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From "Thk Third Voyac.k ok Masier IIknry HrnsoN, rowARn Nova Zk.mki.a, and at his Rkiurnk, his 1'assin(; fr(jm Farre Islands n; New-found Land, and alonj; to P'ortie-koire D::(;kkes and Ten Minites, and thence to Cate Cod, and so to Thirtie-three Decrees; and along the Coast to the NiJRiHWARD, to FoK II E-I\V0 DEGREES AND AN HaI.KE, AND IT THE KlVKR NeERE ID FoRliE-THKEE DE(;REES." WRITTEN HY Robert Jtet nv Limk-hoise. The Jirs/ (>/ Scptembct- [1609], faire vcather, the wind varia- ble betweene east and south ; we steered away north north- west. At noone we found our height to bee 39 degrees, 3 minutes. Wee had soundings thirtie, twentie-seven, twentie- foure, and twentie-two fathomes, as wee went to the north- ward. At sixe of the clocke wee had one and twentie fath- omes. And all the third watch, till twelve of the clocke at mid-night, we had soundings one and twentie, two and twen- tie, eighteene, two and twentie, one and twentie, eighteene, and two and twentie fathoms, and went sixe leagues neere hand north north-west. The second^ in the morning, close weather, the winde at south in the morning; from twelve untill two of the clocke we steered north north-west, and had sounding one and twentie fathoms ; anrl in running one glasse we had but sixteene fathoms, then seventeene, and so shoalder and shoalder untill it came to twelve fathoms. We saw a great fire, but could not see the land ; then we came to ten fathoms, whereupon we brought our tackes aboord, and stood to the eastward east south-east, foure glasses. Then the sunne arose, and wee steered away north againe, and saw the land from the west by north to the north-west by north, all like broken islands,* and •Sandy Hook. t if- t m ;iir *■ ii ■ ■ i « 5'. Wl ; 1 s: our soundings were eleven and ten fathoms. Then wee looft in for the shoare, and faire by the shoare we had seven fathoms. The course along the land we found to be north- east by north. From the land which we had first sight of, unlill we came to a great lake of water, as wee could judge it to bee, being drowned land, which made it to rise like islands, which was in length ten leagues. The mouth of that land hath many shoalds, and the sea breaketh on them as it is cast out of the mouth of it. And from that lake or bay the land lyeth north by east, and wee had a great streame out of the bay ; and from thence our sc»unding was ten fathoms two leagues from the land. At five of the clocke we anchored, being little winde, and rode in eight fathoms water ; the night was faire. This night I found the land to hall the compasse 8 degrees. For to the northward off us we saw high hils. For the day before we found not above 2 degrees of variation. This is a very good land to fall with, and a pleasant land to see. The //i/n/, the morning mystie, until! ten of the clocke ; then it cleered, and the wind came to the south south-east, so wee weighed and stood to the northward. The land * is very pleasant and high, and bold to fall withall. At three of the clock in the after-noone, wee came to three great rivers. t So we stood along to the nortnermost, thinking to have gone into it, but we found it to have a very shoald barre before it, for we had but ten foot water. Then we cast about to the southward, and found two fathoms, three fathoms, and three and a quarter, till we came to the souther side of them ; then we had five and sixe fathoms, and anchored. 80 wee sent in our boate to sound, and they found no lesse water then foure, five, sixe, and seven fathoms, and returned in an houre and a halfe. So wee weighed and went in, and rode in five fathoms, oze ground, and saw many salmons, and mullets, and rayes, very great. The height is 40 degrees, 30 minutes. The fourth, in the morning, as soone as the day was light, wee saw that it was good riding farther up. So we sent our boate to sound, and found that it was a very good harbour, and foure and five fathomes, two cables length from the shoare. Then we weighed and went in with our ship. Then our boate ♦The south coast of Staten Island. t Mr. I'mdhead's opinion is, that two of the three rivers are the karitaii anil Narrows, the third /r^i^rt^/y Kockaway Inlet. went on land * with our net to fish, and cauglu ten great mullets, of a foote and a halfe long a peece, and a ray as great as foure men could hale into tiie ship. So wee trimmed our boate and rode still all day. At night the wind blew hard at the north-west, and our anchor came home, and wee drove on shoare, but tooke no hurt, thanked bee God, for the ground is soft sand and oze. This day the people of the countrey came aboord of us, seeming very glad of our comming, and brought greene tobacco, and gave us of it f(jr knives and beads. They goe in deere skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow copper. They desire cloathes, and are very civill. They have great store of maize, or Indian wheate, wiiereof they make good bread. The countrey is full of great and tall oake. The fifth, in the morning, as soone as the day was light, the wind ceased and the flood came. So we heaved off our ship againe into five fathoms water, and sent our boate to sound the bay, and we found that there was three fathoms hard by the souther shoare. Our men went on land t there, and saw great store of men, women, and children, who gave them ta- bacco at their comming on land. So they went uj) into the voods, and saw great store of very goodly oakes and some cur- rants. For one of them came aboord and brought some dryed, and gave me some, which were sweet and good. This day many of the people came aboard, some in mantles of feathers, and some in skinnes of divers sorts of good furres. Some women also came to us with hemj^e. They had red copper tabacco pipes, and other things of copper they did weare about their neckes. .\t night they went on land againe, so wee rode very quiet, but durst not trust them. The sixths in the morning, was faire weather, and our master sent John Colman, with foure other men in our boate, over to the north-side to sound the other ri\er,t being foure leagues from us. They found by the way shoald water, two fathoms; but at the north of the river eighteen, and twentie fathoms, and very good riding for ships : and a narrow river § to the * AccordinR to a generally received tradition, Coney Island. t According to some, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, or somewhere near Richmond, on Staten Island. Hut there i.s no evidence to show that the landing-place was not further cast, on Long Island. X The Narrow!! ? § The hills between Staten Island and Hergen Neck. Moulton, History of New York, i. p. 211. II ■y IS, I,' Kl I IS! I Hi ! . . ' .' ft" > .¥■; westward, betweene two Hands. The lands, they tuld us, were as pleasant with grasse and llowers and goodly trees as ever they had seene, and very sweet smells came from them. So they went in two leagues and saw an open sea, and re- turned ; and as they came backe, they were set upon by two canoes, the one having twelve, the othf^r fourleene men. The night came on, and it began to rayne, so that their match went out ; and they had one man slaine in the fight, which was an Englishman, named John Colman, with an arrow shot into his throat, and two more hurt. It grew so darke that they could not find the ship that night, but labored to and fro on their oares. They had so great a streame, that their graimell would not hold them. The sc-'cnth^ was faire, and by ten of the clocke they re- turned aboord the ship, and brought our de?d man with them, whom we carried on land and buryed, and named the point after his name, Colmans Point.* Then we hoysed in our boate, and raised her side with waste boords for defence of our men. So we rode still all night, having good regard to our watch. The eight, was very faire weather, wee rode still very quietly. The people came aboord us, and brought tabacco and Indian wheat to exchange for knives and beades, and offered us no violence. So we fitting up our boate did marke them, to see if they would make any shew of the death of our man ; which they did not. The ;//////', faire weather. In the morning, two great canoes came aboord full of men ; the one with their bowes and ar- rowes, and the other in shew of buying of knives to betray us; but we perceived their intent. Wee tooke two of them to have kept them, and put red coates on them, and would not suffer the other to come neere us. So they went on land, and two other came aboord in a canoe ; we tooke the one and let the other goe ; but hee which wee had taken, got up and leapt over-boord. Then we weighed and went off into the channell of the river, and anchored there all night. The tctith, faire weather, we rode still till twelve of the * According to the Dutch maps and charts of tlie seventeentli century, Colman's Point (also called Ciodyn's Point and Sand or Sant P Mnt), is identical with, or forms part of, .Sandy Hook. No great amount of criticism is, however, displayed in those delineations; and they cannot be considered as sufficient proofs that Colman really was Imried on Sandy Hook. We have, on the contrary, every reastm to believe that Hudson was, on the 7th of September, farther iionh than the above suppositions would lead us to assume. Hudsor.'s Cohnati's Point and the Colmati's Point or Punt of tiie early maps are therefore probably not identical. — A sher. i.,; ill li s . clocke. Then we weighed and went over, and found it siioald all the middle of the river, for wee could tinde but two fathoms and a halfe and tiiree fathomes for the space of a league; then wee came to three fathomes and foure fathomes, and so to seven fathomes, and anchored, and rode all night in soft ozie ground. The banke is sand.* The eh'-'cttth was faire and very hot weather. At one of the clocke in the after-noone wee weighed and went into the river, the wind at south south-west, little winde. Our soundings were seven, sixe, five, sixe, seven, eight, nine, ten, twelve, tiiir- teene, ajid fourteene fathomes. Then it shoalded againe, and came to five fathomes. Then wee anchored, and saw that it was a very good harbour for all windes, and rode all night. The people of the country came aboord of us, making shew of love, and gave us tabacco and Indian wheat,! and departed for that night; but we durst not trust them.l The tii'clfth, very faire and hot. In the after-noone, at two of the clocke, wee weighed, the winde being variable betweene the north and the north-west. So we turned into the river two leagues and anchored. 'J'his morning, at our first rode in the river, there came eight and twentie canoes full of men, women and children to betrav us : but we saw their intent, and suf- fered none of them to come aboord of us. At twelve of the clocke they departed. They brought with them oysters and beanes, whereof wee bought some. They have great tabacco pipes of yellow copper, and pots of earth to dresse their meate in. It Howeth south-east by south within. The thirtcoith, faire weather, the wind northerly. At seven of the clocke in the morning, as the tloud came we weighed, and turned foure miles into the river. The tide being done wee anchored. Then there came foure canoes aboord : but we suffered none of them to come into our ship. They brought great store of very good oysters aboord, which we bought for trifles. Ji In the night I set the variation of the compasse, and * East Sandbank, in tlie Narrows. Mi)iilton, i. j). 211 t According to Van der Donck, maize had been first brouKht to these regions by the .'>paniarrls. % So says Jnet. Hudson liimself, in tlie few scraps of his original log-book preserved by De Laetfand als.> in tlie coniniunications which \'an Meteren seems to have received from him, always speaks most kindly of the North American Indians. He and his crew entirely disagreed witli regard to tlie treatment due to the jioor natives: and his kindness was re- warded by friendship, their sullen mistrust bv acts of hostility. The poor Indian has but too often been thus both ill-treated and ill- judged by prejudiced Europeans. — A slur. § According to the opinion of Moulton, History of New Vcrk, i. p. 23S, near the point where Manhattansville now stands. Vr i n , I ii' found it to be 13 degrees. In the afler-noone we weighed, and turned in with the lioud, two leagues and a halfe further, and anchored all night; and had tne fathoms soft ozie ground ; and had an high jooint of land, which shewed out to us. hearing north hy east five leagues off us. 'i'ho/(>//fiti/////, in the morning, being very faire weather, the wind south-east, we sayled up the river twelve leagues, and had fi\e fathoms, and five fathoms and a cjuarter lesse ; and came to a streight betweene two points,* and had eight, nine, and ten fathoms ; and it trended north-east by north, one league : and wee had twelve, thirteene, and fourtcene fath- omes. The river is a mile broad : there is very high land on both sides. t Then we went up north-west, a league and an halfe deepe water. Then north-east by north, five miles ; then north-west by north, two leagues, and anchored. The land grew very high and mountainous. The river is full of fish. 'I'he fifteenth^ in the morning, was misty, untill the sunne arose : then it cleered. So wee weighed with the wind at south, and ran up into the river twentie leagues, passing by high mountaines.t Wee had a very good depth, as sixe, seven, eight, nine, ten, twelve, and thirteene fathomes, and great store of salmons in the river. This morning our two savages got out of a port and swam away. After wee were under sayle, they called to us in scorne. At night we came to other moun- taines, which lie from the rivers side. There wee found very loving people, and very old men : where wee were well used. Our boat went to fish, and caught great store of very good fish. The sixteenth, faire and very hot weather. In the morning our boat went againe to fishing, but could catch but few, by reason their canoes had beene there all night. This morning the people came aboord, and brought us eares of Indian corne, and pompions, and tabacco : which wee bought for triries. Wee rode still all day, and filled fresh water ; at night wee weighed and went two leagues higher, and had shoald water : so wee anchored till day.;^ * between Stony and Verplanck points, according to Moulton's computation (History of New York, i. p. 23S). t Near Peakskill. Hudson seems to l)a\e sailed on the i4tli to tlie iieigiiboriiood of West Point. % Hudson now saw the highest of tiie mountains tiiat border tlie river, the range of the Catskill Mountains. § According to Mouiton, History of New 'S'ork, i. p. 244, near tlie shoal or niarsii in the river, between Atliens, and directly ojiposite tiiat and the city that now bears the name of Hudson; according to Hrodiiead, between Sciiadak and Castleton. ■ i ■ The srviiitccnthy fairc sun-shiiiinj; weather, and very hoi. In the niornin.'j;, as soone as the sun was up, we set sayle, and ran up sixe leagues higher, and found shoalds in the middle of the channell, and small ilands, but seven fatlioms water on both sides. 'I'oward night we borrowed so neere the shoare, that we grounded : so we laved out our small anchor, and heaved off againe. Then we borrowed on the banke in tlie channell, and came aground againe ; while the (loud ran we heaved oil againe, and anchored all night* 'I'he fii^/ifrciit/i, in the morning, was faire weather, and we rode still. In the afler-noone f)ur misters mate went on land with an old savage, a governor of the countrey ; who carried him to his house, and made him good cheere. 'i'he ii/iiif,c'nt/i, was faire and hot weather : at the Houd, being neere eleven of the clocke, wee weighed, and ran higher up two leagues above the shoalds, and had no lesse water then five fathoms ; wee anchored, and rode in eight fathomes. The people of the countrie came Hocking aboord, and brought us grapes and pompions, which wee bought for triMes. And many brought us bevers skinnes and otters skinnes, which wee bought for beades, knives, and hatchets. So we rode there all night. t The twentieth, in the morning, was faire weather. Our mas- ters mate with foure men more went up with our boat to sound the river, and found two leagues above us but two fathomes water, and the channell very narrow ; and above that place, se\en or eight fathomes. Toward night they returned : and we rode still all night. The one and tic'entief/i was faire weather, and the wind all southerly : we determined yet once more to go farther up into the river, to trie what depth and breadth it did beare ; but much people resorted aboord, so wee went not this day. Our carpenter went on land, and made a fore-yard. And our master and his mate determined to trie some of the chiefe men of the countrey, whether they had any treacherie in them. So they tooke them downe into the cab- bin, and gave them so much wine and at/iia vitic, tiiat they were all merrie : and one of them had his wife with them, which sate so mouestly, as any of our countrey women would doe in a strange place. In the ende one of them was drunke, which had beene aboord of our ship all the time that we had I I I9||| * Undoubtedly at the distance of a few miles from the spot where Albany now stands. t The Ha!/ Moon reached either the spot where Albany now stands, or its immediate iieighborliood. ;!; -! ,,4 %tt\ ■^ Hi $ I I beene llit're : and that was strani^c to tluin ; for they could not tell how to take it. The canoes and folke went all on shoare : but some of them came a^aii^e, anil brought stropes of heades : some had sixe, seven, ei^ht, nine, ten ; and gave him. So he .sle|)t all nij^ht f|uietly. The /ti'o (///.icntirtli, in the morning, was faire weather, but much wind at the nc^rth ; we weighed and set our fore top- sayle, and our ship would not fiat, but ran on the ozie banke at half ebbe. Wee layed out anchor to heave her off, but could not. So wee sate from halfe ebbe to halfe tloud : then wee set our fore-sayle and mayne top-sail, and got downe si.xe leagues. The old man came aboord, and would have had us anchor, and goe on land to eate with him : but the wind i)eing faire, we would not yeeld to his request ; so hee left us, being very sorrowfull for our departure. At five of the clocke in the afternoone, the wind came to the south south-west. So wee made a boord or two, and anchored * in fourteene fathomes water. Then our boat went on shoare to fish right against the ship. Our masters mate and boatswaine, and three more of the companie, went on land to fish, but could not finde a good place. They tooke foure or five and twentie mullets, breames, bases, and barbils ; and returned in an houre. We rode still all night. * In the vicinity of Ked Hook (Moulton, 267), fourteen miles from Catskill I^anding. jV !','( } ii:" ill ni m If: ■i U rfi! /■'!: 10 The ei[i,^//f and hvcnticth, being faire weather, as soone as the day was light, wee weighed at halfe ebbe, and turned downe two leagues belowe water ; for the streame doth runne the last quarter ebbe : then we anchored till high water.* At three of the clocke in the after-noone we weighed, and turned downe three leagues, untill it was darke : then wee anchored. The nine and tioctitieth was drie close weather ; the wind at 1 south, and south and by west ; we weighed early in the morn- ' ing, and turned downe three leagues by a lowe water, and an- chored at the lower end of the long reach ; for it is sixe leagues long. Then there came certaine Indians in a canoe to us, but would not come aboord. After dinner there came the canoe with other men, whereoff three came aboord us. They brought Indian wheat, which we bought for trirles. At three of the clocke in the after-noone wee weighed, as soone as the ebbe came, and turned downe to the edge of the mountaines, or the northermost of the mountaines, and anchored : because the high land hath many points, and a narrow channel), and hath manie eddie winds. t So we rode quietly all night in seven fathoms water. The thirtictJi was faire weather, and the wind at south-east, a stiffe gale betweene the mountaynes. We rode still the afternoone. The people of the countrey came aboord us and brought some small skinnes with them, which we bought for knives and trifles. This is a very pleasant place to build a towne on. The road is very neere, and very good for all windes, save an east north-east wind. The mountavnes look as if some metall or minerall were in them. For the trees that grow on them were all blasted, and some of them barren, with few or no trees on them. The people brought a stone aboord like to an emery (a stone used by glasiers to cut glasse), it would cut iron or Steele : yet being bruised small, and water put to it, it made a color like blacke lead glistering: it is also good for painters colours. At three of the clocke they de- parted, and we rode still all night. The first of October, faire weather, the wind variable be- tweene the west and the north. In the morning we weighed at seven of the clocke with the ebbe, and got downe below the mountaynes, which was seven leagues. Then it fell calme and the floud was come, and wee anchored at twelve of the clocke. * Probably near tlie Esdpiis Island, twelve miles from Red Hook, t Below Pouglikeepsic (.Moulton). II 5i '■ The people of the mountaynes came aboard us, wondering at our ship and weapons. We bought some small skinnes of them for trities. This afternoone. one canoe kept hanging under our sterne with one man in it, which we could not keejie from thence, who got up by our rudder to the cabin window, and stole out my pillow, and two shirts, and two bandeleeres. Our masters mate shot at him, and strooke him on the brest, and killed him. \\'hereu])on all the rest Hed away, some in their canoes, and so leapt out of them into the water. We manned our boat, and got our things againe. 'J'hen one of them that swamme got hold of our boat, thinking to overthrow it. But our cooke tooke a sword, and cut off one of his hands, and he was drowned. By this time the ebbe was come, and we weighed and got downe two leagues : by that time it was darke. So we anchored in foure fathomes water, and rode well. The second^ faire weather. At break of day wee weighed, the w'inde being at north-west, and got downe seven leagues ; then the floud was come strong, so we anchored. Then came one of the savages that swamme away from us at our going up the river with many other, thinking to betray us. But Mee perceived their intent, and suffered none of them to enter our ship. Whereupon two canoes full of men, with their bowes and arrowes shot at us after our sterne : in recompence whereof we discharged sixe muskets, and killed two or three of them. Then above an hundred of them came to a point of land to shoot at us. There I shot a falcon at them, and killed two of them : whereupon the rest tied into the woods. \'et they manned off another canoe with nme or ten men, which came to meet us. So I shot at it also a falcon, and shot it through, and killed one of them. Then our men with their muskets killed three or fouie more of them.* So they went their way; within a while after wee got downe two leagues beyond that place, and anchored in a bay, cleere from all dan- ger of them on the other side of tha river, where we saw a very good piece of ground : and hard by it there was a cliffe. that looked of the colour of a white greene, as though it were either copper or silver myne : and I thinke it to be one of them, b) the trees that grow upon it. For they be all burned, and the other places are greene as grasse ; it is on that side of the * Moulton (i. 271) thinks tliat this scene toolt place at the upper end of the island of M.in- hattan (on \vhi( h New York now stands), near Fort Washington and F'ort Lee, and that tlie next place nitntioned was ofiposite Manhattan Island. Hi! II' 12 river that is called Manna-hata.* There we saw no people to trouble us ; and rode quietly all night ; but had much wind and raine. The /////v/, was very stormi*^ ■ the wind at east north-east. In the morning, in a gust of wind and raine, our anchor came home, and we drove on ground, but it was ozie. Then as we were about to have out an anchor, the wind came to the north north-west, and drove us off againe. Then we shot an anchor, and let it fall in foure fathomes water, and weighed the other. Wee had much wind and raine, with thicke weather; so we roade still all night. The fourtli, was faire weather, and the wind at north north- west ; wee weighed and came out of the river, into which we had runne so farre. Within a while after, wee came out also of the great month of the great river, that runneth up to the north- west, borrowing upon the norther side of the same, thinking to have deepe water ; for wee had sounded a great way with our boat at our first going in, and found seven, six, and five fathomes. So we came out that way, but we were deceived, for we had but eight foot and an halfe water: and so three, five, three, and two fathomes and an halfe. And then three, foure, five, sixe, seven, eight, nine and ten fathomes. And by twelve of the c'.ocke we were cleere of all the inlet. Then we took in our boat, and set our mayne-sayle, and sprit-sayle, and our top-sayles, and steered away east south-east, and south- east by east off into the mayne sea : and the land on the souther side of the bay or inlet did beare at noone west and by south foure leagues from us. The ffth was faire weather, and the wind variable betweene the north and the east. Wee held on our course south-east by east. At noone I observed and found our height to bee 39 degrees, 30 minutes. Our compasse varied sixe degrees to the west. We continued our course toward England, without seeing any land by the way, all the rest of this moneth of October : and on the scTcnth day of Xo'-emher, stilo novo, being Saturday, by the grace of God we safely arrived in the range of Dait- mouth, in Devonshire, in the yeere 1609. * Hudson's words, "That side of the river which is called Afanuir-hiittn," cannot possibly api)ly to anything but Manhattan Island itself. All the early clironiclers, as well as the early maps and views, agree in uiving to that island the Indian name which it still bears; whilst the opposite shore, thougli, perhaps, also inhabited by the Manhatt.in tribe, is never called Manhattan. — As/wr. . 1 i :l:^^ 1 ' 13 Hudson's Third Voyac.e (i6og). ?'rom Van Mktkrkn's " UlSTORIK DKR NkDERLANDKN." HaGUK, 1614. We have observed in our last book that the Directors of the Dutch East India Company sent out in March last year, on purpose to seek a passage to China by north-east or north- west, an experienced English pilot, named Henry Hudson, in a vlie boat, having a crew of eighteen or twenty hands, partly English, partly Dutch. This Henry Hudson left the Texel on the 6th of April,* 1609, and, having doubled the Cape of Norway! tke 5th of May, directed his course along the northern coasts towards Nova Zembla ; but he there found the sea as full of ice as he had found it in the preceding year, so that he lost the hope of effecting anything during the season. This circumstance, and the cold, which some of his men, who had been in the East Indies, could not bear, caused quarrels among the crew, they being partly English, partly Dutch, upon which the captain, Henry Hudson, laid before them two propositions. The first of these was to go to the coast of America, to the latitude of 40°. This idea had been suggested to him by some letters and maps which his friend, Captain Smith, had sent him from Virginia, and by which he informed him that there was a sea leading into the western ocean, by the north of the southern English colony. Had this information been true (experience goes as yet to the contrary), it would have been of great advan- tage, as indicating a short way to India. The other proposi- tion was to direct their search to Davis's Straits. This meeting with general approval, they sailed on the 14th of May,| and arrived with a good wind at the Faroe Islands, where they stopped but twenty-four hours, to supply them- selves with fresh water. After leaving these islands, they sailed on, till on the iSth of July they reached the coast of Nova Francia, under 44°, where they were obliged to land for the purpose of getting a new foremast, having lost theirs. They found this a good place for cod-fishing, as also for the traffic in skins and furs, which were to be got there at a very •The difference l)elween the two styles was, in i^ik;, ten clays, Tliiis the 2;th of March and the '>th ot April are identical. t The North Cape. t There is no entry in Jiiet's account between the 5th and the 19th of May. Kor the import.nit events which passed in the interval, \'au .Meteren is the only authority. — As/u-r. t" i r U' 1 ;l 14 low price. But the crew behaved badly towards the people of the country, taking their property by force, out of which there arose quarrels among them. The English, fearing that they would be outnumbered and worsted, were, therefore, afraid to make any further attempt. They left that place on the 26th of July, and kept out at sea till the 3d of August, when they were again near the coast, in 42° of latitude. Thence they sailed on, till on the 12th of August they reached the shore, under 37° 45'. Thence they sailed along the shore until we (su-) reached 40° 45', where they found a good entrance, between two headlands, and thus entered on the 12th of September, into as line a river as can be found, with good anchoring ground on both sides. Their ship sailed up the river as far as 42° 40'. Then their boat went higher up. Along the river they found sen- sible and warlike people ; whilst in the highest part the people were more friendly, and had an abundance of provisions, skins, and furs, of martens and foxes, and many other commodities, as birds and fruit, even white and red grapes. These Ind- ians traded most amicably with the people from the ship. And of all the above-mentioned commodities they brought some home. When they had thus been about fifty leagues up the river, they returned on the 4th of October, and went again to sea. More could have been done if the crew had been willing, and if the want of some necessary provisions had not pre- vented it. While at sea, they held counsel together, but were of different opinions. The mate, a Dutchman, advised to winter in Newfoundland, and to search the north-western pas- sage of Davis throughout. This was opposed by Hudson. He was afraid of his mutinous crew, who had sometimes sav- agely threatened him ; and he feared that during the cold season they would entirely consume their provisions, and would then be obliged to return. Many of the crew, also, were ill and sickly. Nobody, however, spoke of returning home to Holland, which circumstance madejhe captain still more suspicious. He proposed, therefore, to sail to Ireland, and winter there, which they all agreed to. At last they arrived at Dartmouth, in England, the 7th of November, whence they informed their employers, the Directors of the East India Company, of their voyage. They proposed to them to go out again for a search in the north-west, and that, be- sides the pay, fifteen hundred florins should be laid out for an ',? >,ii 15 additional supply of provisions. Hudson also wanted six or seven of his crew exchanged for others, and their number raised to twenty. He was then going to leave Dartmouth on the I St of March, so as to be in the north-west towards the end of that month, and there to spend the whole of April and the first half of May in catching whales and other fish in the neigh- bourhood of Panar Island, thence to sail to the north-west, and there to pass the time till the middle of September, and then to return to Holland along the north-eastern coast of Scotland. Thus this voyage passed off. A long time elapsed, through contrary winds, before the Company could be informed of the arrival of the ship in Eng- land. Then they ordered the ship and crew to return as soon as possible. But, when they were going to do so, Henry Hudson and the other Englishmen of the ship were com- manded by government there not to leave England, but to serve their own country. Many persons thought it rather un- fair that these sailors should thus be prevented from laying their accounts and reports before their employers, chiefly as the enterprise in which they had been engaged was such as to benefit navigation in general. These latter events took place in January, 1610; and it was then thought probable that the B^nglish themselves would send ships to Virginia, to explore the river found by Hudson. Extracts relating to Hudson's Third Voyac.k (1609), from John i)K Laet's "Nieuwe Werei.t," Amsterdam, 1625, 1630. sav- cold and also, rning still iland, they mber, : the them t, be- or an I. As to the first discovery, the Directors of the privileged East India Company, in 1609, dispatched the yacht, "Half Moon," under the command of Henry Hudson, captain and super- cargo, to seek a passage to China by the north-east. But he changed his course and stood over towards New France ; and, having passed the banks of Newfoundland in latitude 43° 23',* he made the land in latitude 44° 15',! with a west-north-west and north-west course, and went on shore at a place where there were many of the natives with whom, as he understood, • Near Cape .Sable, Neva Scotia. On the coast of Maine, a few miles to the north of Penobscot Bay. \il 1 iil i6 the French came every year to trade. Sailing hence, he bent his course to the south, until running south-south-west, and south-west by south, he again made land in latitude 41^ 43', which he supposed to be an island, and gave it the name of New Holland,* but afterwards discovered that it was Cape Cod, and that, according to his observation, it lay two hundred and twenty-five miles to the west of its place on all the charts. Pursuing his course to the south, he again saw land in latitude 37° 15'. The coast was low, running north and south ; and op- posite to it lay a bank or shoal, within which there was a depth of eight, nine, ten, eleven, seven, and six and a half fathoms, with a sandy bottom. Hudson called this place Dry Cape.t Changing his course to the northward, he again discovered land in latitude 38° 9', where there was a white sandy shore, and within appeared a thick grove of trees full of green foliage. The direction of the coast was north-north-east and south- south-west for about twenty-four miles, then north and south for twenty-one miles, and afterwards south-east and north-west for fifteen miles. They continued to run along the coast to the north, until they reached a point from which tlie land stretches to the west and north-west where several rivers dis- charge into an open bay. Land was seen to the east-north- east, which Hudson at firs took to be an island ; but it proved to be the main land, and the second point of the bay, in lati- tude 38"^ 54'. Standing in upon a course north-west by east, they soon found themselves embayed, and, encountering many breakers, stood out again to the south-south-east. Hudson suspected that a large river discharged into the bay, from the strength of the current that set out and caused the accumula- tion of sands and shoals. J Continuing their course along the shore to the north, they observed a white sandy beach and drowned land within, be- yond which there appeared a grove of wood, the coast running north-east by east and south-west by south. Afterwards the direction of the coast changed to north by east, and was higher * It is a question of some moment wlietiier Hudson really call id Cape Cod N'ew Holland. His doing so would imply an intention on his side to take posrdssion of the country in the name of the Dutch. I)e I.ai't is the only one of our authorititj who saw Hudson's own jour- nal of the third voyage ; and, if we could fully believe his statements, e\'cry doubt would be removed. l!ut the discrepancies between him, J net, and I'urchas, and the mistakes com- mitted by each of them with regard to Cape Cod, render a satisfactory conclusion impossible. A sher. t Probably Cape Charles, at the mouth of Chesapeake Hay, 37° 10'. % Tlie bay and river are the Delaware Bay and River. 1,;; ■\ i' 17 land than they had yet seen. They at length reached a lofty promontory or headland, behind which was situated a bay, which they entered and run up into a roadstead near a low sandy point, in latitude 40° 18'. There they were visited by two savages clothed in elk-skins, who showed them every sign of friendship. On the land they found an abundance of blue plums and magnificent oaks, of a height and thickness that one seldom beholds ; together with poplars, linden-trees, and various other kinds of wood useful in ship-building. Sailing hence in a north-easterly direction, they ascended a river to nearly 43'^ north latitude, where it became so narrow and of so little depth that they found it necessary to return. From all that they could learn, there had never been any ships or Christians in that quarter before ; and they were the first to discover the river and ascend it so far. Henry Hudson returned to Amsterdam with his report ; and in the following year, 1610, some merchants again sent a ship thither, — that is to say, to the second river discovered, which was called Man- hattes from the savage nation that dwelt at its mouth. And subsequently their High Mightinesses, the States General, granted to these merchants the exclusive privilege of navigat- ing this river and trading there. Whereupon, in the year 1615, a redoubt or fort was erected on the river, and occupied by a small garrison, of which we shall hereafter speak. Our coun- trymen have continued to make voyages thither from year to year, for the purpose of trafficking with the natives ; and on this account the country has very justly received the name of New Netherlands. II. Henry Hudson, who first discovered this river, and all that have since visited it, express their admiration of the noble trees growing upon its banks ; and Hudson has himself de- scribed the manners and appearance of the people that he found dwelling within this bay, in the following terms : — " When I came on shore, the swarthy natives all stood around and sung in their fashion ; their clothing consisted of the skins of foxes and other animals, which they dress and make the skins into garments of various sorts. Their food is Turkish wheat (maize or Indian corn), which they cook by baking, and it is excellent eating. They all came on board, one after another, in their canoes, which are made of a single •V^Sf i8 t, i h hollowed tree ; their weapons are bows and arrows, pointed with sharp stones, which they fasten with hard resin. They had no houses, but slept under the blue heavens, sometimes on mats of bulrushes interwoven, and sometimes on the leaves of trees. They always carry with them all their goods, such as their food and green tobacco, which is strong and good for use. They appear to be a friendly people, but have a great propensity to steal, and are exceedingly adroit in carrying away whatever they take a fancy to." In latitude 40° 48', where the savages brought very fine oysters to the ship, Hudson describes the country in the fol- lowing manner : " It is as pleasant a land as one need tread upon ; very abundant in all kinds of timber suitable for ship- building, and for making large casks or vats. The people had copper tobacco pipes, from which I inferred that copper might naturally exist there ; and iron likewise according to the testi- mony of the natives, who, however, do not understand prepar- ing it for use." Hudson also states that they caught in the river all kinds of fresh-water fish with seines, and young salmon and sturgeon. In latitude 42° 18' he landed. "I sailed to the shore," he says, " in one of their canoes, with an old man, who was the chief of a tribe, consisting of forty men and seventeen women ; these I saw there in a house well constructed of oak bark, and circular in shape, so that it had the appearance of being well built, with an arched roof. It contained a great quantity of maize or Indian corn, and beans of the last year's growth, and there lay near the house for the purpose of drying enough to load three ships, besides what was growing in the fields. On our coming into the house, two mats were spread out to sit upon, and immediately some food was served in well made red wooden bowls ; two men were also despatched at once with bows and arrows in quest of game, who soon after brought in a pair of pigeons which they had shot. They likewise killed a fat dog, and skinned it in great haste, with shells which they had got out of the water. They supposed that I would remain with them for the night, but I returaed after a short time on board the ship. The land is the finest for cultivation that I ever in my life .set foot upon, and it also abounds in trees of every description. The natives are a very good people ; for, when they saw that I would not remain, they supposed that I was afraid of their bows, and, taking the arrows, they broke them in pieces, and threw them into the fire," etc. r!nr !P« 11 ; ' ■ '1' s 1 L^' 19 He found there also vines and fruits, from all of which there is su grapes, pumpkins, and other cient reason to conclude that it is a pleasant and fruitful country, and that the natives are well disposed, if they are only well treated ; although they are very changeable, and of the same general character as all the savages in the north. he the men ; , and well ty of , and Henry Hudson, who, in the service of the Dutch East India Company, discovered the Hudson River in 1609, was an Kn>>lishnian, a citizen of London, born in tiie latter part of the sixteenth century. He belonged to a family of adventurers and explorers An earlier Henry Hudson, perhaps his grandfather, a London alderman, was one of the founders, with Sebas- tian Cabot, of the Muscovy or Russia Comjiany, established to promote the discovery of a northerly passage to China. Christopher Hudson was an agent of this company in Russia as early as 1560, and took a deep interest in Sir Humphrey (iilbert's voyage to America in 15H3. Captain Thomas Hudson, who had himself commanded an expedition to I'ersia, advised Cap- tain John Davis concerning his search for a north-west passage to China, which resulted m the discovery of Davis's Strait. He also exercisetl a powerful inlluence upon Henry Hudson. We know nothing of Henry Hudson's early life. He comes before us from April 19, i(x)7, to June 21, I*"'! I, which time was almost entirely occupied in bis four unsucce.'-sful \oyages to discover a north-west passage to China. 'I"he Hudson River, Hudson Strait, and Hudson 15ay bear his name and preserve his memory; and the last is his tomb. He was cut adrift upon its waters by a mutinous crew one midsummer day, 161 1, in a small boat with naif a dozen men, and miserably perished. In point of fact, as has been often pointed out, neither Hudson River nor strait nor bay was really first discovered by Hudson. He pushed his explorations further than his prede- cessors, and left a more distinct record; but the river, the strait, and the bay were all marked in maps before the time of Hudson. What he did do by his four voy.iges was to show that the passage to China was not the simple thing it had been represented to be, that there was no strait through the continent of North America in a low latitude, and that, if there was one in a high latitude, it could scarcely be of any practical value. Hudson's first and second voyages in the arctic regions were in the service of the Mus- covy Company, and his fourth voyage also was under the auspices of Knglish adventurers. The third and most famous voyage, with which we are especially concerned, was in the ser- vice of the Dutch East India Company, which had recently been established and was stimu- lated liy Knglish rivalry. The fame of Hudson's voyages had spread, and a flattering invita- tion came to him from the King of France just after he liad closed with the Dutch Company. A copy of Hudson's contract with the company exists, showing that he signed his name Henry Hudson, and that in the body of the instrument he was also named Henry (not Hendrik), and that an interpreter was required, as he did not understand Dutch. Hudson sailed from Amsterdam in the " Half Moon" about the first of April, i6o<), "to search for a passage to the north around by the north side of Nova Zeinbla." He had im- portant advice, maps, and books from various friends, and certain letters "which his friend, Captain John Smith, had sent him from Virginia, and by which lie informed him that there was a sea reaching into the western ocean by the north of the English colony."' He had a mot ey crew of sixteen or eighteen English and Dutch sailors. Robert Juet, who had been his mate in his previous voyage, and who on his last voyage was a leader in the mutiny which cost Hudson his life, now acted as his clerk, and kept the journal of the voyage from which the account of the sail up the Hudson is taken for the ))resent leaflet. Hudson's own journal, which De Laet had oefore him when he wrote the " Nieuwe Werelt,'' frfim which an e\tract is given in this leaflet, has entirely disappeared. The difficulties and sufferings in the north were such that the men refused to go on, and Hudson turned toward America. He skirted the coast from Nova Scotia to Chesapeake Bay, then, resisting his temptation to visit his friend John Smith, turned northward, entered Delaware Hay, followed the New Jersey coast to Sandy Hook, found the mouth of the great river which now bears his name, and spent a month exploring it, as described by Juet in the leaflet, the extract given being about one-third of the journal of the whole voyage. Hudson ascended the river to a point just above the site of the preseni '■'tv of Albany. He became satisfied that this course did not lead to the South Sea or China; as Chaniplain, who the same summer had been making his way through Lake Chaniplain to the Sout.'i Sea, concluded that his course did not lead thither. The two explorers by opposite routes approached unawares within twenty leagues of each other. On the 4th of October Hud.son came again into the sea, and reached Dartmouth, Eng- land, November 7. He proposed to sail again in the service c£ the Dutch East India Com- it ' i\ ' 20 paiiy, l)ut was ordered by tlie F.n^lish government to remain witli IiIb Knglislimcn in Knglish service. I'urchas, in tin; tiiird volume of his " Pilgrinies" (if'it,), jiublislied the acmunt* Ijy Hud- son and his companions of all the four voyages ; and these are reprinte