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t^ 
 
 A LECTURE 
 
 oir 
 
 C^ISTA-DA. 
 
 AS A 
 
 i ' FIELD FOR EMIGRATION ; 
 
 WITH 
 
 SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INDUCEMENTS OFFERED BY THE 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 
 
 Delivered by Mr. Thomas White, Jr., Special Emigration Commissioner to 
 
 Great Britain, in Hope Hall. Liverpool, on the Evening of the 
 
 30th June, 18G9, and Reported by the Liverpool 
 
 "Journal of Commerce," of July, 1st. 
 
 It is fall of the Most Valuable Information; and its Circulation, both in Canada and Great 
 Britain, will be attended with the happiest results. 
 
 PRINTED BY HUNTER, ROSE & CO., 86 KING ST. WEST. 
 
 1869. 
 
u?^, 
 
 4 
 
A. LECTURE 
 
 f 
 
 OX 
 
 "CANADA AS A FIELD FOR EMIGRATION." 
 
 f 
 
 Last evening, Thos. AVhito, Jun., Esi|., 
 special Commissioner for Ontario, dclivtrt'd 
 an able lecture in the Hope Hall, Hope Street. 
 on "Canada iw a field for Emigration," Avitli 
 especial reference to the inducements offered 
 by the Provincial Government in providing 
 employment and free grants <>f land. The 
 Hail was crowded in every part, the majority 
 of the audience being composed of the work- 
 ing classes, for whose especial benefit the 
 lecture wan given. There was also a good 
 sprinkling of ladies. Edward Whitley, Esq., 
 ex-mayor, presided, and he was suppoitcd on 
 the platform by Messrs. C. T. Uowring, K. 
 Wemyss, A. McEwen, R W. M'Naughton, 
 \Vm. Hill, Capt. Richardson, J. Longton, R. 
 Crooks, Henry Sharpies, Commander St. 
 Aubyn,R.N. (Government Emigration Office), 
 Wm. Macfie, Bryce Allan, Cumrolng Andrews, 
 Jas. Turner, of Haiuilton, Ontario, Thos. 
 Bell, Mark Samuel, J. Hubback, and J. H. 
 Barry. 
 
 The Chairman, on rising, was received with 
 loud applause. He said, under ordinary cir- 
 cumstances I should have been very loth 
 indeed to take the chair on such an occasion 
 iis the present. I have always felt that the 
 question of emigration is one of very great 
 difficulty, and that no one who takes an active 
 interest in, or who feels a sincere desire to 
 benefit his fellow-countrymen, should easily 
 be persuaded to take the chair upon any 
 occasion for the purpose of promoting emigra- 
 tion, unless, in the first place, he is well satis- 
 fied that the scheme which he would have 
 to commend to your notice was one deserving 
 of the deepest and most anxious considera- 
 tion. (Hear, hear.) I have sometimes feared 
 that in these emigration schemes there was 
 too much of a spirit of speculation, and I 
 have been afraid lest our countrymen should 
 •Bufter when they went to distant colonies, or 
 different parts of the earth, and should And 
 
 th.Ht tlu'y had been deceived by false repres- 
 I'Utations. But on this occasion, I feel the 
 greatest confidence in taking the chair, be- 
 cause the scheme which will be propounded 
 to you just now is one I believe upon which 
 wi' may i)lace the greatest confidence. The 
 gentleman whom I am about to introduce to 
 your notice is no mere speculator ; he does 
 not come here as the representative of any 
 land company, or of any scheme for promot- 
 ing emigration for personal purposes ; but ho 
 comes here as the representatiA-^e of the 
 Government of Ontario, to tell you a "plain 
 unvarnished tale," as I hope, of the capabili- 
 ties of the great Dominion of Canada ; to tell 
 you, as I hope, and nought extenuate, but 
 frankly to tell you, the advantages which 
 this large field presents for emigration ; and 
 at the same time, also, to put frankly before 
 you the disadvantages, if any there are, con- 
 nected with the scheme. From all that I 
 have been able to gather relative to the great 
 Dominion, from all that I have been able to 
 gather from pamphlets which I have read, or 
 from my friends who have resided in or passed 
 through that land, I beUeve that few of the 
 colonies of Great Britain present a more 
 ample field for the diligent man than the pro- 
 vince of Ontario — (Hear, hear) — and I believe 
 we shall all gain a great deal of information 
 to-night, which may be practically useful to 
 many of you who may seek in that distant 
 country to achieve an honest competency and 
 an honest support of yourselves and your 
 families. (Applause.) I believe that it would 
 be presumptuous on my part to detain you at 
 any further length, and I will only say that 
 the gentleman who is now to address you is 
 a Canadian by birth, and he has been brought 
 up and lived all his life in that land ; that he 
 is well acquainted with all that relates to its 
 agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial 
 interests ; and I believe, and I say it not on 
 
my own authority, but on the authority of 
 those amongst whom he has resided, and 
 that he is one of the most able, and one of 
 the most honest — and tliat is a great matter — 
 of those who reside in Ontario. Therefore, 
 without further preface, I will introduce to 
 you, Mr. White, commissioner from tlie Go 
 vemment of Ontario. (Loud cheers.) 
 
 Mr. AVniTE, who was received with ap- 
 plause, said: — Mr. Chairman, ladies and 
 gentlemen, — Will you permit me sir, before I 
 enter upon my lecture, to thank you very 
 cordially for the kind words in which you 
 have introduced me to this audience. I am 
 well aware that a person coming before a 
 public meeting, such as this is, and urging the 
 advantages to be obtained by leaving this 
 country and emigrating into another, is liable 
 to the suspicion of being influenced by perso- 
 nal or improper motives. I stand here, how- 
 ever, I am happy to say, with no other 
 interest to observe but that of my native 
 country as an integral part of this gieat 
 British Empire. (Applause.) And my ob- 
 ject in speaking to the people, wherever I have 
 had the opportunity of doing it in Great 
 Britain, is simply to lay before them tlie 
 advantages which that Province to which I 
 belong presents to those who may desire to 
 leave this country for another; Sir, the q,ues- 
 tion of emigration is now exciting a very 
 great deal of attention. I have been wonder- 
 fully struck since I have been in this country, 
 now some two months, with the amount of 
 interest that in every part of it is exhibited 
 on the subject, and I think, that the large 
 audiences which have come together to hear 
 lectures on it, in itself not a very attractive 
 subject, is one of the evidences of that great 
 interest. In the city of London there are 
 three or four, indeed half a dozen I may say, 
 societies specially organized with a view of 
 promoting emigration. Some of them seek 
 to enlist the interest and influence of the 
 State. Others of them depend upon voluntary 
 and private benevolence to assist those who 
 may desire to go from this country to 
 another. Throughout Great Britain, in many 
 of the manufacturing towns, and in some of 
 the rural districts, there are emigration clubs, 
 where small contributions are made weekly 
 by the members of the club, and thence at 
 times is given a sufficient amount to send out 
 three, four, or five families of the club, as the 
 cose may be. All these tilings prove that the 
 question of emigration in itself — the desire of 
 persons to leave this land for other and newer 
 fields of industry and enterprise, is no longer 
 a question to be discussed, because on that 
 point people have made up their minds that 
 
 the question now is, not whether men shall 
 go — or some of them — from this country to 
 another, but to what country (men having 
 determined to leave) they can ])est go, in 
 order to promote their matoriid interests. 
 (Applause.) It i.s, therefore, to that subject 
 that I desire to direct the attention of this 
 audience to-night; and I shall endeavour to 
 justify the expression which you, sir, used in 
 introducing me, by stating frankly and can- 
 didly, not in any spirit of exaggeration or 
 undue laudation, the claims which the Domin- 
 ion of Canada, and especially the Province of 
 Ontario, presents to those who may desire 
 to remove from this country to some other 
 one. (Applause.) Although I am connected 
 specially with the Province of Ontario, and 
 though I am deputed to lay before the people 
 with whom I may be brought in contact, facts 
 in relation to that Province, yet, I think it 
 would be interesting to this audience to have 
 something said in relation to the Dominion 
 of Canada itself. The Dominion, to-day, 
 occupies an area of 377,045 square miles. 
 That includes the province of Ontario, Que- 
 bec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. But 
 we are very rapidly extending our borders — 
 Newfoundland will probably form a part of 
 the Confederation before this year is out; 
 Prince Edward Island is moving to come in; 
 the great Hudson's Bay Territorj'^ will be ours 
 during the present season, and I am glad t(» 
 know that steps are taken for opening com- 
 munication with that great and important 
 section of the North American continent. 
 British Columbia and Vancouver's Island are 
 both discussing the question of Confederation 
 — and, indeed, the legislature of one of those 
 provmccs have actually passed resolutions in 
 favour of it; so that within a very few years 
 at the furthest, the Dominion of Canada will 
 extend its borders from the Atlantic on the 
 one side to the Pacific on the other, and it 
 will then comprise an area of 3,389,945 square 
 miles — an area ■within a few hundred miles, 
 as large as that of the entire continent of 
 Europe. (Applause.) I mention this fact to 
 show that the territory of the Dominion of 
 Canada is no insignificant territory — that tlu; 
 country whose claims I am here to speak of 
 is a country which, in point of territory and 
 extent, at any rate, is fairly entitled to take 
 its rank among the great countries of the 
 world. Our population to-day is four mil- 
 lions ; and it is a curious fact, a fact of not 
 a little significance — that that population is a 
 trifle more than was the population of the 
 United States of America, at the time they 
 achieved and established their independence , 
 OS a separate nation. We start, therefore, in 
 
 I 
 
r 
 
 a cannn" of new nationality — for, although we 
 arc still in dcpcndonco on the British crown, 
 every year we are becoming practically more 
 independent, we start, I say, in our career of 
 practical independence as a new nationality, 
 with almost precisely the same population 
 as our neighbours to the south of us had 
 when they established their independence less 
 than a century ago. Our commerce in the 
 Dominion of Canada — and when F sp.'ak of 
 the commerce I desire to ])e understood as 
 simj)ly refen'ing to the provinces of Ontario 
 and Quebec, the tAvo largest provinces, be- 
 cause by referring to them I can make the 
 comparisons more complete — the imports of 
 the provinces have increased from 1 7 millions 
 of dollars in 1850 to 57^ millions of dollars 
 in 1868 j that is, an increase of 40 millions of 
 <lollars in the course of 18 years; whilst our 
 exports have increased during the same time 
 from 10 J millions of dollars m round figures 
 to upwards of 50 millions, giving us at this 
 moment an aggregate trade for these two 
 provinces of the Dominion of considerably 
 over 100 millions of dollars. Now, sir, that 
 is a trade far Ijeyond what our neighbors of 
 the United States had, at the time they 
 achieved and established their independence, 
 —equal to what they had a great many years 
 after that independence was established. As 
 to that trade, there are certain features which 
 it is worth while to refer to. You are pro- 
 bably aware that for a considerable luimber 
 of years we enjoyed the benefits of reciprocal 
 free trade with our neighbors to the south of 
 us. That was a system just and advantage- 
 ous to both countries, — a system which, I 
 think, the best men on their side regret the 
 abrogation ot!, and which, I believe, the best 
 men on our side equally regi-et the abroga- 
 tion of. But there are some features con- 
 nected with our trade which show that we 
 are not dependent upon any fortuitous legis- 
 lation on the part of outsiders whatever ; that 
 the country possesses resources within itself 
 which makes it practically independent of 
 legislation by surrounding countries. (Hear, 
 hear.) In 1858, for instance, when the rt-ci 
 procity ti-eaty was in force, and when, tliere- 
 fope, there was freedom of intercourse as to 
 all agricultural products between the two 
 countries, we imported 10,250 animals, and 
 we exported 79,168. That wjis uud(!r the 
 absolute freedom of trade. In 1868 — tn\ 
 years afterwards, when the trade remained 
 free on our side, but we were met by large 
 duties on the other — our imports of animals 
 had decreased to 1)4, whilst our exports had 
 increased to 155.779, (Applause) showing that 
 in spite of the largo duties collected on tlie 
 
 frontier against us, we are still in a ))OHition 
 to make our neighbors largely dependent for 
 the beef they eat ujwn the farmers of the 
 Dominion of Canada (Applause.) We ex- 
 ported in 1868 no less than 10 millions of 
 pounds of butter; and in regard to cheese — 
 and I refer to this for the jjuri^oso of pointing 
 another illustration in a moment or two — 
 with regard to cheese, we imported in 1868 
 ^92,000 worth, and we tfxported $1,710 
 worth; whilst in 1868 our imports had been 
 reduced to $1 1,763, and our exports had gone 
 up to 8618,000,— from $1,716 in 1858, to 
 $618,000 in 1868, a period of ten years. 
 Now the point which I desire to illustrate in 
 connection with that, is this, that the system 
 of farming in Canada is undergoing a very 
 considerable change ; that that country which 
 in its earlier history produced with scarcely 
 any eifort on the part of the husbandman, — 
 which, to use an American western illustra 
 tion, you had but to tickle with a hoe and it 
 smiled with splendid crops, — is now being 
 properly cultivated, instead of being injured 
 by the system of over-cropping. Farmers are 
 becoming alive to the fact that something 
 must be given back to the soil for that which 
 they take away, and that they cannot be con 
 tinually exhausting the land without paying 
 the penalty for it. As a result of this con- 
 viction, we are able to show the particular 
 phase of trade which I have already men- 
 tioned. Then there is another feature con- 
 nected with this cheer ' i, reduction, which is 
 of very considerable iniin*est, namely, that 
 through it we have managed to introduce the 
 co-operative principle to a larger extent than 
 it has been carried out in any other part of 
 the world. I am aware that in this country, 
 Avherc you have trades unions, and a continual 
 battle going on between capital on the one 
 hand and labor on the other, it may be of 
 some interest to know what has been the 
 result of co-operation with us; not that I 
 advise co-operation everywhere, because it is 
 impracticable and impossible in many trades; 
 but there it has l)een cariiod out to an enor- 
 mous extent. This large production of cheese 
 is till! result of co-operation in diiTerent town- 
 ships. Farmers meet together and determine 
 to erect a cheese ftictory. Instead of having 
 a small dairy, which is presided over by the 
 wife", they have a large dairy. One man 
 gives the product of three cows, another gives 
 the product of five, and a third gives the pro- 
 duct of six cows ; and a man goes round every 
 morning and takes up the milk oft" the stiles, 
 where it is put on the roadside; and every 
 year, after the cheese has been exjjorted, they 
 see how much has been made, and distribute 
 
thn i)roc(M!(ln amon;^ tliemsolvt's. Ami thus 
 we have tivfry ninii engaged in ijKU'casiax tln' 
 ;^eneral |)roiluetiv»'iu*.s.H of the comiti-y. (ii(»ii(l 
 applau.so.) There i.s aiiuther tVuturc of our 
 tra(h», and that is the exports of the ftm^ut, 
 whicii show how Htth' iiitliience the ahrogn- 
 tioti of the reciprocity treaty has liad iiimxi u.i. 
 Ill l8r)H, the vahie of the export of tlie j»ro- 
 duets of the forest amounted to ^\),-H7,7'27 \ 
 in IHfiS it hud increased to !?14,471,(iy7. Of 
 animals and their pi-oduce — also a matter 
 cominf^ under the n'cijM'ocity treaty — we ex- 
 porte«l in l^<^)^<, under the. treaty, ^2,4»i2,7»i.') 
 worth; in 18G8, wiien the treaty had been 
 abrof^ated, we exported .^r),r)4r),87() Avorth. 
 Of agricultural products, apart from those I 
 have already mentioned, we exported in 1858 
 under the treaty, !ii!7,9O4,4{)0 Moith; in 18C8, 
 when the treaty was abrogated, the exports 
 amcnnted to $l2,r)}2,08;} worth. Canada is 
 not, as yet, entitled to rank as a mannfactur- 
 ing country; but in 1808 the exports of 
 manufactured goods anMiunted to 1425,370 
 worth, and in 1808 it had increased to $834,- 
 158 worth. Our own avooI is being manu- 
 factured there, ami we an^ making a tweed 
 almost equal to the Scotch tweed, which is 
 now almost universally worn by Canadians, 
 and is exceedingly popular in the great city 
 of New York. (Applause.) As a maritime 
 country, we stand the fourtl» in the world. 
 (Loud applause. ) That is a startling fact for 
 so small a conuuunity. We own to-day, 
 6,1G5 vessels, and of these 4,000 are sea-going 
 vessels, tJie balance being employetl in our in- 
 land navigation and on the coasts of New 
 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and in the lower St. 
 Lawrence. The tonnage is 8(J0,O0O, and tlie 
 aggregate value .*;}:i,(n. ♦;.!;") 7, and the niHii!)er 
 of seamen employed .'}7,2.*{r). (Applause.) It 
 is a matter of very great .signiJicanee to us 
 that we are developing a maritime ))ower 
 which will be of very great advantage, not 
 sirajjly to ourselves in case of emergency, but 
 also to this nation itself. (Applause.) There 
 is a nurseiy there for British seamen which I 
 hope never Avili hv. ignored: and whatever 
 may be the opinion of some statesmen in this 
 country, in relation to the colonial <lepp.nden- 
 cies of the Crown, I believe that as a mere 
 nursery for seamen, we present some claims 
 at any rate to consideration on the part of 
 .statesmen of this empire. (Applause.) Then 
 sir, we have, as another evidence of the pro- 
 gress we have made, our railway system. I 
 am aware that the railway system of Canada 
 is rather a tender subject with some people 
 in England ; but M'hatever may have been the 
 result to those Avho invested their money in 
 some of our railwajs, there can be no ques- 
 
 [ tion about this, that they have largi'ly (level- 
 ' opetl the resources of the country, and to 
 (Iny tiie traflic of the (Jrand Trunk Uailwav, 
 , which perhaps is the lea«t popular f»f our 
 ; railways in Knglanil, very far I'xceeds what 
 ; was promised in the prospectus issued in 
 18.''>J. In I8r>0, there were only ;■)'» miles ()f 
 i ndhvay opened in all the provinces in the 
 ] Dominion of Canada. In 1852, there was not 
 a single mile of railway in Ontario : to-day 
 I we have in the Dominion 2,253 miles, and 
 over 1,400 miles in the province <»f Ontano in 
 working order. (Applause.) We have in 
 addition to these, new lines projecte<l. In the 
 lower Provinces is the Intercolonial, now 
 being built to bind the various provinces 
 together; and in Ontario, important lines 
 which will nin into the agiicvdtural districts, 
 and will tend largely to the iiicreasr-d ])ros- 
 perity and wealth of those who reside there. 
 (Renewed applause.) We have also Hfy^M^ 
 miles of telegraph communication, and a 
 cheaper system of telegraphing than jnevails 
 in England. Then, sir, oin- postal service is 
 a matter of which we are exceedingly proud 
 in Canada, and which gives very considerable 
 evidence of the progress of the country. In 
 1857 we had 2,107 post-oflices in Quebec and 
 Ontario, and according to the last repf>rt we 
 had in 1866 3,332 post offices. The signifi 
 cance of that increase is that everywhere in 
 Canada, as new districts are opened up, and 
 new territories settled, tiie post-office ftdlows 
 the .settler into the free grant territory, in 
 illustration of which I may mention that we 
 have now a postal communication regularly 
 every day between Toronto and the free 
 grant territory. (Ai)plauso.) As a now 
 township is opened up, some man goes in and 
 starts a small store, where he sells t(?a and 
 sugar and such c(mimodities, and then he ap- 
 plies to the Post-master (ileneral, and becomes 
 appointed post-master in the place. The con- 
 sequence is this, that all the people must come 
 to him for their letters, and being there, they 
 buy their tea and sugar from him as a matter 
 of course, thus the man is benefited in that 
 way, while the people are benefited by having 
 a post-office near them, so that th^re is a 
 mutual benefit between them. (Applause.) 
 We have a unifoim rate of postage through- 
 out the Dominion of Hd, and we have a 
 uniform rate for our newspaper postage from 
 the office of publication of half a cent., just 
 one-fourth of what it is in this great Britisli 
 Empire. (Loud applause.) We recognize 
 there, sir, the importance of the diffusion of 
 intelligence, and we are not afraid of the peo 
 pie reading newspapers : the more they read 
 of tham the better. (Renewed applause.) 
 
 
For that reason, thU stratem h adoptod, and 
 th(! advantage is this, that every man can take 
 liis newspaper, and every man does takt) it, 
 until it lias become said of Canada — though 
 the fact is only partially true now of the back 
 districts — that the only things that are read 
 there are the nnwHpaper and the Bible. 
 (Applause.) Well, sir, we have our money 
 order system in connection with the Postr 
 oflico, just as you have in England, and we 
 have also our Post-ottice savings Ijanks to 
 receive small deposits of the working men, 
 for it is confined entirely to the small deposits 
 of working men, the limitations being such 
 that it can hardly include anything else. Into 
 tliese banks small deposits amounting in the 
 Jiggregate to nearly thn^e-ciuarters of a million 
 ot dollars were put during the first year of 
 their establishment throughout the Dominion 
 of Canada. These then, sir, are some facts 
 in relation to the Dominion of Canada, but 
 there is another point of very considerable 
 interest to any one who desires to go there. 
 A man wanting to go to a new country nuist, 
 of course, be anxious to know what his bur- 
 dens will he — what amount of taxation he 
 will have to pay. (Hear, hear.) The day 
 before yesterday I met a farmer from tlie 
 neighbourhood lietween hero and London who 
 contemplates emigrating to Canada. He told 
 me that he pays SHs an acre rent for his land, 
 and that his taxes amount to about Ts an 
 acre additional. In Canada, the taxes are 
 confined entirely to those levied by the Cus- 
 toms and Excise duties of the province. The 
 Custom duties collected at the frontier are on 
 a general scale 15 per cent, but we have a 
 very large free list, which is evidenced by 
 this fact, that of the imports into the Domin- 
 ion of Canada in 1868, 152 of the class(!S 
 entered paid duly, while 172 of the classes 
 entered passed free. Taking all the duties on 
 our importations — that is, the duties on luxu- 
 ries, on spirits ami foreign wines, and articles 
 of that kind, which are higher — the entire 
 duty bears to the importation the relation of 
 14i per cent., while in the United Sates, 
 according to the report of Mr. Wells, the 
 special CommissioiuT of Internal Revenue, 
 they amount to 44 per cent.; as that the 
 diflference of taxation as between the two 
 countries is 14^ per cent., so far as the Cus- 
 toms duties are concerned, to 44 per cent. 
 There are, too, our Excise duties. These are 
 confined entirely, I may say, to whisky and 
 tobacco, so that if a man does not drink 
 whisky — and, although I am not a teetotaller, 
 I would not ad>ise a man going to Canada to 
 drink much whisky at any rate — (laughter 
 and applause) — and if he does not smoke 
 
 tobacco ho does not ne«d to pay any czci3« 
 duties at all. (Hear, hoar.) Hut, sir, taking 
 our Excise duties and our Cuatoms dutioH 
 both together, the amount which ia paid iu 
 Canada per head is $2. 94c, while in America, 
 it is $10. 16c, and that you must remember is 
 in gold and not in greenbacks; while the cost 
 per head of the general expenditure ot the 
 Government of Canada is $3. 50c, whereas in 
 the United States, accorduig to Mr. Wells 
 the same authority, lut I liefore quoted), it is 
 10.45(\ These are some of the differences 
 between the general taxation of the two coun- 
 tries. But there are in addition to these, 
 other taxes in both countries. We have our 
 municipal taxes in Canada, and they havM 
 municipal taxes in the Unitiid States as well. 
 I do not know that there is much differenwi 
 between the two countries so far as these 
 taxes are concerned. But they have in the 
 United States a State tax, which is entirely 
 different from that of the federal (Jovern- 
 ment, the debts of the State, alone amounting, 
 independent of the Federal debt, to $9. 50c 
 per head — nearly one-half the entire debt of 
 the whole Dominion of Canada. (Hear, 
 hear, and applause.) So that it will be seen 
 that in addition to this 816.45c they have the 
 State taxation, to which we have nothing 
 that at all corresponds in Canada. The sys- 
 tem of taxation in the two countries differs 
 very materially in another respect. While 
 we have excise duties with a few insignificant 
 exceptions oidy upon those two articles, the 
 internal revenue system of the United States, 
 rendered necessary in consequence of the 
 terrible war through wliich they have just 
 passed, touches almost everything that is pro- 
 duced there. You can't get your likeness 
 taken in the United States witliout having a 
 revenue stamp placed on the back of the por- 
 trait. (Laugliter.) You can't do anything, 
 hardly, without the assistance of a revenue 
 stamj). I remember a rather extraordin- 
 ary illustration of that which was given 
 in a phiy acted in the city of New York, 
 called, "New York on a Saturday Night." 
 In one of the scenes in it is the outside of a 
 theatre where a lot of little boys are running 
 about, calling out "Shine your boots sir? 
 shine your boots?" just as you have them in 
 Liveqjool and all large cities. Well, after he 
 has finished the shining, the boy puts his hand 
 in his pocket and pulls out a stamp, and 
 pastes it on the top of the boot. (Laughter 
 and applause.) What is that for? That is 
 for the revenue. (Laughter.) This system 
 of internal taxation is not simply oppressir* 
 to the man who pays it, it is bearing down 
 on the industry of the country in a mann«r 
 
s 
 
 T 
 
 whicli no man who has not fairly htudi^d it 
 ran form any conci-ption of. Let nw give you 
 tlio opiniiiion of Mr. Wells liinisolf oij that 
 subject. After giving a iiuml)or of facts in 
 relation t(» the labour market, the prici! of 
 labour, and tlw cost of living, he says: — 
 
 The fact, therefore, in establiHlietl Ity incontrover- 
 tible evidence, that the cciuditinn of the working 
 men aitd women in n majority of the mnnufacturinj,' 
 towuH of tlio Ignited States ia not an good at the 
 present time ivs it was previous to the war, not- 
 withstundinji? tiint thiir wages are greater, ineanured 
 in gold, in l8(>7-8 than they were in 1800 1. 
 
 And then Mr. Wells goes on to point out a 
 very valuable standard (tf comparison. He 
 saya:— 
 
 Although the foregoing data and conclusion- 
 founded as they arc upon the average actual exper- 
 ience of a largo numlier of mechani(«i and labourers 
 in different sections of the country— -sufliciently 
 illustrate the increased cost of living, and the de- 
 ereased purchasing power of money which has taken 
 plaoe since tho conunencemont oi the war in IStil, 
 the adoption of another standard of comparison, 
 viz : the price of a barrel of Hour also affords some 
 uonclusions of interest. . . Now, the average 
 increase in the price of a barrel of wheaten flour 
 throughout the manufacturing States has been, from 
 18CA) to July 1st, 1808, in excess of IK) per cent., 
 while the increase in the wages of labourers and 
 operatives generally, skilled and unskilled, during 
 the same period has averaged about 68 per cent. 
 iMeasured, therefore, by the flour standard, the 
 workmen is not as well off in 18G7 as ho was in 18G0 
 by at least 20 per cent. ; or, to state the case differ- 
 ently, the wages which in 1860 purchased one and 
 a half barrels of Hour, now pay for about ono and a 
 quarter barrels. 
 
 That is the effect of their internal system 
 of revenue taxation. Having refened thus in 
 general terms to the Dominion of Canada, 1 
 come to deal with the Province of Ontario, 
 with which 1 have more particvdarly to do. 
 There are three things in that Province of 
 which we are particularly pi'oud — proud be- 
 cause of our experience of the working ol 
 them. The one is our perfect system of reli- 
 gious equality — (Hear, hear, and applause); 
 the second is our school systfjm ; and the third 
 is our municipal system. Fii-st, as to our 
 perfect system of religious etjuality ; we have 
 in Canada no State church. (Loud applause.) 
 I don't mean to say whether that is good or 
 bad. (Laughter; and a voice — Very good.) 
 I simply state the fact. We have tried both, 
 and we like what we have now best. (Ap- 
 plause.) But, sir, I will venture to say tlus, 
 that throughout the whole world there is not 
 a country where the religious observances of 
 the people are better attended to than they 
 are in the Province of Ontario. (Applause.) 
 Everywhere you will find edifices dedicated 
 to the worship of God. Li our large cities 
 are splendid buildings of cut stone or brick, 
 
 as th(! case may be, roaring their spires heaven 
 ward, and giving eviilenet; to the strangj-r 
 that we area (lod-fearing people ; whilst far 
 away in the backwoods, alnioat in the soli- 
 tude of ), wildernesH, the missionary finds his 
 way, and there he collects around him, in the 
 log Kcht't/lhouse or in the shanty, the two or 
 three wlio meet together in His name, ami 
 claim the fulfilmiMit of His promise that He 
 will be with them. (Ajiplause.) So that, 
 although We have no State l.'hurch — whilst all 
 religious <U-noniinatioiis alike liave the protec- 
 tion of the law and tho ])rotection «»f the 
 State, l)Ut none of them get their con- 
 tributions fi'om the State in any form what- 
 ever, Avhilst all depend upon tho volun- 
 tary contributions of their mend)ers for their 
 support — there is no country in the world 
 where religious observanci^s are better att«'nd- 
 ed to than they are in the Province of Ontario. 
 (Applause.) Then as to our school system. 
 Our school system in Ontarit) is entirely volun- 
 tary, like our religious system. No commu- 
 nity within the Province of Ontario needs to 
 have a school unless they desire it. Our sys- 
 tem is simply this: The Province is divided 
 first into counties ; these counties are divided 
 into townships ; and these townships are 
 divided into school sections. In the begin- 
 ning of January, after the sections have been 
 st!t apart, the people of each meet together, 
 and determine by the election or non-election 
 of trustees whether they Avill have a school or 
 not. If they elect trustees, these are author- 
 ized to proceed with the erection of a school 
 and the emidoyment of a schoolmaster, and 
 the matter goes on ; and yet under this vol- 
 untary system, the matter being entirely in 
 the hands of the people, who determine 
 whether they Avill have a school or not, there 
 is not a school section from one end of Ontario 
 to the other which has not its school-house 
 erected and its school-teachers employed. Wo 
 have 4,422 common schools in the Province 
 of Ontario ; that is an average of over ten to 
 each municipality in the province : and these 
 schools, to a lai'ge extent — I may say almost 
 entirely — are free. (Hear, hear.) Out of 
 those 4,422, 3.836, or nearly 4,000 of them, 
 are free schools. That, again, is by the volun- 
 tary action of the people ; because when they 
 meet to elect their trustees, they have this 
 other question put to them ; whether the 
 school shall be supported by a rate-bill, that 
 is, by the contribution of each pupil who goes 
 to it, — or by the general taxation of the school 
 section. And yet with that quest' on volun- 
 tarily put to the people, they have decided in 
 nearly 4,000 cases out of 4,422, that they 
 will have the schools absolutely free to all. 
 
T 
 
 And why f Ik'ciuHo wo i«m o^niz*"' tlu'ic that 
 iho bo.st Hiifoguanl ii^uiiist *Tiiiu>, u^iiiiist in- 
 (loh'Mcc, uj^iiiinst iiitt'ii»jM>nmi'«', the hc-tt sat'i* 
 };uar(l iimiinrtt iiuy of tim t'vil.s wlii( li aircrt 
 alikt^ Hiuiill i-oiniiiuiiitifHaiKl lar^f ouch, is the 
 j.'('ii('ral cthicatioii (»f ihi- iieoplc (Apphuisc.) 
 ThtTi'forc (!Vt>ry man IVcls that ho has an 
 intfii'st, whothur hf lias chihlrt'n of liis own 
 tn nhicatc or not. in tliti fiUication of rvcry 
 othrr niaa'.s child around him. (Hear, lioar.) 
 Thcro is anotluT fi'at\nv in conn<'iti<»n with 
 thcst! conimon scliools whicli wo arc somewhat 
 proud of. Tht'V an- not the schools of the 
 pt)or. Wo ivco;^nize no social distinction in 
 them. (Hear, licar.) There the chihlrcu of 
 tlio rich man and tlie chihlren of tlie jioor 
 man hej^in t(»if(ftheron the forms of tliosc fn-*- 
 hcliuols tlie competition they will havti to 
 carry on throuf^h lif>; as they j^row up to man- 
 hooil — apphvuse — and the first lesson which 
 is taught upon those forms is this, tliat u 
 man's career in life nm.st not depend upon 
 the mere accident of his birth, or the sur 
 roundings of his earlier years, hut entirely 
 upon his own energies oiul industry. (Ap- 
 plau.so.) Attending these schools in the pro- 
 vinces there are 40l,f)43 pupils. Then we 
 have, in addition to these eonnnon .schools, 
 grammar schools — gymna.sia — a species of 
 leading school from the common .sclu)ol u[> to 
 tlio college ; and of these we have 10') in the 
 Province of Ontario, attended by 5,090 pupils. 
 Then we have our Normal and Model Schools 
 for the training of the ttsachers, so that they 
 may go out afterwards with certificates, and 
 be employed by the common schools of the 
 provinces. And then we have sixteen col- 
 leges, some of them with university powers, 
 and some of them ranking I think equal in 
 point of (Mlucational advantages with any 
 universities in the world. (Api)lause.) "Witii 
 the exception of two or three of the piomi- 
 nent \miversities in the United States — which 
 have a record of which any institution might 
 be proud, and which have protluced imm of 
 which any country might be |>roud — withtlu* 
 exception of these two or tiiree, wi- are in- 
 clined to look down somewhat upon the 
 universities of our neighbours in the S nith, 
 and we are inclined to emidate the position 
 of the great universities of this land. And 
 we believe now that the educatif>n which is 
 given in our leading universities in the Pro- 
 vince of Ontario is an education at least e»[ual 
 to that of any university in this great coun- 
 try. (Applause.) Well, there are otlending 
 those schools not less than 90 per cent, of the 
 entire school population of tlie Province of 
 Ontario. This ia a very large proportion. 
 (Hear, hear.) I doubt whether there is ano- 
 
 ther country which can show a larger propor- 
 tion of its popidation of Hchool age - and I 
 range the age from tivo to sixteen. (Cheers.) 
 Then ow to our nnmicipal system ; that we 
 claim to })e iw perfect a devehtpment of the 
 system of local selfgovernnient as it is possi- 
 ble to have anywhere. Whatever the taxes 
 of the ptMiple may be for municipal purposes, 
 they are entirely sdf-imposed ; they have the 
 matter in their own hands. They meet to- 
 gether just as 1 suppos(' you do here, for I (h) 
 not know nuuh of the parish system in this 
 country, and elect live men in «'a(!h township 
 to manag*' their own affairs ; and these tivo 
 men elected thus ainiually in tiie first week of 
 .laiiuary, determine what expenditnicsliall be 
 nmde in the township, and what rati^ for 
 general jturposes shall Ix* imposed. Our mu- 
 nicipal charges under that .systeni do not ex- 
 ceed on an average, in the rural districts, .£2 
 sterling pi'r lOt» acres — these are the entire 
 municipal taxes— and those are tlu^only taxes 
 paid in Ontario in achlition to the general tax 
 ofi^.'l.f)!) c. per head for tluf purpo.se of general 
 government. Now these three things aro 
 matters of which we claim to be very con- 
 siderably pidud in that province. They havo 
 all been great siiccesises, and all show that 
 peojde may fairly be trusted with a very large 
 amount of freedom, if it is given to them not 
 grudgingly, but with a liberal hand, their in- 
 telligence being trusted to. (Loud applause.) 
 Take next our agricultural development of 
 Ontario. AVe call ourseh'^s an agricultural 
 country, although, as I said a little while ago. 
 the manufactures of the country are becom- 
 ing a very important element of industry and 
 wealth. But take st)me evidt;nce of our agri- 
 cultural progress. There is a provincial agri- 
 cultural association in Ontario, which has the 
 general management of agricultural matters 
 throughout the province. That association 
 was founded in 184(i. It held its first exhib- 
 ition in Ontario in that year, and it has held 
 one every year since. At its first exhibition 
 it offered ^1,GOO in prizes ; last year, when 
 the exhiltition was held in the city of Hamil- 
 ton, it ofiere<l between 8l;5,00() and 814,000 
 in prizes. At the first exhibition there were 
 1,150 entries, and last year the entries num- 
 bered (i,(J20, and among them there were a 
 considerable number of entries by our friends 
 on the other side of the line, because Ave are 
 not afraid to see competition. People from 
 England may send agricultural and other im- 
 })lements to compete with us if they like. 
 People in the State of New York (the adjoin- 
 ing State) do send every year large numbers 
 of articles to compete v/ith u.- and I am very 
 glad to say we are always able to hold our 
 
10 
 
 own fairly with them. (Applause.) The 
 effect of this competition is to give a stimulus 
 to our people, and in return, we send articles 
 to the State of New York, and very often 
 they come back bearing aw.ay the honors with 
 them. (Applause.) We have in addition to 
 that, county associations and township asso- 
 ciations, all of them designed by means of 
 agricultural clu))s and societies to advance tlie 
 interests of agriculture in the provinces. What 
 is the restilt? This, that the Province of 
 Ontario to-day produces a larger quantity of 
 wheat per acre — a larger aggi'egate of whe^it 
 on the whole — than any single State in the 
 American Union. According to the census of 
 1861, while we sowed in Ontario 28,000 acre* 
 of wheat more than the State of New York, Ave 
 reaped 2,000,000 busliels more than they did. 
 (Applause. ) While the average of oats per acre 
 in Ontario is 'M bushels, the averaj^e in the 
 State of New York is 17 bushels; and while in 
 nine years we were able to add to our popula- 
 tion in the Province of Ontario 45.05 per 
 cent., in the United States in ten years — in 
 the whole of the United States — they added 
 about 35.38 per cent. Well, Ontario during 
 that period (from 1852 to 1861) passed four 
 States of the Union in the career onwards. 
 (Applause. ) I do not make the comparison for 
 the purpose of saying one single word against 
 our neighbours to the south of us. They .ire 
 our neighbours ; we desire to live on friendly 
 terms mth them, and we do live on friendly 
 terms with them. (Hear, hear.) But the 
 leading charge made against the Dominion of 
 Canada is tliat we are a slow community and 
 that progress is only to be found at tlie line 
 south of the " 45°" : that v.o are sluggish in 
 the gi'eat races that is goinL; on around us. 
 Let me frankly say tliis : Tliere is a kind of 
 smartness prevailing in some parts of North 
 America to which we lay no claim. (Cheers 
 and laughter.) But we do claim this, that in 
 the career of honest straightforward progress, 
 ve yield to no community and to no State on 
 the great contintsnt of North America, which 
 is making perhaps greater progress than any 
 other part of the known world. (Loud Ap- 
 plause.) Now, sir, one argument which is 
 very often used against us in Canada is, that 
 our climate is so wretchedly bad that no man 
 can possibly live there. (Laughter.) It seems 
 very strange, after the facts I have given in 
 relation to the agricultural productions of the 
 country and the productions generally, that 
 such a charge should be made against its cli- 
 mate. It is, however, necessaiy to deal with 
 it. Well, I confess, as a Canadian — having 
 lived nearly forty years in the Dominion, one 
 half of the time in the lower and the other 
 
 half in the upper portion — that 1 never felt 
 there so uncomfortable a climate as I hare 
 experienced during the two months I hare 
 been in England. It is probably the more 
 trying to me because I am not yet acclimated 
 here. To my feelings it has of late been hot- 
 ter here than I felt it to be with the ther- 
 mometer at 98 in Hamilton, and tli" reason is 
 that there is a nasty dampness in your atmos- 
 phere which we have not got in Canada. I 
 have felt it much colder here than I have ever 
 felt it during similar months in Ontario ; and 
 I saw since I have been here, what I never 
 saw in Canada during the same season, and 
 that is, snow on the hills, — on the Grampian 
 Hills, in the north of Scotland, where Nerval 
 tells us his father fed his flocks. (Laughter.) 
 These mountains were covered with snow on 
 the 23rd of June, and I have never seen it in 
 Canada during that part of the year. But I 
 am not going to deal with the thermometer 
 in speaking of the climate of Canada, because 
 that, after all, is not the best indication to 
 take. I am, instead, going to tell you one or 
 two facts. I have sta,ted what the produc- 
 tions of the Province of Ontario are. I have 
 already shown you that avc are being rapidly 
 developed as a commercial community. Now, 
 how do we stand in point of health? because, 
 after all, that is the practical question. If 
 you get into a country where land yields well, 
 and where you have good health, what matter 
 what the climate is 1 (Laughter, and " hear, 
 hear.") Here, then, are focts. Take the cli- 
 mate of Ontario and the bills of mortality to 
 tell the story. We find that the number of 
 deaths to every 10,000 inhabitants in Ontario 
 is 71. The ninnber of deaths to every 10,000 
 inhabitants in Canada, as a whole, is 98; in 
 the United States it is 124 ; in Norway, 181 ; 
 and the number in tliis magnificent Great 
 Britain, which people are afraid to leave, for 
 fear of the climate, is 211. (Laughter, and 
 " hear, hear.") So that in spite of the cli- 
 mate — the fine climate — you actually die at 
 the rate of three to one as compared to what 
 we do in Canada. Not only so, but we are 
 productive in Canada, and are increasing our 
 population. In Ontario, the births to eveiy 
 10,000 of the population are 381, and in the 
 whole Dominion 365 ; and the only countries 
 in the world that exceed these figures are 
 Spain, Austria, Saxony, and Russia ; so that 
 whether we take the ratio of births or deaths, 
 we find that the Province of Ontario is as 
 good to live in as you will find the world 
 over. Now, sir, what are the special induca- 
 ments which the Government of Ontario has 
 offered to those who may intend to emigrate 
 there 1 In the first place, they offer to those 
 
11 
 
 who may desire to ^o there, hind ; they offer 
 to evcrj' actual settler, that is, >vith a family, 
 200 acres ; and to every person over 18 years 
 of age — to himself, or herself, as the case may 
 hv, — 100 acres of land, upon the conditions of 
 settlement ; and tliose conditions are simply 
 these, that tlie person taking the land shall 
 go upon it within a month after taking it ; 
 that he sliall erect a log house — and it is not 
 a hard thing to erect them ; they are erected 
 in about twenty-four hours (laughter); and 
 that he sliall reside continuously upon the 
 projierty for ftve years, and within that time 
 tiliall dear 15 acres and put it under cultiva- 
 tion ; and after he has done that he gets a 
 patent — a deed from the Government — and 
 the land is his own ; he has the fee of the 
 soil, and no man can take it from him under 
 any circumstances, unless his wife consents. 
 (Laughter.) There is a clause in the Act 
 .•giving free grants, Avhicli declares that the 
 land which a man takes shall not be liable to 
 execution for any debt contracted either be- 
 fore the issue of the patent or for 20 years 
 after it. (Applause.) So that no matter what 
 difficulties a man may get into, he can go 
 through ; no matter what his entanglements 
 may be, no matter whether he gets into debt 
 or not ; if he becomes dissipated, if he be- 
 comes a victim to our Canadian whisky, or 
 lands himself in embarassed circumstances, 
 the land is there for his family, and cannot be 
 talien away from them. (Loud applause.) I 
 said, sir, that it could not be taken from him 
 unless liis wife consented, and I will tell you 
 why. If, for instance, he has got 20 or 30 
 acres of land cleared, and desires to put up a 
 new outhouse or barn, and Avishes to i-aise 
 money for that purpose, he has power io 
 mortgage the farm, but his wife must be a 
 party to it ; so that if they ])oth choose, of 
 their own free will, to mortgage the form in 
 order to raise a little money for the purpose 
 I have mentioned, and to improve the farm, 
 they can do it ; but if he is a dissipated man, 
 and wants to raise money simply to spend, I 
 do not think that his wife will be very likely 
 to consent. (Laughter.) It may be asked, 
 what kind of land is this which is thus piven 
 away 1 I will give you one fact, which to my 
 own mind, knowing something of Canada, is 
 quite satisfactory on that point, and that is 
 this, that in the very first year after tho Free 
 Grant Act was ])as8ed, .and these facilities 
 were oifered to settlers, no less than GOO 
 Canadians f^ent in and took up free grants. 
 What did they do, you may ask 1 Well, some 
 of these men have had families, and as they 
 found these families increasing, they may 
 have said, "If we sell off the old homesttad 
 
 and go into that new countiy we can get 200 
 acres of land for ourselves and 100 acres for 
 eack of our children who have arrived at the 
 prescribed age, an<l we can manage to build a 
 new home in the wildeniesB tiiere, and then, 
 as we are growing old, we shall have all our 
 families about us just as we desire to have 
 them." (Applause.) 
 
 A VoiOK — Are you allowed to take out the 
 minerals ? 
 
 Mr. White— Yes, and not oidy that, but 
 since the Minenal Act was i)a3sed, you can go 
 through the whole Province of Ontario, and 
 wherever you find minerals you can go in and 
 work the land, provided no one else has dis- 
 covered it before j'ou ; and it is your own, 
 because ycu found it and have worked it. 
 (Applause. ) I have not mentioned this matter 
 at any lectxu-e before, and I mil tell you the 
 reason. I did not want to encourage the idea 
 that men can go and find gold, silver, lead or 
 any muierals, and can become wealthy by 
 just delving down for them. I say tliere are 
 undoubtedly very valuable minerals there ; 
 but I do not advise you to build any expecta- 
 tions upon the chance of finding them. What 
 I say is this, tliat you had better go and till 
 the ground rather than attempt to become 
 suddenly ricli by searching for gold or lead or 
 iron under the soil. That, then, is one reason 
 why a good many men have gone into the free 
 grant country, because they can make a good 
 provision for their families, and have those 
 families around them in old age. The day I 
 left Toronto, no less than seven families 
 passed through that city from the western 
 district, on their way to the free grant coun- 
 try t^ ti.ke up land. And I have heard since 
 I came here, that one person who went there 
 managed to get 700 acres of land in conse- 
 quence of the particular circumstances of his 
 family — receiving 200 acres himself, and hav- 
 ing five cliildren who were qualified to take 
 100 acres each. Therefore, I say, if the Cana- 
 dians who know something of the country — 
 who go ajid look at it, and can tell what the 
 land is by looking at the tops of the trt3e8, as 
 well as by looking at the bottom of them — 
 are induced to go and live there, that a coun- 
 try which ynW attract in the first year it is 
 opened up six hundred Canadians, cannot be 
 a very bad country for any person to go into. 
 (Loud applause.) That is all I know about 
 it. There is a reservation with reference to 
 the timber — and the question put by that gen- 
 tleman reminds me of it — ^there is a reserva- 
 tion in relation to the timber which I think I 
 ought to mention to you. You are required, 
 ai I said before, within five years to olear 15 
 acres of land. Whilst you are clearing those 
 
12 
 
 15 acres of land, you are entitled to take all 
 the timber that you cut upon them for the 
 purpose of putting up your buildings and 
 your fences, and you can do what you like 
 with what you don't require for that purpose ; 
 but if you go beyond the 15 acres to clear — 
 and you ought to do that within the five years if 
 you are an enterprising man, and ought to be 
 glad to do it — if you go beyond the 15 acres, 
 you must ])ay to the Government for each 
 tree the same stumpage dues that an ordinary 
 lumberman would have to pay if he went in 
 and took those trees. And the reason for 
 that is this : it is really a protection to the 
 settler instead of a reservation from the set- 
 tler. If it were not so, the lumber merchants, 
 whose object is simply to get the timber, 
 would send their workmen on to these lots 
 under pretence of settlement, and then go to 
 work and slasli away at the timber, and after 
 they had got it they would leave the land. 
 Therefore, if the s(!ttler desires to clear off 
 more than 15 acres, the Government says he 
 shall, for every tree he cuts beyond those 15 
 acres, pay just the same stumpage dues which 
 the lumbeiTuen would have to pay. But after 
 you have cleared your 15 acres and got your 
 land, then it is youis, and the timber is yours, 
 and nobody has any right to interfere with it 
 at all. The chairman calls my attention to a 
 paragraph in this pamphlet under the head of 
 " Free Grants," which reads thus : " Failure 
 to fulfil the settlement conditions forfeits loca- 
 tion." Of course it does. That is, you have 
 to perform those settlement duties, or some 
 one else comes in and takes the land. That 
 is only fair. Then " The mines and minerals 
 on such land are reserved to the Crown." 
 Let me say this, that the mines and minerals 
 of every farm in Canada have been reserved 
 to the Crown. The reservation is in every 
 patent, but it do(;s not interfere in any way 
 with the right conceded under the Mineral 
 Act of last session to every person having 
 found minerals, to work them by virtue of his 
 having found them. (Hear, hear.) A per- 
 son cannot go on these free grants unless he 
 has some means. There is no use in a man 
 sluitting himself in the backwoods unless he 
 has some means to carry him over the first 
 year. Ptiople may ask, how much should a 
 man have, and my impression is, that rf he 
 has from .£30 to .£50, he can manage to get 
 on very well. The best period for a man to 
 take a free grant is in the month of October. 
 He has then an opportunity before wintei" seto 
 in of putting up his house ; and as all Avood- 
 cutting is done in the winter, he goes to 
 work and clears as much land as he can ; and 
 in the spring of the year he puts in the seed, 
 
 and the moment he gets the first crop in, he 
 has as much as will keep his family from 
 want. He ought to have from £30 to £50 
 on going on the land ; if he has more all the 
 better, because he can employ labor then, and 
 clear up the farm a great deal more rapidly. 
 Then there is another step taken by the On 
 tario Goveniment for the purpose of assisting 
 emigrants. Thay have adopted a plan by 
 which they propose to find employment, as 
 far as the labor market of the country will 
 enable them to do it, for all who may come 
 there — ordinary mechanics, ordinary labour- 
 ers, or agricultural labourers. The system 
 they have adopted is this. They have ad- 
 dressed a circular to the head of every muni- 
 cipality throughout the Province, and they 
 learn from him what number of persons, and 
 Avhat class of persons, can be employed in his 
 locality ; and they require from him at the 
 same time a pledge, that when these people 
 are sent to them, in accordance with their 
 returns, they will find that employment for 
 them, liegisters of these returns are kept 
 both at Quebec and Toronto, and as the emi- 
 grants get there they are sent to these locali- 
 ties. This brings me to a point to which I 
 wish to call attention. Since I have come to 
 this hall to-night, a gentleman has put into 
 my han ' a. copy of ReynnMs Newspaper, in 
 which reference is made to the abominable — 
 no, "scandalous treatment of emigrants in 
 Canada." It is based on a letter from some 
 Portsmouth or Woolwich Dockyard people, 
 who went out in the Serapis, who say that 
 when they got to Canada they were sent to 
 Toronto ; that froni there they were sent into 
 the backwoods to cut wood and to other labor 
 which they were unable to perform, and that 
 they had to trudge a distance of 100 miles to 
 get back. Now this year, between 3,000 and 
 4,000 assisted emigrants have gone from the 
 city of London to Canada, and the comi. itteos 
 in London have received from large nu.nbei's 
 of them the most encouraging letters in rela- 
 tion to how they had got on in the country. 
 They have all complained somewhat of the 
 tediousness of the journey between Quebec 
 and Toronto, and the long journey of 500 
 miles by rail to people just getting off the sea 
 is rather a tedious journey. They have com- 
 plained somewhat of that ; but after they had 
 got to Toronto they have stated almost uni- 
 versally that they had met with the greatest 
 kindness, that employment has been found 
 them, antl that they thank Godfthey have 
 gone to a place where there is a prospect of 
 themselves and their families l)eing able to 
 I get on well. Let me say frankly, that if you 
 go to Canada to-morrow, or to the United 
 
13 
 
 States either, the ehances are that you may 
 be disappointed. Many a man leaves his 
 hoine here and goes to a new country, and 
 imagines that he is going to pick up nuggets 
 in the streets. Many a man thinks that bis 
 condition is to be bettered as by an act of 
 magic, the moment he puts his foot on the 
 soil. It will not be so. The condition of 
 life in that country, as in all other countries, 
 but particularly a new country, is the condi- 
 tion of hard work. Men have to make their 
 way up, and if they are at all particular as to 
 the kind of work they go to when they get 
 there, the chances are tliat they will be writing 
 such letters to the papers as the one to which 
 I have referred, to prevent others from going 
 out. But remember this, that only eighty- 
 five men out of between three or four thousand 
 sent out in the same way complain, whilst 
 you iiave hosts of others sending home letters 
 of the most encouraging kind. This same 
 paper contains a copy of one of those letters 
 in which the writer asks a person in England 
 to send out a large number of masons and 
 carpenters, and say employment can be found 
 for them at once where he is employed. I 
 think, therefore, you may fairly assume that 
 on the whole the conditions of thai emigration 
 have been such as to benefit those who went 
 out. Suppose those people had gone to the 
 United States instead of Canada. ReynoMs 
 Newqmper says : — 
 
 " A few miles distant from Canada, is the 
 territories of the United States, all is anima- 
 tion, bustle, and motion, presenting a striking 
 and enviable contrast to the dullness and 
 stagnation prevalent in the North American 
 dominions of the Old World. New cities are 
 springing up every day in the States, money 
 is plentiful, labor is at a prenuum, enterprise 
 is in the ascendant, nnd all the advantages of 
 go-a-head republicanism are at once felt by 
 those who cross from one country to another. 
 Probably all the emigrants sent out to Canada 
 will, sooner or later, find their way to the 
 United States, and in all likelihood do much 
 better than where they now are." 
 
 A young man here handed to the lecturer 
 a letter, from which he said he might read an 
 extract bearing on the subject of the lecturer. 
 
 Mr. White then read the extract, as fol- 
 lows ; — " , a shopmate of mine, who 
 
 went to Canada in April last. He left Liver- 
 pool on the 29tli. They called at Ireland, 
 and took more passengers on board. They 
 had a very rough voyage, and very cold, but 
 arrived all safe at Quebec. He then went by 
 rail Lo Montreal. He stayed there a few 
 hours, and then proceeded to Toronto, where 
 he goit work, and went at it on the Monday. 
 
 The wages he received is the highest his em- 
 ployer gives — $1.75 per day or 810.50 per 
 week, equal to £2 3s. 9d. of our money. He 
 likes the country very much at present, and 
 has no reason to regret going. He says if 
 there are any questions I want to know, he 
 will be happy to answer them ; so if you 
 would like to know anything about it, I will 
 ask him to let me know — I am sutq he will 
 answer them truthfully. He says there seemu 
 plenty of work, for ho had an offer of three 
 jobs at Montreal the few hours he was there ; 
 having taken a through ticket, he could not 
 stop long. It is a splendid city. He went 
 to see the Falls of Niagara on the 24th, the 
 Queen's Birthday. He pays 12s. 6d. board 
 and lodging; clothing is about the same there 
 as here ; books are dearer." 
 
 Here. Mr. White said, is a man who went 
 out — this gentleman handed me the letter; I 
 knew nothing about it — and he gets £2 3s. 9d. 
 a week, with plenty to do, and pays 12s. 6d. 
 a week, equal to 10s. a week here, for his 
 board and lodging. — Applause. (A voice : 
 What is he V) A tailor. — Laughter and ap- 
 plause.) But supposing these grumblers in 
 Canada, who write letters to Reytwlds's News- 
 paper, had gone to the States instead, would 
 they have found things any better t Let me 
 give you some testimony on that point, em- 
 bodied in Mr. Well's second report. Hare is 
 what Mr. Horace Greeley, of the New York 
 Tribune, said in January last, in relation to 
 the labor market of the great Republic to the 
 south of us : — " I estimate that there are at this 
 moment half a million of people within sight 
 of our city's steeples, who are hungry and 
 destitute because they or their parents can 
 find nothing to do." That is the statement 
 of M.V. Horace Greeley in relation to the State 
 of New York. This testimony is confirmed 
 by Mr. Wells. In Philadelphia, $230,517 
 were expended in 1860 upon pauperism. In 
 1867, 85,232 persons received out-door relief. 
 In 1868 the number had increased to 104,543. 
 Then to take the Western States, Ohio, for 
 instance. Let me read you the report of one 
 of the largest manufacturing corporations in 
 the Western States. It says : — 
 
 " In no year of our history as manufacturers 
 (M'hich covers the last thirteen years) has 
 labor, both skilled and unskilled, been so 
 abundant as now, and I might say, unem- 
 ployed too. The applications made to, and 
 refused by us, simply for the want of place 
 and labor for them, averages from fifteen to 
 eighteen per day, and the applicants repre- 
 sent this as the status of tilings in our manu- 
 facturing towns of this State. We know it 
 t(> be true of all establishments in tliis cityi 
 
14 
 
 The tnith is, our resoiirces arc taxed by men 
 asking for means to liv«; until they cjui get 
 employment, wliile othera oflFer to work for 
 their bread. From prwscut indications these 
 things may continue. 
 
 Now, these are statements made officially 
 in the report of Mr. Wells, and I oppose them 
 with a considerable amount of confidence to 
 those made in lieynolds' Newspaper. They 
 prove this, that out of about 3,000 people 
 you will find a per centage — and eighty-five 
 is not a very large per centage — who expect 
 to be *' spoon fed " all their lifetime, and who 
 have not energy to work for themselves. 
 (Laughter.) There are men out of employ 
 ment in Canada to- day, and if you go into any 
 city in America you will find them out of em- 
 ployment there as well, men who would come 
 continually to your door and tell you that they 
 were willing to take work if they had it to 
 do, but that they could not find any. There 
 are such men out of employment in every 
 great city in the world ; and yet at the same 
 time we have with us men who are anxious 
 to get men to work for them, Ijut cannot 
 obtain them. If those idle people are deter- 
 mined to remain in large cities because of 
 their old associations — if they prefer that, 
 they may stay there and die broken-hearted ; 
 but they may with confidence expect a much 
 happier fate if they boldly go out and work. 
 Talk about cutting down trees as hard work ! 
 To begin with, these grumblers were never 
 asked to do it, and for this reason —that trees 
 are not cut down in Canada in the month of 
 May, winter being the season for chopi)ing. 
 However, let no man who is afraid of hard 
 M'ork go to Canada, or he will be disappointed. 
 I should be the last one to encourage a man 
 to go to Canada who is not willing to take 
 the conditions of a new country. In that 
 country, people require to work, and to tcark 
 hard. They may meet with serious disap- 
 pointments at the start. They may be unable 
 to get such employment as they expect to 
 find ; but if they are willing to take what- 
 ever ofFera itself, and to work their way up to 
 a better position — showing their right to a 
 better position, as they veiy soon Avill have 
 the opportunity of doing — no man can go to 
 Canada, or to the United States either for 
 that matter, but must get on. Let nic give 
 an illustration of my own personal experience, 
 the case of two young men who went out to 
 that country. One of theni was a clerk in 
 London. He wanted a clerkship in Canada, 
 and he would take nothing else. Not only 
 so, but he wanted a clerkship at a particular 
 salary, and he would take nothing else. (A 
 laugh. ) He remained out there three months, 
 
 and thwn left the place <lisgust( d. 1 have no 
 doubt he would be ready to write such a letter 
 as that to which I have just referred to in 
 Reynolds^ Newspaper. He has since gone to 
 the mines of Nevada to search for minerals, and 
 if he does not get hard work enough before 
 finishing the operation my name is not what 
 it is. (A voice: "Serve him right.") The 
 other case was that of a "boy" from Dublin — 
 and all unmarried Irishmen are called boys. 
 He came to my establishment and asked for 
 a job. I told him I had nothing at present 
 for him to do. " Och, by gad," said he, " I 
 must have a job." "What can you dol" I 
 inquired, to which he replied, " I can do any- 
 thing, sure." I jocularly asked, " Can you 
 edit a newspaper 1 " " Faith," he answered, 
 "I can't do that nohow." "Well, are you a 
 printer 1" "No; but I have been here two 
 days, and, by garra, must do something, you 
 know." " Well," said I, "You can go out 
 and canvass for a newspap'^r." "Sure, and 
 what is that?" he innocently inquired. On 
 being told that it was to go from door to door 
 and talk people into taking the paper, if they 
 had not got it already, ho went out upon his 
 new mission, and earned twelve dollars the 
 first week. (Applause.) Better than that, 
 he afterwards got a pennanent situation at a 
 good salary, and simply because he showed 
 himself willing to work, and did work with 
 a will. That is the spirit to go to Canada in, 
 and unless you are willing to go in that spirit, 
 for God's sake don't leave this country at all. 
 You will be a curse to yourselves and your 
 families, you will be a burden to the com- 
 munity you go among, and you will deter 
 other people who would do well if they went 
 there, from adopting that course. It is a 
 serious matter for men to break up their 
 homes and leave their relatives and the people 
 among whom they have lived all their life- 
 time, to go forth to a new country, to make 
 new associations, and strike out a new line of 
 life, and no man should do it without seriously 
 considering what he is about. (Hear, hear.) 
 But after he has determined to do it, if he 
 has a strong anu, a Avilliug heart, and a trust 
 in Providence, he may rely upon it that he 
 cannot \\o\\) getting on, and if he is willing 
 to go in that spirit, he will find that the people 
 of Canada will be willing to receive him, and 
 do everything they possibly can for him. If 
 you are disposed to go on to the free grants, 
 there you will find the principle of communism 
 in its highest and best form carried out, everj^ 
 man recognizing that his prosperity depends 
 upon the prosperity of every one around him. 
 (Applause.) When you want to build a log- 
 house, all your neighbors make a " bee," and 
 
if 
 
 help you. And you help others in your tuni 
 when they ^rant your assistance ; and in that 
 way what was a wilderness, in five or six 
 years from now will be a prosperous and well- 
 to-do settlement. If you are anxious to stop 
 in the front settlements, and are willing to 
 work, you will find employment which will 
 suit you, even if it is not such aa you went 
 out expecting to get ; and you may rely upon 
 it, that in going to that country you will have 
 an opportunity of improving your own jjosi- 
 tion, and of earning for yourselves and families 
 a fair and honorable competence. (Applause. ) 
 I am speaking now, Mr. Chairman, to a 
 British audience ; and I do not think it amiss 
 that I should say this further, that in going 
 there you do not change your allogiance. 
 You are members of the same British family, 
 and you claim the protection of the same 
 glorious Btitish flag— -{loud applause) — ^for in 
 that coimtry, sir, loyalty with us is something 
 more than a mere sentiment. There is not 
 a man in it, from one end to the other, who 
 dare publicly utter a disloyal sentiment. 
 (Applause.) He may harbour it privately, 
 but no man dare publicly utter it ; and it is 
 no small thing, when I come here and state 
 on this platform the claims that the Province 
 has on the emigrating classes of this country, 
 that I may put in this further claim, that in 
 going there you remain as you are to-day — 
 British subjects, subjects of the same great 
 empire, and owing allegiance to the same 
 great, glorious, and gracious Sovereign. 
 (Prolonged applause, during which Mr. White 
 resumed his seat.) 
 
 Mr. BowRiNG then rose and said : — Ladies 
 and gentlemen, I am quite sure, after the 
 variety of interesting details which you have 
 heard from Mr. White this evening in regard 
 to the great Province of Canada, it would ill 
 become me or any other person to retain 
 your attention for any very long time. For- 
 tunately, my duty, the duty which has been 
 imposed upon me by the chairman, is a very 
 light one and a very pleasing one; it is to 
 propose that a cordial vote of thanks be given 
 to Mr. White for his lectuie this evening. 
 (Applause.) I may say, ladies and gentlemen, 
 that I have been a colonist. I have resided 
 in a neighboring colony to that of the great 
 Dominion of Canada for a great number of 
 years, and I hope that in the course of a very 
 short time the colony with which I have been 
 connected will be engulphed into the great 
 Dominion of Canada, and the sooner it comes 
 the better. I, for one, shall be pleased. I 
 am sure, as an old cdlonist, as a person who 
 has resided in one of the American colonies 
 for some years, it has been a matter of great 
 
 surprise to me tliat the tide of emigration 
 flowing from this great port has gone to the 
 south instead of going up the St. Lawrence 
 and into the interior of Canada. For I am 
 quite certain that the statistics Mr. White 
 has given you are quite correct, and that the 
 taxation is loss and the chances of success 
 greater in Canada than they are in the 
 southern parts of the great continent of North 
 America. I will not detain you aay longer. 
 I will express my own thanks, and I am sure 
 in expressing those I express yours, to Mr. 
 White, for the very interesting details he has 
 given, and the very able lecture with which 
 he has favored us. (Applause.) 
 
 Mr. Wemyss seconded the motion. Ho 
 said: I think with Mr. Bo wring that it will 
 be quite unnecessary for me at this period, 
 after hearing such a very exhaustive lecture 
 from Mr. White, who, I think, has stated 
 most candidly all the advantages and disad- 
 vantages to a man emigrating to Canada, it 
 will be quite unnecessary for me to detain 
 you vnih any remarks. I may, however, 
 state from personal experience and knowledge 
 of Canada as a pretty frequent visitor, that 
 Mr. White has stated most correctly the facts 
 with regard to it. I think he has done well 
 to warn any man here, or in any place where 
 he lectures, that if he goes to Canada he goes 
 to hard work, and his success depends not so 
 much on outside circumstances as upon the 
 man himself, and upon his determination and 
 perseverance, — ^his determination not to be 
 frightened with hard work; and more than 
 that, a great determination to avoid what Mr. 
 White has properly called the curse of Cana- 
 da, because it is a curse not only on Canada, 
 but in this country, and of many others 
 where its drinking is practised, — that is 
 whisky drinking. (Hear, hear, and applause.) 
 In Canada, whisky is very cheap, very plenti- 
 ful; and if a nmn takes to drinking it in 
 Canada, it is almost sure to lead to his ruin, 
 because the climate is such that when a man 
 once begins it, it seems almost impossible for 
 him to stop. Another point was the tempe- 
 rature of Canada. I heard a remark before 
 coming here that it was dreadfully cold in 
 Canada. It is quite true that it is much 
 colder "themiometrically," there than in this 
 country; but I can corroborate what Mr. 
 White says, that you do not feel the cold in 
 Canada during winter nearly so much as you 
 do in this country. And I think we may 
 judge of what the climate of Canada is, when 
 we look at Mr. White, — (Hear, hear) — ^who, I 
 think, is a very good specimen of what the 
 climate is there. (Renewed laughter and 
 applause.) 
 
■•'*»*^ 
 
 10 
 
 A Person in the body of the room, ad- 
 dressing the lecturer, said: I think the 
 limitation about getting the timber only 
 applies to pine. 
 
 Mr. White; What is called "lumber "in 
 Canada is pine timber ; all other wood belongs 
 to the settler, he can clear the whole of it, 
 and if he happens to get a hard wood farm 
 there is no limitation at all. 
 
 The Questioner: Then it states (referring 
 to a pamphlet), mines and minerals on such 
 lots are reserved for the Crown. 
 
 Mr. White : I explained that that was an 
 ordinary reservation in all patents, but it does 
 not at all affect the right of any man under 
 the Minerals Act to the mines which he dis- 
 covers on his own plot. 
 
 The Questioner: And that applies to free 
 grants? 
 
 Mr. White : Yes, to the man himself. If 
 a man goes on a free grant and discovers a 
 mine upon it by virtue of the discovery of the 
 mine, he gets it. (Applause.) 
 
 The Questioner: I happened to be my- 
 self a short time ago in Chatham, which Mr. 
 White, no doubt, knows. I was passing 
 through Oxford county, at Woodstock — ^which 
 he also knows — there was a large farmer to 
 whom I said, " When I get back ,to England 
 might I say from you that if 1,000 men come 
 over, able and willing to work, j'ou will pro- 
 vide for them all 1 I want a decided answer 
 yes or no. " Yes, decidedly," was his answer, 
 "if they have those two qualifications, able 
 and willing to work, but you can multiply 
 them by ten." (Loud applause.), 
 
 The Chairman then put the resolution to 
 the meeting, and it was carried amid loud 
 applause. 
 
 Mr. Whith, in reply, said — I am very 
 much obliged to you for the very hearty vote 
 of tlianks you have just accorded me for the 
 remarks I have made to you. In making 
 them I simjjly performed the duty I owe to 
 the Government who sent me here, and I 
 have here, as everywhere else, endeavoured 
 to state fiiirly and frankly what the position 
 of the province is. I believe that any man 
 going tliere will do well; but I have always 
 this sense of responsibility upon me when I 
 am speaking to audiences — I expect I will 
 meet some of them in Canada in the future — 
 (Applause) — and I don't want any man to be 
 able to meet me in Canada, and say — " You 
 
 told us certain things which induced us t* 
 this Country, and when we came here we did 
 not realize what you told us." I want to be 
 in a position to face every man whom I hap- 
 pen to speak to here, or to whom I happen to 
 write — and I have written to a very large 
 number of persons — to be able to face every 
 one of them in Canada, and say, "Now have 
 you not realized everything that I told you 1" 
 (Loud applause.) I believe that if any of 
 you come there I will be able t« do that. 
 
 Mr. White again rose and said: — Will you 
 permit me before jou leave to move that a 
 a very cordial vote of thanks be presented to 
 our chairman for presiding this evening. — 
 (Cheers.) 
 
 Mr. Alderman Hubback : I have great 
 pleasure in seconding that motion. 
 
 The motion was then put to the meeting, 
 and carried unanimously. 
 
 The Chairman : Ladies and gentlemen, I 
 beg to return to you my sincere thanks for 
 the cordial manner in which you have res- 
 ponded to the motion just made by our 
 lecturer of this evening. There is only one 
 regret, and that is a personal 'regret with 
 regard to myself, because I find, though the 
 lecturer did not say so, that there is no 
 chance for me if I emigrate to Ontario. In 
 the first place I see that one of his colleagues 
 in the press, speaking at a banquet given to 
 that gentleman before he came to this coun- 
 try, was talking of the advantages of that 
 country, and speaking of the settlers, intro- 
 duced these words — 
 
 Of all the crops the farmers raise, • 
 
 Or capital employes, 
 None yields such profit and such praise. 
 
 As a crop of girls and boys. 
 
 (Great laughter.) And then, as if to add a 
 climax to prevent me ever thinking of emi- 
 grating, almost tlie next thing he says is, 
 " We are overstocked with members of the 
 legal profession." — Renewed laughter. I con- 
 gratulate you that such impediments do not 
 exist in your way, and I sincerely hope if any 
 of you hereafter emigrate to Ontario, that 
 you will etijoy those blessings which always 
 follow honest industry in every pait of the 
 world. — Cheers. 
 
 The meeting then closed, but Mr. White 
 remained awhile to answer the private in- 
 quiries of various indi\'iduals from the audi- 
 ence. 
 
 ' r 
 
 :; Iji4 
 
 .iM/.