHS. 
 
 A Daily Line of Steamers will run from Buffalo, Erie, &c., to Saut 
 Ste. Marie, Marquette and Duluth,— Connecting with Cars on the Lake 
 Superior & Mississippi Railroad, running to St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 From St. Paul Steamers run Daily on the Mississippi River, during 
 the season of Navigation, to La Orosse, Prairie du Ohien, Dubuque 
 and St. Louis, — Connecting with the Lines of Railroad running to Mil- 
 waukee, Chicago and Detroit, — thus furnishing a Round Trip of over 
 two thousand niiles, by land and water, through one of the most healthy and 
 interesting regions on the Continent. 
 
 DULUTH TO BISMARCK, DAKOTA, 
 
 VIA 
 
 NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD 
 
 This new and Health-Restoring Line of Travel, by means of steamers 
 on the Upper Lakes op America aflbrds an extended Excursion of 1,650 
 miles from Buffalo to Bismarck, Dakota — connecting with Steamers on the 
 Red River of the North, and on the Upper Missouri, extending for 1,200 miles, 
 furthei* to FoijT Benton, Montana — forming altogether the 
 
 GRANDEST EXCUliSION IN THE WORLD. 
 
 6 
 
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER AND LAKE NAVIGATION 
 
 The St. Lawrence navigation ex- 
 tends from the Straits of Belle Isle, 
 near the coast of Labrador (N. Lat. 
 51° 30^, W. Long. 55° 30^, to Duluth, 
 Minn., at the head of Lake Superior, 
 a distance of about 2,500 statute 
 miles, by direct course. 
 
 The Canadian Canals on this route 
 are the Lachine Canal, 8J miles ; 
 Bcauharnois, 11.} miles; Cornwall, 
 11^ miles; Farran's Point, 1 mile; 
 Rapid Plat, 4 miles; Galops, 7^ 
 miles, (on the St. Lawrence River), 
 and the Welland Canal, (between 
 Lakes Ontario and Erie), 27 miles. 
 Their united length is 71 miles, and 
 total lockage is 537 feet, passing 
 through 54 locks. 
 
 The St. Mari/'s Ship Canal 1 mile 
 in length and 18 feet lockage (two 
 locks), avoiding the Rapids and unit- 
 ing the waters of Lake Huron and 
 Superior, was constructed by a com- 
 pany with the aid of the United 
 States Government. Lake Ontario is 
 elevated 234 feet above the highest 
 tidal flow of the St. Lawrence, at 
 Three Rivers: Lake Erie, 564 feet; 
 Lake Huron, 574 feet ; Lake Michigan, 
 576 feet, and Lake Superior, 600 feet 
 above the ocean. 
 
 TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 MILES. PORTS, Ac. 
 
 
 MILES. 
 
 2,540 Straits of Bkllk Isi.r, 
 
 
 00 
 
 1,ST0 Mouth Sttguouay Kivor, 
 
 
 670 
 
 1,1M Qlkuec, 
 
 140 
 
 810 
 
 1,G46 Throe Rivers, 
 
 85 
 
 895 
 
 1,5G0 Montreal, 
 
 85 
 
 980 
 
 1.551 Lachine, 
 
 y 
 
 989 
 
 1,536 Uoauharnols Canal, 
 
 15 
 
 1,004 
 
 1,492 Cornwall, 
 
 44 
 
 1,048 
 
 1,440 OoDK-vsiiuRO, N. Y., 
 
 52 
 
 1,1(X) 
 
 1,402 Kingston, Can., 
 
 38 
 
 1,138 
 
 Lakk Ontario. 
 
 
 
 1,242 Toronto, 
 
 160 
 
 1,298 
 
 l,2():il Mouth Welland Canal, 
 
 40 
 
 1,338 
 
 1,175 Welland Canal, 
 
 27 
 
 1,365 
 
 Lake Erie. 
 
 
 
 895 Maiden, Can., 
 
 280 
 
 1,015 
 
 875 Detroit, Mich., 
 
 20 
 
 1,065 
 
 800 Port Huron, Mich., 
 
 75 
 
 1,710 
 
 Lake Huron. 
 
 
 
 570 Point de Tour, 
 
 230 
 
 1,970 
 
 620 Saut Ste. Marie, 
 
 50 
 
 2,020 
 
 480 White Fish Point, 
 
 40 
 
 2,060 
 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 
 
 350 Marquette, Mich., 
 
 130 
 
 2,190 
 
 270 Keweenaw Point, 
 
 80 
 
 2,270 
 
 170 Ontonagan, 
 86 Bayfield, 
 
 100 
 
 1,370 
 
 84 
 
 i,4.:>i 
 
 00 DuLUTU, Minn., 
 
 86 
 
 2,540 
 
 Note, — Thia distance could be shortened 4.'tO 
 miles by tho completion of the proposed Huron 
 and Ontario Ship Canal. 
 
 . Distance from Chicago to tho Straits of 
 Bello Isle, 2,400; from Toledo, Ohio, 1,700 
 miles, from Buffalo, 1,365 miles. 
 
 Lower St. Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers. 
 
 The Trip down the noble St. Law- 
 rence River, passing through the 
 Rapids to the City of Montreal, 160 
 miles, is one of the most exciting 
 character. The excursion from Mon- 
 treal to Quebec, 1*70 miles, is also 
 deeply interesting, passing through 
 Lake St. Peter. The river thus far 
 being from a half to one mile in width. 
 
 TJio Trip from (Quebec tp the far- 
 
 1 
 
 famed Saguenay River, 140 miles, is 
 another deeply interesting excursion, 
 passing Murray Bay, 80 miles ; Ka- 
 mouraska, 100 miles ; Riviere du Loup, 
 120 miles, arriving at Tadousac, 140 
 miles, where the river is 30 miles wide. 
 At the Watering Places on the Lower 
 St. Lawrence, are several well kept 
 Hotels, being much frequented during 
 tU^ S^qipa^r Months, 
 
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 APPROACHES TO LAKE SUPEEIOR. 
 
 ft 
 
 There arc now siuc Great Routes 
 
 of Travel opoti lo Toiirisi« to and i'roui 
 the Lake Superior eountry. 
 
 The first is by the Lake Superior 
 
 LineSteameiw. Sturtiiijjf from Jinffulo 
 and stopping at Erie and CU'vehmd, they 
 
 Eass through Luke Erie and enter the 
 >etroit River, st(>p[)ing at Detroit to hind 
 and reeeive passengers — erosa Lake St. 
 Clair, and aseend the St. Clair Kiver to 
 Port Huron, JMich., stoi)ping at Fort 
 Gratiot, where the Grand Trunk Ildil- 
 ivay of OttKuld erosses tlie river near 
 Sarnia. Tiie broad waters of Lnke Hu- 
 ron are next erossod — passing Saginaw 
 Bay — then St, Mary's lliver is entered 
 at Point de Tour, i)asBing ui)war(ls to the 
 Saut Ste. Marie, and througli the Ship 
 Canal to Lake Superior; a distance of 
 about 400 miles from Detroit. 
 
 The second is bv the Canadian route, 
 starting from Toronto and proeeediug by 
 Northern Railway of Canada to Coll log- 
 wood, 94 miles; then crossing Giorgi ui 
 Bay and j)assing througli the North 
 Channel and St. Mary's River to Saul 
 Ste. Marie, entering Lake Superior and 
 running along the North Shore. This 
 route affords some of the grandest lake 
 and river scenery imaginable. 
 
 The third is'by the Chicago and :MiI- 
 waukee Line of Steamers, passing through 
 Lake Michigan and the Straits of Mack- 
 inac for a distance of about 400 miles, 
 when the far-famed Island of Mackinac 
 is reached ; from thence the steamers run 
 to the month of the St. Mary's River, as- 
 cending this beautiful stream to Lake 
 Superior; a total distance of 500 miles 
 from Chicago. 
 
 Tiie fourth is via the Chirar/n and 
 X(>rtk-ii'c»t('rn Uailrixul, ruindng lo ( I'-et-n 
 Bay and Eseanaba, Mii'h., aikd from 
 tiienee by the Peuininila Ilailrimd to Mar- 
 (piette, situatetl on the South Shore of 
 Lake SujU'rior; a total distance of 4.'U 
 miles. This nmte is direct and sj»eedy, 
 l)assing through an interesting section of 
 coinitry for most of the distance. 
 
 The fifth is via St. Paul, passing 
 over the Lake Superior and Muisissippi 
 liidlroiul to DuLUTii, 155 luiles. This 
 route atl<>rds an easy access to tlie Lake 
 Superior region from the Sontli ; passing 
 up the noble Mississippi to the head of 
 navigation, — uniting the ^'hnper'ud Lakes 
 with the Father of Waters'' 
 
 The sixth is via the N(wlhem Pacific 
 Railroad, now comj>leted from Duhith to 
 the Upper Missouri liiver, a distance of 
 450 miles. This imi)ortaot railroad, 
 when finished, will extend to Paget 
 Sound, Washington Territory, with a 
 branch running to Portland, Oregon. 
 It now afli)rils a direct line to travel to 
 FoutGakiiy, Manitoba. Tlie favorable 
 features of this extended route Across 
 the (Continent, in a commercial and cli- 
 matic point of view, cannot be over-esti- 
 mated, which will allbrd a spee<ly and 
 desirable route " Around the World." 
 
 Two other Lines of Railroad -will 
 soon be completed, affording additional 
 means of reaching Lake Superior, viz. : 
 the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, 
 extending from Fort Wayne, Ind., to 
 Old Mackinac, ^lich., and the Wisconsin 
 Central RaUroad, running from Menasha 
 and Portage City, Wisconsin, to Ash- 
 land, on the South Shore of Lake Su- 
 perior. 
 
 Note. — The numerous Lines of Kailroad, on the East and South, which con- 
 nect with the above Through Lines of Travel to Lake Superior, make this whole 
 region of country easily accessible to the pleasure traveller or man of business. 
 
 8 
 
Lake Superior Guide. 
 
 Saut Ste. Marie, the capital of 
 
 Chippewa county, Michigan, and a port 
 of entry, is advantageously situated on 
 St. Mary's River, or Strait, .*J55 miles 
 N.N.W. of Detn)it, being ')() miles above 
 Lake Huron, and 15 miles from the foot 
 of Lake Superior, in N. lat. ll)° 30' ; \V. 
 long. 84° 43^ The Rapids at this place, 
 giving the name to the settlements on 
 both si''' ", of the river, have a descent of 
 20 feet within the distance of a mile, and 
 form the natural limit of navigation. 
 The Ship Canal, however, finished in 
 1855, on the American side, obviates this 
 difficulty. Steamers and sail vessels of a 
 large class no at pass through the locks 
 into Lake Superior, greatly facilitating 
 trade and commerce. 
 
 The village on the American side is 
 pleasantly situated at the foot of the 
 Rapids, and contains a Presbyterian Jind 
 a Roman Catholic church, 2 hotels, 8 
 or 10 stores and storehouses, and about 
 1200 inhabitants, having increased but 
 slowlv since its first settlement bv the 
 French in 1668. Many of the inhabitants, 
 Indians and half-breeds in the vicinity, 
 are engaged in the fur trade and fisheries ; 
 the latter being an important and profit- 
 able occupation, here being taken large 
 quantities of white fish. Summer visitors 
 annually flock to this place and the Lake 
 Superior country for health and pleasure. 
 The Chippewa itoase, a well-kept hotel, on 
 the American side, situated near the 
 Steamboat Landing, and one on the 
 Canadian side of the river, both afford 
 good accommodations. 
 
 The scene, as witnessed from tlio deck 
 of the steamer on passing through the 
 locks, is of the most interesting and ex- 
 citing character. The Ship Canal — the 
 River — the Islands — the two villages 
 in sight on either side of the stream, and 
 the Indians in their birch canoes, engaged 
 in taking white fish below the Rapids, are 
 all in view at the same time, presenting 
 altogether a magnificent panorama. 
 
 Fort Brady ^ erected in 1823, is an old 
 and important United States military 
 post, contiguous to this frontier village. 
 It commands the St. Mary's River at this 
 point and approach to the Ship Canal. 
 
 Early in the present century the Amer- 
 ican Fur Company established a trading 
 post at the Saut, which was kept up until 
 the year 1848. 
 
 The mean annual temperature of Saut 
 Ste. Marie is 40^° Fahr. ; Spring, 37^°; 
 Summer, 62°; Autumn, 43j°; Winter, 
 20° ; it being situated near the northern 
 limit of the temperate zone. Immedi- 
 ately to the north, in this latitude, the 
 country is liable to killing frosts during 
 the summer months, owing to tlie cold 
 influence sweeping down from Hudson 
 Bay, some 300 or 400 miles distant. 
 
 The Marquette, Saut Ste. Marie, and 
 Mackinac Railroad, now being surveyed 
 and constructed, will connect the Saut 
 with both Mackinac and Marquette, af- 
 fording an opportunity to travellers to 
 reach this point at all seasons of the year. 
 
 A railroad is also chartered by the 
 Canadian Government to construct a 
 road eastward to Toronto, Montreal, etc. 
 
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10 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 ll\ 
 
 8aut Ste. Marie, Algoma District, 
 Canada, situated on the opposite side of 
 the river, is a scattered settlement, where 
 is located an old post of the Hudson Bay 
 Company. Here is a steamboat landing, 
 a public house and 3 or 4 stores, a stone 
 court-house and jail, 3 churches, and 600 
 or 700 inhabitants. Indians of the Chip- 
 pewa tribe reside in the vicinity in con- 
 siderable numbers, they having the right 
 to take fish in the waters contiguous to 
 the Rapids. They also employ them- 
 selves in running the Rapids in their 
 frail bark canoes, when desired by citi- 
 zens or strangers — this being one of the 
 most exhilarating enjoyments for those 
 fond of aquatic sports. 
 
 The streams flowing into the St. Mary's 
 River and Lake Superior, on the Canada 
 side, are favorite resorts for anglers fond 
 of pursuing the brook trout, which are 
 here taken in large quantities during the 
 summer months. 
 
 The country in the rear of this frontier 
 settlement is settled for five or six miles ; 
 but a few miles farther to the north com- 
 mences an endless wilderness, extending 
 north to within the Arctic circle, being 
 sparsely inhabited by Chippewas and 
 roving tribes of Indians. 
 
 The primitive appearance of the 
 towns on the American and Canadian 
 banks of St. Mary's River, in connec- 
 tion with their surroundings, are of the 
 most interesting character. The Ship 
 Canal and locks are the only percep- 
 tible improvements made during the past 
 century, while the mixed character of the 
 population on the South Shore, cousistr 
 
 ing of Americans, French, half-breeds, 
 and Indians, in connection with their 
 English neighbors on the opposite side 
 of the river, who are a more aristocratic 
 class, remind one of something foreign 
 to the general appearance of American 
 villages. A steam ferry connects the 
 two settlements. 
 
 Nothing but the projected railroads 
 to connect with Montreal and Toronto, 
 on the Canada side, and the railroad 
 to be built from this point to Mackinac 
 and Marquette, on the American side, 
 will wake up these places from their 
 " Rip Van Winkle " slumbers. 
 
 Trout Fishing Resorts. — In the vi- 
 cinity of the Saut Ste. Marie are several 
 streams where sportsmen resort for the 
 purpose of taking speckled trout. The 
 nearest points are the Mapids on both sides 
 of St. Mary's River, and the small streams 
 between the islands on the Canada side ; 
 on the American side. Crystal Rapids, two 
 miles below the Saut. On St. Mary's 
 River are several projecting points, 
 from one to five miles below the Saut, 
 where anglers resort. Garden and Root 
 Rivers, on the Canada side of the river, 
 below the falls, are fine trout streams. 
 
 On the North Shore, Canada side, are 
 several fine trout fishing resorts, from 
 fifteen to sixty miles from the Saut, 
 where Indians or half-breeds with their 
 canoes nave to be employed, often camp- 
 ing out for several days. Goulais Bay 
 and Batcheewanaung Bay, from twenty to 
 forty miles, are the nearest points. On 
 the latter bay enters Batcheewanaung 
 River and Harmony River, both fine 
 trout streams. Then farther northward, 
 some thirty or forty miles, are the Mon- 
 treal River and the Aguawa River, both 
 celebrated trout streams, where are good 
 boat harbors. 
 
 th( 
 in 
 fee 
 ten 
 
 ter 
 to 
 
FORT BRADY— ST. MARY'S SHIP CANAL. 
 
 11 
 
 Fort Brady, Michigan, ia situated on 
 the southern bank of the SautSte. Marie, 
 in 46° 30^ north hititude ; altitude, 600 
 feet above the ocean. Mean annual 
 temperature, 40° Fahrenheit. 
 
 "The military history of this post 
 extends back to 1750, at which time the 
 French claimed jurisdiction over all the 
 territory north of the Ohio, and sought 
 to establish posts at the more important 
 places, for the purpose of controlling the 
 lakes, and excluding the English as far 
 as possible from obtaining a foothold on 
 Lake Superior, as well as to establish a 
 depot of supplies and afibrd protection to 
 the traders. 
 
 "In 1820 the late Gen. Lewis Cass, 
 then Indian agent for the North-west In- 
 dians, made a trip around the lakes, visit- 
 ing the shores of Lake Superior, and 
 afterwards of Lake Michigan, going as 
 far as Chicago ; and when he landed at 
 this place, on his voyage up, the British 
 flag was flying at the head of the rapids, 
 near the termination of the canal. He 
 proceeded in person to haul it down and 
 raise his own in its place. There were 
 nearly two thousand natives and French 
 residents, whose sympathies were in- 
 tensely Canadian, and consequently this 
 act of his so enraged them that they were 
 on the point of attacking him at once. 
 Through the intervention of a few of the 
 English half-breeds, the Indians were 
 quieted, and the General allowed to go 
 in peace. On his return, however, from 
 his voyage around Lake Superior, Gen. 
 Cass concluded a treaty with the Chip- 
 pewas, on June 20, 1820, for the purchase 
 of sixteen square miles of land, with a 
 river front extending from a large rock 
 near the national boundary, above the 
 falls, to the Little Kapids, at the head of 
 Sugar Island, the Indians resenmig the 
 right to fish undisturbed. This purchase 
 constituted the original military district. 
 Its boundary was about three and a half 
 miles along the river, by four and one- 
 third miles deep. This rock still remai na 
 
 as one of the leading peculiarities on 
 Ashman's Bay, being a large boulder 
 lying in shoal water, about twenty rods 
 from the siiip channel, entering the upper 
 end of the canal. In 1822 the Govern- 
 ment of the United States determined 
 upon its permanent occupancy, and ac- 
 cordingly Gen. Brady was directed to 
 proceed, in the autumn of that year, to 
 this place, with six companies of infantry, 
 and erect a stockade and buildings. 
 
 "This post is considered one of the 
 healthiest on the Upper Lakes, yet Dr. 
 McDougall, in his report in 18o7-o8 to 
 the Surgeon-General, establishes beyond 
 controversy that want of attention to 
 sanitary science cannot be allowed even 
 in this northern region, excex>t at the 
 most imminent risks." 
 
 Fort Brady is at the present time ( 1873) 
 garrisoned by two companies of the first 
 United States infantry, under the com- 
 mand of Captain Kinzie Bates. Here are 
 a park of artillery, officers' quarters, hos- 
 pital and barracks, with grounds hand- 
 somely situated, overlooking the river 
 and the opposite Canadian shore. 
 
 The Indians that have resided in this 
 vicinity for the past one or two hundred 
 years are the Chippewa tribe, a numerous 
 body of peaceful Indians, wliose habita- 
 tions surround Lake Huron on the north, 
 and Lake Superior on both shores, ex- 
 tending westward to the Upper Missis- 
 sippi River. 
 
 St. Mary's Ship Canal. — The enlarge- 
 ment of the Ship Canal by the United 
 States Government commenced in 1871, 
 since when an appropriation of $1,000,000 
 has been granted. The capacity of the 
 new lock will be 80 feet wide, 500 feet 
 long, affording 18 feet of water, to be built 
 of stone, in the most substantial manner. 
 Lift of the lock 18 feet, overninning the 
 Rapids in St. Mary's River. The canal 
 is one mile and a quarter in length, 80 
 feet wide at bottom, and 100 feet wide on 
 water surface, accommodating vessela 
 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 ;c 
 ;c 
 
 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
12 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 1^ I 
 
 of tlie largest size navigating the Upper 
 Lakes. 
 
 Improvements will have to be made in 
 deepeninjif St. Clair Flats and the Ht. 
 Mary's Kiver in order to acconiniodate 
 vessels of a large tonnage. American 
 and Canadian steamers and sail-vessels 
 are almost constantly passing up and 
 clown through the locks of the canal 
 during tlie season of navigation. 
 
 Location and General Description of the 
 New Lock. — The axis of the Lock will 
 be parallel to tlie axis of the present 
 Locks, at a distance of 175 feet ; the upper 
 lock gates to be opposite the upper lock 
 gates of the present Locks. 
 
 The chamber of the Lock will be 80 
 feet wide at the coping, and 450 feet in 
 length from quoin to quoin. A set of 
 guard gates will be placed 61^ feet above 
 the upper lock gates, and the walls con- 
 tinued 70 feet above the hollow quoins 
 of the guard gates, including wing but- 
 tresses of 2 feet. At a distance of 01| feet 
 below the lower lock gates, a set of guard 
 gates will be placed, to open down stream ; 
 the wall on each side to extend 70 feet 
 below the hollow cpioin, for the guard 
 gate, including a wing buttress of 2 feet. 
 
 The Lock will have a lift of 18 feet, 
 and a depth of 16 feet of water on the 
 mitre sills at the stage which has been 
 assumed as that of ordinary low water. 
 
 Extremes of the water-level on Lake Su- 
 perior, from June 30, 1872, to June 30, 
 1873, as measured above the Locks at the 
 St. Mar if s Ship Canal. — Highest water, 
 November 27, 1872, 2^ feet above ordi- 
 nary high water; lowest water, April 10, 
 1873, 2 feet below ordinary high water. 
 Extreme variation 42^ feet, this being the 
 most remarkable variation on record. 
 The above phenomena was caused by a 
 north-west wind blowing over Lake Supe- 
 rior, and the reverse by a south-east 
 wind. 
 
 Opening and Closing of the Ship 
 Canal. 
 
 The business of the canal began on 
 the eleventh day of May (1872), and 
 continued, without interruption, until the 
 twenty-sixth day of November of the 
 same vear, — six and a half months. 
 
 In 1873, the first steamer passing 
 through locks, upward bound, was the 
 Keweenaw, May 11th, followed by other 
 steamers and propellers, while the ice 
 remained in the harbors of Marquette 
 and Duluth for about one month later. 
 
 STATEMENT 
 
 Of Receipts for each year from the opening 
 of the Canal, June 18, 1855, to the close 
 of the season, November, 1873. 
 
 Receipts for 1855, 6 cts. per 
 
 ton on steamers, etc $4,374 66 
 
 Receipts for 1856 7,575 78 
 
 " 1857 9,406 74 
 
 " " 1858 10,848 80 
 
 " " 1859 16,941 84 
 
 " " 1860 24,777 82 
 
 " " 1861 16,672 16 
 
 " " 1862 21,607 17 
 
 " " 1863 30,574 44 
 
 " '< 1864 34,287 31 
 
 Receipts for 1865, 4^ cts. 
 
 per ton on sail vessel 22,339 64 
 
 Receipts for 1866 23,069 54 
 
 " 1867 33,515 54 
 
 " " 1868 25,977 14 
 
 " " 1869 31,579 96 
 
 " " 1870 41,896 43 
 
 Receipts for 1871, 4^ cts. 
 
 per ton on steamers, etc. 33,865 45 
 
 Receipts for 1872 41,232 44 
 
 Receipts for 1873, 3^ cts. 
 
 per ton on steamers, etc. 44,943 18 
 
 Total $475,486 04 
 
 Prii 
 
 1. Sc^ 
 Ship C 
 
 2. G 
 
 3. Bi 
 
 4. ^ 
 Groun( 
 
 5. P 
 Wreck 
 Rock, 7 
 Miners' 
 
 6.Gr 
 with it* 
 
 7. Ml 
 most fai 
 
 8. N 
 with Ir 
 
 ^ 9. El 
 situated 
 railroac 
 
 10. 
 
 town oi 
 
 and fisii 
 
 U. J 
 
 mines a 
 
 12. C 
 where ii 
 
 13. C 
 Hoe, ne 
 
 14. J 
 where a 
 
 Grand 1 
 Wood I 
 Train L 
 Middle 
 Granite 
 Huron ] 
 Travers 
 
 Parisier 
 Maple 1 
 Sandy I 
 Montrej 
 Lizard 
 Leach ] 
 Caribou 
 
PRINCIPAL PLACES OF RESORT. 
 
 13 
 
 Principal Places of Resort on 
 
 1. Saut Ste. Marie, with its Rapids, 
 Ship Canal, and trout fishing resorts. 
 
 2. Goidais Bay, on the Canada side. 
 
 3. Batcheeicanaung Bay and River. 
 
 4. White Fish Point and Fishing 
 Grounds. 
 
 5. Pictured Mocks — Chapel, Cascade, 
 Wreck Cliff, Grand Portail or Arched 
 Rock, Zebra Cliff, Spirit Cave, Sail Rock, 
 Miners' Castle, etc. 
 
 6. Or avd Island Harbor, and Munising, 
 with its romantic falls, etc. 
 
 7. Marquette, with its surroundings, the 
 most fashionable resort on the Lake. 
 
 8. Negaunee and Ishpeming, together 
 with Iron Mines — reached by railroad. 
 
 9. JEscanaba, an iron port, favorably 
 situated on Green Bay — reached by 
 railroad. 
 
 10. L^Anse, a new and flourishing 
 town on Keweenaw Bay — fine sailing 
 and fishing. 
 
 11. Houghton and Hancock — copper 
 mines and smelting works. 
 
 12. Calumet and Hecla Copper Mine, 
 where is a large settlement. 
 
 13. Copper Harbor and Lake Fanny 
 Hoe, near the end of Keweenaw Point. 
 
 14. Eagle Harbor and Eagle Miver, 
 where are copper mines. 
 
 Lake Superior and its Vicinity. 
 
 15. Ontonagon — copper and silver 
 mines. 
 
 16. Bayfield and Ashland, fashionable 
 resorts, where boating and fishing can be 
 enjoyed. 
 
 17. La Pointe and the Apostle Islands. 
 
 18. Duluth and Superior City, together 
 with the Dalles of the St. Louis River. 
 
 NORTH SHORE. 
 
 19. Isle Boycde, with its copper mines 
 and precious minerals. 
 
 20. Pigeon Biver, and romantic ialls, 
 situated on the boundary line. 
 
 21. Foi't William and Prince Arthur's 
 Landing, Canada — silver mines and ame- 
 thysts. 
 
 22. Silver Islet, and Thunder Cape — 
 silver region. 
 
 28. Nepigon Bay and River, with ro- 
 mantic scenery and famous trout fishing. 
 
 24. Island of Michipicoten, with its rich 
 foliage, fishing, etc. 
 
 25. Michipicoten Bay and River, with 
 grand scenery and good fishing. 
 
 All the above places of the South and 
 North Shore are well worthy of a visit. 
 They can be reached by the Americim or 
 Canadian steamers. Other points of inter- 
 est can be reached bv canoes or sail-boats. 
 
 Islands in Lake Superior. 
 
 AMERICAN SIDE. 
 
 Grand Island and Light. 
 
 Wood Island. 
 
 Train Island. 
 
 Middle Island. 
 
 Granite Island and Light. 
 
 Huron Islands and Light. 
 
 Traverse Island. 
 
 Parisien Island. 
 Maple Island. 
 Sandy Islands. 
 Montreal Island. 
 Lizard Islands. 
 Leach Island. 
 Caribou Island* 
 
 Manitou Island and Light.! Hermit Island. 
 
 Isle Roy ale and Light. 
 
 Apostle Islands. 
 Michigan Island & Light. 
 Outer Island and Light. 
 Madeline Island. 
 Basswood Island. 
 
 CANADIAN SIDE. 
 
 Michipicoten Island. 
 Shate Islands. 
 Pic Island. 
 Simpson's Island. 
 Ste. Ignace Island. 
 Silver Islet. 
 Porphyry Islands. 
 
 Stockton Island. 
 C>ak Island. 
 Manitou Island. 
 Ironwood Island. 
 Raspberry Island & Light^ 
 and twelve others. 
 
 Welcome Islands. 
 Islands in Thunder Bay. 
 Pie Island. 
 Thompson's Island. 
 Spar Island. 
 Jarvis' Island. 
 Victoria Island. 
 
 
 4 
 
^,C">? 
 
 ■fTJT.'f'T^ 
 
 1 T- • 1 . r •• 
 
 •ii . 'y ■ I :%\ 
 
 Mj . J>), 
 
 STEAMBOAT EXCURSION — South Shore, Lake Superior. 
 
 m 
 
 Saut Ste. Marie, situated on St. 
 Mary's River, or Strait, 55 miles above 
 Point de Tour, on Lake Huron, and 15 
 miles below Tonquamenon, or White 
 Fish Bay, is a place of great interest to 
 travellers, and the place of embarkation 
 for fishing and pleasure parties, during 
 the Summer months. 
 
 From this point is afforded a grand 
 view of the Rapids and Islands lying in 
 the river, while the scene is usually en- 
 livened by seeing Indians taking white 
 fish by means of scoop-nets. 
 
 On leaving the Ship Canal, on the up- 
 ward trip, a beautiful stretch of the river 
 is parsed before arriving at Point aux 
 Pins, 7 miles, situated on the Canada 
 side. Here is a good steamboat landing 
 and a desirable place for fitting out fish- 
 ing parties. Waiska Bay is next entered, 
 being an expansion of the river of about 
 5 miles in length — Mound Island Light 
 is seen on the south. 
 
 Iroquois Point and Jbight, on the Amer- 
 ican side, and Ores Cap, on the Canada 
 side, are next passed, 15 miles from the 
 Saut. The latter is a bold promontory, 
 rising 500 or 600 feet above the water. 
 
 Tonquamenon, or White Fish Bay, is 
 now entered, presenting a wide expanse 
 of water, being about 25 miles long and 
 as many broad, with a depth of 300 or 
 400 feet. Here a scene of wonder is pre- 
 setted to the view from the deck of the 
 steamer — Parisien Island, attached to 
 Canada, is passed on the right, while the 
 highlands toward the north rise to the 
 height of 800 or 1,000 feet. 
 
 Goulais Bay and BatcheewanaungBay, 
 being famous resorts for trout fishing, are 
 seen toward the north-east, and in the 
 far distance can be dLscerned Mamainse 
 Point, where are found copper ore and 
 other metals, being the commencement of 
 the mineral region. 
 
 White Fish Point and Light, 40 
 miles from the Saut, is another object of 
 great interest to the mariner. — Lake 
 Superior, stretching about 460 miles in 
 a nortli-west direction, with an average 
 width of about 100 miles, here presents 
 a grand appearance from the deck of the 
 passing steamer. It lies 600 feet above 
 the sea, its greatest depth being 900 feet, 
 extending 300 feet below the level of the 
 ocean; estimated area, 32,000 square 
 miles. Nearly two hundred creeks and 
 rivers are said to flow into the lake, a few 
 of which are navigable for steamers from 
 2 to 20 miles. Its principal affluents 
 are the St. Louis River, Pigeon River, 
 Kaministiquia River and Nepigon River. 
 
 " Father of Lakes ! thy waters bend 
 Beyond the eagle's utmost view, 
 
 When, throned in heaven, he sees thee send 
 Back to the sky its world of blue. 
 
 " Boundless and deep, the forests weave 
 Their twilight shade thy borders o'er, 
 
 And threatening cliffs, like giants, heave 
 Their r igged forms along thy shore." 
 
 On passing White Fish Point the 
 American steamers usually run near the 
 South Shore of the Lake, having the land 
 continually in sight along the Upper 
 Peninsula of Michigan, extending west- 
 ward to near the Apostle Islands, a dis- 
 tance of about 400 miles, passing in their 
 course around Keweenaw Point. 
 
 Running along the coast from White 
 Fish Point, westward, for about 50 miles, 
 the shore presents high sandy bluflfs, with 
 no harbor or place of refuge for the 
 mariner, although the mouths of Two 
 Hearted and Sucker Rivers are passed. 
 
 Grand Marais Harbor, 45 miles 
 west of White Fish Point, with 9 fathoms 
 within the bar, would be rendered a se- 
 cure and commodious harbor by the 
 construction of a canal, or dredging for 
 a short distance inland. ''The harbor 
 
 14 
 
 is abou 
 1,000 y 
 largest 
 length, 
 of the 
 sand be 
 is but a 
 it more 
 water, 
 inland. 
 The ent 
 eighths 
 bar whi 
 feet of 
 very na 
 of sand 
 bottom, 
 changes 
 stances, 
 coast bu 
 be mad( 
 the lak( 
 we shoi 
 from th( 
 will not 
 raentary 
 out of tl 
 tible om 
 emptyin 
 of them 
 enough i 
 bor, whi 
 priately 
 hold our 
 inside 6 
 over the 
 oms at ( 
 shore. I 
 that a st 
 her gan^ 
 to the la 
 In all 
 rior, the 
 mariner 
 to Gran 
 the case 
 storms r 
 dous, an 
 freights 
 
PICTURED ROCKS. 
 
 15 
 
 i» about 2 miles long, and is from 500 to 
 1,000 yards in width. The western or 
 largest portion is a mile and one-half in 
 length, and lies parallel with the shore 
 of the Lake, with only a narrow strip of 
 sand beach between. In many cases this 
 is but a few rods wide, and at no point is 
 it more than ten feet higher than the 
 water. The eastern or further end curves 
 inland, and is a full half mile in width. 
 The entrance to the harbor is about five- 
 eighths of a mile in width, and is over a 
 bar where there is from four to eight 
 feet of water at all times. This bar is 
 very narrow, is composed of about 6 feet 
 of sand resting on a clay and gravel 
 bottom, and, to all appearance, never 
 changes in shape under any circum- 
 stances. From the formation of the 
 coast but very little change is likely to 
 be made by the action of the waters of 
 the lake, even were cribs built out, and 
 we should not anticipate any trouble 
 from the filling in of the channel. This 
 will not certainly occur from any sedi- 
 mentary deposit, by reason of a current 
 out of the harbor, there being no percep- 
 tible one, only two or three small streams 
 emptying into the harbor, and the whole 
 of them put together not carrying water 
 enough to drive a single saw. The har- 
 bor, which might perhaps more appro- 
 priately be called a small lake, will safely 
 hold our entire lake marine. The water 
 inside deepens very rapidly, and once 
 over the bar, vessels will lie in ten fath- 
 oms at one-half their length from the 
 shore. So bold, indeed, are the shores, 
 that a steamer could lie close enough for 
 her gang-planks to reach from her decks 
 to the land." 
 
 In all the navigation on Lake Supe- 
 rior, there is none more dreaded by the 
 mariner than that from White Fish Point 
 to Grand Island, and this is especially 
 the case late in the season, when the fall 
 storms make navigation the most hazar- 
 dous, and the heaviest and most valuable 
 freights are on transit. This coast is ex- 
 
 posed to every wind that blows from the 
 Lake, the sweep being of its full width 
 and length, and there is not at present a 
 single place where a landing can be made, 
 or a lake steamer or vessel run for safety, 
 in the whole distance of 80 odd niilos. 
 The entire coast is made up eit^'cr of the 
 towering cliffs at the western end, the 
 bleak hills of sand at the Sauble Banks, 
 coming down to the water's edge and 
 offering no landing, except for a small 
 boat in pleasant weather, or the dull low 
 beach beyond — stretching away for 
 nearly 50 miles farther, with one single 
 insignificant creek — the Two Heart 
 River — that a Mackinac boat can possi- 
 bly enter if in smooth water, excepting 
 always the harbor of Grand Marais — 
 to which there is no entrance for large 
 vessels. This beach is strewed with 
 wrecks from the Pictured Rocks to 
 Wliite Fish Point. 
 
 Point Sable, 10 miles farther, is ele- 
 vated 300 feet above the Lake, but affords 
 no harbor in its vicinity, although two 
 small streams enter from the south. Off 
 this point soundings have been made, 
 showing a depth of 120 fathoms, or 720 
 feet. 
 
 The Pictured Rocks, 18 miles west 
 of Point Sable, constitute one of the 
 greatest wonders of Lake Superior, ex- 
 tending along the coast from the Chapel 
 some 8 or 10 miles to Miner's Castle. 
 The principal objects of attraction are 
 the Arched Rock, or Gi'and Portail, and 
 Sail Bocky which can be seen distinctly 
 from the passing steamer. The former 
 is a bold promontory where is an exca- 
 vation, worked by the waves, extending 
 about 200 feet under a bluff, which Juts 
 out into the waters of the Lake. The Pic- 
 tured Rocks can be seen to the best ad- 
 vantage, from a distance, when there is 
 a favorable sunlight effect, or by a close 
 view, which is obtained by coasting along 
 the precipitous rocks in a small boat, 
 during calm weather. For upwards of 
 100 miles the coast on the South Shore 
 
 
 i 
 
 .'V 
 
 'Ay 
 
 m 
 
16 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 present«» an almost unbroken wilderness. 
 Tlie soil on the summit of the cliffs is 
 tolerably good, as indicated hy maple 
 trees. 
 
 Miners River, at the mouth of which 
 stands a bold promontory called Miner's 
 Castle, is a beautiful clear trout stream, 
 falling into the lake over rapids. 
 
 Sand Point, 10 miles east of the Pic- 
 tured Rocks, is at the eastern side of 
 Grand Island Harbor, one of the most 
 secure bodies of water to be found on the 
 South Shore. Here Lake Superior has 
 its greatest width, it being about 150 
 miles to Nepigon Bay. 
 
 MuNisiNG, 2 miles farther, being 90 
 miles west of White Fish Point, is the 
 first landing or settlement lying on the 
 South Shore. For tlie wliole of tliis dis- 
 tance the mariner is threatened willi ship- 
 wreck in stormy weather, which usually 
 occurs during the spring and autumn 
 months. At Munising is a small settle- 
 ment, and a good hotel for the ac(;ommo- 
 dation of visitors desirous of fishing and 
 visiting the Pictured Rocks. 
 
 The Schoolcraft Furnace is located a 
 short distance west of Munising, where 
 is a small stream entering the bay, on 
 which is a fine fall of water. 
 
 Onota, 6 miles farther, is a new set- 
 tlement, where is located Bay Furnace. 
 This is the county-seat of Schoolcraft 
 county. 
 
 Grand Island, 8 miles long and 4 
 miles wide, surrounded by bold shores, 
 being elevated 300 or 400 feet, is a fine 
 piece of land, being for the most part 
 heavily wooded with hard and soft wood 
 timber. Its shores are famous for its 
 fisheries and romantic scenery. Here is 
 a small settlement on the south end of the 
 island ; on the north end stands a light- 
 house, erected on a high point of land, 
 being distant 38 miles east of the Mar- 
 quette Light. "The cliffs on the north 
 bank are broken by the waves into pic- 
 turesque caverns, pillars, and arches of 
 immense dimensions." — Bayfield, 
 
 Wood Island is a small body of land 
 lying a short distance west of Grand 
 Island. 
 
 Train Point, 6 miles west of Grand 
 Island, is a most romantic headland. 
 Train Island, 4 miles farther, is another 
 picturesque body of land. 
 
 Laughing Fish Point, 16 miles west of 
 Grand Island, is a rocky projection, 
 where may be witnessed fine scenery. 
 
 Sable River, Fish River, Chocolate 
 River, and Carp River are all small 
 streams flowing into the Lake between 
 Laughing Fish Point and Marquette. 
 
 Harvey, situated at the mouth of the 
 Chocolay, is a small village, 3 miles east 
 of ]\Iarquette, where is located a blast 
 furnace. 
 
 On the completion of the Marquette^ 
 Saut Ste. Marie and Mackinac Railroad, 
 now being constructed, this whole section 
 of country along the South Shore will 
 be accessible to tourists. Numerous 
 small streams will be crossed, abo' nding 
 in brook trout. 
 
 Ma 
 
 per P 
 quette 
 tageou 
 Lake 
 W. lo 
 
 Steamboat Excursion from Mar- 
 quette to Grand Island, 
 
 A steamer runs from Marquette to 
 Grand Island, Munising, etc., passing 
 through Grand Island Harbor, affording 
 a delightful steamboat excursion. Sev- 
 eral islands are passed, and the steamer 
 runs to within a few miles of the far- 
 famed Pictured Rocks. A good hotel is 
 located at Munising, on the main land, 
 opposite Grand Island, where is con- 
 venient steamboat landing. 
 
MARQUCTTE — NEGAUNEE. 
 
 i7 
 
 Marq^uette, the chief city of the Up- 
 per Peninsula, the county-seat of JSIar- 
 quette Co., and a port of entry, is advan- 
 tageously situated on the south shore of 
 Lake Superior, in N. latitude 4G° 32^, 
 W. longitude 87° 33', having a mean 
 annual temperature of 40° Fahr. The 
 harbor, formed by the Bay of Marquette, 
 is safe and commodious, being protected 
 from all but north-east winds: wiien 
 blowing in that direction, vessels are 
 obliged to anchor off the shore for safety. 
 The United States Government liave 
 erected substantial piers, or breakwaters, 
 for the further protection of the numerous 
 steamers and sailing vessels which fre- 
 quent the harbor, taking, annually, an im- 
 mense amount of iron ore and pig metal to 
 the eastern ports on Lake Erie. A Liglit- 
 house stands on a point of land imme- 
 diately north of the anchorage, as a guide 
 for mariners. 
 
 The settlement of Marquette was com- 
 menced in July, 1849; in 1855, on the 
 completion of the Ship Canal at the Saut 
 Ste. Marie, commenced tlie shipment of 
 iron ore to the Eastern markets. In 1859 
 it was incorporated as a village, and as a 
 city February, 1871, being now governed 
 by a Mayor, Recorder, and Common 
 Council. It contains a court-house and 
 jail ; a public hall ; 1 Episcopal, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 1 
 Boman Catholic church ; a union high 
 school and 3 ward schools ; several hotels 
 and taverns — the North-western Hotel, the 
 Coles House and Tremont House — the for- 
 mer favorably situated, overlooking the 
 lake. There are also several well-kept 
 private boarding-houses, 3 banks, 30 or 40 
 stores and storehouses, 1 printing-office, 
 besides a large foundry, a rolling-mill and 
 blast furnace, and machine shops and fac- 
 tories of different kinds. Population in 
 1800,1665 ; in 1870,4000 ; now, 6000. Gas- 
 works and water-works are in operation 
 — the latter affording an abundant sup- 
 l>ly of pure water taken from Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 2 
 
 There are four extensive piers, ar- 
 ranged for the transslupniont ot" iron ore 
 and i»ig metal, on wliioli the raih'oad 
 trains deliver :md receive a great amount 
 of freight. Here is tlie terminus of liie 
 Mdrquette, Hoiii/lttoii and Ont<)iia(fon Rail- 
 road, passing ah)ng tlie soutli sliore of 
 Lake Mieingamme, to be extended west- 
 ward to L'Anse and Ontonagon, and 
 connect witii the otlier railroads running 
 soutii and west. Tiie Peninxulu liailroad 
 of Mic.liiiian also unites witli tiie al)ove 
 road, extending to Escanaba, on Green 
 Bay, 65 niik's. 
 
 Tills flourishing Lake Citv is eloselv 
 identilied with the extensive Iron Mines 
 in tlie vicinity, being from \'l to 30 miles 
 distant, situated on an elevated ridge, 
 some 700 or 800 feet above the waters of 
 Lake Superior, being known as the Iron 
 Mountain. There are now about fifty 
 mines extensively and profitably worked, 
 being owned b/ separate companies — the 
 Jackson Iron Company, the Cleveland 
 Iron Company, and the Lake Superior 
 Company liaving separate do(jks for the 
 shipment of iron ore. 
 
 The drives from Marquette to Harvey, 
 4 miles, running along the heaeh ; to Mt. 
 Menard, 2\ miles, and to Collinsville and 
 Forrestville, are all worthy of attention. 
 The boating and sailing in the Bay of 
 Marquette, and to the islands and mouths 
 of several creeks or rivers, where good 
 trout fishing is to be found, is a favorite, 
 source of amusement. 
 
 Negaunee, Marquette County, Michi-i 
 gan, 12 miles west of Marfjuette and 62 
 miles north of Escanaba, is situated on 
 the line of the Marquette, Honrjhton and 
 Ontonagon Railroad, at its junction with 
 the Peninsula Division of the Chicago and 
 North-western Railroad. It is in the 
 immediate vicinity of the Iron Mountniny 
 and is a flourishing village of about 
 3500 inhabitants. Here are situated the 
 Jackson Mine, the MeComher Mine, the 
 Ornnd Centred, and the Negaunee Mine; 
 
 ^U i 
 
 i" 
 
18 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 if 
 
 also the Pi/meer Furnacen, worked bv the 
 Iron Clifls Company, altogether giving 
 
 Srotitable employment to several liun- 
 red workmen. 
 
 The village contains a town hall, 2 
 railroad depots, 3 churches, 2 hotels — the 
 Ofjden Hoiiise and Jackson House, — 4 
 banks, 30 or 40 stores, and 1 steam saw- 
 mill. Thousands of strangers annually 
 visit these celebrated mines within a 
 range of 25 miles, now producing alto- 
 gether upwards of 1,000,000 tons of ore 
 yearly, most of which is Hhij)ped from 
 Mariiuette, Escanaba, and L'Anse to 
 Eastern markets. 
 
 There are several Iron Furnace Com- 
 panies in the vicinity of the Mines, which 
 produce annually a large amount of pig 
 metal of a superior quality. The amount 
 produced in 1873 was 71,507 tons. This 
 industry must rapidly increase with the 
 product of the mines. 
 
 Ishpeming, situated on tlie line of the 
 Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon 
 Railroad. Three miles west of Negaunee 
 is another flourishing mining town, where 
 is located the Cleveland Mine, tlie Lake 
 Superior Mine, Barnum Mine, New 
 York Mine, New England Mine, Wil- 
 liams Mine, Winthrop Mine, and the 
 Pittsburg and Lake Angeline Mine. 
 The village contains a town hall, 3 
 churches, 2 banks, a hotel, and 20 or 30 
 ^stores, besides a foundry and machine 
 shop and several fine residences. Popu- 
 lation about 5000, most of whom are em- 
 ployed in the diflerent Iron Ore Mines. 
 
 Beyond Ishpeming, on the line of the 
 railroad, are situated Winthrop, 3 miles. 
 Greenwood, 3 miles, Clark^irg, 4 miles, 
 Humboldt, 1 mile, and Chammon, 4 miles, 
 before arriving at Lake Miehigamme, sit- 
 uated 34 miles west of Marquette. 
 
 Champion Furnace and Mine, 32 miles 
 from Marquette. Here is a mining settle- 
 ment containing about 2000 inhabitants. 
 The mine is located about one mile 
 south-west of the furnace, where is a 
 
 large deposit of red and black oxides of 
 iron ore; a part of the ore is taken to the 
 furnace and made into pig iron, the bal- 
 ance being sent to Eastern markers via 
 Marquette. 
 
 Miehigamme, Marquette County, Mich- 
 igan, is a new mining town handsomely 
 situated at the west end of Lake Miehi- 
 gamme, 38 miles from Marquette and 25 
 miles from L'Anse, both sliipping ports, 
 and in the immediate vicinity of the 
 Miehigamme iron range, where several 
 mines are already opened. In June, 
 1873, this town was destroyed by fire, 
 the inhabitants having to flee for their 
 lives, the surrounding woods being also 
 on fire. The new town was immediately 
 rebuilt, and upwards of one hundred 
 stores and dwellings erected witliin a 
 few months, now presenting a lively ap- 
 pearance. Here is a large steam saw- 
 mill and an iron furnace being erected, 
 coi I liguous to the Miehigamme iron mine. 
 
 Lake Miehigamme* is a most beautiful 
 sheet of water, studded with several 
 wooded islands, while the shore is very 
 irregular, presenting many points and 
 indentations of lively appearance. It 
 abounds in fish of various kinds, afford- 
 ing fine sport for the angler. It is fed 
 by Miehigamme River, the outlet flowing 
 into the Menominee, which enters Green 
 Bay. In this vicinity deer and other 
 game abounds. West of the lake is an 
 unexplored wilderness, heavily timbered, 
 and where iron is supposed to abound. 
 
 
 ♦ Lake Michiga"Ynme, called by the Indians 
 " Mashe-ga'me " (large lake). The Ojibwas clas- 
 sify lakes into three kinds: Sa-gor^ga^ small 
 lake ; Mashe-ga-me, large lake ; and Git-che-ga'- 
 me, great lake. This last is applied to the " Great 
 Lakes " indiscrimiuately, and to the ocean. 
 
 ViaJI 
 
 Miiea. 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 56 
 
 65 
 
 52 « 
 51 ; 
 48 J 
 44 i 
 42 ( 
 38 ( 
 37 1 
 32 ( 
 26 J 
 24 S 
 16 S 
 10 S 
 
 7 P 
 
 L 
 
 The 
 gon Ba\ 
 mences 
 by an sn 
 miles, w 
 sula JJiv 
 western 
 strike tl 
 Ishpemi 
 at presei 
 from wh 
 are sent 
 boidt, 26 
 branch r 
 Republic 
 Champic 
 37 miles 
 stations ; 
 Lake Mii 
 onward b 
 mit, 1167 
 descends 
 the mile i 
 of Kewec 
 
ESCANABA. 
 
 19 
 
 Marquette to L'Anse, 
 
 Via MarquettCy Houghton^ and Ontonagon 
 Railroad. 
 
 Miles. Stations. Miles. 
 
 63 MARQUETTE 
 
 60 Bancroft 3 
 
 57 Bruce 3 6 
 
 56 Morgan 1 7 
 
 55 Eagle Mills 1 8 
 
 52 Carp 3 11 
 
 51 Neoaunee 1 12 
 
 48 ishpeming 3 15 
 
 44 Saginaw 4 18 
 
 42 Greenwood 2 21 
 
 38 Clarksburgh 4 25 
 
 37 Humboldt 1 26 
 
 32 Champion 5 31 
 
 26 MiCHIQAMME 6 37 
 
 24 SpurrMine 2 39 
 
 16 Sturgeon 8 47 
 
 10 Summit 6 53 
 
 7 Palmer 3 56 
 
 L'ANSE 7 63 
 
 The Marquette, Houghton and Ontona- 
 gon RaUroady completed 63 miles, com- 
 mences at Marquette and runs westward 
 by an ascending grade to Negaunee, 12 
 miles, where it connects with the Penin- 
 sula JJivison of the Chicago and North- 
 western Railroad ; both roads here first 
 strike the iron range of Lake Superior. 
 Ishpeming, 3 miles farther, is the centre, 
 at present, of the iron mining interest, 
 from whence immense quantities of iron 
 are sent to Eastern markets. At Hum- 
 boldt, 26 miles from Marquette, runs a 
 branch railroad, 9 miles in length, to the 
 Republican and Kloman iron mines. 
 Champion, 31 miles, and Michigamme, 
 37 miles from Marquette, are important 
 stations ; the latter situated on the shore of 
 Lake Michigamme. The road continues 
 onward by an ascending grade to the Sum- 
 mit, 1167 feet above Lake Superior, then 
 descends more than one hundred feet to 
 the mile to L'Anse, situated at the head 
 of Keweenaw Bay. 
 
 Escanaba, the oount^-seat of Delta 
 County, Michigan, is an important lake 
 port, favorably situated for the shipment 
 of iron ore, on Little Bay de Noc, the 
 north-western arm of Green Bay, in lat. 
 45° 36' N., long. 87° 06' W., having 
 a mean annual temperature of 41° Fahr. 
 It is the terminus of Uie Peninsula Divi- 
 sion of the Chicago and North-western 
 Railroad, being 358 miles north of Chi- 
 cago, and 74 mil«s south of Manpiette, 
 by railroad. It was first settled as a 
 village in 1863, and now numbers about 
 2000 inhabitants, and is fast increasing 
 in wealth and population. Here are a 
 bank, 3 churches, 15 stores, 4 hotels, and 
 a number of line residences. It is des- 
 tined to become a favorite resort during 
 warm weather. The Tilden House is 
 handsomely situated, facing the bay, with 
 pleasure-grounds attached. Escanaba is 
 favorably situated for manufacturing 
 ])urposes, here being already in operation 
 an extensive furnace, erected in 1872 at 
 a cost of $225,000, machine shops, etc. 
 The Ore Dock at this place is very large 
 and commodious, from whence is annu- 
 ally shipped several hundred thousand 
 tons of iron ore to Eastern and Southern 
 markets. Steamers and sail-vesvsels run 
 between this port and Chicago ; also, to 
 ports on the Lower Lakes during the 
 season of navigation. 
 
 At the entrance to Little Bay de Noc 
 stands a light-house, where is a large and 
 well-protected harbor. Here usually may 
 be seen a large number of vessels taking 
 in loads of iron ore and pig metal. 
 
 At Day's River Station, 13 miles north 
 of Escanaba, the railroad track crosses a 
 tine trout stream. Here farming is suc- 
 cessfully prosecuted, the soil producing 
 fine crops of hay, oats, rye, wheat, pota- 
 toes, and other garden vegetables, the 
 first frost here being in the latter part of 
 September, and the last in the early part 
 of May. Strawberries, raspberries, whor- 
 tleberries, and cranberries here grow to 
 perfection. 
 
 
 
 fit 
 
 %\ 
 
 
20 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 Pleasure Ezcursion — Marquette 
 to Houghton. 
 
 There are but few if any more pleasant 
 or interesting trips than from Marquette 
 to Ilougliton and return by way of lake 
 and rail. A steamer of a small class 
 leaves Marquette every evening at ().30, 
 and afiords passengers a delightful night 
 voyage to Houghton. Her acconnnoda- 
 tions are ami)le for comfort, and her 
 officers very efficient in the discharge of 
 their dutie? The line steamers of a 
 larger class also run to and from Hough- 
 ton and Man^uette. A day at Houghton 
 and Hancock, with quarters at the Doug- 
 lass House, can be spent in pleasure or 
 business, as circumstances may require. 
 The copper mines in the vicinity of the 
 towns are well worthy of a visit. 
 
 On the return, the steamer Ivanlioe 
 can be taken at 8 o'clock in the morning 
 from Houghton, making the trip — a 
 most delightful one in all respects in 
 favorable weather — to the bright and 
 promising town of L'Anse, which has 
 fair prospects of becoming an iron me- 
 tropolis of considerable importance. 
 Here we are transferred to the Marquette, 
 Houghton and Ontonagon Railroad, and 
 whirled across the greatest iron region in 
 the world, passing Lake Michigamme 
 and numerous iron mines. Resident 
 citizens should not neglect to make this 
 trip as often as they need recreation, and 
 the tourist will miss the most interesting 
 portion of the Lake Superior journey if 
 lie does not include this in his programme. 
 
 Hotel Accommodation. 
 By an increase of hotel accommodation, 
 affording good fare at reasonable rates, 
 this whole section of country would be 
 made a great summer resort. Here pure 
 air and water, with an invigorating cli- 
 mate, can be enjoyed by the invalid and 
 seeker of pleasure. 
 
 Stannard's Rock. 
 
 This dangerous rock, or reef, lies east 
 of the track between Maniuette and Ke- 
 weenaw Point, distant 30 miles east- 
 south-east, and in a calm time was in- 
 visible. Recently the United States 
 Government have lo(;ated thereon a 
 beacon 33 feet above water. It has a 
 base of cut stone 9 feet in diameter and 
 8 feet high, surmoimted by a wrought- 
 iron shaft, with a ball and cage on the 
 top painted red. To the northward and 
 westward r>f the beacon a rocky reef ex- 
 tends 30 by 320 yards — least water, 2 
 feet. One thousand and four hundred 
 feet west of the beacon are two detached 
 rocks with 8 feet of water. The sound- 
 ings in proximity to the beacon and reef 
 are from S^ to 10 fathoms. Bottom, 
 rock and gravel. Vessels should not 
 approach the beacon to the northward 
 nearer than three-fourths of a mile. 
 
 Marquette to Portage Entry. 
 
 On leaving Marquette for Portage 
 Entry or Keweenaw Point, both distant 
 70 miles; the steamer runs north to 
 Granite Island, 12 miles; from thence 
 N. by W. 58 miles to Keweenaw Point. 
 If steering for Portage Entry, N.W. by 
 W., 13 miles from Granite Island to Big 
 Bay Point. Big Bay, Salmon Trout 
 River, and the Huron Mountains lie to 
 the west ; the headlands and the moun- 
 tain scenery here present a line appear- 
 ance. Huron Islands and Light are 22 
 miles farther, running N.W. by W. 
 This is a rocky group of islands and dan- 
 gerous to navigation. Huron Bay and 
 Point Abbaye are passed on the south- 
 west ; the steamer running 23 miles west 
 to Portage Entry ; to Houghton, 14 miles 
 farther. 
 
 On the south lies Keweenaw Bay, a fine 
 expanse of water, extending 20 miles to 
 its head, where is a new and thriving 
 settlement. Here is also a Methodist and 
 Roman Catholic Mission on the opposite 
 sides of the bay. 
 
HURON BAY — HOUGHTON. 
 
 21 
 
 g 
 d 
 
 Huron Bay, lyinp^ east of Kewocnaw 
 Bay, and Routh-west of Huron Islands, in 
 land-locked, aflbrding a most secure har- 
 bor, being 14 miles long and a good deplii 
 of water. In tliis bay is situated the new 
 town of Fairhavcn, being the outport for 
 the Huron Bay Slate Quarries, located 
 4^ miles from the bay, in Township 51, 
 Range 31. A tram railway is being con- 
 structed to extend from the mines to the 
 steamboat landing. The soil on the shore 
 of Huron Ba^is a sandy loam, very deep, 
 warm, and rich, producing good crops. 
 
 Arvon, Houghton County, Michigan, 
 ia a new location, where is found slate 
 of a good quality, and iron ore. It is 
 situated on Dashing River, which empties 
 into Huron Bay, Lake Superior. In this 
 vicinity is a slate belt hundreds of feet in 
 width, and is considered inexhaustible. 
 This slate and iron will be shipped from 
 Huron Bay, the present season, to East- 
 ern and Southern markets. 
 
 L'Anse, Houghton County, Mich., 
 is a new town favorably situated at the 
 head of Keweenaw Bay, where is a long 
 pier and steamboat landing, also a com- 
 modious ore dock for the shipment of 
 iron ore. It is surrounded by picturesque 
 scenery, overlooking the Bay of L'Anse 
 and adjoining shores. The harbor is one 
 of the finest on the whole chain of lakes, 
 being perfectly protected and secure in 
 all weather. The water power of Fall 
 River, here emptying into the bay, is 
 ample to drive a large amount of ma- 
 chinery, being suitable for blast furnaces 
 and mills of every kind. Large deposits 
 of iron ore are found within eight or ten 
 miles, while a few miles southward is 
 located the Spurr Mountain and Michi- 
 gamme Iron Mine, producing magnetic 
 ore of a high standard. At L'Anse are 
 two churches, a public school-house, a 
 bank, two hotels, and one of a large class 
 in the course of construction, a blast fur- 
 nace, a public warehouse, fifteen stores, a 
 brewery, a saw-mill, and machine-shops. 
 
 The Marquette, Houghton and Ontonor 
 gon Railrodd, iV<\ miles in length, termi- 
 nates at L'Anse, forming, in part, a 
 through line of travel to Green Bay and 
 Chiciigo. Steamers of a large class run 
 to this place from ports below ; and a 
 steamer nnis daily to and from Hough- 
 ton, 3U miles, forming, with the railroad, 
 a through line of travel to Manpiette. 
 
 A Methodist and lioman OUhnlic Mis- 
 sion House are both situated about four 
 miles north of L'Anse, on opposite sides 
 of the bay, where are Indian settlements 
 numbering several hundred souls. 
 
 On Fall River, and at the head of 
 L'Anse Bav, is good trout fishing; the 
 latter can be approached by row-boats, 
 starting from the landing at L'Anse. 
 
 Portage River and Lake are navigable 
 for steamers of a large class, by means 
 of an artificial chaimel running through 
 to the lake for about 7 miles. The lake 
 is next entered, and soon Houghton and 
 Hancock come into view, being distant 
 14 miles from Lake Superior, by the cir- 
 cuitous channel. Here are extensive 
 cop[)er mines, which are profitably work- 
 ed by a number ot mining companies. 
 
 Houghton, Michigan, the county-seat 
 of Houghton County, and a port of entry, 
 is situated on the south side of Portage 
 Lake, 14 miles above Portage Entry, and 
 10 miles from Lake Superior, l^ing on 
 the nortli-west. By means of a river im- 
 provement and ship canal, steamers can 
 rim through Portage Lake into Lake 
 Superior on both sides of Keweenaw 
 Point — thus forming one of the most 
 capacious and secure harbors of the Up- 
 per Lakes, it being land-locked and 
 protected by high hills on both sides. 
 The settlement of Houghton was com- 
 menced in 1854, and incorporated as a 
 village in 1861. It now contains a court- 
 house and jail ; 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 
 oud 1 Roman Catholic cliurch ; 1 bank ; 
 
 04 
 
 4 4 
 
 0^ 
 
 w 
 
 4i' 
 
 4*\ 
 
 3:; 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
2d 
 
 LAKE BUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 ii'i 
 
 l|». 
 
 'i 
 
 
 4 public houses, the Dougfas Home and 
 tlic BiiUcrJidd Iloune being the most fre- 
 quojitcd hy visitors; 12 or 15 stores and 
 several extensive warehouses ; Houghton 
 Chopper Works or Koliing Mill, capital 
 $*J')(),000; 2 large stami>-nnlls, using 
 Kteani power; 2 steam saw-mills; 2 
 breweries, and several other manufac- 
 turing establishments. The population 
 of the town is estimated at 2000. This 
 flourishing mining town, lying on a side- 
 hill rising .'JOO or 400 feet, is identified 
 with the copper mines in its immediate 
 vicinity. There are several mines worked 
 to a large extent, besides others of less 
 note, which will, no doubt, soon be ren- 
 dered productive. The mineral range 
 of Keweenaw Point, some 4 to 6 miles 
 in width, extends through all this section 
 of country, being as yet only partially 
 explored. The isle Royal, Huron, Por- 
 tage, Atlantic, Sheldon, and Columbian 
 are the principal mines worked ou the 
 south side of the laivC. 
 
 Portage Lake is an irregular body 
 of water, about twenty miles in length, 
 extending nearly across Keweenaw Point 
 to within two miles of Lake Superior. 
 Steamers and sail- vessels drawing 12 feet 
 can pass through Portage Entry, and 
 navigate the lake with safety. This 
 body of water was an old and favorite 
 thoroughfare for the Indians, and the 
 Jesuit Fathers who first discovered and 
 explored this section of the country. A 
 canal of two miles in lengtli would render 
 tins portage route navigable for steamers 
 and sail-vessels navigating Lake Supe- 
 rior, thereby reducing the distance over 
 100 miles. During the winter months 
 the atmosphere is very clear and trans- 
 parent in the vicinity of Houghton, and 
 all through Keweenaw Point; objects 
 can be seen at a great distance on a clear 
 day, while sounds are conveyed distinctly 
 through the atmosphere, presenting a 
 phenomenon peculiar to all northern 
 latitudes. This is the season of health 
 and pleasure to the permanent residents. 
 
 Hanoook, Houghton County, Michigan, 
 is situated on the north side of Portage 
 Lake, opposite to the village of Hough- 
 ton, with which it is connected by a 
 steam ferry. The town was first laid out 
 in 1858, and now contains about 2000 in- 
 habitants, including the mining popula- 
 tion on the north side of the lake, its 
 sudden rise and prosperity being identi- 
 fied with the rich depositof native copper, 
 in which this section of country abounds. 
 The site of the village is on a side-hill 
 rising from the lake level to a height of 
 about 500 feet, where the opening to the 
 mines is situated. Here is 1 Congrega- 
 tional, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Cath- 
 olic church ; 2 banks ; 2 public houses ; 
 the Sumner Mine and stamping-mill ; a 
 number of stores and warehouses; 1 
 steam saw-mill, 1 barrel factory, 1 foun- 
 dry and machine-shop, and other manu- 
 facturing establishments. In the vicinity 
 are 4 extensive steam stamping-mills, 
 worked by the different mining compa- 
 nies — the Quincy,Pewabic and Franklin. 
 
 The Portage Lake Smelting Works is 
 an incorporate{l company, turning out 
 aimually a large amount of pure mer- 
 chantable copper. The business of the 
 company consists of fusing and convert- 
 ing the mineral into refined metal or 
 ingots, for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Mineral Range Railroad, 11 miles in 
 length, is finished to Calumet. 
 
 The Portage Lake and River Improve- 
 ment Company was chartered in 1861, for 
 the improvement of Portage River, en- 
 tering Keweenaw Bay, 14 miles below 
 Houghton. An entrance was cut from 
 the bay into the river, 14,000 feet long, 
 100 feet wide, and 12 feet deep, and a 
 pier built out into the bay on the east 
 side of the channel entrance. The chan- 
 nel of the river was also dredged so as to 
 give a depth of 11 feet into Portage Lake, 
 thus enabling the largest class of lake 
 steamers to land at the wharves in 
 Houghton and Hancock. 
 
STEAMBOAT EXCURSIONS, 
 
 Portage and Lake Superior Ship Canal. 
 — This importsmt work was commenced 
 in 18()8 and finished in 187.% at a cost 
 of about $2,500,000. Its length is 2] 
 miles, with piers (K)0 feet in length, ex- 
 tending out into Lalce Superior on the 
 nortli, aflording a safe entrance for down- 
 ward hound vessels. The canal is 100 
 feet wide, 15 feet deep, with l)anks rising 
 from 20 to 35 feet above tiie water. At 
 its southern entrance into Portage Lake, 
 8 miles above llougliton, it runs through 
 a low marshy piece of ground, then 
 enters the lake about half a mile wide. 
 Below Houghton it connects with the 
 Portage Lake and River Improvement, 
 14 miles in length, making the distance 
 across from lake to lake, 24 miles. 
 
 Steamboat Excursions. — By means of 
 the Ship Canal connecting Portage Lake 
 with Lake Superior, 1 miles north-west 
 of Houghton, and the Portage Lake and 
 River Improvement, running 14 miles east 
 of Houghton, is afibrded most delightful 
 steamboat excursions during the summer 
 months. 
 
 On the upward trip the steamers run 
 through the Lake, about half a mile in 
 width, and then enter the Ship Canal, 
 2} miles in length, passing on to the 
 broad waters of Lake Superior, where is 
 presented a wide expanse of pure waters 
 and billowy waves. 
 
 On the downward trip, bound for 
 L'Anse or Marquette, the steamer runs 
 east for a few miles, and then enters an 
 expanse known as Dollar Bay — then 
 enters the wide waters of Portage Lake, 
 by some called Boot-Jack Lake, from its 
 peculiar shape, resembling a human leg 
 and foot, where enters the outlet of Torch 
 Lake, a romantic sheet of water. Pass- 
 ing downward through Portage River, a 
 winding stream, you soon pass Edgerton's 
 Landing, and enter Keweenaw Bay or 
 Lake Superior. Here is a long pier, a 
 beacon light, and light-house. Proceed- 
 ing southward, a beautiful expanse of 
 
 water is passed over before arriving at 
 L'Anse, a new and flourishing town, 
 situated at the head of the bav, where is 
 a well-kept Hotel. Hito is found gvMxl 
 fishing and boating, aflording fine sport 
 for anglers and pleasure seekers. 
 
 Calumet, Houghton co., is an impor- 
 tant copper mining settlement, situated 
 12 miles north-east of Hancock, contain- 
 ing a population of about 3,0^0 inhabi- 
 tants. Iiere is located the Calumet and 
 Hecla Mine, one of the most productive 
 copper mines in the world. in the 
 vicinity are situated the Allouez, Kear- 
 sarge, an<l Schoolcraft Mines. 
 
 The Houghton Mining Gazette says: 
 "The history of co^jper mining in the 
 new and old world fails to record any- 
 thing ajjproaching a similar richness to 
 that of the Calumet and Ilecla Mine of 
 Houghton comity, Lake Superior, and, 
 in its progressive developments under 
 ground, one is confined to the ejacula- 
 tion, * wonderful ! ' The total mineral 
 product of the Calumet and Hecla Mine 
 for the year 1873 foots up the enormous 
 figure of 1 1,551 tons." Other Copper 
 Mines of nearly equal value are located 
 on the Mineral Range, extending from 
 Portage Lake to Copper Harbor. 
 
 The Mineral Bwige liailroad runs 
 through Calumet from Hancock, toward 
 the extreme end of Keweenaw Point. 
 A railroad also runs to the company's 
 Stamp ^lills, located on Torch Lake, 
 from whence large amounts of copper 
 ore are annually shipped. 
 
 On resuming the outward trip for 
 Keweenaw Point and Copper Harbor, 
 the former 50 miles distant, the steamer 
 runs north-east 50 miles to Manitou 
 Island Light. This stretch presents a 
 fine view of Mount Bohemia and Mount 
 Houghton, as well as the head-lands 
 along the coast. 
 
 Bete Grise Bay and Lac la Bells 
 are beautiful bodies of water, the latter 
 
 94 
 
 • ^ 
 
 if A 
 
 f 
 
■ 
 
 24 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 being connected with the bay by means 
 of a canal. In the vicinity of tlie lake 
 are veins of copper ore of a rich quality. 
 This place f*hould be improved, and 
 made a resort for seekers of health and 
 pleasure. It is in the immediate vicinity 
 of Mount Houghton, and of several line 
 trout streams. 
 
 Keweenaw Point is a bold projec- 
 tion jutting out into Lake Superior, and 
 one of the most remarkable features of 
 this Inland Sea. It may be said to ex- 
 tend 60 miles from S.W. to N.E., with 
 an average width of 15 miles. For this 
 distance, and beyond, the region is cele- 
 brated for rich copjier mines, producing 
 yearly large quantities of copper, which 
 is shipped to eastern markets. 
 
 Manitou Island, situated in 47° 25'' 
 N. hit., is a desolate island, on which is 
 located a light-house to guide the mariner 
 approacliing Keweenaw Point. Gull 
 Kock is an Islet lying between Manitou 
 Island and Keweenaw Point, on which 
 is situated a light-house; the steamers 
 usually running between this light and 
 the main land. 
 
 Copper Harbor, Mich., is situated near 
 the extreme end of Keweenaw Point, 
 in N. lat. 47° 30^ W. long. 80° ; the 
 harbor, although somewhat difficult to 
 enter, is one of the besi on Lake Su- 
 perior, being distant 250 miles from 
 Saut Ste. Marie, and about the same dis- 
 tance from Duluth, lying on the direct 
 route from Marquette to Isle Royale 
 and Silver Islet. The village contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, a church, a public 
 liouse, and two or three stores, and the 
 Clarke Copper Mine. This harbor is 
 destined to rise in importance as the 
 commerce of the Lakes increase. 
 
 Fort Wilkins, formerly a United States 
 Military Post, is situated a short distance 
 from the steamboat landing, where is a 
 beautiful Lake called Fanny Hoe, In 
 the vicinity are copper mines, which 
 have been extensivelv worked, and are 
 
 well worthy of a visit. Steamers often 
 run direct from this port to Silver Islet, 
 on the North shore, 75 miles distant. 
 
 The course pursued in nuining from 
 Copper Harbor to Ontonagon, 85 miles, 
 is about S.W. by W., passing Agate 
 Harbor, Eagle Harbor, Eagle River, and 
 the north entrance to Portage Lake, 
 where a Ship Canal is constructed. This 
 part of the trip around the South Shore 
 is uninteresting, so far as scenery is con- 
 cerned. The ground rises to a moderate 
 height, presenting no object of interest 
 for a number of miles. 
 
 Eagle Harbor, 16 miles west of Copper 
 Harbor, is a secure steamboat landing, 
 with a light-house at its entrance. In 
 the village are 2 churches, a hotel, several 
 stores and store-houses, and about 500 
 inhabitants. The town was first settled 
 in 1845« This is the shipping-port for 
 several copper mines in the immediate 
 vicinity ; the Amygdaloid, Central, Cop- 
 per Falls, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and 
 Petheric mines. 
 
 Eagle River, 10 miles farther west, 
 is the county town for Keweenaw county, 
 situated at the mouth of a stream of the 
 same name, where is a small harbor. 
 Here is a court-house and jail, a church, 
 a hotel, 4 stores, and several store-houses. 
 It is the outlet for several rich copper 
 mines, producing mass and stamped cop- 
 per. The celebrated Cliff mine, the 
 Phoenix, the North American, the St. 
 Clair, and the Eagle River mine, are the 
 principal mines in operation. The 
 Mineral Ranf/e Railroad, running from 
 Hancock, when completed, will extend 
 to this place. The mouth of the Lake 
 Superior Ship Canal is passed about 20 
 miles south-west of Eagle River, where 
 is a small settlement. 
 
 On the north side of Keweenaw Point, 
 in the distance, are seen the high lands 
 which form the rich co]iper range of this 
 region, extending S.W. for about 80 miles. 
 
' 
 
 ONTONAGON — LA POINTE. 
 
 26 
 
 Ontonagon, Ontonngon CO., Mich., 
 3oG miles from the Saut 8te. Marie, is 
 sitnated at the mouth of the river of the 
 same name. The river is about 200 feet 
 wide at itsmoutli, witli a suftieient deptii 
 of water over tiie bar for steamers. The 
 village contains 3 churches, a good hotel, 
 smelting works, 2 steam tanneries, 1 
 grist-mill, 2 steam saw-mills, and 10 or 
 12 stores and store-houses, and 800 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 In this vicinity are located the Minne- 
 sota, the National, tlie Kockland, and 
 several other productive copper mines. 
 The ore is found from 12 to 15 miles 
 from the landing, being imbedded in a 
 range of high hills traversing Keweenaw 
 Point from N.E. to 8.W. tor about 100 
 miles. Silver is here found in small 
 quantities, intermixed with the copper 
 ore, which abounds in great masses. 
 
 The Silver Mines, situated on Iron 
 River, 12 or 15 miles west of Ontonagon, 
 are attracting great attention. 
 
 A good plank road runs from Ontona- 
 gon to near the Adventure Mine, and 
 other mines, some 12 or 14 miles distant, 
 where commences the copper range of 
 hills. 
 
 The Marquette, Houghton and Oiiton- 
 agon Railroad, and the Oshko>ih and Onion- 
 agon Railroad, are both in progress of 
 construction, and when completed will 
 alFord great focilities to this section of 
 country. The distance from Ontonagon 
 to Isle Royale, c^ttached to Michigan, is 
 60 miles, and to the moutri of Pigeon 
 River, Minn., is about 70 miles. 
 
 Rockland, Ontonagon county, situated 
 13 miles south-east of Ontonagon, is a 
 flourishing mining village. In the 
 vicinity are located the Minnesota, 
 National, Rockland, and Superior Cop- 
 per Mines. The Minnesota Mine was 
 formerly the most productive mine on 
 Lake Superior, producing large quanti- 
 ties of mass copper, but is now eclipsed 
 by the Calumet and Hecla. 
 
 The Porcupine Mountain, lying 20 
 miles west of Oiuonagon. is a l»old head- 
 land that can distinctly be seen at Ji gival 
 distance, rising some 1,300 feet above the 
 lake surface. 
 
 Michigan Inland and Light, Iving 60 
 miles west of Ontonagon, is the next ob- 
 ject of interest. This is the easternmost 
 of the group of islands known as the 
 Apostle Islands; they consist of some 
 20 islands of ditt'en'nt sizes, most of which 
 are uninhabited, being for the most i)art 
 clothed with forest trees of a small 
 growtii. Madeline Island, the largest of 
 the group, is in part cidtivated. These 
 islands are all attached to Ashland 
 countv, Wisconsin. 
 
 The names of the Islands, as desig- 
 nated on the (iovernment chart, are as 
 follows: Michigan (Light), Madeline, 
 Basswood, Hermit, Stockton, Oak, Man- 
 itou. Outer (Light), Cat, Iron wood. 
 South Twin, North Twin, Otter, Rocky, 
 Bear, Devil, Raspberry (Light), York, 
 Sand, Eagle, and Steamboat. Oood an- 
 chorage and j)rotection from all winds 
 can l)e foimd anywhere within the Apos- 
 tle Islands, with a depth of water from 
 six to twenty fathoms. 
 
 Chaquamegnn Bag and Point, situated 
 south of Madeline Island, form a capa- 
 cious harbor, at the head of which is sit- 
 uated the town of Ashland. 
 
 La Pointe, 78 miles west of Ontonagon, 
 situated on the south end of Madeline 
 Island, the largest of the Apostle Islands, 
 is one of the oldest settlements on Lake 
 Superior ; it was first peopled by the 
 French Jesuits and traders in 1680, 
 being 420 miles west of the Saut Ste. 
 Marie, which was settled about the same 
 time. The mainland and islands in this 
 vicinity have been for many ages the 
 favorite abode of the American Indian, 
 now lingering and fading away as the 
 country is being opened and settled by 
 the white race. 
 
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 26 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
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 The village now contains 200 inhab- 
 itants, most of whom are half-breeds and 
 French. Here is an old Roman Catholic 
 church, and a Methodist church ; 2 hotels, 
 2 stores, and several coopering establish- 
 ments for the making of fish barrels. 
 The harbor and steamboat landing are 
 on the south end of the island, where 
 may usually be seen fishing-boats and 
 otiier craft navigating this part of Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 Wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, pota- 
 toes, and other vegetables are raised on 
 the island. Apples, cherries, gooseber- 
 ries and currants are raised in the gar- 
 dens at La Pointe. The wild fruits are 
 phims, cranberries, strawberries, red 
 raspberries, and whortleberries. The 
 principal forest-trees on the island are 
 maple, pine, hemlock, birch, poplar and 
 cedar. 
 
 Bayfield, capital of Bayfield Co., 
 Wis., is favorablv situated on the south- 
 em shore of Lake Superior, 80 miles east 
 of its western terminus, and 3 miles west 
 of La Pointe, being 80 miles west of On- 
 tonagon. The harbor is secure and ca- 
 j)acious, being protected by the Apostle 
 Islands, lying to the north-east. The 
 town plot rises from 60 to 80 feet above 
 the waters of the lake, affording a splendid 
 view of the bay, the adjacent islands and 
 headlands. Its commercial advantages 
 are surpassed by no other poin . on Lake 
 Superior, being on the direct route to St. 
 Paul, Minn., and the Upper Mississippi. 
 Here are situated a Presbvterian, a 
 Methodist, and a Roman Catholic church, 
 2 hotels, 4 stores, 2 warehouses, 1 steam 
 saw-mill, and several mechanics' shops. 
 Population in 1870, 400. 
 
 La Potnte Bay, on the west side of 
 which is situated the port of Bayfield, is 
 a large and safe body of water, being 
 protected from winds blowing from every 
 point of the compass. The shores of the 
 islands and mainland are bold, while the 
 
 harbor affords good anchorage for the 
 whole fleet of the lakes. 
 
 The Indian Agency for the Chippewa 
 tribe of Indians residing on the borders 
 of Lake Superior, have their headquar- 
 ters at Bayfield. 
 
 Ashland, Ashland Co., Wisconsin, is 
 most favorably situated at the head of 
 Cha-qua-me-gon Bay, 18 miles south of 
 Bayfield and 70 miles east of Superior 
 City, by proposed railroad route. The 
 town is located on a level table-land, 
 elevated about thirty feet above the 
 waters of the bay, having a depth of 12 
 or 15 feet. It is regularly laid out on 
 streets running parallel to the water's 
 edge for a distance of two miles, and 
 presents ii fine appearance. Here are 
 erected three docks or steamboat land- 
 ings and a long railroad dock, 4 ware- 
 houses, 16 stores, 2 churches, 6 hotels or 
 taverns, 2 steam saw-mills, 1 sash, door 
 and blind factory, and 1 printing-office 
 and weekly paper, the Ashland Press, The 
 village contains about 1,000 inhabitants. 
 A small steamer runs daily between 
 Ashland, La Pointe and Bayfield, while 
 larger steamers stop on their upward 
 and downward passage from Dululh, 
 Minn. The harbor is one of the largest 
 and safest on Lake Superior. 
 
 The Wisconsin Central Railroad termi- 
 nates at Ashland, extending southward 
 to Menasha, Wis., 240 miles, there con- 
 necting with railroads running north, 
 south and east, forming in part a through 
 line of travel to Milwaukee, Chicago, 
 etc. Here are the lieadquarters of the 
 Northern Division of the above railroad, 
 where will be erected machine-shoj»s, etc. 
 
 Houghton Point, 9 miles south of Bay- 
 field, and the same distance north of 
 Ashland, is a delightful location, where 
 is being formed a settlement for perma- 
 nent residence. Here it is intended by 
 the proprietor, F. Prentice, Esq., to erect 
 a Summer Hotel for the accommodation 
 
THE APOSTLE ISLANDS. 
 
 27 
 
 of visitors resorting to Lake Superior for 
 liealtli and pleasure. A steamer stops 
 daily at the landing on the route between 
 Bayfield and Ashland. 
 
 The Penoka Iron Manr/e, lying 25 miles 
 south of Ashland, is an immense deposit 
 of magnetic ore of a rich quality, ex- 
 tending 30 or 35 miles east and west, ele- 
 vated from 800 to 1,200 feet above Lake 
 Superior. The line of the railroad runs 
 through this range, and the iron ore will 
 be shipped from Ashland. The Iron 
 Mining Companies already formed are 
 the Ashland Iron Company, Magnetic 
 Iron Company, La Pointe Iron Com- 
 pany, and the Wisconsin Iron Mining 
 and Smelting Company., 
 
 The three northern counties of Wis- 
 consin bordering on Lake Superior are 
 Ashland, including the Apostle Islands, 
 Bayfield and Douglas. These counties 
 are but sparsely populated, but will, no 
 doubt, rapidly increase when the rail- 
 roads now in progress of construction 
 shall be completed from Daluth and Su- 
 perior City to Montreal Kiver, and 
 thence to Marquette, Mich., also, the pro- 
 posed railroads running south to diflerent 
 points from Ashland. 
 
 Numerous small streams flow into 
 Lake Superior, rising in the northern 
 portion of the above counties, while the 
 southern portion is drained by the St. 
 Croix River and Chippewa River, flow- 
 ing south into the Mississippi River. 
 On the borders of the latter streams 
 there is an immense amount of pine tim- 
 ber and much good farming land, pro- 
 ducing wheat, oats, potatoes and other 
 vegetables. The lumbering business and 
 fishing arc at the present time the main 
 support of the inhabitants. 
 
 The principal streams flowing into 
 Lake Superior from Wisconsin are Mon- 
 treal River, Bad River, White River, 
 Fish River, Pike's River, Sand River, 
 Siskowit River, Brule or Burnt Wood 
 River, and Nemadji River. 
 
 Odanah, Ashland Co., * - an Indian 
 village situated on Bad sliver, 4 miles 
 from the lake. At this place is estab- 
 lished the Odanah Mission, where are two 
 churches, a Presbyterian and Roman 
 Catholic, a school-house and a number 
 of dwellings. Here are good farming 
 lands, being cultivated by the Indians 
 under the direction of the government 
 farmer. 
 
 Maskeg or Bad River rises in the 
 southern part of Ashland County, and 
 flows northerly through the Penoka Iron 
 Range into Lake Superior, aflbrding 
 good water contiguous to the mines. 
 The valley contains much good farming 
 land, and abounds in timber of different 
 kinds. 
 
 Montreal River, forming in part the 
 boundary between the States of Wiscon- 
 sin and Michigan, enters Lake Superior 
 some 10 or 12 miles east of Bad River. 
 
 The Apostle Islands. — The follow- 
 ing description of these romantic islands 
 is copied from Owen^s Geological Survey 
 of Wisconsin, etc. 
 
 " When the waters of Lake Superior 
 assumed their present level, these islands 
 were doubtless a part of the promontory, 
 which I have described as occupying the 
 space between Chaquamegon Bay and 
 Brule River. They are composed of 
 drift-hills and red clay, resting on sand- 
 stone which is occasionally visible. In 
 the lapse of ages, the winds, waves, and 
 currents of the lakes cut away channels 
 in these soft materials, and finally sepa- 
 rated the lowest parts of the ])romon- 
 tory into islands, and island-rocks, now 
 twenty-three in number, which are true 
 outliers of the drift and sandstone. 
 
 " At a distance they appear like main- 
 land, with deep bays and points, gradu- 
 ally becoming more elevated to the west- 
 ward. ' He au Chene,' or Oak Island, which 
 is next the Detour (or mainland), is a 
 pile of detached drift, 250 or 300 feet 
 high, and is the highest of the group. 
 
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 28 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
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 I 
 
 Madeline, * Wan-ga-ba-me ' Island, is the 
 largest (on wliicli lies La Pointe), being 
 13 miles long, from north-east to soutb- 
 west, and has an average of 3 miles in 
 breadtb. " Muk-cjuaw " or Ikar Maud, 
 and " Esliquagendeg" or Onter Idand, 
 are about equal in size, l)eing six miles 
 long and two and a half wide. 
 
 " They embrace in all an area of about 
 400 square miles, of wdiich one-half is 
 water. The soil in some i)laces is good, 
 but the major })art woidd be difficndt to 
 clear and cultivate. Tbe causes to which 
 I have referred, as giving rise to thickets 
 of evergreens along tbe coast of the lake, 
 operate here on all sides, and have cov- 
 ered almost the whole surface with cedar, 
 birch, aspen, hemlock, and pine. There 
 are, however, patches of sugar-tree land, 
 and natural meadows. 
 
 "The waters around the islands afford 
 excellent white fish, trout, and siskowit, 
 which do not api)ear to diminish, after 
 manv vears of extensive fishing for the 
 lower lake markets. For trout and sis- 
 kowit, which are caught with a line in 
 deep water, the best ground of the neigh- 
 borhood is off Bark Point or ' Point 
 Ecorce' of the French. Speckled or 
 brook trout are also taken in all the 
 small streams. 
 
 "That portion of the soil of tlie islands 
 fit for cultivation, produces potatoes and 
 all manner of garden vegetables and 
 roots in great luxurianc-e. In the flat, 
 wet parts, both tbe soil and climate are 
 favorable to grass, and the crop is cer- 
 tain and stout. Wheat, oats, and barley 
 do well on good soil when well cultivated. 
 
 " In regard to heallli, no portion of 
 the continent surpasses the Apostle 
 Islands. In the summer months they 
 present to tbe residents of the South the 
 most cool and delightful resort that can 
 be imagined, and for invalids, especially 
 such as are aflected in the lungs or liver, 
 the uniform bracing atmosphere of Lake 
 Superior produces surprising and bene- 
 ficial efi'ects." 
 
 On leaving Bayfield for Dnluth, the 
 steamer runs northward to Oak and 
 Raspberry Islands, then westward, pass- 
 ing within sight of both shores of the 
 lake, which here contract to 20 or 30 
 miles in width, narrowing as you ap- 
 proach the mouth of St. Louis River, 
 where stands a light-house and Superior 
 City — Duluth being situated at ihii head 
 of Minnesota Point, some six miles 
 farther. Here a grand view is pre- 
 sented, taking in both the Wisconsin 
 and Minnesota shores — the former is 
 low and wooded, while the latter rises by 
 a steep ascent some 300 or 400 feet above 
 the water's edge for a considerable dis- 
 tance. 
 
 The North Shore of Lake Superior, 
 attached to the State of Minnesota, ex- 
 tends N.E. by E. about 150 miles, from 
 Duluth to Pigeon River and Isle Royale. 
 This coast is Iiigbly interesting, with oc- 
 casional good harbors, — Agate Bay, Bur- 
 lington Bay, Encampment Island, Beaver 
 Bay, and Good Harbor Bay affording the 
 best landings. The land in many places 
 is elevated and clothed for the most part 
 with evergreens, such as pine, spruce, 
 hemlock, etc. 
 
 The City of Superior, the county- 
 seat of Douglas Countv. It is in N. lat. 
 4G° 38^ ; W. long. 91° 03^ ; mean annual 
 temperature 40° Fahr. It is advanta- 
 geously situated on the south side of the 
 Bay of Superior, formed bv the Minne- 
 sota and Wisconsin Points; between these 
 points is the entry to the harbor through 
 which is discharged the waters of the 
 St. Louis and the Nemadji Rivers; the 
 former being one of the largest tributa- 
 ries of Lake Superior. The United 
 States Government recently made an 
 appropriation of $189,000, which, in the 
 opinion of competent engineers, is suf- 
 ficient to make the harbor of Superior 
 what it was by nature designed to be, — 
 one of the finest harbors on the conti- 
 nent; it is seven miles in length and 
 
CITY OF DULUTH. 
 
 29 
 
 three-fourths of a mile in width, afford- 
 ing a sufficient depth of water for the 
 largest class of Lake Steamers. 
 
 Saperior was surveyed and laid out in 
 June, 1854, rapidly increasing in popula- 
 tion until the year 1857 ; since that pe- 
 riod it has slowly increased in numbers, 
 there now being about 1,200 inhabitants. 
 Here is a court - house and jail, four 
 ciiurches, one hotel (the Avery House), 
 ten stores and store-houses, three steam 
 saw-mills, one steam planing-mill and 
 sash factory, one printing-office, one tan- 
 nery, and several meclianic shops. The 
 fisheries off the Minnesota and Wiscon- 
 sin Points are extensively and profitably 
 carried on, wliere are annually taken 
 large quantities of white-fish, mackinac 
 trout, and siskowit. This town, favored 
 by natural advantages, is destined soon 
 to have railroad facilities. A road is 
 already projected to pass eastward from 
 Dulutli, across Rice's Point, toward the 
 Straits of Mackinac, and another to ap- 
 proach Superior from the south-east. 
 
 Minnesota Point is a strip of land jut- 
 ting out into the Lake some seven or 
 eight miles, on the end of which is a 
 light-house, to guide the mariner into 
 the Bay of Superior. 
 
 Duluth, St. Louis Co., Minn., a city 
 and port of entry, is most advantageously 
 situated at the head of Lake Superior, 
 near the mouth of the St. Louis River, in 
 N. lat. 46° 38^ W. long. 92° 10^ being 
 elevated 600 feet above the Ocean, the 
 ground rising in the rear to the height 
 of 300 feet. Mean annual temperature, 
 40° Fahr. It is distant from Buffalo, via 
 the Great Lakes, 1,200 miles, and from 
 Quebec, via the St. Lawrence River, 
 1,750 miles ; from St. Paul, by railroad, 
 155 miles, and from Chicago, 565 miles ; 
 from the Red River of the North, 252 
 miles ; from the Upper Missouri River, 
 450 miles, and from Puget Sound, by the 
 proposed line of the Northern Pacific 
 Jtailroad, 1,750 miles; making the dis- 
 
 I tance across the Continent, by Railroad 
 j and Steamer, with one transshipment, 
 3,500 miles. Tiiis distance can be short- 
 I ened 500 mik's by the i)rop()sed Inter- 
 national Route througli Canada. 
 
 Tills Citv, in four vear.s, has increa.sed 
 from a small village to a fiourishing 
 mart of cc»mmerce. It is now an incor- 
 I porated City with an active population 
 j of about 4,000 inliabitants, being gov- 
 erned l)y a mayor and board of alder- 
 men. The streets are wide and regular, 
 crossing each other at right ai^gh's. 
 Within the past three years nearly fif- 
 teen miles of streets have been opened, 
 affording retidy access to all parts of the 
 town. A breakwater is completed nearly 
 500 feet from tiie shore, behind which are 
 located the docks of the Lake Superior 
 and Mississippi Railroad and the grain 
 elevator. Alongside the docks vessels 
 can lay in perfect security during the 
 severest gales. The Citizens' dock, 40 
 feet in width, and extending 600 feet into 
 the Lake, is completed, affording ample 
 accommodation for steamers and other 
 lake craft. The Ship Canal through 
 Minnesota Point, which afi<)rds access 
 to the inner harbor in the Bay of Du- 
 luth, has been completed, disconnecting 
 the point with the mainland. This canal 
 will be 1,200 feet in length and 250 feet 
 wide, and aff'ord 14 feet of water. The 
 Union Improvement and f^levator Com- 
 pany have finished an elevator with a 
 storage capacity of 500,000 bushels of 
 grain, and capable of unloading twenty 
 cars per hour, and of handling 10,000,000 
 bushels during the season of navigation. 
 There is also erected three extensive 
 warehouses, being about 600 feet long by 
 60 feet wide. Granite is found in large 
 quantities in and a))out Duluth. Tlie 
 machinery for dressing this stone is now 
 on the ground, and the buildings neces- 
 sary for its working have been erected. 
 This trade will, no doubt, become large 
 and important, as the stone is well adapt- 
 ed for building purposes. 
 
 
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 30 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 Here is a United States land-office, a 
 court-house and jail, 6 churches of dif- 
 ferent denominations, 4 public schools, 
 a public library and reading-room, and 
 a Young Men's Christian Association ; 
 3 banks, 3 printing-offices, a foundry, 
 machine shops, 3 steam saw -mills, 2 
 planing- mills, and several other manu- 
 facturing establishments; numerous stores 
 for wholesale and retailpurposes; 3hotels, 
 the Clark House and JJai/ View House be- 
 ing situated near the llailroad and Steam- 
 boat landings. The buildings of all kinds 
 now number about 700, some of them 
 being first class brick structures. 
 
 An extensive and magnificent view is 
 afforded from the top of the Granite 
 Quarry, within the limits of Duluth, 
 elevated about 100 feet ; it is of the most 
 grand and interesting character imagin- 
 able when taking in all surroundings. 
 Looking eastward on the right hand lies 
 St. Louis Bay and Rice's Point ; in front 
 is seen the beautiful Bay of Superior, 
 Minnesota Point, and the City of Supe- 
 rior in the distance; while on the left 
 hand is seen the City of Duluth, the inner 
 and outer harbor, and the broad waters 
 of Lake Superior extending eastward as 
 far as the eye can reach, here and tliere 
 being visible lake craft of different di- 
 mensions, while the moving train of cars 
 at your feet present altogether a sight 
 unequalled in any other part of the coun- 
 try. The future of this grand prospect 
 itis hard to conceive, when here will be 
 centred two rival cities numbering their 
 tens of thousands of inhabitants, find the 
 earrounding waters alive with c^^mmerce. 
 
 Harbor Improvements. 
 
 A breakwater has been built by the 
 Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad, 
 at a cost of about $85,000, and the neces- 
 sarily accompanying docks, about $00,- 
 000 more ; a Citizens' Dock, in the nature 
 of an outside harborage, costing nearly 
 $50,000 ; the Ship Canal through Minne- 
 sota Point, constituting a safe and reli- 
 able entrance for the Inner or Bay Har- 
 bor, costing the city over $100,000. 
 
 The Dyke, extending from Rice's Point 
 to Minnesota Point, was finished in 
 March, 1872; it gives to Duluth an 
 inner harbor in the bay of two square 
 miles, the expense of which was $40,000. 
 
 Railroads. 
 
 Here commences the Lake Superior and 
 Mississippi Railroad and the Northern Pa- 
 cific Railroad, the one running to St. Paul, 
 155 miles, the other being completed to 
 Bismarck, on the Missouri River, 450 
 miles, connecting with the Upper Missis- 
 sippi River and the Red River of the 
 North. 
 
 Steamboat Lines. 
 
 Lines of steamers run from Buffalo, 
 on Lake Erie, and Chicago, on Lake 
 Michigan, about 1,200 miles, to Duluth. 
 Steamers also run from Collingwood and 
 Sarnia, Canada, to Duluth, altogether 
 carrying large immbers of passengers 
 and an immense amount of freight to 
 and from the lower lake ports. Steamers 
 also run from Duluth to Ontonagon, 
 Houghton and Marquette, landing at the 
 intermediate ports on the South Shore, 
 
 I 
 
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mariner's guide. 
 
 81 
 
 Mariner's Guide to the Upper Lakes. 
 
 Light-Houses on Lake Huron. 
 
 1. Fort Gratiot, 43° N. lat., situated at 
 the head of St. Clair River, Mich. ; ele- 
 vated 82 feet. Marks entrance from 
 Huron into St. Clair River, Goderich, 
 Canada, N.E. by N. 63 miles. 
 
 2. Point aux Bavqaes, 4-1° V N. lat., on 
 eastern side of entrance into Saginaw 
 Bay; elevated 88 feet. Tliunder Bay 
 Island light, N. by W- V N., 74 miles. 
 
 3. Charity Island, at tlie mouth of Sagi- 
 naw Bay ; elevated 45 feet. Saginaw 
 Bay light-house S.W. f S., 35 miles. 
 
 4. Tawas, on Ottawa Point, north-west 
 shore of Saginaw Bay, Mich. ; elevated 
 54 feet. Charity Island light bears S. 
 15^ miles. 
 
 5. Sturgeon Point, on the western shore 
 of Lake Huron, 24 miles south of Thun- 
 der Bay Island ; elevated 09 feet. Point 
 aux Barques light, S.S.E. \ E., 54 miles. 
 
 6. Thunder Bay Island, 45° 2^ N. lat., 
 north side of entrance to Thunder Bay, 
 Mich. ; elevated 59 feet. Sturgeon Point 
 light, S. by W. 23 miles. Great Duck 
 Island, Canada, N. by E. ^ E., 43 miles. 
 
 7. Presque Isle, about 25 miles north- 
 west of Thunder Bay light ; elevated 123 
 feet. A coast light on the northern point 
 of the Peninsula. The Detour light 
 bearing N.N.W. \ W., 48 miles. 
 
 8. Spectacle Beef, situated to the eastward 
 of the entrance to the Straits of Macki- 
 nac, in Lake Huron ; elevated 32 feet. 
 Bois Blanc light-house W. by N., 14 
 miles; Mackinac Island (Fort Holmes), 
 W. by N. f N., 24 miles ; Detour light- 
 house N.E. ^ N., 16} miles. 
 
 9. Cheboygan, on the mainland oppo- 
 site Bois Blanc Island ; elevated 37 feet. 
 Marks entrance into the south channel 
 of the Straits of Mackinac. Old Fort 
 Mackinac on the main, N.W. by W. \ 
 W., 17 miles. 
 
 10. Bois Blanc, on the north side of 
 Bois Blanc Island, in the Straits of Mack- 
 
 inac ; elevated 53 feet. The Detour light 
 bearing E.N.E., 26 miles. Fort Mackinac 
 W.^.W. h W., 9} miles. 
 
 11. A Light-house is to be erected at 
 Mackinac Islaiul, and one is erected near 
 Old Mackinac, in the Straits of Mackinac, 
 at the entrance to Lake Michigan. 
 
 12. iJeUmr, 45° 57^ N. lat., situated at 
 the mouth of the River St. Mary, Lake 
 Huron, Mich. ; elevated 75 feet. Marks 
 entrance from Lake Huron into St. 
 Mary's River. Island of Mackinac 30 
 miles west. Saut Ste. Marie, 55 miles 
 N.N.W. Presque Isle light S.S.E. ^ E., 
 47 .J miles. 
 
 Light-Houses on Lake Superior. 
 
 1. Round Island, 46° 26^ N. lat., situ- 
 ated in White Fish Bay, near entrance 
 to St. Mary's River; elevated 50 feet. 
 Light on square stone tower, rising from 
 the keeper's dwelling. A guide to and 
 from the entrance to Lake Superior. 
 
 2. Point Iroquois, on south shore of 
 White Fish Bay ; elevated 72 feet. The 
 light is on a red brick tower, connected 
 with the keeper's dwelling. Parisiea 
 Island, N. bv W. | W., 12 miles. White 
 Fish Point, N.W. f N., 25 miles. 
 
 3. White Fi^h Point, 46° 46' N. lat., on 
 White Fish Point, Mich.; elevate* 76 
 feet. Iron pile structure. A guide to 
 and from White Fish Bay, at the S.E. 
 extreme of Lake Superior, The south- 
 west point of the shoal off Ciribou Island, 
 Canada, bears N.W. h W., 55 miles ; Man- 
 itou Island, W.N.W k W., 131 miles; 
 Montreal Island, Can., N. by E., 37 miles. 
 
 4. Big Sable, at Big Sable Point, on 
 the south shore of Lake Superior, be- 
 tween White Fish Point and Grand 
 Island, distant 19 miles from Grand Por- 
 tal (Pictured Rocks), 27 miles to Grand 
 Island light, and 60 miles from Mar- 
 quette. 
 
 6. Grand Island, on north point of 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 
 c 
 
 i 
 
 4' 
 
 '} 
 
 ■ 
 
 n 
 
32 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 M 
 
 Grand, on a lii.uli bliifT; elevated 205 
 feet. Starinanl K<><'k Utacon, X.VV. I>y 
 N. ^ N., '")0 miles. Manitou Island 
 lijjflit, N.W. ,; N., 7.") miles. Marquette 
 light, \V. I S., :i;i miles. 
 
 (). Grand Mand Harbor, — a guide 
 through the eastern jiassage to the an- 
 ciiorage at (Jrand Ishmd Harbor and the 
 wharf at Miuusing ; elevated .'U feet. 
 
 7. Grand hland Harbor, (front light,) 
 on the mainland at west entranee to 
 Orand Island Harbor; elevated 2.i feet. 
 J'Vont light in wooden tower. Rear light 
 on keeper's frame dwelling. These 
 lights are a guide for entering the west 
 ciiannel. With the north i)oint of Wood 
 Island, bearing W. ,; of a mile, and the 
 lights in range, steer S. by K. h JC, 5 
 miles, toward the range lights. 
 
 8. MarqiidU; 40° ik' N. hit., situated 
 on tiie north point of Marquette Harbor; 
 elevated 77 feet. Stannard's Koek I5ea- 
 con, N. ; K., 4'A\ miles; Grand Island 
 Light, K. i N., ;U miles. 
 
 U. Granite h!((nd, on Granite Island, 
 12 miles N.W. of Manpiette ; elevated 
 9') feet. Keweenaw Point, N. bv W. h 
 W., 48 miles; Stannard's Koek, 2*s. bv 
 E. -1 K., ;i2 miles. 
 
 10. llanni Inland, on the AVest Huron 
 Island, oil' Huron Bay; elevated 107 
 feet. Manitou Island light, N. by N.K. 
 I E., 37 miles; Traverse Island, N.W. 
 bv W., 14.7 miles. Portage Entry light, 
 W. 20 miles. 
 
 11. Portage River, near month of Port- 
 age Entry, western shore of Keweenaw 
 I>av; elevated 08 feet. Manitou Island 
 light, N.E \ E., 50 miles. To Hough- 
 ton and Ilancoek, via Portage Lake, 14 
 miles ; to head of Ship Canal, Lake Su- 
 perior, 23 miles. 
 
 12. Portage Range, (front liglit,) on 
 prolongation of cut from Keweenaw Bay; 
 elevated 21 feet. Guide into Portage 
 River. Front light on wooden tower. 
 Rear light on keeper's dwelling. 
 
 13. Manitou, on the east point of Mani- 
 tou lalund. Iron pile tjtructure, con- 
 
 nected with keeper's house; elevated 81 
 feet. Stannard's Rock, S.E. 2:)] miles; 
 the east point of Isle Royale, JS.W.^ N., 
 ()() miles. 
 
 14. Gall Rock, on a rocky islet between 
 Manitou Islaiul and Keweenaw Point; 
 elevated 50 feet. Tower and keeper's 
 dwelling comiected, built of Milwaukee 
 brick. A guide through the passage be- 
 tween (lull Rock and Keweenaw Point. 
 
 15. CopiH'r Harbor, 47° 28^ N. lat., sit- 
 uated on the eastern point to the en- 
 trance to Copper Harbor; elevated 65 
 icet. Tower and keeper's dwelling con- 
 nected. S.W\ point of Isle Rovale, 
 W.N.W., 6S miles; Passage Island, 
 (route to Silver Islet,) N.N.W. \ W., 58 
 miles ; SautSte. Marie, E.S.E., 200 miles. 
 
 10. Cofyper Harbor Mange, (front light,) 
 on Fort Wilkins reserve; elevated 22 
 feet. To guide vessels into Copper Har- 
 bor. 
 
 17. Eagle Harbor, on the west point of 
 the entrance to Eagle Harbor. Light on 
 keeper's dwelling ; elevated 47 feet. The 
 north point of the outer or easternmost 
 of the Apostle Group, W. by S. i S., 105 
 miles. 
 
 18. Faglc River, near the entrance to 
 Eagle River, south shore of Lake Supe- 
 rior. Light on keeper's dwelling; ele- 
 vated 01 feet. Michigan Island light, 
 W.S.AV. I W., 100 miles. 
 
 19. A Light-house is to be erected at 
 the entrance to the Portage Ship Canal, 
 on the south shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 20. Ontonagon, 40° 52^ N. lat., at mouth 
 of Ontonagon River ; elevated 47 feet. 
 House and tower of Milwaukee brick. 
 The S.W. point of Isle Royale, N. J E., 
 07 miles. 
 
 21. Michigan Island, on the southern 
 point of Michigan Island, the most east- 
 ern of the Apostle Group, Wisconsin ; 
 elevated 129 feet. A guide through the 
 passage between Madeline and Michi- 
 gan Islands, to Bayfield and. La Pointe. 
 Ontonagon, E., 56 miles. 
 
 22. A Light-house is erected on the 
 
DULUTH TO ISLE llOYALK AND PIGEON RIVER. 
 
 33 
 
 Outer Island of the Apostle Group of 
 Islands, to guide mariners to the liead 
 of Lake Superior, distant HO miles S.W. 
 of Isle Koyale, and about 90 miles E. of 
 Duluth. 
 
 23. La Pointe, on Chaquamegon Point, 
 the soutii-eastern entrance to La Pointe 
 Harbor, and to the northward of Ash- 
 land and southward of Baylield ; ele- 
 vated 42 feet. Light on keeper's dwell- 
 ing, painted white. 
 
 24. Raspberry Island, on the south- 
 west point of the island, one of the Apos- 
 tle Group; elevated 77 feet. A guide 
 between the Main and Kaspberry Island, 
 and to Bayfield. 
 
 ^ 25. Minnesota Point, 46° 46' N. lat., 
 situated at the head of Lake Superior, 
 mouth of St. Louis River ; elevated 50 
 feet. A guide into Superior Bay and 
 Duluth. The S.W. point of Isle Roy- 
 ale, N.E. by E. f E., 150 miles; Silver 
 Islet, Canada, N.E. f E., 180 miles. 
 
 26. Duluth, on the end of the south 
 pier of Duluth, Minn. ; a guide into the 
 canal or inner Bay. 
 
 Table of Distances, 
 
 AT WlllCir OBJECTS CAN IJKSKKX uN THE 
 LAKKrf AT D1FFKU1:NT ELEVATIUN.S. 
 
 Hoight 
 
 Distances 
 
 1 IICiLcht 
 
 Distant'"-. 
 
 iu loot. 
 
 ill miles. 
 
 < 111 lev.!. 
 
 ill mil'. 
 
 10 
 
 4-184 
 
 100 
 
 13-2-:: 
 
 20 
 
 5-916 
 
 150 
 
 16-20c^ 
 
 '^0 
 
 7-245 
 
 200 
 
 li^-702 
 
 40 
 
 8-306 
 
 300 
 
 22-917 
 
 50 
 
 9-354 
 
 400 
 
 26-450 
 
 CO 
 
 10-246 
 
 500 
 
 29-583 
 
 70 
 
 11-007 
 
 600 
 
 32-406 
 
 80 
 
 11-832 
 
 800 
 
 37-418 
 
 90 
 
 12-549 
 
 1000 
 
 41-883 
 
 Statute luilos. 
 Example. — Detour Light, 
 75 feet high, visible 11'456 
 
 Add for height of observer's 
 eye. on deck 10 feet 4*184 
 
 Distance of Light 15-406 
 
 > 
 
 [\ 
 
 Duluth to Isle Royale and Pigeon River. 
 
 The trip along the North Shore of 
 Minnesota to the mouth of Pigeon River 
 and Isle Royale, which lies opposite, is 
 one of great interest. The harbors, head- 
 lands, islands, and objects of interest are 
 numerous. Then the inside passage 
 along the Canada shore, passing several 
 islands, is still more interesting, until 
 you enter Thunder Bay, when the scene 
 is by far more grand and imposing — 
 having in full view Pie Island, M'Kay's 
 Mountain, and Thunder Cape, the latter 
 rising 1350 feet in height, with almost 
 perpendicular walls. 
 
 Granite Point and Knife River 
 are passed 18 miles N.E. of Duluth, 
 near where is the settlement of Buchanan 
 and Isle aux Roches. 
 
 Agate Bay, 25 miles, and Burlington 
 Bay, 2 miles farther, are much frequented 
 
 by tourists. Starting from Dnhith or 
 Superior City, a small steamer runs fre- 
 quently to these harbors during the sum- 
 mer months, carrying parties of pleas- 
 ure. 
 
 Encampment Island and River, 35 
 miles from Duluth, is another interesting 
 localitv. Here the shores are remarkabl v 
 bold and precipitous, rising from 800 to 
 1000 feet above the water. 
 
 Beaver Bay and Sp:ttlement, 18 
 miles farther, is a small village inhabited 
 mostly by Germans. Here the shore 
 presents a rugged appearance, with high 
 lands rising in the background. 
 
 The Palisades, 6 miles farther, presents 
 a grand appearance from the water's 
 edge. The rock rises to the height of 
 over 300 feet, {)resenting perpendicular 
 columns. Baptism Biver, 2 miles, is a 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
RPRPI 
 
 ■ jimvwmmui 
 
 niws^WPflPiB? 
 
 34 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 mountain stream, risinj:^ in an eminence 
 called Saw-Teeth Mountains. 
 
 The numerous rivers and creeks falling 
 into Lake Superior along the North 
 Shore, from iJulutli to Fort William, 
 Canada, for a distance of about 180 miles, 
 are generally rapid streams of moderate 
 length. They are mostly pure water, 
 abouijding in speckled trout and other 
 kintls of tislu In the rear it is almost 
 an unbroken wilderness, although su])- 
 posed to be rich in minerals of different 
 kinds, — copper, iron, silver, and gold, — 
 the latter being found in the vicinity of 
 Vermillion Lake, lying in a north-east- 
 erly direction some fifty or sixty miles. 
 
 Petit Marais and the mouth oi Manitoxt 
 River are next passed. Two Inlands River 
 is named from two beautiful islands 
 which lie off its mouth. 
 
 Temperance River, another romantic 
 stream, rising in Carlton's Peak, is thus 
 named owing to its having no bar at its 
 mouth. This locality should become a 
 favorite resort for invalids and others 
 seeking health and pleasure. Here are 
 a succession of waterfalls of great beauty, 
 some only 200 or 300 feet from the Lake 
 shore. 
 
 Good Harbor Bay, 100 miles N.E. 
 of Duluth, is a safe harbor, as its name 
 implies. Terrace. Point, Rock Island, and 
 Grand Marais are all in sight, while 
 small streams flow into the lake, alive 
 with speckled trout. 
 
 Grand Marais ILvrbor, Minn. — 
 This harbor is located on tlie north shore 
 of Lake Superior, about 115 miles east 
 of Duluth. It is the only lai^e and secure 
 harbor between Duluth and Grand Port- 
 age, a distance of about 150 miles. The 
 harbor is of elliptical shape, and is 2500 
 feet long by 1400 feet wide. The mouth 
 of the harbor is 1000 feet wide ; the depth, 
 at the entrance, 24 feet, with a rock bot- 
 tom. After entering the harbor tlie depth 
 increases, and the bottom is composed of 
 gravel and boulders. 
 
 Grand Portage Bay and Idand, 40 
 
 miles farther, is a place of considerable 
 resort. Here is an Indian village and 
 Keservation, where is a Koman Catholic 
 Mission, a block-house, and some 12 or 
 15 dwellings. From this point com- 
 mences a portage route to Pigeon Kiver, 
 Kainy Lake, and Lake of the Woo<ls. 
 
 Waus-wau'Goning Bay is a beautiful 
 expanse of water, encircled in part by 
 highlands, rising to the height of 1000 
 feet, and several beautiful wooded islands. 
 From this bay to the south end of Isle 
 Royale, the distance is 20 miles. 
 
 Pigeon Bay and River, forming the 
 north-west boundary between the United 
 States and Canada, is well worthy of a 
 visit. The bay contains several beautiful 
 islands and islets, where is excellent 
 fishing. Pigeon River Falls, situated 
 about half a mile above the landing, are 
 exceetlingly grand and imposing. Here 
 the water falls about 90 feet, almost per- 
 pendicular, into a chasm, then nishea 
 through a gorge into the bay. 
 
 ParkersviIcLE is a small settlement 
 situated at the mouth of the river, where 
 also is to be seen Indian huts and wig- 
 wams constructed of birch bark. This 
 place, no doubt, is soon destined to be- 
 come a place of resort during the summer 
 months; it is situated about 150 miles 
 N.E. of Duluth. 
 
 Isle Royale, Houghton Co., Mich., 
 being about 45 miles in length from 
 N.E. to S.W., and from 6 to 12 miles in 
 width, is a rich and important island, 
 alx)unding in copper oi*e and other min- 
 erals, and also precious stones. The 
 principal harbor and only settlement is 
 on Siskmvit Bay^ being on the east shore 
 of the island, 60 miles distant from 
 Eagle Harbor, on the main shore of 
 Michigan. 
 
 The otlier harbors are Washington 
 Harbor on the south-west, Todd's Harbor 
 on the west, and Rock Harbor and Chip- 
 pewa Harbor on the north-east part of 
 the island. In some places on the west 
 
 ■ 
 
TRIP ALONG THK SOUTH SHORE. 
 
 85 
 
 are perpend icMilar cliffn of pjreen stone, 
 very bold, rising from the water's edge, 
 while on the eastern siiore congloinerale 
 rock or coarse sandstone abounds, with 
 occasional stony beaih. On this coast 
 are many islets and rocks of sandstone, 
 rendering navigation somewhat danger- 
 ous. Good fishing-grounds abound all 
 around this island, which will, no doubt, 
 before many years, become a favorite 
 summer resort for the invalid und the 
 
 sportsman, as well as for the scientilic 
 tourist. 
 
 SisKowiT Lakk is a considerable body 
 of water lying ne:ir the centre of the 
 island, which apparei»tly has no outlet. 
 Other small lakes and picturesque inlets 
 and bays abound in all parts of the island. 
 Hills, rising from .'500 to 400 feet above 
 the waters of the lake, exist in many 
 localities throughout the island, which 
 is indented by bays and inlets. 
 
 Trip along the South Shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 On leaving Dulutii by the American 
 steamers bound for Manpiette and the 
 Saut Ste. Marie, the boat pursues an 
 easterly course until the Apostle Islands 
 are reached, about 00 miles distant — 
 the Minnesota and VV^isconsin shores 
 being both in sight. The first island 
 passed, on the right, is called Steamboat 
 Island ; then comes in succession Sandy 
 Island, York Island, and Raspberry 
 Island; on the latter there is a light- 
 house. Oak Island is passed on the left, 
 it being a large, elevated, and wooded 
 body of land ; then comes Hermit's Island 
 and Bass Island; on the latter there is 
 a valuable stone cpiarry of red sand- 
 stone. Here the view is most beautiful 
 in fine weather, there being in full view 
 a number of islands, altogether number- 
 ing twenty, of diiTerent sizes, of which 
 Madeline Island is the largest, where is 
 located, on its south end, La Painte, an 
 old settlement. 
 
 Bayfield, Wis., 80 miles east of Du- 
 luth, by water, is the first regular landing. 
 The hotel accommodations are good, and 
 no place on the shores of Lake Superior 
 affords greater inducements for the seeker 
 of health and pleasure. Boating, sail- 
 ing, and fishing can be enjoyed during 
 the summer months. 
 
 Ashland, situated 18 miles south of 
 Bayfield, with which it is connected by 
 a steam-ferry, as well .as L Pointe, and 
 a new landing at Hought a Point, all 
 
 add to tlie attractions which Cha-quam- 
 e-gon Bay and its vicinity attbrds to 
 tourists. For a healthy climate, pure 
 water, good fishing, and an agreeable 
 class of inhabitants, no part of the lake- 
 exceeds the above favored localities. 
 From Ashland, the Wisconnui Central 
 Railroad runs south through Northern 
 Wisconsin to Menasha, Milwaukee, etc. 
 
 On leaving Bayfield; proceeding east- 
 ward, the steamer usually runs between 
 Bass Island and Madeline Island, passing 
 Presque Island, toward Michigan Island, 
 where there is a light-house. There are 
 also several other islands in sight, which 
 usually present a most lovely appearance 
 from the deck of the passing steamer. 
 After leaving the Apostle Islands, the 
 steamer runs direct for Ontonagon, (50 
 miles, passing the Porcupine 3fountainSj 
 and the Silver Region near the mouth 
 of Iron River, a beautiful stream enter- 
 ing the lake about 15 miles west of On- 
 tonagon. Proceeding eastward, the steam- 
 er either passes through Portage Ship 
 Canal or sails around Keweenaw Point 
 to Houghton, Marquette, etc. 
 
 On leaving Marquette the steamer 
 usually runs direct for White Fish Point, 
 130 miles, passing Grand Island and 
 the Pictured Mocks, all being in sight 
 from the deck of the steamer. Dis- 
 tance from Duluth to Saut Ste. Marie, 
 passing around Keweenaw Point, 500 
 miles. 
 
 I' 
 
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 V 
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 t 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 ■1 
 
 I 
 
 ,1 
 
 I 
 
 ■) 
 
 >4 
 
 ^M 
 
 \ i 
 
te 
 
 V 
 
 :4 
 9 
 
 CO 
 
 C6 
 
 < 
 
 O 
 M 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 m 
 
 36 
 
%■' 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR — NORTH SHORE. 
 
 Trip around the North Shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 Made on Boaud the Canadian Steamer Cuicora, July^ 1873. 
 
 On leaving the month oiiXxaShlp Ginal, 
 above the Rapids of St. Mary's Kiver, a 
 beautifnl view is presented from the deck 
 of the steamer. The Kapids and the set- 
 tlements on both sides of the river appear 
 to advantage, while a h)vely stretch of 
 the stream above is passed over before 
 arriving at 
 
 Point aux Pins, Ont., 6 miles above 
 the Rapids. Here is a convenient steam- 
 boat landing, a store and a few dwellings, 
 being Iiandsomely situated among a 
 grove of small pine trees. Fishing 
 l)arties can here be fitted out with guides 
 and canoes for fishing and exploring the 
 North Shore. 
 
 Waiska Bay, an expanse of the river, 
 is next entered, extending westward to 
 Point Iroquois. Here may be seen an 
 Indian settlement on the SoUth shorn. 
 
 (tRos Cap, 15 miles from the Saut, lies 
 on the Canada side directly opposite 
 Point Iroquois, forming prominent land- 
 marks to the entrance of Lnke Superior. 
 This bold headland consists of hills of 
 porphyry rising from 600 to 700 feet 
 above the waters of the lake. **Gros 
 Cap is a name given by the voijageurs to 
 almost innumerable projecting head- 
 lands ; but in this case appropriate, since 
 it is the conspicuous feature at the en- 
 trance of the Great Lake." 
 
 Immediately north of Gros Cap lies 
 GouLAis Bay and Goulais Point, 
 another bold highland which is seen in 
 the divStance. Goulais River enters the 
 bay, a^ording, in connection with the ad- 
 
 jacent waters, good fishing-grounds — the 
 brook or speckled trout lieing n)(>slly 
 taken in the river. Here is an Indian 
 settlement of the Chippewa trihe. 
 
 Taquamenon Bay, lying to the west- 
 ward, is a large expanse of water, being 
 about 25 miles long and as many broad, 
 terminating at White Fish Point, 40 miles 
 above Saut Ste. Marie. 
 
 Parisien Island is passed 30 miles 
 from the Saut, lying near the middle of 
 the above bay, being attached to Canada. 
 
 Maple Island, 20 miles above (iros 
 Cap, is a srr. 11 wooded island lying near 
 the shore. Sandy Islands, 5 miles far- 
 ther, are a low group of islands lying off 
 
 Batch eevvan AUNG Bay, a large and 
 beautiful sheet of water which receives a 
 stream of the same name, being famed 
 for trout fishing. Here is an Indian 
 settlement, and a village where is a large 
 steam saw-mill. On Corbay Point, at tlie 
 entrance to the above bay, stands a light- 
 house. 
 
 Mamainse Point, [Little Sturgeon,) 
 lying opposite White Fish Point, is 
 another bold headland, where is a fish- 
 ing station and a few dwellings. It is 
 about 55 miles from the Saut, and was 
 formerly a copper mining location, but 
 has been abandoned. Here is a good 
 harbor and steamboat landing. 
 
 Some 12 or 15 miles north of Ma- 
 mainse Point are located, on MicA Bay, 
 the old Quebec Copper Mining Com pany's 
 Works, .it present abandoned, owing to 
 their being found unproductive. Still 
 
 37 
 
 t I 
 
LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 farther north, skirtinj;^ Lake Superior, is 
 to be found a vast Mineral Region^ as yet 
 only partially explored. 
 
 Montreal Island and Kiver, 25 
 miles north of Mamainsc, afford good 
 fishing-grounds. Here is a liarbor ex- 
 posed to the west winds from off the 
 lake, which can safely be approached 
 wlien the winds are not boisterous. 
 
 Aguawa Blver, 30 miles from Ma- 
 raainse Point, affords a good harbor, 
 where is a trading post and good fishing. 
 
 Lizard Island and Leech Island, 
 some 10 miles farther northward, are 
 next passed, lying contiguous to the 
 mainland. 
 
 Cape Garoantua, 45 miles north of 
 Mamainse, is a bold headland. On the 
 Bouth side is a harbor protected by a 
 
 small island. From this cape to the 
 island of Michipicoten the distance is 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 The steamers bound for Prince Ar- 
 thur's Landing usually run direct for 
 Michipicoten Island, lying 70 miles north- 
 west of Mamainse Point; but when 
 bound for Michipicoten Harbor they sail 
 along the eastern end of the lake, pass- 
 ing several small islands and head- 
 lands. 
 
 This portion of Canada is as yet an 
 almost unbroken wilderness for several 
 hundred miles around Lake Superior. 
 With the exception of a few scattered 
 Hudson Bay Co's. Posts, there are no 
 settlements until you reach the vicinity 
 of Silver Islet or Thunder Bay, two or 
 three hundred miles distant. "^^ 
 
 
 Coasting along the North Shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 There are two modes of reacliing St. 
 Ignace Island and the mouth of Nepi- 
 gon River, if bound on a pleasure ex- 
 cursion to the far-famed fishing-grounds 
 on the North Shore of Lake Superior, 
 where speckled trout, varying from one 
 to eiglit pounds, can be taken in large 
 quantities. 
 
 Tlie/''«/ plan and mode of conveyance 
 is tliat of hiring a birch canoe of from 
 18 to 20 feet in length, with two Indians, 
 or half-breeds, as voyageurs, for which 
 service there is usually a charge of five 
 dollars a day. Then lay in tents and a 
 supply of provisions for two or more 
 weeks, according to the length of the in- 
 tended trip. After this is accomplished, 
 embark on one of the Canatlian steamers 
 running direct for the mouth of the Nep- 
 igon River; then land and commence 
 your canoe sailing or paddling until you 
 reach the desired tishing-groiuids. Here 
 land and spread your tents for a time, 
 alternately fishing, cooking, eating and 
 sleeping, as you may desire. 
 
 This is a truly independent style of 
 travelling and living; combining health, 
 
 pleasure and economy. The party may 
 consist of two, four, or more persons be- 
 sides the two guides. You have nothing 
 to annoy you except the rainy weather or 
 mosquitoes, which are at times very nu- 
 merous and hungry, often attacking the 
 sportsman in a fierce manner. The best 
 mode of avoiding these pests, is to camp 
 on a point of land and clear away all 
 the underbrush ; then build a smudge-fire 
 and take your comfort, regardless of the 
 buzzing outside world. 
 
 The second mode is to hire a Mack- 
 inac sailing-boat with oars, and lay in 
 your provisions ; hire your crew of two 
 Indians, and set sail from the mouth of 
 the Ship Canal above the Saut Ste. 
 Marie, or any other point from which 
 you may choose to depart, if bound for 
 the North Shore or mouth of the Nepi- 
 gon. The supplies for this excursion are 
 usually obtained on the Canadian side, 
 either at the Saut or at Point aux Pins, 7 
 miles above, where is a good landing and 
 camping-ground. 
 
 Starting from above the Rapids with a 
 fair wind, Oros Cap^ 15 miles, is soon 
 
COASTING ALONG THE NORTH SHORE. 
 
 39 
 
 ' 
 
 
 reached ; opposite lies Point Iroquois, the 
 ** Pillars of Hercules" of Lake Superior, 
 being the true entrance to the lake. You 
 next pass Goulais Bay, Maple Island, 
 Sandy Island, and enter JBatcheewanaung 
 Bay, where is found good fishing-grounds 
 and abundance of brook trout in the 
 streams which enter here. 
 
 Proceeding northward, Mamalnse Point, 
 50 miles distant from the Saut, is passed. 
 From thence the voyager coasts along the 
 North Shore toward Michipicoten Har- 
 bor, proceeding westward toward Nep- 
 igon Bay and Eiver. 
 
 Michipicoten Harbor and River, 
 120 miles north of the Saut Ste. Mario, 
 situated in N. lat. 47° 56^, W. long. 85° 
 6'', afibrds a safe anchorage, being sur- 
 rounded by high hills. Here is estab- 
 lished a Roman Catholic mission, and 
 an old Hudson Bay Company's post, 
 from whence diverges the river and port- 
 age route to James's Bay, some 350 
 miles distant. The shore of the lake 
 here tends westward toward Otter Head, 
 about 50 miles distant, presenting a bold 
 and rugged appearance. 
 
 Michipicoten Island (the Island of 
 Knobs or Hills), 65 miles from Mamainse 
 Point in a direct course, running in a 
 north-west direction, lies about 40 miles 
 west of Michipicoten Harbor. This 
 ishmd, 15 miles in length and 6 miles 
 wide, may be called the gem of Lake Su- 
 perior, presenting a most beautiful ap- 
 pearance as approached from the south- 
 ward, where a few picturesque islands 
 may be seen near the d: trance to a safe 
 and commodious harbor, which can be 
 entered during all winds. Nature seems 
 to have adapted this island as a place of 
 resort for the seekers of health and pleas- 
 ure. Within the bay or harbor a beau- 
 tiful cluster of islands adorns its entrance, 
 where may be found abates and other 
 precious stones ; while inland is a most 
 charming body of water, surrounded by 
 wooded hills rising from 300 to 500 feet 
 
 I above the waters of Lake Superior. 
 The shores of the island abound with 
 j greenstone and amygdaloid, while cop- 
 per and silver mines are said to exist in 
 the interior of great value. The fisheries 
 here are also valuable, affording profit- 
 able employment to the hardy fislierman 
 of this region. As yet, but few houses 
 are erected on the shores of this romnntic 
 island, where, sooner or later, will flock 
 the wealthy and beautiful in search of 
 liealth and recrt'ution, such as are af- 
 forded by pure air, boating, and fishing 
 and hunting. 
 
 The fish taken in this part of the lake 
 are mostly white fish, siskowit, Macki- 
 nac trout, and speckled trout, the former 
 being taken by gill-nets. 
 
 On the mainland are found the cara- 
 bou, a large species of deer, bears, foxes, 
 otters, beavers, martins, rabl)its, par- 
 tridges, pigeons, and other wild game. 
 The barberry, red raspberry, and whortle- 
 berry are also found in different localities. 
 
 Caribou Island, lying about 25 miles 
 south of Michipicoten, near the middle 
 of the lake, is a small body of land at- 
 tached to Canada. It is usually passed 
 in sight when the steamers are on their 
 route to Fort William. 
 
 Otter Head, 60 miles north-west of 
 Cape Gargantua, is one of the best natu- 
 ral harbors on Lake Superior, where is 
 to be seen grand and romantic scenery. 
 Otter Island, lying to the north of the 
 harbor, is a bold piece of land. In this 
 vicinity are supposed to be rich deposits 
 of iron, tin, and other minerals. 
 
 Pic River, 40 miles farther, is a fine 
 stream, entering the lake from the north. 
 Here is an old Hi '^on Bay Company's 
 Post and a settlemeni of Indians. Pic 
 Island, lying 20 miles to the westward, 
 is next passed, also the mouths of several 
 small rivers. 
 
 Slate Island, 25 miles farther west, lies 
 out in the lake, about 12 miles from 
 shore. Here is the widest part of Lake 
 Superior, being about 160 miles from 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ' n 
 
 Ml 
 
40 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 m 
 
 shore to shore, being nearly due north 
 of Marquette. 
 
 Wihon^s Island, 20 miles west, lies 
 within a few miles of the mainland, 
 which is bold and rugged. 
 
 Salter Inland, a few miles farther west, 
 is a small island, afibrding fine scenery. 
 
 Simpson's Island, 40 miles west of Slate 
 Island, is an important body of land, 
 which, no doubt, contains valuable min- 
 erals. 
 
 St. Ignace Island, the largest and 
 most important of the Canadian Islands, 
 has long been famed for its supposed 
 mineral wealth. Copper, silver, and 
 lead are said to be found on this island. 
 Here the land rises to a great height in 
 some places, while the shores are bold 
 and rugged. On tlie west end there is 
 a convenient steamboat landing, being 
 distant 30 miles from the mouth of 
 Nepigon River. 
 
 On approaching Nepigon Bay the 
 steamer nins between Simpson's and 
 Salter Island, the former being a large 
 and rugged body of land, while the high- 
 lands on the main coast are of an equally 
 high and rugged character, presenting a 
 mountainous appearance. 
 
 Nepigon Bay is about 30 miles long 
 and 20 miles wide, containing several 
 beautiful wooded islands, the largest 
 herngVerte Island, lying near the middle 
 of the bav, with lesser islands as the 
 mouth of the river is approached. 
 
 Nepiffon River, the " Ultima Thulc" of 
 the angler, is a bold and dashing stream, 
 falling 300 or 400 feet within the dis- 
 tance of 22 miles. There are alternate 
 rapids and expansions, with high, rug- 
 ged hills for most of the distance to the 
 foot of Lake Nepigon. Those who are 
 in the habit of visitmg this stream from 
 year to year represent it as one of the 
 most wild and charming retreats on the 
 Continent, where health and sport can 
 be obtained during the summer months, 
 affording almost endless enjoyment to 
 the angler and sportsman. 
 
 Hed Kock is the name of the settle- 
 ment at the mouth of the river, where 
 is a convenient steamboat landing, a 
 store and storehouse, a few dwellings 
 and Indian wigwams, surrounded by 
 cleared lands. This is an Hudson Bay 
 Company's Post, where goods and In- 
 dian curiosities are sold. Here parties 
 intending to fish for trout in the river 
 disembark, and by means of birch ca- 
 noes, paddled by Indian guides, they 
 ascend the stream, often proceeding to 
 Lake Nepigon, passing over sevei*al port- 
 ages on their route. 
 
 No words can faithfully describe the 
 wild beauties of this region of country, 
 surrounded by rugged hills, dashing 
 streams, placid lakes, water-falls, and 
 rapids. Here brook trout of a large 
 size are taken in fabulous numbers, and 
 of a delicious flavor. No place on the 
 Continent of America exceeds this ro- 
 mantic spot, which will ever afford sport 
 to the angler and seekers of pleasure. 
 
 Nepigon River — Its Rapids and 
 Lakes. 
 
 Copied from Report of Egbert 
 Bell, C. E. 
 
 The Nepigon River empties into the 
 head of Nepigon Bay, which is the most 
 northern point of Lake Superior, (48° 
 45'' N. lat.) The water is remarkable 
 for its coldness and purity, and is the 
 largest stream flowing into the lake. 
 The general upward course of the Nepi- 
 gon is due north, the length of the river 
 being 31 miles. Four lakes occur in its 
 course, between which are rapids and 
 falls. The lowest, Lake Helen, is only 
 one mile from Bed Bock, a Hudson Bay 
 Company's post, at the head of Nepigon 
 Harbor. At the outlet of this lake the 
 river is very narrow, apparently about 
 100 yards wide, with a very swift current, 
 flowing between banks from thirty to fifty 
 
NEPIQON RIVER AND RAPIDS. 
 
 feet high. Lake Helen, which runs due 
 north, is about eight miles long and one 
 mile wide. For six miles above the 
 lake the river has a width of about five 
 chains, with deep water, and a moder- 
 ately strong current. Here the river 
 makes a sharp bend to the right, and is 
 broken by a slight chute at Camp Alex- 
 ander. At a quarter of a mile above 
 this point the Long Rapids begin, and 
 continue for two miles. Here is a port- 
 age that leads to the foot of Lake Jessie. 
 This lake, which is three miles long, and 
 studded with islands, is separated from 
 Lake Maria, immediately above it, and 
 two and a half miles in length, by "The 
 Narrows," six or eight chains wide, in 
 which there is a strong current. 
 
 A very high west-facing cliff of col- 
 umnar trap approaches the river from 
 the south-westward, at the head of Lake 
 Maria, and runs from this point, in a 
 tolerably straight course, all along the 
 east side of the river to Lake Nepigon. 
 Cedar Portage, two miles above the lake, 
 is 250 yards long. A mile and a quarter 
 above it there is another portage of fifty 
 yards over an island in the middle of 
 the river. Three-quarters of a mile 
 above Island Portage the One-Mile Port- 
 age begins. At rather more than one 
 mile from the head of this portage the 
 river breaks in a white, foaming chute, 
 which separates Lake Emma from the 
 lower level. This lake is nearly four 
 miles long. Between it and the point at 
 which the river leaves Lake Nepigon, a 
 distance of six miles, four principal 
 rapids occur, the lowest of which is seen 
 where the river enters the northern ex- 
 tremity of Lake Emma. Four miles 
 more, in a north-westerly course, brings 
 us to the head of Lake Hannah, from 
 which Flat Rock Portage, one mile in 
 length, carries us to the shore of Lake 
 Nepigon. 
 
 The following list shows the levels in 
 ascending the river, and the height of 
 Lake Nepigon above Lake Superior : 
 
 Rapids, Portages, etc. Feet. 
 
 Current between Red Rock and Lake 
 
 Helen 2 
 
 Current in river from Lake Helen to 
 
 Camp Alexander 6 
 
 Chute at Camp Alexander 4 
 
 From the last to Long Portage 8 
 
 Rapids at Long Portage 137 
 
 Current in the Narrows, between 
 
 Lakes Jessie and Maria 1 
 
 Current from last lake to Cedar Port- 
 age 1 
 
 Cedar Chute 10 
 
 Current from Cedar Chute to Island 
 
 Chute 1 
 
 Island Chute 7 
 
 Current from the Island to the One- 
 Mile Portage 2 
 
 Rapids of One-Mile Portage 45 
 
 Current from One-Mile Portage to 
 
 White Chute 1 
 
 White Chute 6 
 
 Current between Lakes Emma and 
 
 Hannah 1 
 
 Rise from last lake to Lake Nepigon 
 (Flat Rock Portage) 81 
 
 Lake Nepigon* above Lake Superior 313 
 
 Waters of the Nepkjon. 
 
 "Good water is a luxury that cannot 
 be over-estimated. In this respect, the 
 sportsman angling for trout on the Nepi- 
 gon is favored above all others. He has 
 always before him a never-failing supply, 
 so remarkable for its coldness and its 
 purity that even those who have drunk 
 of it habitually for years cannot but 
 speak of it whenever they taste its re- 
 freshing waters. Its temperature is too 
 cold for bathing, and a morning ablution 
 brings a rosy glow to the cheeks that the 
 fairest belle might envy." - . 
 
 * Nqnqon, the name by which the lake is 
 known, is a contraction of an Indian word sig- 
 nifying " Deep Clear-water Lake." It is about 
 70 miles long and 50 miles wide, being deeply 
 indented by large bays, having a coast-line of 
 upwards of 500 mile's, and numerous islands, 
 numbering upwards of one thousand. 
 
 : 
 
 
42 
 
 LA^IE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 Nepigon River, Rapids, and Lake. 
 
 " The Nepigon," says Hallock in his 
 Fishing Tourist, " is a noble stream, with 
 waters cold and clear as crystal, flowing, 
 with a volume five hundred feet wide, 
 into a magnificent bay of great extent. 
 This bay is surrounded by long undula- 
 ting ranges of hills, rugged precipices, 
 huge bluff's, and lofty hills more or less 
 wooded with evergreens, interspersed 
 with deciduous trees, and filled with 
 islands of all sizes and every variety 
 of outline. 
 
 " The first rapids on the river occur 
 about a quarter of a mile above the land- 
 ing at Red Rock, and are a mile in length. 
 Tiiey can be run by canoes with safety, 
 while a portage road passes along the 
 shore. There are fifteen rapids or chutes 
 in all, and at each there is the best of 
 trout fishing. Three miles below the 
 head of the river are the Virgin Falls, 
 25 feet high. Altogether the scenery is 
 the wildest and most diversified imagin- 
 able, and constantly presents changes of 
 the most enchanting character. Above 
 the falls the river widens gradually, in- 
 closing within its area dozens of small 
 islands variegated with evergreens, birch, 
 poplar, larch, tamarack, etc., and then 
 expands into a vast inland sea, whose 
 shores gradually recede beyond the limit 
 of vision. In the far distance, horizon, 
 sky, and water meet, and the waves roll 
 up on shore with a volume and dash as 
 turbulent in storm as those of Erie or 
 Superior. Its bays are numerous ; some 
 of them very deep, extending inland for 
 a number of miles — all teeming with 
 speckled trout, lake trout, pike, and 
 ])ickerel in great quantities. Into it 
 (lows several rivers that have their 
 sources in the heights of land which 
 constitute the water-shed that divides 
 the waters of tlie St. Lawrence chain 
 from those of Hudson Bay." 
 
 Lake Nepigon Explored. 
 
 IfflU 
 
 For many generations the existence 
 of Lake Nepigon has been known, but 
 only partially, to the traders, trappers, 
 and Indians in the employ of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Fur Company. The general 
 impression has been, that Lake Nepigon 
 was located about 80 miles north of Lake 
 Superior, and that it was as large as 
 Lake Erie. But during the past three 
 years the Government of Canada has 
 been extending its surveys to the public 
 lands along the North Shore of Lake 
 Superior, past Fort William toward the 
 Red River country. Mr. Herrick, one 
 of the provincial surveyors, made a tra- 
 verse of the Nepigon River in 1866, and 
 found the distance to the lake to be in a 
 right line less than thirty miles. 
 
 The lake, instead of lying east and 
 west for two miles in length, has its 
 longest diameter north and south, seventy 
 miles; its breadth east and west being 
 fifty miles. Its height above Lake Su- 
 perior is determined approximately at 
 313 feet, or 913 above the ocean. 
 
 In 1869, Robert Bell, an assistant geol- 
 ogist and engineer of the Canada survey, 
 in company with surveyor McKellar, 
 made the entire circuit of Lake Nepigon, 
 exploring it topographically and geo- 
 logically. 
 
 From the reports and maps of these 
 bold explorers it is learned that Lake 
 Nepigon is accessible and has around it 
 a valuable country. It has a shore line 
 of about five hundred and eighty miles 
 of navigable water, and probably one 
 thousand islands. Its waters are clear, 
 cold, and pure, and its outlet is the 
 largest river of Lake Superior. A large 
 part of the rocks are such as produce 
 copper. 
 
 Near the south-west angle of the lake 
 at Grand Bay, with only -^ few feet of 
 elevation between them, the Black Stur- 
 geon River has its rise. The space be- 
 tween them is so narrow and so low that 
 iu a high stage of the lake the waters 
 
 . 
 
LAKE NEPIQON — BLACK BAY — SILVER ISLET. 
 
 43 
 
 appear to flow over the intervening 
 ground from the lake into the head of 
 this river. Nepigon, in Chippewa, sig- 
 nifies deep and clear water. 
 
 When the party reached tlie head of 
 the river at the lake, they divided, 
 McKellar following the right hand or 
 eastern shore, and Bell the western. 
 
 They travelled in canoes, Indian fash- 
 ion, taking the courses with a theodolite, 
 and the distances with a micrometer. 
 They also took observations for latitude 
 and longitude. At the end of eight 
 weeks they met at the northern extremity 
 of the lake, having had a pleasant and 
 prosperous journey. 
 
 The latitude of the northern extremity 
 is 50° 15'' north. Its surroundings are 
 less mountainous than Lake Superior. 
 To the north, between Nepigon and 
 Hudson's Bay, the country is represented 
 by the Indians to be comparatively level. 
 
 The Onihcibika River coming in from 
 that direction heads with the Albany 
 Kiver, which discharges into salt water 
 at James' Bay, and between them is sup- 
 posed to be a flat limestone region. This 
 is one of the routes of the Hudson Bay 
 Company to their posts on Hudson Bay. 
 
 South-west of Lake Nepigon, between 
 it and Thunder Bay of Lake Superior, 
 the country is represented as capable 
 of cultivation, and the climate the coun- 
 terpart of Quebec. 
 
 By referring to the map can be seen 
 the route usually pursued by the Cana- 
 dian steamers; also, the islands and 
 headlands along the North Shore. 
 
 On leaving Nepigon River and Bay, 
 proceeding westward toward Thunder 
 Bay, the steamer usually passes through 
 Nepigon Straits, lying between St. Ig- 
 nace and the mainland. Then the broad 
 waters of Lake Superior are again en- 
 tered, and you steam past numerous 
 islands before reaching JPoint Poi'phyry, 
 where is located a light-house to guide 
 the mariner. 
 
 Black Bay, 15 miles east of Thunder 
 Cape, presents a large expanse of water, 
 being about 40 miles long and 10 or 12 
 miles wide, surrounded by a nigged and 
 wild section of country. Towards the 
 north are two peaked eminences, termed 
 the Mamelons or Paps, from their singu- 
 lar formation, resembling a female's 
 breast, when seen at a distance. 
 
 On approaching the famed Silver Islet 
 from the east, the view presented is of the 
 grandest and most interesting character, 
 — the Island, with its treasures of wealth, 
 and Silver Islet Settlement, are seen in 
 the foreground, while bold Thunder Cape 
 and romantic Pie Island are seen in the 
 distance. Also, southward, may be seen 
 Isle Royale and Passage Island, both 
 being attached to the Stat« of Michigan. 
 
 f*. 
 
 Trip from Marquette to Silver Islet, 
 
 North Shore, Lake Superior. 
 
 Leave Marquette at 2 P. M. by 
 steamer, with a large party of tourists on 
 board, bound for Silver Islet and Duluth. 
 Arrive at Houghton, 85 miles, at 9 P. 
 M. ; leave at 4 A.M. next morning for 
 Silver Islet, distant 150 miles from Mar- 
 quette by direct route. Pass Keweenaw 
 Point and Copper Harbor at 11 A. M. 
 Fresh wind from the N.W., steering 
 northward ; thermometer 42° Falir. Pass 
 
 Passage Island at 4 P. M., running direct 
 for Thunder Cape. The N.E. part of 
 Isle Royale presents a rugged appear- 
 ance; the highest part being elevated 
 500 feet. Arrive at Silver Islet or 
 Ryanton at 6 P. M. ; distant 24 miles 
 E. of Fort William. Take a tug-boat 
 and visit Silver Islet Mine, lying 3,000 
 feet from the mainland ; descend down 
 the shaft, within the coffer dam, about 
 
44 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 1^ 
 
 100 feet, by means of ladders, tlie pas- 
 sage being lighted by candles; length 
 opened, about 70 feet from south to north ; 
 vein about 8 feet wide with a dip of 75°. 
 On arriving at the end of the o[)ening 
 a rich sight was presented to our view, 
 the face of the mine sparkling with sil- 
 ver as viewed by candle-light. The ore 
 yields from $2,000 to $4,000 a ton. 
 
 Silver Islet or Ryanton lies on the main- 
 land, having a secure harbor and easy 
 of access, with a convenient wliarf for 
 the shipment of silver ore, which is mostly 
 
 put up in barrels for the purpose of trans- 
 portation. 
 
 Mining for silver has been commenced 
 on the mainland near the water's edge, 
 wiiich bids fair to be very productive. 
 The vein has been traced for several 
 miles noithward in a straight line from 
 Silver Islet. Back of the settlement lies 
 Surprise Lake, while Thunder Gape, to the 
 westward, rises almost perpendicular 
 from the waters of Lake Superior, here 
 containing several small rocky islands 
 scattered along the coast. 
 
 :*: 
 
 Silver Island, T ^e Superior. 
 
 " Silver Tslet, a desolate rock some 
 70 or 80 feet nquare, projecting from the 
 stormy waters of Lake Superior, lies 
 some 3,000 feet away from the Canadian 
 Shore of Lake Superior, south of Thun- 
 der Bay, off Thunder Cape, 24 miles east 
 of Fort William, and until recently was 
 regarded merely as a danger to naviga- 
 tion, an object to be scrupulously avoided. 
 Now, it is known that the rocks of the 
 island and its vicinity are rich in sil- 
 ver, and arrangements have been made 
 for mining in them, even as far aa the 
 mainland, if found desirable. The island 
 is so low, and such a mere speck in the 
 lake, that in a sea the waves were wont 
 to wash entirely over it, rendering it alto- 
 gether uninhabitable, and presenting 
 great difficulties in the way of opening 
 a vein. It became necQssary that break- 
 waters should be built all about it, and 
 large expenses incurred before the loca- 
 tion could be worked at all. The pres- 
 ent owners bought the property from a 
 Montreal Company, and commenced 
 building breakwaters Sept. 1, 1870. Be- 
 fore the close of navigation in Nov., 
 they had completed their erection, and 
 had mined 22 days, sending to the smelt- 
 ing works in New Jersey some $100,000 
 worth of ore. 
 
 " The miners are now boring and blast- 
 ing 100 or 200 feet below the surface, and, 
 though they will deepen the passages as 
 they go forward with the mine, it is 
 
 thoi;;r ' hat no very deep work will be 
 required, even in getting safely beneath 
 ti> ■ Mirface of the Lake and working 
 to\. aio *he •! inland, 3,000 feet distant. 
 All indicaticiis pw.ntto the great success 
 of the enterprise, and incline one to the 
 belief that this recent addition to the 
 mineral wealth of Lake Superior is one 
 of the ^ost brilliant discoveries that 
 have been made in that marvellous re- 
 gion." The treasure shipped in 1871 
 amounted to $820,000; in 1872, about 
 $1,000,000. 
 
 Silver Islet Settlement is a flourish- 
 ing village near Thunder Cape, oppo- 
 site Silver Islet, on the main shore. 
 Some 60 or 80 dwellings are already 
 erected for the accommodation of the 
 miners, and bids fair to be the nucleus 
 of a large mining town. A church, a 
 hotel, and school-house have been erected 
 by the Silver Mining Company. 
 
 From a map issued by the Crown Land 
 Department of Canada, showing a pro- 
 posed route around the North Shore of 
 Lake Superior, it gives the course of 
 numerous streams and locates some good 
 timbered lands. The trees are mostly 
 birch, balsam, cedar, spruce, pine, and 
 hard maple on the high ridges. Iron, 
 copper, and silver ore are also found for a 
 distance of 400 or 600 miles from near 
 Saut Ste. Marie to Prince Arthur's Land- 
 ing, situated near the mouth of the 
 Kaministiquia Kiver. 
 
 J 
 
PRINCE ARTHUIi'S LANDING. 
 
 45 
 
 , 
 
 Thunder Bay presents a large ex- 
 panse of water, being about 25 miles in 
 length and from 10 to 15 miles wide, 
 into which flow several small streams, 
 abounding in speckled trout. Thunder 
 (Jupe, on the east, is a most remarkable 
 and bold highland, being elevated 1,350 
 feet above Lake Superior. It rises in 
 some places almost perpendicular, pre- 
 senting a basaltic appearance, having on 
 ita summit an extinct volcano. From 
 the elevated portions of this cape a grand 
 and imposing view is obtained of sur- 
 rounding mountuins, headlands, and 
 islands — overlooking Ide Royale to the 
 south, and the north shore from McKay's 
 Mountain to the mouth of Pigeon Kiver, 
 near Grand Portage, Minn. 
 
 Thunder Bay and its vicinity has long 
 been the favorite residence of Indian 
 tribes who now roam over this vast sec- 
 tion of country, from Lake Superior to 
 Hudson Bay on the north. The moun- 
 tain peaks they look upon with awe and 
 veneration, often ascribing some fabulous 
 legend to prominent localities. A learned 
 Missionary, in describing this interesting 
 portion of Lake Superior and its inhabi- 
 tants, remarked, that "the old Indians 
 were of the opinion that thunder clouds 
 are large gigantic birds, having their 
 nests on high hills or mountains, and who 
 make themselves heard and seen very far 
 off. The head they described as resem- 
 bling that of a huge eagle, having on one 
 side a wing and one paw, on tlie other 
 side an arm and one foot. The lightning 
 is supposed to issue from the extremity 
 of the beak through the paw, with which 
 they launch it forth in fiery darts over 
 the surrounding country." 
 
 Pie Island, in the Indian dialect 
 called "Mahkeneeng" or Tortoise, bound- 
 ing Thunder Bay on the south, is about 
 8 miles long and 5 miles wide, and pre- 
 sents a most singular appearance, being 
 elevated at one point 850 feet above the 
 lake. This bold eminence is shaped like 
 an enormous slouched hat, or inverted pie, 
 
 ' giving name to the island by the French 
 or Fiiglish explorers, while the Indians 
 gave it ih.e nanjc of tortoise from its sin- 
 gular shape. This elevated j)oint is ba- 
 saltic, rising perpendicular mar llie (op, 
 like the Palisades of tiie Hudson Kiver. 
 
 Prince Arthur's Landing, District of 
 Thunder Bay, Ont., is favorably situated 
 on the west side of Thunder Bay, 'S\ 
 miles north of Fort "William. Here is 
 a government wharf, a court-house and 
 register's office, a town hall, 2 churches, 
 4 hotels, 12 or 15 stores, about 200 dwell- 
 ing houses, and 800 inhabitants. 
 
 A government road extends from this 
 Landing westward toward Fort (Jarry, 
 Manitoba. There are also in the vicinity 
 several rich silver mines, as yet but par- 
 tially developed. 
 
 Current River, 3 miles above Prince 
 Arthur's Landing, is a dashing trout 
 stream, where is a beautiful fall near 
 the shore of Thunder Bay. On McKen- 
 zi^s Hirer, about 20 miles north-east, are 
 found rich deposits of amethyst. 
 
 The view presented on approaching 
 Thunder Bay is perhaps the grandest 
 sight on the shores of Lake Superior. 
 Here may be seen from the deck of the 
 steamer Thunder Cape, with its Sleeping 
 Giant; Pie Island, assuming the singu- 
 lar shape of a slouched hat; McKay's 
 Mountain, lying westward on the main 
 land ; the \Velcome Islands, and numerous 
 other islands and headlands in the dis- 
 tance, altogether presenting a most mag- 
 nificent view of land and water. 
 
 The Military Road, running from 
 Prince Arthur's Landing to Manitoba, 
 is 443 miles in length, of which 138 is 
 by land (eleven portages) and 305 miles 
 by water. This route passes through 
 Lake Shebandowan and the new gold 
 region, some CO or 70 miles west of 
 Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, continu- 
 ing westward through Rainy Lake and 
 the Lake of the Woods to Lake Winni- 
 peg. 
 
 i ^-f 
 
 H^ 
 
 f i t 
 
 I ' 
 
 i,-: 
 
46 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 
 
 Silver Mining Companies on the 
 North Shore, L. S. 
 
 Algoma Mine, Thunder Bay. 
 
 3 A Mine, Thunder Bay. 
 
 3 B Mine, Tiiunder Bay. 
 
 Cornish Mine, Thunder Bay. 
 
 Dawson Mine, Thunder Bay. 
 
 Howland Mine, near Pigeon River. 
 
 Jarvis Island Mine. 
 
 Ontario Mine, Thunder Bay. 
 
 Shuniah, Thunder Bay. 
 
 Silver Harbor or Beck, Thunder Bay. 
 
 Silver Islet, near North Shore. 
 
 Thunder Bay Mine. 
 
 Trowbridge Mine. 
 
 Fort William, an important Hud- 
 son Bay Company's Post, is advanta- 
 geously situated at the mouth of the Ka- 
 niinistiquia Kiver, in north latitude 48 
 degrees 23 minutes, west longitude 89 
 degrees 27 miiuites. Here is a conveni- 
 ent wharf and safe harbor, the bar off 
 the mouth of the river affording 7 or 8 
 feet of water, which can easily be in- 
 creased by dredging. The Company's 
 buildings consist of a spacious dwelling- 
 house, a store, and 3 storehouses, besides 
 some 10 or 12 houses for the accommo- 
 dation of the attaches and servants in the 
 employ of the above Company. The 
 land is cleared for a considerable dis- 
 tance on both sides of the river, present- 
 ing a thrifty and fertile appearance. 
 Wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, and 
 most kinds of vegetables can here be 
 raised ; also grass and clover of different 
 kinds. The early frosts are the great 
 hindrance to this whole section of coun- 
 try, which is rich in minerals, timber, 
 
 furs, and fish ; altogether producing a 
 great source of wealth to the comnnnuty. 
 Pine, spruce, hemlock, cypress, and bal- 
 sam trees are common, also white birch, 
 sugar-maple, elm, and ash, together with 
 some hardy fruit - bearing trees and 
 shrubs. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Mission, situated 
 2 miles above the Company's post, on the 
 opposite side of the river, is an interest- 
 ing local itv. Here is a lioman Catholic 
 church and some 50 or (50 houses, being 
 mostly inhabited by half-breeds and civil- 
 ized Indians, numbering about 300 souls. 
 The good influence of the Roman Catho- 
 lic priests along the shores of Lake Su- 
 perior are generally admitted by all 
 unprejudiced visitors — the poor and 
 often degraded Indian being instructed 
 in agriculture and industrial pursuits, 
 tending to elevate the human species in 
 every clime. 
 
 McKaifs Mountain, lying 3 miles west 
 of Fort William, near the Roman Catho- 
 lic Mission, presents an abrupt and grand 
 appearance from the water, being ele- 
 vated 1,000 feet. Far inland are seen 
 other high ranges of hills and mountains, 
 presenting altogether, in connection with 
 the islands, a most interesting and sub- 
 lime view. 
 
 Kaministiquia, or " Gah-mahnate/c- 
 vmiahk" River, signifying, in the Chip- 
 pewa language, the ^^ place where there are 
 many cuirents," empties its waters into 
 Thunder Bav. This beautiful stream 
 affords navigation for about 12 miles, 
 when rapids are encountered by the as- 
 cending voyageur. Some 30 miles above 
 its mouth is a fall of about 200 feet per- 
 pendicular descent. 
 
 Extracts from Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Country. 
 
 Northern Shore. — "Beginning at 
 Pigeon Jiay, the boundary between the 
 United States and the British Posses- 
 sions (N. hit. 48°), we find the eastern 
 portion of the peninsula abounds with 
 
 bold rocky cliflis, consisting of trap and 
 re<^l granite. 
 
 " The Falls of Pigeon River, eighty or 
 ninety feet in heiglit, are occasioned by 
 a trap dyke which cuts through a series 
 
 \ > 
 
 
GKCLOGY OF THE LAKE SUPKniOR COUNTRY. 
 
 47 
 
 
 i>f sliite rocks hifrlily indurated, and very ] 
 similar in nuneralo<ric'al cliaracters totiie | 
 old graywacke group. Tra}) dykes and i 
 interlaniinatod masses of traps were ob- j 
 "'irved in the slate near the falls. 
 
 "The base of nearly all the ridges and 
 cliffs between Pigeon Kiver and Fort 
 William (situated at the mouth of Ka- 
 niinistiquia Kiver), is made up of these 
 filates and the overlaying trap. Some 
 of the low islands exhibit only the gray 
 grits and slates. Welcome IsUmdfi, in 
 Thunder Bay, display no tra})s, although 
 in the distance they resemble igneous 
 products, the joints being more obvious 
 than the planes of stratification, thus 
 giving a rude semi-columnar aspect to 
 the cliffs. 
 
 " At Princess Bay, and also along the 
 chain of Islands which line the coast, 
 including Spar, Victoria, Jarvis, and Pie 
 
 Islands, the slates with the crowning 
 traps are admirably disj)layed. At the 
 llritish and North American Company's 
 works the slates are traversed by a heavy 
 vein of cab -spar and amethystine quartz, 
 yielding gray sulphuret and pyritous 
 c()[)per smd galena. From the vein 
 where it cuts the overlaying trap on the 
 main shore, considerable silver has been 
 extracted. 
 
 " At Thunder Gape, the slates form one 
 of the most picturesque lieadlands on 
 the whole coast of Lake Superior. They 
 are made up of variously-colored beds, 
 such as compose the upper group of Sir 
 Wm. Logan, and repose in a nearly hor- 
 izontal position. These detrital rocks 
 attain a thickness of nearly a thousand 
 feet, and are crowned with a sheet of 
 tra])pean rock three hundred feet in 
 thickness." 
 
 I 
 
 Specklku Trout fromNepigon River— Weighing 5J^ lbs. each. 
 
 )^,-:\,^-T r^/M '.ii- wr.^.. , . .<JL. , ..-»- 
 
ISLE RO YALE — LAKE SUPERIOR. 
 
 As tliis large and importiiut Island, 
 attacht'tl to Michigan, is attracting much 
 attention, owing to its mineral deposits, 
 we copy the following account from a 
 late number of the Ontotiayon Miner, 
 May, 1874. . 
 
 " The Island is situated near the North 
 Shore, but at the time the treaty was 
 made with Great Britain, Benjamin 
 Franklin secured it for the United 
 States. Its general course is north-east 
 and south-west; its length about 40 
 miles. The western end is about 10 miles 
 wide, narrowing toward the east; distant 
 GO miles north from (Jntonagon. 
 
 " The surface of the island is rough 
 and uninviting, although healthy and 
 cool during the summer months. It is 
 almost entirely destitute of a large 
 growth of timber, its chief supply being 
 cedar, spruce and tamarack. Its shores 
 are indented with numerous bays and 
 harbors, many of them being large 
 enough for the entrance of steamers and 
 sailing craft. In the early days of min- 
 ing on Lake Superior, Isle Royale at- 
 tracted much attention, — sav from 1850 
 to 1860. It was then abandoned, and 
 the few dwellings erected allowed, to go 
 to decay. 
 
 " During the summer of 1872 an ex- 
 tensive system of exploration was com- 
 menced in different parts of the Island. 
 Numerous pits and Indian diggings were 
 found and opened, and the veins proved 
 to be of so much promise that work was 
 continued throughout the season of 1873, 
 and belts of rich copper-bearing con- 
 
 
 gUmierates were found and opened, being 
 mostly situated in Sections 21) and 80, 
 Town 64 North of Range ol West. A 
 comj)any was formed, called the Island 
 Mitwuj Company, and a large force of 
 miners set to work last fall. 
 
 " A vein of silver, apparently of great 
 promise, has also been discovered on the 
 western end of the Island. This will, no 
 doubt, be followed by other important 
 discoveries, as it lies on the same range 
 with Silver Islet, some 20 or 30 miles 
 north, situated on the Canada shore." 
 
 Lake Desor and Siskowit Lake are 
 considerable bodies of water, lying near 
 the middle of the Island. There are 
 also a number of islands along the coast, 
 where are several good fishing stations. 
 
 Blake^a Point lies on the extreme north 
 end of the Island. To the N.E., dis- 
 tant 3 miles, lies Passage Island, and 5 
 miles farther north are the Oull Islands, 
 all being attached to the United States ; 
 the boundary line of Canada running 
 immediately north, in latitude 48° 15', 
 being the most northern bounds of the 
 United States east of the Lake of the 
 Woods. ■ . : 
 
 Steamers now run from ports on the 
 South Shore and from Duluth to Sis- 
 kowit Bay, Washington Harbor, and 
 Rock Island Harbor, Isle Royale ; also, 
 to Pigeon River, Thunder Bay, and Sil- 
 ver Islet, forming a deeply interesting 
 excursion during the summer months. 
 
 -a. 'r 
 
5 
 
 the 
 
 518- 
 
 md 
 Iso, 
 fi- 
 ling 
 
 LATITUDE, ELEVATION ABOVE SEA - LEVEL AND MEAN 
 ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF SIGNAL STATIONS 
 
 ON THE UPPER LAKES. ' 
 
 Alpena, (Lake Huron,) Mich. 
 Latitude, 45° 05^ 
 Longitude, 83° 30'. 
 Elevation of Barometer, 608 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 43° Fahr. 
 
 Buffalo, (Lake Erie,) N. Y. 
 Latitude, 42° 53^ 
 Longitude, 78° 55^ 
 Elevation of Barometer, 660 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 40^° Fahr. 
 
 Chicago, (L. Michigan,) 111. 
 Latitude, 41° 52^ 
 Longitude, 87° 38^ 
 Elevation of Barometer, 650 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 47° Fahr. 
 
 Copper Harbor,* (L. S.,) Mich. 
 Latitude, 47° 30^ 
 Longitude, 88° 00^ 
 Elevation of Barometer, 620 feet 
 Mean Annual Temp., 40° Fahr. 
 
 Cleveland, (Lake Erie,) Ohio. 
 Latitude, 41° 30'. 
 Longitude, 81° 74'. 
 Elevation of Barometer, 682 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 49° Fahr. 
 
 Detroit, (Detroit River,) Mich. 
 Latitude, 42° 21'. 
 Longitude, 83° 07'. 
 Elevation of Barometer, 656 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 47° Fahr. 
 
 DuLUTH. (L. S.,) Minn. 
 Latitude, 46° 48'. 
 Longitude, 92° 06'. 
 Elevation of Barometer, 642 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 40° Fahr. 
 
 Erie, (Lake Erie,) Penna. 
 Latitude, 42° 07'. 
 Longitude, 80° 03'. " 
 Elevation of Barometer, 671 feet. 
 Mean Animal Temp., 48° Fahr. 
 
 Escanaba, (Green Bay,) Wis. 
 Latitude, 40° 44'. 
 Longitude, 87° 16' 
 Elevation of Barometer, 600 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 41° Fahr. 
 
 Grand Haven, (L. M.,) Mich. 
 Latitude, 43° 05'. 
 Longitude, 86° 15'. 
 Elevation of Barometer. 61 6 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 47° Fahr. 
 
 Mackinac,* (Lake Huron,) Mich. 
 Latitude, 45° 51'. 
 Longitude, 84° 33'. 
 Elevation of Barometer, 700«feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 41° Fahr. 
 
 Marquette, (L. S.,) Mich. 
 Latitude, 46° 33'. 
 Longitude, 87° 36'. 
 Elevation of Barometer, 666 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 40° Fahr. 
 
 Milwaukee, (L. M.,) Wis. 
 Latitude, 43° 03'. 
 Longitude, 87° 54'. 
 Elevation of Barometer, 661 feet. 
 Mean Annual Temp., 46 i° Fahr. 
 
 Toledo, (Lake Erie,) Ohio. 
 Latitude, 41° 40'. 
 Longitude, 83° 32'. 
 Elevation of Barometer, 649 feet, 
 Mean Annual Temp., 50° Fahr, 
 
 / 
 
 ••1 
 
 ■■'-i ■ 
 
 Note.— Variation of Mean .Annual Temperature, from 40° to 50° 
 
 * Not Signal Stations, 
 
 ■■.. .49 
 
 ~'T*"<*'<"I«'*"4" 
 
mmm 
 
 iiS 
 
 J(r,3H'Ktm HO hTOSlffO WiOVT*"^U« JWAJl 
 
 9^' 
 
 ." LAKE srPERIOR, v*.* -vii-- '^k '^^^vVi '^•. 
 
 Its Bays, Harbors, Islands, Tribntnrlci, Ac. 
 
 Objects or Interest on the tsouTH Shore. " '. . ' ^ 
 
 r'l .•';, . : . - '■■'- . ■ 
 
 6uut Stc. marie, Mich. N. 
 lat. 4G''30', W. lonp. 84°43'. 
 Hoad of Ship Canal andRapids, 
 
 Roil lid Island and Light, ........ 
 
 Wttiska Bay, 
 
 Iroquois Point and Light, 
 
 Toquaraenon Bay and River, .... 
 
 White Fish Point and Light, .... 
 
 Carp River, 
 
 Two-Heart Rivor, 
 
 Sucker River, 
 
 Grand Marais River, 
 
 Grand Sauble, 300 feet high,. . . . 
 
 Cascade Falls, 100 feet, 
 
 The Chapel,..; ' 
 
 Arched Rock, or Grand 
 Portail, I Pictured 
 
 Sail Rock, [ Rocks. 
 
 Tlio Amphitheatre, . . . 
 
 Minor's Castle, & River, ^ 
 
 Griind Island and Harbor, 
 
 Munising, and Iron Works 
 
 Onota, Schoolcraft Co 
 
 Au Train Island, and River .... 
 
 An Sauble River, 
 
 Harvey^ Mouth Chocolat River, . . 
 
 MaRQUFJTTE * AND LiGIIT, N. lat. 
 4G"ii2', W. long. 8r41' 
 
 Dead River, 
 
 Presque Isle, 
 
 Middle Island, 
 
 Granite Point and Island, 
 
 Garlic River, 
 
 Little Iron River, and Lake Inde- 
 pendence 
 
 Salmon Trout River, 
 
 Pino River and Lake 
 
 Huron Islands and Light, 
 
 Huron Bay, 
 
 Point Abbaye, 
 
 Keweenaw Bay (1 3 miles wide) 
 
 LAvM, and Settlement (South), . 
 
 Miles. * '" ' -' - ' Miles. 
 
 Portage Entry and Light (West),. 246 
 
 • ♦ Portage Lake, 6-251 
 
 1 Houghton, f N. lat. 46*40', W. 
 
 6 7 long. 88°30' 8-259 
 
 2 9 Hancock,} 1-260 
 
 1—16 Head of Portage Lake (8 miles), 268 
 
 9—25 
 
 15 — 40 Trarerso Island from Portage 
 
 20—60 Entry, 10-355 
 
 G— G6 Tobacco Rivor, 12-261 
 
 12—78 ZacZa5eZ^e,f and Bete Grise Bay 14-281 
 
 12—90 Mount Houghton (900 feet high). 
 
 10-100 Montreal River (Fishing Station), 6-281 
 
 18-118 Keweenaw Point, 8-295 
 
 2-120 Manitou Island and Light 3-298 
 
 Copper Harbob,! N. lat. 47° 30', 
 
 4-124 W. long. 88°, 10-308 
 
 2-1 26 Agate Harbor, 10-318 
 
 2-128 Eagle Jlarbor \ and JAght, 6-324 
 
 3-131 Eagle River, f N. lat. 47°25', ■ ■•■ 
 
 3-134 W. long. 88°20', 9-333 
 
 2-136 Entrance to Ship Canal A Portage 
 
 4-140 Lake Route, 20-353 
 
 9-149 Salmon Trout River, 8-366 
 
 6-155 Graveraet River, 5-366 
 
 12-167 Elm River, 8-374 
 
 Misery River, 5-379 
 
 3-170 Sleeping River, 6-385 
 
 2-172 Flint Steel River, 6-391 
 
 1-173 Ontonagon,! N. lat. 46°52', W. 
 
 2-175 long. 89''30' 9-400 
 
 5-180 Iron River, 11^411 
 
 8-188 Porcupine Mount'ns, 1,300 ft. high, 8-419 
 Carp River, 10-429 
 
 10-198 Presque Isle River, 6-435 
 
 8-206 Black River, 6-441 
 
 6-212 Montreal Biver boundary between 
 
 10-222 Michigan and Wisconsin, 20-461 
 
 6-228 Maskeg, or Bad River 10-471 
 
 4-232 Chaquamegon Point, Bay, &Light, 11-482 
 Ashland^ Wisconsin, head Chaqua- 
 
 13-245 megon Bay. 
 60 
 
LAKE SUPERIOR — OBJECTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 61 
 
 Milen. 
 
 La Pomte, Maddino Island, ..... 3-485 
 (Tlie Twelve Apostle Islands). 
 
 Bayfield, Wisconsin, N. lat. -.*»<< 
 
 46''45', W. lonp:. 91°3', 3-4S8 
 
 Bass wood Island, t-49r) 
 
 Raspberry Island, and Light,. . . . 6-501 
 
 York Island, 4-505 
 
 Fishing Island, 4-509 
 
 Bark Bay and Point, 10-519 
 
 Apakwa, or Cranberry River, . . . 6-525 
 
 Iron River, 10-635 
 
 Hand 
 
 Burnt "Wood River, , 
 
 Poplar River , 
 
 Cotton Wood River, 
 
 Ainioan River, 
 
 Moutli Neniadje, or Left 
 River, (Alloues Bay). 
 
 Wisconsin Point, 
 
 Minnesota Point and Light, . . . . 
 St. Lonis B.iy and River. 
 Superior City, Wisconsin, 
 I>llllllll, Minnesota, 
 
 MilM. 
 
 1 0-545 
 9-554 
 4-558 
 2-500 
 
 7-667 
 1-668 
 
 1-560 
 7-67G 
 
 Shipping Port for Iron, f Shipping Porta for Copper. 
 
 „, • Objects of Interest 
 
 Miles. 
 Superior City, Wisconsin, 
 
 N. lat. 46° 4(y, W. long. 92°, 
 
 (Superior Bay.) ' 
 
 Buluth, Minn 7 
 
 Lester River, 6 — 12 
 
 Kassabika River, 7 — 19 
 
 French River (Copper Mines), . . . 3 — 22 
 
 Bucfianon, 4 — 26 
 
 Knife River (Copper Mines), . . . 1 — 27 
 
 Burhnyton, 10 — 37 
 
 Stewart's River, 3—40 
 
 FJncampment River and Island . . 3 — 43 
 
 Split Rock River, 7—60 
 
 Beaver Bay, N. lat. 47°12', W. 
 
 long. 91° 10—60 
 
 Palisades, 5 — 65 
 
 Baptism River, 1 — 66 
 
 Little Marais, 6—72 
 
 Manitou River, 3 — 75 
 
 Two-Island River, 8—83 
 
 Temperance River, 5 — 88 
 
 Poplar River, 6 — 94 
 
 Grand Portage, Indian trading 
 
 post, N. lat. 47^50', W. long. 
 
 90** 16-110 
 
 Isle Royal, attached to Michigan, 
 Pigeon River, boundary between 
 
 the United States and Canada^ 10-120 
 
 Pie Island, 700 feet high, 20-140 
 
 Welcome Island, 7-147 
 
 Mouth Kaministiquia River, 
 
 on the North Shore. ', 
 
 Fort William, Canada, N. Int. 
 
 48°23', W, long. 89*^27', 
 
 Prince Arthur'' s Landing, SJ miles 
 Thun or Cape, 1,350 feet high,. . 
 
 Silver Islet, Canada, 
 
 Black Bay, 
 
 Point Porphyry, 
 
 Entrance to Neepigon Bay & River 
 
 Ste. Iguace Island, 
 
 Slate Islands, 
 
 Pic Island, 
 
 Peninsula Harbor, 
 
 Pic River and Harbor, 
 
 Otter Island, Head and Cove, . . . 
 Miehipicoten Island, 800 ft. high, 
 Michipicoten, Harbor and River, 
 
 N. lat. 47 "5G', W. long. 85^06'. 
 
 Cape Gargantua, 
 
 Leach Island, 
 
 Lizard Islands, 
 
 Montreal Island and River, 
 
 Mica Bay (Copper Mine), 
 
 Mamainse Point, 
 
 Batchevvanaung Bay (Fishing St'n) 
 
 Sandy Islands, 
 
 Maple Island, 
 
 Goulois Bay and Point, 
 
 Parisien Island, 
 
 Gros Cap, 700 feet high, 
 
 Point Aux Pins, 
 
 Saut Ste. marie, Canada, . . 
 
 Miles. 
 3-150 
 
 16-165 
 
 6-170 
 
 6-175 
 
 6-180 
 
 30-210 
 
 10-220 
 
 30-250 
 
 15 -265 
 
 8-273 
 
 10-283 
 
 30-313 
 
 25-338 
 
 45-383 
 
 25-408 
 
 12-420 
 
 6-426 
 
 14-440 
 
 20-460 
 
 6-466 
 
 10-476 
 
 4-480 
 
 7-484 
 
 8-495 
 
 5-500 
 
 10-510 
 
 7-517 
 
 8-625 
 
 : .< 
 
 I 
 
 
 ■t; 
 
 A 
 
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PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 RAILROAD. 
 
 »^ifi*** 
 
 THE CREAT TBONK LIliE 
 
 , , AND 
 
 United States Mail E>oute 
 
 • BETWEEN THE 
 
 ATLANTIC SEABOARD AND THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY ; 
 ALSO, THE GREAT LAKES AND CANADA, 
 
 '-' BY MEANS OF ITS CONNECTIONS. ' ; 
 This u iM most splendidly equipped and best constructed 
 
 RAILWAY LINE IN THE WORLD. 
 
 It is Double Track and Stone Ballasted, and is laid with Solid Sleepers and 
 heavy Steel Rails between New York and Pittsburgh. The Bridges are of Iron 
 and Stone, and all material used in construction is subjected to the closest inspec- 
 tion and highest tests. The Westinghouse Air Brake is attached to all Passenger 
 Trains, and the system of Safety Signals is perfect. 
 
 Pullman Drawing-room, Sleeping, and Parlor Cars are run on all Express 
 Trains from New York and Philadelphia to Chicago, Cincinnati, Louisville, 
 Indianapolis, and St. Louis without change. 
 
 The scenery on this route, for grandeur, beauty and variety, is unsurpassed in 
 America. All who contemplate a Trip Across the Contimnt, should 
 travel over this famous Line. 
 
 THROUail TICKETS 
 
 For sale at the LOWEST RATES, at all the principal Ticket Offices of the 
 Company. 
 
 A. J. CASSATT, General Manager. 
 , * D. M. BOYD, Jr., Gen'l Pass. Agent. 
 
 Philadelphia, Mav, 1874. 
 
 , 52 
 
i 
 
 hh 
 
 i^, C'Llvil 
 
 A,)' 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 -rt; 
 
 THE LARGEST AND BEST LOCATED 
 
 FIRST-CLASS HOTEL 
 
 IN^ THE CITY. 
 
 THE W 
 
 LL HOUSE 
 
 Is not excelled by any in the West for its Comfortable 
 Beds, its well supplied Table, its attentive Servants. 
 
 This House is graded in Price from THKEE to TWO Dollars per day. 
 
 NO RUNNERS ARE EMPLOYED, AND TRAVELLERS MAY DEPEND UPON ALL 
 THE COMFORTS OF A WELL REGULATED HOUSE. 
 
 R. A. GILLETTE, 
 
 Cleveland, 0., April, 1874. 
 
 JPBOrHIJETOB. 
 
 57 
 
mMM MmmmAmm 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 JEFFERSON AVENUE, . . . . DETROIT, MICHIGAN. 
 
 ' > Fropnetor. 
 This Is a largre and well-kept HO'X'£<Xj, situated near the Steamboat Landings. 
 
 m^ 
 
 TORONTO, ONTARIO. 
 
 mm 
 
 '-V-" 
 
 
 ■ i-^ I 'J. •-.3 iJ" t 
 
 ihis Favorite and First-Class Hotel, situated on the 
 
 GOENEE QF KI^Q A^B YQEE ^TEEEW^^ 
 
 Is a large and roomy edifice, afibrding every comfort desired 
 
 . by the Travelling Public. , 
 
 An Omnibus runs to and fVom the Eailroad Depots and Steamboat Landings. 
 
 ) f 
 
 ■:i- V 
 
 GEORGE P. SHEARS, 
 
 Proprietor. 
 
 Cf '.« 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 -satag — ^^jfe^ . 
 
'll^W^ 
 
 stMjAwrence hall, 
 
 ..'■^-.f 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 Tliis splendid Hotel, which is situated in the most beautiful part of the City of 
 Montreal, near the Banks and Post-Office, is furnished throughout in the best stylo 
 of the New Yorli and Boston Hotels, and comprises a 
 
 A' 
 
 ■i 
 
 - DINING SALOON AND CONCERT ROOM, 
 
 unequaled by any Hotel in Canada. 
 
 §i^ The TABLE will receive special attention, with the view of rendering it 
 equal, if not superior, to any in America. 
 
 . ^.-■v:.-^.y,-_ 
 
 BLOT AMB ©©LB BATHS 
 
 can be had at all hours ; and an Omnibus will always be in attendance on tht 
 arrival or departure of Railway Cars and Steamboats. 
 
 P. GERIKEW, Proprietor. 
 
 9 
 
 
 "trilH'S HOTEL 
 
 TOBOHTO, ONTARIO. 
 
 This Popular HOTEL Is Delightfully Situated, 
 
 FACING TORONTO BAY. 
 
 THOMAS McGAW, Manager. Capt. THOMAS DICK, Prop'r. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S ROYAL NIAGARA HOTEL, . 
 
 - NIAQARA, OHTARIO, 
 
 Is Handsomely Situated near the Steamboat Landing, at the 
 MOUTH OF THE NIAGARA RIVER. 
 
 HENRY WINNETT, 
 
 Manager. 
 
 59 
 
 Capt. THOMAS DICK, 
 
 Proprietor. 
 
wmmmmmmmfm 
 
 ■*•»»»%. ■isf'^'f'W^' 
 
 I 
 
 Fi w IP' 1. S D .X 2i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Ul^iJ^: 
 
 IT 
 
 9 
 
 •^ 
 
 -• -> ,«■ '* 
 
 MACKINAC, MICH., 
 
 E. A. FRANKS, Pkopeietor. 
 
 -•-^ 
 
 This old and favorite Hotel is most delightfully sitiiated on the romantic Island 
 OF Mackinac, within a short distance of the water's edge, and contiguous to the 
 Arched Bock, Sugar Loa^ and other Natural Curiosities in which this famed 
 Island abounds ; being alike celebrated for its pure air, romantic scenery, and fish- 
 ing ^'•vounds. • 
 
 Mackinac, Jult/, 1874. 
 
 CHIPPEWA HOUSE, 
 
 SA.TJT STE MARIH:, 
 
 MICHIG-AN. 
 
 This favorite Hotel is pleasantly situated, near the Steamboat landings, at the 
 mouth of the Ship Canal, and in the immediate vicinity of Fort Brady. 
 No section of country exceeds the Saut and its vicinity for , ■ ^ •' 
 
 Fishing, Hunting, or Aquatic Sportst 
 
 Tlie table of the Hotel is daily supplied with delightful White Fish, and othei 
 varieties of the season, no pains being spared to make this house a comfortable 
 home for the pleasure-traveler or man of business. 
 
 • i. H. P. SMITH, Proprietor 
 
 60 
 
 N 
 
J 
 
 EXCELSIOR 
 
 LIVERY STABLES. 
 
 \ ' y-f^ xa ^ 
 
 k I .r. A 
 
 FHEEMAN & BHOTHIB, 
 
 PROPRIETOIIS, 
 FBONT STREET, MABQUETTE, MICH., 
 
 Nearly opposite First National Bank. 
 
 THl ¥ffil BIST 
 
 CARRIAGES, BUGGIESiSADDLE HORSES 
 
 -.fit 
 
 TO LET AT REASONABLE RATES. 
 
 h^'t-i-f f 
 
 Supplied with Conveyances and Guides to the best Fishing Grounds. 
 
 m^ 
 
 (S» 
 
 #*^ 
 
 V. .(M,i A 
 
 9 
 
 AT 
 
 
 B. F. OHILO'S CALLEBY, ^ 
 
 MARQUETTE, L. S. 
 
 Tourists and Visitors will find a Large Collection of Stereoscopic Views of all Points of Interest on 
 LAKE SUPERIOR, SAUT STE. MARIE RIVER AND MACKINAC, 
 
 Including the Celebrated Pictured Rocks, the Copper and Iron Mines, Indian Views, etc. 
 
 Call and examine whether yon wish to purchase or not. 
 
 I3^^:POI^T.A.3<rT TO "VISITOK/S. 
 
 G. N. CONKLIN 
 
 Has the Largest Stock of Specimens on Lake Superior, consisting of 
 
 fS8, 
 
 i-S'iyr?:m?ii? 
 
 '®«) ®S3fc^ 
 
 a 
 
 ALSO, A FINE ASSORTMENT OF 
 
 Solid Gold Jewelry, Silverware, &c. 
 
 FRONT ST., MARQUETTE, MICH. 
 
 ninHiiBilKMit'iW'y 
 
1 
 
 V 
 
 h 
 
 First National Bani< 
 
 ■-*»• « ,. n 
 
 . CJ I 
 
 H. E. HAYDON, President. JOHN B. MAAS, Viee-Prea. 
 
 F. E. SNOW, - - Cashier. 
 
 CAPITAL, ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLAMS. 
 
 This Bank is now ready for business, and solicits the patronage of the public. Its 
 affairs will be conducted in a manner strictly in accord with safe banking. 
 
 A SPECIALTY WILL BE MADE OF 
 
 FOREIGN EXCHANGES AND PASSAGE TICKETS. 
 
 Exchanges available at all points East and West. ' 
 
 J8^*" Collections entrusted to our care will receive prompt and careful attention. 
 
 ^^ H A YDON^S - 
 
 9 
 
 NEIL CAMPBELL, Cashier. 
 
 H. E. HAYDON, President. 
 
 ». f 
 
 WEGAUJ^^B, {L. S.,) MICHIGAN. 
 
 Foreign and Domestic Exchange 
 
 FOR SALE AT LOWEST CURRENT RATES. 
 
 vT Pi^SSi^aE TICKETS 
 
 To and from the Old Country by all the First Class Lines, 
 
 Parties wishing to send money abroad, or who desire to bring out their friends, 
 will always save money by purchasing DRAFTS or TICKETS at this Bank. 
 
 A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS TRANSACTED. 
 
 62 
 
 ( 
 
 NEGAUNEE, MARQUETTE CO., MICHIGAN, '^^m . * 
 
 ( 
 
 / 
 
t 
 
 J. B. SMITH & CO 
 
 «> 
 
 I 
 
 Merchants, Forwarders, and Agents, 
 
 '■':-* 
 
 L'ANSE, LAKE SUPERIOR, MICHIGAN. 
 GOODS AT \VHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 
 
 Stock consisting of Dry Ooods^ Groceries, JProvLsionSf Boots and ShoeSf Clothing, 
 Mats and Cajts, Ftimituref Crockery, Sash and Doors, X/wte, Orain, Feedf 
 May, and a large and complete Stock of Mining Supplies of every descrip- 
 tion f Oak Ijumber, Stove and Steanibort Coal, JHre Brick, Conitnon 
 Brickf and all heavy articles freighted by vessel, sold in 
 
 LABGE OB SMALL QUANTITIES. 
 
 SFEOIA-L A.aEISrT8 
 
 For Hazard's Kifle and Blasting Powder, Superior Safety Fuse, St. Clair River 
 Turned Mining and Axe Helves, Steinway Pianos at N. Y. prices, etc. 
 
 ,.. ^ ^ , vT. 33. sis^ith: & O 0-, 
 
 . ' L'ANSE, HOUOHTON CO. 
 
 0. £. HOLLAND. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 J. N. SOOTT. 
 
 SHELF AND HEAVY HARDWARE, 
 
 "'^ -41 
 
 ^:.Arim w '^"- 
 
 SHIP CHANDLERY GOODS, 
 
 AND MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 TIN, COPPER AND SHEET-IRON WARE, 
 
 L'ANSE, L. S., MICHIGAN. 
 BBANCH STORE, MICUIGAMME, MICH. 
 
 Agents for Fairbank's Standard Scales, Broad's Patent Cant-Hooks, Pike Poles, Hall's Safes, etc. 
 
 L. J. BECOTEAU ^ CO., 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 GENERAL GROCERIES, PROVISIONS 
 
 AND ALL KINDS OF 
 
 G-J-Lj;^^^V^JL:Ei,:El A3<riD OltOOKZEIS/T". 
 VESSELS SUPPLIED. 
 
 63 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
UST OF BOOKS AND HAFS 
 
 COMPILED AND FOR SALE BY 
 
 J. DISTURNELL, 
 
 No. 17 Sontb Sixtb Street, Pblladelpbla, (up stairs.) 
 
 4 I 
 
 ! i 
 
 '^ • • » » 
 
 {AXd 
 
 .0 CPPtP^ ^v 
 
 MISSISSIPPJ 
 
 ^A^fi r. AND ,cK]V 
 
 Xhnhraeinff a Description of Laheg 
 Superiftr, Huron, Michigan^ Erie, 
 and Ontario; Commerce of the 
 XjaheSf Ac; forming a Complete Guide 
 for the Plkasure Traveller ; with Map and 
 Illustrations. Price, $3.00, bound in cloth. 
 
 J^ake Superior Guide, giving a full De- 
 scription of the Objects of Interest and 
 Places of Resort on this great Inland Sea 
 — its Cities, Villa^res, Mineral Locations, Ac. 
 With TowNsuip Map. Price, $1.00. 
 
 Township Map of the Lake Superior 
 Jiegiftn and Upper Mississippi Val- 
 ley; showing the Copper, Iron, Silver, and 
 Gold Fields on the South and North Shores 
 of Lake Superior. Price, 75 cents, pocket 
 form. 
 
 Across the Continent and Around 
 the World — Disturnell's Railroad and 
 Steamship Guide ; giving the Great Lines 
 OF Travel Around the World ; also, other 
 Useful Information relating to Railroads, 
 Steamship Lines, Telegraph Lines, &c. 
 With Map of the World, on Mercator's Pro- 
 jection. Prioe, 50 cents. 
 
 United States Megister, or JBlue JBooh 
 for 1874f containing the Army and Navy 
 List, Judiciary, «&c. ; together with Infor- 
 mation relating to the States and Terri- 
 tories, with the Census of 1870; also, re- 
 lating to the Dominion of Canada, and 
 other portions of the Continent of America. 
 Price, $2.00, in cloth binding. 
 
 Official Census of the United States 
 and TerritorieSf by Counties, Ac, for 
 1860 and 1870, and of the Dominion of 
 Canada, from the latest enumeration ; also, 
 the Constitution of the United States, 
 and Amendments. Pric^, 75 cents, in cloth. 
 
 Influence of Climate in North and 
 South Americu ; showing the varied in- 
 fluences operating in the Equatorial, Tropi- 
 cal, Sub-Tropical, Temperate, Cold and Frigid 
 Zones, extending from the Arctic to the 
 Antarctic Circle ; accompanied by an Agri- 
 cultural and Isothermal Map of North 
 America. Price, $4.00, cloth binding. 
 
 The Post- Office IHreetory for the 
 United States and Canada, with a 
 Supplement containing the New Post-OflBces 
 of the United States, corrected to April 1st, 
 1873. Price, $3.00, in cloth binding ; $2.26 
 in paper covers. 
 
 ni^ MAILED FREE OF POSTAGE, 
 
 Philadelphia, May, 1874. 
 
 64 
 
 
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