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VII. 59 S-3iH9 f /.'- yrc^id^ 7 ward nearly to the Pacific, lies the broad band roamed over by the Chipewyan. Crossing the Rocky Mountains to the heads of the northern branches of the Col- umbia, and the southern tributaries of Fra- zer^s river, we find theSaeliss, orShewhap- / much race, whose limits may be defined by /\ the Rocky Mountains eastward ; on the west the line of Frazer's river from below Alexandria to Kequeloose, near the Falls, in about Lat. 49" 50'; northward by the Carrier offset of the Chipewyans, and south by the Sahaptins or Nez Perccs of Oregon, y Having tiius indicated the races >♦£. which this porticm of the continent is chief- ly intiabiled, I shall passover the Chinooks and other tribes living south of the British boundary, and confiuv' my remarks to those who inhabit the coast northward of that line. / The Saeliss or *Shewha,pmuch connex- ion, as I I', ve already shown, ceases ab- ruptly upon Fra. or's river at a point about eighty-five miles above Fort Langley. From thcJoJLs downward nearly to the sea coast, the banks of the river are in- habited by several branches of the Haitlin or Teet f tribe. Taking these as forming the southern verge, it will be found that a frii.g of tril)es borders the continent, hence round by Behring's Straits to the banks of the St. Lawrence. The breadth of this fringe, *" AIumIi," llio iiamo given to tliR tliewliaiumicli by fir Al- oxaiidoi- McKciizi ', and tln'iice i^U)pii'(t iritd tlio itiafs, is sim- ply till' trm liy wliich tlieir lU'iglibois. llic Ta-c»ily disiiii- gii sli tlicm, and U cqiiiv.ili nt to '• ttranKii tribe," i. c. not of till' C'aipiwyau cf): !i! xiin. To distirguifli tbc tribes livirg west of thc';n,!ho Ta-cully use auctbcr mcdillicatiou of ihu term, i aiiuiy. "Atri.b yno." tCiillo 1 ill turn by tiioir uppor ncigbborg^," i'a-chincn," r term ftipan lit y (quivalont tn that first oxplaiiifd. Ilic Toots i:piia, call t,l:u(itbois, out by tlicir true uamu of >'icut«mucli, but" Siiw-mcoBUk." So tUrougUout. -^ \ 74 HISTOUl C AL* MAGAZINE [March. y\ accessible with liic ciiinKs, in wiiii'j; t'lnm habit or necc^ssity, all their <'xciiisiuiis, whether of |n'ace or war, are perf'urmcil. Tlie Esijiiiiiiaiix aro the solitary oxc<']itioii to this j^'eiicral rule. Frc(|iit'rttin,;h the raniificatioiis of the country wliich it Imrdcrs ; l)otnid('d |of Fitzhiii.;li and Miili.udv Sounds. The g-eiierally on the larg'cr streams by the ex- j Hailtsa tribes coniinunieate with the soutli- t(.iit of unobstructed canoe navig'ation ; em branches of Hie Ta-cuily sept of New elsewhere proliably by the limit of tlif Oaledoiifa, the 'I'a-otiu, I'iiiicotin, ai.d Nas- coast ranji,"e of mountain.s, whence the cotin, Haniely. of Alexandria, smaller stre'.inis orijiinate. For examiile, j The (■mimskv.vn' connexion ensues; ex- upon the Columbia IJiver, the vicinity of i tciidiui,^ from Milbank Sound to Obscrva- thc Cascades, about 120 mik's from the .sea; j t(Hy Inlet, and includiufv' tiie Sebas.sas, upon Frazor's Kiver, Vie falls or lirst rap- Ncecelowes, Nass, and otlier offsets. Lan- ids, aliout 110. Nature it would litiice ap- 1 >?uaj:^o bold, sonorous and remarkably cm- pcar, herself places a Ijarrier which alike phatic ; contrastiuf? broadly with that of checks the future extension of the interior the Ilailtsa, which is softer, and compara- nations seaward, and |irevents invasion of ,tively of (ame expression. The custom of the coast tribes beyond the limits easily llattenin.ii' the head, practio^'d by the tribes /^ between this and the Columbia RiA-er, does not exist here ; ceasin}"' with the Hailtsa, amoiiji" whom it is conlinerl to the females. To compensate for the absence of this one ilistiiLcnratioii. in itsell' to our ideas sufli- ctiiist from tlie virinity of ciently revoltiiif^-, another, immeasuraldy Cook's inlet to the southern jioint of liab- more so, is adopted — the lip-appendage, rador, they do not jiciK-tiate Hudson's liavTIiis is simply a piece of either hard wood* beyond a very limited dislnuce from eitiierlor ivory, inserted into an apertiu'e |)ierct'd p.tint of the Straits. Tlie Tliipewyans in the lower lip. Tiie females alone ])rac- ^ succeed them for a siiort sjiace on the ti^; it. The first incision commences at c/* Cliurciiill s'liore ; the Swamp Crees occupy an early ag'c, tin- substance inserted not the rest of the circuit. oxceeding a straw in diameter. With ad- Tiie H.viTi.i.vs, to whom I have incidental- j vani-ini;- years, pieces of larg-er si/,e aiid ly alluded as iniiiibitiii<>' the lower parts of; more ciimi)licated shape tire sniistituted, Frazer's iiiver, rarely venture to its nioulh; and a harridan of the seventh lustre will where, as on the opposite shore of Viin- disjtlay a labial deformity whose dimcn- coTivers Island, the Ca-witchaiis, a bolder j »ions it might seem fabulous to describe, tribe, hold sway. Death, or slavery (.ven ■ The Ciiimseyans communicate with the worse tlari death, are the alternatives prc-1 northern branches of the la-cully, the Xa"^ sentcd to the weaker amimg these tribes, ta-otin of Babinc Lake, namely, and other when tliey arc so hapless as to. fall into the ncig-hboring" septs. (iucen Charlotte's Island and Prince of Wales Archipelago are the country of the Haidahs ; a nnmerous connexion including the Kygany, .Massett, Skittgetts, Hanega, Cuiiishewas and other septs. Upon the ftiundation of their language, as upon that of theChiheelisand Cliinooks further south, a jargon has been constructed, serving as a lingua franca lor trat 'J' /^. d^/:.(.^f.^ L It. ^U^.f\^_ ^••mmmm A A.. 4 t-'^i ^ZT V A 'oT / 8fi3.1 HISTORICAL MAGAZINE. fur bearing fiiiiinalrf, whose skins then bore a considerable barter value ; but probably more to their remote insular rosilion, which debarred them, in a j^-reat measure, fmni that trallic witli the interior tribes wliieii was, and is still, a sunrce of profit to the inhabitants of the main. rrobal)ly thcne- Ces.sity lienee arising has contributed to render them as n body, more industrious than their neighbors. Such at least is their reputation in the inanui'acture of grass hats, ornamented stone calumets, and other highly wrought articles of the like simple material ; to say nothing of the enormous canoes, in the modeling of which they are unsur|»assed*. The'^culti- vation of the potato, too, introduced among them by traders, was a branch of industry in which they used form rly to excel their nciglibors inuneasurably ; raising enough, not only for their own suppl}^ but with a considerable surplus for bartering abroad for luxuries not otherwise obtainable. It is not however in the useful arts only that they excel their neighbors ; as rogues, where all are rogues, the same pre-emi- nence is awarded them. Occupying the main land from Observa- tory Inlet and Chatham Sound, nortjiward along Clarenc^j's Straits, Uevilla jKigedo, kc, as far as the latitude of Sitka, is the TiiuxKiTF connexion, comr>risinir the Tum- guss, Stikiue, Cheelcat, Talico, and other branches. A language comparativ(?ly har- monious, especially as contrasted with the rugged energy of the (,'liimseyan, whicli albeit is to me far more agreeable, is sjjoken by these people. 'J'lic southern jiortion of the tribe, inhabiting the harbor of Tumgass, Clemeneeti and other points bordering on Ciiatham Suuiul, merited the character which they borL>*that, namely, of being well disposed towards tiie Avhites ; and probably from more frecpient or inti- mate conununiealion with the shipping formerly fre(|uenting the coast for trade, with more suavity in their deportment than "'IIK'B;' c.iiK CJ, si: iiip 'i! li'ir ih-y,. oT I'l" ( liiiiiHikR iiU'! Dtljrr N'. W.nn ilii' I'siiiiiiiliini in wliicli tlii'lie lir.-iiilil'iil vrfssols urc liv'l.l liy ull wlm liave lisnl tlio oiiixirtuiiily of vxaminiiig tUtm. ^yC^d^<^ fryit„.,J^^ "^/^ / i, <^; usual around. IJii^ the northern branohes of this tribe were less favorably charac- terized. .Some of the olT'sels are in com- munication for the jiurposes of barter with the Chipewyans frerpienting the posts of Mclvenzie's Kiver. Several tribe,; are named by travek'rs as occupying th(> coast between Sitka and Ik'hring's Straits ; but with the exception of the Kamlcuks, or Kauscians, extending from the former point to the neigliborho(.d of Prince William's sound, these septs, whatever the variety of dialect that i)ossi- bly exists among them, m: y all, I have rea- son to believe, be referred to the Esqui- maux connexion — that widely extended race, occupying (the inner shores of Hud- son's Bay excepted,) the whole continental border, from (Jook's Inlet to the extreme point of Labrador, with the interjacent lal)3'rinths of islands and iidets. The character of the Kaliuchcs seems to bo even more warlike and ferocious than that of their neighbors farther south. Indeed it is worthy of notice that up to the point where the N. W. coast tribes may be as- sumed to terminate, and the Esquimaux to begin, the degree of characteristic hardi- hood ajipears to increase with the increase of latitude. The Kaliuchcs have on more than one occasion given proof of this in a, their intercourse with the ftiiV^iXjis ; who y at times have had their own trouble to maintain their ground. Beyond the Kodi- ak this energy seems to decline, and prob- ably continues to do so as far as the race extends along the eastern coast, where cer- tainly it is by iKj means noted for any de- gree of boldness. Wilhotit attem])ling to give any regular or delaikv.! account of their haljits and customs, I shall r.ow proceed to note brief- ly some of the more obvious points where- in these western tribes difler from those of the east aid from each other. The Ta-cully or Carrier branch of the Ciiipewyans hunt the tract, lying, ap])roxi- ni.'itely, between .52" and oT^ north latitude and 121" and 127" west longitude. This country was first visited by Sir Alexandci* McKenzie, who in 1793 traversed it on his 7 '* A 76 HISTORICAL MAGAZINE. \ [March, way from Athabasca to the Pacilic. It was not, however, till 1805 that the first port was established by the tlien existiiiji,- North-west Company. >' In 1H35 I estimat- ed the population at about five thousand. A census taken in 1839 fell considerably short of that estimate ; but the diflercnce can be accounted for, lo a j^reat extent, by the unavoidable omission of many families, and the difficulty inseparable from the at- tempt to number simultaneously a sparse population, occupying so larj^c a count r}-. Believing still my estimate to have been near the truth I subjoin the official return, which, correct as far as it goes, will ex- hibit the relative proportions of the sexes, and also, by comparison of the rising gen- eration, show that, notwithstanding the humane care extended towards tiie natives ! by the agents of the Hudson's Bay Com- 1 pany, and the absence of liquor and other deleterious merchandise as a depopulating cause, a rapid decrease is in progress. Men 897 Women .... G88 Sons 578 Daughters .... 4'62 Total . 2G25 1^ For much of the character of the Carri- ers, I may refer to the excellent account by Sir Alex. McKenzie of the Chipewyans, prefixed to the narrative of his travels ; premising merely that the former have per- haps degenerated in many points from what I assume to be the parent stock*. Altogether the Carriers may bo set down as a peaceful race, well disposed towards their white traders ; yet, while peaceful, subject to violent though transitory out- bursts of passion. They have so far as- similated with the neighboring coast tribes, as to have adopted their practice of burn- ing the dead : and one branch, the Nata- otins of Nata-punkat or Babinc Lake, who are in frequent communication with the Chiraseyans imitate them in the insertion * I may here remark llml Iiliir.tr Irom Sir Alixandt-r's as- samptlon Uiut the emigration of the rlii|)(>wyans lias born from west to cast, lor reasoos to wbicb I shall probabiy rclor luvldeaUiiix as I proceed. / of the wooden lip. The former practice, one;- general among the la-cully, has dur- ing the last twenty years, gradually been falling into disuse. It was cmr object to discounteniuice it, not from any objecticm to the custom itself, but because great cruelties were frequently exercised at these suttees, where the survivor of a mar- ried pair was expected to submit to a good scorchin;- voluntarily, and usually did lO, if not voluntarily, by compulsion as the al- ternative. Thus some tortures were in- flicted, especially in the case of females, who being the weaker, always fared the worse. The ashes were afterwards borne by the survivor I'or some times several years ; until a grand feast to the manes liAviiig been publicly celebrated, the last relics were tinally inurned, placed on a high post in a cfmspicuous jiart of the vil- lage, and the term of mourning was con- sidered over. Under the reformed system, the t( rlures are omitted ; the cares before bestowed in ornamenting the urn (or rath- er wooden box,) are now appropriated to the decoration of the grave : the other por- tions ofthe ceremony remain unchanged. *^ The Ta-cully, like their Chipewyan rela- tions, are expert in the preparation of the snare, and other devices for capturing game and fish. Their weir for catching salmon exhibits much ingenuity, and mer- its a description which I shall probably subjoin in an appendix. Many other of their devices, indeed, might be considered equally worthy of notic -, but the dread of e.vtendiug these notes over too great a space, warns me to abstain. The Shewhapniuch (Atnahs of McKen- zie, as before explained,") who compose a large branch of tiie Saeliss family, occupy the banks of Thompson's River ; and along Frazer's River from the Rapid vil- lage, twenty miles below Alexandria to the confluence of these two streams. Thence to near the^alls, as before nojed, the tribe P^ y bears the name of Nicutc-much*. On the other hand, approaching the Columbia, it *Coiruptod by tlu" Canailiin voyagers iuto " Coiitiaux," or v.ives ; by which ilesiguatiuii they are now geucrally known /^ \J^- /. Ki . . aiLong them. ■>.v -^V'^^ / / 1863.] HISTORICAL MAGAZINE. 77 A \., ^ /.. - ^ y. merges into tlie Okinaganbrmicli. TlicRO, with the Siiiajjoihich, the SpokariB, tlie Skoiolpoi of Colville, and their oflyliiHjtH, continue the connexion to the SaelisH, who compose the eastern branch. My not ice of this tribe will be conlincd chiefly to tlic western and k'ss known portion, occupying the vicinity of Frazer's River. ^ On leaving the verge of the Carrier country, near Alexandria, a tnarkcd change is at once porccptibh'. A dialect of the Saeliss, guttural and dissonant to a degree, succeeded the dialects of Chipewyan root, in themselves, by the way, nowise remark- able for eui)hony. In customs, the change, though less abrupt, is very striking. We may note, for example, the different struc- ture of their dwellings, and the ojjpositc views of comfort whieii their neighbors appear to maintain. The Carrier, duiing summer, while livimg at his iishing village, resides in a house the four walls of which are framed with posts iilled up with neatly peeled pine saplings, and surmounted by a substantial roof of bark. Beneath the slope of this, his split salmon arc hung to dry in the smoke, while the inmates recline luxuriously amid the unctuous drippings beneath. When cold weather approaches, these fishing stations are abandoned, and the inhabitants, first having stored their dried fish and berries, disperse to winter in spots favorable for snaring, and where dry fuel is abundant. There, congregated in little hamlets of several families, each household eonstruets a roomy hut of pine boughs 8o thickly jiiled and interthalched as to af!ord pcifect shelter, and with the aid of a substantial fire^to become a dwel- ling, airy indeed, but suflicieiitly warm and agreeable. The Atnah, on the other hand, erects dur- ing the summer a hasty pent-roof, with a few mats or some boughs, in such wise as to afford shade, at least, if not shelter. Winter calls for a warmer retreat. To se- cure it, a large hole is dug in the ground ; the cavity is roofed over, and then closely covered with the earth taken from the in- terior, A notched post, projecting through a bole in the roof, at once door and chim- ney, aflbrd the means of ingress and egress A very small lire serves to keep such a habi- tation warm; Imt the den is necessaiily un wholsome, and redolent, as may be sjipposed, of any thing but roses. 1 have ment'u'ed al- ready that at the opposite verge of thcTa- cully nation, the lip disfiguration has been borrowed from the C'himscyans of the coast; in turn the Ta-oiins* of Alexjindria have assimilated with their Shewhaj) neighbors in so far as to have adopted the filthy huts in question^ but the practice does not ex- tend further into New Caledonia.* The Shewhapunich are greatly destitute of that pride of personal adornment Mhich characterises the Carriers in common with most savage nations, not to mention those civilized ones among whom it is no wise eschewed. Among the lower Nicnte- nniehs, indeed, setting ornamejit aside as \ far as regards the male inhabitants, even Ihe ordinary observances of decency in dross are neglected. I am thus precise be- cause the contrast is great in this respect between tl:.? modesty of the interior na- tions, and the absence of it, so manifest on the part of the male population of the N. W. coast and its immediate vicinity. I may here further mention that of all (he numerous Indian septs Avith which^I have become aciinaintcd, the Nieutcmr.chs are perhaps nearest the savag'e state. Congre- gating for mutual protection in villages, frequently palisaded, they had, until lately, a very limited intercourKe with the whites. Their country, poor in fur-bearing animals, or to say the least, negligrntly hunted, held out no inducement for the establishment among them of trading posts; the source of com|)arative affluence tet their neighbors. Poor, naked and numerons, the habitual treachery and vindictivcness of their charac- ter are fosterc d by the ceaseless feuds which they entertain with all around. Nor is this inimical spirit confined to external enemies; n(>arlv evt'ry family has a minor vrvdetlaoi its own to prosecute. Yet while exphjring with a small party toward Fort Langley in *Ti<)tiii, 111' Fiita-otiii, i. ctlii" " lower pcoiili'" r.s ik piiry- iiiK Ihc liiwif t |mi t on Fiuz 'i 's River ot llif Can icr ir.ln'. Tlio ^ goiioruliitIl.\, "uliu " is simply II iivi(Una;tioii cf^ ilic word / (iinnet, Higniryiug " n man,'" iu Chipowyau uud Ta cully., / /\ A A A y />-<4, 78 niSTORICAL xMAGAZTNE. [Miirch. tlio HiiiiiiiU'rH of 184(5 and 1847, I was rc- coivi'd aiiioiij;' tlicsc |M'oi)Ic with the kiiitlcst dt'iiiDiistiatitiiis, (.'(•riiiiiilv »1 lln' lime slii- coiv, and wlu'ri'iif llic notinii is still possi- bly undintiuiicd. Man, woinmi. and riiild at t'vory villan'c, ltron;;'lit a (rillin;^' present of wek'nnic, wlicllier of lisli, \viluriiig the !^al- mon season, trusting in the strength of num- bers, the inhabitants of the (ip])er villages of the Teets, congregate and occupy the whole extent of the adjacent falls and rap- ids, in length about three miles ; retreating to their palisudcd dwellings below as soon as the fishing is over. Cowardly and treacli- c.'ous to a degree, these Indians possess all the vices of the coast tribes, while exhibit- ing none of the redeeming (pnilities of the interior nations. Slavery, which is not'prac- -i ti^'d among the Carriers and Snewhap- much, here commences. Tluuigh as men, inferior even to the N'icutenmcli, savage as I have stated them to be, these lower Indi- ans are ingenious and more industrious : hence comparatively rich. Their canoes are formed, like those of the Chinooks and others, of the TVnfy'a cedar ; and as all their travelling is done by water, every one has a canoe for daily use and convenience. From point to point as we descend the riv- er, the palisaded villages which I have mentioned appear. Around gand)ol whole hosts of wliite quadrupeds, some shorn like sheep, others sweltering under a crop ol flowing lleece. A stranger sentimentally disposed, might possibly on getting a dist- ant view, imagine a scene of Arcadian fe- licity, people it to his heart's content, and sing as did one of yore, -. ■ ■ ■ '■ n 'iii'.iix i|iil w iiiiiin It ilii liilt. ill' w* lii'i'lilfi 1,1 i| I il • Iriir l..>. II, \(Ml (1!''|- *>■* Imlills.'' Ib't alas ! worthy stranger, these are only dogs : their owners (alas again!) the veri- est knaves and pill'erers under the Min. The dogs in (|uestion are of a breed jiccu- liar to the lower parts of Frazer's K'iver, and lh(^ southern portitm of Vaiu'onver's Island and the (inlf of (leorgia. White, with a long woolly hair and bushy tail, they dilVer materially in aspect from the common Indian cur ; possessing, however, the same vidpine cast of countenance. Shorn regularly as the crop of hair matures, these creatures are of real value to thilr owiuMs, yielding them the material whence blankets, coarse it is true, but of excellent fabric, are manufactured. My hai)its of life since early manhood, have |)ossibly tended in some degree to 'olunt the power of ap- preciatitui in these matters, but 1 confess I could not witness without satisfaction, the primitive approach to textile manufactures which h(>re fiist recurred to my view after the la])se of many years. An additional interest w.is afterwards created in my inii.d, wlien^o!i examination,! found the imp^ inent i;se(l for weaving, difi'ored in no ap- p;iient respect from the rude loom of the days of the Pharaohs, as figured by mod- ern archaists. The aptness in the useful arts which I have noticed as existing anmng the inhabi- tants of tJie lower Frazer, is not coniincd to them,Mt extends along the north west coast, where, among (riferent tribes, it manifests itself in various sha])<'S. To the ingenuity of the Queen Charlotte's Islands I have already alhuhd ; but it is not my intention to dwell longer on this point. Passing over the intervening s( pts, with whom I am very jiartially acquainted, I K.hall proceed to the Ilailtsa, of Milbaidt and r^Mtzhugh Sounds. The custom of flattening 'he scull exists, as 1 hav(.' already mention- ed, among these people : unlike tlie Chi- nooks however, they do not pracli/fe it on / both sexes, but on the f{ maleiM only. The'' national dress of the Southern females, the X <^'-U 4 At, ^x. ^tVrv / / - 4<^ e-t** f ■^-ni -S, Jr^ '/- i X ^ y' •A; «l <-, ^ ^^/ ^^ 1803.1 IITSTORTCAL MAOAZTNE. T9 fa'ajiifilhu' (if ill • CliiiKjdkH, ecasc-t with tlii' tiiiipt, lidwcvcr, In enter into Ciirtlu'rdcliiilH iv;;-:ii'ilini;- spciiiil |Miiiits, I nIiuII hazard a few rcinarks as tu the raees nl' whicli I liave treated. Ah liefore iiieiitiniied, I lielieve the Chip- eu'vaii til liave eiiii^irated IVom the SVI'MI- wanl. I believe them to lie of A.siatic oii- lilli'ts i>l' iftl- tv''"', Mv'.io lien' tliiM in l\\'i poiiils at h'a.st, lie waid to assimilate to the HoMlherii races ; thou^^'h their laii,iiMiaj;-e and f>'eiieral eiHtoms are ddlereiit. The ehiel" distinctive pccaliaiilv oT (he liailtza is the practice of liilinu" the arm, iU^^ I'ullowiii;^- a custom of superstitions oriji,'in. \'/\u, and to have entered America liy th(! and certainly most, barbarous ellect. .\11 way of lU'hiin;:,'s Straits ; afterwards to tlio aduU m:il(!s Cslaves of ours ; excepteil) have been int<'rcepted from the coast by the- have their arms scarred with the imirid Cxteiisioii southward of the Esfpiimanx, mutilations thus voluntarily endured : th'; while themselves gradually extending? older the individual, the mire numerous tl e downwards within the line of the Coast cicatrices which he bears. While resident l{:in;i"e of Mnunlains. There are several at Milbank .'-^onnd in IS.'J.J, 1 did not succeed points circnmstantially corroborative of in learning all the particulars " have j»ass('(l away. 1 am im imniKitfr, lie it iiu- (Icrstdod, (if that iiiawkisli nMiiaiicc with vliich lictioiiists liavc Itcfii pli'iiscd to in- vest till' Indian trilics ; Imt, while in sn far jl^Vi'swvlw^ aj^ainst niisapiirehensidn (Hi this point, I wimld tain dw justice tti the many ;^'oi)d ((indities hy which the inteiinr races are fharaeteriJ!"d : the virliu-i which, spite of all imperrcction.';, shine thron^di, cvor and anon, (iujil' laK^iiidi ynlu Ira mivi'li fulii. Siidi til" my reailers as in the ah-'cnoe i f other opi>ortMnity, may have Inrmed their impressions n|' Indian lii'e and character fVnin the allnrin,!.!' lictinns nf Mr. ('miper ; or thiise who, im the tippdsite hand, have imhil'ed well Iniinded prejiidiees from eoin- mnnicatiiin with the wretched lish eaters of the ('(ilninl)ia and its nei.uhliiirin.n' coast, will do wt'll to pause as reg'ards tin- major- ity, helween both extremes. I'rncuriiifi' an abnndant livelihood with little exertion ; gross, aensnal, and for the most part eow- nrdly — the races who depend entirely, or chietly, on lishin^', are immeasuraiily inferi- or to those trilies, who, with nerves antl Kinows hraced by e.Kcrcise, and minds com- paratively ennijlded liy freijnent excitement, live conatantly annd war and the chase. This premised, I i>nl)join. as lianded in to me, a mcinorandiim taken in 1848, by my inter- preter, Ldouard lii-rlund, then in churge of the Kootanais ontpost. It may be reL,^ard- cd as authentic, and I believe correct. Population of the Ivcjotanais tribe, as ta- ken December, i^tO. /?/;/- 8 Men. l.iiil!'. Wn kCii. Ti I il t'lipor KtMit.iniils . .35 18 113 ICO K'"'Uiiia;.s wild IViqui'iit tlir rial- li.':il iMiiiMliy ... 44 33 18:i ifitl •l.owiTK'i.'tai.iiis W ArcSiplutlOS "S 4ti •113 31)7 li7 lOJ h67 121* TI'.o EsQuiMAfx niust indisputably be re- garded fis of cominun origin with the Greenlanders and otl>or Sanioiedic races oc- cupying the «u,mc belt of North latitude. •it Will r.ot csoapo i:iiticj ili.t liio Arcs I'l.'.lt.^f, vIki.tii mcfvi rcniolu fioru coi.Uct wiia \: ■-> Bluci.r.cr., a.o liy iIm: utiovti aicinor.iQilimi ia u far i^iro lluufiEU.iijj' bUU) Utau tiio otlior brnucbOB of llxia tribu. • Migrating iicross Davis' Straits as I have suppnsed the Chipewyans tn have done across those nf Dehring, they have gradu- ally advanced coastwise in Imth directionn lo the extiMit already nolic( d. 1 shall nut hazard any opininn in regai'l to the probalde conr.se of migratinn of the Saeliss, and other interior connexions, fur- ther than that 1 conceive it to have been from the southward and eastward, p,radu- ally advancing until interlocking with the coast (ri'ies, who on the other hand for the causes liefore adverted to, have had no in- ducement to W!'" ler far into the interior. •I All the tribes of this portion of the i'a- ciiic Coast, I look upon as originating from the islands of the West — from .lapan, the Kuriles and elsewhere. Nor is it unsup- (lorted hypothesis almie that leads me to this conclusinn : within the limited period of niy tiwn experience on this coast, I have learnt the possibility of a fortuitous iunni- gration, such as we may be justitied in as- suming to have led to the gradmil jieopl/- ing of this [lortion "f the continent in tlie earlier ages. For instance : in ISIU, at Cape Disap- pointment, on our wav to the northwest coast, Indians boarded our vessel and pro- duced a nia|» with some writing in tlapan- ese characters ; a string of the perforated copper coins of that country ; and other Convincing proofs of a shipwreck. Ru- mors of this hud been heard before, and af- ter this corroboration, the conipany dis- patched a vessel to the point indicated. It was south of Cap(! Flattery (at Queen-ha- ilth I believe.) Three survivors of the crew were ransomed from the natives, afterwards sent to England, and thence t(j Japan. In as far as could be understood by iis, they were bound from some port in the Japanese Island of Yesi, to another jtort in tli(^ bsland of Niplion. Losing their reckoning iu a typhoon, they drifted for many months, at the mercy of wind and wave, until at length stranded at the point of shipwreck. The crew had originally consisted of forty, of whom the greater portion had peris'cc' at sea during the transit ; three only fti""- viving to roach tho shore. Were tbifa ihr >s. <- -r ^. ^'■^ V rtL^ ^e /t^rr X /Vtr M^ «- A. 1868.] HISTORICAL MAGAZINE. 81 X only (!as • on rooorfl, of junks liavinj^ tims tliat larpo quantities of booswnx Iiavc been (iritliMl abroail, I ini^iit possildy 1)(« (axi'il constantly KJitlicrcd in tlio samis lli<»ro . / with arj^ninj^ from latluT slcndor pn'iniscs; Ninci- ilio lirst scllK'nicnt ; am] il is still o(s \^revious 8uppo>uions ar(* of New Bedford, in 3Iay, 1847, fell in with reconcilable with facts drawn from other a Japanese jimk, of about 200 tons, dis- 1 sources, i-i mantled, rudder gone, ami otherwise injur-' At the reque:'-t of my friend Mr. George ed in a typhoon, seven months previtiu.-.: Gibbs, I have given such brief notes as I bound to Jeddo ; crew (rriginally consisted thought might prove serviceable; rcgret- of seventeen ; but four only were surviving, ting that tne cause already stated prevents two in a most pitiable condition from fam- { my extending them farther. It is not how- ino: all scarred with dirk and knife wounds ;| ever without diffidence that I have hazard for fearful scenes seemed to have been en-jed aomc! opinions in which I may possibly acted on board during the struggle for ex- have judged erroneously, but the expression istence, and amid the paroxysms of hunger of winch I conceived to fjill within the in- and despair. There are other ])arlicuiars tention of !Mr. Gibbs' reepiest. given which it is needless here to dweHi Alex'k C. Anderson. Cathlamet, Washington Ter., Aug., 1865. /*" • I last iniintli rocelvod a qnnntlty of the rccenlly caUiered NKN wax. ilml hnd been |nitcliiisiii from the iiiitlvi's fur me Hiis- npon. There is another case of a sliip wreck mentioned by the Indians as having occur- red on the Clatsop shore, previous to the settlement of the whites among them. This , . _ , „ ^•11 1 » 1 I il J- .' «ux H Is almost supeifluoiis to riiuurk, U noted tor 118 Quality 19 Circumstantially coiioborated by the tact to n-siat d«cuy. y Mfc, ^*^^ t/SSc^ e^jdiS^ Tt7 ^AJM. r& /