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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 2ex 30X / 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X Th« copy filmed h«r« has b««n r«produc« » ' .#.■■ u THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. MONTREAL 1887. r yi: h a i ..:■■*■'■ f'j5?^^^!«^ji ■u. CANADIAN IMCII-IC I.AKK STiCAMElt : OWKN SOUND AND I'OIIT AKllirU. f he:- Sawdian Pacific Railway. a) RAILWAY from tho Atlantic to the Pacific, all the way on British soil, was long the dream of a few in Canada. This dream of the few became. in time, the hope of the many, and on the confederation of the British ""^ North American provinces, in 1867, its realization was found to be a political necessity. Then the Govornment of the new Dominion of Canada set about the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, a work of such vast proportions that tho richest empire of Europe might Avell have hesitated before entering upon it. Much of th(i country through which the Railway must be built was unexplored. Towards the east, all about Lake Superior, and beyond to the Red river, was a vast rocky region, where nature in her younger days had run riot, and where deep lakes and mighty rivers in every direction opposed the progress of the engineer. Beyond the Red river for a thousand miles sti-etched a great plain, known only to the wild Indian and the fur trader; then came the mountains, range after range, in close succession, and all unexplored. Through all this, for a distance of nearly three thousand miles, the railway surveys had first to be made. These consumed much time aiid money ; people became impatient and found fault and doubted. There were difiierences of opinion, and these diflerences became questions of domestic politics dividing parties, and it was not until 1875, that the work of construction commenced in earnest. But the machinery of government is ill adapted, at best, to the carrying on of such an enterprise, and in this case it was blocked or retarded by political jealousies and party strife. Governments changed and delays occurred, until finally, in 1880, it was decided almost by common consent to surrender the work to a private company. The explorations and surveys for tho railway had made known the character of the country it was to traverse. In tho wilderness east, north and west of Lake Superior, forests of pine and other timber, and mineral deposits of incalculable value, were found, and millions of acres of agricultural land as well. The vast prairie district between Winnipeg and the Rocky 179215 r m THB CANADIAN PACIFIC UAII.WAT. ' ■••1 iSSi' ■ ""' - * * T:3i,- M. THE CANADIAN PACIFIC UAIUVAV. Mountains proved to bo wonderfully rich in its agricultural resources. Towards the mountains great coal fields were discovered, and British Columbia, beyond, was known to contain almost every element of traffic and wealth. Thousands of people had settled on the prairies of the Northwest and their success hud brought tens of thousands more. The political reasons for building the railway were lost sight of and commercial reasons took their place, and there •vvas no difficulty in finding a pa. lj if capitalists ready and willing to relievo the government of the work and cany it on as a commercial enterprise. The (Canadian Pacific Railway Company was organized early in 1881, and immediately entered into a contract li the government to complete the lino within ten years. The railway syst« in of Eastern Cariia had already advanced far up the Ottawa valley, attracted mainly by tiio rapidly growing traffic from the pine forests, and it was from a point of connection wiih this system that the Canadian Pacific Railway had to be curried through to the Piicitic com'<^, ,i distance of two thousand five hundred and fifty miles. Of this, t'.ie government had under construction one section of four hundred and twenty -five miles between Lake Superior and Winnipeg, and another of two hundred and thirteen miles from Burrard inlet, on the Pacific coast, eastward to Kamloops Like in British Columbia. The company undertook the building of the remaining nineteen hundred and twenty miles, and for this it was to receive from the government a number of valuable privileges and immunities, and twenty-five million dollars in money and twenty-five million oTes of agricultural land. The two sections of the railway already under construction were to be finished by the government, and, together with a branch line of sixty-five miles already in operation from Winnipeg southward to the international boundary, were to be given to the company, in addition to its subsidies in money and lands ; and the entire railway when completed was to remain the property of the company. With these liberal subventions the company set about its task most vigorously. While the engineers were exploring the mor^ difficult and less known section from the ''^ttawa river to and around Lake Superior, and marking out a line for the navvies, work was commenced at Winnipeg and pushed westward across the prairies, where one hundred and sixty miles of the railway were completed before the end of the first year. During the second year the rails advanced four hundred and fifty miles. The end of the third year found them at the sunmiit of the Rocky Mountains, and the fourth in the Selkirks, nearly a thousand and fifty miles from Winnipeg. While such rapid progress was being made west of Winnipeg, the rails In THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. X o a; M THE CANADIAN PACIFIC liAILWAY. » i H advancing at an average rate of more than three miles each working day, for months in succession, and frequently reaching five and even six miles in a day, armies of men with all modern appliances and thousands of tons of dynamite were breaking down the barriers of bard and tough Laurontian and Huronian rocks, and pushing the line through the forests north and east of Lake Supe- rior with such energy that eastern Canada and the Canadian Northwest were united by a continuous railway early in 1885. The government section from the Pacific coast eastward had meanwhile reached Kamloops lake, and there the company took up the work and carried it on to a connection with the line advancing westward across the Rockies and the Sclkirks. The forces working towards each other met in Eagle pass, in the Gold or Columbia range of mountains, and there, on a wet morning, the 7th day of November, 1885, the last rail was laid in the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The energies of the company had not been confined to the mere fulfilment of its contract with the government. Much more was done in order that the railway might fully serve its purpose as a commercial enterprise. Independent connections with the Atlantic seaboard were stcured by the purchase of lines leading eastward to Montreal and Quebec, branch-lines to the chief centres of trade in eastern Canada were provided by purchase and construction, to collect and distribute the traffic of the main line ; and other branch-lines were built in the Northwest for the development of the great prairies. The close of 1885 found the company, not yet five years old, in possession of no less than 4,315 miles of railway, including the longest continuous line in the world, extending from Quebec mm\ Montreal all the way across the conti- nent to the Pacific ocean, a distimce of three thousand and fifty miles ; and by the midsummer of 188G all this vast system Avas fully equipped and fairly working throughout. Villages and towns and even cities, followed close upon the heels of the line-builders ; the forests were cleared away, the prairie's soil was turned over, mines were opened, and even before the last rail Avas in place the completed sections were carrying a large and profitable traffic. The touch of this young Giant of the North was felt upon the world's commerce almost be- fore his existence was known ; and, not content with the trade of the golden shores of the Pacific from California to Alaska, his arin.'i have already stretched out across that broad ocean and grasped the teas and silks of China and Japan to exchange them for the fabrics of Europe. With just pride in her work, the greatest perhaps that has ever been accomplished i)y human hands, Canada presents it to the Empire as her contri- 10 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAT. THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY, U bution to its power and unity, — a new highway to Britain's possessions in the East, guarded throughout by loyal hearts. But she will not rest with this. Her new iron girdle has given a magnetic impulse to her fields, her mines and her manufactories, and the modest colony of yesterday is to-day an energetic nation Avith great plans, and hopes, and aspirations. sjypAY I not tempt you, kind reader, to leave England for a few short weeks Ifl and journey with me across that broad land, the beauties and glories f *■ of which have only now been brought within our reach ? There will be ' •> no hardships to endui'e, no difficulties to overcome, and no dangers or annoyances whatever. You shall see mighty rivers, vast forests, boundless plains, stupendous mountains and wonders innunienible ; and you shall see all in comfort, nay, in luxury. If you are a jaded tourist, sick of Old World scenes and smells, you will find everything here fresh and novel. If you are a sportsman, you will meet with unlimited opportunities and endless variety, and no one shall deny your right to hunt or fish at your own sweet Avill. If you ai-e a mountain climber, you shall have clift's and peaks and glaciers M'orthy of your alpenstock, and if you have lived in India, and tiger hunting has lost its zest, a Rocky Mountain griz'^ly bear will renew your interest in life. We may choose between a Montreal and a New York steamship. The former Avill take as directly up the noble St. Lawrence River to the old and picturesque city of Quebec, the " Gibraltar of America" and the most interest- ing of all the cities of the New World. Its quaint buildings, crowding along the water's edge and perching on the mountain-side, its massive walls and bat- tlements rising tier upon tier to the famous citadel, crowning the mountain-top and dominating the magnificent landscape for many miles around, plainly tell of a place and a {leople with a history. All about this ancient stronghold, first of the French and then of the English, every height and hillside has been the scene of desperately fought battles. Here the French made their last fight for empire in America, in the memorable battle in which Wolfe and Montcalm fell. But peace has prevailed for ^aany years ; the fortifications are giving place to warehouses, manufactories, hotels and universities, and the great new docks of massive masonry indicate that Quebec is about to reenter the contest with Montreal for commercial supremacy in Canada. Here we find the easternmost extension of the Canadian Pacific Railway and one of its trains will take us in a few hours along the north ^ank of the 12 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC KAILWAT. \\ THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 18 St. Lawrence river, through a well-tilled country and a chain of quaint French towns and villages, to Montreal, the commercial capital of the Dominion. Had wo chosen a New York steamship our route would have brought us from the American metropolis northward by railway along the banks of the far-famed Hudson river to Albany, and thence through Saratoga and along the shores of Lake Champlain to Montreal, — a day or a night from New York. Here in Montreal, a hundred years before the British conquest of Canada, the Frencii bartered with the Indians, and from here their hardy soldiers, priests, traders and voyageurs, explored the vast Avildemess beyond, building forts, establishing missions and trading-posts, and planting settlements on all of the great rivers and lakes. From here, until long after the British occupation, the wants of the Indians were supplied in exchange for furs and peltries, and in this trade Montreal grew rich and important. But finally a change came. The appearance of steam navigation in the inland waters accelerated the settlement of the fertile country at the west, towns and cities sprang up about the old outposts of the missionaries and fur- traders, the Indians receded and disappeared, and agricultural products took the place of furs in the commerce of Montreal. Then came the railways pene- trating the interior in every direction, bringing greater changes and giving a wonderful impetus to the western country, and Montreal grew apace. And now we find it rising from the broad St. Lawrence to the slopes of Mount Royal, and looking out over a densely peopled country dotted with bright and charming villages, — a large and beautiful city, half French, half English, half ancient, half modern ; with countless churches, imposing public buildings, mag- nificent hotels, and tasteful and costly residences ; with long lines of massive warehouses, immense grain elevators and many-windowed factories ; and with miles of docks crowded with shipping of all descriptions, from the smallest river craft to the largest ocean vessels. HICHEVER way we came, Iklontreal should be regarded as the initial point of our transcontinental journey, for it is the principal eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and it is the terminus not »^ only of the main line, but of numerous other lines built and acquired by the company to gather up and distribute its traffic. From here for a thousand miles we have the choice of two routes. We may go through the farms and orchards of Ontario to Toronto, the second city in importance In Canada, much younger than Montreal, but closely following in the extent fmm 14 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 15 of its trade and industries, and hoping soon to surpass its older rival in both, — a modern and handsomely built city where the solidity and culture of the older east is combined with the brightness and eager activity of the newer west. Hero as at Montreal, many railway lines reach out, and on all sides may be seen the evidences of extensive commerce and great prosperity. From here we may in a few hours visit Niagara, and then, resuming our westward journey by one of the Canadian Pacific lines, four hours will bring us to Owen Sound on Georgian bay, whence one of the trim Clyde built steel steamships of the railway company will take us in less than two days across Lake Huron through the straits of Sault Ste Marie, whore we will bo lifted by enormous locks to the level of Lake Superior, and then across this greatest of fresh-water seas, to Port Arthur, on Thunder bay, where the western section of the Canadian Pacific Railway begins. But you are impatient to see the mountains, and if you will permit me to choose, dear reader, we will start from Montreal by the main line of the rail- way, and in order that we may miss nothing we will return by the great lakes, and see Toronto and the Falls of Niagara then. Although the locomotive is hissing, as if impatient for the signal to go, Ave have yet a few minutes to spare, and if it is agreeable to you, wo will look over the train which is to carry us to the Pacific. Next to the engine we find a long van, in which a number of clerks are busily sorting letters and stowing away mail-sacks, then an express van, and then another, laden >'ith luggage. FoUow- ins them are two or three bright and cheerful colonist-coaches, with seats which may be transformed into bunks at night, and with all sorts of novel contriv- ances for the comfort of the hardy and good-looking emigrants who have already secured their places for the long journey to the prairies of the North- west or the valleys of British Columbia. Next we find two or three hand- somely fitted coaches for passengers making short trips along the line, and finally come the sleeping cars or " Pullmans" in one of which we are to live for some days and nights. The railway carriages to which you are accustomed are dwarfed to meet Old World conditions, but these in our train seem to be pro- portioned to the length and breadth of the land. Our sleeping car is unlike the «« Pullmans" you have seen in England, being much larger and far more luxu- rious. With its soft and rich cushions, silken curtains, thick carpets, delicate carvi: js and beautiful decorations, and with its numberless and ingenious appli- ances for convenience and comfort (even to the bath-room so dear to the travel- ling Englishman), it gives us promise of a delightful journey. We glide out of the Montreal terminus, pass long, low freight-sheds and THK CANADIAX PACIFIC RAILWAY. THE CANADIAN I'ACIFIC HAILWAV. 17 plethoric grain-elevators, run along a terrace above the wharves, pass the railway worksliops, and an extensive cattle depot, and leave the city behind. For a time wc are still among the old French settlements, as is evidenced by the pretty cottages and the narrow, well-tilled farms. There is an air of thrift and comfort everywhere. "\Vo have hills and distant mountains on the one hand and the broad and beautiful Ottawa river on the other. Villages are passed in close succession, and soon wc are nearing Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion. High up there, on a bold cliff overlooking the river, are the government build- ings, and the Parliament House of the Dominion, with their Gothic towers and many pinnacles, making a magnificent group. Away to the left is Eidcau Hall, the residence of the Governor General, and stretching far over the heights beyond is the city. On the broad flats below are acres, perhaps miles, of great square piles of deals, and the cloud that rises beyond comes from the Chaudiere falls, where the whole volume of the Ottawa river " takes a tumble," and is made to furnish power to a host of saw-mills and manufactories. It is no wonder that you have been so absorbed in the wide stretches of the Ottawa river, since wo left the Capital behind, that you have quite forgotten it is lunch-time. That white-nproned, white-jacketed boy will bring you sand- wiches, coffee, claret and what not. We are beyond the French country now ; the farms are larger and the modest cottages have given place to farm-houses, many of them of brick and stone and all having a well-to-do air about them. The towns are larger, there are more manufactories and there is more hurry and more noise. At frequent intervals on the river bank are great saw-mills, surrounded by vast piles of lumber. The log's are floated down from the forests on the Ottawa river and its tributaries, and the |)roduct is shipped to Europe, to the United States and everywhere. Gradually the towns become smaller and the fai-ms more scattered ; the val- ley contracts and deepens, and we are in the new country. We leave the Ottawa river, and strike across towards Lake Superior. We are surprised at the thriv- ing villages that have already sprung u\) here and there, and at the number of hardy pioneers who are clearing away the timber and making homes for them- selves. At intervals of four or five hours we como to the railway Divisional Stations, where there are workshops, engine-sheds, and quite a collection of neat cottages. At these places we change engines and then move on. It is a long way from the Ottawa to Lake Superior, but the ever-recurring, rocky, pine-clad hills, pretty lakes, dark forests, glistening streams and cascades, keep THK CANADIAN rACIFIf KAIl.WAY. 19 our interest alive. "We uro niert for the sight of ii benr, a moose or a deer, iiiul we do not heed the time. Our only regret is that we caner of pleasure seekers Avho have been Ashing and hunting in tho vicinity for a week or two, an«l who, like ourselves, are bent on seeing the great mountains far to tho west. "We leave tho lake and again move westward, and for a night and part of the following day we are in a wild, strange country. The rivers seem all in a hurry and wo are seldom out of sight of dancing rapids or foam- ing cataracts. The deep, rock-bound lakes grow larger as we move westward. Fires have swept through the woods in places and the blackened stumi)s and tho dead trees, with their naked branches stretched out against the sky, are weird and ghost-like as we glide through them in the moonlight. It was through this rough and broken country, for a distance of more than four hun- dred miles, that AVolseley successfully led his army in 1870 to suppress a rebellion of tho half-breeds on Rod river, and some of his abandoned boats are yet to be seen from the railway. But wild and rough as it is this country is full of natural wealth. Valua- ble minerals and precious metals abound, and from here, mainly, is procured the timber to supply tho prairies bcyon,. JfAlt'll „ ,.' I « i»+'l': ■,'. ■■■■' ' ' l^S!^ '^m ^Hi^lk^^ •i^t}ij.^ ^\ ii|'?!j*\ij i<(!^l^I VSiKKS '^:i2ii^ 1:; 2 THK CANADIAN PACIFIC KAILWAY. 23 residences, with immense mills and many manufactories, with a far-reaching trade, and with all the evidences of wealth, comfort and cultivation to be found in cities of a century's growth. While you will find in Winnipeg the key to much that you will see beyond, you must look beyond for the key to much you will see in Winnipeg. Situated just where the forests end, and the vast prairies begin, with thousands of miles of river-navigation to the north, south and west, and with railways radiating in every direction lik , spokes in a wheel, Winnipeg has become, what it must always be, the commercial focus of the Canadian Northwest. Looking at these long lines of warehouses, filled with goods, and these twenty miles or more of niilway tracks all crowded with cars, you begin to realize the vastness of the country we are about to enter. From here the wants of the people in the west iire supplied, and this way come the products of their fields, Avhile from the far north, are brought furs in great variety and number. I iSND now for the last stage of our journey. The beautiful sleeping-car in 1 wiiich we came up from Montreal, kept on its way westward whilst we *■ were " doing" Winnipeg, but we find another awaiting us, differing from »-i Ihe first only in name. Looking through the train, we find but few of our MILL, POUTAGI. I.A IMIAIUIK, MANITOBA, As we proceed westward, we imperceptibly reach higher ground, and the country is checkered with fields of grain, and dotted far into the distance with farm-houses and gmin-stacks. Fifty-five miles from Winnipeg we reach Portage la Prairie, another city of a day's growth, and the centre of a well-developed and prosperous farming region. Its big grain elevators and flouring mills, its busy streets and sub- htTntial houses tell their own story. From here a new railway reaches away two hundred miles to the northwest, making more lands accessible (if more be needed), bringing down grain and cattle, and before long to bring salt and petroleum as well. ?*- 1 1^ ' ^•■. 26 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. Crossing a low range of sand-hills, marking the shore of an ancient lake, we pass through a beautifully undulating country ; fertile and well-settled, as the busy little towns and the ever-present grain elevators bear evidence. One hundred and thirty miles from Winnipeg we cross the Assiniboino river, and reach Brandon, next to Winnipeg, the largest town in the Canadian Northwest, a city, in fact, although but five years old, with handsome build- in«rs, well-made streets, and an unusual number of large grain elevators and mills. Leaving Brandon we have fairly reached the first of the great prairie steppes, that rise one after the other at long intervals to the Rocky Mountains ; WU.D GEE8R. and now we are on the real prairie, not the monotonous, uninteresting plain your imagination has pictured, liut a great billowy ocean of grass and flowers, now swelling into low hills, again dropping into broad basins with gleaming ponds, and broken hero and there by valleys and by irregular lines of trees marking the water-courses. The horizon only limits the view ; and, as far as the eye can reach, the prairie is dotted with newly-niudc farms, Avith great black squares where the sod has just been turned by the plough, and with herds of cattle. The short, sweet grass, studded with brilliant flowers, covers the land as with a carpet, ever changing in color as the flowers of the dlfl'erent seasons and places give to it their j)redoniinating hue. THE CAXADIAX PACIFIC UAILAVAY. 27 The deep, black soil of the valley we left in the morning, has given place to a soil of lighter color, over-lying a porous clay, less inviting to the inexperienced agi-iculturist, but, nevertheless, of the very highest value, for here is produced, in the greatest perfection, the most famous of all varieties of wheat— that known as the "Hard Fyfe wheat of ^lanitoba"— and oats as well, and rye, barley, and flax, and gigantic potatoes, and almost every- thing that can be grown in a temperate climate. All these flourish here with- out appreciable drain upon the soil. Once here, the English farmer soon for- gets all about fertilizers. Ilis children may have to look to such things, but he will not. We pass station after station, nearly ail alike, except as to the size of the ^■"Tsm. i : A PKAUIIE STATIOX. villages surrounding them, some of which are of considerable importance. The railway buildings at these staiions are uniform, and consist of an attractive station-house for passengers and goods, a great round water-tank, cottages for the trackmen, and the never-ending grain elevators — tall, solid structures, always telling the same story. Every minute or two, we see coveys of "prairie chickens" (pinnated grouse) rising from the grass, startled by the passing train. Ducks of many kinds are seen about the frequent ponds, together with wild geese and cranes, and occasionally great white pelicans. The sportsmen have nearly all dropped off at the diflerent stations. Those who remain are after larger game farther west, — antelope or caribou. Three hundred miles from "Winnipeg, we pass through the famous Bell farm, embracing one hundred square miles of land. This is a veritable manu- 28 THE CANADIAN I'ACIFIC HAILWAV. factory of wheat, where the work is done with an almost military orgaiiization, ploughing l)y brigades and reaping by divisions. Think of a farm where the furrows are ordinarily four miles long, and of a country where such a thing is possible ! There are neat stone cottages and ample J)arns for miles around, and the collection of buildings about the headquarters near the railway station, makes a respectable village, there being among them a church, a hotel, a flour- mill and, of course, a grain elevator, for in this country those elevators appear wherever thei-e is wheat to be handled or stored. Soon we reach Regina, the capital of the Province of Assiniboia, sit- uated in the centre of an apparently boundless, l)ut very fertile plain. The buildings here have more of a frontier look than those of the larger towns we AXTKI.OPK. have left behind; but it is a busy place, an important centre of trade, and one of the cities of the future. From hero a railway branches off to the north, and is pushing away towards Battleford and Edmonton. As we leave the station going westward, we see on our right the governor's residence, and a little Iwyond, the headciuarters of the Xorthwest mounted police, a body of men of whom Canada is justly proud. This orgaiii/ation is composed of young and picked men, thoroughly drilled, and governed Ijy the strictest military di" cipline. Their firm and considerate rule won the respect and obedience of tlio Indians long before the advent of the railway, and its coming was attended with none of the lawlessness and acts of violence which have darkly marked the opening up of new districts elsewhere in Anunca, so wholesome was the fame of tiiese red-coated guardians of the wide prairies. THK CANADIAN rACIFK! RAILWAY. 29 Leaving Regina wo soon pass Moosejaw, four hundred miles from Winni- peg, and commence the ascent of another prairie steppe. We have now nearly reached the end of the continuous settlement, and beyond to the mountains we shall only find the pioneer farmers in groups here and there. The country, while retaining the chief characteristics of the prairie, becomes more broken, and numerous lakes and ponds occur in the depressions. Wc shall see no trees now for a hundred miles, and without thom the short buffalo-grass gives the country a desolate, l)arren look ; but it is far from barren, as the occasional fanns testify through their wonder- ful growth of cereals and vegetables. There is a flutter of excitement among the passengeis, and a rush to the windows. Antelope ! We shall see them often enough now. At Chaplin, we come to one of the Old Wive's lakes, which are extensive l)odies of water having no outlet, and consequently alkaline. We are now entering a very paradise for sportsmen. The lakes become more frequent. Some are salt, some are alkaline, but most of them are clear and fresh. Wild geese, cranes, ducks, — a dozen varieties — snipe, plover and curlew, all common enough throughout the prairies, are found here in myriads. Water-foul blacken the surface of the lakes and ponds, long white lines of peli- cans disport themselves along the shores, and we hear the notes and cries of many strange birds whose names I cannot telj you. "Prairie chickens" are abundant on the high ground, and antelope are common in the hills. The country is reticulated with buffalo trails, and pitted with their wal- lows. A buffalo is a rare sight now, and the last one will soon have disap- peared ; l»ut the hope of seeing one keeps all eyes straining. Hour after hour we roll along, with little change in the aspect of the country. The geese and ducks have ceased to interest us, and even a coyote no longer attracts atten- tion ; but the beautiful antelope has never-ending charms for us, and, as startled by our approach, he bounds away, we watch the white tuft which serves him for a tail until it disappears in the distance. We have crossed the higli broken country, known here as the Coteau, and far away to the southwest, wc see the Cypress Hills appearing as a deep blue line, and, for want of anything else, we watch these gradually rising as we draw near to thcni. The railway skirts their base for many miles, following what seems to be a broad valley, and crossing many clear little streams making their way from the hills northward to the Saskatchcwiin. At Maple Creek, a little town with extensive yards for the shipment of cattle wliicii are driven hero from Montana, feediny. The Indians are represented on the station platform by braves of high and low degree, squaws and papooses, mostly bent on trading pipes and trinkets for tobacco and silver ; a picturesque looking lot, but dirty withal. Leaving the station we catch sight of their encampment a mile or so away, tall, conical "tepees" of well-smoked cloths or skins; Indians in blankets of brilliant colors ; hundreds of ponies feeding in the rich grasses ; a line of graceful trees in the back ground, seemingly more beautiful than ever because of their rarity ; — all making, with the dark Cypress Hills rising in the distance, a picture most novel and striking. Two hours later we descend to the valley of the South Saskatchewan and soon airive at Medicine Hat, a finely situated and rapidly growing town, a thousand miles from Lake Superior. Hereabouts are extensive coal mines from which came the coals we saw moving eastward on the railway ; and from near ihis place a railway extends to other coal mines more than a hundred miles to the southwest. The broad and beautiful Saskatchewan rlv^. affords steamboat navigation a long way above, and for a thousand miles or more below ; and western enterprise has been quick to seize upon the advantages offered here. Crossing the river on a long iron bridge, we ascend again to the high prairie, now a rich pasture dotted with lakelets. Everywhere the flower- sprinkled sward is marked by the deep, narrow trails of the buffalo, and the saucer-like hollows where the shaggy monsters used to wallow ; and strewing the plain in all directions are the whitened skulls of these noble animals now so nearly extinct. There are farms around many of the little stations even so far west as this, and the herds of cattle grazing on the knolls indicate the "ranch country." As we approacn Crowfoot station all are alive for the first view of the Rocky Mountains, yet more than a hundred miles away ; and soon we see them, — a glorious line of snowy peaks rising straight from the plain and extending the whole length of the western horizon, seemingly an impenetrable barrier. As wo speed on, jjcak rises behind peak, then dark bands of forest that reach up to the snow-line come into view ; tlio snow-fields and glaciers glisten in the sunlight, and over the rolling tops of the foothills the passes are seen, cleft deep into the heart of the mountains. We are now in the country of the once dreaded Blackfeet, the most handsome and warlike of all the Indian tribes, but now peacefully settled on a reservation near by. We have been running parallel to the tree-lined banks of the Bow river, and now, crossing its crystal 32 I THE CANADIAN I'ACIFir ItAILWAV. TIIK (CANADIAN I'A( UK; KAILWAY. 33 waters, we find ourselves on a beautiful Iiill-girt plateau in the centre of wliich stands the new city of Calgary, at ti.e Imso of ti.e Kocky Mountains, 2,2(!8 miles from Montreal and 3,41G feet above the ocean. Before us, and on either side, the niountaint.- ris(^ in varied forms and in endless clianjre of aspect, as the lights and sliadows phy upon them, behind us is the great sea of open praii-ie. Xoi-thward is the wooded district of lOdnionton and tlu^ North Saskatchcnvan. full of moose, elk, bear, and all manner of fur-l>earing animals and winged game. Southward, stretching away 150 miles to the United States boundary, is the ranch country. You nmy be sure of a cordial welcome should you visit the ranchmen, and it will 1)0 worth your while to do so. Vou will find them all along the foot- hills, their countless herds feeding far out on the i)lain. Cattle and horses graze at will all over the coimtry, sunnner and winter alike. The Marm "Chinook" winds from across the mountains keep the ground free from snow in the winter, except for a day or two at a time, and the nutritious and naturally cured grasses arc always within reach of the cattle. In the spring and autumn all the ranchmen join in a "round up," to collect and sort out the animals according to the brands of the ditferent owners; and then the "cow-boy" appears in all his glory. To see these splendid riders "cutting out" or sepa- niting the animals from the conunon herd, lassoing and throwing them, that they may bo branded with the owner's murk, or herding a band of freeTborn and unbroken horses, is well worth coming all this way. The ranchmen, fine fellows from the best families in the East and in iMigland, live here in a lordly way. Admirable horsemen, with al)undant leisure and unlimited opportunities for sport, their intense lo>e for this country is no matter of wonder, nor is it surprising that every day brings more young men of the best class to join in this free and joyous life. All along the base of tiie mountains clear streams como down to the plain at frequent intervals ; coal crops out on the water-courses, and there is timber in plent}' throughout the foothills. The soil is rich and deep, and the climate matchless. What more can one desire? Leaving Calgary and going westward again, the railway follows the Bow River pass for 120 miles, and all this distance between two grand lines of lofty mountains. At every turn of the valley, which is an alternation of precipitous gorges and wide parks, a new picture presents itself. The beau- tiful river now roars through a narrow detile, now spreads out into a placid lake, reflecting the forests, ditl's and snowy summits. Serrated peaks, and vast pyramids of rock with curiously contorted and folded strata, are followed il r M THE CANADIAN l"AriIMf! H\II-WAY. •>...m *m»'- 4'- MOUNT 8TEPHKN, NEAR THR SUMMIT OP TIIK ROCKIK8. TIIK CANMUIAN TACIKIC JIAILWAV. 80 hy pifiiiiiti: ■. J #:/'',^ '^^:'^^. TIIK IIBAKT or THK HKI.KIKKS, VIKW NKAK OI.ACIKR IIOI'SK. THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 87 railway, clinging to tlie mountain side, we look down upon the rivei-valiey, which, suddenly widening, here holds between the dark pine-clad mountains a mirror-like sheet of water, reflecting with startling fidelity each peak and precipice. Still following the river, now crossing deep ravines, now piercing pro- jecting rocky spurs, now quietly gliding through level park-like expanses of gi'eensward, with l>eautiful trees, pretty lakelets and babbling brooks, we soon enter a tremendous gorge whose frowning walls, thousands of feet high, seem to overhang the boiling stream which frets and roars at their base, and this wo follow for miles, half shut in from the davlijrht. Two hours from the summit and three; thousand feet below it, the fforge suddenly expands, and we see l)efore us high up against the sk}' a jagged line of snowy peaks of new forms and colors. A wide, deep, forest-covered valley intervenes, holding a broad and rapid river. This is the Columbia. The new mountains l)eforo us are the Selkirks, and we have now crossed the Rockies. Sweeping round into the C'oluniljia valley we have a glorious mountain-view. To the north and soutii, as far as the eye can reach, we have the Rockies on the one hand and the Selkirks on the other, widely diflering in aspect, but each indescribably grand. Both rise from the river in a succession of tree-clad Itenchos, and soon leaving the trees behind, shoot upwards to the regions of peri>ctual snow and ice. The >-.iilway turns down the Columbia, following one of the rivcr-l)enches through gigantic trees for twenty miles to Donald, where a nuinl)er of our follow passengers 'oave us. Some of tiicm are miners or prospectors })ound lor the silver Uiines in the vicinity, or the gold "diggins" further dowi. the river; others are aml)iti()us sportsmen who ore seeking caribou or mountain sheep — the famous "big horns." Th n' will not fail to i-un upon a bear now and then, black or cinnamon, anl perchatue a grizzly. Crossing the Columbia, and foi owing it down through a great canon, through tunnels ami deeiwock cuttings, we shortly enter the Beaver valley and connnence the ascent of the Selkirks, and then for twenty miles we climb along the mountain sides, through dense forests of enormous trees, until, near the sununit, we tiful oui-selves in the midst of a wonderful group of i)euks nf fantastic sh '.pes and many colors. At the sunmiit itself, four thousand live hundred \W* aliov tide-water, is a natural resting place — abroad level area sarrounded I y mountain monarchs all of them in the deadly embrace of glaciers. Stran-je. under this warn summer's sky, to see this battle going on between rocks and ii-e — a battle Injgun ojons ago and to c(.ntinue for svons to come ! To the north, and so near us that we imagine 1! 66 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 'A THE CANADFAX 1»ACIFK! UAILWAY. 39 that we hear tliccnickling of the ice, is a great glacier whose clear green fissures we can plainly see. To the south is another, vastly larger, by the side of which the greatest of those of the Alps would he insignificant. Smaller glaciers find lodgment on all the mountain benches and slopes, whence innumer- able sparkling cascades come leaping down. Descending Mcsterly from the summit we reach in a few minutes the Glacier House, a delightful hotel situated almost in the face of the Great Glacier and at the foot of the grandest of all the peaks of the Selkirks — Sir Donald — an acute pyramid of naked rock shooting up nearly eight thousand feet above us, a dozen Matterhorns in one. In the dark valley far below us wo sec the glacier-fed Illicilliwaet glistening through the tree-tops, and beyond and everywhere the mountains rise in majesty and immensity beyond all comparison. To reach the deep valley below, the engineers wound the rail- way in a series of great curves or loojis all about the mountain slopes, and as we move on this marvellous scene is presented to us in every aspect. We plunge again for hours through precipitous gorges, deep and dark, and again cross the ColumI)ia river, which has made a great detour around the Selkii'k mountains while m'c have come directly through them. The river is wider and deeper here, and navigable by steamboats southward for nearlv two hundred miles. We are now confronted by the Gold range, another grand snow-clad series of mountains, but liroken directly across, and offering no obstacle to the railway. The deep and narrow pass through this range takes us for forty miles or more between paridlel lines of almost vertical cliffs, into the faces of Avhich the line is frequently crowded by deep, black lakes; and all tlie way the bottom of the valley is thickly set with trees of many varieties and astonishing size, exceeding even those of the Columbia. A sudden flasli of light indicates that we have emerged from the pass and wo see stretching away before us the Shuswap lakes, whose crystal waters are henuned aroimd and broken in every way, by abruptly rising mountains. After playing hide-and-seek with these lovely lakes for an hour or two, the valleyof the South Thompson river is reached — a wide almost treeless valley, already occupied from end to end by farms and cattle mnches ; and here for the first time irrigating ditches nppesir. Flocks and herds are grazing everywhere, and th(? ever present nuumtains look down upon us more kindly than has been their wont. The railway passes Kamloops lake, shooting through tunnel after tunnel, and then the valley shuts in and tlu; scarred and rugged mountains frown 40 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. THE CANADIAN PACIFIC HAILWAY. 41 upon US again and for hours we wind along their sides, looking down upon a tumbling river, its waters sometimes almost within our reach and some- times lost below. We suddenly cross the deep black gorge of the Fraser river, on a massive bridge of steel, seemingly constructed in mid-air, plunge through a tunnel, and enter the famous cailon of the Fraser. The view here changes from the grand to the ten-ible. Through this gorge, so deep and narrow in many places that the rays of the sun hardly enter it, the black and ferocious waters of the great river force their way. We are in the heart of the Cascade range, and above the walls of the caflon we occasionally sec the mountain-peaks far above us, gleaming against the sky. Hundreds of feet above the river is the railway, notched into the face of the cliffs, now and then crossing a great chasm by a tall viaduct or disappearing in a tunnel through a projecting si)ur of rock, but so well made, and so thoroughly protected everywhere, that we feel no sense of danger. For hours we are deafened by the roar of the waters below and pray for the broad sunshine once more. The scene is fascinating in its terror, and we finally leave it gladly, yet regretfully. i At Yalo the cafion ends and the river widens out, but we have mountains yet in plenty, at times receding and then drawing near again. We see Chinamen washing goid on the sand-bars and Indians herding cattle on the meadows ; and the villages of the Indians eacli with its little unpainted houses and miniature chapel, alternate rapidly with the collections of huts where the Chinamen congregate. Salmon drying on poles near the river give brilliant touches of color (o the landtjcape, and here and there we see the curious grave- yards of the Indians, neatly enclosed and decorated with banners, streamers, and all manner of carved "totems." A gleaming white cone rises towards the south east. It is Mount Baker, sixty miles away and fourteen thousand feet above us. We cross largo rivers flowing into the Frasor, all moving slowly here as if resting after thei:- tumultuous passage down Ix'tween the mountain ranges. As the valley /idei;;. out farms and orchards become more and more frc(iucnt, and our hearts are glad- dened with the sight of lu'ooni and gorse and other shrubs and jilants familiar to English eyes, for as we approach the coast we find a climate like that of the south, of England, but with more sunshine. Touching the Fraser river now and then, wo see an occasional steamboat, and here in the lower part the water is dotted with Indian canoes, all engaged in catching salmon, which visit these rivers in astonishing numbers, and which when caught are frozen and sent eastward by the railway, or canned in great quantities and shipped to all parts of the world. 42 THE CANADIAN PACIFTC RAILWAY. I a THE CANADIAN PACIKIC UAILWAY. 43 Passing llirough n forest of ninmmoth trees, some of them twelve feet or more in diameter, and nearly tiiree liundred feet high, we find ourselves on the tidewaters of the Pacific at tlic eastern extremity of Burrard inlet. Following down the shore of this mount a in-girt inlet for half an hour, our train rolls into the station at Vancouver, the »vestcru terminus of the Canadian Pacific railway. fE soon find comfortable quarters in a fine hotel, equal to any wc have s((eu in the cast, and its .situation on high ground affords us a most in- teresting and charming view of the new city, and the surrounding ""^ country. Far away at the southeast Mount Baker looms up all M'hitc and serene. At tne north, and rising directly from the sea, is a beautiful group of tiic Cascade mountams bathed in a violet light and vividly reflected in the glassy waters of tlie luict. Looking towards the west, out over English bay and the Straits of (leorgia, we see the dark-blue mountains of Vancouver island, and at the southwest, beyond the broad delta of Eraser river is the Olympic range, — a long lino of opalescent peaks fading into the distance. At our feet is a busy scene. The city is new indeed ; only one or two of its many buildings were here twelve months ago, — a forest stood here then. The men who built the town could not wait for bricks and mortar, and all of the earlier houses were built of wood ; but now many solid, handsome structures of brick and stone are going up, and there is more of a come-to-stay look about it all. Down at the water's edge are long wharves where steamships from China and Japan, from California, Puget Sound and Alaska, are dis- charging or taking in cargoes ; and at the warehouses along the wharves are lines of railway cars loiubng for the east with teas, silks, seal-skins, fish, fruit and many other commodities. Here and there all around the inlet, arc great saw-mills, where steamships and sailing vessels are taking in timber and deals for China and Australia, and even for England. A few miles away is New Westminister, on the Eraser, one of the old towns of British Columbia, now (juickened into vigorous growth by the advent of the railway, and the colunms of smoke rising in that direction tell us of its extensive salmon can- neries and saw-mills. There, too, shijjs are loading for all parts of the world. And over against Vancouver island are other columns of smoke, indicating the great coal mines from which nearly all of the steamships of the Pacifio are supplied. 44 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 1 e o ^ THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 45 Northward for twelve hundred mllea through the'Gulf of Georgia and the wonderful fiords of Alaska, where the mountains are embraced in a thousand arms of the sea, pleasure-steamers, crowded with tourists, ply frequently. Southwestward the Straits of Fuca lead out past the entrance to Puget Sound and past the city of Victoria, to the open Pacific. All these waters, from Puget Sound to Alaska, hardly known a few years' ago, are now dotted with all kinds of craft, from the largest to the smallest, engaged in all manner of trade. No wonder that with all her magnificent resources in precious metals, her coal and iron, her inexhaustible fisheries, and vast forests, her delightful climate and rich valleys, her matchless harbors and her newly-completed trans-continental railway, British Columbia expects a brilliant future ; and no wonder that everybody here is at work with all his might ! I ask your pardon, patient reader, for my persistence in showing you all sorts of things as we came along, whether vou wished to see them or not. My anxiety that you should miss nothing that you might wish to see is my only excuse. You have been bored nearly to death, no doubt, and I have noticed signs of impatience which lead me to suspect your desire for freedom to go and see as you like, and as you have found that no guide is necessary, I will with your permission, leave you here ; but before releasing your hand, let me advise you not to fail, now that 3'ou are so near, to visit Victoria, the beautiful capital of Britisli Columbia. A steamer will take you there in a few hours and you will be rewarded in finding a transplan'ed section of Old England, climate, people and all, more vigorous, perhaps, because of the tmnsplanting. Near Victoria you Avill find Esquimalt, the North Pacific naval station, and an iron-clad or two, and perchance some old friends from home ; :md let mo advise you, furthermore, to take all of your luggage with vnu to Victoria, for I am sure you will be in co hurry to come away. THE CANADIANPAOFIC RAILWAY. THE IMPERIAL HIGHWAY KnoM The Atlan tic to the Pacific. The Newest, The Most Solidly Constructed, and the Best Equipped Transcontinental Rout3! Particular attention is called to the PARLOR and SLEEPING-OAR SERVICE, so IMPOItTAXr .I.V AVCKSSOltY IPU.V .' ItMLW.iV HIKISK CAItS AlllC lU'S Vl'WAItHS <)/■' Three Thousand Miles Without Change. These cars are of unusual strength and 8l7.e, with berths, smok- ing and tuilct acconi- mndatlous correspond- ingly roomy. Each transcontinental sleep- ing-car Is provided with BATH ROOMS, and all are lltted with double doors uud win- dows to exclude the du.st In summer and tlie cold in winter. The seats are rlchl upholstered, with high l>aciis and arms, and the centre sections are made into luxurious sofas during the day. The upper berths are provided with win- dows and ventilators, and have curUiins sep- arate from thos.'i of the berths beneath. The exteriors are of polished red maliogauy, and the interiors are of con^bined mahogany and satlnwood, elaborately carved. While the lamps, brackets, berth-locks, and other pieces of metal work are of old Iirass of antique design. TM£ nnST-CLASS DAY COACHES are proportionately elaborate In their arrangement for the comfort of the passenger; and, for those who desire to travel at a cheaper rate, COLONIST SLEEPING CARS are provided without additional charge. These cars are lltted with upi --r and lower bertlis after tlie same general style as other sleeping-cars, but are not upholstered, and the passenger may furnish his own bedding, or purchase it of the company's agents at terminal stations at nominal rates. ' FIRST-CLASS SLEEPING AND PARLOR CAR TARIFF. FOlt ONE LOWKR OR ONE UPPEK BERTH IN BLEEPINQ CAR BETWEEN CANADIAN PAt'iriC BI.KKPINU-C'AII. Surbee and Montreal $l.SO ontreat and Toronlo >l.Wf Montreal and Winnipeff. . . .S.OO Montreal and Vancouver. .IIO.OO Ottawa and Toronto 9.00 IHiawa and Vaneouter... .IIO.OO Pt. Arthur* Vaneouver.glS.OO Toronto and Chicago S.OO Toronto awl Detroit HMO Torontoand Winnipeg S.OO Toronto and Vaneoueer... IIO.OO Boeton and Montreal $9.00 A'flw rorh and Montreal... 9,00 Chicago and «(. Paul 9.00 St. Paul and HiHniprfi....3. ly TIIK t Quality of Food and Attendance ANYTHING HITIIKUTO OKFEHKD TO Transcontinental Travellers. Till! fan; proviiltMl ill these cnrs I.s tlio best procurable, and the cookiUK has a wide reputation for excel- lencc. Local delicacies such OS trout, prairie liens, antelope steaks, Frnser Kiver salmon, succeed one another as the train moves west- ward. The wines are of the Company's s;iecial importation, and arv; of the finest quality. CANADMIC PACIFIC OIHIHS CAB. are placed at convenient places along the line, :.;.d the railway company operates hotels at Field, near the summit of the Eockies, at Glacier station, near the summit of the Selkirks, and at North Bend on the Fraser River. AT BANFF MINERAL HOT SPRINGS a new hotel, to accommodate three hundred guests, is in process of erection, and will be completed during the current summer (1887). At this point the Canadian government has established a NATIONAL PARK, and the natural grandeur of the situation, together with the valuable remedial qualities of the spring waters, are sure to make this one of the most famous health and pleasure resorts of the world. m •w 4 GENERAL OFFICERS CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. HEAD OFFICES: MONTBtAL CANADA. Sir Gko. Stepiif.s, Bart. . .I'resUlpnt Montreal. W. C. Van IIoksk Vice-President " Chajilks DniNKWATF.n Secrciuiy " T. O. b.'TAUOiiNKssY Assistant Oencral Manager " Gkohor Olds General Trah!c Manager " Lucius Tuttle Passenger Traftlc Manager " IlKxiiY Bkatty Manager Steamship Lines and Lake Tralllc Toronto. I. G. OoDKX Comptroller Monlrenl. \V. SuriiKiT Axo T A Yi.oK. .Treasurer " .r. H. MoTavisii Land Commissioner Winnipeg. \Vm. W'lr. TE General Superintendent, Western Division " IIaiiiiy .\iiBOTT General Superintendent, Pnclflc Division Vancouver. CSV. Si'ENCEH Acting Gen. Superintendent, Eastern Division .Montreal. KoDEitT Kehk General Freight and Passenger Agent, W. and P. DIvs. . . Winnipeg. I). McNicoLi. General Passenger Agent, Eastern Division Montreal. 0. M. BoswouTii Asst. Freight Tiudlc Manager, Eastern Division " E. Tnviy General Freight Agent, Ontario Division Toronto. G. W. Swett Supt. Dining, Sleeping and Parlor Cars Moutr<">l. Adklaidr Aus. Boston Mass. Bkockville Ont. ClIICAOO 111. Olasoow Scotland IIalikax X.S. Huxa Ko.No China Liverpool Eng. LoNuoN Eng. LoJiDox Ont. Montreal Que. New York N.Y. Ott.vwa Ont. Portland Ore. Quebec Que. St. John N.B. St. John's. . .Newf'iuird San Francisco Cal. Seattle Wash. Ter. SiiANOiiAi China flvDNEY Australia Tacoma Wasli. Ter. Toronto Ont. . Vancouver B.C. Victoria = =n.C. Winnipeg Man. Yokohama Japan .Agents Oceanic Steamship Co H. J. Colvln 211 Wa. Main Street. .J. Francis Lee, Commercial Agent 232 Clark Street. .Archer Baker, European TraHlc Agent 135 Buchanan St. .C. K. Bury, Ticket Agent 120 Hoills Street. .Messrs. Adamson, Bell & Co., Agents for China. ..Archer Baker, European Trafllc Ag'int 17 James Street. . . " " " " " 88 Cannon Street. . .T. K. Parker, Ticket Agent Ulchraond St. . . C. E. McPherson, City Passenger Agent 200 St. James St. . .E. V. Skinner, General Eastern Agent 337 Broadway. ..J. E. Parker, City P.ossenger Agent 42 Sparks Street. . .C. G. McCord, Freight and Passenger Agent Washington St. ..J. McKenna, City Passenger Agent St. Louis Hotel. . . Messrs. Chubb & Co. , Ticket Agents ..Geo. Shea, Ticket Agent {Messrs. Gootlall, Perkins & Co., Agts. Pac. Coa.st I ,„ ,, , , „, Steamship Co M *'"'""' »"'• D. B. Jackson, Passenger Agent 214 Montgomery St. . .E. W. MacGlnncp • .Messrs. Adamson, Bell & Co .Alex. Woods .E. E. Ellis, Freight and Passenger Agent .W. R. Callaway, District Passenger Agent UO King Street W. •D. E. Brown, Dis. Freight and Pass. Agent .O. A. Carleton, Freight and Passenger Agent — Whurf Street. .G. H. Campbell, City Ticket Agent 471 Main Street. ■ Messrs. Frazar & Co. , Agents for Japan A List of Tours over the Canadian Pacific Railway will be forwarded to any address on application to the Company's Agencies at London or Liverpool, Eng., New York, Boston and Chicago, or to the Pa.s.senjrer Traflic Manager at ^Montreal. iiiiiii