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 '■1 
 
 Some Analyses of lova Scotia Coals and other Minerals. 
 
 By E. GILPIN, Jr., Ll. D., F. R. S. C, 
 
 Inspector of Mines, - Halifax, N. S. 
 
 From the Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 
 
 Vol. IX, Session 1896-97. 
 
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II.— Some Analyses of Nova Scotia Coals and other 
 Minerals.— By E. Gilpin, Jr., Ll.D., F. R. S. C, Inspec- 
 tor of Mines, Halifax, N. S. 
 
 (Communicatal March Kth, 1SU7J 
 
 I purpose this evening to give you a few analyses of Nova 
 Scotia minerals which are of interest. 
 
 A set of analyses of Coals from the three seams worked at 
 Springhill by the Cumberland Railway and Coal Company were 
 given me some months ago. They are as follows, and taken 
 from the workings at a depth of from 800 to 1000 feet: 
 
 East or No. 1 Slope— Black or Main Seam : 
 
 Moisture 202 
 
 Volatile combustible matter hS 94 
 
 Fixed Carbon 75 21) 
 
 Ash 375 
 
 10000 
 Sulphur ^ 11* 
 
 West or No. 2 Slope— South Seam. Sample No. 1, from 
 
 upper division of seam : 
 
 Moisture J'-^^ 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 2793 
 
 Fixed Carbon 07 47 
 
 A.sh 319 
 
 100 00 
 
 Sulphur "58 
 
 West or No. 2 Slope— South Seam, lower division of seam : 
 
 Moisture I'^l 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 2844 
 
 Fixed Carbon 65-38 
 
 Ash 4 67 
 
 10000 
 
 Sulphur 't>l 
 
 (246) 
 
 ^ 
 
SOME ANALYSES OF NOVA SCOTIA COALS, ETC. — GILIUN. 247 
 
 North or No. 8 Slope — North Seam : 
 
 Moisture 271 , 
 
 Volatile comltustil)le matter 2<S 41 
 
 Fixed Carbon fi4(l() 
 
 Ash 4 1!) 
 
 100 00 
 
 Sulphur °7d 
 
 Analyst — J. T. Donald, Movtrcal. 
 
 These analyses show the coals to be of excellent quality. 
 The amounts of ash and sulphcr are small, and that of the fixed 
 carbon is large. 
 
 These analyses are interesting when compared with a set of 
 analyses of the same seams made by nie in the year 1881, and I 
 believe not hitherto published, and with an analysis of the 
 Black seam made by me in the year 1880, and published in the 
 I'ransactions of the North of England Institute of Minin<r 
 Engineers, in a paper on Canadian Coals, giving a full set of 
 analyses of Nova Scotia coals, their ashes, etc. 
 
 The analyses made in the year 1881 are as follows : — 
 
 Kast Slope — Black or Main Seam : 
 
 Moisture 380 
 
 Volatile Combustible Matter, Fast Coking. . 35 (I,') 
 
 Slow " . . 2f) k; 
 
 Fixed Carbon Fa4, " . . 59!)0 
 
 Slow " . . 0;V2:J 
 
 Ash 4 45 
 
 Specific Gravity 1 29 
 
 'J'heoretical Evaporative Power 8.858 lbs. 
 
 West Slope — South Seam : — 
 
 Moisture 1 399 
 
 Volatile Combustible Matter, Fast Coking. 34 808 
 
 Slow " . 31-225 
 
 Fixed Carbon Fast " . 58-003 
 
 " Slow " . ()l-58f) 
 
 Ash 5-700 
 
 Sulphur -808 
 
 Theoretical Evaporative Power 840 H)s. 
 
248 SOME ANALYSES OF NOVA SCOTIA COALS, 
 
 North Slope— North Seam : 
 
 Moisture \()'2'^ 
 
 Volatile Coinhustible Matter, Fast Coking • .^'5-401 
 
 Slow " . 2.S-()72 
 
 Fixed Carbon Fast " . OOTOl 
 
 Slow " . (»r)-4.'il 
 
 Ash 4-272 
 
 Sulphur •7«'i 
 
 Theoretical Evaporative Power H.J)1) 
 
 The analysis of the Black scam made in the year 187.S has a . 
 complete sample column of coal representing the whole seam as 
 then worked. A companion column was presented to the 
 museum of the Geolegical Survey at Ottawa. The section of the 
 seam was as follows : — 
 
 Feet. Jnehcs. 
 
 Top coal, a little coarse .... 1 7 
 
 Coal, good 1 2^ 
 
 Fire clay parting — 0.} 
 
 Coal, good - — ^ 
 
 Coal, good 1 <| 
 
 Fire clay parting — f> 
 
 Coal, a little coarse — -^ 
 
 Coal, good — 11 
 
 Fire clay parting — 1 
 
 Coal, good 2 2 
 
 Coal, ffood, one inch soft — 3 
 
 Q 1 
 
 Coal, coarse — ^2 
 
 Total : 10 4i 
 
 I need not repeat here the minute description given then of 
 the various layers. It may be stated that the coal of the sample 
 was bright, with occasional calc-spar and pyrites films, with 
 somewhat irregular fracture. In the vicinity of the point in the 
 mine where the sample was taken a large amount of coal was 
 beautifully iridescent, recalling that splendid mineral Chry- 
 .socolla. Samples of this when analysed with the means at niy 
 disposal did not give a reason for the coloring. It may have 
 been due to some process of oxidation of iron pyrites. 
 
AND OTHER MINERALS— OlMMN. 249 
 
 Each band of coal was analysed with tho followin*,' results : 
 
 Band, No. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 (i. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 !). 
 
 
 
 .76 
 
 121 
 
 .30 
 
 .03 
 
 .00 
 
 1.34 
 
 M 
 
 .41 
 
 MoiHturo 
 
 .!« 
 
 Volatile (!omb. ( Hlow CokinR.. 
 
 30.84 
 
 .32.22 
 
 .%3 8l 
 
 2!»1!) 
 
 28.00 
 
 ,34.. T. 
 
 33.04 
 
 30.27 
 
 28..'>1 
 
 ^'^'^'"' (Kasl, C'okinj,'.. 
 
 3I.7'> 
 
 •M\ 12 
 
 37.25 
 
 .32(!.-);«.8»r).17 
 
 .V).!)l ;i.3.88 
 
 1 
 
 30.47 
 
 rsiow Clokinp;.. 
 
 (M)73 
 
 m.{)\ 
 
 t».i3 ti7.!t'i'a'i.ir,'(io.:.!» 
 
 .10.80 (10.80 
 
 0.3 (I't 
 
 Klxod Carbon . . < 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 1. 
 
 
 VKast. Cokiiif?.. 
 
 CtlM 
 
 57.01 
 
 5S».C.O 
 
 04.18 
 
 (•>o 22 
 
 5). 18 57.;><).>7.'.'8(n.7() 
 
 1 1 ' 
 
 Ash 
 
 7 45 
 
 .85 
 
 (5.11 
 
 .50 
 
 1.85 
 .71) 
 
 2.M 
 1.21 
 
 5.31 
 
 1.8;-) 
 
 3.05 .5.10 
 
 8.28, 7.42 1 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 .89 
 
 1.40 
 
 2.05 
 
 ::■. 
 
 Hni'.ciHc. Gravitv 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.25) 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.20 
 
 1..33 
 
 1..32 
 
 Th(.,roU,.al Kvap. ( "'"^^- <'"'^'"f'' 
 
 8.:{3 
 
 8.40 
 
 8.(15 
 
 0.28 
 
 8.1)2 
 
 8.32 
 
 8.20 
 
 8.3;-) 
 
 8.00 
 
 »'»^^*'i' (Fast C'okinK 
 
 7.9.5 
 
 7.(i.'i 
 
 8.20 
 
 8.83 
 
 8..30 
 
 8.20 
 
 7.881 7.75 
 
 8.;-)4 
 
 Ookc hriKht and tolorably compact. 
 
 Ash of average sample grey, with tinge of pink. 
 
 The averaofc of the analyses calculating the respective thick- 
 ness of the bands is about : — 
 
 Moisture '7**^ 
 
 Volatile Coinbu.stible Matter, Slow Coking. '^\'^2 
 
 Fast " 'i^V4") 
 
 Fixed Carbon Slow " (i2r)4 
 
 Fast " r)l).r,.'J 
 
 Ash 'V.'H 
 
 Sulphur l-.'58 
 
 The ultimate analj'ses of the coal gave : — 
 
 Carbon TSol 
 
 Hydrogen •')1 9 
 
 ^^yS^^ \ .... 9-9S 
 
 Nitrogen j ' 
 
 Sulphur 1-12 
 
 Ash 5-20 
 
 lOOOO 
 As compared with the coal from other Provincial districts 
 the Cumberland coals stan<l as follows : — 
 
 Cape Hrcton. 
 
 Moisture "7') 
 
 Volatile Combustible Matter 87-2() 
 
 Fixed Carbon 58 74 
 
 A.sh 3 25 
 
 I'ictou. 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 11 9 
 
 l-SG 
 
 29.10 
 
 2G-7G 
 
 GO 03 
 
 GGG5 
 
 9.34 
 
 470 
 
 f 
 
2:)0 
 
 HCiMF-: ANALYSKS OI' NOVA SCOTIA COAI.S, 
 
 F'roiii a t!oiiip(aison of the lator witli thn oMcm- ajuilyscs it 
 will 1)0 soon that thos(> of coal from tlio deopor prjitioris of tho 
 soanriH show lossoniMl amounts of volatilo comhustihlt! matter, 
 incr(!asL'(l ])ercenta<^e,s of fixod carl)on, and diminished amounts 
 of Hul[)hiir and ash. Sjjeakinf,' in jjfencral teiiiis the coal would 
 appear t(» have developed more into a steam fu(d, tlu! evapora- 
 tive power hein;^ in a ^^eneral way proportionate to the perctint- 
 at,o> of (ix(!d carhon. 
 
 This would ^ivo the coals as at pres(;nt min(>d a lii;.,'h calorific 
 power. From analyses hy Mason and Matheson in a paper read 
 before the Nova Scotia Mininij Socicity, it would a))p(!ar that tho 
 calorilic powers of coals from tho Sydney coal tit^lds vary from 
 72.SS to 7()2S ; of Picton coal (sample from lnt(;rcolonial mine) 
 V,\)(>:\ ; an<l of Sprin^diill coal 7808. 
 
 As compared with United States coal they should stand 
 nearly in the rank of the best ficc burnini; coals of Pennsyl- 
 vania, Viri^'inia, ami Maryland. Those coals hold from 12 to 21 
 per cent of volatile matter, and fi-om 69 to 7G percent of Kxed 
 carbon. The avera<xc contents of the UniLed Slates coals are 
 from 2i) to .'r> per cent oi volatile! matter and from ")3 to (i7 per 
 cent of fi.xed carbon. These coals therefore frotn Sprini^diill 
 should rank foi' steam purposes next to the class which may be 
 described as the best selected for use on tlie lari,'e ocean 
 passenjj^er vessels. 
 
 I have not at hand any proximate analyses of English coals 
 to compare with these under consideration. However, takinj^ 
 th(! results obtained in the English Admiralty trials of steam 
 coals, and comparing the percentage of fixed carbon found in 
 the trials with the fixed carbon given in these analy.ses, it will 
 be found that the English and Scotch coals run from 49 to 88 
 pel- cent as compared with G8.2 per cent in the Springhill coals. 
 
 This would give the S[)?inghill coal about tVie same relative 
 position to the best Welsh coals as has already been assigned to 
 it in comparison with the best American coals. The evapoi-ativo 
 power of the Sjiiinghill coals wouhi, from the analyses, stand 
 higher than that oF the English and Scotch coals, and rank next 
 
 
 I 
 
AND OTIIKK MINKIIALS— (HLIMN. . 251 
 
 to that of tlio host \\\'.U\\ steam coals. It may he romarkc<l that 
 thy host American ami VVubh coals would ho classified as freo 
 huriunj,', semi-anthracite, while the Sprinjrhill oals are hitu- 
 minous and coking. 
 
 I also "ive here an analysis of the Patrick seam as worked 
 on the Patrick Lease, now the property of the Canada Coals and 
 Railway Company, on the west hank of the Macan River. The 
 sample is from the lower part of the seam : — 
 
 Moisture 1'^)^) 
 
 Volatile Combustihle Matter So'Gl 
 
 Fixed Carbon •i'J'^JO 
 
 Adi 749 
 
 Sulphur "50 
 
 As reddish and pulverulent. 
 
 The following analyses of pit waters nuiy he given here :— 
 
 Vale Colliery : — 
 
 Water contained in 1000 partfi. 
 
 Sulphate of Lime ■^'^'^ 
 
 " Magnesia "lOO 
 
 Silicious matter ■l*-**^ 
 
 Chloride of Sodium ^^'^'^ 
 
 CVuhonate of Sodium 7';')0!) 
 
 Iron and Alumnina Trace. 
 
 Ori'aiuc matter Trace. 
 
 No free acid. 
 Springhill, from feeder 1300 feet level, water clear, free from 
 smell, slightly acid : — 
 
 Sul{)huric Acid, free Trace. 
 
 Sulphate of Lime Larg.'. 
 
 Magnesia Suuill. 
 
 Chloride of Sodium Com/iderable. 
 
 Carbonic Acid Suudl. 
 
 Carbonate of Lime Small. 
 
 Iron Oxides Small. 
 
 Water exerted slightly corrosive action on iron exposed to it 
 for twenty-four hours. 
 
 A number of analyses of Nova Scotia nniieral and pit waters 
 are given in a paper by the writer, read before the Newcastle 
 Mining Institute some years ago. 
 
 i- 
 
 f 
 
252 SOME ANAIA'SES OF NOVA SOOTIA COALS, 
 
 In the upper part of Georges River in Cape Breton County 
 there is a large deposit of iron pyrites in rocks which are, I 
 think, laid down as Laurentian Vjy the Geological Survey. The 
 deposit has as yet been examined only superficially, but so far 
 appears somewhat low in sulphur. The following analysis of 
 samples from the most promising exposure gives : — 
 
 Sulphur 2500 
 
 Copper 110 
 
 Gold Trace. 
 
 Silver Trace, 
 
 Silica 5200 
 
 Iron, etc 2500 
 
 For a number of years the presence of iron ore at Whycog- 
 omah in Cape Breton has been well known. The oies which are 
 magnetites and red hematites are so very favourably situated, 
 being close to thu wateis of the Bras d'Or Lake, that a good 
 deal of work was done on them a number of years ago. A 
 nuuiber of beds were opened and tracetl. They varied up to 
 nine feet in thickness, and occurred in the Limestone division of 
 the Laurentian, as described by Mr. Fletclier in his numerous 
 reports on the Geology of Cape Breton, issued by the survey. 
 
 The analyses of the ores were contradictory in character, 
 some being high in phosphorus, while others were very pure and 
 ran high in iron. Last fall fiesh discoveries were made in this 
 district .some distance f rom the old openings, of beds of magnetite 
 some upwards of 100 feet in width. Indications are not want- 
 ing that these ores extend over a large tract of country. 
 
 The following analyses well serve to .show the quality of 
 the ores : — 
 
 Silica 14'41 
 
 Alumina 7''V'l 
 
 Manganese Oxide 'Ol 
 
 Lime SOO 
 
 Sulphur -22 
 
 Metallic lion 545() 
 
 Phosphorus Trace. 
 
 Magnesia Trace. 
 
^IK(!KW^I-' Pfl"' • 
 
 ■"'wr 
 
 ■Hffi 
 
 AND OTHER MINERALS — fJILPlN. 
 
 Iron. Phosphorus. 
 
 55 70 None. . 
 
 59-60 10 
 
 63-20 004 . 
 
 54-30 005 . 
 
 53-20 -38 
 
 50 74 -31 
 
 53-12 •2<S . 
 
 253 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 . '08 
 
 . -23 
 
 . -31 
 
 . -38 
 
 . -25 
 
 . -024 
 
 . -026 
 
 5285 0058 -138 
 
 Silica 2105 
 
 Ferric Oxide , . . . 5354 
 
 Ferrous Oxide 21-24 
 
 Alumina , 226 
 
 Manganese Oxide -50 
 
 Lime 117 
 
 Magnesia , -36 
 
 Sulphur -023 
 
 Phosphorus Trace. 
 
 Metallic lion 54.00 
 
 Metallic Iron 5436 
 
 Phosphorus -38 
 
 Silica 13 00 
 
 Metallic Iron ... 55-70 
 
 Sulphur -68 
 
 Phosphorus Trace. 
 
 These analyses show that there are ores in this vicinity 
 valuable enough for shipment as regards quality, and the present 
 owners consider that new explorations now being carried on 
 will show that the ore is present in quantities sufficient to war- 
 rant working on a large scale. 
 
 In this connection reference may be made to this division of 
 the Cape Breton Laurentian in which the ") deposits occur. It 
 may be distinguished as the Limestone divisi-^u, as it is distin- 
 guished mineralogically from the other, or felsite division, by the 
 presence of numerous beds of limestone, in addition to the 
 felsites, gneisses, granites, etc., common to both. These lime- 
 stones furnish marble, as at West Bay and other localities, lime 
 
254 SOME ANALYSES OF NOVA SCOTIA COALS, ETC. — GILPIN. 
 
 of excellent (juality, and dolomites, suitable, as at New Cainp- 
 bellton,f<n- furnace liiiin<^.s. Iron ores occur in them at numerous 
 points both hematite and magnetite. Graphite is also found 
 In all probability, phosphates, similar to those found in Quebec 
 will be proved on search being made. Where these measures 
 are cut by dykes, copper and lead ores carrying gold and 
 silver occur, and may in some cases prove valuable. As yet so 
 far as my information goes free gold has not bc.n founcl in 
 quartz in the limestone division. The gold of Michlle River and 
 Cheticamp appears to be associated with soft talcose and felsitic 
 shists of the other division. This gold occurs at Middle River 
 free in quartz, and in the river gravel, derived presumably both 
 from the quartz and augmented by gold flakes from the schists. 
 At the Cheticamp River, so far as can bo judged from the work 
 don«^, it would appear to have a similar source, and to be con- 
 nected only with the felsite series. In the latter case part of 
 the gold may be derived from mineralized zones adjoining the 
 dykes cutting the various rocks. However, the explorations of 
 the comino" season will probably give us more exact infoiination. 
 It is interesting to note in connection with the occurrence of 
 gold at Cheticamp that native silver occurs in the Mackenzie 
 River a short tlistance north, and it is possible that explorations 
 in that section may rjsult in the discovery of important amounts 
 of this metal and associated gold. 
 

 
 i