.a5- ^. f<^.%^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k <0 {•sr 1. '^Q ^ ""ii^":^^ *4s :/. d> CIHM Microfiche Series ({Monographs) iCIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroraproductions / institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas I ^^ Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, ara checked below. Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagte □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restourie et/ou pelliculAe □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ D D D Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relie avec d'autres documents □ Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr^ peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure n n Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas etc filmees. Additional comments:/ Cnmmentaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-4tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de f ilmage sont indiqu^ ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicultes 0Pa.ies discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d^olorees, tacheties ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages d«tach«es 0Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Qualite in«gale de I 'impression a Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue □ Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tCte provient: □ Title page of issue Page de titre de la □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart de la I I Masthead/ livraison livraii..i Generique (periodiques) de la livraison This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est f lime au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous 10X 14X ,8X 12X 22X 30X XX 24 X 28 X J 22X I qu'il beet It de vue Mtion The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. Ail other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce d la g4n4rosit6 de: Bibliothdque nationale du C ida Les images suivantes ont «t« reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et oe la nettet« de l'exemplaire film*, ot en conformit* avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim«e sunt film«s en commencant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte una empreinte d impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film«s en commencant par la premiere page qui comporte une emprninte d impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la derni^re image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ". le oymbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmto a des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clicho, il est film6 A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n«cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 22 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 N « A SCHOOL HISTOKY OF CANADA FOR THE USB OF YOUNG STUDENTS IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC TRANSLATED FROM THE JRBNOH or F.-X. TOUSSAINT Professor of the Laval Normal School \ QUEBEC PRrNTBD BY 0. DABVUAU 1898 • M Entered according to Act of Parliament of Conada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety eight, by C. Darvfau. in the office of the Minister of Agriculture. A HISTORY OP CANADA the year ighl. by 'iculture. DrSCOVKRIES AND SETTLEMENTS.^' erod in 1492, by Chnstopbei- Colurabiia, a 6onoo«. AchowJofadventaTOM soon overran the coantrvin search ofibo ma,veIlo„» riches of A„.erioa A fa^" S:t,r:ei:''^ '■'»'-•"'-■- ---"^ wh.ch C„la„,b„3 U.„„he,. was ,he .„iandof s!"s.^ vador. one of the Antilles; daring ,ho same vlt^ he discoverod Cuba and San Domingo whl™^ bu.lt a small fort. On his third voyZ Ju^ . *..»h^«long«„, .^.ht».n co^^olZ^Z^ "" „ir 'K** *"** ColUltolmB. - C6himbm wm oltm. obliged to 4„en ,1,0 mutinous spirit of i^ companions, and he suffered cruelly at the ha«,t- 6f cnvjous persons. Unjustly accused, bo wa, rtul^ w,A fetu.rs and b..nght back toS,„i„."EvI. .^, nlZV^'"^ his name to ,ho vast co„Une„t which he had discovered was denied him. HISTORY OP CANADA MAP OF AMERICA. 1 Spain. —Col urn biiH, Cortez, Pizuno utxl oihor nuvi^utorH ^':ivo to Spuiii tho toirilory now known OH Iho Soulliorn States, Mexico, Cuntiul Amorica, Venezuela, New Greiiad:!, Rjiuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chili, tho Argentine Kopublic, and Patagonia. 2. Portugal. — Portugal took posHOHaion of Brazil, diBcovored in 1500, by Cabral. 8. England, Holland and Sweden. — The firRt nuvigfttors sent out by England wore John and Se- bastian Cabot in 1497. In 1584, the English made settlements in Virginia. Lulor they founded the New England colony, then comprising New Hamshiro, Massachusotls, Khodo Island, and Connecticut. Between New England and Virginia was New Netbttrland, a Dutch colony, now tho State of New York. Further south towards the Delaware, the Swedes had founded Now Jersey. Little by little, all the eastern coast of tho country, which is now tho United Slates, passed into the hands of tho English. 4. France. — In 1523, during the reign of Francis I., John Verrazzani, a Florentine, was Kont out to discover new lands. In 1534 and 1535, Jacques Cartier, a skilful navigator of St. Mai o, visited the Gulf of St. Lawrence, discovered Canada, and took possession of tho country in tho name of the king of France. HISTORY OP CANADA $ Franco coloriizod Cunadu or Now Fr.u.co, Acadia, and LouiBJuna. ' MCaUES CABTIER. 1. First Voyage. - Franei« I, dosiiii.g to found a colony in America, gave Cartior a commission, aulhonzmg him to tako possession of all the land ho should discover. Curtier set sail on the 20th of April, 1534, with two vessels of 60 tons weighJ. He visited the shores of JN^ewfoundland, entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence by the Straits of Belle Isle and sailed along the coast of Labrador. On the 3rd of July, he entered a bay which he called Bay des Chalours. When he sailed out of this baj», the violence of the wind forced him to take refuge in that of Gcisp^. Taking possession of the Country. - Cartier took possession of the country by planting, at tho head of Gasp^ Bay, a largo cross surmounted by tho tt.m8 of France. On the festival of the Assumption, he sot sail for Franco. 2. Oartier's Second Voyage. - Francis L, satie- fiod with Oartier's report of tho fiist voyage, gave him a new commission. On tho i9th of May, having rocoived iho blessing of the bishop of St. Mulo Cartier again set sail. His fleet comprised three email ships, the Great Hermine, the Little Hermine, and the Emerillon. On the 16th of July, he reached Sable Island. On tha lOlh of AugusJ, ho entered a gulf s eiStpORY OP CANADA i I 1 ! which he called St Liiwronoo, in honoi- of the rnwi'tyi whoso festival Ih celebrated on that day. G»i th« 15lh of Augnst, the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin M:iry, he sailed around Anlicosti, which he called AHsumplion Island; on the 6th of September, ho cast anchor iwtiv Hazel Island ; on the 7th of the same raittnth, ho anchored between the noi'lh shore and thfo Island of Orleans, which ho called Isl© of Bac- chus. On the 8th, he was visitea by Bonacoaa, ehl«f of Sladacona (bird's wing), a village which occupied the spot whero Quebec now stands. a Cartier'a arrival at Stadaoona.— On the 14th ot September, Oartier arrived ut Stadacona. Fijulifjg the lafidfioapo pleasing and the harbour good, he re- solved to winter there. He mooired the &r€at Her- mne and the Little Mermine in ^ho St. Charles, which he calkd theSt. Croix River, because ho had entorod it on the festival of the Exaltation of thoHolyCi^ws. Cartier was very well received by Douacona. 4. @artier's visit to Hochelaga.—On the 19th, Oftrtier ombaiked on the Emerillon for Hocholaga, (tho great beaver dam). Forty-five mites up the river, ho j^topped ai Achdai (J-otbini^^). He Jeft the EmriUon at the mouth of Lake St. Potw, and with two boats icached Hocholaga on the 2ud ojP October. Hocholaga was better built than Stadacona. Tho i«h«hitants, n umbering about a thousand, wore inmiXiy. Having admired the country fiom the summit, of a little mountain, to which he gave HISTOBF OP CANADA tj the namo of Mont Royal CrtiV.. ..n^ u- ed. On the 7ih nf O ! i ? ''"d h.s mon roturn- whuI.Kn M \v. ''^^^^«^^''- ''0 discovered a riv.r Pn? ; ? . ^ possession of the Country. - Durinir their Bhi,». ™" "'^"-t.-onchmont in f,oatot oo^i7i'::XTu' k'"^ "'"''"•'"' " « ' "-' '•■■«■" -loa Btiiivy which canicl off Ihiily „„... On tho3.d of May, Ca.,i«,. coctol on .h'o nvcr bank „ h„.go c-o^, B„r™oa„t«d by tho .„•„„ of p,.,„rc wi.h h.m Donucona, th., chief of Stad.-,™,.a «• First attempt at colonisation - The «,... SOing on at that time between F.au™ ..,„| ^ d.vo..tcd the attention of P...„eis I. Z, • ; :' d.uU,eolon,.a,io„ of Canada. On the 15.h of Ja , l 1^40, ho granted letters ivi.,.nf i.. t u ,,'"""•" >"» ...j^chedei^be,.va,.a,rn:;'of;:;a.;; Z sT ^"""r-'-e---" "f Canada, IIo"^, ' and Sagucnay. » The management of the exnodi r„l' was c;onfided to Cartio-, who took the ,it"'of C. tn.n-Goneral and Gr and Pilot of Franco ■eady to sail, Caitier »„, out b.fbi« him. Ho Mi S Mol^on the 2m of May, 15^1, bat hi, H^-l l^'^' thre. dutnots: S.g«ea.y. Cauda, „d HocWag. 8 HISTORY OF CANADA ships did rot reach the harbour in the St. Croix till the 23 id of August. Donatona had died in Franco, and having good reason to dread his sue- cetsor, Carlicr went to Cap Rouge where he built a fort called Charlebourg Koyal. While his men busied themselves clearing the laud and fortifying the place, he pailed up the river in the hope of finding a passage to the Saguenay. He proceeded no further than the St. Louis Bapids. Cartier returns to Prance. —The French were several times molested by the Indians during the winter, to in the hpring they hastened to return to France. At Niwfoundland they met M. de Roberval who, in three large hhips, was bringing out 200 colonists, amongst whom were f^everal men of distinguished rank. Robcrval desired Cartier to return with him, but liio Captain-General, having probably lost con- fidence in the sueeess of the undertaking, weighed anchor secretly the following night. Roberval winters in the Country. — In 1542, Robeivsil sett leu at Charlebourg Royal which Cartier had Juhl left. IIo hanged its name to France Roy. Ho then sent two of his ships back to France to bring out the provisions neeesj-ary for the following spring, but the King, instead of sending help and supplies, recalled him in 1543. FiOm this time till the end of the sixteenth QQV.- tury, France attempted no colonization in Canada. HISTORY OP CANADA 9 Pi-onch ships gtill came lo fl^h for cod on the banks of Novvfonndlund. 7. Attempt at colonizttion by the Marquis de la Boche. - Towards tho end of ilio Mxtoonlh cen- tury, Honry Til. ^r.nvo tho JM[urqni.s do laRoeho letters patent, naming, him Lioutonantdenoral and Viceroy of Newfoundland and any other lands ho might dj^ covet-. These letters patqnt were conarmed in 1598 by Henry IV. The Marquis do la Rooho sailed with butoneves- se . canying fifty convictg whom he landed on Sable Island, expecting to find op the main land a place fit for the establishment of ,v colony. O.i his return contrary winds drove him from tho coast of the island and there the poor wretc|,o« were left, for several years. Only twelve were found alivo when the king, hearing of their sad fate, spnt for them. 8. M de Ohauvin. - The commission of the Mar- quis de la Roche passed into tho hands (.f M.deChau- vm, ,nlo99. This navigator interested himself in tho fur trade only. 9. M.deOhateg' Company. - o,> .ho doiuh of M. do Chauvm, i„ 1601, hi, «,.,nmi88ion wasgivon to M. do Chatos, Govonic- of Pioppo, who o.^-«„ized a argo company. Tho commni.d of tho ^hip8w.w given to M. Pon.gr«vc<. M. do CI,„to,s induco.1 M. do Uham- plain 10 accompany Pon.g,,,vJ i„ hi, jounuy t„ Ca- ;'l?„!' '!^""!'**"'*'' '""' '" '"W»ligat« iho rosoui-cos of '"V x-vUuny anti mail port upon them. [io out u laithful and detailed re- It) i! HI8T0IRY OP CANADA 10. Champlain ascends the St. Lawrence. — Clinmplain and Ponl/riavc^ Bailed fiom Fiance onihe J6lh of March, 1603. Leaving thoir ships at Tadoiis- .b:jc, thoy a»c(Midcd I ho St. Lawrence as far an the 3«. LoiiiH Rapids. M. do Chates w.is dead when llw^y leliirncd to Frnrice. 11. M. de Monts' Company. — The Commission of M. de Chalos was given to Pierre du Gas do Mont8, a Oaivinist gentleman, Grovornor of Ponp. M. de Monts did not break np the Company form- ed by M. do CHatcs, but he increased its members by associating to it several merchants of Rouen and La Roche! ic. 12. Foundation of Acadia. — In the spiing of 1604, M. do Alonts, accompanied by M. de Champlain and M. de Poutrincourt, sailed with tw«) vessels to Of*tabliKh a colon3\ Having visited the shores of the Bay Fraii9aise (Fundy), they wintered on Si. Croix IsIuih', at the mouth of the Etchemins River (St. Croix River). Here ihoy suffered greatly from cold and want of water, besides the scurvy, which carried off tblrtj^six men. As soon as the season wassnffi- eieirtly advanced, M. de Monts, Champlain, and a Uw men, embarked on a small vessel and sailed along the sliore as far as Capo Cod. Not finding any place offering all the desired advantages, M. do Monts returned to St. Croix. Then re-embarking on their two ship?, the Frenchmen proceodc to found ill Al*fl(ii>l n. RAltlMiTinnf in ixTK»..k fKnir ....■.■,^ «K„ name of Port-Royal (^Annapolis.) iiaVU LUV HISTORY OP CANADA THE DOMIWOH OF CAHADA. n 1. Canada - Canadu is a largo country in North America, ,r, sizo almost equal to Europe. It cxle.,eninspla; in the valley of the Ohio, fort Dufresno und Marthant; west of Lake Su- perior wai^ fort Conti-ocoBur, and botwoon New Bruns- wick and Nova ScOlla wore Gasparcau and Boausd- jour. 4. Indians. -. Whdn tho Fre: «1, came to New Franco, I hoy found It ir.habltod by nevoral nations or tribes of In liann. ^Tho most remarkable wore the Esquimaux in Labrudor, tho Monlagnais near the Saguonay, tho Algo.lquins on the North of tho St Lawrence, the OttaWUs on iho river of the same* name, the Hurons on iho lako called after thom. tho large tribes of SoUl.y, Mia.uis, Oula^^tmls and othei-slotho west and south of Lako Superior ; the confederation of five ll'oquois tribes south of Lako Ontario mid in the SUlle of Now York, the Btche- mins gouth of the St. Lft\vrcnco: tho Ah^uoqt^i. ^u^ with the Hurons were thd faithful allies of the French HISTORY OP CANADA 18 in Ihc Slate of Maine and on the S(, L.-.wrcnce; and tJio feounqnoiN or MicmacH in Acadia. 6. Manners and customs of the Indians. - The Indians in gonc.ul wo.c tail and well built. %he.i. .km copper colored, their eyes dark, and their hair long and black. Gontle.in tim^ of peace, their cruelty during war was revolting. They tortuV^ then- prisoners in the most frightful manner. Tiie Algonquins and Hurons were less cruel. 6. Arts. — Making bows and arrows, tomahawks bark canoes and r.ets, were the only arts known to the Indians. The men hunted and fished, 4ho women treated with contempt, were burdened with the most laborious work. 7. Religion. — The Indians were pagans. They believed in the existence of iwo gods; the one good, called the good Munitou, the other wicked, called the bad Manitou: They had a vague idea of reward and punishment after death,believing that the good would ^'o to a Jund where game was abundant, and the wick- ed, to a land where there was neither hunting nor fishing. ^ 8. Government - The Indians had no regular form of government. Somewhat republican in their idea.s, they obeyed only the chiefs whom they chose among the bravest and most eloquent of the tribe. ■I !!! j! ■ill HISTORY OF CANADA u PART FIRST CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH ;— 1760 FIRST EPOCH THE COLONr GOVERNtJ) BY COMPANIES 1608 to 1663 I. SAMUEL DE GHA|[PLAIV 1608 to 1620 M. deMonis, Lie'^tenant ytneral ; the Count 4a ^ouaoa. Ote. PHiice ofContf^, the Duke cf Mont- rnqrew^y, the Dvke of Veniadour, Vicet-oys ; Cardial Richelieu, Giand- Master. t Samuel de Ohamplap, - M. do Cha4wniMln ^mhovu ut BTQwago in S:u».,l^„^ro. At m cavty ai-e h« i^nvlM-u^ a ^PaiU,!,,^ Ufo. I.aelllgcnt an^l wSt eduii^U'd for (ho pq.ipc) i,i ^hich he lived, firm and constant in his entorpnses, brave, and above all a Chn^t,an „, iho 8trongc8t seneo of (he word, Cham- plain was destined by Pmsidence to be the father an I founder of New France. IirSTORY OP CANADA 15 5. Arrival of M. de Ohamplain. — M. yal. obtni.iod h iK'w cr»rn.nl8sion from Iho kini,'. This limo ho rast h s o^^osori Canada whero ho donircd to m.dco an altonipt tit colonization. Ho equipped two. -hips; one, eorr- m:U.do.l hy PorrfgraviS wont to Tadoiissac lo trado f.»rfui^s; thooth.M-, commandod hy Chjjmplain, ar- rived hi ie«8, and anchored of»j>Gsiie a pd#r»t wbk-h tho 8«vage8 caHcd KiVTiec. ^ 5. tteniarkable Events. — The following are tho chlof events of M. do Champhiin's fii-st adminlF. tratlon: l.Tho foundation of Quebec; 2. Clmmplaln's battloH with the Iroquois; 3. The voyages and dis- coveries of the founder of Now Prance; 4. Tho arrival of tho llocoHots ; 5. The arrival of the Jos- tiltn; 6. The foundation of several Huron villages or *' mhnilons " by tho JomiIIs; 7. Tho organization of tho Go. auron Villages. — The moHt remarkable Huron viJIagcB were Si. fgatious, St. Joseph, St. John, St. LouIh, and St. Mary 18. Education. - The Jesuits were the first to give a classieal education to t\u> youth of Now Franco? Children received an excellent elementary and truly christian education in the Rccollets' schools. 14. Fortifications. — The settlement of Qu !beo was not sufficiently fortified. Champlain ih-reforo, in 1620, built a fort on the hill now oicupied by (ho Platform or Dufforin Terrace. This fort was called St. Louis Castle and was used as a residence by the governors, French and English, till 1834, when it was consumed by fire. In 1611, to make sure of the territory ho had dis- covorodand to protect commerce, Chnmpjain built Place Royal. This fort was situated on the vovy spot where, thirty years l;,tor, Montreal was founded. 16. Declaration of War. - War was decfared between England and Fra.ro just at the moment when the Company of a Hundrod A organized by Champlain. The first vessels sent out I i 20 HISTORY OP CANADA to give upi:: : o^onT'^ch::?'""'' '"'"™'"'"" -eh that Ke..„ ,,^], ^l^-^^r- ""^^ bo.h food ,Z.:^1 r" "'' "" P'"™- I-'^king ■hcJosu-rwrf ^ "'««<"''k»- Cha,nplai„ a„d to.n .t°r'r: ; "M^'^n'-^^ "^ ^''-- ^'^^ "<" »- Pni.ice were t„l° .u companies of Now in.o..c».r to d r.:: : """'?■' '" ^^'"^•'' -- "- and In ,Lf .L ' P"^ "'" !'"''"«= officers and o defray the expenses of the a, s.io..,,,:o» Zi (4 HISTORY OF CANADA 21 To meet this outlay the companies had the ex- clusive tor.lrol of the Far Trade with the Huvngos. 2. The following are the companies which obtain- ed commissions: Isf. The Company of M. de Monts, 1603 to 1614; 2d. The Company of the Merchants of Rouen. 1614 to 1621; ' 3d. The Company of the Duke of Montmorency. 1621 to 1627; J' 4th. The Company of One Hundred Associates. 1627 to 1(164; ' 5th. The Wosl Indian Company, 1664 to 1671; A sixth company called The Company of Notre -Dame of Montreal was founded in 1640. Owing partly to these companies, the colony made little progress in the early days. The associates, nearly all menhants, sought to enrich themselves and neglected their obligations. 8. Viceroys. — The kings of France wore repre- sented by persons of rank who, under the title of viceroy or lieutenant general, were appointed to pro- tect the colony and preside over the companies. The most remarkable of these viceroys, up to the death of Cham plain, were M. de Roberval, M. de Monts, the Count de Soir<8ons, the Prince de Cond(5, thoBuko de Montmorency, and Cardinal Richelieu. The latter was president of the Company of One Hundred Associates. Land Tenure.— The seigniorial tenure, or feudal 22 HISTORY OF CANADA ■■"').ov..,.i„|,ed noblemen f„ ^ « ''*' "'''"'"'•'» ««.<8 at. acre and h.f ' "' " "••"" "^""o <"' t'vo obligation: one t»otre7"" '"*""'' '•^'""•'»'" t«.i^;t'S' ^''"""•.™ """'-hoO tbeselgnioHal «.e.onV» in thn^tt.^ '"' -'""«•»-' of ,„a„«. .•".t::S:dt':::ta:rrr<'-''---«-. in Now Fianeo tL i . 5 '"""'' '='""'' ^ ««"'« wee fun,. , ,r.,y tL.™ ' '""•"''"' '" ''"> -""^-y ei;!:.'re^!rtr?:n,7.:r^L^Tf ))0|>iihaon, bcfoi-o 1K9S . •""P'i'n. 1 ho whole -t.n;^rofi::::r"^^^^^^^^^^^ «■•»' -"- -« laUi, /. . ' '■''■'^- i^ievioas tn ih« " "' ''"'-''^^ "y '"« Eortk b..othera (1629), the HISTORY OP CANADA 23 admlnistrution of tho affairs of the colony was in the hands of a company, presided ovoi- by a hii.«,'uonot. Many of tho colonists wore not respectable. Cham- plnin, however, obliged all to work and sent back to France tho idlers who would not clear their land. 6. Women. — There wore in those early times Ibw women in tho colony. Madame Louis Hobert and her daughteis, Madame Couillard, Madame A. MartiR, and Madame do Champlain,-the latter came out Ui 1620,— wore the only women then to be foiUKf in Hew France. The greatest care was taken to allow none biit virtuous and pious women to come to Canada. So many precautions and so much vigilance soon made New Franco a mode! colony. It is not therefor© surprising that the Canadians were then, and fstill continue to be a moral, pious*, and upright people. THREE YEARS UNDER THE EXOLISH. 1629 to 1632. 1. Louis Eertk. — Louis Kerik took possession of Quebec on tho day following that of the capitulation. He treated Champlain with great consideratioti, and invited the five families settled in New France to rcmaifj in tho country promising them full liberty and protection. 2- Oanada Restored to the French. — On arriv- ing in England, Champlain learned that peace had been concluded two months before the fall of Quebec. 24 HISTORY OP CANADA I m i 111 iiijiii i lostoicd to Jranco t.ll iho 29lh of March 16f2 bv •ho trea.y of St. Goimaine on Laye. ' ^ CAMADA AGAIN UNDER THg FKEKCH. .i.*"«?^'^'*'° de Caen. - 0,1 the i3ihof j.iir isa' the " III 08 of France " Hn-i^A „ . "' ' who "tiVi "',''.'"'"' '"'"* '*'"'■<'"" ""y ^'"O *'™"«1> a Hand ed A ■■' I" ""^ '°""''y- '"'» «""P»"y »f The »etn? -"" "•■'"""' '" -«<'<'" Py thotountry. d, ir '^ losses snstamod by the Com,«,„y ^ni L * " ^'"'" '° "''^'' PO^'^ion of Qaobec. K.am.ng h.,n tho priviligcs of tho fu.- fade f,... one 8. Ohamplain's Second Administration. - Tho a,.npn„y conferred on Chan,plain greater nowor, ^an „ h. yet beld for the go.ert^ent J^ 1633 L: "." '"■"^«'' '" Q«ebeo on tho 23d of May, out w- h-,^::""" ^-« »■•" ^''"'- «« B,.b»„f eamo BitJlTlBU T";."/''" '■'"'"''»"■''■' of Threo "•"'"*"' '"""•'"'g fat they would now find HISTORY OP CANADA 25 there thomeanB of giving their children a thorough Christian and classical education. 4. Our Lady of Help. * — Champlain hud pro- mised, should he return to his beloved colony, to build a chapel in honor of the Blessed Virgin. In accomplishment of this vow, a chapel was creeled near St. Louis Castle, and called Our Lady of Help. 6. Ohamplain's Death. — The year 1635 was a sad one for the colony as it was marked by the ^ealh of the founder of :Nrew France. He died on Christmas day after a severe illness often weeks. M. de Chc^teau- fort took charge of the colony until the arrival of the new governor, in 1636. II. MONTMAGNY. 1636 to 1648. Grand-Masters: Cardinal Richelieu and the Duke de Mailli Br^z^; Viceroy, the Duke de Danville, 1. Arrival of M. de Montmagny. — M. do Moni- magny succeeded M. do Charaplain. Ho was a knight of the religious military order of Malta, a.ul boi.,g both pious and highly gifted, was worthy t,> succeed Champlain. The whole population turned out to meet him. He repaired to the chapol of Our Lady where the hymn of thanksgiving, Te Deum., w.is h«„. . • JJotre Dame de la Recouvrauce. 26 HISTORY OP CANADA hill 2- Remarkable Events. — M. do Montmagny's administiation lantod twelve yesirs. The most remark- able evenls wore : 1. EstablinhmentH or foundations; 2. Incursions of the Iroquois; 3. Adjustment of the diifurcncos between Ihe colonists ar.d the Company. 8. Siilery To protect the Christian Indians from the Iroquois, a village was founded near Quebec in 1637 ; it took its name from its founder, M. do Silleiy, Commander of Malta. Twelve furailies settled tliero imtnediatoly, and they were soon followed by many more. The lervor of these poor Indians was most edifying. The French then in the country sot thorn very good example. 4. The Ursuline Convent and the Hotel Dieu. — The Ui'sulines and Hospitalers came to Now France in 1G39. in honor of their arrival the guns of the fort wore fircjl, ai»d the governor and all (ho population received them with joy. At a time when there was so much to fear from the Indians, the couitjgo of those ** valiant women " was great and heroic. They were indeed women after God's own heart, who abandoning homo and country came to tend tho sii-k or to educate the young girls of the colony. Tho Duchess d'Aigulllon founded tho Hotel Dieu of Quebec. The first Ui-su linos who camo to Now France with their foundress, Madame do la Pel trie, were Mother Mary of tho Incarnation, Mother St, Joseph, and Mother St. Croix. In 1697, tho TJrsulinos of Quebec founded the conveot pf Throe Eivors ; that of aiSTORr OP CANADA £7 ■n 1884. Those houses do honor to the co,,„tiy. The Ursuhnes give a good Chii.tian edueation and solid .nst.-uct.on to the young gi,,, eonfidod to iCX to 5. The Fonndation of Montreal. - I« 1640 iho Company of Monfeal w«, orga„i.„,l in R,,„oe It was composed of lay men and oeclosi..u.tics. Its chief o^oct was to uphold ,he Catholic religion in Cam^u! and to convert the Indians. M. do Maisfnneuvo, a'maa cm.nently worthy to bo at tho head of such k ZZ pany, was named governor of Monheal, where it w,« <»«c.dod that a fortilied village should be bnilt M. de Maisonnouve arrived i„ Quebec in Soplem- be., lC4h Sevcal families from F.«nce accompanic-d cd :tt:i.er~" "" """""^ """'"««•'• '■« -""-- On the 17,h of May, 1642, M, de M„i»a....eUvo a.- med at Montreal. He was ac«ompa.,ied by M. de celebrated mass there the same dny. No tf.ne was ^«t and soon the fi..t houses of Mont..at were buT M. do Ma,son„euve gave tho name of TiHe Ma."e to ^e .„fi.nt city, but in spite of iu pio„. ^^"uer t bea.'slhe.mme of Montreal. tolt at tie mouth of the Biihiliea ffivor. Sewn h«nd.-ed Indians attacked the woik^on hntl^" were unable to p,.cve„t them f.^ f^^i^^ ^ 7- The Iroquois. -Humbled by M. de Cham- 28 HISTORY OP CANADA plain, iho Iioquoib neverthless appeared in arms several times during M. de Montmagny'« adminis- tration. In 1640, they suddenly attacked a Huron tribe and massacred great numbers. During a meeting held at Three Kivcrs to bring about a peace, the Iroquois withdrew and plundered several Huron and Algonquin canoes, laden with furs. Negotiations immediately ceased, as this odious pi-o- cceding showed that it was impossible to trust to the honor of the savages. In 1644, the Iroquois attacked Montreal, killed three men and wounded three others. About the same time they burned several Huron villages and mjissacred the inhabitants. Father Jogues and Bnssani fell into iheir hands, and although by the protection of God, they recovered their libi riy, yet they were horribly mutilated. Peace was agreed upon at Three Rivoi-s between the French and all the Indian tribes, but it did not last long. In 1647, the Iroquois burnt Port Hicholieu and, divided into several bands, made sudden raids on the Algonquins, who trusting to the treaty of peace, had set out on their hunting expeditions. In 1646, Father Jogues was killed in a Huron wigwam by a blow from the axe of an Iroquois. 8. Dissensions between the Colonists and the Company. — Dissensions about the fur trade had arisen between the colonists and the Company of a Hundred Associates, they were settle.i by a treaty -o — s,^ „„^„ i^aiiixx iiuu cunnrmed hy tiie king, ia Ml nrsToiiy OP CANADA 29 ot tho govc'inmoiii ; 2. To l,ii„„ „„. i i '"I'""""' coloniHU ovcy yc-, • /t . *^ ' """ '""""'y uvuiyyo.ll, J. lo glVO, lis SO k'niuiiill Innl a thousand po,ii„ls of el.oico boa;«i. .kits ' 9. Departure of M. de Montmagny. _ m do th 00 yea.., ho V.UH therefore recalled to France Ho w^ much ..e.,.otled in the colony, where he "f Hay III. LOUIS J)'AILLEBOUT DE COTJLOHGE. 1648 to 1651. THE GOVERNORS ASSISTED BY A COONCIL. Viceroi/, the Duke de Danville. I Arrival of M. d'AiUebout - M d'Ani«K. . succeeded M. de Montma^nv Thn n '^^'"^**''»^ wna i;i,« u- . "'•iiiijgny. iho now governor ■nagny with ovory m„,k of .ospect WU..CU ui ^iuoboo ; 2. Tho , oi,nt.y of the Hurons 30 HrSTORY OP CANADA til! invaded by Iho Iioquois, in 1648 and 1649; 3. Tho martyrdom of four JcHnitH; 4. Tho dl.porsion of tho Huronp. 8. The Council of Quebec - M. d'Aillubout brought out n royal edict declaring- Ut, that tho Governor GcnornI nhould |,o nominated in future for throe yearn only; 2d, ihnt tho king established a council composed of tho Governor, tho Superior of tho Jesuits, (till the nomination of a bishop) and two of the setUors, elected every three years by tho coun- seloj-s and by the syndics of Quebec, Thieo Rivers and Montreal. The former governor, if ho remained in tho colony, had a right to take part in tho council. The Council of Quebec had legislative and exoc.itivo powoiv. 4. Iroquois Invasions. — On tho 4th of ju!y, 1648 the Huron village of St. Joseph, containing 400 femflioH, was suddenly attacked by tho Iroquois. Seven hundred Hurons wore massacred or made pri- soners. On tho 16th of March in tho following year, a thousand Iroquois returned, nearly all with fire-arms which they had parchased from tho Dutch. They attacked first tho village of St. Ignatius, killing the inhabilantsor making them prisoners, they then set tiro to tho village of Si. Louis, On the 7lh of Becombor, they massacred almost all iho inhabitants of tho village of St. John. 5. Martyrdom of Father Lalement aid deBr^- www.. ^ «.u^-» «u isivuujuf ana laiuer Gabriel Lale- HISTORY OF CANADA || St. Joseph. "' '^""'''^•" 'o ""' I»l"«d Of Wie Eemainder of the Huron t^i.* of tlio Hu.0.,8, wl,o csc-...!.,l ,7 ^ ~ ^'"' gave themselves .n, ,„ h?^ , *-'"""'"' """«"=''<'' porated in the IT "^ '""' '«"'»"'« ""O'- nea.. the To t o/q X "f ' ' "''"'■' """^"^ "'«'^- Inland of Orlean ,h„„ LZ^''" «■»"'*'■' '" "■<» l-.ette, Where we 'mZ uT7' '"1 """"^ '" faithful and beloved H.uo t, bo ""'""'"' "' "•" m\ 32 HISTORY OF CANADA t IV. JOHH DE lAUZOT 1651 — 1656. Vwroy, the Duke de Danville. 1- Arrival of M. de Lauzon.-M. do Lan^n of office hud oxpu-ed. Tho now governor found .ho colony in a very unBatisfactory state. evoL'^^r^?'* '''*"*'— '''"' "•»«' "markablo evente of M. do Lauzon'n administration wore, 1. The rmdB and depredations of tho Iror,.,„i,; 2. The arrival toJ'ZTT' '""''«'•"»" by M. do Maisonneuvo ml offr °" "''^'"oMune: 3. Tho eatablish- mont of tho convent of Notro JJu.no. of fh/?T"""°°l "'*''*' Iroqnois.-Tho destruction of the Huron tribes, the faithful allies of the French caused a painful sensation in the colony. p„ar dwelt m every breast. B|.„„k ,,uh IIuf„„ b 1 the I.^q«ois thirsted for that of tho Pronch, and fo med llio project of exterminating ihem. ^ In June, 1851, they attacked >he Pronch at Point tyv'::::-sZ^"'^-- ^^«^ were reputed In tho followin^r July, two-hundred Iroquois im 8ucco8.fuIly besieged tho Hospital of ViHo Mario. 4. M. de Maisonneuve's Colonists. -M do H:u8on„euvo wa.s to Montreal what M. do Cham, lain hud been to Quebec, the heart and soul of ..f !!:?1 mil 33 HfSroUV OF CANADA 8t.on.. brnvo n,„i """■>^- ^hey wore all younir n. uiavo, and ucciistomod to ii>o «.. '"""Bi "'doH (liis, all |,ad „ .,.„,|„ ° "'* fli-o-arm.. Bo- chu.acto,. and t,,y,„i ChristirnT ^'^^ "■'"■*' Ji:t ;:r.t:r„r,r ^°"?'^'"' ^"" "-" ««- ["'-'-■"' t botmircr "r "'•''''' ''"'•- ""■c" a ,„«,„ „„|i„„.y ^^.^j.^^ 'y- -I'll now ,t bad 5 Notre Dame Convent _ p, "-lo'-d.lKd anno Iho ornament of eocie'y. *'* *''»'° '» 6 M de I,aU«OIl's Denartni.g r ., o.iti56,iI.do Won, now ;rva "<,"•«'"■"""" "uvunced in yeare and 34 HISTORY OF CANADA considering himself incapable of governing the countiy in itH' diffirull circunKslancoy, resolved to ••elurn to France. Ho left ihe administration to his flor., who in turn tran.sfened it. to M.d'Ail lebo.it. The hitter retained il till ihe ariival of the new governor. V. PETEE DE VOYEK, VISCOUNT D'ARGEirSOH 1658 to 1661. Viceroys, the Duke de Danville and the Marquis de Fouquidre. . 1. Arrival of M. d'Argenson. - The Viscount d'Argensoii succeeded M. do Lausson. Ho arrived at Quebec on the 1 Ith of July, 1658, and was hoi.orably reteived by M. d'Aillebout. The latter then withdrew to Montreal, where two years aftoi wards ho died. He is the second governor buried in Canada. 2. Remarkable Events. — Two events, well worthy of notice in Canadian History, took plai-o during the three years of M. d'Argenson's adminis- Iration: 1. The ai rival of the first bishop j 2. Tho foundation of the Sulpieian College at Montreal. To these may be added the depredations of the Iroquois, and the sublime devotedness of Dollard. 8. The Sulpieian College. — The Venerable M. Olier founded the College of St. Sulpicius. Tho Com- pany of Montreal made over to tho Sulpiciana all their powers both temporal and spiritual. Four Sul- picians with Gabriel de Quevlua as Sunfii-ior u,.,.;rr^A HISTORY Of CANADA 35 , well |)lad fcy a few Indian allii« .k1 Accompanied diiapidatedfor'Cn xir:;^^^^ B«.ted themselves before the fo t Th "li ""'; "'"■ ten days. All .he Prenchmon w ; Jit^ f," 'T"" oKack Quebec. ' " •""J'''''' to Mwirf ^""^tw"* Of the Iroqnois - in I...ndofOWea„. Bve.^X:>:i-'J'o„.bo l« H *'- HfSTORY OF CANADA the wivugcs WHS visible and tI,oy still l^ivncli blood. 37 Ihirstcd for jL ul^ {f^'f}""^ ^^ Laval -On (l.„ mu of Juno, b59 Mgr. Fnin^ois d« Lavnl Jlonlmolccy .•.v«l at Quebec. The .vl,„l„ „„p,.|„Uo„ j, 'fZ MM cd l.y F„,la.,. Jeromo L„lcma„t an.l sovoral loimeily hold by tho Jesuits alono. lotu^o ,n 1G58, and ui iho same time named V Li- Apostolic of New Franco. VI. PETER DU BOIS, BARON D'AVAUGOUR. 1661 to 1663. Viceroys, the Marquis de FouquUre, and the Count d'Estrades. 1. Arrival of M d'Avaugour -M. d'Arg„n,o,, by_M. d Avaagou.. who an-ivod al Quebec i , i,y„u 2- Remarkable Events. - W. d'Avaugour govon,. od the c«ur,t.y for two yoara, during Ih.t tin,o tho Zt '"TV^^" """''" ^^'•"' '■ ThodisnenHions between the b,shop and .he governor about th. liquor trahc i 2. A gi-,.at carthiuuko. 8. The precantionj taken hv M a'a^.. M.dAvaugour visited all the forts in the cou.itry /-(- ' !i i p! 38 HFSTORr OP CANADA and finding but few men in any of fhem, ho besought the Icmg to send out troops und ammunition for the defence of the colony. oJ-IL^^^T.""" ■""".^i"' ""«"• "flicora landed at Quebec Th.8 was the largest re-onforcoment yet sent out. ^ 4. The Liquor Trade. -The Indians were very fondof ,„tox.eaf„g drink. When under the ...fluonce of fi.-e water as Ihey called it, they were no longer responsible for their own actions and committed all sorta of crime The religions aii.horitlo., had alway. Bishop do Laval had p,-ohibHed it under pain of exconiinmiicalion, a«d the Bamn d'Avaugoar had himself made the sellers of it amenable to severe penal 1 1 OR. Di«agreoment between the Bishop and Gov- ernor.^-A woman of Quebec having sold brandy to the Indiann, yas put in prison, Father Jerome Lalement, pitying the woman, interceded for her with the governor; ...s the kind-hearted priest pleaded her cause, M. d Avaugour bruskiy replied: "Since the hquor trade is not a pu.nVhable offence for this woman, ,t sha I not be one in future for any person." Koth.ng could m«ke him alter his decision. The d.so..ler increased, and Bishop de Laval renewed the od.ct of excommunication against the tr^idors who heeded neither preachers nor confessors. 6. M.d'Avaugour recalled. -Unable to prev- em the demoralization of the little colons wH-k ^! HISTORY OF CANADA 39 a short l,me brfcv, had given such bountiful oxam F .»..„ ,.,,, „.. J ^i„ eo,„plai„t» to ,h., fot of to hoeul.anj ha,J also cough i„flu„n.., to cau.o it d Avaugoul- to bo ivoallod. " felfn^"*'"*,"*''*''- - ^" ""'3- ""^H»«ko. wore fel at .rregaia,. into.val» from iho 5.h of F,>bZut wo e"H ^stV" """"'"'• <="'<""•"» -" I"d^«" woie tenor-struke.,, no „„e, howovor, was killod. There were many astonishing .onvor»io..s. G.,d made u.e„f .hm mean„to bring back to ,ho ri,htT.a,h those who had s,„,y..d from i,, „„d ,„ iJZ disorders caused by the liquor traffic. ' SECOND EPOCH. BOVAL GOVERNMENT _ FKOM THE ESTABl,,.S,rMENT OF A SaPERIOll COUNCIL TO THE CO.VQUEST 1663-1760. VII AWOUSTIir SAFPBAT-M^ST. lCfl3-lGfi5. Viceroy, Marquis de Tracy. Population of the Colony, 2,500 1. Arrival of TH. d« mA'-» his high esteem for BUhop Ue Luvul by a>klng h im tl' 1 i I II! 40 HISTORY OP CANADA tocl.ooso 11,0 successor of M. d'Avm.gour. M. do Mdsv ch-KM. ly ,ho ionoraMo ,>,cIato, arrivod in iho au ' turnn of 1 6(12 lie was ace o,.,>aniod l.y several offleo.H niKl ar>out ji hii 11(1 red fain i I icy. XI ^; ^®f ^^'^aWe Events. - Tin. admiMist.ation of JVl.doMd.y and especially the year 1(;G3, i« ono of Ihc moM lema.kablo epoel.s i„ the hi>to.y of New Franco; 1. Tho Company of u Hundred Associatos f^nvo i.p i,« el.artor to iho king; 2. A S.iporior Conn- C.I and Courts of Juslieo were e.^tablished ; 3 Tho beminary of Quebec was founded, 3. The Company of a Hundred Associates ffiVes up Its charter. - The C<.mpany of a Hundred A MKKMcs gave up iis . burlcr to the king in 16t>3 Iho con.panics had, in general, wo-kod rathor in' thou, own inloro.t than in ihuL of tho colony. An era of progress now opened f ,r New Franco, and Qncbee, hi(Jicrto a more milKary siution, beeamo u 4. The Superior Council. - By an edict pub- i«hod in Aj,ril, lGt;3, tho king estab!i>ho i a Superior tvoune.l, charged to a Iminisior justice, regulate com- m.r.Ms maintain order, and keep up a p^lico force. Tho members of the Superior Counc.l were tho I'^hop, ihc governor, tho ,,.yal inton.lant, whoso offire w: 8 to preside at .ho meolings of the council ■ the attorney general, chief dork, and five coun' solors, nan.ed ly the ihreo Mr.sl n,cntionod offioials Ihis council regulated the affairs of Canada up to tho tiino of ihi> r.niirtM/.of ' HiSTORir OP CANADA 41 J\^'T "f •[»««<=«• -T'-o «-t act of the C„.,„. iuL^^^T"^'' °^ *2"*''«''- - 1" »««3, ,ho So,„- "iu.y of Quebec w., foundoU by Bishop dc Lavil This celebrated i„.siit„tio„ whicli in isv/ ' to tho Laval Univ„,-,itv is of !,' , '^'^!«'""' ^''''o ctod there, ,ue too .....norou. to mention. ernor. - M. d„ JUd-y did not answer the bishml ovp.e,a.,o„s. I„n,.eneed by .he p,•cdate^s „ne2 .0 Uva,„e daily n.o.e and n.o.e ilnbittere.. "" .; >> •• Iho M,lu,e,-, Mislead of obcyiui? so foolish -u, ar:::,:r"'" ■ - -- "- ven:,.abi^';::i;;: M. de M^sy recalled. His Death. - The kin- h" , ''"'^' '"'^^"•'' "'" ••"•'■ival of his saccossor. Ho had been .oeonciled w„h the bishop an.l exnirod i,! "onl,„ie„ts of great piely. JI,. i, the Ihl, 1 ,,,i, ^ . ' '^ ''^ "''^^ I Jura tjfovcnioi' whose remains are burie.l ia New Fru.u.e. ^ HrSTORY OP CANADA VIII. DAHIEL. DE REMY DE COURCELLES. 1065—1672. Viceroy, Marquis de Tracy. -•Intendant, Talon. Population, in 1666,-3,400. , ^- ^^^*^ Of M. de Tracy. - In June, 1665, M. do Tracy arrived in Quebec. As viceroy, ho brouoht with him some companies of the Carignan regiment. Ho was received with great demonstrations of joy by the biHhop and the people. M. de Tracv had been ordered by the king fo establish peace a^'.d humble the Iroquois. 2. Arrival of M. de Oourcelles. - A few dnys nf.er the arrival of M. de Tracy, a sqund.-on anchored before Quebec. Tho colonints who .iisemba.ked were more numerous than those already i„ the country. Among them were M. de Coureelles, the ..ewgover- ••or, M. de Talon, intendant, tho rest of ihe Cari.^nan iv^nment, and a great many families of artisans°an,l ^a borers. Horses and oxen had also been brought 8. Remarkable Events. - This very remarkable a.lnn.,.stralion l„stod .even yearn. The prhu-ipal events wnro: 1. Tl.o arrival of M. do Tracy 2 The arrival „f M. do C.„M-felle»; 3. M. de IVacy's ex- I.ed.i,o„„j;„i„si,i,ol,-oq«ois; 4. The esU.bli»hment W "7,^T' ^- ^'"' -"''^lil""''". ■■" 1664, of the Wo«t Indian Company for the Company of a Humlred As«ociaU.»; 6. The remarkable p,-og,e8a of tho Colony; 7. Tho nomination of M. Per'-ot as gov- i HISTORY OP CANADA 43 CHOI, now Jvingston. _ 4. Brection of fortg. _ jf. do Tiacv hui 1 !,,,.„ foru built on .he .-ouCo then take, by .he'^f™! ' o' .nvndo ,ho ..ounfy. Tho fl,.t was at Sorol, The koc" ond at Chambly, and ,he third at S.. Then,..;. ThZ forts at first intimidated tho Iroqaoin, but ,hey so. " found another .^ad and came as before to h,mLTh^ i.?m3 tf"'""*'"''"™- ^-^ Cataraeuoi wTt i, B. M. de Tracy marches ajrainst the rroqnois -M. do Tracy, at .ho head of 600 soldiorS Cangnan regimen., 600 Canadians, and „b^,.7 OO Indian, set out for ,ho Iroquois villa,,es. Tho t- ri fied Indians d not await .he arrival"of ,h Fr' h p's^th::.'"" '"'•""' "-""■" '' -^ '"•-^^'" - 6. Remarkable progress of the colonv - IT„ «.•■• M. do Courcolles, New Franoo mTdo lat uo g OSS. Commeroe. agriculture, .ho 1 h^ " ars were fos.ored by the intelligent care of M ' „' 1^ on. Imporlant diseovorios were made i„ ,he on he's; m"" "" ^""""■^ • "'" ^"''^'•'^ of "'"- d -lei"*: B.:: r;"V""?'".-'«<"' - """•■• ■"••■"'« were ;;e«.eot<:''h;'fhTL!::;.';LTil7'tfo:a 'h.i.g8 .o render the colonv „,os,,orous. mi. lOsJp ue Liquor Traffic. — JJu rlty, tho iiquoi. traffic caused g.cTut diHO.Uoi •iiig thisciuofprospo in th< r m 44 nrsTonv op oanada connhy The pnssion for inloxicatln^. drink was tho gvcut obstncio 10 tl.o ronvcrsion of (ho IndinriB, and i-omloml all tho efforts of tho mi.slonarios ineffectual Towanis tho end of this ndrninistration, smalUpox broke out and made ma..y vietinvs among the trlLs ftllicd to tho French. Tn^fir^T'*!?''® °^ *^® Carignan regiment. - in lbb8 the Cangnan rogimont was ordered homo. CJuplnm Lamotho's company was the only one that lommncd in the country. The officers subsequently rece.ved grants of land on tho Riehelieu whore, in 1675, and later they settled colonists, tho majority of whom came from tho parishes alrca-iy established. 8. M. Perrot. ~ Tho second governor of Mont- real was M. Perrot. Ho received his loiter., pule U from the king in tho namo of tho Superior of the Sulp.e.an Seminary. The right whi- li tho sei-nuors o Montreal claimed of nan.ing tl,o gove. nor of the ishmd, was thus solemnly roeognizjd. IX. lOUIS DE BITADE, COUNT DE FRONTENAC. 1672-1682. Viceroy.,, Marquis de Tracy and the Count d'Ea. tr^es. Intendants, Talon and Ducheneau. 1 Arrival of M. de Prontenac. - Louis do Buade, Count de Fronlenac, J.ieuienant-Gonoral of the kings army, sueceedod M. de Courcellos. He arrived at Quebec in tho autumn of 167i Ho xv.^ .4i^H^n.t..„v^.s, u firm, clover, farneeing, well cd«- HfSTOftY OF CANADA 45 nnd by Johot ,.nd Father Marquette: 3 drZ^I F.ontonHe ,.„d the chief officers of tho col3 6 Quebec made a hishopric, in 1674. ^ ' lo.fde°of Tfh "^ *^' Mississippi. - Tdon, the w hod 1 f """ «'■'"" «'"<"P"'«>s of this period, twee^ tl! IT".'' " """""""ic'tion by watir bo! twcon the Atlantic and the Pucific. Awaro of the F^^h : u""' ^""'^ '•"'"'• " "»«'« of Quebec, and Father Marquette to explore Its coaree. Sk^tt^l"' ^'"' '"" <'«'«'"''"«<1 travellers reached Skunk Bay, west of Lake Michigan, sailed up the Fox ii,ver and down the Wisconson, thus .aching e great r.ver which they sought. They followed ts course as far as the mouth of theArkaiLs, wfc.ro they stopped, certain that the river they had digw- vorod emptied iuto the Gulf of Mexico. t). J'"'^.''1™';°'* '*""■ ''"P'- M»'-4»ette, remainihgtn the west, died two yea.-s afteiTva.-ds in the discharge of his holy ministry ; Joliet returned to Quebec to 4. Be la Salle. — M. do la SaUe was seirt by M. 46 niSTOUY OP CANADA nont. M ,|„ la Saflo was an wMicatoJ «„d entoinriei,,., n.«n t,ll„,|w,U. ,1,0 ,w,f„l.| ambitio,, of Zo a woahh A.,o.„,...ni..,l by .bo Chovalior _ „ IIISTORV OP CANADA 47 Stt hgnac KMenon, a Siilpioian priest; ho sent tho Attorney Gonoral and two coiu.solorH into oxilo, and WttHb0Hid08 often at variance with tho intendant. M. I'uchefieau. The Governor recalled. - In 1682, tho kii.K brought all .h.so tronhlen lo an end l,y recalling the governor and tho intendant who could no longer live togethei*. * X. M. DE LA BARRE. 1682—1685. Lieutenant-Oeneral Marqiu>i de Tracy, — Inten. dant M. de Meulles. Population of the Colony 10,000. 1. Arrival of M. de la E.rre. - M. do la B.rro arnvod at (^.ebec in 16H2. Ho w.s a good soldier, but ho was not the n,a.. fittc.i to govorn\ho country under the existing diflfi nit circumslances. 2. War with the Iroquois. -Unwilling to un- do. take a war w.ihont advice, tho governor assem- blod his co.n.cil and the chi3f personages of ,ho colony. War was decided upon, but tho aged M. de la Barre, feeble and infirm, commoncod hostilities only in 168 f. He advanced as far as Lnko Ontario wMh an army sl.ong enough to oxlerminate the Iro- quois, but so slow ar.d irresolute had been the march ger that tho trooDs wore fi!mn In the spring of 1690, ho took Port Roynl, do la Hove, Chedabouolon, and Almost ail tho Froncb posts in Acadia. 6. Siege ofQuebec-Ncyci- had Now France been "> such poni a8 in the spring of 1690. The Bngli«h co^on.08 sent out a float of thirty fivo sail, com- nmndod by Admiral Phipp.. At tho namo time a« army of 3,000 men, under General Winlhropo, pre- pared to attack Montreal. The fleet appeared before Quebec on tho 16lh of October. Pl.ipps bo,|^bardcd tho city for four days without success. Tho troops landed at tho Canar- didre were badly -beaton and Phipps, discouraged, weighed anchor. Tho English lost ton ships, 600 men and a quantity of ammunition. In grateful memory of this event, tho name of Our Lady of Victory was given to tho church in the lower town. In J 692, five English vessels mado an unsuccessful attack on Plaisance, which was defended by but 50 men. ^ In the spring of 1693, three English ships took J^ort Sf. Ann, on Hudson Bay. ' ~ e. Heroic conduct of the colonists -- During theso year's of danger, Now Franco was defended by the heroic colonists. Wherever danger threatened, I.ttio bands were to bo met wiih constantly haras- Sing tno English, ' ' HrSTOBY OF CANADA 53 7. Il'IberviUe's exploits -D'lborvil'olmmoH,!. .^oo:ue was signed at Montreal between the French and iho Indians. Great demonstrations wore made o.. th. occasion. The assembly was held in an ox- tensive plain outside the city. Soldiers were station- ed about (he place, and the Indiairs, to the number of 1300, surrounded the governor and the principal personages of the colony. A royal salute proclaimed the end of the disas- * trOUS Wiil' w^HiaK K«.i U..4.-J _; «^..^ *■"" "«u laBfccu istiicH iouy. 4. Death of M. de Oalliftrea. - M. de Callidres 56 HISTORY OF CANADA died in 1703. Ho was rogretlod as a t.kilful general, «n upn^ht man, and a sincere friend to the conntry of h..s adoption. Ho is the fifth governor bnriod in the country. XIV. THE MARaiTIS DE VAUDREUIL 1703 to 1725. Viceroy, Count Victor d'Estr^es.^Inicndants, Baudot and Begon. Popnhition, in 1721,-25,000. 1. AJTival of M. de Vaudreuil - The Marquis de Vaudien.l, Gcvcrr.or of Montreal, succeeded M. de Ulbdrcc His fir.t care was to maintain peace with he fro(,no.s a..d to prevent their joining th. En..- n.h m th.. war which had ju.t broken out hetwce'n JUrghind aird France. 2. First Period. - The principal events of the mvt pcnod . f M. do VairdreuiPs administration arc : 1. The attempt n.ade by the Engli^h to take Port J^T;.!; 2 Ihe capture of the French ship, 'La S.ino', l.y the E„gh^h ; 3. The ravages made by the French 1.. Newtonndland ; 4. The wrc k of the English fl -ot MMhoGulf<.fSt. Uwronce; 5. The massaero of the Outagamis; G. The treaty of Utrecht. 8. Capture of 'La Seine,' -In 1705, the English ' caplurod the French vessel, ' La Soine'. Bishop av„ f^m the bnglish mon-ofwar. 11. Prop-ess -The Governor and M. de Ifc.gon. .ho Intendant, profited of this time of peace tj "tronglhen .be fortificaUons of Quebec, Md to people .ho colony Th.y wrote to Finance tor fooJ, «nd now colonists, and called the atleation of the mini,- try to the iact that, in the ewnt of war, they had only 4,484 men to oppose to over 60,000 British SOldlOJ'F. The population of Quebec, in 1720, was 7,000 souls : thatof Montreal, 3,000. ' In 1722, eighty two villages on the banks of the 60 HISTORY OP CANADA St. Lawrence bccnmo pariKlios and at the Maine time Heveral hcIiooIh v io established. Exportation. — In 1723, six vohkoIs were bHilt at Quebec, in whwh wood, furp, tobacco, flour, pea?, and wilt pork, were Bhipped to France. The loss of ihe "Seine" obliged farmers to sow flax and heinji, the harvest of which was good. 12. Death of M. de Vaudreuil. — In October, 1725, M. de Vaudreuil died at Quebec. Ilia wjis the longest and most successful administration. XV. MAKaUIS BE BEAUHAEVOIS. 1726-1747. Viceroy, Count d'Estr^ea; Intendants, Dupuy and IIocquarL Population in 1739,-42,700. 1. Arrival of M. de Beauharnois. — M. de Vau. dreuil was succeeded by M. de Beauharnois. He avrivod in Quebec at the end of August, 1726. Ho was aooompanied by M. Dapuy who came, as intendant, td replace M. Bdgon. 2. Remarkable events —First Period. The ninctfeen first years of this administration wjre paace- ftti, thte remarkable events few; 1. The death of B.shop de Suint-Valier; 2. An expedition against the Oumgamis; 3 A fort built, in 1731, at Pointe in laChevelure, on Lake Champlain j 4. The progress (\f. iVltk ft/\\'f\nTr . K 0^.~.- 1 iAl - - IIISTOBy OP O.INADA (II 8. Death of Bishop de Saint VaUer. - In JX-- "•••"bcM-, 1727, .1,0 C«„a.ih,„H I.,., tl,„ir«„..<,„d bi.hop. Mgr. do Sa,nt Vali..,.. Jlo .M<„, „t ,|,o Qucb™ II«L. I-H I wiml, he had /oundcL in Km. M^,: ,l„ Smnt Vumoi- Imd H„c,.„,.U„,| Mg,, ,,„ f^^,^.,,| j„ , Iiilteidiod rii 1708. 4. Bishops Of Canada. - ri,« ,/ rd l.iKi,op of C;..mdH wa» Mg,-. Mo,„y. Ov i,v: -„ „ UcmI, ho . do Ponlbiiand. Tbo bale,- p.-elato i.s ,ho Hi.x.h and la.t b,.hop of New Fmneo. He died .ho year of Ibo capitubition of Montical. S. Expedition against the Ontaffamis-M. do «o„uha,.no. plaeod 12«(, „,e„ undo.- .he ,omn,und of M. de L,g„en» fo,- .ho purpose of cha«ti»i„ff .he On- l^.m,s l„d,an«, who eo„ti„„ed u, ha,-ass"an.l pi . I. go .ho .nhabitants of DeCoit as well .n, ,ho IndL i^Ih^i.. ?"'""■""'' •""■"' "">!'• wigwam., dom^ i-shod lho„- io.a,, and dovaHUUeJ Ihoi,- eounfy. e. Progress. -The goven.o,- and .ho intendant took adva,,t„ge of tl,i« time o( peace to piomolo Iho P^gross of ,ho colony While Iho fo.™e.- p„!h d fo.w«ro tho cause of education, the lalte.. sought new m.nes and had .hose on the St. Maanco worked. IT tho same lime, in o.dei' to make (ho losoare^, „f .u. country known in Euiope, he expoi-tedlai tliU 'ge quan- 6^ HISTORY OF CANADA titles of wood and other productions. The population rapidly increased. In 1'721, it numbered only 25,000 souls, in 1739 it had rcachid 42,700. lie obtained a number ofVeigniorial lund-giants, which later be- came the fine parishes situated on the banks of the St. Lawrence. 7. Public calamities. — During Ihe yeai- 1732 and 173;J, several disastrous inn ndal ions and earth- quakes occurred, small-pox aino made many victims amongst the French and Indian.-. 8. War. — The peace whi«li had reii^ned for twenty five years between England and France, was disturbed by the affair of the Austrian succession. M. de Beauharnois had wisely profited of the years of peace, to fortify Quebec and the other military sta- tions, so as not lo be surprised by the enemy. 9. Events of the Second Period. — The most remarkable events of this time of war arc: 1. The tuking of Louisbouig ; 2. The aticmpts made by the French to recover this fortress; 3. Some triumphs of the French. 10. Taking of Louisbourg. — Loui^bonrg gave harbor during time of war to privateers which caused considerable damage to English commerce. The English, therefore, as soon as war broke out, resolved lo take possession of thi.s fortress. A fleet of over a hundred sail, commanded by Commodore War- ren, appeared before Louisbourg, on the 30th of April. 1745. BtockndAH Ut ann hyr o f/^..#./^ o^. .v«..»U i HrSTORY OP CANADA 63 greater than her own, Louisbourg, after a siege of forty days, fell into the hands of (he English. 11. Attempts to recover Louisbour^. - Ui.wll- ling to leave Loui^bourg i„ iho hand^ of his ene- mie. the king of France sent out a hirge fleet com- inanded by the Duke d'Anville. Thin fleet unfo, i,u. nately encountered a iea.ful storm when nearing Huhfax, and to a-ld to the di.trens, the crew, were decmaled by a paintui suknc.e. On the deaTh of dAnville and d'Estourndle. both victims ot the ep.dem.e, the Marquis de la Jonqui^re took command of the expedition, but driven back by contrary winds as he steered towards Loui.bourg, he was obhged to return to Fiance. " These reverses <,f fortune were tomponwitod by the success of .he French „rn.y elsewhere' At BeauCin JM. do Bamsay, w.ih a small number of Canadians and a few Indian^ defeated tl,„ BnglUh. •""""* 17??' J? f*T* •'''.°«»'*''e ""ade prisoner. - l„ 17*7 M. do Jon,,u,6ro and M. do Bu GoorKe eoni- mand.ng a fresh fleet, were overtaken j„st\:. ThZ puuo sea by an English squad.on. Ar/er a .U-^l h s own'T TT\ """'^ ""■~ '"■■•'-•*' S™'^- ''-• p 64 I it » < Pii'ii HISTORY OP CANADA COUHT DE LA GALISSONNIERE. ADMINISTRATOR. 1747—1749. XVI. MARaUlS DB lA JONQUlilRE. 1749-1752. Intendant, Bigot 1 Count de la Oalissonnidre, administrator.— The Marquis do Ju Jonquidru, named lo succeed M. do Beauhaniois as governor of iho colony, was pri- soncr in England ; Count do la GalisKonnidrc, chosen to replace him, arrived at Quebec in September, 1747. M do Bcauharnois enibark.d for France a few days afterwardjs. 2. Events. — M. de la G:ilis8onni6ro was a clavor well informed, and enterprising man. During his fcihortadminihiijition he organized (ho mililio,— whose numbers he increased to 12,000 moi;,-:n.d fixed the boundaries of Canada at tho Allegli:i„y Mountains. The ti-caiy of Aix ia Chupello was the most remark- able event of 1748. By this treaty Louisbourg was restored to Fiance. 8. Arrival of M. de la Jonquifere - M. do, la Joiiqui^ro arrived at Quebec iji Soploiul.or, 1749. and took the reins of governmeni. 4. Fecilation. — In 1750, serious ehargos wero raalo agai.i:sL the governor who was ac^eused of em- KiiK/lin ■• ^il, acted as admi„iHtrator till the ar va" oL^"' goveiiior. """ "»»• of a now XVII. THE MAECBIS OViVMBSS.^. 1752-1755. Intendant, Bigot. I. Arrival of the Marquis Dnqnesne - Th- Maiqu., do la Jonquiire wa»»„ceooded bv Ih^; M DuqueBne de Mennenlle. He arrived at o„r''"'' July, lt52. Quebec in ■2. Remarkable events. - The three yea,« nf thoMarq,„sDuq„e.„o'.s administration aro^r^! ^ able for the following ovonts- 1 Tk! *'*• made by ,.,e Marquis Duqne^Ie ; 2. The STr"' of ,fu„,o.,villo ; 3. The battle of Ct r"""" 4.The.akin.oftl,e".ys..::/t?XS^.: 5. •rboplanforattackingOanada;6.Thoexnedm„ ' of Monkton, Brad^.o. k and Shirley. ^"P'-'^X-'oao 3. Preparations for war - a review of th„ g..lar uoop, and n.ili.ia, showed .ho new governor .hat d,sc,pl,no was nuHh lacking, and he ptoc^ld at once to ,nH.,t,.te several reformatory meLa e. T^ eom|,l,anco w,.h instructions received fro,n ,"'! in Ibe of Fviw CO, ho forbade iho ErigliHh to trade valley of ,he Oh.o. F.n Duquosno was built ou 66 HISTORY OP CANADA t'lo Hull' bink of thiH rivor, nnolhor fort wan oieolod Oil thi? |K>iiinsiiln, uiiil n third at Kividro mix Bneiifs. 4. Assassination of Jumonville *. — Tho builil- ing of those fortH displeased iho English who claimed the vniley of lhi5 Ohio. Tho jifovernor of Vryinia despstt) hod Washington to command the Krenrh (o w.thdrsiw. The English erected P»)rt Ne:aiiist (ho Iroquois tribes and the Kn^lrtth ihejr .^nperior numbeir, advanced by fon od n.-^lse^ u-air.st Fort Duquosne. Do Beaiijeu's n.on .,0.0 few but brave; ready to conquer or die, he mi out to meet Braddock and, on the 9lh of July, cominj^ up. with him on the banks of she Monongahela, ho completely overthrew him. DoB* yujeu met death in the hour of victory. Defeat of Bieakau. — A few months later, Gener- al Johnson, wishing to wipe out the shame of the defeat of Monongahela, attempted to take Fort Pi-ed- erick. He set out with five thousand men. Baron Dieskau, CJonmander in Chief of the French, with a force of 1,500 men, left Fort Su Frederick and advanced upon the enemy, coming up with him on the shore of Lake St. Sacramenl. Carried away by his ardor, Dietkau imprudently attacked Johnson's camp. He was repulsed wilh heavy loss, and ho himself received a wound from which ho died a few ycai-s afterwards. The expedition against Niagara wie deferred. I HISTORY OP CANADA 69 6. Result of the campaign - The Engii.s|, gain- ed utile Uy iho cainpai-M of 1755. Tiicy hud, it i.s h intrenched themselves in tho neighborhood of Lake St. Sacrament JUid built Fort George or Willisim Henry. Resolved at any price to dislodge them, Montcalm laid siege to the fort. Monroe defended himself vigorously foi* seven days, but havi:ig lost the greater number of his batteries and seeing no hope of succor, ho decided to cjipitulate. Thus was a new victory added to that of the jft'ecod- ing year. Montcalms victory tarnished. — Tiiis great victory was unfortunately tarnished by the barbar- HISTORY or CANADA •71 on .ondnct of the I, diunn, who rnassac-od several of tho hnglrsh ,»nso„or.s in npito of tho clforts whi.h ho Fivnc-h rnado to hhvo then. Intoxication li,,„or ;n by .ho English in the fo. t, wa« tho cauro o th b bloody tragedy. 6. Remarkable events of the Campaign - Tho most .ema.kable eventn of .his c.nn,>u,gn ure .' 1. The ;^.v'.ng<,f Lou,.lH,urg; 2. Tho battle of CarlNon ; 3 The cvacnation of Fovl l^u.juesno and the tal^ng ot roil iM-oi.tciiac. ^ Taking of Louisbourg. - On the 2.,d of Juno Boscavvon, w.lh ivvon.y vessels of tho line, ei,.htoo,.' fngates, and 1,400 men, conunan.led by Andio.st appeared before Lonisb.nr.. D,„..ou,-t bravely do' fcnde<| ,ho place for fifty day., bat having lost m.nv of h.^mon ho wa. at length oMi.ed ,o capitnlale. Iho lo.<8 of Loui.bourg brought abont that of Capo Jircton and tho Lsland of 8l. John. Battle of Carillon -Vidoiy often follows de- feat. L(,n.>bonrg fell ,n Ju-.e and in iho .same mon.h New Franco won her n.o.t g'ovious victory. Ab.'r- ei'o.nly, al (ho head of IH.OOO men, loft fort Edwt.d fn- M ...troa!. Montcalm, with little more than -J 000 men of wh.un 450 were Canadians, advanced towanis Canllon to oppose his passage. He hewed down trees to fortify the place and re.solntely awaited the en- <'my. At noon ou the 8lh of July, Aben-romby mado his auuoarancc. Si^ ,i„,o.s ho fell up.n ih^ with immeiitjo French and six IIlw-h ho Was ix-nulsed losses. Alter u struggle ot m. il seven hours, Abercromby, 72 HISTORY OF CANADA ! I (N'Hi:iiiiii^r .,1,(1 v;inqni8ho(l, look '<» Hiv*, Thu vir- toiy of Ciirilloii Nuvcd Now Fninco for that yoar. The loss of Fort Frontenac and Duquesne. — Tho IHMps having been withdrawn from Furl Fron- tonnc and Dn«]uc>no, ihe Engli>h piofitetl of ll^uuc- cu^ion to (le.»li'oy I he former and to e«^•lbli^l^ ihem- HolveH blrongly in the hitfor, giving it the name of PillBburg. Thl•^e lofHos, atlrilnted lo want of foresight on tlio part of llie governor, addeti toother causes of <(nn- ])laiiit, Miunieiiicd the t oldner^H already existing be- tween M. de Vandreiiil and Mouteahti and presagiU mihfurlui.e for the coming yeaiv. 7. Campaign of 1759. Preparations made by the English — White Niw Fuoue was htriiggling with wa;ii, its enemies assembled and conspired its ruin. TosKesseil of all the oulj)osts, they proposed to invadci the eounlry by several different road*-. Th- y iheiefoie set three armies on foot, the uni'od lone <»f whi( h amounted to ()0,tlO" men, u nun »er ecjtial to the entile population of Canada. The first ot those armies, commanded by Wolfe, was to como up the St. Lawrence and attack <.^uebee; the becorid, jimotinting to 12,U00 men, commanded fiy Amherst, who had Miccceded Abet* ron»f>y, was to descend b^ Jjaho Champiain and the St. iiSiwrenee asi jo Wolfe at (Quebec ; the thir! under Piedeaiix, ts advance up!>n the f.'O.it lakes and cut off all commu- nication with Louisiana. 8 Pxeparations made by the French.— To hold * S niSTORr OC CANADA 73 ho..- mv„ ,n ihi, .onj .n.lnro, rci„f.nrv,m„„ w o •'•ciccl, l,„ „,., C,„.,„li..„s w..,« l..ft „. .I,„i.. ,,„." rosuu.-...,... To ,1,0 «0,0.,« E„«l oMi..,-,, ,„„,, "a b;:l ; !;r''''^^^^^^^^^^^ -^-^ ^'VO w.y lo .l,Mou>aj.c,„c.„ a„J v„wcd ... ,|..fi.„j tlicirc..ii„liyiothcl,m'. am„Kcv,u.„n.c.l Crillo,, „.,.i St. K.odon.tM. do N O X „,,,, C.„u,.g„„„. IIo f,„,,fl,J ,^„„^„„ " IIMO of MiUOMthmcMts oxtondi,,- fn.M, llio U . „ iii'iioniy fiivei' ii, i|i„ <<• Ph i iiHiiddon allaiknp,,, ihociiy. "»•"" i oil i o '""; : ^:'r '^'"■'' "••• '"-""-'-i .o,„„ O ....,„„,„ I, „. I, , „(■ 0,.|0,,.H, ,„„, ...V, l.a..l<.U,l,oe,.y,.o„n,.H„„i,..it, „a,, .., , Battle of Montmorency. - o,, ii.o 3i,i „f j,,:,. W, o.wa 8,0«C^„u,„aUa<.k,.^M,olAon,,.i„J.' me » a M„„t.„,„.o,„.y. A toniblo contort e„.„o,,. B.p..»cd on ovury si,lo an,l l„.,.a,se,l by l£,„„,. igny" mer., tl,o English ,.ot,.„at,.d in dis,,,!,.. Vl o First Battle of the Plains. -Having „„..„„! „,o It g Qiicf-.oc by si .uwrcnoo :u,(J sooin w HIHTORY OP CANADA i i ' :; llio river «i.tl moeiod opposito St. Anthony. I)iirii.;r tho night of the 12lh of Soptcmhci iho ^ol(liors got Oh boaid tho lifc-hojitH jiikI, pjiHsing thoinHolvcH off ns FrcnchmoFi, bringing provinions to tho oily, HiKoin burked nt Silleiy and scaled tho procopico at WolfoV Oivo (Anrc-aiiFonloiO, l, tho Plains of Abnihum. Montcalm prceipiiatedly advanced to moot tho enemy and disregarding ,.11 advieoto tho contrary, commonc- od tho nttaclc. Tho Kr.glish had tho advantage of num- bern being 8.000 «o 4,500 men. Unfortunately, in tlic h«'lghiof tho battle, Montcalm \va.s mortally wounded- Having fonghl with heroic, courage, and ho^Miig Uiat the field wan lo.st, the Frenclj army hastily retreated to the camp. Wolfe expired at tho n.onienl ol his glorious victory. 10. Capitulation of Quebec ~ JJy the death of Montcalm, Levis became Commander in Ohiifof tho French troops. He proposed either to barn tlie city, or by an immediate victory to prevent its falling into tho hands of the Hrilisli. H 5 recalled tho tnwjps mart hing in tho direction of Three 11\vqi>, but wiih gfief and indignation, on nearing iho Si. Charles Eivei, he heard of the fall of Quebec. Before a singlo battery had been find on tho city, do Jiamsey, to ilio great Mirprise of the Engli>h, hoisted tho white flag. This injportant event took place on tho lOih of September. Tho French army bavin^r suffered great losses retired to Montreal whore it quartered for the winter. General Murray acting as Governor.— Murray, HI8Tonv OP CANADA 75 IinviMK n.ulor him 5,000 men, acUd uh governor of ( mboc in the nnmo of Aml.erM, Commander in Chief. 11. Campaign of 1760. -The lomnrkahle events ot ihi.s campaign were: l.sf, the bailie of St. Foy; 2.J the Siegcof Quebec; 3d,, he eapitnlalion of Montreal! 12. Battle of St. Poy. - Alth.x.^rh the ^anitttl w.-.H lo^t, and ihe Canadians were Hufferini^ from great dinlrcHs, ,hcy d.d not qnite despair. Levis gnlhcred hi. forces fur n supremo effort. At the head of 6.000 men, he marched upon Quebec, intending to n-covcr tho cily. On the 28,h of April, he met Murray •••Kler the walls of Qu. bee. Their strength and courage were about equal and a furious engagement iM.sued. The Fiench were victorious and the honor ol ihiir arms wais avenged. Levis lays siege to Quebec. -On the evening on his nu.n.orable day, Levis comnienced the work, whnh were to make him master of Quebec. For thi.lecn days his whole arn.y was employed di-irinir |.cnches and raising batteries. All eyes were turned towards Prance, whence help was expeele.l, when a fleet appeard in the harbor. Unfortunately it bore the Lngli.sh flag, and not to be caught between two hres Levis was forced to rai..o the «iego and return to Montreal. 18 Capitulation of Montreal. - The Kn.Hish forces, tcyh, ..umber of 20,0^)0, were conceninitod t^voutu. ..ontroal. For a moment Levis thought of attacking them, but in the presence of such over. HISTORY OF CANADA wholmlno; nnml ors, imd unwilli.ig to can ho usclosa bloo(lsIu'(^, dc Vjiudioiiil and his council decided to capitnljilo. This incmoraMo capiliilntlon was sii,nicd on the 8th of September. General Amherst granted nearly all the articlers demanded hy t]ie French, but ho ung^iicrousiy nfiL^od the honors of war to ihe brave 8»!dicrf--. Principal articles of the capitulation. — Tho artleles of ihj eapitnialion wore as Ibllows : Ist, that the Canadians shotihl enjoy the free exercise of their religion, and retain their laws and property; '2d, that all ijje po-^lH occupied I y the Fie.M h should be given over without delay to the Kngli^h; 3d, that tho French trooj)s should bo sent to France under pro- mi"oai, and Gol. Burton, of ^ P?* .aroverament. - Mnstors of tho country, the il3ngli8h labored to Ktrongthon Mii..tJ..i 1 ot-'-'-jrinon their (onuro Ma,t,al law was established while awaitin.r iho tor m.na.on of host^ities. A Supreme Council, c'o« of officers, wan forme'Ji of February, 1^6.^, the tr<.aty of Paris was signed. Canada was irrevocably ceded to the English. This treaty con- firmed the articles of th. capitulation of Montreal.' J^^^op.ng luile from the new government, about 1,200 of the principal and best educated people left Canada II. GENERAL JAMES MUFBAY. 1763-1766. 1. Military Governteei.t. - General Amherst ombjuked lor England n. Vm. He was succeeded by General Murray who, iu .omplianco with instruc- tions received, formed a council whi,-,b wi.l. t.:....}^. was invested with .egidative, legal, and executive iff m Ji 82 itlSTORY OP CANADA powers. This council was composed of Ihirtoon mombois oufy one of whom was :. Ca.iadian. 2 New Division of Canada. - Lnmcdiatriy niuu iho tiealy of Paris, Eii^Hnnd made a now divi. Hion of Canada. Labrador, Antiiosto, and iho Ma-. hed the Fienrh law. a..d t^ubsiituled those of Kii^Hand, thus violating oiic of iho articles of ihe ca .ilalat on! Murnuirs arose on all sides. To ralni ihea-ilalion Aluriay, who was jnst and favorable lo ihe Cana- Umii.n, periniUvd iho F.enrh law. lo have fono in civil eases -^ aflfreling propoily or inheiitlmce. 4. Murray caUs together the representatives of the people. - Following Ihe orders reeeivod Ironi J^ngland, Murrj.y called to-elher iho repre^ontalives of Ihe people. The Canadians refund ihe " test oath " Which was aniicalholic In iu formula. Tho assen.bly held no session. 6. Murray recalled. ~ Not content wiiK mak- liig themselves mastei-s of commerce and appropri- ttting Ihe land, ihe English claimed also the mono,,. <»ly of ih.,^ public oflSees. Findii.g Ihomsdves little .iidcd by iho governor, they accusod him of weak- : HISTORY OP CANADA 83 ne;< anl pjuti iliiy. Recnlle-I lo Bh^HjumI, Murray was ubio lo cxonciato himself, but ho was io|.luovd by Bri^'.-.tlicr-Goiicrul Sir Guy Carloton. III. SI& GUY CARLETON 1766 to 1796 Population in 1785,-113,500. I.i 179.>,-I61,(l00 1. Arrival of Sir Ouy Garleton — I76<; lo it96. Goi.eiJil Alurrny w;m replaced !.y Bri^'jidler.Gon^*'Hl Sir Guy Cj.rlelon in ITfiG. His lon^r :„lminislralion niny l>o divided into Iwo parts, Fiiv-t, the 20yoaJ*H of his .Mdininisdalion as Sir Gny Garleton. Soeond, the lOyeaisdurinirwhieh he /Governed Canada as Lord I>oivhelo and fc^atisfy the Canadians. Having modified the council 81 HISTORY OP CANADA h..d b«n made, ho an„„ll„.l ,|,„ „,.din,„,eo of 17,54 vh.eh den.ed ,o Cl.oli,. ,„o , ight ofactin^ ,. Jie m ,n.. T'r? "'' '""'^""'"- **«"""- "" --' -d '""MlO. I., MoMlival especially, ih.y annoyed and .orsoeuted ,..„ Canadian. Th..y „U„ acu"^ d ' .'ovo,.no.of .acHfiein,. ,he inte,.e„,« ,.f U,e empi-o o ploa«o ,ho new .nbjccr.. TI,e»o aeensationj we," hand efforts wero made to ernsh the Canadian.. THE aUEBEC ACT. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. 1774 to 1791. ^ 1. The Quebec Act.-In 1 774,fea,i„g to lose C.„.a,l» on aeeount of ,ho Ihreatening auilndo of Ihc United Stales England hastened lo give a new eOnstiluti„„ mo,.c favcab to tl.o Calbolics. Th,» i. k„o,,„ Ihc Quebec Act. T, g„v„ ,he country un ab,ol„(„ govo,.hn,en<, but thi. was p.efe.abJo thJ .y,:! .cal and despotic govcnmont which had pro.fedod 2. Provisos of the Quebec Act. - The Quebec Aa wne,.d the limits given to the p,.ovi,Li: l.un «l .ho cap„„laiion of .Montreal and di.,penHed then, from Iho "test oail. "• :^ T, „...,,,. . unceut cv.l laws and confirmed the Eugli.h enminal IIISTOnr OF .' "JADA 85 co.lc; 4 It os.abli.hod a lc«i«-„,ivo ..onn.il, compos- o!,hL "n '^ "•""■'"'"' "' ""«' of 23, ci.l,„,. Catholics or Protestants. 3. Views taken of the Quebec Act- The ID,,,- l.>h.spcak.n^. portion ot ih. inhabitants vvero in^ and St. John, fell into their hands. Chambly, Mont- m.l, and Three Eivors, shan d a like late. At this critK-al juncture, the governor was gl,,! to tind him- Hcif supported by the seigniors and \he cler-y The people remained spectators of the struggle."^ Having vainly attempted to opposHhe enemy's march Carleton shut himself up within the walls 01 (Quebec. e. Siege of Quebec. - Mo„(gome,y, aided by Arnold, soon followed, but i .ttompti,.^. lo B„,.„n.,« tno e,ly ,ho former w,ts killed „„ the nighl of ,ho tJlst of December. 11 86 HISTORY OP CANADA Tho i\meiirim nrrny passed tlio winter hcforo Quoboc, With tlio H|)iing, consid lablo roiiforco- inonls jinived from Eiglnnd under llio comninnd of General Biiigoyne. The Anfiorieans raised Iho '^iego and rclnrnod to ihcir country leaving bcliind Ihoin theirartillciy. li««rgage, and ammunition. They burnt Fort Chnmbly and St. John. 7. Success and disaster on the American Frontier. — In the month of Oolober, 1776, an English fleet on Lake Chumplain, atta- ked tho AmeriejuiB near St. Frederic k, obtained u brilliant vielory, and blew np the f«)rt. In tho Hpring of i777, General Biirgoyno at tho head ol 9,000 men, invaded i!io Ameriean territory. Meeting with siumh-ks, ho ?n prndently advanced too far into the enemy's eou?»i?y, was surrounded at Saratog.'i, and obliged to lay down hit* arms j tho whole army remained prihoneis. The struggle between tho mother-country and tho revolted colonies continued until 1783. Tho colonies were supported by France, Canada remained neutral. In 178;?, England recognized the independence of tho United Slat< s, antra.or, divid.-d L-.w. r Canada i.:to txvoniy one eoun.i.H,..,„d in 1702 ih. ch-Hlons were made. iW.ved by fair words, ,ho i'Veroh Canadians ^^uve he.r voles I o several I^:n.j.|i>h.^pe:dcini: members. 0-, "^« opening, of , he firs, session, ,he English members "•"fed U> ehoose a S .e:da,r fro-n their own rank^. After astroni, d<.baie, Mr. J. A. Panel was eloel-'d by ;' '""J-ity of ten. The Knijlish members atlen.plod lo banish the French la..gua.^^e frrun the Hou.se. From the very outset, the Canadian Hou.se of Conuno„s became Ihe seene of a parlia.nentary war wh.ch has continued lo our own day, and in vvhi, h «>' :V '/. '>' o / 1.0 1.1 1*5 130 1^ 3.2 2.5 2.2 JT |3j6 lllll^^ H^ luuu It^ J^ !.6 ^= >1PPLIED^ IIV14GE . Inc .^= 16^3 East Main street .a^ ^ Rociester, NY 14609 USA .aa r^ Phone: 716/482-0300 .^='.^= Fax: 716/288-5989 1993. Applied Image. Inc., All Flights Reserved ^"Lk.> «■ •5^ 88 IIISTOHY OF CANADA K Tlic Hon. J. A. Panel, from 1792 to 1815 ; 2. Kfi. Cariior .lcLotl,ini(iiv,f,.«,n, 1794 to 1797 ; ^i' 11)0 Hun. L. J. i>„,,i „,,„ ^■,„„ ,3,5 j^ ,^3^. 4. J. A. V.illi^.o (Jo S'. R.^il, from 1823 to 1825 ; 4. The first Parliament. ~ ihmu. ihc fo.ir ses- 8«onN <,f ihc, first ).u.linrnonf, the House gave ils .•'ttoi.tion lo the (,ncstion of o.l.ioution, .o.ids, tho ivgulniion of sei-niorial lonu.v, expenses, rovonuos etc. ' THE CHURCH IN CANADA. 6. The first Bishop - Mgr. do Pontbriant, having died the yoarof ,he oapiiulalion of Montreal, Messers Jinand, Porranli, and Montgolfior wore charged to govern the Chu.ch of Canada as Capitulary Vicars. I«. spite of tho opposition or protostanis, who had hoped lo rule the ehureh as well as the state, Mgr. Jiriand, ele.-ted two years jwcviously, took possession ofhiH see fa 1766, wiih tho consent of tho British government. 6. Other Bishops. - In 1784 Mgr. B.iand havinc. resigned, Mgr. Esglis hoeame hishop. M.r,. Hubert Hncceer«t bishop was Mcr L Cook. He was succeeded by Mgr. LaHeche. ^ ric^;. ?*;2^^W^?T^ "^'^^''^'^'^ -« '»-^e a bi.hop- S;. '^^ '""^'^' '■" ''''■ '^'''^' P--- ^i^l'op Ks M,r 10. Diocese of Rfmouski.-The diooce of St. Oer. nan of Rnnou.ki ua. ..tabli.hod i„ 18(57 tT 7 iH^bop was Mgr. John Lan,.ovi.,. ^^'"'''^^ 11. Diocese of Sherbrookf* qi i , i 90 HISTOiny OF CANADA CLERGY OP THE PROVINCE OF aUEBEC 1893. On May lOih, 1887, three eccfesia.ilral provivces were made : Quebec, Montreal, and Ottawa. 18. Ecclesiastical Province of Quebec. - This p-ovince comprises (ive d ocf>f8 : Quebec, Three Ulcers, Rlmouski, Chuonthni, and Nkotet. By ft .Iccrie, {liveii hy Pins IX .l.ited May 7tli, 187(5, St. Anil Jiecauiif llio pulroness of the diocese. 14. Diocese of Quebec. — His Emlnonce El/.ear A exaii.dor Tuschoean, Canlinalof ihe Ho'y Uoman Church, was appoiiitod Archhisliop of Qiubec, on the 24ih of Doceinhor, IH70; ho was madf Cardinal on ihe 7ih of ,lmie Coadjutor Archbishop. — The Mont Rev. Louis Nazaiio Ke<.'iii, uppoi. (nl hishoi) of Chicoulimi on Ihc 2Hih of OcioIkt. ISH8, vvaK i.ain.d archbinhop of Cyiene and oadjuior to His Emiiimce Cindiual IVchereau, on Ihe 22d of DcccnilKi-, IcSUl. The diocese com prises I!) pai-isluB atid 6 missions, ii\ Mie CMji.ty of Beauce; \:\ parishes aid 2 missions, in Belle- cliax^e; 14 parislu's and 2 mis^il„,s, i„ Dorchester ; l;{ par- i-ihes a .d 2 missions, in K.unonrask i ; 9 parislies and I mission, in L-vis ; lO paii-hes and !^ missions, in LTslel ; 15 parishes i.i Luihiiiiere ; 10 puishes and a missions, in Megaulic; H paii-hes a .d 2 missions, in iMontmagny ; 15 paii-hes aii 1 Z mis.i ,m-, in Moiiimorency ; lli pari-he- n P jrtneuf ; 10 paiislicH and <» missiuii?, i i Qi.ebec ; ;{ piirishea in Temiscouata. Total 18S) purifho.s and missions. -. ^.^^ 187(5. nrSTORY OP CANADA pi Tl.ore arc i„ f|,e dioce.. .177 pri.Hjs, lio ,„o„kM 8 ...r • 65 convent., 2 co ^o. 7' "' ' 'P'!'''' "^ '^^^'"-. Diocese of Three Rivera — ti d , r. 11 ''*^ present » .« ion of Tlii.,.« r?- He wa« non.ina,e,l on the H., of J,„.e l8 « T r"''" comprises 17 i.ari.hes i.. ri o i '"\; '"^"- ^''o Wioce.^e 7 in S. W .. ! '."'V ^''•'^"»P'»'», « in Ma.wklMon..e a..,l 7 .n S . Maunce ; ,„ r.|| 34 paH.I.e.. There are 4 0^11' 1 fiennnaiv, 12 con«en«o -^ 1 • / "•« 4 colleger <.1I,6C,S , ,|,o,-e „„■ 71 ,,rica„ ,„„| | ,„„„^ Diocese of Rimouski _ ti i>- ■ . Albert BIni,, U. i.^.lMo, „, Vl' "f" . '"■> • A'"'-- Pebnmry, 181.1 . ' "' """""'I'' -".« (l,c 6ll, «f pans,... T„„e .„ « e;„vl iZiri ■", ,"" "f n,h or Aj,nl, ml "' '"-''"'' "' """ '"•"-- «i""e ,1.. In the (iiooe.se (here nt^ 19 . • i cuicontin.,..,,;:r;:;j,:;--v 42 panshe.. There are lo n.i on I ' '^' ' '" "" 6 convents. The Cath ll . ""-^^7"^' » «en„nary. I college, prie..s. ^""'"''"^^ -Muber (;0,000 and ,hore are 66 Im Ihe Aposfolic Pn.f<.c.„re of ,he Gulf of St r there are 8 missions xvi.I. .« • j y*"" of M. Uwience Cutho »C8 ij limber 7,0 Of conve..t, and 1 reformaior- r{ iOOl. iie ""fa^^^^WPB^Pji 92 HISTORY OP CANADA : ill! Diocese of Nicolet. « TI.e Right llev. Elphege Gravel lJU8 been bi8h(.p of Nicolet since 18M5. There are in the •liocdHe 15 parishes in the «H,nnty of Arlhub.iska, 10 in Drummond, 17 in Nicolet, ami 10 in Yamaska ; in all ^2 parisheH. There are yi prie8t^ (JO n.onks, ami 150 nunp, 17 conx'ents, H ho.pi.als or a.yh.n.s, 1 sen.inary, 1 coihge, and 84,728 Caiholics. 15. Ecclesiastical Province of Montreal. -Mon- treal was inad- an eccle.^iasticai province on the 10th of May, 1887, by His Holiness Leo .MIL It coinpriPes four dioceses : Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Sherbrooke, and Vallev- fielci. ^ Diocese of Montreal. - The Mo.t Rev. Edward Charles Fabre, was made bishop on the lyih of September, 1876, and Arcb bishop of Montreal on the 27th of Julv' 1886. ^' In this diocese there are 2 parishes iu Argenteuil, 11 in Bertier, 6 in Chambly, U in the county of (he Two Moun- tains, lu in Hochelaga,6 in Jacques-Cartier, 12 In Joliet, in Laprairie,yin l'A8somptiou,o in Laval, 9 in Montcalm, 6 m Napierreville, 6 in Saint John, 10 i„ Terrebonne, 6 in Vercheres; in all 133 parishes. There are 400,000 Catholics, 645 priest*., 6 colleges, 84 convents, 27 hospitals or asylums' 1 seminary, 1 university. Diocese of St. Hyacinthe. - The Right Rev. Louis Zephiriu Moreau hue been bishop since the I6th of January 1876. Mgr Decelles is coadjutor. ' This diocese comprises 10 parishes in the county of Ba^ot 2 in Brome, 7 in Ibervillt, 9 in Missisquoi, 10 in Richeli°eu' 10 m Rouville, 8 in St. Hyacinthe, 9 in Sheftbrd, H in Ver- cheres ; iu all 72 parishes. The Catholics number 1 1 8,500, there are 179 secular aud 18 regular priests, 121 monks, nr»o WrSTOKV OF CANADA 93 conv;;;;:^' ' "'"'""''^^> ' -'— lal colI.,e., an.J 20 i{ Diocese of Sherbrooke. "Cine WHS il.o/irs, j,,,) «'» 'Ik. 20r|, ofOctol ">I'ofSh,rlM-o„ko. H Tl„. KigliM^v. Ar.il lOIIV l.i^l '•^P i" ilio Uijrla Kev. Tl •*''•' ''^'7J.arMMie,| lioiniis J,a; ** was a|)poiiire(l '■" '-^'J.'^. Ti.e present Ti • ,. -- ocque. '"•ooke, 12 in Wolf. « :,, v:,„. , ' , '". ^'"■««'|Mil.Miioii ill 1806.— 250.000. governors a nd two ort MllnoH UH JidminiBhnlor. From his timo d ofth 1805, and proHH in Cunada. Tlio " Moroury Jites the lihcriy appoarod in followii whoso honorable miH«ion it was, in thoso days of mtolcmnco and tyranny, to defend the reli.non the language, and .he institutionH of the French Cana- dianp. Lieutenant-Governor Dunn ordered a grout mill tury parade, on the occasion of the cxocntion of an Arncncan called HcLane, convicted of havin.r con «p.red to ruin .he country by seeking ,o induce the Canadians to espouse the republican cause of France 4. V. Oraig, 1807-1811. - In 1807, Sir James Cra,g arrived at Quebec. He had acquired u certain reputation in the army, but his administrative ability was not groat, and his .e.nper was despotic. Ilfs high-handed way of i.ctin- surpassed anv thin-^ yot experienced and his sojourn i,. Ounad.i ha<"bcen Htyleci U,e''Koign of Terror." S.ongiy p.ojudioed against 1 he Calholie .eligio,, and M.o Caruuiians he sought Gvary occasion to a.ii.oy then. IE- .struck the names of the principal Cutholi., < fficcrs off the l««tof mil.tia. and i.nprisoaed Ih j members of purli-i ment who were so unfortunate as lo i,u nr his disple'i-- HU.-e by Ih.ir def\...He of ,ho rights und privileges of the legislative body. Ho Ordered the >ei.ure of the pnnl.ng-pros of ,he - Canudia,, " and arrested the pioprielor on .he < hnr-o of hii;h treason Alluiking the Church also,Vjrnig would have re HISTORY OP CANADA gy rejectod, ^'""'° ""'' ""J"»t. was Th« tlirealoning ottitiido of the Unii«j o. , 6. ?arliaments.-rn Ihespacoof 15 vearslh«..« J' roP" W..S i„ flame-, »tru««li„,, „.l„,t .1 1 ■ns,«n.bitio„ of Bonapa-t, tite pjir o, CaZr''''"" -•« «.«v« Lso. of^dis' ;::; r:hi :!:*"- b.aMcl,o«„fi|,o|egU|„t„,<,_ 'l>Q thro, The membore demanded (ho same nVhts a„H • ■ «K«- a» the English Ho„,o of Co^molf TK T' wason.hoBubjecloflhojadJs Th„ '""'"'™ of «hic.h-beh.g named by tho o.wn k""""'"'™ view. Thomombe™of,he^Ho„so;fC^r'""'«<' '"' wiHoly .naintained .hat, as ttvotll of 1" 7"^ e..aW,.,.ot,J,o indopondont, thov shonW k •'"^®« f.o.„, he House. 'After i^ngl^'wot'Vf "''<'<' law. to this effect was passed^ Tt Jlt-i '."'""«'' " approbalion in 1811. " -— =u ma roy,| 98 HISTORY OP CANADA ■! i- 1 li f II !l WAR OP 1812. VI. SIR GEORGE PREVOST. 3811-1816. Population in 18l4.~:i35,0()0. 1. Arrival of Sir George Prevost. — Sir Gcoigo Provost airivod at.(iiu-bfc in S.-plcMibor, 1811. Bjin^' both mild and impaiMial, llio new govornor appljod himKclftolioal Iho Htill biirnin.r wounds and to lo- Hloio the confidonco of tho poopl... Ho rujscd Mr. Jk'dard to Iho bench, named Mr. B)uida.jjcos colonel of militia, and lojst no oppoi (unity «.f testifying bin good will towards iho Canalians; This was moie than enough for a people who a>kcd for mere justice, and at the governor's rtrst call lo arms they hastened lo the frontier. 2. Remarkable EveDts. ~ The most remark ible event of Sir George Prevo^i's .ndminislrali.m was (he war with the United States. On (ho IJth Juno, 1812, the President of (he liopublie declared war against England. There were many ostensible griev'ances alleged, but the desire to obtain possession of Canada was tho real object of (he war. * • Causes of th« wnr as stated by tlie Americans : England had arrogated to herself the right of visiting foreign vessels to search for her deserting sailors, and luid Mttempled to hinder American vessels from entering the iiortheri ,,orts of France And the Netherlands. liiM Ih 8- Campaigns. — T IffHTORY or C ANA DA 90 '•' ^y-'iv: I ho Hrst tho third in J8II. Campaign of 1812. fincooecJi,,;. c.-mii.ji ';;'"^ ^vo'o tUvoe cnmpafi^nH •• '^I-'; tho Moroml 111 '•• l«l:{; and r n Ih foi tJO"< into thfvo "imy of UieCcnl enomy, ihonft •.i<'»S (ho A Tho ar annitss. ""^ ill tho (wo "•^"•icans dividod ihoir "U' ' Hho VVoHf, lh( ■0. and thoanny„r(hoNoiih Th< front ::;,:rir':''''.""""''--'''''<-'yo,; ,,; 'oi- «l Ihieo .lifforoiit |,oii,(s fcjhortly artcM\vif.l< ii Tlic,„myofi|,„X,„.||, looon.,,, <■<"■« 20,1, „,Nov,.„,b.,'' "" ""> "'«'" «"• ^o„,« ,.o,„... T : . '■'' "'«"' ""■•'' <"'"».■ fionlie,-. •> """' '•"'"•'"I ac-,TO» ,he l»o Amorlcans w«iv» tu.. ^--«hoau..dian,^ier;hr '^'^^^ ^' '^t sea, their vo j!'";..-^''.^ ""'^ '"*^~-- over tho En/rjish >bl; iMnf^ u nav g "^ir^ advaiita.ros "^00 ill HiSTORr OP CANADA 4. Campaign of 1813. — In 1813, tho' feti%irio ' rot'onfimonced. French town, Moravian Town, To- lonlo, Suckott's Harbour, Burlington, and Put-in- • Bjiy, Were tho sccnos of sanguinary ongagorhentH. The naval battles of Put-in-Buy and Toronto, whore the English bhips wore benton, gavo iho United •Stales tho bupremacy on Luko Erie and Ontario. The English cause seemed desperate, when the baUl« of Ohateauguay suddenly changed the position of af- faire. Hampton, with immense forces, had advanc- ed into the heart of tho country, and was on the point of forming a junction with Wilkinson, when de Salaberry, intrenched on the Chateaugujiy River, arrested his march, and with three hundred Cana- dian skirminhorn, put hirn to an ignominious flight. Defeated a second lime at Chrysler's Farm * the enemy retired across the frontier. 6. Campaign of 1814. — The year 1814 witness- ed new engagements. First at Lacolle, then at Os- wego and Lundy's Lane, at Chippewa, at Fort Erie, at Plattsburg, and New Orleans. The defeat of tho JBritish in tho four last named combats did not alto- gether destioy the effect produced by the victory of Chfiteauguay. After the downful of Napoleon, England was able to send out a large fleet which so harassed the shores of the United States, as to force the Ameri- " cans lb sue lor peace. The treaty of Ghent, s^i^ned In 1814, put an end to the war. 6- Parliament. — But one parliament was heid during Prevost's administration. It was the seventh loi ' ftlSTORY Of CANADA slnco the consiitntion of ]7qi a^ .^ ■ i>;-be, ,810. .0 .he m"oT^Xim'''' "' House voted „„ addol to s « •^••'""'''•^'''"'' ">« •5-.au„. .i. .po„ .h:;.tis:4:rc:- •.o-d bf the ye„.. to clea. him e^f of th ^'""^'' ''"' .'-.'i the t^t. 1815 to 1838. e^tc jr-?- --—^^^ M. Louis C/Pa nC'r '''V""'- ^«-'»- V-".-" -.f ^•*pincau, then onlr tweni^ yv«.. of uue. was elected speaker - ■ - ^ -oi.6ftheelghtl.i>«,1t.rne;;;:^^ foui-th 8et§- uaiX iSlSr^ He If S t 102 HISTORY OP CANADA to(-k (ho place of M. Panot, called to the Le-lalativo Count il. M. Papincan, well known asapopulai- loader, pre^ided in the Ho use of Assembly till the trou- blosof 18:{7; durin^M wo sessions only, in 182 { and 1824, was he roplacej hy M. J K Valldi-o de St. Rhil, 8 Drummond.-1815tol816.-Inl8l5, Prevost left the government to Sir Goorgo Drummond. Hav- ing inaugurated his administration by the distribu- tion of rewards to those who had distinguished them- selves inlhe late war, the governor applied himself to refuim the abuses existing in the Post Office and Crown l^ands Department. In eighteen years, more than three million acres of land had been bestowed upon favorites. 4. Dissolution of the 8th Parliament. - Judge Sewoll and Judge Monk, owing to their clever tac tics in England, were exonerated from the char^res brought against thorn. The House wns about to voto'kn addiesH to the Prince Regent, when the governor, in a speech loaded with reproaches, dissolved parJia- moht. Almost all the members were re-elected. 6. VII. Sherbrooke, 1816 to 1818. — Sir John Sheibrooke, a mild and prudent man, replaced Drum- mond in 1816. His benevolent disposition was shown by Iho assistance which he gave to the inhabitants ot the disfictofQuobec during a failure of the crops He inaugurated his administration by strivinor to conciliate all parties, and called Mgr. Plessis to" the Legislative Council. DenArtiirAnfSiv.TAiivi ai.^..!.^ i /n. , , ^ ,^»^„ wvMMKfijicxuruyiLe. — i^aerbrooke [JegiHiutivo liar loader, the trou- 182 { and e St. Rial. 5, Prevost >nd. Hav- ' distribti- hed Ihom- himself to >fl[ice and lars, more bestowed — Judge lover tac- > charges to vote ai) ornor, in d parlia- ited. Sir John d Dru ni- ls shown labitants 10 crops, ving to s to the I'brooke, •*ir HISTORY OP CANADA realizing the difficulties of h- • 1818. Howasroplaood bv fh' r.'^'"'' '"'^•^'^••^^ 'n ,»>'--, vain «nKuL:^^fr^:^-^- ^««« of the exhausted state of fi'"""^' ''"^'"••^- P^-eBontinganoxces8ivotL!, "r' *^^^^" '^^ y wore deliberating Sri^^"'''^'-''^- ^i-Ie dressing unbecoming |.r..' ^^" ^'^^^^''"O', "d- dl«Mvod parliament RvT-^'" '^ ^'^« "^-'"^bor^ J-dH, onl-s ,,,::^,,^:^^^^^^ ^'-rUy alto.: --^. governor rfe'S^^^ ;>^-^Mp, Kng,::/;; t::;;^^^ ^" the cxerciso of their Jt '"'^'^"''^^^ ^'^h thom ^'^eHoly See raiseX c C;;- '" f ""•">' '«'9> Polilan ehureh and erf u " '""'' ^'' ''^ '••"'•"- "•«do bishoj,rics. ^^••-•bb.sl.op P,,,,^,^ ^^.^.^ ^-K 'S:::^,- ^1^ to is^o. _ «.. -oadminis..a.r.;..C;:^--^^ ^"^^^«|.Uai..ofano.geno..:;:u;m^ -•"-tration reson.blorcA "v"^ ''''' ^^'-^ ^•^- *'««*^ion8, hoattomniod.o .'"'.' ?^"-'"'^' ••"' <^ou- most des 'potic manner. J i;ovi)vu fho "«it«l•igh^ inscribed in tbe " vain did pa.lia --!!?, ii^ in il 10 '"out .s||o\v institutions of the 104 HISTORY OP CANADA ii ; country; in vain wcro enormous abuses pointed out, .»tl reprospntationsj'omaincd without eflfoct. . In con.-, Boquonce of this unwise conduct, the antagonism between the two branches of the legislature daily increased. 9-,)?roject of uniting the two Canadas. — In 1822, thinking that the time had come for uniting, Uppi" and Lower Canada, the ministry prot posed the bill to the House of Commons. On hearing of this perfidious plot, the Canadians arose against it ; petitions bearing countless si«;natures weie sent to Ei'gland, prolcstingagainst the measure. Upper Canada al'«o opposed the project, and in the face of this general disapprobation, the imperial ministry withdrew the bill. 10. Dalhouaie's Departure.— In 1828, a petition bearing 80,000 jsignatures was sent to England de- man as sul- nont in istratcB, istated t , the Hon. Mr. Papineau was allowoil to resume his chair as Speaker of the House. Kempt endeavoured to rtiaintain neutrality between the OouucH and the House. The latter ho lelt freetodisposeof the public -rrtOf»cyi», except the salaries of the goV6rnOr and judges. Kempt sincerely desired to establish hrtrmony by 'd&ing justice to every one; but ttB iho ihstmotions which he received from the /wmego^ropiimont^dl^not ^^accord with his views, he tendered' his te^signatioo. It \vtis a^icopted. 12. X. Aylmer, 1830 to 1835. — Lord Aylmer succeeded Sir Jamci* Kempt. He arrived in Quebec about the middle «.f October, 1830. In tho name of the imperial government, Lord Aylmer otforod to give the fiouso of Commons the control of all the public moncyi-, except I ho civil list. The House, imbittered by tho violence of former debates, found this concession inadequate and insisted upon a radical reform. 13. Remarkable Events. — During the elections in Montreal in May, 1832, three Canadians were killed by Ihe English soldiers. In the same year cholera appeared for tho first time and made great ravages in Canada. In Quebec the population was ''decimated. The epidemic returned in 1834, making "Slumbrous victims. St. Louis Castle, for many years thegOvei'nors' residence, was destroyed by tiro. In the year 1834, the imperial goveromeut gave to 106 HISTORY OP CANADA If tho Colonial Office Iho munagemont of nil mattors touching tho affairs of the colonies. 14. XI. Lord Oosford, 1836 to 1838. — Lord G()>foi(J replaced Lord Aylmer about the end of Aui-UHt, 1835. He was accompanied by two Koyul Commissioners, sent out to enquire into tho affaii-s of tho colony and to report then the king. Having made a display of politeness and goodwill towards the Cuiadians, Lord Gosford opened parlia- mont ly a clever speecli, delivered first in French and then in English. Full of the ilhisivo hope that their representations wore about to be taken into consideration, the members again enbmitted their grievances. Tho pcrsistanoe with which tho council rcjoelcd the greater number of tho measures propos- ed, and tho insiruclions hold by tho Royal Commis- sioiters, which began to transpire, soon disabused tliem. Finding thoFnselvos thus docoivoH, tho mem- bers voted tho subsidies for six months only. This unlooked for result caused great excitement. The malevolent report made by tho commissionore, and tho determination of tho ministry to make no concessions, filled tho measure of public exasperation. Tho people eveiy where assembled and protested. 15. Parliamentary Debates.— On the departure of Provost, stormy parliamentary debates commenced and continued till their disastrous termination in 1837. England, by granting a constitutional govern- ment in 1T91. had pledged herself to allow the matters — Lord end of Soyul iffaii's of goodwill 1 parlia- Fronch )po that on into id their council propos- /ommi8- ^abiiscd mom- bemont. sionoM, take no dration. }ted. parluro moncod tion in ^ovorn- ow the HISTORY OP CANADA 107 Canadian logislatiiro all tho rights and privilo^res enjoyed by the English House of Commo.m. Subsidies.— Among the privileges claimed by iho Canadian House of Commons, was tho exclusive right to vote the subsidies. Belying upon the justice of this f claim, the members yielded on no point, determined to obtain it to the fullest extent. Defenders Of the Rights of the House of Com- mons.— This parliamentary strugarle found valiant champions in Papineau. B(wor Cunada. Mr. Mt-Konzic, leader of the innur^rents. w.i.s defeated near Toronto. After several ineff-ctual alte.npts ut rcH.slance, he took refage in tho United States. e. Departure of Lord Oosford. ~ Lord Gosford averho to extreme meaHuren, had asked to be rccaliod before ihe disturbances b-.-H,,. Ho saile I for Bn.rJand at .he end of February. 183g, leavinir .he admiMistru- lion to Sir John Col borne. 7. Special Council. -■ England, wishing to sup. press .he insurrection as quickly as possible, thought that .he best moans of doir.g so would bo to suspend the consi^tu.lon of 1791. This measure passed the Jl.ngl,sh House of Commons by a small majority, and tolborne was ordered to form a special council f.,- tho dispatch of tho mr>ro pressing business. This Council, composed of twenty two members, of whom e^ven were French Canadians, assembled in April, nrsTORY OP CANADA JJl XII. LORD DURHAM. -XIII. COLBORHE, LORD SEATOlf. 1838—1839. 1. Lord Durham, 1838. - Lord Gosfonl was Hiiccocded by Lord D.uham. IIo arrived lU Qiieboc at tho end of Muy. Findin^r the ^r.-iols crowded with robels jnval(in<,' trial, ho acconlod an nmnoHty to n\[ who had tiikoii part in tho ioHiirrootioii, except iwon- ty four whom ho exiled to B jrmiida. ^- Havini,^ Hcatlorod money plontifully Ihroiii^hout the provinc.., L >rd I)id Soatou, pro- claimed martial law, arrested all suspected persouH, and at the head of Hoven or eight thousand men, 8et fire to tho revolte.l districts where order had already been restored. >'. Ill "* mSTORY OF CANADA Trial of the Prisoners.- Co, bom o hud iKbprl. »^v,<,,.« ...ed bycoU.,mur.tial. A ho m tor. co of death w ^ p«ssod on eighty ni,.e of th.n. ; fo.-ty noven were co.u,om,H,.Moox.Ie. Thirteen, uu.on^.st whom Was rert-e t"'"'''' T" ""^ ''' ''^ -^^'^' ^« reH were tranHported to Australia. These eevero mc^»Hur.« wore blamed every whore, eVon In Bn^^u'd! «i;.?***? ?^*?® ^^^^'^^'y ^°"^ a Religious and slre^h^"'"* "' view. - Eighty yearB hS I^^ since the conqueHt. YearB of pernecution, of religious intolerance and despofism. England had folldWed the same policy with Canada as with Ireland. Her design was to induce the people to lidoptthi^ Ian- gui^e and the religion, as well as the laws of Eng. The legal existence of Catholicify in Canada was lo^ogniaed only after the departure of Craig. ^^ III 1800, the logiHlatuie passed a measure called the K<'yal Institution," destined to favor the Enfflish l«"«uage and .he pi^testant religion by putting edu- cmtion into the hands of English ,..otostant teachers. The Canadians refused to send their children to those schools. A new era began with the Union. England gave fresh instructions .o her representatives, lealiM- the Canadians free to make laws for themselves as they desired. HfSTORy or TAWADA its THE UiriOir ACT. 1840 to 18(17. Population in 1844: G97,000-ii, IS5I : 890,000 t. Union of the Two Oanadas. — Notwiihsfai.d- «ng the petition of the CiUholic cle.-y an.i ^.fall iho Stench Canadians, the imperial parliament, on the 2dd of July, 1840, passed the memorable Act which tinned the two Ganadas. This Act bocamo law on the 10th February, 1841. 2. Ctevernors.—ln an inlervalof 27 yeors, thore were seven governors : XIV. Lord Sydenham, from 1839 to 1841 ; XV. Sir Charles Bagot, from 1842 to IRIs'; XVI. Baron C. T. Melcalf. f.un. \HI3 to 1H45 ; XVri. The Earl of Cathcart. from l«4;i to 1847 ; XVIir. The Earl of Elgin, fron. I8t7 u> 1854 ; XIX. Sir Edmund Head, fom 1854 to 1861 ; XX. Viscount Monck, from l8tJl to !8C8; "* 8. Object of the Union Act - The Union Act ' put an end to the constitution of 1701. Upper Oana- da had at that time been fleparalo.l from Lower CV nnda in order to withdraw ih. E..-li,h Hpoakin.r Canadians from the domination of the French The Uoion Act of 1841 was passed evidently in order to pjut the French-speaking Canalia.is under the d"omi- nation of the English, now boeomo ,nore numerous. 4. Provisoii of the Union Act. - Although the secret object of the Dromotors nf thn tt..:^.. _„„ .. overrule and anglicise the French Canadians, yet 114 nisTonr op canada i this Act put them in possession of rights and privi- loges which they had demanded for more than a quarter of a century and for which they had shed Iho.r blood. The Union gave parliament the right to control the public moneys, and later on brought about a responsible government. The number of members wa^ fixed at 84 - 42 for each province. 6. Inauguration of the Union Act. - Lord ^>ydenham was chu.god to inaugurate the new form of government. The special council consented with- out difficulty to the measure. The legislature of Upper Canada, having every thing to gain by it, assented afer:, few days' debate. 6. Parliaments. -The first session of the first united paHiament was opened at Kingston, on June i^in, 1841. Between that session and Confederation theio woio eight parliaments. During the first government, the noble eloquence ot many celebrated men awakened the echoes of parliament in the causeof religion and the rights and 1. be, tics of Canada. Many other patriots distinguish- ed themselves during the second government by a like devotcdness to faith and country. 7. Chief Political Measures passed in the eight Parliaments under the Union Act. -- The clwef political ...easures adopted in the eight parliaments held under the Union Act are : 1. In 1841, a bill was passed giving each parish its owo ( HISTORY OF CANADA US municipality • ihis placed the administration of local affairs in Uie hands of Canadians. 2. In the same year a bill was passed organising primary schools; this as well as the former bill, was amended in several subsequent sessions. •3. In 1849, during the second session of the third parlia- ment, an act was passed to inden^nify Canadians for losses sustained by them during the insurrection of 1837-.38. This act so irritated the Engli.h-speakiMg Canadians that they burned down the parliament buildings in Montreal, and used insulting language to Lord Elgin. 4 In 1853, the nun.ber of members was fixed at 130 — ort for each province. 6. In 1854, seigniorial tenure was abolished, and an indemnity voted for the seigniors. 6. In the same year, the question called the Protestant Clergy Reserve Fund, was settled. 7. A liberal grant was made to the Grand Trunk Railway Company to facilitate the construction of a railway in the country. •' 8. In 1854 a treaty of reciprocity was signed between Canada and the United States. 9. In 1«56, the Legislative Council became elective. districts" ^'"' ^''^'' ^''''^'^ '""" ^''''^*'^ '"^^ '0 J"^'«'»' J I. in 1865, the Civil Code of Lower Canada was remodel- peid^fT"^*^^' events. - During this important period of 27 j ears, many remarkable events took place : Moitr^ tZ::' '"' '''' «^^-— 't from Kingln to 2. 1,200 houses in St. Roch, Quebec, were consumed hy 116 ^ :;H ;;! I t I 11 • ! HISTOIIY OP CANADA fire in 1845; a „.onth later an equal number of houaea were burne.l in S.. John .uburba. ^ - qlfo !nT847"'"'"'' .^-g-ntHdied of typhus fever a^ de^eSnes! ' ' ''''"'' '^"' nuns were victims of thei. Quebec. ''''' '''''''" '""'"^ '"""^ ^^*">« ^" ^«"treal l^nd 5. mentf^ ^^^^' ^'"^'"' '^^'^P' ^""^ introduced by the gpv^r^-, 6. In 1852,:, here were great conflagrations in Moutreal.^, foLe;LT852'^.'^"' """'^"^'^ ^"« ^'^^''^^ '^ h'^^^ been 8 In 1855, the - Capricleuse » arrived at Quebec, this was the first French frigate seen in our harbor since CapLa' beca.ne a British colony. A monument was erected atl". Foy fp the brave eo'diers of 1 760. "^.^^"^S* . an!l m" T'^: ?'"' ^^'"'*' ^*^^^^'« were opened at Quebec^ and Montrea . bv ihp TTnn p t n nu T ^"*r^J? ^ gov°e;„l'„f • "" •^""" <='""' °"'""' - «- '"'- «?..,.« „ 1 1. 1860, Hie Royal Highness, the Prince of Walw yieiied Canada, opened the Violoria Bridge at Montreal \^\^a' the first „„„e Of ,he par)i«,„e..t b'ildingltottawa He was every where received with demo„a,rfti„„, ^^J^^ , °° the loyalty of Ca„adia„« for the Queen, hie Eoyal Mo'her " 12. In 1861, on the breaking out of the war between the Northern and Southern State,, the arreet on board the Trenfc ' o Maeeon and Shdell, embassadors of the Southern confi u"od"s::;r "'"'""^ ^-^-Ointo awar wlththe , 13. In 1866, and the years following, the Fenians presented HISTORT OP CANADA 117. ■■<-•*. Jl* ■ ; ■,f themselves on the Canadian frontiers. They were repulsed by the regular troops anci later by the militia. nd: f^}^^"^ ^^e'^tS- - Several religious events took place during this period of our history : I.^On the 15th of August, 1851,the first provincial council was held at Quebec : Bishop Tourgeon presided. 2. In 1853, Mgr. Bedini, Apostolic Nuncio, visited this country. This high ecclesiastical dignitary was received with the respect and affection felt by Canadians for the ^iiurch of Rome. ^ 3. In the same year, Gavazzicarae to Canuda. His furioua o7therl'r'?i.^'*^"'''°''^^" """^^^ the indignation of the Ca holies of Montreal that riots ensued, requiring the intervention of the troops. "fc «---« of heir imut*^"';^^ 'o'-lg Canada, on account of itB p.ox. •W Sint iT! """ *^™""'''"" "««1" of proceed- bef; ™T. J*' r'""^'"" "''""• ""'""""ion han X t:!:.'''" ""' "-'"'"'- - ^- - h.^The'T^'', '"•'r' •" ^S'""''' Canada is pet- nT.™ Jr .r.lr' "•''"I-'"'"' count..; of Cathoiro pW^ """ """ "" *" "'""S '» "<»• ""^"g ^^* ttlSTORY or CANADA Catholics and Pi'otestanta live in perfect harmony 111 this land, blesHod by divine Providence. Progress.- Diicctcd by prudent and inteHigert goven.cH, ropie^entcd in parliament by epeakeis capable «»f d.-fondin^L,^ the rights and liberties of < he people, -unrdod by men who have no desire save the happiness and pro8i>erily of the country, Canada, 8ince the Union, has made very remarkable progress. No country in fact has prospered so much in so short a space of time. Our lakes and rlvei's are cov- erod with sailing vessels and steam-boats; railways and telegraphic lines connect our cities with those of the United States, Europe, and the entire w6rld ; mannfaclories are opened on all sides ; primary schools are every where established ; convents, col- leges, and other superior institutions, are the pride of our cjties and large villages. Religious Communities of Women. — The can- no., of His Mosi Christian Majesty is silent, the " fleur de Jys 1.0 Io,.ger waves above our forts and cities, but the dai^ghters of St. Ursula and of Marguerite Bourgeois, the Bisiers of Charily, and many other servants of God, ari still • in New Prance doi,.g .he work of the Lord, so providentially begu.) in the country. ^ In looking back upori the past, it is impossible not tb see that the Ursulines, with the charitable sisters who accom- panied them to found th6 Hotel Dieu, and the misabnaries sent to carry the light of the Gospel to the Huron, Algon- qui.., and Iroquois, have done more to maintain the country than the citadels, cannons, or brave soldiers. For though maiena! strength «uccumbed in the end, yet thespirit'of Gid '.Uh, HiSTOnr OP CANADA 195 Franc. i„ Europe "'"" """• °""''''«' "> "« *> >»cll.er 10 the orohan ■„ l " "'^'""' ' '" '* ■ IhoM «.ho l,a e riv 1; ^ '" ''""« '"" '' "> "»■ l'»'l' '"■ --i"..* ■thea., jr„;ri::rr;:;c:„Lr'- "-' '""■• ft«»rf*d io Montreal ■„ Im'. 2 ' '" =<"'«<^ »' Providence - -Bear., .. St. Vicce •„ fs' .tl^T"" "' "■' ^-'^^ •N«,„e, 0, Je,„ .„j J,"';"'' -'.'he Convent of ,|,e Holy Si...« Of the Congri a ^" fi " ' 'l^ "'' ' ""'■ "" «tl., the Sistera of the Holv r Kocl,, Qnebec, in 1844, Nun, WQuebec: i 1848f,uri"c"'' "" ' ""'"^ Sl..pherd.at Quebec, in 1850 V,; ^""T' f "" *'<«'' --Ann, at St. James de IM„i ' Daughter's of Si. •' th. Preseuutrn "t St Mat fl' m' ' ' ""'' "" '-'"' »' •Slaters of Jestis-Marv at Si r„. , , ' '"'• '''« ■ 'h«l-«lie-ofU,eSacT;iLI;, !t? ',^'":;"' '«»' "2"'. Nearly all these in.ii!!.- / '"""" "«=»"'■'. "' 'SM. differe'n.partrf;CX '"" ''™"'"" " """"''" 'Hospitals and Asvlnms — ti,. hoepilals and asylums are i h. n i ! """' ™'"'*able •1.M Of .he sisurfCH?;trs !'"'''"''' "^"'''■''''• Shepherd, the BeformatorvnfO .""•" "' "'" ^o^^ ^ ^House of the Sistrof wTrcy. "'"' "°"'''""' "'"' "- -t^t^°:°'*«'— Tho Ottholio c-le,-^^ of o,.. I II 126 HISTORY OP CANADA time by their viiluoiiH lives iind good woiks; they diroot education in toIlogCH and universities, Hupor- intond piiniaiy schooin, preside at ail works of zeal and bencvolonco, and hy so doing win the gratitiido and admiration of all the Catholics in the country. Public Buildings —The priests of Canada, though poor, have suceeeded by prudence and economy, in accomplihhing mueh for the glory of God and Iho good of t ho country. The colleges or seminaries of Bimoucki, St. Ann, Nieolot, Three Rivers, St. Hya- cinthe, St. Therese, Chambly, I'Assotnption, and above all the Laval University, will serve to immor- tali/.o the names of those priests who founded them. To the clerpy oi- lo their generous friends, we owe all the convents, hospitals, and asylums in the countiy. Communities of Men. — There are in Canada njany apostolic men, Jesuit", Oblates, and ihe Fathers of the Holy Cross. The Christian Brothers, the Brothers of St. Viator, St. Lawrence, iind Si. Vincent of Paul, instruct thousands of little boys, disp'nying in the tupk such zeal as religion alone can inspire. The Brothers of St. Vincent of Paul have charge of a refornialory, their success has been most remarkable. Let us mention also the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, established at Arthabasktiville, in 1873; the Redemplorists at Quebec in 1871 ; the Trappists at Oka, in 1881; the Society of Jesus at Momfort, in 188.S ; the Brothers of St. Vincent of Paul (Work of the Patronage) at Quebec, in 1861 J the Mariat Brothers at Ibervilie, io 1885 ; lUe Broth- RtSTORr or CANADA 127 tulliiTH 111 Montrcill, ill 181)0. ■»"i.i»i.aM Piety of the Canadians. - It i.s ,.„„«,ii,i„ f.,, „ n.y patnoUc l,™,.t to k,.,.w that amid Uio ittolloc- tual and i„ator,al pi-ogims .,f ,1,. U,t fow year., th . Canaduu, p.-oplo ,.„ii,„i„ virtuous .,id pious 'i„ « wo.d, worthy of thoii- aueostoivs. Not only ha*; Ly P-VHoi-voa thoi.. i,i„tit..tio„s and thoi, Lj,'uZ hayo al»o kept tho fi.iili. Tli„ li.iid of Providon e i^ ."deed visihio in „„•» eoanny whid. ...ainn cX I.C ovon undor the domination of a P.otc.tant sUito. LITERATURE. Ili.sea..y to uiidewland 'M e.,pedi,io,i, ii„o ilie lie«r„Vde "Ulroddeii foiesi, or e ii,«.,Hsni,t war. ,vl.l, !. I a..d the Kiigii.,i „„,o„i„,. Under d.e'B: '::::;:' -placed it. T„e platform and ,'l.e pre,; ',",.." «r„,,.id where war is wage,! ,o lay for ,lie inain.eaa iice of" ; he Itage. F.fly year» of peace liave given leisure ,o «nn ioi , aud patriotic men. and enabled ,h. , en.igh.ei w fellow conii,rp,i„„ by .heir historical and scientiti' la « " 12ft HISTORY OP CANADA SHORT HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.*,, 1- Bonndary and Extent. -The boundary ii„e BauTern^;"'" """ ^"'"'""'' ""Sins at p1 4' aZtne^^ -•""« noHh-west a, far as the w^tern angle of the seigniorial district of Eigaud, then north m^rn r' /" ""^ '''*»'"' ^"<"-> following te m.d lleof ih,8«trcan, toLakeTemiscamin«- ft-om the h«.d of ,h„ ,,.ke it runs due north to the^ , ^h d yL\ ""Z """^ "■* «■•««' '«k«» Ontario P 'of or"' ";' 'rr- '"^"■'^^ ^^e souther^' pa t of On ,u,„ from the United SUtes; on the west :;:r:r '^ ^^""""- ^■- »^- ^'^^^o 2. Territory and Settlements.-XJnder the French govornmen., .he .erri.o.y now comprised in tholS * To express an obvious truth in the nfvU «f r « ,. -ill ..y that it „„„ld „„t ,.„v \ on ' ; t tfv i""' """ thi„g that did »„t exist, „,. ,„ de,rber d« ° 1 '" " co.„ We „e not, ..„, i. .. p^rdt I ^ir^ifrth*: gift of prophecy. The history of th. ProviL „f r. . , the time of the ces,io„ of CmaL to EnlTd h "'"' '""' that of the Province of Qu.beV No!" t t °T»"°'"" '» w^k have forced p^rt^f t,: d!, "i.tterfgfr.^r ;i::re:=::T:;.rs:::r^^^^^^^ «"p "irc .Mn. it right to give the yo^dZt^. ^C^ilT "' HrSTORY OF CANADA jgD As early . „ 16,3 ' ct, '"'" " ^ "« """"^ No^ l.V„nco. 3615, 1,0 dkcovored Lake On , t Alg„„q„i„, ;„ Where ho' built a ^^t. wTrt"' ""'*, ^'"g"™. now Ontario, was a grea f„t"f inh^fc ^^"'>'^«' O..S Indian tribes. A JfIT^Z ^r"""- "catlcrod hero and thoro on ,h„ T *"** "»'■» I-^wrenco, and some islted R eth h °[ *" «'• built on tho Detroit Iiw7 mV°T ^"^ '^'^ old Proneh fort. Prontona^ At Kingston was tho Erie Toronto '... ::7XXZT:C ""^^ ■lor-s harpoonod salmon in iho bw f J '^ ^'"^^ l>ou through tho w,.ods of H.„ H- ,^' " ^""^'^ ««"- Counly of York Thi e ^, """ ""^ <""'«<' 'he oanoes'on ^^^ stjlLl\Zro^ ^:'''^' *"»"• on tho banks. ^ ™ "'f'^'' growing On the rocogoition of the independeoce of the 130 HISTORY OF CANADA II 'i IP!! coloniop, (ll•^lilKd to bccorno tho Uniled States of Amci-icti, several persons, (le»iiou8 of reiuaiiiiiig the loyal subjects of His Britannic Majesty, emigrated to Upper Call ad a ; !nosl of tlioso emigrants came from Xorth or Soiilli Carolina. This sudden increase of the Engli>h-Hpeaking inhabitants of Canada, was the reason of the division of tho country, then called 'the Province of Quebec, into two distinct provinces ; Upper Canada, and Lowor Canada. At the time of this division, the population of Upper Canada was about 20,000. In 1821, its natu- ral incrose, greatly augmented by tho tide of emi- gration, bi ought it up to 129,000; in 1841, it was 465,357; in 1871, it had reached 1,620,851 ; the last census gives 1,943,460. 3. First form of Government. — After the treaty of Paris in 1763, and the subdivisions of the country mailc by England, all that remained of Canada, was called tho Province ol (^nebec. Military government was in force till 1774. 4. The Quebec Act. — In 1774, the Quebec Act widened th'* limits givorj lo tho Provirice of Quebec ten years before, and reorganized tho government by establishing a Legislative Council. 5. Act of 1791. — In 1791, an Act of the impe- rial parliament, responding to the wishes of the partisaiiM of tho renresontativo government, divided Canada into two provinces. One was called Upper Canada, now Ontario, and the other, Lower Canada, HrSTORY OP CANADA 131 e. Provisos of the Act 1791. -In vlitnc of the constilutionul .Id of 1791, Uppof Canada had a Leg. islativo Assembly of sixteen representatives of the people. 7. Measures passed in the First Session. — During the fiist session, hold at Niajrara, in 1792, inesided by Lit'Utenant.G.)verM()r Si.nwp, (hu Leg- islative Assembly adopted the ir.trod.iction of the English land laws and civil rights, with tifal by jury. In the sessio.i of 1793, a decree was passed abolishing slavery. 8. Seat of Government — In 1796, the seat of government was changed from Niagara to Toronto. 9. Campaign of 1812. — In 1812, the House adopted measures for the defense of the country against the United States. 10. Campaign of 1813. — In 1813, Toronto was taken by the United States' Army, the House of Assembly was burr.ed and the library, with all the papers and documents it contained, dostroy.-d. The campaign on Lake Ontario ende.i in victoiy for the American Commodore Chanccy over Admiral Yeo the English commander. Emboldened by fc^iiccess' the Americans conceived ihe design of uniting the' armies of the north and centre and of maiching against Montreal. Before I he proposed junclion could bo ejected, Ihe army of (ho centre, command, d by Wilkinson, was routed at Chryslers' Farm on the _i — ,.. j.,.,-T«tai/ci, ioiu, vy ii small Angiisn li'r<« under Colonel Morrison. The army of 7he north, 132 HISTORY OP CANADA numbering 7,000 men, under Hampton, was defeated at Chaieauguay by do Salaberry and 300 brave Cana- dians. 11. Campaign of 1814. - Soon after the defeat at Chryttler's Farm, the Americans evacuated Up- per Canada. Hostilities recommenced in the spring of 1814 and continued all the year with alternations of success and disaster. Peace between England and the United States was concluded at Ghent, on the 24lh of December, 1814 ; all the conquered territories, both English and American, were restored. 12. Project Of Union. — In 1822, both provinces were agitated by the projected bill for the the union oi Upper and Lower Canada, to bo presented to the imperial parliament. This project 'tended to give more representatives to Upper than to Lower Cana- da, lo proscribe the French language, to hamper religious worship, and to interfere with parliament in the control of the subsidies. The project originated with the Englinh-speaking Canadians who desired to overrule the French Cana- dians, but it awoke cneigetic protests in both pro- vinces and even in Upper Canada many wore against it. The project of union was rejected, on the second reading, in the imperial parliament. 13. Violent debates in Parliament. —From 1822 to 1835, Lower Canada protested loudly against the abuses of colonial power. In Upper Canada also, violent parliamentary debates were occasioned by luv vjiui.uivMs pictuuiiuiiH oi tne government. HISTOKy OP CANADA 133 -o^ ,?l?!''°.'!'' ''^*'" ""y^l Commissioners. at Quebec, to .opluco Lord Aylmc- as govcn.or Ho assist hun in iho last iiamod office Clm,.gcd 10 i„ve„tisalo ,h„ affai,« of th„ o„„„t «nil to g,ve an accou„t of them, he m «lo o,rt a lon«^ ieto.ma.o.y n.oasure., se,a to parlian.ont u number of mombem favorable .0 ,l,o gove.-nn.c,,,, T 1. Lowe.. Canada found itself isolated uud u ,Uded i the stru-gglo a^ain^t despotis,,. and (y.anny MN t ^?**f ^'■''•'•"" °'^»*'»'- - 1" '83». """the.- Ml to mme the two province, wa» p,opo»ed in the English House of Common.. It .-eceived the ,'orU appmbation on the 23 i of July, I8i«, ,,„ ^,^^^^1 become law till ,ho lOU, of JVb.ua.y, 1841 fho policy which brought about iho Union was he same as that which guvo n,e to ,h„ Act of 1791 that s to say, the desire to impose the laui-na^o .nd rehgion of B„g,„„d „p„,. ,,„ j,,.„„^, ^^^^^^^^^^ -'"I The constitutional Act of HOI, tended to seh-ii-ttlo thoTJppe.. CaiKidians from the 'French gSC «.en ,„ the majoriiy ; ,he Union Act of 1840 pu .1^ French Canadians unri.-,,. .h„ a..^: ,_ .! '.P "L"'" ,. , , . "^ ^f^uujjaunni oi I fib fin i*-- 134 HISTORY OP CANADA t.,. .». ?; .^'^^^^ ^^*^® ^"^^" A<^*- Thisact docieed that Bng hsh would be the only language used in all electonal and legislative proceedings; made provision for the salar.es of the governor, judges, ministei^, and other public functionaries ; fixed the number of repre- sentatives at 84-42 for each province; determined that the electorial districts and the number of mem- bers .ected, could not be changed except by a vote of two thirds of the Legislative Assembly. It pre- pared the way for the introduction of a responsible government in the country, and recognized the right of parliament to control ihe public revenue and dii^ct public expenditure. « 17. The Constitution under the Union Act— irom 1841 to 1867, Uppar and Lower Canada, united under the same constitution, had but one government and one phase of political life. 18. The Imperial Act of 1867. - The Imperial Att of mnh America, permitted all the English colonies of North America to unite under a confede- rate government. On the 1st of July, 1867, four of these colonies ; Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, entered this confederation. 19. Government. -Ontario is represented at Ottawa by 24 senators and 92 members of the House of Commons. The local legislature comprises the lieutenant governor, and his executive council, with a House of Commons. 20. Lieutenant Govemors.~Since Confederation there have been seven lieutenant.<^nu«..n^^ ;„ .u. Province of Qntaiio ; =- - —" -» ^"« HISTORY OP CANADA 135 " .« t\ ,f ^"*»*^ O" 'J^e Uih of July ,868 John B. Robinson, on the mh ZT . ' S-r Alex. Campbell, on the 8th of fCk ""'' '^^^ • THE CATHOLIC CH17ECH W 0^810 1893. Besides the coclcHinai;,...! ., 21. Ecclesiastical Provin../. ^rm . was m-ido an archepisconl^ ^'"■''"*<' -Toronto met,.„po,Ua,. see, Ha.iUon. andlriiof '™""'' ""' Diocese of Toronto — r on rhe I7.h of Decen.ber, 1841 tT'' """' '"^'^" ^ ^'''^J^opnc in the diocese ; 84 chnrdi or ! '''''r "''^^O Catholics vent., 56 secular, an.I 20 1::.::;!;^'^' ' ^'.'^^-^ ^3 con- Diocese of HamUtoa.- Ha.nin. He on the I7.h of Pebrnary, FS5G T '"'^' ^ ^'«»">P- «i-e,8T0. m.h. dioce:;;h:e\ ^rtT;^.'^^^"'^ 46 priests. "^^ '^""'OO Catholics, a.id Diocese of London — r nn i in 1865 ; the see was *>.o-.l^,-_ ?.'^^".^'"« '"«'^e a bi.^honric again to London in 1869: s:^^:';:^^^ 136 HISTORY OP CANADA diocef^f there are 7.'{,inao Catholic^ 65 churches, 62 secular, 14 regular prienlH, and 1 college. Ecclesiastical Province of Kingstou.—King^tor, wan made an ArchbHjoprii; in l8sy. It compriHcs ihe diocese of Kingston, Peter boio, and A lexandrja. There are 65,300 Catholics in the diocese, 45 secular, and 30 regular priests. Diocese of Kingston.- Kingston was made a bishop- ric in 1P26, an archbishopric in 1889. Diocese of PeterborO. ~ in tlie diocese of Peterboro there are 36,500 Catholics, 25 secular, and 26 regular priests, 25 parisl.es, and 60 churches. Diocese of Alexandria- — Alexandria was made a bishopric on tlie 23d of January, 1890 ; it is suffragan of Kingston. There are 21,550 Catholics in the diocese, 10 pari--hes, 16 churches, 12 priests, and 19 nuns. NOTES ON THE Maritime Provinces of Nova Scotia, New-Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. NOVA SCOTIA. 1. Nova Scotia is 20,550 squai-e miles in extent. 2. Popuiatioti —450,396. 3. Nova Scotia, or Acadia, became the possession of England in 1710 by the fall of Port Royal, its capital city. M. do Subercase. commander ofthn o\txr h"'^ o-i" J J .!,Tvt Out J IIISIORT OF CANADA 137 EnH^hfl . TT "" Nicl,ol8on, commanding an 6a.lo.8 Aft-''' a hoioic .lofonsc, S„bor<.«.s„ v.a» obli-cd Zzi , '','"' ^""■■■'"""' -'"-' '" '50 .li.:. bi:d ~- Tho namoof Po.t Koyal wu» changed to Anna- tiet Jir'""™ "'" ""'""y- *="«'""'' »"'"*'" «-"- o o d !!' T- "'"";"' """'■^'^ '""^ «.-at„ito„,ly l«.n. h.ng ,hem wMh ann» and provision- fo,- a yca^- ti.o.,i,yofH,i,;,;;;; '" ^«"'«"'<"" i«-'«"no 6. In 1752, 1,500 Gonnan omiffranis soUl,,,! i.. ^■.nen,.o..g m ,758, „ft„.. u.„ m ^fZC^^Z was ,„k«„ f,o„, i,,,.„„„ ,.„j ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^ Joh.. =-t;:r:^:ir;i:-r" placed Co,n«ralli; i„ 1753. " ^^'''""" '''^ fl-tpaHia„.„„twasa,»omb,eU^ ir ,7'"" ^r'" "" "..spices of Govc,.no/we n'e Tbi "?■ " T "'" <.om«^.„.. „<.. T . . •^•'""'•-"'^o- Ibis parliainontwaa erected'^r.h "^'S""!""" Assembly of 22 nion.be™, elected by the people, and a combined Leginlativo ^^® HISTORY OP CANADA and Executive Oouncil, composed of 12 menibers. named by the crown. 8. In 1*763, a treaty of peace concluded with the Indians, inaugurated an era of progress. Cape Breton was annexed and two years later it became a county ofNovaScolia. At the same period many of the Acadians returned to the country whence they had been so harshly banished in 1755. Besides this, 20 000 royalists from the States sought refuge in Nova bcotia and remained there. 9. In 1784, all the territory north of the Bay of Fundy, became a separate colony, under the name of New Brunswick. In the same year the Island of Cape Breton also became u separate province with Sydney for capital. 10. From 1 784 to 1867, the most remarkable events were : 1. In 1787, Halifax wa8 visited b." Prince William Henrv afterwards William IV. 2. The opening of the great road to Pictou, in 1792. 3. The union of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, in 1820. 4. Catholics allowed equal civil rights wiih Protestants, 1828. 6. In 1838, ihe Legislative-Executive Council was dis- solved ; and the government confided to an Executive Council of 9 members, with a Legislative Council of 19, all named by the crown. 6. In 1848, responsible government was introduced. 7. In 1867, Nova Scotia entered the Confederation of Canada. Lieutenant Governors. - There have been eight Jieuteuaat governors of Nova Scotia since Confederation : I HISTORY OP CANADA 139 Sir W. T. Williams, let of July, 1867 • M^or^General Sir E. Hastings Doyle,' l8th of October, Sir B. Kenny, 13th of May, 1870 ; The Hon. Joseph Howe, Ist of May, 1873 ; A. G. Archibald, 4th of July, 1873 ; Mathew-Henry Richey, 4th of July,'l883 ; A. W. McLelan, 9th of July, 1888 ; M. Bowes Daly, 11th of July, l89o'. « (I If THE CATHOLIC CHTOCH IK THE THREE MARITIME PROVIHCES. Tho Ihrco provinces on the Gulf of St. Lawrence lorm the ecclesiustical province of Halifax. There are five dioceses: Halifax, Nova Scotia : Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island ; St. John New Brunswick ; Antigonish, Nova Scotia j and Chatham New Brunswick. ' IMocese of Halifax. -Halifax „a« „.ade a .,i.hopric Diocese Of Charlottetown. - ci,arioHe.«„„ „aB n..de a b.shoprio in .821, , „,„e are 55,000 Ca"h«ir 30 panshe,, 36 priests, 45 cl.urches, and 8 convenis 1886, this was called the diocese -Until the 2.3d of August, ofArichat. Antigonish was m nifiToinr op canada mmlea binhoporic i„ J844. There are 7;{,n00 CathqlicH. 60 H'ciilar, niul H regular pricstH. * Diocese of Chatham -CluUham whs n.ade a hi.hop. ric in 18b0. There are 50,000 Ca.holios and 45 prients. NEW BRUBTSWICK. 1. New Brunswick is 28,100 square miles in extent. 2. In 1'784, nil the country north of the Bay of Fundy which had boon united to NovaScotia, bocume a separate province, under the name of Now Bruns- wick. 8. The inhabitants then numborod 11,467. Thomas Carlot. n was the fir«t governor. In 1893 there wore o21,263 inhabiiants. 4. In January, 1786, the first legislative assembly eat at St. Job n. Two years aftcrwardH, Fredoricton was chosen as capital. * 6. In 1803, Governor Carloton was recalled to England. After his departure and until I817 the country was governed by presidents. ' e. In 1815, a number of the disbanded soldiers ofihe English army then in the country, settled in JNcw Brunswick. 7. In 1817, Major General G. S. Smith became governm. of New Brunswick. In 1824, he was replaced by Sir Howard Douglas. The ir.habitants then num- bered 74,176. 9. In 1826, a great fire broke out in M,n ^^<,.;«* ^c HISTORY OF CANADA MirumlchI, and doviiHtatod 6,000 141 Hfiuuj'o milcH of teintoiy ; 500 lives wore lost, and over a million dollars' worth of property was dewtroyod. 9. After 1826, tlio most remurkablo events are m follows : 1. In 1832, Sir Archibald Campbell replaced Sir Howard i'ouglae aH governor. 2. In 1842, the boundary line dividing Maine and New vZ7t. ''""'If^'^^ ^y '^''''y b«t^«en England and the United States. The negociations were carried on by Lord Ashburton. ^ 3. In 1845, a line of railway was surveyed and traced between Halifax and Quebec. 4. In 1848, a form of government like that of Quebec was adopted. xurueo 6. In 1867, New Brunswick entered the Canadian Con- federation. 10. List of governors of New Brunswick since Confede- ration : Major General C. H. Doyle, Ist of July, 1867 • Colonel F. .. Harding, 18th of October, 1867 * The Hon. L. A. Wihnot, I4th of July, 1868 ; S. L. Tilley, 6th of November, 1873 ; Ed. Barron Chandler, 16th of July, 1878 • Sir Samuel L. Tilley, 11th of February, 1880. PWHCE EDWARD ISLAJITD. 1. Prince Edward Island is 2,000 square miles in extent. 2. Population— 109,078. 3. By the trejity of 1763, Prince Edward Island 142 HrSTORY OP CANADA and Capo Breton vyero ceded to England. At the same time Iho former was annexed to Nova Scotia. 4 In 1770, the imperial parliamentgave the Island a Bopaiato government. In 1773, a constitutional government was formed, composed of a lieutenant governor, a combined Executive and Legislative Council, besides a House of Assembly of 18 members. 6. In 1800, the name of Prince Edward was given to the island in honor of the Duke of Kent, Queen Victoria's father. 6. In 1837, the Executive and Lcginlalive Assem- bly became two separate bodies. 7. The lietitena-it-goveihors of the island after its cession to England till 1859 were : Walter Patterson, 1770 to 1786 • F. Panning, 17Ht;-ld05 ; J. F. N. Desbarres IH05 1813 ' Charies D. Smith, 1813-1824; J. Ready, I824-I83r5 A.' W.Young, 18;{1-18:{(>; John Hurvey, I83G 1837 ; Charles Fitzroy, 1837-1841; H. V. Huntley, 1841-1847; Donald Campbell, 1S47-I850; U. Bannerman, 1850-1854 ; Dominic Daly, 1854-1859 ; and George Dnndas. 8 The noic-worlhy evenlw in the history of (he island are : the introduction of a responsible government in 1851 ; the passing of a bill introducing free education, 1862; a law establishing universal suffrage, 1853; (he number of members of the Legislaiivu Assou»bly increased by six, 1854 ; fhe members <.f Jlie Legislative Council increased by Hve, 1*860 ; a visit of the Prince of Wales in th^ same year ; an assembly of delegate^, from all the British jnovinces, at Charlottetown, in 1864, to examine into the proposed scheme of confed- eration. 8- List of lieutenant-governors since confederatioo ; aiSTORY OP CANADA 143 *t The Hon. W. C. T. Robinson, lOih of June, 1873 ; " " Sir Robert Hogan, 22(1 of Novptnber, 1873 ; " " Thomas W. Havilaml, I4ih of July, 1879; " " Andrew Arch. Macdonald, 1st April, IHH4 ; * Jedediah S. Cardwell, 2d Sepleinber, 1869. i MANITOBA. 1. Mjinitobu is G4,646 square milos in extent. 2. Population — 152,606. 8. Of all the provinces in the Dominion, Manitoba is the most regular in its gooi^rjiphical form, being almost sqiuiro. It measures 200 miles from east to west and is 64,646 square milos in extent. Its surface, in generni prairlc-like, is six or seven hundred feet above the level of the sea and about eighty foot above that of L:iko Winnipeg. iManitobii is situated exactly in the centre of North Anjorica. 4. Mariitoba was formerly part of the vast domain granted by Charles IT, in 1670, to the Hudson Bay Conipany. The company, reserving for itself the lucrative tiado in furs and the other pro Incts of the North-West, allowed the world to believe that the region was habitable for Imlians an In 1870 the Hudson Bay Conipany sold its territorial rights for a large sum of money. Manitoba, 144 :ii HISTORY OF CANADA ot tcdoial law, a province of the Domiiuon 5 lujit oi a snip of Jjuid sinco annexed to 65,95. ; in ^^:, .tch^^XT'"^" """^'^^-^^^ in Jco^rj'''^* ''*' r^' ^''^' p'"s^^«« ^'"^^^ 't« ^j"^i«^io» r^^n'? r* ^" ^'''' ^''^'^ were only 65 .niles of wa bu; "'"^ IT '" "'^^ '''' "^'^^«' I" 1882, there ZX ^"'^"•^S^ •" «»'« ^»'0'e province, now there are 400 Not a single bushel of wheat had yet been exported, in 1882; six years la.er, i„ 1H88, .hfex^rt Of wheat was 12,000,00(1 bushels, the total h'arvest eC elTT •''. ^''T''"' '"^'^^'^ ' ^•''^^ ^'-■» '•- -'- l>-» atCof W- "'''^"""••'"" ^" '«7^thepopu. Jation of Winnipeg, capi.al of the province, was 241. bVi;Tl8;r; '" ^««2''»-«-^'-"-ofB;andonwer; readJ f ' P^P"''^^'«" ^^*« '^'000, and in tl»e nmrket Too Lr r?"""^"""* ^''*' ^''*^^'®<''^ l>"«''«''' of wheat. a .en 1 7 /'•^'^^"»^" «f «''« neighborhood. The f^rst attempts at dairy-farnung were made in 1884; i„ 1888 there were 6 butter factories, and 26 cheese factories in the pro- vince. These facts show the rapid developn.ent of the new country and the wealth of its resources. 8. The climate of Manitoba is milder and certainly healthier than that of many places in .he United States situated in more southern latitudes. Manitoba is perhaps less' visited by storms than any other part of the continent. High winds are very rare, cyclones and tempests are unknown, sudden changes from intense cold (o thaw are never felt x.armg the winter of 1887, some men and many animals HrStORY OP CANADA 145 I Tm^W ;" , "'^'''^'''■" P^'"' "^"'« United Slate., while 1. Manitoba there vras no loss of life. The «„ow-fall on the p ainea ,a about 18 inches; horses and horned cattle graze outa 1 the w.nter. The snow melts and ploughing begins about the middle of April. ^ n.. M ^.^'"/''".^^^^'''g '« an extract from Lord Dufferin's speech exr tio'' ;" T " " ^^^'^ '^«g-^-aP»"cal situation and k?v T? r ^^^"'•^'^S^^' Manitoba may be said to form the frir ? 7 .^'^'"•''*'''*^ "^""'*^^ P''^^'"^^^' extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Canada, emerging ^om her forests, lu re beholds for the first time the iu.mense prairies o he u„ ,,,,a North-west. Here, like a sudden revelation It breaks upon us, .hat the historical ground of the old C... as, the fa.r banks of New Brunswick, Labrador, and wheltfiei?' 7 '1''^' '"•^ ^'^'' ^^'^^^ Lauren.ides, the than half a dozen European kingdoms, are nevertheless little more than the portico and vest.bule of the hitherto unknown territory whose vast resources baflle the calcula- tions of the observer and are a problem to the explorer." Since its entry into Confederation the following gentleman liave been lieutenant-governors of the province : The Hon. A. G. Archibald, 20th of May, 1870 j Francis G. Johnson, 9th of April, 1872 ; " Alexander Morris, 2d of December, 1872*; Joseph Edward Cauchon, 26th November, 1877 • " James C. Aikins, 22d of Sepiemqer, 1882 ; ' " JohnE.Schultz, Ist of July, 1888. (t it M tt I ^^^ HISTORY OP CANADA THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN Manitoba, the Horth-West, and British Columbia. 1893. The ecclesiastical province of St. Boniface, establish- ed by Pius IX, on the 22d of September, 1871, com- pnees three dioceses: St. Boniface. St. Albert, and British Columbia; two Apostolic Vicariates, Atha- baska-Mackenzie and the Saskatchewan. The first provincial council was held at Si. Boni- face from the 16th td the 24th of July, 1889. IMoceseof St. Boniface. -St. Boniface was ,nade fluffragu., bishopric of Quebec in 1847 ; it because ao Arch- bishopric on the 22d of September, 1871 . I filf* 1?^ Archbishop, Alexander Anthony Tache, died in 1894. The present Archbishop, Mgr. Langevin, belongs as did Lis predecessor, to the Congregation of Mary Lnnmcu- late. He was consecrated bishop in 1«95. Limits. The diocese of St. Boniface inchtdes the Pro- vince Of Manitoba, (hat part of «he district of Assiniboia wh.ch hes east of .he 109^ of west Jongitmle; .he part of Keewa .n east of the Nelson River ; .„d the partof Ontario, west of .he 91° of west longitude. There are 24,000 Ca.holica in .he diocese, 24 secular, and IcoSrir'"'' ' '' '^'"^'"^ ""^^ ^^'•^P^'^' ''' Parishes, 1 college, 1.^ convents, and 1 seminary. Diocese of St. Albert. -The diocese of St. Albert was established on the 22d of September, 1871. M^r. Vital GrondiD, 0. M. I., is the present bishop. HISTORY OP CANADA 147 t.r^u e Z ''"''' ''^^^' ^'^••' <^omprhes the entire terntory of Alberta, with the western part of Saskatchewan divided ,nto three ecclesiastical diatrictB : St. Albert, CaN gary, and Fort Pitt. * Population—There are from 15,000 to 20,000 Catholics laVtotLTr''"'"^'^''^"' ' -cular priests, besides 17 Diocese of New Westminister. - British Colun. bm was made an ArK>stoIic Vicariat on the 14.h of December, I863,anda bishopncon the 2d of September, 1890. It is suffragan of St. Boniface. » ^ - niH The present bishop is Mgr. Paul Durieu. Limits. The diocese of New Westminister comprises the who.e Of British Colun.bia except Vancouver Island N. B. Missions have been established in British Columbia, but there are no regular parishes. Vicariate Apostolic of Athabaska-Macken^ie. T^ilril^'^'T^r'''^'''' ""^ Athabaska-Mackenzie was estabhshed on the 8th of April, 1862. It is sutfragan of St Bomface. The present bishop is Mgr. Emile Grouard. Limits.- AthabaskaMackenzie extends from the Arctic Ocean o the .55o of north latitude, it is bounded on the ea by Hudson und Baitin Bay, and on the Mest by the Rocky Mountains. -^ The Oblate Fa.hera labor i„ all Ihe .nitsion, „f (his v.canate. The address of .he „,i™io„s « : via Ed.nonlon. Vicariate Apostolic of the Saskatchewan.- I'oIZ'TJT:'':!'''''' S-ka^i.can „a, founded bu.,o7uMgr:i,a;:p:;To.ri """'"""• "'" -"''"' 148 HISTOKr OP CANADA Of Sr.«H Joflhf? »'^"*'"«'-*»". """'prising p„t Prince Albert B.tttf„ 7 r> 5 ''°°''"'"''<"'' '"""'='» = berland ' '"'"'"'' ^"^'""^ «' *« Crosse, and C«„.- ^U;-^:^'-'- '•»«« ^"'"o'^- " «.uUrpriesU. The present bishop is Mgr. J. N. Lemmens. to .h:T*^«, s!:it%r::iJr7:o7n r ^'"""" "<"»»« 21 priests, 14 parishes i2 .h ^ 1""'°' '" "'* ""»««»«• and 48 oh„rohe?batg Z ^S.^iLr"^^^' ^ """™'" WOBTH-WBST TEEEITOET wi fo„"„L\t J"""'*"^"* ^°"'P''"y of Canada nz.e. m 1811, ihe chief branches of the Columbm itivoi- were discovered by Thoirmon ., '"®^^^"*'»»>^a 9 Tn 1QI1 T . "^ J-iiomson, the astronomer. BitLeS b! ' ^"'t^f "'^ bought all the territory situated between the boundary of the JJniiaA mV\ the «oi SiTi'^vr; t-""*'^ '^•=»"'« HISTORT OP CANADA J 49 w""/*"".""!,*"' *'"" '" ^^23. Scotch colonists had already been established there for two or thi-eo years. S.About the year 1823, the (wo rival companies, the Hudson Bay and Korth-West, united. The Hudson Bay Territory was then divided into seveml districts having four depots and 112 forts or si;at]ons. .K^' ?1^^Z ^'''* ^^ '^"^^' ^^^^' ^^^ Dominior. pur- chased the North-West. On the 15th of July, of the name year, that portion known as the Red River became the Province of Manitoba. nf^K^^T.^^^^.^^^ ^"^^^ ^^ ^^^''^^ ^"t»»'« provinces • of the Dominion were laid in the immense region ymg between Manitoba and British Columbia. The three territories, Assinibofa, Saskatchewan, and AI- berta,havo since been under the administration of one Jieutenant^governor, with a council composed of n!r?K Ti;!''^""''^"^' ^''^ ^'««^«d and others named by the Privy Council of Canada There is now also a Legislative Assembly, com- posed of 22 members elected by the people and three office,^ nominated by the governor in council; this Assembly is directed by a Council of seven members, four of whom are chosen by the lieutenant-governor. As soon as a tract of country, a thousand square iniles m extent, contains a thousand inhabitants, it becomes an electorial district. Alberta and Sa.katch- ewan each send a member to tho Tfnn«o ^p n , at Ottawa ; Assiniboia sends two. The first elections took place in 1888. ^ mi 150 HISTORY OP CANADA 6. The elections are made openly, not by ballot as in the province. The voter may beVequired to tk^ an ofcth previous to voting. c«Lf%T r '^' ^'''"^' of Assiniboia, is the c^ip tal. The lieutenant governor resides there, as wen as his secretary, who is also secretary to the LegHlative Assembly, a commissaiy officer for the Indians, a commissary of police, the five judges of the Supreme Court, four registrars, and five shfriff!. 8. The extent of these three provinces, with the Wones not yet organized, is 2,371,481 squ..! miles The population of Alberta is 25,277 ; ',hat of Assiniboia is30,372; of Saskatchewan isll,150. ma^ ing a total of 66.799: The population of the tit tones not yet organized is 32,168. No^h^wL?!^"'^ '' ''' '"* "' lieutenant-governors of the iNortii-West since its entry into confederation : The Hon. A. G. Archibald, lOth of May, 1870 ; Francis G. Johnson, 9th of April, 1872- Alexander Morris, 2d of December, 1872 • David Laird, 7ih of October, 1876 ; * Ed^vard Dewdney, 3d of December,' I88I • Joseph Royal, 1 st of July, 1888. It *t « it BRITISH COLUMBIA. 1. Extent, 383,000 square miles. 2. The population of the province, which on its entry into confederation was%6,247,' including the Indians, now AvoA^wic. oo trro & «« ., HISTORY OF CANADA 151 ., 8. British Columbia and Vancouver Island wore admitted to the Confederation of Canada on the 20th of July, 1871. 4. Vancouver Island was discovered in 1792, by Captain Vancouver, an English seaman. From ft military point of view the position of this island gives it the command of the Pacific Ocean. In 1843, it was occupied by the Hudson Bay Company, tthd the city of Victoria was founded. In 1859, the British government made two distinctcolonies of Vancoaver Island and British Columbia, each had separate terri- tory, but both were under the same government. 6. In 1863, they were politically divided and each has its own governor. The capital is New Westminster. Each has an Executive Council, a LogislativoCoUncil, and a House of Commons. 6. Though discovered in 1792, Vancouver Island, had no permanent settlement until 1843. The main- land of British Columbia was a forest with two or three fur-trading posts, till 1858. About this time rich gold mines were found on the Fraser River, and BO large a number of persons flocked thither, that it became a colony in the same year under the name of British Columbia. 7. Since its eotry into confederation this province has had four lieutenant-governors : The Hon. J. W. Trutch, 5th of July, 1871 ; " Albert Norton Richards, 27th of June, 1876 ; *' ** Edmund T r*nit.nnran «>!^* ^f T lOni « Hugh Neilson, 8th of February, 1887. 152 HISTORY OF CANADA A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OP CANADA My PRESENTED TO THE STUDENT I'BAR FttlKNDS. loundle™ forest ,"'::'' "" "«--'l""«l w.aUl.. iu advantages. oomn.eremi and industrial New o,,f ,l^;'';7"°'<^''»«''»---"«=luaiveof Labradorand PH«o:,;:":ii;^it,:Hra,.r?"^^''"''"»"'--"'- uiiles. It e;((eii.JH fr«., .i. * , . fo'^^^^-^'^'^v^yiS 8qimre ofamblellti; apl Of. M ",'""' '' " '-'J-'""' .e.npe,.a,e .0,. rSf2 tf; "" "'° P'"^""'""' «' 'I'" earn, i, verv rW \. "'"'"' "'•'"•'' '»"'' " """k or of decayed !' . 'f '"'"'''°'''' ''"'" o' »"'"''" '''PO'i's in Ma„i,oba. Grell "IZ » , "'"""'^ ''"''' ''""' "« sical feature., ol cll2 a /T" "'" •'"""'='"™ P''^" "Ot only f. tl,e United S?»>' f"^, "" "°^"«"' '''«''»'»y oarti,.,,,.;,. . . '" .*'^ Sreat lakea „hich it drains, i, ^ =='>»i:eaoie m tiiis respect. I'l HISTOBT OP CANADA m \n Canals have been dug to avoid the rapids, and ships of two hundred tons can come directly from Havre and die, charge the.r cargoes on Ihe wharf of Chicago or Port Arthur, at the head of Lake Michi-an or Lake Superior. The great Canada Pacific Railway from Quebec to Van- AuTtralil^'"' ^" ''"'"""' "'"^'' ""'''' ^*''°*' '^^P'*"' ^"'^ Let us remark here that for several years past, steamers ^y between Vancouver and China and Japan. Since June ia93, the principal cities of Australia are connected with Vancouver by a new line of vessels which touch at the bandwich Islands. The railway journey by (he Canadian road, is shorter and less fatiguing than that by San Francisco and New York ; It 18 also a less dangerous route as it runs through a more Jevel tract of country. The extensive fisheries on the Atlantic and Pacific are undeniably the most profitab'e in the world. Great oil deposits exist nevr both oceans and beneath the black soil to the east of the Rocky Mountains. Mines of precious and useful metals have bee., discovered, the n.aterials for building purposes abound, petroleum and salt have also been found." Mr.deLamofhe calls attention to .he imn.ense extent of the territory which contvins these va.t riches, and the large population which it is capable of supporting. "We find, says he, in the North-West, a" district as lar^e as France, 12^,500,000 acre.. .„ exte .t which sooner orlat'.r will be under cuUivaii)n. Besides the-e 123,000,000 acres of arable land, there are 1*50,000 acres of forest L. the neighborhood is the deet, 30,000,000 acres in extent not fit for cuitivatiMK h,n eminently .uiud for ihe raising of cattle on a large sc ile. There are al.o the hunting ground. 154 BISTORT OF CANADA an extent of country hix lime« larger than France, where future f.icilitic» of connuunlcation will perhaps create a certai i.uiuHtrial activity by the discovery and working of the varioii n.ineH, liidden in the primordial rocka of the laurentian soil. It ih not, therefore, an exaggeration to fix the figure of the |K)pulation which the North-Westis capable of supporting at 60,000,000 _ in proportion to the population of the central and southern parts of Russia in Europe, situated in the same latitude wiih similar clin.ate and pro- ductionn. Add to this the 240,000,000 acres of land in the two Canadas, and ihe Maritime Provinces, and the imtnense extent of the inexplorcd Rupert Land ard Labrador, north of the watershed, and the future population of British North America can easily be estimated at 100,000,000 huu)an beings." Now, dear Friends, tell me what think you of the emi- gration of so many of our countrymen to the United States ? In Canada there is air an.l space, a salubrious climate, fertile soil, f icilities for pushing forward industry and com- merce, and the many enterprises which require strong and willing arms. What do these emigrants seek in the United Slates, in those over- populated, nmnufacturing towns, where the too numerous competitors in every career, make life so hard ? Surely they cannot expect to find work lighter or remuner- ation greater, still less can they count upon a future career more calm or more secure than that offered to patient toil and wice economy in the new colonies of the North West. If the desire of liberty attracts them, they are mistaken, for the political institutions of Canada are much more favorable to true and wise liberty, than those of any other country in the world. They are far superior to Uiose of Uie United States, where, to cite but one instauee, the President has more personal authority than the king in any country HiSTORy OP CANADA 155 governed by parliamenf. The American constitution leaves room for the exercise of an abfohite authority, which could at any moment hamper the action of Congress. Study the history and geography of your own country. Examine its resources and the careers it opens to your talents, tlie triumplis and rewards it promises you. Desert neither the country nor its cause. Canada is rich and gener- ous enough to afford each of her sons an ample inherit- ance. F. X. T. I i QUESTIOISrs Discovery and settlement. Page 3.-1. By whom was America discovered ?-2. What was the first land at which Cotumbus touched ?~-3. How were the services of Columbus requited ? map of America. Page 4.-1. What colonies were founded by Spain ?-2. By Portugal ?-3. By England, Hol- land, and Sweden ? Jacques Cartier. Page 6.-1 . What country did Car- lier discover in his first voyage ?-2. Point out on the map the places which Cartier visited during his second voyage ? —2. When did Carder arrive at Stadacona ?— .4. When did Cartier visit Hochelaga?-5. What did Cartier do before sAilmg for France in 1536 ?-6. What was the result of this first attempt to colouize New Prance?— 7. What was the result of the second attempt made by the French, to establish a colony in America ?-8. When did M. de Chauvin obtain a commission from the king of France ?-9. To whom was M.de Chauvin*s commission given?— 10. When did Cham- plair. first sail up the St. Lawrence?— 11. Who succeeded M. de Chates ? -12. Give an account of the foundation of Port Royal or Acadia ? The Dominion of Canada. Page 11.— 1. What is the extent of the Dominion of Canada?— 2. When were the ditferent provin -s colonized ?-3. Where were the strongest fortaof New Prance built ?— 4. What Indian tribes did the French find in ^/e country ?— 6. What were the manners and HISTORY OF CANADA 157 customs of the ladians ?-6. Were any arts know,, to them ? 7. What was their religion ?~Their mode of government ? I. Samuel de Chainplaln. Page 14 -i What was the character of Mr. de Champlain ?--2. When did Cham- plam arrive at Quebec ?-3. What remarkable events hap- pened during M. de Chan,plain'a first administration ?-4. s V^i^^'w.""'^''''^" «^Q»«be.c?-5. Describe the siteof the cty /~6. What was the result of Champlain's first battle against the Iroquois ?-7. How did the second battle end ?_ 8. Where was third battle fought ?-9. What voyages, dis- covenes and explrrations, did Champlain make ?-lO. When did the Recollets come to Canau. ?-.12. The Jesuits ? 1^. What Huron villages did the Jesuits establish ?-13 Who were the first teachers of you.h in New Prance ?- 14. When was St. Louis Castle built ?--ir,. When did the first war since the foundation of the colony, break out between England and France ?-16. When did Quebec fall into the hands of the English ? Companies. Page 20.- Why were Companies formed to govern xNew France ?-.2. Name the companies which Obtained charters from the kings of France ?-3. Name ihe viceroys of New Prance before the death of Champlain ?- 4. What system of land tenure was adopted ?-6. What was the population of Canada under Champlain ?-6. What women resided in New Prance during M. de Champlain's nret administration ? Tllrree years under the British. Page 23.— I. What nation governed Canada from 1628 to 1632 ?-2 When was Canada restored to Prance ? Canada agrain under the French. Page 24*- I. What nation took possession of Canada in f632? — *. "hen did Champlain take the reins of govern ifient for the second time ?~J. When was Three RiVers founded ?- I 158 HISTORY OP CANADA 4. How did Champlain show hia gratitude to the Blessed Virgin 7-6. When, did the founder of New France die ?- II. raontaiufrny. Page 25_1. By whom was Cham- plain succeeded ?-2. What remarkable events took place during M. de Montmagny's administration ?-H. When was Sillery founded, what was the object of this foundation ?- 4. In what year did the Ursulines and Hospitalers come to Quebec ?-6. Who was the founder of Ville-Marie ?— 6 What foi^t was built by M. de Moutmagny ?-7. Did the Ir^uois molest the colony during M. de Montn.agny's administra- tion 7-8. What was the cause of the dissensions between the colonists and the Company of a Hundred Associates, how did the troubles end 7-9. Why did M. de Montmagny leave the colony ? III. Louis D*Aillcbout de Coiilonffe. Page 29. — 1. By whom was M. de Montmagny succeeded?— 2. What remarkable events happened during M. d'Aillebout's admin- istration 7—3. What was the form of the first regu lar govert - ment established in New Prance 7-4. When did the Iroquois invade the Huron country?— 5. Name the Jesuit Fathers martyred in 1648 and 1649 7-6. What became of the re- mainder of the Huron tribe 7 IV. John de I^auxon. Page 32.-I. When did the fourth governor of New Prance arrive at Quebec ? -2. What remarkable events occurred during M. de Lauzon's adminis- tration 7—3. How did the Iroquois act during the administra- tion of M. de Lauzon 7—4. How was the population of Montreal increased in 53 7-6. When was the Notre Dame Convent founded in Montreal 7-6. When did M. de Lauzon resig^j the government of New France 7 V. Peter de Voyer, Tiscount d^Arsrenson. Page 34.— 1. By whom was M. de Lauzon succeeded 7— 2. What remarkabie events took place during M. d*Argen- HISTORY OP CANADA 159 son 8 administration ?-.3. Who founded the Sniplciar, Semi- nary?_4. Did the Iroquois n.olest the coloniH.s during M d Argen80u'8 adu,ini«tration ?-5. How did Dollard and his brave coinpa..ioii« prove their devotedness to the co'ony ?- 6. What ravages were made by ihe Iroquois in 1661 ?- 7. Name the first bi.-hop of New France ? ,/■; ^^**' *" *•*«' «»roii d Avaugour. Page rf7.— 1. By whom was M. d'Argenson 8ucceeded ?— 2 What ren,arkable events took place during M. d'Avaugour's adnnnistrafon ?-3. What was M. d'Avaugour's first act?- ,. Im ^''''"^''' "'^''^ ^•^^^'^" ^^'^ governor and the bi«hop ? -6. Why was M. d'Avaugour recalled ?-6. What remark- able event took place in the beginning of the year 1663 ? Second Epoch. VII Aiigustin SafTmy-jfl^sy. Page 39.-1. By whom was M. d'Avaugour succeeded?- ^. What ren.arkable events took place during M. de Mesy's administration ?-3. When did the Company of a Hundred AsHoc.ates g,ve up its charter to the king ?- 4 When was «he Superior Council established ?~5. What courts of justice were established by the Superior Council ?-6. Whon was Ihe Quebec Seminary founded?-?. Why was M. de Mesv recalled ? ^ VIII. Oaniel d« Rcniy de Coiircelles. Page 42. - I.M. de Tracy's rank, when did he come (o Quebec? ■- 2. When did M. de Courcelles arrive at Quebec ? — 3. What remarkable events occurred n n. 1705 f^i. What was the result of th attacks made by the English upon Port Royal ?-5 wZ was the result of .he attacks made by the Frrch agaJnsT English posts in Newfoundland? fi a- S^'^s'^^e aeoou„t„„he.„a..acreof,he Ou.a,an,,, tribe.-8 Wl.a realy was e,g,,ed in 1713 ?_9. What remarkable evenU Acadia7_ll. D,d the colonj- make any progress during th,, period ?_12, When did M. de Vaudreuil dTeT XV The marquis de Beauharnois. Page 60 -1. By whom was M. de Vaudreuil succeeded ?-2 What remarkable events took place daring the first yoars of M de Beauharnojs' administration ?_3. In what year did Mgr. de St. Va her d,e ?-4, Name the bishoos of NewPraJpre- v.o»s to the conquest 7-5. What was the result of tl ,'lx- ped, ,on u^erlakeu by M. de Ligneris against the Ou.aga- mis ?-6. What was the state of New Prance at this period 7 7 ; 'T^ ri'''' '"'PP^'' '» N" F™»<== during the firs y==rs of M. de Beauharnois' administratiou 7-8. Cause of the war between England and Prance 7-9. What remark- able events took place during the last years of M. de W h.r,,o.s'adm,n,s,ration7-10. What was ,h,, first loss sua- tamed by New France during the war 7-11. Did France endeavor to recover Louisbour. 7 _!•> wi... __,^ ... 11, f f 1^ > . «- °" *"' " "»t uritouer aid the English make io 1747 ? i- ^i « 162 HISTORY OP CANADA i ' Count de la Gallissonniere. Page 64. — l. By whom was M. de Beauharnoifj Pucceeded ?— 2. What reuiark- able events took place during M. de Gallieponiiif-re'f' administration ?— 3. When !id M. de la Jonquifire mmwa the government ?— 4. What liccusations were n^ade againft the governor in 1750 ? XTII. The Marquis Du^i ucsno. i'age65 l.By wii-.m was M. de la Jonquiere succeeded ?— 2. Wh-xt rerrirk- aWe events took place during M. Duquesut's tidnuuistra- tioti l~'i. What warlik ' preparations did M. D jqnesn? make?~-l. C-vt an account of the assassination of M. de Jumoaville ?— : Wh»': njeinorahle battle took place in 1754 ? The SeveiE Xp^'^r^^ War. Page 67.-How did the Cauadiaufi act. ai 'It opening of the Seven Years' War?— 2. What ship wad captured by the English at the beginning of the war ?— 3. What was the plan of ihe campaign of i 755 ? —4. What remarkable military events took place durinc the campaign ?~~5. Result of the campaig.i ? X YIII. Tlie JUarquis de Vandreuil Cavagnal. Page 6y.— 1. By whom was M. Duquesne succeeded f— 2. Name the hero of the Seven Years' War ?-3. Give an account of the chief events of the campaign of 1756?— 4. Give an account of the campaign of 1757 ?— 5. What was the relative strength of the two colonies at the opening of the war?— 6. Give an account of tbe campaign of 1758?— 7. What preparations did the English make for the cam- paign of 175'J?_8. What preparations were made by the French ?— 9. Give an account of the siege of Quebec ?— 10. When dill Quebec capitulate ?--ll. Give an account of the campaign of 1760?— 12. Of the battle of St. Foy ?— 13. When was the capitulatiou of Montreal siguf ! ''— H. The principal articles of the cp.pitulation of Mon^ ? HISTORY OP C\NADA CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 163 I. Amherst. Page 80—1. Who was the first English governor of Canada ? -2. What was the first form of gov- ornmont under Ihe British ? - 3. Population of the country at the beginning of the English domination ?- 4. When was the treaty of Paris signed ? II James JVTurray. Page 81. -i. By whom was Amherst succeeded, what form of government was establish- ed ?— 2. How was Canada subdivided by the English ?— H. What laws were imposed upon the people ?^4. Did Miirray comp'y with the desire of the British parliament ? . —Why was Murray recalled ? III. Sir Guy Carleton. Page 83.- I. By whom was Murray was succeeded ?-2. What remarkable* events took place during Carleton's administration ?— 3. Did Carleton endeavor to conciliate the Canadians ? TUe Quebec Act. Page 84.-1. What mode of gov- ernment was established in 1774 ?-2. What are the pro- visos of the Quebec Act ?-.3. How was the Quebec Act re- ceived ? -4. When did the American War of Independence break out ?-5. Give an account of the invasion of Canada by the An.ericans ?_6. Of the siege of Quebec by Montgo- mery ?— 7. Of the various successes and disasters met with by the two armies ? The Constitutional Act of 1^91. Page 86 — What form of government was given to Canada in 1791 ? -2. Date of the first elections, and of name the first Speaker of the House ?- 3. Name the speakers of the House from 1791 to 1837 ?-4. What were the principal measures passed injhe first Canadian parliament ?-5. By whom was Mgr.de Po:-briant succeeded ?— 5. Name the bishops and archbishops of Quebec until 1892 ?-7. When was the dio- -I i; 164 HISTORY OP CANADA cese of Montreal established ?- 8. Three Rivers ?-9 St Hyacinlhe?-10. RInionski ? - 11. Sherb-ooke? - 12. How many dioceses were comprised in the first ecclesiastical pro- vince of Quebec ?-l 3. How many ecclesiastical provinces have been established since 1887 ?_14. How many dioceses are there in the new ecclesiastical province of Quebec ?— 15. In the province of Montreal ?-I6. In ihe province of Ottawa?— 17. How many administrators were there during Cai-leton»8 term of government?— 18. In what year was Cramahe administrator of the province? — 19. What was the character of Hal.?imand'8 administration ?-20. Who suc- ceeded Haldimand as administrator ?— 21. I„ what year did Alured Clark become administrator? IV. Prescott, JUilnes, Dunn, V. Craiff. Page 95. — I. By whom was Lord Dorchester succeeded ?— 2. Who suc- ceeded Gen. Prescott? — 3. Who succeeded Milnes?- 4. When did Craig arrive at Quebec, give a short account of his administration ?-5. How many parliaments were con- voked from 1796 till 1811? -6. Were these tifteen years altogether peaceful ? The war of 1812. __ vi. Prevost. Page 98. - 1. In what year did Sir George Prevost assume the govern- ment ?~2. What events took place during, his administra- tion ?— 3. What battles took place during the campaign of 1812, the result of this campaign ?— 4. Of the campaign of 1813?— ft. Of the campaign of 1814?— 6. How many times did parliament assemble during Gen. Prevost's adminis- tration ? 1§1« to 1§3§. Page 101.— 1. How many governors came to Canada from 1816 till 1838 ?-2. How many parlia- ments were held during these 23 years?— 3. By whom was General Prevost succeeded ?— 4. When was the 8th parlia- ment dissolved ?— 5. Sherbrooke ?-6. When were the Cana- dians allowed to practise their religion in peace? — 7. By HtSrORT OP CANADA 155 «l.on, w„, Richmond ,„c«eded? Who succeeded Monk ? a How long did Lord Dalho„«e govern the cou ry I * ■'• '^ny OHi UalhouPie cave Canarlo ? i- n -..eceeded T-,a. When did ,.,e ^C^ Ttwt: .hi"'."" branches Of Jhe legisla»nr» /.^ i>eiween the two "t me legislature commence, and what ,«„„ iu «auseofihestrnffcle?— Ifi ou,. ^ ''^*' ^^^ A..;;:;rr/-i;:°:rird';:V''"''°'''™"""'-'«''-^ -hat action wa/X . I ' rfrT™"' '"" °"'" '""' "•'«> ^nd.h.r'.^rtiT/zraro'r^vrtr' -r. When !:i':",f coLttrorr^, '"^ *°'t""""" <^..a. for.„ Of government repZTd t ZZ!::^'' ""' «eeded 7-2 wW ^ '''"'"' ""' ''<»■'' Gofford suo- in .838 ^3 wi "'" T"""" " '-"«="»» «re „„X inepoiitjcal prisoners treated ?— 4 wko* , 'Phe ITnion Act. Pa of the Union till Confederation ?— 1. What meaHure-, were parsed by the 8 parliaments ? 8. Mention the most remarkable evento w'-ch took place during these 27 yeiir^ ?— 9. What j ..gioua events Ii tpp. sied during the same period ? — 10. Name the governors from the time of the Union till ConA'deration ? — M. Where was ihe first unite.! parliament he'd ? and what city was chosen to be the seat of the government ? Cor federation. Page 11 9 — 1. What j&use brought about thp confederation of the Briiish North American colonies ? — 2. Name the governors of Canada fiom Confed- eration till our own ^imes ? — 3. Name the lieutenant gov- ernors of the Province of Quebec ? The Province of Ontario. Page 128.— Give the boundaries and extent of the Province of Ontario ?— ?. N:ime the discoverers and explorers of the different parts of the Province 7—.^. What was the first form of government ?— 4. When was Upper Canada separated from Lowci dnada? — 5. What form of governmert was given to Upper Canada by the Act of 1791 ?— 6. W'>en was the .iret session held and what measures were i ^ed ? -7. Wh city was chosen as the seat of government ?—S. What happened in 1812?— 9. In 1813?— 10. Inl8I4?— U. Inl822?_l2 What events took place from i 22t;!i lii35?— 13. 'hat were ihe conse- quences of Lord Gosford's report ?—l 4. WLr.t happene-' in 18:J9 ?— 16. What were the Provisos of ^ j A -it of Union ?~ 16. How was Ontario governed ir to 18^7? — U. Whatact was passed in 1867 f — IP What Is ,e ~ent form of gov- ernment in Ontario ? — 19. Name tL. lieu.enant-governoi-! of ,';irio since Confederation ? — 20. How many ecclesiastual provinces are therein Ontario?— 21. How many dioceses are there in Ontario ? — 22. In the province of Kingston ? HISTORY OP CANADA 167 Nova Scoilu. Pn™ i.ifi _| ivi... • .1 Scoiia? 9 M ,. „ ? " "at i« the urea of Nova 8co„a?-2 P„p,,la„o„?-3. WhendiW Kova S™ii« become 7. What wa, the conMi.„tio„ i„ IT58?-s. When wa. Cape Bre,„„ a„„exe,l ,„ Nova Sco.ia ?- 9. mZZ^Z Br„,„,v,„k beco„,e a.epara.e province ?_,0. Wha, tlal «b'e event, happened from 1784 10 l«67 7 , 1 w, j , Nova Scotia beco.ne part of the Domi ,i„ 7I; „!!"" p^::!:^!!',!" l::"!. e'rr """"^ ■- '"» ■"""■- Scotia «i,.ce Confederal,' r "^"'""""-S°— « »' Nova «rew Brunswick. Paae 1 40 _ 1 Whof • ,1 Nov Br,.n.vie. 7-.. when'did'N.w'B: ::;cV';:r.r: -eparae prov.nce ?_3. What wa, the popnlation of N w Br„n.w,ck at ,h.t ,i,ne 7-4. WJ.en was l,e flrstlella.ivl -r'l isr tii'v ";'«r '"""'^"^■'' '- '^"^ '-«• ^" « Co, LraMo"? """ "" "'■•"-''"' -«°--ore .n,„e Prince Edward Island. Pa.Te 141 i wi . ,^ .xt..o. Prl..e Edward Inland .!! T!;roX^: j^ EnglLd^^^^ ^"'"^^ Edward /^L .ivL'^ Twh/. . ? ''^"' ■■' ^'^°"»'^ •^ K'it'^h colony »_ L? '''"'' '""^ P'^^« ^^^^^« Confederation ?-9. Nan^ the heutenaiii-goveniora giuce 1873 f «. rage i4.i. __i. (VHiat ,8 the extcnf of iLa Province of Maniloha?_9 tk. ,_.- . - ^^ *'*^ n ? — 6. ii8 situa- tion ?— 4. Its ear y h storv * -_ 'i wi,« nr . J m. lury -_j. \\jjen was Man toba 168 HISTORY OP CANADA admitted into Confederation f-—6. What was its populatian at that time f — 7. What progress has Manitoba niude f — 8. What is the climatt- of Manilol>a T— 9. What did I.ord Dtifierin snjr of Manioba? — 10. Name the lieuteiiaul- governors of Manitoba f The North West. Page 14S.— When was the North West Conipftiiy formed ?— 2. To whom was the North West Territory sukI ? — 3. When did the two rival compiitiies of Hudson Bay unite ?— -4. When were the basis of the future j.rovinces laid ?— 6. How are these three districts now gov- erned ? — 6. How are eleclions umde there ? — 7. What is the capital? — 8. The extent and population of the three dis- tricts ? — 9. Name the lieutenant-governors ? British Columbia. Page 150— I. What is the ex- tent of British Columbia 7— 2. The population ?_3. When did this province enter Confederation ? — 4. When was Van- couver Island discovered ? — 5. What occurred in 1863? — 6. When was a permanent settlement established f — 7. Name the lieutenant-governors since its entry into confederation T pill lit I oa nude f — did Lord sutfMjaiit- he North rlh West piiiiiea of \e future now gov- lat is the tiree dis- s the ex- 3. When vas Van- 1863 f— -7. Name >ratioa f