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6
MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TBT CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2)
^ ^PLIED IN4/IGE
'653 Eosi Mom street
Rochester, New York 146nq ih:a
(716) 288-5989 -To.
y,
V\
>
a,
u
T.
a
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
ROBERT BELL, M.D., Sc.D., LL.D, F.R.S.
REPOET
EXPLORATION
EAST CUxlST OF HUDSON BAY
FROM
CAFE WOLSTENHOLME TO TBE SOUTH END Of JAMES BAY
A. P. LOW, B.Sc.
OTTAWA
PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE aINO.S MOST
13-
EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1902
No. 7»8
\\
RoDERT Bell, L.L.D., D, Sc, M.D., F.R.S.
Acting Director Geological Survey Department.
Sir,— I herewith beg to submit my report on an exploration of the
east coast of Hudson Bay. Tn so doing, I beg to ackn<.wled«n the
kindness and assistance received from Mr. C. C. Chipinan, Ccmmis-
sioner of the Hudson's Bay Company, and from the tollowing gentlemfu
in that company's service : Messrs. W. K. Broughton, O. McTavish,
D. Gillies, Miles Spencer, A. Nicholson, J. A. Wilson and Capt. Alex.
Gray, all of whom materially aidi'd in the huccchs of the exploration.
I have the honour to be, sir.
Your humble servant,
A. P. LOW.
13_D— li
h
KKPOIJT
EM'LOK.^TION OF THE EAST COAST OF
Ann
{■AI'K Wor.STKNHULM 10 THK NOUTH KM) OF .lAMK.s HAY
Tliin report is basot ufxjn the information obtained by an explora-
tion of the east coast of Hudson bay, extending from Cape Woisten-
holrae at the entrance of Hudson strait, southward to the H ipert
river in the southern part of James bay. The work of exploration
extended over the summers of IS'JA and 1899 ; and during the inter-
vening winter two exploration trips were made inland, the first into
the barren interior, in N. lat. 57' ; and the other on the northern
branches of the Or at Whale river. The information so obtained was
supplemented! by that collected from the northern Eskimo.^, who
annually visit the trading post at Or -at Whale river, to exchange the
products of the hunt for powder, shot and other necessaries. A num-
ber of sketch-maps and much information concerning the character of
the north-western portion of the Labrador peninsula were obtained
from these peopl'^ that what was blank on previous maps may now
be at least rough' led in.
A log-survey of the entire coast was made by my assistant, Mr. Q. Smvcys I v
A. Young, B. Sc, who also carried out a micrometer survey of the cof- .c \!,'n„'e, ^
between Richmond gulf and the mouth of Big river.* These surveys
have been plotted and appear in the maps accompanying .his report.
Mr. \"oungalso kept a continuous set of metet.rological observations
and made a large collection of the plants found in this region, which
although containing ci paratively few new species, is valuable in
extending the range of many already known.
Rough [surveys and observat jns must have been made long ago E.irli.r invM
from the ships trading to Hudson bay, for the earliest charts of the ''>•'■'''""•■
bay give indications of all the principal features of the east coast-
W. Coates, who was captain of one of the ships of the Hudson's
6 V
RAirr coAiiT or nci>M>!« hat
Kxiilnrn'i
l.yl)r. I'..
niviniiiii
itren.
Portions
of coast
navigation
Bfty Pompdny heiween 17'.'7 kiid I7ftl, left Miiliiin not*'* in which he
i'»Fcril»'H Hitlimond «ulf iin<i other plttcf« alonij th.' >'n»t (OA«t. About
ll'rtO, Mr. AnHfrwm, who wm in charge onirent Whiil- rivpr pottt,
made 11 canoe trip northwiird from thnt pluct* to Moncjuito Uy, to
exiiminc the porpoin.! Huhtriei in the north.rii rivcrn. Ho mude an
excellent triu-ksurvey of this portion of the cwist, and ii manuscript
co|>y of liis miip is now in the poNHession of the Hud«on'« Hay Corapiitiy
at Orent Whttic river.
,11 Puringthi! nuinmer ..f 187', Dr. Hell made an exploration of ifio
east const of lliidiKin t>ay, a.H far n.)rth a* I'orlliin'l promontory, urid
the reHiiltH ohtained were pul)li,L,.| iti the .inniiul report, of the
< ieoloxical Survey for l'<77-78,* toseiher with a map of the coast from
Great Wliale river to I'ortland ]iniMiontory on a scale of four miles to
one incii. I
During the summers of 18,x7 ,it,d lss,><, iho writer was en>{a;^c(l
examinitiK the islan<ls of .lamei bay and some of the rivers tlowin^
into tlie uaHt siiie of Kudson bay!
^ Tlie east coast of Hudson bay may, for descriptivo purposes, bo
divided into throe portions, na-iiely, the northern part oxtondins^ from
Cape WoJKtenholnie to Portland ptomontftry, the middle section lying
Ijetween I'ortland promtmtory and Cape .Tones, and the southern por-
tion from C.tpe Jones to the south end of James bay.
The northern and southern sections are very similar in chart --rter,
the shon s Ijoiag formed of low rounde . hills of ^jnnis-s or granite, lising
very little alKjve .he wide drift covered valleys; and inland, present-
ing a slightly rising plain iiroken by long, rocky ridges, hardly worthy
of the d.-signation of hills. The shores are rocky at points, while J\e
bays are fringed by sjvnd or boulder beaches. The water for a consid-
erable distance from land is shallow, and the lM)ttom very uneven,
with rocky ledges and sharp ridges of boulders, which, when they rise
above the surface, form the wide fringe of small islands characteristic
of these portions of the coast. I'.o> ■ the above de.scription, it will be
seen that the greater parts of b e northern and soutliern sections
tor of the coast are dangerous to approach with ships drawinu
any considerable depth of water, especially in the present unsurveyed
state of the waters. The central portion, however differs from the
coast r.) the north and south of ., being hold, with hills often rising
directly from the water to alti' es of a thoisand feet and upwards.
♦Reixirt of Progre^n, Geol. Surv. Can., 1877-78, part c.
f In 1S"."> Dr. KcU ni.-wli' ivn examination of parts of the southern and eastern shorea
of Janiea Bay. Sio Rf[i<irt of I'rojfress for 187."), pp. .122-.'> and pp. 341-2.
♦ Annual Report Geol. Surv. Can., Vol. Ill (N.S.), Part II.
INTn00l'«"TIO!»
I P
r- \v..i.
.^.■lu..>.
('Iiiiitii iif ixlaniN, lyiiiK from half n niilo to five inilen from the coant
with i|i'H|) wut«'r iMtwrtfon, extend iilonn mom th«ii halt' thi-t ».>cti«ii),
iiiid lUlonl i-xciIUmiI »liclt<T for tlio lnrn«-,t nhipe, ii» wmII «>, a safwiy
prcitecti'd channel for «uiall craft.
Alnnit Ciip«) NVolstedlrohni- tho hmd rise* nbru, \y with Mtoiji clitli (
fiicinK the »ea to ehniitions of ii tho>nand tWt and upwanln, hi-inj{ u '
coiitibuution of tho high land forming the south Nhort- of Hud^on
•trait. Ki III Capp Wolstcdiolmo th.' general trend of tho coa-t ii
about -oil til went for thirty miUs to Nuvulc. Along this stretch of
coftHt the shore* are generally HKlcy and indented by many small bavs
with numerous rocky islandn lying lietween tho mainland and tlio
l«r:,'o, hij,'!! Oiiiges island. On leaving tho i-ii|i(' the general elevati<n
of the lund Hinkii rapidly, < at at Nuvuk th.' highest hilU h>\vo an
elevation of not more than ..OU fort, and the general level along the
ciMHt is imuh legs. From Nuvuk to Kovik the coa-si runs r.e»rly due
Nuuth, imd 'he ilLstftiico is sixty niileH. This jxirtion is chnra-lerized
by Hat ^Imren, rising slowly into barren plains &:" drift, from which
protrude low, round(?d ridges of granite. The shore In many [ilace.s
is fringed by l-.ng, low i.slands of drift, with very shallow water
between. This is a favourite .summer feeding ground for the barren K.,.iiiitf
grouni! cariboo, which roam over it in small bands. From Ko\ik the ,''|X'!,',"'
general trend of the cou.st is south for twenty tive mil's, and then
Houth- west tor thirty-five miles to Cape Smith. The coast and country
along the first of these courses is very similar to that last dt 'l>tu,
but along the second course a liigh range of snowcapped hill .lich
form the highland* of Cape .Smith and the neighlojring ...nds,
approache.s the c«»st at an acute angle with a j'.-«duall> narrowing,
low drift plain between the sea and tho hills. Th- range of bills
comes out at Cape .Smith, and from the , :ns far in. i.m:. in a direc-
tion about ea.st northeast, forming the ■ i shore of Aios.iuito bay.
The hilln are formed of dark green iliabiise thrown up into a number
of sharp, niirow, parallel ridges with a small river connecting chains
of small lakes in each valley. The hills vary from ."XJU feet to upwanls
of 1,000 feet in altitude, and the higher summits are partly covered
with snow. Rising as they do from the neirly flat country oi. both
aides they form a prominent feature of the country.
Mosquito bay, as is usual with all unsurveyed inlets, has Ixen M.K,|i,it.,lxiy.
shown altogether too large on previous maps. The distance from the
point of the mainland at Smith island to its head is only twenty eight
mik-, and l)eing divided by u long, narrow point int two bays, vary,
ing from one to three miles wide, its total breadth is much less than
wi
8 D
EAST COAST OF HUDSON BAT
Portland
piDiiKintorv t(
h
Siiiind foriiji il
jiy N'uxtaiHiku
inlands.
In 11^ V u • ^°"' "^ '^' °'''«^ "^^-^^ ^how a water connec
Zr^ r '■;•''''■ ""' ''"P*" ^'>^*"- ^»y - '»»« -est coast of
UngavH bay, but ,t is now known that several hundred miles oHand
tXTrr- /"'"".^"'•'^ '-- •^^-'•"'- '^y tt col ne i
greatly broken by large, .rregulur bajs, with generally rocky shores
roundea h.lls seldom exceeding an elevation of three hundred feet A
wule fnnge of .slunds extends along the coast: these a e u ually
rocky, but many are fonned of boulders and «ner drift materTal " e
2er for a considerable distance from the mainland is shallow a.^J
; ::; ' tr^ ; ''^ "^t ''"''-' '-' ■^^^--^ dangerous t
any craft. Th.s character of coast extends from Mosouito bay to
Portland promontory, or from latitude 58' 45' to lat. 60» io
'lon!'nr" '^"Tf P'"'"^""'^^ '-^"'^ Cape Jones the coast forms a
long Hat segment of a circle with the convexity to the eastward. Thil
port on .s characterized by bold granite hills rising ,uickly from the
coast and .n part flanked by trapcovered sedimentary ro^-ks Th ch
<Usc form chains of islands running parallel to the coast' The first of
he.e cl.a. .s is the Hopewell group, which lie close to the mainland
and extend south east for fifty miles from Portland promontory. They
are fonn^xl from tilted sedimentary rocks capped with a considerable
hickness of trap. The rocks dip gently seaward and present abrup
chflFs along their inner sides. The channel between them and the
mamund vane.- in breadth from a few ya.ls to upwards of a mile A
Hopew,.ll Narrows, about the middle of the chain, the channelis less
water at high tide, thus rendering a passage for large craft impossible ■
everywhere else there is a sufficient d.pth of water '"'P^^^'b'e ,
From the Hopewell islands to the mouth of England river the
distance IS fiftyeight miles and the general direction S.SE tS
Cm H . ""? ': ''"' '""• "'''^ »"«'' «--*« *•'"« --8 direc ;
rom the .hore A few small inlands of granite and trap occur o e
to shore and these, in conjunction with small bay.s. afford exce "t
shelter for small boats. excellent
The mouth of Langland river practically marks the northern end of
he sound which ,s formed by the Xastapoka chain of islands extend
.ng southward nearly one hundred miles to Little Whale river These
islands are similar to tho.se of the Hopewell chain, but are without
the capping of trap. The mainland is occupied by high granite hill,
wh.c^^to^th^souUiwardof_Na^,,p^^^^ by .^Jltld
* Rr,»,rt of Progr..»H, (;..„!. .s„r. Can., tS77, p. X\ ,«rt7 '
Mifa
-.1
INTRODICTIOX
D
«edin.entary rocks cappe<J with trap. The sound varies from a quarter
of a m.l.. to three n.iles i„ brea.lth, with deep water in the channel
everywhere.
'.ou^n7th':""' 7'"'' ""■■J" "" ""^'"" "P''"'"^ "^ M-itounuk Mani.,„.„„K
sound, the coast runs south-west for twenty-eifiht miles. The trap-'""'
rocks rise directly fron, the water, fornnng a ridgo fro.n .iOO to 1 000
feet high, and there are no harbours for even small sailing boats
Man.tounuk .sound fron, its northern opening to Great Whale river
.8 about thirty miles long and it varies in breadth frou. half a n-ilo to
three nnk^. The northern or boat opening is verv narrow and onlv
available for small sailing brats. The second opening is eight mii;^
farther .south and has a good chann.-l with deep water. The Mani-
tounuk islands resemble those of the Hopewell chain, being formed of
strat.hed sandstones and limestones capped with trap, with steep clifTs
facing the sound and gentle slopes to seaward. The mainland is les.
rugged than to the northward, rising a mile or so from the coast into
rounded hills of granite that vary from 500 to 1,000 feet in elevation
The margin between the hills and the water is occupied bv sandv
plains from which rise at intervals ridges of tilted limestone ' The.;
limestone ridges also form chains of small islands along the mainland
Another portion of the ridge forms a peninsula about ten miles north
of Great Whale river, with an excellent harbour on its north side.
The distance from the mouth of Great Whale river to Cape Jones Ure.t wU,,.
IS eighty-tive miles and the general direction .-.Iwut .^outh-west The T'' '" *^"''"
coast along this section is remarkably straight without any bays or "'"
prominent points. The granite hills only come out to the slio.e in a
few places, usually being from half u mile to three miles i„l,,„d with
sandy, terraced drift occupying the interval between them and the
shore. A broken ridge of tilted up limestone rests upon the shore for
about ten n.les, commencing about 15 miles southwest of (ireat
^\ hale river. Behind this ridge are a numl,er of excellent boat har-
bours This portion of the coast is very free from islands until Lon '
island IS reached, and in consequence is easily approached bvvessek
of all sues. Long island is twentyfour miles in length and ^Hries
from half a mile to three mile.s in breadth. Its north-east end is
th.rty-hve miles from Cape Jones, and it lies parallel to and about four
mi^s from the mainland. On its inner s de it frequently presents low ,.L....,.„f
chfTs of limestone and sandstone, while a second low ridge running'' '<'-•
down the middle of the island is formed of carbonate of iron capped by
trap. Between the south west part of the island and Cape Jones, the
sound IS occupied by a large number of h,w islands formed of lime-
10
KAST C0A8T OF nUDSON HAT
Waatikun
island.
Slierricks
mount.
Stone. From Cape Jones all the the way southward to the mouth of
the East Main riyer, a distance of upwards of 1 75 miles, the character
of the coast is very similar to that alrea'ly dese ibed between
ifosquito bay and Portland promontory. The mainland is formed of
low rounded hills and ridges of gneiss and granite rising slightly above
swampy valleys of clay and sand. With few exceptions the hills never
exceed 200 feet in elevation, and the general level of the country is
under fifty fei-t. The coast line is very uneven beiii^' broken into
many large bays, while the entire shore is fringed with islands of rock-
er drift extending .several miles out from the mainland. The water
between the inlands is generally shallow and the bottom uneven, .so
that it is dangerous to approach this uncharted coast with deep draught
vessels.
Wastikun, a cone shaped island, lies about five miles north of the
mouth of Big river ; and us it has an elevation of two hundred and
fifty feet, it is a prominent land-mark and is used as such for vessels
approaching that river. The Paint Hills i.slands are also higher than
any land in their neiglibourhoud and having deep water about them are
safe to approach from seaward. Cape Hope island, which li.'i thout
fifteen miles north of the East Main river, ia also high and is seen a
long distance oflF.
The coast to the southward of the East Main river is even lower
than that to the northward, and the rocks only come out on shore in a
few places. Islands are less numerous, and towards the mouth of
Rupert bay are largely formed of drift. Sherricks mount, which
marks the eastern entrance to Rupert bay, is a peninsula with a cone-
shaped hill about 700 feet high, and it forms the most striking land-
mark of James bay. To the southward of tht. East Main river the
whole bottom of James' bay has been silted up with sand and mud
brought down by the large rivers flowing into its southern part, and in
consequence, wide flats extend far out from shore, increasing in width
as Rupert bay is approached, so that in that bay the only navigable
parts are in the channels cut out by the currents of the rivers flowing
into it, and even these rarely have a depth exceeding ten feet.
Notes on the Northern Intbriok.
The interior country south of a line drawn from Richmond gulf to
the mouth of the Koksoak river has been described in former reports*
' Anv.'.'.a! Rrjmrt. den]. Sisrv. Can.,
ibid
ibid
l,««7.ss V.-!. in iN.S.,) part 11. j.
189!5, Vol. VIII. (X..S.,) I..
189«, Vol. IX. (X.S.,) I..
dM
l*v. ]
NOTES OS THE NORTHERN IVT.!RIOB
11 D
on the Labrador peninsula, and the present notes will be confined to the
region .s confined to a tnp of about one hundred miles made in winter '■'''"''"-'<"
rom the coast o Hudson bay inland alon, the 57th para.le ./ t "" """"
ude to kas,a.aluk, or Lake Mint., ; also to .hort excursions up th.
lower stretces of the Sorehead, Povungnetuk and Kogaluk Xe
ms k,^wle,|ge .s supplemen.d by information deriv. d fron. many of
the Eskimos, who roa,n over thi. interior region ; and who h : ving been
greatly underrated by Mr. Gillies and the Rev. Mr. Walton in st,,^"
•ng he information asked for, took infinite pain, in making sk.-tch LL
of he ar...s ,,er..onal,y known to them. By mean, of tL.e ,ket.he,s
niu h of the map previously a blank is now fille.l with great lak.-s and
their connecting watercourse... The north-western interior of the Lab- V„rtl.
nubr peninsula lying between Hudson and Ungava bays is not, as t ~
f rm Hy supposed, a high mountainous region. Th/northe n p„rt ='«.r..
fn.U.ng on Hudson strait is the most rugged, the land there ,L:
a ly presenting abrupt clifts ,0 the ,sea, and rising quickly inl,:„d to
elevations varying from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, "xhi.s high plat au
ex ends southward to a line drawn roughly east north.ea..tl-ro,u C^
Smith and coming out on the east coast in the neighbourhood of Cape
Hopes Advance at the western entrance to Unga™ bay. Alon'the
Hudson bay coast, the land does not rise as ai ruptly al that fro^t „g
o? Sfret"'^" ^"^ "" 'T'' ''''-'' '"'■^^ inlaVbefore elevation!
of 1,000 feet or more are reachrd. The whole of the region is formed of
long glaciated ridge, of .ranite or gnei.ssic hills, flankTd to the south
trc: S H '' "7/"^'^^ "' trap which a,e a continult f
.ire dotted with lakes, none of which are very I.-.rc.e and these are
connected by a network of s.al, streams whicf se.d;; J ai te Z
rivers as the watershed of this re.ion is not far inland. Th
la.gest stream flowing into Hudson bay is the Kovik (brook), the
mouth of which IS situated near latitude 61= ..O'. At a small Lid
above Its mouth it has an average breadth of one hundied yards and
an average depth of nine inches. The Il.ukotat, Kingwa and Korak
are smaller streams emptying into the bay in the 4inity of cCe
smith. The whole of this northern hilly region is devoid o trees ardw 1 •
m most places only bare rocks are seen'tre^-n over :':U^^^^^'r''
bou ders of granue. The finerdrift material is confined to the valle"
Although in a sense very barren and desolate, this region is not
wholly so as wherever any soil is found it supports a growth of arctic
plants and the rocky surfaces are often hidden by lichens. Snow lies
perpetually in patches in the higher valleys and the contrast between
ih
^f
12 D
EAST COAST OF HUDSON RAY
PiivuiiKiiituk
and K<>^^il\il<
ri viTn.
h
Kxtint and
description of
.southern nrcA.
it and the beautiful flowers that spring up in the immediate neigh-
bourhood is very pleasing. The vegetation is chiefly saxifraget and
other flowering plants growing close to the ground, together with the
various white or gray lichens (reindeer mosses), sedges and grasses, all
of which provide food for the large bunds of barren gr^iund caribou
that frequent these regions during tlie summer months.
The area lying south of that just described and along the Hudson
bay c tast extending southward to Portland promontory and on the
Ungava bay coast to Hopes Advance buy is described by the Eskimos
as a mcxlerately high plain largely drift covered, with low rocky ridges
rising above the general level of the drift. The general altitude of
this region is probably below 500 feet and long stretches inland from
both coasts are considerably lower. This is a region of large river? and
great lakes. The Povungnituk and Kogaluk are the largest streams
emptying into Hud-son bay, which also receives the water ; of the Sore-
head, Koktak and Nauberakvik. The mouth of the Povungnituk river
is near latitude 60° and it empties into a strait five miles in length
which carries six fathoms of water up to the <irst rapid at its head.
Above this it is sepa^r-ued into three channels by large islands ; its
volume must be nearly equal to that of the Ottawa river. This stream
drains a large area of country to the east and north-east of its mouth,
its headwaters extending to within one hundred miles of the coast of
Hudson strait near Stupart bay. It is to the headwaters of this
river that the Eskimo go annually to kill tlie barren ground carilwu
as they migrate southward in September ; this they do by spearing
them in the water while crossing the narrows of long lakes, or feeding
places in the rivers. The Kogaluk is even larger than the last men-
tioned river and drains a number of large lakes to the eastward of its
mouth, which is near 'ititude 59 30'. Its headwaters interiock with
those of Payne river flowing into Ungava bay and the summit is so
low that very little difficulty is encountered in crossing this portion of
the peninsula iiy following the waterways. Payne river is the most
important stream emptying into Ungava bay and takes its ri.se in
Tasukrak or Fayne lake, one of the largest lakes of the peninsula,
lieing about a hundred miles long.
The southern portion of the area under consideration extends along
the Hudson bay coast from Portland promontory to Little Whale
river, and along the east coast from Hopes Advance bay to the mouth of
the Koksoak river. This area, although not high, is much more rugged
than the central district and slopes up gradually to the southward where
the watershed attains an elevation of about 800 feet. The entire
•■]
NOTES ON THK NORTHKRN INTEKIOH
13 1)
region may be described as a rocky plateau greatly broken by rounded
granite hills and ridges. The land rises abruptly along tho western
coast and for upwards of thirty miles inland is almost wholly driftless,
nothin- being seen but the naked rock, partly covered with arctic
yegetation. The central area is less rug-ed and lias more drift in its
valley*, while the eastern part is less ru-ged than the western area
The yalleys between the ridges are filled )>y lakes, often of great size'
the largest of which is Kasiagajuk or Lake Minto, which is upwards
ot 100 miles long and empties into the Leaf river which tlows east-
ward into Uiigava bay.
Forest Areas.
The southern portion of this region is partly wooded, tLe northern TimUr
tree limit, leaving the coast of Hudson bay near the north end of
Richmond gulf,* curves northward and cros.8es the route to Lake
Minto about 20 miles inland, thence bending eastward and southward
recrosses the Leaf river about 100 miles inland and ernes out on
I ngava bay near the mouth of the Koksoak river. The trees near
the north.-rn limit are all short and straggling ; they grow only in the
protected valleys and *'eir struggle for existence is manifest by the
number of dead tops and branches found everywhere. Black spruce
and larch, or tamarac, are the last survivors of the forests to the south
and the latter tree grows to about twice the size of the spruce. The
white spruce reach.-s nearly as far north as the black spruca, and the
balsam poplar comes next in order, followed quickly by the balsam fir,
all of which trees are found on the islands of Richmond gulf. The
banksian pine grows as fai' north as the Great Whale river, which is
also the limit of the white birch and aspen.
As before stated, the northern tree limit on the coast of Hudson \..rtl„ n, „.,.
bay IS towards the north end of Richmond gulf. Thence southward 1^"',' ""
trees grow in protected gullies on the mainland to Mantounuck sound eoast"" '''^'
where the country is fairly well wooded with small black and white
spruce and birch ; small trees of the same species also growing on the
inner sides of the Manitounuck islands. Southward of Greal; Whale
river the coast is wooded lo beyond the northern end of Long
island, where the limit passes inland leaving the islands and Cape Jones
barren. The trees again come out to the coast about twenty five
miles sorith of Cape Jones and continue from there southward.' The
islands off the coast between Cape Jones and Big river, with the
exce ption of a f ew southern on es close inshore, arc all barren. To the
♦ See Report of Progrein, Geo!. Sun-7CanT7l877rpr25c; ~
i i
H
I
14
BAIT COAST or Hunso.v Bay
h
branches continue to the ground, causing the ste«s to I e fu 1 o krot
and consequently of little valup. ^ '"'''^'
C/tma/e.
'•'"""'' of ul"'„l'!f """;' '*'""" °""""'''' i' '»"<"•• 'l»t tii' =lin..t.
::;r :ir ::: •» tvS ,: r "t -? '- -- •» -
arctic and unfi. f , northward it is .subarctic or
arctic and unfit for agncultura purpo»<'s of anv l-i„ I . i>
House in the southern part of JaLs'hay eLwient 1 ero'"'"'
doubt the hardier varieties of wheat woul.l uKo ripen * RrZT
■s .tuated practically upon the sea-shore IrZolc.ue^t ; itu:
nHuenced by the cold ice-laden waters of James bay whic! 1 t
considerably lower the temperature in early summer. Such be n. the
case there can be little doubt that better crops could be ratedTfhor
distance fart er inland, away from the di.e'c t inlluence f the tl
rhere is no doubt that the large area of country situated to the soutli
and south-east of James bay and underlain by good clay .soil capped wUh
capable of raising any crop grown in the North-west territories At the
or:; of wS^L ''-'i T"^ '"''''' " p-^-*'- ^"'^ «>-^
Sthere AtV'tf ''T^^*°'"'^ '""^ ^'^''S^ herd of cattle
kept there. At Fort (Jeorge, at the mouth of Big river, good eroDs of
potatoes and other ro .ts are grown annually, and\attle ar a, X;
at Srllt W^r^"' °"''"" '""'^ °' ''«"'^"'*"- - -^f-'S' is grow
meteorological observations iXin^L^rfte^l^r ^
Fisheries.
^''•"--- nat?r'f ''''"'' "^ ^':^"" ^"^ "'" ^''^^^'y P^°^« *» ^ its greatest
i^r. a< Dert IJril to tlie officer ui charge of that post.
liOrpft- area
inland
Huitalile for
famiiii)?.
-~4i«aWBMini
]
KOTM OX THK NOHTIIER!? ISTERIOH
15
i 1 I
f 1 I
H'.iriic
Hal J II' in
I'iMitiful.
every«rhere with food fishes. In James bay a net s«t at random along
shore or about the islands always caught fl.sh. Tl-.ese are usually sea-run
brook trout and whitefish identical with the Lake Superior whitpfwh*
and being sea-run are, like thf> trout, much improved in Havour. These
trout and whitefish vary in weight from one to six j)ounds and are the
best of food fish. Similar fish are found abundantlv along the entire
coast to Cape Wolstenholme. The Arctic trout or Hearne salmon* is
found along the northern coast as far south as Seal river, which is
situated a few miles south of Cape Jones. This is a beautiful fish with
well flavoured, dark pink flesh and it varies in weight from one to
fifteen pounds, the average Iwing about five pounds. These tish are
salted at Fort Chimo on Ungava bay and fetch nearly the same price
in London as salted .salmon from the same locality. Thev are very
plentiful alxjut the mouths of the northern rivers and along th.- coast,
while the Eskimos report them abundant at the Belcher and other
islands lying off the east coast. There is no doubt that this (ish P(|uals
or surpasses in colour and flavour the salmon of liriti-^li Columbia
Cod are known to exist in Hudson bay,* being taken at Cape Smith
and at Comb Hills in James bay by members of the expedition. The
Eskimos also catch them in Nastapoka sound and at the Helclier
islands ; at a number of places in James bay t.iey are also taken by
the Indians.
The specimens of cod taken by us were not very large but the ...en y^i t
who caught them were Nova Scotia fishermen and said that they were cr'riisl'Tn"
true cod and identical with those taken on the Grand Banks. Food l^:::l^:"^t'
for the.se hsh is abundant in Hudson bay and there is no reason why
extensive fisheries in this Canadian inland sea should not exist. The
undoubted presence oi cod in Hudsoi. bay deserves investigation as a
very valuable and exclusively Canadian fishery may be found there
The presence of cod points to that of halibut i:. the deeper waters of
the bay.
The only other salt-water food fishes in Hudson bay are a couple
of sp.ci.s of sculpin which are eaten extensivelv by the Eskimo
Sturgeon are caught in the lower parts of the southern rivers to the
East Main river and lake trout occur in the mouths and lower reaches
of the northern rivers. The Atlantic salmon does not appear to enter
Hudson bay, as no record could be obtained of its doing so from the
Eskimos. Its range in the arctic waters of Hudson strait .seems to
limit It to the rivers on the west side of Ungava bay. A curious
coincidence in connection with this range of the salmon is that the
ouananiche or land- locked salm on has n ever been found in the waters
' .See Report of frogren, Ueol. Hurv: C»n7 1877, p. 28 c. ~~
:| \
16 D
EAST COAST OF HUDMON HAY
of rivers flowing westward into Hudson bay altl.ougl. common in the
nver. of the northern, southern and eastern watersheds of Labrador.
DkTaILED DeSCHIPTION or ExPLOHATIoy?.
Ih'talls <if
• xplonitiin.
Karly ,n May, 1.98. 1 received instructions to prepare for an explo-
ration ot the e«8t coast of Hudson bay southward fro,.. Cape Vols-
tonhohne. tor this work the small yacht built in 1(S97 and used on
an exploration of Ungava bay was available, it having been stored at
Aachvak, the most northern pont of the Hudson's Bay Co.. on the
Atlantic coast of Ubrador. After finishing the summer's work I was
instructed to pass the winter with n.y party at the Hudson's Bay
Co. s post at the mouth of Great Whale river, and in the spring
months to explore the inland part of the northern portion ot' the
Labrador peninsula of which little ornothing definite was known
During the summer of 1899 the -xplorntion of the islands wa.s to be
continued and if time allowed the latter part of the season was to be
devoted to the examination of the Humnian rocks which occur in the
vicinity of Paint hills and Cupe Hope on the east coast of James Bay
The yacht at the end of the season was to be stored for future use at
Moo.0 Fat^tory and the party to return home in canoes up the Moose
f^,;=;:r 77 \ ^^e Canadian Pacitic Railway at Missinaibi. In pursuar
>ljr^^'"" Z , r T"''"''"''" arrangements were made with the Hudson's
RiKulet. «»y ^»- for the transport of the party and necessaiy supplies in their
schooner from Quebec to Rigolet where the SS. £rU- would be met
and the voyage to Cape AVolsten hoi mo continued in her, picking up
the yacht at Nachvak. At the same time transport by canoes from
Missinaibi to Moose Factory was arranged for a portion of the winter's
supplies which could not be purchased at Moose Factory, from which
place they were to be shipped with provisions purchased thereto
. J'^PK fn "'"■ • " '•'" Company's schooner. Mr. C. C. Chipman,
the Chief Commissioner of the Hudson's Bay Co., kindly sent me a
circular etter to the officers in charge of the various posts at which
we were hkely to call, cont,ainin« instructions to afford us all possible
aid and information and providing for our wintering in the Company's
buildings at Great Whale river. ^
Mr. G. A. Youn„, B. Sc, who had been with me during the pre-
ceding two years, and who was well qualified to undertake the duties
that would devolve upon him, was again appointed as assistant. The
remainder of the party was made up of James Lantz, sailor and
carpenter ; James Schupe, sailor and cook, and Henry Ford, sailor and
Mr. <;. A.
Young
i>pl»Mritf(l
atxintaiit.
DKTAILRD DEMCRIPTIOV OP EXPLOIIAriONM
17
Esk.mo interpreter. U„tz had the year previou, been with l.r Hell
ma8,m,Iaryachto„tho north «i.l.. of Hudson strait, and Ford was
employod as interpreter on the Diana. I ,„ay here state that they
all discharged their various dutie. in a «ati»factory manner.
Havinj,' learned that the schooner would sail from guel«e on or
about the J..th of June, I left Ottawa on the 20th for QueU-e, where I
was joined by Me.sars. Young. Unt.. an.l 8chupe. Here the final
supplies and outfit were purchase,], and we were all ready to go on
board at the time appointed, but owing to delays caused by the non-
arrivul of part of the cargo belonging to the iludson's Bay Co.. we did
no leave Quebec until the 30th. The sclKK,ner was loa.ied above the
bulwarks, and as the cookingand cabin accommodation were .scant the
trip of over two weeks to Rigolet was not pleasant, and was rendered
moie disagreeable by bad weather and fog which also eaus^nj consider-
able delay. R.golet was reached on the ir.th of July, and we there
found the Er.k awaiting us. The Erik left on the li.th, and, aft<.r K ark .„,
ailing at Davis inlet, reached Nachvak on the 23rd, where we found "^iX
the yacht in good order, having been carefully looked after during the
winter by Mr. Guy, the gentleman in charge of that post.
On the 26th of July we steamed out of Nachvak bay and were off
Cape Chidley that night, having passed but little field ice and few ice-
bergs. To the southward of Nachvak only a very few detached fields
of ice were encountered, and along the whole Atlantic coast there was
a remarkably small quantity of ice. This was probably due to the pre-
valence during the early summer of strong west and south-west winds
winch drove the northern pack away from the coast, as extensive fields
of heavy ice were passed through by the Er^k about one hundred miles
ofi the coast when on her way to Kigolet from England.
islands The next day we passed through stringers of loose ice, the ^•™'-
heaviest being about ten miles south of Resolution island, with the
appearance of wider sti-eam. to the southward. On the rooming of
the -Sth, we were abreast of Frobisher glacier on Baffinland, and
steamed along about ten miles from the coast, gradually approaching
the land towards Icy cove, where we again shee.ed off for the Upper
Savage islands and Big island. Little field ice and few her-, were
encountered until about ten miles beyond Tcy cove, where" a few
scattered pans were seen ; after which open water continued to nearly
abreast of the Upper Savage islands, when a thick pack was met with
extending to the southward with open water five miles out from the
13 — D — 2
I 'fl
Ntf;:
in r>
BAST COAIT or IIUMON BAV
Leiivc the
Krik ni-»tC»\i>
W()l«ten-
liollllf.
h
i'atches of
Jjerpetiial
snow.
iM and*. The open »trip graduAlly narrowed an Aih inlet on Big
wland wa,, approached, and the ahip lay to for the night in the ice
a K,ut five rnile^ to the eaat of that place. The next morning we toon
cleare<l from the pack, but more Kelda were Men to the southward about
hfteen mile« to the westward of Douglas harbour. Thene gradually
widene.1 and blocked the strait to within twenty-five milei of Charles
island, when open water was again reached. During the night and
next df more or less open water was passed, the ice in no plac- bt-ing
tight or heavy enough to block the passage of an ocean steamer, and in
(lie evening we were close to Cape Wolstenholme, where it had been
decuied to land our party. During the passage from Nachvak we were
all busily employed partly sheathing the yacht with strips of maple to
protect her from the ice, and in making necessary alterations inside
and overhauling the gear.
Early on the 31st we steamed into Erik cove, situated just east of
Cape Wolstenholme. The Erik anchored near the head of the cove,
and we were busy all day unpacking our outfit and stowing it alward
the yacht, and in getting the sails bent. Everything l)eing aboard,
the Erik left us at 7 p.m. for Churchill, and we sailed to the head of
the cove, anchoring near the mouth of a little river which Hows in
from a deep valley extending to the southward. On the 1st of August,
while the men were engaged on the yacht. Young and I ascended the
hills to the westward of the anchorage and killed two barren ground
caribou ; later v a examined the rocks along the west side of the cove
and ascertainea .he barometric heights of the terraces facing the open
strait. Besides the two caribou shot, several small bands of these
animals v ... j seen wandering over the hills. Deer Creek cove, in
which we anchoreil, lies immediately east of Cape Wolstenholme. ' It
is about three miles long, two miles broad at its mouth and only
slightly over half a mile wide at its head, where a small river enters
on the west side. This stream for three miles wanders in a narrow
channel from wall to wall of the extension of the valley, having cut
down some thirty feet below the level of the sandy plain which fills
the bottom of the valley. Beyond, the grade increases as the valley
narrows, and the stream changes to a rapid mountain torrent. The
cove and valley are walled in by steep olifFs that rise abruptly from
600 to 1,' ' feet, and then more gradually into rounded hills, with
altitudes ing from 1,000 to 1,500 feet above the sea. The cliffs
are largely cumposed of schists and gneisses, greatly rotted and stand-
ing on edge, and are thus very uneven. Great patches of snow filled
all the gulleys and spread over the valleys between the upper bills.
Many of these patches were formed of old snow, showing that they never
**-• 1 DBTAILKD DEUCKIflON Or KXPLORATIOyn It) u
enlirdy melt during the few hot days of th« .hort .umm.r in thi.
region. No trw« grow anywhere, .nd the An tic willow, never excee<l
two or three inche. in height, but notwith.tandinK thig alienee of
for^U. the Arctic .hrubs and flowering pl.nU covered with brilliant
t.iooin. which carpet every .pot where the least soil i. f„und. give
• pleaa.ng .en... of life which contrasU forcibly with the barr.-n and
frozen aspect of the r,K;ky cliffy and the .nc M.. In tho main and
smaller 8ide valleys, the .and that flanlcH the cliffg i« cut into many
terrac.« which rise as a 8eri..« of narrow steps to a height of over f*00
feet and as many a. twenty-eight were noted in one serie.. These
mark the successive shore lines of the land produced during its rise
since the close of the glacial period. The rotten state of the cliffs
would at first le«,l to the belief that they ha.| b.-en ungluciuted, but an
examination of the undecayed surfaces near the water and on the hill
above show that such was not the case, the stream of the glacier hav-
ing striated the summits of the highe.st points.
Starting next morning we only reachetl Cape Wolstenholnie at
noon, and anchored in the evening In a small cove f.mr n-iles to the
westward of it. ."he cape is a bold headland with jagged cliffs
rising abruptly over 1,000 feet from the water, and foraie.J of per
pendicular bands of gneiss and schist. Vhe irregular weathering of
these rocks has given the coast a serrate.! appearance, and great
chffs extend from the water to the summits. These broken cliffs are
the nesting place of tens of thousands of Brunneck's guillemot or
murre. The noise caused by the birds leaving their nests when
frightened by the discharge of a gun is terrific, and sounds as if the
face of the cliff were falling. Wherever there was a shelf sufficiently
wide for an egg to rest, there would be a row of birds packed tightly
together and each straddling a single egg. The birds were exceedingly
tame and almost allowed themselves to be taken by hand before they
would lea^e their egg. The eggs were very nearly hatcl-d, and a few
young birds were seen on some of the ledges. A large number of gulls
ravens and gyrfalcons were seen flying about the cliffs, und at the
base we found the body of an Arctic fox, a victim of poaching.
Cape Wolstenholme terminates in a sharp narrow point about 200
feet high which stretches out about 200 yards from the main cliff P,ist
It, the tide sets with a very strong current. The east point of the
eastern or smaller Digges island lies about two miles north of the cape
This island is a little over two miles long, and is formed of high deep
chffs like the mainland. It is also a favourite nesting place of the guille
moU. It may be here stated that these birds ■
fiir<«t.
I!iuiiiit'ik'»
k':iilli'iiii>t.
I3_D—
H
do not breed to the west-
20 D
■AW COAKT or IIVIWOW IIAV
Olnrri.itji
■tatiMiiitt
l<ii|«'riii'i
KukiiiiiH
'IKllIlipilllIlt
h
'"•'• but ^ot' '''"■ '''""' " "'•""' ""''^'' ""'•"' '«"«••«» - «'-~cky
U twin • ^ T"*' ^°' '""'•' "" '^»- ""-untor^l in the channel
bvTr Vi "'""'7"'; "•«' ;"«inUn.l. In the ov.„i„g w., were vi^it^d
by ij„ E,lc.,„o, ... kyaU., who informed u. that ih«y wen- enc«tt.,,«l
Our«„chor.„e wa..„„.,„,,,,lcove,heltore,l Uy « bol.i ...K-ky island
"the Itr "' 7- 1'"* """• '"•' "'*""•"« -"''-"' wa,hi../f„ t, d
the Mff al ."T' •'^""■"''•"""« »'y "'veral K.ki,„o«. w., dim J
n..ng grmlua jr .niand to a general level of about 150 feet and partly
report these an.malB abundant everywhere in the neighlKn.rhood and
are found abundantly only after a day', walk or more from the c,J'
The calm continued on the 4th. and we attempted to tow the yacht
wuh the .mall boat, a«i«ted by the J]akimoH in their kyaks as far n
the.r encampment, but only made nix n.iles. when wa wL oWiJed to
to .tern the tide. There was considerable loone ice «nd a lar«e Juantitv
en^er.1 the bay during the evening. The land rapidly dc'cr Ted n
unde T^r 7- 7-f "' ""^'^"''^ '""^ "'iff becomingL abrupt a.^d
under .00 teet ... l.e.ght while the land in the rear appeared to Junder
lower :; Lr 2:"' '"'."='^'^''""«' ^-y -^^y -'^ ^^ omy in the
^wer valleys. Next morn.ng we started early with a strong south-
west w.nd and soon found the Eski...oH .,nca,npme..t on the intiJof 1
group of .slands clos.. to the coa..t. about three miles west of our Incll
age and about south-west of the western end of Digges island v^rh
hes about ten miles from the coast. We landed and'found he band
to cons..,t of seven families or thirty-two persons in all. I t-Choto
o'tZr fat; . "'"^ """'"« ""^ «"•''« ^^^ ^-"^ ^'^-^ there were no
other fam.hes for many miles on either sid« of them. These people are
the most d.stant of those trading at the Hudson Bayposton 'Jre^Xha e
nver wh,ch .s s tuated nearly «00 miles from Dig/.n-^nds thei7next
They start on the.r journey to the post in January, and do not reach
homeaga.nunt.l June, as they travel with their' .tire famil es and
hunt their hvmg along the way. The men in .ummer kill walrus
-1
D«TAII,KI» OKXCRII^IOSC or K.\ILOHATIO»
2\ i>
H'niiiiir
.ouU .nU cunbou for f.MKj. clotl.ir.g ami fuel, «„d only a r«w .ould
UoMt of fragmenU of Kurope.n clothing. ,uch .u. .UirU, skirts «,ul l,.t. .
The.r fur hunt con.Utn chie.ljr of white foxo,, t«gnlmr with fewer .ki„« -.''.uU
of red. oro.. .nd bl«ck fox..s, wolve« «nd whit.- Imrn. which with w«l
ru« tu,k. constitute their articles of trod.- for powder, shot and toUcco.
In tho afternoon on tl... fulling ti.ie which runs m.uth. w.- s.ile,| four
nules further, until *,. were compcll.,! to take shelter in a .mall Lay
owmg to th.. win.] forcing »,:■« ice tightly u,,on the .hore. I,, making for
theharlK>ur the kyak Ulonging to our guid. uprna while towing W.ind,
and in trying to Uke „ alK>ard the «„all Wt, the latter also .apsi^ed
throwing Untz and the Kskimo into the water, but luckily we man-
aged to 8ave Jx,th. Tho coast pawed during the day continued to
Income lower and the clifft disappeared giving place to low roun.led
rocky irregular Ixjtton.s. HhoaU extend for a couple of miles oil' the
the and and were .narked by the heavy ice grounded upon then,. The
land risoi .lowly into large rounded hills .100 or 100 feet high situated
.orae three or four mile« inland, and the country although still ,,uite
.ocky has many ridg.. of boulders and finer drift ..n the nainland. ,.., „,. f,.r
'VVe remained ice-bound until n<K)n on the Mth, when a south w'nd " '' » ''"v-
lo.«ened the pack along shore and allowed us to l>ea» our way to the
Houth-west. A« we procee.led, the ice grwlually opened and l.y
evening there was a lane of open water over two miles in length with
stringers of ice outside. The guide said that the prevailing
west and south-west winds had driven large ,,uantitie8 „. ice
1 from tht. stiait and that this was the la«t of it. The coast Is
everywhere very flat and low and nowhere rises 100 feet aUve > •
sea. A few reefs of granitic rock form low points , t long intervals
along shore, the remainder con.sisting of sand and lx>«ldcr« which
also form the low irregular ridges, and have numerous traces of ancient
«ea beaches in their lines of well-rounded boulder:). The water is shail
for a long diht-ince oflT shore and the bottom -s broken by steep lumps
and ridges of boulders, probacy formed by the shoving of heavy
grounded ice upon them. The shoals were everywhere indicated by
masses of heavy ice piled upon th. m and coaKe.,uently we were in no
danger of running aground. The land wa;, covered with mosses lichens
grasses and arctic shrubs, and is a favourite feeding-ground for the
barren ground caribou, numlier^ of whieh were seen either singly or
in twos and threea moving aljout close to the shore all day.
Owing to light winds we only made eight and a half miles south- faritK-u
west on the 9th, and in the afternoon w.^nt a few milus inland af'er ' f"'
deer as they are very numerous about here, and our guide informal us
H,|
22 D
EAST COAST OP IinDSON HAT
I>escri|ition
(*f COHHt.
M
K. led a young l.uck and saw many more quite close. The country
bvTot'LT; T''>V'"P"« ^'°"'^"P ^-> ^''«-t- -d broken oty
by low boulder beaches and an occa3ion,U outcrop of gneiss risin^a
- "-.. ing p CS™ T" r" ^,'""'''" ••"'^"^ •'^'' ^--"*« b7eed.
ly where on. th" ? ^'^ ''^*'°"^' ^''^''^ '"'"8 ^ harbours
Sounded 2 L ^""^ ^^^' ^'^' "•"'^•^"^ in the afternoon twice
grounded the yacht upon small hummocks of boulders ou our way to
he entrance of a small riv.-r ; the second time we remained aground
for^two hours until rtoated by the rising tide, after removingTbo:^
load of prov.s.ons and rigging a lifting gear with our spare spar. We
anchored about a mile from the n.outh of the river in the midst oTa
number of boulder shoals. Our course during the day Zll/y
Too t J T 7 T "■"''"■■ '" *'^ '' '^'^^'^'y '^-"ibe.l, being under
100 feet m elevation broken by long boulder ridges, and witlf a few
ow hummocks of rock rising above the drift. Th^ water ihlir
or several miles off the coast and the shore is ma.sked l X ' of
m. e, out. The channels between the islands were too shallow and the
bottom too uneven to allow the yacht to pass and so we were for Id
to run our survey outside. We were visited by two old men n kvak,
who stated that all their people (nine fan.ilies) able to travel had gone
mland to hunt dear, and that they would remain there until' the sTow
f J^V' '"^•"g^ beat into the Kovik river and anchored at the
of Eskimo containing a few infirm old men and women and some
orphan children, who were all living on trout caught with a "t We
went up the nver in the small boat five miles to where it turn! souTh
"Tw ''h " r ' rl ^' '''''"'' "-■""" ^° ^'- ^-^y - and strong
wind. We then climbed a rocky hill and .saw the course of the stream
or about four mile, to the eastward, where it narrows as it ZsZ
nto a gorge between lew rocky hills, beyond which the Eskimos say7tT
very rapid and un navigable. The river at the lowest rapid is luTf^ ty
yards wide and averages about a foot in depth. The rapids continue
for a mile after which the river expands into a lake fron'a ,uartr o
to soutr ' ":? "? ""*'""" """''^-''^ ^'•"'- ">>'- -'I thei Chan. !
o south tor three miles, and again east three miles to where it past
mto the gorge. The country surrounding the river is low and broTen
Kovik liver.
1^'
w* J DETAILED DESCRIPTION OK EXPLORATIONS 23 D
by rounded glaciuted rocky hills that never exceed 100 f. et in altitude.
These hills are covered with loose blocks and Iwulders, while the vallfys
between contain terraced sand overlying stratified clay which contains
large .(uantities of fossil shells. The river is abundantly stocked with l:i^. r.>lH,„„d.
fish : the Arctic trout is most abundant and vai'ies from three to ten "''''-"■''•
pounds in weight ; ordinary sea-run brook trout and white fish are also
common. The natives were unacquainted with the Atlantic salmon as
were those spoken to in the neighbourhoo<l of Cape Wolsu-nholme.
There were only light breezes during tlie morning of August 12th,
with which we reached the mouth of the river where our guide left
us. Young and I landed on the south point to examine the rocks and
take compass bearings. The day being overcast without wind, was
favourable to the mo.squitoes and they took full advantage of it. ' We
were on shore less than half an hour and returned to the yacht hardly
able to see. This was the worst place for Hies in my experience, but
luckily the wind came in from uhe northward at one o'clock and we
were soon rid of the pests. We sailed west eight miles across the '<' t'l.«t.m.
mouths of two long l)ays full of low islands and boulder shoals, anil '^""'''
then south-west twelve miles along a straiglit shore, broken only by
long points of boulders extending as reefs for upwards of a mile from
shore, and anchored close to Kettlestone Knob a conspicuous hill of
serpentine lying about half a mile from the mainland and connected
with it by a narrow neck of boulders. The coast passed was all low
with an occasional low ridge of dark rock rising a few feet above the
drift. The shore was Ijoulder-strewn on the points and sandy in the
Iwttoms of the small wide bays, with an occasional outcrop of rock
most common during the early part of the run. The bouldery islands
off shore were fewer and smaller than to the northward of the river,
and the shallow water did not extend so far out from shore along thi.s
straight coast, which aflbrded no harbours. Kettlestone Knob" rises
about fifty feet above the water and appears to be the resort of a
^ ^mber of families of Eskimos during the seal hunting in the .spring.
The sites of several camps were seen which had been lately vacated, Kskim.w
also a number of sealskins full of oil inclosed in heaps of boulders to ' ■""''^•
protect them from wolves and foxes. The rock had e^•idently been
worked in places, and it is the source from which the triangular stone
lamps are obtained.
The next morning opened with a light southwest wind accompanied
by fog and drizzling rain. After t» a.m., we dredged for a couple of
hours in from seven to thirf-en fathoms of water, and were not verv
successful. Warned by a rapidly falling barometer we sailed into
•■I'lH'iilini'.
24 i>
BAST COAST OF HtDSOX HAY
Cil fish
caught.
(...no Wind . point „, . j'.Z^ ' ^ J^^ f^f j"^- "»
we.st accompanied by rain and fo^eau "d't it ' " ''' "°''^-
day in the n,outh of the little riv'er The wind T"" T ''"''" '*"
next n,orning and moderated .so that we lot unt"' T '"' ''^
making twelve mile.s to windward in th. f. ''''^''' ""' "°°"'
-^all circular harbour ^JirV-^fZZ:'''^'''''^^
country were similar to fhr>.o i j , ''"'"^'^^- -T'le coast and
and the water is somewhat deepe^Vff shor^rll "'/" H"" ^'""
gradually approaches the coJand o^po te the a'^cf >'\''"^
six ii.iles inland "Pposite the anchorage is about
We xtorted at 6 a.m., on thn ^Rth =„^ i
against a light head wi aec!m;^^^^^^^^^^
anchored at dark under a .m;.ll T . ^''"'^'■' *"^ ^^S "^nd
ward of the inner rndof^l^lL' tlT '"''' " ^"^ ^^^'-
where we anchored but owing o tL thick 7 ' ' '"^ ^"■""^' "^'""P
better place. The coast ZL!, ? ^^ *' could not get any
shores,loken by o s LraHlt^^^^^ ''" ''' *''^ ^«"'^ ''-'"^-'
of boulders close'in Zl rZZlfrl T ^ ''^'' '"""'' •^'-'^^
than formerly and >vas terra! . .7 ' '"'' "'^'^ ""''^ «'^'-"P'ly
ders, but H,/genera.:Lr furr— :: ^ t^l'^^ "^ ^"'
trap hills which reach th« no, . *^" ^''o* "^ ^he
Jor. .. ..,„.. JS.,S iZ*. LTrr-r: "f '^'"
bay. On the 1 7th, Yountr anH T „i- u j , ''^ ^^losquito
land while the .en ' I^ Th „, f l^j' te7 '" H^ ''' '''''•
measured twenty and twentv f w/ \ . ^ '■'*"^^* *^*» ^'^i'^h
^^>- to these that they had been catching
tiey
all their
^■RHMn
DETAILED DESCHIWIOX OF EXPLORATIONS
iO D
lives on tho Grand Banks of Newfoundland. They attributed their
failure to catch more to the unsatisfactory nature of the hottom where
they were fishing.* Large schools of harp seals weroseen accompanied
by Hocks of gulls apparently chasing the cod in the vicinity of Smitli
island. I have since learned that cod is plentiful along the shore
from Portland promontory to Cape Jones, and is found as far south as
Paint hills in James bay. The p:skimos living on the Belcher and i .,,,, ,„|
other groups of islands lying off that part of the coa.st catch numbers '"' '" '
of these fish, some of large size.
The hills on the mainland vary in altitude from 300 to 500 feet,
being considerably lower than those a few miles inland. They are
arranged in parallel ranges, in consequence of which the coa.st, where
they reach it, is cut into a number of long narrow bays with a low
vall^-; at the head of each, down which flows a small stream connecting
chains of lakes. The rocks are a dark-green brownish-weathering trap
that ha.s been intensely glaciated into smooth rounded bosses. The
drift on the slopes is terraced to the summits, where beaches of
boulders rest on the otherwise bare rocks. In the afternoon we shifted
our anchorage intending to go to the head of one of the narrow
bays, but found it too shallow and so made a harbour on the inside
of Smith island. The current in the channel is strong and we had
great difficulty in stemming the tide with a good breeze behind
us. East wind continued on the 18th, with fog and rain, so we
remained at anchor. The men again tried for cod but caught none,
owing to the sandy bottom everywhere in the neighbourhood of the
anchorage. Young and I made an excursion into the inu.-ior of K.cur,ioi,
Smith island which was found to be formed of hills sim.::.; to the i",'",!,'','' ,,f
mainland, but higher (COO feet) with valleys between, filled with strati- ^i"'i'i'''i-'l^'M.I.
fied clay and sand, and up the hill-sidesare terraces of boulders to over
500 feet above the present level of the sea. .Smith island must form a
prominent land mark from seaward, rising as it does abruptly above
the level of the low coast on either side. It is about ten miles long
by about four miles broad in the widest part. Its outline is very
irregular, being broken into numerous small bays by the trap ridges
The channel between it and the mainland is a mile wide with only
sufficient water for small craft to pass through it, and rendered
dangerous by shoals and small rocky islets.
We started early on the 19th, with a north-west wind and sailed
eastward ten miles through a number of low islands formed largely of
trap, to the enti-ance of a long bay which we followed for ten miles
ii
I
*Rei>ort of Progress. (Je,.!. .Sur\. Can., 1«77, p.irt c. iiago 2*.
26 D
EAST COAST OP HUDSON li.vy
:H
of trap. The wator hpfw» Vu ? ^^ ^'^ '°^ submerge.! ridges
i.lABd. the b,v ,„ic. In Jm,1, . , ,. "' *'"'"""'■ ^'X'" 'h-
...J ...d.„„/jr„'r : 'r.i:' : s*- • »"• -»<' • '■•"
enters that Hows in th« n„„*- '?'"^*'^^,^ "^* ''^ad where a small river
On the north Jde of Lr^^^^^^^^^^ the northeast,
to 400 feet in height with hUe/h"n T " "'""^ *"*" ^'^"^ ^00
trap on the south'side separl; th^f ' "^"' ^ ^^"*'- "'^^ °^
Mosquito U,v. These two bavs forrAf ^ . """ * '"""'''"• '""g "'"tow bay.
sented on thethlrtT wT" m' "''^'^ '^ "'"'"' -'^"^ '^an repre-
the head of the t; and protT " T""" "' ^^'""'' ^"-"?«d "^
One of the men w^fs enl " tl T " '*'"' '^""^ ''"'^ ^^--"•
a da/s journey tl the sSll'""^ "^ '° '''' '""'^'^^ "^^ «'--
tha!t :rr.r::; nr^^ -^ ^-f - -^o ,ater informed us
a.x>utthe sh..s outSe We' rred ^ ^"^^''^"^
of whic.', we could see the head lit T/'^ '^ *'''' «^^°"^ ^
.nouth and is not as lonjl! fi! /u ! ''"' ^°"'" ""''«« ^'"^^ '^t its
covered with low fl / ^h" northern bav ,s surface being largely
wjverea with low islands and boulder • , th« ^,ff « ""o^'y
northern bay being due to the trap . bib. dif^ "71 "" ""
From the south Doint of th,-.. K .u f^emg displaced by granite.
miles and is 0'^^ ,t " 5^^ ^ r"' ™" '^"'"'^ ^""''' ''' ''^^-
boulders and rock i !rea 7^"" '^"^'^^ ^^^^^^ P°i"'« ^f
lie for several i off fho ' and 7 '''" "''"''^ "' '•"'"^ ^^ «'-«'«
the mainland we narrl '«";!• ^'^'^^ '" ""^^ ''''^''- them and
of boulders found^whe e^h "'""/'' """™ '"""'*^^''^
and a heavy sea swellTunnTn ..." """ " ^"""^^ ^"'' ^'•««- blowing
ous. FortuVrei;: got r o 't;:™! 'T' ;^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^'^"^-
entered themouth of So^he:dr v^^. a ^ s t^Tt for/"^'"'" r^T^^"
the yacht grounded THp .„„ * , ''*''^"'^"' '' ^o"^ four miles when
wer^low aL siSr ^^^t^^i:^:^'^^^:: 'Z
when it became too small and ra^ rft ^17" "' *'" """'
smaU ..at, so we camped at the foo'tlf a Llf S^ T^ '''
from the nor tar wh ^ 12:^ ""' L'T '"''''' ^^'^^ ^'^^"^
rocky hills on that sid . Abote I Zk i: ^"*" ^'^'^ '^^^^^"
about 100 feet wide with .11 I , "^^^ """"^ '''■^'"° ^^ °n>''
wide with steep day banks from ten to forty feet high,
S<inheaii
h
I >
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF KXPLORATIONS
!7 D
U
the river being cut into a clay plain from two to three miles wi'le t'lny I'liin.
that fills the valley between the low rocky hills on both sides. The
stream gradually becomes smaller and where we stopped it was less
than fifty feet wide and one foot deep. The valley gradually nanows
from three miles at the mouth of the river, where the banks are almost
level with the water, to less than half a mile at ten miles up, after which
it soon passes into a narrow rocky fjorge that rises rapidly to the gen-
eral level of the hills, from 200 to 300 feet above the sea. The next
morning we climbed the hills to the southward of the camp and took
photographs showing the character of the country. We then returned
down stream to the yacht. The highest hills are about 400 feet above
sea level and arc formed of well glaciated granite with very little drift
scattered over them, the finer material having been removed to the
valleys and the boulders arrang(>d in beach ridges on the flanks of the
hills, the sea having covered the highest summits. The hills are of var-
ious forms with wide valleys between them and these are usually filled
with irregularly shaped shallow lakes and ponds. We saw several '■■'""■ ''•■^"•
coveys of rock ptarmigan, large numbers of Canada geese and one bar-
ren ground caribou. In the n<;xt two days we made thirty-five miles,
passing nuir^erous rocky islands and Iwulder reefs with shallow water
between them with a low mainland broken into irregular bays by
numerous rocky points. Shortly after starting on the 26th, we
unfortunately ran on to a small hammock of boulders and as the wind
was increasing the position was dangerous. We took four loads in
the small boat to an island near by and as the tide rose in the after-
noon, by hauling at the anchors placed astern and lifting on the spare
spar in the bow we managed to get afloat at 5 p.m., with little damage
to the yacht, but did not get he ballast and outfit in place again until
9 o'clock.
On the 27th we sailed six miles south-east to the mouth of a large I'ovnnj^iitiik
river called the Povungnituk, which we a.soended three miles. It had "''''^'
an average depth of five fathoms to within five miles of where it is
broken by rapids, below which sandy she:- Is extend nearly to the
anchorage. We put our net in here and caught twenty six large trout
and whitefish which we split and salted for winter use. The followin"
day it blew a gale from the westward, so that we could not leave the
yacht. On the 29th we ascended the river to the rapids. Here the
stream is divided into three channels by two large i.jlaads. I estimate
the total volume to be the disclu -'^e of a channel 600 yards wide,
three feet deep with a current of three miles an hour. The eastern
channel has about twice the volume of the westerr. This was the first
large strear with, and from what is known from the Eskimos no
fl
(
I
" \,
28 T,
EAST COAST OK ..UOSO.V ,UV
Minerals
found in
»chi»ts near
Other considerable Ht«.am «
'«y on the 60th parallel or .ifrectlv on^' ^ l'' ""P"^^ '"^^ ^ngava
«-eral families of Eskimos hadencTrH >!" "'""''' ''''''' '^^--
«one up the north branch of the Hv T '""^ *'"' •"'^P'^^ ""d hod
the afternoon .e sailed e^ght ti; ^ ^T' IT'""^ °"^ -"-'• '«
roihng coast with many shoal, and VI 7 "^7"'' '"^^"'"^ '^ '-
the morning, we made six milo«^n '"^^- O" the 30th in
-d in the .fce^noon crosred^n t H: W '? ^^'^ ^'^^^ «'-^
pomt. making fif,„on miles more beforTaLh'^ "-^rounded a long, low
reefs. The afternoon's sailing was the m..'"^ ^''""' ^"""^ •^"'^^r
owing to the extremely shallow watJlT **'"'* ^'^ experienced
'u^ps of boulders extending for .::,es «; irrnr" "^'^ '""^ ^'"^^^
^'e^rthe'irh rrc b:re:'%^""^ ''^^ -- ^- ten
north wa«J, but so shallow and ^^^/^^"'"^"'g ««vcral miles to the
that,veco...dnotgoupit havelrf "'"^ ^""'"^ °^ ^"'^-
nver flows into its head. As the.l *'"''"'* '^^' ^^^ Kogaluk
and dark basic schists at he moutroMrT ' ''^''^-" ^''^ «-Ue
conactufti. '" '*"''«ts at the mouth of ♦. u "'''"'«''" the granite
grar.""" «Pent examining the rocks and sevo 1, f I ^7' '^' ^^'''^-on was
and chaieop,,.,, were found in the " ^ w" ^ "'^^"'«' P^"^«^'^
for the next tw„ .!.„» „_.v , '"^ ''">"'t«- We were unable to move
I'oitland
I'roniontiiry
inaein t.ly
mapiH-d.
'^•' "-"^ round m the schicfa
X;;rr-^--:ry.e. o^thea^i^--
bays. A gale of wind l.^tinJuZtltT' ""'^ °^ -« ^^ this
bay when we again started southward b ' "' "* '*"'=''- '" this
running, we were obliged to keep well' uV""^. '° ''"^ '"'-y -'^
eon ,nues low for fifteen miles, S C" *'' ^''"^^- T*'" '-^
boulders never more than fifty eet ,Ih ^r "^ T'"""^^'' «^ ''"^S'^^ of
gradually becomes higher J Ifookv ,' T^ ^^'^'^'^ "^'^ 't
behind the peninsula of Portland nrl^; "'^"''' "^ ^""bored
to 00 feet high. Portland p o„1:ZT ^^^Z ''' '"'^ "^^^ ^^^ ^00
on the chart, and there is no chann7f /' "' ■*" ^''^"^ '^'^ sketch
uiamland by a narrow neck an!l "''" "'• ^t is joined to the
wbich continue for ^.::S- X':^^'^ '' ''''' "'^^^ ^^'-^«
cut up by irregular bays dotted with !i' " ^"""'' " exceedingly
east wind accompanied bv rain ,^ '''*°''^- ^ heavy ga'e of
tatingadvantage^f .'XlThTintrl^ ^^^^'^en
we rounded the point and made thirty rL , 'r°°° °^ ''"^ ^th,
The distance shown on the chart from PotT'; '" ^^P^^" --ows!
well narrows is t., .hort, so that insraj ^ ^ ^^1""^^' '^ ""^^
entering the sound well to
DETAILED DKSCIUPTION OF RXPLOKATIONS
2!t D
*ti-;ititio<li'.K.'k.
the southward of tlie narrows we passed in just above, and as theio
was not enough water to float ourlxwit throuyJi the passage, wo liad to
beat out again losing half a day in doin;,' so. The coast from I'oi Hand
promontory is high and rocky with sharp granite hills rising from .300
to 500 feet abfjve the sea. The sound is f.. ,ied by a chain of long
islands separated from one another by narrow openini<s. The chain
runs roughly parallel to, and from a half to two miles from the coast.
The islands are from 100 to 350 feet high, and are formed of stratified Miin.U
rock ^capped with heavy l^ds of dark-grcon trap, all of which dip
gently towards the sea, and in conseiiuenco the islands have g.mtle
8lop(>s seaward, while they present steep clifiFs toward the land. ♦"
The 10th, and llth, were spent at anchor in a small cove just north
of the narrows as the wind was again too strong for sailing. On the
12th, we managed to beat around the island and entered the sound
again immediately south of the narrows. There was a very heavy sea
outside and heavy breakers'in the channels l)etween the islands,. In the
afternoon we sailed southward twenty miles and anchored behind a
large island close to the mainland opposite the most southern opening
to the sound. Xext morning we pa.ssed through thu opening and started
down the coast before a gale from the north-west, but had to seek
shelter after making five miles, as the .seas were coming in over the
stern, and we were obliged to let down all sail during the frequent
squalls of snow. We found temporary shelter behind a point and later
a good harbour behind a small island four miles further south, which
we reached after a good deal of danger and trouble. The coast here is (:,„^^^ r.iKgc.1
very rugged without any harbours for large craft. The shore is rocky "'^'' f'"
and rises quickly into ragged hills from 400 to 600 feet high. Ne.xt '""''""""•
morning the hills were white with snow and the small ponds covered
with ice. The wind changed to south-west and we were obliged to beat
against it all day with a heavy cross sea. We made thirty miles to the
southward and anchored in a small cove three miles north of the second
island of the Nastapoka chain. The coast passed during the day
continued high and rocky with hills inland from 500 to 900 feet high,
the shore being rocky and nearly straight with very few harbours. The
first Xastapoka island is similar to those of the Hopewell group, except
that there is no capping of trap.
We beat all next day against a light south wind which died out in
the afternoon obliging us to tow for two hours in order to reach the
first harbour in a small cove about a mile north of the mouth of
Langland river. This harbour is quite open to the westward and is
not good. Our day's journey was sixteen miles down a coast similar
* See illustration Rpport of Progress iieiA. Surv. Can., 1877, p. 19 c.
30
KAiT COAST or HUDSON BAY
■\
CharactiT of
iron ore on
N»«tU|K,kH
ubiirln.
CouiiiarJBon
of quantity
»ncl quality of
iron Off.
Section
measured on
islonti (if
Nastaiwka
chain.
The chain « compo«eZ tn, r""*'*' **' ^''"'«' ^'''*'« "-".
chain the, are fornfed f^^l^^, „, X;:.- T u'1 ''" "^'"''•'"
P"'« gently seaward anri nJ^ * "t'^t.fied unaltered rocks, all dip-
high Lai the i."T rr:::^ s;"^-- •^"'•" ^^^ '-^ '^^ ^-^
bed is more or less ferru^innlT k ^ '^ ^ "''""'""' ""^ "^^'^J «very
able thickness a.^X^ir: l^^^f ^^^ «'- «>' consider'
or a mixture of magnetite and h 1^^'^'' '""-gely magnetite
the sandstones critr„„H , ^^'^ ^''"" associated with
dolomites. b.ds\Cerit: nZSe'i:r;''\''--- ^^
analysis of specimens obtained lyD. S. r ^zT' '":'"^' '™"
percenUge of manL'anP,« fK» * "ell, in 18/ 7, contain a arge
steel. tI variouroresoccuT ""'^' ""'^ *°- «--""
of all the islands and nimZhrr*'"''""'^"''*'^ '" ''>° '•o"'"'
in this chain,* which LuVtT 1 ""''"""'' '''* 'J"*''^'*^ «^ -"^
quality With the itlTel^rZrlTdTth' ^' T. '^"'"^^^ ^'^'^
•Superior, where some occur fnTseT^s nf I «°"thward of Lake
found on the islands of the Naln l t '"'^' '"^ "■""" ^ ^'^''^^
rained heavily and i^; ;h It „T:f t leth^T^"' ^'^ "'■^''* ''
which continued all day with fre^uentlhower In ^eT '''^^ ''^^
sailed to the mouth of Langland river fJl^ =»fternoon we
Bee fifty yards ahead, and a"! 7, 'tf °« T ?^' ''^ *« -«'d not
mouth The entrance ^fhl ^ '"''^^ *^^ «""'' ^ar at its
wide at die Lr thidi b^oad "'"" "-^ ""'■°" •='"'"'>^' "'-« ^en yaixls
there is less thin a flt:trte?L^r ^^^^^ ''^"^-' ^ ^^-
bar the river widens into a basb aC o?o'!'"h" '"'^- ^i ""^^ *''^
with shoals. This basin extenl *'^"vOO yards across, but filled
river descends fromTrorkTri '''^^^ "^ -"« ^o where the
fall is narrow andl d "^^ -J " " ^"^' "'/'*" ^0 feet high. The
brink. It descend Tto a ! ',""'"' ^^ " ^'°^" '^'^^-^ «'^ its
diameter and havt l^arpi: Ir ^^" '^'""^ ^"^^ ^^-^^ '"
-the sandy plain^hS:^^^!::;;-;--/-^^^
On the morning of the 17th, we crossed fK„ = j ^
section of the rocks exposed on Z T I? """^ ^"'^ measured a
chain, and also t^k aTml f u '^ ^^'^' '"'""•* °^' ^'^'^ Nastapoka
from die top of re i.Cd Th^e ' '''^u^ "' ''^ ^"^'^ ^"'^ ^^'-^
but it died out at 3 p.; belg foZ'df "!"' '"■" ''' '^''^^'^
which obliged us to C'back fr^^ m , '" "■ '•«»>*, -"t'^-st wind
i- wide bay on the inside of Da ^.^i L„t Z^Z '"'l T''''"'''
See Ke,Kn.t of Proven, '^-T^ii-^^i-^^CI^,,.—-^--^
DETAILED DKHCKIPTION Of BXFLOBATIONH
31 D
the mainland. The mainland about Whale point i» lower and lesfi broken
than to the northward, but is still ijuite bold. We passed a couple ,1
small riverti between the Langland and the point. On the IMth, a
strong south wind accompanied with rain, fog and a very low bar-
' meter kopt us at anchor in our harbour and I measured a section of
the rocks on the island in the neighborhood. In the evening the wind
shifted to northwest and this blew into our harbour, raising a heavy
sea and making things unpleasant for the night. The next morning
the wind moderated a little and being fair we started and so<>n arrived
at the mouth of the Nastapoka river where we stopped to trade pro-
visions with some Eskimos encamped there. The wind was now blow-
ing a gale and the sea caused by the strung wind b' 'ing against the
current setting north up the sound .vas short, heavy and breaking
constantly. As there was no harbour on the mainland we were
obliged to cross to the islands and did so with difficulty and with great
danger of losing our small boat which was towing far astern, in fact,
it was simply marvellou.s how it escaped beiny sv^umped as several
times it was snatched away from under the comb of a great breaker.
After a good deal of cautious manoeuvring we managed to cross to
the islands about ten miles to the southward of the Nastapoka river,
and then ran on looking for a harbour which was finally found and
where we anchored behind a long point with a reef outside. Here we I'liotograptH
remained during the ne.\t day, the wind blowing so hai-d that we eould on- u'<l»."^ "
only make a landing against it with difficulty in the small l)oat.
While here I took photographs of the thick beds (80 feet) of almost
pure magnetite and others of the surf breaking on the outer side of
the island. This gale was accompanied with heavy squalls of snow
which gave a very wintry aspect to the scenery.
On the 2l8t, the wind moderated towards morning and getting
under way we made thirty-one miles to Richmond gulf before noon. Kieimioml
We entered the gulf and anchored just inside, in a small bay on the t"'"-
south side. In the afternoon I examined the rocks in the neighlwur.
hood. They belong to the same series as those found on the islands,
the stratified rocks being first seen on the mainland some five miles
Houth of the Kastapoka river, from there they continue as a facing of
the granite hills to within a few miles of Great Whale river. On
the 22nd, after a hurried examination of the north shore of the
gulf we passed out again on the end of the falling tide and with a light
southeast wind made Little Whale river at 9 a.m. After passi'-'^ the
river the wind died out and we drifted until noon, when the wind came
from the north and freshened all the time, so that when we arrived at
four o'clock at the northern entrance to Manitounuk sound it was
K!
32
EAST COAST OP IIUDSOX IMY
Maiiii.Miniik
i'-luilllx.
Whale river. The UUndn 1,1 ? *'^ "" '"""*'' "^ "^""t
""pew... Cain. ..ei^'::;:^::;;: :i::::;si^' '""^^ r ''-
great thicknesses of dark-uLn .„, "'!*"'^"'""'''' ^ed" capped with
tur... The sound fo^ J Cl^ "' "^T"- ""^'"^ '^'^^"'"'^ '" «»••"-
-<; und,.H,i„, .t..ati.„d rocks in t ^r n/o 'thT h" f "'" ^"'^
l>t.autifully with the dark-green of tl,« .. ■ T "'""''" '^^""'••'""
of the willows and .nosses' T o ptva i::' 7'' ''' '''''''' '^"'"•'^
sandstone, are various shades o pink h '^^ "'""''•'' " '''•' '^'^'^'^'^'^^
through crea,„ to light-blue ;,; 'th; tr" '""^•^'""- --y ^'o™ huff
«nd purple and wh..; the cliff. ? ''■'*"'"" * '"'"" ^^'^^'^
«-, so that there is t^^oiXrin-r^S^^^
wind continued Htron«7ro, , 1 « ?, ^«'- "'"eral.s in the trap. The
off the ^i,^.M:Tz!rs:r^i'^^^^^^^
pcht down, although we wer Lg w^tl^a Z"''^ .'""^ ''*'
Knowing that we would be unahl ' .!. ? ''"^*"-^''''^«*^ '"'»n«ai).
rivor we anchored in a cove i„ !„ ,^."T ""' *""■ *' ''''^' ^^'''"'^
« on . ,u, f;« -th end of the sound T ^wt '^^^^^^^^^^ f^ «;« '""^^ ^'"'^
PjrtHt.ireat'^ blew lightly from the eastward tirf """^ *'" "'«''' ""^
^^•""•' -- reach the .^outh of the „ -Ir a nt ^7°^ T"'"«' ^"''^""^ "^ '"
the Hudson. ,W post »,!«: theT^httrdVnT *''" " ''' "'^ '°
remained at anchor until evenin. S. '"'"'^ ""'' ^^•'0%' current, we
and anchored opposite L T ^'u " "-' "^^^ "P «''«'"« "''ore
yacht for the .ealoT We oun;ha:;"r^>" ''l ^'"' ^^'" ^''^
the post, had not yet return^f vr '^'' ^^^ '^ in charge of
gone in August, ./u hf, X:T ,e^" ^''^^' -'''"- ''^'had
'Hsposal and we took full advlntigVof'Sriir'Z ''' '^^ "' ^^
covered up and ..o^^rTt^^:; Mr'? ^"' T ""'°"«*''^
=:=^:2^Su:::^f^^
-ned in the kitchen asrln:;r;:^:--^was
Hudson
i i
X
r
il
h
u. n
|v ri
OrTAILED DBIICIIimoV Or %X IIATIONH
:i:i u
Indian, ono Kftkimo) ami w«i were all ct>mfort(il)ln iiml lm|i|>y. When
the yaclit w i necuiwl tho in«n wen- net t<i w.irk ninkiii« lnrj{.' iloj{
•le<li for winter travel, and when thi-y w-fe iintithe<l tlip r€»ni»in<lor of
OcU.lior wan ernplxyeil in chopping our nharn <if ftrfwooii. Having
fini!«he(l that, I scut Lant/. and Ford awiiy on Novunil>«r l,j» f.'w mil.-H
fft tho HiMtward where thny hunted their fo«l and livwl in n tnnt.
YouMK WHS nnuauwl plotlinK tho »urvpyii nwdn durinK the past sum-
mer ami myself putlin« my n<»t<-s in nhapo and deviitinK comtidonihlo
time to the study of tht* H-skimo lanKuaj^o.
lAntxaml Ford renmini'd away from the jsmt until .Jnnuiry •-'■•<, M„.rniii. r.r
when ilipy r. turned to mak.- prrparations for our spring wr.rk. <^" ;',''' y'',v^
Ftihruary l'\ [ sent Mr. Younjj, n<compani -d hy Schupe and two Kski-
inos, to carry a mi'-rometor »urvey alnn^thc ooast from tirent NVhalt;
river southward to Fort (5eor),'e at the mouth of the Big river. On
the Ifith the nuiil packet arrive<l from Moose Factory hrinjj;in« us the
first new* we had liod from civilization since we left there the previous
Juno.
On February J.}, I started northward with two Eskimos and their r,,I^'|!,',i"i..rth
do;,' teams U> explore the region situated to the northward of the ^[ J^'j:'"'''"''*"
NoHtapoka river. We were greatly delayed by rough ice along the
coast nnd continuous rough sto'iny weather, ho that it wat. tho 2nd of
March l>efore we reached Whale point situated on Nastapoka sound
near the .">7th parallel of north latitude. From there wo proceeded
almost due east for forty-two mile.s through a aucession uf small lakes
and ponds lying bttwoen liare rounded lulls of granite.
Starting from a small bay directly north of Whale paint the route
rises gradually for three miles over indistinct terracesand grovel beaches
the hi;jhest of which, about 600 feet above sea level, forms a sharp
ridge with a downward slope inland of "><) fuel to a small lake, that
lies in a narrow valley with nearly peri)endicul.ir granite walls rising
from 100 to 500 feet al)ove the lake. From the east end of this
lake the route pas.ses over a number of short portages lietween small
lakes and ponds the level of each Ix'ing somewhat higher than the last,
so that at a distance of ten miles inland the water level ia nearly that
of the surrounding country, ami the rolling granite ridges are seldom
more than 300 and ar<! usually lesf than 100 feet above the water sur-
face. This country for 20 miles inland is (juito devoid of trees, while
farther on spruce and larch occur in clumps in pwtected places, at
first as [uite small shrubs but farther inland at Ijxke Minto, they grow
about fifteen feet hi"!! and at t'.ieir ba!ie.s often exceed nine inchi's in
13_D— 3
34 i>
Lake Miiiti
KAST COAST OF HUDSON HAV
IVseiiptiuii
Lake Miiitii
Mr. Vciiiif;
irl(T llvtM-
HicliiiHind
(fiilf.
asli,ht,y lower el^mbn "he , ^' "T '"'''"^ '^«>-°-» '' -'> ^"
^>ard for nearly forty .^1!. , Z'^" ^"^ ^°"°*'"^ ''"'' ^^^t-
c-ribou which usually frf^uent tT 1 u hil "'T "^°""^'
sequent .tarvin,, condition of our C '' -'^o". -d the con-
-•'-'.."«. The portion eVpoV:i::;;ir:"'%°' "-'' '"""^'■''
tortyn.iics in len^'th with n„,n '" '^''^^'"'•1' about
both, and the n,afn C 1"" ''T 'T '"""'"^^ "«" ^™-
northern bay is the hu^n .nd v^-i; "" "'''' '""" ■■^■'-''^- '^he
while the .so-uthern bayl ^ron, „„« f "" •?" " ''" '"''''^ '"^ ^"•'"''
of the lake, at th. junct o, If,, ""'"' "'''*^- ^'^ '"-" '>ody
-u'e, .„d fro„. UuC:^ U :^ ? "^7'"" '"'^^ '« fully Ufteen n.ilc^
imperceptiby passes into the T ■"' f"'"""^ ""^^'"'^ ^ ^i'"' '^
n.outh of the Koksoak riy,^. ''"l^'" ""I*'* -^'Ivance bay and the
-e^ - easily nayi,able th..t;^;:^r '" T '''"""^' ^"" '^'^'^^
-1-ls... ,hat the natiyes ar •,,!, "'' Z'!"^' ^'^"'^ ^ '"-vy
their hu-e skin boats. ■'" ""' '^ ^" ^^'^^^ ^^'''U, in
The return journey to (;,eat Wh„le riyer w, . ■ ,
incident of note on the way there M I "'^^ ^"^'"'"^ "".V
-'"^"'J gulf, he hayin. durin- 1 , ' ""'' "■''' '""' "-'^ ''i^''"
«"ryeytoLVn-tGeors;:,:Zfh '.f'^"":'^ ^^"■"•^•' "'« "■'-"-«-
th-uryey no,.,,,..,:, „. ,,;;;- ^^ '""^ P'-- -tinned
together ,0 t!.„ Hud... Ha, ..^l^ '^^ v:.."'" ^' '"'"^, -^""-^
arnved on the ir.th .March P ,n.. 1 • , '"*"■' '"''''"■^ l'"^v
''-n sent inland up the (ireat M' ale .' ""''•.""■'"•^ "^ '^'-n-- had
for the use of the p.rty -In ^ V "" "'"' " '"'■"' "^^ P'--'''^''""^
They did not arril. iL 'k ^^til t ^'^^r^'""'"""" '" ^'^^ -^-"•
o«inf? to the deep soft sno^y .»k1 tl, ,' , '''"P"''""" "''^■'^f' ''a-dship
»'ey had to n,ake roads thr u t J'' I' T' ""' "'^ '''^'''' '''^'^''
and sickness «n,o„., the „ a ^ ' ''" '-^^-""f "^ ''ad weather
Wl-ale riyer until tl^aO^h I ir.tn,r '"' ""''" "^' "'^ ^^'-'
our three men and myself 1 '"'' f''''^^' "'''^'^^■■"^' ''^ ^oung,
'^•>'e reports of the „,en': o a ^...S,, ''^^J ^ ^'^ -^-our:
to go without dogs, and each i„2 . ;"'"''^^' '^ ^'''^ ''"^"ded
loaded with about 200 b of n ''"'"'' ''^"''"^ '^ -"^^H «led
'f'^. of p.ov.s,on.s and outfit. The month of
l^■'l
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXPLOItATI0N>
35 1)
April proved very unsuitable for this kind of work. The earlier part \\ e,
of the month was very cold and without the customary rains, so that f„,
the snow remained in a pulverulent condition, into which the sleds sank ^^
deeply, and re.,uired -reat efforts to drag them along. From the
miidle to the end of April, xh .- ■•.ih. - was very Iwisterous with
almost constant succrssions of '.,,uyrai..s .-.-.t :^.,ow storms, toUowed
by unseasonably mild weather -.bi^ 1; c iuse.i th' .'e to leave the nv.M-s
and small streams, and obli«-<i c. c. alvin.l.u MV work on them and
to travel as hurriedlv as possible ....r! -.' to the coast, in order X'<
avoid being caught inland by open water, witli no means of transport.
The Indians of the region were caught in the same predican.rnt .a.
oui-selves, and most of them sufrere.l great h.udships before reaching
die places where their canoes weie stored for the winter.
The course of the Great Whale river valley from its mouth is nearly
.lue e.vst for eight miles, to the first heavy rapid and fall. '1 he r>ver V.~
alon- this curse v.iries from :'U0 to oOU yards in width and is,,,.
obstructed by a number of small islan.ls of rock or boulders. Its
banks .u- usually high and formed of stratified clay overlain by sand
except where the rockv walls of the v:v, -y come directly to the shore.
The valhv itself averages about a mile in wi.lth .and its sides are
formed of'roun.led granite hills that ris,.from 200 to -t 00 feet above the
water. At the first tall the total de-vent is about thirty feet, consist.
i„o of a direct civ.scade of ten fe.'t followed by a very heavy ra.n.i. At
the fall the valley coniracs U. ab^.t fifty feet and there is a .mal
island in the n.i Idle which divi.i. s the stream into two channels of
,en and twenty feet in width. This obstruction is pa-se.l by a po. taue
„f ha'f a mile which ascends a tzuUey on the south side .,t a low rocky
hiU at the falls and rce^hes the river by an abrupt drop imme<l.ate,y
above the f,.ll. The valley above oear-; south ea-t for nearly ten nnies
to the second fall and along this cou.se the river lias an average
breath of 400 -yards with a swift current. The v.dley is about halt a-
mile wide walled in by g-anit<. hills liOO fct hi.^h which are usually
faced with terraced deposits of sand up to 1 .".0 feet above the river.
The vallev is well wooded with small spruce and tar.-h rarely more
than eighteen inches in dian.eter or above thirty f.et in height.
At the second fall the valley contracts to less than 100 yards in
width and in a mile and a half the river has a descent of "JOO tcet.
This i3 made up of direct fails of twenty, sixty and forty feet, respec-
tively, the remainder being low falls and heavy rapids. The portage is
on the south side and rises abruptly 300 feet when it passes along the
13 — I) — J."!
trip"!'
at \Vli:>!r
■1.
-Tiil»il.
f
il
3G ij
KAST COAST OF HUDSON HAY
KiMT ilivid
intip f.v.i
Oth.r
lir.iiiclu's
"f iiortlierii
l)r.iiii-li.
AlH-hipaiiiifli
h<k,. the
tliivH rivirs.
hill. clo„ i„ 1 Zr r.r t '•"'""?'■■" ■■■> •«.!, while ,:,. .™„i„
kish.r. Thi. ,.„w, „, riLi, p. ^ ,!"'•*''■'"■''■'''■ '*'"^''»
l>ein? nea,)v („„ ,„:,„, ," .i ' " ° I"'""?", the lo>.er
"i". ; c:::'2::x::!z sr "" """• "-« -"'■
occ",i! into .|„ch (.11, . 1 " T ! ; exp«ns,on of the river
<i~oe„. he. >^t::si'Sz^zzrT'"'- """»••'
on the level of H,/» ,- ' "**^ '*'^°^'e 't « nearly
«o .„ e„„ ,.* t";" ; "£ I:"- t;ir" ™-''? '"-
grow thickly excent wl,Pr» fK u " 'P''"*'^ ^'"^ '^rch
being very We aTeaswhl tT ^ ^r '"'"^^^ ^^ «-' "--
Beyond this the coui: 7,e til 7. " '"" *"^"^ "^■^*^°>-^'^-
and a half .i,es and then n i: Kh-etTtw ""T'Tt '''' '^"^
the junction of the Abct.i.w T ?^ ° *"'^ "''^'^ ™''«s to
The character o the rUrT^^^^^^^ '^^"^^^ °^ ^'- -er.
thesetwocoursesissL toe I i;: d"T ".""=" '^""'^'^^ '^'""»
flowing between low ter L!^ K ,' '^'''''^^^' * ^'"ggi^h stream
roundi'ng country wL lb „. "^ ""^'' " ' '""' "''' ''''■ ^"'-
^'s:^;:::i-;:r~~^
being .i.u.«d di,..4 „„ he hekh't* 1 ." ,"""" ■""'•" •»<'
•-Annual Rep... Cieol. Sur. Can.. Vol. Ill, Pt. 11, j-;^:^ ,
'J
tow.
DETAILED DESCKIFTIOX OF EXCLOUATIOXS
.57 D
its westvrird flowing oi. lets form the head waters of the AbLlii-'im-
ich river and also of the Little Whale river. J^uch lake-^ with double
outlets are not uncommon in Labrador, but it rarely happens that
thre3 rivc'vs t^tn their rise in the sanu- lake.
Above the forks, the Abchisamith river, for three miles, Hows from
the east and for this distance it is very irregular in width and greatly
obstructed by small island.s. It cuts through wide, sandy terraces, the
highest of which ris. about 150 feet above the stream. At tlie end u*
this course the stream narrows and the v.illey is enclosed between
steep granite walls that vue from -JfiO to 400 feet above the water.
The ge''neral course of tiie valley, as far as explored, ir. from the south
east, but there are numerous minor detlections from this generaloouise,
•■specially where the stream is broken by lapids. These rocky hills
are sparsely wooded with small spruce and larch, while much of the
country has been burnt over. We only succeeded in ascendin- this
river about twenty-five miles owing to the soft weather, which by
melting the crust of the snow, rendered travel impossible after ten
o'clock in the morning, and on several days when there was no frost
we were unable to move at all. The river throughout this distance
varied from 25 to 200 yards in width, having usually a strong current,
with five rapids, each of which would entail a long portage in the summer
time with canoes. Returning to the junction with the Coast river,
we started up that stream with the intention of following it to its
head in a large lake abou ' miles in rear of the mouth of Little
Whale river and then des that stream which also tlows out of
this Like.
We were unable to complete this work owing to the unusually early MiM w. .th,r
break up o' -^he ice, which forced us to leave the river and pass over- ^.^n.^i-u..,,
landby t'.o valley of a small stream which reaches the coa.«t opposite Boat- "* ""'^•
opening in the Manicounuk sound. The Coast river is slightly smaller
than the Abchigamich river, and the first course of its valley above
the junction of the latter stream is nearly north-west for eight miles.
The valley for this distance is fil'-d with sand, terraced up to 200 feet
above the stream and backed I. . .v,^, rounded granite hills. The river
varies from 50 to 200 yards in width, and is without rapids. Tlie
valley next bends sharply to the east for eight miles, and the river is
broken by a number of short, heavy rapids, terminating at the end of the
course in a rapid of a quarter of a mile with three beautiful falls, and a
total rise in the level of the stream along this course of about UO feet,
so that the highest terrace at the end is only about 60 feet above the
river. This terrace is very persistent, and undoubtedly marks a sea
i 1
M
38 D
CAST COAST OF HUDSON IJAY
I'reiianui.ii]
fur siiniiii>-r
Work.
i
ant .lunng tae por.od of subsi.lence of the country, «„d shows
1- hcoht to which the land has since n.en, the upper terra^
bein;; now approxiumtely 700 f.et above soa level. The country sur-
.oun. ms thi.s .trelch is similar to that last described, but the gnu.ite
hil s become n.ore rugged, andareco^ered with a thin growth of spruce
and larch tree.s arely twelve inches in di.n.ter 'Ihe river'ne.x
Hows fron, the north i.r si.x miles, and ah,,ut M>re. miles up this course
.sjo.nec'by alarge eastern tributary, nearly as large as the n.ain
.t.ean,. Along tins stretch, the character of the stream cha,.ges, as it
now flows through small lake e.xpansions connect..,] by sh,„ t apids
wthout any deHnite valley. The terrace along the upper part of 'the
course ,s not continuous, an<l when seen is only about thirtv feethi^h
The country .s less rugged, and the rocky hills are marked by lan^e
depos.ts of boulder drift which lie in long drumlin ridges. The dire^c-
Uon from which the riv.r Hows is again east for three miles, then
north for four xnde.s, and again east for eight miles, being exceedingly
.ough along the last course with eight heavy rapids or chutes ; and hi-
Ts?- Tr 1, °" "" ''""""-^ "'"'' '" '^" ""''^«"*^ ''"I-^-i- through
a si ght y rolhng country. A.s before stated we abandoned work at the
end of tins cou.se and returned down streun. to the «r«t bend, where
.ascended the valley of a small southern tributary, and aft^r fou
n.s crossed the «um,„it and continued south down another sn.all
nbutary, making numerous detours over rugged hilLs. where the river
was open a rapids, until we came to the edge of the plateau about four
m. s .ro,n the coa over which the river is precipitated in a continuous
rapids, fa hng upwards of GOO feet l,efore reaching the sea. We arrived
back at the Hudson s Bay post at Great Whale river and immediate y
began preparations for our summer's work. On the 1 2th of May holes
appeared in the ri^ver ice, and by the 21st the river was .uite'f'ree of
.loafing ice, but the open water only extended about a mile off the
mouth of he river, while the ice on the sea appeared quite solid. The
the jacht, so that it was not launched until the 29th. On the 1st
of June we went aboard ready to start north for Richmond Gulf as
soon as the ice moved off the coast.
Attempts to get away were made on the 4th and 5th, but it was not
unt 1 the next day that we succeeded in making our way t*- ..gh the
floating .ce, and getting into Manitounuk sound where we anchored
in open water at the Paint islands about half-way up the sound. The
following day we reached the BoatK>pening and from the summit of
one of the islands, saw a narrow streak of comparatively open water
along the coast to the northward, with heavy ico out.ide. Tre foliow-
I,-
DETAILED DK9CRIPTI0N Of EXPF-OHATIOSS
■A<J D
h:lh-
inu inorniiig we starlivl at day-light iiud had no ditUculty in reacliing
the mouth of Little Whale river ut 9 a.m., as a light cast wind
ha.l driven the ice offshore. At Little Whale river we found several ^j;'-;';;;^;' ,^^
families of Eskimos in ii starving condition, and after relieving them r.ittl.' SV
wo continued on to tl.e n.outh of lUi'liiiiond gulf, where we found th. ' '"•
tide rushing out strongly and carrying with it much floating ice.
While awaiting the change of tide, the wind shifted to seaward and
the ice closing in forced us to attempt to stem the tide. We .iiarted
in with as much sail as we could can y and had got about half way up
the nai rows, when we were struck by a sudden S(|uall, which almost
drove the boat under. To sa\e the yacht we were forced to luff up,
and drop the mainsail and couUr only run the boat head on to the
rocky wall of the channel. Luckily a small cake of ice resting on the
rocks was struck lirst, and we escaped, with only the loss of '^ar bob
stay and some slijiht dints in the bow, from what might have l)een a
disaster, as it would have been impossible to save the yacht if it had
sprung a serious leak along side the perpeijdicular cliff whore it struck.
We finally made a small harbour just inside the narrows and getting
out two anchors rode safely through the heavy gale of that night,
wliich was accompanied by snow and sijualls off the heads 1,000 feet
above us, that caused the boat to tremble and sunk her several inches
in the water as they burst down upon her. We remained -i Richmond l^;'','^;*;.^;,';;*';,'
(iulf lake, which was found free of ice, until the •22nd June, the time Cnli h. .
being employed in a .survey of the lake and a close study of the rela-
tions of the unaltered bedded rocks found on the shorea and islands of
the lake. The entrance to Richmond or Hazard gulf is situated eleven
miles north of the mouth of Little Whale river, and opposite the
north end of Belanger island, the second southern island of the Nasta-
poka chain. The entrance is formed by a deep rent in the rocks of
th • coast, and is about two miles long and varies in width from iOOto
400 yards. The water is very deep and the walls of the channel rise
in perpendicular cliffs from 100 to 1500 feet, the height increa.sinc
inwards from the coast owing t j the bedding of the rocks dipphig
seaward. This narrow channel connects a large salt water lake with
Hudson bay and in consequence the water rushes in and out thrrngh
it with groat velocity, with the rise and fall of the tide allowing only
short periods of quiet whan the t^de is high or low.
Richmond Gulf lake is a large body o' ^alt water, occupying a 1>"^«^jl'"""
depression immediately behind the coastal range of trap-capped hills-
Its greatest length from north to south is thirty miles while its greatest
breadth along its southern shore is twenty miles. In form it is roughly
triangular with the apex of the triangle at the north end. The western
f\
40 D
EAST COAST OK IIUDSOX HAV
r. i
it
]
ij
> !
Kivers
(iitt'i-iiif;.
Fish plfiitifii
side is occupied by slmip cliffs, formed of bedded rocks capped by a
thick overflow of trap. These cliffs are very jagged, and indented bv
deep Iwys, and as the rocks rise as they extend inland, the cliffs of the
hea Hands aro full.v 1,500 feet above the water, while those at the head
of deep bays arc not above 1,000 feet to their summits. The cliffs are
rarely perpendicular, but rather resemble gijrantic steps from the
irregular weatlierin- of the rocks formin- them. Aloni; the south and
eastern shores the In-dded rocks have teen faulted and in places
replaced by granites, so that the coast is more irregular and less Ijold
th.in along the western shore, the hills rising from 500 to 1,000 feet.
The southern part of the lake is covered by lart'e high islands formed
from tilted beds of the stratified rocks and traps. These rocks having
been much faulted, the cliffs of the islands do not face in the same
direction but vary from east to south. A number of large streams
enter the lake on its east side ; amon- these the Clearwater is the
largest, while a couple of miles south of its mouth is the Wiachewan
which has a beautiful fall of 315 feet where it descends to the lake.
Farther northward is the D.er river which like the Clearwater flows
out of Clearwater lake. At the north end another fairly large .stream
called the North river Hows in from the eastward, through a wide valley.
The coast outside Richmond gulf is almost treeless, only small spruces
growing in protected gorges. The change when the lake is entered is
very striking as all the slopes of the hills and islands are well wooded
with spruce and larch and only the summits of the hills are barren.
IJalsam poplar is found as straggling trees on some of the islands
showing that the northern limit of this species almost coincides with
. that of the supposed much hardier spruce and larch. The waters of
the lake are plentifully stocked with fish -ncluding arctic trout, lirook
trout and whitefish. Dredgings were made in from fifteen to twenty-
five fathoms of water in a long narrow bay in the southwest angle of
the lake, where the bottom was found to be soft mud.
The following list of species was determined by Dr Whiteaves from
the dredgings so procured : —
J'ecten (Camptonectes) Grmilandicus, (Towerbv.)
Modiolaria discors (L).
I'ortlandia glacialis (Wood).
Nticula expansa (Reeve).
Astarte Banksii, var. striata (Leach).
Astarte crenata ? Gray, var.
Macoma cakarea (Gmelin).
1
DETAILED DESCKIITIOS OK KXCLOUAIIONS
41 V
Thracia myopsis (Beck) Mollei.
SnAcava arclica (L).
Tonicella inarmorea (O. Fnbricius).
Lilorina rtidU (MatonJ.
And the following; siioiiiies, dot.Tniinecl l.y Mr. I- I.hiii1>c.
iSnheritfis moulaVndu^.
Crnnie/ln cruninm.
Tiie ahovo .spe.-if.s arc rouimon in tho Plei.K-enp sands nwl tlays of
theC.ulf of St. Lawrence and show that the (.rcsont conditions ..f ll..'
waters of Hudson bay cl-sc-ly resemble those of the St. L.nvr.-iue
re-ion durinj,' the clce of the shicial period. During our stay in
lUchmond -ulf, the ice in Hudson bay had been closely pressed ,n
upon the coast miin,' up the Nastapoka sound at>d conii.letely blocking
navi.'ation. We.sailed out of the Uulf on J une "Jlind and nianage.l with
considerable dithculty to pick our way throuyh narrow leads to the
mouth of Little Whale river. Here we leiuaine.l henuned in by ice,
until the 2nd July when a .stronR breeze oflf shore opene.l a channel
and permitted us to sail south to Oreat Whale river. The time ..f
our enforced delay at Little Whale river was spent in ercaniination of
the rocks of that neighbourho<,d, and in tracing out the lead-beann-
limestones found near there.
At Great Whale river we were again delayed by ice until .lie 7th
July when we were advised by all the Eskimos to abandon our p. o-
posed trips to the Belcher islands which lie about seventy miles oft the
coast, and about which owing to the prevalance of westerly winds
(iui-ing the early summer, the ice would l)e very thick. This advice
proved correct as the Hudson's Bay Company', ship "Lady Head
was beset with heavy ice as far south as I'.ear island in James bay,
where the ice was left on the 20th August.
Instead of going to the outer islands we directed our course south-
ward along the east coast in order to complete the survey of that
entire shore from Cape Wolstenholme to the head of Kupert bay.
Sailiug southward from Great Whale river, much ice was encountered
for upwards of 60 miles until we passed into the Sound between Long
island and the mainland, where the last of the ice was encountered
on the 11th when we reached Cape Jones, which marks the entrance
to James bay. The distance from the mouth of Great W^hale river to
Cape Jones is eighty-five miles in a straight line, and the coast, with
a few minor undulations, runs about south-west. The land along this
portion is generally low and sandy, rising in brc.d low terraces to the-
! 1
i
l),lavi-.l tiv
i.'.- ut Litth-
Whal.' l-iMT.
Tiii.t..
Helohir
islands
ubaiuloneil.
J:
KA8T roAHT OF lIUDfON DAY
11
i
-!aii.|.
TltMKl
ooa^t ch,
at Ciipe
if
:-ounil..,| .,„.anite hills, muiilly situated u luile or more inhuul ami only
couang directly to tl..- shore at poinu ,i!oni{ the no.tli.Tn two-thinln
ut this chstanc... As far us Hiimbu- harbour, t«enty two inilos from
(.re.it \\ hale river, narrow leiJKe. of C.iml.ria.i limestone have been
ul'.eJ up ujx.n the granite along shr.re and in several places gooil boat
narhours are found behind these broken ridges. From the White
Car hills to Cape Jone., a .listance of twontv tlve miles, the shore is
wholly co,Mpo..ed of .and an.l shingle the granite only appearing in
low hdls m the immediate vicinity of the Cap^. The ri.lges of lime-
stone and other Cambrian rocks were seen thrown up along
shore farther southward fr<.m Long island and the other islands off
this part of the coast. These islan.ls are particularly numerous
between the south end of Long island and Capo Jones'where they
practically block th«> Sound. Long island is twenty-four miles in
length and varies from one to three miles in breadth. It lies about
hve miles off the mainland, with its longer axis parallnl to the coast,
and Its south end twelve miles from Cape Jones. It is ma.le up
ehietiyof C.mbrian limestone overlain with ferruginous cherty beds
capped in places with trap It.s inshore side is generally formed of
low chffs of limestone with long intervals of low drift shores Ijetween.
The higliest part is not over two hundred feet u'love the sea The
coast southwar.1 from Great Whal • river is not dangerous for large
vessels to approach, and excellent shelter is afforded them inside the
northern end of Long island, but to (ho southward and in the neigh-
bourhood of Cape Jones the approach to the land is dangerous owhig
to the shallowness of the water and the uneven bottom with fretment
reefs and boulder shoals.
From Cape Jones the general trend of the coast changes sharply to
S. 40' E. and continues so to the mouth of the Big river, sixty miles
away from the cape. To the southward of Cape Jones, the character
of the coast changes greatly and becomes similar to the shores to the
northward of Portland promontory. The shores are low and indented
by numerous bays separated by low rocky points. The entire coast is
fringed by innumerable islands extending in shallow water several
miles out from shore. The general heights are so low that hills rising
from 100 to 200 feet above the sea form conspicuous landmarks. The
islands and outer points along this portion of the coast are barren, the
trees being e mfined to the shores of the bays and the interior, where they
form thick growths of spruce and larch. The boat ch,..inel from Crpe
.Jones to Big river passes between the islands and is usually from one
to two miles from the mainland. It is exceedingly crooked, pas.,ing
by sharp turns through narrow passages between islands and shoals,
mrsmm
KniVII.KI) DESrRIPTION Of KXPI-OHATIKN.-.
.»;! I)
iiml is .luito iuiiHis^iblo to follow without the nid ..f an oxinii.na'.l
n!itiv(( pilot. For ton miles south wnnl of Cap- Jone?, th.> i-.himl.- iiiul
shores arts lonned almost wh^-Uy of drift ciul houhhi s i>n<l npp ar to
consist, largely of glmiiil th hris in the sh»i)c of low liuiimiocks nr
.Irumlins. Bcyoml this low exposures of yrinite mi.l ,i,'neiss o< .'iir on
some of tho isliuuls, increasinj,' in number towards the soitiliwuid, m.
tluit at Pipestoru) -utway, f(.rty miles from the capy, the isl.iiids and
shores arc very rocky. Alon;; this di^tame iheie is not an eUv.uiun
of fifty feet on either the .inhuid or jshinds. .Inst iioiUi of i'lpe-
>tone ^'ulway is the moul t a laryo hay which exlends main unles
inland, hut is so sIkiUoa' > it is unnavi>.;al.le even with smii : cruft.
This is calletl Paul hay ai.a is a favourite stopping' place for ;;. eso and
wavius on their ud^ratior.s in si-rinj,' and autumn, as the wid.^ ;,'rasa-
coverr.l llats aljout the l)ay are excell.^nt feeding ground-.
^^ jthward of tho gutway to tho lii;; river the islands are fewer and
( . One of these islands called Wastikun, situated ahout five
mi'..'S north of the mouth of tho river is a prominent landmark ri-inj,'
as it docs into a rounded cone I'OO feet hish. Fort « ieorge is a po~t of
the Hudson's Day Co., situated on an island at the mouth of the Uig
river, and is the headquarters of the Whale river districi. J [ere is
found the most northerly cultivated land on tho east coast of Hudson
bay. Excellent potatoes and other root erop.s are grown here and a
good herd of cattle adds to the comforts of this northern outpost of
civilization. Tho Big river is one of the largest streams of tho I^ilitador
penin.sula, taking its rise in tho central area of the peninsula, ;lo!>e to
the hea<hvaters of tho Kaniapiskan branch of the Koksoak river
which flows northward into Ungava bay, and of tho Manicouagan
river of the southern watershed.
Fort George was left the 17th .luly and the survey and Reologi-
cal examination of the coast and islands continued southward. The
distance between the mouth of the bay anil East Main river in a
straight line is 115 miles and the general course is S. 10' ?]. This
portion of the coast is somewhat higher and more rocky than that to
the northward and the islands lying oflf it are as a rule larger, while
only the outer ones are barren. The Big river discharges by two main
channels separated by a wide flat sandy shoal. The northern channel
is that used by larger vessels, as it leads p;i8t a small safe anchorage
called Stromness harlwur situated among some rocky islands about
three miles northwest of the river. This channel has two shai-p bends
in it, and is difficult to navigate, whereas the south channel runs
Rtrai"ht seaward. From the mouth of the river, the boat eliannel run.
ti.nii.'loi
n
i--..it(i
l!i-' liver.
4t D
KA«T COA.iT OK III I>»OX IlAV
I'.'iilit hill.
C'attl.' Miiil
>liw|i kept i
Jlaiii rivi I.
M
due south MMnei, miles to K.irtli,,u.ik.- island, »o called from tht-
lf),'(;nda.y trciiililin- of the island du.iiij,' a hatil,- l«.twfen the Crees
and rrw|uoi«. Twenty miles farther south are the Comb hills where
a rid^e of granite foriiHJi long point and . several lar-o rocky islands.
The imine i« derived from the straggling tre.s along the summits of
the hills somewhiit leseiiibliDg a gigantic comli.
The next place of iinportanc is the Paint hills, situated twenty-five
miles south of Conih hills. They consist of two chains of largo rocky
islands stretching al.out ten miles out from the coast and 'ornKKl of
dark green sriucezed trap intrn.led l.y g.aniie. These trap rocks cany
consideral.le pyrite, whi.h on the surfac(> is often ru.sty and to this the
name of the h)cality is due. The Solomon's Temple islands which lie
about ten miles t.) the .southwest of the outer island of Paint hills are
a continuation of the traj) area and have the same character as t)ie
inside islands. Cape Hope islands aro situated thirty-tive miles south
of Mio Paint hills and consist of one large and several smaller islands
oi v.ap. The highest puint of the huge island is -jrtO feet above the
water, and is coii-^e^iuently a very conspicuous feature of the coast
which everywhere else rarely exceeds 100 feet in elevation. The dis-
tance from Cape Hope to the nujuth of the East Main river is sixteen
miles. Along this portion o' •!•.• coast the rocky inlands give place to
a few low shingle shoals a-'d ■ hore is only 'broken by occasional
low rocky point.s. A numlK^r of these sho.ds and two rocky islands
obstruct the mouth df the river, rendering it dillicult to approach even
with small craft.
A small trading post is situated near the mouth of the rivei on the
south banks, but the i)lace is used more for a farm or ranch than for
trade. A large herd of cattle is kept here as well as a number of
sheep, and the surplus stock is distributed annually to Rupert House
and -Moose Factory. The East Main river is not as large as the Big
river, and drains the country between the latter and the Rupert. It
was explored in 1892-93, and a full account of it is given in t)ie report
on the Labrador peninsula* From the mouth of the East Main, the
general trend of the coa t is .south-southwest for forty miles to
Sherrick mount. The coast along this portion is exceedingly low, and
rocky hills only come out to the shore in a couple of places ; elsewhere
wide bays with sandy shores and boulder strewn points are found
rising slowly inland and faced with wide mud flats bare at low water.
The islands off the coast aie few in number, and owing to the shallow
wat€r surrounding them, hard to approach. In fact, although the
"Annual Reiwrt Geol. Surv. Can., Vol. VHI, (N.S.) pp. 77-102 u
]
'.KOI.Of.Y
»:.
c'fMist in freo ut' i-tliiii'lM, it is o.\.'w?(Hni;ly ilnnjiPiuiis to iijiprcuuli. kw iiii;
t'l till' nlmlUiw wiitiT oxtf'iiilltn,' fiir out over a v. ry iiiifvcii linttom
ooviTcd with houi.lfi' riil>,'»'s, Slioni'k iiioiirit \\ a Ik>I<I |icnin»ulii '^'""i' ><
of j^riinitoconiifcU-d liy II lowsandy iiwck ti> tlio inaiiiliinl. It'* hifilit'st
point liiiN (111 I'IrvatiMri of 7n() ffpt aliovc tin' mii. iiml in coii-i' |iipnon
this conp-shapt'd hill niii 1»' Sfi'u ii»in){ iiUivf tho hori/oii lon^' Ix-foro
the sinrouniiini,' lnwcr coiintiy is visible. This pcninnulii niniiis l!i<'
I'litnincv to liuprrt hiy, intu which lliw the HuixTt, X"tt.iwiiy nnil
l'riiii(ibuck liviT-. (ill ol' whic'i linvf hrou^lit down hirj;*! i|U(ii>titi<!s
of sand and niuil. In the coursp of tinu- this has silted up the
l)(iy, so thiit at present it is only naviju'a'il" in the fliitiinnlH kept open
by tiie currents of these riven", which if properly Imoved would allow
ships of ten feet driuif;ht to enter the Nottaway river which flows in
at its southern end. Two of these rivers hiive tieen explored, the
Nottawny by Dr. U. I'.ell and the llujiert hy the writer. The latter
takes its rise in L-ike Mista.s^irii :!00 miles to the eastward, while tho
Noltaway and the Itroiidback drain a great aiea of country to the
south and south-east
We ended our survey work at the mouth of the Uupert ri\ er on the Surv.y wurk
I9lh August. From there we crosse<l tlie southern end of .lajiies bay
to Moose factory, where the yacht was unlo.ided, liauled out and stored
for future use. Tiio collection of rocks and natural history specimens
was .sent by ship to London, and thence back to Canada, while the
party, assisted by four Indian.s, ascended the Moose river in a lar^jo
canoe to the Canadian Pacific Hail way, and so returned to Ottawa.
i.KOLOlJY.
tiewntl rrmitrks and di'scription.
The rocks of the entire east coast of Hudson l!ay arc very ancient, <!
and with the exception of those whicli form the chains of islands along
shore between Portland promontory and Cape Jones, and also a narrow
margin on part of the coast in the same region, they have all been cut
liy granite which has not only intimately penetrated them, but
by its heat and pressure has so changed them to cry.otalline schists
and gneisses that only in a few places can any trace of an original
sedimentary origin be found. The unaltered sedimentary rocks with
their associated sheets of trap and diabase bear not only a remarkably
close resemblance to the so-called Cambrian rocks of other parts of the
Labrafl.or pcnin^iila, but also to the iron-b»iaring rocks of tho southern
"l'«y.
4fi I.
i:a>it roAST ok m nsos hay
Hiiiiilarity nf
Ktdiimutnry
riK-'kii ini r
sliorui of Liikf Su|rt'ri()r iiiid tlm Aniniikic imd Nipiijoii ruckn to (lie
lioitli >.f Liiki- .Sujierior. So cliwe is this respinblan''!' tluil liiiinl spp
cirneiis nf noarl}' nil iIk^ \arious rooki* of tlie!*i' ilirtieri'iit iircis ciiii lif
(lujiliciiled fi-om thf ItudMott liay rci^ioii, uiid tliis close rpsfinhliiiuc i^>
iilw) found in llie thin xi'ction^ of lliestM rocks when niicrosro|iiciiliy
f-xnoiini'il. A collection of hnnd sppciint>ni« brouaht home by Mr. .1. M.
Itfll in I'.ilJO, fi'oui ihi- icj^ion of Grc.'il licnr hike, when jilncfd
liosidc tli<' »|'i'cinii as from IIud-.on liay were found to Ix-iir t^u clo-.e it
rcsciii ■Iiirifc lis to liu undi.stiii;;uishal>!o wKluml it;ffroi\ce to tlip
liilx'Is. The olosr rpsciiibluinc of this sprit's of ro,-k8occun'int; over iiii
iirt'ii t'Xtt'mli'i;^ from .southward of Like Superioi to north of I In'
Arctic (.'irclc, und finin the pii-tcin pan i.f Lilmulor to tlio ncinlihour-
iiood of the •Mci'Leiuic riv.-r h1iow.s that the conditions under wliicli they
vverp (I 'poiited must have heen nearly idenlic.il tln'DUgliout this wide
area. The liiidinx of new iireiis of these rock-- .is the nortiiern e lUiitry
is more fully explored poinis to an almost continuous ilepoaition of
this fornullion over the whole iVrclin an ar a of C.mada. No fo.ssi!.s
liavc us yet heeii (li;co\ried in any of the ijcds if this foniitiliuii, liut
the presence of (■•■rtain concnitiomirv forms in its limestones and the
iiiiiuunt of cirl) 11 in many of the hales lead to the !> lief that at least
low forms of life existoil Hi the time these roi'iis wi-n; deposited. The
lack of fossil evidence as to their n^'e, which is taken to he very yreat,
makes their clissitication in the Cimhrian prohahly eironeou-, as
in all iiktlihood they are of pre Cam!>ria!i aj;e .niiil in the epiiiio;!
of the writer lue tlii- oldest known sediiuintary r^cksof C.iliada, Not-
witiistaiulinu this opinion they will continue to he cla-sed as t'umlirian
ill crder to conespor.d with the areas of similar ro-ks of f-iiliriidoi
which have aheadv heen so ciii-sed.
(oiii|«»i:i«
of .Ht-rit'-'.
This series consists ..f several theusand feet of sediiuentary locks,
Co urnencing .-it the hotto.ii with acousiderahle t hick i!''.-s of coarse a rlcose,
formed lai;,'ely of more or less rounded gr.iin.s and pehhle.s nf quart/
and iolddpar, coinented hy itililtratious of i|Uiiit/, .ind evidently v pre-
senting a i^reat nl.•l^s of docorii])osed graniti , from which the I'li.-r ini' .1
and decomposed feld par lia i heen washed out in ,1 -leillow <-eii,. This,
towards its sumnat shades into a great thickness ot handed arkose,
sandstone and argillite greywacke all of which are fcll-pnlhic and the
argiliites and greywackes also contain quantities if (iucly divided
hisilicato.s and piobaWy represent tlie finer material of similar decom-
posed granite. The l)asement granite from which these rocks were
derived has not been recognized in the region under dis(^ussion. The
upper beds appear to pass into argiliites, greywackes and cherts, all
more or less impregnated with oxide of iron which often is found in
1
(.KOI.fif.V
«: I.
tlioiii lis \nrne u\:\**f^ of pure iiin,riicliic nr h inixtm.' cif inii^n. ii, iimi
h«miiito HHSDciiUeiJ Willi i. 1 j.ihih.i-. Tli "f Ih,|, uvi> .iv.-ilui,) witli M un. in.
cKeriy carlwnaten of lim*>, iimK'ia-.ii.i uml iioii, iiini aic in tniii r;ip|iw| i'l",' ',",','.'r"il.','|"
by liiil>«Kt'>lies, (lolo:iiit(<s c-irlhiimcouiis .slmli-t an I »tnilsiiiiu.s «liiiti
finiii the upp'-r b •(!■( of tlio scrici. 'riii-.e (li'ih.HitM, |i> th,. ii|>|>i>i' |i..rti.)ii
of tlii'iron)»i'ariii'{lM)d', ii|)[)'ait()liavo U.'.ii liii.lilowii in sjullow wiii-i
ii'4 iip|)l(« iniiik-i luc foiinil on many of the beds. 'I'lic nppcr Im-Js ot liin..-
stonuiinil (loloaiilf wi-ri' il p.i^itc.l in iIi'i'Jmt wnt.M-. At tin.' cIum' of i;„.
pri-iodof (Jfp.witi,.n tlip lii'.i^iMii('r;,'H.l from the si'a, ami tlim tD.i!; pliuv
ii!ifnorini)UM»'rii|itii>n of (liiik>{rt(ori tripiiri'I ijl.ili, •, \\\il,\i w.i^ in i. I'f.ii
!u shnntH or laci'oliteN betw«i<tt tim lii'Minijiif ihir.'iint inrii^iivs of
tliPHi' loi'ksi fi'iiin till' siiinniit of the iirliosi' u[i viuils. N'.it l.lll^ v.as
tb' (liiibiise ii\jcut(Hl Imt it also tloweil out o\or tlu' siiif ice, an I tliere,
'oiilina; le«s .slowly and without pressure, f.iniwj a !ine-:,'r.iine(l traii in
inuiy places full of small cavities foniicil by tlie ex|iiii«ion of idatiiii' ■!
;,'ase4, and subsei|iientiy llUed by indltnitiin with .blMriti', c],i(|,,ii. c,l-
cito or ayate. Thi'se Kurface iIowj ari' well s<eii in i|ii. unii .Miipin-
of the Hopewell an<l Manitounuk islatil- a-il the cia-t about l.nle
Whale river. At liiese pi. ..■,., ^evor.il ilill'TPnt (lows can be x::-n le-i-
ing; upon one another. The diabi-^e also foiined ! iru' ■ xer'ical dvkcs I'liii.,,-'
cutting' Iho sedimentary roo'<s, and thes ■ were tli.- piot.abl"- onHei^ <it' ''^'■'"
the iliabise from the iilteiior. The oulbmsi ,-t the^e dirk I'reeii
iifliniius r'ock-. which did not ;.'r";itly atlenl tic im.-1; -^ thit tliev ]>■ w-
tr.ated, was followed by a far ^re iter out l.nr- 1 of Lrrar-ile a:; 1 oilier
allied a .idic rock;; wdiicli liad a \.'iy marked el'rct upoi tiie •jcdimetitar\
rocks throu^jh w'nich they bii-ji. The.oMnitr irni|>iiMn wa-; o extensive
with ill" area now known as the Ar.h;. an i.':,'i.in which I'lnbi'accs the
ureater portion of eastern t'.ui.ad I lud eMemU siuliw.ird into the
Tnited .-States, thus occupyiii:,' fully a third r)f tin- ii..ithirn half of
Xorth America. 'i"lie irruption of the :,>ranite was ahno-t uni\< isrd
over this wa-te lej^'iim, .and it is imw found in l.trL,'- are.is where
no reinnanis I'f the forim'r se limontary crust r iiiain>. ."More .it'tm
it is associated with bands and nias.-,es of silicious biolile ;;nei>-o-,
dark schists and crystalline liniP-itone, which li.i\. b -en su alti red
by the heat and pre.«.suro of the :,'ranite intrusion th.it onlv in
in a few places are traces of their oiip.'inal sedimentary character
preserved. Not only did the intrusion cliaiii,'e these rocks into crvst.il- liranit.
line schi.sts but the accompanyinu hot so!uti<ins of .'.ilica have peno- ,"i '',','r„'""
trated between their thinnest laniin:e and there deposited e.xtra (piartz, -••'li"i<ri''"'.v
thus further di.s<;uising their original structure and composition. The
investigations of Adams and Barlow on the relations of the Hastings
group of Eastcl-n Ontario, sho%v that the undoubted .sediiueiilaiy rucks
f\
48 D
EAsr COAST OF IIUI»SON ItAV
Kxamplr nt
iiH'taiiior-
[ihiHiii.
( iriinitt'
irruption
followfd liy
{N-rirHl (if IV
of tliat region can bo tnic'il into crystallino ^'iieisses and schists, and
llie siliciniis uiiahoicd doloinitps t ass into ft crystnllino trfmolito lime-
stone. In till- Liibiivflor peninsula, similar chan^'es of the limestones
liave l..en noted and the acconipanyinj; iron ores pass into magnetites
associated with .[uartz often in the form of a magnetite gneiss. Along
the east shore of Hud.son hay in the rock.s intruded by the granites,
the lim-stones an<l in.nbeariiig beds are absent and the altered beds
appear to be eoiitined to the arenaceous bed:-, of the series and th(>
accompanying diabase sheets.
Ill the southern part of the area fronting on James bay, many of
the wry .piirt/o.-e gneisses and sohi.sts, under the micro.scope display
n.unded grains of ([uarlz, apparently arranged in beddetl planes and
sometimes showing obscure lines of growth out.«i(lo the originally
rounded grains. All of these rocks show signs of subjection to enor-
mous pressure which has destroyed their original structure and it is
only in very favourable cases that a clue to their original clastic con-
dition is found. The dial'asic traps afford the best example of the
metauiorphiMn induced by the granite. These dark-green rocks were
very extensively developed along the east coast of Ih'.dson bay and
large areas of tlieui are met with from near the Kovik river in lat.
or 30' southward to l)eyond the Ea-st Main river in lat. irl . These
basic rocks have different associations with the granites in the different
localities where they are found. In some places they are surroun<!ed
by large masses of granite and then arc usually much altered by the
pressure induced by the intru.sion, the extreme phase of the alteration
being to dark and light coloured hornblendic and chloritic schists.
From this extreme the diabase is found pa.ssiiig up through lesser
stages of alteration until it appears as masses only slightly altered
near the contact with the granite upon which it rests.
The granite outbursts were not universal throughout this vast region,
and th- areas of so-called Cambrian sedimentary --ocks represent areas
where the earlier crust remained unbroken by any such intrusion ; and
it is along the edges of these areas that the evidence of the liter age
of the granites ia found, as there the granites are seen in a few
places to penetrate the sedimentry strata and their associated diabases.
The granite outburst appears to have been followed by a period of
<iuiet, during which the great masses cooled and solidified, and in
't. doing so, probably contracted in size. This contraction probably dis-
turbed the equilibrium in the crust by lessening the pressure on the
side of the granite mass, and so causing the pressure outside the area
to act upon the unaltered areas of the older sedimentary rocks as a
mtM
low. J
OKOLOfiY
19 I)
>
thrust from seawanl or tov^unis the lar-e areas of cooled {,'ninite. Tho
result of this force actin- uih.ii the rocks close to the surface was to
cause a buckling of their stra-.a and a forcing »f large blocks of the series
over one another, and also over the now solid granite, so as to form them
into long ridges whicb slope more or less gently away from the granite
masses and present sleep broken elilfs towards it. This throwing of tlu-
strata into ridges also causes repetiti,n.s<,f more or less similar sections
of the formation in each ridge, and the development of cross faults in
the ri.lgeH greatly complicates the work of identification of the various
beds of the formation as seen in the cliffs. This phenomen.m of riilge.s
with sharp cliffs facing inland or towards large masses of granite is a
universal characteristic of all the areas of these old sedimentary rocks
throughout L=.brador, and .seems to be e.,ually cliaracteristic of the
Lake Superior regions and of those westward of Hud.son bay.
This explanation of buckling and a nearly horizontal movement of
the bedded ro.ks aff-ord a solution of many of the dilliculties met with
in a study of the stratigraphica! relations of th.-se rocks in themselves
and in regard to the granites below them, and accounts for the uncon-
fortnable cont,icts of totally -iifferent members of the .series with the
granites, in locilities, but short .iistances apart, which cann„t be done
on the theory that of ten the lower beds are w.uuing in eer'ain places
owing to th. ir not being deposit.Ml on uplift, d j.ortions of the ,sea lH,ttom
ns- no signs of such an equality exists, and ;.ll the lower deposits point to
the existence of a nearly Hat .sea bottom extending over the continent
and covered with a shallow sea at the time when they were deposited,
there are also tie,,uent discrepancies in the sections of the bedded
rocks themselve-s, which an; sometim.-s proved to be cau-s.-d by such
nearly horizontal overriding of one part of the series by another por-
tion, and cannot be accounted for in any other manner at present.
The idea of this buckling and over-ri ling of immense blo.ks of these
rocks was brought to the writer's attention bv a study of the ice
along the shore of Hudson bay when pre.ssure i.s exerted upon it
by storms from seaward during midwinter when the ice is v.-ry hard
lheiceuiiderthe.se con.litions is force.l up into the ridges over the
rocks on shore, and also for some distance out from shore into ridges
upon it-self owing to a buckling and fracturing along lines parallel to
the resistance of tlie shore. These ridges are greatly modified by the
l.reakmg of the ice forming them into blocks by cross cracks, so that
the ridges instead of resting uniformly upon tho underlying ice or rock
and having a uniform height, are thrown up into all shapes with a
more or less regular dip seaward, and sharp faces toward the land,
13--D— 4
Sdllltinn",!
"tr.itiyn il,.;
imI incii :. Ill
R.-tilt.if
pi'i ."ill!!' . Ill
f^h'itr ice.
50 D
EAST COAST OF HUDSON DAY
No I'^cent
■While the height of the ridges varies with the tiltu.g ot the separate
blocks, and also with the degree to which the ice has bren fractured
into such blocks. These results of the action of pressure on shore ice
appear to be identical on a snmll scale with what happened to the
s^callcl Cau.brian foru.ation subsequent to the cooling and probable
contraction of the granites.
Following this movement of the bedded rocks in geological time
came a much later outburst of diabase, wl,i..h occurs in the torn, of
,,ykes cuttin, all the oMer rocks. These dykes v..ry m breadth fn.n
a few inches to upwards of one hundred yar.ls. They generally run
,uore or less parallel to the coast, and perhaps fill deep cracks m the
surface or were developed along lines of weakness. No large centres
of gabbro or diabt^so have been found from which these dyk.s flow, n. r
are there any tlat-lying Hows of trap in connection with them.
No record of any other geological change has been note. I along the
east coast of Hudson bay from the injection of these newer diabase ■
dvkes unlilth'o advent of the glaciers in Post- Pliocene tune. And dur-
ing this great interval of time, the rocks fornung this coast appear to
ha've been continuously above the level of the sea, thus pre.-entn.g the
deposition of anv fossiliferous be.U During the Silunan and Devonian
times, there may have been a slight depression along the coast allow
in. the deposition of narrow riu.s of liuiesfnes of t.ese age.s, but if
so'they have been totally ercKled by the gl.cial and other action, .^o
that the onlv evidence of such deposits are a tew fragments of bme
st.ne scatter'ed along shore, and these may have been transported by
floating ice from the northern or western parts of Hudson bay.
Duri." the glacial period the entire coast was covered with ice, and
the records left hv the glacial stride show that the centre of glac.atton
at first w^vs in th^ southern interior of Labrador, close to the present
w aershed of the south llowing rivers. The .second set of stna, show
that the centre of dispersion moved north to about the middle of the
peninsula, while the latest set of stride are from the north-east and
prove the last centre of glaciation to have been in the northern half
of the peninsula of I^brador. Since the close of the glacial period
the laml has risen to a height of upwards of 700 feet above its leva
during the ice age. There are no indications* that this rise is still
going^on, and if it is doing so it is too slow to observe^
the ;r^-^ Hud..n .«.y from M.K«e K«cto.y to Ca,.e DufFerin, .... Portland prom^
- X aTwell as the western side .f the hay, and ha. puhl.hed ■-"^j--^^-
• . ;. iia.1 "PUiii!- .p Land aniuiid Hudson Hay. Bull, v^eoi. ex- y.
Hv^r.-Bull. Geol. S<«y. Am. 18'..7. S... uR. Smithsonmn Re.K.rt for 1897, pp. -'oO-.J... .
L
OEOLOOY
51 D
t
From an econouiio standpoint, the investigation of tlie rocks along Ko piiomic
the east coast of Hudson bay hivs shownf that extensive dopoHita of '''^''"' '''
iron ore occur in the unnltered sedimentary rocks of the Cambrian.
These ores occur as beds interstratified with certain sihcious roiks of
the middle portion of the series, and appear to have been deposited
from solution in a shallow sea. The upper bed« of ore occur as
ankerite, or a carbona ^ of lime, magnesia and iron, and as such mv.
usually associated with a largo percentage of mariganesp, whi'-h renders
these ores valuable in the manufacture of Bessemer atiel. IJentath
the carbonates are silicioua beds in which the ores are present as
oxides, either magnetite or liivmatite, or a mixture of both, associated
with red jasper. These beds may l)e due in part to infiltration of
iron leached from the carlwnates above, but much of the in.n apyears
to have been originally deposited in the present bt ds.
The carbonate ores are found on all the islands of the Hopewell
•^hain, on a number of the Nastapoka islands, and on Long island.
The greatt.st thickness of ore noted was about twenty feet and it wa.s
broken by partings of black chert The oxides are largely developed
in the Nastapoka islands where their thickn' ss is often more than
fifty feet, but all of these measures are silioious and only jjar of them
.sutticiently rich for prolltable mining. The oxide ores also occur on ,;,. ,,|(,.
the islands and southern shores of Uichmond gulf but of all the expo- "_;•,"'''"'"
.sures seen there, none were sufficiently rich t.) be woiked.
The intrusion of granite into tbo large areas of ba^ie rocks met with
along the coast at intervals from Kovik river to the southv^ard of East
Main river and the foliation of these latter l)y pressure has caused a
segregation of the sulpliiiles, alway.- found scattered through the
diabases, into long lenticular masses parallel to the foliation. And
large veins of quartzose granite and pegmatite from the granites pene-
trating these basic rocks have also taken up S'^rae of tiieir sulphides
which may prove valuable ores. The area northward frion I'ortlMiui
promontory to the vicinity of Mos(|nito bay appears to bo the most
promising for the discovery of sulphide ores in the form of pyrite^
pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite as the diabases of that region have been
greatly crushed and foliated and arc also penctiated by a great many
veins of (juartz.
Little time could be given to the examination of that an a and the
chance specimens obtained from the mineral deposits there show that
they contain a small quantity of nickel and copper without gold, but
results obtained from hurriedly collected samples need not be taken as
t Report of Progress, (Jwl. Siirv. Can. for 1S77, Part e, pp. ll! and 21.
13_D— 4i
cans.
irrnr.itinH
hl.l.les.
7\
J— r«5*»A^?,sp^,^3es<»E.-«*«J3rwpf«U"^>ti«^'=*^^
mettnur^SSSIriai Ba^ian r :?.
ii'i I)
EAST COAST OF HUDSON HAY
an indication of the absence of these metals in paying quantities ii>
these rocks The Paint Hills area of squeezed trap contains in places
large segregation masses of pyrite whic-h carry a small quantity of
silver but no gold. Pyrites is also plentiful in the limestones of Long
island and the islands north of Cape Jones. There is a bed of silicious
dolomitic limestone full of cavities a short distance below the thick
capping of diabase which < xtends along the coast from beyond tlie
north end of Uir-hmond gulf southward to the head of Manitounuk
sound. In miny places the cavitifs of this bed are filled with galena
accompanied by pyrite and blende, all of which appear to have l)een
leached out of th» overlying diabase and to have been deposite I in the
cavities of the limestone. These deposits hav^; not as yit proved to
be sufficiently concentrated to allow of profitable mining.
.\iirhrii\(jlit(>. A vein of anthraxolite lesembling anthracite coal is said to have
been discovered on Long island.* This vein is reported to be about
nine inches wide and cuts dark shales and limestone on the island.
Similar veins of this mineral have l)een discovered in the interior of the
Labrador peninsula, but it is only interesting as a mineral and is not
economically valuable as the veins are too small to work with profit
even if the mineral were e<iual to anthracite, which it is not, as it
always fi'itains a largo percentage of quartz which renders it practi-
cally usfii ss as a fuel.
Uo<k-^vi,italiIe ^" ^'^^ upper portion of the (/jimbriin formation, as seen along the
for luiildinp coast .south of Great Whale river, on the Manitounuk islands, and
iiiiiliitcorative , ^ i i ^i i , n ,. . . i.
puip'iK.K. along the coa.st, Ijelow ttie traps, are beds of nne-grained limestone,
some of which might apparently be suitalilefor litliographic purpose.". In
m\ny places the granites would afford e.vcellent and lieautiful building
stones ; most noticeable among the.se is llio area of augite-syenitefoun<l
on Walrus island, of the Paint Hills group. This rock is a l)eautiful
porphyry holding pearly crystals of feldspar varying in colour from
pink to violet or flesh-red, set in a dark-green ground-mass. Larije
r js of this rock could easily be obtained wliiili would be admirably
adapted for interior and exterior decorations.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF ROCK E.KPOSURES EXAM-
INED ALON(i THE COAST.
Crystalline tSeries.
On the west aide of Erik cove, rusty weathering biotite-gneiss (1 and
10)t is ass ciatad with thin bands containing much light-bbie
* Refiorts of ProgrosH, Geol. Surv. Can. for 1875, p. ;V25 and IS77 p. 24 r.
! The num^"Hrt^ ficc-^'inpittiyitiy the rucks n-fi-r t:j those of thr microscopic filitics
described by Mr. .i. A. Young in a MS on fylc in the otfice of the f !eol. Survey.
.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF UOCK KXP0SUKE8
■);{ II
) n
'«
clierty quartz. The gneisses, where not decouiposeii, are dark-gray in
colour with smuU Hakes of dark uiica and contain at times consider-
abl(f graphite and pyrite disseminated in small plates and grains. The
fliie-gr»ined feldspar is often splotched with huff. These rocks are
usually greatly dotted and are generally rust-coloured from the decoiu-
poaition of their containi'd pyrites. In a number <«f places a short
distance alwvo tide-lovel p itches of white etiloresonci' were observed,
having a saline, ferruginous taste. These rocks are all well banded
and stand nearly vertical. They aro cut by largo dykes of red pegma-
tite, derived apparently from a red micagranite-gneiss which also cuts
the rusty gneisses and in places contorts the beds.
Similar rocks were seen upon the hills to the southwtst of the head 1
of the cove and also forming the steep cliffs of Cape AVolstenholme, '^'
where, for a distance of eight miles, these vertically bedded gray and
light-piiil- gnpii3.ses, cut and contorted by dark-red granite-gneiss and
pegmatite, form cliffs that rise sheer from the water to allitudes vary-
ing from -100 to 700 feet. In going southward,as the cane is left, the pro-
portion of granite-gneiss increases and it would ajifjoar as it the rocks
inland to the southward were more largely intrusive, and as if the dark,
rusty gneisses and schists were older bed-'ed rocks caught upimd altered
ijy the intrusion of great masses and shrets of granite which were
filiated by pressure subseijuent to its intrusion, so as to now appear
to be interfoliated with the mjre ancient bedded s' ries, which on close
inspection is .seen to be cut across the bedding by the intruded granite-
grieisse
At ^ .y> x)k, west of Cape Wolstenholme and abreast the open-
ing between Uigges island-, the strike is N. 80' W.
Between Nauyok l)rook and the Eskimos encampment at Nuvuk, some
ti n miles farther to the southwest, the rocks are lar;,-ely red granite-
gneiss (3.4.6) varying from fine to coarse-grained and frequently having
an augen-gneiss structure and being mostly micaceous, but often contain-
ing dark liornblende,_ and in places ma.,'netite in small grains. These
gneisses contain broken bands and patche? of finer-grained dark-grey
and greenish biotite-hornblende gneisses, (2) varying in si/e from
large masses to small thin bands, the latter being often much contor-
ted and fractured. Some of these inclosed bands are very basic and
are composed chiefly of dark hornblende and augite with much plagio-
clase (5) while oti 3rs are micaceous and quartzose, and some of the
bands contain much dark-red garnet. All these rocks are cut bv
dykes of fine-grained, light-red granite, which in turn are penetrated
i
lUlliti'.
54 D
EAST COAST OP HUDSON BAY
f'oa»t low for
tliirty ?iii1i-s.
K'lvik riviT.
!
by dykes of red pegmatite. Strike at Nauyok, 8. 70° W. ; at Nuvuk,
8. 60° W.
No landing was made on the low coast for nearly thirty miles beyond
Nuvuk, when the rocks were found to ho low ridges rising in places
above the drift plain and consisting of coarsegrained hornblende
biotite gneiss (7) and dioriteaplite or malchite (8) cut by many large
pegmatite dykes running in all directions i.nd holding much dark horn-
blende. Dip of gneisses N. < 30\
Two miles further on, coarse light-grey mica-augen gneiss was seen
often containing hornblende. This gneiss evidently contains much
plagioclase und is richer in tliis mineral in some parts than others, as
the rock contains patches A-arying in size from a few square feet to
upwards of 100 square feet, in which it is of a dirk green colour owing
to the decomposition to saussurite of the component plagiochue. These
patches contain more silicates than the ligluer unaltered patciies. At
Koitasut the rock is maiidy a very coarse augen-gneiss, tome of the
rounded orthoclase crysUls being two inches by tliree inciics. This
gneiss encloses fragments of broken bunds of dark niic i and micahorn-
blende schistose gneiss. Strike N. 4.') E.
Beyond Koitasut the coast is low and drift-covered and is flanked
oy numerous islands of drift witii shallow water extending several
miles out from the shore, so that no examination of the rocks could be
made until a small rocky island about five miles north the mouth of
Kovik river was reached. There the rocks were well-bonded dark and
light-grey mica and hornblende schistose gneisse«, some of the horn-
blendic bands Ijeing very coarsely crystalline. All the bands were
garnet-bearing ; the lighter anf\ more (juartzos ■, mieaoeous banJs
containing the greatest proportion of this mineral. Strike N. 10' E.
These rocks were cut by a dyke of fine-grained dirk dioriteaplite
(911-12) sixty feet wide and running N. 40' W. This dyke was injected
subsequent to the foliation of the gneisses, as offshoots from the main
dyke have Ijeen injected into partings of the foliation of the gneisses.
There are also small quartz veins holding small patches of yellow-
weathering dolomite.
For five miles up the Kovik river the rocks are almost wholly light
pink mica-gneiss witli broken bands of darker, more basic schistose
gneiss. Strike W. to N. (i0° W.
At the south point of the mouth of the river these granitic rocka
enclose a wide band of black schist mostly micahornblendic with thin
•J
DBTAILED DESCHIPTION OF ROCK EXPOSl'URf).
55 I>
I a
bands in which hornblende ptedoniiatex. All the bands are garnet-
bearing and they appear to be an ancient basic irruption sciueezed and
altered by the inclosing granite. Strike N. 50 W.
The next exposure examined was iit the south point of the nextlMiy
four miles farther on, wliere the rocks are a mixture of light-gray anil
pink epidotic hornblende augengnciss ( 1 •">) with wide bands of dark
basic schi.'~ts Strike N. 70' W.
Beyond this we were again unable to land owing to shallow water {^J",'|'*"^"""
for fifteen milos when we i cached Kettlestone Knob, a high rocky
knoll joined to the shore by a long narrow shingle bar, but from the
yacht the low ridge along the shore between these places appeared to
be wholly composed of dark basic rocks.
Kettlestone Knob was found to be largely composed of a light peai ly-
greon altered diorite (14), the alteration product of a mass of gabbro
still showing in ptaces on withered surfaces plagioclase crystals as
white grains, while in other places a foliation had been induced altci-
ing the rock to a steatite-schist. The whole had been greatly shattered
and is now cut by a net-work of quartz veins. TucIoscjI in this
ancient gabbro are a number of broken bands of light green grey wacko
(1^), holding cubes of pyrit(!s and greatly contorted, having evidently
been caught up by the gabrro when it was irrupted. A lew small
veins of calcite run oflf from these slate inclusions. This locality is
resorted to by the Eskimos who manufacture their lamps and kettles
from steatite. Ridges of dark-coloure 1 schists occupy the land on
both sides of Kettloitone bay and extend inland from its head. At
the mouth of the small river flowing into the bay these rocks were
found to bo dark-gieen hornblendic schists intorbanded with light-
gieen chloritic schists with thin bands of calcite, which with the other
bauds are found not to be persistent when followed along the strike,
all giving out after a few yards. These rocks arc identical with the
s(iueeze<l traps of Cape Smith and o er localities to the southward
which are described farther on. About two miles up the rivor a J|;;^i;;;','*^,,itg
curious crushed diorite or araphibolite rock (17), was found consisting rtuk.
almost exclusively of dark-greenish hornblende and having an augen-
gneiss structure, that is large rounded lumps of radiating crystals of
hornblende were enclosed in a schistose matrix of the .same mineral.
The dark schists occupy the shore for nearly two miles south of
Kettlestone bay, when they again give place to coarse pink and red
aranites which inclose broken bands of the dark schists and also bands
of fine dark-gray, crushed diorite aplite (18). Strike N. 30' AV. to N.
I
i
60 r.
EAST COAST OF HUDSON lUY
Tr,.]. ic
alt-nil
Hiiiiini;
."ciii.-t".
10' \V. The graniteH occupy the const and a ;;raduu1ly narrowiiif» area
inland, to the foot of the liij{h trap ran(;e which u|)pi'oaches the coaat
from the north-east and reaches it a'out five miles northward of Hniith
ixlimd. This arei of trap is about fifteen iriiles wide, and foinis a
range composed of ; ovcral ridfje.s of sharp hills, running more or less
parallel to one another in a north-east direction inland. They form
the large high island known an Smith island and dcfcniiine the north
side of Mosquito bay.
The trap, where undisturbed and fi'esh, is usually very fine-grained
and dark-grien in colour, apparently having boen rapidly cooli'd, but
no aniygiluk's were seen, s) that it may not have bt'ci a surface
outflow although it appt-ars tri have been such.
In some places small patches have a<Habase structure, while in other;
fairly large crystals of liglit green plngioclase have been porphyriticnlly
developed. The rock weathers a rusty brnwn iind appo.'irs to be in
most places larirely deconipo.sed to chlorite. Nearly everywhere the
trap has lieeii fractured, most often in irregular prisms, probably from
contraction on cooling. These .series of prisms are inclined irregularly
at various angles to the horizontal : usually they nre nearly vertical.
In many places the cracks have been in part tilled with ((u.-trtz imd
c.ilcite, epidote, prehnite, chlorite and axinite being also found in
them. In a great many places the irregular prisms have been decom-
posed for a thickness varying from one to tlireo inche* from the sur-
fac" into a dark -green Kbrous hornblende, while the interiors are more
oi '°s9 changed to a lighter green chlorite. .Subse(|uent to these decom-
position changes, foliation and S(iueezing of the trap were probably
induced by the irruption of the granite, as these phenomena are more
m irked along tl.e southern edge of the trap mass near its contact with
the granite. As a result of these dynamic alterations, various stages of
schistosity are seen in the trap, varying from a slight elongation and
rounding of the irregular prisms to an extreme phase where their shape
and character are almost ol)literated, and the trap is altered to a
typical Huronian schist, insisting of alternate dark and light-green
bands of hornblendic and chloritic schists holding thin bands of calcite
and quartz formed from the scpieezing and lengthening of the masses of
these minerals, which originally filled fissures between the trap prisms.
When examined in small areas across the strike these banded schists
resemble a bedded serie.*' of clastic and pyroclastic rocks tilted up
at high angles, but when followed along the strike each band was seen
to end sooner or later, and the whole mass was found to consist of a
series of very long thin lozenges so drawn out as at first sight to be
•1
deTailc:d ueschiptionw or rock exposukks
Oi D
i
takn.i for a continuous, alternation of finely baiidfil lijjlit iin<l ilark
schists. Areas in which the trap had not bei-n broken into |)ri--nis, or
where the dei'ompo.sition to hiirutilcndc had not set up around tlie rims
of the prisms, presente<l when greatly miueo/od the appearance of aci>n-
tinuous chloride sohi^t, hut oven in llic most homogeneous of these a
careful tnteins; of individual hands always showed that they were
not continuous, liut terminated like lho>e ol' the handed sehist".
Arciis of similar tiii|i occur at intervals along th" east coas' of Flu'lson
hay all the way to ih, southern part of James hay and where they
have Keen disturlK-d and squeezed hy granite intiiisi.ins they show all
the phases of schistosity described above.
The south shore of Mos()uito iiay is f.irmed of low rounded hills of lii
granite. At th6 south point of the bay much ot the lock is tine, to ^''
coarse-giiiined rwl and grey granite, with \ery indistinct foliation in
places. It i.s iua<ie up largely of feldspar, quartz, mica and epidute, ( 19,
:iO, 21); when coarse-grained the fi'ldspiii- is porphyritie. The mass has
beencon«iderali|y shatt-red and the small veins an? tilled with salmon-
coloured calcite, with epidoto and ([uartz. The granite is cut liy a dyke
of dark-grey micaceous rock having the schiato.se structure parallel to
the walls. This dyke is from two to three feet wide and runs N. 40"
W. There are also a few .segregations or biiikiii bands of mica horn-
blende-schist enclo.sed in the granite. Tlie whole i-^ cut by .small dvkes of
fine-grained pink j^ranite.
On the islands o^'shore and about four miles south (i the abovi- point
the granite is not plentiful, the rocks being largely ligh': and dark giey
fine-grained epidotie biotite mica schist (22,2.)). The light-col-
oured bands are very ijuartzose. Smne of the darker bands are
reddish and look like altered fer .eginous cherts. A number of thin
quartz stringers holding pyrite are seen along the foliation or bediling
planes. They have the appear.mce of metamorphic clastic rocks. M'
Strike N. 40° W. On the north shore of tlie Sorehead river, near its ^ ''
mouth, similar bands of dark .schistose giei.ss occur, but the\' are more
highly altered than the last and the beds are much broken by a red
biotite gneiss (24). Strike N. W. Only coarse augen-gneiss (25) was
met with on a trip of eight miles up the Sorehead river. The
colour of the gneiss varied from gr.ay to light pink and it was mostly
micaceous, while some areas were epidotie. General strike north. At
the south point near the mouth of the river a lar/e mass of coarse to
medium-textured dark greenish-gray diorite(2f)) appears to cut augen-
gneiss. but is itself cut by dykes of regiuatite. On the islands about
two miles farther out the rocks are well-banded gray and red gneisses,
tint*- •'!
tan. vpiiic
■tic i"« \-.
58 D
EABT COAST OF HUDSOM B.VY
^
the gray prciominating iin'l apparently having l)eon intruded along
till- foliation plane* by sheets of the rod gneiss. Strike N. 00 W. At
Magnet point there are large exposures of dark schiitote dioritegneiss
(27) largely formed of inica and hornblende and containing much
dark red garnet; also ehloritic bands. These rocks must contain much
iron as the local attraction nf the compa-^s is very great.
At Magnet islands there is a great deal of light-^ray Iwimc granite
composed chictly of feldspar and micv. It incloses much mica and
mica-hornblniide schist, which ar.' usually garn't-bearing and oft...
|)hv«-r.lyk.. pyrilifeious. Strike N. All these rocks are cut by a large dyke
of dark tine-brained diabase. On a small island just south of Thomp
son harbour there is a dark-greenish fine-grained augite-diorite (2>*)
containing considerable magnetite and green hornblende, often in
crystalline splotches. The gneiss is penetrated by a few dykes ot
white pi'gmatite and has gash veins of bluish opalescent quartz. There
is also a coarser bund containing more hornblende. Strike N. 30° W.
Two miles to the southward of the exposure last examined, a small
island was found to bo largely composed of light-c.loured granite and
pegmatite inclosing fragments of mica and micahornblende-gneiss.
The next exposure seen was on a small isli'nd about throe miles
north of Cajie Awlerson where the rock was a coarse-grtined dark,
green augite-diorite (2'.t). It weathered dark-green with curious
reticulating, reddish sp.its and veins and is higlily magnetic. It is
cut by veins and masses of granite.
The "rnniles appear to airain predominate about Capo Anderson
and nn exposure vi-iled two miles south ot it was wholly light-
coloured granite-gneiss. Strike N. 30' W. The granites continue
most abundant to the Povungnituk river. On a small high island
near the head of deep water in that stream there is a line exposure of
crushed augite-diorite (30). It is cut by small dykes of red granite
and pegmatite and is in contact along the stiike of the foliation with
a mass of coarse-grained light-pink granite-gneiss, which is evidently
newer than the darker gneiss, as it incloses fragments of the latter,
and is more basic near the contact than eU where. Strike N. 35° W.
The rocks at the first rapid of the Povungnituk river and everywhere in
the neighbourhood are all co e red augen-gndiss containing broken
bands of finer-grained mica-g.-.-ss. Strike N. 25" AV.
Near the rapid is a dyke of dark fine-grained diabase (31) over 100
feet wide and running N. 7.V W. On top of the hill the augeivgneiss
incloses broken bands of dark altered gabbro in which some schistose
structure has been developed.
Allijitr
dii'iiti .
UKTAILKU DBSCRIPTIOXt OV tUHK KXI'OStKliS
.Ml II
•■
1
For eight niile» to the southwanl of 'he Povungiiituk i ivrr, the li^hV
ooloured (lUfjongmiiHHOs prcduininati*, nii'I tlioy cut and incLwi.' much
dark Iwisic nchistose unei*i», l»<Hh honibtendic (3.1) (32) an. I nlicac(vlu^,
the former evidently an anciont irruj)ti\f luok, while the latter may
reprpsont a highly alter«<<l form n( ancient clnMtic ruck)..
No limdinj; could lio iimde in erossinj; Ifeef hay, nor loralKiUt fifteen
miles b»'yond lleef point, owinj; to thi' low const an I llii> shallow
water filled with reefs which extended well out from shore. The rocks
seen on the low islands and points were lar^'ely ilark schists and
jjneisses cut hy wide dykes and inaHHCs of li;ilil-coloure.l ;{riinito and
pegmatite. A laige diab.is*! (Jyko W{»s Heen cutting the rocks of the
islands imd shoiv at Keef point, and sev.Tal others wi-re seen to the
south waril of the point.
At Shoal harliour the rock* wore coarse mica >,'riirile, with nmiiy
contorted and broken bands of finer mica schist and «"<''•'''' '•"'^ '•>
small pegmatite dykes. On the small low islands near shore and
about a mile from Ciieckeied islands, ther« are larj^f- exposures of
typical dark iind light coloured Huronian Kchists. Strike, X. -0 \\ .
These are lar;,'.!ly chloritic and micaceous with horiiiileiiil^ o.inds, am!
also suiiie stringers or bands of i|uaitz and calcite. They arc an
extreme phase of foliated trap, and the bands when carefully tni.. d
wore found to pinch out like th )se of the Cape Smith area. These IrciiM.n.
rocks ciiit.iin much iron in the for n i>f magnetite, pyrite and pyrrhi>tite,
and some of the bands are sulliciently rich to be eonsiden>d ores.
One band aliout four feet wide was larj^ely composed of jiyrrhotite,
with splotches of blue opalescent (luirt/. An analysis of this ore by
Dr. HolFinann gave the following results : copper, 000 per cent •
nickel and cobalt, 008 per cent.
At Checkered islands, a great mass i.f oM irrnpiivi^ diorite (31) is
cut by huge dykes and masses of pegmatite granile, whicli has ali'*t?d
the basic rock for upwards of 100 feet from the contact. The diorite
having taken up liy;ht coloureil feldspar from the pegmatite, so that
near the contact it looks like a light-gray .syenite.
On the mainland adjoining the islands, large masses of pogm.itito
penetr.ite the altared schistose traps iiientinnefl above and with basic
eruptives (.'!,"), 30) near their contact, change them into a fine-graine I
crushed diorite gnei.ss from the accession of feldspar. The schists are
here associated with other very (juartzose micaceous and hornblendic
schistose rocks (37) usually holding dark-red garnets and quite distinct
from the squeezed ti'aps. They probably represent beds of altered
!
uo i>
KAST COAHT '}■ IIUIKIUN UAV
wr»iii:>' with
1 »«lr nnl.«.
m
KilCliK III
H..I-
•Wfll
ii:irr
►W'.
clutio rocks M»ociat«Hl witi, tli. ti p«. .Many o( the hortiblmde
nthidt* coiitttiii a latgH proportioi. ■>( inBgiU'tite in grainn. Strike N.
U> W. This locality in liuoctly n tu ■ contact of the fjranites with
the Iwsio rocks, liH for sevfTiil mile* u| ' e west Nidu of Koj{u'nk liuy
only coarHo ^ronite wa^ uiet wit'
A hiiiiliiii; wax niii<lc on u k ''
li.iy whi-rt' iiit'diuiii-Kraiiit'il It
j,'nei»sos (30 10-41) w»to found ■ ■'
hornblende schistf. Strike N.
Al)out Mi-.takt' b.vy similar u.
land, .Hiiinu >if tlit- broken i>aii>l
woftthering.
i 1 ' )l. the HKiitli |)(iint iif Kdgnliik
•1 l> I ite and biotitc iniiscoviie-
1 I , bi. .-(tn I'anditof mica and luica-
W
< ■ ^ . .Ill* m»''
h'"'llljii'i : ■
1
'111 ttio ninin-
U'inj; rusty-
Tlie next cxpip-uro oxuniincd » m as ■' 'atul alMmi time iiiiJeH
olFlhu nioiilii iif the NnulitTfikvik r' erwhi- it- dark li'irrililciidf
iiiica-scliisto>e iriieisH cir by dyke nt' liai iv ;i,r<' -n \ li(irnblend('j.'rnnitt'
( 14)contaiaiii',' iiiiicli bluish ii|ialijticent <|uart/ wiili mii^netite and some
mica. Uoth rocks nro cut by d;, kes of (le-imatite f Klj containinj.' oon-
^iderablc liluish nuartz wliili> iIh' feldspar is beautifully nioll'itl yellow
.' >d lU'sii f<il. 'iiie Hchistoso gneiss is in ctmtact with u niiua ;{raiiito
■ hich near th' contact !>< linogiained but elsewhere very coais<,> in
iriture. ^••trike of schists N.S.W.
(>n the islands west of Alle Harbour is a coarse mica-fjranite ^^neiss
incK si; ^ large masses of line di ibaso (40) and bedded schist,,. Some
(f the Bc! .jtosediorite (l,"i) is pyritiferous and all of the dark meks are
penetrated by many dykes of pegmatite, (in the maiidand opposite,
the rooks are largely granitic (17) and are cut by a noner diabse
dyke forty feet wide, and running nearly parallel to the foliation.
The gneiss near the contact with the dyke contains tonsidnable
chlorite. No further close examination of the rocks was tnado
.tH>ff^ Mopowell narrows was reached, but from the yacht the
i.slands north of Portland promontory and the mainland to the south
of that place were seen to be similar dark gneisses and schists, inclosed
anil cut by light-coloured granites and gneisses, which preponderate
over the dark rocks on the mainland. On the mainland at Hopewell
narrows the rocks are chiefly coar-se-gramed mica hornblende-granite-
gneiss foliated with fine-grained li^ht-bluish very silicioua mica-gneiss
which may bo an altered impure quartzite such as occurs on the Hope-
well islands, in the unaltered rocks found there. This fine-grained
gneiss is in broken bands inclosed in the coarser gneisses. KJimilar
gneisses were seen to occupy the mainland to alxiut four miles south
'
DKTAII.KI) UKitCRIFTIUHt <i» KO( K KXI'UXIItkH
)U II
:
of Mojm'WpU point, whore they were nKnin *>xatiiini>(l nw\ tnun>l tc» In-
liii'^i'ly ciHirxo rp<l mien ;.'n<>iNt< incliminj; liioknn hariiN of <lrtrk mien m'
inicik'lMiriiMfndo Ht-hiNlN u^unlty vnry Hiliciou^.
Tim oiirnc Brrtincl granitic r«ok» pritloininalfi iilniij; thf intiiri'ainl
soulhwftrd to Ikm'oh'I th<> mouth (»f tho NrtstupoUii river, .itnl .-is well
n tlio (litrker sohiln-.r ^ir i-t-cv. thejr in lose iit intervals alnii;} (lie
•;onst, lari»o piitchii uf triip uftcu hut littl'- fohatcd ajiil closely ri'sem
bliiiK that ()v*>rlyin!{ tiie unnltcred Hediiiii'ntary t'cRh of the Hojm
well isl:tnd-( and (he ooaNt furth'T Houtiiward.
(h\ th.- iii() made inland t'loin V liale |)ii;!,i ti> L tke Minlt>. tlie
rix'ks ( ."iwh'Tc ni»"t with t\.r "ix'-y luiU* Wfrc ul. ;<ranitio, ii<iiai y
Coar.He {{rained and oftiti havire,' an !iUa»'!iK'»''''"' ""'Ui^l'"' 'l"' ("■»'
vai ui{ eolniir will pink, wIiIp u'-a. of darker red and sii ra, ihIi,
Very few inoliisions of tin- sclii-stoMe jjnei-iiies were noted until within a
few niiloM of" the enil of liie oxploratiun "« L-ike Minto where lar^e
lllii'seii of Im.iicM. hists «nd diorites wero found ini losed in the granites.
The extensive aren of ermntry lyiiit: lx>t».r ri (ireatand Little \Vhnlo l.nire nr<n of
river* and extending irdand some fifty n\ilp« is nUni almost wholly '■''^"" '" "*
occupied i>y jjninitic fiM'kn, uly u few hrnken handed •• ■|ii><toi«e ^'neisxes
nt rnre intervals were >een tiurini; tli>' exploniticn ot the northern
1 lanches of the (Jreat Whale river.
Y,ie eonst t'loiii a few miles houth of tie mouth ef the Na.staiioka ■^'■''•"''
I 11,11 1 1 I > I ■ ,. iniulii I'll
nver Houiliwanl to r.i'\t harliour. ^ .i;!!; uiileH north ot the uiouth ot tlnr-tir m. k*.
(ireat Wliale river is occupied liv a series of unaltered eiistic rocks
associated with hedded trap-^. l'"urllier south these rueks cnly oicur
as patches on the ni iinland and the sniiiil islands as far .south as Cipe
Jones, the leinaindor of the coast liein;^ composed of the it vslalline
series, j;raiiite as usual ])rf dominating.
At Cape jMnes the point is formed of medium<;raint (i lif.'ht-
frray ind fjreenish Motite-gneisses (130) eonipo.scd Inrj^'ely of iju: -tz
and feldspiir ; when in larj;e masses they are not well foliater They
cut and in. lose mas'^es of ^^reath* eontorted dark jjreenish liiotite
hornhlende gneiss and also a <lark-(,'iein ru.sty weatheriiijj fjiieiss rich
in g^^npl and pyrite. (Jeneral -rike S. HO" \V,
In p'aces, cracks in tl.-i gneir^=es have been tille 1 wit' hrownibh
weathering dolomite thus forming a dolomitic gneis.; i rcccin. At
(^he Indian encampment at Cape Jones, the j;runite is very citirse in
texture with a rough uugen-grieiss structure. It i.s intima'ely inter-
foliated with dark micasehist nd appears to have been injected as
small dykes along the foliation planes of the latter.
iL' r)
KAST COAST OF HUDSON HAY
^■1
It M^
u>f(! ill
m:itinf;i'*l
,.f|,i,,.s.
Oil iin islund iibout one mile north of the mouth of the Pixhop
l?oggivn river medium-grained pink and nd Ijioute gneiss was found
cutting and inclosing huge niiisses of very dark, inedium-grainid
biotito-dii.rite (131). Strike W. Abi.ut the same distance south of
tlie river similar rocks were seen.
At Atlikuan, light pink and gray, medium-.^'rainod biotite-gneiss,
not well foliated (133), contains a few angular fragments and broken
liands of dark bivsic schist. In places the liglitcoloured gneiss is very
coarse ;<raincd and its feldspar is often decompo.sed to sausserite, the
rock being in such places exceedingly fractured. Strike S. C.'> W.
The same coarse-grained light-pink gneiss, holding small fragments of
dark schist was noted on t!ie inlands four miles south of Attikuan and
again five miles further south.
Medium to coarse-grained gray and pink biotite gneiss (l.T I) some-
times containing much epid«te occurs at Kakachischu.in on the north
point of Paul bay.
At Pipestone gutway the i-ock is a red coarse augen-gneiss holdins.'
many bands of dark pyroxene gneiss (1:57). Strike N. 80' W. This
mass is cut by a dyke of diiba'-c 170 feet wide and running S. .50 E.
Mul being thrown by a heavy fault it appears on iin island to the
westward. The dyke close to the contact on Iwth side- !s very llne-
.;rained and compact, but towards the centre it h more coarsely cry-
stalline (12o- 136-1 38). Where coarsely crystalline it is about half
decomposed and this decomposition product is used by the natives in
the manufacture of pipis. Alongside the main dyke on its east siiic
is a smaller dyke about one foot wide ; it is very fine-grained and
almost glassy.
At Wastikun island and on the islands of Stromness hnrlwur, the
rocks arc largclv red, coarse biotite-gneiss with broken bands of dark
basic schist and gneiss.
On (iovernov ishind, off the mouth of Hig river, a largo mass of dark-
green dioritegneiss is cut by coarse retl augen-gneiss (UI); strike
X. 19' W. The dioritegneiss is evidently a squeezed and decomposed
diabase, as in many places a porphyritic structure with small rounded
crystds of pale green plagioolase is still seen ; in other places it ha-.
l)een fractured, partly decomposed and drawn out into overlapping
bivnds. Where the basic schist occur.-i in small masses in the gneiss, it
is of a lighter colour and is more feldspathic with much mica.
1
[mi
•]
DETAILED DKSCHIl'TIONS OK liOCK KXl'OSUKl;«<
C.i I)
1
:.
Two miles south of the last exposure.coarse, pink biotite-hoi nljl.tule
augen-gneiss was again met with on a small isiiiiul. This };tioiss under
the microscone shows signs of great pressure '•')• '*' '" only horn,
bkndic in patches, and in some places is garnet-bearing. It inclo>ses
large masses of fine to medium-grttined, very ([Uartzosp, biotile-jnoiss.
pink and gray in colour (142.) These rocks have a distinctly clastic
appearance, and are probably altered impure (juartzitcs or arkose. The
iiiicroscopie examination bears out, this vifw (1 U-M5), as tlio ijuartz
in places is stcn to lie in elongated grains. Again at a small island about
two miles beyond the last, the.se rocks (lit)) are met with in idcn
tical conditions, and are here cut by a huL'e dyke of diabase 210 f e. t
wide running N. 20' \V. ll is tine-grained near its contact with the
gneisses, moderately coarse in texture towards the middle and ev< ly-
where slightly porphyritic (117).
In Aijuatuk bay the augen-gneiss predimiinates, but there are many
con.sideral>le bands of the fjuart/oso tine-grained gneisses which have
the appearance of altered elastics (142). The ish.nds oH' th.; north
point of Aijuatuk bay arc largely coar.se, pink and re.l biotite-gneiss,
..tten with an au^eu gneiss structure. They cut medium In fine ,-.,
•;rained dark schist-; atid gneisses, some of wiiich are s.iueezed dioiites
(148) while others are very (|Uartzose and are pr.jbably s.iuee/ed
elastics (149-1 TiO.) These bainN '.pear to have been injected with
numerous thin bands of grani along the foliation planes ; strike
S. 70- W. The rocks on the small islands oft tie middle of ii.>' bay
.ire red unfoliated biotite granite cut by small dyk. of diabas. ( 1-">1 ).
On EftrtlKjuake island the piedoininating rock is fine to medium-
grained pink and red biotite hornblende granite, largely unfoliated and
apparently ir .losing largo angular masses of a coarse, lighter coloured
hornblende-granite. In places this lattei- granite has a porpiiyiilic
structure due to large crystals of white feldpar. All ant highly .-^bat-
tered and the cracks often filled with re»l oxide of iron. At the south
end of the i.sland the granitt; is lighter-coloureil and is mixed with
broken bands of very quartzose schistosi' mica-gneiss (l-'ri, 15."). All
are cut by many small veins of pegmatite at times holding numerous
small crystals of biotite. Strike N. 80 W.
At the point of the mainland opposite Eartlnpiakt! island the same
coarse red pink granite (ir)4) occurs holding broken bands of darker
gneisses. The granite is most abundant on the shores of Dead
Duck bay. At the south point of this bay the rock is wholly coarse
augen-gneiss, in places unfoliated and cut by many large dykes of reil
pe-Trnatite. Where oil cracks oneur in the granite and peginntite the
feldspar is much decomposefl and dark red in colour. Strike N. 75 \V.
64 D
EAST COAST OF HUDSON BAY
M
(' illtMlIS
ilitticii.t tM
(letrntiin--.
At Gray Uoase islands there am medium to line -grained, pink and
gnvy very quartzose biotitegneissos (156- 157) separated from overlying
finur-grained biotite yneias by ten feet of a coarse hornble.ide dioritic
granite (155) much broken and cemented by pegmatite. Several large
dykes of red pegmatite cut the gneisses which appear to have lieen
inler-foliated with thin sheet- of granite sometimes carrying hornblende.
All are cut by small dykes of very finegrained diabase (I5<»). The
schistose gnoiss>-8 appear on the main shore about a mile north of Long
pr.int and continue for about a mile south of the point when they are
cut out by the coarse augen-gneiss. On the mainland opposite Burnt
isl.md, course biotite and biotite-hornblende-augen-gneiss, light pink
and gray in colour, were found inter-sheeted with more or less regular
bands of highly quartzose biotite-gneiss (ICO) usually dark pink in
colour and sometimes holding small garnets. There are also dark
schists, usually micaceous but at times hornblendic.
All are cut by small dykes of fine grained pink granite which is
banded parallel to the length of the dykes and so does not conform to
the gencrd foliation. The augen-gneiss being i; rupted along the folia-
tion of the quartzose gneiss, there is often difficulty in determining,'
their contacts.
On P>urnt island, the coarse augen-gneiss predominates and in
places contains large patches of quartzose gneiss, the foliation of which
does not conform with the general foliation and which appear to have
been originally large fragments of clastic rock floated in the granite
ningma. Strike S. 80° W.
Near the mouth «)f the Beaver river these rocks (IGl) are cut by a
large diabase dyke which has broken into and incloses fragments of
the granite along its walls.
At Comb hills the rocks are chiefly medium to coarse grained dark-
pink biotite-hornblende gneiss often containing large crystals of feld-
spar. These are associated with light-gray and pink, very quartzose
biotite gneisses and dark biotite and hornblende-schists. Thev are all
cut by large dykes of very quartzose white pegmatite. Several large
<Iykes of diabase cut these rocks on the outer islands of Comb hills
On Pigeon island coarse and fine-grained light to dark-gray schistose
hornblende-biotite-gneisses (162, 163) are cut by a fine grained pink
granite-gneiss which also incloses a dyke, five feet wide, of diorite
gneis-^^ Strike S. 85° W. The next exposure examined was on a
small island, five miles north of T<oon point, where the rocks were
]
DETAILED OE-SCKIFl'IONS OF P.OrK KXP'isI'ltlvS
55 I)
inosily very (|uiirtzoso ijriiy biotitc-gneisses ( i5."<, bU, \''i'>) soiuctiiueft
holding small dark-red g.irnets and at tiinei linrulilende. Tlii'v arf
associated with fewer bands of pink gneiss and arc .ill tut by lar^;
dykes of nrnrly pure red orthoclase. Strike N. •"*•') W.
At Loon point tliere are about oOO yards of d u k -^loen chloriti ;
schists si-parated by sevoial Inmds, fioiii one to lii.n fccc thick, of i
light-coloured friable biotito gni'iss (KJii WIT), A tew of the dai ic
bands weather rusty from tho deeonip >• ition of dis-ciniuated pyrite.
They aie abruptly cut by pegmatite and liornblendr :jranitogneiss
( li'i."<). 'I he abovt! are apparently sheets of alteied di li" ise which hid
been injected Ix'tweeii iho sandstone lie.is and both subsequently
aliereil liy jir<»ssuro a:id heat during the periiKl of ihe granite intrusion.
I'lio I'ainl Hills is^inds are arranged in twt> chains extendingout fii in
a dctp bay in a southwest direction upwards of ten miles and, after au
interval of six mile-, form the Solomon Temple islands. All
the islands are formed from a sheet of diabase of which the brfuolli
vnrios from three to live mile- anl which continues inland in a iiorth-
eist direction froiii tlie head of ilie bay, thus having a known length
of upw.irls of tnentv miles. Or: tlie-,e islands all vaiieties of diabase are
found, ro.;ethii' with all for.ns i>i its decom|iosilio!i pioducts atid altera-
tions due tu prrs>;ii:'. 'ine eastern end of Walrus i^i uid is occupied by
a large in.ass of curious porphyritic augite-syenito (iG',1, 170, 171, IT .',
174) composi'd al.iio.st whoiiy of porpluritic crystals of pearly feldsp.ir
.^I'rthite) which vary in colour from light pink to tiesh-rcd and violet
tints and occur in long, thin crystal- up to two inches in h ngth ; along
with 1 ho feldspar is dark green augite, often compleiely changed to
epidote, especially in the vicinit'' of a large dyke of the newer diabase,
where tlio granite is deep tie 'i-red and its pei.'ii;Btite contains large
masses of beautifully crystalli/ed epidote together with tourmaline and
a brownish mineral (dat.alile !) Tiio syenite i- penetratidby many
small veins of quartz carrying small (iuantiti<'s of puite.
The iliaba'-e dyke which alters the granite is TJO feet wide and is
very coarsely ervstalline towards its mid<lle. This area of granite is
ne'ver t)i;ui the diaba.'=ic -cliists which it has displaced and it inrloses
fiaguients of tiie schists along tlie contacts.
The remainiier of Walrus il ind is occupied by alter- d diaiiase ( 177-
17"*) and the phenomena alr-ady described in connection with the
:Mias of Cape Hinith are here seen veiy perfectly illustr^ited. Fii [ilac^s
the unloliated ma.ssive diabasi; is seen, in other placc^ it has l)een
fiacturerl ■•vifh ,i niughly I)a.sa!tic .struct;:re and the priiiii;;! ^Imjw .-i
t.
Minis
l'..iiii. .| it
■lull:.-.
.Vlt.i. 1
li-li.M— .
■ Si
66 D
EAST COAST OF Hi:USOX DAY
Mineral
cluniH.
SlKMluillI'Df
and ilaiikiit
decomposition rim of green hornbleiule, while the spaces between the
prisms ar" i'ille<l in part by calcite and i|ui>rtz. Agiiin pressure hns
elongated .'he prifims and induced foliation which in the extreme j)ha;e
causes the r'ck to pass into a well foliated banded schist alternating
dark and light with thin bands of ealcue and (|uartz formed from the
masses tilling the original cracks in the basalt. This alteration, due to
pressure is further coirplicated by various alteration products formed
from the decomposition of the original diabase which itself vaiied from
a fine-grained basaltic form througii various textures to a very
coarsely porpyhritic variety inclosiiiL; crystals of light-coloured plasfi'i-
clase several inches in diameter ami thence into anorthosite (ISJ).
These rocks therefore now afford all varieties of chloritic hornblendic,
epidotic and other basic schists (175,17t'>. 181,197) as well as non-
foliated masses of similar rocks (190,1 73, 180,207.) The other islands of
the Paint hills and Solomon Temple groups are formed of similar foliateu
and altered diaba.se, sometimes associated with thin bands of friable
sandstone and fitie graphitic schists (201-202). In a number of places
the squeezed diabase is rich in j.y -ite which on analysis was found to
contain a small quantity of silver but no g'ld. The pyrites appears to
occur in segregation masses along certain bands and some of these
ma.sses contain many tons of ore and have l)een staked as mineral
claims.
On the northern island the schists are cut by many dykes of granite
and pegmatite. There appears to have been at least three series of
these dj-kes the oldest being a red hornblendio, syenite or granite, (183,
184.1.'^'),186,187,188), the second a lighter coloured biotite-granite
while the last was a pegmatite usually very ([uartzose and carrying
pyrite and in places molybdenite. Some of these pegmatite dykes,
especially on the outer northern islands contain much green feldspar or
amazou stone. All these dykes in turn are cut bj' the newer diabase
dykes, (19o.) The general strike of tiie foliation of the schists is
S.Ci.j'W. In places the hornblende dyUes or augite syenite (18'.), 190-
191,192,133) have been badly fractured and the fragments rounded
and inclosed in the green schists, thus forming excellent examples of
catycla.<^tic conglomerates. In a loo.se block found near the contact between
the epidote and the large diabase dyke on Walrus island the ra^e
minerals .'^podumene and danalite were detected by Dr. Hoffmann (229).
The contact between the schists and gneisses (196- 200) on the northern
side of the mass is very compliealed bands of both Ijeiug mixed together
and with hornblende syenite (205,204,203,199,198). To the southward
of Paint hills the granites and light-coloured gneis.s .again occupy the
shores and inlands ; and at Watt island the prevailing rock is medium-
j
If
i
I
t
«.]
tJKTAlLEl) DEMCHIPTIONS OK BOCK EXPOSIRKS
G7 V
g.ain.d li,ht-gray, vary ,,«nrtzose biotite-gueis^ wuh many fractured
Lnds of dark mica and n>ioa-l.or„blende schis... ^11 are cut by
many dvkes of n-d pegn.atite. Strike S. 80 W. About M..ar l.vy the
sau,^ .,uartzose gne.sses and dark-schists are seen, cut by r..! granUe
and pegmatite., the irrupted rocks increasing towards the «outh_s,de
of the biy, where .nore than half t».e rocks are granit^-s. Strike y.,.>
At the .outh point of M-ar bay the light coloure.l .neisses (208) a.e
a-ain most abundant ..nd are .ccon.panying with tiiick Unds ot d:u k.r
schists (-209); accomi^anying the darker s .hists are bands of pink. ^h
quartzite, which have the ap,^arunce of baVed nandst^ne. Str.ke
N.So'W to N.")5\V.
From Moar bay southward to the islands of Cape Hoik- the rocks
are largely a coarsely crystalline biotite hornblende gneiss (210 -I -,
•.13). very" poor in quartz and often containing epidote and although
'now lolia'ted, they were originally irr.pted granite cutting and inclosing
broken bands and fiaun.ents of q.iarlz-e gneiss.s ^I-IH and Uai k
schist., many of these l)ands bain- -arnnt bearing. .">tri ^.;
The prominent islands of Cape Hope are formed from another are.i
of squeezed diabase (217) similar in character to that of the Paint
hills but containing less pyrite. The m.s is cut by a similar system
of acidic dykes, the ohhs-, being a tine-grabu-d hornl.lende-.amte
C-IG), the next in age a lighter coloured granite (2lo) wide the
newest are pegmatite (214). The .chi.ts and dykes cutting them are
all traversed by dykes of nt;Nver diabase.
In the northwestern part of the large island there are veins or
bands of calcite included in the schists which hold many hne crystals
of dark-red garnet up to an in. h in diameter. From Cape Hop- to
the East Main river the rocks s,.., were all gr«iutu- (218) and inclosed
only a few bands of da,k schists. Strike 8. 75^ W. At the mouth of
the I'last Main river the.e is a light-pink epidote-syemte (219 \ erj
line exposures occur ah.n, the coast betwe. :he mouth of the East
Main river and Hiierriek mount, the ro.k: co. out ..n!y at long inter
vals in 1 w points an-l islands. Six miles son-h ..f the Kast Mam nver
is a small island of squeezed diaba.- (220). The next exposures are a.
a low rockv point just south of the Kaniapiskau nver, where the roek
is a dark-gray schistose mica-gneiss (221) full of dark red game s
mueh decomposed to mica. Strike N. 75" W At I.>on p.i.t s.m.hr
schistose gneisses (223) occur ; they are often >e.y quartzase, and are
cut by large irregular dykes of white pegmatite which in places con-
tain crystals of biotite up to three by Hve inches in s.ze S nke N
80^ W All :.re out by a <lyke of rusty diabase fortv feet wide (..>,.
\i
.Vcidii- ilyke>
Lhw tiut
iiy?ti«l- ill
68 D
K\sr co.\sr OK Hudson iuy
m
At .Shen-ick rnount^aiid on the wlaiuls around it, the very .jiuwizose
mica-gnHisses (JJl, p.evail and are as-ocmted with dark ha-^ic schis
tose gneisses s„me of which contain pyroxene. All those schists and
gneisses usually contain much garni-t (2l'."» ■2-2(]--2->7-228). The.e loiks
are out by coarse -rain-.l, often porihy. iti.- biotitc-ranite-gneiss which
IS at times hornblen.iic ; and all are trav ersed by largo dykes of winte
pegmatite. Strike N. t<.j' W. to N. tiO" W.
The last rock exposure in the southern part of James bay is s-een at
.Stag ro3k* where the rocks are .lark biotite quartzito conthinin.'
many garnets interbanded with light-ray quartzitc holding lit til
garnet or mica. They are cut by large dykes of light-i-ray pegmatite
containing much bliii.sli quartz. A fine grainnl pink or grav gianite
alsocut.s the schistose bands. Strike X. >S5' \V.
I'll.llttTi'l
»«liiiiijntiiry
iiK-k».
Camhriav.
G'Uinal Observations.
The islands lying along tli«! coast from Portlan.l pr.^montory to Cape
Jones are forme,l of a ptacti,:a!ly unaltered series ot sedimentary
rocks, often associated with outflows of trai'. These rocks are also
found resting conunuou.sly upon th ■ granites, and associated crystal-
line rocks ..f the mainland from a short distance south of the inouth
of the N:.stapoka river to I'.oat harbour in Manitounuk sound, and
beyond there in broken patches as far as Humbug (ilambufi,' ? )
harbour, sonio thirty miles south of Great Whale river. These rol'ks
of the islands and the mainland all dip westward or .seaward at angles
varying from 5° to 4.3-, and the bread ih of the strip resting upon
the mainland varies from a few yai.ls to uinvu.ds of twenty miles at
Richmond gulf, where they aitain their maximum development. This
series of rocks bears a close resemblance to those found along the
Ivoksoak and F[;.mikon rivers, in the interior „f Labrador, which were
called Cambrian in former reports, and are ela<s..| under that name in
the present rcpc.rt, akhough there is no fossil evidence for such a classi-
Hcation. They are probably older than much »i the granite cf the
Labrador peninsula, which has been calh^d Lauientian, and they are
probably the unaltered equivalents of many of the schists and gneis-e-
inclosed in and cut by these granites. t Except in a very few^place.s,
the contacts between these sedimentary rocks and the underlying
granites appear to be unconformable and due to faults, but in the few
places wliej-ethe^x)eks wejej^^en^to rest undisturbed upon the granite,
'KejKirtof Pn>ifrH>-., (J^J. Surv. Can., mr.-i^i^^f; l>, ih-T",, \^
o,.iniii!::!rK:'a "'""""' """''" ''"'"''""^ •" "'■''^'^ "'^ ^ns«;.r,;:A'-;„i;. indivi.l„nl
lO*. j
CAMiilllAX
I
i
I
ii
69 I.
series, thus uiiiioubt-
the latter was found to ..ut and alter tlie liedded
edly sliowinj,' th,. ;,'ranite to he tlie newer rock.
This seriea of sedimentary rocks is larj-cly i.miposrd ,.f arko-e, f.
feldspatitic sandstones and -luart/ite, feldspalhic ar^'illite. ;;r<.ywai.ke,' "'
dolomites an<l li.uestoues, all more or less terru-i.M.us : ancfa'^.su.iHte.i
with them sills uiid .iykes of trpp and .lial.aso, which also , ccur as
surface tlow8.
Tiu' constituent matter of all the rocks (with the excepticm of the
limestone and dolohdt.-) is sucii as would allow th.-m midiiy to pass
into micaceous and liornl>Ieiidic schists and ;;neisses l.y the intrusion of
newer gmnites.* In some of the rocks of the lower portion of ;he series,
consisting as it does of l>eds ,.f ferruRinous feldspalhic arkose sandstones
and argillites, this change would readily take place from the accession of
heat and pressure due to such a granite intrusion ; and to the n..rth«ard
of Creit Whale river p?itches of such rocks weie found in a partly
alUred state inclosed in granite ; while to the northward of Richmond
gulf portions of the trap overflow are found inclosed and altered by
similar granite. As before stated the c.mtacts of the bedded rooks and
granite are usually unconformable and appear to be due to a nearly
horizontal movement of tlie bedded series subsequent to the intru-
sion of the granite, due to pressure acting from outside the great areas
of gnynite. This series of sedimentary rocks btung close to the sur-
face, and consequently above the line of folding, broke, as ice does upon
the shore when pressed from seaward, and piled cake on cake not only
upon unyielding granite but upon themselves. Their present positions r. ,
show that such a horizontal pressure was oxerted upon them, as they '""
lie in ridges, roughly parallel, with their dips seaward. The action '"^''
of a similar thrust force is observed wherever these rocks have been
seen throughout the I^brador peninsula, the beds lying in a
series of ridges all dipping in one direction with broken cliff faces on
the opposite side. Along the east coast of Hudson bay there are three
such ridges of the first magnitude : namely, that of the coast line, that
of the islands, and anotht. which forms the outer islands from fifty to
seventy miles off the coast.
On the Koksoak river sixteen such ridges were noted in only the
eastern half of the area. The main ridges are themselves broken into
minor ones, and in Richmond gulf and on the Nastapoka isilands,
faults transverse to the direction of the main lines of fracture have
fractured the rocks up into immense blo<rk.s and interfered with the
symmetry of the dips, thus em phasizing the analogy which tlie.se rocks
* .'^CP l.vst f^>.^t-n^>te.
•llll«.-ltlllll
nit of
iz'ilK.ll
'*^U1P.
i
70 D
KA8T COABT OF HUDBON HAY
bear .o.hore ice act«l upon by pr.«.uro from "— ;'.;';;^" ^^^^^
piles the ice up in riHge« upon itself and the .hore. but al«> cau,e. it
to break into cakes.
Cftmbrinii
S^-etiiin nil
ISniusthlon
isIhikI.
DETAILED DE8CRIPTI0K OF CAM.UUAN KXP08CREB.
The unaltered Can.brian rocks were first met *ith on the south side
of P^tland promotory where they fonn th. HopeweU cha.nof .and
stretching south eastward along the coast for hfly m.les. A Portland
protolTry are large masses of diabase and dark sch.sU cut by dyk s
and mlL of granite, and these schists are probably the equivalents
of the trap outtlows which cap the bedded rocks of tins region.
The following is a section in descending order made on the island
at Hopewell narrows, at about the middle of the cha.n and .s f a.r ly
Iresfntative of the rooks exp.sed by tho mner chff of all these
islands, the rocks dipping seaward at low angles :-
Yeft.
chtflTof aiigit.. with » -mall amount ..f much « fr.^ ,. ..gu.-
cW T -.rooU flowed out at, or near the Mi.fac. and two
,,attingH H.,ow that the flow occurred in three .mtbur^t, l'«
2. Light greenish-Bray quartuite (411). »
S Dark carbonoceoui! «hale and "haley liui. 'tone I ' ' Z '. '
: Sain^ and green chert. .tain«. by oxi.le .,f iron, and conUm-
ing rhornV- of »iderite in gn.up. and bands (,*) _
.V Light and dark-blue, Hne-grained, cherty <l..art«te^ ^^ ^^
r. Uark-gtay -and.tone with oalcareouH partings »o that th.^ rock
T',rinto flag.. ContaiiiH many rounded gram- of tran- ^^
' iwrent quart/. jq
7. Bluish-white quartzite
To sea-level. 8S5
For thirty miles from the south end of Hopewell sound the coast i.
fi from islands and the rocks of the mainland are gran.te, wUh
IraJonal small patches of dark g.^en trap, resting upon them at
il als along shore. The islands of the Nastapoka cham extending
:r 'ot to three mil off the mainland, form an excellent protected
channel for vessels of all sizes.
The following section was taken on Broughton island the third
large island from the northern end of the sound, and nearly ■ pposUe
the mouth of I^ngland ri. .. Section in descending order ._
4
• 1
DKTAILKD UR8CRIPTI0N OF CAMIiniAN K\l-0«l'IIKH
1 I>
I;
r
1%
1. ]Mik i^rpfnixh, fprni(r>i><'iia clirrt, nlwayi conUiiiiiiK iiiorc or lei^
iii.'iifnctit'', l>mk>'ti iiiM thin Ixind'* l>y |iuitlnirii uf iimtcni'tic op',
wliicli iiri' ii«iiully ti"i tliin to work without inncli Nt'|«irntioii
from the Ifnii ores. Thi«f rockii iit tiiiiiH contain splntchfi of
tikI jttKiukr anil of unki-riii' wliich Wfiithi'M lirownii<h i5< 57-."Nl. IVI
2. J>itrk iirjfilliuvotix nhalf, pre*'ni'»h on frw«h fratturi', briMk** into
ni«ty wcHtherinif lilocki 4l'
3. Lifflit I'luisli (fray tliirt 1
4. Kill j.i«pilytf, Kiii>iiilly Iwin in in>n I'Vi) K*
.■>. Dark Krt'<'ni»hjfr".V. niliciong Mhalf with thin iM^lnof grwn «inil
i*ron»'. t'onfftiii'* much chlorit** . . , »'•
tl. Fini'-graiiMHl, liKhtKn'«-niith f<'lil»|>nthio i>iin(t«t<>nf !l
C' mwalwl 10
7. Fiiii' (crainpd, liKiit-ffriHin, ft'Ul»|iatliir -aniUtoni' sjHitteil with
tiiiniitc livuwn nmrkH. In iK'aiy inaMsivt- liwln from ihrw li>t
to H\e fwt thick (,V>i ;'■<»
I?. Fint-|;rainiHl, irrifniKh-nrny, (freyMacke splittinK into Haga fioin
twototixii. •■» thick (J3) 2f>.
T<» i*('a-Iev*»I,
27tl
The above is a typical section of the northcvn islands of the Xasta-
pokii '.iiain, pxcppt that in some places the above strata are capped by
from twenty to fifty feet of irregularly wentheriig rusty l)eds.
The next section measured was on tl e south e'ld of Davieau island
and is as follows in descending order : —
F..-t.
1. Kuaty weathering, lirowni»hgray carlmnat'' of ir m, mixfd witli
l>rol.i II tliin Imnili of dark greenish cht-rt 'J')
2. Dark-giay chirt witli nuiny iiarting.i of ilarkhrowi. argilliU' CiO)
containing con»iiIi'ral)lc oxiilf of iron 120
3. Reil and green lean jani>ery ore with ferniginoiis <loloniit !•! partings. S
4. Hed and green silicious argillite .. .",0 «
S',1 level. '
1!IH
Aliout the middle of Davieau island the following section wi's
oi>tained :- -
Feet.
1. Slinlev, Kilicioiin carlxmate of iron with tiancln of niansive dark
'.'lert from one to two inches thick 25
2. Rei; tine-grained arkoae containing much magnetite and hema-
tite (112) K
3. Hich JBBpillyte with thin pure lands of magnetite (113). ... 20
4. Dark-gray chert containing iKtich ditiseniinated magnetite ()il-ti3l y
.Se;i-level. ,
•12
At the narrow part of Gillies island near its middle, there is an
e.'tposure of 100 feet consisting of 30 feet of rich jaspilyte over-and
uuJcrlaiii by gray ferruginous cherts. The forcg.jing section-, appear
S^HitionH on
Davieau
iHland.
KAHT COAST or HII..NON llAV
II
S.-ctiiMi«
Ulucillfnl
to rein'CMfiit tlip iiiiddli' luds <if tlie seri"'* i>i tl.p Citiiil>riaii, tlif tf>]'
nnd Iwttoiii ImkIh Iwiiig wanting.
About Hiclunond ^idf tlii! CHUilirinn rockx me utdl icprcsi'nted on
tlie hIioi'c!! and ixlnnds. In fever*! plac-s contiirl.-. witli the ^jruniles
arc seen hut (-xcopt at till- north end of the nulf and in \Viai-ho«aii
bay the contiicts apjicar to Imve iicen due to faults suhsiini>-nt to the
intruviiun if the urnnito. At the noiih <nd of the j^uit' the };rani[e
was fiuind ciittinj; and a.leiin^i sandNtoncs and traji while at NViaohe-
wan bay whi-rc the samlstones almtt ajjain-l a l«r>{i' mass of coarse
granit<>, tliey are baked to a white qunrlzitc for ahout .'U f(>'t away
from th" jjranite and are jK'net rated i)y numerous small (|Uarl/ vrinn
The hi^h olifT ridjje, which separates the nu f on its westei-n .side,
fftmi the waters f>f Hudson bay, exiliits everywiiere line sections of
rock. Tiiese sections diiclose an unconforniity U-tween the upjer and
lower l)eds of tiie formation chummI by a thrust of tin' upper beds nvoi-
the lower. The line of fault forms an acute an^'le to the bedding
plane and in consecjurnce the l)eds of the portion above the fault are
thicker as they are traced southward.
The following de.seending sections wore taken at intervals along the
coast ridge from the north end of Hichniond gulf to Little Whale river
ands^iow the thickening of the ui)per beds at tiir north end <if
Richmond gulf: —
Ff.t.
1. Dark-Kvwn i«ii|ilivriticiliiilwi<e u<i
2. Li^flittsiUmrnl ojiiHistoni' witli a ftw thin liaii>l» of Iniff Wfntlier-
iii); iluloiiiiti' (1(17) 4.')
3. YfllowisliBtiitluring flncgraiufsl silicioux liiiiratone, with uiub'
sive, liiiff weathering litslsni-ar t.i|i 75
I'lu-uiifiiriiiity.
4. lU'low this the r(ick»i are uicditim to fine (jraiiied ark^iM' and
'(uai tzite with occ.^sil mal l«nils of tiller red felsjiathie sand-
»t..lie lUH) 7!K|
Section of c.'ast ri>ik« on .-KUth i-ide Little W'h.'^le river tw.j niili'>
inlanil ; —
1. D.irk Kreen Iraii or ilia'iftse |.y)
2. I)ark(rrey Haj,'" "f iiii|mre Haiidstone with vellinv «|ii>iii, and winie
thin sandy i'aini" ;^;t .
;t. Light-pink and gr;iy .sjindstone 10
4. Dark-gray cailKinacemis Haiuihtone, witli shaley liine.'<ti>iie, and
• ■lack pliale, the sand^tolle giving out toward tliu t p, m> that
the upiier feet is iii.)r.tly sh.ile. with a few tliin Iiiiie<t..|ie ;
liandu ;)(i 7
.">. Light-gray ».uiUi«tone. part-l l.y thin ix-ds of ariiiaeisnis lime- ^
stAine .j;,
(i. Light-lHifT weath.r. light-lilue silieiouR limestone with many iKirt-
i:::-^ ::! !ii.-ht !:!;:. : !::Tt. «. ttiat tl* .■■].[*-! '.-il f.-! :- !l::^-;.-y . i-j
/
1.1.1 «ii,i:i' nK-iCiiinioy ok cxMiiiinx Kxt'o,--! mk«
■:? 11
7
A
". I<ii<ti I- .l.niri'.l ilicity liiiii«tiim% Wfatd. niiit luitf, uikI full <.l
C'JiviMis lilli^il Mjtll liuart/. nliri ullllitllnllK Wi'Utlii'll'il |>,irif<>
ittiti >><>>n'-rtiiir> ^al>'iia nii>l li'u-rrlt' ;t<t
K M'Tf cii!ii|.act li^lil t'l\H' I l.trly liiip'^'im' Iiiii
r'ciiicfiiii-ii ."ill
II. l.iKlit t(i'< y raii'UtuiM , hiililiMii ui:tiiy tilix k> nl ilitrt, liml I'ui iiiiiik
an iiiiK"''"' '•'I""''* I •"
('iMlKl<'!llfr:l!t' . , **»
10. Li;.'li' liliiMc'ii-ityil'il .iiiii.' wi-atlifriui.' I'ulf. uilli i.:!!!-!!!" "i ilarl.
I.lu>' i-ln-it . -JIm
riKi.iifi'iiiiity
11. ('•■ai'H.', rlml i''l. aik.1.11' ('••n jo-i-.l clii-ilv <if ic I ffli|»|«ii-, iIivmih-
[III.U..I l|.it-i))>)rii<lt anil ijiKiM/ in iitMiIr* , 1".*
Tii drift |i!;iiii.
•J.I ('•7
Kr in till' (iliovf two .si'i.t,iiii.;i it will Ir,' sii'ii tlnit tin' sctliiii iiijiry
iiciis U't ween the trup Ciip)iiii^ mid thu iiii('<inforiiiut>l«> urki'ii' Ih-Iow
ilicroaseiii tlii(jkm><8 from liOtfiaiit tlii' noi'llieiul nf Hiciiiiiiiinl i;\ill'tii,
()7- feet lit l^ittU'WIiaie river, wiiil<> an intoriiiiKliat'"Mcti«m tiikcii on tln'
south siile of the nutlet of l{ichiiiiiit<l jjulf tiivpit » tliu-kni-xK of !\\7) tVci
for the siiiiic jMirt of the M'lie^, while to tlii' northwaril of the lii>t m'c
tion they thin out nltoijethfr ienvirij{ the trap rentin*? uiiiii the iiikuse
of the lowor portion. Tliin thickening' of the Iwds ciiiiiiot lie liuo t" -I'lii,.; , i,,,,^ ,„
irresulnrities of dpiiositi'in hut to n f.mlt ami ihru.^t wliifli lias cau.>n!«l i**!"'!"'' t>' n
111 1- '""'' *""
theui and thi' overl\inj{ traps to nvBriide tlif undfrlyiiii; arkoHC rocks, tlinw;.
The action of this fault is ohsiTMihle on the north side of the iinrrowg
of the outlet of Rtrhinoiid uuif, wliere a sni dl knoli of grnnite riaeo
into the be<lded Hcries and was oveiridden by the upper serieH which
ill 80 doing 'oUowid its contour on the western side hut did not desceiu
the eivstern slope leaving a space there which was uh^Pl|uolltly fillei'
by the breaking and dropping down of t.hc bedded rocks due to prey-
sure of their weight.
The following sections of the r^ck.s were made from the clifl's on the
shores and islands' of Richmond gulf, and are u.seful as givio'.' an idea
of the dilliculties encountered in forming an ideal section of the series.
On the west shore just inside the outlet there is a long peninsula con-
nected with the mainUnd by a narrow neck.* This peninsula is formeil
wholly of bedded rocks whieli vary in colour from nearly white to
dark-red, and in texture from a inediura-graincd sandstone, to a very
coarse grit, containing rounded pebbles of quarts and feldspar up to
two inches in diameter. Thet^e rocks are very quartzose and alway«
carry much broken and rouii.li'd feldspar, and hove evir't-ntlv been
forme<l from the disintegration of granitic rocks almost in plac-e, the
bedding boing arranged like dep()>its in a .shiilow sea as the flner Ixnis
exhibit signs of ripple marking. The rojks are such thot with the
* A deKcrii'tioii ami view of «'u>.t!i- |>i-iiiiiniila lire fi'wtin at pa^ H c, Rrfairt of
I'rogresH. U»y)l. Surv. (.'an., for 1S77,
7* I)
KART COAMT ur IIUt)«0!( IIAV
Tliickii>>
J
:i
noce»«inii o( hcut anii prenmi!.^ they wouUI rMwIily i-cturn to » gneiwic
condition.* Thoso 1»«U nvcrywherc uii<irrlie the oth» r cliieiic ruck it uf
the MrifH utui itrt> prulmlily thn lo»eNi rtx-ksuf thnserinx, liul nowhere
w.is the L;i'Aili>tiun into thi> unaltered lower granites seen, fruin which
tliey are KU{>(iui<p(t tu have been derived. Th(> total thickneiut of these
bids a« PX]MiM'J on tlio {loninRulii is upwunlw of 500 feot an<l probably
nearer 1,000 fvet. Tlio following Rection in de-wendin); order whr
I taken nliin^ the clitron the xouth i>ide of the nttrrowR of Uirhniond
gulf.
Vnt.
1, l>:irk liniHii wry tiiii'-KrHJii"! ilinluwx' iiuK'lierKkMlBnd cpuwntfd
« ltd iiiipiir*' if.l nnil until cimrt (Sill 'iVf
:i. Vtiy Mm'|{niim'<lil«rk Ki'.iiii«liKtuy ilialMUu-, luucli »lmtt«Tt«l, ttif
fr.iniii.'iilD iifti II riHiiiiliil h«!«iirfii ; Hllfl « itii .iii iiiiimre rwl tliiTt,
•I I that in pincetf thu nn k haM tht' ii|>ti^ui'iiiieu uf k cuiifdiiiimralf '
('j">» sao
:l. LiicliliT Km-iiiKli-Knty •lii«l«M< sliglitly coanwr than (UO) ainch Itvii
frnctiinil (IIII 23b ■
t^J'.ivccifttwl dark ^■rwIl ili»tia»', cut l.y a f.w niiiall ((uaitz veinn
iitxl uoiitniniii); aiiiall citv itii-n Hlltnl with <|unrti!, ami HixhcHildiirtHl
ciilcit« anil Hiiiiill ipiniititit'x I'f iiyiit** jOfl__
Vtifitnformiijt.
Coiicculwl 300
.V l>:irk-gr«><<n tim'-|;r»in«{ frairniratcd diahiKe . . ."SllO
Ciincfnied 50
il. Dark rol arkoM', HiieKntiiieil and vt-ry niliciuuii (!>".') 1(W '
1°. rVwnti' graiiKil Kray nrk>iw contuininK |irbbln of ((uartz and (el-
apar 11)1 to oiic-lialf inch diaiiif'tfr 10
f*. Mixed l»d« of dark rwl ureywai ke and arkow with mor« »iliciou«
»iid owrxtT imrtiiiKH (<!'!, 71, »l) (1
!l. .Ml' liiiiii grainwl pink itrkoM nanilruck ()>4) -I
I'l. l>ark yelluwi«lir«l arkiMe Mindrock 4
U. Liidit pink arkow >uind»ti>ni' (*!') 10
I".'. Dark piirpliKh-rt'd Kni'graimK) arkuHv IJ
1;5. (trH«'iiiHh iiieiiiuiii-gniiiiwl arktMt^ (r^)- ■ . , 2
11. Li(flitj{ipeni»h uompact iiiiart/.ite .' 1 J
ir». Light -pink arkoHe ^aiidvtriiic 7
Iti. Red bttnde<l arkose Mind-itone 3
17. LiKlitpink arkimf aaudstone B
l". Mixed dark and li(,'lit r.i| «an>I«t<mt' (Wl) 10
19. Liglit'pink and lightrsft landxtone 4
■Jil. U«l l«iide<l and light-rt-d .sand«t<<iien . I
21. Li^lit- pink and li(fht-rwl "andntoiieit 2
2:.'. llande<l rtxl and light-red sundstonea 1
■JS. Light-iiink and ri-<l 'aiidnton'-ti B
24. Rinded red and pink xniKNtonea 55
V -<'■■ l>ark-f(ray grrywacke, containing Kniall qiiantitieii of magne-
tite (7(1) 2 ,
Vt, UAiidid pink to n-d arU'we laiuNttme (7(<) 300
27. Red arkoite with more angular fragments . . .... 50
Utiamfitrtiiita.
a, 101
* The •' Origin of (iiieinii ". TriK;. Am. .\ii»n. for the Adv. of Sci. 1889, pp.227 -31.
ii— ^
MM
1 mil
'1
nKTAIf.KO UIMCKIPTIO!! OH' fAMriKlvN F.MimrKKll
<.» 1>
J
TIi« inko»# IioiIk uf thw iM-niiiauIn ajipeiir to rt-K iiiiinmiiiitply Mow
tlm liliove section, and iherc is pnnailily l.iit. .i utile »ir»>«k ln-tw.-.-ii
t/K'in.
H#itinK unwMifornirtlily ui>.>n tli • iil«ni< in the folluwinc; flpicpwling
Motion rpprpsi-riting tli.' iipp*M- iiieinl»rs ..f ihe nfiie,, >,,j,,,rni,Hl fr.iii
the lower hy tho 0<mUl tlir!i<<t Uult l)i-t..ro iii. ntioneil.
tl.iri fcrniKiniiiii fnnt-
I'wt.
lot .
40.
IK)
."Xi
I. I'.nk Krw-'ii. ftrn' fTiiin«l ilinlNim'.
'J. I'ink -Miil-t,!!' V. ith niinnT(iii« |««rtiiiK< of flark tiijMirni.ni*
»ll»lv .
X f.ii^lit (tnu .iikI (M.ik »ttn<i«l«n«, with
intra
I. U'liiti', en liii'- ((riiinwl wMKjHfmf
' ' i|U'>"»ll'<l
.■>. ('.Jiff wcRtlH-rinK, liglitl.lii« it,.rty . iiiiiiit,., with iv ,iier. I !■ iii» of
cliert, ttii'i OKUsirifrmii- : .lirk.r cLiiifmI Im m-
ti, Ytlliiw wrrttti'-iimr, very till.' i/iiiiml liKlitliliU' v.-ry cliiTty iliilu-
liiito, with tl- 1, .irtiiiK" 'f iiijlii rii- cli ri
f'lillci';ll«l
7. Hiilf wiathfTimif. ilnik (jrav, »iil o -w Mni. niniic. u tli fr«-.|iiem
|wrtjn;<» of chirk chert. 1 In- liMie „r i" '\i\ .f ciiMtii^ lim.l
with quart!! anil c.iluit.., pyrit. uW l.l'ii'i., uul ■• lim.- ,.ih.iii,
l>'U nil t «i i«.atl>Ti>rt to Iw uf i«jiM ..it vuiii*-, ^
To 'milt. ■
iVA
Thfl iifxt nectioii was mad*" do.vn a si ,11 bi-.M^k failing into the i^-'ii''" at
southweNt corner of tlif buy foniipil l.y th,< pMninrsuln, just insiiJ.' tiie 7i!,A.u7,uT
entiai.oj t^i Kichmoiid gulf. i.-ulf.
This xeclion is from tlio fault dividing the upper Ijeds downward, as
follows : —
1. I»;irk grrt.iii«h(fr;iy. rii»ty br.."n-w«itheriiif{ (fr.-> wackf (7.51. .
2. Uiirk-Kri't^ii sriMvuin-kH (7,'). 74i
;t. J>»rkgr..-n (TT-'ywackf, with hrriwn "piotchciiof j,i«|».ry on>
■I. Liftht-griN sandriick, iiiottlH.1 with Kimtn of ( \i,le,,f 111,11
5. Dark-red Sii.. ifminwl i.hite grrywack-, ciiiuiiini y c<)ii»itl,r»l>h'
iron i>r« and small aii«iil:»r frH>tiiieiit» of jiKipr |N7)
(i. l>ark-rH arji illite, with small iiatohm of grwii (MS) . , \
10
.")0
.-iS
ID
40
7. l>ark-gr««i »p!>tch«?i| ({reyw:iok
8. Darkrwl f.Trni;iiiou< i;ri.y\v icki-, with |«itinK.i of n ,} iirKJllit
it. Dark chf-rtv frreyw acke
10. Fink (ine-graine<l arki.Kc lian'Ntone 4
11. Darkml fprrugiiioim «ilieioiis greyw.K'ke jq
12. Mostly ilarkifTwii f.miKiiii.iis -plonhefl grcywacke with thin
l--nirl»of red gnyw:«k»' anil rwl argiUitv ;^j
13. Dark greeii, ttiniiiael, f.-miginoiw grtywMs'nt- with a few dark-nd
nl»t«-y haiidif J yj
14. Slialcv, red femicrinuiw chtti-t (iinpnrM tn^^tiotite-hematitj-!, U}
15. (Jf»*n, chorty rock uplotchwl and veined with re'l ju^iht J.yi
To shore. -
w
76 1)
EAST COAST OF HUDSOX IIAV
J
The next nectioii is situatod four milen to the eastward on a hill
facing nortliwai'l. It is as follows in descending order ;
I. C'(iiir!-i'l) |")r|'ti.viitii- liiu- i^raiiifil clialaMx 10"
'J. Li^l't Imffwrutlicriiig ■liilMiiiitk- full 'if liRlitliliie clirrt iind carry-
ing mm.iII .pmiititicM'f lilemle 20
;t. C'litTtv, litf-lit-l'liitf tiiiicntoiic c-oiitainiiij? iimcli pyriti- ami lib"
c-lu-rt '"«
4. D.iik »iliiMiMW liiiii'Ktoin' « itli partiiiK" "I ilark carlxiiinieiiiis xlialr !*0
5. Kill.- KiiiiiiKl, il.iik and liglit gray Haggy oaiKUU.ne v itii |«iling-
<if iliirkgriinifli uniiin-i-im» nliali- capiK-d with « thin U^i of
liglit Imrt wt-ath'Tiiig cliirty liiiMHtonc I">
(i. Liglitlihu-, yi llow-wi-athcriiif.' iliiluniitic chert 3
C.Hicval.-d.'. '■"'
7. I )ark-grayish ( hi-rt '•
H. I,iglit-;;ray and white tine grained sind-toiip H"'
it. C.KUM- liijlitgiiiy »aiid»tii!ie ii.IoipImkI with rounded fragiiieiit < of
whit'- ield-|iar. ...
t". Liglit >.-iay .-aniNtone, iiiedimii to tine grained and llii^kly ni:irke<l
with iiiinnte hrown siKitK togetlnr witli light grayi.-li ^'i.-. n
eliirty lK'd-< .«e|mi,-ited In liedKof dark hrowni^h i.ileaieoiis fer-
riiginoiiH sjindrock containing email fiagn.entH of gnen ja«
He<ls fniin '. to-'' thick (1141
I'rolialle nncoiifoiniity.
II. Tjight-|iink arkor-.- s.iiidi'tone
V2. Flight .vnd darkled ark.me Kaiidi-toiie with many jBirling-H of ri-i!
argillite
<'onceal«Hl
13. I>irkred arkiH«- »andri.ck carrying iMiine carlionate of iron; niont
(dentifnl in the iii>im-v lieds there forming a lean cherty ore,
II. D.irk-red nrko»e .ianilmck containing coimideratile
l«e('.de.l H ith pink more xilicioiiH arkoiie
1."). Itarkreil ferr.^iiioiw ark.i-w with uiiiiij [lartingi' of dnrk-reil
argillite '■'
Hi. Chii-fly i>inki^h sandriK'k with n few landn of dark led grey-
wacke sometiineii greeniah in ciilimr C"
i;. Very dark reil hne-tfraiiiiil greywaeke uU
Dark-red femiginoiis arkwe .<|ilitting into flogn (113) T.'i
~"~~ •'oncealeil ..... Wi
IS. Dark-n-tlilii-h and grayish urko»e with partingn of dark red argill-
ite and a few luinds of coarser pink arko»e (all ripple iiiarke<l) . 3;i
1;'. I.ighi pink tine-grHined nrkwe i"
To Hea le\el. ~"
I,4u2
The rocks of Cairn island and other islands in the southern part of •
Richmond gulf are largely (Mnk and red arkose with (84) red and gncn
l"i.|.ie mark., oiioaceous argillite, and «ree i greywacke. Nearly all the beds show
ripple mark*. The ark-.se in the upper hefls shades into sandstone (i'3)
from the elimination of feldspjir. The following section made on tlie
mainland iiiiinediately south of the narrows at Cairn island is^ntere^t
ing as showing the manner in which sheets of diabase liave lieeii
injected between the l)edding of the sedimentary rocks at this place.
chlorite inter-
Ill
ItC, ,
ISo
nil
14
■Byi
1»KTAII,KI> Iin.si lill'llnV OK CAMIil-.lAN KXPoSlltES
1. Fiiit-ifiMiii. <| |.iiriili-li trri't'ii <liiilKiff witli iiiiiim'p m>. ,uiiyu'<In!c« i.f
clili.rit.'aiid at tiii.ij c.iliit,'. p. ni tnil.-l liv ■ i in. iiiiil liirR.-
.plntclicK I.f i-.vldi.li tlialiii-f i^i.'.i
:;. [iinlit"Hliii-.-<I iii.'iliiiiiii-riinfl ►,'i-i-.>i mul |iliik .iiL.. ■ .
•*• ^'i t'lrtim-.l (1ir..iiii.„M(l ili.ilia-.'
i. I.ilflit gniy ami pink I'MKtry aikii'M'
''. iMrkififcii (liiil.ii-f
'i. Light (fr.tiii.li Hiifvfiai>i>-<1 .iik.i-«.
rniKcalwl
7. I>nrk-|;r>vii ilialHiM-
>*. M.'litgr.Hiii«|i tiiii';rraiiuil ark.i.-.^. . ,
Til ciiiitact with ci>iu-f Iii.ititv Kiaiiir> I'.ir.i. .
<> '
5.1
;«>
10
40
|I|4|
tut
xUfT
^^
Thu contact of the arkose with the ;,'fiiii;i..' U ii vpitical fault from Cm
two to fivi. tWt wicio and tlieie is no a| i-earanc*^ ..( alterniion in pith.r i*™.;,".."'"'
roflis near the contact.
graiii'..-.
To ihfi southw.irtl an upward ooiitinuation ..t" ilin aW,\e sectio;.
is as .''ollo'.vs : —
1. Mark trrc<n ilialii*'
2. lUik r.il aivillit..
3. l>ai'k ifi-ayish-pink .-.ainli-.K.-k
< 'omca!'.]
^. Lean nil i,w|.IIyt..
f'ltno'ali'il
•">. Iiii|Mir"' ri-(l ja«|)ilyti . . . . . .
CnllLVal.-ij
'■>. Siat.-y iiiiiiiiri' ja«pilyti' . . .
r. l>ialia«f full uf jn-p.r viiii".
.•<. Sla'. y ill, 11 jaspiUr,.
!'. f'h-rty (lark i<ray liiiic.'i.n,-
liiipnri- ja«|iilyt.'
I'ial'av
•JlM)
ID
"o"
i:.
M
i:>
.V,
i:> ■
lo-
in
.VI
llrt)
This dial)a.se is iho top iueni!>(?r of the precedinj; seetinn.
_ To the eastward of fairn i^Ia.ul the hi Wo rocks occupy a strip
trom .-)0 to 500 yards wid- a!on- the .south ..'lore of Hidimond qulf,
except for about a miie where the -ranite conies out to the shore.'
Tiie islands in tl.c -..uth-eastern pirt am eoiiipo.sed <,( intrrhedded
diabase anil arkose.
Thepriuite coincsout to the- eastern shore at the foot of Whale
bay, «t the ..outh point of \Vi:vci,ewan bay, about three miles north
'•f the iiiLUtl. ..; Clearwater river ; a«ain to the norlhwiml of the mouth
of Deer river ami at tin ii..rt|ior„ .,,,,1 „f the tfuif. i:verywl.eio e!-e
aion- this .whore and on the island, jvi,,;; ..fV it, t|,e ,.,^k^ „,^ i,,.,,,,,,,|
arkose, srcywaeke an.l atvillite. asMKi.iud with (lows of dark -iven
dtabase. The only other se. tion , f the rrK^ks on HiclMnoiid%ult
, ?
>^
r-
r8 I)
EASl
COAST OF IIUIWOS BAY
jrder at the cliff
which .nay >. given i, ^ -;-;;^,;::S:lof Fi.hing.Ke .ay.
on th« west su..<forni.u« the poiutto •"«"»« j ^^ ,
Hen, the arkos. of th« l«tto>n » not so th.ck '^'' "^ '''"
,.,.. „..„ largely develov.-d than elsewhere along th.« shor..
Vwt.
Iiavinf? pf)rphy-
(Kirtii iimtainintf
• fiupty "u tliiit th.' nicW
S
40
,mM .i..>y«auU-:< ..f agaf nnd chlnr.te or .
is<.ft.'nli.m.yc>.iiil'.-<l •
•• I,i»rht-Krav Hi.HKraii.ixl «amliit-.u.- ' '•' ^^
X I,i,i,..Kray, c.«r».._«n,in..l ;;■''")";;:•';; "^^ j.j,,,, ^^aiowanls th.-
..'Lmu: of ,.,.. i....a..,.-^ l»r.e .«..Ui.n. of l.ghtculoured grit ... - ■-
' ^Ln-..cu,.,a..in.ofy,.,|..w»r^«..-;'^^^^^^
::;r«,UH Lt^. 1.01.1.... . le* larK. .lark-n.l Kun.-,.- • ' .
I) I^i^lit I'liiisli lii.i<»toi..'
,f liliuk
TO
I
1.1 Light K-v rt..- gr«i.. iolomit- 'vi.l, .m....-v.- P»rtn.g» ■
l"nco..f'>.i.ity. 7^1
13. Ark.wt- 111.(1 wvml-t'.i.i- .
To pfaleM'l. l,'i'^
.,,......0. Several other actions --Y-%;^:';::^J-::^j:^
«l.ow the naa.r, an.l -^^^^.^^^^^^^^ ^^H.cntary rookn occuj,- tl.e
souiiiwar<l as far as the head of Mam-
not included here.
tounuk sou..! «h re , J '^^^J ,, .sending section wa« measured
:;C>ir:i;:..;";:l^an;of thiseham ...ere the greatest
thickness of the mcB^un^s occur.
1. l)»rk-Br»en, ft>w-l»r»""
-a ,li:il.as... »lit(l.tly Walticii. htn..aorH
nil lii.>- gr.ywai-kf,
Fpet.
. 225
2. Very a..k. «--'^-"';l,,';^:::::;.„-iH,..vrHyinK.li.Wo.... «5
„„^ lin.wloi.H full of imrtingH of -..nd-
iiekr Kl:it''.
VsiitMi llght-gret-n for l.">" frotiK
3 Ru»tv withering •r.-.Hc •""' ^,
.t.m«.»dc.ntaim..g-"""--'-l';'"^'"7;"'^'"' , 93
4. l.igl.t-Ul.., :....! I'lnk. rme-g.a.i."l »ai..l»Ume. ........■■■ ^^
5. Ligli' I'iok painlntoi.e .j;,
r-mci-.il«l 1»
,;. Light l.liie iH.'l piiik »ai.<lHtoli'-'
1/
,f
(
I
: 1
• /
'"""•'"• '"»™'™n :r r„,„,, ,,^,„^,
!».
10.
n.
i.t.
u.
"f trtiii»|«i
'•ark^lialcy JiiiiegtiMic
':'•'';*•'''" 'I pink .and,,,,,;.
' ■^■V>rray .ilici,,.,. ,i,....t.,., „,„„i„;;,; ^;.
''i|,'lit|,iiik .saii,|,t,.ii,.
\'-vm.,.-Krai,,..,l,|..,rk.,a,,,i,,.i,,.,s4,
-ysa,.,,...,.„,,,,,,,,,,,..^,,,.^^ „.
I-iifl.t Kra.var,r|l.lni,!,,,,ui-t/it. ulrl' '. ,
,,-t r I,.,„..k.,|' ■ ""' '■••"^'■-'"■l I'l" .»..f I,,..,.-
1" "••a !.-v.-i...
31
44.;
-nd to within .n-r: , : ' h^:" \'r "r""^'" -"^ "^ •^'--"■"-'^
rock, forming this rrd^'l « " "' '"''"^ '''''"'" ''^">- T"
'^"i.™itieii„i,ton:;X :,:;' ''■'^r""''''''*^''* '''-'• -• ""^
P*r(.i„g.sofMueolu.rt,l- " n, '""' "'"'"•""« -ncwi..,. .,„i
tl.e south of the n,,,u.tr L. ' Vh' ''•* """'"'^^ ''^ ^"""""'••' ^"
On Bear i.,Ia„d tho follou-in- de.condin.- n .-
^: ;w^L:T^::r;':r;"77-''^''--' - ..'
3. I)ark.l,liie^lml,.,vli„„.„,„„ •;"
4. Dark-Kray ii.icatwu- >«n.Ntoiie. ,......■; *
I' .loiIMll,
The following «.ction «•„, nmdo .l„,ut four milos f.on
of Long ...and. The cliff ,,.,.« ..„ „,, ,,,,,.,,. ,^, ' ; •;;;;•
71
1. I-i'trht '>!!!.• .»<.liimiticliM,,.,t,
m tho ..oith tiid
Kive iiii follows :
- K.ne...ai.,...,. <^....e.: ^lix:;:^";;:;;;--'-:!-;::--- -
uia*,sn..; wi-attu-r, l.iiff
'• "ia->H . iMli.sl,,)!... wit
llllimt.iii..
4. Ma««iv.,li^ht.c, ,v.ili„,Hst..i„.
■;■ i^J:"-'''''"- fi-t^Kraiiu-,! .l,al,..v li,„...tone (l-M)
"• »"'-Kr»,n.,U,:.„iu.|i,„„,„„„,,i,|, "-^'
iti. parti,,..,, „f,|,,,k,.r,,,„;^,.
Wr,ck.l„.rt(lL':;) "•■■'"■"''" l-.r.,.,K« ,.n.| CK-rrtionH „f
•£>
."lO
ill
L'03
I '
81) II
KAST COAST OK liunsov IIAV
Tii-'iiiK--- of
p«k- <liHif!iIr
to .letin.'.
Tlinre is iiri iiitcrviil of (i Imlf mile to a spcotid rid^i- inland on the
inland wliich f;is<'s the t'lilli.wjni,' il»'>ceii(iii jj section : —
). I-'iiif-;,Taiiiiii i!;irl; «r. <ii iliuKiM- il".'7| .",11
•-'. I>iil» lirij.ii), vi'll'>« w•■lltll•■l•ill^' Ciirl«iiiHii' .if imri with -oiiii' ■al-
citf nml iiiterlmmUil witii lilavk tli'Tt (ll'<!) Jti
Tlii^ nnii<Tlyinj{ rooks arc conj-enleil by tlie tiiit'r.
On "ho i.-liinu^ to the soutli an' cast of Loni; islim.i, pink iinil gray
sandslnnes {\'2'.)} (nerli- thick bods of massive fuiicretionary lime.-tono
ofii'ii c'lrryinj^ iniiili [lyi !!,<■.
Th'> ilImivi! (Ictiiileil des. nations of sevcril of the sections inc>i--ui('fl
in tlic {'iinbriaii artM. show how difficult it is to arrive nt any lirlinite
conclusion as '.o the thickness or .succcssiim of these locks. In thu
first flm.' liin oupjiins^of diabase wlii.li wai imibablv a lliiw at nr
near the surface (hies not rest always iijvon t'le same lirds, there b('iiii(
ii dillerence of several hundreci feet bel.veen the beds imiiiediate'y
undeilyitii,' the dialiase of the Manitniniik islands nnd those in the ^alne
position at |{irliiiiond -.'ulf. The rocks, resiin/,' .unconforniably iip!>n
the lower arkose lieijy along iho west side of liichiiuind gulf, also vaiy
in thickness and in the nuiiiln-r of llie nieiisures which rest dire.tiv upcui
tlie arkose. Thisdilfert nco is due to. ivi,s faults jNiralh 1 ro the iliii'Cti..n
of the thrust wli.-h allowed varyiiijc; thickness of he upper rocks tf) I ■)
slioved over t!,e inwer in e;i.-h huj,'c cake lyiiij,' bctwieli any tW(» siijl'.
fault.".
Tlie se(|ueii. e of t!ie f..niMtioi! in ('escerdi: -■ order is assumed to '.e
as follows :
i lie upper ;h illop is tiiken to I e r..| resented by the diae.ise capped,
h\'!it C(.|..ure(l saiids'ones and iim.sloncs of the M initonnuk islands.
Thc-e .ippear to r st, uj^ou a maximuin tliic!;ne.ss ..f :100 f< et "f chertv
linic-lone, followed In l.jw l,y sandstones md aritillite- pi^sinu' 'lowii
wariis through s. vcr.d huudied feet of dark red iMeiliite -and-tone
and u'reywacke into tlie arkose at the ba-e of the ronnation. The iron-
liearini,' series of the N.istapoka islands are the e(|iiiva!ents of the nd
sandstones and arijillites above the arkose. The tot.il tliickness of
tlio formation is reckoned as fcillows in desceiidin" order
1. I li.itia'.e rjiiipiii^
*.?. Afiiiiitonnnk scries
3. binif'HteiicH '
1. I.iulit ciil.iiin-.l siitiiUs. .Ill's Ac I.
"1. Ilaik ii.<! »atiiUtciiii', arpillitw and {frey\v;ick«-
*i. .\rkiise sin'!n«'k and j^rey vvjicUt.
r. \il;.~.. .'
K.-.t.
OKI .
I.'.O
l.-'l
TDD
liDi)
MiK)
■|'..tiil thickness iif ,<.illinentjuy links. SfflO
m
^
) v
OLACIAL OBOLOOV
81 O
!
Glacial Ueoloov.
The entire western side of the peninsula of LAbrador during the
glacial period was overapread by an ice-cap of a thickneaa suthoieat to
cover thu highest summits, and to flow uniformly over mounUin
and valley from the interior of the peninsula outwards towards the
coast. From the evidence of the glacial stiiu' now found marking
the rocks, there would appear to have l)een movements in the pa>*ition
of the cflntn- of dispersion of the ice, and perhaps periods of only
slight glaciation corresfMiwiing to the inU-rglacial periods of the
ITnited SUtei. Along the east coast of Hudson bay, three marked J|'|| ■•,'^,'^i[
sets »f striii' are found, and from these it is seen that the earliest ice
flow started from a central gathering ground between the 50th and
51st parallels of N. latitude, near the centre of the jieninsiila. The
second set of gtrisp show that the centre of glaciation had moved in a
north west direction to beyond the 54th parallel, while the latest set
shows a continuation of the north-west movement leaving the centre
of dispersion between the 5ith and 56th parallels, and almut one
hundred miles inland from the east coast of Hudson bay. In many
places only one set of striie is visible, and these, the latest, show
along the northern half of the coast that the flow of the ice was
radially towards the coast, as the striie on the rocks facing Hudson
hay show that the ice flowed westward, while those facing Hudson
strait show a northward flow.
On the Moose river which falls into the southwest corner of
Hudson hay a very interesting fact in regard to th« glaciers was
notetl in the direction of the striae focnd 0!i its banks in the interior.
The oldest striae there were from northwest to southeast and prove
that the Keewatin glacier overran the region north of Lake Superior
l>efore it was covered by the Labrador glacier which has left newer
striu« fiom the north northeast. Subsequent to or Accompanying the Sub«iilenof a*
period of ice accumulation there was a marked subsidence of the land i,y uplift,
which was followed by an uplift. This uplift, is marked by terraces
of sand and clay, often carrying marine shells ond accompanied by old
sea Ijeaches, the highest of which are upward* of 700 feet above sea-
level. The data to hand is not suflicient to determine if the
elevation was constant and equal along the ea.st coast of Hudson bay
owing to the fact that the land for long stretches along that coan no
where rises sufticiently high to mark the level of the highest terraces,
which are seen at greater elevations elwwhere.
13_o_G
\
89 D
EAST COAST OT IIUIMOJI BAT
LIST OF (JLACIAL STRIiB.
NoTK.— The oounes of the »triw given in the following list ars
tree or Mtronomioal bMrisgi, and record the directions from which
the ioe^heet moved in each cane.
Head oiKhkoove
Down the valley H. 49* W.
Near the iiuimnit of hilk 8. WW.
On aummit 8, 30* W,
Naujrok utand 8. 30° K.
Mainlaad in rear of Nsajrok island 8. flO* K.
Camp bay (4th Aug.) S. lO* W.
Nuvnk . fl.lO'W.
Small ielaod 10 Diilee wwt of Narnk g. ar K.
(S. W W.
I«y«o*« {8.30* 8.
Two mile* in rear of Icy, cove S. WW. 8. 2^ K
Thirty mile«S.W. of ley oove 8.80° K.
Koi«a«it. JJ.73- K.
Two milee north of Kovik N. 78" E.
Ko»ik j},j5» j.;|
South point of Kovik river N.86° E.
Ketlleetoae knob 8. 76° K.
Kettl««tone river g. 70° E.
Six mile* north uf Cape .Smith 8. 78° E.
Cape Smith ....S. 6rK
North aide Mn«quit<ilbay e^milea from Cnjie Smith 8. 76° K.
10 " " K
2 •• he«lofhay S. 86" E.
South inint, Modiuito bay .s. 05 k
liland 4 niilea muth of Mnv^'iito h«y j.;.
Month of Sorehrad,.river (,;
Eight milm up Son-head river (on hill) 8. W U.
South point, mouth of Soreheiul river k.
Magnet iditnda y^
Thompaon harbour N. 76* K.
Two miles muth of Thomivon harbour N. TO' K.
Two milee north of C«iie Anderton ...8.65' e!
' . •""'•> •■ " vS. Hff" £
Two niilen up Pnvungnituk (river N. 80" E.
Firat raiiid " » S. 80° K.
Shoal harbour y
Checkered iiland* j^^
North Hide Kugaluk l«y 8. J»° K.
Island off toiith iwint Kogaluk bay 8. 86° K.
.8.85- K.
UUnd off Nanberakvik rivet i ?'' ^* *^
^y.av E.
/ N. 7«' E.
AUeharUmr |.S.36':E.
L^30 E.
wmmmAi
LIIT or GLACIAL 8TRIJ1
83 D
•i,
i\
\
Mainland at All* harbaiur N. 75° K.
Summit of inland, ll<>pt-w»ll nartowi N. »" K.
Summit of Hnxichtuii iiland N. "0^ K., (m-wer) 8. tiTi' E.
Richmond gulf on lummit of N. end S. (Kt K.
" " luuintit aouth of Kiahing lake S. >Vt" E.
•' " ialandNo.1 N. HO' E.
" i>aat point Cairn iaUnd S. (W E , H. 7'i" E.
" " nuroniit uppokite narrowi. Cairn inland S. H.'i K.
Urrat Whale river, one mile above H. B. jxjut N. HS* K.
" " one mile above lit fall K.
" " " Kve mile* above Int fall E.
atflntfork H. 75 E.
canon of Srd fall E.
" " " Ave milt* up Abchifpuiiich branch H,
" " •' flftcMi mile* upCiiaat branch N.
" " '• emlofnurvey " " H.
Two milen aouth of Great Whale river
Ten " " H.
Black Whale hnrhnir
Utaxka harbour N.
Humbug harbour N.
Hplitrock N.4(rE., N.
V.'hite BeMT hilU N.
LongiKlaud N. .W K., (old.-!) X.
CA|ie.lon» N. E., (older) N.
(hie mile north of Pishop Kurgan river
Attikuan
iCakachinchuan S.hVK., (oWm-)«.
Fip*«tone gutway N. «3° K., (old»r) S.
(lovenior ixland. Big river N.
Two milni Miuth of Kovemor ialand N. 05° K., (older) N.
Fivemilen " •' " N. 5r E., (older) X.
North point of .^quatuk bay X.
.Middle i»UmK " " X.
Earthquake iidanil N.
Mainland op|ioeite hUrthquake ialand X.
Dead Duck Iny X.
" " " xcnth |>oint
Gray < iiKxe ialand X.
Mainland iip|iocite Burnt island X. .W K.
Bunii i«Uud N.E., (older) X. 1)2 K.
Conil. HillK harbour X. 4? K.
I'ige< 111 inland X. :t7° K
Kive iiiilea uorth of Ij<ion point X. .'fo' E.
I'aint hilK Walnm ialand X. SI E.
P»lnt hillK," WalniK i.laiid N. 37° K
I'aint hillit, Walrua ialand (older) X. 77 11
(neweat) N. 30° E.
I'aint hdia, inland No. 10 X. i>7' K.
(oldent) a. 52° H
" " (newe«t)X. 2S' K.
I'aint hilla, inland No. 14 X. eK° E.
(oWeat) S. 5r E.
" " (newett) X. 23° K.
Mr E.
«>» E.
75* K.
E.
M E.
... E.
MfK.
85' E.
OOf^E.
ftWE.
(iW'E.
fiO°E.
N.E.
.M. E.
.v. E.
Kr E.
(W E.
KV E.
m K.
•w I-:.
w E.
.V, E.
•W E.
5.V E.
X.K
;t-, E.
\
f/i
^4 O RACT COAST or HVOtOif HAV
I'»int hillii, iaUnil No. 19 N. 88° K.
(oH«t) M. or E.
I'aint liilU, uland No. Jl . . N. >1 ' K.
. (mwMl) N. Jl' E.
I'aint hill*. Mland No. S N. DT K.
(oWwt) M. «r K
Watt iRlmid N. 31° K.
••■■ (oWir) N. «r K.
M'MTl»y N.»K.
" (.iW«)N.arK.
l*m(r|ioint N.WK.
North point Old Kwt<iry river . . N. 28" K.
Houth " " " N. aU' K.
t'»|» Ho|ie iaUnd N. '31° K.
" loldt-r) N. on K.
High Km^k i»land N. 83 K.
" (old«)N.4a"K
Five milm aouth of .'•'iMit Main river N. .W K.
" " (oidw) N. 55 K.
Kaniapiakau river N. .13° K.
Loon {mint N. .« E.
(oMi-r) N, W K.
Hherrick'mount N. .■*>• E.
.(..l<lw)N. 85° K.
HUfrock N.8S°E.
Miwiiiaibi river Conjuring Houiw |iorta«« N. I(f E.
" Hlack Feather rapid N. 30' K
" Tom Kind rapid N. ir E.
.Sandy Hay inirtagR N. aiT E.
'• (oJiU-r) N. ixr W.
" Albany nipid N. StT" E.
(older) X. W.
" Hevil mpid N. 25' E.
Uland inrtaKe N. 25 E.
"» — •^-.^-•■L
[