IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // &?/ {< f/i ^ 1.0 ij 1.25 ■ 50 ^^ M 12.0 mm U ill 1.6 V] <^ /^ /. V^ .V {J 71 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV iV ^ \ :\ "% .V ^\ 6^ '^ ^ i L^.< l/j CIHM ICIVIH Microfiche Collection de Series microfiches (Monograplis) (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 0^ ono Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for f ilnfiing. 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Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutees lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete filmees. Additional comments:/ Commentdires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a et6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-^tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methode normale de f ilmage •. oan.s, C. h.., thei obtainerJ the .ervices of John R r . ' ^""■ engineer well known in .^ '^''" ^^ John J3. Jervis, a civil Works inNewYoT H rr" '" ^'''^ ''" ^''"^"" ^^"^- 1845. which rluU d in theTavi' " 7" ' '" ^'" '''' ''' ^"^^^ Lower Chain Lak toSt An7 ^n " '^"^'^ ''"^'^ '"^'■" ''■"'" " ^"Ko to &t. Andiew s Cross \Ti. T^...,: a ten inch main ample for the eHtimln ""'''^"''*^^ 20.000 to 25 000 but in n.jT I ''\""«ted population ot from " -u,uuu, out in Older to prov Uo for fntm.^ ..„ he recommended a twelve inch pipe ill , ^•«y«"-ements struct a distribnrin.r ..„ '.^^ pipe, ile aiwo proposed to con- at that im vfindririi"'" ''"d"' ""■'" ''" ^''^^ "■'-" tl.» schemo was never carried „„ ,1,1 . '"'P'"'""' part of bj other engineer, T„ri?,H ' ?"'''' ^b.eqnentl^ advised ^ «i ciigiueei.s, incJudintrmv nredeoftaam. ur . turned on from the Chain Lake In I847 " ""' ""''' In 1854 an additional main H i,,,.h..M • ^- down ,„ ,n.ke the ."pply „ „a o h T"'' """ '"'" dem.nd. In 1855 T,„n„ T i ' " "'1'""^ in<='»MinB "• '° ' =00 Ij.,ng Lake wa.i drawn down '^ f, ci i„ 1 , the waste weir, leaving only 2 ftel „f „L .' '"''''"' tba conduit between Long Lte I ,d Cer r7'' t ^"°'" "' .videnee of the lintitedlora.e c packTof fh T . "• ''"" -eoessityot a fnrther inoreas; ^^Z't^l:-::::: ^ c!; Council lo action and a Watoi Committco, of which Henry E. PugHley was Chairmun, employed Jus. Laurie, C. E., to n^port on several propmed planrt for improvoinout. In 1861 the worifa were purchased by the city and a lioardofCommisHionors of water Hupply was appointed of which John A. Bell, the present City Auditor, was Chairman. The first work carried out by the now Commissioners was the liftint,' of the old 12 inch main and the substitution of a new 24 inch pipe which was completed in 1861 or early in 1862. This pipe is the present low service main. The (wo mains were capabloof supplying about 12 times as much !iH the demand estimated by Mr. Jervis, although the population had only increased 50 per cent. The Long LiiUe water, howevei, did not control the highest portions of the city and in many places where I he domestic supply was sufficient no pressure could bo obtained for tire pur- poses. Acwordingly in 1868 the High Service Works were con- structed under the supervision of the B mrd of Comraissiouers of jVuter Supply and on the recommendation of Thomas C. Keefer, a hydraulic engineer of the highest standing. In 1864 L-)Dg Lake full to within 11 inches of tne bottom of the conduit cirrying the water to the Upper Chain Lake. Mr. Keofor reporte 1 in connefition with the high service on the practicability and advisability of raising Long Lake dam, but it WJ-.H not carried out until 1877, when the work was performed under the supervision of the City Engineer at a cost of $13,500. The raising of the lake and consequent increase in storage had become an absolute necessity. During the preceding summer Long Lake was so low that window washing, street watering and other similar uses of water were prohibited, and water takers had to be cautioned against waste. In 1888 the condiiit between Long and Chain Luke was lowered an^i the storage capacity of our low service reservoir increased over 100,000,000 gallons. Notwithstanding the fact that the ntth Hupp'y considered sufflcient e inception of the works, has been multiplied by from 12 to 15, while the population has not even doubled, we ure ayain compel ed to consider the questior, of increase. The experience of Halifax ,8 repeated in few cities and the consumption , or capita at t.mos has been exceeded by none. Taking the statistics o? consunaption for works all over the country we find on com- parison that there is a yiTat difference in the amount of water consumed ,n different places, and if from 30 u, 60 gallons suffice .ncertain cUies, the use of 90 or 100 gallons in others presup. poses a considerable waste. F,.r domestic and household uses 20 gallons per person per diem is a sufficioni allowance; tuking -nto account the water used for mechanical and manufaciu. Mg purposes that necessary for street sprin Jing, extinguishing t nt'is : Z " r*''^'^'.^'^- '' ^•^"-^ P- di- ior each' inhab' tantis a liberal quan.ity in the case of the larger cities anu manufacturing town. In the case of the smaller.'non-manufr tunng towns 35 or 40 gallons should suffice. led'^edT^^'T^^'"' '"''' ^'"'^ '" ^^""^"^ '^«'"^' ^'^-on. Thf.1 ^'^^ ^"-f««;'-'^oshow to prevent or at least diminish .t. The e should be no doubt in the mind of any citizen that a great waste does take place, for instead of hO .ailons per day bein.^ ZZTT. ""^ ''^ "'"■"^"' ""'■ ^""^ consumption has at timet •eHChed four times that quantity. The cause of such an enorm- ous consumption has been pointtd out so often thai the City Council has ceased to take any notice of it, if indeed it ever did A^ a natural Consequence of the complaints respecting waste being made to unheeding ears we a,e now compelled to tace a possible expenditure of $150,000 to imp.ove the service to say nothing of the thousands ot dollar, .hal have gone up in smoke ZT\r'\?i'^' '''y ^'^'^h better pressure night have s ved. Nor will the expense sop un ih. cJmplelion of" the mo I oed improvements, for if the consumption inc.eases us T./ihi pa- the quantity of water availahl- will be exhausted and wo w,ll be asked to solve the problem of augmenting the suppy Iftho question of expondituro were les-^ important and th Hupply inoxhaiHtible I would have no hesitation in recommend- ing immodiiito increase on account of tho difficulty in chucking waste in our climate and tho impolicy of restricting every legitimate use of water. A lavish waste of water sooms to have beurnn sooti afier the tiist pipe was laid, and following the history of the works wo find the water pressure rapidly decreasing and in some pai-ts of the town whore a few years ago, streams from the fire hydniiits could bo thrown over tho top of buildings, the water now will not lise to the tiozzles. In consequence the High Service tiad to be diverted tu the low, thereby dislroying the High Seivice System. All over tho city stop-cocks have had to be purtially or entirely closed in order to give a supply to houses which otherAiso would have none. As the consumption increast'B from year to year the loss of head whicii was at first trivial must increase oo thalduriug fiios and in times ot greatest draught tho water must liall away in houses receiving it on tho second and third fiooi- to the first floor and basement and from elevated bou>es altogether. Not ouly will corfsumption of daily supply, when reached generally take place in the 12 hours of tho day and therefore require a capacity don' '« tliC average for the 24 hours, but at all times when fire occui iao demand requires the utmost eflSciency throughout every part of the pipe. That the consumption ot daily supply has been reached has been proved by the fact that at times the draught is so great that not only is there no pres- sure on Quinpool Eoad but the water does not fill the pipe. By the time those who are inclined to dmbt the enormous con- sumption or waste have digested that statement they may, per- haps, be converted. The most important result of the great waste is the greater risk from fire and consequent higher rate of premiums. Waste and therefore loss of pressure destroys the value of the fii-e 6 m„„ „r„,„ w f '^ no,,?:::; '":"■""'■'"' ' ''° '•■"-■ Th. fi,s, ,|Mtv IT, "" """■>■ "l'"">«»" l«>-il.l.' my,„ll ha» to bo „t,|„„,i u i« „„„o»a,.,. .„ „.,„,.,.i»„' ,, , ^f, " " "" '" -""=«"<■■'"!"« 11.0 wh.,io „v i,i„ „„.,„ „, ; ,■ rf h ; :::,:.;:;■:;, •;:;;r:.,:: ".riir"' '■;■ "-f "■■■' "■« ^'--- "^.» wo. .,.,., ,„„ bc.,.o„."z:u,r;;:r:::„r.;'.„t .h,u f,.„m a„y „.|,o,. i,„,„„vo„„.„t wi.hin „„,. ,„,,,„: „2. "° mudo i.„„oe.,«:„., to .u,.„ „tt„,o w°.,o r,'L o„o rtdltT""'" ply anollio,-, „nd in ™„,o |,|„c,.s ,ho IlilhT ^ , ''' In 1879 the City Eninneor rpnni-t»,l ti.... *u „• . , -'^ ".v'lLLi lepoitea that there were 4291 sfi- v.co p,po,, the g,.oa,e,. part of which wc-o J i„oh ,„ H02 buiMinjTH Hup,,I|..| with wator tho pipes wcro laid in cxpoaod and dan^'tMoijs poHitioiH, ^o tliat tlio imnatos wuro obligod to lot tho wator run almost constantly tliiougli ttio winior In 1185 buil.l- in.,'8 tho pipoa or water fittiug« woro In bad condition or in some way defoctivo. In 1889 there woro 5215 service pipes with a totaJ of 139G6 taps, In 1890 there were over 800 oxi^scd pipes and taps. About 3500 taps running at a rate of one gallon in a minuto would consume almost tho entire available supply. I,, some cases testod it was f.und that tho waste from a Mnglo tap was 8i gallons in a minute. In view of this fact it is not surprising that the pressure is weak, and when to the waste from exposed taps is added that from hopper closets does any body wonder why the mains cannot supply the draught caused by the enorm- ous useless discharge into tho sowers. In 1879 there woro 880 hopper closets; in 1889 there wore 1400. In a report dated August 3rd, 1891, now on tho order of the day in tho City Council, I gave tho result of some experiment^ made in Boston to determiiio tho waste in hopper closets, and taking the result as an average in our own case showed that tho waste in Halifax would be over 400,000,000 gallons in a year. It was also stated that we had been able to make a test for ourselves with 9 closets, and applying tho average result to the whole number of hopper closets in the city, wo were sending a useless stream into tho harbor during the year, amounting to over 900,000,000 gallons, a quantity equal to the whole storage capacity of Long Lake. In 1881 the heavy incrustation was taken off tho inside of the High and Low Service Mains by mechanical scrapers, anj the result was that the pressure was largely increased all over the city. At some hydrants the increase amounted to 28 pounds. This improvement lasted for a short time only and the old ovil destroyed tiie benefit derived from the cleaning of the pipes. The efloct of the increased pressure was that more watej- was 8 waHled, and the conditiV samt at some wtm Known pojntM befoi-w ih» st pre winter y- j-= 1 S lbs. lbs. Iba. ..J - 6 ' ao 6 10 34 i 13 8 : 34 12 15 , 40 23 5 13 5 12 27 21 12 32 5 19 1 10 35 60 i 42 23 39 33 15 6 4 20 11 6 23 13 24 52 31 23 38 23 18 46 27 33 50 33 36 55 47 32 5S 51 30 1 56 47 ui ilie '(.'HSU re < Wore I til of o S 00 0- lbs. 6 13 12 23 5 21 32 10 42 33 6 11 13 31 iB n 13 \7 1 7 9 Under the present con-lilion some parts of the city have no reason to complain and probably have always had a good supply for domestic and fire purposes. It is necessary that the same benefit should be extended to all parts of the city in order that the feehiig of security, ibe advantages arising from reduced premiums for insurance, and the luxury of a full supply ot pure water enjoyed by that part of the city where the most trade is earned on, the bulk of the merchandise stored and the most costly buildings erected, may be equally enjoyed by all. The quantity of water avP^'able in the High Service system should be ample to supply c. .mlf of the city (in population.) The City Works yield enough water to supply a population of SO.OOO and if anything like economy were enforced the supply would suffice f ,r a much larger number. With a source 200 feet above tide, making every allowance for lossof force from friction 111 pipes and constant draught for domestic supply, all points 150 feet above tide should be provided by the Low Service with suf. ficient means for extinguishing fires. Such, however, is not the case and in some places the Hi-h Service is let down to noints 94 feet above tide. These extensions have destroyed the High Service and in any dry season it is liable to become exhausted. Prevention of waste. I would not give so much attention to waste concerning which the Council has already heard so much, if no remedy could be recommended. In some countries it has been found necessary to adopt very harsh measures in order to try and prevent unneces- sary waste. Waste in cold climates depends on the regulations for prevention and the degree of stringency with which such regulations are enforced. A step in the right direction has already been taken. House to house inspections are made during the winter and the water is turned off wherever exposed tapa or pipes are discovered. We 10 cause waste. If the plumbin', . '' ''"' '" ^^''' •' ^il' Council by the City LairB^fdir^'? ""'"'"«^ '« ^l- to control all new work '"^" '"^^ ^« «''^" ^'o able The inmates of houses 'whhho '"P''"" ''■'"'^' ^^'"-^s. Bmall stream to run d' v" r^ni 7''"?''"^^ ^'"'^ ^'^"^^ ""''- ^ flushing out their drUn/o "'^'^V^'^h the idea that they are They could not b ^^ mTr'"^^ ''" °"'"'""«« «f--- ^ neither. A buc.e tof Z^ : ^u ^J '"" ''" •^"^'^" ^^-^^ ^'- d-in than the small st^: l: 'do T? ^^--^^ «-'-', the 8'blo to flush a six inch drain J.M ., ''''"'■ ^^ '^ '"^PO^- [ound running for that'a'l:; d^ pt """Z^, 'T' "^"'"^ the entrance of noxious .^ast h. mo.; T' ^^'' '^ '^'""^^"^ on by the tipping of the nan 'J I 7^ "" '^^ "'"^^''- ''« '"^-"^d closed the pan is^fllled :rw:.:';;^ '""'"^" '^^^'•- ^'^- tually preventing the entrlo of' T"' " '^^'''^'" ^''•'^P' ««'««- condition, whichls the saf , ,: r"' •''^^' '''''^'' "'^*^ ''- bo left in, Che water tak r 'e" ""'' "•"-^'^-^"^^ «- BO that a stream will runlon ' "7^^ "'' '^' '^=^"^^'« «'■ '^v^^^'' ^i 'in coritinuoii>< tr Tiu: 'lie trap and provides an „„„l, , I , ' opo'ition opens »ay pass i„„rt|„ CZ T / t "'l'"" "" ""-h ""w- «"• Council to Wipe them o„t of e. :;'' "f "' ^''"'■'' '"'''' »''^"<' '^^ be™ taken. Thoy a,-e the ' 's ', ' "' "° '''"■ "" "■"'»" '>"•' -ety time Che pal i/t, ptdT ,, IT::':''''"™ "' "='"'=' »"'' open to disease. I„ my opinion .1 , ""'"""' "'° '''""■ " •he «,.eate,.pa,., :.f the'dZseV eh h""".!"™ '^P™*""" f- -;-.n,e„ee,„e::nrcr--:^^^^ ■there is another effectual remodv fh iemod> for waste wl.ich should bo 10UHe8, t will the 3 able i- the osets. low a ' are gas. does f the ipos- ally t^ent •ned hen I'oc- his iUt) 7er jns ^as :he las nd is or ^e i. h 11 g.nerally adopted in Halifax. The experience in other cities shows a great reduction in the eonHuraption by tho use of meters for detecting waste. Wherever they are used they play a most important part in reducing or keeping down the consumption of water and aonsequentiy the necessary size and corresponding cost of water works. There are a few in use in Halifax, but very few compared with the number ot taps. Meters were first used in tho city in 1876'. The motor put on at the Halifax Hotel in that year reduced tho daily consumption from 18,G00 gallons to 6,700 gallons and at the International Hotel from 10,500 to 1,290 gallons. At present there is no meter on either of those houses. In one instance coming under my own notice during the past summer a meter was put on where the average consumption was supposed to bo about 10,000 or 12,000 gallons a month. During the first month a waste amounting to 1,400,000 gallons was detected As a result of the applicatiqn of the meter that amount is saved to the city every month. There is a good deal of opposition from consumers to the general adoption of meters, and I am sorry to have to add that their efforts to prevent the putting on of meters have in some cases been effectually assisted by members of the City Council, In an ordinary house where care is used to prevent waste the cost to the consumer should not be greater than under the pre- sent system of assess^ment, while those persons who will no t ex- ercise common care would have to pay in proportion to iheir con- sumption. There can be no question of tho justice and propriety of measuring the water used for manufacturing purposes, or in hotels and large institutions. It is sometimes objected that the adoption of meters for private dwellings will cause an injurious economy in the use of water among the very class of the popu- lation where it is important that water should be used freely. This objection is obviated to a great extent, in some places, 12 where meters are omnloved hv fivin,, « ■ ■ P»id by all water ,Jav,^i°l. , n """""""" ''"-'" '"> based o„ a reason ' e.^'j/VdZV'""'''? '■'""'''^' ;.sed in e.ee. „r tb. „.„„::r;,^L,-;r ^-^ b, ::::■• stopped „„ti, propertToter.: : TJeTl ," '"""'T' plumbing ,0 that .bo water can be elpX IrZm tl': p.pes when hable to free. ,, By the „,,e of meter th ZZ w , pXeT.:: ri.;:: atirznr;"' ■--'-' '°^-"- .a.er Whether it ^^ eel"-' ^^'^ ^ rr I.-': ^ Some consumers protest against the use of meters because- hey are unsan.ta.y and in proof of their etatetment saTthl they are not in use in other cities Tn oh^ .k ^ the case I will ,.ive a ITlaZ til ^ '' '"''^ '^ ""' np*?^ n ?. uiruies taicen from recent returns Of 77 German ct.es with a population of 7,600 000 twe"tv 8.x percent, sell water exduswdy by meters In th!, 1 ?^" meters have been generally adopt dSee 878 B .7"^ " used meters exclusivelv in sel.i^, watt^^^M^che! ' Ve^ Hampshire, has a population of 44,126 and uses 11^^ f Providence, Ehode Island, with 14,896 ttn. ha" o.f? ™?"' Halifax with 13,966 taps uses 44 me ers Tn /h ri .'"'''''• 43 1 per cent. o. all th^ wor.s havTHers^^n to're.hl^r 36 gallons and Fall Kiver, wllh ^ ^.i::: T I's sri^Te per centot taps metered, consume, onlv oq „..,,^ ' "'' ^"^"^ 2,157,542 ,.all be ater ias- 3ne- ely leir the nil he :er lis so* It )t s. r 8 7 All the remedies mentioned should be ordered by the City Council and faithfully applied. If the suggeHtions made were Htrietly carried out at once I have no hesitation in saying that when the pressure at the hydrants is taken in March, 1893, the result will show the iv.)rks to be in as go )d condition as in 1882. If this course is not followed we must resort to the most expen- sive remedy additional supply. Construction of Reservoir. The most economical method of increasing the supply would be the construction of a reservoir in some central position within the city limits. It was a part of the original design for the works and has been repoiteilly recommended by the City Engineer during the past three years. The advantages are gen- erally, that while the effective head and consequently the dis- charge is diminished by the friction on the sides of the pipes and the various curves and bends in long mains, the reservoir collects near the centre of distribution a large 'quantity of water at nearly the full elevation of the source of supply, and by a system of stop cocks exert the force ^lue t) that elevation upon the service pipes an 1 hydrants. En case of accident to the main or during cleaning operations the city is supplied tor a time proportionate to the capacity of the reservoir, independent of the lakes. The water dis- charged into the reservoir during the night or while the consump- tion is lightest during the day, is fed out to the overworked main during the time of greatest consumption when the draught be- comes too great for the capacity of the pipe. In some cities, however, the amount of water drawn from the distributisg reser- voir during the night often rur exceeds the average used in the day time. Under the present condition of the service a similar occurrenfce would be noticed in Halifax. In winter, on the high- est parts of the High and Low Service the pressure is at times 5 pounds less during the night than in the day time. Such being the case I would hesitate to recommend the adoption of a reser- voir as a solution of the difficulty. While it might be very bene- 14 ficial in summer I fear it would bo of little use in winter when most needed The main will not deliver as muchwl i^tl eservo.rasit will directly into the distribution w le its fu, capac.ty ,s exerted, because in the latter case it will aw ^/b" d.scharg,ng under a lower head. Now when at times dS the day we find the draught so great that the main on Qn pool Lad janotfull and we also find the pressure less at nigh, t ^ u^^^' the day where .s the water coming from to fill ouf re.servo . if wou d not only be .mpossiblo to fill it. but during the colde day not a drop of water would be discharged into it so long as the consumption is so large. ^ Duplicate Main. While there is a possibility of the reservoir failing in it« n„ pose t would be advisable to oifer an alternative hLef^^^'r" cons,deration Such a scheme has been outlined i^fle p " Tal wolld be ' """ '"'^ "'''''^^'^ '' ' duplicat mlTn would be, in a measure, similar to those already mentioneT n connecfon with the reservoir, while there would be^rdanre' "f failure except from limited supply, it will be read ly aXw Should 1 fire "r"^ '"' '^"^'- ^'-^ ^'•^^-^'- - -V"t nt" four hours to get water to the scene of conflrgtt on When thi IT: "'"?f '^''' ^'^ ^'^'^ «--■- ^^ takes five' hoTit frl the time ot turning on to reach the highest and most remZ points in the city. The following statemtt taken f" m a tab L pi^pared for Alderman Pickering, Chairman of the Board tf Fu-ewards, shows the normal and concentrated pressure a fil Low Service hydrants near recent fires: ^"^ 15 rhen tho full I bo tho oad •ing It ays tho ur- >ur sal kin ID of It. 3d d, lit 31" 10 tn le !o )f LOCALITY. tn 0) P4 o T3 V S3 u ■S-8 p. 2 XI (-1 000 gallons, which is only i,dUO,000 gallons per diem. The rainfall during 1889 was much below tbe average, being only 46.81 .nches. Only twice since 1858 has it fallen below 46 inches. In 1860 the rainfall in the city was only 39 51 inlhes and.„ 1879 it was 40.76 at Chain Lakes. In reference ZZ SSfiV'-T.'^^^''''' '^' ^''y ^"g'"««^- «-^« in h>-B report for 1886-7, There is reason to believe that sufficient care was not always exercised when making the observations." In the city dui:ing the same year it was reported as 47.7 inches 17 If the rainfall in 1889 had boon no greater than in 1860 the available supply from the Long Lake Water Shod would have been diminished 490,000,000 gallons, and the present 24 inch main would have di-ained the lake to the lowest possible level. If a duplicate pipe is laid and the consumption itcreased there would be a risk in very dry seasons of the city being entirely deprived of water. It is therefore an absolute necessity to reduce the con- sumption, no matter what other plan for improvement is adopted. Taking 46 inches of rainfall as a basis on which to calculate the required diameter ot pipe for the proposed new line and con- sideiing the loss of head as the pipe gets foul and the fact that the consumption of daily supply, if properly controlled, takes place in the 12 hours of day, it would be advisable to lay a pipe not less than 24 inches in diameter. If we consider the efficiency demanded when a fire occurs (more especially when the other main is turned off) nothing less than a 27 inch pipe will satisfy the reuqirements. There is another question which should govern the decision respecting the size of the pipe. We should first ascertain by careful survey and estimato of cost whether when the question of additional supply again arises we shall be able to bring more water into the Long Lake Water Shed or look for increase from a separate service. In a short report made by Wm. Gossip, C. B., he suggested that it might be found cheaper to bring water from Governor's Lake than from Birch Cove or Pockwock Lakes. If there is any probability of water being brought from Governor's Lake the capacity of the new main should be proportioned to the future supply and consumption. Judging from a cursory inspec- tion of Governor's Lake I am of the opinion that any increase in supply -will not come from that locality. 18 Prom tho limited information I have been able to obtain in the time at my disposal I can only give an approximate estimate of tlio cost of tho proposed lino of pipe. A portion, say one mile of main, should bo of extra thickness on account of iho heavy pres- sure it must sustain in crossing tho hollow ut tho head of the North WtHt Arm. The cost ol laying a 24 inch main would be about $94,000 not including now distribution, land damages and changes required at the lakfs. The cost of a 27 inch main would be about $104,000. The cost of right of way is estimated at 83,000 besides some co'cessions respecting water supply. Should a new line of pipe bo laid, some alterations and additions will be necessary in tho distribution. There will also bo some altera- tions needed in the gate houses at Lcwer Chain Lakes. Tho in- take pipe at the north gate house is loo small, even for present use, and is not (tapublo of supplying tho Low Service when the south intake is shut otT. Tho screen boxes would be too small and an additional chamber wo'jid have to be added in each gate house. The loss of head caused by tho inefficiency of the gate house is very important. It may bo found necessary to raise Long Lake one foot. In any case Nicker,>on's dam should bo strengthened. The work should not bi3 neglected until some improvement is made in the service, but should be carried out at once. Earthen dams give very little warning before giving way and, while T do not wish to cau.'^e unnecessary ahum, I would recom- mend that the work required to make this dam reasonably safe boo-dered at once. The lake was raised in 1877, but the dam was left in an unfinished condition. The whole lake face requires strengthening. In 1881, after a north-east gale, about 200 feet of the wall showed signs of movement towards the lake. There is a risk during every northeast storm that from the action of the waves the lake wall of the dam will slide northward or into tho lake. Any accident to this structure occasioned by storm or freshet would bo attended with such serious consequences, that 19 immodiato measurert should bo taken to picvont such a ctilamify. The leaks, some of which have existed since 1848, show no ap parent incicaso. Diversion of Highway. Another very necessary impiovement in connection with the Low Service reservoirs is the diversion of the public highway. This work, lik« the completion of the dam, should bo cariied out in any case. The i)roxiinity of the road to the Chain Lakes is one great cause of the acknowledged impurities in the water in those lakes. During the spring thaws, when the entire accumu- lations of winter are being washed tr»ra the road into the lake, the discoloration of the water may bo noticed at times extending over halfway across. Mill Owner's Claims. I will also call attention to another groat source of annoyance and loss to the city. We gain practically nothing by making the Chain Lukes part of the Low Service Works owing to the great quantity of water claimed by the mill owners for the natural flow through the Upper and L)wer Chain Lake. Some definite agreement should be made with the mill owners along the brook and at the head of the Arm stating the quanhty of water they should bo entitled to receive. This matter should be settled before one dollar of expenditure is made which might lead to new difficulties. The purchase of the water-power would bo a very expensive remedy, and in 1870 and following years it was recommended as a solution of the difficulty that the sup. ply be taken direct from Long Lake by conduit or tunnel at an estimated cost of $45,000 In support of this project it w « claimed that the whole head could be utilized, purer water couio bo obtained, the water would be entirely at our own disposal, the complaints of Mill owners would be avoided and the city freed from the danger and uncertainty of a suit at law. 20 All thtibo ^noritrt except fi-oedom IVom mill ownoi-« claim, can bo obtiiined more oconomicully by raiHing L>wor Chain Lui