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„ LEGISLATIVE

ST. JOHN'S.
HEWJ&'OUl^DLAHD.

NEWFOUNDLAND -'

FOR

THE USE OF SCHOOLS,

Rev. WILLIAM PILOT, B.D.,

SvmiNTSMDBHT OF EDUCATION, NswrOVNOU^NDt

LONDON AND GLASGOW i
WILLIAM COLLINS, SONS, & CO., Limited,

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PREFACE

Tnis little 'olume lias been prepared and piiMished in
the hope ihat it may prove helpful to Teachers in
making the study of the Geography of Newfoundliuid
more intelligent and interesting than it ha& hitherto
been in our Elementary Schooli.

St. JoiikX
nkwvuu4ndlan11, iss.1.

>■

CONTENTS.

History,

■ • •

. 7

rhytical Facts,

u • a

?»olitical Facta,

• • «

• 14

Labrador, -

■ • a

• se

Appendix A.—

-Histoncal Faott, •

. 28

ArPicNuix B.—

-Lost o( Qovernon, «

'• •

- sa

•/;

■MMM..,

OMM*
GISJ ATIV^
.IBRARY, ,
T. JOHN'S,.
SfPOUUDLAJ.'X;.

GEO(iRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND.

• I I

HistCTT. — Newfoundland, the moat ancient of Engf-
land's co'onial pos?'?? . ionn, was discovered bj John Oabot
in the mign of Hun y tho Seventh, H97, and on the 5th
of Auguat 1683, was' formally *eken posseesion of by Sir
Hunii)hi»jy Gilbcr*. in tho name of Queen Elirabetb, and
incorpoT'kted into che realm of England.

The earliest supposed accounts of the island i. derived
from th'^ Sagos, oi ancient historical memcHlah of Ice-
land, ar^d begin m the eleventh century. They wlate
that in the year 1002, some adventurous mariners of
that country, bent on the discovery of unknown lands,
sailed scuth-west, and reached a land abounding in grapes,
which, from this circumstance, they named Viuland.

From the dcsciiptions given of the direction of the
voyage, of the land itself, and of the abundance of wild
fruits frtund growing thereon, some modern geographers
Imve concluded that this Vinland must be the island
of Kevfoundland. These accounts are more generally
believe^i to be fabulous and romantic.

PHYSICAL FACTS.
Situation.~Thp {sland is situated in the North Tcm-
pei-ate Zone betwe n the parallels of 4G° 36' 50" and
5V 3<'' north latitude, and between th^ meridians of
52** 3'/ ' and 69' 24' 60" west longitude, and forms the
eastern bonn<lary of tho Gulf of Sc. Lawrence. It lies
in tho highway of tmlllc between the Old and the New
Worlo, 'vnd is distant from the mainland of tlie continent
of Noivh America onlv 1' miles, and from Valencia in

SEOGRAPHY OF KEWFOHNDLAND.

Ireland 1640 miles. Submarine telegraph cables from
Newfoundlat^d to Ireland, and from Newfoundland to
Cape Breton, connect the Old with the New World.

Form and Size. — Its general outline is that of an
irregularly shaped triangle, deeply indented on all sides
with numerous and magnificent baya, fiords, and har-
bours, and it has a coast-line of 2000 miles.

The angular points are Capo Race, Cape Ray, and
Cape Bauld. Its greatest length from Cape Ray to Cape
Norman is 316 miles, and its greatest breadth from Cape
Spear to Cape Anguille is 317 miles. It has an area cf
42,000 square miles, being larger tlian Ireland by 11,000
square miles.

Boundaries. — It is bounded on the east and south by
the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and Straits of Belle Isle.

Coast.—The coast is everywhere rocky, massive, and
abrujit, rising in some places to a perpendicular height
of 700 to 1000 feet. A large portion of it is diversified
by groups of islets of various forms and sizes, iendering
navigation on the south coast somewhat difficult, and
indeed dangerous. The coast is everywhere well lighted.

Islands. — Small islands are numerous in all the bays
and along the southern coast

The Principal Islands are —

(1) On the Eaat (7oa5/~Belle Islo, Quirpon, Groais Islunds, and
Bell Island, to tho north of Capo St. John.

Trito'i, New World Island, Exploits, Tisnllingato, and Fom
m Notre Danio Bay. *

(ireenspond, Sooscberry Islands, Flat Island, Fair Island, and
Cottcls Island, in Bonavista liay; Random Island, in Trinity
\M\y\ Hollo TkIo, in (/oiicoijtion Buy.

CJ) On the Soitfh Cwtf<l~ln l'liu:cntla Bay, Morashecn Lone
Island, Sound Island, Isle Valcn, Odorin, and Red Island.

At the entrance to Fortune Buy, St. i^ierre and Minuelon.
ceded to the l-reneli by the Treaty of Paris, 17G3, to serve as a
shelter to tho French engjigod in the Bank Fishery.

In Fortujio I|:iy— Ihuuctto, Sa-ona, Chanel islnud, Roncontro.
nod V&SH hlaiul.

The Burgfco Inlands ar>j nearly 300 in number, of which only
live or SIX an inhabited.

PHYSICAL FACTS.

es from
land to
•Id.

b of an
ill sides
ad bar-
ay, and
to Cape
•m Cape
area cf
11,000

outh hj
If of St

ve, and
height
'crsitied
ndering
ilt, and
lighted.

be bays

nds, and

d Fogo,

md, and
Trinity

•n Long

ifjuclon,
r\re as a

icontro,

ch only

(3) On <7if Went Coa««— St. John's I.land, & place much resorted
U by the French in summer, who have on this coast certain rights
of fishery.

Surface. — ^Tbe general surface of the island is that of

an nnsven table-land, intersected ir* many places with

inaumerable lakes, marshes, barrens, with large tracts of

line lard covered with forests.

• Mcuntains and Hills.— The Principal Mountains

ARE —

(1) The Lonf! Jianje—The longest and best marked range in
the island, .< nich extends in an unbroken chain f/om Cape Ray
in a n-rth-eastcrly direction for about 200 miles, having peaks
reaching a height cf nearly 2000 feet above the sea level.

(2) !Jlow-me-dowu //j7/,s— Which run along the south c ist of
the Hiimbcr Ann, and Mhich reach au elevation of 208C feet
'i'hcse are the highest known mountaina in ";he country.

(3) Cave Anyuillr Jfoti ntains— Whkh stretch from Cape
Anguine 'to the Highlands of St. George's Bay, with peaks
reaching an elevation of nearly 1900 feet. , , , « .,

(4) /^o Foile J/oM/<<ains— Running along the head off La Poue

Bay.

(5) ^[iddle i?angr«— Stretching across the country from Fortune

Bay t:> Notre Dame Bay. , „ ,

(6) Hack River Pange—V7h\c\i runs from Pipers Hole, m
Placentia Bay, to Ciode Sound in Bonavista Bay, with abrupt
isolated peakc of upwards of 1000 feet high.

(7) eastern Avahn Jfanrfe— Which, runs from Renews t©
Holyiood in Conception Bay. At each end cf this range is a
hunimocky hill called the «' Butturpots."

(8) )Veiile>'H Avaton 'i^an j/e— which i-uns from St Mary ■ Bay
to Ch:>pel Arm in Trinity Bay.

Peaks. — There are umny minor ranges of hills, and in
the interior isolak-d lofty peaks, locally called " Tolts,"
Hs Ili-dgos Hill (2000 ft.), Mount Musgravc (1864 ft),
IlincTs Hill (1771) ft), Mount Peyton (1070 ft.)

Cupos. — Tmc ruiKciPAf. Cai'KvS auk —

(1) On the EoHt Cpc J— Capo Bauld, Partridge Point, Capo St
,7obn, Capo Fo^o, Cape Froels, Cape Bonavista, Grates Point

* Cape St Francis, C xpo Spear,

(2) On the South Coaal—Ca^o Race, Cape. Pine, Capo St Mary,
C!vi»o Chfti)oau Uoii:,'o, Point May, Connaigro Iload, Capo La
Huno, Cui>o Ray.

(3) On the West Cotw^— Cape AngiiiUe, Cape St. George, long
Poini:, South Hoad, C(vpo St. Gregory, Point Ricb«.

A 2

GEOORAPHT OF NEWFOUNDLAND.

(4) On the i\ror<A-Cape Norman.

to «?e"L'^X^^ ^"P"" "' ^'^'^ '^'^' ^^^°^ -"'^^ " landTaark.

•i^^Sn ^r "^'^ IV *^?. °*'^* northern ; Capo Spear, the most
eastern ; Cape Pine, the most southern. *'*'•" "*"■»

Coast Water8.—THi3 Principal Coast Waters are:—

(1) On the KastCoast^Bare Bay, Canada Biy, White Bav
Conf„u.on Bay; Notre Dame Bay/embracing Green BayrHa??;
Bay. Badger Hay, Seal Bay, New Bay, Bay of Exp cits and
Ha.njlton Sound Bouavisto Bay, contolning^Fresh C e/^
Bloody Bay Newman Sl,und. Clode Sound, ^oose Bay. Trinit^^

Ann. and Chapel Arm. Conception Bay

(2) On the South Cooa^-Trepassey Bay, St Mary's Bav

St. John's Bay, and St. Barbe Bay.' ^ ""^-noi* i>»y,

SJ? ^" f^V^-*^?^ C/oa«<_Pi8tolet Bay, Ha Ha Bay.
PlaemtiaBay is cne largest; Conception Bay, the roost im-
portant commercially and the most pooulous; Notre Dam. B^
the mhest in mineral wealth; and'^i Qeorge^, Ba^^e mo"i

lBthmMses.^Thc Isthmus of Avalon, which joins the

pemnsiila of Avaion to the mainland of the ishind;

The Gravels, which joms the peninsula of Port au Port

of fmifewkb:' "' ''' "•'"'' "^* ""'''' ''^'^ - ^-^^r

r.1n^i^!?*~~^1*^l® ''^'^r^ represents a slightly inclined
j^ane, the most elevated ground being on the west coast
the longest rivers are on the east coast, and flow into the
Atlantic Ocean They are for tlio most part insignificant!
streams, navigable for only short distances for vessels of
any size.

The Principal Rivers are:—
(1) On the East Coast—

f J^nK^^f t!!"-"/^'"'-; ^''^''i' " ^^^"* "00 miles long, and navigable
for about thirty miles. It. rises near the southern extrem^7n* "
the Long Kat,ge. and, after flowing through Red Indian i!4«' *
and receiving many tributaries, discharjs its ^Vterslnto Fx'
ploits Bay. It drams an area of nearlv 4000 square miles Fo^
ten miles from its mouth it is studded with^San^s Thwart

s^t». , » .>* V...*

18 londinarkt,
r, the most

ERS ARE: —

White Bay.

Bay, Hall's
xploits, and

\Vater Bay,
ay. Trinity
I, Bay Bull's

kfary's Bay,
■0 Bay, and

1 Port Bay,
ochoix Bay,

le icost im-
Dame Bat/,
y> nhe most

joins the
le island;
rt au Port
a quarter

y inclined
^est coast,
V into the
ignificani;
vessels of

'■ navigable
tremity oi
iian Lako,
s into Ex-
liles. For
I (Thwart

. t-

PllYSlCAL PACTS.

ILift- ? ^'^*'f ^**"«^S ?°;^ **'«*® *"^ ^0*^ >*• ^w^" aw clothed
with b,) -;h, poplar, and lofty pine. The river abounds in sahnon!

A^^i^lV "*"y ?^'''^' ^"""V"^ »* " "c^» "d capable of pro-
ducing fine croDS of oats, barley, wheat, etc. ^

(J) G'jnrfer i?it«r nf.es near the Fox Ridge Hills, and flowing

miles. ^"""'^^» ^* <^'*»>a» • wrfsce of nearly 4000 square

, (c) (7am6o/?»V. , a short insignificant stream flowing from a lake

ite baVkT'' °''"^' °<>*^<5®aWe for the fine timbe? growing on

(d) 7'erra ITova myer, a large stream, with several stronxr
rapids, ^owmg into Bloody Bay7 Bonavista Bay. *

(2) On tht So^th Coast-^

p!:-irl^A^J^T* «r^"Si"***. ^*: ^^'^^*» B'^y- ^<^^U Harbour

(3) 0/» <Ae ir«< Coasts-

♦]>i*L?''S^^ ^'*'''*' 7?^*^^.""®' ^° *^« southern extremity of
the Long Eange, and after hewing through a valley of the wme
name discharges its waters into the Gulf of St Lawrence^?
IS a bioad stream, flanked by fertile meadows and rich pSture
lands, ,.hich produce the finest crops of oats, barley, and wheat

Hn}Jl' n'T^' ^i^' f°™S ^"*^ * W of the same name.
a^»-eSt:rl>rS.^'«^ ^'"""^ '°"' ^*« *'- -- ^~-"
(c) //«wi6er i?;rcr forms an arm of the Bay of Islands It i.
about 80 miles long, and is navigable for aUut 1^ milea foJ
vessels of any size. Tho scenery around th^rJvti ?«!i k
ranks among the boldest in KXmdl'md v!L^a- V^

Lakes.— Numerous lakes, either single or in ai-ouDs
are sonttered ovei the face of the country. and^J^i
• to cover nearly oue-thii-d of its total area. •

Grand Pond, the largest, is about 50 milos lone and S n.il«
Heu Indian i.ake is over 37 miles long and from half a mile to

•r

mmmmmmssBm

GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND.

threo miles wido, and covers an area of Gi square miles. The
lake is drp,iiio«l by the llivcr Kxi)Ioit9.

Great Gander 'Lab: covers an area of tzioro than 40 square
miles, and is surrounded by Jarge tracts of agricultural and
timber lands. Unlike all other known lakes in the island it is
rarely frozen over, and without any apparent causQ has been
known to rise and fall fully a foot in one day.

Deer Lal-t is about 15 miles long and 3 broad, and it sur-
rounded by large tracts of agricultural and timber iauOs. It is
drained by the River lluraber.

Sandy Pond, Victoria Lake, George IV. Lake, Terra Nova
Lake, are all considerable sheets of water.

Submarine Banks.— The banks of Newfoundland are
lar<j;e subinarine i»lateau.\, lying to the oast and south-
east of the island. They are the supposed accumulation of
deposits of rocks and gravel which are brought down by
enormous masses of ice by tiie Arctic Current, which
here is met by the warm watei-a of the Gulf Stream.
The meeting of these unequally heated currents produces
also the fog« which here prevail. • ;;

More recent surveys, however, make it probable that
these i)lateaux at a very remote period formed a part of
the island of Newfo-mdland, which has been rubbed
away by continual glacial action until it has assumed the
form of these submarine islands or plateaux.

The chief banks are the (Jrand Bank, Outer Bank,
and St. Peter's Bank. The depth over them varies from
20 to 90 fathoms.

They are the natural home of cold-water fish, as the
cod, etc., and havt been frequented by Europeans for
the purpose of the cod fishery ever since the year 1500.
The cod fi.sh is more abundant hei-e than in any other
portion of tho globe.

Climate.— Owing to its insular position the climate
of Newfoundland is much modified by the surroundinT
ocean. It is cooler in summer and less rigorous in winter
than any part of the adjacent continent within the same
parallels of latitude. Its chief drawback arises from the
presence of the Arctic ice, which usually drifts alorr^ the
C'VHtand north-west coasts during the months of February,

•^'

-.»■>. •.X-<>- ■. .V

PHYSICAL FACTS.

The

March, nn6 April, chill insf the atmosphere, but coming
laden with myriads of seals, which are one of the chief
sources of ^» -alth to the colony.

On the east coast the air is damp and sometimes fogi^y,
arising from an intei mingling of the cold waters of the
Arctic Curr^M with those of the Gulf Stream. The ther- •
mometer rarely goes higher than 80° in summer, and
rarely falls below zero in winter. On the west coast
and in the mtenor the climate is finer, and fogs very i-are.

The Aurora Borealis, or Northern . Lic,hUf are some-
times splendid, and light up the wintry nights with
glorious evvr-shifting Ftroams of brilliancy, which Rhoofc
\ip suddenly from many and opposite points of the liorizon
at the same time, and then die away into white delicate
clouds of pale light.

Productions. — (1) Of wild animals the chief are the
cariboo, bear, wolf, boaver, otter, fox, marten, seal,
Arctic and American hare.

(2) Op iiiE FEATHERED RACE, the white-headed eagle,
various kinds of hawk, owl, kingfisher, American robin,
sparrow, raren, ptarmigan (commonly called "partridge"),
plover, curlew, snipe, black duck, wild-goose, aro found in
all jmrts.

(3) Op I'ISII, the most valuable aro the cod, found in
abundance all around the coiust. Herring, salmon, caplin,
squid, ma^'kcrcl, halibut, wlmle ; lobsters are also very
plentiful, p.nd every stream and pond teems with trout.

There -iRB no reptiles found in the island.

The mo^r. numerous of the insect tribe are the sand-
fly and mosquito, and the most annoying and trouble-
suiuu tu thu tnvvollor.

Minerals. — The island is likely to become as famous
and envie'l for its minorals as it has for centuries been
for its fisheries. Already it holds the sixth place among
the copper-bcuring regions of tho world.

Copi)er abounds in Notre Dame Bay, and in other
localities.

Lead au La Manohe, in Flacentia Bay, and at Port au

-r-

L-kJIBJl

JLL ^i .m — lfc,

mmmmmm

OEOORAPHY OF KEWFOUNDLAND.

Poi-t. Coal in St. George's Bay, and in the vidnity of
Grand Pond, and gold in the neighbourhood of Brigua, in

Conception Bay. r^ . -Kr

Magnetic iron has been procured from Cairn Moun-
tain. Gneiss, gypsum, plumbago, molybdinum are also

found.

Buildinjr stones of gianite, limestone, and sandstone
are abundant, as well as variegated marbles, roofing
slates, and clay.

Vegetation. — A considerable portion of the island is
covered with native forests of pine, spruce, fir, juniper,
wych-hazel, mountain-ash, alder, and aspen.

Of the food plants, barley and oats ripen in most
parts, wheat in a few. Prolific crop3 of turnips and
potatoes are annually produced, amounting in value to
three-quarters of a million dollars. Of the garden fruits,
the currant gooseberry, stmwberry, raspberry, flourish
abundantly, and wild fruits and flowers of various kinds
are everywhere plentiful.

POLITICAL FACTS.

Inhabitants. — The population is almost wholly of
British origin, and together with Labrador numbered, in
1874, 101,374. At the present time there cannot be
fewer lihan 185,000 within the government of the colony.

The Aborigines, called Beotldcs, have long since dis-
appeared from the island, the last having been seen in
1823. Several expeditions were despatched by diflbrent
governors in the latter part of the last, and in the early
part of the present century, for the purpose of etlecting,
if possible, friendly relationsliip with them, but they all
failed of the desired cli'ect, and it is very proouole that the
race of Red Indians of Newfoundland is now extinct.

Thcya^-e described by the early historians of the colony
«8 a docile and inoffensive people, living by the chase,
imd leading in consequence a nomadic life.

There ai-e about 200 Mic Mac Indiana who have
migijitcd to the island from Nova Scotia, and who live
chielly by trapping.

ininity of
BrigUB, in

rn Moun-
u are also

sandstone
»8; rooting

9 island is
r, juniper,

n in most
irnips and
1 value to
•den fruits,
Yj flourish
ious kinds

wholly of
mbered, in
cannot be
the colony.
; since dis-
en seen in
ly diflcrcnt
a the early
f etiecting,
)ut they all
Aq that the
extinct.
f the colony
the chase,

who have
d who live

•< ; «

•f

POLITICAL FACTll.

Eeligion.-By the census of 1874 the population oon-
tlateu of : —

Church of England, • • • * * , '

^'eth?dil'!STheV.wi^^
' of the Church of Canada, - - - •
Presbyteriatis. Congregationalists, and other
X)cnominations, . • • •

60.561
64,317

S5,746

1,794

JJCnomiuabiuue,

There is one Diocese of the Churchof Engltind, erahreo-
fa jNZfmmdKvnd and Labrador, and two of the Boraan
CatSchuroh ; (1) St. John's, and (2) Harbour Grace
%i°e Newfoundland Methodist Conf"""* " tnt
into three districts, known a. the St. Johns, Carbonear,

»nd Bonavista Districts. _

Sducation.-E«KOMIKATIOKAU-Theconditioo»back.

,»-? but improving. The annual grant of about $100 000
r,ti',S among the several religious denominations
"ccS to m^'ation, and upended by their respective
boD-ds of edi cation appointed by the governor Each of
the three leading bodies has ito own superintendent of

^^""ut-'john^ and ffar5o«r 6V«« there are «iver«l
hiirh-elass academies and schools.
^^iJohv!, is an examining eontre for degrees of the

Ijondon University. . . »

'ndustries.-The Cod FUhtnj is the most importont
iiifhe wld and gives employment to "^-o" '>7 '"f °f
the population. It is prosecuted generally from the
mWle of May to the middle of October, and ha, always
croved a considerable source of national wealth.
^"4e //emnff Fi^h^j is chieny confined to UWor
Fortune Bay, St. George's Bay, Bonne Bay, and Bay of

"^^f^eaJ J-iV^ gives employment to abo.vt 10,000
men during the months of March, Apnl, and May, and
Svi^oronay prosecutei by powerful steamers, buUt
exD^^stly for contending with the he from the Arctic re-
™ The annual average value of this fishery >s about
or.o million dollars.

.A.

1 1

wamfmm

GEOGRAPHY OP NEWFOUNDLAND.

Shiphuildtng.—'Ihe prosecution of this industiy is
mostly confined to vessels used in the coasting and carry-
ing ti-ade of the country. The annual avei-age tonnage
of all vessels of this class built in the island is about
4000 tons.

Minen.—Chifidy confined to copper, found in abundance
in Notre Dame Bay. The annual export of this ore is
about 30,000 tons.

AgricuUnre. — In a very backward condition, only about
40,000 Hcres being under any condition of cultivation.

Manufactures. — Very insignificant, consisting chiefly
of soul and cod oil.

There are in St John's, foundries, tanneries, bakeries,
shoe, tobacco, soup and candle, woollen, and furniture
factories, which aflbi*d employment to a large number Df
people.

Commerce is can*ied on chiefly with the following
countries, ariunged in the order of extent of their ti-ade —

Dominion of Canada.

United Kingdom.

United States of America. , • •

Brazil, Portugal, Spain.

British and French West Indies,

Italy, Gibraltar, Han'Vurg.

Imports. — Flour, biscuit, molasses, sugar, tea, coflee,
wines, spirits, pork, tobacco, dry goods, cordage, coals,
kerosene oil, etc., valued at nearly 8,000,000 dollars.

Exports. — From Newfoundland and Labrador, dried
cod fish, herring, cod oil, seal oil, sealskins, pickled
salmon, preserved salmon, and lobster, copper and
regains, valued at more than 9,000,000 dollars.

Revenue. — Over one million dollara, derived almost
entirely from duties on imports.

Public Debt.-— $1,350,508, or $7 30c. per head of the
population. xVgainst this debt there is to the credit of
the colony $74G,'J77, part o/ fishery award made under
the Treaty of "VVushingtoiu This sum, together with a

HJH. " ^m

POLITICAL FACTS.

lustry 18

nd carry-

I tonnage

is about

biindance
lis ore is

nly about
vation.

ig chiefly

bakeries,

furniture

lumber Df

following
ir ti'ade —

ea, coffee,
icjo, coals,
ollars.

loVf dried
3, pickled
pper and

•

sd almost

ead of the

credit of

ade under

er with a

sinking fund in connection with the Government Savings
Bark, reduces the public debt to a mere nominal sum.

Banks. — Savings Bank, with deposits amounting to
nearly one and a half, million dollars.

Union Bank, with capital of 456,000 dollars.

Commercial Bank, with capital of 200,000 dollars.

Thei-e is a bitinch Savings Bank in Harbour Grace,
and Savings Banks for small deposits in connection with
some of the outport post offices.

Ititernal Communication. — There are excellent roads
in the vicinity of the capital, which extend around
Conception Bay, and nearly the whole of Trinity Bay.
Th? chief highway from port to por '> by water. Coastal
steamers ply itjgularly between the capital and the prin-
cipal outports r^orth- and west ; and two lines of ocean
steamers keep up constant communication with Europe
and America.

Railways. — The first railroad was begun in 1881, and
is intended to connect the capital with the valuable
miring region of Notre Dame Bay, and will be about
350 miles long.

A second lino ot railway has been projected, and a
chatter granted for its construction, to start from Stw
John's and extending to the west coast of t^e island, called
the Great American and European Short Line Railway,
and is intended to be the travel route between the Old
and New Worlds via Cape Breton.

Telegraph Lines. ^ — Five Subsiarine Teleoraphio
Cai LES connect Newfoundland with the Old and New
W».Uds. The land lines extend for about 1000 miles,
and connect the capital with some of the most important
out nor U of the island.

novemment -—Previous to 1832, there was a Council
which was administrative only, not legislative,

?n 1832, at the prayer of the inh.^bitants, a represent^
ative government was granted to the colony. Tiie
assembly consisted cf 15 members elected from nine
die* "icts.

MP"

^P«l

•.<•••

OEOORAPIIT Of NEWFOUNDLAND.

In 1855 the present svstem of reaponsibU government
wrts inaugurated. It consists of:— (1) A Goveunok
appointed by the crown.

(2) Legislative Council of W members, who are
nominated and appointed by the crown, and who hold
office during the sovereign's pleasure.

(3) A. House op Assembly of 33 members, who are
elected by the people every four years, and who must
possess the following qualifications : —

(a) An income of not less than $400 ; or,

(6) Property to the net value of $2400.

Every male who has attained the aje of 21 years, and
has occupied a dwelling house for one year is an elector.

Votes are recorded openly.

(4) The Executive Council consists of the governor,
and not more than seven members appointed by himself.

Among others the governor may not assent to any laws
repugnant to the law of England, or inconsistent with
any obligations imposed upon the sovereign by treaty ;
nor to any law relating (1) to divorce, (2) grants of
money, land, donation or gratuity made tu himself.

Jurisdiction of Government.— The governor is also
Htylod coinmaudrr-in-uliiof in and over tho island of
Nowfoundl:iud and tho islands adjacent, aiid all the coast
of Labnidor from tlio entrance of Hudson's Strait to a
lino to bo drawn due north and south fiom Anso hJabluu
on that coast to the fifty-second degree of north latitud*;,
and all tho islands adjacent to that part of tho said coiist.

Justice. — In 1824, Circuit Courts were established.
In 182G, The ^b'tqjrcine Court was inHtitntod, to bo hoUltju
by a chief justice and two assistant judges. There are
also two judges of the Central District Courts and one
for the District Court of Harbour Grace.

There is also a Vice-Admiralty Court, presided over by
the chief justice for the time being. There are, in addition
to the above, Courts of Justices of the Peace held m iiU
the principal towns and settlements of the island.

«./•.

-STi

POtlTlCAL FACTS.

TuF, Ihlakd » MVirBB iMTO 17 Elkctoral Dibthicts,

AS FOLLOWS :—

ntrrnicm.

I^oiratftitofi.

1. 8i Jshn'i, East, •

I. ., wett, -

I. H»r"i» 'xia, •

4. Port d« w.ATt, *

5. Huleur OnM, •

«. Okrbmear, -

7. B»7 d« Verd, - .

8. Trinity B»y,
0. lenaTista Baj, • •

10. Notr* Dmd* Bftj,

11. Wh<t« and Bonne Bay,

12. St. Gdorgo't Bay,

lS.'Barr««aadIia«'oU«, •

14. Foil oat Bay,

15. Bvrm, - • . -

10. Pl&oentit and Bt Xary's,
17. Ferryland, . • «
Labra<l:r (not reproMntsd),

17,811

12.708

7.174

7,919

13,066

9,488
7,434

16,fl7T
18.008

16,135

4,380
4,204

6,008

6,788

7,078

0,867

:.4l9

3,410

Mambm.

8
8
1

ToVM Mid VDIniM with UmU

St. Jobn'a, Torb«y, 1808,

P«tt7 Hnrbuur 1034.
HolynxNl 1073
Bri^us 2000, Port do Orav*

1154. Cupid* 000.
Harbour Or.oco 6508, Bay

Ilob^rta 3400, Spnniard'a

Uay 1331. Up]Mr lalaud

Covo 1100.
Ciubont.ir 4358.
Woitorti lUy 1000, Ba/ Do

YurU 073, Luwor Island

Covo 810.
Trinity laC8, Xlo-nrt'o Con-

t«nt 1100, Cntnlinn 1420.
UonavUU 3000. Oroetia*

pond 1600, Kiiis'a Covo

600. Poot'o ItlAiid. 000.
TwillinRnto 8C71. Fojro

ll&S, Hurrlne Nook 1009,

Tilt Covo 5'>0,liitt(o Day.
Don no U.-iy 1. jO.
Day of lalamlt 1400, Sandy

l'oint400. Codroy 850.
Hiirgoo 830, Rooj Blancho

453, Chnnnel 340.
Harbour Driton 400, Itollo-

Oram 3G0, Gaiiltoiw 20!.

llurin 2210, Grnnd liank

8U4, Tinniiilino 918.

I<'i)rliiiia 784.

riiiconlia lO-JO, St. Mnry'o

UiiO, TrvpiiMoy 609, liar-
iMMir liii(lutt474.

Wittoaa liny 019, Forrylnnd

030. llonowo 853, Day
UuUn 781. .

U<h1 U..y 130, Battio Har-
hour 110.

Trratios. — ^Tiie Ciiiur Theatiks uflccting Newfound-
land « re :—

1. fJtrecht, 1713, wLicli gave to the French the idlands
of St. Pierre and Miqnelon, and the concurrent —'ght
with the English to fis)i on the eastern coast from Caoe
!Bona vista to Cape St. John's. In 1783, the French
reno'v^ced their right to fish on this part of the coast,
and i.ere .Tranted concurrent rights with the English

arr

I* •

■Sl^-f"

aeOORAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND.

to fish on ftll that part of the coast from Cnpo St John,
])aR8ing noi uh around the western coast of the island to
Cape Ray.

Under this treaty, the sovereignty of the soil being
in the crown of England, the French are not allowed to
erect permimMifc buildings en this coast, but the Colonial
Government possess authority to make giants of l;^nd in
this district, under such rcgtilatio'is as nmy preclude
any interfirenco w'«h the Fi-ench fishery operations or
infringements of their rights under this treaty.

TiiF. Narrows, St. Jouy.

2. Trmty of Washington, made in 1871 , which gave to
the citizens o*' i» ' (J ited St.ies the right to take fish
on the sea-coast >,nd shores of Canada and Newfoundland,
with permission to land and cure their fish. Similar
rights were gi-anted to British subject ; on the eastern
sea-coast and shows of the United States north of the
39th pamllel of norfcli latitude. As the privileges

. •»

'■~rs .- aj|

rOLlTfCAL rACTS.

gmnted to tiie UniUd StatM under thii t;vat7 were of
greater value than tliosc conceded to England, com-
roiwionrrf were appointed to determine the amount of
conipennaiion which ought to je paid to the English
GoverniMent in cor..,idenition of such exce5>s, and a'
awnrd of J,000,000 dollars was madd, of which New-
foundland received 1,000,000 doliai-s.

Principal Towns. — Sl John'i (capital), population
about 30,000. The to.m is built on the slope of a hill
facing th'i harbour, which is one rf the finest and safest
in America.

CuujRCH OF Ekglakd Caihedral, St. John's.

The principal buildings are the Church of England
and Roman Catholic Cathedrals, Government House,
Colonial Building, clnr.ches of the various denominations,
Athenwm, Banks, St. Patrhk's Hall, Court Hou^e.
It is cbittflv engaged i\ the fisheries, and exports lak',je

G«:OGRAPHY OP NEWFOUNDLAND.

quantities of seal-oil and dried fish. Several factoi-ics,
as b<jforc noticed, are here established.

St. John's returns six memhcra to the Colonial
LegiMlature.

Jfnrhovr Grace (8000), the capital of Conception Bay,
is tho second town of importance, and carries on a large
export trade. It possesses a handsome Roman Catholic
cathedral, four churches, and two fine halls.

a*-

r'i

r.- ■*■ 1 ja'-j-*--

:«^1'»

iiS:*-

J Jail "1

'■I»:i

ilVm'li

■ii ,,

fll

i^iik

Tr-*4<> _

RoMAK Catuolio Cathedral, Harbour Grack.

Carlnmcar (5000), distant four inilos from Harbour
Grace, is a thriving town, whose inhabitants depend
largely upon tlie Labrador fishery.

i?ay Rohcrts, a flourishing town with a population of
3G00j a very largo portion of whom are engaged in tho
Labrador fishery.

Brigua (2500), situated in a rocky hollow, possesses a
fine harbour. Gold has been discovered in its vicinity.

iiiii»iiM«ffiit-<riiii-iiiirini j

III iiiiiiiii iiiiiiliiiinTiBiiBnii

Lctoncs,
Colonial

3n Bay,
a Ittr^^e
catholic

W^^

!?*''^.'.

:k.

'Tarbour
depend

ation of
i in tlio

iscssos a
vicinity.

POLITICAL FACTS.

There are several fine farms at the (ioulds in this
nuigb^'Ourhood.

I^o^l de Grave (1200), is one of the oldest settlements
in the country.

Spaniard's Bay (1400), Upper Island Cove (1100), and
Cvpids (1200), arf> important fishing settlements.

Harbour Main has a farming and fishing population.
Topsail has a fine beach, and is a favourite resort in
summ'^r.

Trinity (2000), situated on the north side of Trinity
Bay, iH noted for its splendid natural scenery and for its
magniticent harbour, which is one of the finest in the world.
The to-yn lies at the base of Rider's Hill.

Heart's Content.

Thart's Content {\1Q0), possesses a spuciow? harbour,
and is the western terruinus of the Atlantic Ojible.

CnraliruL (1500), a place of considerable trade, and io
mucL resorted to as a port of refuge in rough weather.

%■

OEOGRAPTiY OP NEWFOUNDLAND.

Bonavisfit (3000) has a beautiful BituatK:" in a fortile
district. Its English church is a fine woou structure.
This is one of the oldest settlements in the colony.

Greenspi id (IGOO) is on an island on the north side
of Bonavista Bay. It carries on an extensive fishery.

Fogo (1200), on an island of the same name, is an
important fishing settlement, and carries on a considerable
export trade.

Twillingate (3200) is situated on two* islands of the
same name, sei)arated by a very nanow channel. It is
tho capital of the north, is largely engaged in both cod
and seal fisheries, and does a considerable foreign trade.

Tilt Cove, celebrated for its rich copper mines and
nickel deposits.

Little Bay and Beits Cove contain the finest known
copper deposits in the country,, 3xporting 30,000 tons
annually. <;

Ferri/land, founded by Lord Baltimore in 1623, is the
oldest settlement in the island. Near it are several
batteries in ruins.

Bay Bullsy an important fishing station, was burnt by
the French in 179G.

riacentia, fortified by tho French in 1656. For many
years it held ontngiiiiist the English, who had possessions
v\ other jKirts of the island, it is beautifully situated at
the head of a Rjjacious and magnificent harbour.

tSi. Mary's is largely engaged in fishing and farming.

Jhir-in (2000) has one of the finest harbours in the
world.

Grand Bank and Fortune, two flourishing towns in
Fortune Bay, are chiefly engaged in fishing and ship-
building.

Belleoram and \t^ locality, celebrated as a rendezvous
for American fisherman at the herring fishery season.

Btirgeo, celebrated for its picturesque scenery and
many islands.

"-"■*" --'-^

fertile
ucture.

•

:th side
lery.

*j is an

derable

s of the
It is
3th cod
trade,
les and

POLITICAL rACTS.

Ch^nnelf an important settlement %t the west of tht
island-

Codroy is the centre of an important agricultural
districc.

St. George* $ Bay^ a large agricultural settlement

Bay of Islands (1600), celebrated for its magnificoit
scenery and lumber trade.

Borne Bay (1000), an important fishing settlement

known
)0 tone

\, is the
several

urnt by

r many
cossions
lated at

:ming.
in the

)wns m
id ship-

dczvous

EISOU.

)ry and

Ill

26 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND,

LABRADOR.

Labrador is a large triangular peninsula stretching
from the Gulf of St Livwrcnce to Hudson's Strait,
and lying between the 52nd and GOth degi-ces of north
latitude, and the 5Gth and G4th degrees of west
longitude. It is perhaps the largest countiy in the
world at present unexplored. It is a land of rocks and
crags, and lined on its eastern coast with numberless
islands, which ai-e devoid of the slightest ^.race of
vegetation; but at the head of its numerous fiords and
sheltered bays there are large tracts of good land, and
fair-sized timber suitable for building ships of small size.

The quadrupeds indigenous to the country are the
('.og, reindeer, 'ear, lynx, marten, wolf, fox, hare, and

porcupine. , « •

The southern part of Labrador, from the Straits ot
Belle Isle to Cape Webeck (Harrison), is sparaely settled
by European colonists, who numbered in 1874, 2416 ;
thp northern part, from Cape Webeck to Cape Chudleigh,
is the proper home of the Esquimaux, who number,
about 1500, of whom 200 are heathen and live to the
north liamah, the northernmost station of the Moravian

Missioi

Tho country wa.«j named Labrador, La-bras-d'or (arm
of gold), from its supposed richness, and was tho lii*st
part of tlH^ continent vi' Amorica discovered by Etu'opcans.

Tliat part of Labrador wliich is united to the Govei-n-
m(?nt of Nc^wfoundland commences at Anse Sublou and
stretches to tl\o cntrunco of Hudson's Bay. It is not as
yet rcprc80Mt<'(l in the Colonial House of Assembly.

The amazing lish wealtli of tho northern Labrndor
makes it a chief rendezvous of Newfoundland fishermen,
from the month of June to October, as many as 400
vessels of various sizps being engaged in drawing wealth
from this inexhaustible treasure-house of the sea, or, at
least ''^00 miles of this coast.

The Hudson's y Company have stations at

wrfrrrm

>9^m'

LABRADOR.

Rigonlobto, Cartwright, Kaipokok, Davis Inlet, North-
Weat Ri"er.

Tub JIoravian Mission, wbicb "waa ostAMIsljcd in
1770, ocvipies several etntions on this coast, tho prin-
cipal of v.liich are Hopedale (the most southern), Nain,
Okalc, H.-bron, Zoar, and Ramah (the most northern).

The Esquimaux subsist entirely by Bshing and furnng.

The nuKsionaries of the fmternity vith their families,
numbering about 40, ai-e Geifimns, and retnin their
German nationality. The President of the mission is a
recognise i German Con»ul, and resides at Nain.

APPENDIX A,

'-*j

HISTORICAL FACTS.

149C. Letter* Patent granted by Eenrv VII. to ^ohn Cabot for
the discovery of unknown lands.

1497. Newfoundland discovered by John Cabot on the 24th

June (St. John Baptist's Day), for which ho received
from the king ten pounds.

1498. Cabot's second expedition to Newfoundland.

1600. The Portuguese, under Caspar Cortereal, resorted here
for the purpose of the fishery. Discovered and n»med
Conception Bay and Portugal Cove.

1C21. Portuguese, Spaniards, French, Basques, and ^English
prosecuted the cod fishery.

1627. ^Pirst attempt to found a colony made by Robert Thome
of EristoL

1536. Second attempt to found a colony by Mr. Hoare of London
with 120 persons, but abandonea in the same year.

1648. An Act passed to prevent ofiicers of the Admiralty from
recei'iing toll or tax for license to traffic and fish in
Newfoundland.

1578. Four hundred vessels engaged in the fishery of Newfound-
land, of whicj. only 60 were Euglish.

1583. The island formally taken possession of by Sir Humphrey
(jilbcrt in the name of Queen Elizabeth, August 5.
Sir Humphrey Oilbert delivered three laws, which
were to bo immediately put into force : —

(1) Referring to veligioki, which in public exercise*

should be according to the Church of England.

(2) Maintenance of tlic Qnt^cn's Prerogative.

(3) Any person uttering words to the dishonour ot

lier Majesty, should lose his ears and have his

ship and goods coiuiscated.
IGIO. Nexc attempt at colonization on a large scale fitted out by
Mr. Guy, a merchant of Bristol, with a view of opening
up permanent intercourse with Newfoundland. A
Patent was then granted to the Earl of Northumberland,
Keeper of the Privy Seal ; Sir Lawrence Tanfield, Chief
Baron of the Exchequer; and Sir Francis Bacon.
holicitor'Ceneral ; and more than 40 other Associates,

HISTORICAL FACTf.

!abot for

he 24th
received

ted here
i n«ined

^ English

b Thome

I London
ear.

blty from
1 fish in

)wfound>

nmphrey
ugust 6.
1, which

cxercisefi

!}ngland.

on our ot
have his

id out by
I opening
and. A
iberland,
lid. Chief
I Bacon,
isociates,

1814.
1615.

1621. A

1622.
1623.

1626.
1C28.

1630.

1635.

1650.

1654.

1600^
1663.

1609.
1670.

1688.
1696.

1697.

1708.

1711.

incorporating them nnder the name of The Treasuren
and Company of Adventurers and Planters of the Cities
of London and Bristol for tho Colony and Plantation in
Newfoundland.

I'o notice of the above colony after this date.

Captain Whitbumo, of Exmouth in Devon, sent out to
rJowfoundland with a commission from the Hij^h Court
of Admiralty, to correct certain abuses which had
sprung up in connection with the fisbbnes.
lottor from tho Lords of the Privy Council to the
Archbishojw of Canterbury and York, recommend ins
Captain Whitburne's book for the encouragement of
adventurers to the plantation in Newfonndiand colony
establishod in Avalon.

Whitburne wrote History oj New/oundlaruL The king
confirms tlio design of the Lords of the Privy Council.

Sir George Calvert, afterwards Lord Baltimore, obtained
Patent from James I. of the whole of Avalon, and
established a colony at Ferryland.

150 vessels from Devoushire alune prosecuted the fishery.

Lord Falkland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, sent a few
colonists from Ireland.

«7hfirles I. issued a Code of Laws to govern the Newfound-
land fisheries.

French received permission to diy fish in Newfoundland
on payment of five per cent, of fish caught. Given up
by Churlcs in 1675.

Newfoundland contained 350 families, or about 2000
inhabitants, in 15 settlements.

Colonists arrived from England nnder Sir David Kirk,
with sanction of Parliament.

Placentia founded by the French.

Masters of vessels prohibited from carrying any settlers to
Nowfoundhnd.

Merclinnts petition the king against sending out a Governor.

Riilcs issued by tlio Lords of tho Council to regulate
fisheries. I'very lifth man to bo a green man. Captains
gave bond for £100 to bring back every fishermau they
took out.

vVai between England and France.

French under Chevalier Nesmond captured St. John's, and
dl the island save Carbonear and Bonavista.

Treaty of Ryswick left the French in possession of all
their former settlements on the south-west coast.

St. John's again in the hands of the French. Population

• about .300G.

A voluntary naserably of the inhabitants formed for mutual
defence and protection. . ■ '

OKOGRArilY OF N»:WPOUNDLAllD,

1713. Treaty of Utrecht mftde.

1728. The first Governor appointed, Captain Osborne.

1737. Courts of Oyer and Terminer cstftbiisbod in the iilanil.

1750. Administration of justice prohibited in winter while the

Governor was non-resident.
1762. Frei.wh gained possession of nearly the wliole island, but

were 8peo<lily dispossessed by Colonel Amherst and

Lord Colville.
1703. Treaty of I'aris, by which the French were confirmed in

their possession of !St. Pierre and Miquelon. Fopulatiuu

"♦ this time numbered about SOOO.

of the .coast of KewfouncUand by Captain

Navigation laws applied to

at
First survey

Cook.
Labrador annexed to Canada.
1765. Custom House established.

Newfoundland.
1784. TlciiLioui* tolcr.'\tion granted to tho B'^man Catholics.
1780. Wcslcyan Mcthoilism introduced, bounties given to

vessels fishing in Newfoundland watera. Population of

whole island, 10,701. KiOS only in bt. JohnV
1787. Bishop Ingiis appointed Bishop of Nova Scotia, with

Newfoundland annexed.
1702. Supreme Court of Judicature estaV'shed in the island. *
1796. The French destroyed Bay Bulls.
1800. Anatwrapted conspiracy of Newfoundland troops detected.

1805. First Post Office established in St. John's.

1806. First Newspaper printed in the island, Hoyal Oaxdte and .

Kew/ouvtlland Advertiser. ''.'

Benevolent Irish Society founded.' •
1808. Volunteer Militia formed in St. John's. '

ISOC. Labrador transferred to Government of Newfoundland.

1810. Proclamation to protect Bed Indians. '

1811. Permission Hrst granted to erect permanent houses. '
1S1.3. Grants of land first made by Governor Duckworth.
181G. St. John's nearly destroyed by fire.

1817. St John's again visited by fire. 200 houses destroyed.

Admiral Pickmore, the first resident C>ovemor, died at
St. John's.
1819. Fishery treaty made with the United States.
1823. Tlif last of the Hod Indians of Newfoundland seen.

Newfoundland School Society established by Samuel
Codnor, Esquire.

1825. Sir Thomas Cochrane, Governor. First roads conitrictc«.l«

1826. Sup.'erae Court of Newfoundland instituted.

1827. Bishop Ingiis first visited Newfoundland.
1829. X^oraan Catliolics Emancipated.

18.32. Bepresentative Assembly granted to Newfoundland.
1836. Vini Bank established

•m^

rT»"

IIISTORIOAL PA.CT8.

1838.
183tf.

1842.
IE43.

1844.
1846.

1855.
1S{)7.
1858.
18G0.
ISGl.
18G2.

1803.

18G4.
18G5.
180G.

1867.

1869.

1871.
1872.
1874.

is8a

1882.

F!rtt Goologlcftl Survey made by Profeator Tnkea.
K^wfoundlaiid constituted a separate See. Bishop Speaoer

first Bishop.
AinalgamAbed Assembly of Newfoundland constituted.
A'\ Act for encouragement of education pa»ied. The ram

of £5100 vottid for educational purposes.
The first steam vessel first arrived in St John's.
St, John's almost totally destroyed by fire 9th June, and

oa 19th September a roo-t furious gale swept over tht

island.
The svstem of responsible government inaugurated.
Str Alexander Bannermon appointed Governor.
First Atlantic Cable landed at Bay Bulls Arm.
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wolea visited the iaiaoa.
^^olitical riots iu St John's. ,

Colonial and Cotitinental Church Society incorporated.
Great distk-uss owing to bad fisheries.
St John's provi<led uith wator from Windsor Lako.
Volunteer force and Firo Brigade established.
Kevenuo collected on Labrador.
The Currency Act confirmed.
Present geological survey commenced.
Second Atlantic Cable successfully landedat Newfoundland.
Marine Court of Inqtiiry instituted.
Great Eastern arrived at Heart's Content with eaU* ci

1806.
i ishery very unsuccessful.

Great gale on Labrador ; much shipping destroyed.
I^arge increase to the Public Debt made by the bad '

fisheries.
i5ir Stephen Hill appointed Governor in September.
Uencral Klections. Confederation coudidatus defeated.
Census taken.

Garrison withdrawn from Newfoundland.
Jiicreabing ^)ro8perity consequent on good fisheries.
]Mr8t oxhilntiou hold in Newfoundland opened by the

Governor.
The largest catch of cod fish ever made in Newfoundland.
First railway constructed iu Newfoundland.
Cv»lonial (Jovcmnicnt allowed to make grants of land on •

the west coa«t, or French shore, so called.
Ji. n Act passed for the construction of the Great American

and European Short Line Railway.
Chai-ter granted for the construction of a graving dock.

APPENDIX B.

•j»

LIST OP GOVERNOKS OF NEWFOUNDLAND.

1720. Captain Osborno, ILN.

1737. Captain Vanburgh. , •

1740. Captain Lord O. Graliam.

1741. Captain Hon. J. Byng.
1744. Captain Sir C. Harvey.

1749. Captain Lord Kodway. .

1750. Cai)tain Drake.
HAS. Captain Bonfoy.

1755. Captain Dorril. i ■

1757. Captain Edwards. . *

17C0. C.iptain Webb.

17G1. Captain Groves.

. 1764. Captain Palliser.

1769. , Captain Hon. J. Byron.

1772. Commodore Molyneux.

1775 Commodore Dufl". i

1776. Admiral Montagnew

1779. Admiral Edwardn. ^,,^

1782. Admiral Campbell , Hv

1786. Admiral Elliot.

1789. Admiral Bilbanke.

1794. Admiral Sir J. Wallaca. ,^ »

1797. Admiral Waldegi-ave. y » ,

1800. Admiral Pole.

1802. Admiral Gambier.

1804. Admiral Sir E. Gower.

1807. Admiral HoUoway.

1810. Admiral Sir J. Duckworth.

1813. Admiral Sir J. Keats. * .

1810. Admiral I'ickmore.

1818. Admiral Sir C. Hamilton,

IS'i.*). Captain Sir T. Cochrauo.

1634. Captain Frcsuott.

184 J. M.'ijor-Concral Sir J. Harvey.

1847. Licuterant-Colonel Sir J. G. Le Marchont.

1852. Ker Baillie Hamlton.

1855. C. H. Darling.

1857. Sir Alexander Bannerman.

1864. Sir Anthony Musgrave.

1869. Colonel Sir Stephen J. HiU, K.C.M.G., C.B.

1376. Sir John H. Glover, G.C.M.G.

1881. Sir Henry Fitzhardinge Maxse, E.C.M.G.

1882. Sir F. B. T. Carter, K.C.M.Q., Administrator. •

i'^^l^^^^^t^^SliS-: '