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T ' ( With iinr Hiiurr ,„ \tir Int.. INTHiini'fTIOX. i..,i.-i!,- ;;.::; .;/.'::;;.;;r:; .«tr::n:::;,t"r;':;;ri- ••■!"' " "- »- I'll.- iiivi.Kti(fi.ti,.ii |„„| „ tw..f„Id iihiiff rir.» ♦,. 1 . l.ort Ui.,l.^,i..«J .station at K^irS w! T tht'L '■' T'" ""' """"" '" '»''' '^"i'- ">!»• with the problen. i,. hand ' '*"" *■" """''• ""^"'"Khlv «-n>...int hi.n- THK ,MTK,. .Tvr.« Km.,KH.K- „..u.:,. U. HTAT.OX, ruHH,.HT. ,..«,. Ih., -tatioi. was ..«f«l,li»l„Hl i,, I9(,,H I • ,i,„_„. „ f , >•{ th.. inv.Mi^atio,, ..f ,.rohh.,..s rohiti,.; thento "' """*•"' •""•"'«""■"" «nd III the priK-ti.-iil i.r.,|.i.K«tioi. „f imi,«.ls fh.- ,ti.ti..ii «..«-» i i ..IKrat.o..s .•..,.,l„,.t„l throughout the Mi.ni^i ,i . •"'"',."'' J";" t^o norn.al -s wl Hr.t lib..rat,..l fro,,, th.- ni.'t "rWHin [^„ i""'' '""^"''^' ":'''■•"'•• -*•«'..- order t.. ,.a.s through the next .ta^e ri 1 o XvZ ..Ir' T T''''^ T" " «"'' .nu..el^Kloehi,|iu, us they are ,.„]l..l at thU Z^Zl tlTe .. T "'1 '^u" ^■"""'' prills of a fish, if the o„,K,rtu,.it.v present, itse f Th, ' I r iT '^" """ ' whieh under ,.ro,K.r stimulus work like u smul rn- a.u la verl " •'. , '" *7" '^••"" be produeed whieh after att«..|.n,e„f begins .t.ee l^ -'«»'» wound seems to K oehidia beeo„,e „,ore ..r I.-.s safel.v en.-vs ,.| , ' ,,„ viln li'v'r" II' r^ T' ^^^ sites, subsisting on the juiees ..f the hsl I. ,. Ir T! - ^'^"' "' """- having eompleted their n.et„.„o,.ph; .i ' Iv Le 'k ZI^'f^r^L ""i"*^- ""'T "' >-• '""♦"" <1 iHvin an i.„le,H..„le„t exist,-„''e ' *^""" ''""*• '''^'J' <" th<* linii/ 'Hir^^^f^-itt-Jn *:ii::r™ r -r "'f'-- ^'^•^^ ^--"- ♦».« .•nvesti..,tion of natnral „„.l artiE li ,f Jti.,. itV's'i: "'' 7*; "' '""^ '^'- '^"^'"' ma.r e. ry s>,eeessf,.ll.v fr.,„. 1.00,, to ^..IfK^ ^io.'l.iTii., '' "" "^ " '""«'""'t-«i^'"l fi«h t..<- nun.U.r tha, ...a. a..t as a IJisI, :::.;X ^ ^illsi;'''! .J^ ^"""^ "^" 2.{;j iniwt d:'«irabk' of •belli, thv Wliow Mnd-«bell (L*mp»ili» imoHontoid*ii. Ill iietual Nrtiflcial iiiftniinn of huh tbr opt-rMtion in PM^nlially ai follow*: Tha Wt*\ °d inuH«^la and tbrir «iiitabl« iith boat* aw plarad in a vat or tub containinc a r0qt..Bit« amount of water. Thr niUMfl U im^w o|M>nMi, lhi> iiMni'pial |N>m'h aplit oiwn alon« '\U vpntral bordi>r and the glorhidia are Miueeaed out into om* of th«> \-\Uv» a1 the muaael, which valve also terva* ai a ■mall water fontaint-r. Tht' irlm-hid-N ara then poured into the tub and the water afitated, nuire or l(<«i, »o that thry will be keiit in auiiNMiition. From time to time individual (inh ar«' <-auirht Hnd ffillii fxamiucd to determine the extent of infection. The optimum amount of infection varie* for different niie* and «pecie« of flih and aUo for the rondition the Hih are in. It i* IteneralLv aei'omplinhed within the limit of 5 to ^ minnte*. Over-infection mutt be icuarded against. Naturally, there cannot be any deflnite ruh> m (o the number of irhM-hidia to be uaed with any number of ti«h, the itenon in chann* niUNt lie miided by bin cx|ierien trHrnferred to crateM anchomi in the river or pond. The (rravid feniaU> cUniK niii.v ;(enerally )n> found by lookinir over niutcriul where tiaherroen arc at work, rnleon tht> irl"<'hi«iia arc nuffivietitly developed, the operation in iiKclcsti, for not until then will they open and i'Ionc their valvea when otimulatad. The filth are cauitbt with the neiiie or net. From thin it will be neen tliat the cx|ierimeutal »hell-fi«h itation and the fiah- ciiltural itation go hand in hand. In fact it in a point of economy to combine the two. Althouffh artificial infc<-tion would appear to bi> n comparatively simple operation, n workinK knowledKc of the pro<'c»i« hai« only been obtained ux u rcnult of careful and labnrioua research. A* yet inly a few speciea of miiaaela are thu* propagatad. The noarch for natural hoxtii in Htill beinir prosecuted. Experimental work \n ulito beinir carried on with the object of detenniniuK the (leriod of iwranitiitm. and the life hiHtory of the young muosel after parasitiiint, and to lead to mch improvpmcntx of mcthtxlx ns will make the work moi»t productive of practical resultii. It i« intereitiug to note that within a {leriod of two i-eatf, youuK nuinHelit of KuiBcient »ize to cut and finish buttonx from their shclN were reared ut the station. Theae were raised from artificially inf(>cted fish, which were kept in HoatiiiK cratex or in earth poudit. They are n have betMi irniwii in ponds. KEMULTM ur AKTiriCI.il. rHUPAUATlUN. Although there is no means uf definitely checking up the results of artificial pro- pagation on a large scale, where the mussels already exist, yet the extent of the (.■onfidence the I'nited States Uovcrnment has in the undertaking may be shown by the fact that during the last fiscal year, :{.')l,4.'il,4!M) ghM-hidia, in round iiuiii)H-rs. were liberated in the purusi'ic c (■Jition and 424,550 fish were emphiycd in the opera- tions. ' It is believed thf ■onsiderublc proportion of tlic glochidia fall upon unfavourable ground, or fail to reach maturity from other causes. However, since a large number can be liberated at a comparatively small cost, the attempt is deemed justifiable. So far restocking, only, has been attempted, and in general fishermen rer>ort that where artificial infection has been carried on, more young shells arc found > Annual Report of the Commlasloner of Fisheries to the Secretary of Commerce for Fiacul Tear ended June 30, 1918. SEMIONAL PAMN No. 3ta 11. 2lion '^ """• ^*"""*' •"«* '""" »*""P"". i" •»«'• vicinity „f TMK WIJIHII^ »T TIIK HTATNiN. < iRMiHotioii hw. « « » "t « iHUlHwl *h.-ll>.. I . fBcilitnti,,^ "HKilX OK Ml R I.VNiiKa Ml HMKI. f»rv» northern North Anieri.« durii.K th.- ,rr..«t i „ 1^^ a" . 7,1 '"""' •""^''"^ the North We-t. numerouH lak* w er, f!!,. « "T .""" "'•""'"' "'««"'l ,V.t..lll. H,.voraloftheol,l.lr«nl^ I I """"^ """ th.. MiM.i«i,,pi .ho ancient Lake Knv :;i: ZT.;::^;;:;;?-^^^^ u.!:. .he K„..iHl ,„ke Chi-aKo ah...; .L /hioaKo ri ." Kve 1 1 S^rrior" T""' "'"' S^i. " ; rirr ri./''^ ;:r7"-' '^ -^ ••; ^"^-l '-^^ -;- -r:;.^ -ke. a..d «itin.J;i,r;i::;;.i'r ,;;:;■ z z.;r!nrsr^ '"^" ♦»" ' TMK liHANI) R. The river may be top,«raphicall.v divide*! i„to two part^-u.MK-r a..d lo«-..r Tl, upper part extends well i.it.. Waterl.K. Countv • ,d in,.!,^!! th T I / ""^ Here, on the flat headwater table U.-ds; S d«: fvitv ." 1 l,'"- thT r''". ?"•" b«.u.u. ,uite .te.,,. At Elora. for exa.nple. there i. a li.;;!; dr p' of' "or :^, "f ,,' the^: •n/ TZ^ l.mestoue Korge. The fall of the lower river is gradual T. d u .ifornT ' Pop. «c. Monthly XLVI Na » n •"■: f u «d 7 Water level Klevation 573 94 J573 94 fi8t 01) 504 UO 610 osed of roeks and course frravel almost throughout, and flows in places over e\])osem Paris southward tiie l>ed consists chiefly of:— Tablk No. i. Vicinity— Nature of Brd — Paris to lirantt'ord (Jravei, sand. Western Counties canal (iravel. mud, silt and clny. Hrantford to 12 miles liclow. . . . Oravcl. sand and clay. To Caledonia Fine gravel, sand and silt. Caledrnia to York Oravel, e.\|)os»Hl limestone. York to Dunnville Fine gravel, sand and silt. Dunnville to Lake Largely silt. This section of the province, in c(mHnon witii all southwestern Ontnri", is occn- pied throughout by comparatively undisturlnnl limestone and other Silurian and Devonian strata with overlying drift, clays, sands and more recent superficial deposits. The diH?p de|K>sit of drift material naturally lends itself to erosion, and conss also bring down large ijuantities of material. niSTIMIII TIOX OK Ml'SNKI.S. Some years ago when repairs were being made on the feeder canal at Dunnville, shells were found in such abundance that they were picked up by the wagon load. This discovery le:l to the establishment of a small shelling industry at this ))oint. Last year (191.')) 2rt,"i tons were shipiK>d from Dunnville. and this year appro.xiniately 2(iO tons. PKARIA fHKsllWATER MUaSF.lH ^ SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a six Ir'llVuZ'"^'*- Tl'^"""'' '"* ""*•"• ^^"^ •"«" VyoVcA ..p ami .hipM five or From the lower .lam at Brantford to tho old power-l.ouse at Kobo Place there i. ... .or;;r„itrv£„t- ate ;,;r""""' "- "- '-" -< ■•'•- SI'ECIKS AND til All.UTKIIISTr« S OK SHKI.i.S. I have twieo visited the Duni.viiie arc-a, an.t found a eon^iderable v.,ri...v ..f H tlark, who superintends the shell-fishiu^. In diseussins the nuwsel Zna onlv sueh sptH-ie. as are of eonunereial value will Ik- .-onsidered " ones :-=«'"-*"""""'*' "'* """"'"" '"""'" ""' '"'"' «'^-"» «'""»-' ^vith the seientiiie Scientific Xanie. Common Xame. Lamtmlisalala.'Any Pink heel-splitter LampstjtH luteola. J.ani Fat iiuuket. Lami>sihH recta. \jxm Blm-k sand-shell. LampMhH i-enhroM. Barnes .. . . PncketbUcata.^,xy [5lu..-poiiit. ' " • " ' =-•.:• Qmidndn ruhiulnoMi. U-a Wabash pit'-toe. - V»(i(//H/rt M/K/H/n/a, Barnes ThnH'-rid^i.. " ' _' .' No doubt this list d....s not ..ontain all the s ics of .•on.uHTcial vali.;- foun.Hn :^t::r.^eJ^th\:;*;i::j;i:"- Si™ T"''- rf% ''--' ^'i' '"^i). " i^-^-JiT::^; ,'i^::ir which IS of no practu-al value on a.vount of the thinness of its shell Of ,|,c aln v siK-nes those most commonly o-vurrin^ are /.. „,„f„. (j. ,,,»,/.. and V 1 Ma , alafa,. « ^ood-sized heavy clanu quite a lar^e numlH-r of the sl„.lls\^:|;i " "tlu: .uM^hbourhood of a po„n,l. but its value is much reduce.! for button Im ctu ■ o,' fa'i^T" "f '"""V"; '•" '■'""* '■"■"•"-"•' «<-i- "f this area. Th." ^n^ to a fo^erTn: "' " ."'" ''?" " '^'."'^ "'^'''"' '""♦"'• ^ l'«ve in my colh^ction .u e of the u.th lea.t w.stc. Th.. are a around Dunnville. however, docs not apiH.ir to Ik,- partieu- ao DEPARTHByr of the naval service 8 GEORGE V, A. 1918 krly fav.turabte to it8 development It may perhaps be fouud more plentifully and of better quality fartSier up the river i:i localities more nearly approximating the condi- tion in lakes. The other species are of (lood quality, but owiiift to their w-areity in thi» area, have little commercial importance. METHODS or THE OUN'VIIXE .MTSSEL riSHEKV. On my visit to the fishing grounds at Dunnville I found two gangs of men at work on the river above the town ; one at a distance of about two miles, and the other some five and one-half miles farther on, near Morgan's island. In the former locality they had a pile of shell" which would weigh about five tons. These were fished and .shelled in about three and one-half days, by two men and two boys. The men did tiie fishing, while one boy ran the gasolene launch and the other removed the meat from the shells. The outfit for procuring the clams consists of two scows fastened rigidly together by a lilank at each end. The distance between the scows is 4 or 5 feet. The men stand on the stem plank while operating the scoops. The scoop, or dip-net is a dipper-like apparatus with a handle of from 12 to 18 feet in Itiigth. The bowl consists of a win- cage about 16 inches in depth, and is attached to a triangular iron frame, 16 inches to a side. Thus the ot*ening of the scoop is triangular and works in the manner of a dredge. To assist in the raking of the beds by this scoop, a number of iron spikes about 3 inches long are fastened to the lowier part of the triangular frame, and are set about 3 inches apart. This helps to draw the .-M-oop into the river shown and are set about 3 inches apart. This helps to draw the scoop into the river bed. A line passes from the lower end of the scoop to the forward plank and this is of such a length as to allow the handle to stand vertically against the stern plank. The whole outfit is towed by a gasolene launch. The scows, though varying in size, are about 16 feet long by 3i feet wide and 14 inches deep. The following diagram may serve to illustrate the fishing outfit in operation : — Fiu. 1. In order to remove the mussels from their shells they are subjected to boiliitg in water. This kills the animal, causes the relaxation of the powerful adductor muscles, which hold the vah-es together, and permits the easy removal of the muscles from their attachment on the valves. The boiling pans var>- in si«e, but are usually about 6 feet long by 4 feet wide and 8 inches deep. The bed near Morgan's island is about } mile long and .'.0 feet wide. Here the bottom is gravelly, and although the shells are numerous and of good quality, the number of dead ones is considerably larger than farther down the i ^er, where the bottom is muddy. Tjtst year the shelling was done below the town at a point a mile north of Port Maitland. Here 265 tons were taken from an area less than } of a mile in length. The bed, I am told, showed no signs of depletion. This year the fishing has been done above the town, and although about 260 tons have been taken, the ground is apparently not as productive as was anticipated. fKAHI.Y FRESH-WATEK MVsBELS m SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a PEARL8. • ^ ''"""^^•We number of pearl* and sIurs are alno found. Some are of very fair Mze and good qual.ty. In Mr. Clark's opinion, pearling alone would insure a sufficient wa"j75 "' ""■ "^^^ ^'^^^*^ **""" •^''* "''*""'«' *"' " !*"• RECOMMEMUTIOXS. In order to develop f. the fullest extent the re«,ur<-es of the river, three main stepH are urgent; first, to insure against depletion of the present stock of clams; second, to restock and stock artificially all favourable areas, and third, to improve the nver '" K''''«'ral by stream rcKulation. Sinc.^ the last-mentioned object is so funda- mental. I shall deal with it first 1 STKEAM REfilLATION AND SOMK OK ITS AI)VA.\TA(JKS. Through the progressive removal of the natural physical conditions regulating stream-flow, the floods m the river have for some years been becoming more and more vio ent and destructive. This increased flood-flow has naturally reduced the volume of low water-flow proportionately. These two conditions, along with the scouring and general damage of river-bed. constitute an increasing menace to mussel life to nsftenes. and to power development along the riv-r. ' Some idea of the truth of thi above statements may be deduced from n study of the following table of volume of flow at different points. The maximum flow of greatest recent flood is also included. This took place in the spring of lfll2. Aphboximate flow in cubic f<>et per second, period li»14. 191.1 and 191(;. Orand River .Sutionp. Bi'Iwood ConoHi'iOiro. . (Salt ... 'ilenmorris Bmntford . . York Maxiii 4,eoo 9,300 19,000 23,1100 20,000 37.000 Miiiiiniiin.* ho 70 100 300 Mk 190 37.5 810 900 14,000 l,Sfi0 • AUxiniuni flows are mean of two gunge beifrhta, takrii a.iii and n m aMm -.'iiie stations consist of leakafre from dams. ^ ^""'^- Drainage area in v\. miles. 1912. Kstiinnted Mnxiniiim. 380 9M l.-WU 1,390 3,000 2,280 10,000 20,000 Wt.OOO ■ i6o,o6(( Minimum flows in ■rv. /'«■«"''««''. ••<"'«<'fl"«'"t ui*"" these conditions cannot rcacily bi- overestimated. I he fact that drainage areas ot the (Jrand River and Great Afiami river flowing through Dayton, Ohio, are approximately equal, is suflicient proof. Xo doubt far-reaching measures for the prevention of dangerous floods will ',nvc to be taken in the future It such measures involve water conservation, the resources of the river will be enorm-' "iisly increased. «-ii"nu In the fall of 1912 the Hydro-electric Power Commission made a reionnaissance siirvey of the river watershed covering the main stream from Caledonia to the head- waters; also of the larger tributaries from their confluence with ■■the main stream to heir headwaters. In this sun-ey. the main obje<'t of «hich was to asccrtuiu what Iwations, if any, merited examination as sites for storage reservoirs and regulating works. It was found that by the building of nine dams ranging from :iO to 6.5 feet storage reservoirs ranging from 450 acres to 3.000 acres in area could be obtained- the aggregate acreage l)eing between ten and eleven thousand. While the above fibres 82 i)ATA«T.I»ff.Vr OF THK XAVAl HERW 8 GEORGE V, A. 1918 are approxitnatiuiiH. it is believed to be reaMoimbly certain that the ».y«tem of storaRo baaiiiB would have an aggresrate imiwundiiig capacity of not less than five billion cubic feet. It will be evident that the economic advantage accruing from sucli pools of dependable character cannot be lightly esteemed. In relation to mussel life there would be not only the addition of new flood areas, but also no doubt the improvement of the beii of the streams back of these areas. In these lake-approximations, or river- lakes as they have leen called, admirable conditions should be afforded for the par- ticularly valuable shell L. luteola. Not only does this shell work up well into buttons but It also lends itself readily to artificial propagation on a commercial basis. Although It is rare to find shells of commercial value in lakes, these river-lakes form a natural habitat for the above mentioned mussel. For example. Lake Peoria, a lake espunsion in the Illinois K. forms at present probably the b^t mussel producing district in the I'nited States. As the young mussels are jwrasitic on fish in the early stage of their life histor;-, it would of coiirs«> be necessary to construct etfe<'tive fish-ways at these dams. Further, by u study of tabh-s 1 and •> it will be s*^^! that there are considerable stretches in the river where apparently suitable rau-ssel areas obtain. If mussels are not found here in a survey, the fault will i)robably be due to flood conditions prohibit- ing their development in these areas. If such is the case, flow-regulation should over- come the unfavourable environment. KOOn, \ K.UTDR OK TlIK KNVimiXMKST. In the discussion of favourable environments, dut" ('onsidcration must be given to the food problem. This is doubtless the most imiwrtant factor in the environment of the mussel, and it is unfortunate that no extensive work has been done along this line. Actual records of stomach contents of fresh-water niU8s«'ls are rare. Records of analysis show that among t"., microscopic forms, minute plants, diatomacea> and other aig», constitute a part of the food of the mussels. With reference to the food habits. Professor Clark and Dr. Wilson report in part, as follows: "The stomach contents of mussels taken from the main current of the St. Mary's, St. .Joseph, and Maumee riv.-rs were rather noteworthy for their paucity of organic material. Through the large mass of muddy matrix filling the stomach were usually scattered a few Srenedi-Kmux. various diatoms, and an occasional Pediaxtnim or Cosmaiium." Dr. Petersen, a TKiiiisli ecolo- gist and Director of the Danish Biological Station, lias fully demoimtrated that the Hue dust-like detritus forming a thin top layer of lH)ttsits constitutes n Inrjre part of the food of the oyster and other mollusks. Dr. Jensen, Petersen's colleague, concluded after investigntiiig the source of the detritus that its origin is primarily from sea plants, broken down until it assumes the fine dust like form. It has been suggested- that the "large mass of muddy matrix" referred to by Clark and Wilson was probably tile kind of iimterial described by Petersen as " dust-fine detritus.'" Although large bivalves may not be able to avail themselves of the layer of dust-fine detritus, it IS no doubt taken in by water currents. Dr. Jensen also examined the water by ceiitri- fuging. and obtained material identical with the top layer of bottom deposits. In Oneida lake the surface of the bottom deposits, in bays and quiet bodies of water, is reported to be of pn>cisely the character described by Dr. Petersen. It would, iiidei'd. be very interesting to establish the relationship l)etweeii stomach-contents of different sfiecies of mussels and the nature of the river bed in which they do, or do not thrive. It would, no doubt, lead to valuable information with regard to the choice and the establishment of new areas for their development. It may be found that the food 1 Sixth Annual Report, Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, 1916. 2 Relation of Mollusks to Fish In OneUla Uike. by Frank Collins Baker. University of Syva- e, N.Y., July, 1918. PBAHLT FK/H^HWATBIt yUKSKLS SESSIONAL PAPEH No. 38r ll^il °' themuMeb ,« by no „,ea„8 fully dependent on the fn^v^wiraminff ormnism* and that the favourable locaht.e* discu^Hed above, are largely conducive to theSo,.- a.ent of the muH«.l on account of conditions favouring the deposition of tho" detritus » KKMTIK'KIMl .»XD >ITCX:KIN(1. The restocking of areas where mussels at present exist nnrl u1,..,„ .^*- « u- Of all mussels so far experimenti-d with. L. luteola Ie.iH« \t>^\< .^ * ji . The sjMicimens so far obtained from the river nr/Lt/ ^ '" 'river-lakes." reduced, on reac^ng this ,.i„t. "' M^:uii:^v,:i'^ j^^^ d^;:;:;.::,^;!^ .M.ss,,s.pi. about 30 miles down the river from St. Paul Mh. .. I / tt Un ^ Vtl »jrav.d mussels f.,r purposes of infection, have not been shipped o c !, nuch „rc L 'ITT than 300 miles, but I am informed by the Director'.f the Fai " t .St, io, that they sent a couple of shipments of live mussels fron Fairoort t.rvTv i " the ^.1 of 1916. and that the majority reached their d:;ti.farir. ^ Tom .'ioir 1 he distance from lake Pepin to Gait. Ont.. would be about .S3.5 miles t i-ortunatcly. th... .species is not very exclusive i„ its choice of h -itber is nm..el s. All the L ampsnuHc^ u. fact, are grav id, more or les s, during the whole year 3 A line In button measurempnt Is 1,40 of an inch. DKPARTyKXT OF THE XATAL HSHVWE 8 OEORQE V, A. 191* but most ripe one* are found from April to July. In my survey in August I found quite » number of gravid luteoUu but none that on microscopic examination proved 5°, . f'PT- '''*'" ^*'^y ■"** extended spawning period would be favourable to success- ful shipping, before the warm weather comes on. The fish that may serve as carriers belong mainly to the families Centrarchide und Percid«>. The species are: P. tparoide. (•pecWed baaa); P. annutom (crappie); L. pallidu* (blue sunfish); M. salmoide* (large-mouthed black bass); M. dolomieu (small-mouthed black bass); .V. vUreum (yellow pickerel); 8. Canadente (sand pickerel): P.fiaveteen^ (yellow perch) and «. ehmtopa (white bass), all well represented in our waters. MA w""* **?! ":*'*"j«.' propagation of this mussel is past the experimental stage, I aid not conwder it advisable to repeat the operation here, on my return f i .m Fairport, particularly ns iny time was limited and as the localities visited did not appear verv tavourable. It was kindly suggested at Fairport that gravid mussels be shipped over Here for infecting purposes. Lampsilia recta, though not found plpiitifuUy in the Grand river, is a very valu- able shell on account of its fine quality. Mr. Southall reported it to be of large siw without discolor ;ion, firm and of first grade, making 3«9, Itt— line and 470. 24— lin.- ^ossblanks r >n. Although the usual run of this spei-ies is coloured, thosp from the Dunnvih ea seem to be of fine quality. There an». however, some shells Which show discoloration, lu the fiscal year 11«1«. n.2S8,300 larval mussels of this species were planted at Fairport. The fish which may serve as hosts for artificial propagation are: L. pallidux (blue sunfish) and A. cuanellw (grewi sunfish). The ft)rmer of these speoies occurs abundantly in some parts of lake Ontario and lake Erie and their tributaries, but the latter has not been reported from Ontario, although .t IS supposed that it will be found in lake Erie. P. annular,,, (crappie, also called silver bass) has been found naturally infected with this mussel, but it is rare in our waters.' The spawning period of this mussel is similar to that of LamiisUia luteola and the river api^ars to be adapted U, this si.e<-ies. Th<- sheilers at T>uiiuviile seem to prize this shell above all others. LampgiliM ventrirosa—Thh shell is not used \vry exU'iisively in button uiaiiufuo- tun-, but It IS worked up into novelties. Large shells, however, make buttons of good lustre. Last year 447,0«0 glochidia wen- used for infection at Fairport. The si)ecie» of fish that may serve as hosts in artificial propagation are: P. annularis, L. pallidux and M. mlmoides (large-mouthed black bass). At present it would not apiH-ar to b<> esst>ntial to increase the stock of this sheU. The Quadrula group is well represented in the (Jraiid. but only two si)ecies appear u. large quantities— V. plicata and Q. undulata. These constitute at present our chief button shells, and the Canadian Pearl Button Company, of Trenton, Ont., which has the sole right to the Duiinville fishery at present, reports that the shells from the Grand compare favourably with those shipped to their plant from the United States. In the cominert ^l appraisal of these two species from the (Jrand, the report is a* follows :-r- Speoies. Q.plieata' .. Q. undnlata Common Name. Bliwinint . , TfaroD-ridgH. Size. LtlTfV . Largn. Dit- colouration None. None. Texture. Fimi . . Firm.. Iirade. Srd Srd Xu. uf groM blanks per U in IMiof. 34-line. 142 182 213 SI I 1 Manual of Vertebrates of Ontario, by C. W. Nash, has been consulted for flsh distrlbutlo.i in our waters. 2 The pHciia from Mud Creek, near l-ort Franks, were evidently grouped with those of the <. ir -j ^ Fairpon. Iowa, makes the following ..atement— ^ '^ ^^ '^^ ""*"'*^' "* «.tic stage into an artificial ,x,nd «t Fairp^rT Iowa Thr^"Tl;H T" and I found a specimen stil, alive buri«l i^ld "rel/n.oir'lt' s e^vidLfl- think, from these observations that the species is hardv at least «s ZJ^ of the more common vicissitudes to whil^Tmu^et ai^' uStuSy su^tl/' ""' In his experimental work with this sjiecies lie found that F annularis r„..»„„- ^ ^^P-roules (speckled bass)! /'. M'escenl (yellow ..erch) a nd Z. SuT(WrS" I have so fur not obtain.Kl any data „f exiH^riinental work .lone ,>n n j i . In general appearance the tw.. forms are similar I , 3 V« If^ m ^" ""'^"''"''• elevated and inflated than in ,.„dulatu. ' ' *''* ""'''"'""^ ''■'" '""'•« I'ROTECTION OK FItKSH-WATKR MI'SSKI.S. For the protection of the present mussel bofl.- tl,.> (,.v , , .•onsidered of sufficient in„«.rtan,v to J^Z.^^^ '"' •""'*^ ""''""'^ '""•^ ''^ (o) A closed season in each year. (It) Restriction as to the methods of fisliinp (r) Re8tri,.tion as to size of mussels retained l.y fishermen. un Closed rc^rions for specified nuinlber of years. (e) The imposition of licenses. Documem No°' -'n"^''"" "' ''■■""' '^'"'"^ *""'-"'■ "^ «• "^^ ^"X-. I'h.D., Bureau of Fisheries. M DBPARTMSST OF THE yATAl aKKVICE • QEORQE V, A. IS't (a) The main ubjet-t to be attain«^ by instituting a cloied scaiion for fiihing i» the protection of the beds during the breeding leaton. Ini-identalljr. however, a leeond benefit naturally aeeontpanies the one nought, for by limiting the length of the »ea«on, the extent of the fi«hine will likewise be diminished. Since tho chief commercial nhelU «o far «hipped are Quadrula plieala and undulata, and since these species have short periods of gravidity during the summer months, the closed season restriction peculiarly applies to the Grand. But the river also supports other shells of some commercial value which have long breeding seasons, and thus the protection afforded would not be sufficie.itly wide-reaching. This will l)e particularly true in cnse of artificial propaig....on. Beside^i, an interruption of fishing o|K>rntions during n few snnmior months wouM seriously interfere with the industry. (fc) At present the shells are obtained in one woy only, as descrilM-d uhovo. Thisi method is fortunately not the one against which complaints arc generally nuide. Although it roots up the bed it does not unnecessarily injure the mussels which nro too small for commercial purposes, and these should b«' returned to the water. (c) It is obvious that there is a limit to the size of a shell beneath which it is pure wastefulness to retain it. The fishermen and the button manufacturers los«' time in handling the material and the beds are depleted at u much greater rate than they would otherwise be for the same finished product. A limit for every species is, as a rule, impracticable if for no other reason, at least for the fact that the determination of species is sometimes difBcult. After a size limit has been decided up. a. considerable details will have to be worked out in order to satisfactorily enforce any regulations agreed upon. (J) One of the most immediate protective measures is that of closed areas. This best meet the case of the long breeding species and gives them an opportunity to restock areas, preventing for a term of years the disturbance of gravid clams some of which, when disturbed, discharge the young even though not mature. It also favours the building up of beds by allowing the young clams to e!>tablish themselves. The system on which a river or portions of it are to be closed, and the time and duration of areas closed can best be determined by studying field and biologicnl conditions. (e) By the granting of fishing permits as at present on the Grand, no doubt the nuinlber of shellers is there^by limited. It is n question, however, just how fur the interests of a private person or firm are safeguarded as well as those of the fishing grounds. Although such a fishing permit was granted with a view to stimulating shell prospecting it nev<»rthelcss undoubtedly discriminates against other jhtsoiis or firms. If fishing licenses were granted to resident fishers, thereby ciiniiiiating the exploiters or such jjcrsons as would not wish to follow up the industry-, no doubt g' '"*" '^o lake. narn.w lake about H milm i„ l,.„t;vr V"""*" "V* «««''• '« appr..x.mates. i„ fai-t. to n nt Grand Bend, and the water let „ffT .! '.^ i ^ ' *'"" "'"""'"' '"• *■•"* P"* >« - M wa. _, .th ,= f^ .iliZS JLZ^^r r i -- - nfter the out had been made Jn he r v.^r ' ' / ?" "" '" '^'"^'">' ♦''" ^ mu8M,.l.s of eommeroial value th s^^ie" 7 Zjt, 1 """"•" "'""^" "^ J«'«f« f.und were L. Inlrola LvenricZ^tLiZ^'^ Pre,l„„„na,i,.^. Other specie. S. ro.tata. These „,u;Hels w.t v'^ 1 J T." Cb^:! T,;'' "■""'"• ""•• " «'-'' . foot .leep. With the small amount of wterrtowi;^"^ idturto u'." ,"''!'•■• f^"* ■*u<-h .1 quantity of nniNs<.N of ir.Hwl -i,,. ,v.„i,i i. ' f • , "'!v' "" *" "'"I'Tstand how .vield a fair .uantity Jr„,M ZS^ t^ T""::^- "«"""-'*''■•' 1"- would «ould soon be exhausted. Fn! M l^d h" j^L I'^tt F ^i^" T'' !!'" """^'-^ the Canad.. Oo. Cut near its western tern nus nve^t 11:^ H :""V "".'^ '■'^"'"'"* found n small b.-d near the bridJ Z \ u "'*"'''"»'"''"^ ^^>" Wtir tor elams. We ...ain current. M::™:/,^ S^' r;';: t;" ^^ ^TS? ""'*-»'^^-'" *»•« vurietv of si).N-i.-<— A ,.«,*„ / ^,.„/..: , , , , ""** "'"" represented - st...p or n.arshy. r.ar^e elams in , 'derS 1 titie t: '" "-usually oither water alon^ th.- shore where thev ..n.«...r t '""«"*'»'»'- «ere found in the shallow eommonest's,K>eies is ^^ZZa'ZZX I'rlm lu ''"'""^' 'f"'''""''- ^''e I also found one Q. ruhi„nosa. 1 f Ld i t J3tit;''"'"'' '" .!^' '<'f"-'"'^"ted. the extent of the mussel life b,.yondrlrt d st'rf on "', """""''•'^' *" •^"*'^™'- parts, and in the upin-r stretches where oi.itn l7 I "' ''^'''''^ '" ''-'!>' ^^P obtain. The small erow-flllt it whi" 1 1 ^1 ^de fTsh T" "' ^'""^"^•^ '"""^ general absolutely valueless here on amount of frn '''"^1' •'""^r'eet.nir. proml in IB DK/'AKTMBSr Of THK SAVM ffUKflCt • OKONOC V. A. 19:t Mttle the proWein. but 1 do not foimidfr the undertakinn worth the troublo or expeuM. In the deeper p«rU of the river I wm able to lue the crow-fwrt b«r but ir»t no aht. except dead one*. The river may at one time have contained large <|uantitie« o( inuMwI- but it »eenii! tcK) utagnant to make itood clam bedn poMible. Thi. condition aU would promote the (rrowth of the vegetation now to abundant. Taking all conditionn into eon»ideration thia area i« of no value for muMel culture. The ihell* that are there are perhapn only a remnant of h once larger «uppl.v ai the cut and work my way to the east branch of the river to pronpect for »hell« there. The lower end of the cut i» quite wide and approxiraatei. a .mall river, but we fouiil no clam, with the exception of the bed near the bridge mentioned alH.ve. 1 wo i able to detenuine that the upper part of the river', .ection between the cut and (J rand Herd doe. contain the commercial .hell Q. undulala. At one place where T went into the water to a den«h of four or live feet. 1 found the bed to coiimrt of «iie clay mud quite thickly i-overed with inuw»l« of thin «|»cie«. They wen«. howwer. rather .mailer than """Thi. river ^eem. to be (leculiar in having a very irregular channel a. to width and denth At pUces it is .hallow and narrow and then again it become, wide and deep. Shell. «*m to be quite generally distributed. Even at Ail.a Craig which must be over 40 miles up the river from the cut, we found the s|iecies V. nndnlata, L. x^ntrxrota h. hdeola 811.1 Vnio gibhotm. They were not plentiful and of rather small sixe-too .mall to be of much value. tl.KHl bed. of shells may be found on a more thorough investigation. In fact, 1 am inclin«l to think that the shells found lying in the shallow places near (Jrand Bend and in the Canada Company Cut may be washed down fi^.m native bed. .i|. stream from these points. Conditions in the lower stretche. of the river seem to »«■ very favourable to mussel development even with the small flow of "'^also investigated the river near its mouth at Port Franks, hut evidently there are no mussel beds of any importai.c-e there. No doubt the great quantities of sand carried down during floods do not permit their development. It is singular that even small streams in this vicinity si.piiort mussels of commer- c\.l value. At the mouth of Mud .reek, h small stream near Port Franks. I found n , imber of Q. undulata of fairlv g.KMl sire. Q. ruhiginom and smalUu<.'o/«M were also found here. Shells are reported to be plentiful further up thm creek. In the vicinitv of Orand Bend and P..rt Franks a considerable quantify of shells should be obtainable by hand picking at low water. As the areas are not large, how- ever, the supply would so..n be ,>xhaur.ted. Since $20 iier ton, delivered at the station, has been oflFcred for them, some enten>»'i''inK man might find his labours well repaid. ] should advi«. that th.- river alx.'.v the Caiuida Company f"ut »)e ,-xamuu-.l witl. a view to determining its resources in mussel life. POINT F.nWARII. On mv arrival at the bay at Point Edward, near Sarnia. I was again several times assured of the abundance of shells by men about the lumberyards. I obtaine.1 a row-boat from the Spanish River Lumber Company, and crossed the >orth bay (north of the Cleveland lumber tramway) in search «f shells. The water here has an average depth of about :i-.-> feet and the shells are therefore readily obtained with a (lip net or by wading. The sandy lM>tt..m is free .)f weeds with the exception of the margins near the marshv borders. As the water was clear 1 could readily see the bottom. I found only small shells such as we find in any of our fri>sh water lakes, for pxainple SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a .lu. around ,horo:H.^'l.^ii;'';« -"..l-.-l> ..,i,H...l „.,,..,f I ..,.,,, ,.„„ ,„.„ '' «tr..n»:. ft ...m.^ f .11!^ 1 L 7?;'" """'"•' """"•''' ""■ rivr ""•»».r. P,.p„|.,r r,.„..r„ ,.,„ rninL , . 1. r ' ,"■'"":''" t'"T..UKl.l,v .Hfl.. ,1... tho fa,., ,h„, v..r.v f..w ,„.opl.. u.mI " n„ U , ,1 L'^''*''""'*' ""-'';"'"i"K. Thi- i. , ,., r.Knr.l to ]„ko S„.i,h. for lx„.„;:.V, L^'' , ,7 'j' T";,' "•'"' ""I"' "' -'- With l«.rfuK (l.i, vii-w «,„ kind rnou^h to J. , T > """' """'•• **'"' """' -« - " '■ "■■"- -■■'".".."; H.::;;,;,:;;; :;:;',;;.t :,:",:;:„;:;;■ - ■ »• N"'TTV\VAm(;\ 'IIVrM. .\|r (Jn.v.. bu(t,.„.,i„.i,„f„rt,ir.r ,.( Ki,,.|„.,,..r (»,., 11. •1...... >„.... o, „„„„.,, , ,,„,„ f„ ,.lo,.« iv -I '" 1 •"." ;"'"'""' """ '"'•'" "l> thf river. S..v..rul mil.. „„ th..' ri v « .' .1. '"""V"".""' ",'" •"»'"»'-l '■• •"!<.. „. "'-'■■ "• - "f -1...".. u„ui,i I.. : fj . ;',:::>;■• ", -'";' '.•-";-- «i- r. -•. ""■ "'""<»> "<■ tlu. rivr. just o f . . H, ; "'"' " ""'.' ,'" " ^'""'='^ --M..n..r III tlKM-oiiiiiHTi- a ui>iiriii.iil fli.. / .. ( • '/"'""""'I. >. nmhil.i. n,,, . ,il„h„, j.;r., a.,., ..rit,,... for/ri::::,::':,^ ;:;;-;- -,-.;•-• - -^^^ n ,.::;:::; '•ohi.usa Uxki-u „-,.r,. ,,.„ ,„,,,|i ,„ ,„, ,./ ' " t^f '"• '''"III*' l-r fun. .Manx of tl,.. Till. sh..iU la.r.. ar- vr. r.^ rk „ " ,W ' irXi:;; /"'T' 'T' ' "' '^ "'^■•"■■' l-*^' mierUM HhowiMK no ,lis..„|,.rHtio„ S„,nP of 1 '"//-.ro*,, „ i„ ,„., ,|.,, „„, (Jros, did not .■onsid.T it wor I wlH t '" " """ '■''"•'""■".v 'l"rk puipl,. \fr «...v rat., no, „n,il tluTo i. „ d..n, I Jt^:X:in:"u '"" I'l ','" '"""''-*"*■'• '" J.'t-r„i,„.. ,|,„ ,.,„,. „f ,,i,..,.l..ra,ion. Tl.i, is T .. , , " """''' '- "'"••-'!„, „. I .0 l.o,ton,, from whi.-h „,..,, .,,• „ ,;, > ""'^•|"«m. from -. ,.. .; fo..t d,.,.p. Tia.r.. i. a la J Hon r I' ."■"\»-''"^'">- 'I'-l "i- "afr .id..ral,l.. m„ss,.| lif... ""'■' """ '"'"• "ml tl,.. rixvr .l,„„ld s„pp„rt ,-n„. <;IA>IIM. IICMAHKS. This iMV..,,iga,i,,n was .•,„„|u.-,..d unjv ..t I .1 • r ic rosults ..annot. ,h..r.f..r... I,e ,ak. n s Hair """"" '•'" " ''""• '"' '""• '— '^• "i-nv..r Tl.anH.s. lor ..Nai.n.l,. .Ir l ' ,^"""' '"•'"•'"iv of „„r niiiss..] r..s.u,r,.c-s ;;o,...ni::d^^;';t:'r;::K^:,;;;;:;rr.t^^ ' ■ •- • '>-- the district hydro^aphers of tho Wlro .^'^^^ Thry, I Mievo, r..,vor a Rr..at manv ,...'!„, ' f"mnus.i„n of Ontario •" ■' ' '"-' '■"- '"■ •■" ... n;:;„;= wis ;ru;;::;™S. t .':' "■■■ "™"^ ,S til/ i.-i 1. 1. Wliit..mairs (■ri...k. liiirford. OniiiHlaira. lira lit ford, < 'a p. Ill lip, Xi..|ioN,i]|, t'lciiniorris, ■j:y.ii;r,~-2H ■"'Ill/ions. Kairchild's (>..f.k, '•rand IJivi.r. Xith Uivvr. N'ottawasajr,, IJivrr. <^>rand IJivi-r, UKHAKTyUST Of THK SAVAL MKKVICM • aeoROE V, A. ttii >7ll/t'«M«, Ottlt. KinilH'rli>y, • li-^iielfr, Markdalc, lioriiiiiKn MilU, WclliiMil ('aiinl, Oivi'ii Siiiiiiil. Mfafiiril, York. St'VtTII, \Vnr, Kig Hood llivcr, ii Kivi'f, !rwinc, • Jruiid uiid t'ciiii'HtiHto Riv'T", SikmhI HivtT, Tliuii)C!t. tlini' )iruiii>hc!i, Aut Siililfs Kivfr. In till' prtMciit ,V4'ur ii (food imiiiy other Atiitioim will (irobjilily 1h> udditl. With a car lit tln'ir di^iHMiil the |Kiiiit^ could \ iiiihs from hank to hank. From Frcdirirtoii to ( iajfitciw II, a distuni-i' of :U iiiilr.*, the surrounding land i.4 very .jw. On thr iiKt a iiH'ri' alluvial flat of itri'iit ixti'iit Mparatos the waters of '..le St. John from thoM' of the .Iimsejr. Some farmers here ohtaiii annually a irop of tish and vjtetaiili-.' A fiw of the upper sinuses that l.raneh otT lo the east from the river liii(tlif al-o lie -uitiihle for ehiiiis. One would not e.\|ie<-t to find our larger sp<«;ies fhere now. hut it does not neeessarily fidlow that they would not thrive if introduced. Tile fireiilest dith.-ulfy would prohahly he found in proeuriiiff the proper sjieeies ot fish to net a- ho-t-. Ifere it may he mentioned that in tlie Hood areas of tho Missis- sippi many tish, fUt off from the river when the flood subsides, are eaiittht. infected and liherat-d au'ain. Tn this way the double iniriKise of restoekintr river with clams and reelaimiiiK the tish is served. In Manitoba there si-ems to have U'en an iniinlu'ration from the upiM-r waters of the Missi»ippi reirion. I am informed that in the .hninuu of Coiirholo'iil (i.'t'\*, Entr.) IV.. iqi. .'i:W-;UO, 1SS5, there is an interestinir aeeount of the Mollusea of Mani- toba by K. M. Christy. In a letter received from Dr. rtryiint Walker. Detroit, Mich- relative to this article, it is stated that the author ( Mr. Christy) lists nineteen spei'ies of which six are unidentiti«-d. I'hey are: L ri'fla. ruilinla. luU'ola. honalis.awX nMa. Q. nihinliiosn. iilintta, larhriimusn, (and aspfrimn). miiliiliiln and In ran. Sfimp. rnm- plaiKita; >troph. <'ilfi>tula. Mussels in that region were ahiindaiit and es^ieiMally in the Shell river, wlii. Ii runs into the Assinilwine from the east, abf.jt fifty niih's alwive its junction with tiie Qu'Ap|K'lle. Hundreds of deai' shells heloi ini.' t^i many >iM-cies occurred. J The St. John River. Dr. W. Bailey. SESSIONAL PAPER No. 3S« »»r. Walker <>(it«iii<<iiffh th« Am. M .4. .,f .V«t IIi»t „t w .».„ / 11 i «n,J a',.«,i..,. lttXZti^Ltlll:^ur ""'1*'^ two Probl.™. «o h.„4 in hand, ir. th.. innrc-t, oi 1,, il^l ? "''""'''»* -"PPl'monted by a department workin« tion in ,1... inter,. .;iS^*"*s'T^"' "".'• """" 'JTt •''"''' ^"'""'•'« •"'"""»- tam.o in l.«,,e„in« M.o day J r.he f ™'"'' m" ''""'•. »'«„"^ t^o «reate.t impor- rai-M hi. iH.ultry Cthe ne«r7„f..^ / . ""'** ""'^' '''* "••» " "-K'rtHy a, he H^tu-ry Pr«Vlem7„r. 1. ert?«" llv irk 7o„rwin '"•-"torle,. in which our inlH...; Hnh-rv problenn ru, u'vl J • 7 ; ' ''"r" )" ** e-tabli^hed. But our than that ..f water conrryation ' ' '""'*" "'"■ *''''"'* ""*'"""" '" »»'« '"«»«