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^ 
 
SPEECH 
 
 O F 
 
 MR. THOMPSON, OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ON THE 
 
 OREGON QUESTION. 
 
 DELIVERED 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 
 
 JANUARY 28, ! S 4 6. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 PRINTED AT THE UNION OFFICE. 
 
 I 846. 
 
 i 
 

 I <M 
 
SPEECH. 
 
 
 On the resolution giving the twelve months' notice for the termination of the joint 
 
 occupancy of the Oregon teiritory. 
 
 The House being in Committee of the Whole on 
 the state of the Union — 
 
 Mr. THOMPSON addressed the committee as 
 follows: 
 
 Mr. C»iAinMAK: I have desired an opportunity to 
 ocrnjiy the attemion of the committee for a short 
 time on tlii.-* great question. I have the honor, sir, 
 in part, to r( present an old Commonwealth, occu- 
 pying an important position in the rcpulilic, and 
 feeling a deep conrern in all that may he presumed 
 to materially afTect the general interests. I shall 
 neither speak loud nor long on this subject; and, in 
 setting out, 1 may be peninitted to say that I enter- 
 tain views \cry widely differing from many — nay, 
 most flf the iientlemeit who have spoken on this 
 question. We have been told by very many of 
 them that, this notice passing, war was to ensue — 
 actual and inriital)le war — with England. Now, 
 sir, let us think of that, and look at the signs a lit- 
 tle. A month ago I entertained the opinion, and 
 expressed it repeatedly, that there would be no war 
 if the notice were given. All through the debate, 
 gentlemen on both sides of the question spoke of 
 war — on the one side, admitted that it mifrht come; 
 and, on the other, that it was inevitable. Why, sir, 
 where do you see any signs of war? Look out all 
 over the face of nature and society, and there is no 
 war there. The President says nothing of the kind. 
 The Sen — yes, sir, they will preclude the sup- 
 po.'sed po:.sibiluy — it is only a prediction — of a 
 war, or chance of war, by voting down this notice. 
 The press throughout our couutry is everywhere 
 peaceful. So it is in England. Sir Robert Peel did 
 remark, some time ago, that "they" — the English — 
 "had rights (in Oregon) which, if violated, they 
 would be reaily to maintain." And who doubts 
 that- Ts'obndy proposes lo invade any of their 
 rights vnJcr the treaty; and Sir Robert Peel 
 could certaiidy have meant no other rights while 
 the treaty remains in full force. Is there war in 
 this.- The Queen has said nothing about war, the 
 British cibinet nothing; and, sir, we h.ive, by the 
 late arrivals, the views of the press there since the 
 receipt of the Pre.sident's mest^agc. Their com- 
 ments on that document are perfectly pacific. The 
 recommendations of the President to give this no- 
 tice; to erect stockades on the road to Oregon; to 
 rn!^o the riHcmen; to establish an Indian agency; to 
 
 extend our laws over the territory; to send our mails 
 there — all, all this is spoken of, and the perngraph 
 usually ends in a little bit of a compliment, that Mr. 
 Polk is a very clever writer. Sir, there ia no 
 war in this; the whole poetry of the thing is de- 
 .^troycd by this late arrival. Some body there 
 proposes to trade off Oregon for the tariff. Sir, 
 i will stand no trade of that kind, rest assured of it. 
 No, no, sir. A friend of mine from Illinois has ex- 
 hil)ited some anxiety to know my course on this 
 I subject I have arrived at the right point to tell him 
 now; (here Mr. T. looked round for hiiw, and re- 
 : marked that he did not .see him,) but I will tell him 
 ' F go for the ivlink of Oregon, and the tariff too! 
 j The whole of Oregon. (Applause.) I am, there- 
 fore, opposed to the trade. But, sir, tiiere is nothing 
 j like war irf this proposition to trade, in my judg- 
 ment. Let us see further. It is s;iid the Englisri 
 ' are repairing their fortresses, mounting cannon 
 I on the fortifications at Sheerness, Pitmbroke, Ports- 
 1 mouth, .Jersey, and the Cape of Good Hope. Why, 
 j sir, do you suppose the old gentleman (Johnny 
 Bull) is really afraid the Yankees will come over 
 the water and take these places from him.' Soberly 
 and .seriously, docs any gentleman suppose it is on 
 account of us he is arming these places.' Why, sir, 
 there is peace everywhere — everywhere but hen, in 
 this little dark circumference — this hall. Excuse 
 me, sir, when I .'ay 1 have sometimes thought of 
 the story of the "Tempest in a tea-pot." 
 
 Englai-d, sir, conscious of her position and 
 of her title, has never exhibited as much .-sensitive- 
 ness in relation to this subject as gentlemen seem to 
 suppose. I have exhibited a little of the .spirit of 
 the pre.sa in nlation lo the recommendations of our 
 Executive. No alarm has followed it in England. Bui; 
 we have gone further on this subject. The ven- 
 erable gentleman from Mas.sachusetts, [Mr. Adams,] 
 while President of the of the United States, in 
 182(), recommended, I believe, the erection of a fort 
 at the mouth of the Columbia liver, on Cape Dis- 
 appointment. He will correct me if I err. This is 
 on the north side of it. Actual fortification, com- 
 manding a most important position, was recom- 
 mended by him. Mr. Monroe had made a similar 
 recommendation. The English made no objection, 
 and no threats of war on that account, and do not 
 seem to do so now, under present recommendations, 
 
 »«, 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
England .sccnis to Iiavr, borrowed h(;r faith in licr 
 title from UH. From this hull valuahlc le.HHonf< may 
 be Ifarncd on that side of the tmcstiori, and if she 
 does bluster much al'out it, she will be mii';h cii- 
 couragod ii. doing so on aixount of oci:uirfnccs 
 ( here. But that is not the po nt just now; the arj;u- 
 
 ment is, that if wc irive tl;c notice we shall h:ive 
 I war. 
 
 I Was that tiic understand ing by the parlies when 
 
 - t'.' treaties of 1818 and 1&21 for joint occmany, 
 
 U ON .'lome call it, werp entered into r Diu ine 
 
 President, the Senate, tlie Kinj;, and the House of 
 Lords so understand i'.' Did tiiey understand that 
 a tj-ea>'; of peace, which ,iro\ided for the com- 
 mencement of u war had been entered into, whicli 
 l' agreei" .hat 'he convention should be terminated on 
 
 ' a nplice of twelve months by either party to the 
 
 \ other, which notice slior.ld be equivalent to 
 
 » u declaration of war>' This, si", this would 
 
 '' have been something of a novcity. If it be 
 
 so, that the giving of notice to end the joint occu- 
 pancy shall be ef|uivaleiit to a declaration of war, 1 
 i>eg to say it places the parties in a dilemma, truly. 
 Without speaking of rights, it would 1)3 this: if the 
 occupancy continued, the party having the right 
 might lose it by the growth and encroachment of 
 the other; and if the power getting woi.stcd by the 
 operation should give the notice to quit, he must be 
 prepared to fight it out This would be changing 
 the question of title into the contingencies of the re- 
 sult of a war about it. 1 think I give but a fair anal- 
 ysis of the argument that makes the notice 
 equivalent to war. Why, sir, tlie notice is not a 
 war measure; the press in England don't at all speak 
 of it as such; and I will take leave to venture my 
 belief that, in the estimation of every civilized power 
 on earth, war, as the result of this notice, would be 
 considered as n violation of the spirit and intent of 
 that treaty. Wliat would be the effect of the no- 
 toco? Simply, sir, to remit the parties to their ori- 
 ginal rights. What would be our poeition.* The 
 Secretary of State, [Mr. Buchanan,] in his powerful 
 and conclusive argument on the subject in the late 
 negotiation with the English minister, has shown 
 clearly that England, at the treaty of 1818, by her 
 ministers, recognised the United States as the party 
 in possession of the territory for all objects of nego- 
 tiation between the governments. This being so, 
 sir, if we give ''o- notice, England must move first: 
 we c*re in possession, and she not. Would she be 
 juKstitied in fighting on sight.' No, sir; she must 
 make such offers as would put her in the right; she 
 must move; and if that can be done, we .shall, 1 trust, 
 never be ready to fight in the wrong. An arrange- 
 ment would soon follow — a final .settlement would 
 ensue. 
 
 Suppose, Mr. Chairman, the notice given, and 
 Great Britain should take it into her head to go to 
 war, her manifesto would be a curiosity I rather 
 think. We will suppo.se, of cour.se, that it would 
 contain a true statement of her title — the right she 
 was remitted to by reason of the treaty being end- 
 ed. She would begin by stating that one John 
 Meares, a lieutenant of the royal navy, at the time 
 m the service of the East India Company, and sail- 
 ing inaPortuguese vessel, landed at Nootka in 1788; 
 whiie there, made some trades with the natives; 
 among other things, procured a right to build there; 
 relumed ^ihc n^xt season, and commenced building 
 a vessel. The viceroy of iVIcxico, conceiving it an 
 interference with the territorial rights of Spain, seiz- 
 ed and confiscated two ships then lying in the iound 
 
 I — the Argonaut] and Princess Royal — which were 
 ' al'terwnrds given up; required him to leave the spot, 
 
 and broke up his establishment. He proceeds to 
 I England, on behalf of those interested in the estab- 
 , lishment and property, to procure from thatgovern- 
 I nient a demand of indemnity from Spain tor the 
 j seizure. Before uiriving there, however, 8])ain hud 
 
 made known to Great Britain her intention to de- 
 I mand from that government f)uni.-.timent on the ag- 
 jgreasor, and guarantees and as- urances against fu- 
 ture aggreKS'iuns by the subjects of that jiower on 
 . her possessions on the north Pacific. Gentlemen 
 
 will bear in mind, for this is briefly the position of 
 I the parties up to that time, ih it Spain claimed rc- 
 j dress for a territorial interference; and on the arrival 
 ] of Meares, England made a demand on Spain for an 
 ! injury done to personal property of one of her sub- 
 jjticts. These were the issues, territoiial and per' 
 ' sonal. The negot' .lions resulted in the treaty sign- 
 j ed at the Escurial on the 24th October, 1790. This 
 
 I treaty previded for the restoration of the liuids and 
 jbuildinga which hud been seized. In point of fact, 
 
 I I believe the rcoreupation never took place. The two 
 j following articles of that convention 1 shall read, 
 
 as showing what was agreed on: 
 
 I 
 
 I An.:!. In order to strcnsjtlieii the lionds of rrieoflship, 
 
 j and to preserve in liitnre perfect )i;irniony and good under- 
 
 ; stiiiidin{( lietween tlie two rontrnctiiiir |)arties, it is agreed 
 
 i thai llieir respeetive subjects shall not lie distiirt)ed or re- 
 
 stiii'ted in can') ini^ on Wmir Jishn'ii'^ in the rncific oiean or 
 
 ill tin; Sonth sea.i, or in landinir on the coasts of those 
 
 1 mil-, in places not already occnpied. for the purj o«e of cai- 
 
 j ci/nij 1)11 iiiiiimtrif with Hie iinlii(^ of the country, o:' oi ma- 
 
 I khii; settlements tlnre; the wholu suhject. nevertheless, to 
 
 the restrictions sjiecitied in the three following Brticlts.' 
 
 The oih article, being the only important one on 
 this subject, I will give: 
 
 "Art. ."). As well in the places .which are to be re.^tored to 
 tin: Ijritish ^u^Jects liy virtue of the first article, as in 
 all other jiiuts of the northwestern coast of .North America, 
 or of the islands adjacent, situate to th(> north of the pa.-ts ol 
 the said coast already occnpied by Spain, wherevi-r the iub 
 ./(i/4- ol either of the two powers shall have made settlements 
 since the month of \pril, 1789, or shall HKlltAKTKRmake 
 any. the sulijecls of the other shall have iree access, and 
 shall carry on theii trade without any disturbance or moles- 
 tation.'' 
 
 The above, Mr. Chairman, is the title conferred 
 by the Noolka Sound convention, so much relied on 
 by England. I shall not stop to inquire whether this 
 treaty was afterwards destroyed or abrogated by the 
 w.irof 179G, or revived in 1814. Commercial trea- 
 ties are certainly, as a principle of i' ternationallaw, 
 abrogated by war. Why.- Simply because it de- 
 pends upon future arrangements whether the parties 
 shall ever be at peace, and if never at peace the trea- 
 ties arc at an end. But I will not further argue this 
 point. What rights do these articles quoted give to 
 England .' The right of soil, or the right of commerce? 
 I say "gife" to England; for can any gentleman be- 
 lieve that Eng'and conceived herself the owner of one 
 inch of that coast by prior right, and entered into 
 j that treaty on the terms used in it ? Did she con- 
 I ceive that she was acquiring title, exclusive or 
 otherwise, to any of it ? The burden of the stipula- 
 tions is for carrying on the fisheries, and for trade 
 and commerce with the natives of the country, "or 
 of making settlements there ;" the whole subject to 
 "the restrictions in the follov.ing articles," one of 
 which stipulates that settlements north of the terri- 
 tory occupied by Spain, made by the subjects of 
 either, after 1789, the subjects of the other .should 
 have free access to, and right to "carry on trade" 
 with them. If subjects of Spain eetiled north of the 
 
 ^ory 
 {tishnl 
 be liil 
 
 froni 
 er tli'l 
 irotccl 
 
 treat I 
 the e(1 
 0, byi 
 I did nl 
 kin huiT 
 ire b^ 
 mdaryl 
 1 notol 
 e Ktipil 
 MdidF 
 srior 1(1 
 
 result! 
 •e ten 
 jinal t\ 
 houui 
 
 Ut 10 
 
 karne 
 8, (Mr 
 ion.s ag 
 ' lengtl 
 I, the 
 eed for 
 er duri 
 •or [• 
 an agr 
 uld rip 
 exclu> 
 lation I 
 t, beca 
 J perio 
 ndland 
 )pose, tl 
 se circui 
 eyed int 
 iViention 
 Bnglani 
 
 vhich 
 a agree 
 xin. i* 
 eement 
 romiitei 
 h U.S. ^ 
 .hSpair 
 
 enterir 
 h Spaii 
 un, Er 
 
 No()il 
 thing— 
 title to 
 is JSJoo 
 
 the fo 
 I, if my 
 
 Charlc 
 
al — Ahich A'crc 
 :o leave the spot, 
 
 He proceeds to 
 <'d in the estab- 
 rom that j;overn- 
 1 Spain lor ine 
 /ever, Spain had 
 
 intention to de- 
 ment on the ap- 
 ices against fu- 
 
 that jjower on 
 fie. Gentlemen 
 f the position of 
 >ain claimed rc- 
 id on tlie arrival 
 
 on Spain tor an 
 
 one of her sub- 
 itoiial cind pcr- 
 
 the treaty si>;n- 
 jer, 1790. This 
 jf the liinds and 
 In point of fact, 
 
 place. The two 
 n 1 t;hail read, 
 
 Uoiy o.-cupied by Spain, that was ali right; if 
 riiniimtn ."eitled, 'that way nil right; neither was 
 be hihdiirtd by the other, this ris:ht was to re- 
 
 from the truity; Kn>;lislimen were to scltlf 
 er the treaty; and the pnvilci^c of trade, a.s well 
 )rotcctioii, wa.s the consequence. IJut Huppo.se 
 
 treaty ended by war, or otherwise, what would 
 the efftt.a.' ( loi, Id Eni,'li!-hmen .'settle there then? 
 
 0, by wliut right: Not under the treaty; for 
 t did not exist. Hud they any otiier title.' Sir, 
 tin had acipjired title more than two centuries 
 jre Ijy di.sc.overy, as far north as the northern 
 indary of Oresoii. This England knew. It 
 J notorious. Do gentlemen think .she would 
 e Ktipulated for i\ right to fi-h and .settle there 
 M did not know thiH .' If .«ii. had no title liu'ic 
 wior to this Nootka sound title, what would be 
 
 result, then, with her, if thai convention 
 •e terminated? She would be remitted !0 her 
 final lille; if that did not exist, siic would be 
 houUi claim or jiretence of right. Here .sir, I am 
 ut to .state u principle, and I call the attention of 
 
 learned colleague, '.he chairman on Foreign Af- 
 s, I Mr. C. J. In'okrsoll,! to it, It is this: if two 
 ion.s agree mutually to occupy a territory for 
 ' length of time together, or for an indt ilnite j)e- 
 
 1, the right of neither by the occupancy so 
 eed for acquiris or gains strength as against the 
 er during the time tlie agreement lasts. I^j this 
 •0: [''Yes, yes,*' from several.] It is so. If not 
 an agreement for reciprocal navigation of a river 
 
 aid ripen into a title, no matter whether v/ithiii 
 
 exclu.-'ive jurisdiction of but one power or not. 
 latiori might ilemand the perpetual opening of a 
 iportantone on t, because I 'V treaty it had been open for a defi- 
 » period. VVe might liave a title to the New- 
 ndland fi.sheiief if this were so. But it is not so. 
 >pose, then, we look at the title so situated under 
 seciicunistances. The .subjects of Great Britain 
 eired into the territory under the Nottka sound 
 iwniion; and suiii)ose that continued in force un- 
 Ekigland entered into the convention of 1818 with 
 
 which is only admitted for argument so to be. 
 e agreement with us ended the agreement with 
 lin. Suppose we should now terminate the 
 eemeiit entered into with us.'' England would 
 wimilted to her rights anterior to her argeement 
 ,h U.S. Wliat vvouiti they be.' Why, an agreement 
 .hSpain. Suppose that agreement is terminated by 
 
 eniering into the convention with us, by the war 
 h Spain, or by notice now, under our title from 
 lin, iMiglaiid is remitted to her rights anterior to 
 
 Nootka sound convenlion; and what were they.' 
 thing — nothing, sir. For .she mads no pretence 
 title lo the lerritur)- now claimed at that time. 
 is Nootka sound <■( nvention i.s now relied upon 
 
 the foundation and superstructure of her title, 
 !,if my position be correct, confers none whatever. 
 
 Charles Fox said of this convention in 1793 — and 
 was quite a.i English as any body here could dt- 
 3_«n authority to be — after noticing .several incon- 
 lities ill it, "that it reminded lum of a lawyer's 
 II, written by himself, who, at a particular clause, 
 de a marginal note: '■'ThisxclU afford a glorious 
 ince for a auit i)ic/ia»ic(riy.'' i v\'ill not stop to say 
 w unkind this remark was to the profession — 
 laugh] — but I will say that it exhibited clearly 
 ), opinion — cotcmporaneous opinion of English- 
 iDh— of that treaty as the foundation of title. Will 
 ha Dull go to war on this title? Why, .sir, he 
 8 ipways been desircus to preserve appearances — 
 eg the world to believe he has a good cause — 
 
 no matter liow the fact 
 my juvenile du, i of re\ding 
 HuU and llroth.r Jonathan.'''' 
 
 nd"! of frieodship, 
 y and good undrr- 
 urties, it IS agreed 
 le distiirt)ed or re- 
 M IMcitic ortan or 
 e cuastR of those 
 the puq o<e of car- 
 •ouutry. or of mo- 
 , nevertlules';, to 
 wing articles.'' 
 
 : to be re.-.tored to 
 rst article, as in 
 f .N'ortli America, 
 rill of the i)a.-t5 ol 
 wlierevff tfn su6 
 made settlements 
 llKAKTKRmake 
 ree access, and 
 rbance or moles- 
 
 title conferred 
 much relied on 
 re whether this 
 Jrogated by the 
 mmercial trea- 
 ernational law, 
 because it de- 
 er the parties 
 leuce the trea- 
 ther argue this 
 quoted give to 
 of commerce? 
 gentleman be- 
 ownerof one 
 entered into 
 )id she con- 
 exclusivc or 
 f the stipula- 
 and for trade 
 country, "or 
 ole subject to 
 cles," one of 
 of the terri- 
 subjects of 
 other .should 
 ry on trade" 
 north of the 
 
 1 
 
 is. I rfinemi cr in 
 a book •■ailed '' Jokn 
 The old !;ciitlemai> 
 waa represented lecturing his son Jonathan al)out 
 not paying ta<es and t'U duties, &<:., without 
 grumbling. There was a [)icture in the book. Thete 
 .stood Jonathan, a long, lank, guant-lookiiig fellow, 
 and beside him John IJull, very genteel in appear- 
 ance, toilet recently made, speaking in the most 
 i'ourteou.s inaiiner to his undutiful fon, with one 
 hand in liis bosom, and the olhtr i<liily slipped into 
 Jonathan's p'lcket — [A laugh.] He was ! pre- 
 serving apjiearaccs. An<l he will try and do bo 
 a'^ain; and, if appearances are again:H him, he will 
 not fi;:ht. IJoth ippearancea and facts are against 
 him in our case. 
 
 But siippo.sc England sliir»ild determine to fight, 
 what does she risk? L'', us i;)ok at this as a nece»- 
 aary means of asceriaining liie probabilitieii about 
 her ultimate course in this matter. Sir, this mani- 
 festo thut I havi. iiccn ciiisidering, -t'ould be scanned, 
 lier title exajniiied, and she convicted in the judg- 
 ment, not only oi cotempoiaries, butof the world, inall 
 time, of injus;;. e, and conseijuently dishonor. But 
 again: agentlei'ian the oilier t^ay told us tlialberpo»- 
 tcssions on the north .stretched along for three thou- 
 sand miles; that they contained as many sqiKire ri les 
 a.'; the United States. Will she risk this? Why, air, 
 Michigan propo.-;es '•> annev all this to herself m 
 ninety day.'i, [laughing.] Hut, seriou.sly, would 
 she ever risA; these imnien.sc posv'CKsioiia for the 
 the acquisition of a few parallclcj of latitude north of 
 the Columbia? Why, the loss of her Anr.cri'-an 
 |)0ssc: sions wou':! be the era of her decliiie and 
 final downfall. '\iil she risk it? Will gentlemen 
 who have i;postrophized her "agacity be!;eve that 
 she will not hiiik of this ? In my opinion, Mr. 
 Chairman, she wou'd as certainly lo.'-'e these posses- 
 sions, if she goes to wt.i with us, as that I am stand- 
 ing on this iloor. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, 
 U[)per and Lower Canada would all be lost to her 
 forever! Michigan will hardly be expected to per- 
 form all this, b : it will be perfectly within the pow- 
 er of the Union. 
 
 Her commerce, too, what of that ? Gentlemen 
 give us glowing pictures of the injury to ours in the 
 event of wai. Hers is said to be much f^reater, and 
 would it oot sulTor as much as ours? If injury to 
 commerce be an argument to induce a sai.ifice of 
 right.s on our part, will it have no effect to counter- 
 vail aggression on the part of England ? This ia an 
 argument, which, if it may be enplied to us, has 
 much greater force v/hen a[)pealcd Ld her, because ner 
 commerce is more extensive, and because it is more 
 important lo her than our.s to us. Will she risk her 
 commerce ? 
 
 But. sir, there is Ireland. Will she risk Ireland? 
 — at least a bloody conflict to retain it? The standing 
 army there now i.s required to be iJ9,0UO strong, 1 
 believe. Will she risk a conflict there ? This, she 
 knows, she would most inevitably do by going to war 
 with ua. 
 
 And France, sir — ay, here is the solution to the 
 enigma of her islandic preparations tor war. France,, 
 like a huge serpent, lies in envenomed coils :u her 
 feet, ready at the moment of opportunity to st; ;'.e her 
 ancient toe. When death shall have called hence her 
 so called republican king, then comes the difficulty. 
 Will there be no pretender, no struggle on the peirt 
 of the exiled house of Bourbon? If not. will there 
 not be difficulties on "he subject of the regency.' 
 The Count de, Paris if but a child. Who wili'be :o- 
 
 1 
 
■ *■> 
 
 gent? Tbi inactive, or ruther paasivft Duki: de Ne- 
 EHOurM? or tlie Queen mntlici.-' or the victonouB d«; 
 Joinvilie ? France muHt and will cscjipc inttiBtine 
 trouble only by foreif^n war. And wbile Agon- 
 court, Creasy, PoictierH, and Waterloo are bittrrly 
 remembered, and Htil! unnvenpcd, will not the war 
 (most I'kcly to occur witb Kn^jlcnd.- The convic- 
 tion in England, if we may believe the intelligent 
 Bourceaof infiirmation in, a rufiluro witb France on 
 the death of Louis I'bilipix!. He iti now very old; 
 and in view of this, Knf^land ih |.rpparin{^. John 
 Bull is tyint; up hia waim, rollinj: uphia Hl(eveH,aHd 
 making ready for the conflict. He txpcciH it soon. 
 Will be rink the conjuncture of ;i war witlniy, which 
 would increase the probabilities of u war with 
 France? 
 
 Mut, in a war with us, how are the man "'.c- 
 turern of England to get along? How can their 
 work-shops exist. How will she provide against 
 Btarvniiiiii? or, at least, aguintit much serious in- 
 jury? Where will she get her cotton from? Lei me 
 assure the genllenian from South Cari.lina, [Mr. 
 RnETT,J that this will be u most serious ohsiiide in 
 the way of war, and that the cotton bales of the 
 South will again not only be a secure breast-work 
 against the enemy, but will insure us flic \ictory 
 over him. [Merriment.] Wii! England not think 
 of this — of her manufacturer.s? 
 
 But, lastly, there comts the cIkidccs of being 
 beaten — horse foot and dragoons. Would ahc. think 
 of that? Will the contest with llcn-ules in his cra- 
 dle be forgotten? In infancy wc achi<'ved our inde- 
 pendence, and, 1 trust, disenthralled a continent. In 
 youth we gained a ghn-ious victory, iiolwillistiuid- 
 ing her power; and arc not our chances now a.s 
 bright — our success as probable — nay, certain? 
 
 Thcgentleman from Virginia, [Mr. Pkmh i;t.'KJ — 
 the "lone star"* from the Old Dominion — and 1 
 conceive it quite ft compliment to call him thus 
 from such a Commonwealth — gave us but the 
 other ilay quite the other side ofllie picture. It wa.s 
 in style a very hahdsome srieecli — it certainly 
 was — [langh.] 1 as.surc gontlt men it was. I ad- 
 mired the style and (he execution. I'nt in that 
 speech he told us of the wisdom of England — of Ih r 
 power; that she had concpiered in every land, al- 
 most on every field ; that she ruled the sea 
 "On every wave," &c. I beg pardon, 1 did not 
 mean 'o quote poetry — [iireat laughter.] Uy the 
 way, sir, 1 see that rascally Herald (New York) has 
 got all the poetry that has been expended on this 
 subject, in hi.^ paper, all together side by side, without 
 context — [Mr. Hoi.mks, or f)retext| — yes, or pre- 
 text — ln'ijiniiing with Mas.sachusetts atid ending 
 with Michigan— [merriment.] But, as I was 
 saying, the genilemaii spoke of her immense pos- 
 sessions everywhere scattered over the earth, and 
 said that the "roll of her drums could be heard 
 around the globe." It was very graphic; the 
 description was. I thought the gentleman licard 
 the drums as he described. Upon my word, 
 sir, I thought I did. Indeed it seemed so. I 
 felt like it, and felt a ^'kellc scared^'' as ,Satn Slick 
 would say. [Laughter.] But let us see the force of 
 the gentlemaii'.i appeal, or argument. I am con- 
 vinced that an appeal uuchas this, nuide lo that gen- 
 tleman, would under all circumstances be disre- 
 garded, if he felt he was right. Accustomed to a 
 liabitude of tluniglil when regarding that Old Com- 
 momwealth, (Virginia,) that he so ably represents, 
 
 *lhe Jiilv wiiisr from N'irshiia. 
 
 - the a;iggliter.| 
 
 r, it WNiJeee w^ 
 
 toat)pr>iir. A 
 
 $(n,v, to 
 I feel constrained to say, that I am sure the 
 to her would fall upon a deaf ear. Sir, 
 argument to ourfcais — it was an ap))eal to(q)p 
 sion. What do yoii think of the argument? :t of tlif- 
 nic give an illusiraiion. Suppose I should hit with the 
 tremendous bruiser, and he should seize me bvie in the 
 collar, and say I want your coat; I reply you y were m 
 have it. He rejoins, "I will have it," I look u:re improti 
 u bit, as we s:iy in the v'if,l. | Laughter.] I remeii an arnu 
 he has flogged Bendigo, licked Jim Byrne, » Aurrpe 
 made the Deaf'un give in, nnd would have (lire that ihi 
 Molyneanx himself, only he was dead, jtlcioi'^ht a 
 Laughter.] I m;ike up my mind about the n, West; ni 
 |>retty quick; 1 think of the carnage thiit W()ul'Ti#g( ntl< i 
 
 low if I stood out; and I gently hand over the 1 nourril 
 I me<,t the genllenuin from Virginia, or either oect'the J 
 other gentlemen who have used tl-.e aavnt (vigui)uld be en 
 and relate the whole transaction to him. Wlij ci'iiuiim 
 you think 1 c would say? Certainly, that I h;ir power 
 out of the .-(crape — that is certain; Ijui 1 presui.Brtty mill' 
 would tell me, that he would have liked my .ticn; no 
 some better if I liad shown a little more )!urc (n.i ] 
 [Laughter.] This is then I think a fair illiistming .<ev( 
 o'" the argument apjicjded to our iq>prehensioi;» burden 
 fears. Can a nation pause jupon such an aigii:.]— I thi 
 Ncvi;r, sir, never ! tnnusaml 
 
 Hut what, m;iy I ask, is our position in ircluuitrm 
 tion to this f|uestion ? If our title be good, vvl.teriu the.'^ 
 assert it? Shall the ariruments I have been ciunbintli-; an 
 prevent us? Ptticc is a blessing, but it initlftl to an; 
 iionoiable to he such. If the notice should iti.-li r.a. \ 
 produce war, I insist upon it we are bound to not recol 
 It; we must move in tlie matter. We have (/:«■«/ .spee( 
 the 49;h inuallcl of hitiiiulc as a compromise. Ulion — [a 
 Prcsiden!, tells us this has been done and rejec tints in tin 
 the ['ritish minister. Will any man ask usfionicy 
 to oiler It under these eircunistances? i-le tel.W 'he m; 
 further, that the oiler thus rejected was withda^taiiir a 
 and our "/;';/(' a;sirtcd to Uw whdtof Oregon.'''' * year m 
 have as.^erK'd the title to be in us, and l/ei'ev4«li half 
 assertion just, as ! think this delate show.-i wfliWe is nr 
 1 osk,are w ■ not hound on every princi|ileor!io;iV'« said, v 
 proceed lo the exclusive occniunicy of what i-Mpht^nt, s« 
 own? If Oregon be ours, why not act up to tli''ny, sir, ( 
 lara'ioM, and [.ossesis il? VVe must doso — >.\ c ''It-light ol 
 get iiwuy from it without dishonor — without idthcr voii 
 doniiig our rights, anrl acquiescing vmder the id she v.-a; 
 ments appealed to our apprehentiirjns. I am iOUsaiiu w 
 convinced that a firm and fearless assertion iBSea'h. 
 rights, and a dot(rininatiori to maintain theui,aoh <''d •" 
 surest way to prevent difficullies about thenid a Kitle 
 tliat this course will have the td'cct to insure i"<li«i — tiini 
 i\lr. Clvtirmai', the urgumentso olten urgKietrimcnt. 
 (luunely, the pov.'cr of England,) what is ii? ! it must 
 lie remtinbered hov it was disregarded in 17*!j^ everj 
 this government is the rt suit of that glorious iBie, m e\ 
 gard. But what is that power? The populati ([• in moi 
 Great Bri'ain — of I'oursc including Ireland aiiiiiif» if will 
 land— is, at most, not over a7,00U,UtK)ofinhnl «», with 
 The repealers tell us— and Mr. Smith O'Bi 90d cause 
 law in Ireland now — that not an Irish b.iMirs o! c 
 should be taken to Oregon to assert the D* ehall p: 
 claim. INo repealer, at least, will aid in it. Mr. 'Mi: 
 some lie means. Here, sir, is 7,(lOU,0()0 out Winn fr( 
 account at once. In oihcr words, in a contcf «|ton dis 
 the United Stales, Ireland would neutralize l«fc» spokf 
 Will they bring the sepoys from Indi i to fi.^.6«'>^''^'' 
 No, 1 p.restime not. From the Ca|)e of Good 
 will they bring troops? from the CauiuLj 
 Vv'^hy, :-ir. tlicy will nee;l troops in all the.-e 
 Some will be employed in India; some in •': 
 some at the Cape of Good Hope; :«ome in <* 
 
4 
 
 ponie to l>eat tlipsfi "drums round the world.' ijust lo r.nnjrctiir*! thnl t)it' wish wiu pnren( to the 
 
 1 urn sure th(« ui^glitf r. | But let uh rfivt;rH« poaitioriH a littli;, ' thoiighi? If iIiim winh worn mnde rwility, sir, it 
 
 if ear. Sir, it wii./^tie what they miy on the. other sido of the ■ would sound, to my ear, likt defeat, dishonor; like 
 
 an appeal toiippnir. A few year.M a^o, when En(,'land wanted a , driving' the last nail in the coffin of our |)o!iti(al ex- 
 
 )f the ar5:unfientr ;« of the 8tjite of Maine, and there waa talk of; idleno.e. FkcauHc thi.s catniot he no, until ahandon- 
 
 pose I nhould n.r with tin; United Stales, a croaker — for there are ' cd liy ourMelven, wc yield the juHtice of our cause to 
 
 should Heize tne li.ie m the KntrliHh Parliament — r.om|)hiine,d that , ll,'' domineeriiitr Hpirit of our ancient f,>e. Ifthere- 
 
 enat; I reply yoi. y were not ready l'> fii;ht uh; that their port.s j mark was any thing eUe than a fis;ure, themaehin*- 
 
 have it," I Iduk uire unprotei-ted; their towns W(;ie in danfljer; and | ry to round olVa Henlence, I regret that it was iittcr- 
 
 Luughter.] I remet an armed Airiericm .«ieanier cnuld er.nic outand i ed. I diKairree with the .sentiment, and with all the 
 
 'ked Jim Byrne, » /,(tf(;/ee/.' One would almo.st he inclined to he- ' ipiHlificaiiniiM tli*; (xentleman f.urrounded it with. 
 
 il would have Hire that ihi.s had emanatfc! t'rom .^onie ni'ialier who IJut, .sir. Mans »(!husettrt has been redeemed from a 
 
 lie waa dead. [•! enu'.;lii a iittleofthecdiil'lenceofniy tViend.sfionj .suN|)ieion that inn/; arniind her patriotism on thit 
 
 liiid (dioiU the n^ Went; and it would lie easy to imaijiiic, too, th.il | .sulijeci l>y the veneralije frentleman (Mr. Adams] 
 
 arna{:;e that woulna«f;eiitlenien here had (auirla a littla lMip;li.sh f.iith | now in his seatacrofii the w.iy. His speech wa« rc- 
 
 y hand over the 1 poured it out eivr f/icn — (pointins^ to the other fre.sliin<:, it was a <:re:it etlorl; and, illu.striou.s a.s had 
 
 iri^inia, or either naof the House.) Th(;.se thin.'jM .show, .sir, that we i hcen the history of hin services, this last act was an 
 
 ed tl-.e aamt aiyuDuId he cautious how we hecome alarmed. Panic ' actof erciwnini^i^'lory, iruniinalinij all the past. 
 
 on to him. VVlia common ait;iiineiU. .\l.\rm<'d, sir; why, what i.s Mr, Ciiairman. I havt! hut a few remarks more to 
 
 lertainly, lliat I hiir power that we nhould he alaimcil? We iiavc | make, [f^'ries of '-^'o on." | The j^entlemaii from 
 
 lain; hut I prcMii.Bilty millifuis of population — unitnl and free p(»|)- .MasH.ichn.sctis j \Ir. VViNrituoe) .spoke of our titto 
 
 have liked my .tioii; no colonies requiring n siandint,' army to ] heiiiv llw! /i,'.«i. Hi., Ian!cn:isje was: "I lu-ktiowledjijo 
 
 'n a little mort; jsurc our po.s.-iession in; u commercial in irine I'tm- lour title i.s the. lieht" — a very cuiisiderablc coni'.ession. 
 
 hink a fair iilustmkij,' .>;evcral hutelred.s of vessels of at, least 1,000 j Indeed, it ha.s oeen rnilier common to .speak thus. 
 
 our appreheiKsioiiiB liord<'n — [;'. voice, more than a ihotia.md such, , Now, the i(:iiiaik has always .soiiiided slranire to my 
 
 ipoii such an argii:.l— I thank the jrcnileirian; he nays more than j ear. \V hy, sir, if we hiive liie hf.sl title, Ivii^lami 
 
 thousand Huc.h — a ho.-'t of hardy wliahimcn, and , has none. 'I'iuM'e is no su(;li thins; as comjiaraiivea 
 
 3 our posititMi in ircluuitiiicn to m.ui them with. Why could we.ahout tiile — no 'jood, ix'.tter, hcMt. [f my friend 
 
 r title he irood, wit ©rm the.se vessels.' It coiiid he done, in a r<;w | who sils Inside mc li".s i\titli' for a town lot, and I 
 
 1 1 have heen ciunli,intlis; and our navy w^ add ;.^o o\i'. in .^trcn.'rth i have a /)c!/fi- one, he has /um^. [Lauijhter.) is this 
 
 lessinjr, hul it iniuft! to ai'y period of strcn^'h in the history of the notso.' 'I'lie gentleman from (leorgia is a lawyer, 
 
 he notice should ili.'-li r.a.\ . A gentleiTum the other day — 1 really i.s he not — 
 
 t we are hound to not recollect who it vv-as, for there have been j yi^. Uoi „[.;s. lam. 
 
 Iter. We have .,:«•«/ speeches made on this Oreu'on (p.icstion thin ; \ir[ q\ cuntinued. And a very "ood one, too. 
 .s a compromise, ilioii — [a luuirh]-— uaid th;it all the iron estaltlinh- ' fj^.m,,),,p,. -i '"' 
 
 en done and rejec i jnts in the Union couM init supply i^uns (.'nouj^h i ^ i^-j,? j_j„, ^,,,,._ | jjiipij ;,.,y il,f,t. 
 my man ask us r «ome ye.ira to }!ut us in a proper st.ite of delence. i j\|r T. No " hut I aia very flure of it. Will 
 mstarice«,; He trl.ve the mark ! I would s^y, my -,'ood friend, let 1 1„, not ti'irree tliat thi« i.s so: If 'l have a title better 
 ■leeted was withd«,taiiii alone, and old I'enn.sylvama herself can in i,^,.,^ ,,ig ,-,,,. .^ jp^,. of pronerty, why he \m^ none. 
 ■hoUof Oicf^on.'" e year make gun.s enmiich — 1 had alrnostsaid to ; yviiy? hi^c-.uHe ! have the title, 
 ill us, and lid'evrSftli hulf across the Pacific — [mucli l.'.u,»;liin2-. ] 
 s del>;ite show.s vii(*e i.s nothing in this tiu'ng, 1 a.ssure you. I 
 ery priniiiiiJeoflioiiVe said, ue have many ves.-els of 1,000 tons in the 
 iiliaiicy of what ifltphcmt. service, line saileri;, thai could he armed, 
 •hy not act un to il/Ry, sir, one of our j^all;int seamen r 
 ' must do so — w e ilifTKht of it, in a little vessel — [a voice, "tVigate; 
 
 ] — a frigate at Valparaiso 
 ton vcs.sel. We liave now a i 
 :hen.-;ions. I am iQBsand wel! built 
 -•arless asacrtioii > BB each. Arm th 
 
 Mr. Hoi. Ml.-,. Wiiat do you call color of title.' 
 Mr. 'V. Why, .sir i call it a very uiijiromising look- 
 ing thing. I Merriment.] Ifa man goes into C(uirt with 
 r.,.,, ., .1 rri M-, I omIv t\ co/'j'' of t i t Ic, ',0 is uot to coiite out with a firetty 
 iKVifrntf" i '^''-'''y ci)(o/'f(. hill ol cost.^ to pay. [^A laugh. | 1, 
 will ^ive you an in.-'tunce of color of title. A man 
 huy.^a furgrd tiile, ..ill! eriler.^ into po;5i)ession — this 
 under color of ut!c — it would not be a 
 It would not be ft 
 
 ishonor — without ilfeher voice, ihe Esse.x 
 escing under the lO she v.-a,s only a 400-1 
 
 :hen.-;fons. I am iQBsand wel! built market-ships, from 800 to 1,000 I '■"''•'■'"^' '-' ""^'^'' ^'If"' "'/'^'c 
 
 -arless assertion, n» each. Arm these, sir; arm them ! and we will i '■.^'y I'-'^^'y/'"''"'- . I '^■*"J"'^'^''-- , , , i 
 
 o maintain them, aoh oid Johny liuU th.it the Yankees ;,,e aH.KU; i "^'^^ ""'>^" ^'^'^ Senuine one was pro.luced I appeal 
 ■ultie.s about theud a little harder to thrash than Mcmi.ur CVn- ] t^' "'>' .''J' H^^";'" ''»''" '.''"'•""^ colleague [Mr. In(;er- 
 
 "reat ^"'-'•1 '' """' "^ ""' ^*^^' 
 'H^.L I Mr. C. .1. LsiiERsoi.i.. Every v/ord of it true. 
 
 ; tfloct to insure I'OU^ —thafs K.-ench f)r you, at sea- 
 
 lentso (iitcn nrctiiewiment.) Sir, I have no fenv of thi.s issue, 
 
 \nd,)\vhat is II.' lit mu.st come. We shall have the advan-1 Mr. T. continued. Color of title in Great Britain, 
 
 lisresrardcd in 177ijJ* everywhere, and in all places— in every | if we have the be.st title, would not amount to 
 
 It of that glorious ime, in every country. We shall have the advan- much. 
 
 In conclu.sion, =■'>•, let met advert to the value of 
 I Oregon. It has i aatiful valley^; and fertile soil; 
 
 We shall have the advan- 
 .•er.' The popula'gein mora! power, in piditic^l as well a.s physical, 
 luding Ireland aiuiif, i' will be like a contest betv.'een a young brave 
 7.000,000 of inhnliWi, v.-itn a strong arm, a clear conscience, and a 
 Mr. iSniiih O'l'i sod cau.se — with wic.kid old age, and a thousand 
 
 not an Irish b.'.BHr.s of crime on his head. In .such a contest 
 1 to assert the l!« shall prevail — we shall prevail. 
 
 t, will aid in it. H4r. rhairman. I must notice a remr.ilc of the gen- 
 
 is 7,(100,000 out 
 
 «tta 
 
 #0 
 
 an from Massachuseii--, who represents the 
 
 .'ords, in a contc; Wjjlon district, I believe, (Mr. Winthp.op,] and 
 
 ^ould neutralizf^ I'rfl* spoke on this .suliject some time .-.go. 1 admired 
 
 rom Indin to fi.lUgenlleman's inaiui,.- very much. I did, indeed. 
 
 he Cape of Good 
 i-om the Caiiiul.l 
 oops in all the.-c ^1 
 
 India; pome in (:■* 
 rlope; ;«otne in <' 
 
 )ngst other remurk.s he ¥aid, the "cry now was, 
 Bf Oregon or none — and echo answers, none !" 
 Iwhere was that echo from? Was it here, sir.' 
 |ng hi.s hand upon hi.s heart.) Will it, not be 
 
 thi.". coiusist not hn great value. I am not a 
 prophet, and mo.^t likely never will be; but, sir, I 
 predict and believ ; that the London of America ia 
 (.e.-itined to be bui't on the coast of Oregon, at or 
 near the mouth of the Columbi;!. The city that is 
 to c;irry on the comrnerce with India and China 
 will be planted there. And notwithstanding it 
 sound.s wild , Utopian, a railroad will be made across 
 this continent to the Columbia — from 13,000 to 
 20,000 mile,'! of navigation in the voyage to China 
 and the Indies v^ ill be .saved by it — far more than 
 half the voyage. Captain Fremont astonishes ufl in 
 Ills descriptioti of the great South Pa.9s in the Rocky 
 
n>ounUan«. Why, sir, wc '•an cro<(H Ihe mrtuntams 
 witliout Hcarpelyr perceiving the un-livity. For 127 
 mileit, th« aHcent, he IoIIh u«, iHgrmliial, hnnlly 
 perceptible; and ut the dividin-r ridtje, or aptx, 
 Uie ucdivitv Im not i.',mHcr than ;ho a«cnnf from the 
 Penn&ylviiniu avenue to tliisi Cupitol. This 
 M-illbetho routu for ihi- railroad dcHtined to carry 
 the trade und commerce of the East on ita road to 
 
 I 
 
 Ruropc, aH well hh into the heart of our own ■■ 
 try. The iron home, will thunder through 
 puhH, heHrinj,' m hin long; train the riche.i of 
 wond, fillintf our land with wealth and hi, 
 ncs8. tht; abundant fruitn of our i^reatenterprinc 
 view ofthPHc things, I nni for the whole of Ori 
 every inrh of it. and I heartily de-'irc the nati' 
 be given. 
 
 .'•' 
 
 •> 
 
 
! hfiurt nf our own c 
 ill thunder thrdugh 
 train the richer fif 
 itii wcnlth and hh 
 ouri^reutentprprim; 
 ror ihc whole of On 
 rtily desire the nati' 
 
 k