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Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol «^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (maaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Maps, plataa. charts, ate., may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba antiraly ineludad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar faft hand comar, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama illustrata tha mathod: L'axampiaira fiimA fut raproduit grAca A la gAnarosit* da: Bibliotli^ue Affaires indiennes et du Nord Laa imagaa suhrantaa ont 4t4 raproduitas avae la plua grand soin, compta :«nu da la condition at da la nattati da l'axampiaira filmA, at 91% conformity avec laa conditions du contrat da filmaga. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartu ra mn papiar aat imprimte aont fllmia an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darniAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'lmpraaaion ou d'lllustration, soit par la sacond plat, salon la caa. Toua laa autraa axamplairaa originaux sont filmte an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta dlmpraaalon ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un daa symbolaa suivants apparaltra sur la damiAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la caa: la symbols — » signifia "A SUIVRE". la symbola V signifia "FIN". Laa cartaa, planchas, tablaaux, ate. pauvant dtra filmte A daa taux da rMuetion diffirants. Lorsqua la documant aat trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul cllehA, il aat film* A partir da I'jngia sup^riaur gaueha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut tt baa. an pranant la nombra d'tmagaa nteassaira. Laa diagrammaa suivants illuatrant la m^thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ,«f* FAKT J. ANNVAI. WKPOIIT, Vol. III. 1887. GEOiOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA EEPOKT ON BXPLOBATIONS IN JAMES' BAY AHD OOUNTEY EAST OF HUDSON BAT, DBAIMB} BT TBX BIG, QBSAT WHALE AND CLEABWATBB B1VEB& ST A. V. LOW, B.AP.SO. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORrtY OF PARLIAMENT. MVlUltUk.^4. KOSTBBR BROWN A OO. idie. Pnee Twmty-Jtve Omt» NORTHERN aff;.;?.s library ■i tl '^HUf i^ewwEii«BMMaroaHiiBi-i.igwaat»WTaBi!rfBj GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA __ALPEED R. C. SELWYN, C.M.G., LL.D, F.RS., Direoxok. REPOKT ON EXPLORATIONS IN JAMES' l^AY AND COUNTEY EA8T OF HUDSON BAY, DRAIXED nv THE BIG, GREAT WHALE AND CLEARWATER RIVERS. BY A. P. LOW, B.Ap.Sc, PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. MONTREAL : WILLIAM FOSTER BROWN & CO. 1888. To S Hu I Hu teni kin tnei To Alfred E. C. Sklwyn, C.M.G., LL.D., F.RS., Director of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Sir, — I beg to submit herewith my report on the cxplorutions about Hudson Bay during the seasons of 1881 and 1888. At the same time I desire to tender my thanks to the officere of the Hudson Bay Company, met during the two seasons, all of whom ex- tended to myself and party the greatest hospitality, and to whose kindly assistance the success of my explorations was, in a great measure, due. I remain. Sir, Your obedient servant, A. P. LOW. ^SIMiigii^aijiuii^ REPORT ON EXPLOIIATIOSH IS -lAMES' BAY, COrNTliV HAST OK IIIJDSOIS' BAY, KIIAISEI) l!Y ini-i BIG, (JiEAT WllALK AND CLKARWATKR rJVBRS. 1887 AND 1888. By a. v. low, U. Ai'. 8c. The present report is the result of two short season's work, among the islands ..f James Bay in 18HT, and upon the Big, (rrcat Wliale, and Clearwater rivers flowing into Hudson Hay on its east side in 1888. Owing to the sliortness of the season suitable for investigation in these parts, and to the length of time reijuirod to reach and return from the iield of work, only six weeks were si.ent in actual exploration each year, and conse.iuently only a small area of this vast region could be explored. Mr. .r. M. Macoun acted as assistant and botauical collector, and per- formed his duties in all respects >atisfactorily. In 1887. a large tishing boat was procured at Colling wood, transported by rail to Missinaibie station on the Canada Pacific Railway and from there taken by the Missinaibie branch down the Moose River to its mouth. The iow state of the water in the river, and the number of portages over which the boat had to be hauled occasioneil considerable delay in I'eaching Moose i'aciory. Leaving Moose River, the party crossed to Charleton Island, the position of which has been fixed^ for longitude with chronometers by the captains of the Hudson Bay Com- pany's ships, who have wintered there in i)ast years. Subseciuently Danby, Cary. Strutton, Little Charleton, Tidors, Solomon's Temple, Weston, Twins, Spencer, Walter, Kmily, Crey Goose, Bear and Agooraski Islands were examined. Paced surveys were made around the shores of the greater number of these, as well as numerous examin- «J • lEOLMUICAl, SURVKV OK CANAKA. Hudson's V'(,y- ««e, 1610. ation8inlan.l,u,..|,lK>i,p.mi.io„Hwc,... (lx..,l l.y Intitu.lo observation. in"trZ'n!''''' ''*'''"^'" ^"''"" ""'"' "'''"' """^■'""°'" ^" «ho trMnnit In I88,s. a track M.rvoy was mm!.. „,. fho Bi^. IJivor for two hun.lrod miloH, thence rro.sin^^ tho l.oa.l-wator> nf Uinhop fjo^^^an Uivor the r" .u/ r':?'r"''r'""^ ^''""^' '''■^'•"- -^ ii-e.. and,.;: nvo .los ondo.1 ,o,t>month. On Ihis survey thocournes were taken will. ZZ m'""'^"7 ""'' "'-"^'"---i — o-i by tinu,, the rate ot for la i T"'T r' '""r""'^' '''■•-•"-«^- '^"i'y ohsorvations \ation»to .lotormine Ih.. variation of the compass Sw2T;;r:r'^^^^ ''""■ *■"•• ^'''^>- '""-- ^^tiK. outlet of nnd i- . ' ' "■ ''""'■«^« "'-••^ f"l« ^he proviou. p'iti.m '^ '""""' ""' '"■'""• '""S'"^^' - -potent for the xpl red^ —-Mind ibrm a roughly accurate map of the regions PREV10U.S Explorations am. DrscovERiFs mo ' V:""";;''" ^^'«'' Hu'ison Bay „p to the ..encnt date. lew.] )l)^e^vntiollll tho liatiHit ^V() huiuli'od Uivor, tho lod luul tlio taken with lie riito ot Iworviitioiis uont t>b.«iei'- inoiitii of le outlet of c conipitMS 'ntioiiH tor -' pievioui* it for the I ancaloof lio legioriH iH oti the ng short Listoricftl to. by Horae t to fllltl )rtunu to ;e borne ho had ' and m ands on inter of e tspi'ing son and Y of the lip with ■ of tho natives •iamkh' uav. 7 J lOW.] l.;il_Si"'n,om,i. Button was ..nt out to discover ih.- north-woHtsir m.m..^ paHHa.'.". from .;.ol.ay, and if poMH.hlo to Huccmr Hudson and ...h com- I-mloH lie .rnsHod tho hay to tho n.irthwa.d and explored the wontorn part a«far ..aith as the Nelson River, wlmh ho na.o.d af^-r h.s mate. Ho wint.-rod in the mouth of this rivor and railed the land Now Wales and tho western part of the bay iJutton's Bay. ..... mk ..„ j.n«Monk. I(il9.-Jens Munk, a Dane, entered Hudson Bay and v.sitcHi Thorn- J-- Monk. field [nlot. . 1,;;{1 _* Cants. Lu.as Fox and Thon.a^ James were sent out on lheKj,xa:.dJ.m... old ouest of the north-wost passage, the former being rittcd out by Lon- don merchants, the latter by those of Bristol. Boforo loav.ng thoy were presented to tho King, who gave them letters for the hmporor ot Japan Kox continod himself t- the northern parts, going is far south ordy us Capo Henrietta Maria, and then returning homv .!amos, alter meeting Fox, near Capo Henrietta Maria, sailed southward along the wo.t coast, thoro-.gbly oxumMiod it, and alter several narrow escapes from shipwreck thr<.ugh grounding on shoals, ,an his snip aground on Charleton Island and win' vcd there. He gives a w..elul vale v he hardships endured, caused by the intense cold, want of food and scurvy, i,,^,,,,,,- „.,,,,. Jle states that the cold was so intense that it fro/.e solid wu.o sack, oil, vinngar, and oven brandy; that the cook soake.l his salt meat in a copper kettle close to tho tire to prevent it from froe/..no, the side near the lire was f.H.nd to be .luite wa. m while the opposite side was nmen an inch thiol<, this would prove that the climate is either- much milder at present during the winter, or that James was given to exag- geration, most probably the latter. Thinking that the ship was beyond Repair, in the spring ho built a pinrace, but when the ice cleared it was found that Ibo ship had not sutfered much damage, alter repairing it he returned home. . , ., • -i -lu,. The entire western coast having now boon explored, the impossibility of a north-west passage from it was settled, and no further voyages ot discovery in that direction were undertaken. , ,. . ^ .Un, l.;5(;.-The French i claim that Jean Bourdon was the tirst of ^^^im^^^^ nationality who visited Hudson Bay, having sailed trom Quebec b> he Labrador coast and Jludson straits. That he made an alliance wih the natives, and they bearing of a strange nation in their neighborhood, sent ,0 Quebec, in 16fil, to begin trade, an'' to desire that a missionary be sent to them. That in 1663 the Governor sent one Coutu-e, who proceeded to the bay and erected a cross on an eminence and set up the I'rench arms engraven in copper, taking possession of these countries lor tho • Forsler"s voyagei' iiiiule in tho north, t he 1ft PotiTie, llistoire tie lu Nnuvcllc Knince. 8.r GEOLOGICAL SURVEV OP CANADA. »nd H4uiisaon " f ^"'sseuei and Kadisson, while ti-adinir with fho TnH.o^ . t ! Mrr.e^-™P«-''^ (Winnipeg) -arnod from tltem ha t ;"' " n .{^"^' Wlnn.pe.. proceed by land to the bottom of the bay v^,e e the Kn r^. T . ' visited. Thev desired thp «n,... / , ^ ''^nghsh bad not did, N,«y.h„f,s:„t,tsr:hr :::«: f '''""'''"'■ *«^ merchants to send a shin „„d., ,1 "-V '"«! to persuade some ;-e wuh the .„r;f :r, ; :::;=;'" ^rxs:: ?r-"' hoping for a more fiivorable hearing, at Court b^.Vff "' several memorials and spending a g eat dea^o^ mon" v J f"""^ were answered as they had been at^'Queb c tZfIVIx T *''^ hearing their proposal, imagined he luld I^l^t:^^:^'''' vice m engaging them to serve the Enijlish who hi 7 7 ^ ^'" to the bay, so he j.ersuaded them to l^o to T n ) ^ l^^ ^"■''^"''' favorable recenti. n fVnm P u ^ ""^"^ "^^^''^ ^^^^ ™«t with a and merchant ron^GerfiTtet'Tirt"^''" ""'"' ^^^^^^>^ -- -and ofZachariah^nCf Wtl, ; an^C^^^^^^^^^ T' '''''" ''"'• De Groi^selier and Eadissm. h. ^ , ^'^P^^'"- Accompanied by southward to bt 51° rw^^^^^^^^^^ ^''-^^ -"d thence B«iidi„«„f culled the Eupert he held Mel '" ^«™'«^«^ River, afterwards tt'K!-'".-ough fort caL itfp ^w JtrdT" "f ^'^ "'^"^^«' »^""* ^ following yea.. ' " "'^ ^'^''■' ^"^ ''^t^'-ned safely the Upon the return ofGill'im In i««q b ■ t^ fe a ■ -to,, to K njr „"s , TLf""™ ""'""■' '""'°"""' "PP""' it they a,e „yM tht Gove a„ .„d r ""'"""^ ^"'' ^V' "'■™. '" &'£,. fom B„g,,,ni .0 H. st B ."' ""'..^""ITy .f A,"?-"""-- trading Bay in th. north-east pt;t° 'f Wi" '"?„r,h:T""°" "' '"■<'~" passage to the Scath So-, ,nd «„. H 1' , discovery of a new mineols and othlr Co sidlb ''"'';"^' ""^ *"'° "■""" '»■■ f"", »i«ady made by s„;.h .:,'::; takiiT'stT';"' °'- ""''"- "•""« courage ,!,„„ ,„ „™„„j „,,„„,. "; = ,2': *' °™"»« »' !"d - meanswhereofthero might nrobiUv!., """' ''''">■ ''.>' and his Kingdom, abs„lT,telc«ilM"''°™"'°K"'°"'»'^ rive«. I:dldmi.XH„',lJritish Empire in Ameri.;,.ini. SPorster's Vi.yagcs, •low.] -tow.] .lAMES' BAY. 9.T ind it would m of trade len, Messrs. ms at Lake possible to lisli bad not wbich they suade some engage in i to Paris, pre.senting time, they rabassador good sei'. ■ pretences met with a althy men nder com- panied by nd thence iflerwardw es, built a afely the ■8 applied ', 1670, in 3 trading: ir having Hudson >f a new for furs, ■ having did en- isign, by iieJving ertaker.s ts, bays, , which er with all the countries, lands and territories upon the coasts and conhnes of 'the said seas, etc.. so that they alone should have the right of trading thither, and whoever should infringe this right, and be found selling or buying within the said boundaries, should be arrested and all his or their merchandizes should become forfeit and confiscated, so tliat one- half thereof should belong to the King and the otner half to the Hud- son Bay Company." ... , ^, 1670 -The Company sent out Chas. Bayly, as Governor, to establish ..ov«nor.^ a post at Rupert's Paver in 51° 20' N. Lat. He was accompanied by Groissclier and Radisson and remained in the country. 1673._Groisselier visited the Nelson, but failing to find ary Indians did not remain. . , , 1674 —It being decided that a greater trade could be done with the Indians on the west side of the b:vy, owing to their remoteness troni the French. Mr. Bayly made a voyage in a sloop to that coa.st, examining the mouths of the Moose and Schatawan or Albany rivers, and passing between the island of Agoomski (called by h.m Diners Island) and the mainlaind, reached Cape Henrietta Maria, entering the mouth of the Equan River on the way. It had been his intention to proceed as far as Port Nelson, but having trouble with bis guide he returned from Cape Henrietta Maria. During the same summer he sent a partv to explore the Nodway or Frenchmen's River but they only ascended as far as the first fail, a short distance from the mouth ^^_.^^,^^ m the fall there arrived at Fort Charles a Jesuit missionary with l«t- .m^.on,jrj;^^ ters from the Governor of Quebec ; this was Pore Charles Albanel who .>.l.Ue M.- reached the bay by ascending the Saguenay River to Lake M. lohn thence up the Ashouapmouchouan River, across the He.gh o Land to Mistassini and down the Rupert River, which flows out ot that lak Ap account of his trip is given in the Relations of the .lesuits.=^ A. be left Cana la in 1<;72, he had been two years making the tnp. having t Xlned by the Indians, who stripped him of ^i^ ^'^>^^- - ^ - i,e had to be clothed by Mr. Bayly, who received him kindly and sent him home in the jhip. , . i .i p 1,;75.-Outposts were established at lIaye:Usla.ul, in the mmUh of ,^^^^^^^^^^^ the Moose River, and at Albany. A short ^^^'^^'^'^'^^'^^^ }!^t^!^' was removed to Albany, and a depot e^abbshed on Charleton Island „5. . where the ship from England discharged her cargo, furs being brought there from the posts, and the next season's outfits returned ,n sloops. 1682 -Three parties reached the mouth of the Nelson River witbm u short time of each other ; the first to arrive ^^..s f ">'"^'" ^; ^ ' son of Capt. Z. GiUan, who had been sent from B,.9ton ; f\_.u.teen da%> lI^came^i.>is^er^und_Rad^>W^ 10 J GEOr,0eonng-.s Point (p tbab "I i LXTwh '" 'i'? " '^ fclTo'the f7^'^ '^-■^'"ble when thev io down utnde''r\' '"'''"' SMkatohewan. Indians, and, after overtakinl' th,.m 7 , ' '^ "''''^ ^^e Stone haythaway In.lians to tU cfu t v o 'h ' l^ ""' ^'""^ ^'"^' ^^e Nay- H^ty-nine .lays on his u.Z ,! 1 '-••'^"'»^— ^-^^ -nd was went by water sevonty-o " S'e f> ' "''""^ ''y'' ^« "'-^^ "P '.in .nno. andwent ;,Tnd 3-7^'^ ''•'"^''^"^^ben laid "-1 t'-" forty-six miesThru,f T " "^^' - ^oody country, only one riveHn h^Z^^t,l^7"; T '^""*'^'' '^'^^'"^ -- after crossing ponds To ds .iw k '' ^'""^'''^^ ^'"''^^ '^^^^''i and more. whicl^.Undo w t^; ;:?,:r''^l\'""'''^ '-• --^^bty-one 'niiic. -^y;- ™i.es, wberc he::;:trxr;a^St^^ ■trti?^^': •Robson-.JIud.o„Ji„j., f'omthisit low.] JAMES' BAY. ^ run CO, were !• the French I fort fbi- the until spring, n prisoners,. >ilo sending- ship, which 1 to Quebec, returned ta ij'es Island, ^n theKast nnoral had trade with ont in this >lved, iu a iion of the ent of sol- from Que- id Albany, o capture ' abandon inland to d Indians tlie Com- 49,* " he e Indians be Stone the Nay- and was He first then laid country, ing f^eea •er; and no miles, ed back n this it 11 .1 the Nelson River would aiittcar that ho travelled from some point on r s7t Lake to the open country no.th of the SaBkatchew^^^^^^^ i,l9-{_War having broken out between England and i^.ance, the Company ;i:h the atsistance of the Crown, retook Albany, Moose and "TM^mberville, with two ships and 120 men, took York fort nomiwvUle th English and th same year the French sent such a force ^-- Yor.. t'n^ ' (tnada tilt they easily drove the English out of Albany, Moose and H„pen. """S-The Company, with the assistance of the Bonaventure and Selford, a second time recovered Moose, Albany >^^ ^^^^^^^^ 16!Hi,_The English, with four ship., took lork from the 1 lench, carrvin" ihe garrison prisoners to Kngland. 1 ,^7 iThe French sent a squadron of five ships under D Ibervdle who detroved two Knglish ships, and afterwards took possession of t kt;^^ al e t Fort^Bourbon. By the treaty of Rj-f '. ^f- fn his year, each country was to return all places taken during he ui I lilt' J > •' . . ij ^ • ti,g ouiv n ace lett to w,,-, hol «•* ^^^ Savanne,and the river Eiviere des Saintes Iluiles ; they also culled Moose Fort St. Louis, and Albany, Fo.l Ste. Anne. I714.-The English formally took possession of lork and the forts on the bay. Churchill River, Forts re-taken 1718. A wooden fort was bui.t at inc mouui ui ^^^^^ English. •inil nnmed P'ort Prince of Wales. mrcap Knight Bailed with t.vo .W,» .o .ca.cl, ,„,. » north-wext J'ase f,om tl,o northen, ,».■., of the bay. Th«y "'^^.T . ,1 •^ S -IlK-nt this vc- .ho . 'cnpany .eat Bicharf No,-to„ u la^ f,OM Churchill, and, acoorfln, to the „.»» Coppermmc li.vu, „ : . orCimau.. The people he,. o„ ™., oee,,.,o„, »«,■» mas- '•-^;t't?;r:;:tr*:::r:rrt,h..hii,.o taken. 12.1 QEOLOCilCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Capt, Coiitc"s notes of voy- ages. 1740. — Henley House was built about one hundred and fifty miles up the Albany Eivor, to prevent the Indians communicating with the frcnci'. 17 ±1.— Christopher Middleton. sent out to discover a north-west pas- sage, wintered at Churchill on account of a dispute between him and Mr. Dobbs; another expedition under Wm. Moor and Francis Smith Ellis' voyage, wore sent out to settle the matter. They wintered in tln' Hayes River, and an account of the expedition was written by Henry P^llis, who accompanied them. 1<52. — .Joseph Robson publisiied an account of his si.x years' resi- dence at York and Churchill, where be bad been sent by the Company to oversee the construction of the stone fort at Churchill, and survey the mouths of the Ha3-es, Nelson, and Churchill Rivei-s, plans of which arc published in his booU. He complains of the lack of interest exhibited by the Company in regard to the interior, and says that the olWcers in charge had never been five miles up any of these rivers. 1727-51.— Capt. W. Coates for these years was Captain of one of the Company's ships voyaging to the Bay ; during this time he kept a series of sailing notes, entering in them a full account of the geography of the Bay; these notes he beciueathed to his son, with instructions to him, not to reveal them so long as the Hudson Ba\' Company continued to employ him. These notes, edited by .Tohn Barrow, were published by the Hakluyt Society in 1857, and form an important source of information in relation to the coasts, rivers and islands of the Bay. From the time of the treaty of Uticcht until after the conquest of Canada, the Hud.son Bay Company confined their trade strictly to the Bay, and did not go inland until they found themsolvcs in dangerof losing their trade to the Canadian traders, who secured the fur by meeting the Indians on the headwaters of the rivers, and thus saved them the long journey to the sea. The Comjjany becoming aware of this fact, I'csolved also to send inland, and in 17611 dcspiitcbed Samuel Hearno, from Churchill, with instructions to accompany the Indians to their hunting grounds, vi.sit the copper mine on the river of that name, and if po.ssiblo reach the .sea at its mouth. After two unsuccessful attempts, he accompanied some Northern Indians and wandering over the barren lands witl- them reached the mouth of the Copper Mine Rivci-, then visited Great Slave Lake, and returned across counti'y to Chui'chill in 1773. On his arrival be was immediately sent inland again, to build Cum- berland House, on Pine Island Lake, a short distance north of the Saskatchewan River, the first of the Com])any's many posts in the Noj-th-West. From this date the Hudson May Company entered into active competition with the Canadian tradois for the inland trade, and Heame's jour iipv from .urchin. ■.» low.] JAMES' BAT. i;} .) I .„„„ ,,,,0 „ «..ent nu,„.c,. of po,u .c.tte.^ ove,- the No,..h.We,t a„a on the Mackenzie Eiver. . Hudson Bav Company, and alleiwaid by Ihc NorthW i»t <-"mf™>' ji„e„.„t .wsls, and wi.l, anyd„gvoc of f -'"'■^- '"f^'w:; .^e^""^'"- "-■''• f™'" „,ake s„,vey. th.n.sh *« '^ 7' f.j:^, ";4|„yea on a boundary z:XZ: caS ir.;:: ti" ..». l^ .>.= s.. .,....» %^:,?r:o:'::::o:i,e.Bu.v„y„.wboe^o,-^ Arctic ocean, won. V'7.° cll-.c'y o the .-outo and publi.bod an Lt:rr.:;nira:rr;;"be^. .ncctbat^ othc travcUotB bavc „a.».a -- *« ;47;'™ ,„ „,,^„.,a „f the Hay Geographical e==plorat,„n. ol tht '»"»"y ' „„j jj,, j. were not nndertaten nnld abont l«'-»' " '""^''J^- * ;,, and ha.e Couison made -P'°f °;-;,f ^t J r « eL^.b^ c'^ntry from left rough map. oitbc,rwo,l,lbe 10 m ^,^^^ ^^^.^^ s:^ttdi;i:.rs;r :t; ;;;: x» »'- between .«. head ''r«;rr;..were^»;^«----r,K:r:t^ and Great Whale ■;-';;,'; ^'^'^tVIe^n abandoned a. being r;'/oh:r .ivt^G^jr;- "'-\fhc''id':;::;er:;t're srd'rnr ::^ -r;!'^: r^tW e.aet date at which these posts were estabhshed. Surveys by David Thomp- son, 1700-1812. Capture of Churchill by Admiral I'erousc. Voyagoof Lieut. Chappell Franklin's journey. Establishment of posts on East Main coast. 14 J aEOLOOIOAL SURVEY OK CANAI>,\. Missionary work. Previous ex- plorations by the Geol. Sur- vey staff. About 184'7 the first missionary work among the Indians of nudsoii Baj' was undertaken by the Methodists. These witlidrawing six years later, were succeeded by the Knglisli ( 'huich Mission Society, which has continued the work ever since, and at present has churches at Churchill, York, Albany, Moose, Rupei-t House and l-'ort George. Rev. Mr. Peck, in charge of the last place, visits Little Whale River every spring, to meet the Ksquimaux who come in from the islands at that time. By the cflForts of these missionaries the whole of the Indians and the greater part of the Esquimau.K living around Hudson Bay have become Christianized, and their moral tone considerably elevated. The Roman Catholics have a number of converts at Albany, who are yearly visited by a missionary of tliat faith from the Upper Ottawa. The exploiations in this section of tlio country undertaken by the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, previous to the present, are ; — Report 1871-2. Upper part of the Albany River. 1 >r. R. Bell. Report 1875-ti. Mattagumi and Misainaibie brandies of the Moose River. Dr. R. Bell. Report 1877-8. East coast of Hudson Bay, and country between Lake Winni- peg and Hudson Bay. Dr. R. Bell. Report 1878-0. Churchill and Nelson Rivers. Dr. R. liell. Report 187!"-80. Hudson Bay and some of the lakes and rivers lying to the west of it. Dr. R. Bell. Report 1880-1-2. Geology of the basin of the Moose River. Dr. R. Bell. Annual Report 1885. Observations on the Geology, Zoology and Botany of Hudson Bay and Strait. Dr. R. Bell. Report on the Mistassini exi)edition- A. P. Low. Annual Report 188G. Attawapislikat and Albany Rivers. Dr. R. Bell. Severn and Berens Rivers. A. P. Low. James Boy. James' Bay. .Tames Bay is that portion of Hudson Bay lying south of a line drawn from Cape Henrietta Maria, on the west, to Cape .lones, on the east coast. From the head of Hannah Bay, X. lat. 50° 55', to Cape Hen- rietta Mai-ia. the distance is, roughly. 30ft miles, while the average breadth is 145 miles. From Cape Henrietta Maria the coast runs S.S.E. to Mourning Point, a low point covered with trees, near lat. 54° 3S,-i= then soutli to Equan Point, lat. 53° 53' ; from there it trends well to the westward, to the mouth of the Equan River, and ther. oast of south to the mouth of the Albany River, lat. 52° IT', thus forming a considerable bay, and not Inoorreot mars running almost due north and south as representetl on all modern maps. • Capt. Coats' Notes. LOW.] .lAMES' BAY. 15 .r f irudson six years ty, which ui'ches iit •f^e. Kev. ver ex'eiy is at that e Indians dson Bay elevated. ', who are Ottawa, en by the us to the River. Dr. ake Winni- ying to the Bell. Botany of lort on the ill. Severn line drawn 1 the east ;!ape Hen- ling Point, I to Equan ard, to the uth of the f, and not ,11 modern turns S.E. to the head of Hannah Bay. H^J J^ ^^^ , ,^ ^^^ ;^,, ,i,le tit't«en milos. „ t R„v hvalon" low l>oint terminal- This b.y ie .»l.amt«l from Eupe t Buy by a • n„ J" ^ „„,, ta,i„ „ peninsula, atone 'j"-;- '^;f„-,„ , ^ Z-, !.n Wth side. T,,eea.tc.oa,tof Tan>esB.yh„a "S'JJ-^ „, Big Bive,, one tion fVom tl,o lioad ol Bnpo.t Bay t ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^:r:;;tToTi:r::r::J3:tcape..one.yin.abont..« nZL^toCap^Tay...^-^^^^^^^^^^ pany'8 ships, the position ot Cape J0"'^«' ^« ^' . t^is bein« '-^^r,raU;':.a,.,,.VomwM.^^^^^^^ are constructed, wus compiled ui f ^3 f.omintoim ^^ ^j^^ Hudson Bay Company, gathered ^^^ "^ ^^^^l^^ions were but various captains of their ships; °'^\\«/' f ^J^pecially in those approximately correct, the ^^-•^.'""^^/'.^^rJTueh being the p'arts unfrequented in the ^^-;^^^^2^:^^oM be i^ider-^Sr^ case, it is highly mportant that an ^^^^Zn^. enable ship captains = ""•"' taken to correct these errors in the coast line a .nac.,.ainte.i«ith '^'"■X^lt^,^':! «.e ..e-en't with a certain degree of satety, a inuii, i ^^?:^:-general coast line of the west ^^ -t''^ ty'^-a^f ^^^ low and flat, with shallow water, deepening ^-y «J«-^> ^^^ along, except where the rivers hav cut out chan^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ feet, at the time of low ™ ' ^,^, ^. . ^^p, ^^^rk. The .shore is, boulders, can be seen to ^^-^^^J^^^^^,^., with number, inmost places, marshy, -'-'^^^ " f ^l^eol iderable distance behind be found. 1G.I liEOLOOICAt, SURVEY oh' CANADA. io«.] Character of tho const oij fflWutj'"' Hannah Hay ix mo shallow that, with tho oxeoption of the river chan- nel, it is almoi*t (omplctoly di-y at low water, and when a canoe i« left ijy the tide, tlii' t^ensation experienced by its crew in anything but pleasant, as they have to debaik and .stand in the mud, often beyond sight of the low fringe of bushes on the iiigh water line, awaiting the return of the water. Rupert Hay is not quite so shallow a.s Hannah Bay, and has a channel up its centre to the mouth of tho Xotaway River. Along the east side of the bay the character of tho coast changes, ea^tsideof tiic the low unbroken, muddy shores being replaced by higher rocky and sandy banks, deeply indented with small bays and fringed with in- numerable rocky, shingle and sand islands as described by Dr. Bell (Report of I'logress 1877-8.) The waters are much deeper and, although not free from dangei- on account of many hidden shoals, can be easily navigated in small craft, tho islands and bays afford- ing abundance of good shelter. The .-ountiy inland from the bay varies similarly to the coast line. To the west and south it is almost Hat, with its soil overlying nearly horizontal beds of Silurian and Devtmian limestones for about one hundred and fifty miles iidand to the Archiean country, so that the general level rises slowly and evenly towards the interioi-. The soil along the I'ivers appears to be good, and as the climate to the southward is probably lavorable for the growth of cereals and root crops, nothing pi'events futui'e settlement in this region after the tilling up of the north-west, except that without an extensive system of drainage, tho lands remote from the rivers will be found too wet for successful farming, as it is said by tho Indians, that with the exception of lands close to therivers the greater part of the country for a long distance inland from the bay is a mossy swamp. Inland from the east coast the country is of a different character. The interior of this part is a rough table-land having an elevation of about seven hundred feet above sea level near its edge, and slowly rising inland to over two thousand feet at its highest. Cha meter and Tho edge of this table land leaves the coast to the north of Cane elevation of y i • ci <-. r-i i. . ■»^"|jo tabie'iand"' ''^'^^^> ""*^ ''""'^ '" ^ S.S.h. direction, SO that to the southward there is an interval varying from ten to thirty miles between it and the coast. In this portion the general level is not much over one hundred feet above the sea, and the soil is of Post-Pliocene clays and sands, with alluvium, affording good land for cultivation but as tho climate is colder than on the west side, it is doubtful if it would allow the suc- cessful growth of any but the hardiest cereals, good crops of potatoes, however, and other roots could be and ai-e grown as far north as the mouth of Big Rivei-. The land is i-olling :ind broken by low rocky Silurian and Devonian limestones. Good foil. 10*.] JAMES BAY. 17 .r river chan- anoe is left y'thing but en beyond vaitiiig tbo innah Bay, y River. t changes, rocky and il with in- r l)v. Bell eopor and, on shoals, lys attbrd- Irom the and south ;al beds of and fifty level rises the rivers probably 1^ pi'events lorth-west, ids remote g, as it is the rivers im the bay character, ovation of nd slowly 1 of Cape ■d there is the coast, ndred lect nds, with 3liraate is r the suc- potatoes, •th as the low rocky Archu'an hills which makeup about one-third of the entire area, all ofRootoropi, which would make excoUont grass land. The best portion of it is q„„,j gra,;,,, along the river bottoms, and on the islands and banks. •"''• Eleven large and many smaller rivers flow into .Tames' Bay ; on the Rivers, west side are the K(|uan, Attawapishcat, Albany, and Moose rivers; on the south, Hannah Bay or ITarracanaw, and the Nottaway rivers ; on the east, the Rupert, East Main, Old Factory, Big and Bishop Roggan rivers. The water-shed of the country on the west side runs in a south-west direction from Capo llenriotta Maria, and consequently the rivin-s to the southward, having greater drainage areas, are the largest and longest. The first river to the south of Cape Henrietta Maria is Raft River, an inconsiderable sti'eam, the outlet of Raft liuke; it reaches the sea in lat. 54° 04'. The next river is the Equan, a much larger stream, which takes its rise 300 miles to the westward, at the watershed between it and the Winesk River, Howing north; it enters the bay at lat. 53° 38'. About lat. 53° 24' are the two mouths of the Attawapishcat River, which rises over four hundred miles inland, near the source of the oast branch of the Severn River. It flows north, and drains an oxtensivo area of unexplored country between the Equan and Albany rivers. The Kapiscow River is a smaller stream entering the Bay at lat. 53° 05'. The next important stream to the southward is the Albany River, the longest and largest on the west side of James Bay. This river, one hundred and forty miles in a straight line south-west from its mouth, divides into two branches. The north or main branch comes from the west; it takes its rise a short distance from the head- waters of the English River, in Cat or (Jat-fish Lake, about one hundred miles north-west of Lake St. Joseph, through which it flows, and which flows into Lake Winnipeg. The south or Kenogami Branch flows from Long Lake, thirty miles from the north shore of Lake Superior. At its mouth the Albany spreads out and flows between a number of low, swampy islands, forming a delta twenty-three miles long and ten miles broad between the mouths of its channels, the most southward of which empties into the sea in lat. 52° 12'. At the south-west angle of the Bay is the wide mouth of Moose River, whose branches drain all the country to the south-west and south, from the rivers flowing into the eastern portion of L;ike Superior and the headwaters of the Ottawa. The western or Missinaibie branch flows out of Missinaibie Lake, at the head of the Michipicoten River, within fifty miles of Lake Superior ; the middle or Metagami branch flows from the south, and drains the country north of the 2 18 J GBOLOtllOAI, SURVEY OK CANADA. Il Yai7in|r ohar- Mterofthc rlTsn. Sr»W(»tlon. watoi'Hhod to liiike Huron ; tlio ouMtorn oi- Abitilibi hrtinch flows out of Liikc Aliitibbi, a short ilistiuiw tVoni Fiiiko ToiniMCiiniingue on tho Ottawa Uivor. All tho rivers flowing into the wont Hide of JnmcM' Buy prenent tho sumo physioal churacti'iH ; on their hnadwaterK umi iippor paitH, whiU* flowing over Areheai. iocIvh, they alternate between long lake-like oxp. nsionH with little current, and short eontracloW.] jameb' bay, 19 J flows out of i^ue oti the present the )!utH, while ii hiko-like oils ju'com- tiotchoM of iiii'Hos, for II from I heir limostonoH, , 80 that in , owing to breadth lor : an almost and i^ravol during the ;her water MM, .so that 1 poHsibio; m five and I ,steamors i.seto that wide mouthe.l river which 18 not loHH than twelve miles over from North Point to the opposite Hide; which opens with three clmnnols, but the north and east are «o choked with banks an harbour for the ontraiue of moderate-sized steam-^rs, with a draft up to twenty feet, extensive dredging operations will be necessary for ,\lmo8t the entire distance fi-om the outer anchorage to Ship Hole. P«or;harbour8. Unsatisfactory as aie the natural conditions of :>[oosc llarhoui-, those at the Albany and Eupert I'ivors are worse. Oti the mouth of thc» Albany, tor fifteen or twenty miles, the bottom is very flat and the deepest watej' not .)ver twenty-five feet, slowly shoaling to twelve feet at the mouth, with numerous obstructive shoals and bars, the whole rendering it impossible for deepdrafl vessels to u,se it. The coun- try around the mouth of the river is so low and .^wampy that it is hard 10 say where the land ends and the sea begins, and is totally unfit for the purpose of a railway terminus. To reach the mouth of the Eupert a narrow channel in Eupert Bay must be tWllowed. with w;iter from thirty lo twenty-five feet deep, after which it shoals t(. eighteen feet for seven miles to the junction of the Nottaway and Eupert Eiver channels, and then i-ight miles of water varying Iron) ten to fifteen feet, with dangerous shoals, must bo passed to enter the i-iver proper. From this it will be seen that this harbour can onlv be approached bv small vessels of light draft, and can never bo used by the large-sized steamers engaged in modern ocean transportation. The mouth of the Hast Main Eiver is broad and consequently shoal, with not more than eight feet of water on the sand bars at its entrance; while for more than twelve miles from its mouth, on all sides, are innumerable boulder and sand shoals, and small rocky islands, some of which are partly bare, the whole rendering an approach to the rivei' so highlv difficult and dangerous that the Hudson I'.ay Coinpan.Vs schooner'does not call there. The mouth of Hig Eiver is the only good natural harbour on James Eay, and, with a small amount of dredging, would afford capital accommodation tor large ve.s.sels. A ship ontering the river has t.^ pass a few low islands lying off its nioutn, but as there is good water and ])!enty of sea room between them, they occasion little danger, Within four miles from the mouth of the river a goo.i harbour is formed by two rocky islands lying close to the north or main chan- nel ; this is called Stromness Haibour, and, having a good anchorage with plenty of water, well sheltered on all sides, is a confcnienf place to await a suitable state of tide to enter the river. Big River barbdur. 60C1I »Debor»f!t lOW.] JAMKS' BAY. 23 J the Ship Hole; iii on mado ground. B bar, is in only owurd the river's ^ bar. and is only fe« depth of watc 5011 that to fitth i vith a draft up to cHsary tor ,^lmost ir.)lo. si' Harbour, tlio.se he mouth of the is very flat and loaling to twelve \k and bars, the ujo it. Thecoun- py that it is hard totally untit for th of the Rupert with water fron> to eighteen feet d Rupert River mx ten to fifteen the I'iver proper, e approached by y the large-sized he mouth of the- h not more than ; while for more iniei-able boulder hicli art' partly i> highly diftleult hooiier does not iiral harbour on lid atl'oid capital he river has to- V ib good water >n little danger, » gooii harbour {' or main chan- good anchorage, 'onvenient place Vt the mouth of the river the channel is divided by a sandy shoal pal-tly bare at low water ; the north channel is the deeper, and is used by the Company's schooner, chiefly owing to its proximity to Stromnes. Harbour, as there is a sufficient depth of water in e.ther channel to float that craft. From Stromness Harbour the channel runs eastward directly towards the shore for two miles, when it turns sharply southwaid, one mile along the shore, to the mouth proper of the river, which can then be ascended about two miles to Fort George, where ^-l'^';''^;'}l'2^^ ,noored close to shore. From Stromness H-'--" .^"/^'^^'^^^If^^.l high tide the least water in the channel is eighteen teet. Foit xcoige ling situated on an island, there is another channel on its «outh side but tbis is very small and obstructed by shoals, navigable only b> small ^' The island would atford excellent ground for a railway terminus but the difficulty of building a line along the east coast trom the south 1 of .lames Bay, a distance of 180 miles, with the largo bndg s required to cross the Nottaway, Rupert, l-^ast Main and Old Factoiy ,ivers, would entail an expenditure hardly warranted by the amount of ''the^e:Xm:nr';f Big River harbour will come with that of the^;^j^^ in.mense and excellent tisheries of the inland lakes of th>-;eg'On -■"»"" _ escaipments lisiag in the highest pam »„ath east and no.thsKleB...e^ P ^^^ ^._,^ „ ..^j^^j t„,„, ,„,„, iirre^ ;,;r nt ,1s a.,,. ..„ .--^Te: Mit-wS fe, ai; : he S^l ih diame.i,-. and without glaoia, stnae ; , ,ey a™ Tcked tU.ly togethc- in a condition similar to that shown by bonl- SI „„ Ihoals a. r..™cnt, acted apon by the g-ounding and shov.ng of large massM of ice ovo,-U.em^ escarpment is largely 0„ the north and s^hsdes tie. ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^_^^_^ ^^^^^^^^ composed of sandy tia; wim t, „„„dedwith black .h-o„gh the mass. Th "^"^^^^^^ POl'la''. ">« <°P <" '"« ruldtrC-t d'evoiLTnees, and ha. a vc, ..an-en appeaf "°T°vin,r N 05= E seven miles from the novth-east point of Chatleton TL. SJ..... "'1 ' ,„h^lf The deep channel with its sfong eu.rent that passes i::g"hU;elndbett:rnCba,..e.o„, Danby, and Oaty islands con- 30 J OEOl.OaiCAI. SURVEY i»F CANADA. nil tinue» acTosH tlio ojioii bay on a N.K. courno and runs between the Strutton islaiiilH, and from thoHc follows on the same oourse to near the mouth of the Kast Main Hiver, whore it turns northward and in lost alonj^ the coiist. The channel between the Struttons is one-third of a mile wide, and is obstructed at its south entiance by asmall low boulder island one-half mile in circumferancc. The current, owing to the con- fined limits of the channel, rushes through at a higher rate of speed than in the Charlcton sound, varying from four to six miles an hour. The channel, hotwcen the Strutton Islands, has been tried as a wintering ground for a ship liy the Hudson Bay Company, but it was found that the ico carried along on the strong current caused great damage to the vessel ; the crew also suffered greatly from the ravages of scurvy, hronght on it is said by I ho use of the stagnant water in the small lakes on the islands, where no running streams exist. On all sides of these islands, with the exception of the above narrow deep channel, the water is very shoal, with an uneven bottom covered with sand and boulder shoals, some of which are bare at low water, but the greater number coming within a few feet of the surface, only show their presence by the breakers upon them iluring gales. The highest point of the interior of the larger island is seventy-five feet above the sea. On the south side the slope from the highest level is very gradual and is broken by low rounded hills of boulders lying traIlsver^e to the shoi-e lino, where they terminate in short points: to aaued boulder the westward a raised beach twciity-tive feet high, formed chiefly of bouldois thickly packed in clay with sandy patches, extends back about one-quarter of a mile to a secontl abrupt bank of packed boulders thirty feet higher. On the lower beach is an immense rounded boulder of red Laurentlan gneiss fully ten feet cube, and consequently we'ghing over eighty tons. On the east side along the sound and ])artly on the north side tightly packed boulder banks rise almost jierpendicularly ten to fort}' feet from deep water and resemble, when examined closely, a built, dry stone wall, while at a short distance they have the appearance of an ex- posure of solid rock. Along the remainder of the shore and inland are immense numbers of boulders in sandy clay, showing that the greater part of the island is made up of tlicm. The smaller ish.nd is low, being formed chiefly of boulder clay with sandy shores covered with boulders n all the points. Both islands are scantily wooded on their lower parts with small white and black B])ruce and Avilinws; numerous fresh and brackish ponds are situated on those parts also. Little Ctiar- Beai'ing N.N.W, tifteen miles from the western point of the Strut- teton Island. ^^^^^ is the eastern end of another small island, at present called Little Charloton notes. This isl Strutton 1 J)oulder8 t five mile north-eas' the sea. and gravi three hu twenty f interior. gradual 1; extremit north sh st retche the mid( island r posed al of clay i cold wf The ' sandy s Htrewn small V base ar sandy i Aboi small I growir to be 6 Twc ofLitt in lat. TIud8( Coats' prosei is pro Solon Sol I soull I ing i pack ♦0W.3 jambh' bay. 3W €harloton or False Chavletor, l.ut named 'IVodiloy Island in Capt. Coates' "'This island is very similar in composition and si.e to the larger StnU ton t and except that it is made up of .iner materuv and fewer sr .an tu id. j;:^-:--trf::: :r^: ;::::vr ;::ts;;, -ndin. ..m ti. wat. ^.h^. --- rr.?r;"gr:c::r hf c ;i:^;:i .wa^s the twont} teet nignei, ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ,„.otchc, in the botlcm ofthe»ma ay w n h o .»ndy y^^^ ""'41 weliovn end »r iKo i^lnnd i, Je.oid of ...e., and ,ho>v» » ba,™n :r,:::s^;sr;:;:i:::."-ide,..M^^^ to he seen in this part ofthe bay ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ point Weatou U.«d. Twonty-tworailosd.stan,unaK3. W. o ^^^ H:t:B"cLpany;thisi..naisnar.d^^^^^ Coats' notes, while four l-v -land, a m - U> .^ .„„th 1„ the form of a cre.«eat »"--' " ^;j;t,„ ^.^ „f ,„„Me,, 32.) (lEUI.oiilCAI, StUVEV OF CANADA. Dr. Bell on Hubxideiice < a cut l>ank off^amly «lay I'lill ot'Hmnll hnulclcrH, liiivinjc ufaco of fifty t'oet in its liigliest i)arH. Ueliind tliir* liank tiie wiirfuco^ of the isiurul iw an undulating plain, covered with many boulders and dotted with Hinall .shallow lakes which till every dopression of its suf- faco. With the exception of a few solitary stunted white spruce, no trees grow on the island, its surface hoing covered only with low arctic flowering plants, grasses, sedges and mosses. Two miles beyond the north point and -eoiningly an extension of il, is a small low boulder island about one mile in circumference. On the northern end of Solomon's Temple groat (luantities of drift- wood are heaped up from ton to twenty and occasionally thirty feet above ordinary high-water mark ; on tho slmres of all the other islands similar piles of wood are found, most abundantly on their north sides ; that on the higher levels is generally greatly decayed and composed chiefly of cedar. The presence of those piles of driftwood at such high levels has been taken as evidence of a rai)iil elevation of the land around Hudson May. Dr. E. Bell places tho rate of upheaval of the land or " subsidence of tho water " at from five to ten feet a century. Other evidence than that of the driftwood is retiuired to sustain such a theory, as its presence at these high levels above oi'dinary tide may be accounted for in another manner than by a raj)id elevation of tho shores and islands. Owing to the shallow state of tho water near the shores of the islands and mainland of .lames' Bay, the wind, when blowing on the land, has great effect in causing abnormal rises of tide by forcing the water from the deeper parts of the bay over the shallows; an instance in case was observed by the writer while anchored on the east side of Agoomski Island in a moderate gale from the north-west, August 8th, 1887. Here the ordinary rise of tide does not exceed five feet, yet after beaching his boat at 8 p.m., by midnight tho water was twelve feet deep showing a rise of seven feet at least above tho ordinary level. From this it is easy to beli'n'o that extra- ordinary gales in the late autumn at long intervals apart, would back tho water into tiie bay to such an extent as to cause a rise of tide from ten to twenty feel above its ordinary level. Those high tides, accompanied by great breakei's, would necessarily throw the older and lighter wood, then on a high love!, farther back, and ])ile newer wood in front and below it, thus forming a state of affairs as at present seen. Other facts tend to disprove a i-apid elevation of lantl around James Bay, at least in its southern part. Capt. Coates, in his notes on the mouth of the Mctose Eiver, written one hundred and fifty years ago, describes it as it exists at the present time, with little or no change in the state of the channel or shoals; if a riso of five or ten feet a century was occurri be greatly ho ten oi- ti between le' the peninsi Hay. ^< p live loot al either side chango of hundred y of water e France, I atl'ording .lames' Bi Hot wee small lo^\ Imshos e Tidors. Tho W Solomon and on i' in n24. Thirl) the soul iH>m\ ill from no from th ward p taining sixty IV bay, on tho cui partly Again ment i. ehictlj' of nur with }J Bet' compt to a si west t as thi; jamkh' bay. :w .1 .1 „„tl, of tho river wouUliieceMWirlly .UH occuninK a«m.K tM. nm. ^jj' ^^ ^' ;^ ^^^.to. tin., would ,e ton or tiltoen lool above hoj^ou A.r .^^^^_^^^^ ,onnoct.n« ,,,>o peninsula at tl.o on. oi ^»',;';j^^';V„,ta with willows nowl.e.o ,,;. ^iV^^'^^-^^^^'^^^''''^l^^^::^,.on.iX.^ hi««- land on rtvo icet above hiKb-wator «"''' '\ "' ! ,^.„ ,,„, t,„,,,u. Now if the ,U.er Hide, which in covered - ^^^7 ,,,,, „,i, i,„.nnHuia .wo .,,,,,ootMevelclain.e wo..u..a^^^^^^^^^ .lames' Bay. u^lnmon's 'IV^mple arc sivon or cigbl Hetwecn Little Obarleton and ^"»""^ \^,,,, ,,,,,„d with low ;:r:;r:;^ -;::/;::;- - "- „. , 1 V M K from Weston UUndit ^rWcsto.are.^lowdria.sb^^^^^^^^^^ :r :;:^:-::nrt:: Hud.on ..y company had a .hip wrecUed •""''• . M N l(r VV Horn Solomon Vrempbs in [at 5:^' 04' i^So,.t;. Twi,, Tbirtysix mdes N. « J; ^^^.,, ,,,,„i. Tins island .s ponta- ,1., snntb-cast !'«'"; ••'!'^;;,'\,,, ...utUward; i. is seven mdc. long ,onal in shape, wUh .tH a c , o^ t h ^^^, ^.^^ ^^^.^^^ ^^^^,,, <•-" -••>'' ^" ^'^"^'^' "' ' : ' > "line for one nule and a half north- ,,on, the south-east po.n ,lbc, 1 ou^ ^^^. ,^^^^^j^,^,. ,,,^^y^ ,„„. ,,,,, parses ab...g ^''" ,^""%*^' ";\'. L,., i„ elevation fnnn forty to „i„i,. an admixture ol sand . n< • > ^^ ^^^,^,,,,,_ ,,si.,g around a .ixty ieet. Krom here tin. si U ^_^^ ^^^.^^ ^^_^^, ^^ ,^„, ,^, bay, one mile and ^'''■^^-'l! '" '^i,^ i,,an.l , low mud flats, covered the cut bank runn one mdo a the n ^^^^^^ ^^,^^^^^. ^^^^^,,, ,„,tly with snudl black^h pon s cue ^^^ ^^ _^ ^^^^^ ^^^ Aga.n approaching the nbo e --^^r^ ^^ ■ i,u„nd, composed „:nt gradually changes to lovv > ulcd hdl ^^ ^1^^ .^_^^^ ^^.^^^ ,^^,.^^, :^'s:rtr;:r:i;;;>owmudd.ba.sbetw.n.cov "llrr the north and west I^;'- -^^-^C ^ -^^iS cou.posed of boulder clay and ^' ;;;.,, ,,a'sandy bays. From to a shore, alternating »-;--" ^'^^J^o,, andof the same character west to Houlh-wcst pomt the ^'^f^^^^^ ,,,,,,, Along the nouth .« that above, with tbe ground nsmp Hi w > 84j Oliil.iMIIOAI. HUIIVKV OK OANADA. Sarfano Io« Mtloib North Twill UlaDd. Bido, Murul and vhiy ^i *'"''>' piedomitmtoi u cut hunk oiUHjuartor of » milo inland j,'iadiiully riHos to un olovntion of forty foot neiir Hio HOiith- eoHt point, with u lowoi- ruined houch of ten fool in front, the iuttor composed of >and, the former of boulder eluy. Tlio intoiior oMhe i«iiinil rises /,'ri.duiilly towurdn the centre, whore It has an elevation of one hundred feet above the Hoa. .Small lakes fill all lh(^ depressions on its surfuce. With the oxeej)- lion of some Ibui- or tive stunteil white spruto, loss than ton feel liigh, no trees ^yow on tho island, whieh is everywhere covered with mosHOH and arctic plants. A lino example of the expansive jwwor of ice may ho seen half a mile inland from tho south east jjoinl, where there is a small shallow laUo, at present complcleiy drained by a small stream, which has cut, out a channel thr()uj,'li the escarpment. This old basin is nearly round, with a diamoter of five hundred yards, and had a depth of about six foot. Around tho old shore lino is a bank of boulders and clay, four feet hii^h and oi^'iit feet wide at tho base, overj^rown v.ith vcjjetation, and resemblin/^ tho intrenchment of a fortified camp. This has evi- dently been pushed up by the total freezin;,' o( tho lake and tho oxpan- §ion of tho ice. Scattored over the surface of the island are f,'rcat quantities of small angular fra,u;moniH of light yellowish fossilit'erous Silurian liniestono, tho probable resu't of the breaking up of largo boulders of tho same. Separated by a channel tivo miles wide, and lying four miles to tho woritwaid of this island, with its south-west ))oinl in hit. 5:j° 0-i' is tho North Twin. Like tho other island, it has an abrupt oscarpmoiit on the cast side, with a low shore lino on tho west ri.sing slowly inland. From the south-west point along the south side, the low shore is com- posed of sand and gravel, with a wide margin of swamp} land extend- ing Inland to the slowly rising interior, l-ow cut banks occur near tho coast at tho south-east jjoint, whoro two terraces often and thii-ty foot elevation arc seen, the lower formed of sand and gravol. the up])er of boiddcr clay and sand. On tho cast side is a wide shallow bay, with low swampy land from a quarter to a half a milo inland to tho base of a boulder clay oscarp- mcnt tifty feet high. On the noi'llu-rn part of the east side a low ter- race, fifty feet high, con\poscd of sandy clay, with a few boulders, rises near high water mark, and extends inland on an average a half milo to a second terraf o thirty feet higher, and of similar comp )sition. On tho north side the land adjoining tho shore is made up of sandy dunos dotted with boulders, i-ising slowly inland, with numerous bouldor pointsalong shore. Along tho west side tho shore margin ia low and Bwarapy, with sand and gravel boachos between bouldor points, the '•1 jameh' bay. :{6 I Bav ..n tl.o oust .i.Uwv.nu.H .1..,. h b..u , P- «^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^j,,^,^, «,,,„,y ;„ ''t:;;;:"^i:ri::^.. „.. n. .0 . ;v,»>^;. .>- •- ^ - - S„„U, Twin. It i» noavly ;■'»'■"'•":,,", r,Ky" "at >!.» 1"B1'»" ,aiwl«n.li.nla.-mn»»o»"n,«.i.lil.2J- ■ (,,„ „„rth cad of *•■ s,„m» 1--. «,„.„.»,■ l.l«...> H '.;>-■;-■• "■;j 'i ml i. ™„ mile a„,l a haU N,„U, Twin .... » N. 50 .. "'"l;^- ' . I, „ „„„„,,,|ly .tcp .1.0,- ,,,™a,va,oru.n.nvo,,.yan.M, (^t^^^^^^ .at face, of sanJ aaJ S"'*'-'. ' » '"- „y,cmiias: ovor a groalor part ol Ibo »«ill.«™ iiitono, . Oa Iho o |„„,i<,„. I„ ihl. :ub a ,aboa b.,ch ^[^1-^:^1!:::^, .,-., ... p..b«b,y rs:iv3i: rrb::rf ft: »>. „o™ — «. -■ 3«i .1 OEOI.OOICAl. SURVEY (»P CANADA. leluiids, of tlie third grci'p M('tcorolo}ri<' iintoe. Muin teiiiptni tnresat Mnnsi' Fikotory On the wost side Ji wall of boiildcM-s rises directly from the water to- elevations varying from Iwoniy to Hfty feet. All these islands are frequently visited hy polar bears, who land to rest after heavy gales, and feci on tii(! arctic, berries thai grow in great profii.- >ii every- where; Arctic foxes are also quite plentiful. The i>ther islands of this irroup were not examined, but it is inferreil from information obtained lioin the Hudson J5ay Compnriy's otScer, and Oapt. Coat's notes, that they are of similar origin and composition to those above described. The islands of the third group in James' Bay lie along the oas". coast, and have been described by Dr. E. Ikdl in the report of Progress of the Geological Survey, 1877-78, as follows: ''The majority of the islands are rather low, and composed of boulders and shingle with few or no trees, but the solid rock occurs upon a large proportion of them. No regularity can be detected in the general arrangement of these islands. They present a kind of labyrinth which it would bo very difficult to map with accuracy and which is not unlike that of the Georgian iJay, Lake Huron, except that on the cast coast of .lames Bay the water is shallower, and shews evidence of receding rapidly, and the islands arc, as above slated, mostly covered by boulders and shingle." From the meteorological observations taken during the summers 1887 and 1888, detailed in Appendix \o. the following summary is compiled : Three daily readings with ilic minimum lemperalurc, taken on tifiy- eight days in 18S7, while on .lames' liay, give a moan temperature of .').") degi'ees. Similar readings on tifty-one days in 1S8S give a mean ti'mjieiature of 51! degrees, in 1887, lhei'(> was tog nn iwcniy and rain on tifteen out of tifty-eighl ilays. In 1888, log occuri'cil on twcnly-eiuht and rain on tweniy-iour out of fifty-one days. Of one hundred and lilty-thrce ol)st'r\ations on the dii-cciion of the wind taken in 1887, twelve were from the N., sixteen from N.-K., four from K., twenty-two trom S.-K., seveuteeti from S., Iwenty-tive from S.-VV., Iwenly-one from W,, and thiiny-six trom N.-W., the resultant direction being due west. T"'o hundred and iwetity similar observations in 1888, uive a resultant direction of S. 87^' W. Three daily readings of the ther- mometer at Moose Factory during thi^ months of .June, .Inly, August and September give the following mean temperatures: 1878,(11-7°; 187ft, 54-;5^'; 1880, 5(!'2°. These taken with the mean temperatures given above would give an average mean summer temperature of ^0*1 .lAMEs' HAY. ■M .1 ,5.5°. Thi. wouUi be slightly ';'^-^^^, :; : t; than many bay, us the mean tcmporature of ^^^^"^^^ J^.,^, pl.ccs tho ..tJcpiaces. !>'•• ^- ^^ ;:,r!Z ; u^^l^oast at 5l'. This, average temperature of the hu alo. g ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ ,„uc.h higher than the to-P^-ture f th -^^^^ .^^_^^ ^^^ .^^^ „,. ,va,erottheeastcoast.w>u-meab h nvu. .^ _ .^^^^ ^,^^ ,hat Hulc, and heing ->•>• ^-'^^^^ ^^ JX^\,,,tation growing on action of the sun's rays I he '»'« ^ ^^^ ' ^,^ ,-,„ i,u>d nhcws that ,Uo outer islands and in the same ' ^^^ ' ; ' „^^^„ ^1.,, ,, the latter the temperature of the former .s '" ' ^^^ ,^,,, i„,y of water. and this is due to the U,wer t->M>- ^^^^ , ^ or a few nunutes at which is so cold that an •-;;--,^ ';;;,,« hody so covered, any time produces a numhncs. m the pan in, I River. The.arhour and mouth of the ^^^^^^ ^^' ^'^^^^r^^^' has already been describeu a. ta. . > ^^^^^ ^.,^^ ,^^^^^ t„ ,^^,,,,,,,,.,elofthern-er.s.,n n Ic ,i^^^ , „,, „,,e, and the head of Fort <'-.-go >1 ^- ,^^,^^ ,,, ,iver has an several small islands, i'o. t u. nc x .^^ ^^^^ and flows average brea.lth of throe-quar ers t a^ n . ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^_ ^^.^,^ ,,Hhaneven — t. of "hout th ec^m 1. -_^ ^ ^^^^^^ ,ocky island tailing water, the course bomg ^. nu • ^ ^^ p,.^„^ and rtef stretches across the str un^ - . ^hirtythree nVdes, in this point the river bends to the -- ^ ^ ;^^j, ^_ ,,. w. Three miles a .t,light line, tlows w.t^> a ^-' ' ^^ t,,,,,, ,„ieh He on the above the rapid is !'--^'«7 ,'',:, ,,,vard s.x nulo. and a half south side of the main channel, and extu. \ past the head of tide. contracts in wi,.om here for nineteen nulcs to ^^^_^^ ^^j, ^^^^.^^ of :ight hundred yards, and "'j-^ , " ,^:i;:;;...eis a sharp bend .niles an hour in a deep ''-;■-'. ;;X around tho base of a rocky ,0 the north-east fbr one an.l ^'^^^J^^^^^^^^ ,,, ,overal miles. At W^n when the former course "^ •'-'' -^^ jj,,d conse.iuontly the'bend. tho river is only two ^^^^^^^^^ ,, ,, tracked. Two has a very swift current, up -^''^'^.^^-^^'^.'^^^ter one hundred miles in .niles beyond the ben.l a P-t^^ « ^^ ,^,„ ..j,,, ,.om a few miles length leaves thoriver on the m.rths.do. 88 (ifii)I.O(ilCAl, KURVEY OK (lANADA. beyond is gioatly ol»stiiu'le(l by falls ami bcavy rapids, wbilo passing through a deep narrow gorge, whore the roeky banks aio so stoop that portages cannot hv. made, thus rendering its navigation with canooK impossible'. Few trihiitaiy Btioanis enter the rivei' below the j)()rtage. Among the larger is a small I'iver from (he north, flowing in behind the islands, about two miles above Fort (Joorge. The next is on the south side behind the lowest island at the head of tide. One mile and a half above the chute is u small river, thirty yards wide at its mouth, eoming from the south and ealled the A-ehegi Rivci'. Three miles and a hidC, and seven miles above iho last on ihe same side, are tw(v large brooks named res])eetively A-na-mis-eat ami Ni-min-so-lat Uivcis, Four miles below (he bend a small river twenty yaids wide at its mouth, ealled the Necopa-stick, al.so flows in from the south ; at (he bend a large lnook deseonds in a beautiful tall from the roeky hill to the easlwai'd, while in the upper bend and at the ])oi-tage two "large brooks enter from (he north. From its mouth to the portage the river (loAvs in a valley eui out of stratified marine clays and sands of Post Teiliary age. The banks on ihe islands and shores near the mouth of (bo river are eomj)o.se deposit of boulder-clay, eul by the river, and showing a face of over seventy-five teet in heigh(. This was evidently deposited by theglacier hobind, and protected by the stcej) gneiss-hills seen a short distance to the eastwaid ; (he bouldei-clay loi'ms a tail to those hills. The coun- P»tl(:il^i. lOW 3 jambs' bay. 39 J u i.lo cvt the river, above its banks, is a slightly rolling burnt over, and in »nch plans la cnvt o ,,,_„,,.,„ „ii|, lianUsian ,„■ black ana «l.il« "pn.™, a"!'™ P'f "'■ ""' "^" ho" ,r«o»«^c»cd „i„„ pvclominatins on "■» """''"f '■■;; '..^ itl In tl,« "nlm,-n,. Oil tbe lower streichch oi uiu iiv»^ o^condcd these rise „..„,op rro,n beneath the clay. As the sti.ani -^ ;^\^^,, ,,i,, Uighei'and higher, until, up^n t.e uj,peM^u t, ;^;;;y^;;^,^^^^^ ^^^ ,,, ,i.ing at intervals above the sands and ciaj . ^^^^ different exposures n<,ted -h^'V^-"^"'^' ^ ^ ^f the river, are «hore. opposite .ort .eorge, and e ow .o 1 ' - ^ " ^^^^^ ^^^ a number of rock «'^P<«"''^«V ^ ^nltrwith a coarse pink horn- ,,.ained orthodasc hornblonde-gno.ss along wh a^^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^^ tlende-gneiss holding large f-'^y^'^^'^'^l^Z are enclosures .linic iClspar. Everywhere t .roughou ^ -^^o - ^^ of lenticular and partly rounded '""^'^ .^ " .,7, ^ .,,,„ „,, „Hvin mass, chiefly of black hornblende, probably segregations Strike N. SO" W. , h^,adof tbe island, dominates. Strike N. 8a° W. .v„.wures of a dark horn- At the mouth of the south ^ -•';;;;^; ^^^ :r^:;,,.eiss, t^.rming a blendic rock, netted by veins ot hghto. tuu -a g hreccia; also coarse, groyisb-p.nk ^^^^^^'^^Z. small ..uantities <,,-ystals of orthoclase and durk hornblende, u.th . of quartz. Strike N. "2° W. • , .i.,, mck is licht i^roy and pink it the islatid in the first small rapul 1 o k , g J^ ^^^. ^^^ o..tho<.lase hornblende-gneiss, -"^-"';|, ;;;""" "' j^rainedhornblendo-schist. Slnke . . • ,,,.. i-ornblende gneiss, On the south shore at t'-^'-^;;- ;;;::_ j^^t, Ibllowed by thick with thin bands and fragments of b.uiblcn ^ ^^^^^ ^^. hods of massive h.u-nblende-sch.s.. '"^^ '?;;^*"1,",, ,vith a dark-red :f^tr!:::^::;:;?t:^: Sc;.e.l>.ack homblende .. .uart. Strike N.75«W. I i i :i:: 40 .1 Or OEOLOOICAL SIIRVKV OK CANADA. 3 iiorth e*i(le the I'oek iw a dark, ffianitic, orthoclase iiornblende- gneiss, associated wiih thii'k masses of dark-green hornbleiule-rock, itontaining grains of inagnotito; the source of the colors of iroii-suiKt fre(|uenlly seen along the river shore. At tiio clnito are two dark-green trap dykes, weathering reddish- brown, wiiich iiin S. 6(1*^ W. and S. 47* W., being respectively four feet and nine inches wide. On the north side, one-<[uarter of a mile below the chute, is a similar dyke, eighteen feet wide, running S. 75" W. Three-quarters of a mile above the chulf is an exposure of horn- blend ic schistose gneiss, comjioscd of alternate lamina' of blacicish, green hornblende and yellow weathering, grey felspar with patches of reddish orthoi lasc. In some j)arls the rock is a dark, tine-grained, hornblendic gneiss, with large por'phyritic crystals of whitish felsjiar, the largest crystals being one and a-half inches long by one-half inch broad, with their longer axis always parallel to the j)lane of stratiticji- tion. Strike S. 75° \V. Five miles beyond the ias-i. on the south batdf, is a tine-grained, bluish grey gneiss made up of dark hornblende and bluish felspar, with little or no ((uartz, containing enclosures of dark hornl)lendic segrega- tions. Sti'ike S. (lu° W. One mile and a-(|iiarter al)ove the last there are ex|)osuies of tine- grained dark-grey hornblendic gneiss, weathering greyish yellow, containing porphyritic crystals of white felspar, and tiavci-sed by veins of pink orlhociase al.so having hornblende segregations. Three miles beyond was seen sitnilar hornblendegneiss, with massive hornblende rocks like those at the chute, also light pink highly fels- pathic gneiss containing much less hornblend-' and more quart/, than the darkei' gj;ey rock. Strike N. S.")" W. <.)ne mile farther uj) is moie of the dark grey hornblendic gneiss and black massive hornblende rock. Three miles and a-(iuarter beyond ihe last are exposures of the por- phyritic gneiss. Strike K. by W. At the small r:ipid on the iiend below the |)orIage is a coarse red and grey gneiss, composed chiefly of red and yrey ortho(dnso, (Mystals of which arc perfectly developed, along with slightly altered dark-green hornblende and ^nmv mica and quartz. Sirike S. 77^' \V. Portiiijc Route hetween Biij and Bishop /io'jijitn Hioers. Big River tu I^caving Jiig i{iver at the portage, the route passes overland, on Bishop Roggan ^ general course of N. 40^' K. by a number of portages connecting small lakes, draining into Big River through a largo lake on a river which flows into James Bay a tew miles north of the mouth of Big ■-OW'] .lAMKs' ItAY, 4t ,1 ,,i,o,., an.l *„„c„ by tw,. „o,ta«o. into . .a,«., l.ko o„ tho lii.h..p K„„- ''";'h";l»inK .icuul. .l,ow the dimcnlty ,. taking -..oe. ovot thi. '■""'»• . , „ ,,j„ Rive- is lliice tnil8» and four oliaiiH Ti,e lii-sl l)">l«g« f™'" "«.'"'''' ' „' „„,|[„„i„ a small lake ..M«- ,,,':„, |„„„ ; the »»« .n.l lake U lliii'ty chains across. ^^,^^|„„ „, ^" ;:::°it°the next „.„-.a,e, ,,r .!.„ «'-"";;;-^. it. L':! '■""""■ ,„„, half a.mile wide f Lwe J-;V'::;'^,:,.,„g„ of seventy ing at a J-'''", ^';;:;^;" , ,,;,,, lowed by a po.-tago of forty-.x chains, then a lake ot ht con uuu , •; ^ seventeen chains, chains, a laUo of ^^^;^^^^^^i;^';;^^:i,^ZL.. the Indians, to a slightly larger lalce callod W-v.o > t ^^^^^^ j^ ,,,, ^..^ whiU- traversing the portages, op '' "l' .^^ ^rook ob- long f-.n the uppe.- end - -^, -'-{^ ^ wljI^^iTcourse of this stucted by beaver dams. The .outc ioik _^ ^^^jj ,,ean. .>r half a mile to a p>rtage ^ - ^ ^ ' ^::,,, ^ aportage l.ke three-iuarters ot a mile '" "^^^•/* '' '^ "^ .^^^^ of fortyone chains, ..•thirty chains, a lake of twenty <^^^>;^^^^ ;„,/,, one mile, . lake of tbrty chains, ^^^P-^^'g- J^ ' ^ ^ :,„., and a port- a portage of fifteen cham--, a lake o n ^^.^^^^^^ ^^ ,,; of twenty chains, to ^^e hank. sm^d ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^_^^_. Hi, Uiver. This « .^^;.:^:r' twi-ga-eid, a large body of past three small rapids t 1^'^« ^ w fe^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^.^,^^,.^, deep clear water well stocked wth t^s ., ^^.^ ,^^^^ plk^, white Hsh. ^^^Z:;;:;;;^::^^: ^ ri^^bay >« several mile, has tw., bay-s extending from s ""^let ^^^^ ^^.^^^^.^ ^ long, the no.tbern one was followcu ^' ^J^^^^^ „e, of a mile to .lug,ish stream tifteen fee. w.de was ''^ "^^'^ ";;^, ,,, ,, thirteen, a ,a\e .hirty-hve chains wide, ol lowed h . o ,^^ ^^^^^ thirty-six. eight, tiftyhve, and -g'ty d.a - K, ^ ^^^^^^_^^ ^^^^^ ...avei-Bes respectively ot ^wen y, w uit ti^, ^^ ^ ^^^,,^^^ ,,^^,, twenty-tive chains Jo P-H-g-chi « ^ '' f ^^^^ ^ .,, .^^o James Hay stream one hundred feet vvide. ^^ ^ J^^^ J ,^^i,^, „,,,h of the .ear Wasticoon, a high rocky island ^^\^^^ -^^ ,m of large .nouthof i^ig River. From .be po tag a ^^^ l^.h^k. entered hoalders wa. ascended ^r ha ^ j;^",. ^^ J^llr ......ded by low near i.s western end. ihis ib a 'o"-' hundred feet from the ,o.ky hills in many places rising '^^^^'^l^^^^ ^ miles and a half, and wate' The route follows its «-f •'' ^^^^ j^^ J", j ."vom its ei^tern leave., it by a portage on the north «»^- ^^^ ^ ' I ^ver two rocky end. The portage is tifty-rtve chains long and pas e 42 J •lEOLOGIOAl, 8URVKY OF CANADA. Cbaraeter of eonntry on nrat*. Timber. Roeks alonn nmte. ridgois, ending in u hinall lake fifty chains acrohs, followed )>y another portage of forty- thron chains to a large irregular bod}' of water called A-picho-ti-ne-chit8 Lake, which is drained by Bishop Hoggan Kivor. Between Big and Bishop Roggaii rivers the country is made up of ridges of low rounded gneissic hills rising from fifty to two hundred feet above the general elevation of the land, which is estimated from an average of the barometer readings taken, to bo six hundi-ed and sevcnty-tive tieet above sea level. These hills are partly covered with boulder sandK and clays, while the intervening valleys are filled with deep mossy swamps an ! omiW lakes. Thogreater part ol .iiv.-' ogion has been imrnt over by frequent tiros, which have in many pi ■ jes left the higher parts totally devoid of vegetation. The trees remaining are second growth black spruce, tamarac and banksian pine, never exceeding fifteen inches in diameter three feet from the ground. On the lower swampy lands and around the margins of th(! small lake>', where the tires have not destroyed th& older trees, a dense growth of small black spruce and tamarac prevails with an occassional balsam spruce. On the portage leading from Pi-a-go-chi Lake, a few balsam poplars, four inches in diameter, were seen along with small red cherry trees, this beingthe northei-n limit of the latter. Except in the immediate vicinity ot Big River no stratified superficial deposits occur on this portion of the route. The sands and clays seen were unslratified and mixed with boulders. On the higher gi'ound sand predominates, owing probably to the greater i)art of the clay being washed out of the thin deposits there overlying the rock, and carried down into the lower valleys, where the day is greatly in excess. On the first portage from Big Hiver .ire exposures of pink and grey coarse-grained hornblende orthoclase gneiss. Strike S. 60° W. Similai' gneiss, highly contorted, is seen on the second portage. Coarse pink hornblende orthoclase granitic gneiss, containing angular fragments of dark, finegrained hornblende schist was seen on the third poi-tage. On the tilth portage simnlar gneiss occurs along with a pink micaceous variety. Strike E. and W. Highly contorted pink and grey hornblende and mica gneiss, having a general strike of S. 20^" W., is exposed on the seventh poi-tage. On the eighth and ninth portages the rock is more micaceous, with groat numbers of barren quartz veins. On the lattei' portage, fifteen chains from the south end, is a dark green diorite dyke, weathering deep brown, with a tine-grainod com- pact structure near its contact with the surrounding gneiss, but rather coarsely crystalline in the mass. Thisdyke is two hundred and thirty feet wide and runs N. 2*7" W. iow-3 .lAMKS' BAY. 43 J „,■,.,•„,» c«n„..t pink K«l''"";,,';:'°7J.:f „ l,„,,e„d.. The ~, . , 4- „., ,.lwtu n« hOlOl'C 8iaii;ii, i^ •• •-■n- "^ route by finutD Lake Abpi cho-ti-nu-clntH, ab oco. t shupe branch. .,• water, full of islands a.ui j-'-^^^ ^^^ C « uvo^s oi" oacb, taking and Hi.c of which can only he "--•^7;\*^,. / V/ov.r so extensive ,„ore time thai, could be afiorded on a h - - cd ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,, a,.ca of countvy. Fron. tho last P^f f; ^ '" '^^ ,,,. crossed by one mile and a half down a narrow ^:-y'^^^^'^:^^J^ ,,„„;,, between . portage of six chains in length. 1 he^^ e «n -^ ^^^ ^,,^ ^^„,„,^ ilnds iB followed for four ,n.les '-' « ,^,-. ;,,^,,,,o.. of a nule. where the river, «f^yf"'^'V";t ^'r T is isanother large lake past a .mall rapid to ^f^^^^'^^^^^ of its no.th we.t end. Us ,ovcred with islands, the r.yer Howng ou ol „„.,,, „,tors to the .outh.easto.n shore was followed, tv- - s I 1 ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ .^ ,„o«th of a small branch stream. The ^^^"^ j,,^^,.,^,, comparatively flat, >yith low 7-^^-2";;:l i: nds. ,Vom fiity to one hundred leet a bos e ^'' ;^ ;™' .,.^.,.,, ,,,, ,,,,,e for The -oute passes «,> the smaU ra-ad. on - ij ^^^^ _ .^^_ .^ ,h,eo nnles and a quarter t.. a fa ^^'« ^ ^;^, ;^,,^ .,,, ,^0 river, w'th ton yards wide. Between ^'^ ^"J"^.; ,';':.,., .'vcen low rocky an average b-eadth of two '»";''•> ;^,^;i*^ „,, i,,,,ndar shore line. LiUs, which rise from ^^<^ ^^''^''''^'''^^^l, „Ue, here averaging Above the fall, the valley .s w^der, he > vo o, ^^^. ^^^^^^^^ four hundred yards in width, .s ^'^ / '^^.^'j^,,,, „,, ,f the rocky bays, by low narrow points extending out tmm hill^. 44 .1 (IKOLOUIOAI- SliavEV OK CANADA. Portagep. tJharaoter i ■i!Ountr>'. Timber. To Pimi-ga-ina-ithi liiikc, lour miloH, the comw Ih N. 70 W. This lake Ih Boveral niiloH lon^r Ci-om oiist. to west, by aboiit ono inilo broad ; the route leaves it by the river that Hows Id on itn north side, two mileH and throe-quarterH lioni the outlot, ai»„. five A curiou. .■i.lf.o of packed houldors, hu'ty ^^^^^ '^^ '^^^^ '^^ ^^ H. tVon> ,„ ,,teon feet above the Kcne.a level, -; ; ,"" "t.. t aced fo.- a ;;;::rr:!;:tra:-d:f^^^^ ti„aed over the hill on the other Bide of ^^^^^ ,,,,^,^ ,^, ^ b.,c... IK) quart/.. ., „,,,,i, i^ „ coarBe pink horn- At the fall above Lake Kota.uwanan tl^ un k .h a V blende orlhoclaHe gneisB. StrdiO h 77 . exposed. Strike On an island in ^-^-^'-^^^'t' T^ S^Zoo^Z name rock SS5'W. At the '^-^^'V^^ltpZriuho rapids^ without Bigns of Btrat.t.cat,on ^>"/^; P* !^J;,^^ ^^ exposures of pink .oventeen mile stretch to Lake O!-"-^*^; f ,X,Jnand portage ,„„.nblonde orthoclase granU.c gne.ss^ On l^' » g,,.;,,, the rock iB coarse and ^^^ ^'^'^^''^^^Z.l.nuJlro ..^^sn.^ tic ci-ystals of pale pink oithodasi'. Upper Biay on the .>uth .devout otwuhU^ tilled up by three miles from .ts ^-"^ y^'"" ^^ ' ^ ^ .n.is forms a delta of low alluvium brought down by the ^''^- ,, ^^j^,, , „a,,'ow islands covered with willows an.l sepa.ated t.om Hhallow channels. i.,i.,. it, courses are : First, N. tiO^ In ascending the river rom ho lAc U.^ ^^ ^_^^ ^^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ K. for ten miles and a halt, liion . . • , jj 30'-^ W. for three .,,.,to, bending then to north ^^>^;^r^2^^^^ -^ «. (^0= E. miles and a quarter, followed by ^- "" '• ^..„ ,,, ^.,,^. ,.„u,,teen miles, ,br three milcB and th'-'^-^"^[f ^ ' ^IT ^^.. , '..nall tributary called whore the route leaves ^'^*^ '''''\. \. „_,u Pa-ti-ta-wa-gau Eiver which Hows '" ''^^^^.X flows with an even. For the first few miles abave the delta the uNe. iver- ■(() J IIK(ILV (!ANAI>A. Kails ami DortaK"!'. rributaries i Ui'Per Uig River. cunonl (.tiamul throe miles por Iwiir, l.olwcon low, in.uldy bimlt portage the stream averages iwo hundred yards in width, is coinparilively sliidlow, and flows with a uniform current of between two and three niiles |)cr hour. The tirst large tributary of liig River above ShaUdiewan Lake is called the .Uan-i-wan Uivcr and flows in from the north one mile and Ihrce-ciuartevs abovii tho fifteen feet chute. It is fifty yards wide at its moulh. Twu milos and a (luarter above, another largo branch cidlcd Wa-cha ti-mi Kiver enters from tho eastward, and is seventy yar-; °,;;™; „„ „, „„„..„, ■"■•**'^ ''Trio «r:2>'r„ V ::'';,,:' iit .■.„, hu„ ..h leotlVoin thoK.on,..!, O.. ll.. Iiij,l>ci I'' ,,i„o ami ta.iia.™. ,„„ voin. or pure IX.I mthoc-ta. f'.'"'""*,.. ,,,;„! „,„, mi(=a-Kam,», M.. followed by coivrso-£rrinnc(l,gie> 1101 niHon ^ itic crry8tal8 of palc-p>nk orthoclas.). ^.^^ ^^^U At the ton-foot chute is a very coar.egm^^^^^^ ^..^^^ .^ ^^.^ developed crystals of honjblonde ^^^^^ ^ "J, ^'^i.^a^gnoiss. pene- «mall band, of fine-graincd, l-^'^;?^^''^;t,,,i,«e, holding rod ga.- trated by many largo vems ot qvmK. -^-\^^^^ '^, ,,.,,„ .,ekB i« net and black tourmaline crystals. I he ixaa ^ 48 J (lEiil.uilK Al. HHIIVBV OK TANAIIA. uppiirontly li(.ri/,oriiiil. On tlio port:iK« pUHt ih«' tift.'i'n.fi'ot chulo the Hnmo rofkn wore socri dippinj; H. < 70"''. At, the rapid.x. throo iniU's uiid tliroc-y tiio Patitawagun lliver. the route pasweH up that crooked stream in a general north-west course for fifty chains to a |)orta<,'o of half a mile over a sandy i)lateaii. nixiy feet above the river valley, past a shallow rapid. Thence tho winding course of tho river is again followed two miles and three-quarter, jmst small rapids, causing portages of four, thirty-six and twenty-seven chains, to a small lake called Ka-wa-(ha-ga-n>i-chiis. The river winds through a valley hali' u mile broad, cut out of slratitied samls, on the lower parts showing cut faces sixty feet high. As the rale of tali of the river is heavy, these coiise([iiently bet^jini! lower as the sli'<-iim is ascended, until, near tho lake, they have disappo ireil, giving i)hu'e to rocky hills, partly covered with a thin layer of boulder-clay. Lake Kawachagamichits is two niile-< long, with an average breadth of half arnile. It is soparalod troni aiiolher small lake forty-tivo chains long by a portage of si. \ ehi!iii>. with a similar portage at its upper ond to A-che-wa-ma-in-ka Lake, out of which the I'atitawagan River rises. This last lake is two miles and a half long, with a-i aver- age breadth of one-(iuarter f)f a tiiilo, and is very deoj). The waters of these lakes and the following ones are remarkably clear and cold, and are plentifully slocked with large white lish, lake and river trout, pickerel and suckers. The next portage is tifleeii chains long, and forms the watershed between I'lig River and the noith branch of Bishop Roggan Rivor. The course, in a straight line from the mouth of the Patitawagan River to tho height of land, is N. 50" W. The country about the lakes is very similar to that described on the south branch of the Bishop itoggan River ; it is made up of low round- ed ridges of hills, rising from fifty to two hundred feet abt •. tho water level, with tho intervening valleys covered with small lakes or mossy Bwamps. hlvorywhere are immense quantities of rounded '1 .iameh' bay. 40 J -;;j':;;!r;r;,r;rir,;';-s^ Fn.n. H.ol.oi«ht -t l.uul p >i aK ,,i,e,ii<.i.. Thin is ii Lmg U,v„.l .even mil.. an.l a l)a>^. il.« • " I :i( (,1,0 head of ll.o woston. bay. siuall i' t.wc. .foam «';-K • • '. : , ; ,,,,•„„ ,,o..t«KeH of Hvo, soyontoor. ,„a ,u',eo.. chai... in length, ,ms «•-;•»';;;:,, ,,. .....co n.ilos, i. ..cachod. Tbo oasto... bay "' ' ^ ^, ^^^ ^^ . ,.,, , ,„,,„ bay, .hen the .->.... .u.-ns -•^l>-'-; ' ' ,, J ,,t, .,f .his bay to itH ,,,ul, Ibrco m.lo. f.'om the ma.n lal Ho ' ^ ,^^ j,^,, ,,,,,,. e,.os.ostoaH,nalUa,.....w a e e,^ ^.^^ ^_^^^^ it .lischar.os by . .all ^ '^';' • .„ ^^at en^s .u a s.T.all lake ,aa.-.c.- of a ..ulo to a ,.o.-tago ot « ^^^t^ h "^^ ^ ^,,,,^5,^^ ,,,,.i, u,o...o to . fifteen chain« .icr..s«. A po.-tage ol tW w ^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^ ^^ large- lake one mile '-«;."X';; ::^r Th:t>«-t"ge out of the uppe.- half long, by a portage ot ;'^/»'^'""; ' J^.^^,„°„ Bi.bop Roggan •-^ '^'-'''^ ";1 ''1 ^r;.^bS ^^--..t..y p^^soll ..ougb, and the south brancb off., at Wiule ^_^^^^ ^^_ ^^^^^^ ^^_.^^.^^^^ ,,,i,.ed by '^'^'^-'IV'^*^-^"" :::;..,"„; torn twenty.f.vo u. f.fty foet ,„,,.,|,c,l upon ihc voi'y.ummil .,1 ll.c Uil •• ^^^^ „„Jt™w,. „„ ,.„vo,- ,.vc.- twcWo ■"•;'- .^"^^^;' f „„, to,l<»i,u, pi...-, « '■ .„,„,. ;-"»'';;i'™;:;;'r •»« ««.. »«■■« «-> »■" '"« '■«''^- Bidoiable .uiinbei- ot ^e.y »»■"' hill aides about the lakes. ^„„ ■„,.,. „n the noi'tages and along Omnite gnci^^ The rock at all the exposures ^^ '"'.,,, i^,j,,y,ours.-g.'ained, ,he lake sho.-es wa. eve.-ywhe.-e io«.ul to b -u lu^.^ >^ ^^^^^^^^^_.^, ^,^^^ !:::;■ !:;;t^^^^^^^ ..^.e. .. gene.. st..ike. when see.., was about N. 00 ^\ . !)(.' J liEOl.dfilCAr, SrilVKY I'K CANAltA. Upper (Ircat Whale Rirer. D«oriptio„o, Groat Wl.ale Riv.r head, in a small lake, halt a n.ile long, route followed. ^ jj,,j,,,,^, i,y .^ shoH po.tago of ten yards ii'om LaUo Iva-hi-pi-ta ni-cow, a lar.'o hody of water eovofed with small loeky islandn, and nearly divided by a Ion- point running out from the ea^t side. The route passes through this lake around the point, a distanee of three mileband a half to a portage of twenty-tive chains, which connects it with Ma-squa chi-wi Lake. 4M.is lake isdivided hy ridg«s of hills forming long points into three bays; these lie in trough, parallel to the strike of th(! rocks, here N. 50° W. The route crosses the two western bays, and passes up the eastern one to its head, the distance being four miles and one-half. Krom here three portages of six. twentv-three and thirty-four chains, with con- necting small lakes of tifty-eight and twenty-tive chains were passed over to Mis-him-iu-i-we-tau I.akc. Ti.r descent on the last portage is iiii !lie i"iiic iun> niorr lo the noriliwanl, and in iwo miles and a half cro>scs tin- >erond bay, pas.ing along the shore of a large island, through a narrows, into another deep l>ay luniiing to- wards the iiorlh-wesl. hillowing along the east side of this, (uie mile and three-quarters, the out lei wa- reached, and a lapid of fifteen chain descended into Ka-bi-iiia-clii wan Lake, enterin- ii about the middle, one mile and three-quarters Irom its outlet. Leaving the north-east bay of Mishimijiiwetau Lidvc the hills become lower, with the ridge. iMitluT apari.and eoiise(p:ently the amount of low swampy land is niiicli greater. A rapid, ten chains long, with a tall nt four feet, connects Kabimu- chiwan with Ka-chin-wa-ste-gin Lake, the river here is tiiirty yards wide. The north shove of the latter lake was followed three miles and a quarter to a portage, which leaves the lake from the head of a small bay near its north-west end, where the river flows out. This portage uO#.] .iambh' bay. 51 J iit(» sevci'ul is .iftecn chains Um^, and cro««cs h low rocky ridge, oading in a small ,:f hair a mile ..Z. to the outlet, whe.o the nvo,- U ^-S;-^^^;"^^ by heavy rapidn, causing a vortage of hlieen chau.H, to anotho. Uko partly covered with many inlands. .„.„.„„. ..ast a Hero an ca.t course was followed for one nnle and a -lua. ei past a ,o,fg In'ow point:proiecting fVomlit. ^-^^ ^^'^; ^^^'^'^J^^ • rmilcH and a half, the outlet wa. reached, and the "v-N he - - tj Td. wide, descended one mile and three nuarter. past small lapd o Pos » 1 a-.a.ni Lake. One mile^o the east of the entrance of the v!u" enlarge «trean. eatled Ka-mo-chi-mo-pas-ti-quo K.ver eaten. • h 1 kc is (but n.iles long fron. south-east to north-west, w. h an .I^:;:.^l.readth of a nulo and a half It. western shore was (bllowed three miles to the river flowing out. Beyond this the river passes through n.. more lakes and floWB ... distinct valley. , . i i . ;. „n.,rlv flat and very Timber. " ;;;;i;>,:i .-i.» v»n,>, «„.. ...«• i..";-. "i»«" .•.;■'- 1"-""™'- Unthopoiia„u ^,,;|.,. \T 10' W A tine graL.cd compact ,.,„,.« .<■<;».•- .ml,c V,. . I „|,„ve Ka>-l,i,,w»»lCi.m I.«ko pink orthoclase. Strike N. (5^ W. fmo g.'ained At a sn.all island in I'osp.skagam. Lake .s a 'l'"'^:' ^, ,il gl.s made.M. la.'golv of tlesh red o,.thoclase. strd.e N.72 W. Lower dreat Wk'd,' «(V PoKniskaiiami is one hundred and charaoier of T„o rive,, w.^0 "--;,;- f;:"^,., „„„, „„a a half «ow. '■'•'■ »"y y"'" .""'"■ ^ L : "■™,.Uy banks, cut by .mmovou, small ,ay,. iio™ »■;';:, ;,::t;:;j;r;lHi>' .wo miles and » 52.1 GEOLOGICAL SURVKY op CANADA. feet nbovo the water; these hills arc bare on top, with binall black spruce -recs growing along their bases on the river bank, and in the email valloyH between the hills. The rock surface on the hills is cov- ered with blackish lichens (tripe de roche), which gives it a dark pur- ple color when seen from a distance. Below this gorge arc two falls fifteen and eight feet, half a mile apart ; these are pa.ssed by portages of twentyon^e and two chains respectively. Below these a similar quiet stretch ot three miles is passed, when the river suddenly turns round the foot of a hill three hundred feet high, which stands directly in the course. Tn passing this hill the river contracts and is broken by a fall of thirty teet. The portage here is twenty-two chains long, and passes up a valley between tlic hill ami the highland on the west side. Below this fall the river turns N. <;0^ W.. and Hows three miles and three-quarters past a small branch from the west, called Ka-min-a- squa-ga-nia-stiek Eiver. At the end of this course another small branch from the west also enters. TliO Indians, when coming from inland by tlie river, to avoid the rough part immediately below, ascend this branch some distance, then pass by a portage route through sev- eral small lakes, and reach the river again seven miles bek'W. For four miles and thrce-quartei's from the last course the river runs north in a nariow valley between rocky hills, rising abruptly from 200 to Seven pol•ti,^'e^. 400 feet abovc the watei-. In this distance no fewer than seven portages, of tifteen, four, fifty-five, thirty, fitteen, seven and fifteen chains long, are made i)ast falls and rapids of six. five, sixty, thirty, eight, thirty- five and twenty feet fall I'espoetively. Immediately below these the river again turns nnrfh-we.^t, and is a continuous, shallow rapid for two miles nnd a-Iialf. This is vei-y diffi- cult to descend in canoes, on accouni uf the gieat number of large boulders which block the channel. At the foot of the rapid is the lower end ot' the Indian canoe route. J-'iom heie the liver, with an average breadth of 100 yards, fiows along at the rate of lour miles per hour, between slightly lower hills. fi)r five miles on the same course, to its junction with the main or north branch, which is 400 yards wide, and was seen fiowing directly from the west from the base of a range of iiills upwards often miles distant. Below the forks the river is over 400 yards wide, and flows to the north for two miles ami a-quartei'. Here the stream contracts to about, fifty yards in width, and passes down through a canon, who>e walls rise perpendicularly 400 feet above the water. The total descent in two miles is 230 feet. At the head of the cation are two falls of thirty and sixty feet, with a third one nt fitty teet oi\e half mile below. The rest of the descent is gradual, and conseles '^:^S- J^'^^-^^J flows valley ..adually widens o„, to "' -^l^ ;^ ' j'^ .n^ an hour, --••^r'^r''''i°'h:; Xr :r ::^-o;vi!g to mo yard.it „, eighty m.les - 'j^^;^';, ;;-„ ,o the north fur three-quarters laUes a short bend to the ca.l ana .xm ^^^^ .„. a ,mle, where it breaks through a ■•'>«-;♦;;; Turning- west- -.1 M\< *ixtv-tive feet over a sharp leUgL. iumhu., r:,';,;:o.i;.".' ,::it .;:^ ■ ^ i'"«'-->M-^ »"-• '»" -""" to its mouth. , • ,. ,.wo tVnm three to tive bun- Below the t.rUs the hills along tern... n c^^o U, ^^^^_ ^.^^^^^^ a,ed fee, in elevat.on above . s " -; |;J: ^^^^^^^ ,,^,,^, the ..Ititude near the last iall an. '-''' ^^^^^ No stratified drift ,.oast where they average abouhn^ehund^dU. ^^^ ^^^^.^^ deposits were seen a.>ng he .d^oU^ - ^^^ J^^^^ ^^^^ ^,.,,,i, ,f ,,ortagc route was read cl. I .om e. elevations of one nuviatile origin were observed ''" ^^ ^'j ;^;^^^^^^^^^ „,,,,,ial is wholly ,,,..dred feet ; above thi« the small - --f f ^ ^^ ,i,,,„ ^^er the observable. ,1 varying from twenty to Below the eanon the r.ver '-/ ;^ ' ''^ ';V,mpose^^ any ieet high. The lower P-^^,f ^ ^^ J^'^^^ i, ^vluch in turn is in reetoflightblueclayoverhudw.h en ..r ,^.^^ ^^^^,^ ^^^^^, .,, purees capped with a tun ''^l^^,,^' ;•,,,,, estuarine origin like those beds, although they are p.nl>a )!} ihose nearer the mouth of the river. .^ ^^^^ ^^^ K,om the lower fall to the n.outh ul ^ '<; ^ '^ ^^,.,.^,^.^ of seventy- tive feet elevation in the valley »^^^^^^« ^^ . ^^^^„j .^ove holds nofos- u,.e full of Post Tertiary marine toss, shell. . le^a ^.^^ ^^, ;i,h coarse gra.s and is wholly j'-^'^;;^,^'^;;, ,,,^een the inland On the south side a like phun dls a ^ ^^ ^ ' ' . ^i,,,^ i,^,,, ,f ude hills and those forming the south ,.o,nt of the .nc. ft t 8dow and iec. Contact of nuronian iind Lanrentini] ro«ki<. 54 J (jBOLooicAL siravF.y ok (\\nai>a. UneluiJureF in the gnrisf. is eight milos above the mouth, the river \h hero obstructcMJ by three small boulder islands, with two similar islands below. The vegetation on the lowei- part of the river is almost arctic in charactei", the only trees are stunted black spruce and a few tamaracks, which grow on the terraces and in valleys and crevices between the j'ocky hills. At the end of July n\aiiy pa'ches of snow and ice were seen on the noi'th slope of the gori;es in the hills facing the river. At the first portage below Pospiskagami Lake the Junction between the coarse- grained pink hoi'nblendic gneiss and a band of dark-green cbloriticanii altered hornblcndic rocks of Huronian age was seen. Near the line ot cont ' * *':e Laurentian gneiss is highly Iwislcd and sliattere of hornblende. For one mile along the tip|)ei' part of the .sonlh side of the straight stretch below the fall mentioned above, the rock is composed of grey fe^pai-, and light green felspar. This rock breaks into slabs about two^ feel thick, and di])8 S. 5° K. < (55°. Haifa mile below the last exposures is a highly contorted pink horn- blende orthoclase gneiss, containing large (luantities of fragmentof,' vocks of the I" '"t'^"^>« •"• ^f •'" ' vDr \l Bell in Uoport of Progress, Munitouniu.k jx-'oup, aes.r.l.o.l I. D' • ^^ .f'^ . j^,;',. This outlet, 1877-78. uttordH an outlet to a large Halt ua c, la o foy, ,,ie.,mondQuU IJ Riclnnonc. or Ha.anl Guli; is two - - -^ ^ ::,^, ,, „a,.d,.od yard, wide in its mo.t -" -'10 1- ■ VV.ih ^^^^.. ,,,0 the water n.sl.es in and ^^^^ ^'^;^l^^^^ ^ ^,^,.. o^ ,,.„„„ ,.,.,. wlu-lpools. =;-;-;>♦ ^;:ySl.e, a.. ve,.y steep „,, ,,,n„nel with small oralt. I ho suU s o ^.^^^ ,.,a ,.ise tVon, the soasho,. t. ove. ^ ^-^ ^^^^ ,^,,,, uichmondOu..H.e. The Gulf Lake or A.fwnnp «■, '^ j "^'l^,^. ^,,, .„. Uu- south iB ,;,,H;hasllnMhnno. an.sOj.elstH^ . ., ,„ the „i„etoon miles lonj,-, wlnle the V^^^^^ ^^^^^^ , , ^j^h hills. „,.nho.-n a,,ex - >-«'>^>-""'^^ ^ ^th u.,) ta<.es of the Manito- O.. the west, sharp .liHs, ."nnod by - -'-> ,^^,,^^ „.,a,.ed ,,icH.k roek«, which dip towav.ls the -^;^' > ^ J'. ,,^, ,,„,,„,,,, ,,, ,„we.- ,,,, ,,.„ve the water. The south jUkI -- - - ' ^^,,;,^,, , ,.„„„,„, hills of Lau.en.ian -"7';""""'" , ^^ ^ „ ^ V,,,- ,Vom tour ,,e.ls ..f limestone, sandstone an trap. , ^ ;^| , ,,. •^,,, ,,,, i, ,., ei.ht hundred feet .n eleva.u.n ";. ^^ „. ^^,, •,,.,,,. of .'ou- ,,,,,Z, by a nun,ber of high roeky ^^^^^^ ^^^ ,„, ,,,, of the .idorable extent. «-all black .^pruce t,gw^^ ^^^^ .^^^^^^^^^^ ''"'>^- - '"^" '"^^ ^^r^" r'::;ir pa V :.:../ only with a low Hverywherc else the rocky «urta.» >> l""ti> "t:":hi.her parts of,hehnisn,nnerouspatebes of s -were seen at the end of August. probably abounds with The water of the lake .s deep and da, a,.l^,^^^^ J^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ tish, .iudging irom the pre^mee ^ .^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^.^^ .^ ^^ ,^^,,.^,,i„, which feed upon them. n . ■ . ^^^^^ .^^^^ ^^^^^^^-^^^ i„to ,„■ the hills between the '^^^''^^ ,,,,^ ,,• , „nall species ;:;u;;;:;t;i::^r:r.r ---^ ,i,U, i, the east bay is '''-"V'te^tlv Ip'-te f. the outlet of theK'-^-" Atthehea.loftheeastbay^.i -^^^^^^^^ h,.e, is a snudl stream called XV -.d^^^^^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^^^ ,,^^.^ ;, the Two nules from >ts mou h ^ ^^^^^ ^^.^^^ ,^^^^^^. ..^^^^j, entrance of the Clearwater H,ve..«ln.l. 66 J OEOLOOICAI. SURVEY OK lANAItA. Koute to CloarH'utoi' Lake. Portages hik fall. and falls, through a gorge iii^the Laiiiontian IIIUm. Owing to the ilifficuUy in paBsing those, the route to Clearwater Lake ascends the amallor stream u short distanco and thou ])a8seH overland to that river, reaching it a point lioyond tho liiglily obstructed j)art. The I Wiachtiwan Jfiver, one mile troni its mouth, has a sheer fall of three hundred iind fifteen feet. To pass this, a portage two miles and twenty-tivo chains long is made over the hill on the north side. The highest jioint on tho portage is five hundred feet above the sea level. One mile bejond, u fall of Hfty-tive feet causes a second portage of seventeen chains. Above this tlic river averages forty yards in breadth, and winds through a valley half a mile wide between rounded gneiss hills which j'ise from llirec to five hundred above it. The rivei' was followed eleven miles anda-half in a general course of S. 80" K. Hcie a portage of one mile, fifteen chains, follows a small tributary stream to the north up from the valley to a small lake on the table-land above. The differer.ce in elevation between tho ends of the portage is thi'oe hundred and fifty feet. This stream flows from tho east two miles and three-quaiters through rive small lakes connected by rivo small rapids, past which small port- ages are made, to a height of land portage of forty-eight chains that ends in a lake drained by another tribntaiy flowing into the Wiachti- wan River farther to the eastward. The route passes down this lake two miles to its outlet, where a portage of eight chains is made ])ast a small rapid to another lake c ■'■ mile and a-half long, followed by a portage of thirty-rive chains to a largo lake seven miles long, the course from the height of land portage being directly cast. Four portages of four, 1 en. seventeen and twenty-three chains con- necting lake traverses of tweiityeiglit, eighty and eighty chains lead, in a noi-th direction, to a large lake wliicli drains in the Clearwater River. Tliis lake is live miles and a half long fiom east to west, with an average breadth of half a mile; it is brokoii by a number of deep, narrow bays at either end, parallel to the general course of the lake. The route crosses from the bead of the most norihward bay at the east end by a portage of twcnty-ciglit chains over a low hill into the small sti'oam whi<'h empties it. This stream was descended in a north- west direction two miles and a half, and there left on tho north side by u jjortage of twenty-foiu' chains, up a steep hill to a small lake half a mile long, from which a |)orlage of live chains was made to Clearwater fJivcr. A (juartcr of a mile up the rivei', an island one mile and a-half long divides it into two channels, the north thannel was ascended past three <.ow.] nipids w! flows thn two heav here the ■what i» c rapid paf rent is h1 outletH Both t up the HI portage the rapi From iind fl<>\^ Avhieh ii Thoc in duo c A gO' from til and Hix which length iivoriig nuariia towarc pear ti view ( Wit that { low A Th <'atch HUCk* throi Nast flat< Fi VOUl and gne lev* HWt 4.0*.] .tames' bay. 57 J ,,„,c ,1,0 rivo.- «Uen. out 10 h"''" ""';'"' ™ J," ,„ ,„,„ i- u ho«vy ;rg:™'n:irc"',l. f.o» .> ...u wy in,o ,. ..«.■.• -»„. ..ovo in duo east. ,. „i .. „., mi Tiiike was obtained cionrwater A «<.od view „,C.o.uwa,.,-. -'■■.;^«-7;,f ;f J, j'tn.l two ln„.a,-«l "- .vom'the top of an i»l.u«>. »■;« "'"° » , ^r a.,, by ,-..oky Inll, „Weh 4o f«m .wo to fou,- ImnW f;^,,"" ,"„>,„„, ..I;,,, tbo length torn .a,t to "»' "PP""™'^,^ ' 'T .« wJ.t ond ar« a gma. ;:^:^"rr.:r:■,rtrr,:^o..o^a.o,t.^^^ view of the cast ond. ^^^^^^^ ,,,,^^;^. ,,,,„,« trees, j'^''r.:;rrv;;u'e;;t ^oget.u„a ^ »„„,,.. d. u,.o. .;,cUer,ia the lake and tbo .ivo.-flow,n6 oat ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ,,„„,„,«.. j::; ;^;rorL:i::. ,:;i:;":i ., ... r,... oat o.- .... .^ .Na.^,.oka Wver flow.. ^^,^ ,_^ . ,„,„. ,„,,„„„Jed by u low The Indians nay tnai uiis Hat country totally ^'f''^''\„.,..^„.. River to Clearwater Lake, the F..om the Valley of the ^J" ht^va^^^/ . ^^^ .^^^^,^,. .ountvy traversed is a low P'^^^-^^.'^^-.tTr dges of low rounded ,„d everywhere broken by rough > P-'^^'^^^^^^..^^ f,,, ,i,,ve water gneiss hilU, which rise rom o e to ^^J^^^^^ ^^ ,^,^, ,.. „,,,y level; between the ndgcs a.c long n» Hwamps. 11 58.1 (lEOI.iiaiCAl, HimVBY OK CANAIIA. .0..] Trnw VvMtoliiin. Ttrm-tf Anoienl foii b«Mb. 8tunti<(l treeh of black Hprute, with a lew l!im;irack.t ^row on tlio low landB, around th»' rnar>j;in of the laken und in iho HwampH, n<»rn! of theso ex<'ood thirty fcot in hoij^ht, nor aro any ov«r oi^ht int-lios in diarnotor three foot from the jfroiind. The hill-topM are UHually eovoied witii a tiiin growth of white hiobm and arctic lorrios; on account of th(< ahsonco of tiooH. tine viowH of Iho Hurroundinj:; country may ho ol)tainc(i from any of the hif,'hor hills. Alon^ the sides of ilic rocky hills, c»ne mile up Clearwater lliver from Gulf Lake, five terrace^ W(«ro H«en cut ni.t of murine clayn ami Hunds, the hi<;hosl reachinij an elevation of over three hundred feet above se.i level. On the portage Ironi the mouth of VViachtiwan River, the road first puHst'M up a rock}' hill partly coveied with sand, and then alon^ the to|) of a sandy jj;ravel hank, lifly feet hi<;h, cut out of the utratitied drift hy a Mmall sli-oani, It then ascends an easv" slope covered by coai-HO Hand and firavel to a flat terrace tiftcen chains wide and two hundred and thirty-tive feet above sea level. This is covered with small hars and hmiimoeks of cojirse yravei, the remains of an idd sea beach. Hcyond this the road again aseends an easy slope over sands and gravel tu the od^^e of a flat ])lain fcur hundn^ I ami forty feet above Iho sea. Across the iiice of this jilain, from the high bills on the north to a solitary roeky hill on the south, between the plain and the river valley, ai'c a nundier ol roiiiidod knolls, in two rows. These average fifty feet in diameter and lise about live feet above the general level. They are composed of coarse gravel and small water- worn boulders, and were evidently fi>>iiuM| in the shallow water of the old seashore line. Knun hei'c the road passes along the sicje of the hill on the south as the plain behind is swampy and covered w'th small spruc» trees. At the east end of the hill is a narrow ridgo of saml mixed with gravel and small boulders, one hundred feel above the river, with a sharj) slope on either side. The jiortage follows the crest of the ridge and gradually descends from the hill U)wards the oast to the level of the plain, where Iho valley of asmall stream is followed to Iho river below. The sand and gravel of the ridge is nearly one hundred foot thick and overlies bedded clays, which form the cut banks along the small stream to the river edge. The origin of the ridge is probably due to vhe cutting action of the river, which at the earlici- part of the period of upheaval of the land, evidently flowed to the north of the hill, and Change in riviT . , , , i i ,,.,.. . ohannci. earned away aljou< one hundred feet of .san i and gravel from the toj) of the pre.sent plain. Latoi-, it assumed its present course to the south of the hill, and cut away the deposits on that side leaving only the itm] •iambh' bay. »9 J ;;r't::;:;:;::a;^ir:::;:^:;::i-^^ The .lopoHits out o wiu . Mthou^'l, n- lo^HilH wcio -.a. with tine «,uvcl O" '^ [ 1 , ,,„,,„„' .,,,„. a.ul n..u-k .lopoHits vvconotcl. ^''"7'"°'"^;,^.^.,. ,,i,i ,,„.i valloy ... U.e utmost „.,,^^,„,,„ „, -7H"-llo>;^<'f'«-7 J^;:' :^" :ta .M>o,. io.he.. or twice the ,,,,■00 loot ... a.umetoi, •'•^^" \ , . ,,,,,i,.ecl from tl.o imnuMliato ,i,, Tl.c.e bo.,iao>B all a,.,.e.M b • ^ _ _^, ,^1.0 only oxu,.pl. or 'Y^--;-;":^^ ;^: u.at .b.n.a in Huanun St.-a.ts wl.itc fovsililofous l.n.os one H.n u ^^^^ ^,^^ ,,,^, „, ,, ,,., on ,b. wos, siae of '>" -'> ^ ^^^,. ' Z.r..a.. LnU.. A. the l.ill two buna.0.1 feet above he < ntl ^^^^^ ^ .^ ^,^^^^.^^^ a,,a was ho:o ai,-oKly tVonv '>«-''•-', ,,1, ,,,,^0... it is li^blv ,, the maian. to <--• f ^ ,^ ,^ ^i \. i.una i.. .hat noi.hboa.- ,,,obablo that .lopo..t« "^ "'•"'' "J,;',,, ,,y ,,.0 i.e. ,00a, the bouiao.- l>"'"«;'«''-'^";\ ;',;,, u.o n.o.ul. or .ho Wlaca^tiwun m „u,.u,u,cU A, th. lowor ona ..flhc 1- /'f ' .^ /^i^^.u.i. ar^iUite, belonging -'''■ ,,,e.., is assail oxposu.. ^'^^^'^'^'^X^,,,, ...T.-o.n.ss 1877-18.) U, the Manitounuck g.oupol ^^'^''^'^ ^^ ,,^,, , clitt' of the Along the hill>iae. o., the upi-' 1 -^^^ ^,^^ j.,,,,^^.;,,^ «oetion i.. .ame .■ocUs dip N. 00° K- uKcenaing onlev . tifiv feet (1 ^ Annie g.-eon siliciou^ a.g.U.te, t.ft> cc . V I^if^l't voUowiHl. g.'ey --1^^-;;;^, ;:^, ,,, g.ui..s of M".u-t^ laO Li.ht ...ey e..y^.a .- ^^^^Z: .at.i. vo..y ha., and a„a Khuain>; into naiK^tont. win. tough, thii-ty-tivc feet. , .„,,,idal tian, one huna.ea fcei. were Heen. I>y!:e3. (iiieis?. Dicirife ilvkes, 60 J OEOLOOICAL SDRVEY OF CANADA. On the portage past the fifty-five feet fhli, is :•. fine-grained pink mica- ceous gnoii-s, penetrated by large veins of pink oitlioclase and quartz. On the hill top, on tlie portage from tlio river vallev, the rock is chiefi}' a dai'k red syenitic granite, iiokling small dark red garnets. Along with it are tiiin bands of highly contoi'ted finograiaed pink micaceous gneiss. An immense dyke of dark green diorito, made uj) of moderalcly lai'ge crystals of dark gi'cen hornblende, and dark blue plagioclase. This dyke is ovei' two hundred yaids wide, and was seen cutting the hills on the opposite si ie of the rivor valley several miles away. Its direction is S. 85° E. Anothci- similar dyke, sixty feet wide, cuts the rocks in a N. 2.')"^ E. direction at the small lake half a mile north of the other, and may be an offshoot of the larger dyke. On the portages iietween the small lakes \<> the height of land are exposui'cs of ))ink mica-gnei.ss, associated with a dark-red variety, made up i)rincii)ally of dark red orthoclase, with some quartz and small (luanlitics of mica and a greenish horniilende. These rocks are often very much contorted ; their general strike is S. 80° W. At the height of land ])ortage are similar exposures, the hornblende showing- signs of decomposition. Strike N. (kJ" W. The rocks examined along the lakes and jtortages of the next tri- butary were found io contain more hornblende, with little or no mica, and in places lo enclose hornblendic segregations. G-eneral strike N. .57° W. On ciossing the height of land to the lakes draining into Clearwater River, the rocks contain larger quantities of hornblende, with more frequent hornblendic enclosures and schist bands. On the jiortage from the >mall branch to Clearwater River are two dykes. The first one is on the hill, a short distance from the brancii ; it is olive-green in color, very fine-grained and compact in structure, and varies in width from live to fifty feet, with a direction of ]SI.''70°E, The second dyke, near the Clearwater River, is coarser in texture, and composed of light-green jilagioclase and dark-green hornblende; it is sixty feet wide, and runs N. 75° W. The rock cut by these dykes is a coarse-grained, pink hornblende-gneiss, containing broken bands of hornblendc-.-chisl. Strike N. 55° W. At the head <,ithe island, a short distance from liie portage to Clear- water River, another diurite dvke. Ihirtv feet wide, was seen runinntf N. 85° ^y. ' ■ All along the Clearwater River to the lake the I'ock exposures were found to be composed of a pink hornblende-gneiss, often granitic in structure, associated with a greater or less number of bands of dark hornblende-schist, and usually enclosing tVagments or >egregation8 of hornblende-rock. The average strike is north-west. LOW.] 61 J .lA-MKs' BAY. LOW .3 ,, Qiinvnvici'S.i- Deposits. (IlACIATION ANl' bUPERFlClAi- . , , to the oust of Hua.on Bay Ikivo boon i.e grooving. The hillB everywhere mlaml ' ^'^^^nv^^.^.^ ,,,,ie,, whicl. moved ^nooiio.,.^^^^^^<-'^^2f^t..t Whale Rive.-, .he., it was face, except the ^'«f Z^^''^.. " . ti.e .-ive.' vaUey. aiverted and followed t^o ->t- > .^^^.^,^ ^.^ ,,,,„ ..,,,iy west On the Cleai-watev .onto the genti.i than in the count.-y to the nouth ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^,^^^^^,..^1 ,,op, Eve.-y whe.T the j,'lacie.- appeal ^ ...^ .^rounds ,Ae ^.unt,-y fom the ^^'^ --^:^^^ ::flio.dde.-sonthenve..K.^ . ... From the evidence a to.'dd ^> ^^''^^ ^^^,1 ,,Uectcd by Dr. I. falling into llndson Bay t.'on. ^ho we«t a,^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^..^^_^^ ^j^^^ bIu ' would appear that ^J-;;^-^ ^ ^;,, ,,a .no..entu,n and ,igU la..d on theoaBts.de "f ^^ ^ '^^^ ,,,,u;, «outh of west, np the tWckness sufficient to push .t^eU .. am ^^ Umostone, wh.ch we.t side over the wide ^-'g- ^^^^^^^ .^rsome 200 miles, and then ri:S^ --^^^^'^-^^ '-- "^ ^^""" ""^"^" Hudson Bay and the g.eat lakes. -. . . ON T..B B.U, (hUAT ^V„A,.E ANO Cl-EAinVATK.. L.8T 0. (iLACIAT. .T.U..B ON T,.B^H.^. ^ 0„anis.a..dinni.lUvovseve,...-^^-veVon..o.o..T^ •U the ohnte in Bii? Kiver S. 80' W. Seven .niles above the ch.ite • • ' • ^_ ;„» w. Ki.hteen n.iles above the chute . s. S.V W. On 5th Portage Iroiu Mi? i^i^'i-' ^ >. 80 W. Island in Pia^rocbiwi Lake ....•• • • • • ; • • • • • S. S7' W. , ,„ i,„rta^e to Abpiohotniac b.ts Lake ^ .^^ .y. Island in I'^^miji-anaclu La Uo. -y .••••• ^ ^^ Lake. S.SO' W. Seven „ule« up Bisbop Ro^-^au H.Nerl.o.n . g ^ ^., ^^, Tbree miles above the last • • • S. 78° W. A ad icbits River near tbe i..rta.e to B.g R.v - ^ ^., ^^ B^^^River, at the bead of the Delta - • • ■ • ,_-,.,,, Big River, at 1st ten feet ebiUe y_ ,5. ^v. HUr liiver. a. fifteen feet ihute ••••••••;• S. 76^ W. Z Hiver. two .niles and a-half above last K . I rurminul moraine Terraoee. 02 .1 OBOLlHHCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Big River at thirty feet chute S. 86° W. On portage to Kahipikainow . Laiie S. 78° W. On portage from Kaliipkiamow Lake S. 02° VV. I'ortage to Masquawiiwi (topof liill) S. 60° W. I'ortago to Mishiniinewaten Lake S. 63° W. On M ishiminewaten Lake S. Vt'i" \V . At Kap)id to Kabimichatiwan Lake S. 85° W. Portage to Pospiskagaini Lakp S. 62° W. fslaiul in I'ospiskagami Lake S. 63° W. 1st Portage on Great Whale Kiver below Pospiskaguini Lake N. 75° VV- Half a-mile below the last N. 60° W. Portage two miles below the last N. 70° W, One mile below the last N, 70° W. On Portage past eight foot fail in long gorge two and a- half miles below the last N. 82° \V. On jiortagc at rapid at head of Indian portage route. N. 80° W. & N. 35° W. On portage past sixty foot fall N. 70° W. At Forks N.08°W. On hill top, on two nule portage past canon N. 77° W. On lower end ot two mile portage j)a8t canon N. 68° W. & N. 50° W. On last portage Great Whale Kiver N. 65° W. At foot of portage from Gulf Lake up Wiachtiwan River. S. 83' W. On dyke at top of hill, on portage from Wiachitiwan River N. 70" W. On portage from ;'>rd lake above the last W. On the long lake oi' 2nd tributary 8. 85' W. At lower end of same lake S. 80" W. On height of land ptjrta.'o to CUearwater branch S. 85° W. < >n last portage, to Clearwater River S. 77° W- At portage p.ist tipi>fr rapid on large island in thet'lear- Wiiter River W. At island in Natwagami Lake S. 85° VV. On hill tw(» ndles below the ot'let of ('learwater Lake. . • S. 78" \V On top of island in Olearwater l,ake 260 foot above the ^ lake :.... S. 78'' W. iJuiiui;; M'inc loiiir period between the tinio of extreme glaciation and the clo.sc of the period of ice, the glacier did not extend boyond the middle ol'.laiues Uuy, and there, in a terminal moi nine, deposited great quaiditich of sand, elay and boulders, part of which form the present unstratitied drift island'^, bet'oro described in detail in this report. The evidence of slratitiod deposits of marine sands and clays along the valleys, near the mouths of the rivers on the oast side of Hudson Bay, show.s that a subsidence of the land of over five hundred feet (and piobably nearly seven hundred feet) took place after the period of glaciation ; since then the land has been slowly lising, with periods of quiet, as shown by the terraces cut out of the drift along the high land of the coast. w. w. w. w. w. w. w. vv. w. vv. w. vv w. w. w. vv. N.35' w. vv. w. N. 50° VV. VV. W. VV. W. VV. vv. vv. w vv. lion uiul /^ond the ed great j>resont irl. yn along Hudson eot (and eriod of Bi'iods of igh land APPKNDIX I. and on the inlandn of JamcH' Bay:- I Moose Rupert Jamee' ' Kiver. 1 Kiver. | Hay. Rancnculacb^ Anemon'* parvitiora, M ichx ','.'.'.'.'.'. '. .... " didiotoma, i..um , ^ Ranunculus aquatil.s, V'""- ;";• *"". . . /. (^vmbalarui.lursli... •••••• i | affmis, K. Br., mr. vaUdus, G ••••••• ■ ^ " abortivus, Lmn . . •_ _^ .< I'eiinsvlvauicus, unn j ^ recurv'atus, I'oir • • • • '^ •' ; _ (^altba pahistris. Liim | '".'.!'.'. '.". Ac1icasi.k"ita,lanii..™r. rubra, AU NYMl■^>•..^CI■:;^.■ Ny„,pba.aod.>rata.Ait,mr..mMor,Siu>.. .•••■■•••• Nunhar advena, Alt' •••••••••• ■ i * 1. rubrodisoum, Morons; FlMAUIACK.!'.. Cc.rydaliH tJlauca, I'ursli ['.".'.'.'.'. '.'. '. '. '■ '• '■ '■ ■ " aurea, Wdld NaHturtium paluslre, 1)C '..".".*.'. I * Cardamine hirsuta. Liim • « pratenms, Linn-- •••••• ^ Arabia bumL^a. Wat., var. pubescouB, Wat. ...... " hirsuta, Scop »' continis, Wataon " perfoliata, Lam * * « 64 J OEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Ervsimum oheiranthoides, Ijinn Sisynibriuni luimile, C. A. Meyer Priibii iiu-ana, l.inn., nir. v.onhw.'., Poir. " anrea, Valil VlOLACB-i;. Viola blamla, Willi " cncnllata, Ait " canina, Linn., mr. Muhlenbergii, Gray . " Canadensis, f-inn POLYGALACBJ?. rolytiala pamiHoia, Willd ( 'akvopiivllac'Ea;. ^^ilene aeaulis, Linn • Arenaria verna, Linn., vur. hirta, W at " Micliauxii, Hook " pploides, I^inn Stt'llaria lonjxifolia, Mulil borealis, IM^el. var. alpestris.Ciray . " longipes, Goldie " " far. Edwardsii, T. & G. . ■ " liuinil'nsa, Kottb C'erastiiun arvense, Linn alpiniim, Linn LlNACi;.K. Linuni peieir.ie, iiinn. (ilvRANIACB.K. Geranium Carolinianuni, Linn. Inipatiens fiiiva. Nutt KHAMNACIO.K. llhamnns alnifoMa, L'ller Saimndacb.i;. Acer spicatum, Lam LEdlMINOB.H. Astragalus alpinus, Linn lledysaruin borealo, Nutt Vicia Americana, Muld Lathy rus raaritimus, Bijrel. . . " palustris, Linn " ofliroleucus, Hook. Mooee River. Rupert Kiver. James' Bay. LOW.] ert er. James' Bay. * * * » * ;t » LOW.] APPENDIX I. 66 Moose Rupert I James' River. River. 1 Bay. ROSACE.V.. Prunus Pennsylvanica, Linn '.'..'.'... . " Viwniana, Lmn Knirica salicifolia, Linn •••••••• " . Sa opulifolia, Benth.. & Hook • ; • • RubuB Chamiemorus, Linn ;: '''•^*?^"'' ^^^diH^^us: Lecieb:::::: ...•••; " trittorus, Rich '..'... Geiim macrophyllum, Willd " atrictum. Ait ' " rivale, Linn .• Sibbaldia procumbena, Linn ^ Fragaria Virginiana, Duchesne • • • • • ^ " vesia, Linn I'otentilla Nonegica, Linn \'.'.'.'.'.'. . . . ■ I'ennsylvanica, Linn « maculata, Pour " * « emarginata, Pursh " « palustris, Scop '"\ « fruticosa, Linn . " Anserina, Linn .,.., " arguta, IHirsh- " tridentata, Solander • RosaSayi, Watson... !' !'.!!'.'.".!".'. I * Piriis Americana, DC. Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & O- «"•• •' rar. olmoi^arpa, 1- ^ ''■ • SAXIFRACiACE.V- "oblonpifolia,!. &G Saxifraga tri.-uspidata, Ret/. " aizoides, Linn '< Hireulus, Linn Mitella nnda, Linn Parnassia P,^-tri^«;,J^»j^",- ; •& s.iweoht Bibes oxycanthoides, Linn " lacustre, Poir • " rubruni, Linn » prostratum, L'Her DltOSERACB-K. * * » * » * Urosera [^^ JiJ^^^ & Hai-ne," ^an X;i.V.^cana. DG Haioragev. nippuria vulgaris, Linn. ONA Bidens frondoaa, Linn " cernua, Linn • • • Achillea Millefolium, l.inn Ohrysantbemum arcucuni, Linn. .^ . • • Matricaria inodora, L., r.r. nana, Hook Tanacetuvn TItironense, N»tt Artemisia !)• oalis, I nil.. " Canadensis, Mx I'etasites palmata, (iray sa^'ittat;' *iray Senecio aureus, i-'""--- ,„„ ,,, f, ,1 i raceniosa, Mx . LollKl.lACR.V. Lobelia Doitnumna. Liim. " Kabnii) Linn ('AMl'ANll.ACK/V.. Linn . Ca.npanularot.nidiiV.h,.Un.-..^^-.. — ; V.\CClNIVt!BA;. Vaccinium Canailense, Kabn .... . • t' penns-ylvanicum. Lam-. " ulit:ino8uni, T.iuu " Oxycoccus, Linn. " tnacrocar, uin, Ait.. •■•• Cbio^'enes bispidula, Torr. & (^ray Kkicace*. \rctoatapliylos alpina, Spreng ■ . ArcwatuH } Uvtt-ursi.Spreut;- Cassaudra calyculata, Don. Epigeea repens, Lnin . 67 J Moose Rupert jRme.t' River. River. Bay. * * * * * * * » » * * « ♦ * ' » * ■k * * * * ♦ * * * * » » * I N ! 68 J OEOLOOIOAL 8URVET OK CANADA. Andromeda polifolia, Linn Kalmia augtistifolia, Linn " );Iauca, Ait I-eduni latifolium, Ait Pyrola minor, Linn " secunda, Linn .■;;.■■,,' " "i" " rotnndifolia, Linn,, rar. asanfolia, Hook. " " mr. pnmila, Hook Moneses uniflora, Gray Chimaphila umbellata, Nntt Monotropa unifiora, Linn I'LLMllAGISACEJ- Armeria vulgaris, Willd Pbimilace-k. Primula Mistassinica, Mx " farinosa, Linn Trientalis Americana, I'ursli. . Steironema ciliatum, liaf Lysimachia stricta. Ait . " thvrsiflora, Linn- ( )l.BACB.E. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam Al'OCYNACE.H. Apocynnm androswmifolium, Linn. Geniiaxace.k Oentiana serrata, Gunner • • • •• " Amarella, Linn., vnr. acuta. Hook., t. rieurogy ne rotata, Griseb Halenia detlexa, Griseb • • Menvanthes trifoliata, Linn . . BORKACISACE.K. Mertensia raaritima, l>on " paniculata, Don . . ••fiOI'Iin.ARlACE.i;. MiniuluB ringens, Linn • ■ . . Veronica Americana, Schwein " scutellata, Linn " alpina, Linn " jieregrina, Linn Castilleia pallida, Kunth, rar. septentrionalis, Gray Euphrasia officinalis, I .inn Bartsia ulpina, Linn Pedicularis *^:t!nlamlica, Ret/- Mooie River. Kupert River. Jamea' Bay. * * * tow.] rt r. Jamea' Bay. * * * * * * «• tow.] Al'l'ENDIX I. 69.1 Moose lHver. Rupert Jihum' Kner. I Bay- " CanadensiH, Linn ^! .Ui^i << ttamnieii, Linn *' " iiirsuta, Lin" • ; Rliinanthus Crista-galli, 1-inn • • •••;•• Melampyrum A.ner.canun.. Mx LESTlBfl.AllIACB.V.. * * * Utrieularia v;.l.-i«;,!^n>- : .;, ; Pinij;uicula Milsaris, Linn . Laiuat.v.. * Menu... c«i»aei»« J;;';/;,-,.!.',.;./];./.!!'.;.. Scutellaria latentlora, Linn • • " galericulata, Linn j » Brunella vulgaris, Linn ;;■.■.■.■.■.'.■."■.'.'. Stacl.ys paliwtns, L.nn Pl.ANTACiINACE.V.. Plantasjo uiaior, Linn . • • ■■;■■;;■.■.■.■.■.■.;.■■.'.' " enopoda, lorr CnHSOi'omACB-K. Chenopodiuni capitatum, Henth .^ Hook , POIAGOKACBiK. ...ipai" cilinodo. Mx Riimex salicifolins, Weinu. '^ » vorticillatus, Linu. Kl,.EA(iSACK^ Saktai.acb.k. ^•-r"'''' ISiS'S'": U KTICAt^aK. Urtica gracilis, Ait. «< viviparum, Linn * * * * ft » * \\i 70 J OKOLoaiCAI- 8I;RVEY of CANADA. Mybicacb-h. Myrica Gale, Linn. Cupi'i-iKKiM-:. Itotula lenta, Linn " lutea, Mx., f.... " papyrifera, Mx •' puniila, Li I' " glandulosa, Mx. AlnuB incana, Willd. . . " viridiB. DC Saucvcm^ Salix Candida, Willd " desertoruni, Uicii " myrtilloides, Linn ■ " glauca, Linn. " discolor, Muhl " iirctioa, K. Br " (lordatu, Mulil " lierbacea, Linn « Incida, Willd " roBtrata, Rich " reticulata, l>inn " lanata, Linn, mr. Macouniana, Bebb- ropuluR tremuloides, Mx balsamifera, Linn EMl'BTIiACH.!-:. Emijetriini nij;ium, Linn ("oSIFKIIilv. Jiinipt^niB communis, Linn., var. alpina, Gaud . . . • " Sabina, I^inn., var. procumlxins, Purali Pinus Banksiana, Lambert Picea nigra. Link " alba, Link Abies balsamea. Miller liarix Americana, Mx HYDROCIIAKinACE^- Elodea Canadense, Planclion ( )liCHll)ACKiF,. I^iiparis Loesolii, Rich Calypso borealis, Salisb Microstylis opliioglossoidos, Nutt Corallorhiza innata, R. Br Listera cordata, R. Br " convallarioides, Nutt t^pirantlies Romanzoviana, Cliamissc Mooae Rlfer. Rupert Ri»or. * Junef' Bay. * * MW.] iO*.] AHPBNDIX I. 71 J Moose Ri'P'"M''t5f' Biv«r. 1 W»«- ^^^• * * » ♦ Goodyera repent. B-^'- gl ' •;■.:: ',','. '..'.'.'.'. 1 > CalopoKonpuldiellus, B. Br.... ^ p3i« op\.io>.'lo8flo.de8, Ker • • • ; , OrchiB rotimdifolia, dray ♦ HaVwnaria dilatata, ^i^aX • •;.; ♦ " hyptirborea, B. t>r i ,, obtuaatii, Rich * '1 Hookeri, T. i'*' " ,.,.., * Cvuripedhiin a /.lem ^ • ; ;; •-;,,,,«„„,.. I'-eeby, «< ))yperboreimi,Lae8t,"'T^ AR^>lr>^'•*■■• Calla paluHtris. Linn • ■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■■..'.". AcorxiB Calamus, Linn AlismaPlantago,.Lin^-A-':r""::^"-- Sagittaria variabilis, Engeini., * * * » * * * m 72.1 UBol.OdlCAL 8URVBV OP CANADA. 11 N.MADAt'K.V. Tri^liH-hiii iiiuritniiuiu, IJnii '• " liar, elatum, Gray Potttmogeton natnnH, Linn " riifescenB.Sclini'der " amplifoliiiH, Tuck " ).'raniineuH, Linn., mr. KruminiroliuH, Fries. *' " var. lioteropliylltis, Fries , " praelontjus, Wulfeii *' |)erfoliiit(iH, Linn *' zosterifoliiiH, Schiim *' piiuciflorUM, FurHli " imsilliis, Linn " rutilans, Wolfgant; " niarinns, Linn " pec'tinatuH, liinn " Kobbinnii, Oakes I^aias tiexilits, RiiHtk. t^ .^chniidt Moote Rupert Ulv«r. RlTcr. Bmt. EmoCAl I.ONAOB*. Eriocaulon septan^'iilnre, Witli ("vi'EliACH.K Eletxiburi.s palustris, K. Br " tenu's, Si'liultee " aeicularis, R. Hr Scirpus cuospitosus, Linn " sylvaticus, Linn., var. digynus, Boeekl .... Eriophoruni cyperinum, Linn .... " alpinum, Linn " vaginatnin, Linn " ( iinitatum, Host " polystacliyon, Linn Carex nardina, Fries " paui'iHora, Lifihtf " microglwhin, Wabl " i)olytrichoides, Muhl " teretiusculu, Good " stipata, Muiil *' chordorliiza, EIn 1 tenella, Sciik " caiiescens, Linn " " mr- vultiaris, Bailey • " echinata, Murray, rar. microstacbys. Boeck. " scoparia, Selik " straminea, Sciik " Buxbaumii Wabl " atrata, Linn " alpina, Swartz " aurea, Nutt O-'xieri, Retz " Hava, Linn " aquatilis, Wald " lenticularis, Mx * « « * * * * •:• * * * * a- * CO**.] APl'BMPIX I. 73 J Moone Rupert J»">««' n,v«r River H»v. * I * « * * River. RWer mttritiina, Mrller MaKellani... I .mfcrcl rariflora, r r.iith •• '^ • '^ • _" iimoHtt, 1. 'Strata, With ....••••• • • Vil ••' » rar. reticulata, Baue> .. . . monile, Tuck rotrorsa Sehw * * GUAMINH-V.. Becknmniaeruc.cforn.iB lIc^t.t«r.uni.loru8. S.T^^^ Panicum dichotommn. Lmn • . . • ■ ■ Hierochloa aipina, R"''"- f j^'^St . Alopecurus alpmj«;^ fj;£„„-. ; " -. ^r^^^.Ur^ ■ ■ Stipa Kichardsonii,. Link ■.■.'.'..".• OrvzopsiH aspenfolia, -^i*-,;/: Muhlenbergia glomerata, I nn • • I'hleum alpinum, Linn ••• AgroBtis Bcabra, vyuid Ci'nna pendula.Trin. ■••••; •• leyeuiiaCanaden8i8.Hooker.....y « Langsdorrin, Kunth " ueglecta. Kunth borealis, Macouii •••••••• ■■/,;;; DoBcbampsia atropurpurea, Schoele . . . • ^-^^^ "«=«Hi^°«'^' ;^ma;m;:;;VaBe;: ::"::• alba. Itom. A S I8KTACBJ';. Eiiuisetum arvense, Linn " palustre, Linn . " .-cirjxiiiles, Mx I'n.ICBrt. I'olypfKliuni vuljraie, Lnin PelliPa frraeilis, Hook I'terie aquilina, Linn Aspleniuni viri'ie, llmlson ••• Filix-fuiiiina. Bernh I'hegopteris Dryopteris, I'eo calcarea, K. Br. Aspidinm spinulosuin rar. (lilatatum, Gray Onoclea seneibilis, Linn. Cy8topteris fragilis, Bornli montana, r>ernli. Woixlsia Hvenais, R. Br. silabella. R. Br Osniumia resjalie, Linn " Claytoniana, I^inn Botrychinm Lunaria. .Swartz ■ Virpnii-nni, Swart/... •• ;•;• •"■ ' ■r-iii" ' ternatnm Swartz, var. Innarioides, WUlil... LVCDI'ODIACE.V.. Lvcopodium annotiiium, I. inn- ■ " Uv,ndroi(leum, Mx. I'lavatum, Linn, couiplanatuni, Linn. • sabinaefolinni, WilW- * * » * * * * '* * ■» » •» » * * 'Jr * * •» * ■;(■ * James' Bay. * * * * * # • APPKN1>IX 11. L,8T OF Diurnal L^pidovtera anp Coleopteka Cone.t.a b. Mr. . B C^.k ^t M^JacU., in ^•^f^^^;^;^^ on the Houth coast and islands ot James rja> Mr. .lAH. Fi-HnciTEa!, Dominion Entomologist. Diurnal Lepimoptera taken at Mo..se Fa.tory. ^ .. ,1^ I rR wriHiinienrt.') Iti June-lO July. 11-18 June. Fieris Majxr, L. (2 Kpecimens.) 17-24 August. Colias Scudderii, Reuk. 17 August. Colias Nastes. IW. No particular.. p4c/o.. L. (2 specimens.. 1^""^- , Pyrameis Atalanta, L. (H spee.men..) -L' •)«"«■ ii,.n/ft.s Artheniis, Dru.. var. Xar/una. hab. 25 June. Coleoi'TKKa taken on the s .Iames Cicindelo \2-ijuti»t<>, Dojoan. (\Uosoina Irijiduni, Kirl>y. rhUvnhts serimts, Forstei-. Silpha Lapronica, HH'^t Dicerca dirariniia, Say.^ Buprestii^ niocuUrentris. Say. /Iwmum 7nrtsf«ni, Ualdenxan. Criocephalus ohsoMu.-'. Randall. Aljloirechus undulatus. Bay. Hhaijium Uneatum, Olivier. />a<-h!it(i (itiir'iia, Kirby. ,rTll COAST \N1' ISLANDS oV lUy. .■lr/n((0/>6- protnis. Kirby. I.eptura chryxocoina, Kirby. Monohnmnnis sciiteUatus, Say. Orsodachna atra, Ahr. yl(io./us ciV/s, Ij. 7>/na Lapponka, I.. Lmti .sW>(<', Kabrieius. (imioctena pallida, L. (/pis cerandxddes, T;. hepyrux colon, L. APPKNDIX in. LOW.] Notes on the Brkeding Habits ok certain Mammals, from I'ERsoNAi- Observations and Enquiries krom Indians. By Mr. Milks Siunchi!, Fort George, Hudson Bay. Iianqiteraroenlandicus,h. Barren Ground Caribou. These animals mate about the end of October, and the calves, one or two in number, are born about 1st July. The young at birth are ,hc size of a small calf, red and white in color, very active, with „,,en eyes. The female suckles the young for a period oi two months. Lmx Canadensis, <\oi>^roy. Canada l.ynx. •,■ , , The season of heat occurs about 1st March, when coition takes place as in dogs. The young, one to three in number, are born in holes lined with grass and moss. At time of birth they are ^lighllv iar.^ei- than the common adult red 8(iuirrel, of a grey lotv. helpless, with closed eyes. They arc suckled by the female for three months, the male assisting in n-aring them. eanis lupus occidental is. mi^hanUon. Wolf Coition dog-like. It takes place about the middle ot March, and the voun- one to five in number, are born about the middle of June, - in holes or under rocks. T'he young, when born, are about the si^e of an Esquimaux or Newfoundland pup, grey m color, with close.l eyes and helpless. They are suckled for two months after l,i,th by the temale, who is assisted by the male in rearmg thom. Vulnesl aie born in holes and under rocks, and ure sucKle.1 tor two n.ouths. The male assist; in rearing the young. 'te bo:n atout the end of April, in holes, in rotten t-. -d w^^^ g..a8s and moss. From one to tive are produco.1 at a but . ^h.n thev are the si/.e of a new-born kitten, brown and bla.k m colo. , h pie- with closed eyes. The female suckles the young tor a petdo.' five weeks, and is unassisted by the male .n roarmg Ihlm. Sometimes the female gives birtl, .n a lunrow m the ground . Futoriwi rison, Brisson. Mink. Coition dog-like. It takes place towards the end ;>»' ^^'-->'' -^^.^^ voun- one to three in number, are born about 1st May At time of bh- h thev are .he si.e of a small n.ouse, very black m colo , helpless, wUh eyes closed. The female makes a , jest ma o e lined with grass, and suckles the young for s,x week.. The male does not assist in rearing the young. Mepkitis .epmca, Shaw^ Sl^nk^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 'r ;:\ :S n n:l::^-eC m holosabout .t May. At tim. "rb rth thev are the siz.e of a large mouse, light V rnvn m color, felple^, and eyes closed. The female suckles then, for s.x weeks. The male does not assist in rearing the young. lAitra Camidens's, Turton. Otter. ( -oition do.Mik.3. It takes place towards the end ut February, and he -oung onl to three in ...mber, arc born, about 1st May .n hole , i3 witl. M-ass. When born they are the si.e of a sma. s.iuurel, :^ ^^kln color, helpless, with closed eyes. The tenmle su.Ules ±.m tbr s=-: weeks, and is unassisted by the male. Ursus Am.rranus, VM^-^. l^lack Hear. ,:,•„. L.ke^ The period of heat occurs at the 1st of .lane, when .oit.on lake Place i dogs. The young, one to three in "-;'-;-; ^- a he end ./october. in holes under rocks, hned w>th hr^.b. 78 ., (JBOr.OUlOAL SUKVEY OK .ANADA. ,n.a.« and mo«H. At the timo of birth the cub« are tl>e ji^'-e of ^J :auin-el, black in color, quite helple,s8, wUh closed eyen. They ;:;o"ickled for five monthl the male u.^i.ts in roav.ng the young. Thalassarctos maritimus, Linu. White Boar. .,,,,,., , Coition, which is dog.like. taken place about the -'^^^^'^ "^^^P^^;';;^. the ;oung, from one to three in number, are bon. m ho cs unde vockllined with bruBh, grasn, and moss, towards the end oi Octobe xt timo of birth they are the nize of a large rat, white m coloi, ^IplI^Ll witlSed eye. They are suckled for tlve month, the male assisting in rearing them. Fiber zibethicns, h. Muskrat. Thi8 animal mates about the middle of May, .oition be.ng catMike, andTho young, from one to six in number, are born about the milleo^Junl At time of birth they are the s.e of a sma mouse, light brown in color, helpless, with closed eye . The est Tbuilt in a house or lodge, made of sticks and mud, ,n shallow 21 or .luiet streams, and is lined with grass and .-ss. Th emalc suckles the young for three weeks, and i« assisted by the Tie in rearing them. The mu.kra, breed, twice subse,u.nt to the first l-irlh during the summer. Erethizon dorsutas. L. Oanatla Porcupine Coition which is .at-liUe, takes place about 1st October and the rng one is born unsheltered at the end of April. When born U is the size of a small rat, bla.k in color, active, with open oyos. The female suckles it for two weeks, and ,s unassisted by till' male in tearing it, rastor fiber, L. Beaver. At the end of K'ebruary coition, which ,s cat-like, take,. i;l»-«-;«^;^ ^^'^ voung from one to nine in number, are born about the 1st June, fn a house lined with brush and grass. They are then the size of "■at light brown in color, helple.ss, with dosed eyes, fhe femal. suckles the young for six w.-oks. and is assisted by the male in rearing them. Arctcnnyii monax, L. Woodchuck, Wenusk. O'oition, which is cat.Uke, lakes place about the middle of October and the young, from one to ton in number are born about tho Isl May At time of birth they a.-e the size of a large mouse, yellow- «.ow.3 ■LOW. 3 APPENDIX UI. 79.1 I I The nest i^ ^^ * ^'^ tLiBto.1 In reaving them by the male. Delphinaptentscatadm, L WJ;^''J'";j'7'^„ ^, .^,,,, with a noise a« Coition takoB place under wate. . ^^e *J , -.^ ^ the water if they were rubbing hard ap";«t «a^!^ ot ^^^^^^ ^^^ .ntil nearly the whole ^j:^'y ^^'^^'^X -about the middle of tact, and fall asunder. The t me of maU g ^^^^ ^^^^^.^^ ^^^ Jun;, and the young one to ^^I'l^o^Z feet long, of a lead end of July, when ^^7 ave/.om two o ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^. color, very active, with open eye.. at least three monthn. 80 J GEOLiKKOAL SURVEY OF CANADA. low.] s ■s .2 » -ri ill c In ■a X "^ a § 1 18 2 ;ooc § •pnopyo pu!H ^K^' tctcooco^oo- .jj- :-<.=:« •3 o .2 ® pnopjo-^niv I •puiM JO ooaoj •uiw ■pajoouoo asiaoiojvu 'MXvJtntn^K'''' cc 55 "z ^.2 £ >- n asa ?i sss B ass d- ceg a S S8g Vi T. I- 1 - ^ S"'*'' ' i.ly •< J »• -2 ■3 •^iJi' ■ > :S-- : ^ • - ;l :^' : g ■■'2 :a -..2 \% ■- '■'. '2 I'S 6 ■1 . 1 Portage to Missi IS = a las ^ U. of L. River Portage "i •: a.- -3 ^5 c u i • A; £ (« c 5.= «.S OCujaiP s a ,. • -•s a a.! tfltOtft . CO tHOr-O M .W . .0 .0 ••s?^ aaa - *4 of) I 10*.] APl'ENIHX IV. 81 .» £ it's. o o S OD n O ■|1| a > t^ &. e (« it Tio ■5.5 m • ■»££ 5 Sis— fe - o " a " J=?, '- .!: '■.t •SJ=e c c g=ZS . - . . 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