IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m |2£ E^ 1^128 ^ m ^ 1^ 12.0 18 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" > HiotQgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)«72-4S03 lA CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ^ ^ ^ '<«^ ©1984 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurto et/ou pelliculde I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illnstrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. VVnenever possible, these have been omitted fiom filming/ 11 se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmies. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires; The tot L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modifica^ian dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ D V n n Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag6es Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6colordes, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gale de I'impressson Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du matdriel suppldmentaire Only edition available/ Seule ddition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de fa^on d obtentr ia meilleure image possible. The pos oft film Ori( beg the sior oth< first sior or il The shal TIN whi Mai diff< enti beg righ reqi met This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X aox \/ 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grflce d la gAntrosit* de: La bibiiothdque des Archives pubiiques du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condidon and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated Impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les images suivantes ont 4t6 reproduites avec lo plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte sont filmte en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlire page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premldre page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit art un seul clich6. il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ri \ EJ M SIM pft \X v\^ ^\ EMIGRATION rf- TH!" THE ADVANTAGES OP EMIGRATION TO CANADA, BEING THE SUBSTANCE OF CU)o %tctnu^f nELIVERED AT THE TOWN-HALL, COLCHESTER, AND THE ME^CHANICS' INSTITUTION, IPSWICH, ' ! m BY ^A WILLIAM CATTERMOLE. May, 1831. LONDON ! SIHPKrN AND MARSHALL ; THE BOOKSELLERS AT II'SWICII AND OOLCIIESTEn ; J. LODZR, WOOT)BRIDOE. ^A *■?- > ^ ' jfn^^^^^rr *^- y\:^2\.r HI ■ -.' ■"Vii PREFACE. I HAVE been chiefly induced to submit the foUowiag pages to the public, with a view of correcting the erro- neous idea which I have found prevails in this countrvt with reffard to iho r>v— - • " ■ " ERRATA. P.eface. page 4.' line 14 fron. the botton. for letters m. settler, introduction, page r. line nU^^ top. for interesting, rea. I I *t«ctrtma tnat in point of climate, son^aind capability for an advantageous settlement, it is not exceeded, if equalled, by any country in lae world ; besides which, from its contiguity to England, the voyage is consider- ably shorter than to any of the British Colonies, very seldom exceeding five or six weeks, and from the great number of vessels going there for cargoes in ballast, passages may be procured at very low rates. In short, a family leaving this country may be settled in Upper Canada, on a small improved farm, for what it would cost them for the voyage to New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, or Swan River. * ? re //yy/ '■^i::-r£m./-._ *l PREFACE. v,1 I HAVE been chiefly induced to submit the folluwiag pages to the public, with a view of correcting the erro- neous idea which I have found prevails in this country, with regard to the climate of one of the uiost important of the British Colonial possessions. Canada is considered, even by many otherwise well-informed persons, as a country covered with enternal snows, and scarcely fit for the habitation of a civilized being. A residence of some years in the Upper Province has enabled me decidedly to state, that such is not the fact, and that in point of climate, soil, and capability for an advantageous settlement, it is not exceeded, if equalled, by any country in the world ; besides which, from its contiguity to England, the voyage is consider- ably shorter than to any of the British Colonies, very seldom exceeding five or six weeks, and from the great number of vessels going there for cargoes in ballast, passages may be procured at very low rates. In short, a family leaving this country may be settled in Upper Canada, on a small improved farm, for what it would cost them for the voyage to New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, or Swan River. ■" ■•■-r^ -Av.. IV PRRrACK, '■ s ■\ tw. To satisfy parlies of my ability to ^•iv(> tliom correct information of the capabilities of lJ|)pcr Canada, I refer to the subjoined letter, addressed to me by the Pk'ovincial Secretary, by order of his Excellency, Sir John Colborne, the respected (lovcrnor of the Upper Province, a few days previous to my departure from York. <;OVERNMENT IIOUSK, York, Oct. .">, 1»;:{). Sir, — With reference to your conversation with the Lieut. -Governor, on the sid>ject of cmi;^ration, and to your intention of proceeding to England for the purpose of giving correct information in the county in which you were established, previous to your settling in this Province, I am directed to accpiaint you, that his Excellency is persuaded that your residence for three years in this country, and your constant intercourse with letters in every District, and your employment as an Agent for Land, qualities you in every respect to convey to persons, who may find it expedient to emi- grate, a just account of the Colony ; and that he thinks your advice may be most serviceable to them. . The Lieut. -Governor has desired that you may have access to the Statistical Accounts in this Othce, and inspect any Returns that may appear necessary to com • plete your Report. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your most obedient, humble Servant, Z. MuDGE, Secretary. To W. Cattermole, Upper Canada, York. nacibi •=rffls=t«*»- ijgffi; iil.Jswc^»»iii.' .'i*.-:i.tii<,: V' INTRODUCTION. The sulijectoii which I propodc uthlressiiig the incetinir, is one, I have no doubt, of puiuinount importance to the greater part of uiy hearers ; it is therefore my in- tention to avoid all extranecms matter, and convey as much information as I am in possession of, in as few words as will suffice to render that information intelli- gible. I am induced to adopt this plan, first, on ac- count of my hearers who will have the double advantage of saving their time, and enabling them more fully to comprehend, remember, and appreciate the facts brought forward. Secondly, on my own account, because I am unwilling t ssume the slightest appear- ance of arrogating to myself the iuiportance of a lec- turer, as far as any pretensions to literary merit con- stitute that character, and I shall trust to your liber- ality in favouring me with a patient hearing. For this reason I shall also avoid every train of reflection, however naturally they might spring out of my subject, but would not necessarily contribute to its illustration, although it is impossible to reflect upon the magnificent and varied scenery through which I have passed, without a strong temptation to impart fi' I^^ ' A H INTRODUCTION. some idea of their grandeur to the minds of others. Yet they have little to do with the actual motives, or eventual success of persons, who have to enquire, whether or not, they can better their condition by emigration ; and still less on their choice of residence in a new country, where many considerations supercede the beauty of scenery. I wish, therefore, to confine myself to a statement of facts, founded on personal experience, to the best of my judgment, and with a sincere desire that it may benefit such of my hearers as may be interested on this important subject. In the development of the causes which at present dispose persons to emigrate from the mother country. I shall say but little, I leave that to many highly talented individuals already engaged in the research ; it is sufficient that the disposition does exist, and that the emigrant want direction, or leading in the right course to warrant any one acquainted with the subject in stepping forward to assist his countrymen, rather than see such numbers go wrong, as was particularly the case last year. My object principally is, to caution and benefit those with whom to go, or not to go, is no longer the question ; but where to go, how to go, and in what capacity, or with what views. It is on these primary and vital points I venture to offer the results of my own experience, at least, as an honest guide, though by no means an infallible leader. I principally address myself to the agricultural population, because it is them I most wish to see emi- grate. The emigrant who goes out with habits of ' ■■*• '- — ilhM — wssBSKKu: jK^iJssaii^^'w'" INTRODUCTION. vir of others, motives, or enquire, ndition by f residence s supercede , to confine on personul and with a my hearers [ibject. 1 at present ler country, lany highly le research ; st, and that in the right the subject rmen, rather particularly industry, and will oidy retain them, not suffering him- self to be led away with the ridiculous hope of finding a place where idleness may repose, while the earth shall produce its fiuits ttpontancously, cannot fail of success. The first question that presents itself to the mind of an Englishman on determining to quit his native shore for America, is — whether he shall make the United States, or Canada, the scene of his future residence and exertions. So much has been written on the United States, and that for the most part so interesting, and so little on theCanadas, with their immense resources, that I am not surprised at the general determination having been in favour of the United States. I how- ever, have fairly tried both countries, and in deciding in favour of Canada, am prepared to adduce reasons, the validity of which I will set forth in the course of my remarks. and benefit longer the ind in what lese primary isults of my uide, though agricultural I to see emi- h habits of N 1 /.I i^\ ) l'be( Yfl Outl Bi II ai f * Cm o< ft C :/ i fi CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Page The Geofraphical ponition of Canada— Itn Cliniate, Soil, Prodactiou I CHAPTER II. Ocsoriptioa of the principal Towns, and varioiu IniproTemeuts in York and the Home District IS CHAPTER III. Uutline of the Canada Company, and the prospects it holds out to British S<;ttlerg 35 CHAPTER IV. Description of the principal Roads, Lakes, Canals in the route tnm Montreal to Sandwich — A Table of Population and Assessment, and List of the Members returned, corrected up to March 1831— Africultural Societies, &c 4t CHAPTER V. CoupariMm between New York State and Upper Canada— Price* of land in each County— Value of Produce, Labour, PopulatS«fn according to the last Census— And also some of the principal CitiM in Um Union 71 • X CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. r«fe Ceuoral advice to EmigrantH— List of I'ricea of Wage* — Description of persons most wanted in Upper Canada— The proper time to Emigrate — Most economicul means pointed out to accomplish the Voyage, &c St CHAPTER VII. l i and it is a position not to be shaken, there being n(y positive requisite wanting for prosperity, whether as respects a fostering government, mild laws, easy taxation, a total absence (vf tithes, a iine climate, fertile soil, and ready markets. One serious drawback, however, to all these advant- ages must not be concealed, it is an evil of that magnitude that it cannot be too strongly animadverted upon, I mean drunkenness, by yielding to which the transition from decent sober men, to the opposite extreme, is effected in that country with a celerity much to be deplored, and I am fearful this degrading and destructive vice will continue while ardent spirits are sold at the cheap rate they now are. Such as are already addicted to this vice, or who distrust their power to resist its temptation, I would seriously advise- to stay at home ; the land teems with slaves to thi* profanation of all the moral and intellectual powers of mankind. This remark applies both to Canada and the United States. A further reason for advising all who think of the Canada's, to go direct to the Upper Province, is, that Lower Canada is too hot in summer, and cold in winter, to suit the general habits and constitution of English emigrants ; the stoves invariably in use, are by no means calculated to inspire any of those feelings of comfort, so highly prJzed in setting round the wood tires on the hearth, that are found to afford suflicient warmth in the Upper Province, and to which any one from Britain not only becomes reconciled, but attached. I already miss one Canadian comfort, my I I IX.. 5 ere being tiw whether as laws, easy fine climate, hese advant- evil of that animadverted to whit'h the the opposite ith a celerity lis deQ;radin^ ardent spirits Such as are distrust their iriously advise slaves to this- tual powers of ) Canada and > think of the vince, is, that , and cold in id constitution riably in use, any of those 1 setting round found to aiford , and to which reconciled, but 1 comfort, my blazins; wood fire, and in common, with most others, I disliked them at first. The French language may be considered the verna- cular tongue in Lower Can ida, still I do not exactly view that in the light of an objection, though many would feel awkward in not understanding it, and to conduct all mercantile affairs, it is absolutely necessary. Quebec and Montreal are the receiving ports for the Upper Province, and the markets for its' corn, flour, staves, lumber, pot and pearl ashes, whiskey and salt provisions, these for years to come must constitute the chief articles of commerce, with a small quantity of peltries or furs, the Hudson Bay Company doing the principal business in these articles; towards the north-west all kinds of fur goods are much higher than in England, and not so well manufactured. CLIMATE. The climate improves every season as the forests disappear, and in their place farms spring up in all directions; I can only speak of it since I became a resident, and can very truly say, I have suffered far more from the humid atmosphere of England, since my return in December last, than I ever did in York, Upper Canada. When 1 left the latter place in Octo- ber, 1830, the frost had only mildly set in, the Indian summer had not made its appearance ; Christmas-day 1821», was as mild as I often experienced in England. So much has been said against the climate of this fine country, I am induced to state that I found it more B a 6 ■ ;■;:;;,' pleasant than Great Britain, because not so moist and unsettled. Indeed it might be said, that the inhabit- ants of Canada have but two seasons, sunnner and winter. Winter has no sooner disa])])care(l, which generally happens in the middle of April, than the whole animal and vegetable creation starts into renewed life, with a rapidity and a vigour that leaves the sea- son of spring with such doubtful limits, as to be scarcely perceptible. In the fall of the year the months of September and October are generally tine and summer-like, and are succeeded by what is termed the Indian summer ; in November, during which the genial temperature of the atmosjjhere is extremely pleasant. To convey a just idea of an Upper Canada winter, it may be stated that the chain of shallow lakes which run in an easterly and south-easterly direction, from lake Simcoe towards the midland district, are seldom or ever frozen so hard as to bear a man with any heavy burden before Christmas, and are again open before the middle of April. The great lakes are never frozen over in winter, but freciuently exhibit a beautiful and striking phenomenon during the inclement season, by reason of the water being warmer than the atmospheri- cal air. The small and nearly stagnant bays are frozen for a few yards only from the shores where the water is shallow. The earth is seldom frozen deeper than 12 to 18 inches; and the snow rarely lies in greater depth than from 18 inches to 2 feet, unless where it is drifted. i The frost commences about Christmas, and contin- ues until near April, and sometimes it is the first week X n moist and the inhabit- u miner and red, whieli , tlian the nto renewed k'es the sea- , as to be r the months iy fine and s termed the h the genial ;ly pleasant, jada winter, lakes which L'ction, from , are seldom th any heavy open before never frozen eautiful and t season, by atmospheri- ys are frozen ;re the water deeper than US in greater ss where it is and contin- :he first week in that month before the navigation is open, during which time if plenty of snow falls, the inhabitants enjoy sleigh riding with safety, well wrapt up in buflf'alo robes, bear skins, u;;hts, cVc. this pervades all ranks, even the Indian oliserves it, and rarely appears, at least, to suft'er from the most severe weather, which it shonid be ohserved is generally dry, seldom takinjjf cold ; if the feet and head are kept warm, all |j;<)es on well ; fur caps are much uorn in winter, hein|>' better adapted than hats, and may be had near 100 per cent, cheaper here than in Canada; 10 dollars is the usual price of a good cap. The, air though much colder than in this country, being dry and deprived of its moistness by congelation, has less effect on the human body than moister air, although many degrees \\ armer. Numbers of Americans living in the Upper Province, with whom I have often conversed, consider it as mild even at Kingston, 180 miles lower than York to the north-east, as it is at Albany and Schenaetady, be- tween which there is a difference of near 3 degrees of latitude. Persons in England are often deceived in reference to latitude. I was recently informed by a gentleman who has been 33 years in the extreme of the north-west part of the Hudson's Bay territory, that the side of a sheet of water next the pole is always warmer than that next the equinoctial ; from which, and from my own observations, I conceive the climate of Upper Canada favorable to health and longevity, if due regard is paid to insure them. Salt springs are found in all directions at the head of lake Ontario, and a valuable one has recently been discovered at Hallowell, in the mid-land district; these I 1 It II al IS a hii ;o proper out fear- [le Indian lifter from ol)serves containing generally about ten miles square, or (54,000 acres, and are further divided into concessions, by lines running parallel to the river, lake or settled townships, which is called the from', the concessions are subdivided into lots, by lines running from front to rear of the township, which by the intersection of these lines, generally at right angles, is thus laid out into a diagram. In the original survey :iiid allotment of these townshij)s, every seventh lot Mils reserved for the use of his Majesty, and the lots ■i 15 extends alone; ind the lakes ada houndarv roit river, and > miles. This the Ottawa, 1, Newcastle, 1. These dis- nd townships, out ten miles ■r divided into to the river, led the fronv', lots, by lines hip, which by it right angles, original survey ry seventh lot , and the lots •^o reserved are known in the province by the ii, llie two principal Inns being mostly crowded with com- pany. In winter, the l*arliament being held there, jmturally occasions a great influx of persons. The best comment will be to compare the present condition of the whole Home District with what it mus ten years since, the po|)ulation in 1829, was accord- ing to the returns, {),3«0, and in 1B30, 2»,5(J0 ; the town of York alone contained only 1,170 persons, in 1829, 2,511 ; up to April, lt{30, 2,8(50. The accu- racy of the last return, from the constant influx during all last year of emigrants, I can place little reliance ; it was generally computed by most j)ersons I en(piired of, previous to my leaving, that the population in and near the town, was little short of 5,000, so many having settled within the last 12 months. 100/. is raised annually for a Police tax, and to support a tire-engine; iires, considering the number of wooden buildings, do not often occur. Water in the town is not generally good from the wells, but excellent from the bay which runs up to the town, most well water being to a certain extent brack- ish and impregnated with limestone, which strangers instantly perceive; this may easily be remedied by boiling, and all emigrants should use this |)recaution ; in most parts I consider the water ))erfectly good. The lands in the innnediate vicinitv of York, are, in my opinion, exorbitantly high, being chiefly in private hands, who will not sell at par ; nor do T consider the land for 5 miles round York by any means desirable, G acre lots near the town are selling at 150/. c 3 ■J^ 18 t ii and town lots of | acre, in a good situation, now fetches from 60 to 100/., consequently, rents are as dear as in the city of London. One main cause is, the land on which much of the town is built belongs- to the church, and they only let on building leases, a frontage of 23 feet by 80 feet, pays a ground rent of 17/. 10s. and is one reason that it did not progress faster, till it was certain, from great improvement going forward. Good lodging-houses are much wanted, aiul if some si)irited innkeepers were to go front England, it must answer their purpose. The society in York is equal to any provincial town in Britain, and on Sundays the different congregations present as gay an appearance as in this country, both as regards fashion, handsome carriages, and attendance of servants ; who, by the bye, bad as they are, even there, are full fifty per cent, better than in New York, or any part of the states I ever visited. The place is well supplied with ministers of most denominations, Episcopalian, Roman Catholics, both of whom have bishops frequently residing in town ; Presbyterians, Methodists, and Independents. A College has recently been established in York, called the Upper Canada College, its object is to pre- pare youth in every branch of classical education for a university, which it is proposed to establish as soon as the wants of the province require it ; the charter has been granted, and there are lands set apart by the Crown for its endowment. This establishment has for its object, affording the means of education in every branch of literature and s'liience ; so that the inhabitants 19 lituation, novi rents art; a» nain cause is, built belong* lilding leases, ground rent of i not progress improvement :s are much vere to go from )rovincial town t congregations country, both and attendance they are, even in New York, The place is denominations, of whom have Presbyterians, shed in York, >ject is to pre- education for a )lish as soon as he charter has ;t apart by the shment has for cation in every the inhabitants of Upper Canada, who are desirous of bringing up their children to any of the liberal professions, may do so without incurring the expense of sending them out of the province. No religious tests are recjuired of the students, and every facility is att'orded, by putting the annual expense very low, to render it as open to all persons as possible. Every advantage may reasonably be expected from this university, and it certainly removes a 8eri»)us ditHculty, from the mind of every thinking father of a family, who otherwise desirous of emigrating, might pause from a fear, that he would thereby be depriving his children of the opportunity of obtaining that ines- timable advantage, a good education. It may very naturally be asked, what opening is there for young men to establish themselves in life, after their education is completed ; in answering this question, the readiest mode will be to take a short glance at the state of the various professions, and general occupations in the country, independent of farming and mechanics. The church establishment is at present chiefly sup- ported by the Society for the propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts, and the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge, for although a certain part of the crown lands are set apart for the maintenance and support of a protestant clergy, the revenue yet derived from this is very small, and wholly inadequate to the object in view. The number of clergymen at present, is not at all calculated for a population extended over so large a surface, and would the funds, applicable to \ ( '^n . 20 their supporl permit, a miK-li lar2;or numlM'r inii;!it In* Avell eni])loyc(l. The stipend to each eler^vinan ih not more than sutHcient for a respeituMe maintenance, and the allowaneo varyin!;- with the importunee of the situation, from 100/. to *200 and :J00/. per iuiinim. The life of a medical man in Upper (^anada is generally one of a 2;reat luhonr, the practice recpiirini; a good deal of traveilinn', as will appear to every per- son who takes into consideration how widely the popnlation is spread in this new conntry ; hut in towns the case is diti'erent, and respectable practitioners there meet with ample su|)port. By a provincial statute there is a medical hoard appointed, by whom all j)ersons desirous of obtaining a licence to practice are examined, and on the favourable report of the candidate's (pialitication, the governor issues a licence. The profession af the law is more followed than either of the foregoing, and many have succeeded in its pursuits. Eiery practitioner is at present both barrister and attorney, although many objections are found to this union, and the (piestion of dividing them is now in agitation. In order to be admitted as an attorney, it is necessary to study for live years, under articles with some one in actual practice ; and in other respects, the admission is precisely under the same rules and regulations as in England. Barristers, on the other hand, are adnutted after complying with the regulations established by the law society, which is a corporation established by the provincial parliament, and consists of an indefinite number of benchers, by ^Uiom, at their convocation in term, all bye-laws and i 21 * ■f I i M 22 I'rockville, and Pr<>sc(>t, lit which town most iiavt'Hors take the steam hoals for York, on the head of the liike. The tiu'es f»>r cabin j)asseui;ers are to Niagara and York, 5()s. witli an excellent table ; wine is an extra. Tlie next town on the route, is KINCSTON. V It is perhaps the finest built town in the Province, and is veil situated on the north side of the Saint Lawrence, it was founded in 17H:J, and now presents u front of nearly -^- of a mile; in 15V2H, by census, its poj)U'' lation appeared :],'>"2U, but has p;reatly increased since it was tai;en, this did not include the troops of the garrison; the streets are rej>;ular, but not paved, and like most towns in America, ruiminpf at right angles. The houses are well built, and chiefly of stone, and [)resent an idea of more comfort than any town in the Upper Pro\ince, with little taste as to architectural design or beauty. The public buildings are, a govern- ment house, court house, a protestant and catholic es being entertained, and endeavours having recently been made to induce the Imperial Parliament to remove the seat of government from York to Kingston, an idea which now appears totally abandoned. The iirst week in April, Kingston is all bustle for the sprino trade, which continues till late in Autumn, during which period vast numbers of schooners from t'.O to tff m most iravollors till* IicjkI of the s are to Nio^ura >l)lc' ; uiiie is uii ill the I'roviiK'e, (le of llie Saint (I now proj-ents a L'ensns, its |)0|hi-i y incroawetl since ic troops of the not paved, and at right annles. y of stone, an(i any town in the to architectural j,s are, a govern- nt and cathoHc 's the garrison, en considerahly w years, stronin i having recently Eiment to remove Kingston, an ned. The rirst : for the sprinn intumn, during lers from V.O to fP^ 23 160 tons, which navigate the hikes, freipicnt tills port ,' the steam-hoats also add much to its animation. The Ilideau ('anal, when completed, will give a further con- secpience to it. The harhour is represenled as well sheltered, with good anchorage for vessels not rc(piiring more than :) fathoms of water, defended by two hatteries, and a shoal stretching from ISIissisaga Point, with but 5 feet water upon it. Opposite to the town is Navy liay. Point Henry is the princi])al dej)6t on lake Ontario. On the western side are the dockyards, storehouses, slips for building ships of war, cVc. Here was, at an immense cost, built the St. l^awreuce, a first-rate, mounting 102 guns, but it is now rotting on the stocks in an unfinished state ; this proves what may be effected, slioidd occasion rccpiire it. The land about Kingston is very inferior, full of stones and rocks, but good land may be found a few miles from it, particularly about the Bay of Quinte ; the trade of Kingston cannot now compare w itii York, and this one circumstance may siitlice — rents are full 30 per cent, lower, and more empty houses to be found. The bulk of the inhabitants are Irish, Scotch, and Americans. GANNANOQUE. is a thriving village near Kingston, depending on the enterpriziiig proj)rietors of the mills and machinery, erected on a river of the same name, which in this phtce luui a fail of 21 feet, and is a powerful and ^ y' i) iWf^ F 1' 1 H \ 24 pormannit streanj. Messrs. J. and C. MacHonald's saw- mill prepares vast ([iiutitities of liiinber for domestic consumption, and tor the Montreal and European markets ; one of their ^rist mills, wilh two run of stones, p;rin<[s for (he farmers; the other, with four run, in almost constant operation, grinds flour for the Lower Canada and forci^;n markets. Last year they floured 25, 000 barrels, liein;;' the greatest (piantity ever ground at any one estahlishment in the Province in the same given time. So high a character does the brand of their mills bear, that the merchants below purchase their flour readily without inspection. Two of their mill-stones they had fn>m Utica, and two from Rochester. The York factory had not then com- menced. Messrs M. a()pear to have introduced perfect order and system into their establishments. They allow no whiskey to be manufactured by their people ; they sell no ardent spirits in their stores, yet ffcem to sustain no inconvenience from the singular course they have adopted iu this respect. They have a tannery near, also a paii aictory on a large scale, where they make a pail in 8 or 10 minutes, from the staves to the hoo))s and handle. Messrs M. employ a great number of people ; I found not less than 20 coopers at work for them. Their grist mill machinery, when in full operation, is a curious and interesting sight. Stowed away in the mill now there are not less than 3,000 barrels flour. They have extensive wharfs below their mills, to which the largest steam-boats have easy access. Among other manufactories, there 18 here a bowl or wooden-dish factory, and the great I I 1 ! '^ib^ ^ 25 Vlacdoimld'H naw- il)cr for (loincstitr il and Eiiropciin with two run of other, with four riiids flour for the Last year they iteat quantity ever the Province in laracter does the merchants below inspection. Two ica, and two from not then com ■ have introduced r establishments, factured l>y their 1 their stores, yet om the singular ect. They have on a large scale, linutes, from the lessrs M. employ not less than 20 t mill machinery, and interesting there are not less extensive wharfs ^est steam-boats mfactories, there ^ and the great water power enjoyed in this spot, added to its pruxiniity to the St. Lawrence, will doubtless increase, before long, the number of its handicruftsmcu. imOCKVlLLK. This may bt; termed, with mucli propriety, the villa<<'e of piilaces, tiie llu'j;ue of Upper Canada, for it fitr outvies all the other towns iu the province, in the elegance of the workmanship and the substantial cha- racter of the buildings. The uneven nature of the groimd adds mmli to the grandeur of the view as you approach it, from either side, whether by land or the river. The court-house, churches, spires, S:c. produce excellent eft'ect. Judge Jonas Jones has here accumu- lated a considerable property. He has turned aside the practice of the law, and commenced the purchase and sale of wheat. !Ie sold 18,000 bushels in Mon- treal— some of it at 5s. and the rest at 'Is. OJ. Brockville suj)ports one Newspaper, the Recorder, a journal long and ably conducted by William Buel!, Esq. one of the county members. On a heavy stream, nine miles above Brockville, Mr. Charles Jones has built a large and handsome tlouring mill, with other erections. — This is a wild aud very romantic spot, well worthy the attention of the traveller. BELLEVILLE. This village, the ca{)ital of the county of Hastings, exhibits pleasing signs of the march of improvement so ; It I ! M 26 general in the colony, I understand that not less than 100,000 bushels of wheat is held to be the current year's export from thence. Not long ago it hardly raised enough to suj)|M)rt the population in the neighbourhood. Belleville has a Newspaper, the pro- jjerty of Lieut. -Col. Samson, one of the countj members, Mr. Clark and Baldwin of the Toronto Steamer. PORT HOPE. Within the last few years, this village (built in a valley, and on the sides of two steep hills, at the foot of which flows the waters of the Hope, otherwise called Smith's Creek,) has had some handsome and extensive buildings erected. There are three churches in the village and environs. There is a newspaper published weekly in Port Hope. COBOURG. This is a very fine and flourishing village, in which nitiuy half-pay othcers of his Majesty's Army and Navy are comfortably settled. Henry's mills, and the estate adjoining, have been purchased by Mr. Ham of Bath, for <5,000/. Mr. Henry retires from business. It is said in Cobourg, that the Court-house, at the village of Andierst, is about to be annexed to Cobourg, to be called Cobourg Court-house, and a represen- tati> e given to the tract of territory in the provincial 27 md that not less held to be the Not U)ng ago it population in the ;\vspaper, the pro- ; of the countj 1 of the Toronto village (built in a steep hills, at the le Ilojje, otherwise >nie handsome and arc three churehes !re is a newspaper iig village, in which ijesty's Army and nry's mills, and the Red by Mr. Ham of ires from business, ^ourt-house, at the nnexed to Cobourg, ;, and a represen- y in the provincial 'legislature. The iMcthodist Seminary is to be built on a rising ground, behind Cobourg, in a pleasant and healthy situatio:. If the Episcoj)alian college send a member to the Assembly, the Methodists at Cobourg ought to be allowed a like privilege. Cobourg is a handsome and tliri\iiig j)lace. Has its stores in abundance ; its post-ollice ; printing-office, with a newspaper; its churches; chapels; wharf; lawyers; blacksmiths ; inns and inn-keepers ; hatters, shoe- makers, and every other convenience which a wealthy grain-purchtising, nioney-nuiking generation could tlesirc. The Court-house is a massy structure of blue free-stone, very strong, and in good taste. Mr. George S. Boulton has built himself an elegant mansion, on a Arising ground, below the village. PETERBOROUGH. I This is a settlement formed in the township of ii^lonaghan, by Irish paupers, who were located in ilti'iJl, 'uider the superinteudance of the Hon. Peter *flobinson, at the exjjciise of go\ernment, from the ^reports of all parties w!io 1ki\c examined it, it is in a ilflourishiiig condition, and though the settlers were of the poorest class, still they have generally succeeded. The great objection to this mode of emigration is, that it cost for a settler, his wife and children, 110/. near 22/. for each iiulividual, far too much to expend on one family, unless a certain return can be insured to the government, even then, I do not see the propriety D'2 •I J M 6' R ^ 28 of giving land and advancing money at this rate, when half the sum is fully adequate to accomplish all that is required to render the same number com- fortable. On Yonge street road, near York, many eligible spots offer for farmers with small capital, leading to Gwil- liambury and Newmarket, distant about 30 miles ; on the whole length of this road are pleasant villages at a few miles distance — one has recently been established at Thorn Hill, by the perseverance of Henry Thorn, Esq. who planted a tannery, and last year erected a grist mill, at the cost of upwards of 2,000/. ; and in the same neighbourhood are some most respectable farmer^ from near Bristol, who are all doing well. \^ DUNDAS Is 42 miles up the road from York, and is a thriving village, from its connection with Burlington Bay, it bids fair to become an important place at no distant period ; it lies in the direct road to the Canada Company's lands; the land is particularly good in this part, and is thickly inhabited ; has an excellent tavern, kept by a Mr. Jones, from Birminghani, and no traveller, tiesirous of comfort, if near night-time, should pass his door, a good inn being a perfect rara-avis. Three miles further is the pleasant village of ANCASTER. The situation picturesque, and offers advantages to emigrants from its proximity to Hamilton. At the head « 29 of this rate, when I accomplish all lie number com- iiany eligible spots , leading to Gwil- boiit 30 miles ; on ileasant villages at Iv been established i of Henry Thorn, ast year erected a !,000/. ; and in the espectable farmers, vvell. V, and is a thriving iurlington Bay, it place at no distant to the Canada ularlv good in this %■' ~ in excellent tavern, ningham, and no night-time, should perfect rara-avis. illage of ffers advantages to ilton. At the head of the lake, it has a good frame church, and a worthy preacher, the Reverend jMr. Shead, a Scotch presbyte- rian; it contains about 500 inhabitants, many of whom are Scotch, and a Idnder-heartcd race is not to be found ; few travellers, from any country, ever pass the hospitable log-house of Mattliew Crooks, if they want to gather information of tb -> country. BRANTFORD Is the next village, and is a most delightful spot, is fidmirably adapted for flock and grazing farms ; the land is at present chietly in the possession of the jtribes of Indians, of which John Brant is chief. No |)art of Upiier Canada pleased me more than the ride ^hrough this township to Burford, and the Oxford and •Westminster districts. Mr. Brant is returned to the Jlouse of Assembly this session, and is the first Indian |vho ever took his seat. There are very extensive mills, good stores, and an Episcopal church in the village, the greater part of the inhabitants are Ame- Iwcans, and some hundred Indians are living in and llbout the village, most of whom have large quantities :pf land, which they will lease out on advantageous terms. : • GUELPH. This town has been laid out by the (^anada Company 01 the Gore district, on a branch of the Ouse, or grand river of Lake Erie, called the river Speed, ivhich is a considerable stream, with fallsin the vicinity i D 3 4 ' I'R ' ■r i 30 of the town suiHtient to afford sites for fifteen <»r twenty mills. Lime-stone, easily tjuarred, and which makes excellent lime, is found in the immediate vicinit\ of these falls, and clay well adapted for makini,^ bricks is plentiful ; the land is covered with heavy timber, so that all materials for building are abundant. The operation of (blearing the ground fov the town plot wa.i commenced on the 23d of April, 1827 ; the first build - mf^ erected, was a large house for the reception ol settlers on their arrival ; a stone building for a school- house has been erected, and sites for churches and burying-grounds given gratuitously to congregati«)ns a|)plying for the same. As a further inducenient to early settlers, the price at first fixed for town lots, of ii (piarter of an acre each, was 20 dollars, with th( privilege to purchasers to take up farms in the vicinity, of 50 acres each, at 7s. Qd. currency, or Ij doUiir per acre. These prices were subsecjnently raised, first to 30 dollars, and then to 40 dollars for town lots ; and from 15s. to 40s. per acre for farm lots. The Company have opened roads, at their expense, to the various townships around ; and one main road is now in operation from Guelph to Dunda.s, *24 miles, which latter place will become the depot for all grain raised in the back townships, fetchini: with the mere diflerence of carriage, as high a prici there and at rUunborough, which is 20 miles dis tant from Guelph, as at York, where it is shippeii for the Montreal market. Upwards: of 200 houses an now built ; a iirst-rate stone grist mill will be ii 31 ites for fifteen or iiarred, and which a imnietliate vicinit\ 1 for niakiui,^ hricks li heavy timber, so re almndant. The V the town pU)t wa.-> ;tJ7 ; the first build - or the reception ol iiiUling for a sehool- s for churches and y to congreajations •ther inihiceinent to ;d for town h>ts, of ii dollars, with tin fiirms in the vicinity, rency, or 1^ dollar subse(inently raised,, 40 dollars for town ere for farm lots, ids, at their expense. and one main road ph to Dundas, '24 becomo the depot townships, fetchiii^' riage, as high a pri(( lich is 20 miles i\h where it is shippei rdt of 200 houses an grist mill will be ii operation in January, 1831 ; there are several tav<>rns, where board and lodging may be procured on moderate terms, and tradesmen of most descriptions are among its inhabitants ; they amount to about HOO. Settlers, with capital, who prefer establishing tluMii- selves on land, on which partial clearings have been made, and log-houses erected, will generally find lots with such improvements, for sale. This arises from persons going originally in very destitute circumstances, or rather dependent on the Company's assistance, who, ha^■ing succeeded on their lots, are willing to sell their land, with a reasonable profit, to new comers, at from 4 to (> dollars, with the improvements on the same, houses, barns, I've. T''?se individuals generally remove further westward, having acquired sufficient knowledge of the country, and purchase on the Huron tract, which is e(pial in quality, at from Is. (>(/. to 10s. per acre. i Persons possessing small capitals will find Guelph ipne of the most desirable parts of the colony to fix themselves, especially if they have large families. 100^. on arrival at the spot, will enable an industrious .person to support his family, because, in purchasing land, one-fifth only is required to be paid down, and the remainder, with the advantage of having roads and a good nmrket w ithin 24 miles, can be made off the farm in time to meet the instalments, and in no one instance have the Company, since its formation, had tK'casion to resort to compulsion for any arrears. 1 ; f H ' 32 When it is considered thiit in 1B27, Guelpli was u forest, and that in UV.ii, it tontinns near «()() inhahi- tants, \\'\t\\ ahoiit 1(>0() acres of cultivated htnd, an excellent mill, erected at the cost of 2000/. places of worshi[), and most of the necessary accommoda- tions to be found in English villatves, it presents to the future emigrants from Britain, all that rational chance of success and comfort which could hardly have been anticipated. GODERICH. This town has been also laid out by the Canada (Company, and is situated at the confluence of the river Maitland with lake Huron, which promises, from its local advaiitages, to become one of the most im- portant and nourishing settlements in the Province. A considerable number of enterprizing colonists, and among them many possessed of capital, have this season sold their old cultivated farms on Yonge street, near York, and proceeded to the neighbourhood of Cioderich, where there is a grist-nnll, saw-mill, brick- kiln, tavern, 6:c. considerable quantity of land has been recently taken up by them ; with this party arc several old American settlers, who have been 15 and 20 years in the Province, which is a strong proof of the goodness both of soil and situation, they beiiig, from experience, the best judges. The har- bour, the oidy one on the Canadian side of the lake, is capable of containing vessels of the burthen of 200 tons ; it has been established as a port of entrv, vhic the t tieigl Stat< T! 8crib< rica. clay, 15u dolla inth Th by tl coura; dispo! Thei finish Lake Clair cijrcui in st( Port laid Andu a to\ impo! Detrt chant want smug! brioUi: n, (iuelph was u s near »00 iuhabi- •ultivatcd laud, an t of '2000/. places ssary aceoinuioda- iges, it presents to , all that rational jiich could hardly out by the Canada ; couHuence of the hich promises, from lie of the most im- iu the Province, rizing; colonists, and capital, have this ms on Yonge street, neii^hbonrhood of lill, saw-mill, brick- aautity of land has ; with this party are A' ho have been 15 which is a strong and situation, they judges. The har- m side of the lake, f the burthen of 2O0 as a port of entry, 33 l^hich will ensure to the inhabitants a great share of the trade with the upper countries, and their opposite daily to York, aiid large (piantities of cider and whilt fish. :r gUEENSTON. The next town lies 7 miles distaiit from Niagara, at the bottom of the romantic heights to which the villap gives its name, and at the northern extremity of tin portage from the fal'-;. In the village is a eluircli court-house, and government stores, and a populatio: of nearly 500 inhabitants ; it was here General Brocl. fell, a handsome stone colunni is erected to lii memory ; the surrounding country is very beautiful and fields well till'H , c( nimanding an extensive vitv of the state of New Y^ork, the province. It is 35 liusinoss is trans- I'kiui settlement ; it it 1700 iiilmbit'.ints, uhich adds grcull\ iiin to Niagara. It army under general 1 rapidly, t.nd is a ce a ^vcck ; the cli- iinest poaches in tin uui f^ent by steamer^ s of cider and uhilt CHAPTER 111. mt from Niagara, a! s to uhich thevillap ern extremity of tlu village is a church es, and a populatioi s here General Broci. 11 is erected to hi try is very beautiful iig an extensive vitv The Canada Company was incorporated by Act of Parliament and Royal Charter, in 1820, for the pur- pose of purchasing, holding, improving, clearing, settling, and disposing of waste and other lands in the province of Upper Canada; for opening, making, im- proving, and maintaning roads and other internal .|comraunications for the benefit thereof, Arc. The objects of the Company are of the highest iin- jortance, both to the present welfare and to the future prosperity of Upper Canada, and cannot fail, with iudicious management, to produce very ample returns to the share-holders. The original contract with his ■ Majesty's government, was for the whole of the CroMn Reserves, and half of the Clergy Reserves ; but, in consequence of some difficulty relative tc the Clergy Reserves, the Company agreed to take one million acres of land in lieu of those Reserves. 1 ,' if/,| m 36 The Company therefore selected out of the land belonging to the crown, on the south-east shore of Lake Huron, a tract of one million of acres, called the Huron Tract, and in the survey of which no land is to be reserved for the Crown or the Clergy. The inhabitants of this Tract are thus exempt from an inconvenience much complained of by settlers in other parts of the Province — that of their farms being separated from each other by Reserves, and other grants of land which remained unoccupied and un- jleared, forming an impediment to the continuous settlement of the country, until they acquired value from the labours of the settlers around them, and from the increase of population, which the existence of such Reserves and grants of lands remaining unsettled had greatly contributed to check. On the contrary, the whole of the land in the Huron Tract is at once open to unimpeded and continuous settlement ; and in addi- tion to the expenses which the Company may incur for the improvement of their own property, they are authorized, under the contract, to expend 45,000/. of the purchase-money in such public improvements, within the Tract, as shall be approved by the Pro- vincial Government, or the Secretary of State for the Colonial Department. The Tract was explored previously to the selection being made, and the reports which were received from t) 1 parties on that mission, are of the most satisfactory iature. 37 of the land east shore of acres, called vhich no land Clergy. The impt from an ttlers in other farms being ss, and other pied and un- he continuous cquired value lem, and from stence of such unsettled had contrary, the at once open ; and in addi- iny may incur )roperty, they ipend 45,000/. improvements, I by the Pro- of State for o the selection ! received from lost satisfactory It is bounded on the west by Lake Huron, alon^ \\\\k\\ it runs for nearly sixty miles, having within its limits one considerable river, at the mouth of which is a good harbour ; another river which nmy probably be rendered navigable, and numerous creeks and streamlets, many of which are large enough, and have falls sufficient to drive mills or machinery of any description. On the south it is bounded by the town- ships of Zorra, Nissouri, London, and Lobo, all in the London district, which townships are partly settled, and in which the Company have above 250 lots of Reserves for sale. On the south-east it communicates with two considerable blocks, situated in the townshi|> of Wilmot, containing 30,000 acres, only twelve miles distant from the Guelph township, and connected therewith by roads already opened through the inter- vening township of Waterloo, which is an old and populous settlement. The most unqualified praise is given by all the exploring party, without exception, in regard to the soil. One of the gentleman states, " I have already adverted to the nature and fertility of the soil, and I think I may be justified in adding, that such is the general excellence of the land, that if ordinary care be taken to give each lot no more than its own share of any small swamp in the vicinity, it would be di'vicult, if not impossible, to find 200 acres together in the whole Tract, which would make a bad farm. Al- though the land may be capable of raiting any kind v,f produce usual in that country, yet some spots are more peculiarly advantageous for particular crops. 88 (1 I ?,t I'or iiiMtaiRT, the black a^li swules (u kind o( swaTi)|i make the he»t irroiind tor henij), as, Uy the sl■<)ll|■in^ effect of two or three crops of it, the •^rcmiul will be made more tit tor the raiHiii;;' of wheat, for which in tht original state it is too strong. The rich meadows b\ the side of the rivers, more especially such as art aimuully overflowed, are ready, without further pre- paration, for tobacco, hemp, and tlax. The lower meadowt), and meadows adjoining to Beaver Dams, which are abundant, produce at this nnmicnt, enor- mous (piantities of natural luiy and pasture : and tin rest of the land, for the production of potatoes, Indian corn, wheat, and other grain, is at least equal, if not superior, to any other land in the Canadas. Inde- pendent of the swamps, the timber on the land is ver^ soon described. The sugar nuiple is the principal growth, and the size and height which it as well as tin other trees attains, sutticiently evince the strength and power of the soil : next to this comes the beech, elm, and bass-wood, in various proportions ; in some in- stances, the beech and elm predominate over tht maple, but this is rare. Near the streams the hemlock is found, and interspersed through the whole is tht cherry, butter-nut, the ditl'erent species of oak, and tht birch." Another gentleman states, " As far as I have ex plored the territory, and as far as I could learn from the ditierent other cxplorings, I have to say, ray ii i- pression is, that there is not a better tract of land, il there is any equal, of the same extent, in the Province of Upper Canada. It is watered with a variety of A. 39 kind of s\vurn|) by the scour'mu > tiiroiiiul will Ih t, for which in tht rich meadows h\ illy such as an lout further [>rv- lax. The lower Beaver Dams, is moment, enor- pasture : and tlu f potatoes, Indian least equal, if not Canadas. Inde- n the land is \er\ is the principal h it as well as tlu the strength and es the beech, elm, ons ; in some iu- •minate over th( reams the hemlock the whole is the ies of oak, and tht far as I have ex- 1 could learn from ve to say, my iii- er tract of land, il it, in the Provintt with a variety of '>treamN, which art* not like the slow-nio\inu, dull, stiisrnant ones in some other piTls of the Provime, but are swift, and in scum places rapid ; whicli will tend 4;reatly to the salubrity of the cliuuite, as well as to other iuvaluabh' bcnclits, when the laud luctuues .wettled, froui their bein^; suitable for hyer that grows upon it; when that consists of uuiple, beech, bass-wood, ami cherry, the laud is ciujsidered very good ; but if the maple and bass-wood are the most prevailing, it is considered of superior <|iiality." A third says, " In passing through the country, 1 have foumi the tindier (stating that fn t of which there is the greatest iewed from the water, being clothed with cedar and hendock to their bases; but as soon as you arrive at the sunmiit of their slo))es, the good laud, clothed with the hard 'timber before ineutioued, makes its appearance. In .scaling the shore, we took opportunities of going into ;the interior, and in all cases found the land good." It will be found on examining the map of U])per 'j'^anada, published by tlie company, that they possess E 2 jJiLtlik^'i,.. IVJ. 40 ; ; 3 I. lauds in almost every towship of the province, exclusive of the Huron tract, and other large blocks. From which it may be safely asserted, that they have, at their disposal, a most valuable portion of the country, and from its being- scattered through every possible variety of soil, timber, f greater extent The facilities inprovement and d smaller blocks ;s of public and bridges, cVc. to tions have been years experience, so much so, that bargain off their commencement 177,900 acres. Ihe particulars of which, the ])rices obtained, and the statement of the Coaipany's allairs up to December, 1B30, will be found in the Appendix, No. I. 1 have been favoured by one of the i)ro])rietors of tlie Com- pany's stock, with a copy of an estimate of the j)robal)le results of the Company's speculation to the vcar 1U:35 ; supposing the sales of land to i»e this year, «0,0()0 acres; in liVS'2, 100,000 acres, and in 1833, 4, and 5, 120,000 acres. This statement shews so nmnifestly the great advantages which the Company presents to parties who wish for a secure and profitable investment for their capital, that 1 an; induced to publish some extracts from it, which will l)e found in the Aj^peudix, No II. To the small English farmer, the Company olfer peculiar advantages, from the liberal credit allowed to all industrious honest settlers. Another strong inducement is, they make all the principal roads at their own cost, a privilege, common settiers, who plant themselves all over this vast country, do not enjoy, unless at their own expense and troid>le ; and only those who have travelled what are admitted t«) be bad roads, in Canada, can form any idea of what they actually are ; it gives an additional value to land, which is duly appreciated by those uho know the countrv. To the flock farmers of Nctrfolk and Suftblk, the Huron tract oflers advantages, that I would particularly call their attention to, but in regard to the value of wool, I would not mislead them, for until the Rideau Canal is completed, that part of their produce cannot be sent to England ; nor do I conceive E 3 ■i ( ' 1 ' ^,Jfi ^1 JJM 42 that it will prove an article of importance, unless they send it to the United States, who it should be known, have been large buyers in the English markets this season ; ami as we know exactly what kind they want, it would be nmch easier to raise it in Uppei Canada, than in England, subject to the great differ- ence of rent, laces *'.: I St im|)oitance cts. Another jperation from in the Talbot act with port lake Erie, the IS of Sandwich roads are made Ilompany have own with grass \ in the Huron into the woods of road will Jpper Canada, >f cattle, sheep, on ; and it will lasing from the long the shores , and numerous jvery township. different direc- at York, d to work, will be iir labour, which nts in townships as the Company he Huron tract, jsion of work to ants as wish to will find it easy g in many places thinly timbered, and having in most directions good per- manent streams. In this tract tobacco is grown, which is found to possess [)eculiar qualities for the use of dyers, &.C. and great quantities, it is expected, will be raised and sent to Montreal. In addition to these advan- tages, the new settler will find good society, mills, stores, and above all, the means of educating his family, and enjoying places of worship ; the payment for land is rendered so easy, that emigrants v>ith 70/. to 100/. on getting to the land, may safely buy 100 acre lots, ^ of which is paid down in cash, and the rest in five annual instalments, which, I believe, the Company have recently come to the determination to accept payment of, from their crops ; this is a very great and important facility to settlers, as it will save them much time and extra expence in keejjing horses or oxen to take produce to markets. It would afford a great facility to the settlements of the Company's lands, were a bank established to assist such as have partially cleared their farms, making them reasonable advances, to push their improvements in the same manner as the farmers on the line of the Erie canal have done, all this could be effected to a proper extent, with the most perfect safety. At present, if a farmer wants a note discounted, he has to go to York from Guelph, about GO miles, and from (loderich more than twice the distance, and may even then be disappointed, a bank in that part would raise the value of land 50 [)er cent, immediately ; any enterprizing young person with between 5000/. and 0000/. might, in seven years, double his property, and render the district essential 46 1^ ' Jj:1'.ii^ service. In fjrain alone an ininienKc field is open for advantageous employment of capital . Five years back in this part of Canada, Avheat could be bought at Is. 3d. per bushel, now it obtains from 4s. Gd. to 5s. It would also greatly benefit the settlers, if the Com- pany were to send out toa farm near Guelph, a regular supply of English grasses, barley, Talavera wheat, the old English red wheat, and a better stock of oats than they now grow, also the best breed of sheep for the country, pigs, and cows, and above all a few of the most approved cart brood mares and horses ; these of course would be chiefly for the service of their own settlers, for whom also as the exigencies of the colony rcjpiired it, the Conjpany ntight send out such useful implements of husbandry, as could be rendered serviceable to a new state. The great extent of enugration this year, nearly the whole of which is, it appears, by the public papers, directed to Canada, will materially assist the settlement of the Company's land, and ad- vancement of the Province, whether the emigrants purchase lands of the Company, or of persons who have land contiguous. It is quite clear that land now to be sold as the mere section of a perfect forest, will, in less than 5 years, produce three or four times as much owing to the extraordinary demand created by the influx of so many thousands. It is generally suj>- posed that 50,000 will emigrate from Ireland alone, and near that number from England and Scotland, the majority of whom will purchase land. In fact, vessels are scarcely advertised to sail for Quebec, than more field is o|)en for 'ive years back in louff'ht at Is. 3(/. . to 5s. lers, if the Coni- iiiclph, a regular avera wheat, the ock of oats than of sheep for the a few of the most ; these of course own settlers, for ony rccjuired it, leful implements serviceable to a lis year, nearly by the public materially assist land, and ad- the emigrants of persons who ar that land no^\ feet forest, will, or four times as 11 and created by s generally sup- 1 Ireland alone, id Scotland, the In fact, vessels ?bec, than more passengers are ottering than the ships (although they have ample room) can possibly take. The preparations making by emigrants for embarking themselves, and whatever moveables they can transport, present scenes of the greatest bustle at all the outports of the United Kingdom. The Company's commissioners have directions to treat with associations of settlers for large quantities, or even whole blocks of land, if any should prefer this course ; and there is every disposition to encourage small capitalists, and enterprising and industrious emigrants, by the most extended credit, on such condi- tions as may be only consistent with the final security of the Company. The Agents, on the arrival of emigrants at Quebec, or Montreal, will, for the present season, convey, at the Company's expence, purchasers who pay a first instalment, in London, Quebec, or Montreal, of 2«. an acre upon not less than 100 acres, to the head of lake Ontario, which is in the vicinity of their choicest lands, and their agents in all parts of the Upper Pro- vince, will give such emigrants every information and assistance in their power. Should emigrants, on arri- val, not settle on the Company's lands, the money paid by them will be returned, deducting the actual expence of conveyance to York. The Company receive deposits of money at their office, in London, from persons emigrating to Canada giving letters of credit on the commissioners in Canada, for the amount, by which the emigrant gets the benefit of the current rate of exchange, which was, in 1«30, 61. to 9/. per cent. i!> . M J '! 48 All further int'urinatiun may bo obtained by letter, (post paid,) directed to N. S. Price, Esq. Secretary, St. Helen's Place, London : of the Agents John Davidson, Ksq. Quebec; Messrs. Hart Logan and Co. Montreal ; J. C. Buchanan, Esq. New York, of the Company's Canimissioners, The Honourable VViLMAM Allan, and Thomas Mercer Jones, Esq. at the Office, in York, Upper Canada; and of the following Agents in the United Kingdom ; Messrs. W. D. a;:d W. E. Acraman, Bristol. James Adam, Esq. Edinburgh. John Astle, Esq. Dublin. Sexton, Baylee, Esq. Cork. (lEORGE Buchanan, Esq. Omagh, Londonderry. John Carroll, Esq. Limerick. Mr. Thomas W. Evans, Liverpool. Messrs. Robert Ewing and Co. Greenock. Messrs. Gilkison and Brown, Glasgow. Messrs. Watson and Graves, New Ro9s. m 49 ncd by letter, •,»({. Setretary, Its lee ; ». Montreal ; York. Honourable ERCER Jones, Canada ; and Kingdom ; fVN, Bristol. , Londonderry. I. Greenock. lasgoiv. etv Ro9s. CHAPTER IV. HE principal roads in the Province, are Dundas- treet road, leading from the commencement of the Upper Province to Sandwich, the whole route of which is now l)eing extensively repaired, it is about 500 miles in length, and is somewhat similar to Avhat roads (;were in England a century back. Yonre-street road ■leading from York to Lake Simcoe, is 30 miles, upon which large sums of money have been recently ex- )ended, and great alterations are still in progress. In addition to these roads, and the roads and im- )rovements making by the Canada Company, as [detailed in the preceding chapter, the act of the Pro- incial legislature of the last session of parliament, granting 20,000/. for improving the roads, with the pros- ipect of 10,000/. more, will prove of the utmost benefit o the Province. The grant has been appropriated in e following manner, and will be laid out under the !i J^- ir 1 I ^i I'? H do .Mipcriiiteinlriicr oi ! "j;.l rominiHsioiicrs, subject to tlif (■onti'oiil of i>;ov4>riiinent. Ottiivvfi District. 1,(H)() Bittlnirst «litto 1,J)0() Knstem (lift 1 ,!)00 Johnston «litto 1,!)0() Midhiiul ditto 2,200 Newcastle ditto I, <)()() Home ditto 1 ,1)00 (iore ditto 2,000 Niatfiira ditto 1 ,(iO() London ditt< 2,000 Western ditto 1,700 f.20,000 This, with the cfeneral air ot' prosperity wliich tlic whole country jiresents, is a cheerful prospect lor the numerous emiirrants who will land this season, and as the work will he chiefly done on the main roads, they caiuiot fail of employment. The size and extent of the great lakes in Upper Canada, have always excited lioth surprise unen, cattle, sheep, pigs, &c. exposed for sale in York, all which a little energj on our side would prevent. The roads are not better in any part of the jn'ovincc than in this F 3 i t J 54 ' I, m H' quarter, and emigrants with small capital, would be sure to improve it. The Trent or Otanabee River, in the Newcastle dis- trict, is the outlet of a long chain of lakes in the north- west country, towards lake Huron, and which falls into lak** Ontario, near Kingston. It is scarcely possible to have any idea of the lakes and rivers which fertilize this country, without actual observation. Steam-boats of the first class, and most elegant accommodations, are now on all the large waters as far to the westward as St. Clair, and it is probable, that in. the course of the ensuing year, there will be steam-boats navigate lake Huron. From Bufi'alo to Detroit, on the American shore, many large steam-boats ply all summer, and of course engross all the trathc, and land all their British pas- sengers along our line of coast, which any boat on the Canadian side would secure, excepting such as came up the Erie canal for the westward, great numbers of whom would regularly cross into Canada to examine it prior to their visiting Michigan, Ohio, «!tc. if they had facilities to enable them. This one circumstance has prevented all that beautiful part of Upper Canada from being correctly known by thousands who have recently settled in Michigan. Mr. John Hamilton has now building at Kingston, a splendid new steam packet, called the Great Britain, which will be admired by all who may have the good for- tune to see her. She is the finest vessel of the class in North America ; and as she will not be prepared to take the lake until the early part of May, I will here n 55 pital, would be Newcastle dis- cs in the north- nd which falls It is scarcely md rivers which servation. d most elegant large waters as i it is probable, ,r, there will be \inerican shore, r, and of course eir British pas- any boat on the g such as came feat numbers of la to examine it lio, &c. if they )ne circumstance f Upper Canada isands who have ling at Kingston, le Great Britain, lave the good for- sel of the class in be prepared to May, I will here 4 give a short description of her. Her admeasurement is 730 tons English, the length on deck 162 feet ; the width 30 feet, beam ; and the guards 14^ feet on each side ; the keel 134 feet. In the hold there is stowage for 1400 barrels, and she is fitted to take other 1000, on the main deck under the promenade deck ; with a full cargo she will draw about 11 feet water. She is built after the fashion of the New York steam-packets ; the cost, I presume, is not yet accurately ascertained. Capt. Whitnay, who for years has cautiously and successfully navigated the Queenston, takes command of the Great Britain, and Mr. Meneilly gets the Queenston. The boilers are of the strongest and best iron, expressly imported from Bristol ; they are very strong ; and there are not less than 250 iron stays or ties in each. The length of the promenade deck is 150 feet, and the width in proportion. Over the after promenade there will be an awning. The ladies' cabin is an elegant place — it is upon deck — not less than 10 feet high — and contains a number of state rooms, each of them 6 feet square, and very light and airy. The cabin is so contrived, that the gentlemen may visit the dear creatures without putting them to the least incon- venience, as ihey may retire at pleasure when they would be alone. I am sure that the ladies of Upper Canada, M'hen they see the unusual trouble and ex- pence which Mr. John Hamilton has been at, to build a floating palace for their accommodation — for he has evidently had them more particularly in "his mind's eye," wiU be very grateful. The fertile imagination of the author of the Arabian nights, with ail his caliphs, hi I V' I'! 56 genii, magic palaces, grand viziers, and wonderful lamps, fell very far short of ** Great Britain." She might with great propriety insist upon sending her re- presentative to the assembly, along with the member for the University of York. The gentlemen's or principal dining cabin is below, and contains beds for 44 gentle- men, besides settees, so that 100 persons may have beds in the two cabins. The gentlemen's cabin has its state- rooms, with complete and commodious apparatus for washing, table, stand, windows, &c. &c. The cabins are to be painted white and green, a chaste and simple taste, far preferable to imitations of oak, mahogany, and other woods, and producing a better ett'ect. The bed furniture has all been ordered from England. For respectable emigrants and others, who may wish to practice economy, there is a half-price cabin for- ward, very roomy, and accommodated with 2G births. The prices of freight and passage are as yet undeter- mined. The boilers and engine were made by Bennett and Henderson of Montreal, and the packet was built under the superintendence of Brown and Bell, of New York. Every possible exertion has been made to combine in this vessel, strength, safety, beauty, : ynve- nience, and durability. It may safely be stated, that in consequence of the present governors promise of all his patronage, and that of the Canada Com()any, a steam-boat will be started shortly on the Canadian side of lake Erie, to run up as far as lake St. Clair, or perhaps stop at Sandwich, to which place, all j)roduct' raised at the Company's new settlement of Goderich, can easily be conveyed down in schooners, fnmi thence !! \ 4 57 and woiulerful Britain." She sending her re- the member for n's or principal s for 44 gentle- is may have beds bin has its state- s apparatus for Lc. The cabins haste and simple oak, mahogany, tter effect. The from England. i, who may wish [-price cabin for- d with 26 births. •e as yet undeter- made by Bennett packet was built and Bell, of New s been made to ;y, beauty, >nve- y be stated, that ors promise of all lada Comj)any, a the Canadian side lake St. Clair, or place, all produce lent of Goderich, )ners, from thence to Montreal, without transhipping by the Welland canal into lake Ontario, thence by the Rideau canal along the Ottawa river to Quebec, or even England, if vessels of 150 tons are considered worth sending to this country, where a duty of 15 per cent, will be imposed on them, if sold. Many natural impediments to the navigation of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers have been removed by making canals, at La Chine, and Granville, the Welland canal to connect lakes Erie and Ontario, the navigation of which was rendered impassable, by the falls of Niagara, and the Rideau canal, connecting the Ottawa and St. Lawrence, and falling into lake Onta- rio, at Kingston. The La Chine canal begins at Montreal, and extends up the side of the island of Montreal, until it gets to the still water, at the head I of the rapids of La Chine. It is 28 feet wide at bottom, 48 feet at the water line, and has 5 feet depth of water, and a towing path. The whole fall is 42 feet, it has locks, and 2 elegant stone bridges. It cost when completed about 115,000/. which was defrayed by a spirited company of merchants, assisted by the imperial government. The Canal of Grenville is not yet completed, it is about 40 miles from La Chine, at the rapids, called Long Sault, and Chute of Blundo, in the Ottawa river, is of the same magnitude as the above ; the expences defrayed by the imperial government. The Welland Canal is 41i miles long, of which, about 19 requiied entire excavation ; the remainder being a natural navigation, caused by rivers and 58 ': 1 '^il . I m\ reservoirs. The suminit of lake Erie is tMJO feet a')ovo lake Ontario, and the ascent is surmounted by 37 locks. 50,000/. has been voted in the hist session of the provincial parliament, for enlarging the canal, from the river Welland to lake Erie, and for completing the harbour on that lake ; and every prospect now appears of its being made useful for the purposes intended. The Rideau canal conunenccs near the river of that name, in the Ottawa river, and will end at Kingston, on lake Ontario. The U)cks are 142 feet long by 3JJ feet wide, the depth of water 5 feet, and the number of locks in all 47. This canal will be difterent from any other in the known world ; natural rivers or lakes, are in great part made use of for this canal ; and all that has been done, is in the lockage of the rapids, or waterfalls, which exist either between extensive sheets of still river water, or expansive lakes. The expence of this work, thus far, has been wholly defrayed bv the Imperial Po.rliament. The total sum required, will be according to an estimate last year, 1,012,030/. of which sum, 572,000/. has already been paid, leav- ing 440,(>30/. still to be provided for, and towards which a grant of 40,750/. has lately been made by j)arliament. Col. Bytield, the superintendent of the works at the canal, has reported, that it may be expected, that a considerable disfince, viz. from Mer- ricks mills to By town will bi opened this season, and that the whole line of the canal will be passable by the ipnd of next season. 59 is :j;JO feet a!)ovc nted by 37 locks, it session of the the canal, from for coniplctiii!^ •ry prospect now for the purposes tlie river of that end at Kingston, 2 feet lon^- by JilJ and t!ie number be dift'erent from al rivers or lakes, is canal ; and all of the rapids, or II extensive sheets es. The expenco loUy defrayed by ;al sum required, year, I,0r2,(i30/. been paid, leav- for, and towards ly been made bv rintendent of the that it may be •e, viz. from Mer- lI this season, and »e passable by the Col. Bouehette gives a correct statement of its ad- vantages, and his concluding remarks, I think, parti- cularly pointed. " Considere«l with relation to the defences of the country, th:- Ilideau must appear of still greater moment, from the means it affords of forwarding to distant stations, with readiness, des- patch and security, the muniments of war necessary to repel invasion, and ])rotect the property of his Majesty's subjects in the colonies from foreign aggies- sion. In a |)olitical point of view, its importance is e((ually conspicuous ; since it must obviously tend to strengthen and consolidate the Canadas, by promoting their commercial relations, and that interchange of mutual benefits that constitute a permanent tie between the various members of a state, and preserves for ages the integrity of empires." The following extract from the entries at the port of (i Montreal, shews the importance of the canals in 1827, ||and beyond a dcmbt they have increased one-third since tluit period ; it will convey some idea of the extent of ; j)roduce from Upper Canada, to the United States, the Lower Province. Durham Jioats. Butteaiix. Raj'ts. From Upper Canada, direct, 405 134 Ditto, and the United States 54 1 United States, direct «0 5 8 53i) 140 14 These boats return mostly la; fi Every i liorsi Every 2 to Milch < sure, Phicton curji{ Pleasur lot m Cultivad wild The above, ptt)cee( a«d oth o crs of emigrants scot, where they looners, for the iiportaiice to the leyoiul the possi- ; value of land, tcs of the House ovenient of the t. " The supe- [isure, as is here 111 defeat the cal- Ainericau canal, ities on the Ouse at fort Erie and eing transported, j, would give a trade, with much ake Erie, will be r place they ol>- of the country, in each and every irticipation in the This species of ; benefit, and will e the trade of a xed by an Act of KTty in the Upper 01 A one story squared, .>r latteued log- liouse, 20/. — additional fire-place .... 1 |rwo ditto, :30/.— additional ditto H 0_ Framed log-house, under 2 stories, and not over 2 lire-j)laces, :J5/. — additional ditto ^ Brick or stone house, 1 story, 2 lire- places, 40/. — extra iirc-place 10 Ditto, ditto, 2 ditto, (50/. —additional ditto 10 Every grist mill, 1 pair stones, 150/. — extra st<*nes 50 Saw-mill, 100/. — store-house for receiv- ing; iroods, cV c 200 Every stallion, or stud horse, IJJl)/.- — Horse 3 yrs. old and upwards 8 Hvery oxen, 4 years old, 4/. — horned cattle : 2 to 4 yrs. ohi and upwards each... 10 ]|ilch cows, ;3/. each, — carriages for j)lea- sure, 4 wheels 1 00 Phxton, 4 wheels for pleasure, 2.j/. — curjicles and gigs each 20 Pleasure waggons, 15/. — for every town lot in York ,50 Cultivated land is estimated at 20s. per acre, and wild land, 4s. The tax upon all property described and valued as above, is rtded at one penny in the pound, and tiie proceeds are applied Inwards making roads, bridges, and other internal iniprovenieuts. a il. ' i i^H 62 The foMowing table will show the extent of the population, and the amount of assessment throughout the Upper Province, as well as the names of the i!?mbi'>; in tkie present House of Assembly : — / tent of the throughout inies of the 1 Tahlt: of the Pofnilallon at, (Jounlias and Towns in Up the Uetniled OJficiat Ret, lofjeJlier vit/i a statement of Patlininent, in March, I83i MSTHitis. COUNTir.S & TOlVNi! liiiMi, York (County,) [ York (Town,) .„-. ' Sinicoe ( (bounty,) — Nh.vviASTi.h, l>'iilmni (County,) . Nurtliuniherltiiid (Count. MiULA.Mi,... I'rontrn^ic ((lounty,) . Kingston ( lown,) — „ — . Lennox. <& Addington, (I corporated Counties,) « : Priuce Kdward (County,. HastingH (Couaty,) „.„, JoH»Tii\, lici'ds (County,) Krockvilte (Town,) - Grenvillj (County,) ()iT*w» ' Prescot & Kussci, incor^ , rated Counties, — _™^ B»TiiiJKST I-anark (County,) ^ u»thi;rsi, , uarteton (County,) i^AITKKV, Stonnont (County,) _J I "^y^ir i»» . », ..r^— -•■ u:\ 1 '/'altit: of Ihe l*u/>iiiitlioii mill Asstissnieiil uj iliv scmiol Distiicln, iJoiinlirs unti luunsiu i'jt/iti i'uiiui/a, for WA^), vump'tlvtl from Ike (lelmlrd <>f/hual Iletunm made to lite Lion f . (unii not , fot/i't/icr villi a stalimcnl of the licpirsvntntioa in the Proriiicinf l*aiHnnn:iit, in March, lUUO. MSTHitis. COUNTIF.S it TOWNS. UM'I! 1 H Nl .S I liiN IN AS- urMiii Y, IBJI . lioMi, York ((louiity,) > nrk. (Town,) .«,......^„,- SimcoiM Co'iiity.) .^„.«. i\'fi-i' Kctcliiiiii, \V. \„ Mackciixie, W. H. JiirviK, \V. It. Itohiii.'ion,^ I'opiilik .\«»C.-.4- linn iiioTit ih;ii). i(t;.o. — a.^tll) 'IS.7U4 Nn»iA»ii.K. Iliiiliiim (( oimty,) ; Nortliuniljurlikiid i Comity,) iiiliii lirowii, / (•uiirgt* S. Koiilioii, ( James LvimH, ) Arrliibnltl .Miicdoiiiilil, ) .Miui,A.M>, — Trontcn ic f('ounfy,i.-„ Kingston ( I'own,) .__ LctiiHii iV AildiTigtou, (In c'orpnratt'd CouutiuM.) ~~ I'riiJi'u ICdwurd ^('nuuty,; « ll.iHtinj!!* ^('oiiiity,! HurIi C, III 01118011, ? I ,.,aiJ John Cauip;pfn, i ■''^*'{ (!. t\. llagcrninn,- - 3,c:t3^ Pftpr Perry, iMar»lioI .S. Ilidwnll, Joliu Knhliti, A»ii Wcideti, i. H. .S.1I1ISIII1, KcMibcn VVliitf. JuMsrxN, .. I.ft'da ( (bounty, )« Broi-kviUe (Town,) GrenvilL- (County,) Williiim Itiiell, Jiiii. Al. M. Howard, Henry Jones n. D. Frnncr, Kdward Jcsgup, 1»,7IM ll.UIWii 1,130 I 7, our ) M3,!l|;< HH.IITr Hi.irtj •iflO.'JtM <)ir*w« Prcscot & Itiissel, incoipo- ratt'd Counties, — _™ BiTiiiiKST I"inark (County,) ... UATiiUKSi, uarleton (County,) Donald Macdonald, William Morrisi ...»..« John B.iwer Lewis, 3,t!3;i Uaitkhv, StoiTuont (County,) — .... (flengarry (County,)— .«,__ Duudas (County,) .».. Cork, ».. Halton, (County,) \ VVentwortU (County,) 1. NiAOARA, ~. Lincoln (County,) — Niagara (Town,) ILildiuiand (County,) — IiONDON,~ Middlesex (County,) Oxford, (County,' Norfolk (County,) WMTtKN, — Ksscx (County,) 1 Kent (County,) ^ ' Arrliibald McLcNin, j Philip Vankougliuett, Alexander Fraaer, Alexander McMartiu, Peter Shaver, John Cook, A. Shade, I James Crooks, ,! John Wilson, I Allan McNab, .! Robert Randal, , It. C. Beard»ley, John Clark, William Crook.i, . II. J. Boiiltou, .', John Warren, ■ I — - .| Mahlon Burwell, I Koswell Mount, .' Charles Ingersol, I Charles Duncoml), .! Dur.cau McCall, I W illiam Wilson, 0,730 iiu return »T,77a 1ti..'>7U C,I33 9, .'504 3,7:)S 13,880 7,o:.!» 3 ^ t 3 2ll,l3.t 107,li05 IK,4H I iU,m\ - i,H8 ~ 1,354 I 1I,8«'J 3,ii5 I .5,100 i »i,l8» 18,-278 154,(M0 80,072 81,975 ^ William Elliott, ' i. K. Macon, ^ William Berczy, . ! i;:?i!l'H.r7| NOTE,— Tlicre are, perliaps, a hundred new Town^liipn, with more or less settlers, wliose nuiiibfi-a art- not Included in tliii return. Thu artual iioimlHtlmi of tlie I'rovinci', including inu Indians and the Military, ii not U'«8 tlian a.M,oO0. <•!», I i. •V iH ■!■' J;.'. «i J i li r>5 f -. The ai^riciiltiire of Upper Canada is yet in its infancy, and till persons uf more capital enii);rate, little can be done in this important part of improve- ment. An ai^ricultiiral society lias been formed in the Home District, and the inllnential |<;entlcmen in and about York last year, came to the resolution of estab- lishing one at that place, to which the governor pays 100/. annually from fuiids, to be so appropriated ; its object is nminly to t.aport a better breed of cattle, sheep, and cart-horses into Canada ; diiferent quiilities of grain, such as Talavera wheat, and especially a better stock of barley for malting, than they now have ; this is an article more wanted than any other grain, and if persons emigrating take seed-barley, it will repay them the carrying, and will operate power- fully when breweries are planted, to improve the taste of the Canadians and Anglo-Canadians from the use of whiskey, which is simply the raw corn spirit, as sold to rectifiers in England. Ciood sheep are wanted, not of the Merino or fine breeds, these can readily be had from the Un'ted States, but the English South-downs, and in some parts, the Norfolk breed would do well ; the half-Leices- ter bred has been tried in the United States, but the pasturage has not been t and go^d enough, nor do 1 think it is yet in Canada, the carcass improves in flavour by the removal, but the wool will not answer for combing purposes ; if any deficiency of food occurs, it renders it weak in the staple. The Regulations of the Society agreed at the G 2 .\(\ im^- .*r— • •%*.«-•--. 66 :1,1 i' institutory meeting, on the 15th of May, 1830, are a» follows : — 1. — That a society be formed, the Home District Agricultural Society. 2. — That an annual subscription of 5s. constitute a member of the society. 3. — That the business of the society be transacted by a president, twelve directors, a secretary, and treasurer. 4. — That there be four general meetings of the society in each year, and that the days of meeting be the same as those on which the general quarter sessions for the district are held. 5. — That the Hon. George Crookshank, be presi- dent. The Hon. William Allan, Peter Robinson, Alexander Wood, J. Elmsley, D. Boulton, E. O'Brien, Jun. J. W. Gamble, C. C. Small, R. Stanton, R. Gapper, J. Fitz-gibbon, and R. Anderson, Esquires, be directors. W. B. Jarvis, Esq. treasurer. J. Elmsley, Esq. secretary. fi. — That the directors shall nominate a committee from among themselvt.. to prepare the draft of a constitution for the society, to be submitted at the first general meeting, on the first day of the next general quarter sessions. 7. — That subscription lists be now opened, and that the directors be requested to solicit country member* to procure subscribers, and to request their attendance at the general meeting, on the (5th day of July, wheu the constitution is to be reported. 67 a committee draft of a itted at the of the next eil, and that ry members attendance July, wheu 1830, are a» IE District i constitute a be transacted cr^tary, and tings of the f meeting be arter sessions ik, be presi- r Robinson, , E. O'Brien, Stanton, R. n, Esquires, 8. — That the first directors continue in office till the next meeting of the society, when a new election shall take place. Similar societies have been established in some of the older districts of the Province, to which an allow- ance of 100/. per annum is granted by the Govern- ment. NIAGARA DISTRICT. CATTLE SHOW AND FAIR. Agreeable to adjournment, a respectable number of members of the Niagara District Agricultural Society, met at W. Dittrick's Hotel, this 8th day of January, 1831, for the purj)ose of forming the by-laws, and transacting other matters relative to the prizes, 69 £. s. d. 4 3 3 2 10 2 3 2 3 2 10 1 5 2 1 10 1 2 1 10 1 2 1 10 1 15 1 10 For the second best ditto 1 For the third best ditto 15 Class 9. — For the best ten ewes 1 10 Ditto six ditto 1 SWINE. Class 10.— For the best boar 1 10 For the second best ditto 1 For the third best ditto 15 Class 1 1 . — For the best sow 1 10 For the second best ditto 1 For the third best ditto 15 DOMESTIC MANUFACTURERS. Class 12. — For the best piece of woollen cloth, not less than 15 yards ...... 1 10 Class 13. — For the best ^^iece of linen cloth, measuring not less than 15 yards 15 PLOUGHS AND PLOUGHING MATCHES. Class 14. — For the best made i)lou<;;h for 1 sward Class 15. — To the [)erson who shall plough half an acre of land in the shortest time, and in the best manner, with one span of horses 1 10 Class 10. — To the person who shall plough half an acre of land in the shortest time, and in the best manner, with one yoke of oxen 1 10 £.59 10 l!i'M 70 fM Resolved, — That a bull uhall be purchased of the best breed that eau be obtained, the cost of which, not to exceed 40/. Also, a ram, with half a dozen ewes, of the best description, not to exceed 20/. Resolved, — That a subs(;ription l>e opened and circu- lated, for raising the 50/. re(juired by statute, to enable this society to continue operations the ensuing season. GEORGE ADAMf^s President. Samuel Wood, Secretary. 'j [I of tlie best lieh, not to lozeii ewes, d and eircu- statute, to the ensuing Vresident. 71 CHAPTER V. i' I I UNITED STATES. NEW YORK STATE. This part of the union being in the opinion of most British \isitors more genial and better adapted to our habits, and so large a portion of it running parallel to Upper Canada, is the fairest to choose a comparison. The journey from New York to Upper Canada, is by the river Hudson to Albany, and is performed by all who wish to go cheap by steam-boats, which are superior in their accommodations, and lower in their charges, than in England or Canada ; fare from New York to Albany, 1(55 miles, is 2 dollars in the cabin, and meals one dollar additional, forwartl or deck passage one dollar : you can carry your own provisions. By the tow-boat, where the acconunodations are very good, the fare in the cabin is but one dollar, and a i' P3?-,r::3»".- L^Kii #J<-— !'. ! i I |!i' i Iff ■* ': ) ( f ii; '*1(i I \i r^ I 72 reasonal)lo price for lujijjjage. The passeiiji^ers by these boats are i^eiierally I'arniers and their wives, tradespeople, and such as wish to travel cheap, anumg whom you will oi'teii liiid a spriukliiis ol" 'sjpiires, (justices of the peace,) and colonels, captains, many of whom keep taverns, and are very entertaininj; companions, always payiui;- deference to the insti- tutions of the Rc|)ul)lic. The sail from New York to Albany is very delij^htful, the scenery so t<>tally «lif- ferent to any thint;' an Englishman has been accus- tomed. The Hudson is a noble stream, between hin'h hills and Mjomitains on each side. The Catskill mountain is l»y far the most conspicuous, and is a favourite resent of the Ne. York citizen for pleasure, i>n their way to Saratoi;a sprinji;s. Near West Point IS the spol on which Major Andre was executed during the revolufionarv war, and at the Point is a militarv colie;;c, (li, best institution of the kind in the United StaitM. At Mbaiiy, you take the canal boats, which are drawn by horses, those who wish for comfort will fi'o by the packet line, the charjic is very reasonable, *2{ cents j)er mile, antl boarded ; the merchant line does it at 1 cent pel mile, aiul charge for meals, or you may take your own. It cost me, to travel near 'MO miles, with o adults, three children, and near *2 tons of lu^tiaiie, 1)/. I'w. 7e very men now possess some ot the linest ther succe cone trine 73 passenf^ors by (I their wives, cheap, anions; ^rr of 'sjpiires, i-aptaiiis, many y eiitertainini; to the insti- ll New York to so totally y otluT AiiuM-'u-aiis. The (umicsoo tails, near the <.i)\vn, are Aery grand ; it A>as at this plaee Sam Patch lost his lii'e Inst year, hy jtmipinn- Avii »() feet into the guliili below ; he had |)revioiisly lea|)t iVoui the Niagara falls, ami escaped. At (Jenesee, General VVardsworth resides, he has an immense flock of merino sheep, njiwanls of 800 score ; he told me some time ago, the wool paid him very well, hut that the carcass did not, as they were a stock he could not fatten, his wool is worth about half a dollar per lb. At Cauaiulaigua, a town altoiit '2» miles from Roches- ter, I was very particular in my enquiries about the the value of land, timling most of the settlers very comfortable in tlieir situations. Mr. Howard, late ])ost-niaster there, a most respectable gentleman, has resided about ten years in that place, and fully compe- tent to answer the repaid !>y drafts on their fac- tors at New York, to whom they s(_:id tlicir grain 1 to form 75 lire usually tails, near |)huc Sam vn HO feet leapt from e, General • flock of (I me some it that the eoiilil not liar per Ih, III Hoi'lieS' about the :ttlers very iward, late leiiiaii, has illy eompc- liiii, stated, )iirlioo(l, is t improved lio dollars [I yoke of (!/.to25/. ; imJO. In IS publicly ere. jle banks, ers are of ;• ciumtry, their fac- iicir gram \>y the Krie canal 14 miles distant, and to New York ',M!i miles. Rents, Mr. Il(»\vars an«l stores, but ^<»od private houses d(» not exceeii ft per cent. ; one of his small tenements, \vl i(;li cost him ICtl. buildiiiij;-, let tor 1.1/. per annum, lie showed me a tine lar;;*^ frame house, and 1^ acre of land as a paddock, whii'h cost him 2000/. this to let, a ul keep in repair, paint, cVc. would only produce •'lO/. |)er aiiiiuni. The taxes on this [n'operty lia/. per year for a seat at the episcopal church, many of the inhabitants payin;u;- as hiu;h as 12/. 10s. for a seat. The rate of labour and board, avtsrai^ed 2/. lOs. per month. Mr. Howard was rate«l 17 days to the road duty, at 2s. H)d. per 0 lO per gallon ^^^^^l 3 H 2 IN UPPER CANADA. s, d. s. d. from 3 1^ to 5 per bushel- 2 ditto. 3J 5 per lb. 3i 6 ditto. 4 5 ditto. _ 1 3 2 per couple. ^2 6 per gallon. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /, 1.0 I.I us lis 1112.2 g la ||2£ 1.8 ■ 1.25 1.4 1.6 '- .4 6" ► <^ ^ /^ / ^ '^ '/ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation £^ \ :\ \ A .V ^\ \^ ^^U 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^ te %s 78 I ;j iiii. Vil l*t '' 5 IN MICHIGAN. Superior flour 20 to 22 per bane] from 23 to 20 per barrel. Fiue ditto 15 ~A7 C ditto 213 22 6 ditto. IN NEW YORK STATE. Wheat from — 3 9 to 5 4 diflcrencc in favor of Canada 2 per bush. Indian corn „1 5 1 Oi ditto II J ditto. Beef 2 3 ditto IJlb. Wliiskey 7| —O 9^ ditto 4 per gall. A fair exaiuination of the two prices of all the staple articles will be quite sutticient to convince rellecting persons of the superiority of Upper Canada. It is necessary to bear in mind the value of produce, the difference in the price of land, and the rute of taxes in the United States. In Canada, good farms may be obtained fully etpial to all the farms I have named, at from 7s. (id. to 15s. per acre for wild land, and 2/. 10s. to 3/. for improved farms, say with 50 or (50 acres cleared, and the same (|uantity unimproved, while the price inthe United States, will be found to be from 3/. 15s. to ({/. 5s. per acre for wild land, and from 41. 10s. to 8/. 15s. for improved farms, particularly in New York State, and in Pensylvania. These facts cannot be too much borne in mind bv all who seriously think of emigrating ; in addition ta which, the Canadian farmer, as his circumstances improve, has from .30 to 40 \)er cent, the advantage of the United States' cultivator of the soil on all British goods which he uses ; and to persons with large families, it is an important consideration to feel assured after the day's toil, that he can purchase all the necessaries he requires cheaper than he can make them. 79 It IS only in the most remote situations the spinning- wheel can be usefully employed, and even then, only in the absence of schools ; every hour his children can devote to study, is far better filled up, than in making articles he can obtain from the mother country; his wool is well sold at any price, rather give it away than lose instruction to his family. These remarks I heard, as near as I can recollect, last year, from an old Scotch back -woodsman, in conversation with a member of the House of Assembly, he ^finished with these words, — " although I wear a Cafiadian home-spun suit, it is a dear one, and in future I shall purchase all I want at the shops at York." Another strong inducement ought to actuate the British emigrant, namely, the greatly increasing value of land in Upper Canada ; land in 1707, New York state, was only worth Is. 9d. an acre, and now it sells from 5/. to 11. 10s. and from the extent of emigration to Upper Canada, there is no doubt that a similar advance will in a few years take place in that country. The following are the returns of the population in 21 states, 2 territories, and 5 districts, under the late census of the United States: — FBEB WHITE. /'ersoiis. Maine 398,255 FREE COL. Persons. 1,207 Slaves. Total. 399,462 New Hampshire 268,910 633 399,462 Vermont .... 279,780 886 280,538 Massachusets . 603,094 7,006 610,100 Connecticut .. 289,624 8,064 23 297,711 Rhode Island . . 93,631 3,56& U3 14 92,210 i I pH'i 80 ii. ' ir'! Jtf '.< i 'U:|i Ula^ll ! New Etif^land . New Jersey .. 300,220 18,307 2,240 Pei.'isylvania. 1,2!M>,1)({(5 37,747 381 Delaware .... 57,005 15,820 2,205 Maryland 201,023 (J2,l)42 102,878 North Carolina 472,433 10,575 240,4(52 South Carolina 257,808 7,015 315,(505 1,054,081 320,770 1,330,034 7(5,730 44(5,013 738,470 581,478 51(5,5(57 300,200 215,575 084,822 (588,844 937,070 341,582 157,575 137,427 30,383 31,128 30,850 8,953 9,479 617 i5,777 1,207,873 From the ahove statement, which is dated April 0, 1831, and received since I hegan to print, may he see the extent to which slavery is carried on, even in the boasted land of freedom ; it is true, there are none in many states, and with the wisest and most liberal intentions, it is very dithcult to see how the souther states may be emancipated, greatly as the measure is >ju\»ij;iil ,.,.,, ^intf\n-t ^,^<>o .ii #,'*<« Alabana .... 180,171 1 ,541 117,494 Louisiana .... 39,191 1(5,753 103,031 Tennesse .... 537,930 4,513 142,379 Kentucky ... 518,(578 4,81(5 1(55,350 Ohio 928,003 9,580 Indiana 338,020 3,5(52 Illinois 155,170 1,(553 740 Missouri .... 112,0(55 542 24,825 Arkansas Ter. . 25,(507 138 4,578 Michigan , , , . 30,848 253 27 District Columb . 27,(535 0,1(53 0,000 Dist. E, Florida 4,515 343 4,045 Dist.W.do . 5,329 39(5 3,733 Dist. S. do .. . 3(58 83 (5(5 Dist. M. do .. . . 3,173 18 7,580 Virginia • 81 desired by all the respectable gentlemen from the south that I ever conversed on this unpleasant subject, and abused as they are on account of holding; slaves. 1 have invariably reniavked, they were the most intelligent per- sons in the whole Union, and from those parts the greatest statesmen have sprung, since the commence- ment of the Republic. Po]>ulation of some of the principal cities in the United States, since the late census, 1»31 : — New York 213,107 Philadelphia 1(51,412 Baltimore 80,519 Boston and Charleston .. 70,1(54 New Orleans 48,(574 Charleston, S.C 30,287 Cincinnati 2(5,513 Washington City 18,823 Pitsburgh 17,(535 Richmond 10,085 m il! 82 f '» !";, ! ■ ! ;i '■ CHAPTER VI. GENERAL ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. The two principal, and indeed only routes, to Upper Canada, are by the river St. Lawrence and New York, both of which may be considered as inaccessible during the winter months. The navigation of the St. Lawrence is generally closed by the ice five months in the year, and although the harbour of New York is seldom so closed, yet the Hudson river, and the Erie canal, which form the communication from thence to Upper Canada, are closed as regularly as the St. Lawrence, but for a shorter period. The Erie canal, which runs up to the borders of Can- ada, at Buffalo ends, is mostly open till near Christ- mas, when the water is let off; about the first week in April it is filled, when the greatest bustle commences towards the western country and Canada. The vessels 83 generally go out in ballast, in order to return with cargoes of timber and other bulky articles, the produce of Canada, and are often of large dimensions, and being in ballast, have extensive accommodations for steerage passengers. From Queliec to Montreal, steam-boats ])ly daily, during the season ; and the passage on tieck is one dollar ; it has j)een as low as 2s.ittl. From Mcmtreal to York, in Upper Canada, or any place on the shore of lake Ontario, through the means of the arrangements of the Canada Company, emigrants mav be forwarded at verv low rates, from 25s. to 30*. exclusive of jirovisious, is sulhcient. Enquiries should be made at the outports to ascer- tain what vessels are bound to Quebec and Montreal, which can be easily known by calling at any respect- able ship-broker. From London, the vessels mostly go from the London and St. Katherine's docks, and all information can be had on board. The terms to Quebec this season, has been from 3/. to 4/. for the passage of an adult, a" ". nuM-e, if extra accommo- dations are required. Children, half-price; infants in arms free ; provisions may be about the same. From Ireland and Scotland, tiie expence is considerably less. The voyage in general does not exceed 5 or (» weeks, in case it shouhl, from contrary winds, being extended beyond the usual length, it is advisable to lay in provisions for (JO days, and if any part is left at the end of the voyage, it will be found useful in the journey up the country. Vessels sailing in April, fre- quently make the shortest passages. Suljl n H\ 84 \m m The Act of Parliament requires the master of the vessel to see that all his passengers have the following quantities of stores — bread, 3 lb ; beer, » gallon ; fresh meat, §lb; vegetables, Jib. Cocoa, § oz. ; sugar, 3 oz ; tea, \ oz. per diem. When fresh meat cannot be had, salt beef, ^Ib ; flour, |lb. ; peas, | pint. On those days that Hour is used, raisins and suet may also be substituted for a portion of the flour. My own advice to persous is, to take |lb of meat, and lib of bread, including flour, per diem, with plenty of vegetables, and such extra comforts as their circum- stances enables them. In laying in stores, a few pounds of portable soup, is an excellent thing on the voyage, and persons going in parties, may always arrange to take a pig or two, and if they will look after it, a sheep ; many take fowls, but they are much trouble, and are often very sickly. Ducks will do well, some herrings, salt fish, eggs, suet, butter, rice, onions and carrots, with a few apples for puddings, &c. form the principal wants ; portable soup, unless you take fowls, is good in case of sea sickness. Cabin passengers were taken this season by the John Dan.ford, a regular Quebec trader, at 13 guineas, and completely provided, not including wine ; and from this price to 20/. is the usual fare, in proportion to the room wanted, and style of living. So much depends on how the captains are circumstanced for freight &c. that 30s. is often asked for steerage pas- sengers, and 5/. to 10/. more for cabin, by ships laying alongside each other. The careful emigrant should narrowly watch this matter. Ii A I 85 er of the following in ; fresh : sugar, it cannot , i pint, suet nay )ur. My Ticat, and plenty of r circum- ew pounds le voyage, irrange to after it, a ;li trouble, M^ell, some nions and , form the ake fowls, •a by the 3 guineas, vine ; and proportion So much tanced for erage pas- lips laying ■ant should Parties going together in the steerage, or half- deck, would do right in closely examining into the exact accommodations they are to receive, such at$ water-closets ; if they are to be allowed the use of the quarter-deck at sea; at what time the lights are expected to be put out ; these cautions may pre- vent bad feelings on the passage ; and cabin passen- gers, particularly those with taniilies, should do the same, ascertaining what wine, spirits, and porter is allowed, to prevent misunderstanding when out. Many vessels offered to take steerage pesseiigers, at 7/. 10s. and find them with respectable accommodations ; this for single persons, with a few extras they might provide themselves, would answer their purj)ose bettter than having the trouble of laying in, and cooking their own provisions. The steerage passage by way of New York, is from 5/. to 0/. in the regular packets, and on landing, you are charged one dollar per head towards the hospital fund ; this to an emigrant with a wife and large family, comes high. The cabin tare is 25/. without wine, ersons as emii^rate with means, I wouhl always advise them to hire the first year for clearing, Ac. at least one Canadian servant, to teach him and his people. Farm servants, if hired by the day, obtain from ih. to 4s. (5c/. per diem, exclusive of board ; til. per month and board, or 30/. per annum, when hired by the year. Farms are frequently rented upon shares ; the tenant is furnished with horses, oxen, and agricultural uten- sils, by the ow ners, who receive one-third or one -half of the produce as the parties agree on. I have no great opinion of the plaii, if any thing else can be found to do, as I generally see the emigrant does not rise so quick as when left to his own resources. But if emigrants choose to take farms on these terms, there are always abundance of them to be had. Notwithstanding the quantity of labour, in clearing a piece of land, the first crops rarely fail to afford a return more than sufficient to repay all that has been expended. The clearing, fencing, sowing, harrowing, and harvesting an acre of laud, will cost, including the first instalment, nearly <>/. ; the produce seldom fails of being 25 bushels, at 5s. — ({/. 5s. The second year, the formidable item of clearing, is avoided, and the cultivation is greatly reduced in cost. States ; the inns, on the n'iiig and burninfi;, the price of which in 1H:)U, was .W. |)cr bushel, and when manufactured into pot and peail-ashes, according to Colonel Talbot's stutcnient, before a com- mittee of the House of Commons, nearly paid for clearing. The price of pot-ash ut Montreal last March, was 30s. to l\Os. Ud. percwt. ; pearl-ashes, 'Ms. to 34$. percwt. Some persons take a quicker mode of clearing land, though not so seemly in a]ipearance, by girdling, that is, cutting down all the light timber, brush, cVc. and simply chopping a notch round the heavy trees, deep enough to destroy future vegetation, leaving it standing 2 or 3 years, when it may be easily cut down, better prepared than green forests, subject however to this inconvenience, that cattle are often destroyed by the falling trees ; about half of the labour in burning, cVc. is saved. A settler upon getting posession of his land, general- ly erects on the nuist convenient spot, a shanty, which is a temporary hut, made of any materials at hand, with a rude roof, it is comnu)nly open on one side, nigh to which during the night, the inmates who sleep within, raise a great lire to keep themselves warm. This shanty is put up in a few hours, and ati'ords a protection to the settler, while he examines for a spot to build his log-house, and preparing the materials necessary. The usual dimensions of a log-house, are 10 feet by l(i feet ; the roof is covered with shingles or bark, i(nd the floor with rough hewn plank ; the interstices 1 2 90 (!i;;! J -il 1! , between the lugs, which compose the walls, being' filled up with pieces of wood and clay, and a hollow cone of coarse basket-work does the office of a chimney. The whole expense of a houric of this kind will not exceed from 10/. to 12/. supposing the emigrant puts the work all out, but much of this work is done gratis. I have seen great numbers erecting, it is done by what is termed making a bee, which is, collecting as many of the most expert and able-bodied settlers to assist at the raising, by which the walls arc put up in a single day, without peril of life or limb among the workmen, and in that caje, the whole expense often does not exceed 4/. or ot. But I should state that a superior log-house, to a farm of 150 acres of land, will cost from 20/. to 25/. A settler should be careful not to destroy his timber in a careless manner, by burning it in large log heaps after he has cleared a few acres , some of the finest timber in the world is often considered as an eye-sore, and the sooner it can be utterly destroyed the better ; but where the parties are able to wait, by only burning the tops and underbrush in the fi^ld, and if all, or part of the heavy timber, was cut iiito t.-ord wood, or split into rails, it would l>e much Ixtter for the small free- holder: and afterwards when the whole f.rojected cleanmra was made, and it became necessary o attack the reserved trees, only to thin them out. Many generations mus^ pass before there can be any want of fuel, and there is ^he comfortable assurance of plenty of coal in various parts of the country. ■ , li I being' filled loUow cone a chimney, nd will not ligrant puts done gratis, ne by what rig as many ers to assist lut up in a among the ipense often state that a of land, will y his timber ;e log heaps f the Hnest in eye- sore, the better ; nly burning all, or part od, or split small free- i ji'.rojected ry o attack iut. Manv any want jsurance of 1- 91 There is ample range in the woods for any (pumtity of stock, such as cattle and pigf-, so that the small farmer is freed, for some years, of the necessity of having any part of theii' lands in pasture. Swedish turnips are found to answer exceedingly well ; I have seen a crop at Newmarket, and another 1» miles up Yonge street ; but it is necessary to house them in the winter. With two acres of this valuable root, and the straw of his Indian corn, wheat, barley, or oats, he may maintain, comparatively, a large stock of horned cattle through the winter, and in the summer, the only trouble attending them will be an occasional visit to see that they are going on well, and jjrovide them at certain places some salt. Pigs grow very fat while running at large in the woods, especially at the fall of the year ; a Yorkshire emigrant settled on Dundas street, told me last year, he saved off his farm with not over 80 acres cleared, upwards of 50/. by his pigs alone. All the taxes or assessments, put together, on a farm of 100 acres, will only amount to a few shillings, there being no tithes : labour alone is the great ex|)ence of the land. It is my intimate knowledge of the value of labour that always induces me to urge new settlers to be so guarded in their choice of situation ; tlie intrinsic value of land is nothing in comparison with roads and a good neighboiirhoud to these free grants, they are not worth accepting. This is one grand reason that I call the attention of future settlers to the towns of Guelpli and (joderich, hundreds of most I3 8 i n ll ff I m f i> iii> M li m v\ if-M i I us€ ful emigrants have delayed their advancement from being so precipitate in their purchases ; in all case* where circumsiances will permit it, I would advise them to wait some months, and if they have ample means, by |)urchasino' bank stock, it will i)rodnce them 8 per cent. No people make more fatal mistakes than the English in this one particular, often times simply because some old acquaintance is settled in a distant township, he is induced to purchase, where he has all the roads to make at his own expence, and if far from a main road, that step will either break his spirits, or make him discontented with his situa- tion. In all cases endeavour to be near a saw and grist mill, these alone render property of value. I expect some hundreds from Suffolk, Essex, and Nor- folk, will settle in these towns, or near them, during this season. It is to this part of Uj)per Canada that I would seriously advise English farmers, who think of emi- grating, to turn their close attention ; even those gent- lemen in the army and navy, who can still command grants from the crown, would, I think, act more for the real comfort of themselves and families, by pur- chasing improved farms as contiguous to the grants as possible, and simply confine, their exertions on them to what is obligatory, advanc'ng as enii'.rrations fill up t'.ie country, and no fear exists in my mind of this being done. The Americans are so sensible of the superior advantages we enjoy, that great numbers of them annually settle all along the western fro.itier. ( , tnent from 1 all case» lid advise ave ample idiice them tl mistake^r »ften times ettled in a , where he I expence, ither break I his situa- a saw and f value. I and Nor- 3ni, during at I would ik of emi- those gent- c-ommand t more for s, b\ pur- e grants as IS on them rations fill y mind of sensible of it numbers n fro.itier. 93 and it is a well known fact, that most mechanical operations are carried on by them. A friend of mine last year bouglit an excellent farm, 17 miles from York, on Yonge street, containing 100 acres, (J.'i of which was cleared and in croj), the rest in timber, for 1,200 dollars, or 300/. half of which was paid down, the remainder in 3 years ; consequently it must be clear to all who examine this purchase, that 150/. was the real cost of the farm, because in three years the profits of the land will easily pay the arrears. There was on the premises a good hewn log-house, with cellar, ])ump, smoke-house for curing bp.con, venison, Sec. piggeries all in good repair. The stables, barns, &c. were in bad condition, an excellent kitchen, garden, and orchard with 50 trees, all in bearing. The puichaser, who was a keen man, made me the following calculation of what was absolutely necessary to enter on the same farm. It stands thus :— £. s. d. Cash paid down 150 I yoke of oxen, 12/. 10s. 1 horse, 12/. 10*. 25 Sow and pigs, 3/. 2 cows, 3/. each, 20 sheep, 5/ 14 3 young heifers, G/. waggt)n, 15/. harness and log chain, 5/ 20 Plough, 4/. seed corn, 5/, i) Hair'.^w, axes, and sund vies 5 £.229 ,1 '■ !■! ^ 94 which sum, and just sutflcieiit to maintain the house tiirough one season, enables him to enter upon a comfortable occupation : it was only one mile from the main roa/. to 8/. per month, and boarded, esi)ecially in all the new towns or settlements. There is not a vinegar distiller, that I am aware of, in the province, and the consumption is very consider- able, which is all brought up from Montreal, and chiefly imported from England ; the vinegar made in the country, from cider, will not answer for pickles, &c. Glue-makers, few or none in the country, an immense quantity used ; only one parchment-maker in the Upper Province ; an English parchment manufacturer would soon find ample employment, the skins are well adapted, being free from sj>ots and grease. Persons with suflicient capital may employ it to great advantage in the tanning and currying lines, and the leather trade generally. If any person with a conipetcnt knowledge of brew- ing wouhl commence in York, or on the lake, within 10 or 20 miles, it would be an absolute imj)ossibility not to succeed, all are anxious to obtain the beverage they have been accustomed to, added to which, it is a well known fact to every one, that all who have coni- menced, even without a knowledge of it, have not I'li l.'i 98 Ynerely succeeded, but actually saved fortunes. Malt- sters also much wanted, there bein Eng- lish, from the little care paid to the growth of them, and are chiefly imported from the Unitetl States, price about Is. ad. per lb. The Sussex, Kent, and other hop-growers would do well to weigh this subject and act upon it, as the ground is now open to their exer- tions, and plenty of spots in which they could be cultivated to advantage. Small farmers able to take a Suflblk stallion, and a four-horse threshing-machine, I am confident would make an excellent living, and from the improved state of the roads, no ditliculty would prevent their getting from farm to farm. On the subject of stock generally, if the Canada Company acted with spirit, they would send over to a farm of their own, all the best kind of stock the colony rerpiire ; and there arc persons in England, who would avail themselves of the chance to send such implements as would answer : viz. — small mills, at 12 guineas for corn, malt-mills, and it is to be hoped, some individual will accomplish the manu- lucture of our staple want, axes, chief of which we now obtain from the United States, at from 12s. (id. to 15«. currency, which could be well afforded from England, at 7.v. 6d. Another class of persons greatly wanted , are young ladies, properly qualified to act as teachers in families, as there is a sad dearth of female semuiaries ; they tf^St' es. Malt- t difficulty tlie brewers aid brew if i>r to Eiig- U of them, tatcs, price and other subject and • their exer- y could be llion, and a ident would proved state their getting ;k generally, they would best kind of ; persons in le chance to viz. — small and it is to I the manu- of which we onj 12s. (id. forded from , are young s in families, naries ; they 99 would be required to teach, music es|)ecially, and the usual routine of female accomplishments ; French is not of much conseijuence, as numbers in every town speak it. In York, I believe, there is but one ladies' school, and lower down, many young ladies are sent into the United States for education . this is not the case with the youth of the other sex, for whom there are numerous establishments. Respectable families emigrating with daughters so qualified, would have no difficulty in placing them out to their satisfac- tion. Poor persons with families can always place out their children to advantage, the boys to trades, their employers teach them, and also provide clothes and pocket money. Manufacturers generally are not wanted, the price of labour, machinery, and the difficulty in managing men where land is always at their command, render it generally a loss to the individual who attempts it. Silk, cotton, and cloth-weavers will be disappointed in Canada, and in my opinion, in the United States ; nor is either country yet prepared to encourage supe- rior artists in any line, even in New York nearly all their eminent men flock to England, and as a proof of this statement, I was recently told in that city, there was not a painter or engraver of celebrity; in the mechanical arts, except that of steam engines, which are too bulky, from the facility and constant inter- course between that port and Liverpool and London, most masters requiring nicety, are sent over by the packets, and returned as (|uickly as they can be done (JUKI K :Y 1' in^ 111 i m f< I ' M ■I '^^ 't u Iri, '(I, i ; 1^ : ! »l ( 1 !* 100 there, and much cheaper. The information I obtained from Mr. Demilt, an extensive watchmaker and jew- eller in New York, to whom I applied for a situation for a person he knew in London, a most superior hand, his advice to me was, as near as I can remember, in these words: — •' If he can earn 30s. to 35s. per week in London, let him stop there, unless he means to go into the country and farm, and follow his business," quaintly adding, "common hands will make far better progress here than good ones, and from my close observation, the same applies to most trades." I may be wrong in some of these points, but I have paid sedulous attention to what happened in my travels, and I think Mr. Demilt's opinion holds good in most cases. The Norwich bombazine and silk weavers, who emigrated last year, the foreman of the mill, a Scotch- man, candidly told me, the poor men would have all gladly returned, had they possessed the means ; when he set them down to work in the York mills, Oneida county, where they had to learn a new business, with all their exertions they could not earn more than about 4 dollars, or 17s. Qd. per week. ** The query is," he added, •* could they do this at home ; that in his opinion, Lancashire cotton weavers would earn nearly one dollar more per week." At all events, it has taken me extreme pains and much time in acquiring these minute particulars, and I beg all who think of emigrating, excepting farmers or labourers, to weigh it well before they leave their looms. In the vessel I returned in last winter, several I obtained r and jew- a situation erior hand, neniber, in s. per week leans to go business," far better my close I." I may have paid ny travels, od in most Lvers, who I, a Scotch- Id have all sans ; when ills, Oneida w business, earn more "The query ; that in his earn nearly e pains and iculars, and ing farmers leave their iter, several 101 cloth-weavers from Leeds were on board, who admitted on an average they could earn as much in England aH in the States ; while, on the other hand, were Irish day labourers and bricklayers, who had saved money enough to return and take out their wives and fami- lies. It is only actual workers that bid fair to succeed, unless they have small property. To the agricultural class of emigrants every possible encouragement is given ; such as are simply desirous to obtain work, if they proceed direct to York, are more sure to obtain it than in the Lower Province, where the rate of wages is much lower ; the general prices to a farming labourer in the neighbourhood of York, Guelph, and Goderich, varies from eight to twelve dollars per month and his board. Some thou- sands landed last season at York, and all found em- ployment. It is also a matter of much encouragement to the poor class of emigrants to know that the legislature, aided by the assistance of some gentlemen in and about York, have this year erected a com- modious building in York, for the temporary use of such emigrants as may need it, and to prevent the incon- venience which has happened from their not being able to find accommodation at inns on their first arrival, it is the duty of the superintendent of that estab- lishment to seek employment, and direct those who wish it, to persons in the country, who require ser- vants. This last season much grain, within 16 and 20 miles of York, was wasted, for want of hands in the harvest. K 2 ? \, If: >) 102 1 f. All emigrants on arriving at York should go first to the emigrants' asylum, and they will there learn particulars of the country, iVc. and if they have child- ren they wish to provide with situations, the editor of the Courier paper will always put in an adver- tisement gratis, and I believe, the columns of the Advocate and Canadian Freeman, are also open to them. ' It must be a satisfaction to persons inclined to emi- grate, to hear admitted on all sides, that the mechanic, small farmer, and day labourer, no sooner land, than they are eagerly sought up and employed. The rate of farming wages are as steady as the price of grain, and while it maintains 5s. ])er bushel, no kind of doub^ need be entertained of its continuance ; the mechanic and artisan also, in all common trades, while the spirit of improvement goes on with its present strides, may rest assured of employment, at the same time not to forget to take their tools with them. The labourer should go out in the spring, others are always in season, indeed the industrious may be convinced of this from the following extract from the Quebec Star: — "It is a fact, worthy of record, that alt the money deposited in the savings bank of this city, which may be estimated at 10,000/. consists of the savings of poor Irish labourers and servants, many of whom arrived pennyless." To such as seriously think of emigrating, before they allow themselves to be led away with accounts of Van Diemen's Land, Swan River, &c. let them only calculate the expence of removing themselves and :i 103 families to each colony, the time that inu»t elapse before any profitable return can be made, if at all, in either of these places, and where their market is to be : while in Canada all is defined, and certain profit can be proved. In the next place, the actual cost of the transit of a large family to Van Diemen's Land, would put them on partially-cultivated farms in Canada, in 8 weeks, on an average of this year's passage ; from leaving the ports of Hull, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Bristol, &c. many emigrants told me they reached York in 7 weeks from England. These, I beg leave to submit, arc important truths, widely different from all the Swan River speculations. Upper Canada offers a certain investment for capital. From all that has been done on the Rideau, it is not likelv the government of this country will abandon the undertaking, after expending upwards of 572,000/. and on its completion, it will make that province the same flourishing country which astonishes all who travel on the Erie canals. What must urge on the sup- port of the British Parliament is the certainty of a full benefit of the capital abstracted from England ; it will find its way back in the increased consumption by the Canadians, of manufactured goods : no manu- facturer can exist in that country while the price of labour remains as it is. It would be sound policy in the Canadians instantly taxing themselves to the same amount done in the United States, rather than keep the colony in its present state of abeyance ; let them make good roads, k3 104 11 bridges, canals, &c. and they can afford and mil readily pay all reasonable taxes the House of As- sembly think fit to enact. If any grand national work is wanted, it can be done much easier by England, as she is able to raise loans at 3 and 3| per cent, while in Canada the interest would be 6 per cent. Persons who possess the means of getting their land cleared, will find the following calculation of use to them ; and from the pains taken to come at the truth, its correctness need not be doubted. I submitted it to several competent Canadian farmers, who all agreed with it, among whom were Mr. O'Brien, and the Messrs. Gappers, on Yonge street. Dr. £. s. d. Clearing and fencing one acre of land, formerly 3/. 15s 3 1 bushel seed wheat 5 Harrowing, not ploughed the first year, .076 Reaping 12 6 Thrashing 12 6 First instalment on 1 5s. the best price . . 3 If 20 miles from market, '3d. per bushel .003 £.5 6 i> Cr. 25 bushels wheat, 5s. ............... . 6 5 leaving 18s. 3d. to the credit side the first year ; but if it only clears itself, itie land is ample remuneration. and wilt se of As- 1 national easier by at 3 and ; would be their land of use to the truth, litted it to all agreed , and the \ s. d. 3 ) 5 [) 7 6 ^ 12 6 12 6 ) 3 ) 3 ) 6 » ? 5 year; but luneration. 105 especially if taken at the extreme price of 15s. per acre, as that at 7s. (id. is equally as valuable, except in point of situation, &c. Nor is 25 bushels an average, if the land be well managed, it is expected to yield between 30 and 40 bushels the third year, and any careful person will have cleared 70 acres by that time ; this calculation supposes all the labour to be hired. Upon the whole line of lake Erie, the Canada Com- pany hold some large blocks of land, which would answer admirably for persons having a capital of not less than 1,000/. or for persons uniting in bodies, or families. In order to shew the advantage they derive from so employing their capital, I have supposed a case of a party taking a whole block of 5,000 acres at I2s. 6d. the purchase-money would amount to 3125/. one-fifth to be paid down, the remainder in five annual instalments, or at such longer periods as the parties mutually agree u|)on, being governed by their funds. In my opinion, it can generally be all paid off in 5 years, and leave them a handsome surplus to sell to future emigrants. At the end of the second year, I expect the party would be able to erect a comfortable brick house, burn their own bricks, ^\hlch could be safely done for 500/. I have seen several good houses, built for that sum ; and in all probability if a stream was near, it would be advisable to put up a saw-mill, one capable of cutting 2,000 feet of boards per diem, will not exceed from 150/. to 200/. and enable them to convert their timber lo more profit, than making it into pot-ash, pearl-ash, or black salts. Respectable persons moving in this manner are morally certain of u fl ■■■ m 4 •^ %\ ilry i '1 M \ !ii I III. iiii 106 bringing about them a nucleus of their friends from home, and other settlers. Farmers possessing a cap- ital of 1,000/. with a working family, I consider as the maximum which can be beneticially employed on land at first ; if they have more than that amount, I would advise all such to go and purchase stock in the Upper Canada bank, the interest is 6 per cent, and the share- holders regularly divide a bonus of 2 per cent, making a clear profit of 8 per cent, on capital not required for land. The account on 5,000 acres, at the end of fi'.;i years, would stand as under : — FIRST YEAR. Dr. £. s. d. One-fifth paid down 625 Clearing and fencing 300 acres, at 3/. per acre 900 Seed, 75/. harrowing and harvest, 50/. 125 Dwelling-house, barns, &c 150 4 yoke of oxen «... 50 Log chains, 11. 3 horses, 75/. waggon, 15/ 97 Sleigh, 4/. 10s. 4 cows, 16/. 2 ploughs and 4 harrows, 8/. 10 29 4 axes, "21. 30 sheep ewes, 15/. pigs, poultry, &c. 10/ 27 5 young steers, 10/. thrashing machine, 25/ 35 Fanning machine, 5/. expenses of thrash- ing, 10/ 15 Indian corn, 200 bushels, for cattle, 2s.6f/. 25 O u'i iends from sing a cap- }ider as the ed on land It, I would the Upper the share- t. making a equired for ffi',;; years, s. d. 25 30 25 50 50 97 29 27 35 15 25 O 107 £. s. d^ Oats, 312 bushels; at U. 3d. 19/. lOs. 10 tons hay, at 3/. 10s 55 Interest on 2,500/. left on the estate .... 150 Balance remaining, which will go towards ihe maintenance of the party and his family 78 £.2360 Cr. Proceeds of ashes, &c ,, 500 The Americans and Canadians gene- rally make them pay all the expense of clearing. 7,500 bushels of wheat, estimated 25 bushels per acre, at 5»'. per bushel , . 18G0 £.2300 SECOND YEAR. Dr. Second instalment upon 2,500/. leaving 2,000/. due 500 Ploughing 300 acres, at 7s. (W 112 Seed, rather more than previous year, . Harvesting, and sundry work on farm., 3 workmen, at 10 dollars per month .... Boarding ditto, at 1^ dollar per week. . th« men performing all harrowing, &c. Clearing 60 acres of new land as mea- 00 12 85 50 90 81 nl i 1 i! 'I i; 'I ■ l\ I i 'i m i r ' in ' li If i^ I'll 1' )1 108 £. s. d. dows, and for raising Indian corn, rye, peas, &c. for cattle, stock, &c. .... 150 Fodder for cattle, less than previous season . . , , 60 Blacksmiths' and collar-makers' work, 25/. carpenters' and wheelwrights', 70/ 05 Seed, for extra 50 acres, &c 13 Interest on 2,000/. left on the estate . . 120 Balance remaining on the second years' account, only a small part of which will be required for the maintenance of the party and his family 897 £.2243 Having 350 Acres under cultivation. Cr. 7,500 bushels wheat 1860 Ashes off 50 acres 83 1200 bushels of wheat, off the last 50 acres, at 5£ 300 £.2243 THIRD YEAR. Dr. Third instalment upon 2,000/. leaving 1,500/. due 500 Ploughing 300 acres, oils.Qd 112 ■;. s. d. .0 >5 L3 20 )7 13 60 B3 00 43 »00 12 109 Seed for ditto 90 Harvesting ditto 60 60 acres left for stock, pigs, &c. the utmost expense on which, and for keeping up the stock, cannot exceed 50 3 workmen, including board 171 Boy 20 Clearing 100 acres fresh land, and crop- ping it 342 Blacksmith 25 Carpenters, wheelwrights 40 Thrashing, and collar-maker's work . . 25 Interest on 1500/. left on the estate .... 90 Balance remaining on the third years' account for maintenance, &c 1436 £.2,961 450 Acres improved. Cr. 8,700 bushels of wheat, at 5s 2175 Ashes off 100 acres 166 2,500 bushels of wheat, at 5s. otf the last 100 acres 620 £.2,961 9 FOURTH YEAR. Dr. Fourth instalment upon 1,500/. leaving 1,000/. due 500 t 'A t if 1 1 -m m .1 ^ -Ij no £' s. Ploughing 400 acres, at 7s. Qd 150 Seed for ditto 120 Harvesting ditto 80 50 acres left for stock, pigs, etc. as last year go 4 workmen, including board 22» *^"y 20 Clearing 100 acres, and cropping it. . . . 342 Blacksmith and harness-maker 30 Carpenters and wheelwrights . . 40 Thrashing 30 100 sheep , 30 Interest on 1000/. left on the estate. ... 60 Balance remaining for maintenance, c*i:c. 1 , 100 £.2,770 550 Acres improved. Cr. 8,700 bushels of w heat 2, 1 75 1,500 ditto barley, at 3s 375 Profit on stock (Jo Ashes off 100 acres icG £.2,776 FIFTH YEAR. Dr. Fifth instalment 1,000 Ploughing 500 acres 187 Seeding ditto 150 (I, Ill , s. d. » t2 K) 10 50 JO 50 )0 7« 75 75 RO 5G 76 ► ' 150 £. s. d. Harvesting 100 50 acres left for stock as before 50 5 workmen, incliidin(< board 2»5 Hoy 20 Blacksmith and barness-niaker 35 (Carpenter and wheelwright 45 Thrashing 25 Balance remaining for maintenance, etc. 1,113 £.3,010 Cr. 10,000 bushels of wheat, at 5s 2,500 2,500 ditto l>arley, at 3s 375 Stock sold off 135 £.3,01(> 550 acres improved, at 3/. per acre, would produce 1 ,(550 4,450 ditto unimproved, at cost price, 2, 7H2 Value of buildings, stock, cVc 1,000 £.5,432 The value of this property would then be 5,000/. besides having in the last three years returned a hand- some income of upwards 1,000/. per annum. After the third year, it will be necessary to farm to advantage, to begin the English rotation of crops, and any practical i\iruier can see whnt the result must be, from good hard wooil, and well timbered land ; 25 L ■iJ! \/ JI2 bushels per acre is or'ly a fair average crop, which the land will yield 3 years for wheat, without injury, and the remainder of the purchase will permit the bulk of this portion, when re(piired to be converted in a gra- zing farm, must always yield a good profit. A con- siderable deduction from these profits would ensue where the party has all his roads, &c. to make, or even side roads to a main one ; and in regard to the pot and pearl-ashes, 1 am borne out by most writers on Canadian farming ; in my estimate I have kept considerably below what may be made from the ashes, particularly if the party make their own pot-ash, with merely a rough building (a shanty) in the woods, with an iron kettle and a few tubs will do, and of course yield a greater profit. From the extent of emigration, the price of corn may be fully anticipated to maintain ^s. per bushel, which has been about the price since 1827. Upwards of 2»,000 emigrants landed last season at Quebec, the greater part of whom proceeded to the Upper Province. At one period <>f my life I imagined the religious opinions of men, on (juitting their native land, affected them most ; I now think the love of country has a stronger hold on their minds, for awhile; on reflection, one is a definable sensation, we can all remember what has occtjrred, and what \\c have left; but in regard to the other question, it must ever remain a subject which recpiires tlie exercise of a certain degree of implicit faith in those doctrines we profess, and which we find all men can as accejtably perform to the Deity in one wliich the ijury, and le bulk of I in a gra- ;. A con- mUl ensue I niake, or art! to the est writers have kept I the ashes, n pot-ash , the woods, do, and of •ice of corn per bushel, it season at !ded to the the religious ind, affected untry has a m reflection, nember what in regard to ubject which e of implicit hich we find Deitv in one 113 quarter of the world as in another ; and in Canada, difference of opinion on masters of faith seldom or ever lead to unpleasant feelings — we mutually agree to differ. Upon going into our courts, you will as frequently see a catholic magistrate on the bench as an episcopalian, being alf eligible to that office, consequently have confidence in each other ; these considerations operate on our minds, and ulti- mately tend to reconcile us to a country in which the language, customs, and most of its inhabitants are of the same common origin. As far as true religion extends, those who live in towns, and endeavour to act under its guidance, are as strictly devout as they are ut home, or may be, and if future new settlers will use common caution, concentration will give them all these advantages. Political asperities seldom interrupt the harmony of families, being chiefly con- fined to the editors of newspapers, whose disputes have been alike annoying to their own immediate friends, the public at large, and injurious to the best interests of the colony. The principal reason I have not gone more minutely into the system of farming, as conducted in Canada, is, because it is so easily acquired, and many sensible persons, both Americans and others, have often told me they world as soon see emigrants who had not followed agricultural pursuits ; as such, they would naturally bring their ideas of an old settled country with them, which from endeavouring to follow, they too frequently incur needless expences, which the condition of no new country justifies. All L 2 114 I ' !f T the information actmilly needed is readily ob- tained from tlieir neighbours, and I trust the 'rauts planting' themselves where they have none. 1 believe most land requires three years to get it into protitabtc eultivation, and seven years before the stumps are all cleared otf, excepting pine stuni])s, which remain many years an eye-sore to the neat farmer, long before which time the emigrant is equal to his new life, having a due regard to preserv- ing all his manure, till he finds the land requires it. llem|), from all my en(|uiries, and I made many, does not in the ))resent state of the country, both in regard to population and wealth, justify its culture ; labour enter, too deeply into the cost of raising and dressing it, notwithstanding the government have ottered a bonus, still it does not progress. In conclusion, myself with many others regret that so much capital has been diverted from England in agri- cultural speculations, to countries that never can suc- ceed for generations to come, from their distance from suitable markets ; these ideas suggest themselves from reading a few days since, in the Times, the editor's remarks on a pamplet recently published, in which New South Wales is mentioned, praising a former work by the same gentleuian, but simply remarking, they were not so well pleased with it, that it is more elaborate in its reasonings, and deals more in theories, on which people may ditter, than in facts and descriptions, of which all acknowledge the importance when stated with accuracy, or drawn with fidelity ; from perusing what followed these observations, I was I :/ 115 aclily <»l»- the (lay Ives where lires three uiul seven exceptinj; eye-sore to e emigrant to preserv- requires it. imny, does in regard ire ; labour Jressiiia; it, d a bonus, regret that \nd in agri- r can suc- *tance from selves from he editor's in \vhich ; a former remarking, that it is lIs more ia n facts and importance h fidelity ; ions, I was led to infer, it must he clear to all who compare prices hetween Canada and New South Wales, not much sagacity is re({uired to determine their choice ; none hut large capitalists and downright drudges can go to the one country, small means will not bear iij) against low prices, and 'Ills, per week for day labourers, nor is 2d. per lb. a remunerating price there for meat ; as for grain, they have no market but themselves ; let those who have returned paint the scene, and I fear it will not prove tempting. When we see so nmch nearer home, what the Americans have accomplished in New York State, without any pretensions to similar wealth like that of Great Britain, if we but imitate her energies, the same results must inevitably follow. List of Prices of Articles in common use, York, Upper Canada. s. d. s. d. A Salmon, from Olb. to lUlb 3 !) to 5 Ditto, when abundant 1 li . . "2 (i White fish, froui 2lb. to4lb. perdoz. 5 Bread, 4lbs (; . . 7A A goose 1 G . . 2 (5 A turkey 2 3 . . :J U Cheese, Canadian, jK^r ib 3 .. 4 Ditto, English 110|.. 2 Sugar, West India (J . . 7 Ditto, maple 3i.. 4 Ditto, lump « .. 10 Soap generally made, but at stores 2i.. 3| Candles, moulds 7^ Vinegar, English, per gallon 4 l3 I i no 1' 1 «. d. I. d Vincgnr, Canadian, ordinary, from fvder 1 to 1 '.\ Tolmcco, per lb 7f..O !» Madeira wine, good, per gallon.. . . 12 ..15 Port, inferior 10 0..I2 (J Chanipaigne, per dozen, good.... 45 ..UO Claret :i5 . . 10 Ditto, inferior 25 . . ao Best Cognac brandy 7 (J . . 10 Common ditto 4 4 .. (t :) Rum 5 Holland'sGin « 3.. 7 « Scotch whiskey 9 . . 14 Irish ditto Common Canadian ditto 1 4 .. 1 <; London porter, per dozen IK , . 20 The country ale, bud.. 1 .. 1 :i Young hyson tea, per lb 5 . . 7 <» Black, little used 3 . . 4 Coftee 7i.. 1 A good horse 10/. . . 25/. A cow 3/. . . 5/. Sheep, 1 have seen all prices, from 10s. to 50s. the latter was a j)rize, one of the Leicester breed, intro- duced by Mr. P. Robinson. Bricks, 1/. to 1/. 5s. j)ei 1,000, at the kiln ; |)eople who buiUI usually burn theiu to save carrifige. Tov Is and vegetables very irregular, either dear, or so chenj) that even a Dutchman will not take the trouble to bring them to market. Onions, 5s. to 6s. Sd. per bushel. to 1 a .. j» ..IS ..V2 (( ..«0 ..10 ..:)0 ..10 .. « a .. 7 <> ..14 .. I (i ► ..20 .. 1 a .. 7 (> > .. 4 fi.. 1 0/. .. 25/. a/. .. 5/. to oOs . the reed, intro- » 1/. 5s . |)er y burn them ry irregular, man will not t. Onions, 1/7 CHAPTEll VII. rONCLUSION. HaviN(; devoted niueli time and attention both iir England, the United States, and Upper Canada, on the best means of rendering assistance to the sntiering poor, particularly day labourers, on whom it falls the most severe in the agricultural counties of England, 1 think it possible that such parish-otHcers as have a redundant populati(»n, may find useful information by perusing these observations, in which the writer has confined himself to simple matter-of-fact statements ; an". per acre, in less than 5 years from this date, and afford relief to all our unemph>yed poor. FroiU the fruitless experiments formerly made, the secretary of the colonies can tell exactly where to advise all who wish to go. I was credibly informed by a person just returned from the Cape, and he offered to make oath of the statement, that tiiere are at this time nearly (500 persons at the Cape, who started from England io go to Van Dieinen's Land, the Swan River, itc. but hearing such deph)rable accounts, they preferred remaining there to going forward. I have also heard similar re^)orts from many others who have been at these places. In Canada sucii circumstances couhl not happen, six weeks would, on an average, bring the news to England, and a check be instantly given to emigration. Is it probable that British merchants would send such quantities of goods (greater this spring than ever,) to a coimtry rendering no returns, Mr. II. Gourlay would not have published so favour- able an account ten years ago, and got it so respect- ably authenticated, had it not been essentially true. In the present distressed state, both in Ireknd and our own agricultural districts, it may be viewed as a Plo- vidential circumstance, that so tine an outlet exists as the Canadas — particularly if made a government measure, the expences could be much reduced to parishes, compared with tlieir present state of removing them to the Upj)er Province. From tlie observations I have been enabled to make this sj)ring, as to the dis- position of parishes in Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk, I can with confidence state, wherever an inclination III lit « 4} .} ii m ii > li. . i % I V i Mi i M% 120 existed on the part of individuals to make the ex- periment, it has ahnost invariably been acceded to. Hundreds of deserving but destitute English emigrants have sailed this season, and the average expence to the parishes in these counties have not exceeded 30/. for a family consisting of a man, wife, and three children ; these men were chieHy labourers, ill fed, badly paid, and poorly clad; if on their arrival in Canada, they only retain their habits of industry and sobriety, they will readily get work, and in a year or two they will understand perfectly the agriculture of the country ; then let them apply for land as a pur- chase, anil allow them sufticient time to pay for it, especial care being taken never to sell a poor emi- grant land remote from ail the necessary wants of a new settlement, such as mills, roads, stores, eoj)le what is their true isiterest, that considerable opposition has already been expressed to this most humane, wise, and well-considered provisions. In short, there are three classes of objections, wlio all combine to decry the proposed measure, but would separate wide as the po!?s asunder, if they were called Tij)on to substitute -nie of their own. The Hrst of these are certain couutrv gentlemen, who are tlread- fiiil\ afraid at the bare idea of mortgaging the poors" St trans- I acknow- England, upon the >rt them, en by the be very f far less s nial-ad- up under rburdened tain large oval of a ily to the ;rs, acting ntaking to IS, and the lis arrival, It ^vould, t objections 1 impossible dt to teatb :onsiderable ) this most isions. In as, v'ho all , but would they were I. The tirst rt are dread- o- the poors 123 rates for teii years, fearing it will prove like the uatioiipj debt ; whereas, the charge on the parish will be but for the few years which it can remain, and will be but a third, at all events less than half, what they must continue to pay if the pauper remains at home, with a fair prospect in all the young families of a progressive increase ; instead of which, as the bill of Lord Ilowick proposes, an immediate diminution and speedy extinction. The landlords also are afraid that tenants at will may, under this bill, attempt to get rid of a temporary pressure on the poor rate, by making a permanent charge on the estate they occupy, which if they choose they may leave at a year's notice. The bill will be a boon to lau owners, not to tenants at will ; and it may be necessary that all tenants under notice to quit, should have the consent of their land- lords to the pledging the rate of government commis- sioners for the expence of removing redundant poor. The second class I will give the exact words, — " The next class of objectors comprehend Mr. Sadler and a few other well-meaning persons, who are so strongly prejudiced in favour of some crotchety theory of their own for curing all the ills that alHict humanity, as to look at iihis measure thiough a distempered medium, and oppose it with a vehement hostility, which nothing but mental delusion can excuse, or indeed account for. They exclaim against it as cruel and inhuman ! Yes, the ofter by government of means whereby the poor labourers, who are now suffering extreme distress in the country, and are driven into the commission of idual public and His Majesty's government from all expense, which may arise from sickness or distress, attending the introduc- tion of any number of emigrants in the province ; I mean in addition to those carried out at the public expense, because I assume always, that sending what- ever number you may at the public expense, there will still be a certain voluntary emigration, in addition to them, provided the means of transport exist. The Rev. Dr. Strachan is fidly convin( ;d of the correctness of the ojiinion stated last year to the com- mittee, that the emigrant would be able to repav money advanced him for his lication in Canada, that he couhl pay the interest, and at the end of seven years begin to pay the instalments. Mr. Felton has stated, " I am so convinced of I gr< ity \f 130 vliit'h NfttltTH, t'ni«iyiim tlic iidvfiiitiiuo |U()|»(ts<(l to Im- iitronlcd t(i tliciii possosH to iiuiko tlu'ir pnynu'iits in the terms prcscrihod, that I have no hesitation whatever in hindini; inysell' to tlie extent of 1 1), ()<)()/. to make up any deficiency in the payment of tlie first year's instalments in either of (he two Provinces, provith'd that a proper deiiree of jiiduincnt be e\liil»ited in the locati()n of the settU'rs man in tlie l*ro\inces would risk something,; I would risk 1, <>()()/. njion the same gnnind, hut I could not risk 10, ()()()/. I think there are many indi- viduals of property who would nies will tend in the end to furnish a very v ilualile market for the side of the lUiuiufuetiires of tiiis eonntry, and thiit the fertile land now remainiiii; in a state of desert, when eoinbined with the liihonr of those persons so introdueed, will in the end fnrnish a ^reat aceession of wealth. The British laws exist throughout the North American colonies ; ulthoiigh these colonies may not always belong to the British empire, there might not be a particular wish on their part to separate them- selves from the mother country, and Itiich themselves to another state for a considerable time ; but they may be concpiered by the United States, and 1 think the introduction of population is one of the best securities against that event. A parish in England, where there are 100 able- bodied labourers and their families who have, or are presumed to have, a legal claim upon the parish rates, and are supported out of the poor nites, at the cost for a man, his wife, ami three children, of 'lol per annum, had such a parish the means afforded it of charging its rates for 10 years, with an annuity of 10/. per annum, upon whieh annuity a sum iiiiglit be raised sufficient to remove by emigration those redundant labourers, the immediate ettect would be the reduction of the rates of that parish, from '2'il. to 10/. per family ; I think, if the vacancy were not filled up within 10 years, the parish might not only incur the annuity expence, but the same degree of expence from the continuing redundant population, and that 132 .1 uu ihc ptuislMvoiiM be fully justified in respect of interest in contributing its fluids in that way. Tli? Honorable Peter Robinson is of opinion, that if the government of this country was for a succession of 5 or (J years to afford facilities to families, compri- sing B, 000 or 10,000 j)ersons, of resj)ectable character, tn locate themselves in dirt'erent parts of the North American colonies, it would nun-e than double the extent of voluntary emigration ; and I am convinced, that for every 1,000 persons located by the government, 2,0U0 voluntary emigrants would join their friends. if such a svstem of emigration were carried on to the extent of sending out «,000 or 10,000 persons iinnually, for 5 or (> consecutive years, the voluntary emigration would be increased to the extent of double the amount, but j)robably it would be limited to the extent of the connection of these people. iMr. BouLTON has frequently heard emigrants con- trastitig their present situation with that which they had left in Ireland, expressing their highest satisfaction at their ciiange of cii.-umstances, and reconnnending their friends to leave no stone unturned to join them ; he has seen 40 or oO letters written to their friends and relations in Ireland, full of those sentiments. Tlie emigrants of 1J)2;), >\ere settled upon the river Mississippi, in the district of liathurst, in the eastern part of the Province ; but those of 1B25 are settled much higlie • up, in the Newcastle district, towards the centre of the colony. With jirovisions for one year, a ct)w, implements in husbandry, and aid iti building a jog-house, Mr. Boulton is of opinion, that the emi- has it wo I Pres the im years, and f( for lie than count 1 ling- prod u to nii jirovis along 133 f interest iiion, that uccession , (.'oiiipri- charactev, the North the extent , that for ;nt, '2,0U»» rried on to 10 persons voluntary of double ted to tlie [vrants con- which they satisfaction onunending join them ; heir friends sentiments. )n the river the eastern are settled towards tlie ■ one year, a 1 buildinii a at the end- grants will procec'd without any further assistance froiii the public, for he knows niauy that go upon tlieir lands perfectly destitute and yet succeed ; he ha;« no doubt but that they would be able to pay 4/. per annum for their location of 100 acres, after a period of seven years. Under such favourable circumstances they would soon ac(pnre ))roperty, for they become ((uickly dexterous in the use of the axe ; and an able- bodied industrious man can, without over-working him- self, clear a fence, and put in crop ter. acres of land in the course of twelve months. ThiS crop would consist of Indian corn, wheat, and |)otatoes ; the acre would yield twenty or thirty l)usbels of wheat, not- withstanding the stumps of trees reuuiining. If emi- gration continue, the settlers will tind a better nuirket at their door from the strangers coining on their lots, and retpiiring provisions, than in the towns ; at.d he has known 5s. paid for wheat back in the woods when it would hardly fetch half that sum on the lake shore, Presuming that the emigrant would continue to make,' the usual improvements, he would, at the end of seven years, have seven or eigiit barrels of Hour to spare, and for that he would get a great deal more than 41. ; for he never knew a barrel of flour sell at a lower price than l"2s. (>(/. ; the average j)rice throughout the country is '20s. provincial currency, equal to 18s. ster- ling~25s. and '21s. Orf. in 18:i(). The farmer is the j)roducer, and is at little expense ;it bringing his flour to market; for he uses liis own team, and takes jH'ovisions for himself and provender for his cattle along with him. Indeed, that farmer must be very rn 1 134 1 " idle who has not eight barrels of flour to dispose of at the end of seven vears, o\er and above what is sutiicient for the maintenance of his family. There is a market in all the towns and villages for the produce of the settlers ; for the sliopkeepcrs, or merchants, residing in those places, buy it up with money or ii'oods, and send to Montreal, ft)r exportation, what is not required for home consumption : eight, which he mentioned as the number of barrels ai nour which an emigrant could spare at the end of scvcii years, is not Mie result of any accurate calculation, but an accidental ({uantity ; it is the very mininmm, as he thinks it hardly possible that a man should have so little. He ought to have, in that time, thirty acres under im- provement, a pair of horses with either a waggon or cart, or some vehicle to carry his produce ; two or three cows, a yoke of oxen, a comfortable house to live in, and plenty of wholesome food for himself and family. He has known countless instances of persons who had not a shilling in their pockets on their arrival, and even begged of him a meal of victuals, w ho, in a few years were able to live comfortaWy, and could get credit for Gl. or 10/. worth of necessaries as readily as he could ; nay, he has known many such persons, in the course of fifteen or twenty years, become men of considerable property, magistrates and members of tlie legislature, and at length forming a part of the aristo- cracy of the country ; nor does he conceive it possible that a man of common industry, having 100 acres of land, not able to |)ay a quit-rent of 4/. per annum. •tvl 135 lispose of i what is There is e produce iierchants, money or II, what is which he which an ars, is not accidental thinks it little. He under im- waggon or :e ; two or e house to imself and of persons leir arrival, who, in 11 I could get readily as persons, in me men of ibers of the the aristo- : it possible 30 acres of i)er annum. Mr. BouLTON says, that an old settler, having a hundred and fifty acres of land, would not tind the slightest difHcuUy in paying a quit-rent of 3/. lOs. per annum ; for many such persons incur debts to the amount of 40/. or 50/. and discharge them honestly ; but there are considerable prejudices against renting land, because a man of common industry can easily acquire land of his own : call it interest, with the power of paying up the capital, and all prejudice is removed. The very name of even a pepper-corn for rent, says the Attorney-General of Nova Scotia, is revolted against; talk of interest of money, and then everybody will meet you ; but when you put it in the shape of rent, though it is but a pepper-corn, a man would say, I did not come here to pay rent ; but if you were to say, I paid 50/. for settling you here, he would say, I will repay you the 50/. and the interest u|>on it. Mr. Boulton states, that the European emigrants, and others who purchase, commonly un- dertake to pay for their lands in six or seven years, with annual interest at 6 per cent. They live upon their lots some portion of the year, to put in a crop sufticient for their families, and then go in search of labour ; and, if industrious, they will get between 2/. and Hi. a month. After a few months they return with their savings, 7/. or H/. perhaps, which they pay their landlord. In this way many complete their pay- ments in six or seven years ; but should they not pay up the whole in the stipidated time, the proprietor extends it, if the interest is regularly paid, and the improvements are proceeding. Instances of people N H ^ ) Ml l\ ■ i '' 1 . t 136 beino" driven oft' are rare, and with a little time tliey generally complete their purchase. The i)rice of such land depends more upon the situation than the good- ness of the soil, heing from 1 to 4 and «> dollars per acre, — nor is the land any better, though it may be more convenient, than that prejjared for locating the settlers ; for the lands which remain nnlocated are equally good with those already settled, only requiring roads and inhabitants. Plains without timber, of which there are some in Ujiper Canada, are not desir- able, because thev are not considered the best land. There are two banks in Upper, and three in Lower <'anada, which issue paper as low as a dollar, or 4s. 6d. sterling, but which passes n the province at 5». The first hut, or log-house, which the settler builds, as to its comfort, dej)ends upon his industry' and cleaidiness, but he generally builds a good frame-house at tile end of seven or eight years. The tax on a house of this sort is so minute, that it never can become a motive to deter him from building. Mr. Boulton says, tliat it is a coimnon practice amonrj the emigrants to save a little money, to assist their friends and relations in con, illy uvt; and the Attorney-Cjeneral of Nova Scotia, (page 41,) tells the Committee, that he has re- ceived viorc than 200/. from different persons to pay pfissdj/es out, arid he holds contributions from ^Ibfami- lies, et/nal to hriug out two or three for each family ; oT those 25 families, tlie first arrival might be about twol\e ^ears ago, when, perhaps, he laboured two or three y«'ars bet"ore he was able to settle ; from the }(eri<..l of his seitlenuiit it may be about nine years. are in States «leed, produc popnU fined have ; stances the Lo being shall be mui be ab 137 time ttiey ce of sucli the good- [loilars per it mav be • locating ocated are y requiring, timber, of not desir- st land, e in Lower )llar, or 4s» ime at 5s. tier builds, iustry' and rame-housc i on a house ,n become a ndton says, migrants to nd relations al of Nova it he has re- sons to pay )m 'Ibjanii' 2ch family ; ht be about J red two or : ; from the ; nine years. but the witncs.s believes that tiit'.re are as many ax thrie who have been able to send, within three or four years, funds to briny out so:n(; of thr.ir friends ; and from one he had 16/. aiid from the other two, 11. or 0/. each. Mr. BouLTON belioves, that six or seven milhons would not be an over population for Upper Ca!iaMse(|ucacc <»f the cessation of emigration, flieii if Great Britain is desirous that tl»e people of the colonies shall clothe themselves with her niannfac- tiives, she nuist rev^-oive their produce, or they must manufacture for themselves ; but he feels assured that if tlii.s cniiii,ratiou he commeined under favourable I'-uspices, and be conducted with 0,000 men, each of whom often require two or three barrels for their juesent supply, therefore the colonies are not able to supply any thing like the quantity required. At present the fisheries are chiefly supplied from the produce of the United States, paying a duty of 5s. jjer barrel : they receive a partial supply from Canada, but very small in proportion to their consumption ; and Ireland furnishes beef, j)ork, and butter. Mr. BoiJLTON being called in, stated, that he had heard the emigrants notice, as one great advantage which they enjoyed in Upper Canada, that they had no tithes to pay, and that there was no distinction be- tween one religious party and the other : they were free from any thing of that kind ; and this absence of (lis0,000 'ee barrels es are not ' required. from the luty of 5s. Ill Canada, isumption ; * < hat he had advantage ,t they had tinction be- they were absence of II, weighed upon their minds in creatiiifi; a feeling of gratification with their lotation in Canada. There are, indeed, no disqualifi»;ati()ns on account of religion in the Canadas of any description. Mr. Uniacke stated, that the fisheries of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick employed about 20,000 men. The fisheries are conducted i>y capitalists or individuals. The capitalist commonly uses vess»'U from 40 to 100 tons, and cmjiloys men at wages. There is another description of fishing carried on in boats near the shore, by persons wlio fish a great part of the summer, and at the same time carry on some small cultivation upon land. But none of the fisheries are carried on upon shan-s, as in the United States. In that country the owner of tiie vessel finds the ship, salt, and provisions ; the men, the lines and tin; labour; and they divide the proceeds on the return of the vessel. Fish are terme«l green while they remain undried. The whole fishery cf the United States is carried on upon shares : in whaleing it is the case ; every man has his share, which depends upon the success of the voyage; and it is far the best system. yet several attempts to introduce it in the British fisheries have failed ; tlui people prefer wages. Voluntary emigration is the thin^ that will renmra the reclundanf population in this countri/ ; and, if thiv'f ivere no obstructions, it iconld resume its former standard. The system of voluntary emigration used formerly to be conducted thus : those who couhl jtay their passage out, went at onc<;, those who could not, were called redeniptioners, and aurced to pav, oa their N 3 ' ! - i , HO It:'' iw |j'? 'i I m aniva! in Nova Scotia, 40v. or :)/. ; hut, it' thc>' could not iciisc llie iiuMioy, tlie captain was ut liberty to bind tiuoni for hvo or three years to some person willing to p;i\ the sum agreed for. He has known Germans, and others, who have lonie out in this way, with 30/. or 4u/. in their pockets, and served two (»r three years to persons for ailvancini;; Hieir passa^e-inouey, that tiiev mii'ht become ac(|uaiiUe«i with the couutrv before they set up for themselves. John Wii.ks, Es«| the \estry clerk of St. Luke's, says, that amony; the piuiper poor it is probable a cuaslderable number would gladly sead their children to Canada under the protection of ijovernment, to be provided for, and to relieve themsehes from a bur- then, which the increusiny; population of London, and the decreasing' call for labour, render it ditKcult for them to sustain ; and he thinks that the parishes in London, which are in the habit of giving ol. for apprentice fee, would very willingly facilitate the emigration of children. If there were ai\ emigration from this country to Canada, the children might be apprenticed lor five or seven years; it would be a great relief, and the parishes wwdd contribute sorae- thiug towards it. He thinks that if the child and the parents were male to them hereafter, and as population increases, entigration ought to keep pace with it. Emigration is, indeed, absolutely necessaiy for the welfare of the state ; and if it were encouraged instead of being checked, scarcely any would abandon their country, but those who cannot find maintenance in it. As soon as emigration became so great as to leave the means of subsistence easy and plentiful to those that remain, it would naturally cease. The only good law against emigration is that which nature has engraven on every heart. Mr. Gabbktt states, that, from the part of the country where he resides, Ireland, there has been a considerable emigration to different parts of America, particularly to Canada, at their own expence ; but with no other ett'ect than the loss of the best me- chanics and labourers, none of whom have ever re- turned. He has often enquired concerning them of their friends, and they are highly pleased with their condition, which has induced the emigration of many more ; and tlie letters from emigrants generally encou- rage their friends to follow them. Mr. Gabbett states, that there is the greatest pos- sible danger for any tenant to take possession of land 1 t 142 from which others have been «lis))<>s3essed — his life vvo'ilcl be immediately suerificed ; lor combinations hak'e existed unioiij; the poimlution of the country, to co-operate in vindictive nieuwurcs ajiainst any tenants taking possession of hinds iVoin v.'liich the former tenants ha\c been turned out, su lonji' as he remembers. If t!ie land is to i>e taxed, Mr. (Juhbett thinks the landlords would sooner contribute tu keep the poor in the country by an expenditure upon tije land itself, than foi emigration. They mii^ht be employed in recluiming bogs and mountains, and in laying out extensive lines of road, and variau;-. other ways ; and he himself would sooner contribute to this, than to emigration ; for the recLumiua; oi' these lands wnidd feed the population. He does not think that the land in Ireland wouhl bear a tax sutiicient to aifoni occu- pation to the pojtulation unemph^ycd ; but he is satisfied that, with the poor iiian'H labour, (5/. a year would be found sutHcient to support a family of tour, vuluiny his labour at 5/. or 11/. in nil, not including clothes, which they derive from a pig which they generall> keep. Mr. Gabbett does not know which to prefer* paying 1(5/. a year to support four people, or to pay the sum of 20/. to remove them to a state of com- parative comfort and iadepeudence, and get rid of them for ever ; but he thinks that oidy one-third of the population is employed. Mr. Gabbett cton- cludes by stating, that the objection which he feels to emigration is, that the ellicient labourer will be taken away, and he will leave his family, for he cannot take all his children with him, in the greatest possible 143 —his life )inat.iuns untry, ti> y tenants J former iieniberH. links the poor ill j(l ilstlf, )loyefl in ying out lys ; and than to (Is U'0»j1(1 ! tho land »rt iiit'Ht tht' r tikey arc in a larp;e r are t'lilly [licit must hreo years atcd from le ex pence :ge. The i, so much |)arish are 1(1 adopted tiiiding out 1 of money d repaying tvery half- There ia no r if the Nctth'rs or emigrants were assisted, as they have lUely hren, all would remain. The population is, in general, very much attached to Vw novernment «>f (Jreat liritaiii. The settlers have no taxes or ussessiuenls to |)ay, compared to those paid hy the iidia hit ants of the United States. The feeling of the ("aiiiidas is ut present exceedingly in favour of a ; ontiiiuaiRT.of the connexion with the mother-country, provided their interests are properly prolt;(ted. The exports in \lV.l'j, were valued at up- nards of 1 ,0!)0,0()()/. ; the seamen eniployed, J) or 10 thousand ;—iiie \esyel.s ;Jil.» ; the tonnage 227,707: and (il new vessels wore huilt in l^o^^er Canada. After attrihntii!^ t!ie increase of population, in a great degree, to improvident marriafrcs, from a re- li;uice on the poor-rates and t!ie huilding of cottages, Mr. Hodges delivered a letter from a labouring man, who had emigruted from an adjacent parish, dated Up- per Canada, t)(ith October, IH25, slating that is a fine country for a man with a family, entering into various particul.irs; hut all encouraging and in favour of enii- grati(m. lie had gone first to the United States; but, convinced of the superior advantages of Upper Canada, he had removed into il, where, he says, " nty children can get farms of their own, which they could not have done in the States." This man had nothing when he went away but his lab(mr to depend uj)on. A thous- and families couhl well be spared from the district of which Mr. Hodges speaks, and with great benefit to the lalmurers who remain ; nor docs he conceive it |K>8sii'le, ■■ I I • ■' j-,!! 140 without such cxtmordiiiarv relief as emigration may af- lord, and, perhaps, eniijc^ration alune, that the peoph' can \te restored to tliat sound state, by which the poor laws may he placed on their original principles, and the nu)ral and religious habits of the people be re~ stored ; 'or the lower population are led day by day ;nore and more to throw themeelves upon public or parochial relief. •1 1 R«*!*>*'-«HMiai*- ion may af- the peopl<> :"h the poor ciples, and opie be re" ay by day 1 public or APPENDIX. ill, i.r I 1, .1 .\ { 1 i. t: ( j H i us' ^"%'? II I re / l» 148 No. :. — Statement of the Sales of Land hy the Canada Company. Ill 1827 aiul 1»28. Acres. Crown reserves 45,3(}4 Guelph 14,729 At an average of 0*. 7('. currency, per acre 00,0^'»> Huron tract, at 7s. 6,.'>78 G(),()71 C'ltOWN RESERVES,— in 182S) and 1H30. 1829. Currency. IB.IO. Currency. Acres. s. d. Acres. *. rf. Jnnuarv.... «008 at I) per acre 1700 at {> 4 rebruarv .. 2400.. J» 4 .. :J335 . . 10 March \,.. 3212.. J) (J .. 3075.. 10 « April 2227.. U I) .. 2H3(J.. 10 G Mav 223!).. 9 10 .. 1470.. 11 2 June 1085., 10 .. 1895.. 10 7 JuN 17G0.. 9 .. 3454.. 10 7 August .... 1832.. 9 8 .. 3399.. 10 10 September.. 1900.. 9 4.. 3333.. 12 October.... 3314.. 9 7 .. 5537.. 10 7 November.. 3700.. 10 5 .. 9151.. 10 G Deceml>er.. 2981.. 10 9 .. G878 . . 10 10 30258 at 9 7 Total 4(50G8 at Iv « 3130 at 7 G .... 4880 at 7 G Total 33388 pioducing Total 50943 producing £.15tiG6. £.26340. ICfe ic Canada H30. Currency s. (f. dt J> 4 . 10 . 10 a . 10 G . 11 2 . 10 7 . 10 7 . 10 10 . 12 . 10 7 . 10 G . 10 10 it !• » it 7 G roducing; ;.2G340. 149 CROWN RESERVKS,— in lasi. Acres. £. '• January .... G, 187 at 11 February ... 5,118 ..0 11 March .... 5,014 ..0 11 April 5,0G-2 . . 10 21,451 Huron tract . 0,515 ..0 7 30,906 Of 6 i! it; u 'i 4 J ! yl p 1A, rt<;ac:es on the lands, with the clearances and improve- ments made thereon 40,4lo Value of houses, t*tc. etc. per Commissioners' valuation .... 5,090 Value of mill at Guelph 1,500 £.73,852 Difli'ercnce * Sttrlmg. £.0,31)2 fi(;,4f57 72,»5I> 71, \riii £.144,787 £.144,7H7 I on tbc Slat ut to upwarda ut' mada, to nscer- d also various jr stage of tli per cent.) 640 By value of 48,(>74 acres Crown Reserves, remaining on band of tbe year's purchase, at tbe cost price, viz. 3s. '2d. sterling per acre 7,707 By ditto of 2,907 acres Huron Tract ditto, at 2s. 5(/. sterling j)er acre 351 £.34,317 By balance £.13,248 '[ W f 154 •1 I Dr. N<>. 2. — Sfiel:;h of Prospcctioe Acconntx of l/m Canada Conif-r If, J or five i/cars, from liJ3l to lUU^, both inolitniK, ha.ed o)i the stateinanlsi puhlbfied bij the , ill tkeiy iCcporls of l'^'y^ and 1031, assiiin- no more calls will ha wanted after one ill ... ulij l;'. ' of 10.V. per share ; inahinrf the total of capital paid vp. 111. \Qs. per share on \],ii{)0 shares, or 155,574/. the annual interest on whieh would be, at 4, per cent., £.0,-2-23. Estimate for 1831 Interrsf due to I'roprietors un- called for, December 31, 15531 Cash deposited in London to he rejiaid in Canada Pfivments to he made this year— ToGovernnient for landiti.OOO For improvements £.3,000 Currency. Expenses of manaoeiuent in Eng- land and Canada Dividends on »,«no Shares, 1(5/. paid to 31st Decemher, 1830, is 142,240/. at 4 per cent. . . . Tt> balance carried forward to 1832 , NoU. — Balance in IS.'ll, lis above AAA unpaid calK and forfeited shares (lovernnient delicnlurca Kstiraated value of houses and mill at GuelpU and Cioderich— «. Bills receivable on hand, on the 31st. De- ber, 1831 — — .„..- ~ >„— — 10 per cunt olt™...~...~.™_«—«~— —«.»—•".-- ;\«d 370,140 acres of land on hand, paid for, at lOf. per acre — .— —- — •>- Sterling. £.1,372 1,175 19,000 6,000 6,000 14,320 £.4«,5r>3 f .10,000 .€.I4,.320 1,448 o,,';oo i:.io,5oo <6,eio 40,400 02,900 6,1W 188,070 £.200,454 155 JEstlmale/or 1831. Currani't' Rv cash and Exchequer Bills on 'hand 31st of Dec. 1»30... " Property in Canada," — viz. in bank £7,323 Commissioners 014 ^.7,937 Proportion of 50,000/. Bills (to be received this year) 10,000 Interest on ditto , . 3,000 Ditto on 10,000/. Debentures at 6 per cent (>00 Repayment by his Majesty's Government for Surveys . . Call of 1/. 10s. per share .... Exchange on Bills in London . . Estimated produce of Sales to be made this year, assumed at 80,000 acres, at 10/. currency per acre, is 40,000/. of which ouc-tifth is 8,000 Deduct 10 per cent, to reduce £,25),537 currency to sterling 2,953 Sterling. £.4,944 1,000 13,335 700 3! .* I 26,584 ul £.46,5G3 15G lifti.vatr/iir I8.t:. Payraontft this }oar, viz — To GoverniiK'Ht for hind f. 17,000 For IiiiprovouuMUis. ;),0l)0 Fixponros of njnnac^oiiicnt, .... Dividi'tuls on l^liJiO sluxros, 17/. H).f. piiid Buliirue ,.i00/. the estimated value of buildiiigs at Guclph and (jioderich 50O £.32,820 Deduct 10 [ler cent, to reduce currency to sterling 3,282 2t>,53n £.44,204 '•t^ — 158 M. Animate for IH.M, To paymcntn this year, viz — ToCiovernment for land 18,000 For improvemenfs . . £.2,000 CurrencT- To expenses of manag^cmcnt , . To dividends, same as 1832 . . To balance carried forward to 1U34. Starllug. £.20,000 5,000 0,223 24,227 £.66,450 Note.-— Kcside* tUs balance of^....__ rUcrc are tbe itcnaa enumerated under the balance of 1832, £.15,848 Lcs8 additional credit this year for buildings .^^....^^ £.500 lievslOper cent, for currency 50 460 Bills receivable — — And 436,440 acres of land on hand, paid for, valued at \9s, sterling per acre _.. Making the estimated value of the Com- pany's Proporty, 3Ist. December, 1833.^ £ .!M,8ar 15,30(1 118,800 218,290 <.37a,e4S \\v Stsrliuft. £.20,000 6,000 6,223 24,227 £.66,460 £ .34,MT 15,3M 118,800 218,210 X.376,M5 159 Estimattfor IH33. Ciirreucy. tiulancc brought front 1U32,.. Kstiinated ('ash liiMtulment on Salcwof Lund at 12s. currency this year, asttuining at 120,000 acres, Mouhl be 72,000/. one- tifth is 14,400 One-tilth of Bills receivable on hand Olst. December, 1«30, 10,000 Ditto for Sales .1831 0,400 Ditto ditto 1«32, 8,800 Interest on Bills 5,U7(> Ditto on Government Deben- tures 600 Re-paymeut of Advances to Set- tlers ......•• Buildings at Guelph &. Goderich oOO 46,676 lOpercentoff 4,667 Sterling. £.13,041 400 42,009 £.56,460 % tfe ! %\' V^i V-v ij » 160 IM Estimate for 1834. Payments this year, viz. — To Government for land 19,000 For Improvements. . . .£.2,000 Expenses of Management .... Dividends on 17/. 10s. per acre, same as 1832 and 1833, .. Balance carried forward to 1835 Currency. Sterlicg. £.21,000 3,000 6,223 46,530 U 1 A'b^e.— Independent uf this balance of There arc the Aasets of the Company not yet brought to account, ba described at foot uf last year's balanc8~~~>-~. ....^£15,398 Credited this year for build- ings, &c. _^ .... ^.■.— .~. 450 Bills receivable .——..... And 463,590 acres of land, at lOs, per acre^i Total Property of the Company at the end of the year 1R34, >^...«..>...^^.^.^.....>...~. ;e.78,753 £4«,53» 14,94* 137.610 231,79.'! 430,883 ' Sterling. £.21,000 5,000 6,223 46,530 / £.78,753 £40,530 i4,94t 137,610 231,795 430,883 161 Estimate/or JHSJ. Currency, Balance brought forward from 1833 Estimated Cash Instalment on Sales of Land this year, same as 1833, say 120,000 acies, at 12*. currency per acre, 72,000/. one-fifth is . . 14,400 One-fifth of 50,000/. Bills on hand 31st. Dec. 1830, .... 10,000 Ditto for Sales of 1831, .... 6,400 Ditto ditto — 1832, .... 8,800 Ditto ditto 1033, .... 11,520 Total £.51,120 I nterest on Bills ^ 7,920 Ditto onGovernmentDebentures 600 Re-payment of advances to settlers Buildings at Guelph and Code- rich, (third instalment on 6,500/.) ,.. 600 £.60,140 Deduct 10 per cent, to reduce currency to sterling 6,014 T> '-> Sterling. jg24,227 400 54,126 £.78,753 I .1 l' ■ !!■ • V .1 f 162 I'.i'il ..Vji'* ' ;!:•? Estimate/or 1835. Payments this year, viz. — To Government for land £.20,000 For Improvements . . 2,000 Expences of Management .... Dividends on 8,890 shares, as 1832, Balance of Cash on hand ;Hst. December, 1835 Currency. SferUng- A'ioie.— Independent of this balance of— There are the Assets not yet brought to account __«. ™£14,94li Credited this year on account of the Buildings at Guelph& Goderich™ 430 Billfl receivable , Value of Cash Assets at the end of 1835, And 437,75(» acres of land estimated, to be paid for in the preceding accounts, and valued at only 10s. sterling per acre Total estimated value of the Company's Pro- perty at the end of the year M35, £.22,000 5,000 £.112,552 £,7!),;m 14,408 146,015 230,843 •i-t8,875 488,718 Sterling- £.2-2,000 .■>,ooo 0,22ai 70,32U / / jfc;.n2,562 £.7!),;!2U ufi.oir. 239,843 •i-W,875 488,71c \6S Eslimatefor 1835. Currency. Baiance brought from 1834, . . Cash Instalment on assumed Sales of land this year, same as 1833 and 1834, say 120,000 acres, at the average price of 12a-. currency per acre, would produce £.72,000. one-fifth is 14,400 One-fifth of Bills receivable on hand, 31st. December, 1830, 10,000 Ditto for Sales in 1831 6,400 Ditto for ditto 1832 8,800 Ditto for ditto 1833 11,520 Ditto for ditto 1834 11 ,520 Total to be received this year from Sales of Land and bills receivable, ,.,, £.62,640 Interest on Bills 9,173 Ditto on Government Deben- tures <^00 Re- payment of Advances to Set- tlers Buildings at Guelph and Gode- rich (fourth instalment on 6,500/.) 500 £.72,«13 Deduct 10 per cent, to reduce currency to sterling 7,291 Sterling. £.46,530 400 65,022 £.112,552 p3 \ ■I 'r I hA /.•■ / / ' /' i *^ ^ / . 1 164 ''r. To the Editor of the ^Suffolk Chronicle. Sir, — Supposing that the 10,000 parishes in Eng land annually relieve 2,500,000 paupers, at a >. >st of 7,500,000^ and supposing, that persons capable of labour, and their families comprise a halfof ihrit num- and each family to consist of a man, his wiu , and three children, that would mak^ 250,000 ^I'Truues, which, at the relative proportion o/ expti ue, v>'4i the parishes at present, 3,750,000^. 2>et- arPNif* , or 161. per head for each family. From the xil- \^ up of vacancies arising from deaths, ^'.c. an* b» a . /cession of paupers, this may be stated uii Ser tht [iresent system as a nermanent charge. At 4 pei" ^'e.'d. <»'> capital, this is equivalent to the sum of ..,.,, a . .,,,.. £. OS, 750, 000 The removal .;»!(< 'jcit'ianent provision for the same number of families in Upper Canada (a British Province within six or eight weeks' sail of this country, possess- ing all the requisites for comfortable set- tlement,) with the first instalment paid on 50 acres of fertile land for each family, and support to enable them to clear part of their land, and to produce a first cro[), say, as per estimate at 55/. each family, woidd cost 13,750,000 Difference £.80,000,000 ''\- J 65 lick. hes in Eng at a c'ist of capable of :>f ihat nuiii- is wji, , and f>0 f'.'miiles,. ue, CO it the u'» , or 15^ ni' \«5 up of a . /cession tiiL present valent to the 0^,750,000 13,750,000 .«0,000,000 The annual interest on which 13,750,000/. at 4 per ( ent. would be 550,000/., instead of 3,750,000/. shew- in'; an annual saving to parishes of 3,200,000/, sterling, besides changing the condition of the poor from a state of hopeless misery to permanent comfort and happiness. This statement, if an approximation to correctness, re-house, and small lot cleared 10 o Partial support, payable gradually as the land is cleared, for twelve months, ex- tlusive of waces they may earn 20 First Instalment on 50 acres of land at 10/. beinff 2s. per acre, the remainder to be paid by the settler, in ;>niall annual payments, with interest, whicn, if industrious, he will Ik' able to ])ay out of the crops .... 5 ^'.55 Tt:cse advantages, united co a healthy climate, and the growing prosperity of Upper Canada, in a public, commercial, and agricultural point of view, all tend to urge the attention of the British community to the immense resources of that tine colony, which have lain dormant till within the last four or five years. What is to hinder, when the canal now in operation is com- pleted, land being of the same value it is on the opposite side of the St. Lawrence ; especially when the Canadiiut farmer has the perfect certainty of the West indies jtiid Enaland as customers for his surplus corn, no« that I anticipate any great quantity of wheat find- ' ■'^liMiji'C^.'-~!i=' '^ ),',;, aia m iti this '. s. il. 167 int? its way lieie for many years to come, and capital la too scarce to expect iDilling to become general while labour remains at its present high rate. I am, Sir, your's respectlijlly, Wnodbridge, March '2, 1H;31. W. ('. h> n' 5 55 nate, and a public, 1 tend to ty to the have lain What is coni- s on the when the the West lus corn, leat find- The following letter is from Mr. O'Brien, a gentle- man residing about IH miles fro.a York, who is will known in Dublin, and Bristol ; he last year married the daughter of a clergyman from Gloucestershire, of the name of Gapper, he was formerly in the army, is now on half-pay, and was some years ago, casually acquainted with J. Turner, Esq. banker, Colchester, and Major-General Rebow, of Wivenhoe Park, in Essex : — Vanglian, Oct. 25, 1831. Dear Sir, — I have read your account of this Pro- vince, and as far as comes under my own personal ob- servation, I know your statements, more particularly that part of it which relates to the prices of provisions, farming produce, rate of wages, and abundance of employment, price of land, its productiveness, climate, markets, cVc. Ac. to be substantially true, and so far from being exaggerated, that perhaps a more favour- able account of this country might be the more c<»rrect one. Witnessing every day the invariable success that ! ! i--. I I A M '1 168 utteiuls ciuiinion industry and prudence in every station ot' Jitt! in this Province, the euse with which the j)oor niiin raises liiniself to inde])endence, and the inde- pendant man to wealth, I were wantinu, in common charity iu)t to wish you every success in your under- taking-. My dear Sir, Your obedient Servant, Edward O «Brien. Mr. \V. Cattermole, V.nk, U. C. The subjoined letterwas written to Mr. J. Cokbett, who has been employed by the Canada Company for the last two seasons as the agent at Quebec, and who is a settler on their lands : — Dear Sir, — 1 promised to write you a few lines to Quebec, and you are at liberty to make what use you please of them, you have a good cause to vindicate, a good country to recommend to British emigrants. I promised to give you a short history of my own experience in America, for the last twelve years. 1 landed on the 18th of July, 1818, at Philadelphia, thinking then to go to the westward, but meetiny so many old countrymen, 'A^ho had been to the western juirts of the United States, and hearing from them «1 so much sickness, fevers, agues, billions com))laints, \c. we turned to Seetguehannah, in Pensylvania, to n M* L'ry station I the poor the ind I'- ll coniinoii our undcr- »t, [) 'Brien. COKBETT, npauy for ', and who ;\v lint's to t use you vindicate, iiniif^rants. f my own years. 1 iadelphia, ueetint; st> le western n them oi mi|)laints, ivania, to 169 Mettle, i bought a farm of 121 acres, iit four dollars per acre, the land proved poor, and after toilina, myself and family for near three years, I sold it again for what it cost me, giving in all my time and improve- ments. I then moved into New York State, there I took up the trade of peddling, in order to see new parts of the country ; the anxiety for the future, for the success of my large family, was the cause of my emigration; 1 wanted to find a good part where 1 could settle myself down for life, where I could get land for myself and family, as my means were then but small ; I had to try to find a place where land was good and cheap ; at last, after searching in three or four of the States, and getting disappointed, I turned round, and come to see Upper Canada, and i do bless that Providence that directed me here to this part of the worhl. When I would be travelling through the western part of New York State, I could see plenty of fine farms, but they had good owners for them, and the price was from 20 to 25 dollars per acre. I got sick of their democracy, that I was pro- perly glad to get under the British government once more, and truly in Upper Canada we have it in all its mildest forms ; democracy will never long go down an old countryman's stomach, though it sounds well at first to the ear ; but when we see it in full practice, and more especially in our own family, when we hear our sons at the age of fifteen tell us, they guess they will do as they have a mind too, then the father feels not at home, when subordination is trampled upon in its own house, and which is really so often the case ; ''i I s v^ ' 'i '^ ! 1 1 i- i '. li ■ 1 1 '* ' ! ■•, 1 |f,l i li li L M 170 Un m\ |>aii I iiel thiiiiktul I p;()t my family iVoiii amunir.sf them, lu't'oru tlitry wore all ruiiicil and coiita- iiiiriatcd ; let an old countryman ;;o to the United States, that is ever so threat a jaecvbinical radieal, and they will soon get i-ured when they begin to feel its ert'eets in their own families and servants, if they should hap]>en to have any, but they will hear the name «>f servants, only helps; besides, they «iuiz us so much, and if an oUI coinitryman settles among them, and has atiy money, his house will never be clear. Sharpers to borrow so long any remains, but you know all about this better than I do. Y^)u arc now u little ac(piainted with my history, but I will be brief in our agricultural prospects in our part of the country. This is mv sixth year on my new farm, being five miles Irom the town of (nielph, 1 have been a disinterested witness of the progress of that settlement, and I do think the town and township round Guelph, for in- dustrious persons with families, ciin do as well as in any j)art of North America that I have seen ; but I am digressing from the subject of my own success. Our croj)s look remarkably well, we have 94 bushels of seed-grain sown of all sorts, 20 acres of good meadow land to cut, 2^ acres of potatoes, 2 acres of turnips, and f an acre of flax. Our stock consist of 30 head of horned cattle, 62 sheep and lambs, 30 hogs, a pair of young horses ; you wished me to give you a state- njent of last year's crop, as we had not done thrashing when you went away, it was our fifth year's j)roduce, we had 1,329 bushels of all kinds of grain, mostly wheat and barley ; we killed 2,400lbs. weight of pork, 171 inily from ihI <'oiita- if lJiiit(Ml ilical, uiid to tcei its s, if tlu'v 1 hear the ([ui/ us so ion<; them, be clear. t jou know >\v a little rief in our itrv. This five miles sinterested , and 1 do |)h, for in- well as in en ; i)ut I cess. Our mshels of meadow turnips, 30 head ;s, a pair a state- thrashing produce, n, mostly t of |)ork, a good fat beeve for C!liristiuii3 ; sold 2 yoke of fat oxen, sonu! fat sheep, tVc. cut Ilo tons of hay, at !J/. per ton, f()r all we could spare, hesides our potatoes, turnips, iVc. ; our 7^ l!,'!^ ! 172 either sold or made in black salts, would in most cases fence in the land ; thus those who clear their own land reap the first benefit of fresh land not exhausted by bad husbandry; 40 bushels make about 25 dollars, clearing ana fencing will cost about 12i dollars, leaves 12| dollars profit to the acre. I could have many more things to say in favour of a new farm, but the chief thing is a man with a family, and a few hundred pounds lays it all out in an old farm, his fiimily in that case may have to go to a new settlement where land is cheap; now if he were to buy several hundred acres in its present state, he would have the pleasure and profit of seeing his property grow in value every year, and what a grand stimulant to his children, to know there will be farms for them adjoining their relatives. I could bring many more proofs in favour of new farms, but my paper is done. Farewell. This letter waf; not addressed to n)e, but I am well ac-N' 175 9, 1830, le questions my remarks ontent of the , but really, 1, that I was uy observa- SWORTH. (a. I is, from itj^ here termed mprovement i'om 1/. lOt. is not so any propor- f uncleared ition I have abservation, Payment ike Simcoe, The cost of buildinrr a mill depends mainly on wha sort of one you build ; a conmion grist-mill, with one run of stojies, would cost about 200/. to 250/. ; a good merchant's mill could not be built for less than from 800/. to 1,000/. The former, if in a good situation, would lease at from 40/. to 50/. per annum ; the latter, at from 140/. to 150/. per annum. Their value greatly depends on their situation for supply of water, and their distance from market. A saw-mill, upon the present simple mode of building them, could be erected for 100/. and will readily lease for the same sum per annum. The machinery of a saw-mill is so very simple, and there are but few streams that have a suffi- ciency of water in a dry time to carry one ; and unless a saw-mill can work the season through, it will not obtain the rent I have stated. Labour is very high, and to this I attribute princi- pally the very slovenly manner in which the land is usually cultivated. We (my brother and self) have employed a great many hands through the summer, and have paid none less than 3/. per month, and boarded and lodged them ; by the day, 2*. Gd. and board, or 3s. 9rf. and find themselves. The average wafics is from 2/. 10*. to 3/. 5s. per month, according to the supply of, and demand for, labour, and the capability of the labourers. The wages of a carpenter is 5s. per duy and his board ; coopers are usually hired by the Kionth — wages, 3/. 15s. and boarded ; blacksmiths and wheelwrights the same, and vary from 2/. 15s. to 3/. 5s. For shoeing a horse, we pay ls.y>d. ; and for other work, of the common sort, we pay from 10^/. to Is. per pound, the Q 3 ^u i\- 176 smith finding the iron ; it is custoiuary in the counfrjf to find one's own iron, eacii trying to go the nearest And cheapest way to work that he can. Price of Corn. — Wheat is the only grain thought any thing of in this country ; it is the only one ol" which the farmers endeavour to grow any (juantity. The price per bushel (<){)lbs. neat) is at t!iis time 59. ; it has been a little higher this year, in the month of May last, it was worth 5*. 7|r/. per OOlhs. Oats are selling at Is. 3f/. per imperial bushel ; peas, from Is. lOjrf. to 2s. dd. per bushel ; barley is but little grown, 'As. \\(l. per bushel ; rye, t'je same price ; the latter, as well as Indian corn, is principally used by the dis- tillers. The Roads, with few excei)tions, are bad, plenty of stumps, roots, and ruts in them ; there is an immensity of statute-labour awarded for the improvements of the roads, but it is very badly ap|)lied ; and the |)arties who attempt to repair, do not understand their busi- ness ; they certainly are improving though, hourly. Society. — The state of society bore is ditlicult to define; in the common acceptation of tlie word there is none at all in our neighbourhood, nor beyond us ; the people generally are hospitable, their doors open to receive the benighted traveller, and rarely can you prevail on them to accept any remuneration. With respect to new settlers, they always iind their neigh- bours ready to assist them i:i putting up their houses and preparing their patcii of ground for grain — when fixed they repay them in some similar way. In the Bush it is indispensable to be on good terms with your 177 he country the nearest lin thought [)iily one ol' y \M»rd there jeyond us ; doors open lely can you tion. With their iiei{»h- their houses rain — when ay. In the s with your neighbours. Of course these remarks do not apply to the towns nor principal roads, or rather streets as they arc here termed ; some of wliich retain the name of street for (50 and 100 miles tiirough the country, in which situations you will find as good society as in t'Lnglish small places. Taxes. — Houses, mills, distilleries, and land, pay a tax according the respective value of each ; wild land is valued at 4,?. and all cultivated at '20s. per acre ; a horse pays Qd. per acre ; a yoke of oxen the same ; a cow 3rf. ; the tax commences from the age of 3 year* on stock of this description. All property is rated low, and pays Id. in tlie pound. Stock are rather of a coarse description, but perhaps not ill-suited on that account to the hardships they have to undergo ; all the heavy work on the land is done by . oxen, the breed of horses at present being too light for such purposes. Whilst on the subject of horses, I cannot help remarking the general want of good draft horses ; a person coming to this coju. Li'y would find his account in bringing over a complete draught stallion of the Suf- folk breed, which crossed witii our preyent stock, we should obtain some useful animals. To return to cattle, they are found to pay very well, the cost of keeping them is comparatively speaking, nothing, the Bush affords them pasturage in summer, and in winter they brouze on the small branches of trees that are cut down to clear the land ; this, with a little salt occa- sionally, is the manner in which thousands of cattle are kept during winter; and, although cattle are low in price, yet it is nearly all profit. A good yoke i^ H Hi U J 178 I of oxen are worth from lol. to 17/. 10,':. ; cows from ;V. to 5/. Fat cattle are !2,eiicrany dear in the s|)rinenccs that are in England ; labour is certainly high, and in fact the only expence on a farm worth noticing. Some how or other every emigrant appetirs averse to hire land, for which most of them are far better suited than to go into the Bush and clear away for themselves, where many become discontented and wish themselves at home again. Very many on arriving at Canada think they are at the end of all their troubles, and expect with little exer- tion to get a comfortable living, these w ill be deceived, it requires the utmost assi('iiity rnul patience for the first three years of the most ii instvious t) make head- way here, after that periors from e sj)rin«r, winter. ^ rem ark - taste, of regard to —I think niers, the there are very low re is everv r bushel. '. 10s. per it sohl as ; of such there are )r any of England ; y expence her every lich most the Bush y become ne again, are at the ttle exer- deceived, for the ke head- )etter ac- mode of 179 managing land. I should recommend to all persons, who possess means, to hire or purchase land with a small part cleared, in preference to buying wild land. Your other questions I will answer at a future time. To the Editor oj the Ipswich Journal. Sir, — You will much oblige me, and I trust many of your numerous readers, by allowing me to address a correspondent of the SuHblk Chronicle, through the medium of your Journal. I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, R. A. TO MR. W. CATTERMOLK. Sir, — In the Suft'olk Chronicle of the 12th inst. you oft'ered the public some remarks on emigration, and considering the question a general one, and of peculiar interest at this season of the year, and also of serious importance to many in the present state of the country, I think you would have done well by giving your opinions and statements publicity in vU our County Journals. I shouKI feel obliged by your an- swering the following queries, having been some year«i since in British America, but at the same time in his Majesty's service, I had not leisure to devote to the ascertaining the capabilities of the Provinces so exten- sively and accurately as your residence must have i\ 4 , (.. I I 180 ip't I '■ % enabled von to do. The solo ohjcct 1 have in view in addressing you, Sir, is a desire to lionefit the sinkiri'^ fanners of small capitul, and the uneinj)lo\ed labour- ers and mechanics who arc now around us in fearfully large numbers ; and, if possible, to furnish such jier- sons with correct information to enable them to proceed to a country, wherein 1 saw , during my short sojourn there, nothing but industry, nrosperitv and content- ment. 1. At what particular time of the year do you advise emigrants to leave this country ? 2. Which parts of Canada do you consider most congenial to the habits and interests of English emi- grants ? 3. What trades, professions, &c. do you consider most likely to succeed ; and are you well provided with places of worship, pastors, medical practitioners, school-masters, dec. ? 4. From which country do you imagine the greatest number of persons emigrate annually, from the United States to Canada, or from the Canadas to the United Stales, and a description of such persons i 5. As you state so many persons landed last season lit York, Upjicv Canada, has any provision been made for invalids, the (Kstituto, and such casualities, as, IVoin my knowledge of voyages across the Atlantic, must ever be attendant on such undertakings, espe- cially where tl:e great mass are persons of humble life ; r'ltd what is the diiierence in the taxes on a farm of 100 ucres of laad in the United States and in the Cauadas ? 131 in view in he sinkin;^- ed labour- in fearfullv such por- i to procoeil ort sojourn 1(1 contcnt- > you advise nsider most iglish emi- ou consider U provided ractitioners, le greatest the United the United last season been made ualities, as, le Atlantic, ings, espe- lumble life ; arm of 100 e Canadas ? B. VVIulIi country oilers the best price for the pro- duce of a farm, aiul tiii' best \va<.'r they do, and I should think deserve more serious attention than the mere opinion of a celebrated writer of the day, who advises all to go to the United States, and only in American vessels ; or indeed of any of the 185 :«ettlers went out very poor, but having cleared lands by the assistance of their children, are willing to sell improved farms much cheaper than persons can do it themselves who do not understand such an undertak- ing, and these individuals go to other spots where they can purchase wild lands at an easy rate, and by the transfer place all their children on farms ; this, in my opinion, is to new settlers far wiser than acceirting wild lands from the crown ; 1 have known many per- sons succeed better who hire farms, than purchasers, because they come into immediate operation without the slavish labour of clearing, burning, and fencing the first year, which few English farmers are acquainted with. Farms of 100 to 150 acres, 50 of which arc cleared and ready to crop, a log or framed house, with out-buildings, ike. may be obtained at from 300/. to lioGl. one half is usually paid down, the remainder in 4 or 5 annual instalments, as the parties agree, which with industry can generally be made oft" the farm. In Guelph the price of land is now 15s. per acre, the first crop is always expected to pay all the expenccs of get- ting it into cultivation ; it is only 24 miles from a good market ; there is a grist mill recently erected at the cost of 2,000/. which will take off" a great quantity of corn raised in that quarter. The Canada Company make all the side roads to the main ones, an*i intend taking corn in payment for their lands. In the Huron tract, containing about one million of acres, they are building a harbour and have laid the foundation of a city called Goderich, and making many other im- provements; there land sells at 74. Grf. per acre, R a i ji I si ( I ' fi t' ' ' ' i ii 18G Grain can be shipped on board of schooners, and, when the Kideau is completed, pass on to Montreal; at present it is unloaded at Prescott, and goes down in Durham boats ; since I lel't, one Dutchman whom 1 know , has bought (5,000 acres, and taken up 50 fol- lowers ; this same person whose name is Michael' Fisher, had an estate on Yonge-street, 17 miles from York, for which he has been some time asking 12,000 dollars, this would suit emigrants of sufficient capital much better than going so far back into the country, although he can do well i>y the exchange. — In regard to the professions, trades, c^'c. I place a farming first, next all common mechanics' — carj)enters, smiths, masons, bricklayers, joiners, wheelwrights, tailors, shoemakers, millers, ship-builders, and especially mill- wrights ; the latter I have known, only last year, to get 10/. per month, and boarded, but I think it was an extreme case ; English brewers would be certain of making more of their capital than at home, and would be quite sure of patronage, from the moral revohition such establishments would not fail to bring about, neither the United States government, nor government of Canada, yet dare to tax spirituous liquors as they ought to be, though I think both would be most happy to do it ; whiskey, such as it is, at Id. per »juart, and beer at Grf. is too strong a temj)taiion, and nearly all drink tlie former. The few brewers in operation are saving money fast, they get all their hoj)s from the United States, but when the canal is finished, they intend using a portion of English hojjs, they being so much superior in quality ; by the present mode of ^iA !. ' lers, ancf, Montreal ; rocs down m whom 1 p 50 fol- s Michael; niles from ng 12,000 :nt capital i country, -In regard ning first, I, smiths, ts, tailors, cially mili- st year, to k it was an certain ot' iind would rtvohition ing about, overnment rs as the) lost happy ijuart, and nearly all cration are from the shed, they ! being so t mode or 187 transit that is impossible, for instance, a ton of mer- chandize cost from London 21s. to 25s. to Montreal ; from thence to the head of lake — , between 500 and (500 miles, it will cost from 5/. to 6/. surely the canal from its tolls will repay the expeuce and encourage its completion ; if hop growers would go out, the ground is open to them ; I only know of wild hops grown in Canada. I have a letter now before me received from a young man, a carpenter, at Goderich, to his brother in Framlingham, Mr. Freenmn, who it seems, rambled some thousands of miles through the United States, he says he has plenty of work at Is. Gd. per day, or ()s. Qd. and boarded, and that he gets his wages far better than he did on the other side. Notwithstanding the number of pub Ic works going on in the Upper Pro- vince, I am not aware of any person, except those sent out by the Home government, who follow the profes- sion of an architect or civil engineer; 512,000/. havS already been expended on the Rideau, a large sum on the Welland canal — the latter chiefly done by Ameri- can contractors, which the late Mr. Mactaggart took good care to prevent at the Rideau while undc. his superintendence, unless they were persons both capable and giving proper securities for its due performance. Surely were this generally known to gentlemen of talent in this country, some would be tempted to \cn- ture over. Nor has a steam-engine ever been manu- factured in the Upper Province ; one was began bst year by an enterprising American. In York ulone last year a college was built, a pruiiament house, presbyteriau church ; I will not pretend to state accu- R2 I8S >,'*■ rately, but I think, at a moderate computation, work to the amount of from 25,000/. to 30,000/. was began, and no doubt exists on my mind, that for some year* to come as much more will be done, from the commer- cial enterpriae at last roused into action. Steam-boats are much wanted on lake Erie ; to the shame of Bri- tish capitalists be it spoken, there is not one on our side, although from Buffalo to Detroit, ft or 6 line boats have been in full oj)eration some years ; these, ot course, enjoy all the passenger trade, and nost of the freight, except the little done by our schooners. These are facts that any one may readily ascertain, by applying, I should suppose, at the colonial oHice ; ! only speak from my own supposition. In most places, where a number of settlers plant themselves, a school is erected, and one place of public worship, which i» used by all denominations till they are able to form separate bodies. The Episcopal, Roman Catholic, and Piesbyterian teachers, are all allowed a stipend from the government, but not suHicient, in all cases, to maintain them ; the deficiency is made up from their difl'erent congregations; the American conference kindly supplying them with abundance of Methodist preachers, whom it would be far better for the colony to pay themselves, if they could be sent from England, than running the risk of havin;^ the country inoculated Avith Republican preachers, which is as natural to them as piety is to the English Methodist preachers. There is a public schoolmaster in every township, partly paid by a fund raised in England — the rest by the friends of the scholars. There is no deficiency of medical and 189 Mi .^ on, work as began , »me year* commer- am-boat» i of Bri- !ie on our or 6 fine ■s ; these, 1 fiiost of schooners, ertain, by 1 office ; I 3st places, !, a school , which i» e to form Catholic, a stipend 1 cases, to Vom their onference Methodist the colony England, inoculated al to them There artly paid le friend* idical and surgical practitioners ; in the country their's is a life of great labour ; the practice rerpiiring S3 much travelling about. In towns the case is different ; respectable persons meet with ample support. There is a medical board appointed at York, where all persons desirous of obtaining a license to practice, are examined, and, on the favourable report of the candidates' rpialifica- tions, the governor issues his certificate. 4. There is no hesitation on my mind in stating the number as much greater who emigrate from the United States to us, than of those who quit the Canadas for the States, for this very plain reason — those who come to us are chiefly agriculturists, who get land cheaper : carpenters, ironfounders, or workers in iron, mill- wrights, and all kinds of machine makers. No axes that I have seen from England appear to succeed equal to the American or Canadian ; and the only reason 1 could discover was — in England they are made with sea coal, there always with charcoal, 12s. (5rf. to 15s'. the usual price — the weight seldom exceeds 5|lbs. 3 of which are iron. Almost every American axe- maker who comes over, saves considerable property ; many thousand axes are annually sold in York at these prices. Another class of persons are British emigrants who landed in the States, and after a > ear or two's sojourn among them, found out they had formed an in- correct idea of their character ; these nmke the very best Canadian settlers, only they generally come minus the little cash they brought over with them. From New- market to York, a distance of upwards of 30 miles, the bulk of the inhabitants are from the United State* \L I I ^1 1^* 190 M ft,' A^S — they came out poor 20 years ago ; and in Newmar- ket, now, there are many as fine farms as in some Suffolk villages, and few stumps to be seen. These are princi|)ally Dutch, Pensylvanians, and friends from the same state. 5. Have you any provision for emigrants, ti'ioiis family on a small farm, and, if poor, the ni:in can generally iind older settlers that will gladly hire him oecasionally, gradually rais- ing him friun the degraded jiosition of a pauper here, to be an independent yeoman there, of which 1 have Been hundreds of instances. No one will accuse Mr. 11. Gourlay of exaggerating in favour of Canada, and in his statistical remarks on Upjier Canada he thus expresses himself: — " No couiitry in tiie world is less burdened with la\es, in no other country is the pro- duce of labour left to tlie labourers own use and benelit more uiidiminished by public exactions, or deductions in favour of landlords, or other private persons, and it may with great truth and ])roj)riely be added, that the objects of labour, especially agricultural labour, the most useful of all, are no where more abundant in proportion to the (piantum of labour expended upon them." 0. The Canada Comj)any have agents in Bristol, Edinburgh, Dublin, Cork, Liverj)ool, Greenock, Que- bec, and Montreal ; at York, Upper Canada, the principal ottice is held, from whence their commissioners forward all who purchase not less than 100 acres, and pay 2s. per acre as the first inistalment, at their own expense for this season only; iliis can be paid in London or Quebec, from which luller place they also do the same to any put iu which tiieir lands are situated ; thii is a great advantac,e to poor enngrants. |1 uf their is fruni laimged, ill fiiriii, r settlers illy rais- )cr hore, li 1 have cuae Mr. ada, and L he thus rid is less the pro- ud benelit [eductions sons, and ded, that [il labour, abundant ided upon n Bristol, ock, Que- nada, the niissioners acres, and their own )e paid in they also lands are euiigrants. 195 -SHvini; them much trouble in huritin<;' up conveyaiicos. The cost per head I'rom (Quebec to Vork is about 25s. to :JOs. without Ibod ; the steanieni lu.sl vear cariicd passengers iVoui (Quebec to Montreal, IJ'.O miles, for 2«.i>(/. and two new ones will be added tiiis season. y. In re' been out of En^^land some year;), such parts as I have visited I can mention : — In the county of Essex I tound much less distress, and fewer persons out of employ, than in Suttblk, and, as far as my observatiinis went, better paid ; and what struck me as remarkable in the two parishes of Great and Little Clacton, the two Hol- lands, and some adjoining jiarts, the most riotous in- dividuals were not the nmst distressy letters from Canada, ves-cis of war doing uothiag in harbours, were taken up as trans- ports, it would save the parishes aiucli money, and be no discredit to tiie service, a sailing master only v/ould be wanted, if naval oilicers did nut like tlie measure ; I think if the> cii i caivy specie, which tliey ull gladly L i H lOG i:.l I 1/ )i do, they need not object to a plan for the amelioration of their snrterini^ coimlrviiion, the cost of transit, cVc. might then be left lunier inopcr loiitroni for their use on landin'j^. — Food should aKvays precede population, but ("unada is widelv diHert-nt from Van Dienian's Land, Australia, tVc. it is already to a certain extent in cultivation, and hus of late years annually sent a small quantity of corn t!iither. Should lar^^e numbers go out this or next season, it is only keepin;^' that corn at home, and if any fear exists on tliat subject, I refer all doubters to the evidence of J. II. B. rdton, Esq. of the Exci'utive Assend)lv of Lower Canada, before a Conunittee of the House of Commons in the year 1025). II says, " 1 have no doubt that the free ad- ndssion of 1(0, 000 ijuarters of grain for 10 years would induce that Icivislalure to relieve the individual, public, and his Mujesty's s^overnment from all expence attcnd- iuf^ the intiodu. tion of any number of e!>ngrants in the Provinc:?." In another i)Iace he states, " I am so convinced of tlie 'j,re.it ficility of settlers ciijoyin;^; the advantaj.;('s jirojiosed to be alVorded to them possess, to nirke tli< ir pajiisents on the terms })rcscribed, that I hav«' no htsitatir.ii whatever in bindinii; mysielf to the extent of 10,000/. to make iij) niy deficiency in the first years inter -ti in ti !ier of tlie two Provinces, pro. vided that ;i p-.i^pcr dvuiee of judgment be exhibited in tlie locaiioi: d' tl.e svttK'i's on the lands. ' la refer- ence to tiie i.isl c^ ii.se, persons desirous of seeing mc shall have f!l l!» ^ ir.'.'o nmtion rendered them which njy residtLce iu he c >!c.y has plated mc ir/ possession if > I- 1 ll iclioration msit, «Vc. their use i)|)iihition, Dieiiinirs till t'xtcnt \lly sent a ! numbers that corn ct, I refer ton, Esq. , before a the year le free ad- ears would lal, public, Kc attend- ants in the ' I am so o\in% the 111 possess, ribed, that self to the ncv in the iiicos, pro. exhibited In refer- Eceiiig me Kjin \vhifh p OS; session 1 197 of; I also have testimonials fr\ ledge of the couutrv. 1 am. Sir, Your's respectfully, W. C. The following arc Copies of Ltttern from Settlers in Upper Caitadit to their friends heic, containiny im- portant practical information relating to that coun- tty, for the guidance of Emigrants. Guelph, Upper Canada, Felt. 20, 1031. Dear John, — I received the letter, jointly wrote by my brother Adam and you, and you can hardly imagine the joy we felt to hear from our dearest old friends in the land of our forefathers, that you were in h.'alth, and able to handle the awl and shuttle; but I fear you will have enough to do to make your hard earnings support the cravings of nature. When we sit down to our meals, I think how happy I would be to share them with my dear friends in Scotland. After arriving at the head of lake Ontario, which we reached in July, I took a house for a month, and leaving the family set out to see a little of the country, in company with two fellow emigrants; and after traversing be- a 4 1 n t JOS P,; fl hveeij 5(10 iiiid (JOO miles — tliroiigli fourteen to\vn- shij)s, we gave the preference to the Company's lands- at Guelph, l)eing good, well Avatered, and a healthful country, although it is a dollar higher in price than many other townships : so returning to the Lake wc struck our camps, and came direct to Guelph on the first of August. It is 20 miles north-west from the Lake Outario ; I immediately went through the lands of the l»Lck, and selected a lot of 100 acres, they are all laid off in 100 acre-lots, but you can purchase as many of these as you please, and have 5 years to pay it in ; it is 3 dollars per acre, you pay a fifth, that is 15/. when you enter on your lot, and a fifth yearly for the other four years. A dollar here is os. a British shilling Is. 2d. and a sovereign varies from 24s. to 2'3s. •id. A lot ot 100 acres is laid ofl" a quarter of a \v\h ui breadth, by five-eights long, and a road laid along the head, and down betwixt every second lot twelve yards wide, — you have your measurement exclusive of the roads. I was desirous to have some wheat sown in the fall, as it would yield us bread of our own growth for next vear ; and it docs not answer here to sow wheat in the spring, so I engaged a young nmn, who came over in the ship with us from Edinburgh, for two months, and commencing imniediately, we succeeded, with my boy's help, in cutting, clearing, i nd getting sown in wheat, four acres, which looks excellent ; the product in wheat here, 1 understand, varies according to circumstances, from 20 to 40 bushels per acre. I next set to work with the lad, and got up a house 20 feet long by m town y's laiul& healthful rice than Lake ^ve )h on the from the the lands , they are rchase as fs to pay th, that is fth yearly . a British 4s. to 23a of a nvli? aid along, lot twelve iclusive of 11 the fall, th for next leal in the nc over in onths, and 1 my boy's in wheat, ct in wheat inistances, et to work t long hy 199 21 wide, with a cellar below, 20 by 18, and 6j deep ; our houses are all of wood, the manner of build- ing- is — you have your blocks cut and j)rei)ared, and drawn to the place by oxen, (you get a man with a pair of oxen for drawing your wood together, for 7s. Orf. per day ;) then you go round to the settlers in your neighbourhood, lotting them know the day you wish your house raised, inviting as many as will manage it in a day, when they assemble and help you up with the logs, I had twenty at mine ; you then finish the rest yourself, or pay tradesmen to do it, but that comes very expensive, wages being so high ; a joiner and mason has 8s. and 10s. a day, a labourer from 3v. to a dollar, and victuals, and they by no means work too eagerly. I did all my house myself, put on the roof, and built the chimney, indeed every thing till I came to lay the floors, when I had to engage a joiner a week to plane and plough the deals ; I paid him for the week tea dollars, with victuals. The houses in other respects are done much like those in Scotland, only in place of slates we have them shingled with wood, which when painted looks exactly like slating, and will last twenty years. 1 have two good apartments and an excellent loft upstairs, with three large windows, the glass is cheap, a pane, 10 by 12 inches, is 4d. Mine is said to be the best house in the blo('k, by all who have seen it ; I feel sensible, at least, tiiat it is warm and comfortable. I have since, with the two boy's help, cut six more icres since the fall, and expect to haw. eight more cut by Spring ; our axes are quite diflerent from your's, more like a wedge, they cut wood fur S3 > 1 I ; I .1 I I -I m f\ hi I li 200 better. The wood is of all sizes, from the sapling of ii quarter inch to the tree of thirty feet in circumference, tiiousands, great and small, upon an acre ; our manner of cutting is — all below about six inches in the side, we cut by the ground, and the larger ones two and a half feet high, the roots rot out in eight or nine years, and are tlien drawn up by oxen ; few horses are kept till the ground is thoroughly cleared, as oxen are more steady amongst the stumps, &c. When you have youi trees cut down, you lop the trunks, and pile them up in heaps, the trunks cut in lengths convenient to be drawn by oxen, together inic log-heaps, 50 or CO cart loads a-piece. What is cut in winter is burned oft' in the end of April, and that cut in summer consun)efl in October, when the wheat is sown. The wood on one acre would, in Scotland, give as nuich money as would here purchase 300 or 400 acres of land, wood and all, — there is here ash, elm, beech, pine, oak, larch, fir, hickory, butternutt, iron-wood, bass-wood, poplar, balsam, cedar of Le'oanon, and the maple- tree, from which our sugar is extracted ; and on my lotheis are many thousands of cherry-trees, seven and eight feet in circumference ; all the kinds of wood grow to large trees, and all the above kinds grow on my lot, with s(mie others whose names I have forgot ; and plumbs, gooseberries, blackberries, and currants are growing in thousands, though their berries are small, owing to their wild state. The sugar is made in the month of March, the process is this — they make small wooden troughs, and cut a notch in the tree about an inch and a half deep by two wide, and the sap runs 201 '■^tii sapling of imference, >ur manner ri the side, ;wo and a nine years, i are kep< n are more 1 have yoii. ; them up nient to be or CO cart ined oft' in ■ consumed ■i wood oa I money as land, wood pine, oak, f:iass-\vood, he maple- ,nd on my seven and wood grow row on my H'got ; and irrants are are small, ade in the aake small :e about an I saj) runs into the trough, it is then boiled on a slow lire, the longer you boil it the more it is refined, and the skim- mings is excellent molass, when boiled it is j)oured into pots, or what you please, and when cooled is harder than your loaf sugar ; some individuals make ten and twelve hundred weight in a season. A large tree yields from live to seven pounds weight of sugar, and the tree no way exhausted, as it will yield the same every year. The ground requires no jdotighing till the third year; after burning oft' the wood, m'c sow the grain, with only a slight harrowing, and the following year burn oft" the stubble, and again just sow and harrow. The seed is a short time in the ground, except the wheat ; barley, oats, and peas, and Indian corn, are all sown in the beginning of June, potatos planted in the same month, and harvest commences about the middle of August. In summer the days are two and a half hour« shorter, and in winter as much longer, than with you, and five hours dift'erence in the time of day ; twelve in the day with us is five in the evening with you. I have, in Scotland, found some days as hot, and some as cold as any here ; but our summer heat and winter cold is here more e(iual, neither nearly so extreme as I expected ; the most pleasant time is what is here called the Indian summer, from the month of October till December. Winter sets in regularly about the new year, and continues till the beginning of April, not changeable as with you frosty and fresh alternately, but fixeil and equal : our sky is uiways clear. The ^. ^j! (• s II \ 202 Rettlers sav this is the coUlest winter thcv have found, vet 1 do not feel it disaiireeaUly cold ; I have wrought every day without my coat. The sun has a strong influence in our h)ng winter days, and the snow is seldom ahove a foot deep. As we scarcely ever have any mist, it is exceedingly dear at night. You know my sight is not good, yet I can read a small print quite well with the light of the moon. The winter is far longer and coltler in the Lower Province. We grow pumj)kins, water and n.usk-mellons in the fields, with most kinds of vegetahles, in great perfec- tion. As to the face of the country, it is not easy to form an opinion. It apj)ears one vast forest ; one would suppose there are no hilL-; in the country ; I believe were it cleared 1 might see a hundred miles. It is well watered, however, with lakes, rivers, and fine burns, which we here call creeks, one runs through my lot very like Newtouuhurn ; and I have already discovered two particular fine springs on my n^res, I believe there may be more if 1 had time to search: beside the best one I have fixed my habitation, and I call my place Greenwells; for " auld lang syne," early associations you know. I have seen no whins, heather, or broom here; but we have gowans, and " the thistle so green ;" and red, white, and yellow clover grow sj)ontaneous, and in great abundance. The fairn is also here in abundance in many places, with a variety of British flov.ers and herbs ; but there is much here of that sort, natural to the clinrnte, which I yet know not even the nanu s of. A\ e have a variety of birds of the most beautiful plumage, robin red- ve found, ■ wrouglvt a strong i snow m ever have foil knov? print quite iter is far 3ns in the at perfec- )t easy to ►rest ; one ountry ; I !red miles, ivers, and IS through 'e already IV n^res, 1 o search: on, and 1 i|> syne," no whins, vans, and id yellow >;iiidance. ly places, but there te, which a variety obin red- 203 breasts too, much larger tlian yours, and of a lovely plumage ; but we have too much of the bass in our music, if music we have at all ; for, I must confess, 1 have not heard a bird sine: in all the country, indeed, I believe, they are all too much the dandy to siu<^' ; they have left that branch to birds of an inferior plumage. Our frogs are very merry, they mount the trees and croak ; you can hear them half a mile ; thev are twice as large as Scotch frogs, but they stay only in the marshes : 1 am glad we have none near our dwellings. For all our woods, wc have no crows, except strag- glers, of the corby (raven) kind, but their want is fully made up in wood-i)igeons ; their flocks sometimes nearly darken the air. Our woodcock is a most beau- tiful bird ; the woodpecker, also most beautiful, you can hear it half a mile off : I often, when I see it, remember the song of •* The woodpecker tapping the hollow beech-tree." As for game, our variety is not great. We have plenty of pheasants ; you may shoot the whole flock, as they don't fly the gun ; it is just lire and load as long as you please, but I very seldom or ever take a shot. I think we have no hares ; but large rabbits, which grow w hite in w inter ; and plenty of deer, which come to the very doors, as large as a vear-old calf. Numbers, also, of wolves and bears ; vou hear them braying, in the night-time, like a pack of hounds ; they never attack any person, but tak<» a sheep, calf, or hog, when they can get it. We luwc few serpents in this place, and none of them venemous ; but there are many in the lower parts of the Province. ;vi ; • I t I I 1^-i i |] • • iXi W r'( i n -, 204 De.ir John, I would not just wImI to advise any one to come here ; but, for my own part, I would not return to Scotland, though any one woidd pay my passage back and give me twenty pounds u-yeiir, — not that I do not love the land ol' Caledonia, which will ever be ive now every prospect of soon en- joying that blessing, as goveriiiiient has given 70/. yearly to helj), and the ('iniipany 100 acres of land, for a glebe. ^^ e had a i.teeting a month ago, and have subscribed as muc'i as will make a good stipend, and will get a churi.h Ijullf in t'lc sj)ring, I have not urittea to our tViend David Ovans vet, (teaehor, ;it Cobour.;,-,) hi; is about 200 miles below us, but I will write hiiu now iiiiuiciliately. We have a post-ortice in the viliago, ami au: at no loss for British news. We get tv,o papers in t!ie week ; they are very cheaj), ct>st oidy 10.s. a->ear. I am sorry to hear of suv.h di!?tu.'baiices in Eih-land, bat I trust the new ministi'v will do goatl. lie sure and write me soon, and send it by Liverpool ami New York, as that way it cost nie oaly ->. *»./. and by Quebec 7s. ; direct to me, John I igli;*, (.Jui'l!)!), Uj)per Canada, N. Ame- rica. Our joii.t love to _>(>iir v.i'e un 1 haniiy, and all friends and ajqu untan-jc; lov luipny have I been to hear that mv dear agei) m^tijer !s .-.till the lirst up in the morniag ; nolhiau', •j)!\';.t'j s, dulis my sjiirits so much, as the thoiigiits <,!' nut lik >ly Iseing able to look on her agd.i witli t'.ie v\i oJ ;n utiiLty, '.vaile I have hope of seeing a'.l the re>>t. Margaret luui t!ui iUud-y ui! ii'ie this country well. \n\ J ■i' imaati^ 4 Ill 20G and ioiii ine in inutuul luve t<» \ou till. You will, [ hope be able to make if oiil, tlioiigli you see I am not a Hi'st-rate scribe. I wrote Ann Ins^lis, my sister, a month ago. Your's, ever truly, (Signed) John Inglis. To John Younrjcr, Skoemalicr, Lcssiiden, fi ox Imrg shire, N.B. Extract of a Letter from the /Editor oj the. Vork Courier. York, Upper Canada, May 1, 1031. Upper Canada continues to prosper rapidly, all its great interests are in the most flourishing condition- agriculture, commerce, and manufacture, so far as the latter extends, are all advancing with japid strides ; indeed I am satisfied that there is no country in the world in which industry of every description, is so well and so speedily rewarded. Among the host of emi- grants who came out last year, there is not one now to be found unemployed or in an unsettled state, tb.osc who brought money with them, and many who did not, are now comfortably and pros])cr()usly settled down on farms of their own, or in some other advantaffeous way of business, and labourers now appear to be as scarce i ^^ ■'* ''V i Vou wiH, see I am inv sister, NGLIS. Vorli ]f 1, 1R31. ly, Jill its jndition— far us the fl strides ; try in the is so well t of cjui- )iie now to ate, tliosc o did not, down on ffcoiis way us scarce 207 and as mnch in demand, as if no emigrants had arrived. I am cjuite satisfied that the two Provinces could re- ceive 100,000 emigrants (including families) without being injured by the influx ; I am sure Upper Canada could take half that number this yeav. I have read Lord Howick's plan of emigration, it is well enough^ but his estimate of expence is too high, (GO/, per family) which include two years' provision after their arrival, there is no manner of occasion for this provision, it only encourages indolence ; nothing more is necessary than to land the emigrants in Upper Canada, with at most 4/. or 5/. in their pockets to support their families until they obtain employment, and then, if they are ready and willing to work, no farther apprehensions need be entertained regarding them. Tiiose who have a little money can get improved or unimproved farms at once, and those who have not can get empl (ynient, which will soon, if they are industrious and saving, furnish them with the means of doing the same ; while mechanics, particularly nmsons, carpenters, Sec. are equally certain of prompt employment. — You know that my knowledge of, and my experience in, the country, is exceeded by few persons in the Province. I returned last Wednesday from a tour through the western part of the Province, where most of last year's emigrants settle(.\ and 1 say confidently, that the emigration of last year is not felt, there is Just as great a demanid for labour in every department, and appa- rently just as much land open for emigrants, as there was at the beginning of last year, and I believe if dO,000 were to come out this year, that in less than T s i — ff-'vr 208 12 months the whole would be settled down, or advan- tageously employed, without the demand for labour, or the quantity of land for sale being visibly diminished ; always, mind always, assuming that the parties are able and willing to work, for those who are not indus- trious, whether with, or without capital, have no busi- ness in Upper Canada. There is another class of emigrants, I mean servant girls, who are much in demand. I suppose I have procured situations for three or four hundred within the last year, and the demand, particularly in the country, is undiminished. But we want a better de- scription of girls, nine-tenths of the last year's importa- tion were Irish, who possessed few of the qualifications of good servants. Every body want good English servant girls, the few of that description who came out last year, got good places immediately at from five to six dollars a month, most of whom, by the bye, have since got married, which is the only evil employ- ers anticipate regarding English servant girls, '• they are sure to get married." If a large number of girb were to come out, however, some of them might, per- haps, stand a chance of escaping this calamity ! Such emigrants as may want employment, whether male or female, you had better send to me, and I will, as I have heretofore done, render them all the service in D-y power. ^ 209 or advan- ir labour, ninished ; )arties are lot indus- ; no busi- m servant se I have ed within rly in the better de- s importa- ilifications d English ) came out om five to bye, have employ - :1s, " they er of girb light, per- ty! t, whether and I will, ,he service The following letter has been received from an agri- cultural labourer who went out to Canada in the Spring o/l830. It ii printed in the man'a oion lavguage, literatim, and ia recommended to the notice of persona who may be disposed to accept the liberal proposals now offered to the poor of Longbridge Deveriil, Hom- ingsham, and the adjoining parishes, for emigration. The respective parish officers will give every attention to all who may apply for information. Dated January IQ'Sl. 10 Octr. 1830. Port Talbot. My Dear father I think God I am Got on the Land of Liberty and Plenty. — I arrivd hear on of July. I had not a single Shilling Left when I got hear — But I met with Good frends that took us in and I Went to Worke at 6s Pr Dea and My Bord on to this Day, and Now I am goun to Work on My One frme of 50 Eakers wich I hot at 5d£ and I have 5 years to pay it in. I have hot Me a Cow and 5 pigs. — I have sowed 4i Eakers of Wheat, and I have to more to sow, meaking 6|. Ham Goin to bild me a house this fall, if I Liv and will ; and if I had staid at Corsley I never should had nothing. — I like the Contry very Much — I am at librty to shout terky, Quill, Pigons, Phesents, Dear, and all kind of Geam, wch I have on My Ba^k Wood. I have allso a Good T 2 1 A I. 210 7! I Sugger Bush that will innhlo Mt> to Make as much nm a Tun of Suggcr yearly it' 1 Like — the timber is very iine sucli as Oak, Eleni, Arsli, Hcuch, ami Sugr. Maple: We sow bout 1 lUishell of Whet in a Eaker hear, and the in Creus is about 50. — Wone single Grain will bring from 30 to (50 years of Wheat. — The Strow is as large as the Spire that groe by the Water sicl. — The Land in General is lilack l*eat, and som 18 of a Sandy Inme, and partly Clay : The timber is extrmly Lolly and Clean Grown. — My wife and t«» Sons is all will and hapy and tUinkfutl that they are arived safe ower and wishinn iMother and father and all the famly was as well pervided for as we be. If the Labouring Men Ded but no the V'aly of thar Stranth thay ould nevr bid Contunt in the old ('ontry, as it is called hear. The horses is light and active, Much the Same as what you Call half Bred ; and ar full as Dear as in England ; Cowes nerly the same Bred ; they ar worth from OOs 3£ 10s — Shep is Lorge and fat, worth 10s (5d ; Oxen is worth 5 to 0£ — Ifoney won think of coming hear the (piicker the better for Land is getting Dear ; the farms that was worth 50£ is worth now 150£ ; and so in proporching, for thar is so Many pei)le Com this Summer. — My Wife send her Love to hear Brother Edward and will Much oligshed to bim to send her a Good usfull pick, a prong fit for pitchen, or unemting ; allso a shart timber Chain, about 10 fet, with a crouck at Ech end, and a Swivell in the Medle, waing about 30lb. I wish n)y father to send My Younger Brother Gorge to we it will be doing him Good — allso som Scds such a» \ Le as mucl) a« jniber is very h, and Sugr. !t ill a Eaker — Wone siiijilc Wheat.— The by the Water l*eut, and sunt The timber i» f Avil'c and to 11 that the\ are and father and • as we be. If I Valy of thar he old ('ontrv, ht and active, Bred ; and ar erly the same 10s — Shcp iR worth 5 to (*£ le (|uieker the farms that was n proporching, Summer. — My ward and will od usfuU pick, allso a shart .k at Ech end, bout 30lb. I )ther Gorge to 1 Seds such a» 211 Cabige Eorly turnop, Hay, and hop and Marl GrnM, and Som Bur Stones. If Piiy of My ohi felo Work Men do (!omc thay Most hrina, all thar toules, Sithcs and Mocs, Noilcs, (limK't, and all kind of Irn toulen. Wheat is lOs l»r Sack,— Ikfe 'Id l»r. lb, -Forke and MutiMi the siiine ; No Pore Keats, no tax, No ovcr- scar, No Baggar; — The Wheat that is lef in the feld» oiild ki|) a hole pari.se. —Bring allso a wheat Chop|)ing hoe, or to ; for thar is no such things hear ; and Cut- ting Nifes is scarce hear. If Brother thoiuas Com let him bring his Clock. — Bring a good Lott of Cotea and thred, Pins, Nedles, Wosterd and teapes. I left all the lot that com with us at Dundas, 100 Miles from hear, Exsept Praiigley and Singer and Anet. — James Mines and wife Com in a little after, and Ge >rge Silcox and Ormen anti famley ; and we ar all near. — Joseph Silcox within 2 Miles. — So Mj Dear Father I most coiielud, with my Love to you all Brothers and Relations, not forgetting my Duty to my Superiors who intersecd in My Coming out. riMkJt. t. LOUER, PIIINTIill, WkluplBlliei: N