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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 ROBERT BELL, M.D., Sc.D., LL.D, F.R.S. 
 
 REPOET 
 
 EXPLORATION 
 
 EAST CUxlST OF HUDSON BAY 
 
 FROM 
 
 CAFE WOLSTENHOLME TO TBE SOUTH END Of JAMES BAY 
 
 A. P. LOW, B.Sc. 
 
 OTTAWA 
 PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE aINO.S MOST 
 
 13- 
 
 EXCELLENT MAJESTY 
 1902 
 
 No. 7»8 
 
\\ 
 
RoDERT Bell, L.L.D., D, Sc, M.D., F.R.S. 
 
 Acting Director Geological Survey Department. 
 
 Sir,— I herewith beg to submit my report on an exploration of the 
 east coast of Hudson Bay. Tn so doing, I beg to ackn<.wled«n the 
 kindness and assistance received from Mr. C. C. Chipinan, Ccmmis- 
 sioner of the Hudson's Bay Company, and from the tollowing gentlemfu 
 in that company's service : Messrs. W. K. Broughton, O. McTavish, 
 D. Gillies, Miles Spencer, A. Nicholson, J. A. Wilson and Capt. Alex. 
 Gray, all of whom materially aidi'd in the huccchs of the exploration. 
 
 I have the honour to be, sir. 
 
 Your humble servant, 
 
 A. P. LOW. 
 
 13_D— li 
 
h 
 
KKPOIJT 
 
 EM'LOK.^TION OF THE EAST COAST OF 
 
 Ann 
 
 {■AI'K Wor.STKNHULM 10 THK NOUTH KM) OF .lAMK.s HAY 
 
 Tliin report is basot ufxjn the information obtained by an explora- 
 tion of the east coast of Hudson bay, extending from Cape Woisten- 
 holrae at the entrance of Hudson strait, southward to the H ipert 
 river in the southern part of James bay. The work of exploration 
 extended over the summers of IS'JA and 1899 ; and during the inter- 
 vening winter two exploration trips were made inland, the first into 
 the barren interior, in N. lat. 57' ; and the other on the northern 
 branches of the Or at Whale river. The information so obtained was 
 supplemented! by that collected from the northern Eskimo.^, who 
 annually visit the trading post at Or -at Whale river, to exchange the 
 products of the hunt for powder, shot and other necessaries. A num- 
 ber of sketch-maps and much information concerning the character of 
 the north-western portion of the Labrador peninsula were obtained 
 from these peopl'^ that what was blank on previous maps may now 
 be at least rough' led in. 
 
 A log-survey of the entire coast was made by my assistant, Mr. Q. Smvcys I v 
 A. Young, B. Sc, who also carried out a micrometer survey of the cof- .c \!,'n„'e, ^ 
 between Richmond gulf and the mouth of Big river.* These surveys 
 have been plotted and appear in the maps accompanying .his report. 
 Mr. \"oungalso kept a continuous set of metet.rological observations 
 and made a large collection of the plants found in this region, which 
 although containing ci paratively few new species, is valuable in 
 extending the range of many already known. 
 
 Rough [surveys and observat jns must have been made long ago E.irli.r invM 
 from the ships trading to Hudson bay, for the earliest charts of the ''>•'■'''""•■ 
 bay give indications of all the principal features of the east coast- 
 W. Coates, who was captain of one of the ships of the Hudson's 
 
 
6 V 
 
 RAirr coAiiT or nci>M>!« hat 
 
 Kxiilnrn'i 
 l.yl)r. I'.. 
 
 niviniiiii 
 itren. 
 
 Portions 
 
 of coast 
 
 navigation 
 
 Bfty Pompdny heiween 17'.'7 kiid I7ftl, left Miiliiin not*'* in which he 
 i'»Fcril»'H Hitlimond «ulf iin<i other plttcf« alonij th.' >'n»t (OA«t. About 
 ll'rtO, Mr. AnHfrwm, who wm in charge onirent Whiil- rivpr pottt, 
 made 11 canoe trip northwiird from thnt pluct* to Moncjuito Uy, to 
 exiiminc the porpoin.! Huhtriei in the north.rii rivcrn. Ho mude an 
 excellent triu-ksurvey of this portion of the cwist, and ii manuscript 
 co|>y of liis miip is now in the poNHession of the Hud«on'« Hay Corapiitiy 
 at Orent Whttic river. 
 
 ,11 Puringthi! nuinmer ..f 187', Dr. Hell made an exploration of ifio 
 
 east const of lliidiKin t>ay, a.H far n.)rth a* I'orlliin'l promontory, urid 
 the reHiiltH ohtained were pul)li,L,.| iti the .inniiul report, of the 
 < ieoloxical Survey for l'<77-78,* toseiher with a map of the coast from 
 Great Wliale river to I'ortland ]iniMiontory on a scale of four miles to 
 one incii. I 
 
 During the summers of 18,x7 ,it,d lss,><, iho writer was en>{a;^c(l 
 examinitiK the islan<ls of .lamei bay and some of the rivers tlowin^ 
 into tlie uaHt siiie of Kudson bay! 
 
 ^ Tlie east coast of Hudson bay may, for descriptivo purposes, bo 
 
 divided into throe portions, na-iiely, the northern part oxtondins^ from 
 Cape WoJKtenholnie to Portland ptomontftry, the middle section lying 
 Ijetween I'ortland promtmtory and Cape .Tones, and the southern por- 
 tion from C.tpe Jones to the south end of James bay. 
 
 The northern and southern sections are very similar in chart --rter, 
 the shon s Ijoiag formed of low rounde . hills of ^jnnis-s or granite, lising 
 very little alKjve .he wide drift covered valleys; and inland, present- 
 ing a slightly rising plain iiroken by long, rocky ridges, hardly worthy 
 of the d.-signation of hills. The shores are rocky at points, while J\e 
 bays are fringed by sjvnd or boulder beaches. The water for a consid- 
 erable distance from land is shallow, and the lM)ttom very uneven, 
 with rocky ledges and sharp ridges of boulders, which, when they rise 
 above the surface, form the wide fringe of small islands characteristic 
 of these portions of the coast. I'.o> ■ the above de.scription, it will be 
 seen that the greater parts of b e northern and soutliern sections 
 
 tor of the coast are dangerous to approach with ships drawinu 
 any considerable depth of water, especially in the present unsurveyed 
 state of the waters. The central portion, however differs from the 
 coast r.) the north and south of ., being hold, with hills often rising 
 directly from the water to alti' es of a thoisand feet and upwards. 
 
 ♦Reixirt of Progre^n, Geol. Surv. Can., 1877-78, part c. 
 
 f In 1S"."> Dr. KcU ni.-wli' ivn examination of parts of the southern and eastern shorea 
 of Janiea Bay. Sio Rf[i<irt of I'rojfress for 187."), pp. .122-.'> and pp. 341-2. 
 ♦ Annual Report Geol. Surv. Can., Vol. Ill (N.S.), Part II. 
 
INTn00l'«"TIO!» 
 
 I P 
 
 r- \v..i. 
 
 .^.■lu..>. 
 
 ('Iiiiitii iif ixlaniN, lyiiiK from half n niilo to five inilen from the coant 
 with i|i'H|) wut«'r iMtwrtfon, extend iilonn mom th«ii halt' thi-t ».>cti«ii), 
 iiiid lUlonl i-xciIUmiI »liclt<T for tlio lnrn«-,t nhipe, ii» wmII «>, a safwiy 
 prcitecti'd channel for «uiall craft. 
 
 Alnnit Ciip«) NVolstedlrohni- tho hmd rise* nbru, \y with Mtoiji clitli ( 
 fiicinK the »ea to ehniitions of ii tho>nand tWt and upwanln, hi-inj{ u ' 
 coiitibuution of tho high land forming the south Nhort- of Hud^on 
 •trait. Ki III Capp Wolstcdiolmo th.' general trend of tho coa-t ii 
 about -oil til went for thirty miUs to Nuvulc. Along this stretch of 
 coftHt the shore* are generally HKlcy and indented by many small bavs 
 with numerous rocky islandn lying lietween tho mainland and tlio 
 l«r:,'o, hij,'!! Oiiiges island. On leaving tho i-ii|i(' the general elevati<n 
 of the lund Hinkii rapidly, < at at Nuvuk th.' highest hilU h>\vo an 
 elevation of not more than ..OU fort, and the general level along the 
 ciMHt is imuh legs. From Nuvuk to Kovik the coa-si runs r.e»rly due 
 Nuuth, imd 'he ilLstftiico is sixty niileH. This jxirtion is chnra-lerized 
 by Hat ^Imren, rising slowly into barren plains &:" drift, from which 
 protrude low, round(?d ridges of granite. The shore In many [ilace.s 
 is fringed by l-.ng, low i.slands of drift, with very shallow water 
 between. This is a favourite .summer feeding ground for the barren K.,.iiiitf 
 grouni! cariboo, which roam over it in small bands. From Ko\ik the ,''|X'!,',"' 
 general trend of the cou.st is south for twenty tive mil's, and then 
 Houth- west tor thirty-five miles to Cape Smith. The coast and country 
 along the first of these courses is very similar to that last dt 'l>tu, 
 but along the second course a liigh range of snowcapped hill .lich 
 form the highland* of Cape .Smith and the neighlojring ...nds, 
 approache.s the c«»st at an acute angle with a j'.-«duall> narrowing, 
 low drift plain between the sea and tho hills. Th- range of bills 
 comes out at Cape .Smith, and from the , :ns far in. i.m:. in a direc- 
 tion about ea.st northeast, forming the ■ i shore of Aios.iuito bay. 
 The hilln are formed of dark green iliabiise thrown up into a number 
 of sharp, niirow, parallel ridges with a small river connecting chains 
 of small lakes in each valley. The hills vary from ."XJU feet to upwanls 
 of 1,000 feet in altitude, and the higher summits are partly covered 
 with snow. Rising as they do from the neirly flat country oi. both 
 aides they form a prominent feature of the country. 
 
 Mosquito bay, as is usual with all unsurveyed inlets, has Ixen M.K,|i,it.,lxiy. 
 shown altogether too large on previous maps. The distance from the 
 point of the mainland at Smith island to its head is only twenty eight 
 mik-, and l)eing divided by u long, narrow point int two bays, vary, 
 ing from one to three miles wide, its total breadth is much less than 
 
 wi 
 
8 D 
 
 EAST COAST OF HUDSON BAT 
 
 Portland 
 piDiiKintorv t( 
 
 h 
 
 Siiiind foriiji il 
 jiy N'uxtaiHiku 
 inlands. 
 
 In 11^ V u • ^°"' "^ '^' °'''«^ "^^-^^ ^how a water connec 
 
 Zr^ r '■;•''''■ ""' ''"P*" ^'>^*"- ^»y - '»»« -est coast of 
 UngavH bay, but ,t is now known that several hundred miles oHand 
 
 tXTrr- /"'"".^"'•'^ '-- •^^-'•"'- '^y tt col ne i 
 greatly broken by large, .rregulur bajs, with generally rocky shores 
 
 roundea h.lls seldom exceeding an elevation of three hundred feet A 
 wule fnnge of .slunds extends along the coast: these a e u ually 
 rocky, but many are fonned of boulders and «ner drift materTal " e 
 2er for a considerable distance from the mainland is shallow a.^J 
 
 ; ::; ' tr^ ; ''^ "^t ''"''-' '-' ■^^^--^ dangerous t 
 
 any craft. Th.s character of coast extends from Mosouito bay to 
 Portland promontory, or from latitude 58' 45' to lat. 60» io 
 
 'lon!'nr" '^"Tf P'"'"^""'^^ '-^"'^ Cape Jones the coast forms a 
 long Hat segment of a circle with the convexity to the eastward. Thil 
 port on .s characterized by bold granite hills rising ,uickly from the 
 coast and .n part flanked by trapcovered sedimentary ro^-ks Th ch 
 <Usc form chains of islands running parallel to the coast' The first of 
 he.e cl.a. .s is the Hopewell group, which lie close to the mainland 
 and extend south east for fifty miles from Portland promontory. They 
 are fonn^xl from tilted sedimentary rocks capped with a considerable 
 hickness of trap. The rocks dip gently seaward and present abrup 
 chflFs along their inner sides. The channel between them and the 
 mamund vane.- in breadth from a few ya.ls to upwards of a mile A 
 Hopew,.ll Narrows, about the middle of the chain, the channelis less 
 
 water at high tide, thus rendering a passage for large craft impossible ■ 
 everywhere else there is a sufficient d.pth of water '"'P^^^'b'e , 
 
 From the Hopewell islands to the mouth of England river the 
 distance IS fiftyeight miles and the general direction S.SE tS 
 
 Cm H . ""? ': ''"' '""• "'''^ »"«'' «--*« *•'"« --8 direc ; 
 rom the .hore A few small inlands of granite and trap occur o e 
 
 to shore and these, in conjunction with small bay.s. afford exce "t 
 shelter for small boats. excellent 
 
 The mouth of Langland river practically marks the northern end of 
 he sound which ,s formed by the Xastapoka chain of islands extend 
 .ng southward nearly one hundred miles to Little Whale river These 
 islands are similar to tho.se of the Hopewell chain, but are without 
 the capping of trap. The mainland is occupied by high granite hill, 
 wh.c^^to^th^souUiwardof_Na^,,p^^^^ by .^Jltld 
 
 * Rr,»,rt of Progr..»H, (;..„!. .s„r. Can., tS77, p. X\ ,«rt7 ' 
 
 
Mifa 
 
 -.1 
 
 INTRODICTIOX 
 
 D 
 
 «edin.entary rocks cappe<J with trap. The sound varies from a quarter 
 of a m.l.. to three n.iles i„ brea.lth, with deep water in the channel 
 everywhere. 
 
 '.ou^n7th':""' 7'"'' ""■■J" "" ""^'"" "P''"'"^ "^ M-itounuk Mani.,„.„„K 
 sound, the coast runs south-west for twenty-eifiht miles. The trap-'""' 
 rocks rise directly fron, the water, fornnng a ridgo fro.n .iOO to 1 000 
 feet high, and there are no harbours for even small sailing boats 
 Man.tounuk .sound fron, its northern opening to Great Whale river 
 .8 about thirty miles long and it varies in breadth frou. half a n-ilo to 
 three nnk^. The northern or boat opening is verv narrow and onlv 
 available for small sailing brats. The second opening is eight mii;^ 
 farther .south and has a good chann.-l with deep water. The Mani- 
 tounuk islands resemble those of the Hopewell chain, being formed of 
 strat.hed sandstones and limestones capped with trap, with steep clifTs 
 facing the sound and gentle slopes to seaward. The mainland is les. 
 rugged than to the northward, rising a mile or so from the coast into 
 rounded hills of granite that vary from 500 to 1,000 feet in elevation 
 The margin between the hills and the water is occupied bv sandv 
 plains from which rise at intervals ridges of tilted limestone ' The.; 
 limestone ridges also form chains of small islands along the mainland 
 Another portion of the ridge forms a peninsula about ten miles north 
 of Great Whale river, with an excellent harbour on its north side. 
 
 The distance from the mouth of Great Whale river to Cape Jones Ure.t wU,,. 
 IS eighty-tive miles and the general direction .-.Iwut .^outh-west The T'' '" *^"''" 
 coast along this section is remarkably straight without any bays or "'" 
 prominent points. The granite hills only come out to the slio.e in a 
 few places, usually being from half u mile to three miles i„l,,„d with 
 sandy, terraced drift occupying the interval between them and the 
 shore. A broken ridge of tilted up limestone rests upon the shore for 
 about ten n.les, commencing about 15 miles southwest of (ireat 
 ^\ hale river. Behind this ridge are a numl,er of excellent boat har- 
 bours This portion of the coast is very free from islands until Lon ' 
 island IS reached, and in consequence is easily approached bvvessek 
 of all sues. Long island is twentyfour miles in length and ^Hries 
 from half a mile to three mile.s in breadth. Its north-east end is 
 th.rty-hve miles from Cape Jones, and it lies parallel to and about four 
 mi^s from the mainland. On its inner s de it frequently presents low ,.L....,.„f 
 
 chfTs of limestone and sandstone, while a second low ridge running'' '<'-• 
 
 down the middle of the island is formed of carbonate of iron capped by 
 trap. Between the south west part of the island and Cape Jones, the 
 sound IS occupied by a large number of h,w islands formed of lime- 
 
10 
 
 KAST C0A8T OF nUDSON HAT 
 
 Waatikun 
 island. 
 
 Slierricks 
 mount. 
 
 Stone. From Cape Jones all the the way southward to the mouth of 
 the East Main riyer, a distance of upwards of 1 75 miles, the character 
 of the coast is very similar to that alrea'ly dese ibed between 
 ifosquito bay and Portland promontory. The mainland is formed of 
 low rounded hills and ridges of gneiss and granite rising slightly above 
 swampy valleys of clay and sand. With few exceptions the hills never 
 exceed 200 feet in elevation, and the general level of the country is 
 under fifty fei-t. The coast line is very uneven beiii^' broken into 
 many large bays, while the entire shore is fringed with islands of rock- 
 er drift extending .several miles out from the mainland. The water 
 between the inlands is generally shallow and the bottom uneven, .so 
 that it is dangerous to approach this uncharted coast with deep draught 
 vessels. 
 
 Wastikun, a cone shaped island, lies about five miles north of the 
 mouth of Big river ; and us it has an elevation of two hundred and 
 fifty feet, it is a prominent land-mark and is used as such for vessels 
 approaching that river. The Paint Hills i.slands are also higher than 
 any land in their neiglibourhoud and having deep water about them are 
 safe to approach from seaward. Cape Hope island, which li.'i thout 
 fifteen miles north of the East Main river, ia also high and is seen a 
 long distance oflF. 
 
 The coast to the southward of the East Main river is even lower 
 than that to the northward, and the rocks only come out on shore in a 
 few places. Islands are less numerous, and towards the mouth of 
 Rupert bay are largely formed of drift. Sherricks mount, which 
 marks the eastern entrance to Rupert bay, is a peninsula with a cone- 
 shaped hill about 700 feet high, and it forms the most striking land- 
 mark of James bay. To the southward of tht. East Main river the 
 whole bottom of James' bay has been silted up with sand and mud 
 brought down by the large rivers flowing into its southern part, and in 
 consequence, wide flats extend far out from shore, increasing in width 
 as Rupert bay is approached, so that in that bay the only navigable 
 parts are in the channels cut out by the currents of the rivers flowing 
 into it, and even these rarely have a depth exceeding ten feet. 
 
 Notes on the Northern Intbriok. 
 
 The interior country south of a line drawn from Richmond gulf to 
 the mouth of the Koksoak river has been described in former reports* 
 
 ' Anv.'.'.a! Rrjmrt. den]. Sisrv. Can., 
 ibid 
 ibid 
 
 l,««7.ss V.-!. in iN.S.,) part 11. j. 
 189!5, Vol. VIII. (X..S.,) I.. 
 189«, Vol. IX. (X.S.,) I.. 
 
dM 
 
 l*v. ] 
 
 NOTES OS THE NORTHERN IVT.!RIOB 
 
 11 D 
 
 on the Labrador peninsula, and the present notes will be confined to the 
 
 region .s confined to a tnp of about one hundred miles made in winter '■'''"''"-'<" 
 rom the coast o Hudson bay inland alon, the 57th para.le ./ t "" """" 
 ude to kas,a.aluk, or Lake Mint., ; also to .hort excursions up th. 
 lower stretces of the Sorehead, Povungnetuk and Kogaluk Xe 
 ms k,^wle,|ge .s supplemen.d by information deriv. d fron. many of 
 the Eskimos, who roa,n over thi. interior region ; and who h : ving been 
 greatly underrated by Mr. Gillies and the Rev. Mr. Walton in st,,^" 
 •ng he information asked for, took infinite pain, in making sk.-tch LL 
 of he ar...s ,,er..onal,y known to them. By mean, of tL.e ,ket.he,s 
 niu h of the map previously a blank is now fille.l with great lak.-s and 
 their connecting watercourse... The north-western interior of the Lab- V„rtl. 
 nubr peninsula lying between Hudson and Ungava bays is not, as t ~ 
 f rm Hy supposed, a high mountainous region. Th/northe n p„rt ='«.r.. 
 fn.U.ng on Hudson strait is the most rugged, the land there ,L: 
 a ly presenting abrupt clifts ,0 the ,sea, and rising quickly inl,:„d to 
 elevations varying from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, "xhi.s high plat au 
 ex ends southward to a line drawn roughly east north.ea..tl-ro,u C^ 
 Smith and coming out on the east coast in the neighbourhood of Cape 
 Hopes Advance at the western entrance to Unga™ bay. Alon'the 
 Hudson bay coast, the land does not rise as ai ruptly al that fro^t „g 
 
 o? Sfret"'^" ^"^ "" 'T'' ''''-'' '"'■^^ inlaVbefore elevation! 
 of 1,000 feet or more are reachrd. The whole of the region is formed of 
 long glaciated ridge, of .ranite or gnei.ssic hills, flankTd to the south 
 trc: S H '' "7/"^'^^ "' trap which a,e a continult f 
 
 .ire dotted with lakes, none of which are very I.-.rc.e and these are 
 connected by a network of s.al, streams whicf se.d;; J ai te Z 
 
 rivers as the watershed of this re.ion is not far inland. Th 
 la.gest stream flowing into Hudson bay is the Kovik (brook), the 
 mouth of which IS situated near latitude 61= ..O'. At a small Lid 
 above Its mouth it has an average breadth of one hundied yards and 
 an average depth of nine inches. The Il.ukotat, Kingwa and Korak 
 are smaller streams emptying into the bay in the 4inity of cCe 
 
 smith. The whole of this northern hilly region is devoid o trees ardw 1 • 
 m most places only bare rocks are seen'tre^-n over :':U^^^^^'r'' 
 bou ders of granue. The finerdrift material is confined to the valle" 
 Although in a sense very barren and desolate, this region is not 
 wholly so as wherever any soil is found it supports a growth of arctic 
 plants and the rocky surfaces are often hidden by lichens. Snow lies 
 perpetually in patches in the higher valleys and the contrast between 
 
 ih 
 
 ^f 
 
12 D 
 
 EAST COAST OF HUDSON RAY 
 
 PiivuiiKiiituk 
 and K<>^^il\il< 
 ri viTn. 
 
 h 
 
 Kxtint and 
 description of 
 .southern nrcA. 
 
 it and the beautiful flowers that spring up in the immediate neigh- 
 bourhood is very pleasing. The vegetation is chiefly saxifraget and 
 other flowering plants growing close to the ground, together with the 
 various white or gray lichens (reindeer mosses), sedges and grasses, all 
 of which provide food for the large bunds of barren gr^iund caribou 
 that frequent these regions during tlie summer months. 
 
 The area lying south of that just described and along the Hudson 
 bay c tast extending southward to Portland promontory and on the 
 Ungava bay coast to Hopes Advance buy is described by the Eskimos 
 as a mcxlerately high plain largely drift covered, with low rocky ridges 
 rising above the general level of the drift. The general altitude of 
 this region is probably below 500 feet and long stretches inland from 
 both coasts are considerably lower. This is a region of large river? and 
 great lakes. The Povungnituk and Kogaluk are the largest streams 
 emptying into Hud-son bay, which also receives the water ; of the Sore- 
 head, Koktak and Nauberakvik. The mouth of the Povungnituk river 
 is near latitude 60° and it empties into a strait five miles in length 
 which carries six fathoms of water up to the <irst rapid at its head. 
 Above this it is sepa^r-ued into three channels by large islands ; its 
 volume must be nearly equal to that of the Ottawa river. This stream 
 drains a large area of country to the east and north-east of its mouth, 
 its headwaters extending to within one hundred miles of the coast of 
 Hudson strait near Stupart bay. It is to the headwaters of this 
 river that the Eskimo go annually to kill tlie barren ground carilwu 
 as they migrate southward in September ; this they do by spearing 
 them in the water while crossing the narrows of long lakes, or feeding 
 places in the rivers. The Kogaluk is even larger than the last men- 
 tioned river and drains a number of large lakes to the eastward of its 
 mouth, which is near 'ititude 59 30'. Its headwaters interiock with 
 those of Payne river flowing into Ungava bay and the summit is so 
 low that very little difficulty is encountered in crossing this portion of 
 the peninsula iiy following the waterways. Payne river is the most 
 important stream emptying into Ungava bay and takes its ri.se in 
 Tasukrak or Fayne lake, one of the largest lakes of the peninsula, 
 lieing about a hundred miles long. 
 
 The southern portion of the area under consideration extends along 
 the Hudson bay coast from Portland promontory to Little Whale 
 river, and along the east coast from Hopes Advance bay to the mouth of 
 the Koksoak river. This area, although not high, is much more rugged 
 than the central district and slopes up gradually to the southward where 
 the watershed attains an elevation of about 800 feet. The entire 
 
•■] 
 
 NOTES ON THK NORTHKRN INTEKIOH 
 
 13 1) 
 
 region may be described as a rocky plateau greatly broken by rounded 
 granite hills and ridges. The land rises abruptly along tho western 
 coast and for upwards of thirty miles inland is almost wholly driftless, 
 nothin- being seen but the naked rock, partly covered with arctic 
 yegetation. The central area is less rug-ed and lias more drift in its 
 valley*, while the eastern part is less ru-ged than the western area 
 The yalleys between the ridges are filled )>y lakes, often of great size' 
 the largest of which is Kasiagajuk or Lake Minto, which is upwards 
 ot 100 miles long and empties into the Leaf river which tlows east- 
 ward into Uiigava bay. 
 
 Forest Areas. 
 
 The southern portion of this region is partly wooded, tLe northern TimUr 
 
 tree limit, leaving the coast of Hudson bay near the north end of 
 
 Richmond gulf,* curves northward and cros.8es the route to Lake 
 
 Minto about 20 miles inland, thence bending eastward and southward 
 
 recrosses the Leaf river about 100 miles inland and ernes out on 
 
 I ngava bay near the mouth of the Koksoak river. The trees near 
 
 the north.-rn limit are all short and straggling ; they grow only in the 
 
 protected valleys and *'eir struggle for existence is manifest by the 
 
 number of dead tops and branches found everywhere. Black spruce 
 
 and larch, or tamarac, are the last survivors of the forests to the south 
 
 and the latter tree grows to about twice the size of the spruce. The 
 
 white spruce reach.-s nearly as far north as the black spruca, and the 
 
 balsam poplar comes next in order, followed quickly by the balsam fir, 
 
 all of which trees are found on the islands of Richmond gulf. The 
 
 banksian pine grows as fai' north as the Great Whale river, which is 
 
 also the limit of the white birch and aspen. 
 
 As before stated, the northern tree limit on the coast of Hudson \..rtl„ n, „.,. 
 bay IS towards the north end of Richmond gulf. Thence southward 1^"',' "" 
 trees grow in protected gullies on the mainland to Mantounuck sound eoast"" '''^' 
 where the country is fairly well wooded with small black and white 
 spruce and birch ; small trees of the same species also growing on the 
 inner sides of the Manitounuck islands. Southward of Greal; Whale 
 river the coast is wooded lo beyond the northern end of Long 
 island, where the limit passes inland leaving the islands and Cape Jones 
 barren. The trees again come out to the coast about twenty five 
 miles sorith of Cape Jones and continue from there southward.' The 
 islands off the coast between Cape Jones and Big river, with the 
 exce ption of a f ew southern on es close inshore, arc all barren. To the 
 
 ♦ See Report of Progrein, Geo!. Sun-7CanT7l877rpr25c; ~ 
 
 i i 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
14 
 
 BAIT COAST or Hunso.v Bay 
 
 h 
 
 branches continue to the ground, causing the ste«s to I e fu 1 o krot 
 and consequently of little valup. ^ '"'''^' 
 
 C/tma/e. 
 '•'"""'' of ul"'„l'!f """;' '*'""" °""""'''' i' '»"<"•• 'l»t tii' =lin..t. 
 
 ::;r :ir ::: •» tvS ,: r "t -? '- -- •» - 
 
 arctic and unfi. f , northward it is .subarctic or 
 
 arctic and unfit for agncultura purpo»<'s of anv l-i„ I . i> 
 House in the southern part of JaLs'hay eLwient 1 ero'"'"' 
 
 doubt the hardier varieties of wheat woul.l uKo ripen * RrZT 
 ■s .tuated practically upon the sea-shore IrZolc.ue^t ; itu: 
 nHuenced by the cold ice-laden waters of James bay whic! 1 t 
 considerably lower the temperature in early summer. Such be n. the 
 case there can be little doubt that better crops could be ratedTfhor 
 distance fart er inland, away from the di.e'c t inlluence f the tl 
 rhere is no doubt that the large area of country situated to the soutli 
 and south-east of James bay and underlain by good clay .soil capped wUh 
 
 capable of raising any crop grown in the North-west territories At the 
 
 or:; of wS^L ''-'i T"^ '"''''' " p-^-*'- ^"'^ «>-^ 
 
 Sthere AtV'tf ''T^^*°'"'^ '""^ ^'^''S^ herd of cattle 
 kept there. At Fort (Jeorge, at the mouth of Big river, good eroDs of 
 
 potatoes and other ro .ts are grown annually, and\attle ar a, X; 
 at Srllt W^r^"' °"''"" '""'^ °' ''«"'^"'*"- - -^f-'S' is grow 
 
 meteorological observations iXin^L^rfte^l^r ^ 
 
 Fisheries. 
 
 ^''•"--- nat?r'f ''''"'' "^ ^':^"" ^"^ "'" ^''^^^'y P^°^« *» ^ its greatest 
 
 i^r. a< Dert IJril to tlie officer ui charge of that post. 
 
 liOrpft- area 
 inland 
 
 Huitalile for 
 famiiii)?. 
 
 -~4i«aWBMini 
 
] 
 
 KOTM OX THK NOHTIIER!? ISTERIOH 
 
 15 
 
 i 1 I 
 f 1 I 
 
 
 H'.iriic 
 
 Hal J II' in 
 I'iMitiful. 
 
 every«rhere with food fishes. In James bay a net s«t at random along 
 
 shore or about the islands always caught fl.sh. Tl-.ese are usually sea-run 
 
 brook trout and whitefish identical with the Lake Superior whitpfwh* 
 
 and being sea-run are, like thf> trout, much improved in Havour. These 
 
 trout and whitefish vary in weight from one to six j)ounds and are the 
 
 best of food fish. Similar fish are found abundantlv along the entire 
 
 coast to Cape Wolstenholme. The Arctic trout or Hearne salmon* is 
 
 found along the northern coast as far south as Seal river, which is 
 
 situated a few miles south of Cape Jones. This is a beautiful fish with 
 
 well flavoured, dark pink flesh and it varies in weight from one to 
 
 fifteen pounds, the average Iwing about five pounds. These tish are 
 
 salted at Fort Chimo on Ungava bay and fetch nearly the same price 
 
 in London as salted .salmon from the same locality. Thev are very 
 
 plentiful alxjut the mouths of the northern rivers and along th.- coast, 
 
 while the Eskimos report them abundant at the Belcher and other 
 
 islands lying off the east coast. There is no doubt that this (ish P(|uals 
 
 or surpasses in colour and flavour the salmon of liriti-^li Columbia 
 
 Cod are known to exist in Hudson bay,* being taken at Cape Smith 
 
 and at Comb Hills in James bay by members of the expedition. The 
 
 Eskimos also catch them in Nastapoka sound and at the Helclier 
 
 islands ; at a number of places in James bay t.iey are also taken by 
 
 the Indians. 
 
 The specimens of cod taken by us were not very large but the ...en y^i t 
 who caught them were Nova Scotia fishermen and said that they were cr'riisl'Tn" 
 true cod and identical with those taken on the Grand Banks. Food l^:::l^:"^t' 
 for the.se hsh is abundant in Hudson bay and there is no reason why 
 extensive fisheries in this Canadian inland sea should not exist. The 
 undoubted presence oi cod in Hudsoi. bay deserves investigation as a 
 very valuable and exclusively Canadian fishery may be found there 
 The presence of cod points to that of halibut i:. the deeper waters of 
 the bay. 
 
 The only other salt-water food fishes in Hudson bay are a couple 
 of sp.ci.s of sculpin which are eaten extensivelv by the Eskimo 
 Sturgeon are caught in the lower parts of the southern rivers to the 
 East Main river and lake trout occur in the mouths and lower reaches 
 of the northern rivers. The Atlantic salmon does not appear to enter 
 Hudson bay, as no record could be obtained of its doing so from the 
 Eskimos. Its range in the arctic waters of Hudson strait .seems to 
 limit It to the rivers on the west side of Ungava bay. A curious 
 coincidence in connection with this range of the salmon is that the 
 ouananiche or land- locked salm on has n ever been found in the waters 
 
 ' .See Report of frogren, Ueol. Hurv: C»n7 1877, p. 28 c. ~~ 
 
 :| \ 
 
16 D 
 
 EAST COAST OF HUDMON HAY 
 
 of rivers flowing westward into Hudson bay altl.ougl. common in the 
 nver. of the northern, southern and eastern watersheds of Labrador. 
 
 DkTaILED DeSCHIPTION or ExPLOHATIoy?. 
 
 Ih'talls <if 
 • xplonitiin. 
 
 Karly ,n May, 1.98. 1 received instructions to prepare for an explo- 
 ration ot the e«8t coast of Hudson bay southward fro,.. Cape Vols- 
 tonhohne. tor this work the small yacht built in 1(S97 and used on 
 an exploration of Ungava bay was available, it having been stored at 
 Aachvak, the most northern pont of the Hudson's Bay Co.. on the 
 Atlantic coast of Ubrador. After finishing the summer's work I was 
 instructed to pass the winter with n.y party at the Hudson's Bay 
 Co. s post at the mouth of Great Whale river, and in the spring 
 months to explore the inland part of the northern portion ot' the 
 Labrador peninsula of which little ornothing definite was known 
 During the summer of 1899 the -xplorntion of the islands wa.s to be 
 continued and if time allowed the latter part of the season was to be 
 devoted to the examination of the Humnian rocks which occur in the 
 vicinity of Paint hills and Cupe Hope on the east coast of James Bay 
 The yacht at the end of the season was to be stored for future use at 
 Moo.0 Fat^tory and the party to return home in canoes up the Moose 
 f^,;=;:r 77 \ ^^e Canadian Pacitic Railway at Missinaibi. In pursuar 
 >ljr^^'"" Z , r T"''"''"''" arrangements were made with the Hudson's 
 RiKulet. «»y ^»- for the transport of the party and necessaiy supplies in their 
 
 schooner from Quebec to Rigolet where the SS. £rU- would be met 
 and the voyage to Cape AVolsten hoi mo continued in her, picking up 
 the yacht at Nachvak. At the same time transport by canoes from 
 Missinaibi to Moose Factory was arranged for a portion of the winter's 
 supplies which could not be purchased at Moose Factory, from which 
 place they were to be shipped with provisions purchased thereto 
 . J'^PK fn "'"■ • " '•'" Company's schooner. Mr. C. C. Chipman, 
 the Chief Commissioner of the Hudson's Bay Co., kindly sent me a 
 circular etter to the officers in charge of the various posts at which 
 we were hkely to call, cont,ainin« instructions to afford us all possible 
 aid and information and providing for our wintering in the Company's 
 buildings at Great Whale river. ^ 
 
 Mr. G. A. Youn„, B. Sc, who had been with me during the pre- 
 ceding two years, and who was well qualified to undertake the duties 
 that would devolve upon him, was again appointed as assistant. The 
 remainder of the party was made up of James Lantz, sailor and 
 carpenter ; James Schupe, sailor and cook, and Henry Ford, sailor and 
 
 Mr. <;. A. 
 
 Young 
 
 i>pl»Mritf(l 
 
 atxintaiit. 
 
DKTAILRD DEMCRIPTIOV OP EXPLOIIAriONM 
 
 17 
 
 Esk.mo interpreter. U„tz had the year previou, been with l.r Hell 
 ma8,m,Iaryachto„tho north «i.l.. of Hudson strait, and Ford was 
 employod as interpreter on the Diana. I ,„ay here state that they 
 all discharged their various dutie. in a «ati»factory manner. 
 
 Havinj,' learned that the schooner would sail from guel«e on or 
 about the J..th of June, I left Ottawa on the 20th for QueU-e, where I 
 was joined by Me.sars. Young. Unt.. an.l 8chupe. Here the final 
 supplies and outfit were purchase,], and we were all ready to go on 
 board at the time appointed, but owing to delays caused by the non- 
 arrivul of part of the cargo belonging to the iludson's Bay Co.. we did 
 no leave Quebec until the 30th. The sclKK,ner was loa.ied above the 
 bulwarks, and as the cookingand cabin accommodation were .scant the 
 trip of over two weeks to Rigolet was not pleasant, and was rendered 
 moie disagreeable by bad weather and fog which also eaus^nj consider- 
 able delay. R.golet was reached on the ir.th of July, and we there 
 
 found the Er.k awaiting us. The Erik left on the li.th, and, aft<.r K ark .„, 
 
 ailing at Davis inlet, reached Nachvak on the 23rd, where we found "^iX 
 the yacht in good order, having been carefully looked after during the 
 winter by Mr. Guy, the gentleman in charge of that post. 
 
 On the 26th of July we steamed out of Nachvak bay and were off 
 Cape Chidley that night, having passed but little field ice and few ice- 
 bergs. To the southward of Nachvak only a very few detached fields 
 of ice were encountered, and along the whole Atlantic coast there was 
 a remarkably small quantity of ice. This was probably due to the pre- 
 valence during the early summer of strong west and south-west winds 
 winch drove the northern pack away from the coast, as extensive fields 
 of heavy ice were passed through by the Er^k about one hundred miles 
 ofi the coast when on her way to Kigolet from England. 
 
 islands The next day we passed through stringers of loose ice, the ^•™'- 
 heaviest being about ten miles south of Resolution island, with the 
 appearance of wider sti-eam. to the southward. On the rooming of 
 the -Sth, we were abreast of Frobisher glacier on Baffinland, and 
 steamed along about ten miles from the coast, gradually approaching 
 the land towards Icy cove, where we again shee.ed off for the Upper 
 Savage islands and Big island. Little field ice and few her-, were 
 encountered until about ten miles beyond Tcy cove, where" a few 
 scattered pans were seen ; after which open water continued to nearly 
 abreast of the Upper Savage islands, when a thick pack was met with 
 extending to the southward with open water five miles out from the 
 13 — D — 2 
 
 I 'fl 
 
 
 Ntf;: 
 
in r> 
 
 BAST COAIT or IIUMON BAV 
 
 Leiivc the 
 Krik ni-»tC»\i> 
 W()l«ten- 
 
 liollllf. 
 
 h 
 
 i'atches of 
 
 Jjerpetiial 
 
 snow. 
 
 iM and*. The open »trip graduAlly narrowed an Aih inlet on Big 
 wland wa,, approached, and the ahip lay to for the night in the ice 
 a K,ut five rnile^ to the eaat of that place. The next morning we toon 
 cleare<l from the pack, but more Kelda were Men to the southward about 
 hfteen mile« to the westward of Douglas harbour. Thene gradually 
 widene.1 and blocked the strait to within twenty-five milei of Charles 
 island, when open water was again reached. During the night and 
 next df more or less open water was passed, the ice in no plac- bt-ing 
 tight or heavy enough to block the passage of an ocean steamer, and in 
 (lie evening we were close to Cape Wolstenholme, where it had been 
 decuied to land our party. During the passage from Nachvak we were 
 all busily employed partly sheathing the yacht with strips of maple to 
 protect her from the ice, and in making necessary alterations inside 
 and overhauling the gear. 
 
 Early on the 31st we steamed into Erik cove, situated just east of 
 Cape Wolstenholme. The Erik anchored near the head of the cove, 
 and we were busy all day unpacking our outfit and stowing it alward 
 the yacht, and in getting the sails bent. Everything l)eing aboard, 
 the Erik left us at 7 p.m. for Churchill, and we sailed to the head of 
 the cove, anchoring near the mouth of a little river which Hows in 
 from a deep valley extending to the southward. On the 1st of August, 
 while the men were engaged on the yacht. Young and I ascended the 
 hills to the westward of the anchorage and killed two barren ground 
 caribou ; later v a examined the rocks along the west side of the cove 
 and ascertainea .he barometric heights of the terraces facing the open 
 strait. Besides the two caribou shot, several small bands of these 
 animals v ... j seen wandering over the hills. Deer Creek cove, in 
 which we anchoreil, lies immediately east of Cape Wolstenholme. ' It 
 is about three miles long, two miles broad at its mouth and only 
 slightly over half a mile wide at its head, where a small river enters 
 on the west side. This stream for three miles wanders in a narrow 
 channel from wall to wall of the extension of the valley, having cut 
 down some thirty feet below the level of the sandy plain which fills 
 the bottom of the valley. Beyond, the grade increases as the valley 
 narrows, and the stream changes to a rapid mountain torrent. The 
 cove and valley are walled in by steep olifFs that rise abruptly from 
 600 to 1,' ' feet, and then more gradually into rounded hills, with 
 altitudes ing from 1,000 to 1,500 feet above the sea. The cliffs 
 
 are largely cumposed of schists and gneisses, greatly rotted and stand- 
 ing on edge, and are thus very uneven. Great patches of snow filled 
 all the gulleys and spread over the valleys between the upper bills. 
 Many of these patches were formed of old snow, showing that they never 
 
**-• 1 DBTAILKD DEUCKIflON Or KXPLORATIOyn It) u 
 
 enlirdy melt during the few hot days of th« .hort .umm.r in thi. 
 region. No trw« grow anywhere, .nd the An tic willow, never excee<l 
 two or three inche. in height, but notwith.tandinK thig alienee of 
 for^U. the Arctic .hrubs and flowering pl.nU covered with brilliant 
 t.iooin. which carpet every .pot where the least soil i. f„und. give 
 • pleaa.ng .en... of life which contrasU forcibly with the barr.-n and 
 frozen aspect of the r,K;ky cliffy and the .nc M.. In tho main and 
 smaller 8ide valleys, the .and that flanlcH the cliffg i« cut into many 
 terrac.« which rise as a 8eri..« of narrow steps to a height of over f*00 
 feet and as many a. twenty-eight were noted in one serie.. These 
 mark the successive shore lines of the land produced during its rise 
 since the close of the glacial period. The rotten state of the cliffs 
 would at first le«,l to the belief that they ha.| b.-en ungluciuted, but an 
 examination of the undecayed surfaces near the water and on the hill 
 above show that such was not the case, the stream of the glacier hav- 
 ing striated the summits of the highe.st points. 
 
 Starting next morning we only reachetl Cape Wolstenholnie at 
 noon, and anchored in the evening In a small cove f.mr n-iles to the 
 westward of it. ."he cape is a bold headland with jagged cliffs 
 rising abruptly over 1,000 feet from the water, and foraie.J of per 
 pendicular bands of gneiss and schist. Vhe irregular weathering of 
 these rocks has given the coast a serrate.! appearance, and great 
 chffs extend from the water to the summits. These broken cliffs are 
 the nesting place of tens of thousands of Brunneck's guillemot or 
 murre. The noise caused by the birds leaving their nests when 
 frightened by the discharge of a gun is terrific, and sounds as if the 
 face of the cliff were falling. Wherever there was a shelf sufficiently 
 wide for an egg to rest, there would be a row of birds packed tightly 
 together and each straddling a single egg. The birds were exceedingly 
 tame and almost allowed themselves to be taken by hand before they 
 would lea^e their egg. The eggs were very nearly hatcl-d, and a few 
 young birds were seen on some of the ledges. A large number of gulls 
 ravens and gyrfalcons were seen flying about the cliffs, und at the 
 base we found the body of an Arctic fox, a victim of poaching. 
 
 Cape Wolstenholme terminates in a sharp narrow point about 200 
 feet high which stretches out about 200 yards from the main cliff P,ist 
 It, the tide sets with a very strong current. The east point of the 
 eastern or smaller Digges island lies about two miles north of the cape 
 This island is a little over two miles long, and is formed of high deep 
 chffs like the mainland. It is also a favourite nesting place of the guille 
 moU. It may be here stated that these birds ■ 
 
 fiir<«t. 
 
 I!iuiiiit'ik'» 
 k':iilli'iiii>t. 
 
 
 I3_D— 
 
 H 
 
 do not breed to the west- 
 
20 D 
 
 ■AW COAKT or IIVIWOW IIAV 
 
 Olnrri.itji 
 ■tatiMiiitt 
 l<ii|«'riii'i 
 
 KukiiiiiH 
 
 'IKllIlipilllIlt 
 
 h 
 
 '"•'• but ^ot' '''"■ '''""' " "'•""' ""''^'' ""'•"' '«"«••«» - «'-~cky 
 
 U twin • ^ T"*' ^°' '""'•' "" '^»- ""-untor^l in the channel 
 bvTr Vi "'""'7"'; "•«' ;"«inUn.l. In the ov.„i„g w., were vi^it^d 
 by ij„ E,lc.,„o, ... kyaU., who informed u. that ih«y wen- enc«tt.,,«l 
 
 Our«„chor.„e wa..„„.,„,,,,lcove,heltore,l Uy « bol.i ...K-ky island 
 "the Itr "' 7- 1'"* """• '"•' "'*""•"« -"''-"' wa,hi../f„ t, d 
 the Mff al ."T' •'^""■"''•"""« »'y "'veral K.ki,„o«. w., dim J 
 
 n..ng grmlua jr .niand to a general level of about 150 feet and partly 
 report these an.malB abundant everywhere in the neighlKn.rhood and 
 are found abundantly only after a day', walk or more from the c,J' 
 The calm continued on the 4th. and we attempted to tow the yacht 
 wuh the .mall boat, a«i«ted by the J]akimoH in their kyaks as far n 
 the.r encampment, but only made nix n.iles. when wa wL oWiJed to 
 
 to .tern the tide. There was considerable loone ice «nd a lar«e Juantitv 
 en^er.1 the bay during the evening. The land rapidly dc'cr Ted n 
 
 unde T^r 7- 7-f "' ""^'^"''^ '""^ "'iff becomingL abrupt a.^d 
 under .00 teet ... l.e.ght while the land in the rear appeared to Junder 
 
 lower :; Lr 2:"' '"'."='^'^''""«' ^-y -^^y -'^ ^^ omy in the 
 ^wer valleys. Next morn.ng we started early with a strong south- 
 west w.nd and soon found the Eski...oH .,nca,npme..t on the intiJof 1 
 group of .slands clos.. to the coa..t. about three miles west of our Incll 
 age and about south-west of the western end of Digges island v^rh 
 hes about ten miles from the coast. We landed and'found he band 
 to cons..,t of seven families or thirty-two persons in all. I t-Choto 
 
 o'tZr fat; . "'"^ """'"« ""^ «"•''« ^^^ ^-"^ ^'^-^ there were no 
 other fam.hes for many miles on either sid« of them. These people are 
 
 the most d.stant of those trading at the Hudson Bayposton 'Jre^Xha e 
 
 nver wh,ch .s s tuated nearly «00 miles from Dig/.n-^nds thei7next 
 
 They start on the.r journey to the post in January, and do not reach 
 homeaga.nunt.l June, as they travel with their' .tire famil es and 
 hunt their hvmg along the way. The men in .ummer kill walrus 
 
-1 
 
 D«TAII,KI» OKXCRII^IOSC or K.\ILOHATIO» 
 
 2\ i> 
 
 H'niiiiir 
 
 .ouU .nU cunbou for f.MKj. clotl.ir.g ami fuel, «„d only a r«w .ould 
 UoMt of fragmenU of Kurope.n clothing. ,uch .u. .UirU, skirts «,ul l,.t. . 
 The.r fur hunt con.Utn chie.ljr of white foxo,, t«gnlmr with fewer .ki„« -.''.uU 
 of red. oro.. .nd bl«ck fox..s, wolve« «nd whit.- Imrn. which with w«l 
 ru« tu,k. constitute their articles of trod.- for powder, shot and toUcco. 
 In tho afternoon on tl... fulling ti.ie which runs m.uth. w.- s.ile,| four 
 nules further, until *,. were compcll.,! to take shelter in a .mall Lay 
 owmg to th.. win.] forcing »,:■« ice tightly u,,on the .hore. I,, making for 
 theharlK>ur the kyak Ulonging to our guid. uprna while towing W.ind, 
 and in trying to Uke „ alK>ard the «„all Wt, the latter also .apsi^ed 
 throwing Untz and the Kskimo into the water, but luckily we man- 
 aged to 8ave Jx,th. Tho coast pawed during the day continued to 
 Income lower and the clifft disappeared giving place to low roun.led 
 rocky irregular Ixjtton.s. HhoaU extend for a couple of miles oil' the 
 the and and were .narked by the heavy ice grounded upon then,. The 
 land risoi .lowly into large rounded hills .100 or 100 feet high situated 
 .orae three or four mile« inland, and the country although still ,,uite 
 
 .ocky has many ridg.. of boulders and finer drift ..n the nainland. ,.., „,. f,.r 
 
 'VVe remained ice-bound until n<K)n on the Mth, when a south w'nd " '' » ''"v- 
 lo.«ened the pack along shore and allowed us to l>ea» our way to the 
 Houth-west. A« we procee.led, the ice grwlually opened and l.y 
 evening there was a lane of open water over two miles in length with 
 stringers of ice outside. The guide said that the prevailing 
 west and south-west winds had driven large ,,uantitie8 „. ice 
 1 from tht. stiait and that this was the la«t of it. The coast Is 
 everywhere very flat and low and nowhere rises 100 feet aUve > • 
 sea. A few reefs of granitic rock form low points , t long intervals 
 along shore, the remainder con.sisting of sand and lx>«ldcr« which 
 also form the low irregular ridges, and have numerous traces of ancient 
 «ea beaches in their lines of well-rounded boulder:). The water is shail 
 for a long diht-ince oflT shore and the bottom -s broken by steep lumps 
 and ridges of boulders, probacy formed by the shoving of heavy 
 grounded ice upon them. The shoals were everywhere indicated by 
 masses of heavy ice piled upon th. m and coaKe.,uently we were in no 
 danger of running aground. The land wa;, covered with mosses lichens 
 grasses and arctic shrubs, and is a favourite feeding-ground for the 
 barren ground caribou, numlier^ of whieh were seen either singly or 
 in twos and threea moving aljout close to the shore all day. 
 
 Owing to light winds we only made eight and a half miles south- faritK-u 
 west on the 9th, and in the afternoon w.^nt a few milus inland af'er ' f"' 
 deer as they are very numerous about here, and our guide informal us 
 
 H,| 
 
 
22 D 
 
 EAST COAST OP IinDSON HAT 
 
 I>escri|ition 
 
 (*f COHHt. 
 
 M 
 
 K. led a young l.uck and saw many more quite close. The country 
 
 bvTot'LT; T''>V'"P"« ^'°"'^"P ^-> ^''«-t- -d broken oty 
 by low boulder beaches and an occa3ion,U outcrop of gneiss risin^a 
 
 - "-.. ing p CS™ T" r" ^,'""'''" ••"'^"^ •'^'' ^--"*« b7eed. 
 ly where on. th" ? ^'^ ''^*'°"^' ^''^''^ '"'"8 ^ harbours 
 
 Sounded 2 L ^""^ ^^^' ^'^' "•"'^•^"^ in the afternoon twice 
 grounded the yacht upon small hummocks of boulders ou our way to 
 he entrance of a small riv.-r ; the second time we remained aground 
 for^two hours until rtoated by the rising tide, after removingTbo:^ 
 load of prov.s.ons and rigging a lifting gear with our spare spar. We 
 anchored about a mile from the n.outh of the river in the midst oTa 
 number of boulder shoals. Our course during the day Zll/y 
 
 Too t J T 7 T "■"''"■■ '" *'^ '' '^'^^'^'y '^-"ibe.l, being under 
 100 feet m elevation broken by long boulder ridges, and witlf a few 
 ow hummocks of rock rising above the drift. Th^ water ihlir 
 or several miles off the coast and the shore is ma.sked l X ' of 
 
 m. e, out. The channels between the islands were too shallow and the 
 bottom too uneven to allow the yacht to pass and so we were for Id 
 to run our survey outside. We were visited by two old men n kvak, 
 who stated that all their people (nine fan.ilies) able to travel had gone 
 mland to hunt dear, and that they would remain there until' the sTow 
 
 f J^V' '"^•"g^ beat into the Kovik river and anchored at the 
 
 of Eskimo containing a few infirm old men and women and some 
 orphan children, who were all living on trout caught with a "t We 
 went up the nver in the small boat five miles to where it turn! souTh 
 
 "Tw ''h " r ' rl ^' '''''"'' "-■""" ^° ^'- ^-^y - and strong 
 wind. We then climbed a rocky hill and .saw the course of the stream 
 or about four mile, to the eastward, where it narrows as it ZsZ 
 nto a gorge between lew rocky hills, beyond which the Eskimos say7tT 
 very rapid and un navigable. The river at the lowest rapid is luTf^ ty 
 yards wide and averages about a foot in depth. The rapids continue 
 for a mile after which the river expands into a lake fron'a ,uartr o 
 
 to soutr ' ":? "? ""*'""" """''^-''^ ^'•"'- ">>'- -'I thei Chan. ! 
 o south tor three miles, and again east three miles to where it past 
 
 mto the gorge. The country surrounding the river is low and broTen 
 
 Kovik liver. 
 
1^' 
 
 w* J DETAILED DESCRIPTION OK EXPLORATIONS 23 D 
 
 by rounded glaciuted rocky hills that never exceed 100 f. et in altitude. 
 
 These hills are covered with loose blocks and Iwulders, while the vallfys 
 
 between contain terraced sand overlying stratified clay which contains 
 
 large .(uantities of fossil shells. The river is abundantly stocked with l:i^. r.>lH,„„d. 
 
 fish : the Arctic trout is most abundant and vai'ies from three to ten "''''-"■''• 
 
 pounds in weight ; ordinary sea-run brook trout and white fish are also 
 
 common. The natives were unacquainted with the Atlantic salmon as 
 
 were those spoken to in the neighbourhoo<l of Cape Wolsu-nholme. 
 
 There were only light breezes during tlie morning of August 12th, 
 with which we reached the mouth of the river where our guide left 
 us. Young and I landed on the south point to examine the rocks and 
 take compass bearings. The day being overcast without wind, was 
 favourable to the mo.squitoes and they took full advantage of it. ' We 
 were on shore less than half an hour and returned to the yacht hardly 
 able to see. This was the worst place for Hies in my experience, but 
 luckily the wind came in from uhe northward at one o'clock and we 
 were soon rid of the pests. We sailed west eight miles across the '<' t'l.«t.m. 
 mouths of two long l)ays full of low islands and boulder shoals, anil '^""''' 
 then south-west twelve miles along a straiglit shore, broken only by 
 long points of boulders extending as reefs for upwards of a mile from 
 shore, and anchored close to Kettlestone Knob a conspicuous hill of 
 serpentine lying about half a mile from the mainland and connected 
 with it by a narrow neck of boulders. The coast passed was all low 
 with an occasional low ridge of dark rock rising a few feet above the 
 drift. The shore was Ijoulder-strewn on the points and sandy in the 
 Iwttoms of the small wide bays, with an occasional outcrop of rock 
 most common during the early part of the run. The bouldery islands 
 off shore were fewer and smaller than to the northward of the river, 
 and the shallow water did not extend so far out from shore along thi.s 
 straight coast, which aflbrded no harbours. Kettlestone Knob" rises 
 about fifty feet above the water and appears to be the resort of a 
 ^ ^mber of families of Eskimos during the seal hunting in the .spring. 
 The sites of several camps were seen which had been lately vacated, Kskim.w 
 also a number of sealskins full of oil inclosed in heaps of boulders to ' ■""''^• 
 protect them from wolves and foxes. The rock had e^•idently been 
 worked in places, and it is the source from which the triangular stone 
 lamps are obtained. 
 
 The next morning opened with a light southwest wind accompanied 
 by fog and drizzling rain. After t» a.m., we dredged for a couple of 
 hours in from seven to thirf-en fathoms of water, and were not verv 
 successful. Warned by a rapidly falling barometer we sailed into 
 
 •■I'lH'iilini'. 
 
24 i> 
 
 BAST COAST OF HtDSOX HAY 
 
 Cil fish 
 caught. 
 
 (...no Wind . point „, . j'.Z^ ' ^ J^^ f^f j"^- "» 
 
 we.st accompanied by rain and fo^eau "d't it ' " ''' "°''^- 
 
 day in the n,outh of the little riv'er The wind T"" T ''"''" '*" 
 next n,orning and moderated .so that we lot unt"' T '"' ''^ 
 making twelve mile.s to windward in th. f. ''''^''' ""' "°°"' 
 
 -^all circular harbour ^JirV-^fZZ:'''^'''''^^ 
 country were similar to fhr>.o i j , ''"'"^'^^- -T'le coast and 
 
 and the water is somewhat deepe^Vff shor^rll "'/" H"" ^'"" 
 gradually approaches the coJand o^po te the a'^cf >'\''"^ 
 
 six ii.iles inland "Pposite the anchorage is about 
 
 We xtorted at 6 a.m., on thn ^Rth =„^ i 
 against a light head wi aec!m;^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 anchored at dark under a .m;.ll T . ^''"'^'■' *"^ ^^S "^nd 
 
 ward of the inner rndof^l^lL' tlT '"''' " ^"^ ^^^'- 
 where we anchored but owing o tL thick 7 ' ' '"^ ^"■""^' "^'""P 
 better place. The coast ZL!, ? ^^ *' could not get any 
 
 shores,loken by o s LraHlt^^^^^ ''" ''' *''^ ^«"'^ ''-'"^-' 
 
 of boulders close'in Zl rZZlfrl T ^ ''^'' '"""'' •^'-'^^ 
 than formerly and >vas terra! . .7 ' '"'' "'^'^ ""''^ «'^'-"P'ly 
 
 ders, but H,/genera.:Lr furr— :: ^ t^l'^^ "^ ^"' 
 trap hills which reach th« no, . *^" ^''o* "^ ^he 
 
 Jor. .. ..,„.. JS.,S iZ*. LTrr-r: "f '^'" 
 bay. On the 1 7th, Yountr anH T „i- u j , ''^ ^^losquito 
 
 land while the .en ' I^ Th „, f l^j' te7 '" H^ ''' '''''• 
 measured twenty and twentv f w/ \ . ^ '■'*"^^* *^*» ^'^i'^h 
 
 ^^>- to these that they had been catching 
 
 tiey 
 all their 
 
 ^■RHMn 
 
DETAILED DESCHIWIOX OF EXPLORATIONS 
 
 iO D 
 
 lives on tho Grand Banks of Newfoundland. They attributed their 
 failure to catch more to the unsatisfactory nature of the hottom where 
 they were fishing.* Large schools of harp seals weroseen accompanied 
 by Hocks of gulls apparently chasing the cod in the vicinity of Smitli 
 island. I have since learned that cod is plentiful along the shore 
 from Portland promontory to Cape Jones, and is found as far south as 
 Paint hills in James bay. The p:skimos living on the Belcher and i .,,,, ,„| 
 other groups of islands lying off that part of the coa.st catch numbers '"' '" ' 
 of these fish, some of large size. 
 
 The hills on the mainland vary in altitude from 300 to 500 feet, 
 being considerably lower than those a few miles inland. They are 
 arranged in parallel ranges, in consequence of which the coa.st, where 
 they reach it, is cut into a number of long narrow bays with a low 
 vall^-; at the head of each, down which flows a small stream connecting 
 chains of lakes. The rocks are a dark-green brownish-weathering trap 
 that ha.s been intensely glaciated into smooth rounded bosses. The 
 drift on the slopes is terraced to the summits, where beaches of 
 boulders rest on the otherwise bare rocks. In the afternoon we shifted 
 our anchorage intending to go to the head of one of the narrow 
 bays, but found it too shallow and so made a harbour on the inside 
 of Smith island. The current in the channel is strong and we had 
 great difficulty in stemming the tide with a good breeze behind 
 us. East wind continued on the 18th, with fog and rain, so we 
 remained at anchor. The men again tried for cod but caught none, 
 owing to the sandy bottom everywhere in the neighbourhood of the 
 anchorage. Young and I made an excursion into the inu.-ior of K.cur,ioi, 
 Smith island which was found to be formed of hills sim.::.; to the i",'",!,'','' ,,f 
 mainland, but higher (COO feet) with valleys between, filled with strati- ^i"'i'i'''i-'l^'M.I. 
 fied clay and sand, and up the hill-sidesare terraces of boulders to over 
 500 feet above the present level of the sea. .Smith island must form a 
 prominent land mark from seaward, rising as it does abruptly above 
 the level of the low coast on either side. It is about ten miles long 
 by about four miles broad in the widest part. Its outline is very 
 irregular, being broken into numerous small bays by the trap ridges 
 The channel between it and the mainland is a mile wide with only 
 sufficient water for small craft to pass through it, and rendered 
 dangerous by shoals and small rocky islets. 
 
 We started early on the 19th, with a north-west wind and sailed 
 eastward ten miles through a number of low islands formed largely of 
 trap, to the enti-ance of a long bay which we followed for ten miles 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 *Rei>ort of Progress. (Je,.!. .Sur\. Can., 1«77, p.irt c. iiago 2*. 
 
26 D 
 
 EAST COAST OP HUDSON li.vy 
 
 :H 
 
 of trap. The wator hpfw» Vu ? ^^ ^'^ '°^ submerge.! ridges 
 
 i.lABd. the b,v ,„ic. In Jm,1, . , ,. "' *'"'"""'■ ^'X'" 'h- 
 
 ...J ...d.„„/jr„'r : 'r.i:' : s*- • »"• -»<' • '■•" 
 
 enters that Hows in th« n„„*- '?'"^*'^^,^ "^* ''^ad where a small river 
 On the north Jde of Lr^^^^^^^^^^ the northeast, 
 
 to 400 feet in height with hUe/h"n T " "'""^ *"*" ^'^"^ ^00 
 
 trap on the south'side separl; th^f ' "^"' ^ ^^"*'- "'^^ °^ 
 
 Mosquito U,v. These two bavs forrAf ^ . """ * '"""'''"• '""g "'"tow bay. 
 
 sented on thethlrtT wT" m' "''^'^ '^ "'"'"' -'^"^ '^an repre- 
 the head of the t; and protT " T""" "' ^^'""'' ^"-"?«d "^ 
 One of the men w^fs enl " tl T " '*'"' '^""^ ''"'^ ^^--"• 
 a da/s journey tl the sSll'""^ "^ '° '''' '""'^'^^ "^^ «'-- 
 
 tha!t :rr.r::; nr^^ -^ ^-f - -^o ,ater informed us 
 a.x>utthe sh..s outSe We' rred ^ ^"^^''^"^ 
 
 of whic.', we could see the head lit T/'^ '^ *'''' «^^°"^ ^ 
 .nouth and is not as lonjl! fi! /u ! ''"' ^°"'" ""''«« ^'"^^ '^t its 
 covered with low fl / ^h" northern bav ,s surface being largely 
 wjverea with low islands and boulder • , th« ^,ff « ""o^'y 
 
 northern bay being due to the trap . bib. dif^ "71 "" "" 
 From the south Doint of th,-.. K .u f^emg displaced by granite. 
 
 miles and is 0'^^ ,t " 5^^ ^ r"' ™" '^"'"'^ ^""''' ''' ''^^- 
 boulders and rock i !rea 7^"" '^"^'^^ ^^^^^^ P°i"'« ^f 
 
 lie for several i off fho ' and 7 '''" "''"''^ "' '•"'"^ ^^ «'-«'« 
 the mainland we narrl '«";!• ^'^'^^ '" ""^^ ''''^''- them and 
 of boulders found^whe e^h "'""/'' """™ '"""'*^^''^ 
 and a heavy sea swellTunnTn ..." """ " ^"""^^ ^"'' ^'•««- blowing 
 
 ous. FortuVrei;: got r o 't;:™! 'T' ;^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^'^"^- 
 
 entered themouth of So^he:dr v^^. a ^ s t^Tt for/"^'"'" r^T^^" 
 the yacht grounded THp .„„ * , ''*''^"'^"' '' ^o"^ four miles when 
 
 wer^low aL siSr ^^^t^^i:^:^'^^^:: 'Z 
 
 when it became too small and ra^ rft ^17" "' *'" """' 
 smaU ..at, so we camped at the foo'tlf a Llf S^ T^ ''' 
 
 from the nor tar wh ^ 12:^ ""' L'T '"''''' ^^'^^ ^'^^"^ 
 
 rocky hills on that sid . Abote I Zk i: ^"*" ^'^'^ '^^^^^" 
 
 about 100 feet wide with .11 I , "^^^ """"^ '''■^'"° ^^ °n>'' 
 
 wide with steep day banks from ten to forty feet high, 
 
 S<inheaii 
 
 h 
 
I > 
 
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF KXPLORATIONS 
 
 !7 D 
 
 U 
 
 the river being cut into a clay plain from two to three miles wi'le t'lny I'liin. 
 that fills the valley between the low rocky hills on both sides. The 
 stream gradually becomes smaller and where we stopped it was less 
 than fifty feet wide and one foot deep. The valley gradually nanows 
 from three miles at the mouth of the river, where the banks are almost 
 level with the water, to less than half a mile at ten miles up, after which 
 it soon passes into a narrow rocky fjorge that rises rapidly to the gen- 
 eral level of the hills, from 200 to 300 feet above the sea. The next 
 morning we climbed the hills to the southward of the camp and took 
 photographs showing the character of the country. We then returned 
 down stream to the yacht. The highest hills are about 400 feet above 
 sea level and arc formed of well glaciated granite with very little drift 
 scattered over them, the finer material having been removed to the 
 valleys and the boulders arrang(>d in beach ridges on the flanks of the 
 hills, the sea having covered the highest summits. The hills are of var- 
 ious forms with wide valleys between them and these are usually filled 
 with irregularly shaped shallow lakes and ponds. We saw several '■■'""■ ''•■^"• 
 coveys of rock ptarmigan, large numbers of Canada geese and one bar- 
 ren ground caribou. In the n<;xt two days we made thirty-five miles, 
 passing nuir^erous rocky islands and Iwulder reefs with shallow water 
 between them with a low mainland broken into irregular bays by 
 numerous rocky points. Shortly after starting on the 26th, we 
 unfortunately ran on to a small hammock of boulders and as the wind 
 was increasing the position was dangerous. We took four loads in 
 the small boat to an island near by and as the tide rose in the after- 
 noon, by hauling at the anchors placed astern and lifting on the spare 
 spar in the bow we managed to get afloat at 5 p.m., with little damage 
 to the yacht, but did not get he ballast and outfit in place again until 
 9 o'clock. 
 
 On the 27th we sailed six miles south-east to the mouth of a large I'ovnnj^iitiik 
 river called the Povungnituk, which we a.soended three miles. It had "''''^' 
 an average depth of five fathoms to within five miles of where it is 
 broken by rapids, below which sandy she:- Is extend nearly to the 
 anchorage. We put our net in here and caught twenty six large trout 
 and whitefish which we split and salted for winter use. The followin" 
 day it blew a gale from the westward, so that we could not leave the 
 yacht. On the 29th we ascended the river to the rapids. Here the 
 stream is divided into three channels by two large i.jlaads. I estimate 
 the total volume to be the disclu -'^e of a channel 600 yards wide, 
 three feet deep with a current of three miles an hour. The eastern 
 channel has about twice the volume of the westerr. This was the first 
 large strear with, and from what is known from the Eskimos no 
 
 fl 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 " \, 
 
28 T, 
 
 EAST COAST OK ..UOSO.V ,UV 
 
 Minerals 
 found in 
 »chi»ts near 
 
 Other considerable Ht«.am « 
 
 '«y on the 60th parallel or .ifrectlv on^' ^ l'' ""P"^^ '"^^ ^ngava 
 «-eral families of Eskimos hadencTrH >!" "'""''' ''''''' '^^-- 
 «one up the north branch of the Hv T '""^ *'"' •"'^P'^^ ""d hod 
 the afternoon .e sailed e^ght ti; ^ ^T' IT'""^ °"^ -"-'• '« 
 roihng coast with many shoal, and VI 7 "^7"'' '"^^"'"^ '^ '- 
 the morning, we made six milo«^n '"^^- O" the 30th in 
 
 -d in the .fce^noon crosred^n t H: W '? ^^'^ ^'^^^ «'-^ 
 pomt. making fif,„on miles more beforTaLh'^ "-^rounded a long, low 
 reefs. The afternoon's sailing was the m..'"^ ^''""' ^"""^ •^"'^^r 
 owing to the extremely shallow watJlT **'"'* ^'^ experienced 
 'u^ps of boulders extending for .::,es «; irrnr" "^'^ '""^ ^'"^^^ 
 
 ^'e^rthe'irh rrc b:re:'%^""^ ''^^ -- ^- ten 
 
 north wa«J, but so shallow and ^^^/^^"'"^"'g ««vcral miles to the 
 
 that,veco...dnotgoupit havelrf "'"^ ^""'"^ °^ ^"'^- 
 nver flows into its head. As the.l *'"''"'* '^^' ^^^ Kogaluk 
 
 and dark basic schists at he moutroMrT ' ''^''^-" ^''^ «-Ue 
 
 conactufti. '" '*"''«ts at the mouth of ♦. u "'''"'«''" the granite 
 
 grar.""" «Pent examining the rocks and sevo 1, f I ^7' '^' ^^'''^-on was 
 
 and chaieop,,.,, were found in the " ^ w" ^ "'^^"'«' P^"^«^'^ 
 
 for the next tw„ .!.„» „_.v , '"^ ''">"'t«- We were unable to move 
 
 I'oitland 
 
 I'roniontiiry 
 inaein t.ly 
 mapiH-d. 
 
 '^•' "-"^ round m the schicfa 
 
 X;;rr-^--:ry.e. o^thea^i^-- 
 
 bays. A gale of wind l.^tinJuZtltT' ""'^ °^ -« ^^ this 
 bay when we again started southward b ' "' "* '*"'=''- '" this 
 
 running, we were obliged to keep well' uV""^. '° ''"^ '"'-y -'^ 
 eon ,nues low for fifteen miles, S C" *'' ^''"^^- T*'" '-^ 
 boulders never more than fifty eet ,Ih ^r "^ T'"""^^'' «^ ''"^S'^^ of 
 gradually becomes higher J Ifookv ,' T^ ^^'^'^'^ "^'^ 't 
 behind the peninsula of Portland nrl^; "'^"''' "^ ^""bored 
 
 to 00 feet high. Portland p o„1:ZT ^^^Z ''' '"'^ "^^^ ^^^ ^00 
 on the chart, and there is no chann7f /' "' ■*" ^''^"^ '^'^ sketch 
 uiamland by a narrow neck an!l "''" "'• ^t is joined to the 
 
 wbich continue for ^.::S- X':^^'^ '' ''''' "'^^^ ^^'-^« 
 cut up by irregular bays dotted with !i' " ^"""'' " exceedingly 
 east wind accompanied bv rain ,^ '''*°''^- ^ heavy ga'e of 
 
 tatingadvantage^f .'XlThTintrl^ ^^^^'^en 
 
 we rounded the point and made thirty rL , 'r°°° °^ ''"^ ^th, 
 The distance shown on the chart from PotT'; '" ^^P^^" --ows! 
 well narrows is t., .hort, so that insraj ^ ^ ^^1""^^' '^ ""^^ 
 
 entering the sound well to 
 
DETAILED DKSCIUPTION OF RXPLOKATIONS 
 
 2!t D 
 
 *ti-;ititio<li'.K.'k. 
 
 the southward of tlie narrows we passed in just above, and as theio 
 was not enough water to float ourlxwit throuyJi the passage, wo liad to 
 beat out again losing half a day in doin;,' so. The coast from I'oi Hand 
 promontory is high and rocky with sharp granite hills rising from .300 
 to 500 feet abfjve the sea. The sound is f.. ,ied by a chain of long 
 islands separated from one another by narrow openini<s. The chain 
 runs roughly parallel to, and from a half to two miles from the coast. 
 The islands are from 100 to 350 feet high, and are formed of stratified Miin.U 
 rock ^capped with heavy l^ds of dark-grcon trap, all of which dip 
 gently towards the sea, and in conseiiuenco the islands have g.mtle 
 8lop(>s seaward, while they present steep clifiFs toward the land. ♦" 
 
 The 10th, and llth, were spent at anchor in a small cove just north 
 of the narrows as the wind was again too strong for sailing. On the 
 12th, we managed to beat around the island and entered the sound 
 again immediately south of the narrows. There was a very heavy sea 
 outside and heavy breakers'in the channels l)etween the islands,. In the 
 afternoon we sailed southward twenty miles and anchored behind a 
 large island close to the mainland opposite the most southern opening 
 to the sound. Xext morning we pa.ssed through thu opening and started 
 down the coast before a gale from the north-west, but had to seek 
 shelter after making five miles, as the .seas were coming in over the 
 stern, and we were obliged to let down all sail during the frequent 
 squalls of snow. We found temporary shelter behind a point and later 
 a good harbour behind a small island four miles further south, which 
 we reached after a good deal of danger and trouble. The coast here is (:,„^^^ r.iKgc.1 
 very rugged without any harbours for large craft. The shore is rocky "'^'' f'" 
 and rises quickly into ragged hills from 400 to 600 feet high. Ne.xt '""''""""• 
 morning the hills were white with snow and the small ponds covered 
 with ice. The wind changed to south-west and we were obliged to beat 
 against it all day with a heavy cross sea. We made thirty miles to the 
 southward and anchored in a small cove three miles north of the second 
 island of the Nastapoka chain. The coast passed during the day 
 continued high and rocky with hills inland from 500 to 900 feet high, 
 the shore being rocky and nearly straight with very few harbours. The 
 first Xastapoka island is similar to those of the Hopewell group, except 
 that there is no capping of trap. 
 
 We beat all next day against a light south wind which died out in 
 the afternoon obliging us to tow for two hours in order to reach the 
 first harbour in a small cove about a mile north of the mouth of 
 Langland river. This harbour is quite open to the westward and is 
 not good. Our day's journey was sixteen miles down a coast similar 
 
 * See illustration Rpport of Progress iieiA. Surv. Can., 1877, p. 19 c. 
 
30 
 
 KAiT COAST or HUDSON BAY 
 
 ■\ 
 
 CharactiT of 
 iron ore on 
 
 N»«tU|K,kH 
 
 ubiirln. 
 
 CouiiiarJBon 
 of quantity 
 »ncl quality of 
 iron Off. 
 
 Section 
 measured on 
 islonti (if 
 Nastaiwka 
 chain. 
 
 The chain « compo«eZ tn, r""*'*' **' ^''"'«' ^'''*'« "-". 
 
 chain the, are fornfed f^^l^^, „, X;:.- T u'1 ''" "^'"''•'" 
 P"'« gently seaward anri nJ^ * "t'^t.fied unaltered rocks, all dip- 
 
 high Lai the i."T rr:::^ s;"^-- •^"'•" ^^^ '-^ '^^ ^-^ 
 
 bed is more or less ferru^innlT k ^ '^ ^ "''""'""' ""^ "^^'^J «very 
 able thickness a.^X^ir: l^^^f ^^^ «'- «>' consider' 
 or a mixture of magnetite and h 1^^'^'' '""-gely magnetite 
 the sandstones critr„„H , ^^'^ ^''"" associated with 
 
 dolomites. b.ds\Cerit: nZSe'i:r;''\''--- ^^ 
 analysis of specimens obtained lyD. S. r ^zT' '":'"^' '™" 
 percenUge of manL'anP,« fK» * "ell, in 18/ 7, contain a arge 
 
 steel. tI variouroresoccuT ""'^' ""'^ *°- «--"" 
 
 of all the islands and nimZhrr*'"''""'^"''*'^ '" ''>° '•o"'"' 
 in this chain,* which LuVtT 1 ""''"""'' '''* 'J"*''^'*^ «^ -"^ 
 
 quality With the itlTel^rZrlTdTth' ^' T. '^"'"^^^ ^'^'^ 
 •Superior, where some occur fnTseT^s nf I «°"thward of Lake 
 found on the islands of the Naln l t '"'^' '"^ "■""" ^ ^'^''^^ 
 rained heavily and i^; ;h It „T:f t leth^T^"' ^'^ "'■^''* '' 
 which continued all day with fre^uentlhower In ^eT '''^^ ''^^ 
 sailed to the mouth of Langland river fJl^ =»fternoon we 
 
 Bee fifty yards ahead, and a"! 7, 'tf °« T ?^' ''^ *« -«'d not 
 mouth The entrance ^fhl ^ '"''^^ *^^ «""'' ^ar at its 
 
 wide at die Lr thidi b^oad "'"" "-^ ""'■°" •='"'"'>^' "'-« ^en yaixls 
 there is less thin a flt:trte?L^r ^^^^^ ''^"^-' ^ ^^- 
 
 bar the river widens into a basb aC o?o'!'"h" '"'^- ^i ""^^ *''^ 
 with shoals. This basin extenl *'^"vOO yards across, but filled 
 river descends fromTrorkTri '''^^^ "^ -"« ^o where the 
 
 fall is narrow andl d "^^ -J " " ^"^' "'/'*" ^0 feet high. The 
 brink. It descend Tto a ! ',""'"' ^^ " ^'°^" '^'^^-^ «'^ its 
 
 diameter and havt l^arpi: Ir ^^" '^'""^ ^"^^ ^^-^^ '" 
 -the sandy plain^hS:^^^!::;;-;--/-^^^ 
 
 On the morning of the 17th, we crossed fK„ = j ^ 
 section of the rocks exposed on Z T I? """^ ^"'^ measured a 
 
 chain, and also t^k aTml f u '^ ^^'^' '"'""•* °^' ^'^'^ Nastapoka 
 from die top of re i.Cd Th^e ' '''^u^ "' ''^ ^"^'^ ^"'^ ^^'-^ 
 but it died out at 3 p.; belg foZ'df "!"' '"■" ''' '^''^^'^ 
 which obliged us to C'back fr^^ m , '" "■ '•«»>*, -"t'^-st wind 
 i- wide bay on the inside of Da ^.^i L„t Z^Z '"'l T''''"''' 
 
 See Ke,Kn.t of Proven, '^-T^ii-^^i-^^CI^,,.—-^--^ 
 
DETAILED DKHCKIPTION Of BXFLOBATIONH 
 
 31 D 
 
 the mainland. The mainland about Whale point i» lower and lesfi broken 
 than to the northward, but is still ijuite bold. We passed a couple ,1 
 small riverti between the Langland and the point. On the IMth, a 
 strong south wind accompanied with rain, fog and a very low bar- 
 ' meter kopt us at anchor in our harbour and I measured a section of 
 the rocks on the island in the neighborhood. In the evening the wind 
 shifted to northwest and this blew into our harbour, raising a heavy 
 sea and making things unpleasant for the night. The next morning 
 the wind moderated a little and being fair we started and so<>n arrived 
 at the mouth of the Nastapoka river where we stopped to trade pro- 
 visions with some Eskimos encamped there. The wind was now blow- 
 ing a gale and the sea caused by the strung wind b' 'ing against the 
 current setting north up the sound .vas short, heavy and breaking 
 constantly. As there was no harbour on the mainland we were 
 obliged to cross to the islands and did so with difficulty and with great 
 danger of losing our small boat which was towing far astern, in fact, 
 it was simply marvellou.s how it escaped beiny sv^umped as several 
 times it was snatched away from under the comb of a great breaker. 
 After a good deal of cautious manoeuvring we managed to cross to 
 the islands about ten miles to the southward of the Nastapoka river, 
 and then ran on looking for a harbour which was finally found and 
 where we anchored behind a long point with a reef outside. Here we I'liotograptH 
 remained during the ne.\t day, the wind blowing so hai-d that we eould on- u'<l»."^ " 
 only make a landing against it with difficulty in the small l)oat. 
 While here I took photographs of the thick beds (80 feet) of almost 
 pure magnetite and others of the surf breaking on the outer side of 
 the island. This gale was accompanied with heavy squalls of snow 
 which gave a very wintry aspect to the scenery. 
 
 On the 2l8t, the wind moderated towards morning and getting 
 under way we made thirty-one miles to Richmond gulf before noon. Kieimioml 
 We entered the gulf and anchored just inside, in a small bay on the t"'"- 
 south side. In the afternoon I examined the rocks in the neighlwur. 
 hood. They belong to the same series as those found on the islands, 
 the stratified rocks being first seen on the mainland some five miles 
 Houth of the Kastapoka river, from there they continue as a facing of 
 the granite hills to within a few miles of Great Whale river. On 
 the 22nd, after a hurried examination of the north shore of the 
 gulf we passed out again on the end of the falling tide and with a light 
 southeast wind made Little Whale river at 9 a.m. After passi'-'^ the 
 river the wind died out and we drifted until noon, when the wind came 
 from the north and freshened all the time, so that when we arrived at 
 four o'clock at the northern entrance to Manitounuk sound it was 
 
 K! 
 
32 
 
 EAST COAST OP IIUDSOX IMY 
 
 Maiiii.Miniik 
 
 i'-luilllx. 
 
 Whale river. The UUndn 1,1 ? *'^ "" '"""*'' "^ "^""t 
 
 ""pew... Cain. ..ei^'::;:^::;;: :i::::;si^' '""^^ r ''- 
 
 great thicknesses of dark-uLn .„, "'!*"'^"'""'''' ^ed" capped with 
 tur... The sound fo^ J Cl^ "' "^T"- ""^'"^ '^'^^"'"'^ '" «»••"- 
 
 -<; und,.H,i„, .t..ati.„d rocks in t ^r n/o 'thT h" f "'" ^"'^ 
 l>t.autifully with the dark-green of tl,« .. ■ T "'""''" '^^""'••'"" 
 
 of the willows and .nosses' T o ptva i::' 7'' ''' '''''''' '^"'"•'^ 
 sandstone, are various shades o pink h '^^ "'""''•'' " '''•' '^'^'^'^'^'^^ 
 through crea,„ to light-blue ;,; 'th; tr" '""^•^'""- --y ^'o™ huff 
 «nd purple and wh..; the cliff. ? ''■'*"'"" * '"'"" ^^'^^'^ 
 
 «-, so that there is t^^oiXrin-r^S^^^ 
 
 wind continued Htron«7ro, , 1 « ?, ^«'- "'"eral.s in the trap. The 
 
 off the ^i,^.M:Tz!rs:r^i'^^^^^^^ 
 
 pcht down, although we wer Lg w^tl^a Z"''^ .'""^ ''*' 
 Knowing that we would be unahl ' .!. ? ''"^*"-^''''^«*^ '"'»n«ai). 
 
 rivor we anchored in a cove i„ !„ ,^."T ""' *""■ *' ''''^' ^^'''"'^ 
 
 « on . ,u, f;« -th end of the sound T ^wt '^^^^^^^^^^ f^ «;« '""^^ ^'"'^ 
 
 PjrtHt.ireat'^ blew lightly from the eastward tirf """^ *'" "'«''' ""^ 
 
 ^^•""•' -- reach the .^outh of the „ -Ir a nt ^7°^ T"'"«' ^"''^""^ "^ '" 
 
 the Hudson. ,W post »,!«: theT^httrdVnT *''" " ''' "'^ '° 
 remained at anchor until evenin. S. '"'"'^ ""'' ^^•'0%' current, we 
 and anchored opposite L T ^'u " "-' "^^^ "P «''«'"« "''ore 
 
 yacht for the .ealoT We oun;ha:;"r^>" ''l ^'"' ^^'" ^''^ 
 the post, had not yet return^f vr '^'' ^^^ '^ in charge of 
 
 gone in August, ./u hf, X:T ,e^" ^''^^' -'''"- ''^'had 
 'Hsposal and we took full advlntigVof'Sriir'Z ''' '^^ "' ^^ 
 
 covered up and ..o^^rTt^^:; Mr'? ^"' T ""'°"«*''^ 
 
 =:=^:2^Su:::^f^^ 
 
 -ned in the kitchen asrln:;r;:^:--^was 
 
 Hudson 
 
 i i 
 
X 
 
 r 
 
 il 
 
h 
 
 
 u. n 
 
 |v ri 
 
 
OrTAILED DBIICIIimoV Or %X IIATIONH 
 
 :i:i u 
 
 Indian, ono Kftkimo) ami w«i were all ct>mfort(il)ln iiml lm|i|>y. When 
 the yaclit w i necuiwl tho in«n wen- net t<i w.irk ninkiii« lnrj{.' iloj{ 
 •le<li for winter travel, and when thi-y w-fe iintithe<l tlip r€»ni»in<lor of 
 OcU.lior wan ernplxyeil in chopping our nharn <if ftrfwooii. Having 
 fini!«he(l that, I scut Lant/. and Ford awiiy on Novunil>«r l,j» f.'w mil.-H 
 fft tho HiMtward where thny hunted their fo«l and livwl in n tnnt. 
 YouMK WHS nnuauwl plotlinK tho »urvpyii nwdn durinK the past sum- 
 mer ami myself putlin« my n<»t<-s in nhapo and deviitinK comtidonihlo 
 time to the study of tht* H-skimo lanKuaj^o. 
 
 lAntxaml Ford renmini'd away from the jsmt until .Jnnuiry •-'■•<, M„.rniii. r.r 
 when ilipy r. turned to mak.- prrparations for our spring wr.rk. <^" ;',''' y'',v^ 
 Ftihruary l'\ [ sent Mr. Younjj, n<compani -d hy Schupe and two Kski- 
 inos, to carry a mi'-rometor »urvey alnn^thc ooast from tirent NVhalt; 
 river southward to Fort (5eor),'e at the mouth of the Big river. On 
 the Ifith the nuiil packet arrive<l from Moose Factory hrinjj;in« us the 
 first new* we had liod from civilization since we left there the previous 
 Juno. 
 
 On February J.}, I started northward with two Eskimos and their r,,I^'|!,',i"i..rth 
 do;,' teams U> explore the region situated to the northward of the ^[ J^'j:'"'''"''*" 
 NoHtapoka river. We were greatly delayed by rough ice along the 
 coast nnd continuous rough sto'iny weather, ho that it wat. tho 2nd of 
 March l>efore we reached Whale point situated on Nastapoka sound 
 near the .">7th parallel of north latitude. From there wo proceeded 
 almost due east for forty-two mile.s through a aucession uf small lakes 
 and ponds lying bttwoen liare rounded lulls of granite. 
 
 Starting from a small bay directly north of Whale paint the route 
 rises gradually for three miles over indistinct terracesand grovel beaches 
 the hi;jhest of which, about 600 feet above sea level, forms a sharp 
 ridge with a downward slope inland of "><) fuel to a small lake, that 
 lies in a narrow valley with nearly peri)endicul.ir granite walls rising 
 from 100 to 500 feet al)ove the lake. From the east end of this 
 lake the route pas.ses over a number of short portages lietween small 
 lakes and ponds the level of each Ix'ing somewhat higher than the last, 
 so that at a distance of ten miles inland the water level ia nearly that 
 of the surrounding country, ami the rolling granite ridges are seldom 
 more than 300 and ar<! usually lesf than 100 feet above the water sur- 
 face. This country for 20 miles inland is (juito devoid of trees, while 
 farther on spruce and larch occur in clumps in pwtected places, at 
 first as [uite small shrubs but farther inland at Ijxke Minto, they grow 
 about fifteen feet hi"!! and at t'.ieir ba!ie.s often exceed nine inchi's in 
 13_D— 3 
 
34 i> 
 
 Lake Miiiti 
 
 KAST COAST OF HUDSON HAV 
 
 IVseiiptiuii 
 Lake Miiitii 
 
 Mr. Vciiiif; 
 
 irl(T llvtM- 
 
 HicliiiHind 
 (fiilf. 
 
 asli,ht,y lower el^mbn "he , ^' "T '"'''"^ '^«>-°-» '' -'> ^" 
 ^>ard for nearly forty .^1!. , Z'^" ^"^ ^°"°*'"^ ''"'' ^^^t- 
 
 c-ribou which usually frf^uent tT 1 u hil "'T "^°""^' 
 
 sequent .tarvin,, condition of our C '' -'^o". -d the con- 
 
 -•'-'.."«. The portion eVpoV:i::;;ir:"'%°' "-'' '"""^'■'' 
 
 tortyn.iics in len^'th with n„,n '" '^''^^'"'•1' about 
 
 both, and the n,afn C 1"" ''T 'T '"""'"^^ "«" ^™- 
 
 northern bay is the hu^n .nd v^-i; "" "'''' '""" ■■^■'-''^- '^he 
 while the .so-uthern bayl ^ron, „„« f "" •?" " ''" '"''''^ '"^ ^"•'"'' 
 of the lake, at th. junct o, If,, ""'"' "'''*^- ^'^ '"-" '>ody 
 
 -u'e, .„d fro„. UuC:^ U :^ ? "^7'"" '"'^^ '« fully Ufteen n.ilc^ 
 imperceptiby passes into the T ■"' f"'"""^ ""^^'"'^ ^ ^i'"' '^ 
 
 n.outh of the Koksoak riy,^. ''"l^'" ""I*'* -^'Ivance bay and the 
 
 -e^ - easily nayi,able th..t;^;:^r '" T '''"""^' ^"" '^'^'^^ 
 -1-ls... ,hat the natiyes ar •,,!, "'' Z'!"^' ^'^"'^ ^ '"-vy 
 
 their hu-e skin boats. ■'" ""' '^ ^" ^^'^^^ ^^'''U, in 
 
 The return journey to (;,eat Wh„le riyer w, . ■ , 
 
 incident of note on the way there M I "'^^ ^"^'"'"^ "".V 
 
 -'"^"'J gulf, he hayin. durin- 1 , ' ""'' "■''' '""' "-'^ ''i^''" 
 
 «"ryeytoLVn-tGeors;:,:Zfh '.f'^"":'^ ^^"■"•^•' "'« "■'-"-«- 
 th-uryey no,.,,,..,:, „. ,,;;;- ^^ '""^ P'-- -tinned 
 
 together ,0 t!.„ Hud... Ha, ..^l^ '^^ v:.."'" ^' '"'"^, -^""-^ 
 arnved on the ir.th .March P ,n.. 1 • , '"*"■' '"''''"■^ l'"^v 
 
 ''-n sent inland up the (ireat M' ale .' ""''•.""■'"•^ "^ '^'-n-- had 
 for the use of the p.rty -In ^ V "" "'"' " '"'■"' "^^ P'--'''^''""^ 
 
 They did not arril. iL 'k ^^til t ^'^^r^'""'"""" '" ^'^^ -^-"• 
 o«inf? to the deep soft sno^y .»k1 tl, ,' , '''"P"''""" "''^■'^f' ''a-dship 
 
 »'ey had to n,ake roads thr u t J'' I' T' ""' "'^ '''^'''' '''^'^'' 
 and sickness «n,o„., the „ a ^ ' ''" '-^^-""f "^ ''ad weather 
 
 Wl-ale riyer until tl^aO^h I ir.tn,r '"' ""''" "^' "'^ ^^'-' 
 our three men and myself 1 '"'' f''''^^' "'''^'^^■■"^' ''^ ^oung, 
 
 '^•>'e reports of the „,en': o a ^...S,, ''^^J ^ ^'^ -^-our: 
 
 to go without dogs, and each i„2 . ;"'"''^^' '^ ^'''^ ''"^"ded 
 
 loaded with about 200 b of n ''"'"'' ''^"''"^ '^ -"^^H «led 
 
 'f'^. of p.ov.s,on.s and outfit. The month of 
 
 l^■'l 
 
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXPLOItATI0N> 
 
 35 1) 
 
 April proved very unsuitable for this kind of work. The earlier part \\ e, 
 of the month was very cold and without the customary rains, so that f„, 
 the snow remained in a pulverulent condition, into which the sleds sank ^^ 
 deeply, and re.,uired -reat efforts to drag them along. From the 
 miidle to the end of April, xh .- ■•.ih. - was very Iwisterous with 
 almost constant succrssions of '.,,uyrai..s .-.-.t :^.,ow storms, toUowed 
 by unseasonably mild weather -.bi^ 1; c iuse.i th' .'e to leave the nv.M-s 
 and small streams, and obli«-<i c. c. alvin.l.u MV work on them and 
 to travel as hurriedlv as possible ....r! -.' to the coast, in order X'< 
 avoid being caught inland by open water, witli no means of transport. 
 The Indians of the region were caught in the same predican.rnt .a. 
 oui-selves, and most of them sufrere.l great h.udships before reaching 
 die places where their canoes weie stored for the winter. 
 
 The course of the Great Whale river valley from its mouth is nearly 
 .lue e.vst for eight miles, to the first heavy rapid and fall. '1 he r>ver V.~ 
 alon- this curse v.iries from :'U0 to oOU yards in width and is,,,. 
 obstructed by a number of small islan.ls of rock or boulders. Its 
 banks .u- usually high and formed of stratified clay overlain by sand 
 except where the rockv walls of the v:v, -y come directly to the shore. 
 The valhv itself averages about a mile in wi.lth .and its sides are 
 formed of'roun.led granite hills that ris,.from 200 to -t 00 feet above the 
 water. At the first tall the total de-vent is about thirty feet, consist. 
 i„o of a direct civ.scade of ten fe.'t followed by a very heavy ra.n.i. At 
 the fall the valley coniracs U. ab^.t fifty feet and there is a .mal 
 island in the n.i Idle which divi.i. s the stream into two channels of 
 ,en and twenty feet in width. This obstruction is pa-se.l by a po. taue 
 „f ha'f a mile which ascends a tzuUey on the south side .,t a low rocky 
 hiU at the falls and rce^hes the river by an abrupt drop imme<l.ate,y 
 above the f,.ll. The valley above oear-; south ea-t for nearly ten nnies 
 to the second fall and along this cou.se the river lias an average 
 breath of 400 -yards with a swift current. The v.dley is about halt a- 
 mile wide walled in by g-anit<. hills liOO fct hi.^h which are usually 
 faced with terraced deposits of sand up to 1 .".0 feet above the river. 
 The vallev is well wooded with small spruce and tar.-h rarely more 
 than eighteen inches in dian.eter or above thirty f.et in height. 
 
 At the second fall the valley contracts to less than 100 yards in 
 width and in a mile and a half the river has a descent of "JOO tcet. 
 This i3 made up of direct fails of twenty, sixty and forty feet, respec- 
 tively, the remainder being low falls and heavy rapids. The portage is 
 on the south side and rises abruptly 300 feet when it passes along the 
 13 — I) — J."! 
 
 trip"!' 
 at \Vli:>!r 
 ■1. 
 
 -Tiil»il. 
 
 f 
 
 il 
 
3G ij 
 
 KAST COAST OF HUDSON HAY 
 
 
 KiMT ilivid 
 intip f.v.i 
 
 Oth.r 
 lir.iiiclu's 
 "f iiortlierii 
 l)r.iiii-li. 
 
 AlH-hipaiiiifli 
 h<k,. the 
 
 tliivH rivirs. 
 
 hill. clo„ i„ 1 Zr r.r t '•"'""?'■■" ■■■> •«.!, while ,:,. .™„i„ 
 
 kish.r. Thi. ,.„w, „, riLi, p. ^ ,!"'•*''■'"■''■'''■ '*'"^''» 
 l>ein? nea,)v („„ ,„:,„, ," .i ' " ° I"'""?", the lo>.er 
 
 "i". ; c:::'2::x::!z sr "" """• "-« -"'■ 
 
 occ",i! into .|„ch (.11, . 1 " T ! ; exp«ns,on of the river 
 
 <i~oe„. he. >^t::si'Sz^zzrT'"'- """»••' 
 
 on the level of H,/» ,- ' "**^ '*'^°^'e 't « nearly 
 
 «o .„ e„„ ,.* t";" ; "£ I:"- t;ir" ™-''? '"- 
 
 grow thickly excent wl,Pr» fK u " 'P''"*'^ ^'"^ '^rch 
 
 being very We aTeaswhl tT ^ ^r '"'"^^^ ^^ «-' "-- 
 Beyond this the coui: 7,e til 7. " '"" *"^"^ "^■^*^°>-^'^- 
 and a half .i,es and then n i: Kh-etTtw ""T'Tt '''' '^"^ 
 the junction of the Abct.i.w T ?^ ° *"'^ "''^'^ ™''«s to 
 
 The character o the rUrT^^^^^^^ '^^"^^^ °^ ^'- -er. 
 
 thesetwocoursesissL toe I i;: d"T ".""=" '^""'^'^^ '^'""» 
 flowing between low ter L!^ K ,' '^'''''^^^' * ^'"ggi^h stream 
 
 roundi'ng country wL lb „. "^ ""^'' " ' '""' "''' ''''■ ^"'- 
 
 ^'s:^;:::i-;:r~~^ 
 
 being .i.u.«d di,..4 „„ he hekh't* 1 ." ,"""" ■""'•" •»<' 
 
 •-Annual Rep... Cieol. Sur. Can.. Vol. Ill, Pt. 11, j-;^:^ , 
 
 'J 
 
tow. 
 
 DETAILED DESCKIFTIOX OF EXCLOUATIOXS 
 
 .57 D 
 
 its westvrird flowing oi. lets form the head waters of the AbLlii-'im- 
 ich river and also of the Little Whale river. J^uch lake-^ with double 
 outlets are not uncommon in Labrador, but it rarely happens that 
 thre3 rivc'vs t^tn their rise in the sanu- lake. 
 
 Above the forks, the Abchisamith river, for three miles, Hows from 
 the east and for this distance it is very irregular in width and greatly 
 obstructed by small island.s. It cuts through wide, sandy terraces, the 
 highest of which ris. about 150 feet above the stream. At tlie end u* 
 this course the stream narrows and the v.illey is enclosed between 
 steep granite walls that vue from -JfiO to 400 feet above the water. 
 The ge''neral course of tiie valley, as far as explored, ir. from the south 
 east, but there are numerous minor detlections from this generaloouise, 
 •■specially where the stream is broken by lapids. These rocky hills 
 are sparsely wooded with small spruce and larch, while much of the 
 country has been burnt over. We only succeeded in ascendin- this 
 river about twenty-five miles owing to the soft weather, which by 
 melting the crust of the snow, rendered travel impossible after ten 
 o'clock in the morning, and on several days when there was no frost 
 we were unable to move at all. The river throughout this distance 
 varied from 25 to 200 yards in width, having usually a strong current, 
 with five rapids, each of which would entail a long portage in the summer 
 time with canoes. Returning to the junction with the Coast river, 
 we started up that stream with the intention of following it to its 
 head in a large lake abou ' miles in rear of the mouth of Little 
 
 Whale river and then des that stream which also tlows out of 
 
 this Like. 
 
 We were unable to complete this work owing to the unusually early MiM w. .th,r 
 break up o' -^he ice, which forced us to leave the river and pass over- ^.^n.^i-u..,, 
 landby t'.o valley of a small stream which reaches the coa.«t opposite Boat- "* ""'^• 
 opening in the Manicounuk sound. The Coast river is slightly smaller 
 than the Abchigamich river, and the first course of its valley above 
 the junction of the latter stream is nearly north-west for eight miles. 
 The valley for this distance is fil'-d with sand, terraced up to 200 feet 
 above the stream and backed I. . .v,^, rounded granite hills. The river 
 varies from 50 to 200 yards in width, and is without rapids. Tlie 
 valley next bends sharply to the east for eight miles, and the river is 
 broken by a number of short, heavy rapids, terminating at the end of the 
 course in a rapid of a quarter of a mile with three beautiful falls, and a 
 total rise in the level of the stream along this course of about UO feet, 
 so that the highest terrace at the end is only about 60 feet above the 
 river. This terrace is very persistent, and undoubtedly marks a sea 
 
 i 1 
 
 M 
 
38 D 
 
 CAST COAST OF HUDSON IJAY 
 
 I'reiianui.ii] 
 fur siiniiii>-r 
 Work. 
 
 i 
 
 ant .lunng tae por.od of subsi.lence of the country, «„d shows 
 1- hcoht to which the land has since n.en, the upper terra^ 
 bein;; now approxiumtely 700 f.et above soa level. The country sur- 
 .oun. ms thi.s .trelch is similar to that last described, but the gnu.ite 
 hil s become n.ore rugged, andareco^ered with a thin growth of spruce 
 and larch tree.s arely twelve inches in di.n.ter 'Ihe river'ne.x 
 Hows fron, the north i.r si.x miles, and ah,,ut M>re. miles up this course 
 .sjo.nec'by alarge eastern tributary, nearly as large as the n.ain 
 .t.ean,. Along tins stretch, the character of the stream cha,.ges, as it 
 now flows through small lake e.xpansions connect..,] by sh,„ t apids 
 wthout any deHnite valley. The terrace along the upper part of 'the 
 course ,s not continuous, an<l when seen is only about thirtv feethi^h 
 The country .s less rugged, and the rocky hills are marked by lan^e 
 depos.ts of boulder drift which lie in long drumlin ridges. The dire^c- 
 Uon from which the riv.r Hows is again east for three miles, then 
 north for four xnde.s, and again east for eight miles, being exceedingly 
 .ough along the last course with eight heavy rapids or chutes ; and hi- 
 
 Ts?- Tr 1, °" "" ''""""-^ "'"'' '" '^" ""''^«"*^ ''"I-^-i- through 
 a si ght y rolhng country. A.s before stated we abandoned work at the 
 end of tins cou.se and returned down streun. to the «r«t bend, where 
 .ascended the valley of a small southern tributary, and aft^r fou 
 n.s crossed the «um,„it and continued south down another sn.all 
 nbutary, making numerous detours over rugged hilLs. where the river 
 was open a rapids, until we came to the edge of the plateau about four 
 m. s .ro,n the coa over which the river is precipitated in a continuous 
 rapids, fa hng upwards of GOO feet l,efore reaching the sea. We arrived 
 back at the Hudson s Bay post at Great Whale river and immediate y 
 began preparations for our summer's work. On the 1 2th of May holes 
 appeared in the ri^ver ice, and by the 21st the river was .uite'f'ree of 
 .loafing ice, but the open water only extended about a mile off the 
 mouth of he river, while the ice on the sea appeared quite solid. The 
 
 the jacht, so that it was not launched until the 29th. On the 1st 
 of June we went aboard ready to start north for Richmond Gulf as 
 soon as the ice moved off the coast. 
 
 Attempts to get away were made on the 4th and 5th, but it was not 
 unt 1 the next day that we succeeded in making our way t*- ..gh the 
 floating .ce, and getting into Manitounuk sound where we anchored 
 in open water at the Paint islands about half-way up the sound. The 
 following day we reached the BoatK>pening and from the summit of 
 one of the islands, saw a narrow streak of comparatively open water 
 along the coast to the northward, with heavy ico out.ide. Tre foliow- 
 
 I,- 
 
DETAILED DK9CRIPTI0N Of EXPF-OHATIOSS 
 
 ■A<J D 
 
 h:lh- 
 
 inu inorniiig we starlivl at day-light iiud had no ditUculty in reacliing 
 the mouth of Little Whale river ut 9 a.m., as a light cast wind 
 ha.l driven the ice offshore. At Little Whale river we found several ^j;'-;';;;^;' ,^^ 
 families of Eskimos in ii starving condition, and after relieving them r.ittl.' SV 
 wo continued on to tl.e n.outh of lUi'liiiiond gulf, where we found th. ' '"• 
 tide rushing out strongly and carrying with it much floating ice. 
 While awaiting the change of tide, the wind shifted to seaward and 
 the ice closing in forced us to attempt to stem the tide. We .iiarted 
 in with as much sail as we could can y and had got about half way up 
 the nai rows, when we were struck by a sudden S(|uall, which almost 
 drove the boat under. To sa\e the yacht we were forced to luff up, 
 and drop the mainsail and couUr only run the boat head on to the 
 rocky wall of the channel. Luckily a small cake of ice resting on the 
 rocks was struck lirst, and we escaped, with only the loss of '^ar bob 
 stay and some slijiht dints in the bow, from what might have l)een a 
 disaster, as it would have been impossible to save the yacht if it had 
 sprung a serious leak along side the perpeijdicular cliff whore it struck. 
 We finally made a small harbour just inside the narrows and getting 
 out two anchors rode safely through the heavy gale of that night, 
 wliich was accompanied by snow and sijualls off the heads 1,000 feet 
 above us, that caused the boat to tremble and sunk her several inches 
 in the water as they burst down upon her. We remained -i Richmond l^;'','^;*;.^;,';;*';,' 
 (iulf lake, which was found free of ice, until the •22nd June, the time Cnli h. . 
 being employed in a .survey of the lake and a close study of the rela- 
 tions of the unaltered bedded rocks found on the shorea and islands of 
 the lake. The entrance to Richmond or Hazard gulf is situated eleven 
 miles north of the mouth of Little Whale river, and opposite the 
 north end of Belanger island, the second southern island of the Nasta- 
 poka chain. The entrance is formed by a deep rent in the rocks of 
 th • coast, and is about two miles long and varies in width from iOOto 
 400 yards. The water is very deep and the walls of the channel rise 
 in perpendicular cliffs from 100 to 1500 feet, the height increa.sinc 
 inwards from the coast owing t j the bedding of the rocks dipphig 
 seaward. This narrow channel connects a large salt water lake with 
 Hudson bay and in consequence the water rushes in and out thrrngh 
 it with groat velocity, with the rise and fall of the tide allowing only 
 short periods of quiet whan the t^de is high or low. 
 
 Richmond Gulf lake is a large body o' ^alt water, occupying a 1>"^«^jl'""" 
 depression immediately behind the coastal range of trap-capped hills- 
 Its greatest length from north to south is thirty miles while its greatest 
 breadth along its southern shore is twenty miles. In form it is roughly 
 triangular with the apex of the triangle at the north end. The western 
 
 f\ 
 
40 D 
 
 EAST COAST OK IIUDSOX HAV 
 
 
 r. i 
 
 it 
 
 ] 
 
 ij 
 
 > ! 
 
 Kivers 
 
 (iitt'i-iiif;. 
 
 Fish plfiitifii 
 
 side is occupied by slmip cliffs, formed of bedded rocks capped by a 
 thick overflow of trap. These cliffs are very jagged, and indented bv 
 deep Iwys, and as the rocks rise as they extend inland, the cliffs of the 
 hea Hands aro full.v 1,500 feet above the water, while those at the head 
 of deep bays arc not above 1,000 feet to their summits. The cliffs are 
 rarely perpendicular, but rather resemble gijrantic steps from the 
 irregular weatlierin- of the rocks formin- them. Aloni; the south and 
 eastern shores the In-dded rocks have teen faulted and in places 
 replaced by granites, so that the coast is more irregular and less Ijold 
 th.in along the western shore, the hills rising from 500 to 1,000 feet. 
 
 The southern part of the lake is covered by lart'e high islands formed 
 from tilted beds of the stratified rocks and traps. These rocks having 
 been much faulted, the cliffs of the islands do not face in the same 
 direction but vary from east to south. A number of large streams 
 enter the lake on its east side ; amon- these the Clearwater is the 
 largest, while a couple of miles south of its mouth is the Wiachewan 
 which has a beautiful fall of 315 feet where it descends to the lake. 
 
 Farther northward is the D.er river which like the Clearwater flows 
 out of Clearwater lake. At the north end another fairly large .stream 
 called the North river Hows in from the eastward, through a wide valley. 
 The coast outside Richmond gulf is almost treeless, only small spruces 
 growing in protected gorges. The change when the lake is entered is 
 very striking as all the slopes of the hills and islands are well wooded 
 with spruce and larch and only the summits of the hills are barren. 
 IJalsam poplar is found as straggling trees on some of the islands 
 showing that the northern limit of this species almost coincides with 
 . that of the supposed much hardier spruce and larch. The waters of 
 the lake are plentifully stocked with fish -ncluding arctic trout, lirook 
 trout and whitefish. Dredgings were made in from fifteen to twenty- 
 five fathoms of water in a long narrow bay in the southwest angle of 
 the lake, where the bottom was found to be soft mud. 
 
 The following list of species was determined by Dr Whiteaves from 
 the dredgings so procured : — 
 
 J'ecten (Camptonectes) Grmilandicus, (Towerbv.) 
 
 Modiolaria discors (L). 
 
 I'ortlandia glacialis (Wood). 
 
 Nticula expansa (Reeve). 
 
 Astarte Banksii, var. striata (Leach). 
 
 Astarte crenata ? Gray, var. 
 
 Macoma cakarea (Gmelin). 
 
1 
 
 DETAILED DESCKIITIOS OK KXCLOUAIIONS 
 
 41 V 
 
 Thracia myopsis (Beck) Mollei. 
 SnAcava arclica (L). 
 Tonicella inarmorea (O. Fnbricius). 
 Lilorina rtidU (MatonJ. 
 And the following; siioiiiies, dot.Tniinecl l.y Mr. I- I.hiii1>c. 
 
 iSnheritfis moulaVndu^. 
 Crnnie/ln cruninm. 
 Tiie ahovo .spe.-if.s arc rouimon in tho Plei.K-enp sands nwl tlays of 
 theC.ulf of St. Lawrence and show that the (.rcsont conditions ..f ll..' 
 waters of Hudson bay cl-sc-ly resemble those of the St. L.nvr.-iue 
 re-ion durinj,' the clce of the shicial period. During our stay in 
 lUchmond -ulf, the ice in Hudson bay had been closely pressed ,n 
 upon the coast miin,' up the Nastapoka sound at>d conii.letely blocking 
 navi.'ation. We.sailed out of the Uulf on J une "Jlind and nianage.l with 
 considerable dithculty to pick our way throuyh narrow leads to the 
 mouth of Little Whale river. Here we leiuaine.l henuned in by ice, 
 until the 2nd July when a .stronR breeze oflf shore opene.l a channel 
 and permitted us to sail south to Oreat Whale river. The time ..f 
 our enforced delay at Little Whale river was spent in ercaniination of 
 the rocks of that neighbourho<,d, and in tracing out the lead-beann- 
 limestones found near there. 
 
 At Great Whale river we were again delayed by ice until .lie 7th 
 July when we were advised by all the Eskimos to abandon our p. o- 
 posed trips to the Belcher islands which lie about seventy miles oft the 
 coast, and about which owing to the prevalance of westerly winds 
 (iui-ing the early summer, the ice would l)e very thick. This advice 
 proved correct as the Hudson's Bay Company', ship "Lady Head 
 was beset with heavy ice as far south as I'.ear island in James bay, 
 where the ice was left on the 20th August. 
 
 Instead of going to the outer islands we directed our course south- 
 ward along the east coast in order to complete the survey of that 
 entire shore from Cape Wolstenholme to the head of Kupert bay. 
 Sailiug southward from Great Whale river, much ice was encountered 
 for upwards of 60 miles until we passed into the Sound between Long 
 island and the mainland, where the last of the ice was encountered 
 on the 11th when we reached Cape Jones, which marks the entrance 
 to James bay. The distance from the mouth of Great W^hale river to 
 Cape Jones is eighty-five miles in a straight line, and the coast, with 
 a few minor undulations, runs about south-west. The land along this 
 portion is generally low and sandy, rising in brc.d low terraces to the- 
 
 ! 1 
 
 i 
 
 l),lavi-.l tiv 
 i.'.- ut Litth- 
 Whal.' l-iMT. 
 
 Tiii.t.. 
 Helohir 
 islands 
 ubaiuloneil. 
 
J: 
 
 KA8T roAHT OF lIUDfON DAY 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 -!aii.|. 
 
 TltMKl 
 
 ooa^t ch, 
 at Ciipe 
 
 if 
 
 :-ounil..,| .,„.anite hills, muiilly situated u luile or more inhuul ami only 
 couang directly to tl..- shore at poinu ,i!oni{ the no.tli.Tn two-thinln 
 ut this chstanc... As far us Hiimbu- harbour, t«enty two inilos from 
 (.re.it \\ hale river, narrow leiJKe. of C.iml.ria.i limestone have been 
 ul'.eJ up ujx.n the granite along shr.re and in several places gooil boat 
 narhours are found behind these broken ridges. From the White 
 Car hills to Cape Jone., a .listance of twontv tlve miles, the shore is 
 wholly co,Mpo..ed of .and an.l shingle the granite only appearing in 
 low hdls m the immediate vicinity of the Cap^. The ri.lges of lime- 
 stone and other Cambrian rocks were seen thrown up along 
 shore farther southward fr<.m Long island and the other islands off 
 this part of the coast. These islan.ls are particularly numerous 
 between the south end of Long island and Capo Jones'where they 
 practically block th«> Sound. Long island is twenty-four miles in 
 length and varies from one to three miles in breadth. It lies about 
 hve miles off the mainland, with its longer axis parallnl to the coast, 
 and Its south end twelve miles from Cape Jones. It is ma.le up 
 ehietiyof C.mbrian limestone overlain with ferruginous cherty beds 
 capped in places with trap It.s inshore side is generally formed of 
 low chffs of limestone with long intervals of low drift shores Ijetween. 
 The higliest part is not over two hundred feet u'love the sea The 
 coast southwar.1 from Great Whal • river is not dangerous for large 
 vessels to approach, and excellent shelter is afforded them inside the 
 northern end of Long island, but to (ho southward and in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Cape Jones the approach to the land is dangerous owhig 
 to the shallowness of the water and the uneven bottom with fretment 
 reefs and boulder shoals. 
 
 From Cape Jones the general trend of the coast changes sharply to 
 S. 40' E. and continues so to the mouth of the Big river, sixty miles 
 away from the cape. To the southward of Cape Jones, the character 
 of the coast changes greatly and becomes similar to the shores to the 
 northward of Portland promontory. The shores are low and indented 
 by numerous bays separated by low rocky points. The entire coast is 
 fringed by innumerable islands extending in shallow water several 
 miles out from shore. The general heights are so low that hills rising 
 from 100 to 200 feet above the sea form conspicuous landmarks. The 
 islands and outer points along this portion of the coast are barren, the 
 trees being e mfined to the shores of the bays and the interior, where they 
 form thick growths of spruce and larch. The boat ch,..inel from Crpe 
 .Jones to Big river passes between the islands and is usually from one 
 to two miles from the mainland. It is exceedingly crooked, pas.,ing 
 by sharp turns through narrow passages between islands and shoals, 
 
 mrsmm 
 
KniVII.KI) DESrRIPTION Of KXPI-OHATIKN.-. 
 
 .»;! I) 
 
 iiml is .luito iuiiHis^iblo to follow without the nid ..f an oxinii.na'.l 
 n!itiv(( pilot. For ton miles south wnnl of Cap- Jone?, th.> i-.himl.- iiiul 
 shores arts lonned almost wh^-Uy of drift ciul houhhi s i>n<l npp ar to 
 consist, largely of glmiiil th hris in the sh»i)c of low liuiimiocks nr 
 .Irumlins. Bcyoml this low exposures of yrinite mi.l ,i,'neiss o< .'iir on 
 some of tho isliuuls, increasinj,' in number towards the soitiliwuid, m. 
 tluit at Pipestoru) -utway, f(.rty miles from the capy, the isl.iiids and 
 shores arc very rocky. Alon;; this di^tame iheie is not an eUv.uiun 
 of fifty feet on either the .inhuid or jshinds. .Inst iioiUi of i'lpe- 
 >tone ^'ulway is the moul t a laryo hay which exlends main unles 
 inland, hut is so sIkiUoa' > it is unnavi>.;al.le even with smii : cruft. 
 This is calletl Paul hay ai.a is a favourite stopping' place for ;;. eso and 
 wavius on their ud^ratior.s in si-rinj,' and autumn, as the wid.^ ;,'rasa- 
 coverr.l llats aljout the l)ay are excell.^nt feeding ground-. 
 
 ^^ jthward of tho gutway to tho lii;; river the islands are fewer and 
 ( . One of these islands called Wastikun, situated ahout five 
 
 mi'..'S north of the mouth of tho river is a prominent landmark ri-inj,' 
 as it docs into a rounded cone I'OO feet hish. Fort « ieorge is a po~t of 
 the Hudson's Day Co., situated on an island at the mouth of the Uig 
 river, and is the headquarters of the Whale river districi. J [ere is 
 found the most northerly cultivated land on tho east coast of Hudson 
 bay. Excellent potatoes and other root erop.s are grown here and a 
 good herd of cattle adds to the comforts of this northern outpost of 
 civilization. Tho Big river is one of the largest streams of tho I^ilitador 
 penin.sula, taking its rise in tho central area of the peninsula, ;lo!>e to 
 the hea<hvaters of tho Kaniapiskan branch of the Koksoak river 
 which flows northward into Ungava bay, and of tho Manicouagan 
 river of the southern watershed. 
 
 Fort George was left the 17th .luly and the survey and Reologi- 
 cal examination of the coast and islands continued southward. The 
 distance between the mouth of the bay anil East Main river in a 
 straight line is 115 miles and the general course is S. 10' ?]. This 
 portion of the coast is somewhat higher and more rocky than that to 
 the northward and the islands lying oflf it are as a rule larger, while 
 only the outer ones are barren. The Big river discharges by two main 
 channels separated by a wide flat sandy shoal. The northern channel 
 is that used by larger vessels, as it leads p;i8t a small safe anchorage 
 called Stromness harlwur situated among some rocky islands about 
 three miles northwest of the river. This channel has two shai-p bends 
 in it, and is difficult to navigate, whereas the south channel runs 
 Rtrai"ht seaward. From the mouth of the river, the boat eliannel run. 
 
 ti.nii.'loi 
 
 n 
 
 i--..it(i 
 
 l!i-' liver. 
 
4t D 
 
 KA«T COA.iT OK III I>»OX IlAV 
 
 I'.'iilit hill. 
 
 C'attl.' Miiil 
 >liw|i kept i 
 
 Jlaiii rivi I. 
 
 M 
 
 due south MMnei, miles to K.irtli,,u.ik.- island, »o called from tht- 
 lf),'(;nda.y trciiililin- of the island du.iiij,' a hatil,- l«.twfen the Crees 
 and rrw|uoi«. Twenty miles farther south are the Comb hills where 
 a rid^e of granite foriiHJi long point and . several lar-o rocky islands. 
 The imine i« derived from the straggling tre.s along the summits of 
 the hills somewhiit leseiiibliDg a gigantic comli. 
 
 The next place of iinportanc is the Paint hills, situated twenty-five 
 miles south of Conih hills. They consist of two chains of largo rocky 
 islands stretching al.out ten miles out from the coast and 'ornKKl of 
 dark green sriucezed trap intrn.led l.y g.aniie. These trap rocks cany 
 consideral.le pyrite, whi.h on the surfac(> is often ru.sty and to this the 
 name of the h)cality is due. The Solomon's Temple islands which lie 
 about ten miles t.) the .southwest of the outer island of Paint hills are 
 a continuation of the traj) area and have the same character as t)ie 
 inside islands. Cape Hope islands aro situated thirty-tive miles south 
 of Mio Paint hills and consist of one large and several smaller islands 
 oi v.ap. The highest puint of the huge island is -jrtO feet above the 
 water, and is coii-^e^iuently a very conspicuous feature of the coast 
 which everywhere else rarely exceeds 100 feet in elevation. The dis- 
 tance from Cape Hope to the nujuth of the East Main river is sixteen 
 miles. Along this portion o' •!•.• coast the rocky inlands give place to 
 a few low shingle shoals a-'d ■ hore is only 'broken by occasional 
 low rocky point.s. A numlK^r of these sho.ds and two rocky islands 
 obstruct the mouth df the river, rendering it dillicult to approach even 
 with small craft. 
 
 A small trading post is situated near the mouth of the rivei on the 
 south banks, but the i)lace is used more for a farm or ranch than for 
 trade. A large herd of cattle is kept here as well as a number of 
 sheep, and the surplus stock is distributed annually to Rupert House 
 and -Moose Factory. The East Main river is not as large as the Big 
 river, and drains the country between the latter and the Rupert. It 
 was explored in 1892-93, and a full account of it is given in t)ie report 
 on the Labrador peninsula* From the mouth of the East Main, the 
 general trend of the coa t is .south-southwest for forty miles to 
 Sherrick mount. The coast along this portion is exceedingly low, and 
 rocky hills only come out to the shore in a couple of places ; elsewhere 
 wide bays with sandy shores and boulder strewn points are found 
 rising slowly inland and faced with wide mud flats bare at low water. 
 The islands off the coast aie few in number, and owing to the shallow 
 wat€r surrounding them, hard to approach. In fact, although the 
 
 "Annual Reiwrt Geol. Surv. Can., Vol. VHI, (N.S.) pp. 77-102 u 
 
] 
 
 '.KOI.Of.Y 
 
 »:. 
 
 c'fMist in freo ut' i-tliiii'lM, it is o.\.'w?(Hni;ly ilnnjiPiuiis to iijiprcuuli. kw iiii; 
 t'l till' nlmlUiw wiitiT oxtf'iiilltn,' fiir out over a v. ry iiiifvcii linttom 
 ooviTcd with houi.lfi' riil>,'»'s, Slioni'k iiioiirit \\ a Ik>I<I |icnin»ulii '^'""i' >< 
 of j^riinitoconiifcU-d liy II lowsandy iiwck ti> tlio inaiiiliinl. It'* hifilit'st 
 point liiiN (111 I'IrvatiMri of 7n() ffpt aliovc tin' mii. iiml in coii-i' |iipnon 
 this conp-shapt'd hill niii 1»' Sfi'u ii»in){ iiUivf tho hori/oii lon^' Ix-foro 
 the sinrouniiini,' lnwcr coiintiy is visible. This pcninnulii niniiis l!i<' 
 I'litnincv to liuprrt hiy, intu which lliw the HuixTt, X"tt.iwiiy nnil 
 l'riiii(ibuck liviT-. (ill ol' whic'i linvf hrou^lit down hirj;*! i|U(ii>titi<!s 
 of sand and niuil. In the coursp of tinu- this has silted up the 
 l)(iy, so thiit at present it is only naviju'a'il" in the fliitiinnlH kept open 
 by tiie currents of these riven", which if properly Imoved would allow 
 ships of ten feet driuif;ht to enter the Nottaway river which flows in 
 at its southern end. Two of these rivers hiive tieen explored, the 
 Nottawny by Dr. U. I'.ell and the llujiert hy the writer. The latter 
 takes its rise in L-ike Mista.s^irii :!00 miles to the eastward, while tho 
 Noltaway and the Itroiidback drain a great aiea of country to the 
 south and south-east 
 
 We ended our survey work at the mouth of the Uupert ri\ er on the Surv.y wurk 
 I9lh August. From there we crosse<l tlie southern end of .lajiies bay 
 to Moose factory, where the yacht was unlo.ided, liauled out and stored 
 for future use. Tiio collection of rocks and natural history specimens 
 was .sent by ship to London, and thence back to Canada, while the 
 party, assisted by four Indian.s, ascended the Moose river in a lar^jo 
 canoe to the Canadian Pacific Hail way, and so returned to Ottawa. 
 
 i.KOLOlJY. 
 
 tiewntl rrmitrks and di'scription. 
 
 The rocks of the entire east coast of Hudson l!ay arc very ancient, <! 
 and with the exception of those whicli form the chains of islands along 
 shore between Portland promontory and Cape Jones, and also a narrow 
 margin on part of the coast in the same region, they have all been cut 
 liy granite which has not only intimately penetrated them, but 
 by its heat and pressure has so changed them to cry.otalline schists 
 and gneisses that only in a few places can any trace of an original 
 sedimentary origin be found. The unaltered sedimentary rocks with 
 their associated sheets of trap and diabase bear not only a remarkably 
 close resemblance to the so-called Cambrian rocks of other parts of the 
 Labrafl.or pcnin^iila, but also to the iron-b»iaring rocks of tho southern 
 
 "l'«y. 
 
4fi I. 
 
 i:a>it roAST ok m nsos hay 
 
 Hiiiiilarity nf 
 Ktdiimutnry 
 riK-'kii ini r 
 
 sliorui of Liikf Su|rt'ri()r iiiid tlm Aniniikic imd Nipiijoii ruckn to (lie 
 lioitli >.f Liiki- .Sujierior. So cliwe is this respinblan''!' tluil liiiinl spp 
 cirneiis nf noarl}' nil iIk^ \arious rooki* of tlie!*i' ilirtieri'iit iircis ciiii lif 
 (lujiliciiled fi-om thf ItudMott liay rci^ioii, uiid tliis close rpsfinhliiiuc i^> 
 iilw) found in llie thin xi'ction^ of lliestM rocks when niicrosro|iiciiliy 
 f-xnoiini'il. A collection of hnnd sppciint>ni« brouaht home by Mr. .1. M. 
 Itfll in I'.ilJO, fi'oui ihi- icj^ion of Grc.'il licnr hike, when jilncfd 
 liosidc tli<' »|'i'cinii as from IIud-.on liay were found to Ix-iir t^u clo-.e it 
 rcsciii ■Iiirifc lis to liu undi.stiii;;uishal>!o wKluml it;ffroi\ce to tlip 
 liilx'Is. The olosr rpsciiibluinc of this sprit's of ro,-k8occun'int; over iiii 
 iirt'ii t'Xtt'mli'i;^ from .southward of Like Superioi to north of I In' 
 Arctic (.'irclc, und finin the pii-tcin pan i.f Lilmulor to tlio ncinlihour- 
 iiood of the •Mci'Leiuic riv.-r h1iow.s that the conditions under wliicli they 
 vverp (I 'poiited must have heen nearly idenlic.il tln'DUgliout this wide 
 area. The liiidinx of new iireiis of these rock-- .is the nortiiern e lUiitry 
 is more fully explored poinis to an almost continuous ilepoaition of 
 this fornullion over the whole iVrclin an ar a of C.mada. No fo.ssi!.s 
 liavc us yet heeii (li;co\ried in any of the ijcds if this foniitiliuii, liut 
 the presence of (■•■rtain concnitiomirv forms in its limestones and the 
 iiiiiuunt of cirl) 11 in many of the hales lead to the !> lief that at least 
 low forms of life existoil Hi the time these roi'iis wi-n; deposited. The 
 lack of fossil evidence as to their n^'e, which is taken to he very yreat, 
 makes their clissitication in the Cimhrian prohahly eironeou-, as 
 in all iiktlihood they are of pre Cam!>ria!i aj;e .niiil in the epiiiio;! 
 of the writer lue tlii- oldest known sediiuintary r^cksof C.iliada, Not- 
 witiistaiulinu this opinion they will continue to he cla-sed as t'umlirian 
 ill crder to conespor.d with the areas of similar ro-ks of f-iiliriidoi 
 which have aheadv heen so ciii-sed. 
 
 (oiii|«»i:i« 
 of .Ht-rit'-'. 
 
 This series consists ..f several theusand feet of sediiuentary locks, 
 Co urnencing .-it the hotto.ii with acousiderahle t hick i!''.-s of coarse a rlcose, 
 formed lai;,'ely of more or less rounded gr.iin.s and pehhle.s nf quart/ 
 and iolddpar, coinented hy itililtratious of i|Uiiit/, .ind evidently v pre- 
 senting a i^reat nl.•l^s of docorii])osed graniti , from which the I'li.-r ini' .1 
 and decomposed feld par lia i heen washed out in ,1 -leillow <-eii,. This, 
 towards its sumnat shades into a great thickness ot handed arkose, 
 sandstone and argillite greywacke all of which are fcll-pnlhic and the 
 argiliites and greywackes also contain quantities if (iucly divided 
 hisilicato.s and piobaWy represent tlie finer material of similar decom- 
 posed granite. The l)asement granite from which these rocks were 
 derived has not been recognized in the region under dis(^ussion. The 
 upper beds appear to pass into argiliites, greywackes and cherts, all 
 more or less impregnated with oxide of iron which often is found in 
 
1 
 
 (.KOI.fif.V 
 
 «: I. 
 
 tlioiii lis \nrne u\:\**f^ of pure iiin,riicliic nr h inixtm.' cif inii^n. ii, iimi 
 
 h«miiito HHSDciiUeiJ Willi i. 1 j.ihih.i-. Tli "f Ih,|, uvi> .iv.-ilui,) witli M un. in. 
 
 cKeriy carlwnaten of lim*>, iimK'ia-.ii.i uml iioii, iiini aic in tniii r;ip|iw| i'l",' ',",','.'r"il.','|" 
 
 by liiil>«Kt'>lies, (lolo:iiit(<s c-irlhiimcouiis .slmli-t an I »tnilsiiiiu.s «liiiti 
 
 finiii the upp'-r b •(!■( of tlio scrici. 'riii-.e (li'ih.HitM, |i> th,. ii|>|>i>i' |i..rti.)ii 
 
 of tlii'iron)»i'ariii'{lM)d', ii|)[)'ait()liavo U.'.ii liii.lilowii in sjullow wiii-i 
 
 ii'4 iip|)l(« iniiik-i luc foiinil on many of the beds. 'I'lic nppcr Im-Js ot liin..- 
 
 stonuiinil (loloaiilf wi-ri' il p.i^itc.l in iIi'i'Jmt wnt.M-. At tin.' cIum' of i;„. 
 
 pri-iodof (Jfp.witi,.n tlip lii'.i^iMii('r;,'H.l from the si'a, ami tlim tD.i!; pliuv 
 
 ii!ifnorini)UM»'rii|itii>n of (liiik>{rt(ori tripiiri'I ijl.ili, •, \\\il,\i w.i^ in i. I'f.ii 
 
 !u shnntH or laci'oliteN betw«i<tt tim lii'Minijiif ihir.'iint inrii^iivs of 
 
 tliPHi' loi'ksi fi'iiin till' siiinniit of the iirliosi' u[i viuils. N'.it l.lll^ v.as 
 
 tb' (liiibiise ii\jcut(Hl Imt it also tloweil out o\or tlu' siiif ice, an I tliere, 
 
 'oiilina; le«s .slowly and without pressure, f.iniwj a !ine-:,'r.iine(l traii in 
 
 inuiy places full of small cavities foniicil by tlie ex|iiii«ion of idatiiii' ■! 
 
 ;,'ase4, and subsei|iientiy llUed by indltnitiin with .blMriti', c],i(|,,ii. c,l- 
 
 cito or ayate. Thi'se Kurface iIowj ari' well s<eii in i|ii. unii .Miipin- 
 
 of the Hopewell an<l Manitounuk islatil- a-il the cia-t about l.nle 
 
 Whale river. At liiese pi. ..■,., ^evor.il ilill'TPnt (lows can be x::-n le-i- 
 
 ing; upon one another. The diabi-^e also foiined ! iru' ■ xer'ical dvkcs I'liii.,,-' 
 
 cutting' Iho sedimentary roo'<s, and thes ■ were tli.- piot.abl"- onHei^ <it' ''^'■'" 
 
 the iliabise from the iilteiior. The oulbmsi ,-t the^e dirk I'reeii 
 
 iifliniius r'ock-. which did not ;.'r";itly atlenl tic im.-1; -^ thit tliev ]>■ w- 
 
 tr.ated, was followed by a far ^re iter out l.nr- 1 of Lrrar-ile a:; 1 oilier 
 
 allied a .idic rock;; wdiicli liad a \.'iy marked el'rct upoi tiie •jcdimetitar\ 
 
 rocks throu^jh w'nich they bii-ji. The.oMnitr irni|>iiMn wa-; o extensive 
 
 with ill" area now known as the Ar.h;. an i.':,'i.in which I'lnbi'accs the 
 
 ureater portion of eastern t'.ui.ad I lud eMemU siuliw.ird into the 
 
 Tnited .-States, thus occupyiii:,' fully a third r)f tin- ii..ithirn half of 
 
 Xorth America. 'i"lie irruption of the :,>ranite was ahno-t uni\< isrd 
 
 over this wa-te lej^'iim, .and it is imw found in l.trL,'- are.is where 
 
 no reinnanis I'f the forim'r se limontary crust r iiiain>. ."More .it'tm 
 
 it is associated with bands and nias.-,es of silicious biolile ;;nei>-o-, 
 
 dark schists and crystalline liniP-itone, which li.i\. b -en su alti red 
 
 by the heat and pre.«.suro of the :,'ranite intrusion th.it onlv in 
 
 in a few places are traces of their oiip.'inal sedimentary character 
 
 preserved. Not only did the intrusion cliaiii,'e these rocks into crvst.il- liranit. 
 
 line schi.sts but the accompanyinu hot so!uti<ins of .'.ilica have peno- ,"i '',','r„'"" 
 
 trated between their thinnest laniin:e and there deposited e.xtra (piartz, -••'li"i<ri''"'.v 
 
 thus further di.s<;uising their original structure and composition. The 
 
 investigations of Adams and Barlow on the relations of the Hastings 
 
 group of Eastcl-n Ontario, sho%v that the undoubted .sediiueiilaiy rucks 
 
 f\ 
 
48 D 
 
 EAsr COAST OF IIUI»SON ItAV 
 
 Kxamplr nt 
 
 iiH'taiiior- 
 
 [ihiHiii. 
 
 ( iriinitt' 
 irruption 
 followfd liy 
 {N-rirHl (if IV 
 
 of tliat region can bo tnic'il into crystallino ^'iieisses and schists, and 
 llie siliciniis uiiahoicd doloinitps t ass into ft crystnllino trfmolito lime- 
 stone. In till- Liibiivflor peninsula, similar chan^'es of the limestones 
 liave l..en noted and the acconipanyinj; iron ores pass into magnetites 
 associated with .[uartz often in the form of a magnetite gneiss. Along 
 the east shore of Hud.son hay in the rock.s intruded by the granites, 
 the lim-stones an<l in.nbeariiig beds are absent and the altered beds 
 appear to be eoiitined to the arenaceous bed:-, of the series and th(> 
 accompanying diabase sheets. 
 
 Ill the southern part of the area fronting on James bay, many of 
 the wry .piirt/o.-e gneisses and sohi.sts, under the micro.scope display 
 n.unded grains of ([uarlz, apparently arranged in beddetl planes and 
 sometimes showing obscure lines of growth out.«i(lo the originally 
 rounded grains. All of these rocks show signs of subjection to enor- 
 mous pressure which has destroyed their original structure and it is 
 only in very favourable cases that a clue to their original clastic con- 
 dition is found. The dial'asic traps afford the best example of the 
 metauiorphiMn induced by the granite. These dark-green rocks were 
 very extensively developed along the east coast of Ih'.dson bay and 
 large areas of tlieui are met with from near the Kovik river in lat. 
 or 30' southward to l)eyond the Ea-st Main river in lat. irl . These 
 basic rocks have different associations with the granites in the different 
 localities where they are found. In some places they are surroun<!ed 
 by large masses of granite and then arc usually much altered by the 
 pressure induced by the intru.sion, the extreme phase of the alteration 
 being to dark and light coloured hornblendic and chloritic schists. 
 From this extreme the diabase is found pa.ssiiig up through lesser 
 stages of alteration until it appears as masses only slightly altered 
 near the contact with the granite upon which it rests. 
 
 The granite outbursts were not universal throughout this vast region, 
 and th- areas of so-called Cambrian sedimentary --ocks represent areas 
 where the earlier crust remained unbroken by any such intrusion ; and 
 it is along the edges of these areas that the evidence of the liter age 
 of the granites ia found, as there the granites are seen in a few 
 places to penetrate the sedimentry strata and their associated diabases. 
 
 The granite outburst appears to have been followed by a period of 
 <iuiet, during which the great masses cooled and solidified, and in 
 't. doing so, probably contracted in size. This contraction probably dis- 
 turbed the equilibrium in the crust by lessening the pressure on the 
 side of the granite mass, and so causing the pressure outside the area 
 to act upon the unaltered areas of the older sedimentary rocks as a 
 
 mtM 
 
low. J 
 
 OKOLOfiY 
 
 19 I) 
 
 > 
 
 thrust from seawanl or tov^unis the lar-e areas of cooled {,'ninite. Tho 
 result of this force actin- uih.ii the rocks close to the surface was to 
 cause a buckling of their stra-.a and a forcing »f large blocks of the series 
 over one another, and also over the now solid granite, so as to form them 
 into long ridges whicb slope more or less gently away from the granite 
 masses and present sleep broken elilfs towards it. This throwing of tlu- 
 strata into ridges also causes repetiti,n.s<,f more or less similar sections 
 of the formation in each ridge, and the development of cross faults in 
 the ri.lgeH greatly complicates the work of identification of the various 
 beds of the formation as seen in the cliffs. This phenomen.m of riilge.s 
 with sharp cliffs facing inland or towards large masses of granite is a 
 universal characteristic of all the areas of these old sedimentary rocks 
 throughout L=.brador, and .seems to be e.,ually cliaracteristic of the 
 Lake Superior regions and of those westward of Hud.son bay. 
 
 This explanation of buckling and a nearly horizontal movement of 
 the bedded ro.ks aff-ord a solution of many of the dilliculties met with 
 in a study of the stratigraphica! relations of th.-se rocks in themselves 
 and in regard to the granites below them, and accounts for the uncon- 
 fortnable cont,icts of totally -iifferent members of the .series with the 
 granites, in locilities, but short .iistances apart, which cann„t be done 
 on the theory that of ten the lower beds are w.uuing in eer'ain places 
 owing to th. ir not being deposit.Ml on uplift, d j.ortions of the ,sea lH,ttom 
 ns- no signs of such an equality exists, and ;.ll the lower deposits point to 
 the existence of a nearly Hat .sea bottom extending over the continent 
 and covered with a shallow sea at the time when they were deposited, 
 there are also tie,,uent discrepancies in the sections of the bedded 
 rocks themselve-s, which an; sometim.-s proved to be cau-s.-d by such 
 nearly horizontal overriding of one part of the series by another por- 
 tion, and cannot be accounted for in any other manner at present. 
 
 The idea of this buckling and over-ri ling of immense blo.ks of these 
 rocks was brought to the writer's attention bv a study of the ice 
 along the shore of Hudson bay when pre.ssure i.s exerted upon it 
 by storms from seaward during midwinter when the ice is v.-ry hard 
 lheiceuiiderthe.se con.litions is force.l up into the ridges over the 
 rocks on shore, and also for some distance out from shore into ridges 
 upon it-self owing to a buckling and fracturing along lines parallel to 
 the resistance of tlie shore. These ridges are greatly modified by the 
 l.reakmg of the ice forming them into blocks by cross cracks, so that 
 the ridges instead of resting uniformly upon tho underlying ice or rock 
 and having a uniform height, are thrown up into all shapes with a 
 more or less regular dip seaward, and sharp faces toward the land, 
 13--D— 4 
 
 Sdllltinn",! 
 
 "tr.itiyn il,.; 
 imI incii :. Ill 
 
 R.-tilt.if 
 
 pi'i ."ill!!' . Ill 
 
 f^h'itr ice. 
 
 

 50 D 
 
 EAST COAST OF HUDSON DAY 
 
 
 No I'^cent 
 
 ■While the height of the ridges varies with the tiltu.g ot the separate 
 blocks, and also with the degree to which the ice has bren fractured 
 into such blocks. These results of the action of pressure on shore ice 
 appear to be identical on a snmll scale with what happened to the 
 s^callcl Cau.brian foru.ation subsequent to the cooling and probable 
 contraction of the granites. 
 
 Following this movement of the bedded rocks in geological time 
 came a much later outburst of diabase, wl,i..h occurs in the torn, of 
 ,,ykes cuttin, all the oMer rocks. These dykes v..ry m breadth fn.n 
 a few inches to upwards of one hundred yar.ls. They generally run 
 ,uore or less parallel to the coast, and perhaps fill deep cracks m the 
 surface or were developed along lines of weakness. No large centres 
 of gabbro or diabt^so have been found from which these dyk.s flow, n. r 
 are there any tlat-lying Hows of trap in connection with them. 
 
 No record of any other geological change has been note. I along the 
 east coast of Hudson bay from the injection of these newer diabase ■ 
 dvkes unlilth'o advent of the glaciers in Post- Pliocene tune. And dur- 
 ing this great interval of time, the rocks fornung this coast appear to 
 ha've been continuously above the level of the sea, thus pre.-entn.g the 
 deposition of anv fossiliferous be.U During the Silunan and Devonian 
 times, there may have been a slight depression along the coast allow 
 in. the deposition of narrow riu.s of liuiesfnes of t.ese age.s, but if 
 so'they have been totally ercKled by the gl.cial and other action, .^o 
 that the onlv evidence of such deposits are a tew fragments of bme 
 st.ne scatter'ed along shore, and these may have been transported by 
 floating ice from the northern or western parts of Hudson bay. 
 
 Duri." the glacial period the entire coast was covered with ice, and 
 the records left hv the glacial stride show that the centre of glac.atton 
 at first w^vs in th^ southern interior of Labrador, close to the present 
 w aershed of the south llowing rivers. The .second set of stna, show 
 that the centre of dispersion moved north to about the middle of the 
 peninsula, while the latest set of stride are from the north-east and 
 prove the last centre of glaciation to have been in the northern half 
 of the peninsula of I^brador. Since the close of the glacial period 
 the laml has risen to a height of upwards of 700 feet above its leva 
 during the ice age. There are no indications* that this rise is still 
 going^on, and if it is doing so it is too slow to observe^ 
 
 the ;r^-^ Hud..n .«.y from M.K«e K«cto.y to Ca,.e DufFerin, .... Portland prom^ 
 
 - X aTwell as the western side .f the hay, and ha. puhl.hed ■-"^j--^^- 
 
 • . ;. iia.1 "PUiii!- .p Land aniuiid Hudson Hay. Bull, v^eoi. ex- y. 
 
 Hv^r.-Bull. Geol. S<«y. Am. 18'..7. S... uR. Smithsonmn Re.K.rt for 1897, pp. -'oO-.J... . 
 
 L 
 
OEOLOOY 
 
 51 D 
 
 t 
 
 From an econouiio standpoint, the investigation of tlie rocks along Ko piiomic 
 the east coast of Hudson bay hivs shownf that extensive dopoHita of '''^''"' ''' 
 iron ore occur in the unnltered sedimentary rocks of the Cambrian. 
 These ores occur as beds interstratified with certain sihcious roiks of 
 the middle portion of the series, and appear to have been deposited 
 from solution in a shallow sea. The upper bed« of ore occur as 
 ankerite, or a carbona ^ of lime, magnesia and iron, and as such mv. 
 usually associated with a largo percentage of mariganesp, whi'-h renders 
 these ores valuable in the manufacture of Bessemer atiel. IJentath 
 the carbonates are silicioua beds in which the ores are present as 
 oxides, either magnetite or liivmatite, or a mixture of both, associated 
 with red jasper. These beds may l)e due in part to infiltration of 
 iron leached from the carlwnates above, but much of the in.n apyears 
 to have been originally deposited in the present bt ds. 
 
 The carbonate ores are found on all the islands of the Hopewell 
 •^hain, on a number of the Nastapoka islands, and on Long island. 
 The greatt.st thickness of ore noted was about twenty feet and it wa.s 
 broken by partings of black chert The oxides are largely developed 
 in the Nastapoka islands where their thickn' ss is often more than 
 fifty feet, but all of these measures are silioious and only jjar of them 
 .sutticiently rich for prolltable mining. The oxide ores also occur on ,;,. ,,|(,. 
 the islands and southern shores of Uichmond gulf but of all the expo- "_;•,"'''"'" 
 .sures seen there, none were sufficiently rich t.) be woiked. 
 
 The intrusion of granite into tbo large areas of ba^ie rocks met with 
 along the coast at intervals from Kovik river to the southv^ard of East 
 Main river and the foliation of these latter l)y pressure has caused a 
 segregation of the sulpliiiles, alway.- found scattered through the 
 diabases, into long lenticular masses parallel to the foliation. And 
 large veins of quartzose granite and pegmatite from the granites pene- 
 trating these basic rocks have also taken up S'^rae of tiieir sulphides 
 which may prove valuable ores. The area northward frion I'ortlMiui 
 promontory to the vicinity of Mos(|nito bay appears to bo the most 
 promising for the discovery of sulphide ores in the form of pyrite^ 
 pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite as the diabases of that region have been 
 greatly crushed and foliated and arc also penctiated by a great many 
 veins of (juartz. 
 
 Little time could be given to the examination of that an a and the 
 chance specimens obtained from the mineral deposits there show that 
 they contain a small quantity of nickel and copper without gold, but 
 results obtained from hurriedly collected samples need not be taken as 
 
 t Report of Progress, (Jwl. Siirv. Can. for 1S77, Part e, pp. ll! and 21. 
 13_D— 4i 
 
 
 cans. 
 
 irrnr.itinH 
 hl.l.les. 
 
 7\ 
 
J— r«5*»A^?,sp^,^3es<»E.-«*«J3rwpf«U"^>ti«^'=*^^ 
 
 mettnur^SSSIriai Ba^ian r :?. 
 
 ii'i I) 
 
 EAST COAST OF HUDSON HAY 
 
 an indication of the absence of these metals in paying quantities ii> 
 these rocks The Paint Hills area of squeezed trap contains in places 
 large segregation masses of pyrite whic-h carry a small quantity of 
 silver but no gold. Pyrites is also plentiful in the limestones of Long 
 island and the islands north of Cape Jones. There is a bed of silicious 
 dolomitic limestone full of cavities a short distance below the thick 
 capping of diabase which < xtends along the coast from beyond tlie 
 north end of Uir-hmond gulf southward to the head of Manitounuk 
 sound. In miny places the cavitifs of this bed are filled with galena 
 accompanied by pyrite and blende, all of which appear to have l)een 
 leached out of th» overlying diabase and to have been deposite I in the 
 cavities of the limestone. These deposits hav^; not as yit proved to 
 be sufficiently concentrated to allow of profitable mining. 
 
 .\iirhrii\(jlit(>. A vein of anthraxolite lesembling anthracite coal is said to have 
 been discovered on Long island.* This vein is reported to be about 
 nine inches wide and cuts dark shales and limestone on the island. 
 Similar veins of this mineral have l)een discovered in the interior of the 
 Labrador peninsula, but it is only interesting as a mineral and is not 
 economically valuable as the veins are too small to work with profit 
 even if the mineral were e<iual to anthracite, which it is not, as it 
 always fi'itains a largo percentage of quartz which renders it practi- 
 cally usfii ss as a fuel. 
 
 Uo<k-^vi,italiIe ^" ^'^^ upper portion of the (/jimbriin formation, as seen along the 
 
 for luiildinp coast .south of Great Whale river, on the Manitounuk islands, and 
 iiiiiliitcorative , ^ i i ^i i , n ,. . . i. 
 
 puip'iK.K. along the coa.st, Ijelow ttie traps, are beds of nne-grained limestone, 
 
 some of which might apparently be suitalilefor litliographic purpose.". In 
 
 m\ny places the granites would afford e.vcellent and lieautiful building 
 
 stones ; most noticeable among the.se is llio area of augite-syenitefoun<l 
 
 on Walrus island, of the Paint Hills group. This rock is a l)eautiful 
 
 porphyry holding pearly crystals of feldspar varying in colour from 
 
 pink to violet or flesh-red, set in a dark-green ground-mass. Larije 
 
 r js of this rock could easily be obtained wliiili would be admirably 
 
 adapted for interior and exterior decorations. 
 
 DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF ROCK E.KPOSURES EXAM- 
 INED ALON(i THE COAST. 
 
 Crystalline tSeries. 
 
 On the west aide of Erik cove, rusty weathering biotite-gneiss (1 and 
 10)t is ass ciatad with thin bands containing much light-bbie 
 
 * Refiorts of ProgrosH, Geol. Surv. Can. for 1875, p. ;V25 and IS77 p. 24 r. 
 
 ! The num^"Hrt^ ficc-^'inpittiyitiy the rucks n-fi-r t:j those of thr microscopic filitics 
 described by Mr. .i. A. Young in a MS on fylc in the otfice of the f !eol. Survey. 
 
 . 
 
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF UOCK KXP0SUKE8 
 
 ■);{ II 
 
 ) n 
 
 '« 
 
 clierty quartz. The gneisses, where not decouiposeii, are dark-gray in 
 colour with smuU Hakes of dark uiica and contain at times consider- 
 abl(f graphite and pyrite disseminated in small plates and grains. The 
 fliie-gr»ined feldspar is often splotched with huff. These rocks are 
 usually greatly dotted and are generally rust-coloured from the decoiu- 
 poaition of their containi'd pyrites. In a number <«f places a short 
 distance alwvo tide-lovel p itches of white etiloresonci' were observed, 
 having a saline, ferruginous taste. These rocks are all well banded 
 and stand nearly vertical. They aro cut by largo dykes of red pegma- 
 tite, derived apparently from a red micagranite-gneiss which also cuts 
 the rusty gneisses and in places contorts the beds. 
 
 Similar rocks were seen upon the hills to the southwtst of the head 1 
 of the cove and also forming the steep cliffs of Cape AVolstenholme, '^' 
 where, for a distance of eight miles, these vertically bedded gray and 
 light-piiil- gnpii3.ses, cut and contorted by dark-red granite-gneiss and 
 pegmatite, form cliffs that rise sheer from the water to allitudes vary- 
 ing from -100 to 700 feet. In going southward,as the cane is left, the pro- 
 portion of granite-gneiss increases and it would ajifjoar as it the rocks 
 inland to the southward were more largely intrusive, and as if the dark, 
 rusty gneisses and schists were older bed-'ed rocks caught upimd altered 
 ijy the intrusion of great masses and shrets of granite which were 
 filiated by pressure subseijuent to its intrusion, so as to now appear 
 to be interfoliated with the mjre ancient bedded s' ries, which on close 
 inspection is .seen to be cut across the bedding by the intruded granite- 
 grieisse 
 
 At ^ .y> x)k, west of Cape Wolstenholme and abreast the open- 
 ing between Uigges island-, the strike is N. 80' W. 
 
 Between Nauyok l)rook and the Eskimos encampment at Nuvuk, some 
 ti n miles farther to the southwest, the rocks are lar;,-ely red granite- 
 gneiss (3.4.6) varying from fine to coarse-grained and frequently having 
 an augen-gneiss structure and being mostly micaceous, but often contain- 
 ing dark liornblende,_ and in places ma.,'netite in small grains. These 
 gneisses contain broken bands and patche? of finer-grained dark-grey 
 and greenish biotite-hornblende gneisses, (2) varying in si/e from 
 large masses to small thin bands, the latter being often much contor- 
 ted and fractured. Some of these inclosed bands are very basic and 
 are composed chiefly of dark hornblende and augite with much plagio- 
 clase (5) while oti 3rs are micaceous and quartzose, and some of the 
 bands contain much dark-red garnet. All these rocks are cut bv 
 dykes of fine-grained, light-red granite, which in turn are penetrated 
 
 i 
 
 lUlliti'. 
 
54 D 
 
 EAST COAST OP HUDSON BAY 
 
 f'oa»t low for 
 tliirty ?iii1i-s. 
 
 K'lvik riviT. 
 
 ! 
 
 by dykes of red pegmatite. Strike at Nauyok, 8. 70° W. ; at Nuvuk, 
 8. 60° W. 
 
 No landing was made on the low coast for nearly thirty miles beyond 
 Nuvuk, when the rocks were found to ho low ridges rising in places 
 above the drift plain and consisting of coarsegrained hornblende 
 biotite gneiss (7) and dioriteaplite or malchite (8) cut by many large 
 pegmatite dykes running in all directions i.nd holding much dark horn- 
 blende. Dip of gneisses N. < 30\ 
 
 Two miles further on, coarse light-grey mica-augen gneiss was seen 
 often containing hornblende. This gneiss evidently contains much 
 plagioclase und is richer in tliis mineral in some parts than others, as 
 the rock contains patches A-arying in size from a few square feet to 
 upwards of 100 square feet, in which it is of a dirk green colour owing 
 to the decomposition to saussurite of the component plagiochue. These 
 patches contain more silicates than the ligluer unaltered patciies. At 
 Koitasut the rock is maiidy a very coarse augen-gneiss, tome of the 
 rounded orthoclase crysUls being two inches by tliree inciics. This 
 gneiss encloses fragments of broken bunds of dark niic i and micahorn- 
 blende schistose gneiss. Strike N. 4.') E. 
 
 Beyond Koitasut the coast is low and drift-covered and is flanked 
 oy numerous islands of drift witii shallow water extending several 
 miles out from the shore, so that no examination of the rocks could be 
 made until a small rocky island about five miles north the mouth of 
 Kovik river was reached. There the rocks were well-bonded dark and 
 light-grey mica and hornblende schistose gneisse«, some of the horn- 
 blendic bands Ijeing very coarsely crystalline. All the bands were 
 garnet-bearing ; the lighter anf\ more (juartzos ■, mieaoeous banJs 
 containing the greatest proportion of this mineral. Strike N. 10' E. 
 These rocks were cut by a dyke of fine-grained dirk dioriteaplite 
 (911-12) sixty feet wide and running N. 40' W. This dyke was injected 
 subsequent to the foliation of the gneisses, as offshoots from the main 
 dyke have Ijeen injected into partings of the foliation of the gneisses. 
 There are also small quartz veins holding small patches of yellow- 
 weathering dolomite. 
 
 For five miles up the Kovik river the rocks are almost wholly light 
 pink mica-gneiss witli broken bands of darker, more basic schistose 
 gneiss. Strike W. to N. (i0° W. 
 
 At the south point of the mouth of the river these granitic rocka 
 enclose a wide band of black schist mostly micahornblendic with thin 
 
•J 
 
 DBTAILED DESCHIPTION OF ROCK EXPOSl'URf). 
 
 55 I> 
 
 I a 
 
 bands in which hornblende ptedoniiatex. All the bands are garnet- 
 bearing and they appear to be an ancient basic irruption sciueezed and 
 altered by the inclosing granite. Strike N. 50 W. 
 
 The next exposure examined was iit the south point of the nextlMiy 
 four miles farther on, wliere the rocks are a mixture of light-gray anil 
 pink epidotic hornblende augengnciss ( 1 •">) with wide bands of dark 
 basic schi.'~ts Strike N. 70' W. 
 
 Beyond this we were again unable to land owing to shallow water {^J",'|'*"^""" 
 for fifteen milos when we i cached Kettlestone Knob, a high rocky 
 knoll joined to the shore by a long narrow shingle bar, but from the 
 yacht the low ridge along the shore between these places appeared to 
 be wholly composed of dark basic rocks. 
 
 Kettlestone Knob was found to be largely composed of a light peai ly- 
 greon altered diorite (14), the alteration product of a mass of gabbro 
 still showing in ptaces on withered surfaces plagioclase crystals as 
 white grains, while in other places a foliation had been induced altci- 
 ing the rock to a steatite-schist. The whole had been greatly shattered 
 and is now cut by a net-work of quartz veins. TucIoscjI in this 
 ancient gabbro are a number of broken bands of light green grey wacko 
 (1^), holding cubes of pyrit(!s and greatly contorted, having evidently 
 been caught up by the gabrro when it was irrupted. A lew small 
 veins of calcite run oflf from these slate inclusions. This locality is 
 resorted to by the Eskimos who manufacture their lamps and kettles 
 from steatite. Ridges of dark-coloure 1 schists occupy the land on 
 both sides of Kettloitone bay and extend inland from its head. At 
 the mouth of the small river flowing into the bay these rocks were 
 found to bo dark-gieen hornblendic schists intorbanded with light- 
 gieen chloritic schists with thin bands of calcite, which with the other 
 bauds are found not to be persistent when followed along the strike, 
 all giving out after a few yards. These rocks arc identical with the 
 s(iueeze<l traps of Cape Smith and o er localities to the southward 
 which are described farther on. About two miles up the rivor a J|;;^i;;;','*^,,itg 
 curious crushed diorite or araphibolite rock (17), was found consisting rtuk. 
 almost exclusively of dark-greenish hornblende and having an augen- 
 gneiss structure, that is large rounded lumps of radiating crystals of 
 hornblende were enclosed in a schistose matrix of the .same mineral. 
 
 The dark schists occupy the shore for nearly two miles south of 
 Kettlestone bay, when they again give place to coarse pink and red 
 aranites which inclose broken bands of the dark schists and also bands 
 of fine dark-gray, crushed diorite aplite (18). Strike N. 30' AV. to N. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
60 r. 
 
 EAST COAST OF HUDSON lUY 
 
 Tr,.]. ic 
 alt-nil 
 Hiiiiini; 
 ."ciii.-t". 
 
 10' \V. The graniteH occupy the const and a ;;raduu1ly narrowiiif» area 
 inland, to the foot of the liij{h trap ran(;e which u|)pi'oaches the coaat 
 from the north-east and reaches it a'out five miles northward of Hniith 
 ixlimd. This arei of trap is about fifteen iriiles wide, and foinis a 
 range composed of ; ovcral ridfje.s of sharp hills, running more or less 
 parallel to one another in a north-east direction inland. They form 
 the large high island known an Smith island and dcfcniiine the north 
 side of Mosquito bay. 
 
 The trap, where undisturbed and fi'esh, is usually very fine-grained 
 and dark-grien in colour, apparently having boen rapidly cooli'd, but 
 no aniygiluk's were seen, s) that it may not have bt'ci a surface 
 outflow although it appt-ars tri have been such. 
 
 In some places small patches have a<Habase structure, while in other; 
 fairly large crystals of liglit green plngioclase have been porphyriticnlly 
 developed. The rock weathers a rusty brnwn iind appo.'irs to be in 
 most places larirely deconipo.sed to chlorite. Nearly everywhere the 
 trap has lieeii fractured, most often in irregular prisms, probably from 
 contraction on cooling. These .series of prisms are inclined irregularly 
 at various angles to the horizontal : usually they nre nearly vertical. 
 In many places the cracks have been in part tilled with ((u.-trtz imd 
 c.ilcite, epidote, prehnite, chlorite and axinite being also found in 
 them. In a great many places the irregular prisms have been decom- 
 posed for a thickness varying from one to tlireo inche* from the sur- 
 fac" into a dark -green Kbrous hornblende, while the interiors are more 
 oi '°s9 changed to a lighter green chlorite. .Subse(|uent to these decom- 
 position changes, foliation and S(iueezing of the trap were probably 
 induced by the irruption of the granite, as these phenomena are more 
 m irked along tl.e southern edge of the trap mass near its contact with 
 the granite. As a result of these dynamic alterations, various stages of 
 schistosity are seen in the trap, varying from a slight elongation and 
 rounding of the irregular prisms to an extreme phase where their shape 
 and character are almost ol)literated, and the trap is altered to a 
 typical Huronian schist, insisting of alternate dark and light-green 
 bands of hornblendic and chloritic schists holding thin bands of calcite 
 and quartz formed from the scpieezing and lengthening of the masses of 
 these minerals, which originally filled fissures between the trap prisms. 
 When examined in small areas across the strike these banded schists 
 resemble a bedded serie.*' of clastic and pyroclastic rocks tilted up 
 at high angles, but when followed along the strike each band was seen 
 to end sooner or later, and the whole mass was found to consist of a 
 series of very long thin lozenges so drawn out as at first sight to be 
 
 
•1 
 
 deTailc:d ueschiptionw or rock exposukks 
 
 Oi D 
 
 i 
 
 takn.i for a continuous, alternation of finely baiidfil lijjlit iin<l ilark 
 schists. Areas in which the trap had not bei-n broken into |)ri--nis, or 
 where the dei'ompo.sition to hiirutilcndc had not set up around tlie rims 
 of the prisms, presente<l when greatly miueo/od the appearance of aci>n- 
 tinuous chloride sohi^t, hut oven in llic most homogeneous of these a 
 careful tnteins; of individual hands always showed that they were 
 not continuous, liut terminated like lho>e ol' the handed sehist". 
 Arciis of similar tiii|i occur at intervals along th" east coas' of Flu'lson 
 hay all the way to ih, southern part of James hay and where they 
 have Keen disturlK-d and squeezed hy granite intiiisi.ins they show all 
 the phases of schistosity described above. 
 
 The south shore of Mos()uito iiay is f.irmed of low rounded hills of lii 
 granite. At th6 south point of the bay much ot the lock is tine, to ^'' 
 coarse-giiiined rwl and grey granite, with \ery indistinct foliation in 
 places. It i.s iua<ie up largely of feldspar, quartz, mica and epidute, ( 19, 
 :iO, 21); when coarse-grained the fi'ldspiii- is porphyritie. The mass has 
 beencon«iderali|y shatt-red and the small veins an? tilled with salmon- 
 coloured calcite, with epidoto and ([uartz. The granite is cut liy a dyke 
 of dark-grey micaceous rock having the schiato.se structure parallel to 
 the walls. This dyke is from two to three feet wide and runs N. 40" 
 W. There are also a few .segregations or biiikiii bands of mica horn- 
 blende-schist enclo.sed in the granite. Tlie whole i-^ cut by .small dvkes of 
 fine-grained pink j^ranite. 
 
 On the islands o^'shore and about four miles south (i the abovi- point 
 the granite is not plentiful, the rocks being largely ligh': and dark giey 
 fine-grained epidotie biotite mica schist (22,2.)). The light-col- 
 oured bands are very ijuartzose. Smne of the darker bands are 
 reddish and look like altered fer .eginous cherts. A number of thin 
 quartz stringers holding pyrite are seen along the foliation or bediling 
 planes. They have the appear.mce of metamorphic clastic rocks. M' 
 Strike N. 40° W. On the north shore of tlie Sorehead river, near its ^ '' 
 mouth, similar bands of dark .schistose giei.ss occur, but the\' are more 
 highly altered than the last and the beds are much broken by a red 
 biotite gneiss (24). Strike N. W. Only coarse augen-gneiss (25) was 
 met with on a trip of eight miles up the Sorehead river. The 
 colour of the gneiss varied from gr.ay to light pink and it was mostly 
 micaceous, while some areas were epidotie. General strike north. At 
 the south point near the mouth of the river a lar/e mass of coarse to 
 medium-textured dark greenish-gray diorite(2f)) appears to cut augen- 
 gneiss. but is itself cut by dykes of regiuatite. On the islands about 
 two miles farther out the rocks are well-banded gray and red gneisses, 
 
 
 tint*- •'! 
 
 tan. vpiiic 
 ■tic i"« \-. 
 
58 D 
 
 EABT COAST OF HUDSOM B.VY 
 
 ^ 
 
 the gray prciominating iin'l apparently having l)eon intruded along 
 till- foliation plane* by sheets of the rod gneiss. Strike N. 00 W. At 
 Magnet point there are large exposures of dark schiitote dioritegneiss 
 (27) largely formed of inica and hornblende and containing much 
 dark red garnet; also ehloritic bands. These rocks must contain much 
 iron as the local attraction nf the compa-^s is very great. 
 
 At Magnet islands there is a great deal of light-^ray Iwimc granite 
 composed chictly of feldspar and micv. It incloses much mica and 
 mica-hornblniide schist, which ar.' usually garn't-bearing and oft... 
 |)hv«-r.lyk.. pyrilifeious. Strike N. All these rocks are cut by a large dyke 
 of dark tine-brained diabase. On a small island just south of Thomp 
 son harbour there is a dark-greenish fine-grained augite-diorite (2>*) 
 containing considerable magnetite and green hornblende, often in 
 crystalline splotches. The gneiss is penetrated by a few dykes ot 
 white pi'gmatite and has gash veins of bluish opalescent quartz. There 
 is also a coarser bund containing more hornblende. Strike N. 30° W. 
 
 Two miles to the southward of the exposure last examined, a small 
 island was found to bo largely composed of light-c.loured granite and 
 pegmatite inclosing fragments of mica and micahornblende-gneiss. 
 The next exposure seen was on a small isli'nd about throe miles 
 north of Cajie Awlerson where the rock was a coarse-grtined dark, 
 green augite-diorite (2'.t). It weathered dark-green with curious 
 reticulating, reddish sp.its and veins and is higlily magnetic. It is 
 cut by veins and masses of granite. 
 
 The "rnniles appear to airain predominate about Capo Anderson 
 and nn exposure vi-iled two miles south ot it was wholly light- 
 coloured granite-gneiss. Strike N. 30' W. The granites continue 
 most abundant to the Povungnituk river. On a small high island 
 near the head of deep water in that stream there is a line exposure of 
 crushed augite-diorite (30). It is cut by small dykes of red granite 
 and pegmatite and is in contact along the stiike of the foliation with 
 a mass of coarse-grained light-pink granite-gneiss, which is evidently 
 newer than the darker gneiss, as it incloses fragments of the latter, 
 and is more basic near the contact than eU where. Strike N. 35° W. 
 The rocks at the first rapid of the Povungnituk river and everywhere in 
 the neighbourhood are all co e red augen-gndiss containing broken 
 bands of finer-grained mica-g.-.-ss. Strike N. 25" AV. 
 
 Near the rapid is a dyke of dark fine-grained diabase (31) over 100 
 feet wide and running N. 7.V W. On top of the hill the augeivgneiss 
 incloses broken bands of dark altered gabbro in which some schistose 
 structure has been developed. 
 
 Allijitr 
 dii'iiti . 
 
UKTAILKU DBSCRIPTIOXt OV tUHK KXI'OStKliS 
 
 .Ml II 
 
 •■ 
 
 1 
 
 For eight niile» to the southwanl of 'he Povungiiituk i ivrr, the li^hV 
 ooloured (lUfjongmiiHHOs prcduininati*, nii'I tlioy cut and incLwi.' much 
 dark Iwisic nchistose unei*i», l»<Hh honibtendic (3.1) (32) an. I nlicac(vlu^, 
 the former evidently an anciont irruj)ti\f luok, while the latter may 
 reprpsont a highly alter«<<l form n( ancient clnMtic ruck).. 
 
 No limdinj; could lio iimde in erossinj; Ifeef hay, nor loralKiUt fifteen 
 miles b»'yond lleef point, owinj; to thi' low const an I llii> shallow 
 water filled with reefs which extended well out from shore. The rocks 
 seen on the low islands and points were lar^'ely ilark schists and 
 jjneisses cut hy wide dykes and inaHHCs of li;ilil-coloure.l ;{riinito and 
 pegmatite. A laige diab.is*! (Jyko W{»s Heen cutting the rocks of the 
 islands imd shoiv at Keef point, and sev.Tal others wi-re seen to the 
 south waril of the point. 
 
 At Shoal harliour the rock* wore coarse mica >,'riirile, with nmiiy 
 contorted and broken bands of finer mica schist and «"<''•'''' '•"'^ '•> 
 small pegmatite dykes. On the small low islands near shore and 
 about a mile from Ciieckeied islands, ther« are larj^f- exposures of 
 typical dark iind light coloured Huronian Kchists. Strike, X. -0 \\ . 
 These are lar;,'.!ly chloritic and micaceous with horiiiileiiil^ o.inds, am! 
 also suiiie stringers or bands of i|uaitz and calcite. They arc an 
 extreme phase of foliated trap, and the bands when carefully tni.. d 
 wore found to pinch out like th )se of the Cape Smith area. These IrciiM.n. 
 rocks ciiit.iin much iron in the for n i>f magnetite, pyrite and pyrrhi>tite, 
 and some of the bands are sulliciently rich to be eonsiden>d ores. 
 One band aliout four feet wide was larj^ely composed of jiyrrhotite, 
 with splotches of blue opalescent (luirt/. An analysis of this ore by 
 Dr. HolFinann gave the following results : copper, 000 per cent • 
 nickel and cobalt, 008 per cent. 
 
 At Checkered islands, a great mass i.f oM irrnpiivi^ diorite (31) is 
 cut by huge dykes and masses of pegmatite granile, whicli has ali'*t?d 
 the basic rock for upwards of 100 feet from the contact. The diorite 
 having taken up liy;ht coloureil feldspar from the pegmatite, so that 
 near the contact it looks like a light-gray .syenite. 
 
 On the mainland adjoining the islands, large masses of pogm.itito 
 penetr.ite the altared schistose traps iiientinnefl above and with basic 
 eruptives (.'!,"), 30) near their contact, change them into a fine-graine I 
 crushed diorite gnei.ss from the accession of feldspar. The schists are 
 here associated with other very (juartzose micaceous and hornblendic 
 schistose rocks (37) usually holding dark-red garnets and quite distinct 
 from the squeezed ti'aps. They probably represent beds of altered 
 
! 
 
 uo i> 
 
 KAST COAHT '}■ IIUIKIUN UAV 
 
 wr»iii:>' with 
 1 »«lr nnl.«. 
 
 m 
 
 KilCliK III 
 
 H..I- 
 
 •Wfll 
 
 ii:irr 
 
 ►W'. 
 
 clutio rocks M»ociat«Hl witi, tli. ti p«. .Many o( the hortiblmde 
 nthidt* coiitttiii a latgH proportioi. ■>( inBgiU'tite in grainn. Strike N. 
 U> W. This locality in liuoctly n tu ■ contact of the fjranites with 
 the Iwsio rocks, liH for sevfTiil mile* u| ' e west Nidu of Koj{u'nk liuy 
 only coarHo ^ronite wa^ uiet wit' 
 
 A hiiiiliiii; wax niii<lc on u k '' 
 li.iy whi-rt' iiit'diuiii-Kraiiit'il It 
 j,'nei»sos (30 10-41) w»to found ■ ■' 
 hornblende schistf. Strike N. 
 
 Al)out Mi-.takt' b.vy similar u. 
 land, .Hiiinu >if tlit- broken i>aii>l 
 woftthering. 
 
 i 1 ' )l. the HKiitli |)(iint iif Kdgnliik 
 •1 l> I ite and biotitc iniiscoviie- 
 1 I , bi. .-(tn I'anditof mica and luica- 
 W 
 
 < ■ ^ . .Ill* m»'' 
 
 h'"'llljii'i : ■ 
 
 1 
 
 '111 ttio ninin- 
 U'inj; rusty- 
 
 Tlie next cxpip-uro oxuniincd » m as ■' 'atul alMmi time iiiiJeH 
 
 olFlhu nioiilii iif the NnulitTfikvik r' erwhi- it- dark li'irrililciidf 
 
 iiiica-scliisto>e iriieisH cir by dyke nt' liai iv ;i,r<' -n \ li(irnblend('j.'rnnitt' 
 ( 14)contaiaiii',' iiiiicli bluish ii|ialijticent <|uart/ wiili mii^netite and some 
 mica. Uoth rocks nro cut by d;, kes of (le-imatite f Klj containinj.' oon- 
 ^iderablc liluish nuartz wliili> iIh' feldspar is beautifully nioll'itl yellow 
 .' >d lU'sii f<il. 'iiie Hchistoso gneiss is in ctmtact with u niiua ;{raiiito 
 ■ hich near th' contact !>< linogiained but elsewhere very coais<,> in 
 iriture. ^••trike of schists N.S.W. 
 
 (>n the islands west of Alle Harbour is a coarse mica-fjranite ^^neiss 
 incK si; ^ large masses of line di ibaso (40) and bedded schist,,. Some 
 (f the Bc! .jtosediorite (l,"i) is pyritiferous and all of the dark meks are 
 penetrated by many dykes of pegmatite, (in the maiidand opposite, 
 the rooks are largely granitic (17) and are cut by a noner diabse 
 dyke forty feet wide, and running nearly parallel to the foliation. 
 The gneiss near the contact with the dyke contains tonsidnable 
 chlorite. No further close examination of the rocks was tnado 
 .tH>ff^ Mopowell narrows was reached, but from the yacht the 
 i.slands north of Portland promontory and the mainland to the south 
 of that place were seen to be similar dark gneisses and schists, inclosed 
 anil cut by light-coloured granites and gneisses, which preponderate 
 over the dark rocks on the mainland. On the mainland at Hopewell 
 narrows the rocks are chiefly coar-se-gramed mica hornblende-granite- 
 gneiss foliated with fine-grained li^ht-bluish very silicioua mica-gneiss 
 which may bo an altered impure quartzite such as occurs on the Hope- 
 well islands, in the unaltered rocks found there. This fine-grained 
 gneiss is in broken bands inclosed in the coarser gneisses. KJimilar 
 gneisses were seen to occupy the mainland to alxiut four miles south 
 
 ' 
 
DKTAII.KI) UKitCRIFTIUHt <i» KO( K KXI'UXIItkH 
 
 )U II 
 
 : 
 
 of Mojm'WpU point, whore they were nKnin *>xatiiini>(l nw\ tnun>l tc» In- 
 liii'^i'ly ciHirxo rp<l mien ;.'n<>iNt< incliminj; liioknn hariiN of <lrtrk mien m' 
 inicik'lMiriiMfndo Ht-hiNlN u^unlty vnry Hiliciou^. 
 
 Tim oiirnc Brrtincl granitic r«ok» pritloininalfi iilniij; thf intiiri'ainl 
 soulhwftrd to Ikm'oh'I th<> mouth (»f tho NrtstupoUii river, .itnl .-is well 
 n tlio (litrker sohiln-.r ^ir i-t-cv. thejr in lose iit intervals alnii;} (lie 
 •;onst, lari»o piitchii uf triip uftcu hut littl'- fohatcd ajiil closely ri'sem 
 bliiiK that ()v*>rlyin!{ tiie unnltcred Hediiiii'ntary t'cRh of the Hojm 
 well isl:tnd-( and (he ooaNt furth'T Houtiiward. 
 
 (h\ th.- iii() made inland t'loin V liale |)ii;!,i ti> L tke Minlt>. tlie 
 rix'ks ( ."iwh'Tc ni»"t with t\.r "ix'-y luiU* Wfrc ul. ;<ranitio, ii<iiai y 
 Coar.He {{rained and oftiti havire,' an !iUa»'!iK'»''''"' ""'Ui^l'"' 'l"' ("■»' 
 vai ui{ eolniir will pink, wIiIp u'-a. of darker red and sii ra, ihIi, 
 
 Very few inoliisions of tin- sclii-stoMe jjnei-iiies were noted until within a 
 few niiloM of" the enil of liie oxploratiun "« L-ike Minto where lar^e 
 lllii'seii of Im.iicM. hists «nd diorites wero found ini losed in the granites. 
 
 The extensive aren of ermntry lyiiit: lx>t».r ri (ireatand Little \Vhnlo l.nire nr<n of 
 river* and extending irdand some fifty n\ilp« is nUni almost wholly '■''^"" '" "* 
 occupied i>y jjninitic fiM'kn, uly u few hrnken handed •• ■|ii><toi«e ^'neisxes 
 nt rnre intervals were >een tiurini; tli>' exploniticn ot the northern 
 1 lanches of the (Jreat Whale river. 
 
 Y,ie eonst t'loiii a few miles houth of tie mouth ef the Na.staiioka ■^'■''•"'' 
 I 11,11 1 1 I > I ■ ,. iniulii I'll 
 
 nver Houiliwanl to r.i'\t harliour. ^ .i;!!; uiileH north ot the uiouth ot tlnr-tir m. k*. 
 
 (ireat Wliale river is occupied liv a series of unaltered eiistic rocks 
 
 associated with hedded trap-^. l'"urllier south these rueks cnly oicur 
 
 as patches on the ni iinland and the sniiiil islands as far .south as Cipe 
 
 Jones, the leinaindor of the coast liein;^ composed of the it vslalline 
 
 series, j;raiiite as usual ])rf dominating. 
 
 At Cape jMnes the point is formed of medium<;raint (i lif.'ht- 
 frray ind fjreenish Motite-gneisses (130) eonipo.scd Inrj^'ely of iju: -tz 
 and feldspiir ; when in larj;e masses they are not well foliater They 
 cut and in. lose mas'^es of ^^reath* eontorted dark jjreenish liiotite 
 hornhlende gneiss and also a <lark-(,'iein ru.sty weatheriiijj fjiieiss rich 
 in g^^npl and pyrite. (Jeneral -rike S. HO" \V, 
 
 In p'aces, cracks in tl.-i gneir^=es have been tille 1 wit' hrownibh 
 weathering dolomite thus forming a dolomitic gneis.; i rcccin. At 
 (^he Indian encampment at Cape Jones, the j;runite is very citirse in 
 texture with a rough uugen-grieiss structure. It i.s intima'ely inter- 
 foliated with dark micasehist nd appears to have been injected as 
 small dykes along the foliation planes of the latter. 
 
 
iL' r) 
 
 KAST COAST OF HUDSON HAY 
 
 ^■1 
 
 It M^ 
 
 u>f(! ill 
 
 m:itinf;i'*l 
 
 ,.f|,i,,.s. 
 
 Oil iin islund iibout one mile north of the mouth of the Pixhop 
 l?oggivn river medium-grained pink and nd Ijioute gneiss was found 
 cutting and inclosing huge niiisses of very dark, inedium-grainid 
 biotito-dii.rite (131). Strike W. Abi.ut the same distance south of 
 tlie river similar rocks were seen. 
 
 At Atlikuan, light pink and gray, medium-.^'rainod biotite-gneiss, 
 not well foliated (133), contains a few angular fragments and broken 
 liands of dark bivsic schist. In places the liglitcoloured gneiss is very 
 coarse ;<raincd and its feldspar is often decompo.sed to sausserite, the 
 rock being in such places exceedingly fractured. Strike S. C.'> W. 
 The same coarse-grained light-pink gneiss, holding small fragments of 
 dark schist was noted on t!ie inlands four miles south of Attikuan and 
 again five miles further south. 
 
 Medium to coarse-grained gray and pink biotite gneiss (l.T I) some- 
 times containing much epid«te occurs at Kakachischu.in on the north 
 point of Paul bay. 
 
 At Pipestone gutway the i-ock is a red coarse augen-gneiss holdins.' 
 many bands of dark pyroxene gneiss (1:57). Strike N. 80' W. This 
 mass is cut by a dyke of diiba'-c 170 feet wide and running S. .50 E. 
 Mul being thrown by a heavy fault it appears on iin island to the 
 westward. The dyke close to the contact on Iwth side- !s very llne- 
 .;rained and compact, but towards the centre it h more coarsely cry- 
 stalline (12o- 136-1 38). Where coarsely crystalline it is about half 
 decomposed and this decomposition product is used by the natives in 
 the manufacture of pipis. Alongside the main dyke on its east siiic 
 is a smaller dyke about one foot wide ; it is very fine-grained and 
 almost glassy. 
 
 At Wastikun island and on the islands of Stromness hnrlwur, the 
 rocks arc largclv red, coarse biotite-gneiss with broken bands of dark 
 basic schist and gneiss. 
 
 On (iovernov ishind, off the mouth of Hig river, a largo mass of dark- 
 green dioritegneiss is cut by coarse retl augen-gneiss (UI); strike 
 X. 19' W. The dioritegneiss is evidently a squeezed and decomposed 
 diabase, as in many places a porphyritic structure with small rounded 
 crystds of pale green plagioolase is still seen ; in other places it ha-. 
 l)een fractured, partly decomposed and drawn out into overlapping 
 bivnds. Where the basic schist occur.-i in small masses in the gneiss, it 
 is of a lighter colour and is more feldspathic with much mica. 
 
 1 
 
 
 [mi 
 
•] 
 
 DETAILED DKSCHIl'TIONS OK liOCK KXl'OSUKl;«< 
 
 C.i I) 
 
 1 
 
 :. 
 
 Two miles south of the last exposure.coarse, pink biotite-hoi nljl.tule 
 augen-gneiss was again met with on a small isiiiiul. This };tioiss under 
 the microscone shows signs of great pressure '•')• '*' '" only horn, 
 bkndic in patches, and in some places is garnet-bearing. It inclo>ses 
 large masses of fine to medium-grttined, very ([Uartzosp, biotile-jnoiss. 
 pink and gray in colour (142.) These rocks have a distinctly clastic 
 appearance, and are probably altered impure (juartzitcs or arkose. The 
 iiiicroscopie examination bears out, this vifw (1 U-M5), as tlio ijuartz 
 in places is stcn to lie in elongated grains. Again at a small island about 
 two miles beyond the last, the.se rocks (lit)) are met with in idcn 
 tical conditions, and are here cut by a huL'e dyke of diabase 210 f e. t 
 wide running N. 20' \V. ll is tine-grained near its contact with the 
 gneisses, moderately coarse in texture towards the middle and ev< ly- 
 where slightly porphyritic (117). 
 
 In Aijuatuk bay the augen-gneiss predimiinates, but there are many 
 con.sideral>le bands of the fjuart/oso tine-grained gneisses which have 
 the appearance of altered elastics (142). The ish.nds oH' th.; north 
 point of Aijuatuk bay arc largely coar.se, pink and re.l biotite-gneiss, 
 ..tten with an au^eu gneiss structure. They cut medium In fine ,-., 
 •;rained dark schist-; atid gneisses, some of wiiich are s.iueezed dioiites 
 (148) while others are very (|Uartzose and are pr.jbably s.iuee/ed 
 elastics (149-1 TiO.) These bainN '.pear to have been injected with 
 numerous thin bands of grani along the foliation planes ; strike 
 S. 70- W. The rocks on the small islands oft tie middle of ii.>' bay 
 .ire red unfoliated biotite granite cut by small dyk. of diabas. ( 1-">1 ). 
 On EftrtlKjuake island the piedoininating rock is fine to medium- 
 grained pink and red biotite hornblende granite, largely unfoliated and 
 apparently ir .losing largo angular masses of a coarse, lighter coloured 
 hornblende-granite. In places this lattei- granite has a porpiiyiilic 
 structure due to large crystals of white feldpar. All ant highly .-^bat- 
 tered and the cracks often filled with re»l oxide of iron. At the south 
 end of the i.sland the granitt; is lighter-coloureil and is mixed with 
 broken bands of very quartzose schistosi' mica-gneiss (l-'ri, 15."). All 
 are cut by many small veins of pegmatite at times holding numerous 
 small crystals of biotite. Strike N. 80 W. 
 
 At the point of the mainland opposite Eartlnpiakt! island the same 
 coarse red pink granite (ir)4) occurs holding broken bands of darker 
 gneisses. The granite is most abundant on the shores of Dead 
 Duck bay. At the south point of this bay the rock is wholly coarse 
 augen-gneiss, in places unfoliated and cut by many large dykes of reil 
 pe-Trnatite. Where oil cracks oneur in the granite and peginntite the 
 feldspar is much decomposefl and dark red in colour. Strike N. 75 \V. 
 
 
64 D 
 
 EAST COAST OF HUDSON BAY 
 
 M 
 
 (' illtMlIS 
 
 ilitticii.t tM 
 (letrntiin--. 
 
 At Gray Uoase islands there am medium to line -grained, pink and 
 gnvy very quartzose biotitegneissos (156- 157) separated from overlying 
 finur-grained biotite yneias by ten feet of a coarse hornble.ide dioritic 
 granite (155) much broken and cemented by pegmatite. Several large 
 dykes of red pegmatite cut the gneisses which appear to have lieen 
 inler-foliated with thin sheet- of granite sometimes carrying hornblende. 
 All are cut by small dykes of very finegrained diabase (I5<»). The 
 schistose gnoiss>-8 appear on the main shore about a mile north of Long 
 pr.int and continue for about a mile south of the point when they are 
 cut out by the coarse augen-gneiss. On the mainland opposite Burnt 
 isl.md, course biotite and biotite-hornblende-augen-gneiss, light pink 
 and gray in colour, were found inter-sheeted with more or less regular 
 bands of highly quartzose biotite-gneiss (ICO) usually dark pink in 
 colour and sometimes holding small garnets. There are also dark 
 schists, usually micaceous but at times hornblendic. 
 
 All are cut by small dykes of fine grained pink granite which is 
 banded parallel to the length of the dykes and so does not conform to 
 the gencrd foliation. The augen-gneiss being i; rupted along the folia- 
 tion of the quartzose gneiss, there is often difficulty in determining,' 
 their contacts. 
 
 On P>urnt island, the coarse augen-gneiss predominates and in 
 places contains large patches of quartzose gneiss, the foliation of which 
 does not conform with the general foliation and which appear to have 
 been originally large fragments of clastic rock floated in the granite 
 ningma. Strike S. 80° W. 
 
 Near the mouth «)f the Beaver river these rocks (IGl) are cut by a 
 large diabase dyke which has broken into and incloses fragments of 
 the granite along its walls. 
 
 At Comb hills the rocks are chiefly medium to coarse grained dark- 
 pink biotite-hornblende gneiss often containing large crystals of feld- 
 spar. These are associated with light-gray and pink, very quartzose 
 biotite gneisses and dark biotite and hornblende-schists. Thev are all 
 cut by large dykes of very quartzose white pegmatite. Several large 
 <Iykes of diabase cut these rocks on the outer islands of Comb hills 
 
 On Pigeon island coarse and fine-grained light to dark-gray schistose 
 hornblende-biotite-gneisses (162, 163) are cut by a fine grained pink 
 granite-gneiss which also incloses a dyke, five feet wide, of diorite 
 gneis-^^ Strike S. 85° W. The next exposure examined was on a 
 small island, five miles north of T<oon point, where the rocks were 
 
] 
 
 DETAILED OE-SCKIFl'IONS OF P.OrK KXP'isI'ltlvS 
 
 55 I) 
 
 inosily very (|uiirtzoso ijriiy biotitc-gneisses ( i5."<, bU, \''i'>) soiuctiiueft 
 holding small dark-red g.irnets and at tiinei linrulilende. Tlii'v arf 
 associated with fewer bands of pink gneiss and arc .ill tut by lar^; 
 dykes of nrnrly pure red orthoclase. Strike N. •"*•') W. 
 
 At Loon point tliere are about oOO yards of d u k -^loen chloriti ; 
 schists si-parated by sevoial Inmds, fioiii one to lii.n fccc thick, of i 
 light-coloured friable biotito gni'iss (KJii WIT), A tew of the dai ic 
 bands weather rusty from tho deeonip >• ition of dis-ciniuated pyrite. 
 They aie abruptly cut by pegmatite and liornblendr :jranitogneiss 
 ( li'i."<). 'I he abovt! are apparently sheets of alteied di li" ise which hid 
 been injected Ix'tweeii iho sandstone lie.is and both subsequently 
 aliereil liy jir<»ssuro a:id heat during the periiKl of ihe granite intrusion. 
 
 I'lio I'ainl Hills is^inds are arranged in twt> chains extendingout fii in 
 a dctp bay in a southwest direction upwards of ten miles and, after au 
 interval of six mile-, form the Solomon Temple islands. All 
 the islands are formed from a sheet of diabase of which the brfuolli 
 vnrios from three to live mile- anl which continues inland in a iiorth- 
 eist direction froiii tlie head of ilie bay, thus having a known length 
 of upw.irls of tnentv miles. Or: tlie-,e islands all vaiieties of diabase are 
 found, ro.;ethii' with all for.ns i>i its decom|iosilio!i pioducts atid altera- 
 tions due tu prrs>;ii:'. 'ine eastern end of Walrus i^i uid is occupied by 
 a large in.ass of curious porphyritic augite-syenito (iG',1, 170, 171, IT .', 
 174) composi'd al.iio.st whoiiy of porpluritic crystals of pearly feldsp.ir 
 .^I'rthite) which vary in colour from light pink to tiesh-rcd and violet 
 tints and occur in long, thin crystal- up to two inches in h ngth ; along 
 with 1 ho feldspar is dark green augite, often compleiely changed to 
 epidote, especially in the vicinit'' of a large dyke of the newer diabase, 
 where tlio granite is deep tie 'i-red and its pei.'ii;Btite contains large 
 masses of beautifully crystalli/ed epidote together with tourmaline and 
 a brownish mineral (dat.alile !) Tiio syenite i- penetratidby many 
 small veins of quartz carrying small (iuantiti<'s of puite. 
 
 The iliaba'-e dyke which alters the granite is TJO feet wide and is 
 very coarsely ervstalline towards its mid<lle. This area of granite is 
 ne'ver t)i;ui the diaba.'=ic -cliists which it has displaced and it inrloses 
 fiaguients of tiie schists along tlie contacts. 
 
 The remainiier of Walrus il ind is occupied by alter- d diaiiase ( 177- 
 17"*) and the phenomena alr-ady described in connection with the 
 :Mias of Cape Hinith are here seen veiy perfectly illustr^ited. Fii [ilac^s 
 the unloliated ma.ssive diabasi; is seen, in other placc^ it has l)een 
 fiacturerl ■•vifh ,i niughly I)a.sa!tic .struct;:re and the priiiii;;! ^Imjw .-i 
 
 t. 
 
 Minis 
 l'..iiii. .| it 
 ■lull:.-. 
 
 .Vlt.i. 1 
 
 li-li.M— . 
 
 ■ Si 
 
66 D 
 
 EAST COAST OF Hi:USOX DAY 
 
 Mineral 
 cluniH. 
 
 SlKMluillI'Df 
 
 and ilaiikiit 
 
 decomposition rim of green hornbleiule, while the spaces between the 
 prisms ar" i'ille<l in part by calcite and i|ui>rtz. Agiiin pressure hns 
 elongated .'he prifims and induced foliation which in the extreme j)ha;e 
 causes the r'ck to pass into a well foliated banded schist alternating 
 dark and light with thin bands of ealcue and (|uartz formed from the 
 masses tilling the original cracks in the basalt. This alteration, due to 
 pressure is further coirplicated by various alteration products formed 
 from the decomposition of the original diabase which itself vaiied from 
 a fine-grained basaltic form througii various textures to a very 
 coarsely porpyhritic variety inclosiiiL; crystals of light-coloured plasfi'i- 
 clase several inches in diameter ami thence into anorthosite (ISJ). 
 These rocks therefore now afford all varieties of chloritic hornblendic, 
 epidotic and other basic schists (175,17t'>. 181,197) as well as non- 
 foliated masses of similar rocks (190,1 73, 180,207.) The other islands of 
 the Paint hills and Solomon Temple groups are formed of similar foliateu 
 and altered diaba.se, sometimes associated with thin bands of friable 
 sandstone and fitie graphitic schists (201-202). In a number of places 
 the squeezed diabase is rich in j.y -ite which on analysis was found to 
 contain a small quantity of silver but no g'ld. The pyrites appears to 
 occur in segregation masses along certain bands and some of these 
 ma.sses contain many tons of ore and have l)een staked as mineral 
 claims. 
 
 On the northern island the schists are cut by many dykes of granite 
 and pegmatite. There appears to have been at least three series of 
 these dj-kes the oldest being a red hornblendio, syenite or granite, (183, 
 184.1.'^'),186,187,188), the second a lighter coloured biotite-granite 
 while the last was a pegmatite usually very ([uartzose and carrying 
 pyrite and in places molybdenite. Some of these pegmatite dykes, 
 especially on the outer northern islands contain much green feldspar or 
 amazou stone. All these dykes in turn are cut bj' the newer diabase 
 dykes, (19o.) The general strike of tiie foliation of the schists is 
 S.Ci.j'W. In places the hornblende dyUes or augite syenite (18'.), 190- 
 191,192,133) have been badly fractured and the fragments rounded 
 and inclosed in the green schists, thus forming excellent examples of 
 catycla.<^tic conglomerates. In a loo.se block found near the contact between 
 the epidote and the large diabase dyke on Walrus island the ra^e 
 minerals .'^podumene and danalite were detected by Dr. Hoffmann (229). 
 The contact between the schists and gneisses (196- 200) on the northern 
 side of the mass is very compliealed bands of both Ijeiug mixed together 
 and with hornblende syenite (205,204,203,199,198). To the southward 
 of Paint hills the granites and light-coloured gneis.s .again occupy the 
 shores and inlands ; and at Watt island the prevailing rock is medium- 
 
j 
 
 If 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 «.] 
 
 tJKTAlLEl) DEMCHIPTIONS OK BOCK EXPOSIRKS 
 
 G7 V 
 
 g.ain.d li,ht-gray, vary ,,«nrtzose biotite-gueis^ wuh many fractured 
 Lnds of dark mica and n>ioa-l.or„blende schis... ^11 are cut by 
 many dvkes of n-d pegn.atite. Strike S. 80 W. About M..ar l.vy the 
 sau,^ .,uartzose gne.sses and dark-schists are seen, cut by r..! granUe 
 and pegmatite., the irrupted rocks increasing towards the «outh_s,de 
 of the biy, where .nore than half t».e rocks are granit^-s. Strike y.,.> 
 At the .outh point of M-ar bay the light coloure.l .neisses (208) a.e 
 a-ain most abundant ..nd are .ccon.panying with tiiick Unds ot d:u k.r 
 schists (-209); accomi^anying the darker s .hists are bands of pink. ^h 
 quartzite, which have the ap,^arunce of baVed nandst^ne. Str.ke 
 N.So'W to N.")5\V. 
 
 From Moar bay southward to the islands of Cape Hoik- the rocks 
 are largely a coarsely crystalline biotite hornblende gneiss (210 -I -, 
 •.13). very" poor in quartz and often containing epidote and although 
 'now lolia'ted, they were originally irr.pted granite cutting and inclosing 
 broken bands and fiaun.ents of q.iarlz-e gneiss.s ^I-IH and Uai k 
 schist., many of these l)ands bain- -arnnt bearing. .">tri ^.; 
 
 The prominent islands of Cape Hope are formed from another are.i 
 of squeezed diabase (217) similar in character to that of the Paint 
 hills but containing less pyrite. The m.s is cut by a similar system 
 of acidic dykes, the ohhs-, being a tine-grabu-d hornl.lende-.amte 
 C-IG), the next in age a lighter coloured granite (2lo) wide the 
 newest are pegmatite (214). The .chi.ts and dykes cutting them are 
 all traversed by dykes of nt;Nver diabase. 
 
 In the northwestern part of the large island there are veins or 
 bands of calcite included in the schists which hold many hne crystals 
 of dark-red garnet up to an in. h in diameter. From Cape Hop- to 
 the East Main river the rocks s,.., were all gr«iutu- (218) and inclosed 
 only a few bands of da,k schists. Strike 8. 75^ W. At the mouth of 
 the I'last Main river the.e is a light-pink epidote-syemte (219 \ erj 
 line exposures occur ah.n, the coast betwe. :he mouth of the East 
 
 Main river and Hiierriek mount, the ro.k: co. out ..n!y at long inter 
 
 vals in 1 w points an-l islands. Six miles son-h ..f the Kast Mam nver 
 is a small island of squeezed diaba.- (220). The next exposures are a. 
 a low rockv point just south of the Kaniapiskau nver, where the roek 
 is a dark-gray schistose mica-gneiss (221) full of dark red game s 
 mueh decomposed to mica. Strike N. 75" W At I.>on p.i.t s.m.hr 
 schistose gneisses (223) occur ; they are often >e.y quartzase, and are 
 cut by large irregular dykes of white pegmatite which in places con- 
 tain crystals of biotite up to three by Hve inches in s.ze S nke N 
 80^ W All :.re out by a <lyke of rusty diabase fortv feet wide (..>,. 
 
 \i 
 
 .Vcidii- ilyke> 
 
 Lhw tiut 
 iiy?ti«l- ill 
 
68 D 
 
 K\sr co.\sr OK Hudson iuy 
 
 m 
 
 At .Shen-ick rnount^aiid on the wlaiuls around it, the very .jiuwizose 
 mica-gnHisses (JJl, p.evail and are as-ocmted with dark ha-^ic schis 
 tose gneisses s„me of which contain pyroxene. All those schists and 
 gneisses usually contain much garni-t (2l'."» ■2-2(]--2->7-228). The.e loiks 
 are out by coarse -rain-.l, often porihy. iti.- biotitc-ranite-gneiss which 
 IS at times hornblen.iic ; and all are trav ersed by largo dykes of winte 
 pegmatite. Strike N. t<.j' W. to N. tiO" W. 
 
 The last rock exposure in the southern part of James bay is s-een at 
 .Stag ro3k* where the rocks are .lark biotite quartzito conthinin.' 
 many garnets interbanded with light-ray quartzitc holding lit til 
 garnet or mica. They are cut by large dykes of light-i-ray pegmatite 
 containing much bliii.sli quartz. A fine grainnl pink or grav gianite 
 alsocut.s the schistose bands. Strike X. >S5' \V. 
 
 I'll.llttTi'l 
 
 »«liiiiijntiiry 
 
 iiK-k». 
 
 Camhriav. 
 
 G'Uinal Observations. 
 
 The islands lying along tli«! coast from Portlan.l pr.^montory to Cape 
 Jones are forme,l of a ptacti,:a!ly unaltered series ot sedimentary 
 rocks, often associated with outflows of trai'. These rocks are also 
 found resting conunuou.sly upon th ■ granites, and associated crystal- 
 line rocks ..f the mainland from a short distance south of the inouth 
 of the N:.stapoka river to I'.oat harbour in Manitounuk sound, and 
 beyond there in broken patches as far as Humbug (ilambufi,' ? ) 
 harbour, sonio thirty miles south of Great Whale river. These rol'ks 
 of the islands and the mainland all dip westward or .seaward at angles 
 varying from 5° to 4.3-, and the bread ih of the strip resting upon 
 the mainland varies from a few yai.ls to uinvu.ds of twenty miles at 
 Richmond gulf, where they aitain their maximum development. This 
 series of rocks bears a close resemblance to those found along the 
 Ivoksoak and F[;.mikon rivers, in the interior „f Labrador, which were 
 called Cambrian in former reports, and are ela<s..| under that name in 
 the present rcpc.rt, akhough there is no fossil evidence for such a classi- 
 Hcation. They are probably older than much »i the granite cf the 
 Labrador peninsula, which has been calh^d Lauientian, and they are 
 probably the unaltered equivalents of many of the schists and gneis-e- 
 inclosed in and cut by these granites. t Except in a very few^place.s, 
 the contacts between these sedimentary rocks and the underlying 
 granites appear to be unconformable and due to faults, but in the few 
 places wliej-ethe^x)eks wejej^^en^to rest undisturbed upon the granite, 
 
 'KejKirtof Pn>ifrH>-., (J^J. Surv. Can., mr.-i^i^^f; l>, ih-T",, \^ 
 o,.iniii!::!rK:'a "'""""' """''" ''"'"''""^ •" "'■''^'^ "'^ ^ns«;.r,;:A'-;„i;. indivi.l„nl 
 
lO*. j 
 
 CAMiilllAX 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 69 I. 
 
 series, thus uiiiioubt- 
 
 the latter was found to ..ut and alter tlie liedded 
 edly sliowinj,' th,. ;,'ranite to he tlie newer rock. 
 
 This seriea of sedimentary rocks is larj-cly i.miposrd ,.f arko-e, f. 
 feldspatitic sandstones and -luart/ite, feldspalhic ar^'illite. ;;r<.ywai.ke,' "' 
 dolomites an<l li.uestoues, all more or less terru-i.M.us : ancfa'^.su.iHte.i 
 with them sills uiid .iykes of trpp and .lial.aso, which also , ccur as 
 surface tlow8. 
 
 Tiu' constituent matter of all the rocks (with the excepticm of the 
 limestone and dolohdt.-) is sucii as would allow th.-m midiiy to pass 
 into micaceous and liornl>Ieiidic schists and ;;neisses l.y the intrusion of 
 newer gmnites.* In some of the rocks of the lower portion of ;he series, 
 consisting as it does of l>eds ,.f ferruRinous feldspalhic arkose sandstones 
 and argillites, this change would readily take place from the accession of 
 heat and pressure due to such a granite intrusion ; and to the n..rth«ard 
 of Creit Whale river p?itches of such rocks weie found in a partly 
 alUred state inclosed in granite ; while to the northward of Richmond 
 gulf portions of the trap overflow are found inclosed and altered by 
 similar granite. As before stated the c.mtacts of the bedded rooks and 
 granite are usually unconformable and appear to be due to a nearly 
 horizontal movement of tlie bedded series subsequent to the intru- 
 sion of the granite, due to pressure acting from outside the great areas 
 of gnynite. This series of sedimentary rocks btung close to the sur- 
 face, and consequently above the line of folding, broke, as ice does upon 
 the shore when pressed from seaward, and piled cake on cake not only 
 upon unyielding granite but upon themselves. Their present positions r. , 
 show that such a horizontal pressure was oxerted upon them, as they '"" 
 lie in ridges, roughly parallel, with their dips seaward. The action '"^'' 
 of a similar thrust force is observed wherever these rocks have been 
 seen throughout the I^brador peninsula, the beds lying in a 
 series of ridges all dipping in one direction with broken cliff faces on 
 the opposite side. Along the east coast of Hudson bay there are three 
 such ridges of the first magnitude : namely, that of the coast line, that 
 of the islands, and anotht. which forms the outer islands from fifty to 
 seventy miles off the coast. 
 
 On the Koksoak river sixteen such ridges were noted in only the 
 eastern half of the area. The main ridges are themselves broken into 
 minor ones, and in Richmond gulf and on the Nastapoka isilands, 
 faults transverse to the direction of the main lines of fracture have 
 fractured the rocks up into immense blo<rk.s and interfered with the 
 symmetry of the dips, thus em phasizing the analogy which tlie.se rocks 
 
 * .'^CP l.vst f^>.^t-n^>te. 
 
 •llll«.-ltlllll 
 
 nit of 
 
 iz'ilK.ll 
 '*^U1P. 
 
 i 
 
70 D 
 
 KA8T COABT OF HUDBON HAY 
 
 bear .o.hore ice act«l upon by pr.«.uro from "— ;'.;';;^" ^^^^^ 
 piles the ice up in riHge« upon itself and the .hore. but al«> cau,e. it 
 to break into cakes. 
 
 Cftmbrinii 
 
 S^-etiiin nil 
 ISniusthlon 
 isIhikI. 
 
 DETAILED DE8CRIPTI0K OF CAM.UUAN KXP08CREB. 
 
 The unaltered Can.brian rocks were first met *ith on the south side 
 of P^tland promotory where they fonn th. HopeweU cha.nof .and 
 stretching south eastward along the coast for hfly m.les. A Portland 
 protolTry are large masses of diabase and dark sch.sU cut by dyk s 
 and mlL of granite, and these schists are probably the equivalents 
 of the trap outtlows which cap the bedded rocks of tins region. 
 
 The following is a section in descending order made on the island 
 at Hopewell narrows, at about the middle of the cha.n and .s f a.r ly 
 Iresfntative of the rooks exp.sed by tho mner chff of all these 
 islands, the rocks dipping seaward at low angles :- 
 
 Yeft. 
 
 chtflTof aiigit.. with » -mall amount ..f much « fr.^ ,. ..gu.- 
 cW T -.rooU flowed out at, or near the Mi.fac. and two 
 
 ,,attingH H.,ow that the flow occurred in three .mtbur^t, l'« 
 
 2. Light greenish-Bray quartuite (411). » 
 
 S Dark carbonoceoui! «hale and "haley liui. 'tone I ' ' Z '. ' 
 
 : Sain^ and green chert. .tain«. by oxi.le .,f iron, and conUm- 
 
 ing rhornV- of »iderite in gn.up. and bands (,*) _ 
 
 .V Light and dark-blue, Hne-grained, cherty <l..art«te^ ^^ ^^ 
 r. Uark-gtay -and.tone with oalcareouH partings »o that th.^ rock 
 T',rinto flag.. ContaiiiH many rounded gram- of tran- ^^ 
 
 ' iwrent quart/. jq 
 
 7. Bluish-white quartzite 
 
 To sea-level. 8S5 
 
 For thirty miles from the south end of Hopewell sound the coast i. 
 fi from islands and the rocks of the mainland are gran.te, wUh 
 IraJonal small patches of dark g.^en trap, resting upon them at 
 il als along shore. The islands of the Nastapoka cham extending 
 
 :r 'ot to three mil off the mainland, form an excellent protected 
 channel for vessels of all sizes. 
 
 The following section was taken on Broughton island the third 
 large island from the northern end of the sound, and nearly ■ pposUe 
 the mouth of I^ngland ri. .. Section in descending order ._ 
 
 4 
 
• 1 
 
 DKTAILKD UR8CRIPTI0N OF CAMIiniAN K\l-0«l'IIKH 
 
 1 I> 
 
 I; 
 
 r 
 
 1% 
 
 1. ]Mik i^rpfnixh, fprni(r>i><'iia clirrt, nlwayi conUiiiiiiK iiiorc or lei^ 
 
 iii.'iifnctit'', l>mk>'ti iiiM thin Ixind'* l>y |iuitlnirii uf iimtcni'tic op', 
 wliicli iiri' ii«iiully ti"i tliin to work without inncli Nt'|«irntioii 
 from the Ifnii ores. Thi«f rockii iit tiiiiiH contain splntchfi of 
 tikI jttKiukr anil of unki-riii' wliich Wfiithi'M lirownii<h i5< 57-."Nl. IVI 
 
 2. J>itrk iirjfilliuvotix nhalf, pre*'ni'»h on frw«h fratturi', briMk** into 
 
 ni«ty wcHtherinif lilocki 4l' 
 
 3. Lifflit I'luisli (fray tliirt 1 
 
 4. Kill j.i«pilytf, Kiii>iiilly Iwin in in>n I'Vi) K* 
 
 .■>. Dark Krt'<'ni»hjfr".V. niliciong Mhalf with thin iM^lnof grwn «inil 
 
 i*ron»'. t'onfftiii'* much chlorit** . . , »'• 
 
 tl. Fini'-graiiMHl, liKhtKn'«-niith f<'lil»|>nthio i>iin(t«t<>nf !l 
 
 C' mwalwl 10 
 
 7. Fiiii' (crainpd, liKiit-ffriHin, ft'Ul»|iatliir -aniUtoni' sjHitteil with 
 tiiiniitc livuwn nmrkH. In iK'aiy inaMsivt- liwln from ihrw li>t 
 
 to H\e fwt thick (,V>i ;'■<» 
 
 I?. Fint-|;rainiHl, irrifniKh-nrny, (freyMacke splittinK into Haga fioin 
 
 twototixii. •■» thick (J3) 2f>. 
 
 T<» i*('a-Iev*»I, 
 
 27tl 
 
 The above is a typical section of the northcvn islands of the Xasta- 
 pokii '.iiain, pxcppt that in some places the above strata are capped by 
 from twenty to fifty feet of irregularly wentheriig rusty l)eds. 
 
 The next section measured was on tl e south e'ld of Davieau island 
 and is as follows in descending order : — 
 
 F..-t. 
 
 1. Kuaty weathering, lirowni»hgray carlmnat'' of ir m, mixfd witli 
 
 l>rol.i II tliin Imnili of dark greenish cht-rt 'J') 
 
 2. Dark-giay chirt witli nuiny iiarting.i of ilarkhrowi. argilliU' CiO) 
 
 containing con»iiIi'ral)lc oxiilf of iron 120 
 
 3. Reil and green lean jani>ery ore with ferniginoiis <loloniit !•! partings. S 
 
 4. Hed and green silicious argillite .. .",0 « 
 
 S',1 level. ' 
 
 1!IH 
 
 Aliout the middle of Davieau island the following section wi's 
 oi>tained :- - 
 
 Feet. 
 
 1. Slinlev, Kilicioiin carlxmate of iron with tiancln of niansive dark 
 
 '.'lert from one to two inches thick 25 
 
 2. Rei; tine-grained arkoae containing much magnetite and hema- 
 
 tite (112) K 
 
 3. Hich JBBpillyte with thin pure lands of magnetite (113). ... 20 
 
 4. Dark-gray chert containing iKtich ditiseniinated magnetite ()il-ti3l y 
 .Se;i-level. , 
 
 •12 
 
 At the narrow part of Gillies island near its middle, there is an 
 e.'tposure of 100 feet consisting of 30 feet of rich jaspilyte over-and 
 uuJcrlaiii by gray ferruginous cherts. The forcg.jing section-, appear 
 
 S^HitionH on 
 
 Davieau 
 
 iHland. 
 
KAHT COAST or HII..NON llAV 
 
 II 
 
 S.-ctiiMi« 
 
 Ulucillfnl 
 
 to rein'CMfiit tlip iiiiddli' luds <if tlie seri"'* i>i tl.p Citiiil>riaii, tlif tf>]' 
 nnd Iwttoiii ImkIh Iwiiig wanting. 
 
 About Hiclunond ^idf tlii! CHUilirinn rockx me utdl icprcsi'nted on 
 tlie hIioi'c!! and ixlnnds. In fever*! plac-s contiirl.-. witli the ^jruniles 
 arc seen hut (-xcopt at till- north end of the nulf and in \Viai-ho«aii 
 bay the contiicts apjicar to Imve iicen due to faults suhsiini>-nt to the 
 intruviiun if the urnnito. At the noiih <nd of the j^uit' the };rani[e 
 was fiuind ciittinj; and a.leiin^i sandNtoncs and traji while at NViaohe- 
 wan bay whi-rc the samlstones almtt ajjain-l a l«r>{i' mass of coarse 
 granit<>, tliey are baked to a white qunrlzitc for ahout .'U f(>'t away 
 from th" jjranite and are jK'net rated i)y numerous small (|Uarl/ vrinn 
 
 The hi^h olifT ridjje, which separates the nu f on its westei-n .side, 
 fftmi the waters f>f Hudson bay, exiliits everywiiere line sections of 
 rock. Tiiese sections diiclose an unconforniity U-tween the upjer and 
 lower l)eds of tiie formation chummI by a thrust of tin' upper beds nvoi- 
 the lower. The line of fault forms an acute an^'le to the bedding 
 plane and in consecjurnce the l)eds of the portion above the fault are 
 thicker as they are traced southward. 
 
 The following de.seending sections wore taken at intervals along the 
 coast ridge from the north end of Hichniond gulf to Little Whale river 
 ands^iow the thickening of the ui)per beds at tiir north end <if 
 Richmond gulf: — 
 
 Ff.t. 
 
 1. Dark-Kvwn i«ii|ilivriticiliiilwi<e u<i 
 
 2. Li^flittsiUmrnl ojiiHistoni' witli a ftw thin liaii>l» of Iniff Wfntlier- 
 
 iii); iluloiiiiti' (1(17) 4.') 
 
 3. YfllowisliBtiitluring flncgraiufsl silicioux liiiiratone, with uiub' 
 
 sive, liiiff weathering litslsni-ar t.i|i 75 
 
 I'lu-uiifiiriiiity. 
 
 4. lU'low this the r(ick»i are uicditim to fine (jraiiied ark^iM' and 
 
 '(uai tzite with occ.^sil mal l«nils of tiller red felsjiathie sand- 
 
 »t..lie lUH) 7!K| 
 
 Section of c.'ast ri>ik« on .-KUth i-ide Little W'h.'^le river tw.j niili'> 
 inlanil ; — 
 
 1. D.irk Kreen Iraii or ilia'iftse |.y) 
 
 2. I)ark(rrey Haj,'" "f iiii|mre Haiidstone with vellinv «|ii>iii, and winie 
 
 thin sandy i'aini" ;^;t . 
 
 ;t. Light-pink and gr;iy .sjindstone 10 
 
 4. Dark-gray cailKinacemis Haiuihtone, witli shaley liine.'<ti>iie, and 
 
 • ■lack pliale, the sand^tolle giving out toward tliu t p, m> that 
 
 the upiier feet is iii.)r.tly sh.ile. with a few tliin Iiiiie<t..|ie ; 
 
 liandu ;)(i 7 
 
 .">. Light-gray ».uiUi«tone. part-l l.y thin ix-ds of ariiiaeisnis lime- ^ 
 
 stAine .j;, 
 
 (i. Light-lHifT weath.r. light-lilue silieiouR limestone with many iKirt- 
 
 i:::-^ ::! !ii.-ht !:!;:. : !::Tt. «. ttiat tl* .■■].[*-! '.-il f.-! :- !l::^-;.-y . i-j 
 
/ 
 
 1.1.1 «ii,i:i' nK-iCiiinioy ok cxMiiiinx Kxt'o,--! mk« 
 
 ■:? 11 
 
 7 
 
 A 
 
 ". I<ii<ti I- .l.niri'.l ilicity liiiii«tiim% Wfatd. niiit luitf, uikI full <.l 
 C'JiviMis lilli^il Mjtll liuart/. nliri ullllitllnllK Wi'Utlii'll'il |>,irif<> 
 ittiti >><>>n'-rtiiir> ^al>'iia nii>l li'u-rrlt' ;t<t 
 
 K M'Tf cii!ii|.act li^lil t'l\H' I l.trly liiip'^'im' Iiiii 
 
 r'ciiicfiiii-ii ."ill 
 
 II. l.iKlit t(i'< y raii'UtuiM , hiililiMii ui:tiiy tilix k> nl ilitrt, liml I'ui iiiiiik 
 
 an iiiiK"''"' '•'I""''* I •" 
 
 ('iMlKl<'!llfr:l!t' . , **» 
 
 10. Li;.'li' liliiMc'ii-ityil'il .iiiii.' wi-atlifriui.' I'ulf. uilli i.:!!!-!!!" "i ilarl. 
 
 I.lu>' i-ln-it . -JIm 
 
 riKi.iifi'iiiiity 
 
 11. ('•■ai'H.', rlml i''l. aik.1.11' ('••n jo-i-.l clii-ilv <if ic I ffli|»|«ii-, iIivmih- 
 
 [III.U..I l|.it-i))>)rii<lt anil ijiKiM/ in iitMiIr* , 1".* 
 
 Tii drift |i!;iiii. 
 
 •J.I ('•7 
 
 Kr in till' (iliovf two .si'i.t,iiii.;i it will Ir,' sii'ii tlnit tin' sctliiii iiijiry 
 
 iiciis U't ween the trup Ciip)iiii^ mid thu iiii('<inforiiiut>l«> urki'ii' Ih-Iow 
 
 ilicroaseiii tlii(jkm><8 from liOtfiaiit tlii' noi'llieiul nf Hiciiiiiiiinl i;\ill'tii, 
 
 ()7- feet lit l^ittU'WIiaie river, wiiil<> an intoriiiiKliat'"Mcti«m tiikcii on tln' 
 
 south siile of the nutlet of l{ichiiiiiit<l jjulf tiivpit » tliu-kni-xK of !\\7) tVci 
 
 for the siiiiic jMirt of the M'lie^, while to tlii' northwaril of the lii>t m'c 
 
 tion they thin out nltoijethfr ienvirij{ the trap rentin*? uiiiii the iiikuse 
 
 of the lowor portion. Tliin thickening' of the Iwds ciiiiiiot lie liuo t" -I'lii,.; , i,,,,^ ,„ 
 
 irresulnrities of dpiiositi'in hut to n f.mlt ami ihru.^t wliifli lias cau.>n!«l i**!"'!"'' t>' n 
 
 111 1- '""'' *"" 
 
 theui and thi' overl\inj{ traps to nvBriide tlif undfrlyiiii; arkoHC rocks, tlinw;. 
 
 The action of this fault is ohsiTMihle on the north side of the iinrrowg 
 of the outlet of Rtrhinoiid uuif, wliere a sni dl knoli of grnnite riaeo 
 into the be<lded Hcries and was oveiridden by the upper serieH which 
 ill 80 doing 'oUowid its contour on the western side hut did not desceiu 
 the eivstern slope leaving a space there which was uh^Pl|uolltly fillei' 
 by the breaking and dropping down of t.hc bedded rocks due to prey- 
 sure of their weight. 
 
 The following sections of the r^ck.s were made from the clifl's on the 
 shores and islands' of Richmond gulf, and are u.seful as givio'.' an idea 
 of the dilliculties encountered in forming an ideal section of the series. 
 On the west shore just inside the outlet there is a long peninsula con- 
 nected with the mainUnd by a narrow neck.* This peninsula is formeil 
 wholly of bedded rocks whieli vary in colour from nearly white to 
 dark-red, and in texture from a inediura-graincd sandstone, to a very 
 coarse grit, containing rounded pebbles of quarts and feldspar up to 
 two inches in diameter. Thet^e rocks are very quartzose and alway« 
 carry much broken and rouii.li'd feldspar, and hove evir't-ntlv been 
 forme<l from the disintegration of granitic rocks almost in plac-e, the 
 bedding boing arranged like dep()>its in a .shiilow sea as the flner Ixnis 
 exhibit signs of ripple marking. The rojks are such thot with the 
 
 * A deKcrii'tioii ami view of «'u>.t!i- |>i-iiiiiniila lire fi'wtin at pa^ H c, Rrfairt of 
 I'rogresH. U»y)l. Surv. (.'an., for 1S77, 
 
7* I) 
 
 KART COAMT ur IIUt)«0!( IIAV 
 
 Tliickii>> 
 
 J 
 
 :i 
 
 noce»«inii o( hcut anii prenmi!.^ they wouUI rMwIily i-cturn to » gneiwic 
 condition.* Thoso 1»«U nvcrywherc uii<irrlie the oth» r cliieiic ruck it uf 
 the MrifH utui itrt> prulmlily thn lo»eNi rtx-ksuf thnserinx, liul nowhere 
 w.is the L;i'Aili>tiun into thi> unaltered lower granites seen, fruin which 
 tliey are KU{>(iui<p(t tu have been derived. Th(> total thickneiut of these 
 bids a« PX]MiM'J on tlio {loninRulii is upwunlw of 500 feot an<l probably 
 nearer 1,000 fvet. Tlio following Rection in de-wendin); order whr 
 I taken nliin^ the clitron the xouth i>ide of the nttrrowR of Uirhniond 
 gulf. 
 
 Vnt. 
 
 1, l>:irk liniHii wry tiiii'-KrHJii"! ilinluwx' iiuK'lierKkMlBnd cpuwntfd 
 « ltd iiiipiir*' if.l nnil until cimrt (Sill 'iVf 
 
 :i. Vtiy Mm'|{niim'<lil«rk Ki'.iiii«liKtuy ilialMUu-, luucli »lmtt«Tt«l, ttif 
 fr.iniii.'iilD iifti II riHiiiiliil h«!«iirfii ; Hllfl « itii .iii iiiiimre rwl tliiTt, 
 •I I that in pincetf thu nn k haM tht' ii|>ti^ui'iiiieu uf k cuiifdiiiimralf ' 
 
 ('j">» sao 
 
 :l. LiicliliT Km-iiiKli-Knty •lii«l«M< sliglitly coanwr than (UO) ainch Itvii 
 
 frnctiinil (IIII 23b ■ 
 
 t^J'.ivccifttwl dark ^■rwIl ili»tia»', cut l.y a f.w niiiall ((uaitz veinn 
 iitxl uoiitniniii); aiiiall citv itii-n Hlltnl with <|unrti!, ami HixhcHildiirtHl 
 
 ciilcit« anil Hiiiiill ipiniititit'x I'f iiyiit** jOfl__ 
 
 Vtifitnformiijt. 
 
 Coiicculwl 300 
 
 .V l>:irk-gr«><<n tim'-|;r»in«{ frairniratcd diahiKe . . ."SllO 
 
 Ciincfnied 50 
 
 il. Dark rol arkoM', HiieKntiiieil and vt-ry niliciuuii (!>".') 1(W ' 
 
 1°. rVwnti' graiiKil Kray nrk>iw contuininK |irbbln of ((uartz and (el- 
 
 apar 11)1 to oiic-lialf inch diaiiif'tfr 10 
 
 f*. Mixed l»d« of dark rwl ureywai ke and arkow with mor« »iliciou« 
 
 »iid owrxtT imrtiiiKH (<!'!, 71, »l) (1 
 
 !l. .Ml' liiiiii grainwl pink itrkoM nanilruck ()>4) -I 
 
 I'l. l>ark yelluwi«lir«l arkiMe Mindrock 4 
 
 U. Liidit pink arkow >uind»ti>ni' (*!') 10 
 
 I".'. Dark piirpliKh-rt'd Kni'graimK) arkuHv IJ 
 
 1;5. (trH«'iiiHh iiieiiiuiii-gniiiiwl arktMt^ (r^)- ■ . , 2 
 
 11. Li(flitj{ipeni»h uompact iiiiart/.ite .' 1 J 
 
 ir». Light -pink arkoHe ^aiidvtriiic 7 
 
 Iti. Red bttnde<l arkose Mind-itone 3 
 
 17. LiKlitpink arkimf aaudstone B 
 
 l". Mixed dark and li(,'lit r.i| «an>I«t<mt' (Wl) 10 
 
 19. Liglit'pink and lightrsft landxtone 4 
 
 ■Jil. U«l l«iide<l and light-rt-d .sand«t<<iien . I 
 
 21. Li^lit- pink and li(fht-rwl "andntoiieit 2 
 
 2:.'. llande<l rtxl and light-red sundstonea 1 
 
 ■JS. Light-iiink and ri-<l 'aiidnton'-ti B 
 
 24. Rinded red and pink xniKNtonea 55 
 
 V -<'■■ l>ark-f(ray grrywacke, containing Kniall qiiantitieii of magne- 
 tite (7(1) 2 , 
 
 Vt, UAiidid pink to n-d arU'we laiuNttme (7(<) 300 
 
 27. Red arkoite with more angular fragments . . .... 50 
 
 Utiamfitrtiiita. 
 
 a, 101 
 
 * The •' Origin of (iiieinii ". TriK;. Am. .\ii»n. for the Adv. of Sci. 1889, pp.227 -31. 
 
 ii— ^ 
 
 MM 
 
 1 mil 
 
'1 
 
 nKTAIf.KO UIMCKIPTIO!! OH' fAMriKlvN F.MimrKKll 
 
 <.» 1> 
 
 J 
 
 TIi« inko»# IioiIk uf thw iM-niiiauIn ajipeiir to rt-K iiiiinmiiiitply Mow 
 tlm liliove section, and iherc is pnnailily l.iit. .i utile »ir»>«k ln-tw.-.-ii 
 
 t/K'in. 
 
 H#itinK unwMifornirtlily ui>.>n tli • iil«ni< in the folluwinc; flpicpwling 
 Motion rpprpsi-riting tli.' iipp*M- iiieinl»rs ..f ihe nfiie,, >,,j,,,rni,Hl fr.iii 
 the lower hy tho 0<mUl tlir!i<<t Uult l)i-t..ro iii. ntioneil. 
 
 tl.iri fcrniKiniiiii fnnt- 
 
 I'wt. 
 
 lot . 
 
 40. 
 
 IK) 
 ."Xi 
 
 I. I'.nk Krw-'ii. ftrn' fTiiin«l ilinlNim'. 
 
 'J. I'ink -Miil-t,!!' V. ith niinnT(iii« |««rtiiiK< of flark tiijMirni.ni* 
 
 »ll»lv . 
 
 X f.ii^lit (tnu .iikI (M.ik »ttn<i«l«n«, with 
 
 intra 
 
 I. U'liiti', en liii'- ((riiinwl wMKjHfmf 
 
 ' ' i|U'>"»ll'<l 
 
 .■>. ('.Jiff wcRtlH-rinK, liglitl.lii« it,.rty . iiiiiiit,., with iv ,iier. I !■ iii» of 
 cliert, ttii'i OKUsirifrmii- : .lirk.r cLiiifmI Im m- 
 
 ti, Ytlliiw wrrttti'-iimr, very till.' i/iiiiml liKlitliliU' v.-ry cliiTty iliilu- 
 liiito, with tl- 1, .irtiiiK" 'f iiijlii rii- cli ri 
 
 f'lillci';ll«l 
 
 7. Hiilf wiathfTimif. ilnik (jrav, »iil o -w Mni. niniic. u tli fr«-.|iiem 
 
 |wrtjn;<» of chirk chert. 1 In- liMie „r i" '\i\ .f ciiMtii^ lim.l 
 
 with quart!! anil c.iluit.., pyrit. uW l.l'ii'i., uul ■• lim.- ,.ih.iii, 
 l>'U nil t «i i«.atl>Ti>rt to Iw uf i«jiM ..it vuiii*-, ^ 
 
 To 'milt. ■ 
 
 iVA 
 
 Thfl iifxt nectioii was mad*" do.vn a si ,11 bi-.M^k failing into the i^-'ii''" at 
 southweNt corner of tlif buy foniipil l.y th,< pMninrsuln, just insiiJ.' tiie 7i!,A.u7,uT 
 entiai.oj t^i Kichmoiid gulf. i.-ulf. 
 
 This xeclion is from tlio fault dividing the upper Ijeds downward, as 
 follows : — 
 
 1. I»;irk grrt.iii«h(fr;iy. rii»ty br.."n-w«itheriiif{ (fr.-> wackf (7.51. . 
 
 2. Uiirk-Kri't^ii sriMvuin-kH (7,'). 74i 
 
 ;t. J>»rkgr..-n (TT-'ywackf, with hrriwn "piotchciiof j,i«|».ry on> 
 
 ■I. Liftht-griN sandriick, iiiottlH.1 with Kimtn of ( \i,le,,f 111,11 
 
 5. Dark-red Sii.. ifminwl i.hite grrywack-, ciiiuiiini y c<)ii»itl,r»l>h' 
 
 iron i>r« and small aii«iil:»r frH>tiiieiit» of jiKipr |N7) 
 (i. l>ark-rH arji illite, with small iiatohm of grwii (MS) . , \ 
 
 10 
 .")0 
 
 .-iS 
 
 ID 
 
 40 
 
 7. l>ark-gr««i »p!>tch«?i| ({reyw:iok 
 
 8. Darkrwl f.Trni;iiiou< i;ri.y\v icki-, with |«itinK.i of n ,} iirKJllit 
 it. Dark chf-rtv frreyw acke 
 
 10. Fink (ine-graine<l arki.Kc lian'Ntone 4 
 
 11. Darkml fprrugiiioim «ilieioiis greyw.K'ke jq 
 
 12. Mostly ilarkifTwii f.miKiiii.iis -plonhefl grcywacke with thin 
 
 l--nirl»of red gnyw:«k»' anil rwl argiUitv ;^j 
 
 13. Dark greeii, ttiniiiael, f.-miginoiw grtywMs'nt- with a few dark-nd 
 
 nl»t«-y haiidif J yj 
 
 14. Slialcv, red femicrinuiw chtti-t (iinpnrM tn^^tiotite-hematitj-!, U} 
 
 15. (Jf»*n, chorty rock uplotchwl and veined with re'l ju^iht J.yi 
 
 To shore. - 
 
 w 
 
76 1) 
 
 EAST COAST OF HUDSOX IIAV 
 
 J 
 
 The next nectioii is situatod four milen to the eastward on a hill 
 facing nortliwai'l. It is as follows in descending order ; 
 
 I. C'(iiir!-i'l) |")r|'ti.viitii- liiu- i^raiiifil clialaMx 10" 
 
 'J. Li^l't Imffwrutlicriiig ■liilMiiiitk- full 'if liRlitliliie clirrt iind carry- 
 ing mm.iII .pmiititicM'f lilemle 20 
 
 ;t. C'litTtv, litf-lit-l'liitf tiiiicntoiic c-oiitainiiij? iimcli pyriti- ami lib" 
 
 c-lu-rt '"« 
 
 4. D.iik »iliiMiMW liiiii'Ktoin' « itli partiiiK" "I ilark carlxiiinieiiiis xlialr !*0 
 
 5. Kill.- KiiiiiiKl, il.iik and liglit gray Haggy oaiKUU.ne v itii |«iling- 
 
 <if iliirkgriinifli uniiin-i-im» nliali- capiK-d with « thin U^i of 
 
 liglit Imrt wt-ath'Tiiig cliirty liiiMHtonc I"> 
 
 (i. Liglitlihu-, yi llow-wi-athcriiif.' iliiluniitic chert 3 
 
 C.Hicval.-d.'. '■"' 
 
 7. I )ark-grayish ( hi-rt '• 
 
 H. I,iglit-;;ray and white tine grained sind-toiip H"' 
 
 it. C.KUM- liijlitgiiiy »aiid»tii!ie ii.IoipImkI with rounded fragiiieiit < of 
 
 whit'- ield-|iar. ... 
 
 t". Liglit >.-iay .-aniNtone, iiiedimii to tine grained and llii^kly ni:irke<l 
 with iiiinnte hrown siKitK togetlnr witli light grayi.-li ^'i.-. n 
 eliirty lK'd-< .«e|mi,-ited In liedKof dark hrowni^h i.ileaieoiis fer- 
 riiginoiiH sjindrock containing email fiagn.entH of gnen ja« 
 
 He<ls fniin '. to-'' thick (1141 
 
 I'rolialle nncoiifoiniity. 
 
 II. Tjight-|iink arkor-.- s.iiidi'tone 
 
 V2. Flight .vnd darkled ark.me Kaiidi-toiie with many jBirling-H of ri-i! 
 
 argillite 
 
 <'onceal«Hl 
 
 13. I>irkred arkiH«- »andri.ck carrying iMiine carlionate of iron; niont 
 
 (dentifnl in the iii>im-v lieds there forming a lean cherty ore, 
 II. D.irk-red nrko»e .ianilmck containing coimideratile 
 
 l«e('.de.l H ith pink more xilicioiiH arkoiie 
 
 1."). Itarkreil ferr.^iiioiw ark.i-w with uiiiiij [lartingi' of dnrk-reil 
 
 argillite '■' 
 
 Hi. Chii-fly i>inki^h sandriK'k with n few landn of dark led grey- 
 
 wacke sometiineii greeniah in ciilimr C" 
 
 i;. Very dark reil hne-tfraiiiiil greywaeke uU 
 
 Dark-red femiginoiis arkwe .<|ilitting into flogn (113) T.'i 
 
 ~"~~ •'oncealeil ..... Wi 
 
 IS. Dark-n-tlilii-h and grayish urko»e with partingn of dark red argill- 
 ite and a few luinds of coarser pink arko»e (all ripple iiiarke<l) . 3;i 
 1;'. I.ighi pink tine-grHined nrkwe i" 
 
 To Hea le\el. ~" 
 
 I,4u2 
 
 The rocks of Cairn island and other islands in the southern part of • 
 Richmond gulf are largely (Mnk and red arkose with (84) red and gncn 
 l"i.|.ie mark., oiioaceous argillite, and «ree i greywacke. Nearly all the beds show 
 ripple mark*. The ark-.se in the upper hefls shades into sandstone (i'3) 
 from the elimination of feldspjir. The following section made on tlie 
 mainland iiiiinediately south of the narrows at Cairn island is^ntere^t 
 ing as showing the manner in which sheets of diabase liave lieeii 
 injected between the l)edding of the sedimentary rocks at this place. 
 
 chlorite inter- 
 
 Ill 
 
 ItC, , 
 
 ISo 
 nil 
 
 14 
 
 ■Byi 
 
1»KTAII,KI> Iin.si lill'llnV OK CAMIil-.lAN KXPoSlltES 
 
 1. Fiiit-ifiMiii. <| |.iiriili-li trri't'ii <liiilKiff witli iiiiiim'p m>. ,uiiyu'<In!c« i.f 
 clili.rit.'aiid at tiii.ij c.iliit,'. p. ni tnil.-l liv ■ i in. iiiiil liirR.- 
 .plntclicK I.f i-.vldi.li tlialiii-f i^i.'.i 
 
 :;. [iinlit"Hliii-.-<I iii.'iliiiiiii-riinfl ►,'i-i-.>i mul |iliik .iiL.. ■ . 
 
 •*• ^'i t'lrtim-.l (1ir..iiii.„M(l ili.ilia-.' 
 
 i. I.ilflit gniy ami pink I'MKtry aikii'M' 
 
 ''. iMrkififcii (liiil.ii-f 
 
 'i. Light (fr.tiii.li Hiifvfiai>i>-<1 .iik.i-«. 
 
 rniKcalwl 
 
 7. I>nrk-|;r>vii ilialHiM- 
 
 >*. M.'litgr.Hiii«|i tiiii';rraiiuil ark.i.-.^. . , 
 
 Til ciiiitact with ci>iu-f Iii.ititv Kiaiiir> I'.ir.i. . 
 
 <> ' 
 
 5.1 
 ;«> 
 10 
 40 
 
 |I|4| 
 
 tut 
 xUfT 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Thu contact of the arkose with the ;,'fiiii;i..' U ii vpitical fault from Cm 
 two to fivi. tWt wicio and tlieie is no a| i-earanc*^ ..( alterniion in pith.r i*™.;,".."'"' 
 roflis near the contact. 
 
 graiii'..-. 
 
 To ihfi southw.irtl an upward ooiitinuation ..t" ilin aW,\e sectio;. 
 is as .''ollo'.vs : — 
 
 1. Mark trrc<n ilialii*' 
 
 2. lUik r.il aivillit.. 
 
 3. l>ai'k ifi-ayish-pink .-.ainli-.K.-k 
 < 'omca!'.] 
 
 ^. Lean nil i,w|.IIyt.. 
 
 f'ltno'ali'il 
 
 •">. Iiii|Mir"' ri-(l ja«|)ilyti . . . . . . 
 
 CnllLVal.-ij 
 
 '■>. Siat.-y iiiiiiiiri' ja«pilyti' . . . 
 r. l>ialia«f full uf jn-p.r viiii". 
 
 .•<. Sla'. y ill, 11 jaspiUr,. 
 
 !'. f'h-rty (lark i<ray liiiic.'i.n,- 
 
 liiipnri- ja«|iilyt.' 
 
 I'ial'av 
 
 •JlM) 
 
 ID 
 
 "o" 
 
 i:. 
 
 M 
 
 i:> 
 
 .V, 
 
 i:> ■ 
 lo- 
 in 
 
 .VI 
 llrt) 
 
 This dial)a.se is iho top iueni!>(?r of the precedinj; seetinn. 
 _ To the eastward of fairn i^Ia.ul the hi Wo rocks occupy a strip 
 trom .-)0 to 500 yards wid- a!on- the .south ..'lore of Hidimond qulf, 
 except for about a miie where the -ranite conies out to the shore.' 
 Tiie islands in tl.c -..uth-eastern pirt am eoiiipo.sed <,( intrrhedded 
 diabase anil arkose. 
 
 Thepriuite coincsout to the- eastern shore at the foot of Whale 
 bay, «t the ..outh point of \Vi:vci,ewan bay, about three miles north 
 '•f the iiiLUtl. ..; Clearwater river ; a«ain to the norlhwiml of the mouth 
 of Deer river ami at tin ii..rt|ior„ .,,,,1 „f the tfuif. i:verywl.eio e!-e 
 aion- this .whore and on the island, jvi,,;; ..fV it, t|,e ,.,^k^ „,^ i,,.,,,,,,,| 
 arkose, srcywaeke an.l atvillite. asMKi.iud with (lows of dark -iven 
 dtabase. The only other se. tion , f the rrK^ks on HiclMnoiid%ult 
 
 , ? 
 
 >^ 
 
 r- 
 
r8 I) 
 
 EASl 
 
 COAST OF IIUIWOS BAY 
 
 jrder at the cliff 
 
 which .nay >. given i, ^ -;-;;^,;::S:lof Fi.hing.Ke .ay. 
 on th« west su..<forni.u« the poiutto •"«"»« j ^^ , 
 
 Hen, the arkos. of th« l«tto>n » not so th.ck '^'' "^ '''" 
 
 ,.,.. „..„ largely develov.-d than elsewhere along th.« shor.. 
 
 Vwt. 
 
 Iiavinf? pf)rphy- 
 
 (Kirtii iimtainintf 
 
 • fiupty "u tliiit th.' nicW 
 
 S 
 40 
 
 ,mM .i..>y«auU-:< ..f agaf nnd chlnr.te or . 
 
 is<.ft.'nli.m.yc>.iiil'.-<l • 
 
 •• I,i»rht-Krav Hi.HKraii.ixl «amliit-.u.- ' '•' ^^ 
 
 X I,i,i,..Kray, c.«r».._«n,in..l ;;■''")";;:•';; "^^ j.j,,,, ^^aiowanls th.- 
 
 ..'Lmu: of ,.,.. i....a..,.-^ l»r.e .«..Ui.n. of l.ghtculoured grit ... - ■- 
 
 ' ^Ln-..cu,.,a..in.ofy,.,|..w»r^«..-;'^^^^^^ 
 
 ::;r«,UH Lt^. 1.01.1.... . le* larK. .lark-n.l Kun.-,.- • ' . 
 
 I) I^i^lit I'liiisli lii.i<»toi..' 
 
 ,f liliuk 
 
 TO 
 
 I 
 
 1.1 Light K-v rt..- gr«i.. iolomit- 'vi.l, .m....-v.- P»rtn.g» ■ 
 
 l"nco..f'>.i.ity. 7^1 
 
 13. Ark.wt- 111.(1 wvml-t'.i.i- . 
 
 To pfaleM'l. l,'i'^ 
 
 .,,......0. Several other actions --Y-%;^:';::^J-::^j:^ 
 
 «l.ow the naa.r, an.l -^^^^.^^^^^^^^ ^^H.cntary rookn occuj,- tl.e 
 
 souiiiwar<l as far as the head of Mam- 
 
 not included here. 
 
 tounuk sou..! «h re , J '^^^J ,, .sending section wa« measured 
 
 :;C>ir:i;:..;";:l^an;of thiseham ...ere the greatest 
 thickness of the mcB^un^s occur. 
 
 1. l)»rk-Br»en, ft>w-l»r»"" 
 
 -a ,li:il.as... »lit(l.tly Walticii. htn..aorH 
 
 nil lii.>- gr.ywai-kf, 
 
 Fpet. 
 . 225 
 
 2. Very a..k. «--'^-"';l,,';^:::::;.„-iH,..vrHyinK.li.Wo.... «5 
 „„^ lin.wloi.H full of imrtingH of -..nd- 
 
 iiekr Kl:it''. 
 VsiitMi llght-gret-n for l.">" frotiK 
 
 3 Ru»tv withering •r.-.Hc •""' ^, 
 
 .t.m«.»dc.ntaim..g-"""--'-l';'"^'"7;"'^'"' , 93 
 
 4. l.igl.t-Ul.., :....! I'lnk. rme-g.a.i."l »ai..l»Ume. ........■■■ ^^ 
 
 5. Ligli' I'iok painlntoi.e .j;, 
 
 r-mci-.il«l 1» 
 
 ,;. Light l.liie iH.'l piiik »ai.<lHtoli'-' 
 
 1/ 
 
 ,f 
 
( 
 
 I 
 
 : 1 
 
 • / 
 
 '"""•'"• '"»™'™n :r r„,„,, ,,^,„^, 
 
 !». 
 10. 
 
 n. 
 
 i.t. 
 u. 
 
 "f trtiii»|«i 
 
 '•ark^lialcy JiiiiegtiMic 
 
 ':'•'';*•'''" 'I pink .and,,,,,;. 
 
 ' ■^■V>rray .ilici,,.,. ,i,....t.,., „,„„i„;;,; ^;. 
 
 ''i|,'lit|,iiik .saii,|,t,.ii,. 
 
 \'-vm.,.-Krai,,..,l,|..,rk.,a,,,i,,.i,,.,s4, 
 
 -ysa,.,,...,.„,,,,,,,,,,,..^,,,.^^ „. 
 
 I-iifl.t Kra.var,r|l.lni,!,,,,ui-t/it. ulrl' '. , 
 
 ,,-t r I,.,„..k.,|' ■ ""' '■••"^'■-'"■l I'l" .»..f I,,..,.- 
 
 1" "••a !.-v.-i... 
 
 31 
 
 
 44.; 
 
 -nd to within .n-r: , : ' h^:" \'r "r""^'" -"^ "^ •^'--"■"-'^ 
 
 rock, forming this rrd^'l « " "' '"''"^ '''''"'" ''^">- T" 
 
 '^"i.™itieii„i,ton:;X :,:;' ''■'^r""''''''*^''* '''-'• -• ""^ 
 
 P*r(.i„g.sofMueolu.rt,l- " n, '""' "'"'"•""« -ncwi..,. .,„i 
 
 tl.e south of the n,,,u.tr L. ' Vh' ''•* """'"'^^ ''^ ^"""""'••' ^" 
 
 On Bear i.,Ia„d tho follou-in- de.condin.- n .- 
 
 ^: ;w^L:T^::r;':r;"77-''^''--' - ..' 
 
 3. I)ark.l,liie^lml,.,vli„„.„,„„ •;" 
 
 4. Dark-Kray ii.icatwu- >«n.Ntoiie. ,......■; * 
 
 I' .loiIMll, 
 
 The following «.ction «•„, nmdo .l„,ut four milos f.on 
 of Long ...and. The cliff ,,.,.« ..„ „,, ,,,,,.,,. ,^, ' ; •;;;;• 
 
 71 
 
 1. I-i'trht '>!!!.• .»<.liimiticliM,,.,t, 
 
 m tho ..oith tiid 
 Kive iiii follows : 
 
 - K.ne...ai.,...,. <^....e.: ^lix:;:^";;:;;;--'-:!-;::--- - 
 
 uia*,sn..; wi-attu-r, l.iiff 
 
 '• "ia->H . iMli.sl,,)!... wit 
 
 llllimt.iii.. 
 
 4. Ma««iv.,li^ht.c, ,v.ili„,Hst..i„. 
 
 ■;■ i^J:"-'''''"- fi-t^Kraiiu-,! .l,al,..v li,„...tone (l-M) 
 "• »"'-Kr»,n.,U,:.„iu.|i,„„,„„„,,i,|, "-^' 
 
 iti. parti,,..,, „f,|,,,k,.r,,,„;^,. 
 
 Wr,ck.l„.rt(lL':;) "•■■'"■"''" l-.r.,.,K« ,.n.| CK-rrtionH „f 
 
 •£> 
 ."lO 
 
 ill 
 L'03 
 
 I ' 
 
81) II 
 
 KAST COAST OK liunsov IIAV 
 
 Tii-'iiiK--- of 
 p«k- <liHif!iIr 
 to .letin.'. 
 
 Tlinre is iiri iiitcrviil of (i Imlf mile to a spcotid rid^i- inland on the 
 inland wliich f;is<'s the t'lilli.wjni,' il»'>ceii(iii jj section : — 
 
 ). I-'iiif-;,Taiiiiii i!;irl; «r. <ii iliuKiM- il".'7| .",11 
 
 •-'. I>iil» lirij.ii), vi'll'>« w•■lltll•■l•ill^' Ciirl«iiiHii' .if imri with -oiiii' ■al- 
 citf nml iiiterlmmUil witii lilavk tli'Tt (ll'<!) Jti 
 
 Tlii^ nnii<Tlyinj{ rooks arc conj-enleil by tlie tiiit'r. 
 
 On "ho i.-liinu^ to the soutli an' cast of Loni; islim.i, pink iinil gray 
 sandslnnes {\'2'.)} (nerli- thick bods of massive fuiicretionary lime.-tono 
 ofii'ii c'lrryinj^ iniiili [lyi !!,<■. 
 
 Th'> ilImivi! (Ictiiileil des. nations of sevcril of the sections inc>i--ui('fl 
 in tlic {'iinbriaii artM. show how difficult it is to arrive nt any lirlinite 
 conclusion as '.o the thickness or .succcssiim of these locks. In thu 
 first flm.' liin oupjiins^of diabase wlii.li wai imibablv a lliiw at nr 
 near the surface (hies not rest always iijvon t'le same lirds, there b('iiii( 
 ii dillerence of several hundreci feet bel.veen the beds imiiiediate'y 
 undeilyitii,' the dialiase of the Manitniniik islands nnd those in the ^alne 
 position at |{irliiiiond -.'ulf. The rocks, resiin/,' .unconforniably iip!>n 
 the lower arkose lieijy along iho west side of liichiiuind gulf, also vaiy 
 in thickness and in the nuiiiln-r of llie nieiisures which rest dire.tiv upcui 
 tlie arkose. Thisdilfert nco is due to. ivi,s faults jNiralh 1 ro the iliii'Cti..n 
 of the thrust wli.-h allowed varyiiijc; thickness of he upper rocks tf) I ■) 
 slioved over t!,e inwer in e;i.-h huj,'c cake lyiiij,' bctwieli any tW(» siijl'. 
 fault.". 
 
 Tlie se(|ueii. e of t!ie f..niMtioi! in ('escerdi: -■ order is assumed to '.e 
 as follows : 
 
 i lie upper ;h illop is tiiken to I e r..| resented by the diae.ise capped, 
 h\'!it C(.|..ure(l saiids'ones and iim.sloncs of the M initonnuk islands. 
 Thc-e .ippear to r st, uj^ou a maximuin tliic!;ne.ss ..f :100 f< et "f chertv 
 linic-lone, followed In l.jw l,y sandstones md aritillite- pi^sinu' 'lowii 
 wariis through s. vcr.d huudied feet of dark red iMeiliite -and-tone 
 and u'reywacke into tlie arkose at the ba-e of the ronnation. The iron- 
 liearini,' series of the N.istapoka islands are the e(|iiiva!ents of the nd 
 sandstones and arijillites above the arkose. The tot.il tliickness of 
 tlio formation is reckoned as fcillows in desceiidin" order 
 
 1. I li.itia'.e rjiiipiii^ 
 
 *.?. Afiiiiitonnnk scries 
 
 3. binif'HteiicH ' 
 
 1. I.iulit ciil.iiin-.l siitiiUs. .Ill's Ac I. 
 
 "1. Ilaik ii.<! »atiiUtciiii', arpillitw and {frey\v;ick«- 
 
 *i. .\rkiise sin'!n«'k and j^rey vvjicUt. 
 
 r. \il;.~.. .' 
 
 K.-.t. 
 OKI . 
 I.'.O 
 
 l.-'l 
 TDD 
 
 liDi) 
 MiK) 
 
 ■|'..tiil thickness iif ,<.illinentjuy links. SfflO 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
) v 
 
 OLACIAL OBOLOOV 
 
 81 O 
 
 ! 
 
 Glacial Ueoloov. 
 
 The entire western side of the peninsula of LAbrador during the 
 glacial period was overapread by an ice-cap of a thickneaa suthoieat to 
 cover thu highest summits, and to flow uniformly over mounUin 
 and valley from the interior of the peninsula outwards towards the 
 coast. From the evidence of the glacial stiiu' now found marking 
 the rocks, there would appear to have l)een movements in the pa>*ition 
 of the cflntn- of dispersion of the ice, and perhaps periods of only 
 slight glaciation corresfMiwiing to the inU-rglacial periods of the 
 ITnited SUtei. Along the east coast of Hudson bay, three marked J|'|| ■•,'^,'^i[ 
 sets »f striii' are found, and from these it is seen that the earliest ice 
 flow started from a central gathering ground between the 50th and 
 51st parallels of N. latitude, near the centre of the jieninsiila. The 
 second set of gtrisp show that the centre of glaciation had moved in a 
 north west direction to beyond the 54th parallel, while the latest set 
 shows a continuation of the north-west movement leaving the centre 
 of dispersion between the 5ith and 56th parallels, and almut one 
 hundred miles inland from the east coast of Hudson bay. In many 
 places only one set of striie is visible, and these, the latest, show 
 along the northern half of the coast that the flow of the ice was 
 radially towards the coast, as the striie on the rocks facing Hudson 
 hay show that the ice flowed westward, while those facing Hudson 
 strait show a northward flow. 
 
 On the Moose river which falls into the southwest corner of 
 Hudson hay a very interesting fact in regard to th« glaciers was 
 notetl in the direction of the striae focnd 0!i its banks in the interior. 
 The oldest striae there were from northwest to southeast and prove 
 that the Keewatin glacier overran the region north of Lake Superior 
 l>efore it was covered by the Labrador glacier which has left newer 
 striu« fiom the north northeast. Subsequent to or Accompanying the Sub«iilenof a* 
 period of ice accumulation there was a marked subsidence of the land i,y uplift, 
 which was followed by an uplift. This uplift, is marked by terraces 
 of sand and clay, often carrying marine shells ond accompanied by old 
 sea Ijeaches, the highest of which are upward* of 700 feet above sea- 
 level. The data to hand is not suflicient to determine if the 
 elevation was constant and equal along the ea.st coast of Hudson bay 
 owing to the fact that the land for long stretches along that coan no 
 where rises sufticiently high to mark the level of the highest terraces, 
 which are seen at greater elevations elwwhere. 
 
 13_o_G 
 
 \ 
 
89 D 
 
 EAST COAST OT IIUIMOJI BAT 
 
 LIST OF (JLACIAL STRIiB. 
 
 NoTK.— The oounes of the »triw given in the following list ars 
 tree or Mtronomioal bMrisgi, and record the directions from which 
 the ioe^heet moved in each cane. 
 
 Head oiKhkoove 
 
 Down the valley H. 49* W. 
 
 Near the iiuimnit of hilk 8. WW. 
 
 On aummit 8, 30* W, 
 
 Naujrok utand 8. 30° K. 
 
 Mainlaad in rear of Nsajrok island 8. flO* K. 
 
 Camp bay (4th Aug.) S. lO* W. 
 
 Nuvnk . fl.lO'W. 
 
 Small ielaod 10 Diilee wwt of Narnk g. ar K. 
 
 (S. W W. 
 I«y«o*« {8.30* 8. 
 
 Two mile* in rear of Icy, cove S. WW. 8. 2^ K 
 
 Thirty mile«S.W. of ley oove 8.80° K. 
 
 Koi«a«it. JJ.73- K. 
 
 Two milee north of Kovik N. 78" E. 
 
 Ko»ik j},j5» j.;| 
 
 South point of Kovik river N.86° E. 
 
 Ketlleetoae knob 8. 76° K. 
 
 Kettl««tone river g. 70° E. 
 
 Six mile* north uf Cape .Smith 8. 78° E. 
 
 Cape Smith ....S. 6rK 
 
 North aide Mn«quit<ilbay e^milea from Cnjie Smith 8. 76° K. 
 
 10 " " K 
 
 2 •• he«lofhay S. 86" E. 
 
 South inint, Modiuito bay .s. 05 k 
 
 liland 4 niilea muth of Mnv^'iito h«y j.;. 
 
 Month of Sorehrad,.river (,; 
 
 Eight milm up Son-head river (on hill) 8. W U. 
 
 South point, mouth of Soreheiul river k. 
 
 Magnet iditnda y^ 
 
 Thompaon harbour N. 76* K. 
 
 Two miles muth of Thomivon harbour N. TO' K. 
 
 Two milee north of C«iie Anderton ...8.65' e! 
 
 ' . •""'•> •■ " vS. Hff" £ 
 
 Two niilen up Pnvungnituk (river N. 80" E. 
 
 Firat raiiid " » S. 80° K. 
 
 Shoal harbour y 
 
 Checkered iiland* j^^ 
 
 North Hide Kugaluk l«y 8. J»° K. 
 
 Island off toiith iwint Kogaluk bay 8. 86° K. 
 
 .8.85- K. 
 UUnd off Nanberakvik rivet i ?'' ^* *^ 
 
 ^y.av E. 
 
 / N. 7«' E. 
 AUeharUmr |.S.36':E. 
 
 L^30 E. 
 
 wmmmAi 
 
 
LIIT or GLACIAL 8TRIJ1 
 
 83 D 
 
 •i, 
 
 i\ 
 
 \ 
 
 Mainland at All* harbaiur N. 75° K. 
 
 Summit of inland, ll<>pt-w»ll nartowi N. »" K. 
 
 Summit of Hnxichtuii iiland N. "0^ K., (m-wer) 8. tiTi' E. 
 
 Richmond gulf on lummit of N. end S. (Kt K. 
 
 " " luuintit aouth of Kiahing lake S. >Vt" E. 
 
 •' " ialandNo.1 N. HO' E. 
 
 " i>aat point Cairn iaUnd S. (W E , H. 7'i" E. 
 
 " " nuroniit uppokite narrowi. Cairn inland S. H.'i K. 
 
 Urrat Whale river, one mile above H. B. jxjut N. HS* K. 
 
 " " one mile above lit fall K. 
 
 " " " Kve mile* above Int fall E. 
 
 atflntfork H. 75 E. 
 
 canon of Srd fall E. 
 
 " " " Ave milt* up Abchifpuiiich branch H, 
 
 " " •' flftcMi mile* upCiiaat branch N. 
 
 " " '• emlofnurvey " " H. 
 
 Two milen aouth of Great Whale river 
 
 Ten " " H. 
 
 Black Whale hnrhnir 
 
 Utaxka harbour N. 
 
 Humbug harbour N. 
 
 Hplitrock N.4(rE., N. 
 
 V.'hite BeMT hilU N. 
 
 LongiKlaud N. .W K., (old.-!) X. 
 
 CA|ie.lon» N. E., (older) N. 
 
 (hie mile north of Pishop Kurgan river 
 
 Attikuan 
 
 iCakachinchuan S.hVK., (oWm-)«. 
 
 Fip*«tone gutway N. «3° K., (old»r) S. 
 
 (lovenior ixland. Big river N. 
 
 Two milni Miuth of Kovemor ialand N. 05° K., (older) N. 
 
 Fivemilen " •' " N. 5r E., (older) X. 
 
 North point of .^quatuk bay X. 
 
 .Middle i»UmK " " X. 
 
 Earthquake iidanil N. 
 
 Mainland op|ioeite hUrthquake ialand X. 
 
 Dead Duck Iny X. 
 
 " " " xcnth |>oint 
 
 Gray < iiKxe ialand X. 
 
 Mainland iip|iocite Burnt island X. .W K. 
 
 Bunii i«Uud N.E., (older) X. 1)2 K. 
 
 Conil. HillK harbour X. 4? K. 
 
 I'ige< 111 inland X. :t7° K 
 
 Kive iiiilea uorth of Ij<ion point X. .'fo' E. 
 
 I'aint hilK Walnm ialand X. SI E. 
 
 P»lnt hillK," WalniK i.laiid N. 37° K 
 
 I'aint hillit, Walrua ialand (older) X. 77 11 
 
 (neweat) N. 30° E. 
 
 I'aint hdia, inland No. 10 X. i>7' K. 
 
 (oldent) a. 52° H 
 
 " " (newe«t)X. 2S' K. 
 
 I'aint hilla, inland No. 14 X. eK° E. 
 
 (oWeat) S. 5r E. 
 
 " " (newett) X. 23° K. 
 
 Mr E. 
 «>» E. 
 75* K. 
 E. 
 M E. 
 ... E. 
 MfK. 
 85' E. 
 OOf^E. 
 ftWE. 
 (iW'E. 
 fiO°E. 
 N.E. 
 .M. E. 
 .v. E. 
 Kr E. 
 (W E. 
 KV E. 
 
 m K. 
 
 •w I-:. 
 
 w E. 
 .V, E. 
 •W E. 
 5.V E. 
 X.K 
 ;t-, E. 
 
 \ 
 
f/i 
 
 ^4 O RACT COAST or HVOtOif HAV 
 
 I'»int hillii, iaUnil No. 19 N. 88° K. 
 
 (oH«t) M. or E. 
 
 I'aint liilU, uland No. Jl . . N. >1 ' K. 
 
 . (mwMl) N. Jl' E. 
 
 I'aint hill*. Mland No. S N. DT K. 
 
 (oWwt) M. «r K 
 
 Watt iRlmid N. 31° K. 
 
 ••■■ (oWir) N. «r K. 
 
 M'MTl»y N.»K. 
 
 " (.iW«)N.arK. 
 
 l*m(r|ioint N.WK. 
 
 North point Old Kwt<iry river . . N. 28" K. 
 
 Houth " " " N. aU' K. 
 
 t'»|» Ho|ie iaUnd N. '31° K. 
 
 " loldt-r) N. on K. 
 
 High Km^k i»land N. 83 K. 
 
 " (old«)N.4a"K 
 
 Five milm aouth of .'•'iMit Main river N. .W K. 
 
 " " (oidw) N. 55 K. 
 
 Kaniapiakau river N. .13° K. 
 
 Loon {mint N. .« E. 
 
 (oMi-r) N, W K. 
 
 Hherrick'mount N. .■*>• E. 
 
 .(..l<lw)N. 85° K. 
 
 HUfrock N.8S°E. 
 
 Miwiiiaibi river Conjuring Houiw |iorta«« N. I(f E. 
 
 " Hlack Feather rapid N. 30' K 
 
 " Tom Kind rapid N. ir E. 
 
 .Sandy Hay inirtagR N. aiT E. 
 
 '• (oJiU-r) N. ixr W. 
 
 " Albany nipid N. StT" E. 
 
 (older) X. W. 
 
 " Hevil mpid N. 25' E. 
 
 Uland inrtaKe N. 25 E. 
 
 "» — •^-.^-•■L 
 
[