CIHM Microfiche Series (Monographs) ICMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques 1999 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Featu.es of this copy which may be bibliographically uniqjd, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. n n D D Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged / Couverture endommagee □ Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque ]•■' \ Coloured maps / Cartes geographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than biue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches el/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Relie avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure. Blank leaves added durini; '■estorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutees lors d'une restauraticn apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete filmees. Additional comments / Commentaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a ete possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-etre uniques du point de vue oibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^tho- de normale de filmage sont .ndiques ci-dessous. Coloured pages / Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages andommagees n D Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaurees et/ou pelliculees Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees □ Pages detached / Pages detachees I Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies / Qualite inegale de I'impression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du matt el supplementaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont ete filmees a nouveau de fa^on a obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmees deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure imcge possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below / Po Hnnimont Oct filmo an taiiv Ho rorliirtinn inHtniio ri.Hccc/Mic lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x i 1 1 1 i 12x 16x 20x 24 X 28x 32x The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: D.B Weldon Library University of Western Ontario L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grice A la gAnArosit6 de: D.B. Weldon Library University of Western Ontario The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantas ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet4 de l'exemplaire film^, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim^e sont filmAs en commencant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par ie second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commenipant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END "), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ♦• signifie "A SUIVRE", ie symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent etre filmAs i des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmA d partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut on bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOIUIION lESI CHART 1.0 ?8 I.I !. 75 m 1 2.0 1.8 .25 1.4 i 1.6 A /APPLIED l^yMGE inc THE GEOLOGY OE VANXOUVER AND VICINITY t THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO. ILLINOIS THK HAKKH A TAVLOR COMPANY NIW TURK THK CAMIllilDill; INIVEHSITY PnE=S LKNDnK AND KDIIVBmoR THE MARlZES-KABlr'HIKI-KAISHA TmJTO. .(SASA. ETOTO. FrKfiiSA, SIIVCAI THE MISSION BOOK COMPANY BRaKOBA I '\ n THE GEOLOGY ^ VAN- COl VER a»(/ VICINITY flv EDWARD M(X)RK JACKSON liURWASH •' ^ I THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGf), ILLINOIS Publi-ibrd v-pf-mhfr ir,i8 ^"^b^'^ The I'mvprMty III ChltAgo Pm« O.I'itfj. llliDuri. U.S. A. ( OMI.MS I'\K1 I IM kohl ( I |(i\ \\l> I'llS "-!(((, K\l'll|( hlxkll'l Hl\ iixniK _ ^,^ I. (il il,.HM'lll( ISIKnlil rllus , II. 1)1 -( KIlTloN UK MAri'l I) Ahi \ ,, I'Vkl II (,l:()|.()(,\ 111 1 II I 1) WiiKK . . ..Q l\. I Ml r.MliP/dlC . ,j \. III! I'lpsr I'AimziiK iIkiassic') I'dki'ii'iKiU'. 4.- \l I'l'F'l H Jl'KASSlC (') . 44 \1I. l:kan Peninsula. Several portions of the western chain are traversed bv and Columbia ri\ iierged valleys and by the vallevs of the Klamath ers Kese interruptions, w hich Ol i'n„' intervals in the southern part, increasing curat comparatively t'n\ard the north, inc in number and magnitude Harbara ami San I'edro channels, the ('• ude the entrances to the Ciulf of Catalina. the Santa len (late, the riser \al e\' already mentioned, and the Strait of Juan de Kuca, follow ed to the north by the wide interval between the Vancouver and Oueen Chariot te Islands, by the Dixon entrance to the north of the gueen Charlotte Islands, and by sexeral >maller channels, which separate the Prince ui Wales, Haranof. and Chicagof inlands f wc-t of Lvnn Can;i rom one another and from the peninsula to the Tht eastern mountain chain consist- of the Si Ne\ada, the Ca.-ca southeastern Alaska. ■rra Madre, the Sierra -cade-., and tl St I Range of iJritish Columbia and 'Ihe transverse diviiles read h a maximum elevation in the Klamath ma\- be -aid to Mountains, and from thi> point the trough a^ a whi pitch to the north and south, rising again toward Alaska. The most southern ext of the(;ulf of Calif( ch.inntl- and the Gulf of Calal ension ol the geosyncline contain- the waters irnia. and the next, the Santa Barbara and San I'edro Ina, with the coa.-tal [ilaiii- adjacent to £' nil, <,HH.(H.V OF \ \N(()I\|;k \\n \I(ImtV them, riu- C.KiM RariKc i-> here rtpri'^intcfl tiy a frincc of islands which ion furnishes a fine natural harbor, around which, at the entrance to the great valley of California, cluster the cities of San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, .Alameda, .San Rafael, and San Mateo. The ne.xt harbora-e of imjxirtance occurs where the mouth of the Columbia River affords ingress t.. the Willamette Valley, and here the cities of .Xstoria, Portland, and Vancouver (Oregon) are situated. Following the Willamette Wdley are the Valley of Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia, with their adjacent lowlands, to which access is obtained by the Strait of Juan de Fuca. In this case the submergence has extended well into the structural valley, whose northern part is largely submerged, while about its southern part there is sufficient lowland for the sites of the litie.^ of Puget Sound, southeastern Van- couver Island, and the Fraser X'alley. In this region and farther north the configuration of the coast has been profoun.lly modified by glaciation. The Cordilleran ice sheet or ice tongues from it which crossJd the Coast Range formed large piedmont glaciers and filled the Gulf of Georgia with an ice stream which found its outlets through the Queen Charlotte Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Puget Sound vallev.' The action of the ice resulted in .leepening both the mountain vallevs normal to the coast and those parallel to it near the edge of the range.' Bv the agency either of ice erosion below sea-level or of a subsequent submergence, o'r both, a great number of inlets were [.roduced which are connected' by channels near their mouths in such a way as to form long inside water- ways, which lie i)arallel to the coast behind a fringe of islands. The result is that, while the coast south of Cape Flatterv has onlv an occa- .sional harbor, the coasts north of it, whether of mainland or inlands, are indented by many liordsand passages whose waters are completely .shel- tered, although in many cases, owing to their great depth, thev do not furnish convenient anchorages. From the heads of many of the riords \ alleys extend up to passes which cross the summit of the Coast Range, and from the p.i-es corresponding valleys descend on the eastern side.' ■ C. .M. I ).:.■,. ■.,■.'.. "(.haiatiun ol tlu' Cor.lilkra," Amrnj,, G,olosi>l. ! (iSyo), 153. C.K()(,R.\P|[rc IMR(II)r( TlOV In.Iml, It seems prohahle that, pn-v i„us to the Sierran uphft, the heads -.1 many ..f the stream^ which now have their sources near the axis of the raii-e ami How westward |„ the fiord, were much [arther east and carried part of the drainage of the interior, which has since l)een .liverted to the 1-rascr' and other streams which maintained their courses across the axi> ol the uplift. The streams which thus held their courses acro-s th- uphit are the Frase. , .Skeena, Xasse, Stikine, and the less important Taku. I heir \alley.s i)rovide the easier railway grades across the range, and good harborage is to he had at or near their mouths. The (nilf of Georgia is divided from I'uget Sound bv a spur of the Cascade Range which exienide of the gulf the shores of \-ancouver I.,lanouthea>lwanl to Burranl Inlet, where the foot of the mountain^ turn-, a!ir.o>t directly east and leaxes a lowlan.l area to the >outh of the range on which the Fraser River debouches after emerging from its canvon between the Coast and the Skagit mountain ranges. The lowland i> widest toward the west, where it extends into the stale of Washington and narrows eastwardly to an ape.x at ab(,ut one hun.ired miles from the gull. It IS ol a general triangular form, and i> bounded on the north by the Coast Range, on the southeast bv >purs from the Skagit Ran-'e <,f ihe Cascades, and on the west by the (Julf of (k-oru'ia. The j.art of it v.hich lies north of the international b.,undarv comi.rises the lower 1 raser \-alley, while the ,)art which lies in the state of Washington is .■i\imly compri>ed in the valley of the Xooksac!; Ri.er. From th.,. vicinity of Vancouver on the lowland l.vo important passes lead across the C.)a^t Rang.. The mo-i important i^ that of the Fra.er t-anyon, which aiTords accc, by a - v.aier :;rah Columbia, especially the ThonipMin Xallev and its tributary valleys, and ha- subordinate pa,>.is \>v wav oi the Co,,uhallu and Xicola valley> to the -outhern Okanagan and Kooienav re-ion, Ihe .second leads directly north from ihc hear! ,,f Ilo.ve Sound bv way -1 the Cheakamous X'alley to the L'pper Fra>er Xalley. .\ third' route ■ l,i ,h. > a,>- „| ,;,. I r,,..r \ .dKy ,t i- ,„n-,.i!,le tlu.t ,, structural ('.pr.„i„„ L.tuu „ ■Mst a-.i ( asuulc rai'jro iia, ^.jscu (iu- notahic prv,i„mi..incc eujovcd U thai -:.-Lani .ivir uilicrs in Iht •■•i-.t-riMr. f s ',1 • \ 6 rill (.i.ni.iM.\ or \\\(i]r\iK \mi NiriNirv lfa\t^ till' i- r:i^fr Wiilcy at .\i;a-^i/ and jniti^ llic ^I'lonii iii'ar I't-mhcrtoii. liy way of Harrison I.akc. ihv IJIIiiocI KiviT, ami I.illdocl Lake. At thi' ncirtluTii cwi ni ilu- ('■nil ot (icor^'ia thi- Coa^l Kan^c ami tlu- X'amouMT l-lanil Kani;i' ajipmadi caih uihir. a tran^vcr'^i' axis ol (■l(\ati()ii ((iiiiuilin^ ihrni. 'i'hi^ ha< Ijfi-ii •> ili--M'i !i-i|, liDWcvcr. lir~t hy ri\('r> ami later hy id', that (inly tiu' inli-rsircani ujilaiiii-; remain aliovc .-ia-lt\( 1. ami the naviiialile iliannel "f J(lhn^lonl• Strait ronnei t^ the (iiilf of (jeoraia valley with that oi ^ upied liv tjueen Charlotte Souml and Heiate Sirait. 'i'hi^ ^ei lion of the t;eo~ymline i~ niueh more widelv open to ihe ~ea on the we-l ih m the ^eetions to the north or south. The ilistaiue from Cape Scot I at llie norltiern extremity of Wmeouver Island to Caj)!' St. Jame>, tl;e southernmost point of the (Jueeii Charlotte l-iands, is alxivit i<5 mile^, and l)i\on 1-Jitran submergence of this division of the coa-t trouj;h has the followini: important results: 1. .As already noted, the passages from it to the open oiean arc verv wide. 2. The advance of the sea apainst the Coa^t Ranye ha> left no low- lancl^ faxorable for cities alons the coast exci'])l on islands, such a- Banks Island, uhiih are sei)arated from the mainland by deep channel-, with mountainous sides. An exception to this occurs near the northern end of the strait in theTsimpsian Peninsula, which has also the ad\antat;e of being adjacent to the mouth of ilie Skeena River. It atTords sites for the (ity i;i\es the fiords a much j^reater leni;th than elsewhere on the coast. I'he available town ^ites are mainlv on deltas formed in ])o--t;^lacial time-, at the heads of the tiords. 'i'hey have the disad\antaj;e of beini; sur- rounded by mountains, with possible outlets onlv in two directions — inland by the mountain jias^es and >eaward by the tioids. The dis- covery of minerals near b\ has already determined the occupation of one .such location at the head of the Portland Canal, and, while the life of C.Mir.kAI'lllC IMRllim IKiN fninirm lommunitii's is in u't-ncral >horl, it is prohahle that citify will cycntually fstaMish thcmxlves in these iu)Niti()n>. The limit ini' ton- ilitidiis on the commereial side are the amnuni of area available tcr the Kiun, the small number of .iireetion- in whi. anend on how mueh of the interior is naturally trihuta.v to ea. h port and on the nature of the passes across the mountains. From the industrial side these limitations may he partly counterbalanced by the use of local resources, such as timber, mines, fisheries, and water-power. Where th. illeys above tidewater contain a sufficient area of tillable land, sma, .stributim; centers will exist. These statements in jjeneral may also be ai)i)lie(i to similar conditions e.xistinR on the mainland . oast of the Gulf of Georgia to the northwest of Vancouver, where Howe .S.,und an in Johnstone Strait, the narrows of Hurrard Inlet Ijetueen Stanle\' Park ami the Capilano Delta, and Pluni|)er's Pass, whiih lie> to the south of Cialiano l-laml on the route from \an- cou\er to the Pat itie \ ia the Strait of Juan de I'uca. Of these, the onl\ one that (au>e^ serious ilela>- i-. that at the Seymour Narrows, whiih atTe(ts onl\' the northern coastwise trallic of \'aneou\er and the l'u«et Sound ports. CHAPTKk II I»K.SCkII'Tl(»\ OK MAI'I'Ci) AKKA The area covered in .ietaii hy this rei><,rt is ' truncated se.limenlary ..trata of low dip, covered with U'lacial deposits, and further mo.lit.ed by the presence of a river of larc^e dimensions. The mountain area has the features due to stream erosicm 01 an ui.land largely of massive igneous rocks, affected bv successive i)criods of uplilt and modified by later glaciaiion. C i I r > rill. I.I DI.Oi.Y (If \ WCittVI K AND VICIMIY A. TIIK I.OWI.AM) SK( rillN I'lu' l()vslanlion l)t' (lividcil into four parts, whiih are in order from nortli to Miuth: (il the Hurrard I'tiiinsuia; (.') llu- Fraser Delta; (U the Surrey lerrate; (4) a murainit area cxteiidinK to the international houndary. I. 'fill- liurrtird Peninsula. The Hurrard I'eninsul 1 is hounded hy the Fraser Ri\er on the south ami Hurrard Inlet on the north, and may 1)0 considered as extending from I'oinl (Jrey at its western extremity to the I'itt River on the east. Its maximum width from north to south is about S' miles, and its length from east to west alumt 22J miles Its surface in most i)arts is not more than 400 feet above sea-level, except along its northern edge between the second narrows of Hurrard Inlet and Port .Moo k ?y/sl 3 n;. DQDlDDa r. O r— m O I- O o o > O- f r, ^ d ti S b I! b t i.> s a a > o I r a r t t c c t t I't >i f DM |. i| M Xl'l'l I) \k( \ ( I'itt M,;i,|. Ill) Knit, uluri' Jl i|fli( I Ik wliii li fxIcii.N i(ir -iiiiilm.ir.l til ihc |- M. "'I thf alluM.il |>l.iiri kti.uMi ,i, •'iitu' iliM.iti.r up the I'm Kr\,.r .iii<| ,ri llir (■ Ihi ra-t I rii if I lie 'luiilani am' I'm riM .kIkiI (iiillii r III Ihc n.irllimi Hiirrar I I - an <-i(\ali<.M knuwii a- Marv - ilill. «|, li.Vt lrnii.;h. iMili IN ca-manl cMhimi ''■itiiiMila rul:;.- Ih,- Hurrar.l l>iirii.ili\ l.aki- I'aUf ( II ti) ilii- I'iii Mrailiiw- .iikI liii I ra>iT Kiur whU li lia\r li- riik Ir.iuuli -trill iiniloiiliu-.lly to l,,-.i|,| ,|,a„n,.U "r 111 till' iiion- II' iiiirlli tiiward iliatiiliiin-i| in lav toll -.■!.tli ihann.-l owin^- t<> the ,lrvati(.ii i.f iln' Ian. I II'.- iiiMUiitain axis. lUtiU .i| t!i,M' .|.|.ri,,iun, a|)| III! Iirl> inn K.Hcnc nu k^. lUirrar.l Inli t MriKiural. .irii;in, ami mi< li tviiji-iuc a^ i> xar lo ()<■ iru i-nl m thr >iulii-ii)n lor the vallivoi Hi; I- uniliiulitcdjyiif iTii^intial, s a\aliali|f |Kiinls in ilu- -.i 1 hatinil and one thin! miles larlher north IN tlH' I.e.! ol the Hninelle Creek, at an elevati II Is eX|)Osei Th i-re I- a roi I t'eel al)o\e sea-level. I i-iitiTop at I'airview H.ikthts, al-o, al >n nearly .'oo leel lout ;oo u- inanlle ol till in th however. >o nmlinuous and thiik that in th Is part of the peninsula orinu an III urate dexription of the underl f aliM-nee ot nn > inj,' ro( k suria inerous If must lie I .Xloin; the niarviii-. oi ih,. lUirrard I' area-, eilhir tide llaN. iiniisula are a numlier of I iis on the iiorlli si, r.i-er, ('oi|uiilam. I'iti. a 111; n,| U runellt pi.''i:n-ula, ran with Ihe-t Ih-,- ,!elt ■ • I'rief d :i and llo,>,i-i)la propriel\- lie d ou ileriiii; the ^llile [lart ol the )laiiis hori in .ire.i- of the ne\l d i-si rilied HI mnnei lion with sinplion of the Iras -r \a! iMsioii. will) uhii h. .ds lie ui-sierii pan ,,f IViim (irev i ty may he imlude,!. terr ue. and may propi rl\ lie referred l^ s ol oriLfin -imil.ir to ilu Thr J- riiu'r /),!l(i I in thai lorin,-, li,in. I-K i-i-r KiM-r, .liter lieliou, liin:; I lainoii Ilinmu'h ulii, h ii ,,:,-„., |„.h,.|-m the .skai: r,im the tifviiiiies al one mouil k-posUini: -Ueam .il .t poini .unu-roUs dars it ami Co.i-i rani,'.-s, nearly loo iniU-s from iN rieeiitl>-, alT,irl,|. ol t;ra\e! and -and. -.vhiih I Helow th Is. nuinv isl.itiiis of ^jh river. v,|,iieonl.,.ihs,.|e.sil.,o,i-piainsar, ,l,jil,iye,| Th,-- !a\e loriiii-riv, ai),l seen. (-pe,. iall\- alxni I 'ir ill ilif rhaiinel ,,f ilu I.I 11 V K^i5:*3 12 llli: CMII ni.V (IF \\S(iil \l k AMI MCIMIV ti(ilc"(irthy on the sciuth ^iili- of tlu- ri\tr, whert' thf Chilliwack, .Miit-(|ui, ;iii(l Lanijli'V piairit- iLirni-h fxli-n-i\t.' arca> of lam!, whiili, protcited from flo(i(l> hy a sy>lc'm of "liki-, ha\i- provrd of hiuli fertility. Lowc-r down, on the north ~'\<[v. the I'itt Meadow-, already nirnlioned, have heen fornie; up of the shallow southern end of I'ill Lake, a liorti like loeh whii h, when ihe -ea -.tood at a -.omewhal hi'^'her lc\el than at present, wa^ in re.ilit>- a lior 1 exteiidin'^ northward from the I'ra-er e-tuarv as the North Arm doe> from Hurrard Inlet. On the -oulh -ide of the ri\er a narrower flood-iilain extends -till farther downstream and is oreupied hy the town -ite- of Tort Mann ami .South Westminster. It is terminated by a spur ol filatial drift and stralitied depo.-its which projects northwestward to the main channel at Annieville, ju-t helow New \V'e-tniin>ter, and di\ides the tlo(»l-[ilain from the heail of the modern delta. On the north -iinu the cut tiank of Mary's Hill, mother llood-plain aledimentary strata of the I'uiiet formation, as at Mat>f|ui; and -ome i>f them are llal-to|)peu accumula- tion- of alluvial inateri:il, a^ at Laniilev. deposited when the land was relativelv lowir than at pre-eiil, and the ilepo-iled -and- and irravels attained a level ahout coincident with ihe r.ie.in hei'.:hl of the water surface. In other places there are ilriftdiills which were truncated or terraced liy wave-action. 'Ihe northern shore line of the former e-tuary ju-t north of the Fraser is marke well-detined terrace-, with their accompanyini, beach deposit-, a- at .Mi— ion Junction (42 miles ea-t of \'ancou\eri. (See table, jia^'e 04- > The tiiles .-till affect the flow of the river a- far uji^treani a> Lanuley, a di-iance of over so miles from the mouth, a. id al-o the waters of I'itt River and Lake. The arresting of the current in this part of the river iwiceilailv has nodouin operated etTecti'.ely to increase the int lie- I , mile.- we-lwanl ami extends from the headland of Point DliSCKIPriDN" UF MAPPED \RF.\ I? (.rev in a sinuous line S. 20^ K. to Point Roberts, a distance of aboul 17 miles. The Fraser traverses il by two principal disiributaries, of which the southern is the larjier. The northern arm Hows close to the southern .■>iiie oi the BurranI Peninsula riilt;e, at the foot of which are a few tlat areas which properly beloni: to the delta. In and between the distribu- taries arc some forty-live :^lands. of which the larijest is Lulu NIand. Sea, Westham, and .\nnacis islands are also of considerable size. A large i)art of the delta lies to the south of the main channel an iiu ilnuiil ihal t'li-; \.illr\. .\t .1 ( i,,ii|i:irall\( l\- lati- jicrii"!. ah^ iniiijiidl li\' a ili-lrilnitarv (il the l-'ra-tr. Ii i•^ nl ci niinniii iniiKirl.irii • it prc't-iit a- lunii-hin'j an fX((lltnl railruail ruiitr lulutrii ihr l'ra~iT \ailc\'anil llii' (''ra^fr I>t-Iia, am! tiir auriiullural piirpn-c-. ;, '//;(■ Sifniv lirr^h i To ihc -milh nl ihi' l''ra-( r. ii])|)0~itt' 'ho ca^lrrn iivl nl ihv liurrarii l'inin-ii!a. lii-> a llat-lu)ijivhect. whi( h i- u-ually from ; to ^ feet in thickne--, has proiiuced little variation in the lla' - of the lo].oL;raphy. The -urfacc i- -till larL'ely fore-teil, liul where ileareil the ueulhereil til! ha- heen foumi to atTord excellent -oil I'or fruit culture. Accordiiii; to I.eKov,' Poinl Koliert-, at the -outhwe-t extremity of the l-ra-er l»e!ta. lieloni;- irenetii all>- to tlie -ante tvjie a- the Surrev terrace and thi- we-tern end of Point (Jrey. The Surrey terrace and I'oint Rolxrt- are now coiinectec liy the depo-it- of the recent delta. 4. '/'//(■ hiDDidary iiviiai.nii aria. To the south of the .Serjientine- Nikomeki \alley the land ri-es ai^ain to a height of 400 or 500 feet, tiic npj)er surface lieim; -oniewliat irreL'uiar. The norlhern part of this area I- po-sjhly underlaid liy depo-it- -imilar to those of the Surrey terrace, I'Ut ihe-e are immediatel\- -uiceeded to the souih liy a hea\_\- morainic depo-it, which jiroliahi)- mark- the -outhern boundary of the interi^laclal Fraser estuary. Wa\e-action on the ta-tern side of Bounilary Bay, alonir which this area lies, ha- t ut a -ea clilT some 200 feet in hei;;ht in which a section of the X'ashon and .\ilmiralty tills ipp, .Sj ff. 1 and inter- niediate -Iralified depo-its i- uell e\po-ed. 11. nil. nil, 111 \M) si CIliiS \s alreaiK- -latccl, the reirion north of Hurrard Inlet and the I'ra-er \;illiv is p.irt of the southern portion of ihe t'oa-1 Ran^'e of f^riti-h ('olumi)ia. The niar.L'in of ihe ranue whii h face- the Pac inc has thrc)u;:h- out mo-t of it- length a norlhwe-t trend. Iiul at the -ciuthern end of the ' (). v.. l.iKiiy, op. III., p. >. !>!. ikii'i |.i\ or Ni M'i'i.i) \!;i: \ r:in.:;r it ;ilti-r- In an t:i-t-aiiil-ui'~l 'lircuion. and lollnv, - thai Ncirin:,' alon.^ ihi' nurlh -i«li' m' Kurranl IiiKl ari'l ihc Kra-ir \'ail -y It- margin lurt', a- fKcAhcn-, i■^ ili\i.|cil inio luiiiicniU'- ~|)urs hv ^r'ai ialcd \allf\s el wir\ iiiL' 'iiplii. -(inu- III' tiKiil ii.ii-i(lfral)ly bflow -ca-lfN el. othiT-i al)(i\i' it. Ihc (lirc-ctiiiii (if lhi-~(_- \al|(\- i- ric-lli and xnilli, c,r r(i;iL.'hlv iiiTpviKliiular ti> Hiirrard liiU-l. Iktwicn the vail. a- tin- i rc-i iiiu- .if ni.i-t ..I tlu' -inir'- r\-c frmii tin- l.iv.laii.j-, in u't-ntlc r— u;iiiiali- c is uh.i-.- -tic|it-t --l.iiR-ar.'-.-ld.ini ni.irc tlian i.S^fr.ini the h.iri/.mtal. svhilc the a\(.'ra,;ji' is n.it aliow i.'\ anil in >.)niL' ra->is as U,\v as 7° or ,S^ At ik'\ati.in~ xarvini; from ^,000 to ;,.Soo feet thi- risini: pr.ililcs art- inter- riiiiii.l I.y a -et of nx k-cut tcrracf> with h.iri/,.>ntal or very ijcntU- -Lipin'^^ tops many .if them a mik- or m.ir.' in width. Iieyond uhiih the mo-t -mithirl>- peaks. if the ranu'e ri-e Mime what ahruptlv to an altitude which |ilacc- them n.ar the c.intinuation of the general curve .if the |iroiile. N'orlhward, toward the heart .if the ran^e. the summits show a continued L'c-neral anordance. The surface in which, speakinj; in .general term-, aey may lie said t.i lie flattens as an elevati.m of ah.iut S.odo feet is ipiimaihe.l. and continue^ nearl\- h.iri/oiUal for s.mie .li>tance across the .enter of the ranpe. This surf ice is interpreted as an upwarped jieneplain. i>>ee chajiler xi. pa,i:e oh. ) A few peak-- rise ah.ive the gen- eral iesel. Aii.oni: them in this reL'inn is the \'.ilcanic one .if M.junt (iariiialdi, 8,700 feel in altitude. -Many of the summits themselves are very sharp ■'horn-," shajie.l hy (Iii|ue cuttini;, while .nhers are l]at-t.ip[)e.l. Fielow them are e\en- t.ipped connectini; ridi;es and siiurs, which also are acc.irdant, an.l i.ini^ concave slopes, .Mime .if them terraced, .iescendinj; at low anules thr.iufih vertical distances as preai as ^ooo feet in some cases. Helow these riilL'es an.l slopes are prof.iund steep-sided valleys .if the canvon tyjie, ill -.line ca-es m.ire than 4,000 feet deep, whose li.ittonis have, as a rule, lieen well ounded by valley j;laciers. .Man\- .if their sl.ipes near the upjier limit .)f the ice reach an an.Lde .if 50^ In the lioltoms .,1 the 1,'laciale.l \alleys jiostsila. iai erosi.m has pr.iduced youn.i,' steep-~i.le.i vans'ons who»e de[)th may reach 400 feet. The even-lopped ridpcs an.l gently c.mcave sl.ipes hel.iw the sum- mits, w hen traced to the margin .)f the ranue, «ra.le d.iwn l.i the rock ul terraces already me.'l'one.l as in.lenlini; the pr.itlle of the marL'inal spurs. I he general elevati.m >'f the llat surface- increases j;raduallv from ^''^oo leet at 'he s.iuthcrn marj;in of the ran^ze to s.joo feet and .i\er at the HIack Tusk Mountain, some 40 miles t.) the north. These t;entler upper -lop.- and llai-to|ipe.l ri.ljzes have been interpreted as the remainin;^ i' .0 i Tin, r.roI.Ol.V l)F \ ANCDl VIK \M) MClMrV siirfaros of maturely (lfvcln|H.I alleys wliicii were cut below the summit level, after a period of upwarp wiiich followe'l an earlier planation. The sta;;e of u]ilift anil erosion whieh is representeii by a similar set of topo- ^.-raphii feature^ in the Cascaile Mountairis of central Washington has been (alleil the ICntiat, from the basin of the Kntial Riser, where it is well recorded.' In the Coa>t Ran;,'e ret'ion of British Columbia the l-intial ( ■'I surfaces ha\c been moditied, Iir^t by a ;,'eneral mo\ement of overridinu' ice, and secondly durintr later >tai;es of glacial ion by local glaciers, which remain on the upfier slojjcs even down to the |)re.>ent time and have developed cir(|ucs to >uch an extent that many of the original ridijes are re[)resented only b\- knife-edf,'e iluides [)rojectin>,' between adjoinins neves. Where abandoned by their t;laciers many of these ( ir(|ues are merely shallow saucer-like depres^ions with slopini; bottoms. In other cases they ha\e iieen excavated deeply enou>;h to form rock basins which contain -^mall lake-. .■\ periocj of ca-iyon-cuttin^' followed the ele\ation of the land sub- sequent to the de\elopment of the wide Kntial valley tloors. To this staf»e the name Twis]) has been apjjlied by Smith ane ujiper .-.lopes are parts of a V->haped cross-section, while the bottoms are well rounded; there are others whose cross-sections a[>pear to lie made up of two U-shaiu'd \alleys, one within the other; and there are still others which are -imjily U--haped. Lateral cirques which contained lobes of the \alle\- glacier are common. Some of the valleys which were transverse to the ice nio\ement show comparatively little rounding, and it is probable that they were occupied by stagnant or nearly stagnant ice during the ma.ximum glaciation and e:-caped the effects of jirolonged \alley glaciation during the recessional stages. X'alleys of the 'I'wis]) and Chelan >tages, many of which extend below tidewater, form the liord> which are .x) prominent a feature of the coast. The [(criod of the postglacial ero>ion, mainly removal of drift, has been designated by the name Stehekin in the Lake Chelan country, and ■ (;. O. .Smith ami liaiK-y Willi-, '..S. G,vl. .Swr... I'rof.-^ionjl I'jpr ly. ' Ibid. #.li 3 DKSCRIPTION OF M APPKO \KI X 17 is rcpresenu-d in the C(i;i>t Kanu'c In- Mmilar tVatur.s. and also In- rock- cut canyons and the huil.linK <>1' deltas at the mouths of streams. It has also been a period of considerahle ui)lifi. The .-videnrt- ..f this consists of raised deltas and wave-iut lerraa-s in the drift aloni^ the margin of the highland and in the lowland area^, The live di^iinit DiagrammaUc Crosi-Stcl i oni of l^j//e/5. ^ iff^e 4i/r less hi,jhir uf> the. va/i.^y. ^ " t I a r Z 7^e iVjr,'f7 ,-Jr/ri, riear ni, ^ Casf/e Toilers "ST fie lonver CtiCd H ,.rmous V^^J/ey. Ki.;. .- I ■A stages of i.iiysio;:raphic development reco-nized in the Cascades of Wa>hin.i,'ton may therefore he provisionally correlated with those of the Coast Ranse of British Columbia. They may he recapitulated as follows: i.^Methow peneplain: represented by accordant summits, or ter- races below summits which stwd above the j.eneplain as monadnocks. -'. Entiat sta.ne: represented by the mature vallcvs (levelojjed in the uj)\varpe(i Methow surface. iS I III (.Inl.iii.N III \ \\( . il \ 1 K \Ml \ I' IM ; ; Tui-p -l.iL'r: 'ii<' linif nl tin lUltin:; ol' ilnp V -h.ipril i,ii'.yii|i-i 1 (L.A ilu- Im.miI i:tiii;ii \:ill(\ liiinr-, afirr tin- u|ilin nf llu- Litlrr ) Clirlan -i:i'_'c: I lie lime of u'lai ialimi, with il- atu-ii( u-^inn nl llir nriLliii aiii| airr nl llu^i- tii|>"jra(ilin li.i- lur(- anil lluir i (irnlaliuti uill In- loinnl in (luiplir \i mi ' I'hvsio- t;r.i|iliir anil dlai iai Ili-liir\.' Within ihc area -tuilidl in iliiail llur<- an- I lim- prim i|)al mountain -|inr--. line -ulmnlinati- ~|nir. an^l tin- vallfS-- ul llu' Capilano, l.ynn, and Scvnii.iir inck-. uliiih -rparatc lluin I'lu-f v;illr\-> arc (■•--fntiall)' tlu- -am. ir, l\pi' a- ilm-c ul llu- tinr.!- nl' llnuf Siiumi ami the North Arm whuh llank the ana mi the ui-t ami -iiin oi the ii e llu -aine thini,' ua- true of the \alley> of the Capilano, l,\im, ami Se\miiur, I he\' at lir-1 (ontaineil lionl-. which '.:a\eplaie ti laki- a- uplift pro;4re--eil, ami the-e were later ijraineii liv the eutlini; nf po-.ti;laeial ean\dn- throu;;h the nx k anil ilrift barrier- uhidi retaine\ ailed p.'irt- of the \,llle\. .\- llu 'jl.u ier reieilnl fruui ihe liiwlaiul into ibe mountain \alle\" il- trmii pro!i,i!ii\- re-ted for -ome lime aL'ain-i ihe roek\' nli-lrui Hull, \' nil llii' re-ull tii.i! an iinu-ual amminl oi miirainie depoMl u a- left llieri', Ihe mn-I wr-h rl\' -pur. liuit vhii h -land- lHi\^el■n Howe ."^i luml and ihe Capilano \'a!ley. ha- a llallopned -oullurly e\len-ioii known a- lloiKliurn kidu'e, while the ' .MiiImu" -ummil- uliich -Uiiicd e.u h III her aloni; ii- 1 re-l an', in order, trom -oiilli lo norlh, lilac'. Mounlain i j.joo feel I, .Mount .Strahan i.ooo fetl'. Ihe Lion- 15.S00 feet 1, and .Mount liruii-wick ( s.tioo feet 1. Two of ihe-e -ummil- are composed of i'aleo.'.oi( roof pendant- .Mount Mr.ih.in of lexadan mIii.-I. and I 7 Af ''^ rpi'ANAAj %4- wf 4^*' ' *"• ■■ '>;■-: ..^^ «»*^ V*iw* > . „ « ly * " O t i. V » '^ #-^^ \ •^ #^' -■- TOROQRAf^HY B.C. n A y • " •v^^i^^- i-^ij <: \ "N iy t ^U<^ /'^ t^'-t. L ^ G r'\ -^ ►" 1^ ,v^ o^ Jf> •# ?/ vtt^caKj^r * •^ /? -V >J K o X --/ /t: 7- I HI ■.( HII'I MS 111 M M'I'I |i \f I \ fO ^l 111. I Hruii-uiiL III llnl.iMMi.i -l.ili'-. .iii'l iiu.irl/il ili\ rill - I 111' ulllrr- ,irr I ii >l till utii mlfrlii'Mi'it I' >lH>n>i' (it llii ( >>.i-t liathiililh I h f 1 liiincc lin;4 ri'lm' iiilcrvtnmK lnl «i in I lit hi;;!.: iiiiiniiN Iniiii Miiiinl Mr.'li.tii In Mmiiil liitiiiiHiiK li.tvc l:> HI i.iljs \tr^ iiirriiw trt'-, «liiih ilmp ,iliru|ill\ iiiln l.iri^c- < iniiic^ nn ritlur -nlr. hi 1 in|iics arc' -i|iaraliil al iiil(r\ai i)\ >|iiir-. «hci-c in-l^ .iv aUu II 11- ■I I Mr riili-'r i^ iiiiir ) iiiilr- from liili-walir. 111 (• wisltrn fork or ulMirilinali' ■.inir tia^ a I'lali aulikf li-rraif al j.Soo ftrl, iinriu il.ali'U- riorlli ot uliuli i^ ilu- siiiiitiiil of (iroiisc Mouiil.iln (4,.'oo li-cl ), lollowiil al -liorl inlcrvaU iiorlli.vanl hy haiii Mouniaiii (4.ioo ft-tl t ami (ioai Moiinlain (4,700 fell 1. Kxiiiiiliiii; fa-.! ami ui^i iroin (Joal Mounlaiii are lypiial llai- to|i|n'il llniiat I ') >|Hirs al an rlivai ion 1 oii'-iiitTaoK' iii'iiuN (• Ilu- .Mountain, uhuh lii-s Ininu'iliaU-lv nnrlli ol (ioal .Mminu -unmiil. riM- alioM- llif |)i-iR-|>laiti. ll i> s.soo fi-i-l liii,'li ami i> a sharp kniff-t-ijiii- of j;ra:iiloii| rot k wliiili is luinu ra|>ithe area liet.veen Seymour Creek and the Xcjrth Arm of IJurrard Inlet, lia> at it^ southern end plateau- like terrace-- at ^,;oo, i.S:;o, and 4,050 fe-'t re^pei ti\el\-. Small lakes i>n their --urfaee-^ omipy the hoUonis il which is overtopped, within this region, only by .Mount (laribakli (8,700 feet I, a volcanic cone of Pleistocene a;zc'- I'ollowini^ uj) the streams of the mountain area above the can\'ons whi(h tliey ha\e (ut through the rock and drift barriers near their niouth~, their channels are in f,'eneral shallow cuts in the drift of tlie U-shaped \allc\- bottom, and tliickly --trewn with the bowlders derived from it. Near the head.s of the valleys steeper gradients and dcc[)er drifl-cuts are niel with. The gradient of the Capilano tor the tir>t seven miles from its mouth is about 70 feet per mile, that of the Sevmour for the t'lrst twenty-one miles about do feet per mile. The gradient of the Seymour in the u|)per four miles of its cour>e i> about 500 feet ])er mile, and in the la-e of tlie lateral tributaries this graiUenl is much exceeded.' The >li>ej)er seition of the .--tream ])rotiles toward their heads consists, in many ca>es, of a number of terrace-like steps, due perhaps to the cutting of successive cir(|ues b\' the receding \allev glaciers, to the con- lluence of tribulars' glaciers at ihe ])oint where the dei'peninu es been notched by very steep-sided can\'ons; in others the strean)> cascade o\er them. .\t the summit of the pas-, or near it there is often a le\el nuadow-like area, where the stream has its source in a small lake. The SeNinour is a ciise of thi-- kind, and there the pass lies between moun- tainr- uhidi rise con.~iderably abo\e it. Others, like the Lynn, tlow from ' Stream ihii.i uhiainctl from Ki purl nf II .;.'. r Rii:hls />>.; ■.■/;. Otpjr'.mcnt "f Liiidi DKSCRIPllON or MAI'PKI) AKi;,\ lakes whirh lie in >teep-si(ied cirques, many hundrcil feet helow the thin-edpefl divides, which are in j;enerai not much lower than the summits on either side. The heavy preeipitalion on the mountain area nourishes a hixuriain growth of Douglas lir tPietuIotsui^a J(>Ui;lasi!) and ^iant cedar iTIiuja C!\'J"/Ml up to about s.ooo feet. .Above this the character of the xeuetation chanires, and the forests become thinner, pas^in;; from the Transition zone successively throu;xh the Canadian and Hudsonian zones of vesetation imtil the >novv line is reached. The Fntiat slojies are in general thinly atTorested or alpine meadows diversilied by clumps of trees, The Twisp and Chelan features of the topography may therefore be said to include the chief forest areas. The mountain region here described tinds its chief economic im|)ortance as a source of water supplv and electric [)ower for the ciiies of the lowland. Many of the F.ntiat uplands furnish broad area> where, although thick forest cover is absent, extreme ra[)idity of run-off is somewhat hindered bs- mosses, heather, and similar vcKetation, and where in many sheltered i)laces slowlv nu'ltint,' snows remain throut;h a considerable jjart of the summer. ■T ■ C. CI.l.M.XTK .\NI) CLlMXtlC DA 1 A The area di-cussi-d in this study furni-hes one of the best pos-iblc examples of the elTct ' on precipitation of a mountain range interposed in the jiath of moisture-laden winds from the ocean. The followinp; table comi>iled for [)oints ranging from the western part of the I'ra-er Delta to Cotjuitlam Lake, in the northeastern part of the region and well up in the mountain range, will serve to convey the facts with sufficient clear- ness: 0!i.;crvin>.- ^loti-in Lailncr, near front of Fraser Delta \aniouver (Hurranl Peniu.sula ridge) C'oquithun Lake .Vshcroft .east siile of Coa^t Range) I'reuifiil.ilt.in iji \~n 2ti Si 1 JO Sj S oo -More detailed information as to preci|)italion in the vicinity of Van- couver may be obtained from Table I, page 2:, which indicates its distribution throughout the year.' The months which have the greatest I'recipitation are November and January; those which have the least, July and .Vugust. ■(.'omparc also R- p.^rl u/ WaUr R:-hii BrjKih. D,,\ir!>ihiil ,1; Uu-h (\ictoria), 1.(14, p. H .!(ill. ll 'I'lCV t>F V.ANI.'I \1 k \\|i \ II IN!;'. I MPERATlTil J.inii;iry I-"rlirilar\ M:irih April \I,iv hiiiV July Aui;ii»l Si|itiriilK r Oitutur \ovi-mlii r lifst-nilii r 4= \'t TillZ'.' \T.ir Ili^Livl U iii|>rr,iliiri- l.'iAi>i li pi(.c riitiiri' ;f. ti 4'-' ■1^' ') 41 4-t 'J 47 4'^ O, tlO J '• 4 M ^ ^'' 5 4S 4i S 40 - ^; i 47 '' 4-' 4 40 I 4,S ,iS 44 'J >o (. :;(■ 4 5S 7 "; ; M ,> 54 .s 5- 4 44 > if. 4 \vkra<;k hki ■ [I'lr \rinN k.iinl.ill Sn.iwi.ill l"l;il |irnipil.:ti>i'i lirijiht sun^iiiiic ^liniirN , iJ.ivs witii o'oi i.r niori- lion mi n)i!iutv-i li |irii ipil.i- 5'' I- :.i i."44 iS I 7; 50 34 Ml 70 !.'■: 5-04 i; 4.S 1.747 00 li. PiA Vl Ml \s->. \' \-s< yni^ M I HI ,\M) I'ki t !i'ir\ri<.N j.inu.iry It l)rii.ir\ .Ma nil April \l,i\ jiiiif July. . , .\u;;ust S(.piL-ml)cr Otiobtr \nvrniln T I imnilK r Ml >■; ]'} U1 ! K ' 1 I Kb .50 ,? v'^ 7 4- '> 47 1 do o 50 o 41 4 4,S ij 40 44 4') 4" 44 .<-' >> .;^ 1 44 4 4-i 7 S - 7 il ') 4'. o 4- .; ;(. o Mniill.'y 1 J 1 14 '' l.S o iS 1 It) o :o 1 10 7 c .^ -'-S 1 ■' s 1 47 .5 4'J .i 4''< 10 0() 7 S4 ^^ \n ,.1 1 ,,;r I )..'., 14 1(1 I'l .0 (1. 4- • 111.' ilim.iti, .l.il.i, iir.ii-^s ,illi.-i«i-<- -..i,..,!,,.,:, |,.v,- l,i-,-ji ,i,|,|,|„,l by Mr I - II ^r liniun mftc(iru!i.LM-t jt \aiiu.u\er. -unl ij\ tin- hinninion .\leteur.>K>L'it;ii nili..- ..t r,.r..iU'> l.uiuary 1 1 liru.irv M.irch \(.ril \l,iy Iiini- . \UKll-l Kll'i |il\ nl MAI'PI n .\K1, \ r\i;i.i. 1 -c; l)IKM 1 1" I'avt i:.ist Ka>t K.ist W t -t \\\>t West \nrthut>t Ka>t i;a>t :%ast 4 ')0 4 8- ' Krpmt of tt'aler Kii:hu firiirtrh i\ ii.tttriji. n^M -1\I\1\KV (iF UIM) FiiK M.VR 1(;1I Niimln-r of uiniK from- - N. \vfra N.i; lumrlv i:. SI-: \.\v. axinumi ve Iocit\ Clin I) Xiu Wfstminsti.r A\i ra(;c tcmiuTaturi- Jaiiuarv Julv Viar IliKhcit tt'm(xTature. I.owot tcniptraturo Kainfall vfa r.ilal prt\i(iilatio[i (.4 o i;0 4 ~4 50 "4 1 40 4^ c;0 4 4» 4.5 04 T^MU: II A. \ I. iiikiv iwcst temperature \vera){e tem|)trature Highest tem[KTature I. kainlall ^rumfall I'l^tal preripit.iiion l!ri);ht Min^hine (liiiur> 48 ;() .Sq 5 14 - .'4 10 50 M Sg S i :o 40 4i> ^ 40 !( ,S4 24 TIIK CKOI.OCY OF V,\NCOl-Vr;K AM) VICINITY TMil.K n-( „.,/,„.„•,/ H. I'rin.-k Rc pi ki jap [4; Ayerjdf tcrninraturi' HiRlicsI li-minralurL- l.mvi'st tcniiKniturc.- K.iinfall. Snowfall r.iial |)rcii[iitalicin I'll ) 4? 54 Si \ o 0.' 7-' lo.S 7 5 4'' ro 8? o .S o .^7 Q5 .'O ()0 (JO O.' 45 ''7 78 o 4 o 27 o I JO 48 C. Kwii.Diips 44 .U 46 5- 45 "J 'W 5 loi q8 8 jO :, - 18 -18 8 4 87 II s.) 7 ^7 .U oo ■8 75 21, Ss 8 _i(, 1,^ 47 y D5 :.-04 48 i,8W) 48 '.oil 54 Avcragu ti'mpfraturc Highest tcmiicraturo l.owi>t tcm(«raUiii' Rainfall, Snowfall Total precipitation Brii,'ht sunshine (haursi A peculiartty of the io.vianil area which applies also to BurranJ Inlet, and appears to be connected with the [.roximitv of the mountain. IS the notable absence of hi«h winds. Storms of considerable violence occur on the Gulf of Georgia, while only moderate or gentle winds are experienced at X'ancouver and New Westminster. Though \-ancouver i.s in the latuu.le of prevailing westerly winds, it will be noted that during the colaer months WancouNer reconls show prevailing easterh winds lh,s IS no doubt a local e'Tect, due to the low temperatures .,n the mountains, which is of the nature of an eddy, .aused by the snow-chilled air of the mountains rei.lacing the warmer air of the '.owlands ■ The change .mm uesterly to eagerly is accompanied bv a sharp increase in preci[)iiation and fog (Table I, C, |). 21,). Vancouver, as records of ten years' observations >how, has an abso- ute temperature range of about go°' (/ to 92^1, and an annual mean temperature of 48° (Table I, B, j). j::}. The range of temperature and variation in ratio of >nowfall to rain- fall wuhm the mapped area is of course large, since the climate as a whole varies Irom the mild, temperate oceanic climate at sea-level to a subarctic Climate on the higher mountains. ' Local monsoon. ' I'ahrcniicit. DKSCRIPriUN OK MAI'l'i;i) AKi;\ 25 1 hi' hJKh i)recipitatiun on the mountain section has the Kual advan- la^e of [)ro\i(iinK an al)un(iant and pure water supjily and water-power which, though still laueiy undeveiopeii, furni>hes the lities of the low- lands with cheap electricity. The luxuriant forest growth of the lower mountain slopes is also referalde to the same cause and to equahle temper- ature conditions, and the>e combined causes arc also effective in Kivini; to the lowlands of the Fraser \'alley a hif;h agricultural \alue. Table II furni.-hes comparative data for Victoria (Vancouver I>land 1, Prince Rui)erl (northern coast), and Kamloops (interior plateau region).' PART II GEOLOGY S;; ch.\ptf;r III IIKI.I) WOKK The vicinity of Vancouver had been visiteii and examined hy numer- ous Keologi;,ts before the preparation of this report, and the r, espe- (ially the PuRet formation, had been re[)()rted on [)y several of them. Richardson, in the Report < feet. Bauerman,inhisre[)ort<)n the forty-ninth i)arallel west of the Rocky Mountains,' describes the country from Semiahmo Bav to Sumas Lake as tiat and swampy and consisting of bowl.ler clay overlaid with coarse k'ra.els in broad flat terraces. In 1887 Mr. Amos Bowman examined the region from the inter- national boundary to Burrard Inlet with a view to the discovery of coal. He estimated the thickness of the strata exposed on Burrard Peninsula at ^,000 fee'.' With the exception of occasional assays of samj)les submitted to them the Geological Survey did no further work on this field until iqoO, but in i8qo G. M. Dawson published a short note on the Puget formation,' and in 1806 Sir J. W. Dawson wrote his valuable paper on the fossil llora contained in the Pugct beds.^ In 1906 O. E. LeRov made a careful reconnaissance of the coast line and islands from the international boundary to the north of Powell River, with especial attention to economic considerations, and his rejwrt ii. at present the standard authority for the region.'^ Much valuable informal 'n has been obtained durim,' the last few years throujzh the elTorts ol British Columbia Mountaineering Club, and special reference should be made to the papers published in the 'Grol. SuTV. Camuij. i,S8;-,84, |>. 10 IJ. '/*/(/., i8S7-.s,s, p. (.(1 .\. '(;. M. Dawsiin. .Im-T/..;// y()i,rH,j/,>/.V,;V« "Z e:- c 3 "" c :a -: w ^£ 't gJ E 3 c C J{ i £ ? n ^ ■/! 7) lA y c 5 s 5£ Sf i-^ •H kH ■" •*• Y I -v P~~ i. si 1. Q. •I J I c tr „ n £ ^ . >. e ~ c - = ■2 =." C<3 OCw > - < 1 < X c t; . .-3 •— ic Jli3D<)lSj3[J fIi:[,D Work 3» w ' *" ■— "" ^ #^. ^ ■ c i i p. 1 -t D fi >-• -C 3 "Z 1 i Jd C «fl ^ 1 _ V ^ 13 2 ": i;^ i % ■ . 1 ^' 1 M z .2 ''' 'c ^' r3 ^ = ■? c ^ ^ C : c " ^ 1 •- ;!i 5 ■5 ■B t ** ' c ^ c .3 f . i "^ 3 c fl § ,— _o w* '/, i« 3 ^ C rt ^ i! s r~ .JL. w ! e E'i: . * — = c w nil (IKOKH.Y (IF V.\S(i)|-VI H AND VIclMlY 11 -.t Sotlhrrn iorditlnan l.y C J ll.aiiy on ' Tlir r.,|,uL;r.ii)hv of ihf Van- (oiiv.r .,r Urilaniiia KatiKt- ' an.l l,> J. I'orrir .m '( ;.•<)!,. nual Features "I 111'' Cna^i kaii«i'' Hciih ni|)arint! the physio- graphic and strati-raphii features in the central part of the ran«e with those near its e.lue. Care was taken in delinin« the inland boundaries of 111.- various I'ale.i/oie areas whii h had l.een previously examined only aloii),' till shore line, and a few new areas wtre mapped. Some further attention was also paid to the lowland, espetialiy the lerra-.es on the north si.je of Hurrard Inlet and the raised .leltas at the mouths of the Cai)ilano, Lynn, and Seymour creeks. The writer's sincere thanks are into thr«' format ion-., towliiih he ha-, ui\in llic minu's IV.vail l.ik Uriiannia. and MarMc liav in a- 1(1 rl)onifcn Ills rot kMit thi- rtirion have htin (ii\ iiliil l,v ■»( cnclini; (irdcr. The rnlircKroii!) sccnis n.rrfviiond with Dawson's C'athf Cnrk uroiip of ihi- intrrior plat thf iijipiT niinilwr of whi( h nhc Marlilf C plateau, anvoni is a l-'uMtlina limcsi I'f IViinsyivanian age. Sonu- uncirtaintv exists as to tht otii- the Marlijf Hay to the Hritannia, l)ut both and ihc odurnnri' of (hcrt. rt'lali are younccr than tlu- I'exada as well as Ki'neral li th n. Kiiomcal risi-mhlanifs ami ^traliLrraphii- position, surest that the Texadan i> the loa^t f(nii\.iiirit of I)aw-ion's Lower Cache Creek K'roup in the interior. The .M; iij\ered liy the present j)aper. ;trtile Hay I'ormation oaurMin I'exada Island, hut not within the are; The F aleoiou rot ks in all (ases o\erlie the voun^er Coast Hat liolith. which everywhere intrudes them from heneath. Tyiiieal instanie> of lirec( iated contact-zones and ajiophyses of the hatholith p. tutiatinu the older rocks are to he seen in all the observed areas, and will he dealt with lire fully under the discussion of the liatholith itself. Contait meta- moqihisni of the Paleozoics. includint' the d alonu' their marnins and within their mass, rendc evelo[)mcnt of metallic ore.^ economic interest. It !ers ihese areas of urcat Lire 'ppropriately treated after some consideration of the intrusive rotks to whose presence it is due. rllK TIVADA FOK.MAIIO.S The Te.xadan is descrihed hy Lekoy as consisting of a ureal variety of meta-iKn.-ous rocks " forming a great basic comple.\, along with a few interstratilied and now highly altered sediments. The rocks are agglom- erates, breccias, tulTs, i)ori)hyrites. diaba.ses. lavas, .schist, slate, chert, and crystalline limestones. Conditions of vigorous volcanic activity must have alternated with quieter periods, when true sediments inter- bedded with tufaceous ash rocks were deposited in local and seijarattd ba.sin>."' ' Oiol. Sun: Coiiadj. PiihlicUion gi)6. iqo8, p. i ;. ii 34 nii; (.MiiDGY uF vwcorvKK wn vkimtv The an ,1- of Tc\arlan rock wlrrh ha\f \,vm mappe.] in the rcKion hptwecn H..wc Sound and the Xorth Arm of Hurrard Inlet are the fohowini;: I. liliiik Mintntain arfj.—\ small area of crystalline schist is exposed alons the east shore of Howe Sound commencing a short distance north of Horseshoe Bay and extending about two miles northward along the shore, and inland up the side of Black .Mountain to an elevation of about 1,700 feet. The rocks are schistose and gneissoid representatives of the igneous Texadan rocks and have a strike varying from cSs" to i!o° east of north with northerly dip from 00=" to nearlv vertical. .So fa. as its l)oundary was explored, very little evidence of metasomatic replacement was observed. This is probably due to the fact that the rocks are not of such comi)osition as to furnish elements capable of precipitating the nietallic elements furnished by the hydrothermal action of the batholith. The rock as studied is for the mos» part nii( a-schist. 2. Caulfulds area.~On the point east of Cauliields there is a small area containing a few acres of Paleozoic .schist, probably to be referred to the Texadan. The general strike of the schistosiiy here is 1 28°, and the dip northeasterly, Oi'— which corresi)ond> very closelv with the strike and dip .>f Jic same formati.)n in the Black Mountain area. The schist is here intruded by a basic porphyrite which is older than the Coast Batholith, and which may be of Triassic age. Both schist aneome distance south along the higher terraces of the ridge whii h lies on the west side of the Capilano Valley (Hollyburn Ki'lge', and northward from Mount Strahan along the eastern slope ol Timber Mounlain, which (>\erlooks Sister-' Creek. The total length ni the area in a direclion about if west of north i- nearly three miles, while the maximum distance from east to west is one and two- thirds miles. The rock is for the most part mica-.-.-hist. which has a strike of fn)m 100' to no" where ob>erved, and dijx almost verticallv. It isbrec.ialed and intruded along the ])lane.- of sihi-toMty by ai)ophy.ses from the liaiho :ih. Xear the contact with the batholithat the southern e; ' of the area, and on the small creek which flows down on ilie east side of Mount Strahan lo Si>ters' Creek, there is a dark-green ma.sive por- j.hyrite uiih phenoer>>ls of while plagiocla-e, hornblemle laths, and THK PALKOZdlC 35 ■^ome magnetite grains in a (lark-gray or greenish matrix. Microscopi- cally this rock consists of [)henocrysis of andesine, which occu|)y most of the tieid in the section examined and are included in a groundmass which is hypautomori)hic-granular in texture and consists of andesine laths with hornblende and some magnetite in the interstices between t he feldspars. Secondary epidote, quartz, and hematite are also present in the rock where it is seen in the bed of the creek east of Mount Stra- han. This rock appears to be intrusive in the mica-schist, and to i^e itself intruiled by the lighter-colored dioritc of the Up|)er Juras.sic batho- lith. A small area of similar rock also occurs at the intake of the Van- couver waterworks in the Capilano Valley. The lo^ver surface of the Texadan rocks varies in elevation from ,^500 feet at the southern end of the .Mount Strahan area to about 1,000 fed in the valley cast of Mount Strahan. It appears to be of .some- what irregular form, but with rounded rather than angular changes of direction. The strike and dip here correspond closely with those of the Black Mountain and Caulfields areas, and the inference seems clear: (r ) The three areas are parts of a formerly continuous terrain, and still retain their original relative positions. They undoubtedly formed part of the batholith roof which has been separated by subsequent erosion into the present isolated areas. (2) The close folding which is re()re- sented by the present attitude and schisto>ity of the rocks took place prior to the intrusion of the Upper Jurassic batholith. and prior also to the earlier intrusion de.scribeo. !»■■ ,?f> Tin: cKouHiv OF vancoivkr and vicimty the Britannia formation. The area, as mapped by LeRoy, is a narrow strip which nowhtn nas sufficient extension inland to reach the summit of the spur which i)arallels the fiord, hut it prohal.ly extends inland beneath the liritannia formation at Mount Brunswick, The rocl^-, ex[)osed are of massive meta-igneous type, dark, !;reenish-.i;ray in color, and much broken up by joints. They have been worn into sea caves at several points along the strand line. Under the microscope the rock possesses a fine-grained groundma.ss of feldspar and secondary quartz with a little magnetite, secondary hematite. ei)idote, and kaolin, and considerabl'.- areas of calcite. The outlines of some phenocrysts, api^arently plagioclases, are discernible, comj)letely replaced b\- e[)idote; in other cases irregular areas of epidote and calcite seem to rejiresent aggregates, /.oisite is also present. According to LeR.A' the es.-ential minerals usually present are labrador- ite, hornblende, and augite. None of these were recognized in the section examined. On Mount Hruns^vick the Te.xadan is overlaid by the Britannia slate and quartzite, which probably extend thence northwesterly to the .shore of Montagu Channel. 5. Lynn Creek urfa,— Much of the amphitheater sruth of Palisade Ridge, which forms the catchment basin of the u[)per waters of Lynn Creek, is undeilaid by Texadan rocks. The area has a northwest and southeast elongation of about four miles, and a maximum width, at right angles to this, of les~ i ban a mile and a half. The southeastern extremity of this belt lies upon the summit of Lynn Ridge, between Lvnn and Seymour creeks, nearly due west of Mount Seymour. Thence the southwestern boundary of ihe area runs northwesterly across the Lynn Valley and the northeastern spur of Coat Mountain to Palisade Ridge. It extends over the ridge and lor a short distance down the Capilano slope. whi(h it follows northeasterly for more than a mile, and, returning southeast across the Palisade Ri.lge, cros.ses Lynn Lake and the east fork of Lynn Creek, an[ VANCdlVKK AM) VICIMTV [)rcs('n(e of fpidoU- and chlorite jrivt-s the nirk a green lint. This is due larKely to the alteration of the augitc, as the feldspars are on the \vhole com- paratively little altered. No ([uarlz was seen in the section examineil. M an altitude of i.ioo feet above the si-i. on the North .\rm side of the spur, the Rrecnstone porphyrite is o\erlaid hy a hed of aK^lomerate, the top of which is aliout 500 feet hi<;her up. This bed consists of bowlders up to three or four feet in diameter, mostly rounded but [jartly suban^u- lar. The bowlders, es|)ccially the larf.'er ones, are of precnstone or pori)hyrite. .A few small angular fragments of chert also were >eeii. This bed rises toward the north and forms the northern boundary of the area, where it is .seen in erujnive con- tact with the diorite of the batholith at an altitude of o\er 4,000 feet. On both sides of the contact sphcrulit.>s of epidote are (ie\elopcd, some of which have a diameter as great as two inches. They consist of radiating fibers of the mineral mostly light yellowish on the outside, but darker in the cjnter, with a little interstitial <|uartz and magnetite. The matri.x of the agglomerate is a porjihyrite uhich has phenocrysts of labradorite and epidote (which ()rol)ably replaces hornblende or augitet. The ground- mavn by the very large inclusions, some of them at least 200 feet long, which are found submerged in the batholith several hundred feet below the contact, and of course some distance from it horizontally. These were by far the largest xenoliths observed in the area examined. 7. The Garibaldi ret-ion.—The western part of the base of Black Tusk Mountain consists of massive greenstone of considerable thickness which appears to be much altered, and sheared andesite or diorite porphvrite, and basalt, with impure crystalline limestone containing magnetite.' These rocks dij) steeply to the eastward. THE BRITANNI.X FORM.VTION Rocks of this formation occur within the area examine.! onlv on the upper part of Mount Brunswick, where thev are re[)resented by black fissile and somewhat ferruginous slates, interbedded with igneous flows or sills which are now altered to quartz-epidote schist, consisting of angular fragments of quartz and oligoclase-andesine. with epidote which hlls spaces between the fragments. These larger elements are imbedrled in a tiner groundmass of the .same materials with titaniferous magnetite grains Irom which leucixene has developed as an alteration product The Igneous rock is therefore a sheared cjuartz-andesite. In a less altered case chlorite is also present, rej.resenting the original ferromagnesian 40 THK CEOLOCY OK VANTOUVER AND VICINITY 500 feci 2.000 feel 1,500 feet 20 feet constitutnls, but these seem to have been small in amount or else their constituents have ijcen largely removc.l in the process of katamorjjhism. In the same section the tjuartz phenocrysts are fairly entire and exhibit erosion. The rock is therefore probal)ly an acid end-phase of a dioritic intrusion. At the u|)per jiart of the series are some hundreds of feet of thick-bedded quartzite, while at the base, on the south end of an even- toi)ped spur which extends southward from the east end of Mount Brunswick, there is a small remnant of a basal conglomerate, consisting of [.ebbles which, to a large extent, re[)re.sent the Texadan rocks. The total thickness of the series as exjMjsed on Mount Brunswick was not accurately measured, but was estimated at 4,000 feet, arranged as follows; 4- I'liitk bedilcd quarlzitc or saniislone ,5 Iniirbedded slate .-'nd sheared iwrphyrite 2. Massive porphyrile. not sheared 1. Basal conglomerate As the conglomerate was not seen in contact with the lower massive porphyrite, it is possible that the massive porphyrite should be elimi- nated from the series, as being possibly Texadan or a Triassic intrusion. The whole formation has a general strike of about N. s° W., and a dip to the westwa-l of 47° where measured. The strike is transverse to the wedgelike ridge of the mountain, which runs east and west and has an elevation of nearly 6,000 feet, the highest in the Vancouver Mountains. In the Garibaldi region the eastern part of the base of Black Tusk Mountain and Panorama and Helmet ridges exhibit a fine section of the Britannia formation, which, as measured along the exposure, has a thickness ,,f over u.ooo feet. It consists of a basal conglomerate which lies ui)on the Texadan beneath, and is followed by quartzite with inter- stratit'ied conglomerate, which in turn gives way to slates with inter- stratitied igneous beds and, at the .summit of the section, quartzite. These two sections, apart from the thick porphyrite at the base on Mount Brunswick, are quite similar. The strike of the Panorama Ridge section is about N. 30" W., and the dip eastward from 0° to 60.° In this section many of the pebbks of the basal conglomerate are granitic, and LeRoy mentions the same fact observed at Britannia Beach on Howe .Sound.' He also describes the quartzite as containing ortho- clase and biotite, which with quartz form the constituents of granite, and says that some of the granite pebbles at Britannia Beach arc large— a fact which was not observed in the i)laces examined by the writer. All ' O. 1;. I.iRoy, Grui. Sun. CaihiJa, PMioilion q,/i, p. 15. THE PALEOZOIC 41 of these fPcts indicate clearly that there was in the Devono-Carboniierous a source of granite debris near at hand, since transportation for anv but a limited distance must have resulted in kaolinization of the feldspars and sorting of the materials. On the other hand, the slates somewhat hiKher in the series would appear lo indicate that at a later i)eriod there were quiet-water conditions in which sorting took place, and clays were laid down, while the quartzites at the top imply a return to shallow water or subaerial deposition. The problem of the granite pebbles also occurs in rocks of similar age in the Coast Range of California, and it has been suggested that there was at that time an .\rchaean a.vis above sea-level to the west of the present coast line.- If that e.x[)lanation were adopted here, we should have to look to lan.l west of Vancouver Island or to land occupying the line of the present depression between the coast and islands. There may also have been a core of older granite in the Coast Range itself.' There remains the possibilitv of a glacial explana- tion, whereby the transportation of the materials, without sortinr. even trom the Archaean a.xis of the Gold Ranges, might be accounted for but no specihc evidence of this from the deposits themselves has vet been adduced.^ The Britannia slates are very important for the extensive replace- -nent deposits of copper and gold ores which ihev contain, in the area which lies to the north of Mount Brunswick on the east side of Howe Sound. These were not e.xamine.l by the writer, and can therefore be only referred to here. The ore minerals are pyrite. chakopvrite, and galena, with a little bornite and covellite as secondarv enrichment Silver and gold al.so are present. The metalliferous minerals occur in sencite schist.* The ore deposit cea.ses abruptly at the contact of carbonaceous slates, and the development of the sericite seems to have been contemporary with the mineralization.' Little has yet been done in tracing the chemical side of the ore-genesis. ' r. C. Chambcrlin, [irivate communication. 'Compare Daly's description of the Custer Kranile-gneis.s in the Skaeu R..ni;e (j(ol. Surv. Canada, Memoir 38, Part I, p. 507. ' 'O. E. LcRoy, op. cit., p. 15. *Ibid., p. a. > I hid., p. 31. CHAl'TKR V THK POST-PAI-KOZOIC iTHI ASSIC ['(JRPHVRrrF.S It is i)()ssihlc that the dark Kreen and gray [)orphyrites of Mount Strahan. which arc intruded into the Texadan schist but are themselves unfoiiated, may be of Carboniferous age. and mijjht be placed in the Texadan, whith LeRoy describes as a complex, since their relationship with the more schistose rocks is very difficult to work out in detail, and there are in many parts of the Texa.lan series massive porphyrites of almost the same ai)pearance which are undoubtedly contemporaneous. Nevertheless it appears that the lack of foliation in rocks which intrude schists must be i en as evidence that they were so intruded after the develojiment of tlie schistosity. Since, then, the probabilitv is that the movement which produced the >chistosity occurred in the Permian period, the a^'c of this porphyrite, which is older than the L'ljper Jurassic batholith, and is very similar to the Triassic igneous rocks of the Van- couver «roup of I)aw^on, i> i)robal.ly Triassic, and it is then to be re-arded as representing a i)art of the great igneous activity which at that tmie' atTecled the Vancouver Island area and the marginal islands of the Coast Range in the Queen Charlotte Sound region.' It mav indeed be urged that the greater competence of the porphvrite has i)revented the development of schistosity in it. but the sharp nature of the intrusive cont:u t between the schist and the porphyrite seems clearlv to contradict such a hyiiothcsis. Like the Triassic rocks of the regions referred to (i and 2), these occurred in rounded forms with smooth surfaces, which have the apjiearance of being polished an.l suggest great compactness of texture. The outcn.ps which could be definitely assi.jned to this series occur in the valley of a small stream on the eastern side of Mount Strahan. (Jne of the specimens which was examined from that locality shows a groundmass of tine granular feldspars with epidote an.l i)vrite grains in which are large phenocrysts of oligoclase or andesine, the'determination of whi( h is difficult, owing to the fact that they are largelv replaced by kaohn an I epidote. There are large grains of titaniferous magnetite ' (',, M. l)a\vson, Cio!. Sun: CjiijJj. ' ). \. iiuricroft. Oio!. Sun. Cjiuda, Mnmir >j (lyij). p, 6S. 4J TIIK POSr-I'ALK.OZOIC UHIASSIC?) P()HPII\ HITKS 4? with secondary Icuroxene. In anothir specinu-n the Rroundmass u)niains quartz, titaniferous magnetite, and liornl)len(k', with secondary liucoxene, chlorite, and e[)idotc, and the phenocrysts are of andesine largely altered to kaolin, hornblende largely chloritized and associated with much epidote, and titaniferous magnetite. Some calcite and zeolite are also present. This agrees very well with Hancroffs descrip- tion of the Valdez andesite from the Queen Charlotte .Sound, except that hornblende here replaced augite as the chief ferromagr.esian constituent. I his also occurs in the region described by Bancroft near the contact with the Coast Batholith, which is the position of the specimens from Mount Strahan. A small isolated area which may be of these rocks occurs at the intake of the Vancouver waterworks on Capilano Creek. CMtU CMAI'TI K \I fi'l'I.R Jl'RXSsIC I ., Tin: toAsi i;\iitii..iiii All. r the (KiHwiiinn an-l tol.lini; <,f tlu- I)cvon.)-rarl...niuT(.u^ rocks and ihc -ul.-.f.iiunl intru-i„n ami t-xtruMon of TriasM, amlesiics and iKisaltv, the n.xi event of ;,'roal iniporiance in this localilv was the intrusion of the imnuns,. series of [.redoniinantlv di<,ritit batholiths which exten.ls trom the IVaser Kiv.r in a northwesterly direction into the \ ukon territory. While pr.. i,e determination <.f the time at which this intrusion took place has not as yet l.een made, it appears that the Nicola si.ries, the upper part . vhich, as exposed near Spalsum is Lower Jurassic,' was sul.jected t,, -ome folding before l-ein- intruded Ijy offshoot, ol the Coast nalholith. This would make the date of the intrusion not earlier than late Jurassic. The nature of the contact l.etween the -ranite rocks and the Xicoia is not marie clear, however On the western margin of the hatholith the Triassic formations are aN.i intruded.' while the Cretaceous iChicol sediments are partly derived fr,.m Ih<' eroded hatholith.' Theintru>ion was therefore pre-Cretaccous The evidence available in the vicinitv of Wmcouver shows that the hatholith had been deeply erode.l before the basal Kocene .leposits were laid down. It appears that the intrusion of the batholilh took place in successive movements' with .onie intervals „f ,|uiescence between, at least as re-ards any ^iven locality, since basic mar-inal .litTerentiation jihases <,f It are foun.l intruded by more aci concerned. Ro,ks.~ In ihi. re.uion the batholith, as elsewhere, presents a uni- formly coarse .tjranular texture, which is varie.l. however, near intrusive contact., by ^neissoid tc^xture .lue, so far as seen here, to movement of the tlui.l ma-s belore cooling. Thi- -neissoid pha>e was observed in the ' (.. -M. I).i»>,„n. (,-,,./. Sun. C.„i.i,l,i. S ,S., \ U , ,,s,,4i, , , ,,5 |j. '}. -V Il,i.ur..fl, Ga.I. .V/,r:. C.n,.„I.,. .I/,,,,,,;, j,, „„ ., ,,. ,„„, ,^„.i ^■ ^, ,,^^^^_^^^ (no!. .Sun. C ,;ij, ;,/,;. .\,i,r K, p . isSh. |',,rt li.. p 11. "I v.. I.t.R,,y. (;,,;/. .■sun. C.w.i.la. /'„/.//,„//,„ ,,„rt, ,.,,, ,s, ,j, ' llu:.. [.. 104. 44 UPPKR JIHASSIC (?) 45 ("fieakamous Valley in exposures alooK the road whiih has been lately In:' an aid lo railroad lonstruciion. In the villey of the east l.ram h of ' ..(.ilano River :. bowlder ..as observe.l derivcl from the l.atholiih which was lille.l with orhirular l.o.lies averaKinj,' or more inches in diameter. 'Ihey consisted of central masses of very coarse Kranular rock, without symmetrical arranKement of constituents, surrounded by sude.sive hands of rock minerals, arranged radially as regards min< ral indiv iduals. Between the oi )ules the rock wa., hypaulomorphic Kranu- lar. of de-idedly fmer Krain than that in the center of the orl)ules. Th. mineralo-.-ical comjjosition of the rocks, of which the prevailing type i-, a (juartz-diorite, is indicateam|)les examined were taken arc as follows: .\. Keith Koad.at si ream, one mile west of Dumlarave; f)uanz-mica(liorite. B. West side of Point .\ikin,son; ciuarlz-dioriie with accessory titanite. C. Bay between faullields and Cypress Creek on shore; quarl7.-,iiorile. I). Sh..re northward of Kagle Harbour, on Howe Soun.i; hornblende fiial)asc' -a marginal ditTerentiaiion i)hase. K. Near Paleozoic contact on Mount Strahan; diorile high in horiihliiule. I'. Ouarry. south face of Dome Mountain, North, \anrouver; quartz- diorile. (i. Junction of Capilano and .Sisters' creeks; quart z-diorite. H. Seymour Canyon; a very quartzosc phase of quartz-mica diorile. I. Lynn \alley zinc mine— Kempt ville cl.iim near IVxadan contact; diorite, little quartz, and much hornblende. J. Seymour Creek Falls; quartz-diorite. K. Half a mile northwest of Wigwam Inn, on the Indian River trail; quartz-diorite— ver>- low in ferromaKne.-.ian constituents. L. Top of Castle 'lowers Mountain (Mount (laribaldi region); quarlz- biotile diorile. K.Xl'I.A.S' \II(i\ OF UI.MiR.VM The angular points of the large triangle represent loo per cent of the constiluents who.se name tliey bear. I'he sides of the small triangles represent by iheir positi„n the Dcrcent.ige of quartz, felds()ar. or ferromagnesian minerals that the rock coniains, counting from the parallel side of the large triangle. The length of si.ks ol the sm.dl triangles represents the percentage of ac.ei.sones (black) anil alteration products (white) The kaolin is not rei)re- ^ented in the secondary minerals owing lo the dimculty of estimating it by the Rosiwal mctho.l, but its amount is indicated in the table as large (L). 4'' iiri i.lul'ii.v (PK \\N((ir\hK AM) VICINIIV miiliiiin iMi or -mill l\i jn |,r,,|».ti inn i,. iji,. .iinoiint of fcl.Npar, riu' M-.oihl.iry mimr.iN iM(li..ilc<| l,y sp.i, ,• m ihr -ni.ill lri,inKli> arc i hi.lly tpiilotf (wilh -oni, ( liluri.i. NO ili.il I he- ,1^ ,,f ihi. ,|..i,c i, ,in iii.lii ation of iho anioiinl ol (lie h>,|r.illt, nii,il ,ili. r.il h.ii «hi, h ll'i- nnk lias umltTKoiif. FrI^^^I^.^^ Fig. 4— .S|)eiimi'ii> of ihc L\>a>l Halholuh. I)ia«ram of mincr.,!.)gi, a! , ,,ini)osition A lilai k rcprcsfnN accessories Wliile, sicomlary minerals 'I he minerals observed in thin sec tions were: I'UIU 0(V l:-.rnti,il OrlhocLise Oliporlase' Anilesine I.alirailoriio Hytdwnite llornl)lenerieite Titaniferous magnetite Kaolin ViiKiif Hematite i'ournialiiie Leucoxene I'ilaiiile Cakite ' The [ilanioclase is in many cases unlwinneil. 48 THE GEOLOGY OF VANCOU\'ER AND VirTSITV US < >J QO «o lo !->. — r: -N j- co -■ »^ I - O - -< ^ - ! IT) M o o ~' 00 3- O- t '^ 1^ - ao '-'^ ^►. ^« oo r -.-: -:---- j -f r*^ «, *-» ^ ^r-^Ti^-ro -f o *< -. c '^' r^ - o Is •^i^i^tf^^irjo "T = in "t ^ l^ O -N -N "N t*- -t "< r^ -t -* O IN i^',^^ ^ 2;t:?5- ^iriM «ni^r*5o -r o o ■J - 1 ^ I i 5 S ' O ;^3C if 30 o - IJ-J o - - o § r:.r-^"^-o^- O 8 '^-?^"''CX '^30 « CO O iJ^iO ©> ri *N '■ « 8 X M t^ rjo -N o 8 jx o o -r o o ^XOOf^OO'^O O -C to i^ r^ iri «♦ 9 o '■J'-<'-^'-^CP.2y.^^: UPPER JURASSIC (?) 49 \ - p* O fT -t (^ -.t »>-» a : : -.0 X i I i u 3C -< C fH 1^, . . ■/-, - . ^* X - c 8 r* '^ « ■ ■ ■■^00 : ■ ^ o -8 8 ■- X t* tx •f c ■* - "N - ^. -.J. r > - C • ■ ■ O r r, 3 O . *i . O ) 8 8 - X n - <■ -* « - n j( . ^ r Tf c 2- -v, r, « «s ^ ■ - •^ !■* u", Tf ii~, ^ . r-- . ■*t r^ ... o - Ai t^ - "" X • ■ X ■ r* - i/^ ri - <-, . w^ «»i -otc-o ■ o- - 8 C£ u~, — ^ U-) cr f^ ■ - -r; c r^O^-^. 00 00 < "' C C X 5 «; .^ . 1= 5? 2 * t !- w 1;.^ y, , u ccT5-5-,ys -a.S-5 l^ s^-v S - - J -s 3 v.- ;^ ^ !■ i! S 53 S J S •= K:^ .- E J2 S.J s ? %l^ ss ..=i" OxC 0< lO Tin; (,i.oi.(>(;y of v.wcoivkr and viciniiv I he ro(k typivs rcronni/cd within the area arc: .. (Hiotilefiranhe.)' .. (;rano,iioritc. ,i. Ouart. an.iesini.e. 4 Ouart/- nma.hur,,.., ,. Ouart.-.liorile. 0. Dioritc. 7. Ilornblcn,k-,iial,asc. s'llom- bien.le Kahlin,. ,). ((.alihru.;' Of these the quartz-diorite is easily the .h.minant tvpe f.,r the area un.ier o.nsi.lera,i.,n. The more ,|uart.„se „hases occur a, a distance from laleozo.c contacts, and the more hasic as the contacts are approached. I his marfrinal dilTerentialion senerailv takes the form of a decrease in quartz an" K-'^llf , " Vr"' "'"'"' "' "" ''"'"''^■^" "^'^"^^ - 'he point ca. ot C uillields. I he intrusion is along the schistositv ,.i the Tex'ulan rock and H „1 pegmatitic texture. Its main constituent is ,,uartz (estimated 05 per centi, with plagiocla.se (.\h o 8s, .An o 15) about ^o per cent. Orihocla>e, microperthite. titanifcrous magnetite, 'anrtcil liy O. 1;. I.ik..y. UPPER JIRASSIC (?) SI occur as accessories, with a small amount of hornl)lenik'. The secondary minerals are kaolin, hematite, and leucoxene. The com[)<)siiion, accord- ins to the old classiticalion, would he alaskite pesmalite. In other cases no differentiation is observable in the apophyses. Subsequent to its cooling, the batholith and its adjacent rocks were intruded by a series of dikes, some of which are of composition very like the average of the batholith itself, while others are much more basic. The age of the latter is doubtful, and, so far as the evidence here goes, they may very well represent either post-Eocene or Pleistocene vulcanism in some cases, but LeRoy states that some at least are [ire-Cretaceous. Of the dioritic dikes very typical examples may be seen penetrating both the batholith and the Texadan schists on the point east of Caul- tields. Others, whose lithology has not been determined, occur on Point Atkinson. The dikes in the shore east of Caulfields Landing are por{)hyritic in texture, with a granular groundmass of andesine and hornblende, with some magnetite in which are phenocrysts of andesine and hornblende. There is a considerable amount of secondary epidote, sericite, kaolin, and chlorite. Magnetite grains are included in the hornblende. The dark rocks seen on the southern shoulder of Grouse Mountain are of very similar type, and are also characterized by the skeleton-like hornblende aggregates. They may be either wide dikes or ditTerentia- tion zones. The appearance of these rocks is darker than that of the batholith in general. Other examples of the sam*. type occur on Lynn Ridge (southeastern corner of Lot iq44) and in the Cheakamous \'alley. The irn^iietite in the latter case is distinctly titaniferous. Traversing the coarse granular batholith in a \ariety of directions are ajjlitic iJikes, some of which, where small, are foliated parallel to their length. They are more quartzose than the earlier phases of the batholith. As an example, a c|uartz-diorite aplite from the northern end of Hollyburn Ritobe structure. 5- ""■ (ir.OLOCV (IK VANCOUVKk AST) VKINTTY Reti. ulaliriK in all dircctii.ns throuKh the hatholith, aloiiR what often appear I., have hecn planes „f faultina, are v,nall vein, which consist almost entirely of epi.lote, with small per-entases „f quartz an.l litan- iferous maKnetite. These heeome esjieciallv numerous near the i. tru.ive cont;uis an.l penetrate the Paleozoic rocks in manv cases as veins of conM.leraMe width. They fault the uplite dikes, to which thcv are therefore sul,se(|uent. In a.l.litjon to its occurrence in the veins, epidote IS widely devclope.l throufrhout the mass of the e vari- ous movements the last seems to have playe.l the most imporiant part in the contact metamori)hism and mineralization of the intruded rocks. Shattered contact-zones are u-ually present. Though not every- where marke.l. they are especially noteworthv and extensive where the rocks intruded are massive igneous types. Xenoliths of (rreat size occur on the eas-ern slope of Seymour Creek \allev s„uin of .Mount Seymour, where in one case a prospect shaft has been sunk on the contact metamorphic zone b. iween the batholith and a .xenolith. The various sia-es ot assimilation can be observed in va ,ous parts of the area, and even «here Paleozoic areas are distant oaa-ional fused and dislorte.l fragments are to be found in the diorite, Wrv j;ood e.\-am|)le> of the method of siopin..' by the intrusion of reticulating veins into fractures in the root rock may be seen along the eastern side of Howe .Sound where the batholith is in conta. t with ma.-ive Texadan greenstones. Ik-re the separated fragments have extremely shar|. fracture-lines and di.plav comparatively liitle internal recrystallizati.ui, while farther awav the alteratmn become- greater and the outlines lenticular or roumled.' until ' J. A. li.iih rull, ii.oi Sur. ( \,n.„lt. l/tm,'.> j ;. titt ImIIh.IiiIi I. ik iDi-' thi- h'liii'i M ■irpK .m.-iili'Miitlir -r.i Ml . -■ Km rn I ^ ,'||.| It. ■■rt .'f larc- -1.,!.- ni ' ".[Mritf i! ir.ik'Fi'i r ..ht M'l irittm ilU ^li ( IVri. Ir.ltir frnni the "I I- ,l,r|-.r ,„ «lll. Il .li-Wll.N.- t-mi »l„. It hn 'f. rv.I..II(/ili. UPPKR JURASSIC (?) Si finall> indefinite smear; of hornblende represent what was originally an angular fragment of basalt. Summary. The intrusion of the batholith may therefore be con- sidered as having taken place in the following stages: 1. Invasion of the overlying rocks by stoi)ing and assimilation of xenolith^. 2. Cooling of the contact-zone, differentiation of the botly of the magma, and advancing solidification of the whole mass. :,. Fissuring and dept)sition in fissures of aplitic en(i-prolanes of the batholith and replacement deposits of sulphide ores in the Paleo- zoic rocks near the contact. 5- A slight subsequent tissuring, with formation of small quartz veins. Dijferentiation. The following list, based on field relations, indicates the (litTerentiation shells or zones represented in Tables IV, V. and VI, taken in order from the contact-zone or surface of the batholith to the deepest parts of it which are exposed. 1. Contact-zone. Saniplw generally within loo ftct of contact II) lieerbachose. D. E, I, Table I\' /') .Andosc. L, Table I\' 2. Subcontact-zone. .Several hundred feet from contact c) Cnn,-inie-pes which are much more basic than an\- studied here. .■\ndose (6) is very near becrbachose, but comes from a localitv 40 miles distant from the others." The presence of orthocla>e ia [)hases b. c. and ,/. of biotite in b. c. and /, and of litanite in d should be noted. The plagicjclase, which is both ' Cf. Ualy, Ccol. Surv. Cjiioili, Memoir jS, p. 53:, Slessc liioritc. 54 llil t.l i.|ii(.\ or '. \\( r.l \ I 1( \M) M, IMis strialol .m.! imn-.lrial,-,l. v.iri.-. from lal.ra.Mritr In the- u.nlacl-/,M.r (•', A, an,! , .. i,, an.i.-Mru- mar nli-.„ lasr in ihv nm-rmc.liat.- /..ncs ''/:ui.l ,1. r.turnmu' aKain I., arul.si,,,. ,u,,r lal.raduriti- in llu> .krp.-.l /nm- . / ,. AMwr.iinn i„ I.i.R.n the variaiio,, i, wi.l.r. irnm l.vi.nvnin. I" "liK.KlaM'. I l„. pri-imr „| „rth,,c la-i. i„ il,,. , ,,n,a. i aii.l suluontarl- ziinc^ (/). , , and ,/) „ui,| |,i- tmicd. In >;tiural, llu-r rock^ -iilTcr from llio.c .I.Mril«-.l l,v Dalv from Mmiiar l.aiiw.liths in tlu- Ho/amccn, Ska^'ii. an,l OkanaKan ran^-, in 1hm,k |,(r>o,iu insti.a.l of ,losodirwstonoH-. which if pcrMMlic would l.c amadonw. while the l.asic conta. i-phase is andosc inst.-a.l of In-cr- Liuhosc. The Ca>tle Peak Krano.liorite is lasnnose, as compared with mariix,sose in the Xaneouver l.aiholith. The quartz-liorile of the Chilluvaek halholith is tonalose, which if perso.lic woul.j he placerose. I lie proce^^es l,y which the dilTerentiation of a hatholith take place are dcscrihe.l by I)aly as follows: I. Cravitational, .lue to the fact that the basic phenorrvsts. such as maKneliie. the am[)liil,<,les, and the F)vroxenes. are the first io crvstal- I1/.C- from the melt, an,l. luin^- heavier than the average of the hatholith sink to its lower horizons, leaving the up,)er parts relativeiv acid in comjiosition. -\ Liquation. This is hase.l on the fact that hquids which mix freely at hiKh temperatures separate as the lemi)erature falls, the linhter assuming a i)n>ition above the heavier by the action of gravitv. In this way :: coling magma may split into .listinct parts, the more acidic of which Will rise above the more basic. ,v The ba-ic contact-shell is accounted f.;r t)v the fact that the raFudity of cooling at the surface of the batholith leaves no time for the foregoing processes of .lifTerentiation, and the copt t-i)hase is therefore like the original magma in composition, proba ..v modified to some extent by a.ssiniilation of the invailed rocks. 4- K.xprcssion of end-phases. If, when cooling has progressed to such a .legree that the growing crystals form a spong ■ mass throughout the magma with resi.lual li,|uid in the interstitial space, an on.genic mo\ement takes |,lace under these circumstances, fissures mav be formed and the li,|uor squeeze.l out of the spongy mass force.l i, them, result- ing in aplilic and jiegmatilic end-|)hases. 'Ihese [irocesses are somewhat modified in their operation by the process ol stoping, which consists in the shattering of the roof of the I'alhohlh owing to heat e.vpan.ion. The resultant masses sink into ITPI K MK\- I ,"l 55 ihc l.allx.liih l.<-l.nv. 1 h(.-y hiiotru- fiiM-l ami ,,similatc.| hy thf muUvn nia>v a> tiny (li-srt.,.!. .iiid an- thin siil.jt( t to praitually thr ^imo law, <'f < lear K. the writer that thr depth t" whiih Ihfy *an -ink before hfcmiriK' as>iir.ilatecl depends upon the >ize of the fragments, or -xenohths,' and that in the tormal.-n of a lattered eontat t-/.one a ureal deal of •'tines' of the size of du-t par- tides or little lar«er must he produced. Thi, material would he as>i' ,i- lated almost immediately because its small size would cause it to remain in sus|K-nsion near the contait rather than to >ink rapidlv, ani( rs (■|>M V( r Mil WIciKIMII^M A^ alrca.lv stalc.l, the (onla. t-/niu'^ ,.f tlu- l'ak-„/„i, ro.,f pcn.lants uith tl„. iMlhnlith arr of «r.at ir,n.,.mic inlircl, .Jm,- it i> lu-ri- that m.iallil.rnu-. rrplatcmnit deposits <,aur. .\.,ir- ..f these is at present |.r."lu.iiij; nre in the area, examine,! I.v the writer, l.ut the Britannia mine, whi.h hes a sh„rt .lrothcrmal injection, and were therefore of a tvpe quite dilTerent from the replacement .ieposits which arc most characteristic ol the region. The r|uart/. veins conta!,, b.ecciated fragments both of the greenstone .xenolith, which forms the walls, and of the epi.lote veins which penetrate it. The whole occurrence is on u small scale, and prob- ably ot n,, economic value, but inierestinf,' as indicating the fact of vein formation at a time after the latest balholithic acti,.n elsewhere seen. The wall rock is found microscopicallv to consist of kaolin. (|uartz, and sericite, with smaller grains of epidote and tilaniferous magnetite, partiv altered to haematite and leuco.xene. The Lynn Creek Texadan area, in which al.)ne replacement deposits <>f any promise occur, is largely composed of meta-sedimentaries. They include "marble, dolomite, quartzite, garnetite. epidote schist, and allied metamorphic n.ineniLs. Of these, crystalline limestone has the most important elteu on metasomatic action, since in most of the observed KliNOMK' ASPKcrs 57 ..iM-s Ihf .,rf .Irposits an- localf-l al-tiK lim.st..iu- lin,cs. Th.v ....iir .ili.iij; fra. turc-^iont-s paralli-l to the limoK.iic lenses, aii.l alx. alon- fa'ilt. wliiili have in m<.>t iaM> an eaM-an.l-wist tren^t, tran>vfr-e ~ .. the li-.l.l.nK. The faults aii.l frarliire-zones f„rnu .le,iril,e.l as having octurre.l after the apliti, phases ui the l.athulith ha.'l M.li.lilie.l an.! in whieh the e[.i,lote veins „f the l.alh..|ith were .|ep„Mte.l Minerali/.ati,.n therefore t.H.k place .lurin« ur after this m.,vement. I he lollciwini; facts are i^iso of importance: 1. 1 he prin( ipal deix.sits arc of tahular form and are those parallel to the strike of the limestones, while those alon« fault-planes are of mmor importance, and extend for short .listances from the intersection nl the fault with the limestone (125 feet was the maximum distance observed). 2. Highly altered fragmentsof the shattered rork are found in the ore. .V At the intersection of the fault-plane^ the he-i.led deposes widen and crushed rock is more completely replaced hv ore." These data indicate that the ore was deposited alon^ ,)lanes of Iracture. that rei)lacemeni of the crushed rock and also of the wall rock look i.lace.an.l that the h\drothermal waters gained access to the iraciure- l.lanes along the transverse faults, which extend into the hatho'ith It IS also apparent that the presence of the limestone determined the deposition of the ore. At the time when the writer visited the L\nn ("reek area the only properties where an>- w.,rk was being done, and where in consequence information could he s;itisfact,)rily obtained, were those belonging to the Lynn V;.|ley Zinc Mines (Ltd.i. In this case on the Kemptville I-.xtension Clami there are two hedde.l veins of steep dip. Kach of the two lies along a stratum of limestone, in the maimer in.licated in the annexed plan and (hypothetical) structure section. The west vein is only a few feet from the ,,.ntact of the batholith, which is here repre- sents by a strongly hornblen.lic granular (|uartz-.liorite (beerbachose H-e Table IV, page 47, .sjimplc I). The (juartz exhibits slrain-.hadows' and the fel.lspar> are of /.onal structure. f<,r the most part andesine but with zones of labradorite. An unusual accessorv is pvrite, in addition to the commonly occurring magnetite and apatite. The alteration products are kaolm and sericite. Penetrating the diorite. and extenrling into ' Th,- .,„.hor is un,l harKc- .11 the- Kemptville hxt.-nsi,.n (Lum. for inlormatioii .in.l c.urUsv in facilit.itin- the cxanunatiiin of the [miptrtv. " 5S llil: l.l()L()(,V llF VANfolAKR ANIJ ViriNITY ihc Tfva.lan Mlii.t, arc the u^ual veins of cpidote and quart/., which (.ccup\ fault-planes. These veins e.xten.l as far as the Hmestone, a (listancc of about thirty feet, an.l then api)ear to spread laterallv ahinR It, forming a tabular vein parallel to the linie>tone bed, which contains ej-'^i'y.f^ P/jn o/ Sxpojurgs. a ir.rue amount of si)halerile. < halo.pyriie, pyriie, and |nrrhoiite in a Kanu'ue ol epi.loi,. ;,i,.| .|uarl/.. A .onsi.lerahk- amount of iron pvrites in ,ulie^ ha^ l.een devclnpe.l also in ihe cunlry rock on the si.le of the veil, oppoMle to the limestone, and delinite walls are hanl to tind Hiu'lur up tl-.e hill a deposit apparently on the strike of the western ore b'.dy I- sud I , di.phiy a banded alternation of galena and zinc blende. K'ONDMIC ASI'IX'TS 5 'J In tlii> case the process o' li-.-iurc- I'll ling. On iht ! arc no very ilctinilc wal rock. There is no doubi silion would ajipear to have been ordinary •iville Kxtension. on the other hand, there L the ore fades gradually into the country occurrence of metasomatic action there, and the deposition in fissure-- farther north may have been due to this action, which might add to the circulating waters in the fissure reagents \Nliich would induce precipitation, as in the fault-planes adjacent to the limestone. Besides those mentioned, other metallic minerals on this and adjoining properties are molybdenite and magnetite. Some small Uxlics of chalcopyrite and pyrite occur along the actual contact between the Texadan schist and the diorile, but most are within the Texadan along the various limestone lenses. Among the minerals develoi)ed in the crystalline limestone are garnet, spinel, plagiocla.se, pyrite, magnetite, sericile, and epidote. The garnet is a lime-iron variety. These minerals are all characteristic of meta- somatic processes at a considerable depth. A section of the ore from the Swayne Copper group was found to consist of pyrite, chalcopyrite. and magnetite, through which are dis- tributed rounded grains of augite, which are in some places ma.ssed together, and their interstices occupied by garnet. The augite and garnet are evidently older than the sulphides, which are interstitial where they and the silicates are intermingled. The ore bod> is said to be a mineralized zone in diabase." .Much ejjidote vein-rock is also present. It is possible that the augite in the ore is part of the original diabase, while the soda and lime of the felds[)ar have been replaced bv the m-.tallic sulphides, ami the residual AIA and SiO, of the feldspar have con- tributed to the formation of the garnet, together with small amounts of lime and iron. This would agree with the relative ages of the minerals. On the western side of Lynn Kidge, near the contact, there is a lime- stone of granular texture in which are rounded grains of brucite which have characteristic streaky extinction, and smaller grains of pyrite, magnetite, s[)inel, and plagiodase. In other cases e.Mdole, colorless pyro.xene. and secondary quartz are present, as well as brucite. These rocks seem to corresjiond to the prcdazzitc and penratite t\ pes described by Lenecek.' The tvpe in which grains of iron o\ide and sulphide are present would be pencatite. though perhaps not closely ie[)resentative of the original t\i)e, in which they >eeni to be very finely .lisseminated. ' K,porl of III, Miniil, r of Minn of lUiliili Culumhi.i. i )oS. 'Ottokar I.enccck, Tschtrni.ik'- Uiii^r.il.i^ii, hi- uiul pdroir.iplii,, h,- M ,tt> tiunien, XII (.iSyU, 4-'y. 6o Tin; (,i:oiof.Y OF v.\\((irvi,R and vicinity The olhcT ty,.e. in which col„rkss pyrcxcn. an.I rjuartz grains appear corresFH.n.ls fairly well with pre,iaz/.iie, th.,u«h epi.iote is not mentioned' in the original t\i)e. The fact, as to ort-«e,.e>is in thi. area llu-refore aj.pear to he as Km lows: u The ores were forme.! by the action of hvclrothermal ^.■aters which were the last , or near the last, sta^e of the igneous action 2. Ihe> were forme.l at a consi.lerahle depth l.elow the surface where the |)ressure was hij;h. i. The chemical processes whi, h look j,lace involved the removal of taOfrom the nua.ied rocks, and the depo>ition of si|i,a,es. especiallv of l.me and iron, ,ulphides of .inc. lea,!, iron, copper, an.I m.>!vl,.lenum and .r..n ..xi.le (magnetite) in their stea.l. The imp.,rtance of the Ca.O as a reagent is apparent from the fact that where it is absent there is in most cases n.. ..re l,.,.ly. |,ut ..nly a .leposit of epi.|.„e, i..„h within the •';." '"I'th an.l in intm.led ro.k. (Vca>ional «rain> of magnetite an.I a slight amount ol ,|uarl/ al^o are .liscernil.le in the.e veins. The trans- p..rtat,..n .,. large .juantilies of metallic ions to the points of .lepo-ition must have involve.) conMderahle time. .As the m.,vement was in general ascen, ling, it n,ay be argu.d that .litTusion wasassiste.l bv a ten.len. v to move from greater to I... pr...ure, indepen.lent of the movement ofthe l.qui.l a, a uholc. .\ po^^ble explanati.,n also is that electrolvtic con.h.ions were establ„hed owing i . the more raj.i.i cooling of the rock in the /..nes .,t c.ntact than .leep.r within the batholilh whe.-e the hydrothermal waters .iriginate.l. ■Ihe .le,,osits of Ihi. area mav be clas,i.le.l either as contact meta- m.,rphu .leposit. or, where tabular an.l locate.l along fault, or >hear- zoiies. as \iin-, ol the .licper zone. In the Hritannia slates .,f CaMle Towets .Mountain .sample- of cpper ore were .,bta,ne,| by the lale .Mr. H. H. Korten, an.l the ,ie,.osit there while n.,t e.vtensiv,.. i. probably of >innlar type to that of the Hritam.ia mineral zone in which auriferous cpper ati.l ir.m sulphi.les .Kcur as an impregnation in quartz-.sericite schist. CHAPTER VIII KOCKNK Tiin pi(;i.r NKKiKs After the iMtru>i<>n of the Cda^t Balholilli-. a lim^' perio.! ensueii whose onl> reioni is erosional I'his interval, it; the re^,'ion here flescrihed, occujiied th wholi jf the Comam hean and Cretaceous periods; and emsion mtantime [irogres-ed far enough to unnnif the hathohths, sinee the Koiene deposits of the I'u),'el series are founmaller. The lirsl heils visihle ahove the ha.-xal con^rlomerale ar ■ the ihick- bedded somewhat ferruginous yellow feld>[>alhic sand-tone^ of Pro^|)t-ct T'oinl. and -imilar beds are exposed at variou- points along the south side of Burrard Inlet. e>^pecially near the Cmadian Pacilic Railway station, on a point ju>t west of the sccoml narrows and in the northern face of North Mountain, between Hastings ami Port .Moodv. (n the interval helueen the e.x|>osure. al the Canadian Pacific Railwav wharf and iho.-e near the .-ccond narrows a dipres-ion in the rock -urface exists. underl\ ini; the l'- neck of land that -ej)arale- the hea.l of Kalse Creek from the Hurrard Inlet. Thi-- was determined b\ a boring made at the packiiiR-house of P. Burns S; Company, where 4S0 feet of drift were |)enetrateil before the rock was strui k. Cnforlunatelv no accurate account 01 the strata [lenetraled below thi> d.pih wa> kept. The r )cks are stated by .\Ir. Walter Ray, manager for the comjiany. lo ,„ive been s;indstone and shale, among the latter occurring two or thr^e very >oft beds whiih were dillicull lo drill and two or three se.un- of coal from I J to 4 inches in thickness. An exceptionally hard bed. pov-iblv an ' l'roii-^> r \ (■ l,.iu-,ui, |iri\.Ut' 1 uninuiih. .ilimi. TllK ClOI.oi, n|- \A\((H\I K wn \u IMTY .n(uratc,l fcMspaihic s.n.lsl.,Mc. was fncmn-crcl at .,,00 feci ami the es to the n.,rth si.le of the inlet about two mties northwest of Port .M.k..1.v. The basal cnglomerate reaches an elevation of ,40 feet at the lower fapilano Canvon, an.l at Wolfsohn Bay and northwest wanl from it san.lstones provisionallv assigne.l to this formation cxten.l far inlan.l. presumablv ,0 some considerable clevatu.n.- In the Ca.sca.les they have been f.^un.l at altitudes of from 000 to 5,000 feet.' A secti.m „f 460 feet, Iving above the conglomerate, has been recorded by Ruhardson. It contains a few be.ls of ,lark-re,l shale, an.l was obtained from an exploratory .Irill-hole on the south si.le .,f the inlet near the entrance.' F..ll- Park i'eninsula southwar.l the sandstones are foun.l to be inicrstratiCe-l with shale and to contain here an,| there small streaks of lignite. The .li,, averages from ,o°to 15° south 1 he I'ugel be.ls are again e.xp..se.l on the south si.le of Knglish Bav at Kitsilan... where they dip .south by east 10°. Thcv are also well expose.| in the Great Northern kailwa> .utting through Grandview ileights which cros.ses Commercial k..:,d t., ihe eas, of the hea.l of False '<> i:- I..K,.y, ,./),„■., p. .-4. f.u„f\..r,couv.r, liX, K,u,! So. <•.;«. /,.o. ,;,,,/ /V,„ . „l Scr. Vol I '.cc IV pp. 1,, ,1 (l.Sg5). ■ ■ '■ "■ >aiol. Sun. CanaJ.i, K, j,„rt ,.t /'r.^.r,,,. i.s-.. 77, ,,. ,.s,,. EorF.M-: 6? Creek. Here and at Stanley Park there is evidence of gentle anticlinal folds which have a north-and-soulli ilireclioii, or transverse to the general line of strike. This folding may have taken place as i;fie as the Plei>t(K-ene, since the glacial beds ai)(>ve have undergone some faulting, and the rise of the anticline at CJrandview may then account for the interrupted channel between False Creek and Hurnahy Lake. The most southerly e.xjwsure of the Puget formation' which was seen is in the bed of Brunette Creek near N'ew Westminster, but there is little doubt that the formation underlies the whole of the lowland to the international boundary and beyond. The shales of the Puget scries afTord fairly perfect leaf impres.sions. These have been stuilied by Sir J. \V. Dawson,' who determined the following species from collections made by A. C. I-awson, G. M. Dawson, James .Macoun, G. F. Monkton, and C. Hill-Tout, at Stanley Park, Hastings town site, and elsewhere in the vicinity of Vancouver. Ferns, etc.: Lislri\i fmhcri Si uriipliris dvicd LyniiJium muropliroidei .1 splenitis sp. GlyplKslrohus euro pi us Palms: .V,;/.,i/ c^mphiUi \taitiiiiria s|). t'vfHriaccac (sedges): ( yprrilis p warmer Ihan the present, l.ut somewhat c er than that repre>ente,| In the Chin, (Nanaimu Kn.up). which un.lerlies the I'uifet ■M the Mate ui Washington. A present -lay climate corresfx.n.linK to it ;s that ol central California. The llora as a whole .K-cupies a -listinctlv .n.erme.l.ate position l,..tween those of the Chico (Lpper Cretaceous) an.l the S.millcameen I.e.ls of the interior, which are OlipHene. an.l is smular in lacie.s l„ the Fort Inion or Lpper I.an.mie flora. Allow,n« ,„r an averaKe southerly .lip .,f ,0° from the Keith Roa.l l.n.lK-e to the south si.le of Kn^lish Hay, a .listance of , miles, the strati- Kraphu thukness „f ,he .leposits woul.l he ahout 4,,oo feet, an.l as the near ^unias. ■ Srr I U |),f,v-.>n. „p , :t •I II km. .lit, HI. / A. („„/ .Si,ri_ luiiUlii; Eorr.NK ft"! ((»(j/.— No coal M-ams of rommt-rrial importana- have yet Ihtd ;lis(()vcre furinalion to the north of the intirnational huun-. C7, hut fair tire- liriik." 10 to iofcft. Coal. N" I. Wry rffractor>. IS f'fl- Clay stained with irmi oxio feet. I'ui. 11 — Soction of ri'fraUoP.' clay Im(I> at Cl.nl.uri), I! C. and the ordinary clays of the neiuhl)orhoo per < ent of CaC ). The followinR analyses of two of these clays are taken from the Re/>i>rl of the Minister nj Mines fur British Columbia for 1008. The fusibility-points, as stateted by Bleinin^er, and No. i in 'No. 2— Plastic Fire-Clays." The closeness of their af>|>roach to the molecular comj>osition of kaolin, which is recojinized as the standard of purity, is indicated in Tables VH X. The No. ^ clay is raiher siliceous, but the amount of impurity (metallic o.xidesi is >mall, while No. I has ven.- little free silica but a hipher metallic content. i he action of the acids from the coal seam, as indicated by the annexed sen ion. ha- been effective al)ove as well as below the seam, thouirh more strontrn- in the downward direction, [f, as i> to l,e sup- [K)sed. the acii.jn took place below the ground-water level, where the '"'' nil. l.l.l.I.ix.V ul \\\(,MMK \SI)\|(lMr\ mm.nunt of ilu- wal.r woul-l l,r s.ry ,low ami in uentral horizontal. ililTuM.m woul.l auuuni for thi- anion in the upprr stratum of .lav Ilu- .omrntralion of the- ,ron oxiik- in ihv .lay Mralun, intcrmdiaie I \HI.I \ II "N" (■■ (I W. S| ,,( M (nSK ii SlO, Al,l), ( ,l( ) Mk.iliiH l.ilv.n as K,() W.it.r I'cTirfit.nfc 1 -.[.U' M"l"i,l,r M.il.-.uUr Km., t,i \i,i>, .1 + do + 101 = o g75 1 » 1 o f,5 o o O ■! o o ■i-ilio + f,l, ■i- 40 - 004 = = 01.' 01 \ 04 i ') i + 1,-i -0 ^, • ir Al,<), ll;< », ( ■..( t Mk.iliis l.iki-ii a> K,() lAiti.i: Mil No 1 Vl A\. J.Kl.KH CiiSK ,\l ( ■■mp 1^ 55 M"lnuUt I Moli^nUr WfiKht - »>o ■ lOi 40 '14 M.vli^nUr KilM 10 Kdti.i AU), ., "= I ooq i s -0 ,ii4 1 = 017 04 = 004 ° °' n . ■= = 0.' 0; K.i()lin \.., I . lay No. ? cla>- lABM-; IX (■■iMi'\k\!ui iMmt Of MoLutLAK k.mo>. ■iiO. AU), I I I Mf tjllii- Otitic tt jip, o o 1 o 05.i o 17 T\m,i: X .'»1'I'K.>\IMUI. M1MHU....I, VI CoMI'MMiioN No. I \o. ,, K.u.lin »() IS 7: 21) I nv -iin :( Impuntic -M 2(1 4 4-S I '5 r(.t.ii 100 08 'I'l 70 I i«i M 07 l>fl\vffn clays (ii and (<) ronstituli-s a pn.l.lftn f(ir wh.i.. s<)luli..n n.. .liluiiU- ilala .ire availalile. A numlK-r ol tuMirclractory Ih'iIs an- alx. u>t(l at C'layl.urn in llit- manufai ture of tile and pressed hrii k of stviral Lolors. Fir(.-cU\N exist aUi in the Hunlmndon iortiiation at Siinta^ Mountain. Pilroleum. Si>mv l>orin«s have Iwen unmhe,| l,v LeR.n-. At Stanley Park a .like exten.ls from Siwa.h Re [.re.sencc beneath the drift and humus ma^ explau, the evel-topped hill that occupies several acres in thi> part of he park If these rocks have been exposed ,0 erosion since Pliocene t.mes wh.ch ,s possible, it is ,„ he supposed that a consi.lerable part ot the or.,.nal supertlcial extent has been remo^ed, and that onlv Remains i"'"^^-'liatcly adjacent to the center of extrusion A smaller vertical dike some six or eiu-ht fee, in thicknes. runs in an eas|-west direction a short distance south of Siwash Rock. It has a moderately well-developed transverse columnar structure and is describe, by LeRoy as .lecomposed andesite. The dikes have produ-e.i a somewhat porcelaneous appearance an.l consistencv in the feM.puthic sandstone o, the Pu.et series for a .iistance .,f two or'three feet from the eruptive contact. .\n elTi^ive mass also forms the upper part of the rid^e of Fairview Heiuhts. It 'consists of phenocrysts of plaRioclase feldspar an.l au.^ite .n a matrix o, the two. Magnetite is present in lar,e amount as inclu- sions in the aupite."' ' I.iKiiy, up. fi!,, p. jj. 68 III. I.inri- ir.,111 M ,1 Hi ,.!,.,,, l |r.iiii ihr V li-r- l , ii rli> Ml -ir.,l,,,h ,.„ ,|„ ,i«|„ ,n,i , ,,,,„ \|,„„„„„ ,,„ ,,„. |,,|, i||,„,ral,'t'h,.'a,.",r.l.',n/r'.,l ■I'li'iil liMl- Alhir \k'A,.| lr..ni .III. ,,1 til. hi.'li. r i„ ■' i ■■ 11. II ~ll..A II ..11 .-i, h ,|,|, ,,l III. .u.ir.r I, lii' li -lill . ..nl.ilii . ,'"; ' ■■ "'; "I"'- I"!- Ir.nilli, \m,t,.r,t I. .,r,iiu,r.iu 111 III, l..r. LT..un.l 1. ...Iiimn.r ,n,l ,,!.i.. ;..j..|,...l l,., ..i. i i , .• ''■'-"i'-"! I'.ir' -I :\-r ni:„i, r,;,i, )(,,,;, I,. '" "'^••--■■' I 111- liHisf malirlal !n thi i.,A.r -i..,n 1';v an.l position in the vallev ot H.)we Soun.i will be sho^n later to favor the hv|H)thesis that it i. s of plate, about one inch in thickne.. which .li.splay various ra.iial an.l booklike arMn-ement. but are in neneral vertical. On top of ihi. i> a pinnacle of black basalt of vitreous luster about 800 feet in heidil. It ha., columnar structure but the column.s are in general smaller than those ,,f the «ray rock beneath. Near the contact of the two types there is a certain amount of mi lava which weather, t,> an earthy product. Thi,, a, far as coul.l be readily -letermirie.l, appear., to have been of vehicular texture an.l may therefore represent the surface .,f the -ray lava, ben-ath. The columns m the Black Tu.k p'nnacle are irrc-ulariy or ra.iially arran-ed aiwl are '//'/■ I ritannia .on^lnnuTate traverse,! l,v a small apoplusis „f ,he Jura h.- I'a.lu „h wa. found in,l,e,!,lc-l in the law,. The pinnacle ha, l.een >h..u.l,t to l,e a volcanic ne.k, l,ul invcMi.L'alion leads I., the c„neluM.,n that „ „ a remnant „f an upper vitre-.u^ How uhieh .ncrli.s ,he .-rav ■HHia lava. It pn.hal.ly formed a nunatak durinu the exi^ten. e 01",!,;. a.- shcrt, as uvli, ated l,y its ja^ued outline and the ,,re,enee of nnu h loose material on ils ,umn,it. The surface of the lower part of the flow, uhieh extends westward horizontally for some distanee from the l.ase of the I-innaele, at an altitude of ahout 0.500 feet displavs evidence of ice action. I he lusk itself is surrounded on its west and south side . I,v a talus of broken columns, and on its north and ea>t sides forms the «all ol deep snow-tilled cirf|ues. On the southwest sjde of Garihaldi Lake the same rcnks are expos,-,} over an area ahout three miles from north to south hv a mile and a half iromeast lowest. The <;ray undc-rlyinj; portion forms[,art of the platform on whuh the later volcanic cone of Red Mountain stands, and the ,.osi. Kocene lavas are somewhat dii]kull to distinpuish macr«sco|.icallv from the Krav lavas of ,he CJaribaldi eruptive series. The p..st-F.ocene lavas l.ave, how,,.^er. in general, a more weathered appearance and a distinct system of jomts even where not markedly columnar, and arc separated by a very considerable erosion interval from the Garibaldi Pleistcj.ene volcamcs. I he relations of the two sets of lavas are best understood hy relerence to Fi.,. ,.4, p. ;,. The greater part of the " post- Kocene - ar,..a con.sist.s of Uk- lower gray la^ as, which in M.me [.arts display remark- ably perlect columnar structure. The columns are as frec|uentlv hori- zonta as vertical, and no great continuity in their arrangement was anywhere observed. .\[ ihe southern end of the area a flat-topped remnant ... the upper pilchstones -known a> -The Table") lies upon the Kra> lavas, h ,, ai,„ columnar in structure, the diameter of the columns being less than those of the gray lavas underlving, and the two >pes lure correspond with those in the lilack Tusk Rid-o The basaliK- rocks o| Columnar .Mountain lie in a continuation of the line irom Hlack Tusk through the Table Mountain area, and the three areas ai.|.arent y represent an originally continuous belt extending due north an. south for about twelve or thirteen miles, and not over two miles in ""'!"• Ihe granite peaks of Castle Towers and Sentinel mountains rise inunechately to the east to a height somewhat greater than that of iMST-t;(.ri;\i FRfPTiVKs (pi \(k ti-r ii\>\iim 71 'mi' m F- K' c "X' < '' •^ A :5 ^'. i^ J) < . i ^ |2 ""' T'"- '■'••'lln,,v ,,|. vwcfirVH; AM) VICINlrV tlH- l.u..- an,| ar.- .iivi,|..,l ,r„n, ih..n, hy valleys oi mud, later „ri.in h. .hole .,„.,...,. ,ha, „u. l,as.l,. now...| alon« a vallcv excavate,? i„ ifH- nl.l.T \ ,.|,..„..K arul Jura.Me r.,. k>, whi. I, at that time must have ha,! a t„,,„^-ra,,h,r relief „f nu,re than .,000 feet, Mtue the summit of Castle l.-er^ -X .rnruain i. at 8,000 feet elevation, while the f,ase „f the lavas i" HIM, I. I ,,,k l<„lee has an altilu,le ,.l al„,ut 0,000 feet ( Fi^ , ;;, The l^M- Mnuntam an,l the summit ,.f Sentinel Peak a mile farther east is .'t leaM ,.w teet. Their .un,mil. are about e,|ual in heiuht. The lava her,. h,,~ therefore a ,le,,th of about ,.,00 feet. Its ,„,. an,| that of S.ntm..| e.ak may represent a level of erosion subsequent t,. the vukan- ism or the vall.y may have be.n lompletelv hlle.l bv the lava y^'- ;''l'>y '" -hi'li >lH' lava. .„m;.ale,l was probablv above sea- lesel at the tune, though n..t more than a few hun,lre,l feet' at the point 'M MUeMion. as It appears to have been somewhat mature an,| therefore "1 .senile ..ra.henl. Thi. in.li.ate, a sub,e,|uent rise of fr,m) 4,000 to .vooo t.et ,or ,he region. If the bas,.l.. on the north si,le of Watfs '"■". ■vhHh are at s^.-k-vel. lulon^ t,. the same How. it appears that '"at part o) the valley is now at about the same level as when the lavas were extru.le,!, an.l faulting' mu.t be relie.l upon to explain the relative levels ,„. ,!„■ two lavas near th.. hea,l of Howe .Soun,l an,l at Columnar ^buuua.n. I he ,l,l.eren,e in elevation between the base ..f the Black I >i^k ,,rea an.l that of the Tabl.. .Moumain area un,loubte,!lv in,li,-ates a •u.lt -.1 ,a>t,,n,l-we.| tren.l alonu' the north shore of Lake (Jaribal.li i>e enarpmen, of whi. h exten.is from Castle Towers Mountain to the (-heakani,,us \alky alon^ the line of .Stonv Creek i'i,rKiu.,)i;\ AM) iiikkki.ahon ,,f nir. lavas Tiie ro, k. „f ,hi. ,erie. have been previou-lv .leseribe,l as an,lesites ■ •'n.l n,,. ,,- bastlts. presumably .oliouinL; a elassitieati,.n whi.-h -iistin- HUi^lies ii.i-alt fron ■ • ■ Mil an.lesite by the presence of olivine in the tir^t- n>ent„Mu.l. In the ,.resent paper i;:neous nnks are elassitie.l on the bas,..„ ,he lel.Npars they contain, an,!, following thi, melho.l, the rocks at present un,ier .liscu.sion are i,asalts. or at most an,lesile-basalts since m .^ome cases the zonal feMspars are in part an,lesine, thoujzh f,',; he n.ost part labra.lorite. Table IX in,li,a.es suflicientlv the similari- .es an,l .hssnmlaritie. between the e.YuMve. which have been assi^ne,! to this ser.es at their variou. occurrence^ ui.hin the region e.xamined. ' " I- lAK..y. Crvl. S„r:. I .„uula. PMu .Uion ^^6. ,,,,. ,-, ,o. Posr-i.KiM i,krn:vh,, (mi.uk ii sk ii\-ali>i -. It will be MTH that the VVatf- Point has.lt .lilT.rs fn.m thr ntlur- in the ahsencc of ma;;nftitr in.luMons in the auL'itc, in thr ,.,Ti,,h:.M« on tht- amount of maKnitif in the f;roun.hi,a>s, an.l in ihr al,.,,,,, oi hynrr tlinu-. In all ol tiuM- rf>iK(ts it aj-rcrs with thr lava> of th^- (.irilnlHi MTii->. an.l It ha> tlur.fore l.trn a-->i;.MRMl to ih.n>. In the al,...,uf of ■. i,w Heights l,v I ,Rnv ,h',. [.re..na- ol au^itcs lllU.,! «-,h nia^in.iit. in. luMon. s.,.n,. to in.piv 'that thN.-lTu>:vv IS to }„■ ,orr.lat..l with thoM' ,,| thr Ula, k Tu,k and'Tthk- Mountain area.. 111. laM two an- thrrefor. prol.ahlv ,,om-I o. ..„■ Mna. the Fairview ..lTu>ixc. . .ts the I'u«el forn,ation. Thev ar. non herj |.vrrla.,i l.y r.Hk> of earlier than I'k.i.toun.. a.r. an,l ih.ir ,,oM„on iH-twcrn these, hniit. must he a matter of prolul.iiiiv- at I.e.i \nio„,r the ta.tors that hear upon the question of their .k-.tc are the foljowini;- I. The extent of the suhscjuent erosion. I he upp.r ,urla, , of ih,- Kiva, AhRh n.ust hav.- hven at tirst eonM.lerahlv hdow th. in 'iur Clements of the .urroun.iini; topo;;raphy, i, now ^x■rv n.arK or nuite aeeor.iatit with the general sunmiit level of the ran«.. while it: l,a>e i. in ol.serveive ev.denee of a^e greater than early I'b-istocene. i...„ post-.M.-thow. and before lull Knt.al maturity, if w. make thr .umn.it h.^ . j of tin- ra,,.-. e(juivalent to the Mcthow (.f Smith and Willis. 2 The chloriti/ation of ferromaKnesian u,n,tituent., notablv au-ite wh.eh .s m many ca,e. com,,k.te, and the development of a small anumnt of kaolm w.th.n the feldspar require a eon>iderable amount of time there are also certain jointing etTects which ai.j.ear to be due to .ub- see fact, and the aniount 01 e.-osion sutTered, place the lava a defmitelv older 'than the Ganbaldean la\a. 3- The immense quantities of similar ba>alts .-rupte,! in clo-dv adjomtnK rcRion.s during the early and mi,ldle Miocene alTord a ^tronir presumption that those in the ret-ion under consideration are of th- v.mr ase, and .t seems therefore possible that these ar, .0 be correlated uith the raneum andesites or ^•akima basal,, of Wa.shinKton an,! with the Miocene basalts of the interior plateau of iiritish C.lumbia With the t.rst-mentioned they have a litholouieal agreement. The rock- of ,hi, series irom the Mount Garibaldi re.don are hvperMhere basalt, or under the old classification, hyj.ersthenc andcMle. ,,. general ihev' may be said to consi.,t of a f-roundma.ss of pla,docla.se microliths and 74 nil (,i ili.S 'II \ \\1 CI A I H \\l) \ K INUN maRmiit. jrraii,, «ii|, m.,rr or K.s int.r>. rial brown ylas,. in «hi.h an- -F>arin;:lv Mati.rr.l latlw of lahra.loriu. an,| hv|KrMh.n,, lari-rr zonal |>lau'i.M la,,-, whuh vary from an.JiMnc to ial.ra.loritc or l.vlnwniti- an,| iKU.- ,;.„,.rally imlu^ions of ;;|as> ,,iti.n Imruontallv arranKcl ami [.HLKlomorphi. nia^sf. of auKit,- o.nlainint' lari;,- amounts of ini'lu-U-.i maKnititc an.l hi-maiitr, whuh ha, ofun I he oulliias ( haractcrislic ..f hornhk-n.l.. an.l has hirn |.ro.luc.-.l l.y tUMon ..f thr hornhlcnde crystals whi, h ha\ ,■ rn TV sialli/i.,1 as auKito with a sc[,arati..n of ir.m oxi.le Thi- ni.prr Hows are more v.trvous lypi-s of css^'niiallv thi^ same ma^ma <"Mia,nm« a larKir amount of da,, an.l more tnl.ular piaKiorlases in the ^Toun.lir.ass, A Miorcne lava whi. h ,!.,,Hv risinihks tluu of ihv HIark Tusk series is the "Taneum an.lcsin.. of (;. (). Smiih, a 'hvpersthcne amiesile' with phenoirysts suhor.linate in amount t.) the Kroundmass The plaKiotlasc phennt rysts arc zonal an.l i hietlv lal)rar.)xene." ' At Clealum Point on the ^•akima River. WashinRton, a rock clo^elv associated with the Taneum occurs which contains brown hornhlend'e in a.!d,ti..n to |.laKi..clase an.l hypersthene. while the uroundmass con- tains pla.,'i,.clase lai lis and grains of ,|uart/. and orlhoclase. The Taneum andes.te and flealum Point rock are placed by C. O. Smith in the lower .Miocene. I he more acidic phases present are somewhat comparable to the quari/.-irach\ te of l'r.>s,,irt Point. Stanlc-y Park On the ..ther han.l. hyper,thene an.lcite was erupt.-d in the Tieton basin .„ central Washington' in Pleistocene times after the uplift of the •Methow. an.l has since been ero.le.l bv the Tieton River The third point, that ol hthological resemblance, might therefore be decided in favor ol either .Miocene or Pleistocene age. Summin up the cn idence, there is evident phv^iographi- dilT.culty .n making this lasa ol.ler than the summit level peneplain (,ee chap xi p. Q'.', though the possibility of ,uch an age is di,cusse.l in the place referre.! to. Un the other hand, the weat luring an.l jointing of the ' ' ..V. C'fl. Sun.. Moiiiil St'iirl frlio doii'. p. 7. ' '.. ". >n,ith .c,„l li.„k.y \\,lli„ r..S. O..VI. S„n., Professional I'.prr „. p. ,8. CnM-KiKIM KKfPriMs (111 \IK H .K MA>M.l>l r." k |.r..M' only ih;il it i, somfwhal ol-lcr than the Mouni (;:iril.alili an a -.vholc M'cm-> to favor tin- Ihiory tliat these l.ivas Acre (Atruui.M(|Urnl Kniiat ero.jon vvas >till in pronress, liut had not as >.l rea. hed the lull malurily to uliich it attained helore the - r«i-.p' uplift. The peculiar agKreuations of mau-netite with a y. How mineral inter- sertaliy plaecd, whieh have as a whole the outlines of hornblende ervstals. are pnthalily to l>e accounted for Ky a process of resorption very similar to, if not identical with, that described l.y Kosenhusch,' in which basaltic hornblende, when the maKma will no K.ntier sup|Kjrt it, becomes replaced l>y magnetite an,'ite-chIoriie [.seuecondary alleratioti. The outlines of the i.seudomorphs also are rounded as if by [lartial fusion. The writer has not microscopically studied the rode described by LeRoy from Fairview Heights, and the su>,'fiestion that it is probably the litholo-ical e.iuivalent of the Black Tusk basalts i> therefore made .somewhat tentatively. Moreover, there is no Krounl.\ ,,t V,\N((>1 \| K ■^^l> \ i( isuY I u f^ !^"^ -?'-•* •8 !i:5 li^l] ^1 SI 5 ! 3 5!i ! ill fill 6 £ " •• ^ , - J Is I a. ; 'J = .- * lie SHE I 'J. i E 6 ■ - £ = s-:3 •* T -f U w ! -r-j; d c 3 i j3 ;-s - " •= ■= ' - . ; = 3 ^ - , =- 7 , 5 £• £ J: S-i = "5 i i* ;. ill 1;j li I-' ■ 1 : •• ;-;-5- i ; 5 J7 = ■5 !5 I? 13 1-3 §5 ^ 3 £ t — -^^ -^ i l« * . . '' J Jurassicfgrdnifei =3 Miocene? (hya 5) TopJ^r^if'ry ty W J Cray ConTour /nftr^uj about jLOo/f CHAF'TKK X Tin. (,\KII1\I.|)I \()I.{\NIC lOkMAIION' A ilf-^iription of tlii' Garibaldi volianii s tli(iii},'h -nmcwliat foreign to the aita which is niDrc es|)i'tially uinler ili^c ussion, is nwTssiiry to a complete conception of the Kcolojiical history of the region. In l)riet. the formation con-ists, >o far as at present known, of three volianii cone>, namely. Mount (Jarihalrli, Red Mountain, and a small cinder- cone northeast of Red Mountain, toRether with lava-llov^^ which have manifestly i>ri«inated from the same vents. The whole formation rests unconformahly on a surface which indud > Paleozoic roof remnants, granitic roiks of the denuded hatholith, tl ilder lava- (the Hkuk Tu-,k basalts), and in some instances on I'ki-toiene glacial deposits. The cones themselves stand on a surface which i- considered to he a valley floor of the F.ntiat stage of erosion, while the lavas have flowed in some cases into valleys of the Twisp and Chelan stages. I'he la( t that no cones have been found in these lower \alle\s hy Lekoy, Hancrofl, or others who have made extensive studies of the coast and iu;rds at se-a- le\el seems to indicate clearly enough that the commencement of the vulcanisni took |)lace before, or contemporaneously with, the uplift to which the Twisp canyon-cutting was due, and that the drainage lines were so dellected by the growing \iilcanoes as to locate the canyons elsewhere. I'here was a distinct erosion interval between the Black Tusk and Garibaldi lavas. The e.xtrusion of the latter, therefore, probably began late in the Kntiat stage o. erosion. On the other hand, the pr'^sence of lavas in the deeper \ alleys, or in some cast- u[)on their sides, show.s that the eruptive action continued during the excavation of the valleys. The lava area at Watt's I'oint on Howe Sound is of this tyjie, since its base is near or in some cases below sea-le\el. and its [wsition as a whole indicates a great addition to the depth ol the valley since its de()osition. It is in all probaliilitv an erosiwn remnant of a tlou- which maile its wa\- down the jiarllv excavated .S(|uam- ish Valley from .Mount Garibaldi, a distance of twelve or fourteen miles. Remains of this or othe-- tlows may be seen resting on the east slope of the Cheakamous Valley along the Lillooet road. .\ llow from Reil .Mountain ' C(. K. .\!. Hiirwash. Journal Gn'l.ny. A|iri|.M,iy. kju. and I'.ip.rs Kr.ui lirfore the British t oUimbm Audimy of Scicni r ii^i,) i^i \ (Vunicjuvcr. 1414). p. (,-. III! M "lMc,^ ,,( \ \S( 1,1 M !■ \M> \ l( INI IS ha- ...mplH.ly ,|,,nim,.| tin- v.ilUy ni st,„iy Crrck. a iril.uiarv of ilu- Cfuakani.iii-. |)ro,lu(inu a lakr tlinc riiili- in IcriL-ll.. rii,- i1..,n has <\.T> app.ararRcol luin- r<< ciii iria-.^.a- il ov.rri.U- ninrainii nialirial an.l Mriat.-.l n. ivvirudnl. Mount (larihaMi, on tht- olhrr hand, ha-, u.i.kri:onf a mtv ,..n-i.kTal,lc anioiinl of .K'ra.lation -,i,ui- is l,iiil,li„.j. and il, -id., ari' d.rplv iro.k'.l l,y ravine- and tir.iut-, in which ihc <|iia'jii:u t r-al dip oi ii- -Iraiitiid lra^;- mrnlal n-atcrial- and lava- mav ],v \\v\\ •^vvu. The lo(u-of ihr \uiiani-ni lie- uill up u, I he a\i- of I hi- Coa-I kan-f, -irid- no Ira.c- of ii have Inrn found alon- iIr. marL'iii of thv ran^c f.ctwirn the mouil'., of ihr iiord-. Mount (larihal.li i- ahout loru- mik-^ from the -oulh.-rn cd-c of thv -.ipwarp, an.l ihv ..tiur (onvs from flVf ti) seven mil(- farllier. The lime of e\tru-ion of the later of ihe-e lavas would appear to apree in a ^'i neral way with that of the red ha-alls at Miles Canvon and Whitehor-e Rapid in the Yukon territory. '1 he very recent Iknv men- tioned l,y M, i:\oy' a- ha-.ini,' o((urred within two hundred vears at the Kit-wan-, hill Can.v.in on the Xa-e Hnxr is pn.haiily later than any of those so far .lisoivere.l near Vancouver. The .k current e .)f hot -prints at Harrison Lake i- no doubt ^'eneti.ally related to ihi- recent vulcanism. It indi.ates Ihat s.,nie traces -if i-neous a. li.Mi still remain in the region. I'irWiil.R M'HV 'Ihe -mall iinder-<,,ne at the n.trthea-tern end ..f the v.)lcanic area con-i-l- laru'.-ly ,,f -.oria. eon- material- with cn-ideralde am.mnts of ash intermixed. Microscopicalh- the r.nk is comj.ose.i of a ve-icular j.'r.nin.lma..s vhich i- nearly opaque from the presence of iron oxkle, in whiih are .li-lril.ute.i microliths of pkiKioclase an.l au^ite and pheno- crysts of lahra.L.rite an.l ..livine. It i- iheref.ire an olivine l.asalt. The re.l lava from Ke.l M.mntain, ',^hi. h ,-eems to represent the later stages of its activity, is a hypersthene hasalt which has a grourd- mass partly ..ptically .lark an.l c.,mp..se.l otherwise of a tell of lal.radorite micr..liihs. m.i,i..netite lirains, an.l small scales of hematite, to which the red .olor is .lue. Imhe.l.ie.l in this are res.irption paramorphs ..f mag- netite an.l auj^'ite. laths .,i hypersthene. an.l plaui.icla-es which are mainFv lahrailorite, Init have iional extincti.tn. uhidi in.licates a composition whu h \arie- fn.m oli-.)cla"K.lllll iJL.I, li.li- Iri.ni I he \,irlh,rii ( „r,IUI,r.i,i III! (.\HII1 \l lir \ii| I \M, liiKM vri.'V 7') The larlirr l;i\as wert- ht.\\ in ...lor .iml in .i|i[H,irani i- nun h like ih<- trray la\a> c.f the Hla< k Tii-k ;.a^all. Thf l;r.lunc^Mla^•. iciniainN -iinu- Kla«s, maumtili' (;rain>. anil mumlith^ of placiix la>f, Imt no liiiiialilc. The |.hrnc)< ry-t- intliidc larj,'f ani (im-iilcral.ly ri.iMi.lnl uu.linc, with /.mal i-viindidn, l,rii«n li.i-alli( hnrnMcnilr. -nnic.'. hat tri«ii(| ami ripkucil |im ii(|cinior|.ht- of lahraijorite and aiij^iie in a cnmnilniass of the sinic minerals with ^-rains of ma;;netite. 1 his a;^'rie- ilo-ely with the l.a^alt of Watt's Point (see 'ral)le XI, |.. 701. It will he seen that the i haraeler of the extru-ion \aries lon-iderahlv, hut is on the whole ha-altii. A few small dikes were observed whose litholo;,'i(al lompovition and unwealhered eondilion su«}ie-t that they may he traieahle to the vulianism of this period. In the lied of the hrook that liows eastward from Mount .Sirahan one sueh dike of dull hlaek color traverses the Trias-ie ( ?i |H.rphyriti . In a j.'roundma-- of pla^iiK lase. riiaunetite, and auKite it contains phenoerx-ts of auuite, lahrailorite, and olivine, the latter completely altered to serpentine and calcite. The auL'ite is quite fresh. Ser|)entine has penetrated the feld- spars alonj; cleavage planes, hut no kaolinization was olserved. Another dike at the Swayne copper claims in the valley of I.ynn Creek has a >;roundmass of brownish j;lass containing [)laKioilase and aunile microliths and magnetite grains. ''' henocrys|> are fre-h auK'ite ;«nd a lew laths of pla^'ioclase, jirol,.. lai-radorile. .\ little hematite is also pre.-i nt. CHAI'TIk \l uIAIIk\\k\ DII-OMIs \M, I'llVM.M.kM'llH IIIMOkV I'l.H'-iiK I \K 1)1 1'livi rs The lilU ,in.l .,ilur M-.lim.riN ulii, h ri|.p-..nt ilu- I'l, iM(H,n.' [u-ri."! an- (li^irihulcl utuonlornial.ly ..v.-r all ilir ,,M.t fMrniaiionN Ixith ..t the iowLmd ami ut tiir ( i.mtilai.- n ii..n> In ihv lowlan.i ihi-v form a ruarlv K.nlinti.iu. ilrilt <.,v.r, iril.rru|.l,-.l ..iily l,y a iVw prolru.linK ouK rop's of K.Mrn.' M-.lin„„t, ami pu,i-i;,.,,iu- .rupliv,,. In tin- mountain SCI lion Ihiy approa. h (onlinuity only in the lower (Chi-lan) valify-, who-c >i(les lluy (omt. «illi ,onH- int small areas of till, (jenerally of n., L;reai thi. k- n.ss, also are to he foun.l. \ notahle niorainie ridye is that whieh projeets from the south si,],. , , (Jrouse Mountain, at the mouth of the fapilano \alley. lis top has an ele\ation of ahout 1,100 feel It is a terminal moraine of the Vash„n ire. ( )ii the west siy Willis in the I'u-et <.il\IH(N\R\ DH'uMIs \S1> r'll\-|iM.KM>|||l Ill^l.ikS X| --.mnil rij'i..n .in.l d. ,iril,nl at |,fiv;ih |,v Hrii/' I lu- x,ri,> i. ;,. fiilliius: 5- ()ul\s;i^h ami ililla san.K ami t'ra\iN. 4. \a^hiin lill. riimtiliirmily (I'uvalluii "Utrvl.n iai |nri(»l'. \. Ailniiralt\ ila>> ami -ami-.. ;. A'IniiraliN lill. I Nikomtki s;iiii| ami -ill. I. /'/;/• \ikiimrki sand and ull This iiami' has hetn j,'ivin tn ilu- luwist nicmlKT.if till' xrii-s whiih i- tx|><.M-.l in lIu- s^a ilitTal Mud Hay, jii-l south of ihf Nikorm-ki ki\ of siralitlnl sc.linunl of a -omcwhat silly Ifxiuri-. Ihis uti.lirlio the lower of the two till vhctts aii.l is therefore pp-.VIniiraltv in aye. Ihe l.e.js ili|) lowanl llie Miulh anil may \ery pos-il.ly have Ineii fore-et heosits in the I'uuet Sound rejiion appear to correlate accu- rately with those ill Ihe Vancouver Ik Id. the name .Xdmiralty will be used in the [jresent paper to designate the lower of the two wcll-delined till sheets \ihich are pre.sent. II. J. Hnl/., Witsh'nnlon Grol. Sun., liiilldiii ' Ibid. 32 rill. (,l;()I.OI.V OK VANCol \I,K \M) Vi< IMTV 'i Where liolli till sli.et> are e-\[)o-.e(|, llie A.imiralty i., u>u:'iy the tliiiker 111 the lu.i. It i- unweathererl in many |ilaee>, Dwiir^' to the proteeliim of the overlyiiiK sediment-, whieh were (lefxisited u()on it immediately after the retreat ol' the i.e. Its color is in general liluish -ray. Mo-t nt the included l.ouliler^ were deri\et, more rounded than those of the upi)er. 1 hey exhibit weil-;;laciated surfaces. Ihe thicknos of 4S0 feet, mainly till, which was penetrated by the borini; at the liurns Packing Hou-e, Vancouver, is probably in the main to be assigned to the .Vimirally till, allhou-h the thickness i.-, much smaller on the hiu'her parts .,f the northern rid<;e of liurrard Peninsula. M I-airview Height., to the >outh of laUv Creek, the [)ost-Kocene eru|>live basalts project comi)letely throu;.'!! ilie drif:. The Lrreatest thickne-s of tiil observed in any e.\[)Osed section which could be a>.~i,i,nHd to the .\dniiralty drift-iieet i- about loo feet. This is exposed near the lra>er River bridge at New Westminster. In the Brunette Creek \alley, uhere str;itilied clay is seen resting on the I'ui;et sandstone anhon till, the .\dmiralty till i^ entirely absent. The thick deposits of this till from Xew Westminster westward Rive the impression of a rece-.onal moraine belon;;in,u' to the last stages of the .Admiralty piedmont glacier fed by tlie glaciers of the Capil.mo, Lynn, and .Seyniuur valleys Their -opographic expre-Mon has since been largely objured by the ijepo-iiion of clays, .sands, and till, and later terrace-culling due to wave-action of the 1-raser estuary in recent time. The .\dinirahy till is not seen in the ."Surrey terrace, which it probably underlies below sea-level, but reappears again in the Boundary Bay section to the south. It has there a thickness estimated at 40 feet. It's reapjiearan.e umlnubtedly indicates an upward foliiiiig of the I'uget formatuiii beneath, uhich reapi - ars again at sea-level to the south of Bellingham Bay. The Fraser \a!ley has thus a structural origin repre- .sented by a wide gentle -v ncline of the I'uget lormalion. In Ihe mount;iin valle_\s the .\dmirally till is the lowest drift depo.sit seen, an. I i~ undoubtedly the lirsl till dcposile.l after the rounding of the canyons b\- glaciati'in. Thi- rounding of 1 he valleys, elsewhere described as the Chelan stagi of erosion, is therelore to be attributed to the ice of Ihe .\diniraltv epocn. Ihe valleys, in addition to i,emg r.iunded, QIATKRWKV DKPO-^lrs AM) I'll VSIOI.K APIIIC lII.-,roKY «; were (lirpent'd in ihdr narrow parts to tin- I'xtcni of >tviral humlrt-d Ktl. This is shown, lor fxaniiile.hy the fact ih.-u tho roci^ harrier which crosses the mouth of the Capilano i> at least 200 feel hii,'her than the valley tlnor to the north of it, which has some thickness of drift ahove the rock. Two hundred feel then woulii seem to be a minimum for the ice- cultinu in this valley. .\i,'ain the Stehekin rock-aillin!; at the mouth of the Lynn Creek Valley i> at least 150 feel dt-eii, ami that at 'he Sevmour Canyon is estimated at joo feet. These ti«ures reijresent minimum depths of ice-cutlinfi ahove. In Howe Sound a depth in the upper reaches of 940 feet decreases to ahoul ;,oo or less otl Whylc ClilT Point, and in the \orlh Arm of Burrard Inlet the ma.ximum depth .Thoul two miles north of Lake Buntzen outlet is 672 feet, while near the mouth, opposite Turtle Tiead, it is 100 feet or less. In the suhii'erped vallevs it is, of course, impossible to e.stimate the thickness of drift '.iich over- lies the rock bottoms, and the actual dei)th of the ice-exc.ivaied rock basins cannot be fixed accurately, but the foregoinf; are minimum lii;urcs. It is evident that the bottom.-, of the Twisj) valleys before Klaiiation must have been ahove the lops of the present glacialed rock l)arrier>, and that the de[>lh of the excavation accomplished by the glaciers must, therefore, be greater than the figures cited above indicate, since the tops of the rock barriers themselves sutTercd scmie glacial erosion. It i> also extremely [irubable that the altitude of the laml, or at least of the Capilano-Lyim-Seymour region, was somewhat lower than now at the clo.se of the Twisp epoch, since its [)re.sent elevation would nece.->itale extremely steeji grades in the lower part of the Twisp canyon^. amounting to 140 or more feel in the mile in the ca.sc of the Capilano. If so feet per mile, which is high, were allowed ft haw stood at least .'75 -,00 feel lower than now. 'Ihe data lor a rccon-lruclion of the Adniiralt\- it e condition, are not as conii)lete as tlu)se of the later V'a.^hon glaciation, since the round- ing of summits, especially where slrialioiis are present, and the dcpo.iti.ni of erratics were in all [.robabilily done by the la.l gkicialinn. Tin-re are some ()eaks, howe\er, of which Crown Mountain, Mount Brunswick, the Saw Tooth Mountains, and Black Tu-k Mountain are example^, uho^e summits ~how no sign>, m) far as form is concernecl, of ha\ ing been glaci- ated at any period. Crown Mountain is 5,500 feel high and is well o\er 4.000 teet above the \alleys 0.1 either .-idi — in one ta.-.e nearly or i|uiie 5,000. This would allo'.v for a thickne.-.^ of at !ca.-l 4,500 feet of iie for both glaciations. On the other hand, there could not have been a much 84 TIIK CKOLOCY OF VANCOIVKR AND VICINITY firtalcr ihirkness ntar Cnnvn Mountain without overriding its summit— Init in Howe Soun.l, to the west, the bottom is 8cx) feet below sea-level, and if the ice there rose as high as at Crown Mountain there was a thi.kn.ss of nearly O.ooo feet. In Howe Sound, about six miles farther north, there is evidenc- 4' somewhat pieater thickness. There Mount Hrun-wick pinnacle presents a rounded dome of 5.600 feet altitude, while the t- thai they were produced by the pre^'lacial Mream ero>ion. On the ,>tlier hand, the \a>hon ice moved over >urfa,e. already shaped by ice passa-e and robbed of extensive talus deposits and gravels. These ha.i not been replaced bv the compara- tively sli-ht erosiiui of the I'uyallup interval, which was not sutlicient to remove the diift from tlie \ailevs. Since the distance to which a glacier can reach from its source of sui)i)ly depends, the underlvini; slopes beini; equal, upon the thickne--, oi i,e at the s(,urce, the lacl that the Xa.-hon ice i>robablv e.xtende.l QUATERNARY DEPOSITS AND PIIVSIOC.RAPIIIC HISTORY 85 about as far south in the Puget Sound valley as did the Admiralty' is evidence that there was no great difference in thickness of ice between the two epochs. Since the Vashon overn^le the greater i)art of the range as a continuous ice sheet, with a few projecting nunataks, it is probable that the Admiralty ice did so too. If we place the upper surface of the ice at the present j.ooo-fcxit level on CrowTi Mountain, it was at least ,?,500 feet above .sea-level at that point, and if Howe .Sound and the Capilano Valley had the same relative depths as now, the bottom of the ice v of Mount CJaribaldi are found in the Admiralty till of the Capikino Valley, but not in the Va.-hon till. This ap[)ears to indicate that the la>t stage> of the \'ashon glaciation were more conlined to local valley glaciation than were the last stages of the Admiralty, since the I)re^ence of the>e bowlders inyoKes their transpor- tation by ice across several divides of at least 5,000 feet altitude. It may also have been influenced by the greater activity of the volcano during the lirst glaciation, which would load the ice surface with ejectments. 3. The Admirally ict/fwoirv.— Resting on the Admiralty till through- out the locality is a deposit of clay, stratified ,-and, and gravel which is I)robabI_\- of mii;ine dejxisition. In the valley of Si>ters' Creek, where a good secticn is e.x|M)>e--ing bv a thin gradation into the other. The clay may be traced down the Capilano Valley to the rock barrier at the canyon. Here it ri.-^e- over the barrier, and descends again on the >oulhern side. Xo sand wa-- associated uith the clay in the Sister.-' Creek section, but at lower altitude- it i- generally present. The elevation reached by the clay here is about i,;oo leet. In the L\im Creek \'alley at an ele\alion of 700 feet about Jo feel of Similar clay occurs, overlaid by niut'hly -tratilied -and and gr.ivel which contain- logs of wood in a good .^late of jirc-crvaiion. It 1- not lerUiiii ' j, H, lireU, Glanatiuit of Ihr l'iii^,l Svinul K'i;:iiit. p. 17. 86 TKi, r,l.(il,(i(,v ,,K \\S((>V\IR wil \1(|M(V •I'a' 'li'---upi.T,l..i,„ „..h,mMlH.,onH.k.ml a^ \,vU,nuuK U, ih.. \.l,„i- ral.y ...Um.,n< Th.y arc pn.hal.ly .n-Kk-rn •• vva>h.- Anoth.T m-> ,i.,n ol strati!,,.,! day ,Kcurs at an ih-v:num <>i i.^oo feet in thi^ vallcv On ilu- l..ulan.| iIk- -r.lin,ciu, arc cmnionlv f„un.! undcrlvin- the ui-pcr t,ll an.| .x,.,,.,.,! in the M.k's .,f uavcnu; terra, c. or ravines which iKiyc hccn . ut Ihn,u,h the .irift. In X..rth \-anc„uver thev are M-en „n Ke.th K„a.i at an ek^vation „! ,7^ to .00 feet. On the north .i,^. „1 ihc ■airvieu- He,.'hl. a nunihcr ui horin- made bv the Hurranl IVni'i.ula J'-nt Drama.'c- Ii,.ar,i Ikuc pcnctrale-l these se.liments. which there ronM-l ot Muc Jays, with s„,ne li.Miile in streaks, san.l. an,| -ravel I he sh,.hle-.l thickness observed was 7 feet. The ,!ccpcst hok- .ii.l not pnie.rate to the bottom of the .lepo>it. ami the n.axinnini thickn-ss t,, "hich these l( i. ,K \|'|1H lll>l(ikV •^7 ihcir been of a :ht miles northward. It is notiieable that sand, rather than elays are found at the hi< occupied the mountain valleys. The deposition of the seijiment- must have occujiu 1 some time before upward movement brought the sediments up to sea-level. It may be that the subsidence continued after the retreat of the ice, since .sand underlies the clay in [)art. The alternative su;r- gestion above made agrees best with the gradation from till to clay directly, which occurs elsewhere. In the slratitkv :i:id at Central Park, which almost certaiiilv belongs to the Admiralty sediments, a number of .shells have been found, some 20 feet below the surl'ace of the ground (and between 350 and 4CX) feet above sea-level), and are now in the .\rt, Historical, and .Scientit'ic Society's Museum in Vancouver. They are i)robably .\/y,; trumala,' but possibly My,i arciiaria. Both of t)iese s[)ecies inhabit the coast at the present time, and both have been reported a- fossils in glacial deposits. Economic— lh<: sands and clays of the .\dmiralty sediments in the vicinity of Vancouver are beinu utili/.ed extensively in brickmakiu'.^ and concrete construction. .Anvil Island, and other points on Hov.e Sound, at New Westminster and at Port Ha..ey, are an,on<,' the |)!aces where brick manufacture is carried on. Tables XII and XI IP indicate the com- position of the brick clays. T.VULE XII Locality Port Hancy .\nvil Island ildvvc Sounil .\v;i.- W isconsin glacial! clavs, . I sio, ;S 6 ()0 AI.O, 2\ I :6 7 -'4 00 OS 82 1 13. K.,0. CaO .Miri) AlkJle. ii,o ,S b (1 ;;o - 4 .so 1 ,1 4 00 Tr. J .1 00 7 '' 1 00 j .? 7 00 I) 4 1 1 5 00 4 S4 1 48 ' 53 4 50 4 S8 ' Sec [ia[KT by G. W. Taylor. Roy. .S« . L\iit. Trj,,^.. X.S., Vol. 1 ( i.s.j ^ . -ec 4. p 52 ' P'porl of the Miniihr of M:ii,s. Hrdnh Columbia. 190S. f 88 THE C.V.OLOCY OF VANrouVKK AND VKIMTY Thcsf correspond af)r)ro.ximately with the mineraloRical comoosi- tions >h(iwn in TaMe XIII. I AHI.i; XIll Lotality l'"rt H.iniv \im\ Island Howf Sound \vfra(;r \\ i.M •ini.in Kaolin j Fret Silica ' Impuritin j Tuul s,? .?« 2t) .?8 15 6 loj 66 1)1 g7 27 .'O '° 3 Qy y* do 7.< M OS .S y lo.' S7 SO ')0 iO IK> i.i 1 loo 17 .(4 -!5 47 yH >■! 35 1 <;y to fh l' 'I"ii^"''' '''?';'.' "^'■■>' l""'"l'ly c.intiiins -lire unli,i,.|inizc.l f,-|,l.nir Ihc l.,rl lUncy an,! H..w,- Nmn.l cUy, !<,nn-»hat le.-,,, fn-iur. :in.t A- r..:iil,;i.-e.i with iho Wisemsin are much hidier in kaolin, no.al.lv higher in iron and lime and l";ver ,n Mhca, mayneMa, and alkalies. The reax.n lor the dilTerence i^ ot cour-e. I,, In- Inun.l in the compo>ition of the rocks from which theclay.s were derucd. -I'he \Vi^con..in .Irift-clays were formed lar^elv from the dei.ri> ol ,t-ran.tic Archaean rocks or their derivative; tho,,e of the coast from dioniic rocks. Table XIX' >,'ives a comparison of granite and' diorite .vhich will indicate the dilTerence in comi^sition. I Aiii.i: xiv Average sample of prc- Camlirian Kranito ('o.i>l dinrili \\,>h Inm a^ li.O, S'' IJ7 Ig I .' yi 44 I yy M»:0 .Alkalies K.O .\a^) H,0 3 (ill 1 4 oy o 53 o 2f> . ti Ut o 50 firs 1 In the leachins process sodium, maunoia. and lime are lo^i to a much greater extent than potash or silica, while the relative amounts "I alumina and iron are increa.>e compare.l with the ori^-inal rock, due -.artlv, no TMK\ ith the kaolin in suspension, a ait as tompart-d with the time 1 lays Iiy weatherinc 4. Puyallup erosiini iiilrntii. ml solution has had a \erv shi irl linn- to >ciu[)ieii in the i)ro(luctinti of re-iilual Uplift su( d th - -le piriod or ill -.osi- lion, just referred to, and the sediments were suhjected mr me time to erosion. .A halt seems to have occurred when the land was slightly more than 200 feet lower than now, durinij whi( h the Kra-er developed a , and the western end of Point Grey. The Iast-mentioneit was probably a projecting spit at the end of the Hurrard IVnin^ula i-land. The deposits of the .Surrey terrace are sand and silt, uith peatv materia! interbeddcd. The .Surrey deposit-, may have been a sand bar rather tlian a delta, since there must have been deei)er wter in the upper part of the estuary while the de[.osition was in i)rof.'re- at its mouth, or else the upper |)art of the delta has been washe mouth, where they were deposited in the form of silt islands or a bar somewhat like that which exists at present otT the mouth of the Columbia ki\er. During the maximum glaciation, the Kraser was probablv iion-exisicni but during retreat of the ice sheet it must have been swollen to unu>ual size, .since its drainai;e basin includes most of the southern half of the Cordilleran ice sheet. Its current, therefore, combined with tidal action, might have been strong enough to transport the finer materials to the- positions where they now lie, where the >tream issued llnallv mto the quiet waters of the Cuilf of (k-orgia. '(','>. a:., p. 8. 90 Tiir <;i,oLoc;\ of vwcowi.k and vkimtv It ispn.hahl.thai the Hruiutir Fal,i- Crctk rhannel and the Burrar.l Inl.t diannel were kept ..pen \,y the rurrent, since no remains of i,ars have l>een found at their mouths. The materials which were tarried out ihrouuh them were deposited at the seaward end of the western Hurrard Peninsula island and now form the sand dei)()sii of Point Grey. The lopojiraphy Miuth of the international houndary would indicate that the Fraser estuary must have had other outlets southward, from Sumas throuKh the \ooksack Valley, and at Blaine and HellirlRham Hay. These deposits are all overlaid by Vashon till. At the corner of .Seneca .Street and Si.xth .Avenue in Seattle there is a similar ilts was observed at the latter [.lace. Bretz suK^-ests tentatively that the .Seattle deposit may have been formed in an ice-dammed lake •luring the a.hame of the Wi^hon glacier, but the explanation offered alM)ve seems to lit the conditions better in ttc Vancouver area. After the building of the bar across the mouth of the estuary a further uplift occurre.l which brought the lan.l nearly to its pre.'^nt level, and a number of antecedent di>tril)utaries were tut in the sand di-po.it. These include the Xikomekei-.Serpentine channel, the channel at present occupied at New Westminster, and ijrobabh- also the Burrar.l Inlet and Brunette-False Creek channels. The last two ha.l undoubt- edly been cut in the Puget sandstone lainc(| throuuhoul IIk- >;r.alir oxi.lation ,,f the Va-hon til! may lie iluu to it^ more >anily ioiii|)o-.ition and >;rialtr [Miro-itv. This 4aKc of u|ilift ami itomom has hccri named thi- Puvaliiip inltr- t'la.ial i-i>oth. lire!/, ^lati-^ that in the l'u;.'.t Sound nrion the land early in the I'uyallup e|)o(h stood prohahly i.ooo feel higher than at present. In the Vancouver region there is nothing that woul an au'eni competent to deepen the lionls. At the maximum of the Va-hon Ldaiialion he say- the sea stiHxl ahout so feet higher than at present, whieh corresponds very well with the evidence in the Vancouver field.' The leiiKth of the Tuyallup e|H)ch, as imiicated hy erosion and wealheriiiK. was longer than the recent. S- Thr ViiilKin till. -The last K'acialion of the I'acilic Coast i.-, represented l.y a till -heel which i> in general mu' *'^ / 'jv-f": Ki I., -'o. '-,j, \.i-hi,n (ill; A, , , A.lmiralty M'dimvnt- cc.niparatively meaner. Tht- latter fatt mav have l„ ,.n I'HVSli M.kAHIIll" KIsToKV •;( Id Mount Struhan, is 800 ft-it Ik-Idw ,>oo an overlying the moraines were mcnl nearly the whole of the to|K)j;ra[)hic stages lielow the Methow and above the ."^lehe- kin, but ordinarily are confined to one llS AND I'll \ Ixin jio-ilrlt' til idrrihtli th t^f o\tT a (li>tan(f ot ^o nn troni II< Wl- >(lllll 1 1(1 Mi^ioti JiiiKti till' Frascr Valloy. Tlu' lic-^t rfKinkd >iaLri- arc thd-c at (lOo. 440. 400. -,00 27s, 22: 1 10, So, anil (10 feci. 'K' uiipcr tcrrari'^ arc cut in \'a>hi>n till, with licarli (lc]Ki-its upnn their to[)-, in which, a-< yd. no marine >hells have been fmiml. Slul'- have, however, been fouml in the till it-^cll'. .\ vtrikin« (oiniiilcnce c.xi-ts between these lc\eU and tho>e a->>i,une(l to ),'latial lakc~ in the I'u'jct Souml region' whiJi .ire a? given in Table W'l. TAIil.l, W I l..ike l'uyalli;|i (Clinp si acit 553 feet l.,iki- I'uyallup (t'Invcr ■r.-ck 400 ■ 400 liet l.,iki- Skiikomish ,>;o " K.irly I.:ike 'l\Hiima ^:o " ,l.'o Itet I.iikc SamniLimish 00 .iOO Lake Snohomish : ■ 1 " -4.: Lake Taioma J ^^ 'S5 " Like no..(l 1 -~ '■ --5 Lake .Misqu.illv 1 s-^ ■■ 175 Lake Kuss.ll ll>n •' 150 ■' L.ike Russfll I .'0 " I 1 s The coincidence in the hci^;ht oi these le\cl,s witii the terrau- at Vancouver seems much too ureat to be accidental, and the writer has not been able to decide how the ice front necessary to e\]>lain the presence of a glacial lake could exist in Puijct .Sound contemporaneousK- with the (Uttiiij; of marine terraces and deposition of (lellas at \'ancou\er. If we su[)[)ose the V'ancoux'er terraces to be formed in glacial lakes, the min- cidences in levels remain unexplained, and very sjiec ial ice conditions must be imagined. If, on the other hand, the sea stood at these le\els after the entire retreat of the ice. the channels whith are considered to have been the outlel.s of the glacial lakes would be invaded bv the sea and, where the water was shallow, would be siilij,.(t to the erosion of tidal currents, which might lower them ((insiikrably .is the land eiiieru'cd, if the divide was composed of drift. The terraces up to 180 feet at the mouth of the C'apilano and ilmse up to 215 feel at the mouth of the Seymour Canyon are delta terrai ■•, formed by the streams in question and are composed of sand and gra\el dispored in foreseland topset bed.s. Other. -trcam.s, .suih as (.\ pi ess Creek • J. IL (iret/, IWi^hiiigli'ii Ural. Sun.. l':,:Utin s. 06 Tin: GK(.I.<).;Y of VANCOIVKR AM) Vlf-IMTY an.l those that ll.,u- ,l.,wn the- .t.cp slopes of the Strahan-Brunswick Kan«e .nto Howe Sound. al,o have elevated delta terraces which are convenient to tidewater and are beinR utilize.l as a source of Rrasei and san.i. The Iar«e sand ,le[...sit at Whvte Cliff, which forms a flat at almul ,2^ icet. ,s probably of similar origin, hut may he due to wave- acuon tdhnK ,n a bay or channel between rocky islands and the main The tlat-topped deposits of san.l an,i gravel at Lan«lev probahlv represent delta out .00 feel in height, are furni>hinK material, for offshore' depoM- tion, but undoubtedly the greatest depo.sitional activity of the present i. hal of the I.raser River. This is true, not only as to the delta front, but al>o as regards the lorn.ation of bottom-set beds which extend far out over the bottom of the Gulf of Georgia, whose waters are discolored In Mil lor many nule. beyond the delta from. Gravelly .iellas of hi-her gradient than that of the Fraser are also being de,,osit;.d at the moCths 01 mounuun .-ireams. Of these, iho.e of the Capilano, Lynn, and Sey- mour creeks are important, as they furnish extenMve level's available for railway use adjacent ,0 the harbor of Xorth Nancouver. l;el,a> are .il.-o to be found at the head> k^{ ail the fiords. riivsi.j,,K\i'inc HisroRN of tiik pleistockxk I'he various erosion stages which are observable in the mountainous part „l „H. reg.on ha-.e already been described in general (chap ii) remain, to consider th.-ir de^elopnu.ni in the area in question and h. ,ue.„on o, thcr correlation with the typical region in central .,n.lK.d'l vu"n"' '^7f '/'r-'^'h*^ "^"^^ ^I^^how peneplain has been centra \ ashmgton subsequent to the Miocene lavas and to the deposi- tion ,f the (upper .Miocene) FlleMs„urg formation.' The period when pcpeplanatum was r.-aehed mi.t therefore have been well on in the Pliocene or early Pleistocene. A .-ubsequent uplift, effected in tu" ' c. ". s,,mh. r.,v, (;,„/. Sun., roll,, ,.,6. m,,,,,,, s„„, o,,,,,,,,,,,. i.irATIRNAHV DF.POSITS AND PIIVSK'OKArlllC HISTORY <)7 Iirincipal stages, with a lon^ erosion interval followini; rach. has [.r.i- (iu(ty accordant summits or terraces near the summits. The Coast Range as a whole may he considereive stages, beginning when the area now occupied by the range had been reduced to a peneplain near sea-level, above which rose a few nionadnocks, erosion remnants of an older range. This pene|)lain is now represented by th;- warped surface to which the accordant summits of the range approximate, and by some parts of the i)rotiles of the marginal spurs. In a few casc> near the e-d anticlinal iorm to a striking fiegree. In the Vancouver region there is no way in which the age of the summit level corresponding to the Methow of the Cascades lan be so delinitely tixcd. The Eocene rocks of the I'uget series ha\e been in\-ol vcd in the upwarj) on Malasjiina Strait to the west of Jervis Inlet, and it would therefore ap[)ear that the planation was post-Iu)cene. Data are lacking, however, as to the truncation of the beds in that locality. In the vicinity of Vancouver the Puget beds are tilled and truncated, but their implication in the ujnvarped surface is not sulTiciently clear to be . demonstrative. It may be considered as [iroved, however, that the u|)lift of the range, or at least of the last stages of it, was post-Kocene. The Eocene strata are also intruded by trachytes, andesites, and basiilts whose date can hardly be Miocene or younger. Lavas whic h are [iro- visionally correlated with these occur iii the higher parts of the range at Black Tusk Mountain and elsewhere. They aj)pear to ha\e been solidilied in valleys whose bottoms lie considerably below the level of adjacent summits. At first view this would indicate that the valleys, and therefore the lavas, are younger than the penejilain. It is never- theless possible that they are older, since the highest peaks composed of the lava are near the summit level, and others are faulted to a lower position. It would then be necessary to supjiose that valle>s which existed prior to planation were partly tilled by lava, and the later «(:J f -I 4 I? I ^ I - [he 1^ i£ oS IHI ■■! "IcH.v llF VWCdl \|,K WD VICISlrV (.laii.-uioii riTii.niMl iIr- imiTvi'iiin- hi,i;lilan.l> d.iun In the l.svl ,,| i!u' lava. A- llu l..,aliiy i^ n„lv 40 niilc^ i'um ilu- .ra, ami the ia\a al„Hit looo t.Tl Iln.k, tiirrr nni^l havr Imtii suI,m,U.,kc ennui;!, to lower llu- liotlom ol the lava l.clou >ca-level l.tlorc planation. On the t.rM hypolhe-is liiat the lava i, yoiin-er than ih- piaiiatior, the ,|ate 01 l.oth rem,, in. uncertain, exeepi that the upwarp of the pene- plan, ua. po-t-Koa r,e. The vallev- nntiht then have been earlv .Munene or later, an.l the lava, late Mioeene. or later. Ihe Maye of ero-ion uhuh H o.rrelatol with the Kn'iat of Wa^luiiKlon wa, subsequent to the lavas. On Ihe hyp..ihe>is that the lava- uere older than the sunnnil pene- I'lain, the planation wa. prohal.ly of I'lioeene or earlv IMei.stoeene date and .ontemporaneou- wit' i:;e .Methow <,f WilHs and'smith. The fact Ihat it would he copteniporaneous. to-ether with the fact that the suh-e,,ueMt .ta,-e,> of eroMo,, aK,, e.,rrelate very well, olTer> sonte support to the eeond hypothesi-.. The Keneral ehara. ter and warping of the summit i)lane have alreadv hcen descril-ed (pp. ,5 ,(,, and need not be detailed here. The ran-e as a whole may be lhouf,'lit of as a disseeted plateau, 2. The Ential. -Thv elevation ,.f the summits above the lower tlattish surfaces uhieh are a^si^ned to the Kntiat staue varies within the remon Iron, 400 leet at (irou.-e Mountain, near the e.iRe of the ran-e to about ^ooo teet in the nei,t;hb<,rhoo,l of Mount tiaribakli, 40 mile- novU I he latter lifiure J. probably tiie antount of the Kntiat uplift Mature valley, were develope.l beiow the Methow after its llrst upwarp which in ~on,e .a-e. .attained the depth noted above. In this sta;:e of ero-ion the pre-ent drama-e lines w,-re therefore in -eneral well deline.j but many ot the divides were low. The upper fap.la.u, Vallev mav have been ,.,nl,neramh ,.| the Capilano. (.: a throud, valley or ;:ap which cro-es the divide between the two, and i.^i the fact that the small stream which Ih.ws iron, the north side of the .lividc to the Capilano m.ike- an acute anule with the Capilano on the downstream side. The vallevs on both sides 01 the .hv.de have since been .lev eloped bv daciation' into lan^e ciniues, makms conclu-ive evidence unobtainable. .\; the en,i of the Kntiat slaize mature vallev- had developed whose tl.".r- n, ine .a-e of the Ca[,ilano an.l Seymour were about ihree n,iles wi.ie. while the mterstream upland- ha.l been re.luced to sntall ,lin,en- .■r\llkS\k\ li|Pu>II, \M) 1'1I'|>M,.H\|>|1H IIIMMKS -iim-, iinil in tinny pun- nuiMil.Talily I,, a, rnl A ii-u till rei.uiuil llii -uriaic- .■ittriliutiililc to the oriL'inal pfncplaiii. hut in nid-t (a-c^ iht- «livi.lc- wiTi- sharj). lila, k ami Whito mountain- mar the coa-t. ami .Mount .Manii|uani inlami. arc ilal-ioppd la-f-. ^ The Iiiixp v/,ii,'c. -'I'lif uplill followinu' the Knliat ^tai;t• cxtrmlnl ihf lionicr- of the rani^t- laUTalK-. -o that thf Kntiat tVatun- arc not louml near the iiresetil coast or lowland. 'Ihf \< riii al inovi'tmtil appiar- to have birn nearly 4,000 iVct near the loa-t and over 5.000 at the axi> of the ranee, as shown l>y the present elevation of Kntiat valkv ll(/ors, l.Soo to 5.000 feet, and the depth of the canMin- lielow theni. The >tream piracy already notehortiy after the uplift began, since the divide above Lynn Lake is now -li^htK more than ^,200 feet above sea-level an of L>nn Creek. The Capilano Valley above the waterworks intake i> fullv ^.000 feet deep, and the Lynn \'alley near the forks i- alMiut 4,000. In the latter ca^e the extreme steepness of the spurs and ridi^es render- the elTect very striking. 4, The Chelan ■^/ai;;'.— Xear Vancou\er, as el-ewhere in the rant'e. tile n.undini; of the valley bottoms by giai ia! atatue of rounded form, while Howe .^ound di^play^ tiie gre:ile-.t amount of deei)enin;;. The question of valley deejieiiini; and the formation of rock ba-ins has been consi;laciati.)n, Willis make- the Chelan -ia<;e equivalent only to the last glacial epoch which .itTecled the region, and hence the use that is made of the name here applies rather to its plai e as a stage in the phy-iographic development than to a time correlation. While it is not certain that two till -heet- are to be found in all the deeper valleys, that is certainly the condition of atTair- in the Capilano \'alley wherc\er dee]) section- are to be .seen, while the L\iin aifl other \alli\s lOO Mil <.l(i|nc,Y i,V VWrfirviK AM) M(IMiV Imc cx,K,H,ns„f l.minat.-l .lay. whi.h arc- in all r.-.,,nt. similar t,. tin- A.lm.rahv . lay.. Th. Admiralty -Irif, n,av hau Ih-.u r..n,„v..,l l.v i-Tusi(,n III the l.,:kc { li.lan re-ion. In tnc Lake Chrlan r.-ion tlu- Kniiai mult i.. stat.,1 ,„ |„. ...ntom. l-ran.,n,. with tlu- llrst da.iatum, if ,u. h an .•[,,,. h ol .-lanatmn ,an l,c pn.u.l l,> have ,„,urrc,|. luit tlu- ..t ,„ i„,„,era|,hir f.-aiure. whirh in llic \an,ouvcr r.-j:ion n.rrcspnn.i f. the Kniiat. l.uth in („Mtmn and in Maue <,t maturity, mu^t he pla. ,.1 Infor.' the laM f.s ,-la, i;Mi„ns a, wc-U a. an n|>l,ft pnrolin;; them. It is evident, ilurrfnr., that the physio- graphic ...rrelation uhi. h ha. l,e.-n made- niu^t he r.-.-ar.lnl a- ,li,tinctlv piii\ i~i(inal. The .L'reat uplift in the Cascades, ani„untin,i.' to ,.ooo feet which ini.rs.nes l„ iwecii the Flniiat an.l the Chelan an.l involve.l the < uttin« ol \crv lar.-e canyon> of po.t^^la. ial .anvons. Thcv are a well-known feature of the l.Kal scenery to which visitors frequentlv arc dir.Tt..,!. iheir hi.t.,ry In-an after the p.-Mirkuial uplil, ha.l rai.e.i the rock harner. through whi. h th.'v are , ut alM,^e .ea-level In the n.s.. o. th,- Capilano tlii. wa, 400 teet ahove the prcsc-nt tide-mark Ka.t .,1 the hrink .,t the Capilano Canyon i- a channel, ahout 50 feet in depth, which was cut in the top of the rock harrier an.l for -.,me reason ahan.lone.l in tavor of th.- present .anv.m. whose walls are n..t far from vertical, nearly .500 fe.l in heii;ht. and .,uile un^aciat.-.i 1 he .inkm^ 01 the lan.l .lurin« ea< h .,f the two da, iations (referred to on p. ^f, an.l ,,^) ..u^-ests that the weiLdu of the iu- .ap mav liase heen ettective in |.roducin^ a rea.ijustn.enl .,f level. If the avera-e lliHkne,. ol i.e oser valleys was 5.000 feet an.l the averauc over the wh.,1,. ran,,e .,000. the weight ..1 the ice w.mid he e.|ui^alent to ahout .Soo teet 01 r.,ck of a spcxitic ^-ravity ..f , 5, an. I ,Soo feet corre>,,.,n.K clo>eIy with the am.n.nl of .uhmer:zen. e in the Vancouver rej;iun at ihe close 01 the \'a~h.,n ,dacia.K,n. The A.lmiralty suhmerj^ence ai.pears to have hecn greater. I, is t.. he note.l, h.,wever. that a part at lea.t o the l.o>tj.la.ial uplift seem. t.> have heen ..„.m.,n to the coa>, >.,uth ot th,- Cor.hlleran ice sheet, a. >hown hy the terrace,, on the coa.t .>f :^ 'i 4 I m -■- r,» !. l,:irn. r "iiMilh III ii, ■. ll.H ku'Iil'lllil -url.ii I- .iliMi , |"-l-l.|, I,, I -Ml-.j, , ,,, l!|,,,i!-h liir <'.i|iil,mii (il.ii i,r 111 ,11 ilii 'In tn.MiiiI.iiii ill III,- ' " -Ulil ,111 '■ Ijlli.il " Ql'ATF.HNAKY DEPOSITS ANO I'll YMi>,,KAl>IIIC IIIM.>KV Oregon at 22^ and soo Ut-t al)()vi' -ea-li-vt'l.' Y\wn- also thf IihhI -ummil levels rise from 2,000 feci to 4,000 feet, and mature U|)|)er valleys which (>|ien upon terraces cut at 1,000 feet ahove the sea are iniised hy canvon- hke inner valleys. These features recall slront;ly the Methow, Kntiat.and 1 v\iN|) slaves elsewhere. The correlation of the Stehekin stase in Washing- ton with the tultin« of the Caiiilano and other canyons is a matter whi( h presents no dilTu ulty. Hoth are ob\iousl\ [M)st>;latial. Tfic Chelan v/(i;'c. -The staae of the formation of U-shai)ed valleys, which, in this region, is shown to have occurred in the Admiralty glacial advance, is here made to include also the Puyallu[) and X'ashon epochs. Its dclinition t>y Smith would include only the last glacial epoch. It has alreaj \ \V< III \ I K \M) V u ISin I li'- I -.v >-]> an.l i;„tMt ,ia«.-,, l„,ih a- r.x'ar.K ll„ :u„.,unl i.| ,,iK am ,■. ni.ni ■AlM.hih, .■r...ii,nmuh.-li„,.a,l, .a„. ami „, ((„• .,„al anmuni m ''I'l'". .'■rr, -iiiiml v.tv uvII u,th ,1,.. l.,|„„.ra,ihM Iv,.,- «„h u|,„h rh.v liavi liii n .(irrilaltrl in iliU |ia|i. r 11.,^ K.n.ral .iirrr,,„.mlrm ,- i,,' ,1„ ^„u,„.,r . m 1, , ,„ ,p,.„,„ ,„ \\..-h„a-ii.n u„l, ,1,,,.. „> .1,1 CiiaM i<,.M.r.,i lin.i.h ColumliM niaU, it ■'i'l-.T |.ri.li,,M. ilu. .1,,. M„nnu. l.wN „, l,.,ih .aM-. rrjirr,..,,. ,!„■ su,,.. ' ^''''''''''-'''v.'rr.iili. r.,.rr.-,|,,,,,|aMa.i,iMa, all In .in. malUT l>..K .utai k. ilu- mm lu^i.in- II. k„-„.||, s,„„l,, ami W ,11,. i„ Wa.hi.mt.m ■'"■I In. aruu,,,,,,., n„uh, apply vmiI, ,.,|ual fur..- l„ ,l,c- Ca^t Kani;,- nj ltnt,-l.(,il,„„li,a' H.-...,U-M,„.„iMnt:tn.Tal.ha. M.mmi. aMiirilamc 1^ . .•v.l.i|,.,| u„|„„ ,, ,„,,u,„ai„ ranu>- l,y .au-.- «!„. 1, arr -pon.a.u.,,,, anil ,„i|.p,n.|...,. 1,1 pn.^i,,,,, pla,>a.,„n |„ ,[„. h.- au-r.-.s «,.|, (, \I 'au-„„, al,., l,,lu,., ,|,a, i|,„..r..n.,al ,r„Mon .s .ulliuc-nl t„ ai.ount I'T Mi,.Hn.. ...nuinlamr T,. ,h„ l,aly a.M, is.,.,a.i, a.iju.tnun., Ih.- "i-rr r..>,Ma,„ ,,ual,.,., „, ,(,. /.„„, „f ,„,.ia>m.rphi>m ami ,h,- m.p.T -"''•"'■ '""'"'"''- ■■' l"'r-l "Hi, .1,.- ov.rlv,,,,. unal..n-l „r k.s ;:-'l>^'^' '.rra,,,. 1, i, ,,a..,| .ha. l.^d-toppnl ,p„:., l,k. .1,.... of ,he Knuai ,n,,lu l.c .U.v..l,.p..,i |,,li,w ,h,. ^unnm Uv.K l.v .n.-rn-lin- ice « Ilk- Ilu- >u- l,Hvs.n> r.n>aim-ii -.a«nan., I,ut ii - mi, ,|,ar ,„ .h. uriu-r vvl.y ... M..I, .a..- .1,.. ,pur. .h„„|,| I,., mil only Lvl l.u. aaonlan. ,.vcr coMs.iU-ral.lr ,l„,am., nua-uml a, ridu anyU-, to th. n,ovc....-nt ot the ">■■ It .> r.o. ii.„inl h.r. that thcs n.av have- I'or.m-il part ol a .una. c «M..alH liy a pr.-lw.p dacia.ion, ami it i. |„.li,-v.,l thai th.-v urrc- "v.-rr,i|,K.n l,v l.o.h .1,,. Ail.nirahv ami Va.h.m ,'kuiation. aftVr the uplilt anil .TiiMon tor uhuh the- nan.e ■l\u.^, ha. Inrn a,lop,..,l The- j.r.-M-.,. untrr ha. .„a.k lull u... of the iheorv of uplif,. follouin- plana- •■"n, Mme „ .orrelale. the phy.,o,rraph> of .he Coa.. an-l Casea.le ran.e. ven .o.rple.ely ami .een,. on ,he uhole to furnLh the heM .xHana.,,,,, o, tl„. .„im,ile„,e. Iietween ,he Uu, re«ion.. one of whi.h «-- heav.lv ,.la,,ate,l, ulnle ,he other ua> alTeetei! onlv U vallev Klaciatiiin. '!< \ I'.iIn. (..I'/. .S(,r., t Jl„;,/j. .1/,, pp. '-.-I .■;? iXDKX IXDKX Admiralty, till. Ki ; An, fti, 7i, 77 liihIioKraphy, ig lil.uk .\Ii)untain area. iS. 34 liritannia I'oni.alion. iq, 3g [irunswick Mountain arua, ig, 35 liurrard Inlet, q. 11. (12 liurrard Peninsula anti ridpes. 10. 1 1 I'ache Creek Rniup. ji Capilano: Canyon, 61. qg, loo- Creek 18: \aHey. 80 Caseades, 3, q7 Castle Towers -Mountain, fio Cathedral Mountain, ig Caulfields area. 34 Chcakamnus Valley. 17 Chelan stage, it,. iS. gg. loi ("hemiral action, 60, 05 Cirques, 16, 20. g3 Classification of rocks. 45. 47. 48, 4g Clays: Clayliurn. 65. M,; Howe Sound, 87; New Westminster. 86 Climate, 21 Coal, 5, 65 Caast Range. 3. 4. 5, 35, g- Columnar structure, (jy, 70 Conglomcates, a, 40, hi, 62 Contact-zones, 52. 53. 55. 56 Copper: Rroup, 5g; ore, ()0 Cretaceous formation. 5, 51. 61 Crown .Mountain, ig Crystalline limestone, i^, 36, 56 Currents, tidal, 7 Dam Mountain, ig Diabase, a. 30 Dikes, 51 Diorite. ig, ^S. 45, 50. 51. in Dixon I'.ntrance. Drift-sections, 80 Kconomic minerals. 56 Knglish Hay. f,>. So Kntiat. i(.. 17. gH Kocenc. f)i Koccne: post . cruplives. 08 Fairview Heii:hts. 73 False Creek. 11, go Faults. ()y. 7.1 Feldsp:ithic rocks. 36. 37, 4:. --, t,^ Fiords. 4, fi. 7. yi Flood-plains. 1 j Fossils. ()3. 81. 87. Q5 Fraser Ix-lta, 11, gfi C.arilialdi region. 3g, 77 Geographic intnxluction, 3 CleoloKical table, 50. 31 Geosynclinc trouRh, 3, b. 7 C.laciation. 4. S3. 84, gi, g3, ,,g, ,co, :oi (;neissoi<> Mamqu.im .Mdunlain, jo, g6 .Mct.imor[)hism, so Mel how (Kneplain. i:;, 17, i.s, gc, Mioci-ne, ;i. 74 Moraines, 14. i,s, 80 Mountains: PacHk Coast ihains. 5 New Westminster, 10 N'ikomeki san(l■^ilts, ,Si North Arm, i.S ()rl)iiul.ir structure 45 Ore (leixisil.,, ,,(,, 4,. 56, j.s, -q, f„ I'aleo/.oic ((jrmations, (.; IVses through Coast Ran^e, 5 I'eKmatite, 50 IVtrojiraphy of (laribaldi region, 7,S Physio>;r.c|)hii- history, 06 I'itchstone, (mj IMeisttH'ene. ^o I'lioiene, cj Point (irey, n. 14, .Sq, qq, g4 Prec imitation, 21. 2?. Prince Rupert, d Prolileof Co.i.t Rant;e, 15 Prospec t Point, 01 PuKet jormation. 61 Puyallup intcr\,il, ,Sg <^)uarl/ite. 40 (.)ualeroary formation, :io (Jueen Charlotte Islands, .< Recent movements and depositions, g^ Keil Mountain, 77 ■"hists, .j.j, ^^. 36, Y), 40, 41 Seymour Oeek, i,S Seymour Ridt;e, :o, (7 Shales, '13 Slates, 3(, ,!(,, 40. 41 -Stanley I'ark, tjj, 75 Stehekin st,i«e, 11, iS, 100 StopiiiR, 5J., ,4 Strahan .Mountain area, iS, 54 Structural valleys, j, 7, g SuhmerKcnce and subsidence, !, f, 81 8? Oi. loi ' ^' Surrey Terrace, 14, 8g Table .Mountain. 50, 70 TenifH'rature, 22 Terraces, gj, 04, y5, 101 Te.xadan formation, 18, 53 Town .sites, 6 Tr.msverse divides, 3, g Transverse valleys, 3 Triassif 'f intrusions. 42 Tsimpsean I'eninsu'a, g Twisp ejMKh, ift. 18, gg Tufas, i,;i, L'pliil^. 102 0, .Hg, go, gi, g6, gS. gg. 100, \ alleys, erosion of, 1 7 \ancouver Island, 5 \ ashon till, gi Ve>;etation zones, 21 Vulcanism, 57, 70. 72, 75, 78, 7q Watt's Point, Og, 72, 73, 75 White .Mountain, ig Winds, :{ Xenoliths, 30, 52, 56 /iiic .Mines, 57