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GEORGE W. HILL, A.M. Prof. Past. Thtiol., King's Colle^, Windsor. f HALIFAX, N. S. JAMES BOWES & SONS, PRINTERS, 6 BARRINGTON STREET, 1858. ! I i PREFACE. The writer bf the following pages having been requested, by the "Literary and Debating Society of Windsor," to deliver a Lecture during the last winter, chose the subject of " Nova-Scotia and Nova-Scotians," for several reasons. It was hoped that a brief Historical Sketch of the country would be interesting in itself, and that a collection of the scattered material, in reference to some of our distinguished country- men, would tend to good by furnishing examples of talent, energy and piety. The two first sections are compiled from a few sources which are now mentioned, in order to avoid the constant reference that would otherwise be necessary : — " An Histori- cal and Statistical Account of Nova-Scotia, in two volumes, by Thomas C. Haliburton, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, &c. — 1829." ** An Historical and Descriptive Account of British America, by Hugh Murray, F. R. 8. E., in three volumes, dmo." " The British Colonies," by R. Montgomery Martin, Esq., in one volume, Royal octavo." "A Hand-Book of the Geo- graphy and Natural History of the Province of Nova- Scotia, by J. W. Dawson — 4th ed. — 1855." "A Catechism of the Geography and History of Nova-Scotia, by J. H. Cresskill." The third section has been composed partly from short obituary notices, monumental inscriptions, and brief memoirs in different papers and periodicals, and partly from informa- tion derived from correspondence with those who were per- sonally acquainted with the individuals mentioned, or were in possession of authentic knowledge respecting them. In pre- senting this imperfect sketch to the public, the author does not profess to give a completed list of his countrymen who have acquired some distinction. Many others deserve to be remembered and honored, while there are, doubtless, many now living who will leave their impress on society. CONTENTS. Seotion • *'""""^"*» «- to. Pop JC' "'*"«''■"«- ™'1». Notice of '" ■ '■"'*'"'"»'•' "O ««»e«I re. Christie; Hob. 8 n R«i- = Cochran j Kobert «'• '-.«« H:„h„i t ^^r°^•'""'^•^=«°''• O'Pt Parke, ; u B^:,;; JTf ' «' •'-- C«h- ; NOVA-SCOTIA AND NOVA-SCOTIANS. Aoa<|liaiMi. Indians. leral re- George of Hon. Robert I Rear- ; Vice- ; Hon. ^mue] tRev. shall ; Iran ; V. P. Our CouNTEY and our countrymen claim our regard. The more we know of them, the more highly shall we esteem them. Too often, however, treated with contempt even by her own sons, the Province is considered unfruitful of resour- ces and incapable of improvement, while its natives are deemed unequal to the achievement of either great or honourable actions. The habit of ranking colonists in a class by themselves has, unhappily, produced its baneful influence upon all tne permanent residents of British North America. Constant reiteration of ^vords and acts has almost taught them to believe, that, though not politically dissev- ered from Great Britain, they are men of a different stamp from their ancestors, and disqualified by their new position from attaining elevated rank, or accomplishing noble feats. In England, Scotland and Ireland the notions entertained respecting the inhabitants of these distant possessions of the English Crown, are often so wholly undisguised, that the visitor to those countries cannot but see that he and his fellow countrymen are viewed generally in the light of help- less and dependent children, settled in a distant, toilsome and, perchance, dangerous land. This yet lingering opinion originated m the highest motives, nor ought we, knowing this, to be surprised at its continuance. When men set sail from their father land to pitch their tents on these rough shores, the kindliest feelings of the heart were awakened. Affection for those wanderers from home prompted the friendly assistance frequently required, when asked for never withheld, and often voluntarily given. In place, then, of be- ing restive at this sympathy, or galled at the aspect of pity whichit sometimes wears, we should rather regard it as a re- membrancer of former benevolent and generous deeds. LECTirJIE, Thus accounting for prevalent ideas and rightly valuing them, we may hope that the time is not far distant when Nova-Scotia will be better known, and Nova-Scotians duly estimated. The geographical position of the Province be- tokens auspiciously for the future. Far in advance of the main Continent of America, yet united to the vast territory by a broad isthmus, and with the harbour of its chief city open throughout the long winter, it possesses advantages over the island of Newfoundland in the one respect, and over the frost-bound St. Lawrence of the Canadas in the other. Viewing it on the map, the Province presents the appear- ance of having ambitio'.isly approached the old world by boldly plunging into the waters of the Atlantic ; that her proximity might demand commercial trafHc on the largest «cale. In the forefront of America as regards her physical position, may she be foremost in her relations, social, political and religious ! Her sons have in many instances nobly fought their way in the great battle of life : earned laurels for themselves and their native land, and caused their own, if not their country's name, to be mentioned with respect. In the arts of peace a» well as war, many have gained proud distinction, and even added lustre to England's fame. The following brief sketch of the Province may not prove uninteresting to those whose duties do not leave them time to study the history of their native country, while the men- tion of some of our most distinguished countrymen, may serve to arouse a spirit of legitimate pride and honourable emula- tion amongst us. As the lecture is of mere than ordinary length, may I beg you to bear patiently with the tax upon your time and thoughts. The subject itself is one of interest. The general inquirer for information will pardon a little detention } the patriot, at least, should not find fault. ^p-.'.vi.;--^,-fr-. •;.- t-;:;: iT-fc':'- ■) ^r^: SECTION I, ,'■■■>■ HISTOBICAL SKETCH. Neaely one hundred and fifty years ago Nova-Scotia was^ permanently annexed to the Briti&h Crown. After constant \ '}' „ iectche. 7 Intcrchanjiifo of posocssion, now in the hands of the Frcncli for a few years, then in tliosc of the English for a like brief period, France at length ceded to Great Britain all right to Nova-Scotia by the treaty of Utrecht, completed on the lltli April, 1713. From that era to the present, the country has continued uninterruptedly to enjoy the protection, favour and counsel of the British Government. Previously, however, to this time, the vicissitudes through which it passed, owing to the constant disputes between the rival nations, were many in number and important in result. Scarcely settled in their new-made homes, or just beginning to reap the fruits of their arduous labours, the emigrants, from either country, often found themselves suddenly attacked by their foes, and compelled to surrender both houses and lands, or transferred by diplomatic negociations both in person and property, to a new sovereign and other laws. This incessant warfare, with all its sad contingencies, prevented any large number of adventurers from seeking their fortune in so disputed a terri- tory, while the hostility of the Indians towards the English in particular, contributed in a great degree to deter them from any attempt on a large scale to colonize the land. Although, probably, the first point discovered on the continent of America in 1497, no attempt was made to estab- lish a colony until 1604, when a spirited effort was made by an enterprising and intelligent Frenchman, named DeMonts. Having been appointed Governor-General of lands within certain limits under the appellation of Acadia, he, together with his friend Pontrincourt, selected a spot on which to fix his residence, and termed it Port Royal. Not more than nine years elapsed when the infant settlement was broken up by Samuel Argall, an English captain, who conceived his right, based on prior discovery, to destroy the place and carry captive its inhabitants. Thus ended the first colony. Some eight years subsequent to this event, b ' William Alexander, a Scotch nobleman, author of several works of note at that period, obtained from James I., a grant of the country under the title of Nova-Scotia. "The extensive jurisdiction conferred on Sir William was ridiculed by some of his witty companions, who derided his attempt to rise from a poet to a king, and, like another Alexander, seek a new world to reign over." Some few parties were sent out by him to take possession of and subdue the wilderness land, but their ownership was brief; their troubles and joys were 8 LECTVBE. brought to a close by Charles I., who, strangely enough, agreed by the treaty of St. Qe.mains, 1632, to restore all the settlements to France. Thus ended the second colony. When Oliver Cromwell seized the reins of power in England, he declared war with France, and in order to extend his foreign possessions, despatched an expedition in 1654 against Nova-Scotia, under the command of Major Sedge- wick. This officer fulfilled the duty imposed upon him, retook the country, and once more raised the British Standard on the soil. A new effort was now made by two Englishmen, Crowne and Temple, to people the country, open a trade and establish a fishery. But, to their amazement, their hopes and prospects were in one day blasted by the treaty of Breda, concluded by Charles II., in 1667, in virtue of which Nova- Scotia was again made over to France by the ancient title of Acadia. For twenty years the colony enjoyed comparative repose, having a thinly scattered population of about nine hundred Frenchmen. When, however, war was renewed after the great revolution of 1688, an armed force from Massachusetts marched upon the country, conquered and awarded it to the government of that colony. Soon wearied of the charge Massachusetts petitioned to be relieved from the protection of Nova-Scotia, when it was once more restored to France on the 10th of December, 1697, by the treaty of Ryswick. Thus for a third time was the Province handed over by treaty to the French, who surpassed the English in diplomatic skill, as they surpassed the French in the art of war. Renewed hostilities soon brought fresh troubles on the French Acadians^ who once more changed their masters, when the country 'vas conquered by the English, and, after a short period of sdtercation between the rival parties, secured as already stated by the treaty of Utrecht, on the 11th April, 1713, to Great Britain. It must be observed, however, that this did not give the British possession of Cape-Breton, and the other islands in the Gulf of St. Lavjrrence. These still continued in the hands of the French, and were not finally ceded to England until Louisburg was twice conquered, when a last treaty entered into at Paris on the 10th February, L763, concluded the whole perplexing and vexatious matter. With these facts before us — this unceasing change — this exposure to hostilities — ^who can be surprised that the coun- f . JECTUBE. 9 try made but little comparative progress ? The English were always conquering the land by force of arms, and then restor- ing it to France by treaty : how could the colony thrive under such trying circumstances ? as well might we hope that the tender plant, constantly uprooted or cut short, would prosper and produce abundant fruit. The sneers of those who tell us that Nova-Scotia is behind the other colonies — who invidiously compare our Province with the United States, and ask sarcastically why we stand so low in the colonial scale — may well be turned upon them.selves. The sneer is the offspring of ignorance. Were such men better acquainted with the history of the land, they would recognize the true cause of its apparent backwardness in the unend- ing contentions and ever-recurring changes of more than a century, and not blindly assign it to a want of internal re- sources, or to the incapacity of its present inhabitants. SECTION II. ORGANIZED SETTLEMENT. The Province when finally secured to England, received in a few years a large accession of immigrants. The evil which had so long existed — ^preventing the peaceful labours of the agriculturist and fisherman — ^being now removed, no great difficulty was experienced in persuading adventurous spirits to seek a living in the wild lands of Nova-Scotia, or from the waters which washed its shores. The population has continued to increase until it now comprises nearly 300,000 souls. For the most part, these have descended from several separate classes of immigrants ■vho settled in the country under various circumstances and at difierent times. The popular notion entertained respect- ing the occupation of the Province, consists in supposing that the country was primarily in the possession of the French Acadians, who were afterwards cruelly expelled to make room for the English, and that from these two bodies chiefly sprung the present inhabitants. But the original settlers may be distinctly divided into several well-defined companies, who arrived at clearly marked times, and were 10 LECTURE. allotted specified districts of the Province. They may be thus reckoned : the English, French, Germans, Scotch, im- migrants from the older colonies, previous to the Ameri- can Revolution, the loyalist refugees at the close of the war, the disbanded soldiers upon the proclamation of peace, the Irish, and lastly, the negroes who were either liberated, or fled for refuge to British soil. These, together with tho native Indians, constitute the main portion of the original ancestry of the present population. The tide of emigration began to set steadily towards our shores in the year 1749, when Lord Cornwallis arrived in Chebucto harbour, accompanied by nearly 4000 persons and their families, who had sailed with him from London for the express purpose of settling in Nova-Scotia. He immediately laid the foundation of a town, which in honour of the Earl of that name, he called Halifax. This place immediately be- came the seat of Government and capital of the Province, instead of Annapolis Royal, which up to this period had enjoyed that dignity and advantage. The «own gradually increased by receiving now and then some fresh additions from the old country. Englishmen and Irishmen arrived cither in small parties or by single families, and gradually spread over the surrounding districts. Dartmouth, on the opposite side of the safe and spacious harbour, offered an inviting appearance for the formation of a village, and in one year after the foundation of Halifax, some of the company of Lord Cornwallis passed over and commenced a settlement. But a sad catastrophe befell the little town : in six years from its beginning it was destroyed by the Indians, who made an irruption upon it from the forest in its rear, destroying with merciless cruelty the inhabitants, demolishing the houses and laying waste the newly tilled lands. ACADIAN S. Organized emigration to Nova-Scotia commenced with the English, as just described ; but there were others already settled within its limits, and some portions of the Province are still owned and cultivated by the descendants of the French Acadians. Their expulsion, owing to their disloyal- ty, or rather intrigue and want of fidelity, took place in 1755, be LECTUBE. 11 one hundred and tliree years since. It was not however, universal in practice, though the design intended it should be. Some managed to linger around the homesteads reared by their owti and their fathers' hands, or sought refuge in a few French settlements of minor note or more secluded position, which escaped the execution of the mandate. It is supposed that the number actually exiled did not exceed half of the 18,000 who were resident at the peace of Utrecht, When peace was concluded between England and France in 1763, a considerable number of these unhappy people were permitted to return, and allotted certain lands as a meagre recompense for their former loss. Their largest and most populous settlements are at Clare, bordering on St. Mary's Bay, in the County of Digby ; Pubnico, in Yarmouth ; Minudie, in Cumberland ; in which latter place the greater part are descendants of those who escaped the general trans> portation at Windsor. And in three of the four counties of Cape-Breton, are to be foimd the descendants of some who escaped expulsion, and of others who returned. GEBMANS. The origin of the German inhabitants is briefly told. The emigrants who had arrived, as stated, in Halifax being sui!i- ciently settled, were desirous of obtaining some addition to their numbers. A proclamation was accordingly sent over to Germany inviting people, with fair promises, to remove to Nova-Scotia. Many caught at the idea of removing to the new world, and before the lapse of three years, more than a thousand had arrived at intervals in HtdifEix. The north end of the town was assigned to thenl, and upon their own application was called Gottingen, one of the streets still retaining the name. They, however, were not pleased with the locality, as the rocky soil around presented great obstacles to farming, and it was deemed expedient to remove them to a place called Merleguesh, or Malegash Bay — ^an Indian, word signifying Milky Bay, which name was exchanged for the German Lunenburg. Fifteen families remained in Halifax, at the north end of the town, where they had been first loca- ted, hence to this day familiarly called Dutch Town. Sadly disturbed at first by the attacks of the yet hostile Indians, I 12 lECTtTBE. aftenvards breaking out themselves into an open rebellion which was only quelled by force of arms, and finally kept in a state of alarm, by the hovering near their harbours of American privateers, during both the Revolutioixary and the second American War, they at length commenced a career alike honourable to themselves and useful to the country— the diligent prosecution of agriculture. On the whoie they retain many distinguishing marks of their cwigin, and separate themselves from the inhabitants of the surrounding counties as well by their use of the German language, somewhat degenerated, as their m€urriage amongst themselves. The historical accounts of their district, are not devoid of interest ; the constant and daring assaults of the Indians form matter for many a tale by the evening fire ; and the alarm caused by the close approach of armed Ameri- can ships i* not yet forgotten. One story is still in the recoll plied their places. In many instances these people brought with them the several requisites of a useful settler. With some skill in farming, and reducing wild lands to order and cultivation, and occasionally possessing moderate means, they formed a valuable addition at a most important juncture. For when some five and twenty years after the revolution of the States drove so large a body from their borders, Nova- Scotia was no longer viewed as a barren inhospitable land, swarming with savage Indians, but an inviting home for the refugees. Proof had been giveni and communicated to their friends by these earlier emigrants, of its capabilities, and New England contributed to the strength of old England's colonial empire by the gift of some of her best and bravest sons. LOYALISTS. The number of loyalists who arrived in Nova- Scotia was very great. They constitute a large proportion of the original settlers in almost every section of the colony. So termed because of their loyalty to the sovereign, and unwillingness to remain in the revolted and independent states, they found their way hither chiefly in the years 1783-84. Sometimes termed refugees, because of their seeking refuge on British soil from those with whom they had contended in the gi^at revolutionary struggle, the names are often inter- changed, while sometimes they are joined together in the title of " Loyalist Refugees." No less than 20,000 arrived prior to the close of the year in which the independence of the United States was acknowledged. These chose spots LECTURE. 15 suited to their incMnations, if not always adapted to their wants, in the counties of Digby, Annapolis, Guysboro', Shelburne and Hants. In these five counties for the most part, are resident the children of the loyalists, though, as hinted, they are to be met with in smaller companies else* where. We cannot doubt that the purest motives and highest sense of duty actuated very many, though not all, of this vast number, when they turned their backs upon the houses and farms, the pursuits and business, the friends and relations of past years. To this may, in some measure, be attributed the marked loyalty of this Province. Principles of obedience to the laws, and allegiance to the Crown, were instilled into the minds of their children, who in their turn handed down the sentiments of their ancestors until the good leaven spread, and tended to strengthen that loyalty which already existed in the hearts of the people. More than once has this trait been manifested by our countrymen in town and country. When the first blood of the rebellion in Canada was shed in 1837, meetings were held in every village and settlement in the Province, each proclaiming in fervent language the deep- est attachment to the Sovereign and the Government, while in Halifax the people determined to support the wives and children of the absent troops. When two years later, the inhabitants of the State of Maine, prepared to invade New Brunswick, the announcement was received with intense feelings of regard for the honour of the British Crown. The House, which was then sitting, voted £100,000, and 8,000 men to aid the New Brunswickers in repelling the invaders, and rising in a body gave three cheers for the Queen, and three for their loyal brethren of the sister Province. Long may the feeling continue to exist, and grow within our bor- ders ! long may we remain beneath the mild sway of that gracious Queen, whose virtues shed lustre on the crown she wears ! long may every Nova Scotian's voice exclaim, " God save our noble Queen ! " DISBANDED SOLDIEBS. When peace was restored between England and the Inde- pendent States, the employment of those who had served in the army during the late troubles became a serious question. 16 , LECTUBE. It was proposed to disband Rome regiments and award them certain districts, accompanied with some inducements to settle quietly down and obtain by industry an honest liveli- hood. These people were taken under the auspices of persons of note, and assigned lands in different sections of the country, in such proportion as was thought would be advantageous to both soldiers and colony. Some were taken to Annapolis, and occupied the present township of Clements (these were Hessians), others were induced to make the counties of Sydney and Guysboro' their, home for the future. In Sydney the settlement was formed by Lt. Colonel Hierlihy, and Major, afterwards. Judge Monk. Guysboro' received its name from Sir Guy Carleton, the then Command- er-in-Chief of His Majesty's forces in North America : this honour being conferred upon him by some persons belonging to the civil department of the army and navy, and a part of the Duke of Cumberland's regiment which had settled in the place, then called Chedebucto Bay. Many of these soldiers went to Hants county. The township of Rawdon,^ for instance, was first inhabited by loyalist soldiers, who had served in North and South Carolina, under Lord Rawdon, and who in honour of their General gave the district its present name. A grant was made to Col. Small, of Douglas, who located upon it part of the 84th regiment, and others settled in Sherbrook, a romantic little spot in the county of Queens, and with which romantic tales are connected They were not in all cases valuable colonists : the loose habits of the camp, ill fitted them for agricultural pursuits. The contrast was great between the excitement of campaign- ing, and the culture of the land. The sword and the plough- share were such different weapons, that those who handled the one well and bravely, but indifferently used the other. Too many abandoned themselves to licentious living, produ- cing physical and social evil in abundance. Hapx^ily this was not always the case: some lived soberly, laboured diligently and prospered greatly. Their sons and their daughters have often taken high places in colonial society, at once honoured and esteemed. IRISH. The south of Ireland has sent us since the land- ing of Lord Comwallis, a large number of emigrants. LECTURfi. VI They were, in point of time, the last who came in any way as organized bodies, for the purpose of settling in the Province. Disembarking generally at Halifax, they have either remained in the town, when employment could be had, or after a short interval, turned their steps towards different parts of the Province, resting in those which suited their taste or their means. They form now a very large pro- portion of the population of the county of Halifax, as well as of the city itself, turning their attention to every sort of busi- ness, and engaging in every profession, reaping, very often, high honour, great wealth and powerful influence. The north of Ireland has sent, as already observed, a goodly number who have settled in Colchester, Cumberland and other counties. Both classes have left behind them numerous representatives alike honorable and intelligent, who still love their father land, but equally love their own. NEGBOES. There are to be found in the colony, some five thousand negroes, whose ancestors came to the Province in four distinct bodies, and at different times. The first class were originally slaves, who accompanied their masters from the older colo- nies ; but as the opinion prevailed that the courts would not recognize a state of slavery they were liberated. On receiving their freedom they either remained in the employment of their former owners, or obtaining a small piece of land in the neighbourhood eked out a miserable existence, rarely im- proving their condition, bodily or mental. There were, secondly, a number of free negroes who arrived at the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War ; but an immense number of these were removed at their own request to Sierra Leone, being dissatisfied with both the soil and climate. Shortly after the removal of these people, the insurgent negroes of Jamaica were transported to Nova- Scotia; they were known by the name of Maroons in the Island, and still termed so, on their landing at Halifax. Their story is replete with interest : during their brief stay in Nova-Scotia they gave incredible trouble from their lawless and licentious habits, in addition to costing the Government no less a sum 18 LECTURE. ti tliaii ten thousand pounds a year. Their idleness and gross conduct at last determined the Government to send them, as the others, to Sierra Leone, wliich was accordingly done in the year 1803, after having resided at Preston for the space of four years. The last arrival of Africans in a body was at the conclu- sion of the second American War in 1815, when a large number were permitted to take refuge on board the British Squadron, blockading the Chesapeake and southern harbours, and were afterwards landed at Halifax. The blacks now resident in Nova-Scotia are descendants chiefly of the first and last importations — the greater part of the two interme- diate having been removed. Even some of these last were transported by their own wish to Trinidad, while those who remained, settled down at Preston and Hammonds Plains, or wandered to Windsor and other places close at hand. But little changed in any respect — their persons and their property — they have passed through much wretchedness during the last half century. Their natural indolence and love of ease being ill suited to our latitude, in which a long and severe winter demands unceasing diligence, and more than ordinary prudence, in those who depend upon manual labour for their means of subsistence. Amongst them, how- ever, are to be found a few who are prudent, diligent, and prosperous. These are worthy of the more esteem, in proportion as they have met with greater obstacles, and happily have surmounted them. INDIANS. One class, fast fading from our sight, held a more impor- tant position a century ago than now. The Indians of the Micmac tribe, friendly to the French, but always hostile to the English, were important people then. Troublesome from the first they became violent and fierce as time advanced. Halifax lived in daily and nightly dread of their approach to its picket bounds : Dartmouth was laid even with the ground : Lunenburg was harassed and destroyed : Canseau was pillaged ; and acts of brutal cruelty committed, equal to the barbarities of the Indians of the East. But the colonists soon became too strong for them, and a treaty was at length , lECTlTBE^ 19 entered into in 1761, which 8ccms to have been the T .^1 f»tcp towards their decline. I need scarcely mention their piofacnt condition ; — a small remnant consisting of not quiic one thousand souls, wandering up and down the Province, their habits and mode of life, their failings and virtues arc known to us all. Commissioners are still appointed by the Govern- ment to look after their temporal welfare, and exertions have lately been made to settle them on lands, to reduce their language to system, and to give them the word of God in their o%vn tongue. Perhaps they will never become wholly extinct, but continue to exist as a distinct class ; somewhat like the Gipsies of other lands — roaming hither and thither, and occasionally joined by stragglers whose love of freedom and indolence combined will lead them to choose the wander- er's life. Miserable remnant ! they demand our sympathies yet, and though once their hands were stained with our fathers' blood, we are bound to treat the children of the ancient foe with kindly feelings. Untutored in literature we may impart to them heavenly wisdom ; oppressed with poverty we may mitigate their bodily sufferings. Their earthly possessions wrested from them, we should tell them of an '* inheritance incorruptible." The first owners of the soil, they are now both in influence and number — the last. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE FOPUIATION. In the review just made of the original settlers and the present population, it must not be supposed that every family is accounted for. Of course, there were many straggling immi- grants arriving at intervals either by themselves or accompanied by their wives and children, who chose difierent spots on which to fix their residence. But the systematic and organized immigration was made by the classes just specified. Among these and their descendants a certain degree of nationality still exists ; some lingering love for the father land of each still animates the breast ; and some pride of the ancestral home occasionally asserts at with the more thoughtful and dispassionate portion of mankind it is but little diminished. This officer was bom m Halifax, and educated at the Grammar School. He is the son of the late Hon. Andrew Belcher, member of the Executive Council of this Province, Grandson of Jonathan Belcher, Chieit-Justice of Nova-Scotia, who was the son of that Gov. Belcher whose name so frequently appears in the history of Massachusetts. Having entered the Na\'y asa youth, he became a Lieutenant in 1818, and as such was an assistant Surveyor o£ H. M. S. the Blossom, in Beachey's voyage to thfr Pacific ; from thia time he was engaged in similar services, performing them with greait ability, until, having completed the survey of the coast of China, he was severely wounded in an action with the pirates of Borneo. Such was the accuracy of his mathematical and nautical calculations, that he was deemed worthy of the honour of Knighthood. Employed by the Admiralty to per- form onerous duties, and elevated by the Sovereign to his title. Sir Edward Belcher"*^ claims respect for his talents at the hands of his countrymen. * Captain Sir Edward Belcher^ Commander ©f tbe expedition in searoh of Capt. MoClure and ^r John Fran&lin, was born in Halifax^ A.D. 1799, entered the Royal Navy AD. 1812. Lieutenant, July, 1818 ; Commander,. Matpch,. 1829^ and for his surveys when in command of the Etna and Sulphur, awarded a Post Commission,. A.D. 1841 ;, imme- diately after a decoration of C.B. ; and the honor of. Knighthood in 184&. His well-known narrative of a voyage round the world, performed! in Her M&jesty^s Ship Sulphur, 1836-42, fUlly developes his important services during that period. To Sir E. Belcher is also attributed the authorship of a treatise on Nautical Surveying. He started on thie Ex.-> pfidition to the Arctic Regions on 15th Aprils 1852. LECTVBE. BEAR-ADMIBAL PROVO WALLIS. V Many years before this distinguished officer came forward into public life and notice, a young native of Halifax had won honor in the British Navy. "The most brilliant naval achievement of the second American war," says Haliburton, **the first that occurred after a series of defeats, and the last of the same gallant style, was the act of a colonist : and the Chesapeake was conducted into the harbor of Halifax by a native of the town." Provo Wallis* was senior surviving Lieutenant of the Shannon in the mem- orable engagement with the American ship of war. Captain Broke having been dangerously wounded and taken below, Wallis completed what his superior had so well commenced, and although his name unfortunately is not mentioned in the best naval histories, it is not forgotten by his countrymen that he had the honor of accomplishing the capture, and lead- ing the noble prize into the harbour of the capital. When in command of the Niemen in 1826, Captain Wallis paid a visit to Halifax : he had just been at Boston : strangely enough his was the only British ship of war which had been in that city for ten years, and it was reserved for him and his officers to be received by the Americans with every mark of attention and regard. Our gallant countryman has risen to the rank of Rear- Admiral, and was, during the last summer, appointed to the command of the squadron on the South Coast of America. SIR WILLIAM ROBERT WOLSEY WINNIETT. About seven years ago (1851) a monument was raised on the Coast of Africa, to the memory of a naval officer whose talents had raised him to that dignified post — the represent- ative of the English Sovereign. In Sir William Winniettf we have an instance of a colonist attaining one of the highest * The last notice of Admiral Wallis in naval records is the following, taken from the Morning Chronicle : " It ia stated that Rear- Admiral Talbot is about to hoist his flag ; and it is generally supposed he will proceed to the Brazils to supersede Vice-Admiral Wallis, the Com- mander in-Chief on that station, the command in question being a Bear-Admiral's." tThe near relations of Sir William still reside in Annapolis. The Reverend J. T. Twining, D. D., Garrison Chaplain at Halifax, is a brother-in-law of his late Excellency. The despatch referred to may be found in the United Service Gazette for June, 1849. tmmi 2« LECTURE. n! I jjositions to which a British subject can aspire — not only that of Lieutenant-Governor, but of Governor-General. William Robert Wolsey was the son of William Winniett, Esq., a gentleman who resided in Annapolis, N. S., and was born in that town in the year 1794. At eleven years of age he entered the Royal Navy, and joined H. M. S. " Cleopatra," then commanded by the late Sir Samuel Peechell. An opportunity soon occurred for testing the courage of the colonial officer, for he was present at the action which result- ed in the capture of Ville Le Milan — a ship mounting 44 guns — and was wounded in the engagement. Having been promoted, in due course, to the rank of Captain, he v^as afterwards appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Cape Coast, and during his administration made a visit to the King of Ashantee, for the purpose of a conference on matters of moment — one of which was the abolition of human sacrifices in that territory. This delicate duty requiring so much tact and skill, was well performed in 1848, a most interesting account of which from his own pen was published in the form of a despatch to Earl Grey. In the following year (1849) he returned to England, with the intention of retiring upon a pension, having discharged the duties of his office for the prescribed period. His services, however, had been too valuable to allow of his being thus quiescent, and at the request of the Colonial Minister, he went out again in order to complete a treaty with the king already mentioned. Nor was he unrewarded for his labours ; Her Majesty con- ferred upon him the honor of knighthood, and he was, at the same time, appointed Governor-General. These distinctions he did not long live to enjoy ; but having accomplished suc- cessfully the object for which he was sent to that distant land, the sailor and the »tatesman fell a victim to the climate. Who would wander to the burning sands of Africa to seek the impress of Nova-Scotian talent ? Yet there it may be found. The lad who left his native town of Annapolis, as a Midshipman, closed his honorable career as Governor-General of the Cape Coast. SIR GEORGE AUGUSTUS WESTPHAL. The "Provincial" Magazine, published a few years since in Halifax, familiarized its readers, through some well-written LECTUBE. 29 tant leek be Is a 2ral ice ten tales, with several places in its neighborhood. One Of these was Preston, in which the turbulent and indolent Maroons of Jamaica were placed during their short sojourn in the Province. This small district was not only the scene of some interesting events, as described by the talented authoress whose writings enriched the periodical alluded to, but was the birth-place of one who distinguished himself as a naval hero. So well and bravely did he behave in action under varying circumstances, that he was deemed worthy of official notice in the Gazette four times; is decorated with two medal? ; enjoys a good-service pension ; was honored by the Sovereign with Knighthood; and has risen to the rank of Vice- Admiral. This man is Sir George Augustus Westphal,* who was born in Preston, where his father, an officer retired on half-pay, had settled at the close of the Revolutionary War. He entered the Navy in 1803, was wounded in the battle of Trafalgar while a midshipman, and in 1809 commanded the gun boats at the ill-planned but successful siege, and capture of Flushing. In the following year his services, during the naval operations at Cadiz, were of such a character as to merit and obtain official notice. In 1813, when Lieutenant of the Marlborough, 74, he was in command of the boats at the attack of George Town on the Coast of America. Nor did he escape receiving those tokens of distinction of which soldiers and sailors are justly proud : he was wounded three times at the attack in the river Susquehanna. One arduous piece of duty was entrusted to him, which he gallantly per- formed: two fine brigs, the Anaconda and the Atlas, the former of ten guns, the latter of eighteen, were taken in Ocracoke harbour, by the boats and marines of the squadron under his command. Two years later Lt. Westphal com- manded the Anaconda herself at the disastrous operations be- fore New Orleans. A Post-Captain in 1819, and a Vice- * The Admiral lost a hand under the following circumstances. In the attack upon Havre de Grace in May 1818, while the inhabitants were keeping up a fire from behind the houses, walls and trees, he was or- dered by the Admiral to hold out a flag of truce, which he did, calling upon them at the same time to dedst. InsUmd of so doing they fired at the British Lieutenant, and actually shot him through the very hand that was bearing the flag of truce. For particulars of the actions in which Sir George Westphal was engaged, the following work may be consulted : *' Naval History of Great Britain," by Wm. James. New Edition, 1826. Vol. IV., pp. 88, 89, 338. Vol. VI., pp. 330, 334. 30 LECTUBE. Admiral in 1857, he owes his position, humanly speaking, not to interest but to merit. VICE-ADMIRAL GEORGE EDWARD WATTS. To the Royal Navy we have contributed another name, besides those mentioned, which calls for our notice, as it has long since attracted the attention of the British Government. Admiral Watts,* now quietly in his old age placed on the retired list, left his native town of Halifax many years ago under rather peculiar circumstances. He was a poor boy, the son of a retired Sergeant, who had settled in the city, but who died leaving a widow with a son and daughter. In order to maintain herself and her children she opened a school, and thus turned to useful account a good education formerly received. Her circumstances and the whole tenor of her life gained for her many friends. Some of these made interes^ with the Duke of Kent, then holding military com- mand in Nova-Scotia, to obtain a commission for her son in the Navy. This was done by his Royal Highness ; and though in very early life the young officer is said to have been exposed to unusual dangers, he not only escaped, but lived to become a Vice- Admiral, wearing two medals, and rewarded by the country he so faithfully served with a good- service pension. The list of his services is a long one, as may be inferred from the fact that honourable mention is made of him in the Gazette no less than six times. When a midshipman he served at Dunkirk Roads in 1800. When a Lieutenant he commanded the boat attack and cutting out of six vessels at the Canary Islands, and brought out the San Pedro under the muzzles of the enemy's guns, during which heroic action he was severely wounded. It was his lot again to command the boats at the capture of a Danish Frigate, when he led the attack in person by heading the boarders. Afterwards he commanded the brig Ephira at the taking of Cuxhaven, and was wounded once more in the attack on Gissendorfe. In 1812 he stood on the quarter deck of the Woodlark, in the Baltic, and attacked a Danish Flotilla, and subsequently attained the various steps which have ended in his present rank. Though perhaps the lapse of many years has caused * James's Naval History may be consulted in reference to the services of the subject of this notice, nearly as in the case of Sir Geo. Westphal. LECTURE. SI king, lame, it has ment. n the s ago r boy, ! city, r. In ned a cation tenor ! made ^ corn- son in ; and 3 have id, but |s, and good- ferred in the lan he lant he isels at er the ion he ad the ed the rds he n, and e. In in the uently resent aused Iservices Bstphal. hhn almost to forget his native land, we do not forget that Nova-Scotia gave him birth. ' DONALD MCKAY. There is no man of whom the Americans boast more loudly than Donald McKay, a native of Nova-Scotia. He is held up by them as the type of a truly eminent, self-made man, who unaided by the circumstances of birth or wealth, has earned reputation by his own talents, iridustry and integrity. While they know this Province to be his birth-place, they feel proud of his having adopted the United States as his home. Nor need we be surprised at this, since ke is> doubtless one of the greatest ship-builders of the age, his vessels holding the high- est rank, as respects speed, symmetry and size. Mr. McKay* was bom in 18^09, in the town of Shelbume, one of the finest seaports in the world. As a boy he is said to have been fuU of life and activity, and, not content with the quiet pursuits of a farm, sought occupation and amuse- ment in hunting the Moose with which the neighborhood abounded, or in sailing about the spacious and beautiful harbor. A taste, if not acquired, was at least fostered by this habit, and, at kngth, grew so strong that when a lad of nineteen years of age, he attempted in connection with his brother the building of a fishing smack. In this effort he succeeded, and was thus encouraged to gratify his fondness for naval architecture, by further attempts near home ; nor was it until he had reached the age of twenty-two that he sought a wider sphere of action, by removing to the city of New York. There he studied his profession with scientific prinr ciples in view, and was unwearied in his pains to understand it. After a few years thus spent, he became a master builder on his own account, upon the banks of the Merrimac, at New- * "^It is- a Qurioui)! fact in tLe history of the McKay family^ that the grandfather of the subject of this notice was an officer in a Scotch Highland Regiment at the battle of Bunker Hill, hated the rebel Yankees, toad fbugbt agaiinst them with all his might." This extract is taken from " Bailouts F1ct«rial Srawing-Room Companion.'* I am also indebted to the same paper for the facts on which the biographical notice is founded. The names and value of many of the ships might be added» which would go fiEu: to prove the great services perfermed by WT countryman. S3 UECTITBE. buryport. Haying constructed and let afloat several remark- ably fine ships on that river, he removed to East Boston, from whence his fame has spread over the world. Within eleven years Mr. McKay built about fifty ships, many of them being of the largest size. One of them, the "Great Republic," registered 4500 tons; another named the *' Lightning," (launched Jan. 2, 1864^ performed the feat of tailing round the world in ten or twelve days less time than any other vessel; and another, the "James Baines" (built for an English firm) performed the voyage from Boston to Liverpool more quickly than any sailing ship that ever cross- ed the Atlantic. We are unwilling to allow our neighbors to seiee this eminent man, and take to themselves all the credit which he reflects upon the country. He belongs to us: was bom and educated in our Province ; imbibed his first love for maritime affairs on the waters which wash our shores, and learned his earliest lessons in naval architecture in the town of Shelburne. We admit him to have achieved distinction in the United States, but he took his talents and energy along with him from his native town, where mind and body had been braced by our noble climate, and did not receive them in his adopt- ed land. Having proved himself worthy of success, he is honoured by the citizens of America, is admired for his skill by all nautical men, and ought to be known and esteemed by every son of Nova-Scotia. lis. JUSTICE HJLLIBVBTOir. In the department of literature our country has produced at least one man who has achieved a European fame. The " History of Nova-Sootia" was the first of Judge Haliburton's literary works : he received the thanks of his country for it by a unanimous resolution of the House of \flsembly. And well did he deserve them. The years of industry and toil which he had expended in collecting information ; the ability with which the rough material was reduced to order ; and the tone which pervades the whole wwk, render it alike honour- able to the author, and well worthy the notice and congratu- lations of the Legislature. The honor and reward acquired by this first effort of his pen, was chiefly, though not alto- gether, local. His celebrated series of " Sam Slick, the Clockmaker" attracted immediate and universal attention. tZCTVnM, B$ In these books he adopted a novel style of communicating plain but important truths, bringing prominently forward the colonies and colonists, exhibiting their resources, and plainly exposing those disadvantages under which, in some respects, they rest. The peculiar language and metaphor employed by the author, we are not now called upon to discuss ; but we may safely say that among all his publications those of **The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony," *'Rule and Misrule," and his valuable " History " contain some of his best written passages and deepest thoughts. A Barrister-at'Law, and a member of the House of Assem- sembly, Mr. T. C. Haliburton was appointed Judge of the Infc* rior Court which existed a few years ago in Nova-Scotia ; upon its being abolished, he received a pension, and for a short time retired from public life. Dunng Lord Falkland's ad- ministration he was promoted to the Bench, and was long known as a Judge of the Supreme Court* Within a short period, he has resigned his responsible office, and taken up his residence in England, where he makes himself heard, not only with the living voice, but through the medium of the Press. He is well known on both sides of the Atlantic. Some of his witty sayings have become proverbs wherever the English language is spoken, and his opinion is now sought on all matters of colonial interest.* SB. J. W. DAWSOK, F. O. S. We have contributed one man to the cultivation and even the advancement of science, in Dr. J. W. Dawson, a native of Nova-'Scotia, and now holding the high and useful office of Head of McGill College, in Canada. He was bom in Pictou, there received his elementary education, but afterwards spent three years in Edinburgh, where he amassed an amount of information which now yields emolument and reputation to himself, and reflects credit on his Country. Mr. Dawson was Superintendent of Education and the common schools through- * Mr. Justice Haliburton is a son of the late W. H. 0. Haliburton, Judge of the Inferior Court of Nova-Scotia. In early life he resided in Annapolis, but at a later period, and until his d<^rture for Engkind, in Windsor, where he had a beautiful seat named Clifton, dtuated between the College grounds and the river Avon, fie left Nova-Scotia in the autumn of 1856. M L1BCTUR)S> 'I li out the Province for several years : his reports in this mattet are admirable. He was appointed a commissioner, with otherb, "ir investigating the state of collegiate instruction in New Brunswick, and manifested such talent in the work assigned him, that he attracted the attention and elicited the respect of that eminent man, Sir Edmund Head. Not very long since he was invited to occupy the chair which he now so ably fills, and though wo regret his departure firom the Province, we rejoice in his elevation to the higlicst seat of the University. His accurate **Map of Nova-Scotia"; his comprehensive ** Hand-Book of the Geography and Natural History of Nova- Scotia"; his ** Acadian Geology"; and his "Agricultural Papers," have made his name familiar in every village, school* house, and hamlet of his native land. Had it been unknown before, the frequent reference to it lately made in legislative halls would have rendered it so no longer; and whenever that intensely interesting subject, the Mines and Minerals of Nova-Scotia, is considered or discussed, its settlement, whether for good or evil, will be associated with the name of our accomplished countryman. Still a very young man, if his life be spared, and his future diligence equal his past, he, doubtless, has before him a brilliant scientific career,* HON. SAMUEL CUNABD. If we ask for a merchant who is known abroad, to whom would we rather point than to Samuel Cunard Pf His * It need hardly be mentioned that Mr. Dawson is well known to a large circle of eminent scientific men, and that he has been called upon to give his opinion on different question : ryf importance. It would be a real boon to the Province if his Ha':d-Book of Nova^otia was thoroughly learned in all our Schools. It is as accurate as com* prehensive. tWhen the Britannia, the first of the British Mail Steam Packets which crossed the Ocean, arrived at Boston, Mr. Cunard was received by the citizens with great applause. He was entertained on a scale un- usually grand, at a public dmner, 21st July, 1840, attended by no less than 18w) persons. The speeches, as may be supposed, were of a highly complimentary character; while Mr. Cunard's own reply, in which he gives honor to whom honor is due, tends to elevate him greatly in our opinion. One clause is well worthy of repetition. **He said that although he had been instrumental in establishing the line, he did not LEOTUBl. 86 name appears in almost every newspaper; magazines and periodicals are familiar with it, and reading rooms almost claim it for their own. Whatever other attempts were made by enterprising parties to cross the ocean with steam ships, it take the fiill credit of this oiroumstance to himself: the main support of the enterprise had been ftimiihed by the British Qovernment, and he had simply aided to bring the steam ships to their shores at an earlier day than they might otherwise have come." As a permanent mark of the feeling which existed towards Mr. C, a massive piece of plate was prevented to him with the foUowinff insorip- tion: ** Presented by the citizens of Boston, Mass., to the Honorable Samukl Cunaed, of Hali&x, Nova-Sootia, whose enterprise established the line of British Mail Steam Packets between Liverpool, Halifox and Boston, United States of America. 1840." As Nova-Scotians are more especially interested in the line of steamers which visit Halifax, a brief notice of these is given below. It must not be thought that Mr. C.'s enterprise is limited to this ; he has other lines of ocean steamers, and his (j^uidanoe of that which we know best forms but a very small part of his mental labor. **The Ounard Line, h it !■ popaliurljr designated, commenced operations in 1840, with the view ofoonneoting the eastern and western u^tnisphereii by the periodical sail* lugs of steamers. The first vessel despatched was the Unicom, Captain Douglas, which sailed from Liverpool on the 16th M ajr, 1840, u a poineer, for llallfluc and Bos> ton, with 26 passengers. The Unicom was a comparatively small steamer, and when she got oat she was placed on the line from Plotoa to Quebec, as an auxiliary steamer. " The Britannia was the first steamer built for the ocean line, and she was despatch- ed on the 4th Juty, 1840, for the same ports, to which she carried 03 passengers. Substantially, this company has enlarged the slse and power of Its steamers six times since the Unicorn went out, as follows : Vibst, the Britannia, Acadia, Caledonia, Columbia. Bbcohd, the Hiberaia, Cambria. Third, the Amerioi, Buropa, Niagara, Canada. Vovrth, the Asia, Aflrica. FirvH, La Plata, Arabia. Bizth, the Persia. *' These veasels may be classified thus : Th«' four T.rst, of 1,200 tons and 440 horse> Sower each. The Hiberaia and Cambria, of 1,600 tons and 600 horse-power each, he America and the vessels named with her, 1,840 tons and 700 horse-power each. The Asia and Africa, 2,260 tons and 800 horse^wcr each. La Plata and Arabia, 2,393 tons and 1,000 horse-power each. The Persia, 8,600 tons and 1,200 horse- power. But perhaps the clearest way of putting the sise of this vessel Is to compare her side by side with other vessels of the line in length, power, and tonnage, and to in- clude in the same comparison some other well-known steamers. Length. Register. Nominal power ' BriUnnia 200ft. l,2^i)0tons 400horsea Cambria 217 1,600 600 America 260 1,840 700 Asia 300 2,260 800 Arabiu 320 2,893 1,000 Persia 390 8,600 1,200 Atlantic (Collins line) 287 2,280 800 Great Britain 830 8,600 600 Himalaya, 360 8,600 700 " Of the above ships, the Britannia, the Acadia, the Caledonia, and Hibernia were sold a few years ago— some of them going Into the hands of the Spanish government, where they still rem^n. The Columbia was lost in July, 1843. The La Plata was sold to replace the ill-fated Amazon, which was burned three or four years ugo on the Span- ish coast." 83 LECTURE. II I "fl ! was he who successfully accomplished the vast project. His vessels were the precursors of that great fleet which now rides upon the waves of the Atlantic and Pacific seas ; and as they were the first in point of time, so are they in combined speed, comfort and safety. Intimately associated for years with almost every public movement in the capital, Mr. Cunard is known to possess all the high qualifications of a merchant in the full meaning of the word. His sterling integrity, joined with his sound judgment and general knowledge, render him equally honoured abroad and at home. Versed in the value of exports and imports, acquainted with the principles and technicalities of finance, and thoroughly informed on the geographical position of differ- ent countries — their facilities and difficulties of access and egress during each, season of the year — ^he iias the power and the tact to command respect for his opinions in adl that re- gards mercantile transactions. To him we owe a deep debt of gratitude : he has brought our Province not only into notice, but joined it to old England by a magnificent line of ocean steamers, that for nearly twenty years have formed a safe bridge over the waters of the deep. Honored by the citizens of Boston, years ago, with a fitting memorial of their gratitude for the benefits bestowed on them, and treated with the highest respect by the Btitish Government in all his negotiations, Nova-Scotians may justly applaud the signal services of Samuel Cunard. itjt: I OENEBAL BECKWITH. In the cause of Education — secular and religious — we refer with unmingled pleasure to General Beckwith.* This philan- thropic man was bom in Halifax, towards the close of the last century, and is the nephew of our present venerable and honored Chief-Justice. He entered the Army when very young, and was early raised to the rank of Captain. His services were many : he was at Copenhagen, Lord Chatham's '*' General Beckwith was born in Halifax, in a house near the Dock- yard, A.D, 1798. He entered the Army very young, and was a captain at 18 years of age. A full account of Oeneral Beokwith's, labours may be found in the "Life and Travels of the Rev. Mr. Henderson," and the *« History of the Vandois Church'* by Antoine Mouaatler, pastor of the Canton de Vaud, and a native of Vandois." XECTrBE. 87 expedition to Walchereu, and through all the peninsular campaign, in each action signally distinguishing himself for valour and chivalry. During the battle of Waterloo, he was much exposed as one of Sir James Kempt's Staff, but did not receive the slightest wound until the very close of that mem- orable contest. As he was riding with orders to another part of the field, the last shot fired on that day, shattered his right l^. He had seen the ball coming, but could not avoid it ; the wound was incurable ; the limb wfw amputated, and he left the service, receiving his Order of the Bath and Lieu- tenant-Colonelcy in exchange fbr his sad loss. The physical evil produced moral good. From an unbeliever he became a Christian, followed the work of his Lord and Master, and achieved a fame in the sphe-^e in which he has been moving, that hap placed him far above all he could have attained to in his profession. Upon the proclamation of peace Colonel Beckwith came out to Halifax, and, with the aid of a friend still living, be- came the founder and patron of the first Sunday school estab- lished in connection with a church in his native town. He constantly attended the Acadian school, — lending valuable assistance to Mr. Bromley in that noble and successful effort, — and was mainly instrrmental in establishing houses of pro- vision for the poor and suffering of the town during several trying winters. From Nova-Scotia he went to the Swiss vallies, where he inaugurated a system of education the value of which will only be fully known when we stand at the bar of God. *' It is impossible,*' says the author of the History of the Vaudois Church, " to forget the venerated name of General Beckwith, whose enlightened charity has been displayed in erecting and repairing more than eighty schools in the different parishes of the Vaudois." A superior school for girls was still wanting, but has been formed by the same benefactor. School mis- tresses and teachers have also been established in various districts, by his generous aid. As an instance of the great love and respect felt towards him by the inhabitants of Piedmont, Mr. Henderson, in his " Travels among the Vau- dois," says, that "at the corners of the different roads he saw finger posts with the inscription, ' who even passes this way let him bless the name of General Beckwith.' " Although he was at first stigmatized by some opponents of his labours 38 LECTUHE. „ as "The Wooden-legged Adventurer," he lived down the opposition, — the King of Sardinia himself appreciating his Christian services, and conferring upon him the " Legion of Honor." The last notable act of the Waterloo veteran was the trans- lation of the Bible into the patois of the country, a work which in the Providence of God, he was permitted to ac- complish ; but so great was the labor that he lost an eye from its effects. Old age and toil have driven him from the secluded vallies and sweet associations of Piedmont, and he now awaits in England his summons to his heavenly home. %. ft*! W' CAPTAIN IIEKBERT CLIFFOKD, R. N. A group of Islands which lie about five hundred miles off ^e Chinese coast — towards Japan — contain a noble monument of a highly talented and Christian Nova-Scotian, in the I erection and endowment of a missionary establishment ■. Captain Clifford,* a native of Halifax, was the founder of the mission to the Loo Choo Islands. Having entered the Royal Navy, he won his Lieutenancy at the capture ot the Isle of France, and was chosen as the bearer of despatches to . England. Afterward, he went out in Lord Amherst's Em- bassy to China, in 1816, with the celebrated Basil Hall. When the fleet was returning home, they were compelled by s^tress of weather to put into the Loo Choo group, for the purpose of refitting. The prompt assistance rendered by the authorities, and the kindness of the natives generally, en- gaged Clifford's attention. He formed, during their stay, an. intimacy with some of the chief men, and having partially acquired their language, he compiled that vocabulary which fbrms an appendix to Basil Hall's " voyages." When it pleased God to touch his heart by grace, he deter- mined to show his gratitude for past favors by some Christian act, and to return spiritual for temporal benefits. He thought that English sailors could not better repay the kindness shown them in the day of need than sending to them the * At 22 years of age Capt. Clifford had won his Leiutenancy. He was a man of great talent as well as piety; his management of the Loo m Choo Mission, which he was the sole instrument of organizing, fully evinces this comlbination. LECTURE. 39 vn the ng his gion of 5 trans- a work . to ac- jre from 3m the and he ome. dies off nument in the shmeiii r of the e Royal Isle of jhes to , t's Em- Hall. jUed by for the . by the illy, en- ir stay, )artially which deter- hristian thought indness lem the ncy. He f the Loo ng, fully unsearchable riches of Christ. He proposed, therefore, a naval mission : the plan was cheerfully responded to by many of his brother officers, and hence sprung up that vigorous society, now so widely known under the name of the "Naval Loo Choo Mission." Into his unwearied labors in behalf of this institution our design will not allow us to enter. Still iiealous in the cause, he died but a short time since, the death of the triumphant Christian, when occupying the important post of Superintendent of the Coast Guard, at Waterford, Ireland. Captain Clifford and General Beckwith were companions at the Halifax Grammar School, and both often inquired after its welfare. In testimony of Clifford's affection for his native land and his remembrance of it to the last, he writes shortly previous to his death to a personal friend in Halifax who had sent him a view of the city : ** Dear old George's Island, and the Citadel Hill ! I shall never forget them." RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS SUTHER, BISHOP OF ABERDEEN. Upon the Episcopal Bench of Scotland there is now seated a man who was the friend and associate of many amongst us. The Right Reverend Thomas Suther,* Bishop of Aberdeen, was not long since elevated to his responsible position by the united voices of his brethren in the ministry — those who saw *The following extracts from the " Church Times" newspaper, aiFord statistical information relative to Bishop Suther, coupled with some very just and well-timed remarks : Dr. Suther, the Bishop-elect, is a native of Scotland, and in Scottish orders. He is U»e son of P. Suther, Esq, M.D., Deputy Inspector of Hospitals and Fleets, and was 1 !]• \ in Edinburgh in 1814. He was educated at King's College, in the University of ^ inrlsor, Nova-Scotia ; took the degree of B. A. in 1833; was ordained deacon in March, .Ij3T by the late Dr. Walker, Bishop of Edinburgh, and Priest in December following, i • he same prelate. Dr. Suther served in Leith for two years as assistant to the Iearn( .'. and excellent Dr. Russell, late Bishop of Glasgow, and was, for about sixteen years, incumbent of St. George's, York Place, Edinburgh, and Chaplain at Edinburgh Castle. He was elected to the incumbency of St. Andrew's church, Aberdeen, in 1855. The degree of D. C. L. was conferred on him in 1854 by Windsor University. The Rev. Dr. Suther, an alumnus of King's College, Windsor, has been chosen Bishop of Aberdeen. An account of the proceedings has been forwarded to us in the Aberdeen " Journal." The Bishop a short time ago, was nigh being a successful candi- date for the primacy of Scotland. He married, we believe, Catherine, youngest daugh- ter of the late Ilonble. James Fraser, of Halifax. It is no bad sign of the intellectual stamina of Nova-Scotianb abroad, (we may claim Bishop Suther, altho' not a native,) when we find them, few as they must be amongst the population of the world, com- petent in ability to achieve the highest honois and diitinctions, in every grade and profession, and reflecting the utmost credit upon their native country, in their mental developments. 40 LECTURE. him most and knew him best. His scholarship, administra' tive talents and piety, fitted him, in their estimation, for his sacred office. We claim him as a Nova-Scotian, though his birth took place at Edinburgh, whither his mother had accom- panied her husband, Dr. Suther, Surgeon of the Royal Navy. He was, however, immediately brought out to this country, nurtured as an infant in Truro, and brought up by an aged relative — his grandmother — in Halifax. He was prepared at the Grammar School for King's College, Windsor, whither he went and passed through his course with credit, winning the respect and good will of his contemporaries. After paying a visit to Scotland, he returned to Nova-Scotia, formed a matrimonial alliance with a well-known family, and thus more closely identified himself with the land which had nourished him from earliest infancy. For some personal reasons he det : i.imed to make Scotland his home, and, visit- ing that 'country ^i soon engaged in the arduous toil of forming a complet*^ catalogue of an extensive addition to a Library. In discharging this duty he acquired a great fund of information, and applied it so well in the discharge of his sacred calling, that he soon became known as a valuable laborer in the Church of Christ. When the Primate of Scotland died, Mr. SutVci^ was nominated to fill the See over which he had presided, and elected to it by the votes of his brethren. Though all Nova-Scotians are not Episcopalians, none will withhold their wishes and their prayers for a blessing on his work. EDWiftlD M. ARCHIBALD. The British Government have lately made an auspicious commencement of duly appreciating colonists, by opening the door to honourable and important offices ; and we hail with gladness the appointment of our countryman the Honorable Edward M. Archibald, to the distinguished and lucrative post of British Consul at New- York. This gentleman is the son of that talented man already noticed, the late Master of the Rolls. He was born and educated in this Province, but having settled in NcAvfound- land, as a membev of the Bar, he soon attained distinction, and held various posts of responsibility. His extensive legal LECTURE. 41 linistra- for his lugh his [ accom- il Navy, country, an aged pared at ither he ning the paying a 3rmed a nd thus uch had personal id, visit- s toil of ion to a :eat fund ■re of his valuable [;^c^ was ^resided, ough all lold their acquirements were generally acknowledged, and his decisions on the Bench, to which he was elevated during the temporary absence of the Judge, were always regarded as sound and satisfactory. He earned for himself a high reputation as Attorney- General, and ex-officio adviser to the Crown ; but a short time since resigned his office, and returned to his native land, whence he was called to his present position. That the appointment was well received by the American press, is shown by the following extracts from the " Boston Transcript" (Oct. 14, 1857): '*We cannot but congratulate our Government, and the citizens of New- York in particular, upon this appointment. He is thoroughly familiar with the institutions of our country ; has been much in contact with American society, and will prove a valued accession to the social circle of our sister city : our correspondent adds what perhaps he ought to have said first, that in Mr. Archibald the religious community in New-York will meet an unaffect- edly consistent and intelligent Christian. Lord Clarendon has done himself, as well as our Government, no little honor in the appointment." Up to the present he has fulfilled the high expectations entertained of him, and a few weeks ago evoked the applause of Americans and the admiration of his fellow-colonists by an able and eloquent speech on public affairs. Winning favour and reputation for himself, we feel confident that this Nova-Scotian abroad will confer honor on his home. uspicious pning the hail with lonorable itive post I already born and ewfound- stinction, sive legal JUDGE J. G. MARSHALL. • In a man now far advanced in years we have a fine ex- ample of continued public usefulness, without pecuniary remuneration, and at a period of life when men generally think they have the privilege of enjoying rest. For some time seated upon the Bench of the Inferior Court of this Province, already alluded to, the name of Judge Marshall became generally known. It has been, however, still more widely spread by the publication of a much-consulted -work, which has passed through a second edition — ^his "Nova- Scotia Justice" — and thus, though not in person, in spirit he yet administers the law from the whole Bench of Magistrates in the land. , 42 LECTURE. But liC is appreciated beyond the precincts of the colony : like another Howard he has travelled far to lessen the misery of his fellow-creatures. In England, Scotland and America lias his voice been heard, urging with powerful argument his conscientious and benevolent views in regard to the ameliora- tion of man's Avoes. Following on a beaten path, he has not received the same eclat as if his disinterested philanthrojiy had struck out some ncAV and untried road; but many a rescued drunkard, called back to the obligations of civil and social life, hails him as his friend, while his countrymen — and jione more than the originators and owners of this noble and spacious hall — feel justly proud of his zealous efforts in the Temperance Cause. I I p! ii!' GILBERT STEWART NEWTON. R. A. A young man has lately left our shores to study, under competent masters, the Art of Painting. But he has a Nova- Scotian predecessor. In the "Vernon Gallery," London, attention is drawn by its conspicuous position to a beautiful- ly executed picture — a scene from one of Swift's works, and placed beside the paintings of Wilkie, Hogarth and Teniers. In the corner a name is written : it is that of a Halifax man — Gilbert Stewart Newton.* He was born in the capital, and was the twelfth and youngest son of the Honorable Henry Newton, collector of H. M. Customs in this Pro- vince. At an early age he left Nova-Scotia, and after remain- ing a few years in the United States proceeded to Europe, where he studied the productions of the most distinguished Painters, and entered himself a student in the Royal Academy. To prove that Newton was no ordinary artist, but that his pencil has added many valuable pictures to the rich treasury of British Art, this fact need only be mentioned, that the Duke of Bedford gave him five hundred guineas for "the Prince of Spain's visit to Catalina"; and Lord Lansdowne paid him the same sum for his " Macheath." * Q. S. Newton was a son of the Collector of Customs of this Pro- vince. The family name is extinct in Halifax, the last member of it having died in 1857. An excellent biographical sketch of Mr. N. will be found in the "Provincial Magazine.'' Vol.1, p. 49. Some of the above facts were taken from it. LECTUHE. 43 His career was not a lengthened one : reason resigned her throne, and genius bade farewell to its abode: he died insane. But so long as the Gallery exists, the name of the Nova- Scotian artist will be handed down to posterity. REV. WIIMAM COGSWELL. In the Church of God another name demands our notice. His piety and talents were known abroad ; his influence and usefulness in Halifax — his birth-place — are felt to the present hour ; his published sermons and lectures have been read and reviewed in England. Cut off at the early age of ihii-ty-seven, William Cogswell's memory is emba^lmed in the heart of many a one converted to God, through his faithful preaching of the Gospel. A public monument in St. Paul's church and a scholar- ship founded in his name at King's College, Windsor, where ho was educated, attest to his worth and zealous labors. Worn out by the attacks of internal disease his frail body yielded in tlie struggle, and the soldier of the cross lay down to die. *' His soul to him who gave it rose God le