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AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Sox tiitVLBt ot Antkcmed by the CoinieU qf Public Inst\ Upp9r Canada, TORONTO: PUfiUSHED BY BREWER, McPHAi Pftnteri , Stationeri and 46» Kma Stiut EitT.^ 1866. ti ^i » * i ..> \ V ?*:■»*'?:■' fr( of) ofl in r.J un] 6] ti( V PREFACE. ...i In this work, the general principles of Gram* mar are printed in large, and the illustrations and exceptions in small type. The former ard intended to be committed to memory ; and Id commencing to teach grammar to youiig classes^ it will be advisable for the pupils to learn only that portion which is printed in large type. In a second course, or with an advanced class, both the rules and notes must be studied, and the exercises corrected and copied into a book prepared for the purpose. Those who are alregdy acquainted with Grammar will observe that this work diiTert from others of the same kind, on the degrees of comparison, — the pronouns, — and the form of the verb, which it is believed dre i;ere given In a more simple and <'»orrect na^ner. Ample directions to teachers • Will b© found under each Section; but it is exp^pt^f that in Grammar, as in every other brant>n, Conjun.- I^TRODUCTION. Mankind communicate their thoughts by spoken and written language. The dementis of spoken language are artu culate sounds. The elements of written language are cha* racters or letters, which represent articulate sounds. Letters are formed into syllables, syllables into words, and words into sentences. Grajnmar is that science which teaches the proper use of letters, syllables, wor^is, and sentences ; or which treats of the principles and rules of spoken and written language. The object of English Grammar is to teach those who use the English language to express their thoughts correcuy either in speakiiig or writing. BNOLISH GRiMMAR. DIVISIONS OF GRAMMAR. English Grammar is divided into four parts nvLtnefyi Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. Orthography treats of letters, and of the mode of 'combining them into syllables and words. Etymology treats of the various classes of words, a'nd of the changes which they undergo. Syntax treats of the connexion and arrange- mefnt of words in sentences. Prosody treats of . the proper manner of speaking and reading, and of the different kmds of verse. Part L— ORTHOGRAPHY. Orthography treats of letters, and of the mode of combining them into syllables and words. LETTERS. A tetter is a mark or character used to re* present an articulate sound. The English alphabet consists of twenty-six letters. Letters are divided into toioels and cdnso* nants, A Vetnel is a letter which makes a distiiict sound by itself. A Consonant is a letter which cannot be distinctly sounded without a vowel. ^^^'^w pp PiUlT I. — OBrHOQRiuPilT. A, Cf 1,0, u, w and 1/ are vow^els. The remaining fiineteen letters are con- Aonants. Th^ union of two vowels in one sound is called a Diphthong, When both vowels are heard, it is called a proper Diphthong ; as, ou in sound. When only one of the vowds is Iraard, it is ealled an improper Diphthong ; as, oa in hoaU The unioi;! of three vowels in on^i sound is called a Triphthong ; as, iew in view. All the vowels, many of the diphthongs, and severa^I of the consonants, have more than one sound. Thus, tho vowel a has four sounds, as in /a ^c, fait /s^t ff^Ui the diphthongf ea^ has four, as in. heart heart, heat, breast; and the coQeQuant c has twp. as in city, call. On the othpr hand, many, of the sounds are represented by several l^tt^rs. Thus, e,.a8 :n me, is represented by ae, ay, ea, ee, ei,fio, ey, i,ia, ie, oe, oi, and y; as in the words Caaar, quay, hear, see, neither, people, key, pique, cavi' are, relieve, Joel us, turkois, and duty ; and the sound of k, as in kill,)» represented by c, ch, q^ and gh, as in the words corn, character, quoit and hough. An accurate knowledge of the sounds of the vawels, diphthongs, triphthongs, and consonants, i^ only to be acquired by a careful attention to orthoepy, as it is to be found in pronouncing dictionaries of established re|>uta- tion, and as it is practised by persons of education and titste. SYLLABLES AND WORDS. A Syllable is a single sound, represented by one or more letters ; as, a, aw, ant. In every syllable there must be at least one vowel. 10 BNGLISn GRAMMAR. The number f syllables in a word is always equal to the number of distinct sounds which it contains. Thus, the word «^rcngthe Ist of august, 1714. her Reign was rendered Remarkable by tha Vietories of the duke of marlborough on the continent of aiirope, And the union Between england and Scotland. these ar6 Thy Glorious Works, parent of Good ! almighty. Thine this universb^ frame ! the Bt georgti Arrived at kiugstown From liver-Pool on tuesday evening at Eight o*clock, and will Sail at six O'clock on Thunday morning. i am monareh of all i Survey, my right there is none to Dispute ; from the Centre all round to the sea, i am Lord of the Fowl and the Brute. o solitude ! Where are the charms, that Sages have seen in thy Face, better Dwell in the midst of alarms, than Reign in this Horrible Place. PART 11.'— ETYMOLOGY. '.J . 18 'hear the words of solomon, the Wise Kiiig of Israel : " fear ifdd, And keep his Commandmetits ; For this is the whblv Duty of Man.** remember, o my Friends, the laws, the rights, the Generous Plan of power, Delivered down 'from age to age by your Renowned Forefathers ! o let Them never Perish in your Hand^, but piously Transmit them to Your children. >^^W^/\/%/v/>'>''"^^ Part II.— ETYMOLOGY. Etymology treats of the various classes u^ ^ords, or parts of speech, and of the changes which they undergo. ^ pahts of speech. There are nine classes of words, or parts of speech ; nanriefy Article, Noun, Adjective^ Pronoun, Verbf Adverb^ Preposition, Conjunc-^ tionf and Interjection! I. An Article is a word placed before ti tioun to limit its signification ; as, A tree, an apple, the garden. II. A Noun is the name of a person, place, or thing ; as, John, London, book, III. An Adjective is a word which qualifies a noun ; as, A sweet apple; a large garden; a iiew book. IV. A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun ; as, John was in the garden, he says that it is full of trees, which are covered with fruit. 14 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. V. A Verb is a word \%hich affirms, or which asks a question ; as, Jatnes strikes the table t do you hear the noise T VI. An Adverb is a word which qualifies a verb, an adjective, or another «^dverb; as, He writes well; she is remarkably diligent; they read very correctly, VII. A Preposition connects words, and shows the relalioti between them ; as. We travelled from Spain through France towards Italv. VIII. A Conjunction joins words and sen- tences together ; as. My father and mother are come, but I have not seen them. IX. An Interjection is a word used lo ex- press sudden emotion ; as. Ah I there he comes ; Alas I what shall I do !* * DiRBCTioNfl TO Teachers. — Every word in the. Engiail luigTiaj^ belongs to one or other .of these nine parts of fipeach. I^e best way to disting^iish one part of i^ech from anoUior li to attend to its significatioD, and consider whotbor it is a aaniri, or a word used instead of a name — whether it expr c a o ei ^ality in a noun, a verb, or another word of qunlity — whether it makes an assertion or asks a question — or whether it Joim other words tc^ther, or points out relation betweeu them. — The following directions will also assist in finding out to what classes the principal words in a sentence belong : Nouns admit before them words expressing quality : thus, ire can say, a black hmee^ a tour orange^ a loud naitie ; hvi, we cannot say, a black did^ a sour covcredy a loud very, Nouns also answer to questions beginning with who and what : thus, Who Btruclc the table ? What did James strike ? The words JameOy table, which form the auflwers to theae qne»> tkms, are nouns. Adjectives admit nouns after them : thus, we cannot say, M PART n. — ^ETTMOLOGY. u I. — Article. An Article is a word placed before a noan to limit its signification. A noon without an aiticle htfon it is to be under- itood in ui unlimited sense : thus, man is mortal, means that all men are mortal. A man, limits the Biguification lo sne man ; the man, limits the si^nificatioa to some particular man. There are two articles, a or an, and the. A or an is called the indefinite article, be- cause it does not point out any particular per- son or thing. Thus, a tree, an apple, may ngnify any tree, any aj^^ When the indefinRe article is tc be placed before a mmn, a or en is employed aceonling as the one or th» ether can be more r^dUy formed by the organs of speech. good exeelleni, an excellent happy; but we can say a good boy, an excellent scholar, a happy parent. Adji^ctireB also answer tA questions begiuning witb what sort of : thus, What sort oj garden is it ? What sort of apples are these 7 Large and nteet, the answers to these i^uestions, are adjectives. Verbs make sense with the pronouns, /, thou, he, or 100 4 tliuB, we nan say, / sit, thou standest, he walks, we run; but we cannot say, / chair, thou still, he slowly, we down. * Ad'-rbs, when joined to verbs or adjectives^ aaewer to th» questions how ? how much ? when ? or where ? — ^thue, how does he read ? When will she be here ? Well, soon, or any other words which will answer to these questions, are ad- verbs. Adverbs, though they are used to express qualit}% like adjectives, do not make sense with nouns: thus, we cannot ■ay, a good hoy diligently, a wise man prudently ; but we can «ay, a good boy learns diligently, a wise man acts prudentlp. Prepositions may be distinguished from conjunctions by their admitting after them the words me, us, him, them ; thosy we con say, to me, by us, from him, in them; but we caniuil fliQV Mud me, arus^tj him, though them. mmmm and 'M more pleasingf to the oar when preneaneed &lon| , witU the word which folfows. Therefore, a is used before words begioniijig with a consonauti the sounds of 10 and y, and the lon^ sound of u ; as, a book, a Word, a youth, many a one, a eunuch, d unit* An i$ u«ed beio fore words beginning with a vowej, silent A, and h sounded when the acdent is oq tile second syllable ; iMi,.tf» army, an hour, an his^rian. ' ' The is called the definite article, because it points out some particular person or thing* Thus, the garden refers to some particular garden as distinguished Srom all others. II. — Noun. A Noun is the name of a person, place, oi thing. Thus, the words, Johut London, lookt are called nouns, because John is the name of a person, London the name of a place, tiud hook the name of a thing or object Nouns are divided into Proper and Common,. Proper No\;ins or names can be applied t6 fadividuals only. Common Nouns or names can be applied to a whole kind or species. Proper Nouns distinguish individuals from the rest of the same species. Common Nouns can be applied tji^ each individual pf a species, but do not distinguish one mdividual from another, llius, John is called a pjx>per noun, because, though there tire many persons of that name, they do not form a kind olf species by themselves ; the word is used to distinguish one nian or boy fronp^ an- other : London w called a proper npuii, because it distin^ . guishes the ciiy which be^irs tliat name from every ojlhe^ city: book is c'lUed a comi^on uouni because it dp^ uo| ^f- PAKT ll;«->^STTMOL007. IT it distingaifth' one thin^ of the kind firom another^ batoaa be applied to any object of the fame species. Proper nouns, when applied to individuals only, do nol^ require an article before them to limit their signiiioaticn. But when a number of individuals resemble each other, the name of one of them is sometimes used to expreet their common character, and then admits of being limited like a common noun. Thus, a great orator is called a- Cicero; an eminent poet, a Homer or a Virgil. Proper nouns also become common, when they are applied to two or moro individuals collectively.;, as^. The twelve CMlable of the singular, the plural is formed by adding es. Thus, nouns ending in or, ch soft, sh, and m, form the plural by adding ea; as, For, foxe«; church, churche«; jUh, fiaheB ; glass, {rlfOBes. The following are the principal irregularities with respect to number : — Nouns ending in ck hard, and in o preceded by a Yowel, form the plural by adding «; as, Monarch, mo- narchs ; folio, foliot. Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant, t^ke ts; as. Hero, heroM; except canto, grotto, junto, portico, quarto, solo, tyro, which iidd # only Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant, change y into tet; as DUiy, dutief. In like manner, ihe word tilkali has alkaiist in the plural. But nouns ending in y preceded by a yaWel, and proper names used W common Boons, follow the general rule; as, i?ay, day* ; Htnry^ Henryt. Nounffendnig in /or fe chKagdf or fe into m; u^ wmm ^ PART II. — ^ETYMOLOGY. i9 Calf,cvAves ; knif e,kmve9; exceplhrieff ehie/t fief , grief f handkerchief! hoof , proof , reproof , roof ; dwarf , scarf , Vfharf; gulf turf; fifcy strife; safe; which are regular. Nouns ending in ff are also regular; as, Muff^ muffs; except staffs which has staves. A few nouns take the termination en ; as, ox, oxen / ehildi children ; man, men, with its compound womanf women; footman, footmen, &c. * r Some nouns vary the plural to express a difference of meaning ; as, Brother, brothers, (sons of the same pa* rent, brethren, (members of the same profession ;) die, dies, (stamps for coining,) dice, (small cubes used in games ;) genius, geniuses, (persons of great talent,) genii, (spirits ;) index, indexes, (tables of contents ;) sn- i^tces, (signs in Algebra ;) pea, peas, (single seeds,) pease, (seeds in a mass ;) penny, pennies, (coins,) pence, (value of coins in computation.) Nouns which have been adopted from foreign languagef without change, sometimes retain their original plurals ; thus: — ^:A^ •tt.^ ...:■• a Animalculum Animalcula Antithesis Antitheses Apex Apices Appendix Appendices Arcanum Arcana Automaton Automata Axis Axes Bandit ) Banditto ) Banditti Basis Bases Beau Beaux Galx Calces Cherub Cherubim Criterion Criteria Crisis Crises Datum .^ ^.^ , Datfc. Desideratum Desiderata Dilettante DUettauii EfHuviiim Effluvia Eilipsis £i|UpMM|,,.^y .- .;y, „ Erratum ErraU ' ■/^ wmmmm ENGLISH QJLAHUXZn Focus Genus Hypothesis Ignis-fatuus Lamina Maffus Medium Memorandum Metamorphosis Monsieur Phenomenon Radius Seraph Stimulus Stratum Thesis Vertex Virtuoso Vortex Foci Genera Hypotheses Ij^nes-fatui LaminiB Magi Media Memoranda Metamorphoses Messieurs Phenomena Radii Seraphim Stimuli Strata Theses , Vertices , Virtuosi Vortices % f The following nouns cannot be classed under anfTige- lierat rule, in the formation of the plural number : Foot, fttt; goose f geeot; louse, lice; mouse, mice; iootk, teeth Some nouns have the singular and plural alike ; as, Deer, sheep, swine, salmon, ^c. Many nouns have no plural : these are chiefly proper names, and namesr of v irtues and vices, arts aiid sciences, metals, grain, 6ie. ; as, England, Dublin ; wisdom, goodness, pride, sioth; poetry, music, arithmetic; gold, silver, iron; wheat, barley; hemp, pitch, milk, btead, t^c Some nouns waat the singular number : as« Bellows^ scissors, tongs, ashns, lungs, riches, bowels, vitals, morals, nuptials, breechesi, drawers, kalends, noneSiidH^ thanks, oats, victuals, poUtics, mechanics, stsktietieSf optics, mathematics, antipodes, minutim, ^e. Among this class of words are to be reckonsd letter$ signifying literaturp, and mann.n'S, in the sense of 6e- haviour. Amends, means, odds, are either siogular or plural. NetDs is generally used as singular; likewiM alms and galUwsf, PART II. — ETYMOLOGy. a GENDES. There are three Genders, the Masculine^ tbf Feminine, and the Neuter. Properly speakiugr, there are only two genders, th0 masculine and the feminine, corresponding to the two nexea ; but as many nouns belong to neither sex, thei0 are classed together, ai>d denominated neuter, that is, of neither gender. The names of males are masculine ; as, Man^ husband, father. The names of females are feminine ; af Woman, wife, mother. The names of things, which are neither mal^ nor female, are neuter; as House, field, river .r When a noun may be applied either to a male or a fty male, it is said to be of tt^e commoit gender ; as, Parent^ child, friend. There are three ways of distinguishing the masculioA from the feminine :^— 1 By a different termination ; fv Abbot ' Actor Administrator Adulterer A. .bassador Arbiter Author Baron Benefactor Chanter Conduotor Count Czar P/lvphin Deacon Director Abbess Duke Duchess Actress Elector Electress Administratrix Emperor Empress Adulteress Executor Executrix Ambassadress Fornicator Foruicatrix Arbitress Giant Giantess Authoress Governor Governess Baroness Heir Heiress Benefactress Heritor Hcritrix Chautress Hero Heroine Conductress Host Hostess Countess Hunter Huntress Czarina .Tew Jewess DauphinesB Lad • Lass Deaconess Landgrave Landgravijio-, Directrix Lion Lioness 22 ENGLISH OHAMMAB. MargraTC ) Margravine Seamster SeanMtresB Marquis MarchioueM Shepherd Siiepherdesi Mayor Mayoress Songster Songstress Patrou Patroness Sorcerer Sorceress Peer Peeress Sultan Sultaua Poet Poetess Testator Testatrix Priest Priestess Tiger Traitor - Tigress Prince Princess Traitress Prior Prioress Tutor Tutoress^ Propliet Prophetess Viscount Viscountess Protector Protectress 2. By a different word ; as — Beau Bolle Horse Mare Boar Sow Husband Wife Boy Girl King Lord Quoe»« Bridegroom Bride Lady i Brother Sister Man Woman Buck Doe Master Mistress Bull Cow Monk Nun Bullock Heifer Milter Spawner Cock Hen Nephew Niece Colt Filly Ram Ewe hog Bitch Sir Madam Drake Duck Sloven Slut or slattei Earl Countess Sou Daughter Hind Father Mother Stag Gaffer Gammer Uncle Aunt Gander Goose Widower Widow Gentleman Lady Wizard Witch Hart Roe ■ • 3. By prefixing a noun, an a( Jjective, or s I pronoun ; as— Man-servaut Maid-servant Cock-sparrow Hen- •sparrow Male-child Female -child He-goat ghe-j groat CASE. There are three Cases, the NominatUe, tht Possessive^ and the Objective. PART II. — ETYMOLOGY. 23 The Ihteif cusos are expresfiive of thn three Ktates of relation to other words, iii one or othnr of which tht name of every pereon* place, or thing must be placed. A noun is iti the nominative cnse when it is the suhject of an affirtnatior* or a queslion. A noun is in the possessive case when it ex- presses ownersh p or possession. . A noun is in the ohjective case when it is the end or object of an action, or of some re- lation expressed by a preposition. Thus, in the example, "John took Robert's knife, and put it into the )>ocket of V^illiam's cout," two affir- matious are made by the verbs took and put. The sub- ject of these affirmations, or the person wliu took and put, Was John, whose name is, therefore, in the n the word \Vhich makes the affirmation or points out the relation ; as, What did John take ? A knife. What did he put it into ? A pocket. What did he put it into the pocket of? A coat : the words which answer to all these questions are in the objective. Sentences like the preceding may be parsed in the following tliannor: — Johnt a proper noun, singular nntiiber, masculine gender, and nominative case ; tookt a verb : HoberVs, a pro- per noun, singular number, masculine gender, and possessive £a»o ; knifCf a common noun, singular number, neuter gender, Und objective case; and, a conjunction; ^«/, a verb; it, a prononn ; into, a pn position ; the, the definite article ; pocket, a oonnnon noun, tiinjrular number, neuter gender, and objec- VHMWPI PART II. — ETYMOLOGY. 25 EXERCISES. PARTS OF SPEECH. llow many classes of words are there ? To what claiw do all names beJoiig? What words limit the signification of names? What words are used instead of^iames? What words express quality? What words qualify nouns? What are words which affirm or ask questions called ? What wnrdf qualify afiirniations, and otlier words expressive of quality^ What wordii are used to connect other words ? What word* both connect other words, and point out the relation whicl one thing bears to »iiother? What words are used to ox press sudden emotion ? , Say to what class each of the'follotbing words belongs: — Ireland, come, an apple, by, diligent, we, alas ! write, not, t garden, quite, walk, good, and, plant, oh ! green, very, run, but, winter, make, long, hush ! fruitful, silver, read, or, the river, happy, build, quickly, sit, lar^e, house, nor, weH, it, George, school, she, with, aha ! strike, Cork, I, ride, at, pen, twectly, them, new, him« earlli, ah ! learu, you. ;i 'Vit ARTICLE. ■;..'<: u ' Wliat is an article ? How is a v/ord which has no article before it to be understood? What does a signify? How t: tive case; of, a proposition; William* s, a proper noun, singu- lar number, masculine gender, and possessive case ; coatt a common noun, singular number, neuter gender, and objective ease. On each of the words questions like the following may be^ put, to teach the ready application of the preceding rulos. Why is JoAit called a ptoper noun? Why is it said to be iu the singular number? masculine gender? and nominative case ? Why is Robert's said to be in the possessive case ? Why is knife called a common noun 7 Why is it said to be in the neuter gender? and objective case ? What is the plural of knife 7 How do nouns in /and fe form the plural number? Why ia the called the definite article ? &c &o a I K 2ti ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ? does the limit the signification of a noun ? IIuw many ar- ticles are there ? What is a or an called ? and why ? When ought a to be placed' bieforo a noun ? and when an ? What is the called ? and why ? f Place Articles before the following words : — Man, sun, fields, apple, hour, grammaii, husband, pons, union, stone, herb, infant, river, historian, wood, army, eunach, clouds, garden, orange, youth, honour, scholar, wish, hope, university, writer, ew*e, planets. Correct the following Errors : — An river, a i.pple, a ornament, an good scholar, an youth, a himible man, an history, a hour, an ewe, a owl, an wclf, an union, an prince, a empty purse, an huinArous story, an useful work, a obedient f^on, an sweet pear, an green fields a hidustrious man, a amiable woman, a harmonious sound, an cheerful temper, an Winding stream, a open countenance, an severe, winter, an mild sprhig, an warm summer, a abundant harvest. NOUN. What is a noun ? How many sorts^ of nouns are there 7 What sort of a noun is John ? and why is it so called ? What sort of a noun is hook ? ai. J why is it so called ? Wh^ii do Proper nouns became Common? How are nouns inflected? For what purpose are nouns inflected? What is Number? Gender? Case? How many uumhers are th*^re? What is a collective noun? How is the plural formed? When do nouns form ' e plural by adding es? What termination or flnal letters require es after them in the formation of the plural Hurler? How do nouns ending in o, y, and /or /e, fofm th > plural? How many Genders are there? When is a louu suid to be of the common gender? What are the throo ways of distinguishing the masculine from the feminine? How many Cases are there ? What do the cases express ? What cases in nouns are always alike? How is the Posses- nivo case formed in the singular and in the plural- number? When is the possessive singular formed in t|ie same way m tlie pnsKossivo plural? and the possessive plural as the poti •onnive singular? ¥"% ?ART II. — ETYMOLOGY. 21 Distinguish Proper nouna from Common in the fqlluwing .*— Dublin, city, time, nation, Patrick, hope, dog, honour, ( friend, Limerick, table, kindness, portion, peasantry, Italy, fleet, stream, happiness, London, boy, Amorica, debt, people, Thomas, Henry, mountain, hut, multitude, party, CsesaTi regiment, Bristol, virtue, dontineut, grammar. In what number are — Field, plants, beatit, rams, globes, cloud, virtue, vices, sun, blackness, box, leaves, quartos, alkali, inches, duty, asses, wish, heroes, tetrarchs, money, righteousness, knives, footman, child, peas, axes, cherub, phenomena, crisis, genus, data, effluvia, stratum, theses, teeth, salmon, sheep, whiteness, folly, Aiorals, spectacles, antipodes, tongs, riches, optics, anncjs, victuals, bread, milk, iron, mathematics, brass* amends, news, alms, people, multitude ? Form the Plural of — Flower, watch, junto, staff, woman, bandit, erratum, Soose, index, magus, seraph, brother, hoof, grotto, tax, gar- en, orange,' miss, city, bay, gulf, monarch, tree, loaf, mouse, automaton, hypothesis, penny, die, bush, deeri muff, lady, radius, potato, ox, genus, criterion. Correct the foUotoing errors ;— Good scholares are always attentive to their studys, and to the instructiones of their teacheres. The huntsmans killed two fox. I saw a husbandmen ploughing, with six oxes. You can see ten churchs from the top of that hill ; rt is a pros- pect which even monarchs might admire. Hannibal was one of the greatest heros of ancient tims. We are only tyroes in grammar. The innkeeper borrowed two dozens of knifes and forkes ; and he not only took great care of them, but returned them in a few daies ; both of which are proofes that he was deserving of the favour. That old man has two staffs, one in each hand : how ridiculous these ladys would nppear if each of them had two muffes. Obedient childes are t,nxioas to please their purentes. These young mans are grea genii: thee are brethren, being sones of the same father, ^'l^ut is a good crop of oat, but the wheats in the next field i** *>^^ %o good. I will give you two golds for three silvers. Tiw no** is 38 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. well skilled in mechanic: he has invented a new kind bellow. Lend me your scissor to cut this thread. David a man of excellent moral, and pleasing manner, and Well acquainted with letter. ^ What it the gender oj—^ King, duck, shepherd, beauty, heart, flock, woman, widow- er, boy, companion, lady, uncle, Mary, virtue, master, bride, biwband, witness, aunt, head,, parent, wisdom, Charles, princoi empress, Belfast, cousin, nun ? ' What is the feminine of-^ ' Hero, nephew, lord, stag, abbot, marquis, hart, dnke, ittltan, host, ram, brother, milter, testator, malC'Child, giant, wizard, executor, beau, monk, bullock, viscount, margrave, earl, director, he -goat, Sioven, buck 7 ^. . In tohat ease is each of the following nouns .*— A man's hand ; mend the pen ; John writes ; the kinp^t crown ; in the field ; ladies* gloves ; children's toys ; sUiW the table ; from Cork to Limerick ; Charles* hat ; the girls , read the boys* books ; lend a slate and pencil ; Cesar was a .scholar and a warrior; the ways of wisdom are ways of pleasantness ; man's happiness does not consist in the abun* dance of his possessions ; the scholar's improvement is the master's object ? Correct the following errors : — Jame's sister was Roberts' husband. My uncle is mf neatest benefactress. The duke is a distinguished heroine. That young lady is the marqui's nephew, and is about to be married to the ambassadors* daughter : she is a count in her own riglit. Henries' daughter was much grieved at her childs death. My brothers wifes mother arnved lust night. A mo- thers tenderness' and a fathers' care are natures gifts' for maui advantage. Wisdoms precepts* form the good mans interest and happiness. Parse the following sentences^ stating the number, gender, and east of each of the nouns : — . « A duke, a marquis, an earl, and & viscount, were. present at the review. The king and the beggar, the prince and the peasant) are liable to the misfartunes of life. Many men aro f ■p ■MPIPMIiPMil^^ PART II.-^ETYMOLOGT. ^9 deceived by falso appearances. James and I arto rivals ; but we do not cease to be friends. Charles was a man of know- ledge, learning, politeness, and religion. Th' unwearied sun, from day to day, Does his Creator's powV display, And publishes to every land. The work of an Almighty hand. Peevishness and paslsion often produce from trifles the most serious mischiefs. Truth and candour possess a powerful charm: they bespeak universal favour. Learning does not grow up in the mind of its own accord : it is the fruit of long' cultivation, and the acquisition of labour and care. • f III. — Adjective. An Adjective is a word ^hich qualifies a noun. Adjectives qualify nouns by ascribing to the objects of which they are the names, some- prqperty or other cir- cumstance which distingiuNhes them from some other objects of the same kind. Thus, in the example, a tweet apple, apple is the name of an objoot, and sweet describes a distinctive Quality of that object : hence the word eweei is an adjective. la like manner, in the examples, a largt garden, a new book, the words large and new are adjec- tives, because they express circumstances concerning the garden and the book referred to, which distluguisE them from some other gardens and books. Adjectives have three forms ; the Positive^ the Comparative^ and the Superlative, . An adjectiv^e is in the positive form when i( does not express comparison; as, A rick man. An adjective is in the comparative form^ when it expresses Comparison between two. or between one and a number taken colics- sb English grammar. J tively ; as, John is richer than James : he is richzr than all the men in London. An adjective is in the superlative form, when it expresses comparison between one and a number of individuals taken separately : as, John is the richest man in London. Adjectives expressive of properties or circumstanceii which cannot be increased, have only the positive form ; .as, A ctVcM^dr road ; the cA«>/' end ; cxfremc measures. The positive is used to denote the existence of some quality in an object without comparing it directly with any other object ; but in adjectives of dimension, and son)e others, comparison is implied, though it it* not ex- pressed ; thus, we say of a walking-stick, compared with a twig that it is thick — compared with a tree that it is : smaiL The comparative not only expresses comparison between two, or between one and a number taken coU lertively, but denotes that a greater or less degree of the ^jqoality exists in the one tJian in the other. Jn like man- ; per the superlative not only expresses comparison be- . . t^een one and a number of individuals taken separately, but denotes the greatest or least degree of the quality in „ th«» object with which each of the others is compared. * Tl)us, we say of an apple, it is sweet; comparing it with another apple, we say it is sweetery meaning that it pos- ■ semea a greater degree of the quality of sweetness ; com- paring it with each apple in a number, we say it is the sweetest 1 meaning that of all the apples referred to, it possesses the quality of sw ?tnes8 in the greatest degree. Because the dfferent ft ..is of the adjective thus express diflerent degrees of quality, they are generally caJl^d the Degrees of Comparison, The compnralive is formed by adding er to tu J positive; as. Great, greater; STwa//, smaller. jv When the positive ends in «, the letter r only i« added ; as, Large f larger. The superhiiive is formed by adding e^^ to the p» *t;ve; as Great, greate*-/ ; smalU smaller/. tf 7' PART 11. — ETYMOLOGY. 31 When tho positive ends in e the letters st only are added as, Lar^f, largest. Whe^i the positive ends in y preceded by a consonant, the y is changed into i 6efore er and tat ; as, Happy , happi«r, happicfff. When the positive ends in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, the consonant is doubled L x'ore er and e«/ ; as, Hoi, hotter, hoittat. The comparative is also formed by prefixing ^ore \o the positive; and the superlative, by jsrefixing most; as, Useful, more useful, most useful. Adjectives of one syllable, and dissyllables ending in y and c usually form the comparative and superlative by adding er and c»f , or r and at. All other adjectives of two syilubjes, and adjectives of more than two syllables, usually form the comparative and superlative by prefixing more and moaL A few adjectives form the superlative by adding mo«t to the positive or comparative, as, Frey foremost ; upper, upper?«o«t. The syllable iah is sometimes added to the positive tp lessen its signification; as., Blackfhl'dckiah. When, the positive ends in e, the e is omitted before iah ; as, White, whitiah. The signification of the positive is also lessened by pre- fixing the adverbs leaa and leaat ; as, Useful, lesa useful, leaat useful. The adverb very is often prefiwed to the positive to in- crease its signification by expressing a degree of quality somewhat less than tho greatest or superlative degree ; a«. Wise, very wise. The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of tie comparative and superlative : — Bad worse worst t •. Evil Hi Fai Fore ! farther former farthest \ foremost \ finit mmmmm ENGLISH GRAMMAB. Good Hind In better hinder inner Late Little latter MeM Low lower Many / Much ] more Near nearer Old nether \ older ( elder Oat outer under Vf upper best hindmost hindermost inmost innermost latest last least ( lowest ( lowermost most { nearest ( next nethermost (oldest \ oldobt i outermost \ utmost undermost A uppermost \ upmost * * Directions to Tkachera. — It has beeu already ex* plained that Adjectives may bo distinguished from the othet- parts of speech by theii aiaklug sense with a noun, or by their answefing a question in reference to the noun, beginning with the words, What sort of. Thus, we can say, a sweet apple , but we cannot say, a stoeet large f a sweet it, or a sioeet learn. Or, if we ask, Wha* sort of apple is it ? the word sweet, which answers the question, is shown to be an adjective. Whe* ther an adjective has any other form than the Positive can only be ascertained by i:onsidering whether its signification can be increased or diminished ;' and whether it is regular or irregular, or in what manner ihn Comparative and Superlative are formed, must be learned by attending carefully to the preceding rules and examples. When an adjective is in the comparative or superlative, it should be asked, why it is so ; thus, Why is richer put in the comparative form 7 Because a eomparison is made, first, between John and James, and thea between John and all the men in London taken togetheiv Why is riehett put in tho superlative form t Because a oon* PART II. ^ETYMOLOGT. u EXERCISES. ADJECTIVE. What is an adjective 7 How do adjectives qualify noani t How many forms have adjectives? When is an adjective in the Positive form 7 ill the Comparative 7 in the Superlative 7 What adjectives have only the positive form 7 What is the use of the positive 7 What adjectives imply comparison in the positive form 7 What is the use of the comparative? of the superlative 7 What are the positive, comparative, and superlative generally called? and why? How is the com- parative formed 7^ How is the superlative formed 7 How are the comparative atid superlative formed, when the positive ends in e ? when the positive ends in y preceded by a con- » . . ' I. < parii^on is made between John and each man itt London taken separately. Sentences containing the Article, Noun, and Adjective, may be parsed as follows, the explanations being drawn from the pupil by such questions as. Why is it called an adjective 7 Why are the comparative and superlative formed by adding r and 8tf &.C. &c. A wise man; an amiable woman ; the last day, A the indefinite article, limiting the signification of man; wise, an adjective in the positive form, qualifying man, com- parative wiser. Superlative wisest, formeid by adding r and st to the positive ; man, a noun, singular number, masculine gender, and nominative case ; an, the indefinite article, writ- ten an because the next word begins with a vowel ; amiabU, an adjective, in the positive form, comparative more amiable, superlative most amiable, so formed because the positive is « word of four syllables, to which it would be inconvenient to add r and st; woman, a noun, singular number, feminine gender, and nominative case, possessive woman's, plural loo- men, possessive women's ; the, the definite article, limiting the signification of day ; last, an adjective in the superlative form, qualifymg 'day, irregular in the formation of the comparative and superlative, later or latter, latest or last, later and latest being generally apphed to time, latter and last to number and erfier ; day, a noun, singular number, neuter gender, and uom- mativo case, forming the plural by adding s, because the final y is preceded by a vowel. ,.«;s ;v. ^ >, „ : I 6* ■■■■ ^^mmmmmmm -.If* KN6;«18H GRAMMAR. lonant? when the positive ends in a single consonant, pre / ceded by a single vowel ? Is there any other way of forming j thu comparative and superlative ? What adjectives generally / form the comparative and snporlative by adding er or estt or r OT at? What adjectives always form the comparative and superlative by more and most ?' How do a few adjectives form tfie superlative? How is the signjiication of the positive Home> times lessened ? What adverbs are sometimes placed before the positive to lessen its sipiification ? What adverb is often prefixed to the positive to express a degree of quality some- what less than tho superlative ? What are those adjoclivea Called which do not form their comparative and superlative by the preceding rules ? What are the comparative and Muperlativ of — Bright, diligent, thin, noble, bad, pretty, fearful, brave, warm, active, worthy, cold, large, industrious, affable, wise, obedient, gloomy, able, sad, little, strong, near, dutiful, serene, big* good, careless, late, fruitful 1 In what form are the adjective* — Mildest, better, high, more, uttermost, happiest, worthless, least, whiter, lowermost, worse, cruel, eldest, gentle, magni- fioeut, best, many, less, gayest, peaceful, virtuous, sweetest^ eyili inmost, happier, miserable, temperate, useful ? Correct the following errors : — He expects to see more happy er days. You have got tht lesser share. Alexander the Great is a most historical person- age. It is the duty and privilege of man to worship tiie Su- premest Being. Autumn is the iuterestingest season of tha year. Tuesday was more cold than Monday. This summer IB hoter. than the latest. Robert is more taller than William* ,, Solomon was the wiseest man ; Methuselah was the eldest Jane is livelyer than Mary. This is the beautifulest flower I ever saw. My hat is littler than yours, but his is the littlest of jthe three. Patrick is the negligcutest boy in the c>ass. Shf .was reduced to the extremest poverty. Parse the following sentences : — ' "^A good boy ; the tallest girl ; an upright man ; a lofty tree { .splendid talents ; fair weather ; the best neighbour ; the far iner's hospitable mansion; man's chi^ cud; the l^uights pi ■V-In PART II.- 'RTYMOLOGy. 81$ Iho round fiible ; re]i*ntless war ; a fruitful fifld ; Edward If a most. a|rrffabl« companion. A profligate life leads to * misr-ruhlo drjiili. Tlie smooth Btream, the serene atmofrphere, thr mild zephyr, are the emblems of a g'cntle temper, and a peaci^fdl iii'o : among the sons of strife, all is loud and tem« peutuoas. > O happy is the man, who hears luHt.ruction^s warning voice, And who celestial wisdom makes His early, only choice. t Mnlt'tudcs, in the most obscure stations, are not less eager 'm their pplty broils, nor less tormf^ntcd by their pasfiions, than if princely honours were the prize for which they contend. IV.— P RO.VOUN. A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. ThiiR, in the sentence, John was in the garden : he sayB that it is full of treeHt which arc covered with fruit, he, ia used in place of John, if, in place of garden, and which, in place of trees, to prevent the repetition of these nouns. There are tF^ree kinds of pronouns ; Per^ tonal, Relative, and Demonstrative, PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Personal Pronouns are so called because they are used instead of the names of persons, places, and things. The personal pronouns are /, thou, he, she, and it, /, uliich is used when a person speaks of himself/lg called the pronoun of the first person. Thou or you, used in speaking to another, is called th« pronoun of the second person. He, she, it, used in speaking of a person or thiugt aro called the pronouns of the third person ■V^ifUPHPiPMi 36 BNOUSH GRAMMAR. Personal pronouns have number, gender; and case. They are thu& declined : — VIK8T. PEH8. MA8C. OH FRM. . Sing. "Plur. Noni. 1 Nom. We D . S ^y or «„.« ^ Our or ^•'*- \ Mine ^°"' 1 Onw Obj, Me ObJ. Vb P08». THIRD PBR80N MASC. Sing. Plur. Ntfm. He Nom. They Pom. Hfs JBos*. J 'r jl!!—^' 06;. Him Obj. Them 8EC0ND PERS. MASC. OR FEM. jSiKff-. P/wr. j^ S Thou ». i Ve Thine '*'hy P... J Your YoJr ^"**-iYouw , Yours (. ^.. ri'hee Obj. You O*^- I You THIRD PERSON PKM. Sing. PltB". Nom. She Noin. They D (Herorii„ ^ Their or ^«**- Hen, ^^''' Thein 06;. Het 06;. Them THIRD PER80N NEUTER. Sing. Plur. * Nam. It iVom. They , Poaa. Its Pom. Their or Theirs Obj. It Obj. Them In addressing p rsons you is used both in the singular and the plural: thou is seldom used except in addros^ing the Deity. It may be used not only in pla^^.e of the nsinie .»t an object, but instead of a clause of a sentence ; an, To Uarn hia leaaona well is the scholar's duty ; or, It is the scholar's duty to learu his lessons- well. In such ex- pressions aS| It rains, it freezes, it does not stand for either a noun or a clause of a sentence, but is used to point out the effect of some cause not specified "^'^ The possess! ves my, thy, her, our, your, their, ar« us«"i when the name of the person or thi*»flr posfscssed ii mentioned immediately after them ; aB,.My book, your pen, her slate: — mine, thine, hers, ours, yours, iheira, are nsed when the name of the person or thing pobnessed PART II. — BTrNOLOOr. »r ]» mentioned in a previous part of the ftentenco, or is only understoocl ; as, The book; is mine! the penis your|; Whose is'tiie slate ? her9, ' The Word ouDn is soinetimet added to the poeM^wivef m^i min^i thiii^t hittj hert it», our^ youtt their^ to render thei^i more emphatic ; as, It i» your owv fault. Siift in the plural selves^ is also added to the pofweBsiTo case oi' pronouna of the first aiid second prrNons, Hiid to the ohjective of pronouns ofthf third pernon ; us, MyMelf^ ouiselven; himself, themselveg. These are soinetimef called Reciprocal Pronouns, because, when used after verbs they denote that the agsnt and tht johjcct of. Iht action are the same ; as, They iujure themselves, RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Rdatim Pronouns are so called because they relate to some word or clause going be- fore; as, The boy who deserves the prize «hall get it ; he has always behaved well, which gives qne great satisfaction. In these examples the pronouns who, mhich, are n«t only used in place of other words, but who refers imme- diately to hoy, and which to the circumstance of his having always behave4 well, ■ ' J>'' The word or clause to whicH a relative pronoun refers is called the Antecedent, The relative pronouns are who, which^ that^ what. Who fs applied to persons only; as, The man who was here ; the woman who spoke to him. Which is applied to the lower animals and things without life ; as, The horse which! sold ^ tfie letter which I wrote. That is applied to both persons and things \ ifi KNt^LJSH GRAMMAR. as, The fr-end that helps ; the bird that sings ; the knij'e that cuts. What inchides hoth the antecedent nnd the relative; as, I did what he desired «^e, ti^iat is I did that which .^o desred me. Because what includes both the autpcedcnt and the relative, it is ^nlotitnes called a Gtunpmind Pi-r.noun, For the fiaiiie reason, whoever and whatever may be con- sidered compound pronouns, as in the examples, Whoever said *;o was mistaken, that is, The person w'to said so was mistaken ; Whatever you do, do quickly, that is, That which you do, do quickly. Relative pronouns have the singular and plural alike. Who is either mas^culine or fenninine ; whichf that, are masculine, feiriinine, or neater; what, as a relative pronoun, is always neuter. That, what, are not varied by case. Wh4 and which are thus declined : — Sing, and Plur. Nam. Who .>«nitff jVom. Which Poss. Whose Pass. Whose Obj. Whom Ohj. Which ^ Who, which, and what, when used to ask questions, are called Interrogative Pronouns. In asking questions, who refers to persons, which to persons or things out of some definite number, what to persons or things indefinitely ; as, Who said so 1 Which of you said so? What pereiou said so? Which book shall I take ? What house is that ? m (! I* Sijig. and Plur. iiitl / DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. De;/ionstra'ive Pronouns are so called be- cause they | It is a conjunction. Sentences containing pronouns may be parsed as follows :— / recommend these hoys to your care, I hope you will find them diligent. /, a personal pronoun, first person, singular number, common gender, and nominative case ; recommend, a verb ; these a demonstrative pronoun, pointing out hoys, ia tiiS plural number, singular this; hoys, a noun, plural number, masculine gender, and objective case ; to, a preposition ; your^ a personal prunoun, second person, singular numbor, common gender, and possessive case, uoniinative thou, or you, posses- •ive, thine, thy, yoHr, or yours, objective t/ic«, or you; care, a noun, singular number, neuter gender, and objective case ; /, a personal pronoun, first person, plural we; hope, a verb; you, a personal pronoun, second person, singular number, cojtnmon gender, and nominative case ; will, a verlr, find, a verb; the7n, a personal pronoun, thii^d person, plural number, masculine gender, and objective case, used in place of boyf, nominative singular Ae, nominative plural they; diligent, an adjective qualifying boys, in the pi^sitive form, coinparatiye Hore diligo.n1, snporlative most diligent , : 'r L ■^(PPP ^■tipw" "W" 40 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. EXERCISES. . PRONOUN. ^ What IB a pronoun? How many kinds of pronouns aro there ? Why are personal pronouns so called ? What are the personal pronoilins 7 what is the pronoun of the first person 7 of the second 7 What are the pronouns of the third person ? What pronoun is used in both the sin^lar and the plural ? When is thou .used 7 Is it used only in place of a noun 7 IVhat does it point out in the expressions it rains; it freezes ? When are the. possessives my, thy^ her, &>c., used 7 and when minef thine, hers, &>q., 7 What word is somotimos added to render the possesisive more emphatic 7 tWi^at are the Recipro- cal pronouns 7 To 'vhat cases are self, selves added 7 Why are they called recipr^'xsal pronouns 7 Why are Relative jironouns so called 7 What is a word or clause called, to which a relative pronoun refers? What are the relative pronouns? To what \b who applied? which? and that? Why is what called a compound pronoun? "W^at other words may be considered compound pronouns? "What are always alike in relative pronouns? What are the genders of the relative pronouns? What relative pronouns are , varied by case 7 What are the interrogative >pron9iins 7 How are they applied 7 t ' Why are Demonstrative pronouns so called 7 What aro the demonstrative pronouns? How are they applied ? " What kind of pronoun is — Mine, these, we, them, thou, hers, that, my, this, our, whom> his, thy, he, it; those, who, us, their, me, ours, whose, him, thine, your, they, her, its, ye, I, she, self, which ? What are the person, number, gender, and cas-e of — Our, her, him, them, you, us, mine, thee, what, those, whom^ this, their, which, it, she, you, who, theirs, these, I, thy, that^ die, your, selves? '. Correct the following errors : — Thislxx)k is my. Is that yours pen? Give me hers slate. It was him own fault. Let them do it theyselves. Come ihou- wlf. I which teach. You which learn The books whom we r^ad. Do what whith you are told. What's knife is this. Do you see this two hats? those belongs to John, and theso, to' James. I menc youi wish I sure fathel earthl of thl heart! \,t' PAST 11. — ^BTYMOLOeY. 41 Parse the following aentencee :— i shall hear your lesson when you can say it. He ma) mend his own pen. Can she go by herself? Is that knife ol yours sharp 1 Whose pencil is this? T>o unto others, as you wish that they should do unto you. Such errors as these are sure to be detected. Write such a letter as will please youz father and mother. As far as happiness is to be found on earthy we must look for it, not in the world, or the things of thb world ; but within ourselves, iniDur temper, and in our heart. V. — Verb. A Verb is a word which affirms, commands, ^r asks a question. Thus, the words John the table, contain no assertiou * but when the word etrikv.t is introduced, something is affirmed, which is either true or not true : hence etrikea ^ is a verb, that is, it is the word which gives meaning to the sentence. Sometimes the verb, or asserting word, is omitted ; thus, in the example, did you hear ihr. voice ? * yeSt the adverb which answers the question, makes an affirmation in reply, but the verb / did is understood. The simple form of the verb without inflection, is, in ^' ^*s Grammar, called the root of the verb ; thus, Love is f.h^d root of the verb to Love. ^ ■'y verb is said to be transitive when the action passes ' (f^^ri 'he subject of it to some other object, and intran-- •s;: t . ^yheu the action remains with the subject, thus ; / love him : love is transitive, because the action love passes from the' subject / to the object him. Whereas, / walk, I sit, I run, are intransitive, because the actions walking, sitting, running, remain with the subject / Many verbs may be used either transitively or intransi* tively ; thus, I am writing, may be regarded as intransi- tive, having no reference to any thing written, but / am writirj a letter is transitive, the action passing to the vbji)Ct letter. So, / walk, is intransitive, but / walk.m horse, is transitive. Verbs are inflected by Numher^ PersoUf Ttnse^ and Mood. •»v,y»- ) 4^ E7/GLISH GRjlMMAR. y^rbs have two numherst like novins and pronounfl, to express whether the affirmation, &.c.| is made of one, or more than one ; as, he learns f they learn. Verbs have three persona, like the personal pronouns, tc denote whether the affirmation, Slc, is made of the potson who speaks, the person who is spoken to, or the person or thing spoken of; as, I ledrny thou learnest, he, she, or it learns. Verbs have two Simple Tenses, the Present and the Past, The tenses of tr. i "j denote the time of the action or sta(te of being; as, 1 <<>, that is, I am engaged in the act of writing at the present tims ; I wrote f that iv, 1 wai^ engaged in the act of writing at some past time. Verbs have four simple Moods, Injinitive, Indicative, Conditional SiYid Imperative. The moods or modes of the verb denote the manner in which it is used ; as for affirming, comniahdiug. See, Thus, when the sense of the verb is expressed without reference to time or person, or when it i&used as a noun, it is put in the Infinitive Moody the sign of which is the preposition to with the root of tiie principal verb, as, To love, To have loved. When the verb is used to express a simple af&:mation, whether present, pa^tj> oi future, it is put in the Indicative Mood ; as, / wrilef I wrote, I will writs. When the verb is used to express a condition, it is put in the Conditioual Mood; ant If I Write, Although I write. When the verb is uced' to express a comni&nd or entreaty, it is put in the iint- perative ; as. Write thou. Verbs have two Participles, the Active and the Passive. :K\\'- Verbs have two verbaln, the one usually called' the Infinitive, the other, the Participles. The infinitive ex* presses the sense of the v^rb in a sobstantive form, tti« participles, iu an adjective form ; aSf To rise early iff V^ heallhjul. An early rising man. The r:ewly risen sum «*^ T now Prei A.bi( A.m Arie Awi Bak Boa Bea Bea Bee Beg Bet "^ PART 11. — ETYMOLOGr. 43 The participle in ingt frequently is used as a substantivey and thus it is equivalent to andthor infinitive; e. g. Ri$in§t early it healthful^ and To rise early is healthful, are equivalent. Verbs are Regular^ Irregular , or Defective^ t A vast majority of the verbs of the language form their, passive participle like their simple past tense; namely.- by adding ed or d to the root of the verb, and are called regular; as — Present Past. Passive Participles Love Loved Loved Learn Leaniod Learned Verbs are considered irregular, when they form theijr passive participle in any other way than as above ; as-r*^ ^ Present. Begin Write Past. Begai* Wrote Passive Participle* Begun Written ' > Somn verbs are defective, by wanting one or more of these paits ; as — ' , rLJ Present. Past, Can Could May Might ^ ^ , > The following is a list of the Irregular and Defective Verbt now in use. Passive Participle* (Wanting) ( " ). 9.* * J" Present, Abide Am Arise Awako Bake Past abode was arose awoke or awaked baked > »\> Boar, to bring forth bore or bare Bear, to catry bore or bare Beat . beat Become became Begin began Behold beheld Passive Participle, ? abode been wts'l arisen /'.vh'l awaked •' * baked or baken bom i borne ! i beat or beaten i^ »'^ become i" begun beheld or beholden ^ ■ ENOLISir GRAMMAR. PreMent. Paet. * Paeaive Partiei^ • Bend bent or bended bent or bended Bereaye bereft or bereaved bereft or bereav*^ Beseech besought besought Bid bade or bid bid or bidden Bind bound bound Bite bit bitten or bit Bleed bled bled Blow blew blown Break broke or brake broken Breed bred bred Bering Build brought . brought built or builded built or builded Burst burst. burst Buy bought y bought Gaat cast cast Catch caught or catched chid or chode caught or catched chidden or chid Chide Choose chose chosen Cleave, to adhere clave or cleaved cleaved • Cleaye, to split clove, clave, or cleft cloven or cleft Cling clung clung aothe cloth ?*d or clad clothed or clad Come came come Cost cost cost Crow crew or crowed crowed Creep crept crept Cut cut > cut Dare, to venture durst or oi^^'mI dared Deal dealt or dealed dealt or dealed Dig dug or digged dug or digged Do did done Draw drew drawn Drink drank drunk Drive drove driven Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelt or dwelled Eat ate eaten Fat fell fallen Feed fed fed Feel U\i felt Flight ibught f0U|^t :o ..I n H Prrsi TART 11. — ETYMOLOGY. ^ S. i. rii3 ■rK .'.')■ ,f Prfitnt. Find Fleo Fling Fly Forbear Forget Forsake Freeze Get Gild Gird Give Go Gray© Grind Grow Hang Have Hear Heave Help Hew Hide Hit Hold Hurt. Keep Kneel Knit Know Lade Lay Lead Leave Lend Let Lie, to lie down Pa»L i found fled flung flew forbore or forbare forgot forsook froze got or gat gilt or gikled girt or gilded gave went graved ground grew , hung or hanged had heard heaved or hove helped hewed hid . hit held hurt kept knelt knit or knitted knew laded laid led left ' ll"'