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uauuuauuHM 
 
 "*"'**" * HIT 
 
 "NO TINKERING WITH THE TARIFF. 
 
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 FREE TRADE 
 
 FOR 
 
 THE PEOPLE. 
 
 > « <#> > « 
 
 PROTECTIOJN 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 FAVORED FEW. 
 
 -► «-*•*-»♦- 
 
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 Printed at thf Office of thk (Jlobb Newsi'apbk. 
 1878. 
 
 I 
 
 LET WELL ENOUGH ALONE. 
 
Free Trade vs. Protection. 
 
 The Tory newspapers, toirother with their army of pHmi.Uleteers 
 are daily consnm.n. time and ink in efforts to induce tho'poople o th ^ 
 
 aiticles enterin- the country, to sucli a .legree-KM) per cent if noces 
 nary as ^dl prolnbit the people iron. n«in,- anything froni abi-oa"l 
 rial n!ti;.r Z;^^^'T^ P«"P'«- <l««cende.l from the g,.eateat commer- 
 ^,m ftr\ «^V^-^'« f « *^J<ed to return to that relic of barl.ar- 
 
 out. We are not to eat, drink, wear or sleep on anvthin<. that we 
 hbe tvo? Ir""' r.T v' "'anufaetured. We are not to have the 
 
 ith,V/ •^'?^ \ "^ *;• ''" •*?' '"• « ^^""J^^* to «"ver our shiverin- 
 hmbs, or a single article to satisfy our wants, 
 
 Wherb we can Buy the Cheapest, 
 
 but shall be compelled to buy from certain rich monopolists that thev 
 may be made still richer. Wo are to be T)l-ioed -.t th,.\.. 11 F 
 favo„re<l few-Farmer, Mechanic. ProfeLioilrntf a "to • fthem' 
 ribute. Protection to our -perishing industries" is tie cry of the 
 Domagogne No expression can be better c.dculated t anmse he 
 patriotic pride o every true Canadian than this. P very ii an who h vs 
 
 '?hat afTh-"' ''" '" 'Y- '^"""'7'" '''^^'''' '"^^"'--"V becomes iidi'..;; 
 that, at this very early period of our nation's existence wo si n Id 
 begin to perish. Fortunately, however, it is well kn .wi'i lint he e 
 paroxysms of protection occur only on the eve of g^meml ekctk is 
 
 go to ruS.^*"'' '' "' '^^'^" ^- ^^^*«^^'"^'^l '^"•^ '- followers iUs to 
 
 Is IT ao ? 
 
 . If any man of an ordinary thinking mind will quietlv notice wKnt 
 IS go.ng on around him, he must at ouco see th.t^ SSuHmr in 
 
 sh< w that m a 1 branches of m'vnuf.cturing we have stoa.Hlv incre ised 
 an.l are increasing every d.w. We mvnufachire a greater\-^rietv of 'r i 
 cles,m,,ke a greater quantity, and the-e of a b^i.r quAty'Ihl ,: 
 ever did before. The Dominion of Canada exp.-r ed i ov ni n ifr 
 eJn'n /'-'■'''^""'^H """ «^« 'f * Period reckoned'tha./.inH^J"?,';'!;:" 
 lespnnduig period since Confe.ieration. Everything points nliinlv L 
 great improvements in our facilities. ^ ^ ^ ^ * 
 
MiLUNtt. 
 
 Our Tnille.s have become celebrated the worhi over ; they have 
 
 brought their businoHs t., such perfection that they are not onlvinSd- 
 
 mgour own gram, but they annually buy large .Quantities of grS^h, 
 
 he Umted Mates, gr.n.l .t and sen.t the flour to Europe at^a gl" 
 
 profattothomselve«, besules en.ph.ying our ships to ciiTy the Cr 
 
 A<micuLTURAL Implkments. 
 
 The most noticeable increase in manufactr.ring seems to be in that 
 of Agricultural In.plements. A few years ago we n.anufL uml abmrt 
 one m every ten used in Canada ; to-day wcMuanufrct rea out six n 
 
 staited in Toronto for the manufacture <.f reaping and mowin.' ma- 
 
 fm?kV7:t^' "^^""'t "/^^"^"^y '" *^"^ ">-^^* for ti'fcrvest 
 of 1878 It 18 but reasonable to estimate that this will increase the 
 proportion o Canadian made machines in use this /ea /trseveu « 
 perhaps e.ght ,n every ten. They are better, and certainly cheaper 
 
 Machinery Gknerally. 
 All other kinds of machinery, especially that use.l by wood and 
 iron workers have increased proportionately with the increase just 
 
 iwi ,V^V>' '"'^^•r^ t^I^« '^^ Toronto, Hamilton Shim 
 pun<las, to-day. These centres of industry are mentioned us the writer 
 isfamihar with them, but there are doubtless other places in CWa 
 where industnes of tins class have improve.l equally. ' There is h rd y 
 a tool or piece of machnu.ry required by a inanuLturer in Canada 
 which cannot be readi y supplied by our machinists, equal in qSy 
 and as low m price a^ foreign makers can furnisJi. ^ ■^ 
 
 Wood- Ware. 
 
 In the mamifacture of wood-ware we have improved, so that 
 lately we have exported considerable <iuantities. 
 
 Cotton Goods. 
 The manufacture of cotton fabrics, which has been depressed all 
 over the w-orld is to-day thriving in the Dominion, while in one town 
 in the United States 30,000 operati^e.s are idle and hungry. The fol 
 lowing, furnished by the Associated Press, will show the pitiable con- 
 dition of the cotton operatives of Fall River:— 
 
 It also serves as a warning to those who advocate an excessive tariff 
 in this eouutry. 
 
 A SUOHESTTVB CoMPARlHOW. 
 
 If the reader belongs to the mercantile class, let him look over Ms 
 Bteck ot goods and note the proportion of home-made f-onth to foreign 
 ami also then- quality, comparing them with his stock ten years t^T 
 
5 
 
 tt matters not whit line lie i8 in, he will find the proportion of iiiivnu 
 fivotureil goods largely iuorenieil within even the ]nnt five years. Ltit 
 the mecliimic look at the makers' names 8tanii)ed on the tools he uses 
 to-day, and compare with the names on tlio tools he used ton years 
 ago, an<l he will tind an increase in the proportiim of t'anadian manu- 
 factured tools that will astonish him. 
 
 The Pl'BLlSUINO iNrHRKST. 
 
 Professional men may take the names of publishers of late works 
 in their libraries, und i-ompare the works, as regards niim'ier and me- 
 chanical execution, with the product i>i ten >n- tive years a^'o, and they 
 will reach a result as surprising and as favourable as the mechanic 
 found in regard to his tools. 
 
 In fact, any one who takes an interest in this (|uostion can satisfy 
 himself of the steady and healthy progress that Canada is every day 
 making in manufactures, by himself forming comparisons in any line 
 ^'f goods or articles with which he is familiar. 
 
 Thk Faumixo Intkhemt. 
 
 No class of our iiopuiation, however, have the evidence of this de- 
 velopment so plainly befi>re them as the farmers. A few yeais ago it 
 was with dilliculty that a farmer could be induced to buy a Iteaper (.)r 
 a Mower, unless duplicate pieces of many parts of the machine were 
 included in its price. The fanner's great fear was that if his machine 
 broke down during harvest he might have great difficulty in rei)lacing 
 the fractured parts. To-day he can not only replace the broken parts 
 but can buy a Canadian machine, and for less money, at his door. In 
 Olassjow, London, and on the continental markets, Canad' i machines 
 sell side by side with American, and, equally good, counu, >.' tiie same 
 prices, thcjugh less than ten years ago a Canadian Reaper r Mower 
 was regardeil a.s a curiosity in many uf our I'arming districts. 
 
 MiSOKr.IiANiiOll.s. 
 
 Canada is exporting to Europe large quantities of Hubs and 
 Spokes. Nails and Screws are successfully manufactured, and of a 
 quality equal to any that can be imported, and at as low a price. 
 Cwtain grades of Oil-cloths and Carpets are successfully manufac- 
 tured, and every indication points to a rapid growth of the latter in- 
 dustry. 
 
 FOREION TkSTIMONY. 
 
 During the debates which occurred in the Legislatures ot New 
 South Wales and Victoria a short time since, on the Free Trade-Pro- 
 tection question. Canada was frequently referred to as a country 
 whose manufactures had steadily increased, without the aid of an ex- 
 cessive tariff. Her industries were described as being on a sound 
 basis, and as relying solaly on their merits for their success. New 
 south Wales has always acted on free trade principles, while Victoria 
 has what might be called a Compromise Tariff. 
 
AmEKKAN OlMNfON. 
 
 two-third. ^ ''"'"" *''^''^f ^'"^''' I'^'n-ui.eatnneti.,K-heldnt'irlv 
 
 virtue of the i,r,.te,.,i,m t .v have m uX^ n^^^^ ''"^ *''^ ".unufacturers l>i 
 
 t is obvious thut tl.eire.n,,l;oJs haw n t I ' .^ . "l'^'"'^'*^ '^^'^^ y**™ have (fon,:. 
 in a starving ...nditi,,,,. Th ms-wids '.re re l,i « h beneficiaries. They are. it ib claimed, 
 of indu.strious operatiN ts. l™ii/m has tl .fl^t*^*^'^ and June Kn^ome tramps i.ibtea<l 
 >vhieh |)t.Tf<,rm« their work drives them oi^^ proteeted then.. P:tt<'h ..ew Drotected u.aehiue 
 iLuly broad, and their f,,rmerc.nnl,,v^^s,.,r^f)f.V'^ woi-kshops .,. which they earned their 
 the magnificent equipLV'irthrScelv IvJ"^ f ^^^ ""' TT ""' '*'*^ '""'"'"' 'eHidenees. 
 muchinery, atte.st where the .;r?,HMffV -^ * ''^',"«' "' ^^^'^'^ prote<,'ted owners of that 
 ■M over tL land have ^"o,"; "^And iL w-m.^.h^^' ""''' "''!}■ '^^- "'""''>• ^^ »•>« '^^ Paye'r; 
 they have o.xani/*d. the newsnaners th.n V^v ^7 T '.""''v'"*'' "' ^^^^ '"^"«' the ll^bles. 
 .lemand the nmh.tenanVe oHK t^'n .t.i. ,?, Lr ,''w '^*'''; **'*' arroKunce with which they 
 their confidence in their power '''""''"^ '" Pen'ftu.ty, attest equal y their insolence and 
 
 tion'^l^^ep^em^tlv^lr^f'^r,:;;;:;;!^.^':;';;;!;^:^ the victin,s of the.r ,reed. to pefi- 
 
 these results, and they set the.imeesm.MVh;'^ ''''!","' "'^.r-Vstem which has produced 
 Kcpresentatives in these halls are th.^aUne' 1 Jhh flf^l*' f'"'"l>«"« oi the l«bour{.,g ,KK)r. 
 by promi.se8 of pron.,,tion if they bev l^e oi^ders Thp.l^'i' ''"'•i ^ "^V' "'"^ ''''' '"'*'» 
 
 his ,.oods i„ /,pcn u.arket whi h he c ,: 1 b a^^ "'"' ^"r."" ^■"•"'- '*>^'-' *^« ^"'"^ »f 
 
 world, he could not close hrestiblU.M,tluO. ^ ♦'^"'"'"•'?*'ti"n in the markets of the 
 en.ploymentday by.iuv a. Winery '^r the t^^^^ ''."' his lalKn.rers would have 
 
 he can eont.ol a r.irriJted aVket t r h,,^ 'i '. ■ V ' ^*""' ''""'•'^* **>?««• '* '" because 
 because our n.achinet'v has cr. ■,, 1. . ^T^''' *''"='' l'" '""' >-''•"■ "'^ '^"en as he pleases 
 te,. times-wha he People of U^ ^u, 1 ,T':,f"'''''*""''.f " """ I'^^'<'>><'efo..r times ^s 
 a. can be safely held wuC re 'cW h/,)d^ '"'' ^'^"^'^ '' ^"^^^ '•'■•'^"''^'l »« mu^'b 
 
 the mills and faotorics can he closed 'tn,l?K.;L .''v ^"'■'^"''" '=""' '""^ '^'e tariflf adde<l, 
 
 victims of protection . ;t d.Ves «r,totlct them " "" *" ''''''''■ '"'^ ""'^"^'=^ « ^'-^ «''^' 
 
 manufactures all. The labour crs'on I n., f,r. >'^ *,"' *'"' ^'*."«" '^^ *•>« machineiy that 
 neither eats nor drii.k.s nor .ruircrcLiht^^^^l^^^^^ Ti, "'"^ ■ "-^T" '^ "^^^"^ '^ ^^"^'^^ '^le it 
 theroisaho.itit an.' :•- XVp? T> i . , ^■- ■'^',"' un^'nal e^«t is all the oi«t or flvn.wn 
 them t,)iret their pro"Hts'i<.'T.in hv «v ^,,i !.,'''"""' ''1- • ^'"'■''. ^'"* '"'rket is sutticlent t.. enable 
 n.aki^,4he.„,^riu."!M^l,^■^^^?;fYhe'":fp*i;^^ 
 
7 
 
 PkoTBCTION in THK UnITKI) HTATtiH, 
 
 In thediHouHsion of Nuch a <mcHtion as thin, ni<mt j»e«{ilo woiiM iti 
 wuidour look fm-tht-r thiin the Ktatos tor cviilence, iih there are inaiiv 
 coimtries which long since paHHed tiirou^h ii taiifl" em. lint m thesr 
 < anadian Protection writers insist upon holding,' up the United Statt«, 
 t reo-triwlers should not object, for nnwt (iortainly no country on eiirtl' 
 fuinishea such ;i terrible exanijiUi of tlni ruin caused by pn.tiiction 
 All the teachings of Smith and Mill are f)r()ved ; and a glunce at tin 
 Hocial and commercial condition of that country to-dav teachcH most 
 impressively, by hard practice, what would take volumes from the mos-, 
 able pens to t<!ach by theory. 
 
 I|(!,()()0,00() worth of property destroyed in two days at Pittsburj,'li, 
 Penn., by starving workmen, 
 
 Fotty per cent of the operatives ui the New Knglaiui States out of 
 work, and liviiig on chaiily ; and the other (iO per cent, working or 
 half-time. 
 
 Only one-third of the Iroii-iruiking capacity in use. 
 
 Twelve thousand Coal-miners in Penn.sylvania idle and hungrv. 
 
 /Les.s than half the (Jlass-making ciipaeity in use. 
 
 The charitable institutions in the largo cities crowded to ove- 
 flowing. 
 
 And all this in a country where the hij;hest known tariU" has es 
 lated for the last twelve years ' Dijes any sane man believe that « 
 further rise in the taritl" would foster the "Perishing Industries ?" ] 
 lirmly believe that if a man hinted at such a policy in a public meeting; 
 m the States his life wotdd be in dangc r. for, at last, general opinion 
 seems to have tdken a determined stand there. The working men wh<. 
 have toiled in the " protected " rolling mills tor the last twelve years ■ 
 those who have laboured in the "piotected " coal mines ; the plough- 
 man, with his farm implements and his very necessaries of life taxe(' 
 lromi:J5 to 2J0 per cent.— these toilers, these producers, now ask the 
 queslion, '• Where has the money gone 1 We have none, though we 
 have done the work." 
 
 The question is ea«ih .t.iswered : it is in the pocket of the monc- 
 polist. 
 
 Amekican Shii'pino. 
 
 Before the protective tariff went into operation in the Unite(' 
 States that country was a very important carrier, and British tars were 
 not a little jealous of the New York tea ships and the celebrated Halti- 
 inore clippers. So far back as 1857, American-built ships carried, iv 
 the foreign commerce of their country to and from all American ports, 
 more than $500,)(i0,(i00 worth of merchand se, while foreign-built ship^ 
 of all nations, ca-ried a little over |!2{)0,0()l),()0(). Twenty years pass t.v. 
 and in 1877 Aniiricaii-built ships carry less than S;5(K)',000,0(t(>, while 
 foreign-built ships can-y about fS()O.O0(),OOO. la other wt.rds, the 
 amount of merchnnd si carried in the foreign trade in American ves- 
 sels has fallen ofl' more than 40 per cent, in twenty years, while the 
 c.irnage by foreign-built vessels has increased nearly four-fold iv 
 amount. 
 
 v\n e.Kiimiuatiuu of tJie statistical records of the United States show.-, 
 an unequal distribution of the wealth of the nation under Protecti-v ..• 
 
Uailor I'n.teotion, tl.o Kroato.st sullorer ib the farmer It ih ot 
 
 iml t 1*^' I"«-«","""'>tly tl'" "imtivo iii.luHtry " .,f the c.untrv 
 V .1 ■ """ V'''^' V""-"""'^" '''^' H.VHto.n,itically .liHoour.i^m I, wl 
 
 Merw It';:''';;'' •'''"'' "^ *''" '"''"'^'••" ^^^'^^--^ '»''^" •-"» o..abio:i, r," 
 
 I io., r' ' '. /' '"'"""'.'■ "■•«■•"""'»*'<'». an<l thoif control of tlio (,b- 
 
 ^um Zle; will'l.'V'';' •''"'"""" "'■ '•"•^-^-•' t"War.lH tl.o"HKricnl- 
 
 . ^s ~ . I ^ , " "^^"•"«,"'» •' con,,)Hn.<.n of the numbers ot ,K«r- 
 
 ht laSs , « ' '"":l" '^ 'I""^'"<^"t-^ "f ""'••«try, «« exhibited by 
 
 been , t H • """>' ,V'' ''^'^'"l^^^i'*" "'' ^'''^ AnM^icin people to Imvi 
 »ee«, lit that time, us full(»ws :- i i . « 
 
 Nniiibcr eiigiigeii. 
 
 Ill Ajjiicultme <-,<)'>•) 471 
 
 In IVofossioi.aland Personal Ser vices!'. ■.:;;.,; '■ 2'(i84 7'tH 
 
 " InUeaM.l Transport im'Ai 
 
 lu Alauutaetures and Mining .' i..'.Z[.['.][ZZ i,214,'(i7!> 
 
 fheJ^mMbv!\''r'':'"«*'' T'^'"" *-'i"^*^ ^.2i4,.i71> persons, we find that 
 re.min.s 1 "I M^? ''''^^f «" .^l'^' «r«t ineludis thoHe\vhoae labour 
 
 ™c nn. d ft l';'*'""''"'^ "','"'*''-' t''*^J«"'-oheapupplia..ce8,an.l 
 blaS « / of n.njers and ii.her.nen. The Second comprise, 
 
 i'ntr &.' i%f'':f''l^hnnh.v,, nmsons, bricklayers, carpenters, 
 painters, iVo. The third, entlers, cabinet-makers, and hiyhh -skillec 
 a tisans generally The fonrtli, factory hands belonging tWe osi e i 
 
 Hmelting, ..Uico printing, cnrrymg leather, meat packing, sngar refin 
 
 o?'.Sn;>r%r't?T^'"^ ^^rn?^'^"^, ^!.P«" *^« ^.icuUurallntoirts 
 rth?in.; ? following table will be found the relative strength 
 
 f these c a^aes and the proportions which their earnings bear to the 
 S.fll, ' '"''*'"'' upon which their labour is employed, as also o 
 
 a?L n l^'^^''■"i"'* "^ *^'"' "'^"«*''y' '^^S''^'^' with otiier data of 
 value m estimating the iinpf)rtance of the protecte.l industries :~ 
 
 CLASS. 
 
 Number of 
 Handa. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 160,691 
 1 10,504 
 388,924 
 1,453,056 
 101,504 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 2,214.679 
 
 Amount of 
 Wages. 
 
 73,4:'.8,9f.2 
 
 35,689,883 
 
 167,118,533 
 
 541,078,302 
 
 31,734,815 
 
 Amount of 
 Materials. 
 
 ^-1^?L_. _.__?11^. 060^545 
 
 14,418,908 
 
 67,850,482 
 
 183,543,034 
 
 1,529,537,058 
 
 707,361,378 
 
 2.502,710,860 
 
 \ 
 
i\ 
 
 OLASS. 
 
 I.. 
 
 •> 
 
 3... 
 
 4... 
 
 a... 
 
 ToMn 
 
 Ainoiiiit of 
 I'roiluct. 
 
 lr.4.«!!'-M77 
 .''•"'"., is7,7i)4 
 
 -',701,||0.!)J,H 
 
 4,:<7r).7«2.f»S4 
 
 r''x';.'8srtf rrxliict 
 over ^fatt'liuls. 
 
 m7l7,7«J 
 
 s'i.sn.tiic, 
 ■i.''i,!»t4.(;7o 
 
 l.l7l,lKi:!,Si>it 
 l33.ti4;j,C8.'i 
 
 l,it7«,051,724 
 
 hxct'iM or I'lDiiiift 
 MntoriiiiM. 
 
 :.:., '^78,^:12 
 
 rti,i')i,«i-j 
 
 1. HI, »•.'(;, o;t7 
 
 (i:j(i.H2:>,ri--'M 
 
 10I,{)U><,H70 
 
 l,O2:i,!)0l,O7» 
 
 r?LAs.s. 
 
 I. 
 a 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 £ » S 
 
 '©.« 2 
 
 $ 
 31 30 
 *j:j 07 
 31 20 
 20 2» 
 
 3 77 
 
 Totals 1!) 40 
 
 **- IT 
 C *^' 
 
 111 
 
 10 07 
 34 28 
 
 nt; 02 
 
 84 10 
 57 19 
 
 '3-5 3 
 cr ^ rt i- 
 
 til 37 
 
 (ir. 48 
 
 7(1 !»! 
 70 5i) 
 
 1.^ 
 
 ' 3 ^ 
 
 I r^-iJ 
 
 •? 
 
 843 51 
 
 1.400 (H) 
 1,:'.70 84 
 1,8,V.» 10 
 8,285 44 
 
 1,9;J7 80 
 
 S 
 7.18 84 
 7r)S 87 
 !t,')4 02 
 80rt 51 
 
 i,;n(i! «4 
 
 843 32 
 
 Now.aatheSuperinten.ient of theCei.mis j.uints out, here is Classl, with 
 iis'So.^^'"! product of «!14:M)0(),0ua, yiel.lin^r ^ „et pro.lwot oi'ily of 
 «6,(K)0,0U() le.s8 thai, that of Olasa ,^, which has $H41, 000,000, whilo 
 tho wages paid m Glass 1 exceed thoae pai<l in Class 5 by 131 per cent. ; 
 the latter makinj^ a dear ad.lition to the wealth of tlie country equal to 
 .«> per cent, of the net product of tho former, while it actually pavs 
 twice as niuch in wages. As every one knows, the Protectionists every- 
 where profess to be the friends of the workingnian. It is the interests 
 of the wage-eanung classes that are to be protected by special le-isla- 
 uon, and we have seen in Cuna(ia how easy it is to gull them with" this 
 plausible pretence^ Jut let any intelligent man analyse the tables given 
 j^bove -tab es publi.Hhed by a Protectionist Administration in the Cnited 
 JUates-and unlesH ho be wilfully blind he cannot fail to see (1) that 
 the supposed protectif)n is confined exclusively to the industries em- 
 braced in Classes 4 and 5, and employing l,5o4,.VJ0 persons ; and (2), 
 that these are the very industries into which machinery enters mont 
 largely where capital is most powerful, and wages constitute the 
 .smallest factor m the sum total of results. What follows from such a 
 •Hate of things cannot be better described than, in the language of a 
 New York paper : — « e •* 
 
 " The wurkingui.ui of low degree, in thoie circumstances, become.i 
 more ^nd more a machine, more and more a part of the other niachin- 
 evy m fact : and. uecessarily, as the demands upon his intelligence 
 
10 
 
 .leore.'ise, us the deman(is upon him for exercise of choice or judcrment 
 grow fewer amUewer so likewise must his per capita of wages'siitfer 
 reduc ,on. This is the natural tendency of our times, but why we 
 sho lid legislate cspeciiUly to hasten it, and then call that legislation 
 Ijiotection to the workingraan, is something which i)aHHes couTprehen 
 
 Consider for a moment the diversified faculties and potential activ 
 itios of any ordinary human min<l, a.xl then reflect upon the folly o1 
 allow.ng nearly the whole of these to lie waste, while the entire mental 
 act.vity of the indivKlual is concentrated upon such a mechanical 
 employment, f,,r exiimplc, as that of pegging the sole of a boot ; can wo 
 w nder at minds which are thus hin.leied of their legitimate develop- 
 n nt flying to drmk physical violence, and crime for stimulation and 
 ' 'Ployment^ And the Let,islatiire of the Unite.l States has offere.l 
 a.tifacial inducements for people to neglect native, healthful, and 
 mnunerative industries for those which are exotic, unhealthy and 
 tend alike to the physical and mental impoverishment of the factory 
 hand, who becomes a mere human machine ! P will be seen from the 
 figures quoted above that the pr.;tected classes in the Uniteil States 
 are, m round numbers, a million amj a half ; and that the classes whicli 
 are preyed upon number nearly ten millions and a half, nearly six mil- 
 lions of whom are engaged in agriculture. Letus now see how protection 
 operates towards the latter. We will first of all look at the American 
 farmer as a producer. Three or four years ago the Free Trade League 
 of New York, availing itself of one of Sidney Smith's humorously 
 ingenious ideas, published a broadsheet called the People's Pictoridl 
 1 axpayei'^ It gave a graphic account of what the unfortunate hnsband- 
 
 Slff I '* T* '^""^!' P^J" '" ^^^ '^^»*P« of toll to the privileged 
 banditti who own the woollen and cotton mills, the iron foundries and 
 mills, the salt pans, and coal and inm mines in the East and Midland, 
 htates. 1 give the statement unabridged :— 
 
 The farmer rises in the nioi ning and puts on his fiannel 
 
 shirt, taxed g^ 
 
 His trousers, taxed gA 
 
 His silk veat, taxed . . Sa 
 
 His coat, cloth, taxed ... en 
 
 Buttons, taxed ' ?q 
 
 Lining, taxed ..« 
 
 Padding, taxed ;.'.'.'., jg. 
 
 Draws on his boots, taxed 3.-, 
 
 w!/'?^-' *° ^^^ breakfast ♦Vom a plate, taxed '" ... ' 45 
 With knives and forks taxed 35 
 
 Keads a newspaper, paper taxed on 
 
 With ink, taxed o* 
 
 And type, taxed .' ...■..,';;■,■ ' 35 
 
 Puts on his slouch hat, taxed '.......'..". .70 
 
 Hitches his horses, shod with nails taxed ' 67 
 
 10 a plough, taxed A 
 
 With trace chains, taxed 100 
 
 ;\ lid harness, taxed '. '." 35 
 
 He gots to the village shop and buys his wife a haudker- 
 
 chie.f, taxed gg 
 
 Shaw-l (i buppose woollen), taxed oflO 
 
 SUk for a dress, taxed ' " ' ^ 
 
11 
 
 Hat, taxed ^,, 
 
 Stockings (1 suppose worsted), taxed 75 
 
 Boots, taxed 3- 
 
 MIk cravjit, taxed ..,'". Jjq 
 
 i^ilk umbrella, taxed .."'..'. ,;(, 
 
 Mt'cdles, taxfd .!..... 2o 
 
 Thread, taxed ' yo 
 
 Tins, taxed .^. s'"! 
 
 <Jloves, taxed ..." . 50 
 
 Steel pens, taxed '.'.", ...■..."....'.... ....,,....,.. . '?() 
 
 IJife, taxed .'.....'. s-' 
 
 Soip. taxed .!........!! 70 
 
 Candles, taxed ' : ,'.......".,.. 40 
 
 ^' ' ' ' .'.() 
 
 -iri 
 
 Starch, taxed 
 Paint, taxed 
 
 Gets a ballot, and votes for proteci.on under the old flag, for which he 
 13 taxed 100 ]^r cent. And all these burdens are iuiixised for the pro- 
 tection of native industry ! When the Commissioner wh<i represented 
 the Government ot Sweden at the Exposition in Vienna visited Phila- 
 iieipiiia some time ago, to make arrangements for his country's pro<lucts 
 at tlie Lentenmal Exposition, nothing amazed him so much as the fiscal 
 condition of the United States, and the direct contradiction which it 
 ottered to the reported intelligence of the American people. On this 
 Kentleman, Mr. C. Juhlin Dannfelt, being asked by some leading men 
 111 New Y(,rl4 what the etfect of the Exposition would be on Sweden and 
 on Jiis compatriots in the United States, he replied in terms embodying 
 as clear and concise a condemnation of protection as could well be 
 uttered ; and as it is so germane to the subject of this communicatiim, 
 X make no apo ogy for quoting his report of the system. He says :- 
 
 «• _x\ . "*^* "^""^^ *^** the Swedish settlers in America will make any 
 etiort to join with us in our endeavour. I hardly think they will, as 
 many of them are farmers off in Minnesota, and have little to show. I 
 have been surprised to find how high the prices of many articles ar«| 
 witn you compared with our cheap prices in Europe. We everj' yeal 
 import from the United States between two and three thousand mowers 
 and reapers, and are glad to get them, but you do not buy again our 
 smaJler agricultural implements, plouj-hs, etc., which we can make in 
 the best manner, at prices at from one-half to one-third what I find is 
 paid here to-day. This is a great burden on the farmers, of whom you 
 nave so many. You see they are made to pay high for their tools, ami 
 wnen they wish to sell their crops they must take the lowest price, as 
 
 tUey must compete against the cheap markets of Europ.. 
 
 You nnike them buy high and sell cheap, robbing them twice at 
 
 once. 
 
 The body of the people- the fariii.rs— are the great losers, as 
 tne manufacturers keep the prices up by keeping other tools than 
 tweir own away irom their home customers. I think this is a very 
 tuolish policy, and the exhibition of products and articles from our 
 country with explanations of prices and all that, will do much to break 
 down this division line now drawn between us. wliieh orily does h.irm 
 and mischief to both peoples. Trade would increase iinmensely be- 
 tween the two countries if free trade was allowed by both. " 
 
 Hero IS the who'e truth of the matter in a nutshell. Protec ion 
 
 \ 
 
12 
 
 compels six millions of American farmers to buy high and sell cheap, 
 tims robbing tliein twice at once. And the scale upon which this rob- 
 oeiy IS ettecteii, is one of gigantic luagnitii.le. No Roman pro-consul, 
 no Verres iii the height of his power and in the fullest exercise ol his 
 uni.rKiifcd rai.acity, ever plundered subject provinces to anything like 
 uie extent to which the privileged manufacturers of the Atlantic 
 ^tates have been autliorized by Oc^ngress to pillage the cultivators of 
 tne soil in all parts of the American Union. As regards the South 
 alone it has been stated, on excellent authority, that the planters i)aid 
 Sin nno "A^*' ^ '''*'' between 1821 and 1850, to the e.vteut of §375,- 
 UUU,UUU; this representing the proceeds of the sale of their produce 
 abroad, winch were confiscateJ in the shape of customs duties on the 
 commodities received in return ; duties levied under the authority of 
 t^ie protective tarifls at the various ports of entry, and paid into the 
 Tie-isury at Washington. 
 
 Some estimate may be formed of the magnitude of the present 
 confiscation by the American GoNcrnment of the agriculturists' i)ro- 
 duce, on glancing at the chief items of export under this head in 1674. 
 Ihey were these :— 
 
 biveaimuals .^3,310,388 00 
 
 BieatLstufls l(;i,ll»8,S.i4 00 
 
 liawcotton 221,223,r,80 00 
 
 p''"'^^ 094.162 00 
 
 Hides aruUkms 2.r)(IO,3?2 00 
 
 r^;, •, 4:?, 121,007 <H) 
 
 1^'*^!'>'« 4.0!»9,3(!0 00 
 
 /"^'^'""f, ; 78.229,010 00 
 
 Kesiu and t,uii)entine 3,04f),481 01) 
 
 5,f^*« 67o,:W00 
 
 ^^f 1,057.3;MOO 
 
 , Jl'.^r*'" ' .■ 5WW2 00 
 
 Tobacco leut 30,399,181 00 
 
 ''''-'**^ •• , $56 1, 983, 286 00 
 
 Here>e have a total of H501,9h3,286, or say, £112,000,000 sterling re- 
 presenting Liie value of the agricultural produce sent abroad in a single 
 year, and paid for by foreign commodities. But when these reach an 
 American port, the Government steps in, a: i in the name of protec 
 tion confascates at least one-third of them. For this is what it amounts 
 to wlien ad valorem duties averaging something like 50 per cent, are 
 imposed Supposing these duties were paid in kind, and that a 
 western farmer imported two bales of blankets in exchange for a given 
 •luantity of wheat, he would have to export so much additional graiik 
 as would procure him a third bale of blankets, which would be handed^ 
 over to the Custom-house otticer in compliance with the provisions of 
 a tana enacted at the instance, and in the interest, of certain wealthy 
 woollen manufacturers in Massachusetts. Coimectitiit, .an<l clscwhert^ 
 Jo exhibit this mcne clearly. I have appended the prices cf a few 
 articles of agncultural proriuce in 1860 and 1870 respectively, as these 
 
13 
 
 figures will show how protection robs the American farmer by increas- 
 ing his expenditure and diminishing his increase :— 
 
 Western wheat flour, per brl 
 Michigan wheat per busliel .. 
 Hay, shipping, per 100 fts.... 
 
 Hides, per lb 
 
 Tobacco, Kentucky, per It) . . 
 Wool, Saxony, per It). 
 W ool, N o. 1 "pulled, pi 
 
 per It> 
 
 1860. 
 
 *•> 
 1 
 1 
 
 2t) 
 50 
 10 
 24/, 
 12" 
 54 c (w, ,58c 
 28c (a) 30c 
 
 1870. 
 
 $4 
 ] 
 
 02 
 
 28 
 
 7o; 
 
 22.1 
 
 38c C"} 4.".o 
 20c @ 24(' 
 
 JJecrease 
 per cent. 
 
 24 
 14 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 2H 
 24 
 
 These price.s I may add, are taken from the United States Trea- 
 sury reports. Let us now look at the value of ai^ricnltural produce 
 at the two ],eriods, as measured by its purchasing power a-ainst manu- 
 factured commodities. In the following table is shown what a given 
 resiTctwel ^!! """ '' P»'"cure, by way of barter, in 18r>0 and 1870 
 
 18()0. 1870. 
 
 lOft u 11 i ,f Would buy 
 
 00 bushels ot Western Corn '>:\ brls <'orn meal 
 
 iSft'- "f i'"'? , '=^ 1-7 prs. mens boots 
 
 100R.S of Kentucky tobacco .... 50 lbs. nian'fd tobacco 
 
 100 bushels corn r>.^ brls. mess pork 
 
 100 n.s. Saxony wool .37.1 yds. ob.th 
 
 Vii^^- '""^"n^^eece 14.f pairs bli-nkett; 
 
 100 lt)3. common wool 41 \ ytlg. curpot 
 
 22 brls. 
 
 (ih prs. 
 22tt.s. 
 
 3i l)rls. 
 24 ^(Is. 
 _ 8i prs. 
 35.\ yds. 
 
 Instances of this kmd might be nuiltiplie.! ad liMtnm, but no man 
 of ordinary in elligence will require to be assured that ah seal system 
 which raises the cost ..f minufictuie I articles and of all imports fiftv 
 pep cent., for thebenefat of a million and a half of people enipl yed in 
 mills, mines, and factories cannot fail to be disastrous to four times 
 that number engaged ... the cultivation of the soil, and who annually 
 
 fnJfi i.ri"?/'* *^'" ^'^""^ "^ «561,9S3,2Sa ln<leed, it would be 
 diffic.ilt to fand tenns strong enough to employ in condemnation of so 
 iniquitous a state of t.iings in the United States, or of the conduct of 
 those who advocate and defend similar acts of spoliation in Canada 
 Three-lourths of the produce of American industry are derived from 
 the cultivation of the soil and yet all the great interests co.nprehended 
 under the genera head of husbandry have been compelled to whness 
 the.confa8cation of a large proportion of the fruits of their labour by 
 the most stupendous system of legalised robbery which was ever (»e- 
 yised by incrdinatese hshness and established by audacious corruption. 
 ''Under high tariffs," observes an American writer, " certain pet in- 
 .^erests have been invested with the tape-worm's faculty of fLedin^ 
 upon the vitals of all other industries ; and while under this infliction 
 our mdustry as a whole has suffered, these favoured interests hX 
 gi-own, Ike the tape-worm, not in self-sustaininir viirour. b„t onlv in 
 •useless length and dastructive voracity." " ' " '" ' ^ 
 
 Reviewing the histor ot agricultural prices in the last half centurv 
 we find, as might ratioi. Ky bo expected, that the prosperity of the 
 
14 
 
 ^tpr^oforhi. pro.ince when th^ 3 sX " ppn^ h S rLoS 
 clo>el,y to free trade, an.i when, therefore, trade was hriskeat e .n Z 
 men most p entiful and consumption at its nu^ximnm '' n ', Tf 
 which, I call attention to the fullowing table, .rivin- the av.^\.;« 
 
 S - ^ '' "> 
 
 -• - C 3 J 
 
 i84.i-46. Protection loo" ..j --- ,,^ 'f 
 
 1847-50. Non-Protection o,- ! ' i' ]l{ ;'f 
 
 '851-54. Do :::;. 4; ;, ^\ 5 ^f 
 
 If anj^ man wants to know the effect of his^h tariff.^ on agricultural 
 ivroduce, let him study the last return given h'a^e, and he vvill see that 
 the m>tion of Protection being a beneht to the agrioul 'uHst is a 5t 
 
 European Opixion and Facth. 
 
 me^ZA'Jtlu P ^T ^' ^''''\ ^F' ^^"« ^^ *!'« '"-^t intelligent 
 men m the' Butish Parliament, said only a few months since - 
 
 H.eK^e:'^^^^?X"n:!;;r^^;^S:!,[-!- .Jlii;^'-^^ ;'<-ven.j„ent to retrace 
 
 woollen, ami iron .nanufaoturc-rs o Fr nJe ' , ' o^A i^ri-. • ..^''i ''/''■■'"'"'"^,; "'*' «"^'"- 
 agitaMon fur increased protection. It tiieref^^ ^e l.ehov ,1 Pr, . i '/''-^V '^'T "' ?"«**f«'^ "' 
 merely to spread tiioir views further \n<i t-wllkp Im..^ freetraders to do their Iwst not 
 to retain the ground whi.h tl ey had, Jeadv 'w^ i.evv treaties, buteven 
 
 ^een ac,.n..lusion to the ne? Sns ve IVe he t^ V'.'l"' ""'"''' *" '"^^"""t 
 
 teelionist party in Europe A Conimillm . L hi l"' J"''"'' "^ ""^ strength of the Pro- 
 upon the snbjeot .>f t ul'mul.re il lea e^ '""'' .''P' ^'''i"'-' "' ^>'"'ce 
 
 able to say that the Pr'ntH- kts „i n^f m/ 1^ i • ' ''^"'' '"^^'''' "* '"^^ Proeeedinjfs I am 
 
 IMiO, tho4h they n.av preve rLnrfurtnL'' draT/oJ'in'ThJ^II'r^ * •' »"•';''■!; "' V"' '''^^^•V «f 
 .■<ame may now l)e predicated of Itilv Ti 1L ^ I '"- direetion of Free Trade. 'J'he 
 
 V.n>per,hLeboe,W.&ute" n'\\'unj V^ 
 
 K>npire will be detennine-i l.y o.ni.slLi^t ioln f n- , ra lot/l^^e T .. 'f *-'hT' »""■'>■ ,"f"'*t 
 manufacturers have been c,)inpletelv dofeUl.l A -Wf V 1,^^^^ ""^ ''•<>" 
 
 bill against their n.ost vlolentoppoVki.„ t,^! i,,,f,,^ f,/;"^^^ "!« (ioyer„n,e„t ca Titxi a 
 nmohinery, a,.! r uhvay engine's <.n the fi, sVot ov Ti^ VVli""' "■'",' ""'nufa. tures, 
 
 alatement in the luiper^ that th ■ G ovenimcnt I is^ron?!;* ..'*'' ','"'*''' «;"««q"ently seen 
 for two more yei.rs While however t^reff.J so rr^'^ *" lo-'t|'f'"«tl"stoi«l abolition 
 unsuccessful in obtainin^^ a ,vt,?n to Proteetb , tl.ev «ni ?""? !!'*""f'^^t'"-«r.s have been 
 I have nan.e<l, succeed in prevent in- an for w fv . v" i' '"^'','-'*'^;J. *!"> t>'o excoptinii 
 t. maintain the .status u> of tl^e t^e^e/ of CO TZi'^r'' ' r ^ ?'"• 7^"^ ""' "^ "»'"« 
 V erv far from securing a system of [tXt r>L r^',.,. s , f r h'"' ' "*"'.'^ '"""'"y '^■^- ■*'« 
 
 proportion to its p.," aVi ', i.,Id n i, NW s .m U' r*', "'" '^''^^'""'-e- ((>^heor.s. ) In 
 f icturers in tho.o'vit indnstrll , 'o!! nr^^^^^ vi t "'•'"'" 't '^T '"''" """''^«'" "^ ""i""- 
 
 same resul',s are shown Thb act s thT Vn^^^ '" ^'f '"'''■ }" '''« ^''hc o Sweden, the 
 dustrlcs and manuaaures .h sMontaneo s 1 rol.:';'? M "' f-«'"^''«. /'-'-' growth of in- 
 people, anu they are not fost-^rellin^IevJl.;! ,';',,■:"' I X'.V^'J'f, f" l"'"' "f th« want.s of the 
 umlor a sy«ten. of protection. Industriei-tau.ht' ^rom th^ir'eiC^ii Jt^.^I^ n^i;';:,^ 
 
15 
 
 ^«*!!!i^/'*ir*''*,"'°"'''^""" ■■e'yui''"' Protoction, are alwav« wcaklv bantlinss They 
 are ever callmtf for more protection and higher duties, ratl.er than ende ivourinrbv renew- 
 ed exertions and by adaptin,^ themselves to the tastes and wa.Us o Mr customers To 
 meet competition on e-iual terms. A trade .s thus created with interests ami ho^s an 
 tajfonistic to those of the rest of the community. It becomes a k nd of vest^ itere^t It 
 
 SrHrtectil" ald'n/'f "'^'It"' '"^'•^^'?' '""««'-ated for'iVVsam: objea of main* 
 i^hi ^ J'rotection, and of taxm^ the community for their sakes ; and lonir afttr the time 
 
 fancv "should waT'ltA,""";'" ^TT ""^ "'i^^f'^^ '"'vinK passed\hrou«l.tVe period of k,! 
 dt zens th« nhlZLn ? "' assistance, they still succeed in imposing ufton their fellow- 
 th\!?„uh„ J^if^'""'^! supportuiff them. With reference to. Europe, will onlv add 
 that although the results of our commercial treaties hiive been verv^eatthev fall fir 
 short of what they would be were there iHjrfect free trade The countries hi the north of 
 Euro,>e-Norway and Sweden, Denmark. Holland, and Belsiuni haTeenera^^lfaV"ao^ o 
 
 & 859 onrl™ ?^ wifh f^'^?!,* '""^ "'whose trade with usl^a transit trade, I find that 
 Der cent anH fh^ hJh » the three countries with the more liberal tariff has increased 300 
 
 the fourcmmtrU.!. wi,h I "Ti""'*, '.'"VS""' i."^"'' '"^^« increased in the same ratio. With 
 tne f ui countries w th less liberal tariffs, France, (Jermany, Austria, and Italy our trade 
 
 oul ixiLTonlvT.' Tr f ^««"t'-r^"»P?.■:'« therefrom 'have increased isomer cent .nd 
 
 amount^ f^^ P o niT 7'*; ..P"'' *™f «,,«''th the Channel Islands, which is perfectly free, 
 
 1 elZm ^nirn'^th ^*'l "U*"! ix-pu atioii of these industrious islands ; our tradi with 
 
 onT£5^;erh5d n-^^ ""r ^'v^e with France amounts to 
 
 t^73miin?.n«?,^l87R n7^^ ^L'J^ ^"^"""^ ^"'^ '"C'-eased from a total of 26 niilli ,n8 in 1359 
 
 aSoth^r In stI .t- •'^"' '? ^P^ our exports and imports with France nearly balanced one 
 
 minimuto 27 In nfi""'^''*^ from France were nearly double our exports to her^viz, 4« 
 
 imoirisf^ni tw? , .*°'■:?'•"'''''^'^^*'iP°"* ^ France havedoubled since 18.50, our 
 
 L?rtrreffe??n,^nn?,n"^' Jl?''*' ?''¥''-upled, showing that the treaty has had infinitely 
 
 Kt nprfpof f J3:?n 'T^ "■'"'^ "■'^? ^i^"«« fhan upon our exports. It is the result of 
 
 any hi nortann/f.^ »r k' i"""^^ T.""? '"'? t' '*"« Channefl am not one of those who attach 
 
 DoLv of r^ln^t^^n fl^i!!i"* of ti-ade with a particular country, nor would I advocate a 
 
 to u?a^ the e^nnrt^ this difference. The in-port trade is relatively as valuable 
 
 not hetitafP f^^«C^»vff ^- ^* '"ill' P^y '°'' '•'<=«« ™P«'''8 by exports elsewhere, but I do 
 
 S^an it mthf hf*^„' ?»T ^''^"'^ "^^. ^ ^^''''^ ^"^ ^o Kurop^ generally is vastly less 
 
 and betw^n th^ I ? " *''^'"*. ^"'"^e'll;"*' ""d Perfect freedom on both sides of the Channel 
 
 decree ol^whlnhMti"' ^l""""'^'' "^ ^""""P^ "^« «'°">'' ^e developed and increased to a 
 
 ffiradi^nH f<7! i V'"'^ '''""'*.P''°" °'" *''»'»P'e- (Cheers.) Lastly, it is to perfect 
 
 that alone w=lnu.^7' increase of commercial relations between the European States, 
 
 whole o^fiiTro^r *"^ ^ '"""^ military feeling which now infects the 
 
 The writer maintains that Canada is prospering in all her indus- 
 tries, and that her manufactures are established on a sound basis, 
 iraae is as free as speech or religion. We are free to boy where 
 
 WE CAN BUr CHEAPEST, AND TO SELL WHERE WE CAN SELL FOR THE 
 
 MOST MONEY The Wealth of the country is fairly distributed among 
 ail Classes. But if we were to heed the moatiings of the Conservative 
 rress, Canada would appear the veritable Gehenna, a place of death 
 ana bones, stricken with the barrenness of eternal desolation, where 
 nothing can exist but a coterie of demagogues