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EMIGRATION 
 
 FBOM 
 
 THE BRITISH ISLANDS, 
 
 CONSIDERED WITH REGARD 
 
 TO ITS 
 
 BEARING AND INFLUENCE 
 
 '-' I 
 
 UPON THE 
 
 INTERESTS AND PROSPERITY 
 
 OP 
 
 I 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 LONDON: 
 JAMES RIDGWAY, 169, PICCADILLY. 
 
 1862. 
 
 ^ 
 

 g 
 
 Sl/9 
 
 J 
 
EMIGRATION. 
 
 The extraordinary and unlooked-for movement 
 that has taken place in America during* the past 
 year, the disruption of the supposed everlasting 
 Union, the fierce civil war that it has produced with 
 all its attendant evils, including* the creation through- 
 out the States of numerous and most extensive arma- 
 ments hoth by sea and land, attended by an almost 
 entire suspension of all industrial pursuits excepting* 
 those called into activity by this state of warfare : 
 these, coupled with the entire and rapid change they 
 have effected in the minds, feelings and pursuits of 
 the hitherto peace-loving, industrious, go-a-head 
 people of the States, are all subjects to excite wonder 
 and astonishment throughout the world. 
 
 These passing events, that prey so heavily on 
 the commerce and industry of almost every country, 
 are felt to do so with peculiar severity on England, 
 and are, no doubt, the cause of deep thought and 
 anxious consideration throughout the kingdom. 
 While others are weighing their pressure on the 
 trading and manufacturing interests, the writer will 
 venture a fev/ remarks upon their bearing upon emi- 
 gration from Great Britain. 
 
 Emigration from these islands may be said to 
 have commenced immediately after the termination 
 
 B 
 
of the lon^ war with Napoleon I., and has ever 
 since continued to flow in uninterrupted streams to 
 various parts of the g-lobe. 
 
 During those years, upwards of five millions of 
 persons have quitted these shores to seek in other 
 lands, the home, elbow-room and employment they 
 "were unable to procure in this over-crowded country. 
 
 As far as England was concerned, the overflow 
 has been allowed to take its own course, it flowed 
 where it listed, unshackled by restrictions, unaided 
 by the rich and uncared for by any. 
 
 Of these five millions, three passed over to the 
 States of America, one million to British America, 
 and the remainder to Australia, the Cape of Good 
 Hope and elsewhere. 
 
 How is England now affected, in her political 
 and commercial relations by this outpouring of her 
 children, as respects the various countries to which 
 they have passed ? 
 
 It may be asserted, without exagg'er ation, that the 
 three millions which have gone over to the States 
 have now been multiplied by natural increase into 
 double that number or more, and that, in fact, they 
 compose fully one-third of the population of the 
 Northern States. 
 
 What is the position in which these people are now 
 placed ? and what are their feelings towards their 
 fatherland at this momentous period ? 
 
 A visit to Washington and its surrounding camps 
 will soon convince the enquirer, that a very large 
 
proportion of the armies that occupy these camps 
 consists of men who were themselves emigrants from 
 Britain, or of their immediate children, and he will 
 also learn, from the conversation he will listen to, 
 that hatred to England is only second to the detes- 
 tation he will hear expressed in every possible form 
 of insulting language towards their brethren on the 
 other side of the Potomac. 
 
 If he then crosses the St. Lawrence into Canada, 
 how difterent the language that will gTeet his ears. 
 Men of the same class and of the same race, many of 
 whom, perhaps, quitted their native land, aye, pos- 
 sibly, the same village or the same house and by 
 the same ship, with the men encountered at Wash- 
 ington will meet him there, and these men he will 
 find, shouting loyalty to their beloved Queen, devo- 
 tion to the country that gave them birth, and hatred 
 and war to the knife with the Northern States. 
 
 Such is man! altogether the child of circum- 
 stances, ruled and governed by passing events, and 
 easily led, for good or evil, by the popular voice or 
 by the master mii.d. 
 
 Ought not this state of affairs in America, in 
 which England's emigrants are playing* so pro- 
 minent and important a part, read a useful lesson to 
 the people of England upon the unwise indifference 
 they have hitherto manifested with regard to the 
 course taken by her emigration ? and does not that 
 lesson apply more particularly to those who, along* 
 with their possession of political power, wealth and 
 
 b2 
 
; i 
 
 station^ have also the duty imposed on them of the 
 watchful g-uardianship of their country's interests, 
 commercial as well as political ? and may not this 
 question of emigration be fairly placed amongst the 
 category of neglected duties, when it is seen that 
 Eng-land's avowed and bitterest enemy has been 
 largely streng-thened and invig-orated by it, while 
 her own possessions have been left to lang-uish, or to 
 advance at a snaiFs pace for the want of it ? 
 
 If, then, it is the case that, in the course taken 
 by emigration from England, by far the greater 
 part of it has gone to increase the powers of her 
 openly avowed enemy, it may fairly be assumed 
 that, in its political bearings, her losses far out- 
 number any benefits she may have derived from it. 
 It remains now to enquire whether any counter- 
 balance is to be found in its effects upon England's 
 commerce. 
 
 It is patent to all, that very much of England's 
 prosperity depends upon having* extensive, remune- 
 rative markets for her ever-increasing* manufactured 
 products ; and that constant and strenuous eftbrts 
 are made to create and extend those markets. It 
 is also well understood by commercial men that 
 Britain's own foreign possessions supply many of 
 her best markets, and that in proportion to num- 
 bers they far surpass all others ; or, in other words, 
 each person located in a British colony is a customer 
 to a much greater amount than those in foreign 
 States. This the writer will endeavour to elucidate ; 
 
but his object being" to e^ow its bearing upon 
 emigration, and its power of creating markets, he 
 will confine himself to a parallel between that which 
 has passed over to the American States and that to 
 the Australian colonies. 
 
 On reference to American official tables, to be 
 met with in the " Boston American Almanac" for 
 1801, it will be suen that the States imported i'rom 
 England, during the year ] 859, goods to the value 
 of £25,156,000 ; and from the same source it may 
 be learned that the free population of the States in 
 that year was about 26,500,000. 
 
 If the value of these imports be divided by the 
 population, it gives for each person just 19s. ; con- 
 sequently each immigrant frcJm England, and their 
 increase, were customers to England in that year for 
 the sum of nineteen shillings. 
 
 In 1860, — which was far from being a prosperous 
 commerciarj'^ear in those quarters, for the average of 
 the three former years shows the imports to have been 
 in excess of twelve millions,— the seven Australian 
 colonies imported from England, goods to the value 
 of £9,707,000, and in that year their united po- 
 pulation was about 1,150,000. 
 
 The imports divided by the population show that 
 each individual was a customer to the value of £8. 7^, 
 so that, in fact, each emigrant to Australia was 
 worth to England, in that respect, as much as nine 
 who had gone to America. 
 
 This is a light in which it is probable the people 
 

 s 
 
 of En^lftiid have not heretofore re^ynrded this im- 
 jiortant subject, or they would hardly have treated 
 it with the great indifference with which it has 
 always been passed over, and it is from that state of 
 indifference that it is higfhly important they should 
 arouse themselves, particularly at this time, when 
 their commerce and prosperity are so fearfully en- 
 dang-ered by this American revolution. 
 
 To place this question in a strong'er point of view, 
 let it be supposed that one million of the three that 
 have emig'rated to the States had g-one to Australia 
 during" the last twenty years, during* which these 
 Colonies have been well prepared to receive them, 
 and would have gladly welcomed them. 
 
 It may be assumed that they would by this time 
 have increased to at least a million and a half, 
 and would be customers to Eng-land for at least 
 £10,000,000 worth of her merchandize. It would 
 be rather difficult to estimate their value to England 
 in that respect where they are at present. 
 
 This is a clear case, and it is beyond dispute, that the 
 best interests of England must always be materially 
 affected by the course taken by the flow of emigra- 
 tion from her superabundant population ; it is like 
 the overflowing of a mighty river, which, if directed 
 through proper channels to irrigate dry and thirsty 
 flelds, assures to their proprietors plenty and pros- 
 perity. If, on the other hand, the waters are 
 allowed to wander unheeded over other lands, they 
 j)roduce little benefit, and eventually stagnate into 
 pestilential swamps, and fever-producing nmrdhes. 
 
im- 
 ated 
 
 has 
 te of 
 ould 
 'hen 
 
 en- 
 
 If these evils and unprofitable results have at- 
 tended the course hitherto taken by Eng^land's 
 emig-ration, oug^ht they not to arouse public attention 
 to the future. No one will imagine that emigra- 
 tion can be prevented, and no one will venture to 
 propose any coercive interference with it, but there 
 is no reason why persuasive measures, measures to 
 forward the interests, and suit the convenience of 
 intending' emigrants should not be used, and if used 
 there need be no doubt of their success. 
 
 Hitherto England has not come forward to bear 
 any portion of the expense of emigration ; the great 
 mass of emigrants have been left to provide the cost 
 entirely from their own resources, and consequently, 
 as a matter of necessity, they have gone to that 
 country to which a passage was attainable at the 
 smallest cost. 
 
 To obtain emigrants of the working classes for the 
 Australian colonies, the rule has been, that they (the 
 colonies) should pay all the cost, consequently a 
 narrow limit was placed upon emigration of that 
 class, measured by the ability of the colonists to 
 spare funds for that purpose. And all this time, 
 England, that undoubtedly had quite as great an 
 interest in the movement as the other parties, 
 quietly looked on, did nothing, and said nothing. 
 
 Now as these three parties are mutually benefited 
 by emigration ; first, the emigrant, who escapes from 
 the country that has neither room nor employment 
 for him, to one that will reward his industry with 
 wealth and independence; secondly, the country 
 
10 
 
 p 
 
 that receives him, and to whose advancement his 
 labour is necessary; and lastly, the country he 
 leaves, where his exertions were not required, and 
 which is not only relieved by his absence, but is 
 materially served by him in her commerce, both by 
 the raw material he supplies her with, and by his 
 increased consumption of her manufactures, owin^ 
 to his improved circumstances. Common sense and 
 justice would tell us that as all three receive benefit 
 from the operation, all ought to contribute to the 
 expense. 
 
 With respect to the first, he may fairly say, ^' I 
 can get to America for £4. or £5, I therefore 
 cannot be expected to pay a larger sum for a pas- 
 sage to Australia.'' His plea admitted, it would 
 rest then between England and her colony to provide 
 the remainder, if they desire to have him, and as the 
 partition of it between these two parties will hardly 
 admit of fractional differences, it may be fairly 
 divided between them in equal portions. 
 
 The superior value of colonial settlers over the 
 inhabitants of other countries, as customers, has 
 been already pointed out as regards the American 
 States. This fact will be further established by a 
 reference to England's commercial dealings with her 
 near neighbour, France. Notwithstanding the great 
 exertions that have been made of late years, to 
 facilitate intercourse and increase trade between 
 those nations, England's exports to France, with her 
 30 millions of people have not as yet reached in 
 value those to Australia with her little more than 
 
11 
 
 the 
 has 
 
 one million^ and the same results would he apparent 
 if the comparison was made with other nations also. 
 Many persons, who have given but httle thought 
 to this question of emigration, are ready to exclaim, 
 England does not want emigration, and would be 
 better without it, for its certain tendency is to 
 enhance the price of labour. This would be to take 
 a very narrow view of it, and a very little considera- 
 tion will expose its fallacy, for the remuneration to 
 be paid to the artificer depends much more upon the 
 price that will be obtained for the article produped, 
 than upon the abundance or scarcity of hands to 
 be found capable of producing it. The latter will 
 of course have some influence, but this would be but 
 a poor argument against emigi*ation. If it had 
 availed, and the five millions who emigrated luid 
 remained in England to stock the labour market, 
 instead of having, in other countries, become pro- 
 ducers of raw material for the English manufacturer, 
 as well as capital customers for his goods, it will 
 hardly be said, even by our objector, that England 
 would have been the better for it. If, then, emigra- 
 tion is both necessary and unavoidable, why should 
 not England exert her energies to render it as 
 beneficial to herself as possible. 
 
 England has been raised to the exalted position 
 she occupies amongst the nations, mainly by her 
 trade and manufactures. To maintain that position 
 she must ever struggle onwards, for to relax would 
 be to recede. 
 
12 
 
 i i 
 
 f! I 
 
 The battle of life with States as with individuals, 
 is an increasing' effort to climb a steep and rug-gfed 
 mountain ; some proceed leisurely, and if in their 
 upward progress they encounter some level spot or 
 secluded valley they are content to linger there, per- 
 mitting the more energ-etic and ambitious to pass 
 them by. England ranks among'st the latter ; and 
 she has already attained to a towering height. To 
 support her position, she must be ever watchful, put 
 forth all her energies and firmly grasp whatever 
 may enable her to maintain her footing*. When she 
 looks around, to discover from whence comes her 
 best support, her eye should rest upon the saplings 
 she has planted in her rear, and she will perceive, 
 that if she will nourish them with the pabulum best 
 calculated to promote their growth and increase 
 their strength, and it is that which she casts off for 
 its over-abundance ; namely, the blood and bones 
 and thews and sinews of her superabundant popula- 
 tion; they will rapidly attain to magnitude and power, 
 upon which she may lean with confidence, sheltered 
 by their foliage, nurtured by their fruits, and assisted 
 by their strength. Then her old age will be more 
 vigorous than was her youth, and her hour of de- 
 crepitude or decay will be postponed to a period far 
 beyond the power of human vision to foresee. 
 
 Heretofore a strong prejudice was entertained 
 against Australia as a place of settlement, founded 
 on the absence of large navig-able rivers, such as 
 might have been looked for in a country of its great 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
13 
 
 uals, 
 rged 
 their 
 ot or 
 
 per- 
 pass 
 
 and 
 To 
 1, put 
 itever 
 nshe 
 BS her 
 plings 
 •ceive, 
 n hest 
 icrease 
 off for 
 bones 
 ►opula- 
 power, 
 eltered 
 issisted 
 e more 
 of de- 
 :iod far 
 
 rtained 
 bunded 
 iuch as 
 [s great 
 
 extent ; this prejudice was unhappily fostered and 
 maintained by a fine spun theory, founded upon that 
 fact, which was f; pted and promulgated in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 It was assumed that, because the number of rivers 
 communicating with the ocean are few, and gene- 
 rally small, the interior of the great Island, or more 
 properly speaking. Continent, must be a continuous 
 desert of sandy arid plains and briny lakes and 
 swamps. Happily for the future of that country, 
 recent explorings through its very centre have 
 proved the fallacy of that theoryj and have estab- 
 lished the fact, by the view of many witnesses, that 
 the quantity of desert is small indeed in proportion 
 to the well grassed and fairly watered country that 
 has been traversed, and as it is upon her widely 
 spread, — almost interminable pastures and favour- 
 able climate for pastoral pursuits that Australia 
 founds her superiority over less favoured lands, the 
 clearing away of this dark and murky cloud has 
 been an occurrence of vast importance. 
 
 This fact of the non-existence of navigable waters 
 throughout the greater portion of the vast Austra- 
 lian continent, aftbrded, — forty, or even thirty years 
 ago,— a reasonable, — indeed it maybe said, — a con- 
 clusive argument against its capabiUties for ever 
 becoming extensively occupied by a numerous popu- 
 lation ; but the development of the railway system 
 of communication which is so rapidly extending its 
 benefits to all parts of the world, has already gained 
 
14 
 
 a footing in that country, and —most assuredly, — 
 its aid will be invoked to extend internal intercourse, 
 quite as often as it may be required, and as increas- 
 ing* population will render it necessary. 
 
 The result of a very few years' experience of this 
 wonderful discovery, — for such it may well be 
 termed, — both in Europe and America, has been to 
 urg-e its substitution for intercourse by water. The 
 Rhine, which for years past was the great highway 
 for many nations, now finds her usefulness super- 
 seded by the rail. The same may be said of the 
 Rhone and other rivers of France, and even the 
 Danube is no longer the only highway from the 
 west to the capital of Hungary. 
 
 In America the same is to be found, both in the 
 States and Canada. The mighty Hudson, with her 
 incomparable steamers, unequalled for speed and for 
 princely accommodation, finds her monopoly wrested 
 from her by the saucy rail that has estabhshed itself 
 upon her very borders. That noble work of man, 
 the Erie canal, has also been obliged to surrender 
 more than half its business to its competing railway, 
 and even the mighty Mississippi has many iron 
 opponents. 
 
 Canada has not been unmindful of the superior 
 facilities afforded by the rail, and even within sight 
 of her navigable waters for the greater part of 
 their course, her Grand Trunk and Great Western, 
 now from west to east of her southern frontier, absorb 
 the greatest portion of her internal traffic. Can, 
 
h 
 
 then, the assertion be maintained^ that Australia is 
 incapable of becoming* great or populous, because 
 of a deficiency of navig-able waters. 
 
 Compare that country with the vast forest-clad 
 continent of North America. There little or no 
 land is available for the use of man until it is de- 
 nuded of its heavy covering of enormous trees, and 
 even where this encumbrance does not exist, as on 
 the western prairies, the long and frost bound winter, 
 deep clad in snow, forbids the increase of flocks 
 and herds beyond the powers of their owners to 
 provide artificial food for them during these dreary 
 months. These are points of difference between the 
 two countries well worth consideration by intending 
 emigrants. But it is not only in their fituess for 
 pastoral pursuits, that the superiority of the open 
 lands and mild climate of Australia are to be traced, 
 for they are both equally favourable to agriculture 
 and horticulture. 
 
 The farmer's first care on entering upon his pur- 
 chase of land, fresh from the hand of nature, is to set 
 his plough at work, turn it over, and let it he fallow 
 to destroy the vegetation with which it was covered. 
 The next process is to harrow in the seed, and when 
 harvest time arrives, he finds himself rewarded by 
 a crop that probably indemnifies him for all his pre- 
 vious outlay, on the purchase, fencing and cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 It has also been shown by experience that the 
 fruits and vegetables of almost every climate and 
 
16 
 
 country prosper and flourish to perfection on these 
 lands, and already, such has been the success of 
 vine-culture, large quantities of excellent wine are 
 made for home consumption, while sanguine expec- 
 tations are entertained that it may before long be- 
 come an important article for export to England, if 
 means can be discovered for preparing it to with- 
 stand the voyage across the torrid zone. 
 
 Enough said about the productiveness of the sur- 
 face of the Australian lands. Now a word for that 
 which is to be found beneath the surface. 
 
 The gold mines do not require a reporter, for 
 they have already reported themselves to the utter- 
 most ends of the earth, by the dispersion of their 
 precious produce to the value of more than 
 £121,000,000. 
 
 Australian copper mines are also somewhat known 
 beyond her own boundaries, still it may be said, that 
 but little is as yet known of their great extent and 
 exceeding richness, for each succeeding year brings 
 forth some new discovery, apparently more exten- 
 sive than those which preceded it. However, if all 
 those already known, were to be efficiently worked, 
 all the mining population of Cornwall would be 
 utterly insufficient for the purpose. 
 
 Lead with silver, tin, zinc, and other minerals are 
 met with in many places, though none of them, 
 except the first, have been as yet mined upon, and 
 as to iron, it is to be met with almost every where ; 
 however, the day is far distant when Australians 
 
 fjjBwwr 
 
17 
 
 will find it to their advantag'e to make iron ; not 
 while it can be supplied from England at its present 
 low value. Still, the minerals of Australia are 
 alwa3^s an important reserve for the future, from 
 whence incalculable wealth may be drawn, when 
 population shall have arrived at dimensions that will 
 admit of their being" extensively and vig'orously 
 worked. 
 
 If all these many and great advantag-es are to be 
 found in Eng-land's own possessions, and that to 
 obtain them she has only to send her surplus popu- 
 lation ; and if it is also certain, that, if she does not 
 thus employ it, that surplus will most assuredly pass 
 over to her declared enemy, surely there should not 
 be any hesitation about it. If she is constrained to 
 expend half a million, or even more, in each yeovy to 
 secure for her eastern Colonies 100,000 out of the 
 150,000 — which is about the average of the annual 
 emig-ration, — what should it matter to her ! True, 
 it will bring" no return in the shape of dividends, or 
 calculated interest on capital, but like money in- 
 vested in sheep in these Colonies, the principal will 
 be ever g^rowin^ and the profits ever increasing*. 
 
 THE END.