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Lea diagrammas suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THfi STUDENf g COMPANION, OB ELEMENTARY LESSONS AND EXERCISES IN TRANSLATING, FROM ENGLISH INTO FRENCH. RE-ARRANGED AND ENLARGED BY PROPESSOa p. J. DARET, M.A. OF m'gill oollbgb. ' MONTREAL r nOBMT MtLLBR, ST. FRANCOIS XAVIER STREET. TORONTO J ADAM MILLER^ea Ktm STREET EAST. JOHN tOVELL, PRINTER, Entered, according to the Act of the Prorincial Parliament, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty- three, by Robert Miller, in the Office of the Registrar of the Province of Canada. It GZh PEEFACE. if The object of this little book is to present to the young student a condensed view of the elements of the French language in a clear and simple manner, and at the same time to lessen the fatigue incurred bj the teacher in giving repeated verbal explanations of the most important rules of etymology. No attempt has been made to teach the syntax of the language, with the exception of a few fundamental rules ; neither have many idioms been introduced ; the aim of the com- piler being to avoid whatever might perplex or confuse. This little work,itwill be remembered, is not intended to take the place of a Grammar, but to prepare the pupil, by careful drilling, for larger and more comprehensive' treatises ; and it is believed that any child, who can distinguish the different parts of speech in English, will be able to understand and learn the lessons without difficulty ; and that, if they are thoroughly learned, the succeeding course of French study will be much facilitated. The multiplication of school books may be considered an evil, but the compiler could not find any work con- * PREFACE. taining a cleai*, comprehensive view of the parts of' speech and their modifications, and at the same time flufficiently elementary to be placed in the hands of pupils beginning to translate from English into French. She has, therefore, prepared this little volume, and after teaching classes from it for several years, and testing its adaptation to the comprehension of pupils of various ages and capacities, ?he ventures to oiTer it to the public, in the hope that it may prove a useful auxiliary to other teachers. In its preparation the best author- ities have been carefully consulted and followed, and assistance has been kindly furnished by several pro- fessors of the French language, whose experience in teaching enables them to judge of the wants of the young student. M. A. L. Philadelphia 1853 EDITOK'S NOTE. I vanous The want of a small, well-arranged Manual as a text^ book in teaching French, has been a long time felt by many teachers. The text books used in most schools were too large for the restricted time devoted to the study of the French language in the English schools in this country. Many grammars were without any arrangement whatever in reference to the parts of Speech, besides being very deficient in the fundamental rules of French Grammar, whilst others contained too many rules, tending to confuse the young student. I met at last with the Young Student's Companion. It was not all I desired it to be ; but, believing, with many educators, that the multiplicity of school books is an evil, I have prepared a new Edition of this excellent little book, rather than publish a new one. I have used it with great satisfaction and benefit to my classes, during the past two years. In this Edition several mistakes have been corrected, various changes and many additions made, which, I trust, will be considered improvements. P. J. D. Montreal, June, X863. TO TEACHERS. m The lessons preceding the exercises are designed to be committed to memory bj the student. He will find it advantageous to commit to memory the vocabularies also, as they occur. It is not sufficient that the student merely write these exercises to be examined by the teacher ; he should also be required to give his reasons for using one form of the article, adjective, &c., in preference to another. INTRODUCTION. The Frenoh Alphabet contains 25 letters : A Ah J* jee* S ess B bay K kah T tay say L ell U u D day M E a N enn (W) "^G P H I ash e Q R ku err z. zaid. F eff emm enn o pay V (W) X Y vay (double vay) eeks eegrec Letters are divided into voweh and consonants. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u and i/. The other letters are con- sonants. There are some combinations of letters which are some- times called compound vowels, viz. : an, in, on, un, ew, ow. The vowel a is pronounced as a in the word Arm " i " i « " " « * " i ** pique " « stock « " w « svite y between two vowels as two I's, viz. : — may en, moi-ien; at the end or at the commencement of a word as an i. The compound vowel an as an in the word wan<. in as an "■ Anchor, on as on " wrOfig. un has no correspondent in English. eu as i in bird. u tc tt (t tt ou as ou " you. Ch is pronounced generally as sh in the word snore. Gn like ni in the English word mis ion. ■Oil is pronounced ejenerally as g in Ge^ Ph as />^ in the English word vmhanphy. Qu is generally pronounced like k in Kiny. Th like M in Thames. * Pronounced as « in pleasure. Il 4 I 1 .1 ■J ■•■I I 8 INTRODUCTION, Ok Accents and other Marks. The French make a frequent use of certain signs called ORTHOGRAPHIC SIGNS. They are the accents, the apos- trophe, the trait d^ union (hyphen), the trima (diaeresis), the cklille (cedilla), the parenthise (parenthesis), and the different marks of punctuation. There are three accents, the accent aigu (acute '), which is never used except over the vowel «, the accent grave ( ^ ), which is used over the vowels a, e, u, and the accent cir- conjlexe (*), which is used with any of the vowels but y. The apostrophe (') is used to point out the elision of a vowel at the end of a word before another word beginning with a vowel, or an h mute, as in Vdme, the soul ; Vhomme, the man, instead of la dme, le homme. A, E, I, are the only vowels liable to be thus out off, and this last one in the single word si before il; sHl for ii il. The trait d'union (-) is used principally to connect com- pound words, as in arc-en-ciel (rainbow), or to join the pronoun to the verb, in the interrogative conjugation. The trima (") is the same sign as the diaeresis and used for the same purpose in French as in English. The c4dille (J is a little mark put under the g, when- ever it is required to give to that letter the articulation produced by the letter s, before the letters a, o, u ; as, Franjais, garden, reju. There are two numbers in French as in English, the singular and ihe plural. The French language has only two genders, the mascu- line and the feminine. The gender of animate objects is the same as in English ; but practice, close attention to the harmony of the language, and very often derivation, can alone teach the gender of inanimate objects. There are in French ten sorts of words, called jaarfa of speech, namely: Article, substantive or noun, adjective, pronoun, verb participle, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection. The six first are variable, the four last invariable, :ns oalled ;he apo8- liaeresis), , and the '), which rave ( ^ ), icent cir- buty. ision of a >eginning Vhommey IS out off, ; *'i7 for nect com- join the ion. and used f, when- biculation 0, u ; as, »Iish, the le mascu- objects is ention to jrivation. iin^ verb, ection, le, ELEMEiNTARY FRENCH EXERCISES, CHAPTER I. ON THE ARTICLE. SECT. I. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. The, /«, to, /', hi, Of the, dUf de la, de l\ det. To the, aw, d la, d l\ aux. From the, du, de la, de /*, des. ^ 1. The definite article the is expressed in French by le, before a noun of the masculine gender, singular number, beginning with a consonant, or an h aspirated ; la, before a noun of the feminine gender, singular num- ber, beginning with a consonant, or an h aspirated ; r, before a noun of either gender singular number, be- ginning with a vowel or a mute h ; les, before a noun of the plural number, of either gender, whether it begin with a vowel or a consonant. N. B.— The student will remember that a mute h, a silent h, and an h not aspirated, are synonymous ; that is, they mean the same thing. Vocabulary. King, Lion, Man, Book, Brother, Cow, Coat, Dog, Ear, Friend, Grass, Head, Ink, livre, m. frhre, m. vache, f. habit, m. h mute. chien, m. oreille, f. ami, m. herbe, f. h mute. tete, f. encre, f. rot, m. lion, m. homme, m. h silent. Mind, esprit, m. Pen, plume, f. Queen, reine, f. Sister, sceur, f. Star, itoile, f. Soul, dme, f. Work, ouvrage, m. N. B.— All the nouns used in the Exercises on the Article form the plural by adding s to the singular. 10 ELEMENTARY ^ Rule foe the Article.— Every article must agree m gender and number with the noun to which it rehiea. Exercise 1. Thl^l'^'S^'.u^^ "^""f ' ^^^ ^°^^- The queen, the pen, the cow. tW 'fhll ?J' ^''^ ^"^".^' *^^ ^^^t' the ^en» the soul, the bro- ther, the ears, the grass, the brothers, the sisters, the men. ./•!/' ^f}^ *^? ^'■^"''^ ^^'•^ ^01* ^/and /rom. But 0/ me &nd/rom the are expressed by rfi*, (instead of de le, of which it is a contraction,) be- tore a noun of the masculine gender, singular number beginning with a consonant, or an h aspirated ; defa, before a noun of the feminine gender, singular number beginning with a consonant or an h aspirated ; del before a noun of either gender, singular number beginning with a vowel or an h mute ; ' des (a contraction of de les) before nouns of the plural number, and of either gender, whether they begin with a consonant or not. J' ^ 5^» NB.—De le and de les are never used. Exercise 2. ut the work Ot the man. From the lion. From the grass ?/». f f.'";?'- . ^'""^ *^^ '^^''- 'The dogs of the queen The the men ^^^ ^^' ""^"^^ °^ '^^ ^^"- The books of T.r..?r'^'""^' ^ ^^' ^^' ^' "°^ ^^' ^'« ^^«o used io ex- press the possessive case of nouns, and whenever the pos- sessive case 18 used, the object is always placed before the possessor ; thus, the king's brother, k fr^e du roi he queen's sister, la sceiir de la reine. Exercise 3. -_, , ,!,.. queen 3 inuna. The mau'« dno- tIi« queetfs brother. Tl,e brother of the queen, Z king's^'sisl^r! ff FRENCH EXERCISES. 11 nust agree it relates. in, the cow. , the grass, the ear, the )ul, the bro- men. 'om. But Dtion,) be- r number, , sin^Iar )irated ; r number, IS of the hey begin M the pen. the grass, icen. The f the cow. books of led io ex- the pos- efore the roi; the og. The ?'s sister. The sisters of the king. From the cow's head. Of the lion's ear The dog sears. The king's books. The king's coats. The men's cows. The cows' heads. The brother's coat. Of the queen's dogs § 3. <4 is the French word for to. But io the is ex- pressed by aw, (instead of d le, of which it is a contraction,) before a noun of the masculine gender, singular number, be- ginning with a consonant, or an h aspirated ; A la, before a noun of the feminine gender, singular number, beginning with a consonant, or an h aspirated ; (t r, before a noun of either gender, singular number, beginning with a vowel or a silent h ; aux, (a contraction of a les,) before nouns of the plural number. N.B. — .4 le and a les are never used. N. B.— The pupil must not omit the grave accent C) over d to, as this accent distinguishes the word d, to, from a, the French word for has. Vocabulary. History, histoire, f. h silent. Honor, honneur, m. h silent. Hour, heure, f. h silent. Justice, justice, f. Mother, mire, f. School, icole, f. Tooth, dent, f. Tree, arbre, m. Truth, virU6, f. Exercise 4. To the boy, to the garden. To the door, to the hand. To the tree, to the school. To the honor, to the hour. To the boys, to the doors, to the trees, to the histories. To the ear, to the ears. To the tooth, to the teeth. To the finger of the boy. To the hand of the mother. To the trees of the garden. To the sister of the boys. To the hands of the child. To the justice of the king. To the gloves of the children. To the truth of the history. And, Soy, Child, Door, Father, Finger, Glove, Garden, Hand, et. gargon, m. enfant, m. porte, f. phre, m. doigt, m, gant, m. jardin, m. main, f. § 4. The rules given above for rendering the article into French, may be briefly expressed as follows : 12 ELEMENTARY i fr^^T V^T^ ''^''"x' ^^' '^ es^pressed by hi ; of the aad /rom the, by des ; to the, by anx. ^ . / «« aaa J5etore a singular noun of either gender, bednninff v,\ih yowel or a silent h, the is expressed by rfo/7e Ind from the, by de V ; to the, hj d.l\ ^ ^ ^^ Before a singuUr noun of iU feminine gender, beginnine with a como^nt or an h aspirate, the is expressed by fo^ of the ^r,^ from the, by de fe; to the, by A L ^ ' n,-n^'^-?/ *'''^"^'' "^"'^ ^^ *^^ ma.cM?i«e gender, beein- rif^^'rr''?! T^^ ''^^''' '^'^^ expr'esseTby le, 0/ the a,nd from the, by du; to the, by m, Exercise 5. children, to the children from n.«^^?5 The children, of the of the hours. The man' of tT. ^. n J ♦t"' ^^' **°^^' *° *^« ^our. From the WBtorfes."' t1 bt'^^^^^ Of the histories: child's ear. The teeth of thJL oS 7^^ ^^^*®^« ^^^'J- The the schoo . To the sllf of ?h. if °^ ^'^ST^> ^^'^ ^^^^ren to boys' pens. To^he st^r^ To tt i^^^^^^ Bring (a^^or/«) the ^The «ame remark applies to the prepositions d, «., and Exercise 6. cat ?X!'iL/a\7"XrVf.^ --• The friend The books of the brkTera Ind 2. ^u '''^K' ""^ «»«»»• and father. Send the hook, „.l 'T- ,^'" """iWren's mother the boj'. coat and riove, tn'.G /' ""^ It"? *" "■« '«'">'>'• Brmg tioe. ke chiW'a et and fing««°° To S 1i'»«'' *''"'' "-* J«»^ htltNOB BXBR0I8GS. i^ «; of the md Jginning with ; of the and er, beginning esged hjla; nder, begin- expressed by ! father. The mother. The 3. The ehild, ildren, of the r, to the hour, ' the histories. 8 mind. The »e children to tpportez) the e connected Js expressed the others; bre each of J ^, en, and The friend and queens, en's mother Lool. Bring nth and jns- id justice of ren's friend. 'Dd's Work, father, mo^ i |.g Remark. ^^In every French grammar, various rul ^ given f'or the use and omission of the article, but they d> t come within the scope of the present work. The following oi, ,uowever, is so important to the beginner that it is inserted : § 6. Rule.— -All French nouns, used in the widest sense, must be preceded by the definite article. In English, nouns taken in their widest sense are used without an article. Thus in saying, Man is mortal, we mean by man all mankind. When we say. Birds fly, fishes swim, quadrupeds have four feet, we do not mean some birds, some fishes, some quadru- peds, but all birds, fishes, quadrupeds. In the French language, the reverse of this takes place. N. B. — In the following exercise, write in French the nouns only, with their appropriate articles. Exercise Y. Kings and queens are mortal. Children love to play. Ink is liquid. Mind cannot die. Friends are invaluable. Grass is green, Men love truth and justice. Honor is often misunderstood. Lions roar. Boys should not be mischievous. Man's honor. The histories of kings and queens. Truth is precious. Stars twinkle. Lions are carnivorous. Cows eat grass. Kings should be just § 7. PaoPER Nouns. — (1.) Names of countries take the definite article before them ; as, Europe, V Europe. Unless they are preceded by a verb, signifying dwelling, going, or coming, when the article must be omitted. In these instances, in and to must be translated by en, and from, by c?e ; as, He is in France, He comes from France, He is going to Prance, h. B. — 'Several exceptions to this general rule are found irt iPrench grammars, which the student will learn hereafter. (2.) The names of persons, cities, and towns, are used in French as in English, without the article. SECT. II. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE; A or an, wn, masc. sing. A or an, «n«, fern, sinj^ . § 8. J. or an is translated into French by un before ^ noun of the masculine gender, and by une before a noun E est en France. II vierii de France* II va en France. 14 Ui ELBMENTARV of the feminine gender, whether the French noun bedn with a consonant or a vowel. ^ Of a or an, To a or an, From w or an, Masc. d'un, d un, d'un, Apple, Apricot, Cloth, House, Lemon, Orange, Peach, Pencil, pomme, f. abricot, m. drap, m. maison, f. citron, m. orange, f. ]^eche, f. crayon, m. Vocabulary. Perfume, Pink, Plum, Rose, Silk, Fern. d'une. d une. dune. Exercise 8. par f urn, m. ctillet, m. prune, f. rose, f. soie, f. bnow-drop, perce-neige f Strawberry, /rawe,/. ' Violet, violette,/. to a child,' A UsC ofa kiw"^ tI'^ V'T",'!''''''' '« » f«'her the queen. To a gS To /hou,e R • """J- ^ sister of Send an apple and an oran«. ,„ ,i,!V "°^ * P^""' ""d « book. The fingers of a glove A ifon W %LTt'- °^ "" "">"'■ £rfrg>arVrk:^'aW-'"^^^^^ SECT. m. THE PARTITIVE ABTICM. Some or any, du, Ue la, ^ l; ,,,, ^^ i,_ quantity of things.^ ° "^ " '"^"'^ «""& » P^^ of a ^om« or a»y is expressed in French by a c:it':r„: ra"pi;r "'"^' ^'"^'^^'' '----s wit^ or tlen't *["' " """'' ^'"Sular,' commencing with a vowel fe, before a noun of the plural number; FRENCH liXERCISEgi 16 noun begin rem. \ne. une. 'une. 'fum, m. iit^ m. ne, f. ?,f. :e-neige, f. ■se,f. ette.f. of a plum, to a father, A sister of tnd a book, )f an hour. Have you •icot? The ild, from a use. de, before an adjective commencing with a consonant or h aspirate, or, in a negative sentence, before a noun com- mencing with a consonant or h aspirate ; d\ before an adjective commencing with a vowel or h mute, or, in a negative sentence, before a noun commenc- ing with a Towel or h mute. Vocabulary. fieef, Beauty, Bread, j^ Butter, Coffee, Cream, Gold, ^ Grape, bopuf, m, heautij f. pain, m. beurre, m. cafi, m, creme, f. or, m, raisin, m. Milk, Modesty, Mutton, Prudence, Silver, Sugar, Tea, Wine, Exercise 9. lait, m. modestie, f. mouton, m, prudence, f. argent, m. Sucre, m. th6, m. vin, m. Some bread and some cream. Some strawberries, and some apri- cots. Have you any lemons ? Will you have some ink ? Send some peaches to the child's mother. Some histories. Some pru- dence. Have you any grapes? Some houses. Some pencils," Have you any pinks K Some sugar, and some tea. Bring some grapes, some oranges, and some lemons. Some work. Some cloth, and some silk. § 10. Some or any is often understood in English with- out being expressed; but when it is understood, the partitive article must be expressed in French, and must be repeated before every noun where it is understood. Exercise 10, ^ Some coffee, tea and sugar. Will you have milk or {ou) cream ? Send some books, pens, and ink to the boys. Have you any bread and butter? I have (j'oi) snow-drops* and violets. Will you have beef or mutton? She has {eUea) boauty and modesty. Send some strawberries and cream to the boy's sister. Bring spraa pinks and roses. Will you have gold or silver? He has (il a) apples and plums. She has a father and mother, brothers and sisters, children and friends. Remark 1. — The pupil must remember that it is when the French adjective precedes the noun that some and avy are expressed by de or d' ; by de, if the French adjective .. imences With '''Tbis uoun has no plural in French, u ELEMBNTAR'Sr IrlST' ■"" "^ •'• '' '"^ «^J'<^'"« """""^nces witb a vowel Exercise 11. you a"; g^d (frXns^^ ^r;r ^"^ P^^« ^ Have some good (ficWunk nli ^' ^""^ ^^'"''^ -^'^""S^'' B"«g She his goKc4.wViP.r r"" ^''^ "'"" (nouveaux) books ? Here are clSf somP fin. ^f^/f "^^^ '°^''' *^^' ^"^^ ^^^g^r? roses and Sets ZIp vn ^ '"';? .P'^'^''' ^""« ^o^e grapes and oranges tnihIZ'fr ^^'i''^ *^°^^ ^ ^^^^ some Exercise 12. .c£ol! ""w&C? 'co'ffJr'' f 'T' r^ «="* *"' «»'" '» 'he Have you an/goodJj J„°?L°k% ' sL/*"' '''^"? "^ ""« ='^"- Hare youany roses? H^f. i « *. '.T" "''' '» ">« »>oys. dropsind v?olet8 s„nH .ii- ^">''J«l'^'"l8- GiTemesomesnow- do/s head Sp„^ . ?^ '"■'"'^ *"'' ""t '» *e children. A anTo ';;» hand '' S^ea^s' X'i.s" *;."""'' ^'^^ ^ ''-^ fume. " "^ ''""^ ■>■"* ^^^^^- ^e has nO She has no beauty Havp It, ^^ TT'' ^^^ ^^' prudence. (6on«) booksrfiave no aSr '?ta ' ^^^^^.W good cots. I hare good (LnLsfrlul ^^1''° ^^°^ <*^'> ^P"" fine (belUs) apples S h j! ? ^^^ ^^^ ^PP^^»- «« has brother has no good rilnL^ 2 ^^^^^^^^ (6onn..) pens. The I hare no w^ne^I havrrnHk^ t. ^^^' T" ^"^^ C*'''^) ^^^^^ gold. The chUd has no tTeth.' """^ ^^' '"^'^ ^ ^^ ^«« "« be aeen^n\>;.% f-^*^^ ^^^'^ ^'^°«^ t)y ywWawe*, as will Oe seen m the Section on the Indefinite Adjectives. ^nark 4. Some and any, meaning a few, and no^ fpL FRENCH EXERCISES. 17 I with a vowel ly pens ? Have ingea. Bring eaux) books ? 1, and sugar ? Bring some Send some ?ood (bonnes) be coat to the of the stars, to the boys. 3. The grass le some snow- children. A ter. A star, le rose's per- equivalent i in French it. Ne is He has nO s prudence. >u any good (bona) apri- s. He has pens. The bon) wine i he has no d followed !e«, as will ^es. id not fol' lowed by a noun, wiU be explained in Chapter X., on the Indefinite Pronouns. ? uc Remark 5. Somt and any, not followed by a noun and used at the end of a sentence, will be explained in Chapter Vll., on the Personal Pronouns. ^ CHAPTER II. THE FORMATION OF THF PLURAL OF FRENCH NOUNS. § 11. To form the plural of French nouns, add s to the sm-ular ; as^^re, father ; peres, fathers. Nouns ending in s, x, ov z, in the singular, do not vary in the plural : as,Jlls, son ; fds, sons. JNouns ending in au or eu, add x to form the plural • as eau, water ; eaux, waters. ^^ Nouns in owform their plural regularly, by the addition But the following nouns in ou take x to form the plural VIZ.: %o^^,Jewe ; cm7K pebble; cAo^/, cabbage; Lou knee; hibou owl ; Joujou, plaything; pou, louse. ^ ' JMouns ending in al change this termination int« ai/a; to torm the plural : as, cheval, horse ; chevaux, horses. But 6a/, ball; carnaval, carnival; r6ml fea^f nnri « ^ others, f„™ their pl„ral regularly, b^ thTadduL'^f" /t„ t Nouns in at7 form their plural regularly, by adding s to tne singular. •" .' ^ ^ The following seven nouns in ai7 form their plural bv changing ail into aux, viz : haU, lease ; ^mail enamel W f %' m'- 'T'*'*"''^' air-hole; travail, work .c..^a^7; leaf of a folding-door; i;mtoi/, the part of a helmet which admits air ; vitrail, glass-window. del, heaven, has cieux in the plural. (Eil eve has 5^eMa;. Aieul, ancestor, has a:ieux. ' J' ^ *»» r«l^nf ; '^^^'■^ t'\^ ^^"^ irregularities in the formation of the plu- Anion tire uot menLiunud here, because thpv nrp n/^+ al^^'^rhVrtrr"^ ""^™'- ^"'^ ^^ ^^ fo^XS B 18 ELEMENTARY Exercise 14, The student will commit to memory the following French nouns, and write them in the plural i animal, m. bras, m. 6a/, m, oiseau, m. verrou. m. OS J m. Animal, Arm, Ball, Bird, Bolt, Bone, Brook, ruisseau, m. Cabbage, chou, m. Cage, cage, f. Carnival, carnaval, m. Cent, soUf m. Cloak, manteau, m. corail, m. pays, m. berceau, m. Eye, Fan, Feast, Fire, Fool, Foot, Game, Coral, Country, Cradle, Cross, croix, f. Crystal, cristal, m. Daughter, Jille, f. Day, jour, m. Detail, ditail, m. Evil, mal, m. Hero, Hole, Horse, Jewel, Knee, Knife, Exercise 15. ail, m. iventail, m. r^g-a/, m. feu, m. /ou, m. pierf, m. jeu, m. General, gSnerai, m. Girl, }?//«, f. Hammer, marteau, m Hat, chapeau, m. Hair, (a) cheveu, m. Halter, /icou, m. Heaven, ctcZ, m. Height, hauteur, f. A. aap, hSros, IB, A, t«p. /ro«, m, cheval, m. 6yoM, m. gcnoM, m. couteaUf m. The student will commit to memory the following French nouns, and write them in the plural : Lamb, Lease, Lesson, Lily, Louse, Mallet, Month, Month, Mouse, Nail, agnecu, m. bail, m. legon, f. lis, m. pou, m. Mail, m. mois, m. bouche, .f souris, f. clou, m. Pine-apf \e,ananas, m. Place, /icM, m. Plaything, joujou, m. Neighbour, coisin, m. Nephew, neveu, m. Night, Nose, Owl, T»_-l Pebble, nuit, f. nezy m. hibou, m. h. asp. paiais, m. caillou, m. Price, Rbg, Room, Rudder, Shoe, Sheep, Sky, Son, prix, m. anneau, m. chambre, f. gouvernail, a. Soulier, m, brebis, f, «"e/, m, Jils, m. Stocking, 6a«, m. Thumb, pouce, m. Table, table, {. Tongue, lantrue. f, Tooth, dent, f. Value, pafcttr, f. i FRENCH EXERCISES. Vesael, Voice, Walnut, Water, Weight, 19 vaisteaUf m. voiXff. noix, f. eau, f. poids, m Wind, veni, m. Woman, femTne, f. Wood, bois, m. Work, travail, m. Worth, prix, m, Exercise 16. The rudders of the vessels. The pvps nf *h^ k- j of the generals. The queen's jeris^Th/.hviH'^ The voices Bring some cabbages from tCarden rfv. ^"'"JS Playthings, and cloaks. Prom the palaces pfj. "^ *^^ ^^^«' ^^ts some lemons, a pine-arple and «nrn« « Ta ,f ""^ strawberries, boy's friend has yida„d%i1?erH'."' <*^"") «^^°ge«. The pen. The manlaas ho^^ an"' cows" ThVre'thTfV^'"'> Will you have wine or water? Wa^« *^*^ *^® ™^ce- water? The boy's arms. ' ^^" *"^ ^^^^ (*°"«0 Exercise 17. bolts. The bones^of ?he arm The pebb le^ o^theT T"'^*^^ you any pine-aT)ples ? The liliea nf th! ^^ ^"""l^^- ^*^e mouth, and teeth of a she^p '^The pr^ce ^of th^h ^""^ ^5?^' voices of the bh-ds. Bring some crvE« Off*.^''"^'- ^^^ winds. To the balls of the au^en T^l /H ^^^""^ »«d ' the skies. The ear and eye of man' ^^!,^y«« ^^the owl. To peaches to the neighbour ** '""'" Pine-apples and CHAPTER III. ON THE ADJECTIVE. The adjective in French, unlike thp Wnn-ncK „j- .- gender and in number, accord n^tnfho^ Ju^^''.*'^^' ^*"e8in show the close relation there ex?si1.p?^ °fv. *^^.*. ^* ^o^^^^^^' *« noun. ^®^® ^^'^*« between the adjective and the SECT. I. THE FORMATION OP THE FEMININE OF FRENCH ADJECTIVES. worthy. cmuune ante, as, di^ne, dtgne, .J "-l^^f-^^ f^"'!'!!"^."^ adjectives wluch do to "«;'«" mir V""""' '^ e«"6''»"y tomed by adding e mute 20 ELEMENTARY Exception 1 Adjectives ending with/ change this letter into ve ; as, bref, brive, short. Exception 2. Adjectives eudinp with x change this letter into se ] as, heureux, heureuse, happy. Exception 3. Adjectives ending in make their feminine by f H '.f «, such, doubling their a Ji \ P^reil, paretlle, like. consonant and adding i '''^T' ""f^T' \°"ent. e mute, as >nuet muette, dumb. ( bon, bonne, good. The following list includes many of the adjectives in common use, which do not form their feminine gender agreeably to the rules given alSove : * .■if II Masc. Doux, Hmi Faux, I^^^Hfnp Nul, ^^^^^^Bi Gentil, Sot, ^^Hl' Bus, Mi Gras, Las, ^^B| Epais, Gros, Frais, Blanc, i Franc, Sec, ^^^^K ' Public, ^^^^^Hi Long, Binin, ^^^■i Malin, ^m '' t Trompeur, Favori, . Before a noun mas. culine, boginniug with a consonant lA aspirtvteu. Beau, ^^^^^H Nouveau, 'i9 FoU) Mou, Vieux. Fem. English. douce, sweet. fausse, false. , nulle, no. gentUle, kind or pretty. sotte, silly. basse. low. grasse, fat. lasse. weary. Spaisse, thick. grosse. large. fraiche, fresh. blanche. white. franche. frank. skche, dry. publique. public. longue. long. b£nigne, benign. maligne. malicious. trompeuse, deceitful. favorite, favorite. Before a noun mas- culine, beginning with a vowel or h mute. Fem English. bel, belU, beautiful novvel, nouvelle, new. fol, folk. , foolish. mol, molle. soft. vieilf vieiue old. FRENCH EXERCISES. Exercise 18. 21 The pupil will commit to memory the following French adjectives, and write them in the feminine singular : jlcti/, active. Jgi, old. jlmer* bitter. j^ncieUf ancient. Jttentif, attentive. Aveuqle^ blind. Avide^ greedy. Bleu, blue. Bon, good. Bref, short. Captif, captive. Carri, square. Che}-,* dear. Content, pleased. Coupahle, guilty. Courageux, courageous Disrne, worthy. Difficile, difficult. I>ur, hard. Envieux, envious. Fiddle, faithful. Grand, great, tall. Gris, gray. Beureux, happy. Ine^rat, ungrateful. Injuste, unjust. Jaune, yellow. JeunCf young. Liger,^ light. Malade, sick. Malheureux, unhappy. MSchant, wicked. Mortel, mortal.] Muet, dumb. Naturel, natural. Noir, black, Odori/Srant, fragrant. Oisif, idle. Orgueilleux, proud. Pareil, like. Paresseux, lazy. Pauvre, poor. Pensif, thoughtful. Pricieux, precious. Pourpre, purple. Propre, clean. Rond, round. Rouge, red. Soigneux, careful. Sourd, deaf. Triste, sad. Vermeil, rosy. Vert, green. Vertueux, virtuous. Vif, quick, lively. Vindicatif, revengeful. « of e the final ^euf, new, that has not beeen used. Nouveau, new, newly published. e mt.'t?r^"u1reVSmvetTen^'rtS^^^ '^"J °"'^ ^J ^^^ *^d'««° final . "^"^^'^ » «™ve accent ( ) to be placed over the e preceding SECT. 11. THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES. HtffW V"^ °^^sc»"ne plural of adjectives is formed Ike that of nouns and the feminine plural is formed from the lemmme singular by adding s. 22 ELEMENTARY ♦l.i^T'*'^ ~^^»''*iciple8, when used as adjectives, form rXtr^^diitr""" " ' '""'^ '■-' ''^" J"- Exercise 19. ^The pupil will commit to memory the following French st-'r. ir '°^ frticiples and write them in the feminine singular, masculme plural, and feminine plural- Mmi, jiffrettx, '^irUricain, JinglaU^ Brun, Capricieux, Court, Cruel, Curieux, Dangereux, Dernier, DonrU, Droit, 2)6, Ecrit, Egal, Eu, Fier, Fin, loved. frightful. American. English. brown. whimsical. short. cruel. curious, dangerous. last. giren. right. owed. written. equal. had. haughty. fine, not coarse. I f'ort, Fran^ais, . dauche, Ginireux, Honnete, Italien, Jaloux, Lent, Mdr, Perdu, Plein, Prh, Pris, ♦ Puni, Regu, Seul, Suivi, Vendu, Vu, strong. French. left, awkward. generous. honest. Italian. jealous. J^ow. ripe. lost. full. ready. taken, punished. received. alone, only. followed. sold. ceen. SECT. III. THE PLACE OP ADJECTIVES. to ihi'h [li relT ''''"* '^^'""'' ^"'^^ "'« "»- (2.) The following are commonly placed be/ore the noun • Beau, handsome, fine. Bon, good. Cher, dear, meaning loved Grand, great. Gros, large. Jeune, young. Jolt, pretty. Mauvais, bad. Michant, wicked. Meilleur, better. Meme, same. Moindre, less. Petit, small, little. Saint, holy. Tout, all. J'ieux, old. 9 - (3.) Adjectives denoting form or color always follow S/S""'*""'™"* -K-nd table; „n cheZgZZ PRENOH BXBBCI8E8. S8 (4.) The numeral adjectives, also, are placed be/(yre the noun, except when Speaking of titles. (5.) Some adjectives have diflferent meanings, accord- ing as they are placed before or after the noun. ThuSj Un GRAND homme, Un homme (Jband, Un BRAYB homme, Un homme bravk, Un HONNfeTH homme, Un homme honnAtb, Un PAUVRH auteur, Un avieur pauvrk, means a great man. " a tall man. an honest man. a brave man. an honest man. a polite man. an author without merit. an author without a fortune. Cher, deal, vr, waning high-priced, is placed a/ler the noun; as, vn habit ohbu, :. dear coat. Bon has not its usual meaning, before the word homme, man ; for un BON homme means a simpleton or an artless man, with little sense ; un homme bon, means a good-natured man. With all oth«r words bon has its usual meaning, and is placed before them. ♦K?.!!'^*?'' tho other Hdjectives, whose signification varies according id tfteir poffltion, the studout is referred to a m*nch grammar or dictionary. (6.) Many French adjectives can be placed either be- fore or after their nouns, as the sound, perspicuity, or emphasis require. SECT. IV. THE AGREEMENT OP ADJECTIVES. Rule 1.— -Every adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Rule.— If an adjective is used to qualify two or more nouns in the singular number of the same gender, it must be put in thejplural, and agree with them in gender; as, The father and uncle are pleased. Le pkre et I'oncle sont contents. The mother and aunt are pleased. La mire et la tante sont contentks. If the nouns to which the adjective relates are of dif- ferent genders, the adjective is to be put in the masculine plural -J as, The father and mother are pleased. Le pire et la mire sont oontbnts. 24 ELEMENTARY Exercise 20. O-vO bl r d and I«f t^ ^T■". ^"^ ^'^^^- ^he old woman is ful dug ind a finf garden TheToH ""''''. ''' '^^ ^ ^■^'^^- happy We Lvrnfr • , brother and sister are (sont) ^'^ag^-ay horses Th^i;?"'- T'\'' ^"^ ^^^'^°*^- ^he queei dren « m^fr • ^ ^'"^^ brother is a tall man. The chil- 7fm«rfe_The student must remember that although «-^ IS expressed by A or d' before au adjective "fe fndir/eirjrit '^"'"^'^ "^ '"' * '«' '''^■' Exercise 21. The queen had a haught/so Jl ^ ^^^' ^ '^^^' ^^««°«- §16. SECT. V. THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Examples of adjectives compared regularly. Positive, Sage, Wise, Heureuxj Happy, BonteuXy Shameful, Utile, Useful, More amiable than, Les3 studious than, Not so fatal as, As delicious as. Comparative. plus sage, wiser, plus heureux, happier, plus hcnteux, more shameful, moins utile, less useful. Superlative. le plus sage. the wisest. le plus heureux. the happiest. le plus honteux. the most shameful. le moins utile. the least useful. N. plus aimable que. moins sturfieux que. pas aussifuneste que, aussi (Ulicieux que. B— Qtic is written y^" before a vowel or silent h. FRENCH EXERCISES. 26 horses of my Id woman is i has a faith- ir are (sont) The queen . The chil- child. The t, although ctive, (see de la, de l\ Tou have in English house. I nd and the e blue vio- e sells bad ort lesson. ;s. irly. itive. e. reux. !8t. teux. ihameful. iseful. ue. Exercise 22. The rose is more beautiful than the violet. This (cette) apple IS as delicious as a pine-apple. She is less studious than her (sa) sister. A rose as white as the lily. Peaches are more delicious than apples. The greatest of evils. The happiest child. The least amiable of the sisters. The most wicked of men The snow-drop is not so fragrant as the violet. The perfume of the rose is sweeter than that (celui) of the pink. Gold is more pre- cious than silver. Silver is less precious than gold. The niffht IS as short as the day. ® Exercise 23. The most cruel of kings. The most generous of queens. The plum 13 less sweet than the peach. The lion is the strongest of animals The beauty of the white lily is not equal to th&i (celle) of the white rose. The mother and the children are ready. The peaches are riper than the plums. The history of the evils. The price of the mallets. A woman less cruel and whimsical than M bird^"" ^^""^ ^""^^^^ ^""^^^^ ^''^ ""^^ *PP^®^- ^ ^^*"*^' § 17. The following ADJECTIVES are compared irregularhj, Bon, good, Petit, little, or small, Mauvais, bad, meilleur, better, moindre, less, or smaller, pire, worse, le meilleur, the best. le moindre, the least, or smallest. It pire, the worst. Jl'^^'^^k—^^tter and 6es/, when adjectives, are a/u^ai/s trans- lated hj meilleur and le meilleur ; but less may be translated bv wdi'as by^Vr" " '" moindre:. M ^^orse b^^^/.f^at 1 Exercise 24. Give me a better pen and blacker ink. The value {valeurj) ?Il?.h '' less than that (^celle) of gold. The apple is^good, bu (mazOthe peach is better. Give me the worst of the pfns. 'The (ce}leLf2T^'''\ ?' ^T^^' ^^ '^'^ ^«"^« i« 1^^'than that icelle) of the tree. A better house. The pen is bad. The ink is worse. Have yt)u a better book ? The worst of evils. § 18. The student should be careful not to confound the precemng adjectives with the following adverbs, which are likewise irregularly compared : 26 ELEMENTARY f:i ■^fi 5ien, well, Peu, little, itfij/, badly, ADVERBS. •miettx^ better, moiTiSf lesS| pis, worse, Exercise 25. /e mieux^ the best, /e Twoins, the least, /e pis, the worst. N. B. The student will find in tb- Appendix the verbs used in the following exercises, unless the^ are inserted in the exercise. I write little, but you write less. The little child has red shoes. The pen is better than the ink. The sister reads better than the brother. The price of the cloth is less than that (celui) of the silk. The apples are sweet, the peaches are sweeter. The neighbour does badly ; his (son) brother does worse. The height of the trees is greater than that (celle) of the house. Give me riper plums. When the first noun denotes the material of which any- thing is made, it is placed after the second noun, with the preposition de between them ; as, A OLOTH coat, Un habit de drap. The GOLD watch, La montre d'or. The WOODEN table. La table de bois. The LBATHBB shoe, Le Soulier de cuir. The COTTON stockings, Les bas de coton. Edward, Emily, George, Henry, John, Julia, Louisa, Edouard. Emilie. Georges, Henri. Jean. Julie. Louise. Vocabulary. Lucy, Mary, Matilda, Peter, Sophia, Stephen, William, Lucie. Marie. Mathilde. Pierre. Sophie. Etienne. Guillaume. Exercise 26. Mary has a silver knife and a good pencil. Will you have silk stockings ? Sophia writes well, but Emily writes better, Henry 13 older than William. Mary is more careful than Matilda Ed- ward IS the most active of the boys. Emily is the most 'atten- tiln U^^ ^' w-n ^""^'^ J^' ^^"^ ^^''^''' ^^"^^'^ ^ore benign ittr«&- ™ir" have a longer lesson? Sophia has^a httle bird in a small cage. Louisa is lazier than Lucy. George shall have a silver pencil. Peter is taller than Stephen She 13 as young and as beautiful as Emily. We have no 'sweet wrUte "^ '^'"^ '"'' reveugefui than John. A lesson badly FRENCH EXERCISES. 2T SECT. VI. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. the best, the least. ! worst. erbs used in ;he exercise. lild has red reads better that (celui) weeter. The The height ;. Give me which any- 1, with the p. ir. ■e. ie. Hide. re. lie. nne. llaume. I have silk er, Henry ilda. Ed- ost atten- re benign ilia has a George hen. She no sweet ion badly CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS. If^ombres Cardinal (ardtTiaux. Numbers. Un. m. une,/. i Deux \\" 2 Trois s Quatre 4' 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Cinq Six.. Sept. Huit. Neuf Dix. Onze Douze ............' 12' Treize !!!."!! 13 (^^uatorze 14 Quinze '.,'.'. 15' Seize '* jg' Dix-sept v. ij' Dix-huit 18* Dix-neuf. iq* Vingt* ^• ^■'"gtetun :;; 21.' Vmgt-deux 22. Trente . 30. Trente et un 31 Trente-deux 32 Quarante ',[[] 40' Quaranteetun 41' Cinquante. 50" Ciuquante et un .' .' 51" Soixante t " go' Soixante et un ..".... 61 Soixante-dix 70 Soixante et onze 71' Soixante-douze 72 Quatre-vingta ........' 80 Quatre- vingt-un 81 Quatro-vingt-dix 90 Quatre- vingt-onze .... . *. . ".' 91 ' Cent. 100. Cent un " ' jqI Cent deux 109" centdix ■.'.;■.;•. 110 Cent onze m' Cent vingt ^20 Cent vingt et un. . . . ....".".'.' " ' * 121' Deux cents 2OO Deux cent un ". 201 Deux cent deux ■ 202' ^"^•••••, 1000.' ueux miUe 2000 Mil Luit cent soixante trois. .'. 1863! LnmiUion A million Ifombres Ordinal Ordinaux. Numbers. Premier, m. premiere,/. .... let. Deuxiftme, second, aeoondeft 2d . rroisi6me 3d. Quatrieme 4th. Ciuqui^me 5th. Sbcieme 6th. Septi6me 7th. Huiti6me 8th. Neuvidme 9th. Dixi6me lOth. Onzi^me nth. Douzidmo 12th. Treisi6me 13th. Quatorzi6me 14th, Quinziime 15th, Seizi^me I6th. Dix-septi6me 17th. Dix-huiti6me 18th. Dix-neuvi6me 19th. Vingti^me * 20th. Vingt et uni^me 21st. Vingt-deuxi6me 22d. Trentieme 30th, Treute et uni^me 31st. Trente-deuxifeme 32d. Quaranti6me. .^ 40th. Quarante et uni6me 4l9t. Cic^uautJemc 50th. Cinquante et uni6me 5l8t, Soixantieme t 60th. Soixante et uni6me eist. Soixante-dixifsme 70th, Soixante et onziemo 71st. Soixante-douzi6mo 72d. Quatre-vingti6me 80th. Quatre-vingt-uui^me Slst. Quatro-vingt-dixi6me 90th. Quatre-vingt-onzidme 9ist. Centifeme lOoth. Cent unifeme lOlst. Cent deuxi^me 102d. Cent dixi^me. 110th, Cent onzi6me 111th. Cent vingti^me 120th, Cent vingt et uni^mo 12l9t, Deux centienie 200th, Deux cent unieme 20l8t. Deux cent deuxi^me 202d. Millieme 1000th. Mil huit cent soixante-trois- „!^me 1863d. Millioni^me A millionth. in vingt, trente. quarante, cin- In all the following pronounce the t Yuante, very strongly. n,.i°i?® followinjBf pronounce soissant, giving to the s$ the strong and pure ^ssing sound of* ,• and pronounce the r very strongly (ft) Pronounce. $egond, aegoruU. 28 ELEMENTARY Note Is^.—With the exception of «n, tine, one, the cardinal numbers are invariable in gender ; that is, thev are not altered to agree with nouns of the feminine gender. Note 2«rf.--Althoughon2f, eleven, and onziemQ, eleventh, begin with a vowel, the definite article, le, la, does not suffer elision betore them, and the article les is pronounced as if onze began with an h aspirated ; as, ^ Le onzitme cheval, The eleventh horse. Les onze pommes, The eleven apples. ^^"l^^'"^ — ^^1?^ ^'^^ <^ent are the only numeral adjectives TphIh . ' '"k^" P "'^^- ^^'y '^^^ ' whenever they are pre- ceded by a number which multiplies them ; as, " Quatre-vingts crayons, Eighty pencils. Deux cents jours, Two hundred davs. thfnwf^^^^r^' P'r,*;^'^ by another number, do not take the plural when they are followed by another number and also when Sr "''^ ''^ .^^^'' ^"'*'^^ «^ ^^« ordinal adjectives, guatre- vingtti m a.nd centieine.— '' °, v""*'e Deux cent un jours. Two hundred and one days. Quatre-vmgt^deux crayon^, Eighty-two pencils J en ai quatre-vmgt quatre, I have eighty-four Charlemagne mourut en Van kuit cent. Charlemagne died in the year 800. Cemalheur arriva en Van cinq cent quatre-vingt This calamity happened in the year 580. mi!w^i^r"7^''i^^j''"^' '"'■^^'' tl^O"sand, never takes .. as a mark ot the plural ; as, Dix jnille hommes, Ten thousand men. The word thousand in da:es, is written mil ■ as En mil huit cent cinquante. In 1850. ' Although the preceding example is correct, it is more unial and perhaps more elegant, to say, ' En dix-kiU cent cinquante, In eighteen hundred and fifty. The word mille,nsed as a noun, and meaning a mile follows the rule of nouns, and takes the plural ; as ' • Cent milles, ' * i ^ ■ ., ' A hundred miles. Note 5M,— A, and one, placed in English before hundred and thousand, are not expressed in French. nunarea and Note 6^A ■— The conjunction and, placed in English after hun drf_and thousand, when followed Ly' another nSer is not L- presscQ lu i? rench ; as, Cent cinquante tables, One hundred and fifty tables. *5i FRENCH EXERCISES. 29 the cardinal ot altered to jventli, begin suffer elision '' onze began les. il adjectives hej are pre- ivs. do not take id also when ves, quatre- 1 one days. ils, ir nngt. ikes .? as a en. lore usual, ! and fifty, bllows the les. ndred and after hun- ia not ex- ty tables. NoU 1th. — The conj unction €f, and, is used in French, although not in English, in the numbers vingt et un, twenty-one; trenteet un, *airty-one, 8fC. Note 8th.— The French Academy says a hyphen should neither immediately precede nor follow cent. Exercise 27, The student will write eleven lines of the Multiplication Table according to the following model : Deuxfois unfont deux. Twice (two times) one are two. Exercise 28. N. B. The numbers cannot be reversed. Five and twenty must be translated into French by vingt-cinq, twenty-five. Send me four and twenty oranges and six pine-apples. Give me twelve lemons. Here are (voici) five hundred pens. The second son. Six and thirty trees. The sixth day. Send me sixteen fans and eighteen hats. Three hundred and sixty-five days and six hours. The eleventh hour of the day. Four and twenty hours. Of the eleventh month. The first star. Eighty bolts. Eighty-eight nails. The first cent. § 19. In mentioning the days of the month, the car- dinal, instead of the ordinal, numbers are used ; as, le deux, le trois, le vingt et un <7e Janvier^ the second, third twenty-first of January. Except the first of the month,' which is le premier du mois. What day of the month is it to-day ? Quel jour du mois avons-nous) . ,,, .„ It is the twelfth. 5 ^'^•^^^^'^''"f- ( Jyous avons le douze. Also, in speaking of the titles of kings, the cardinal, instead of the ordinal, numbers are used ; ;.s, Louis Onze Louis the Eleventh ; and the adjective is placed after the' noun. Except the first and second, which are premier and se- cond ; as, George the first, George pretnier ; William the Second, GuiUaume Second. N. B.— For the titles of kings the French use almost always the Roman characters. Ex. Ivouis the tourteenth— Louis XIV. Henry tLe Firtit- Hbnri ler. 80 Quelle heure est-il ? II est nne heure. II est dix heures. ELEMENTARY What & clock is it ? It is one o'clock. It is ten o'clock. ^MUi is used for twelve o'clork in th^ a j . night. ^°^^ ^° *°® ^^7, and minuit for mid- Et quart, et demie a j , , II eat neuf heures et quart f f""'''"' l"^-^"^'^*'- II est dlx heures moinsdouze fJ ,^ ?, T'^'' ""^''^ ''^'' minutes. ^' " '^^'^« "^»««^«« 'o /m. for the same object. The word ^Lr'sL f "'"'^ l"^ ^°g^^«^' sents the English expressions o'cS' or tfrn^T? ^^"'•' '^P'^" be expressed. ' °' ""^®> and must always January, JanvUr. February, Fevrier. March, Mars, April, Jvril. May, ifai. June, Juin. Vocabulary. Jnly, /Mt//c/, August, jHoiit, September, Septembre. October, Octobre. November, Novembre December, Dicembre. thetTtt^z''^" "^ '""'^ -^- «^ -ting the day of i^lcrde«^/, the first of July. Le ler Juillet, " " -- ler Juillet, tt It u It It It And for letters, Ce ler de Juillet, is sometimes used. Montreal, December 16, 1862 Montrial, le 16 Dicembre 1862. Exercise 29. First. ThefoUVjl?/j°^'«f''"*!'.: ^"'^-n »«' 1111. Dccmber 3l8t, 1847 Th^ ?*«•'«">'"' "f November, Edward the Siith. Louis the sf,l?i^"*S' "' •'"■j'. 1812 April 1st, 1222. The second of June I'sM ^'^F *"« ^'Kith- gust, 1848. Edward the Pir.. r. ' . • ^""^ *™t of Au- theThirrt Ttr..™_ . *'"*• George the Seconrt fi..." toeighi,- '*-»•'""«' P«t twelve, It w«,., "ti, ^i„;'^^ i ■ . it >■ FRENCH EXERCISES. 81 linuit for mid- t. r nine, to ten. iperaonallj in d in English, plur., repre- must alwayg bre. re. re. the day of es used. uary 22nd, illiam the !^ovember, uly, 1812. >e Eighth. [•St of Au- n minutes Nombrea Cardinaiix em- ployes arec/ots. Cardinal Numbers used with the word time. une fois. once. deux fois, twice. trois fois. thrice or three times quatre fois, four times. cinq fois. Jive times. six fois. six times. sept fois, &c. seven times. i[C. Collective Numbers. Une couple, a coupk. Une paire, a pair. Une douzaine. a dozen. Une vingtaine. a score. Une centaine, a hundred. CHAPTER IV. ON THE PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. § 20. The pronominal adjectives form a link between adjectives and pronouns. By some grammarians they are classed among the former, and by others among the lat- ter. They are divided into three classes, viz., the pos- sessive, the demonstrative, and the indefinite. SECT. I. THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. § 21. The possessive adjectives are these, viz., — Before any mas- Before a femi- Before all noons culine noun, nine noun, in the plural • singular singular, be- number. number. ginning with a consonant, or ^aspirated. My, mon, ma, mes. Thy, ion^ ta, tes. His, son. sa, ««». Her, son, sa. $69. Its, son, sa, ses. Our, notre, notre, nos. Your, voire, votre, vos. Their. kur. kur, hurs. 32 l: up. filil Ih: Mon, ton, son, are used ELEMENTARY stead , , - », are used instead of ma, ta. sa. before a fpmiviina o?ru'phoT"' '''"""' "^^' ^ ^^"^' ^^ ' ^'•^^"- '" -"« r,„\^^' ^u^®^ adjectives do not agree in gender and Cv-.7;J^ t ^"^^^d^"^ 0^ possessor, as in English, LTf W ' "'Z^'''^' *^. ^' translated by son, her by Zl \'u '"'''* constantly have in mind the following rule which serves for the demonstrative and the indefi^ nite adjectives as well as the possessive : RuLE.-~i]very pronominal adjective must agree in num- ber and gender with some/.//o..m^ noun to which it refers. My father, my mother, my brothers. Honp^re, MA m^re, meb fr^res. Exercise 30. My son, my child, my daughter, mj school. Their work ni= brother her brother, his brothers her brothers Hs^^ster her Sister, his sisters, her sisters. His' height, her heigh its heLht ?w s^ "ThvScfnor"*'H-'^ ''I'' J^^'^^"^ '' you7arm'"Sur wlk rw^.^ o°/-.^''^°"^- Her faithful dog. Her eyes are to?y T^r ' ®^; ^^' 'f '^'' ^^^'^-^ H'« hiftory. Hrhis! twTce tJ thv^sisLr ^r"'/""- ^y playthings. I have written § 23. The possessive adjective, like the article, must be repeated in French before every noun in the sentence before which it is understood, but not expressed in En- ghsh ; as, My father and mother, Mon perLt ma mere forP tL^'"^"''*- """^ ." ^^^ ^' ^"^t ^^«o h^ expressed be- foie the possessive adjective, when they are undLtood. Vocabulary. tante, f. botte, f. voiture, f. chaise, f. cerise, f. carrosse, m. X. Aunt, Boot, Carriage, Chair, Cherry, Coach, Color, Currant, Flower, eou'cur. groseille, f. Jleur, f. Fruit, Love, (noun,) Relation, Pear, Purse, Raspberry, Service, Thimble. Uncle, fruit, m. amour, m. parent, m. poire, f. bourse, f. framboise, f. service, m. di, m. oncle, m. I rUBNCH EXERCISBS. 38 •re a femiuinn , for the sake gender and in English, Df the diffi- Jrrs in sup- sow, her by le following the indefi- 'ee m niim- Jh it refers. work. His 8 3ister, her , its height. arm. Our ler eyes are . Her his- ive written Her hands icle, must 3 sentence d in En- a mere. ressed be- 'stood. m. . m. , m. r. Exercise 31. Thy pen and books Give me your gloves and hat. The love of my brother and sister. To your sons and daughters. Its beauty and value. My hat, coat, and boots are on (su.) my chair. Our carriage and horses are at (c) your service. Their uncle and aunt are happy. Our apples are better than your oranges. Thy hands and feet. My pens and ink. The price of his cows and horses. Her modesty and prudence. Send (envoie) some fruits and flowers to thy mother and sisters. My brother Edward is ray father's fifth son. Henry the Fourth. Exercise 32. Edward and his sister are careful and attentive. Peter has no raspberries in his garden. George's friend has two gray horses. The eleventh of the first month. The vessel has lost its rudder. My brothers have eighty sheep and eighty-six cows. One hundred and twenty chairs. Two hundred and nineteen cepts. Lucy laughs less than her sisters. The nights are now (d present) shorter than the days. Our brothers and sisters are ready. The price of your boots and shoes. Do you like red currants better than white currants ? Matilda's Silk hat is on the round table. Exercise 33. The color of your currants and cherries is beautiful. My dear friend, all the fruits of my garden are at your service. Send the prettiest flowers to your uncle and aunt. Emily's pa- rents are pleased with (de) their good daughter. Give me your ripest paars. Stephen and William have my poor dog. *^The king's coach is at the door of his palace. The garden has lost its beauty. My raspberries and currants are the finest. The rose is tho queen of flowers. Send some fragrant flowers to the blind children. The weight of its fruits. The old woman has cloth shoe.''. SECT, II. § 24. This, THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES. that, these, those, when followed imme- diately by a noun, (or with only an adjective coming between them,) are demonstrative adjectives, and are trans- lated into French thus : Before a noun of the masculine gender. f. ise, f. m. This, That, These. Those. t'c, cet, ce, cet, ces, Before any noun of the feminine gen- der. cette. cette. C£S, a, I 34 ELEMENTART |i' !l I* '.il ^■i Nom. — Cb is nscd before a masculine nonn beginning^ with a consonant or an h aspirate ; cb soldaty that soldier ; cb fiameau that hamlet; get before a noun beginuing with a vowel or an.. h mute ; est en/ant, cbt hovime. Exercise 34. This horse, that horse, these horses, those horses. The honor of that man. This woman's cows. The modesty of that girl. The boy's parents. The voices of those birds. That coat. That Btar. Send those lemons and pine-apples* to my house, and those grapes and peaches to your sisters. The son of that hero. What (Que/) is the price of those fans and gloves ? Send these corals and crystals to your brother. The truth of that history. . At (./?) this hour. Put those pears on the table, and bring some silver knives. § 25. As ce, cet, cette, ces, do not express the distinc- tion implied in the English words this and that, these and those, it is necessary, when we wish to make this distinc- tion, or to speak emphatically, to place ci after the noun to denote the nearest object; and ^«, to denote the most re- mote. The particles ci, here, U, there, must be joined by a hyphen to the nouns which they follow ; thus, This horse, ce cheval-ci ; that horse ce cheval-ld. Exercise 35. , This pen is good. That pen is bad. Give that orange to, your mother. These fine apples grew (croissaient) on those trees. Those strawberries. These cherries. The price of those plums and these pears. My dear sister, read this book ; put that book on the table. This ink is black ; that ink is blue These boots are new ; give me those boots. Send these lilies to Mary, and those violets to Lucy. My aunt's eyes are blue The 29th of February will be her birthday, {jour de naissance) Advantage, Apron, Baker, Cap, Vocabulary avantage, m. tablier, m. boulanger, m. bonnet, m. Mahogany, Marble, Oak. Physician, acajou, m. marbre, m. chihCj m. midecin, m. ' ■ " M -M I.. -■ . ^^ , , ♦ The remark § 23, respecting the repetition of the possessive adjecuve, is equally applicable to the demonstrative adjective. 1 FRENCH EXBR0I8BS. Ing with a CE hamcau, )wel or an. The honor that girl, oat. That bouse, and that hero. Send these at history. . >ring some e distino- these and ! distinc- ! noun to most ro- led by a 85 Drange to, on those !e of those ook ; put k is blue, lese lilies are blue issmice). m. , m. m. )ossessive Ijcotiv*. Carpenter, eharpentier, m. Fanner, fermier, m. Handkerchief, mouchoir, m. Iron, fer, m. Leaf, feuiUe, f. Leather, cuir, m. Pleasure, Season, Shoemaker, Steel, Velvet, Watch, Exercise 36. plttirir, m. aaison, f. cordonnier, m. acier, m. velours, m. montre, f. These knives are of steel ; those knives are of silver That farmer has lazy children. Thiswatch is better than that watch Enjily has lost her gold thimble. Give this cap to your a^nt and that apron to your sister. That physiciaL has a ma?bie house. The carpenter has our wooden mallet. Bring tho' peaches ; these peaches are not ripe. The color of these pink? and the perfume of those roses. Julia has a white silk hat Mv watch and handkerchief are on that table. Silver is whitJ That carpenter has a leather apron and iron nails. Mat! da has your gold watch. ^uauiaa SECT. III. THE INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES. § 26. The indefinite adjectives always relate to a noun or pronoun expressed in the same sentence. They are Masc. sing. Fem. sing. Masc. plur. Fern. plur. Any, All, Each, Every, No, No, Other, Same, Some, Such, Several, What, Which, quelque, tout, chaque, C chaque, l tout, aucun, nul, autre, meme, quelque, tel. quel, quel, quelque, toute, chaque, cheque, toute, aucune, nulle, autre, meme, quelque, telle, quelle, quelle, quelques, tous, tous, aucuns, nuls, autres, memes, quelques, tels, plusieurs, quels, quels. quelques. toutes. toutes. aucunes.* nulles* autres. mines. quelques. telles. plusieurs. quelles. quelles. Eeniark 1. Some and any are translated by Quelaue quelques, only when the idea o£ one out of several or Jfcw onto/ a large number, is intended to be conveyed. Rtmark 2. Chaqie must never be used unless followed by a noun. i til *UBed with nouns which have no singular form, aucurm troupu. 86 ELEMENTARY i' I' 1 M I:. f:: Rfmark. Aucun and nul require nc to be inserted im mediately before the verb to complete the negation ; thus, Aucune sainon nc vons plait, — No season pleases you. Exercise 37. What beauty! Which boys ? What beautiful roses! Each leaf. Which tree? Which apple? Which orange? At (^A) what hour ? What lessons have you ? Every pleasure. Which flowers will you have ? To what school ? No other woman. The same gfoves. Some time. Some hours. Several play- things. Each boy. Every star. All the games. All the wal- nuts. Which bird ? In (dans) what place ? Such a [Write A such] man. What works ? Each pebble. Every crystal. All the days. All the nights. Several countries. The same wind. The same silk. Exercise 38. Sugar is sweet. Go!'' is yellow. W^ill you have some steel pens? This velvet is thicker than that velvet. These bolts are of iron ; those bolts are of steel. Send my old shoes to that shoe- maker. This table is of oak ; that table is of mahogany. The beauty of its flowers. The trees have lost their leaves. The farmer's house is of wood. He has a cloth cap. Will you have those rings and bolts? Our baker makes good bread. Send those caps and handkerchiefs to the baker's daughter. What is the price of that marble table ? What advantages have you ? Vocabulary. Dish, platy m. Needle. aiguille, f. Dollar, piastre, f. Pin, epingle, f. Fork, fourcheite, f. Plate, assiette, f. Money, argent, m. Spoon. cuiller or cuilUre, t Exercise 39. Each season has its pleasures. I wish to buy (acheter) an orange ; have you any cents to lend me (a me preter) ? Which watch have you? I have my silver watch. Some boys are in the garden ; they are picking {cueillcnt) the cherries. Our coun- try has its advantages, and other countries have their advan- tages. These forks are larger than those forks. Have you any money ? I have some dollars in my purse. Will you have a «teel ring or an iron ring? These pins and needles are good. Some fine days. NoTE.—The posn(HKivt' ])ronuuiis :iiid doinon8traiive pronouns arc placed no.vt in order, in prelerence to the porsoual proiiouiis, that the ijupii may be Jed to eoiiipure thi-ra wit!i the popseriBive iKJJrvtlrea, and de- monstrative ndlectives, explained in this chapter. By carefully noticing the diflference between them, lie will avoid making many mista^^s into which young studentK otten tall. FKENCir KXERCISES. z1 serted im- on ; thus, you. )cs! Each ? At (J) •e. Which ler woman, reral play- 11 the wal- tt [Write A ^stal. All Bamewinii. some steel so bolts are ) that shot- ^any. The aves. The 11 you have ead. Send , What is ve you ? , 1" f. f. r cuilUre, f. acheter) an ) ? Which boys are in Ourconn- leir advan- ,ve you any you have a 3 are good. ronouns ate Liiis, tliat thi' f/re.i, and , (1.) Cdui, cellc, reitx, celles, must always have art ati teeedent, and must be followed by a preposition or a re- lative pronoun. (2.) Ceci, ccla, stand for the word thing understood, but have no antecedent unless it be a phrase. They al- lude to things mentioned in a vague or indefinite manner. They are never followed by a preposition or a relative pronoun. (3.) (7e, (demonstrative pronoun,) is never used, un- less it is followed by the relative pronoun qui, que, dont, &c., or is the subject of some tense of the verb P.tre. Examples. My glove and that of my friend. Mon gant et celdi de mon ami. Do this ; do not do that. Faite6 ceci ; nefaites pas cela. That is not my fault. <'B n^ est pas ma f ante. KuLE. — The demonstrative pronouns, celui, celle, ceitx, celles, must agree in gender and number with the noun which they represent. Exercise 44. The house of my brother and that of my sister. The farmer's horse and that of the baker. I have lost my jewels and those of my friend. His doj,^ has torn (deckire) mygown and that of my aunt. Give me that. This is not so good as that. He has lost all his spoons and those of his mother. The general's coach is green ; that of the king is yellow. Send me your pens and those of your little sister. My books are not so good as those of my brother. Your horse is black ; that of your father is gray That 18 very pretty. Give this to the children. Exercise 45. Your writing is better than that of your brother. Thy desk and that of thy friend. Read that ; do cot read this. Do you wish the cambric handkerchief, or the silk handkerchief? That IS my penknife. Give these keys and those of our house to my uncle. Send that muslin gown to Mary ; she has torn her silk gown. These dishes and thnso nf ihv onn* Tir5ii;„.v, u-™ i-„i^ all his money, and that of his brother. That will be your fault (jaute). Our silver forks are not so large as those of your ligter Ihis 18 bttter than that. Steel is gray FRENCH KXERCISES. 4i ivc ail ati 311 or a re- in derstood, They al- te manner. a relative used, un- que, dont, Hre, celle, ceux, the noun '!he farmer's ind those of that of my He has lost I's coach is sand those hose of my ray. That Thy desk !. Do you lief? That ouse to my rn her silk *V« K «% " 1 ^ n i. your fault rour ligter. § 30. In order to make a distinction between this and (hat, these and those, in French, the adverbs ci, here, and 111, there, are added to the pronouns celni, celle, reux, relies, and joined to them by a hyphen, thus: This, or this one, That, or that one, These, or these ones, Those, or those ones, Masc. aing. celui-ci^ celui-ld, Masc. plur. ceuX'Ci, ccux-ld, Fom. sin/?. celle-ci. celle-ld. Fcm. plur. celles'ci. celles-ld. Exercise 46, This ink is better than that. Those horses are handsomer than these. I prefer (pre/ere) these apples to those oranges. This cap is not so wide as that. Will you have these pencils or those ? These plums are not so large as those. I prefer this carpet to that one. You have torn this cloak ; give me that. I have lost your gloves ; take (prenez) these. This translation is better than that one. Leave (laissez) these pens, and take those. Take that paper, but (mais) leave this. This lesson is as long as that. That exercise is more difficult than this one. Remark. — The particles ci, la, being added merely to make a distinction between objects, if the demonstrative pronoun is followed by a relative pronoun, or by a noun in the possessive cas^/ the distinction is sufficiently clear, these particles would be useless, and must be omitted. Exercise 4*7. These maps are not so handsome as those which {que) we have. Take these penknives ; leave that one in my desk. These trees are finer than those which (que) are in our garden. I prefer those copy-books to these. Give me your translation and that of the new scholar. My pupils and those of my friend. That watch is better than this. Leave these crystals, and give those to the boys. He has the farmer's sheep and those of his neighbour. My nephew has given to the master his exercises and those of the other scholars. § 31. The demonstrative pronoun is often suppressed in English, and supplied by an apostrophe and an s added to the noun ; but it must be expressed by celui, celle^ cevXf or celles, according to the gender and number of the noun m 4^ fttEMENTAET to which it refers; as, My hat and my brother's. Mon chapeau et celui de mbn fHre, which is, literally, My hat and that of my brother. Exerbise 48. l«rIo".J'^''^N*°''" ™y go^^ a»d my sister's. My bird is not so heK ^f.T, ^ ^' '"^ '''°'^."''- '^^^^ y°"^ «I°ak and your bro- Ind ^v "• .f'''^'''\^°'^ "^^ ^'•^«°^'«- I have lost my pencils m AZ? '• ^°''' ^.°"'' '' ^^'^^' ^h'*" yo"^ brother's. Bring mv h?nS ^P""^ P?' ^"? *^''' y°"^ S'st^r's. Send my books and "re wh ?P mv' '^" ''^"^- u'?^ ^^°^^^ ^'•^ yellow, my sister's sf rnn^.1 !k ^.,,''''"u " ? .^'^ ^'^«^- ^he farmer's horses are V ce mv hrnti !. "^^^'"''f'- Our silver forks are at your ser- tTan'hTJsS ' ^'" "' '''"'■ ^"^^^'^ '^^^^^^*^°^ '' »^«"«^ Bookseller, Cake, Cousin, Cousin, Cheese, Cup, Glass, Lawyer, libraire, m. gdteau, m. cousirij m. cousine, f. fromage, m. /ass«, f. • »errg, m. avocat, m. Vocabulary. Niece, Piece, bit, Ring, Saucer, Shutter, Slate, Stone, Thread, nikce, f. morceau, m. 6agMc, f. soucoupe, f. volet, m. ardoise, f. pierre, f. }i^, m. Exercise 49. Eat this cake and take (portez) that one to John. Wi'l vou «!«?. ^Vr^^ere or my cousins? Take away (Lportez/Z plate and leave my sister's on the table. Send your boots and mine to the shoemaker. I have lost my needles and Mary's Our baker makes better bread than yours. The farmer will have cabbages. The carpenters will have nails. Our p^o5 Teilbou? has no wood. Send him (envoyez-lui) my monev^d my Sa and^your coat and my nephew's. The school' is inlVstone hJ ,P' ?''' '^''' ^''^ ^'*^' *^^ ^^^' ^^'^ ^^^'^ '"^hen followed by who whom or that, are translated into French by the demonstrative pronouns celui, celle, cemc, or cdle,, thus He who, She who, They who, (m.) They who, (f.) The one who. (m\ The one who, (f.) ' The ones who, (m.) The ones who, (f.) cdui qui, celle qui. ceux qui. celles qui. foJii'S ntl'i "*-■- — " •jwf'i celle qui. ceux qui. C9lle$ qui. He whom. She whom. They whom, (m.) They whom, (f.) i"c uiic whom, (m.) The one whom, (f.) The ones whom, (m.) The ones whom, (f.) celui que. celle que. ceux que. celles que. celui que. celle que. ceux- que. celUtque. FRENCH EXUROISBSl. 43 er's, Mon Y, My hat i is not so your bro- my pencils r's. Bring books and ny sister's lorses are ; your ser- i is better f. f. pe,r. m. r,f. f. Will you *rtez) my >oots and y's. Our nil have eighbour ly niece's he stone followed by the thus: elui que. die que. eux que. 'lies que. elui que. "'lie que. eux- que. 'ue. N. B. WhQntohichor that, follows the one, tU ones, &c.. it is to ?.iiiw"^**'\^^u^"\^^ '^ '' *^« «"»>j« t or nominitive' of thJ following verb ; but by que, if it is the object of the verb Exercise 50. w^^^-J^^^ f'""®^ ^^'""u^ "^'^^ "' '^ °^y «o"3ln's best friend. She ?hev whi JT' •'J'^PP^- '^^^^ ^^^ ^^« ^^^y «re unhappy whom w T '^".''^ ^'.\°°* *^^*y^ (^oMiour.) attentive. She Z^i^hZr.T '- *'?^*^^"- ^« ^^°^ ^e adore (arforon.) is vo^ h«t^ ('o«N;,uzmnO. My hat is not so new as the one that you have. Your slate is better than the one that I have. These ?i^w/?^'' T^'" ^'' ^^^'^ *^« «««« ^hich you have bought Sarket ^'^ *^^'® strawberries to the ones in the (L) and 'nir^;;^^^'' ''^"*''^, ""^f^ '''' P^^e 26, respecting the use Hal Sf wmI "^u-'"'?^^^'^. ^' adjectives, to denote the mate- te dpC^hi /A*°^*^;?^ '' "**^^' ^' applicable also to nouns used or tUn^ T' t' T' ' ^'' ^"^ y^"^ ^a^e the silver thimble n f ?Pi? °"« ^ , Voulez^vous le di d' argent on celui d'or? ♦i^. A *''^^0'*d that describes the one, the ones, is an adjec- irlnnf ? ^ ! T-"'' H.'®^ *' ^^ adjective, the words one, ones, k^rch^J'Tlu^^^ ? *** ^o''°?? 5 as. Do you'wish the white hand- IZJt ' ^"^ *^® '*®^ ^""^ ^ Voulez-vous le mouchoir blanc, ou le Exercise 51. Give me the silver watch, and send the gold one to my friend ? What knives have you? We have steel ones. Will you have the glass dish or the silver one 1 I prefer the oak chairs to th» mahogany ones. Have you the old coat or the new one ? Giv« 9.n?^»f ,^?u'^''; ?° y^*^ ^^^^ *^« ^I'^e one, or the black one. wLv f *'*? ''^^^^ *° •^°^°' *°d the silk one to his sister. What apples do you wish ? Give me the ripest ones. § 33. The former is translated by ccjm-^ when it refers to a noun masculine, singular number. ""«A " " feminine, « S'/f; u « masculine, plural number. celles-la, « u feminine, « ^c ?a ., \ online noun, by S " § 37. But in exclamations, or af ^er the words, " it is, it was,^^ &c., or in connection with another pronoun, or where a distinction is intended between persons, or after than or as in a comparison of equality, superiority, or in- feriority, or in reply to a question, the verb being omitted, /, is translated by Thou. " « mot. toi. He, is translated by I ' go to the city ? It is I. I who love. He and I are going to the eity. Lui Richer than I. Who calls Mary ? I. They, masc Examples. Moi ! alter d la ville i lui. eux. C'est moi. Moi Qui nine. moi nous allons a la. ville. Plus riche que moi. Qui appelle Marie ? Moi. 46 i y SLKMBNTARY N. B.— All the verbs used in the following exercises are eithAr Vocabulary. campagne. f. Street, nf€, f. vite, *A * £ ^ To-day, aujourcPhuu amttii. f. To-morrow, demain. tci. When, qxuLnd. «. Where, ou. souvent. Yesterday, hier. Exercise 63. Country, Fast, adv.. Friendship, Here, If, Often, adv.. The boys are gathering apples; will they give the aDnles M the poor woman ? John is able to read bette? than the/ Mv Bisters are here ; they are writing to their aunt. It was f Do you sen cream ? I sell milk, but my brother sells Tream r, drink (inf. mood) wine I Their coach is dd bu it is aT'croo^d as if It were (ind. mood imp ) new It ia hfi VhLi *^u would be betty if they were^lpTr"- Am Tnot^wo^ o'Cy" friendship? I, who am her sister. It is she. Is it you? Exercise 54. mn^?/'' V""l^'°°' '.^^°°^ ^ ^ ' ^ ^*^® »o* ^een at school this month. Does he run fast? Does she sew well ? He and I wa are writing to John. I, who go so (si) often to the dty, I pr'efer Lnnrfi?'^- ^^7 ^4°^°'"" «^^^^°"« ^^^^ thou. II eat^anf Z^^y '^t''\ ^^PPl^'' *^^° ^«- I ^«« in the house. aSd he, he was in the street. I have a peach, but it is not ripe Do you see that house ? it is for sale (d vendre). He writ"8 ietfe? than^she. As well as I. Better tha^n they, it is our ne4hbou?s Place of the nominative in interrogative sentences, § 38— (1.) In interrogative sentences, if the subject is a pronoun It IS always placed after the verb; as, Shall we come back to-morrow? Eeviendrons^ous demain f C^O In interrogative sentences, when a noun is the sub- verb, and the pronoun ^?, elle, ils, or elks, according to the KfZ^ "r"'' '^A' °°^°' ^« P^^^^d immediately after the verb ; as. Is your father here ? Voire vhe estl in' I ^ your sister love flowers ? Voire scmr ame-t^ellelei FRENCH EXERCISES. 47 rcises are either he verbs therein ruCf f. aujourePhuu demain. qttand. ou. Her, re the apples to than they. Jtfy It was I. Do ells cream. I! ut it is as good These peaches orthy of Mary's s it you ? 1 at school this He and I, we >e city, I prefer . II eat (Inf. the house, and I not ripe. Do ) writes better ur neighbour's ientences. e subject is a as, Shall we Tiain f n is the sub- id before the ording to the ediately after '« est-il id f (S.) When, in interrogatj 7e sentences, the verb which is followed by the pronoun il, elle, or on, ends with a vowel the letter t, preceded and followed by a hyphen, is placed between the verb and the pronoun ; as, Will she return with us ? Revieidra-t-elle avec nous f (4.) If the verb is one of the compound tenses, the per- sonal pronoun should be placed after the auxiliary ; as Has your father come ? Voire pere eat-U venu f ' ' (5.) When, the nominative of the verb being a noun, the sentence begins with an interrogative adverb, such as where, when, &c., the noun used as a nominative can be placed after the verb, as in English ; or before the verb, as directed above (2), with the personal pronoun placed after the verb • as, ' ( Quand viendra voire frire ? When will your brother come ? / or, I Quand voire frire vietidra^i-iH N. B. The pupil must be careful not to put the interrogative adverb between the nominative case and the verb. Exercise 55. Has William a knife? Have not my brothers a beautiful dog? Does the boy sell apples,? Are they ripe? Is your hat worth a dollar ? Are the children throwing stones ? Is Lucy leading the old woman? Is Mary calling her sister? Is the book on the table ? Is the pen good ? Were the boys running fast ? When will thy father come ? Where is my cloak ? Is my dog m the neighbour's garden ? Where is my dog ? Who (qui) was running after (apris) my uncle's horse ? It was I. I ran faster than he. Exercise 56. Are the boys eating^cherries or currants? You have fine rasp- berries ? Has your sister eaten hers ? When will thy aunt read that book ? She is sick. Send some caps and aprons to Mary's mother, the 21st of this month. He and I were running very (bien) fast. Richer than he. I prefer these pears to those. Are your horses black ? These plums are finer than those.' Are those apples ripe ? Where are my sisters ? They are with (avec) their sick friend. That is my father's lawyer. Rermrk.^Not, used with a verb, is expressed in French by placing ne before the verb, and pas after it. Ne is written «' h/. tore^a vowel or a silent k When the verb is in a compound tense, pas must^be placed between the auxiliary and the parti- ciple. *^ 48 ?f:! *tii BLBMENTART Exercise 51. Have you not my sister's pencils? Has she not found hers ? The men are not gathering the fruit. They will not come often. They are net running. Does not Lucy love cherries? I, I shall not beat the dog. The girls do n t write fast, but they write well. I, who am not her friend. Will not your sister come to-morrow ? We are not idle. Do not the boys owe much (beaucoup) to their friends? We do not eat pine-api)les. Mary is not revengeful. Do not thy brothers give their money to the poor (plur.) ? Do not eat fast. Is that table mahogany ? SECT. II. PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE POSSESSIVE CASE . § 39. 3fme, thine, Jiisj hers, its, ours, yours, theirs, which arc in English the possessive case of the personal pronouns /, thou, he, she, and it, have been explained on page 37. § 40. But when mine, thine, his, &c., are used with the verb to be to convey simply an idea of property, *■•■ ,■ is I: Mine, is translated by d moi. Ours, is d 7WUS Thine, " " atoi. Yours, is d vous His, " * dlui. Hers, is d elk. Theirs, standing for a mascilline noun, is d eux. Theirs, " " feminine " d elles Examples. Is this pen yours ? Jfo, it is not mine. Cette plume est-elle d vous ? Non, elle u'est pas d moi. (Meaning simply it does not belong to me.) Is that garden yours? my brother. Give that Exercise 58. No, it belongs (apparttent or est) to rose to thy sister. It is not mine. Where are my gloves ? Those gloves are thine. These jewels are not ours. Has Mary a fan ? The fan which is on the table is hers. The boys are gathering apples. All the red apples are theirs. Which horse belongs to William ? The black horse i? his. Those knives are theirs. Are they not ours 7 Will you have the gold thimble or the silver one? The former is mine; the latt«r belongs to Emily. Put that money in my silk purse t found hers ? ot come often. Iierries ? I, I fast, but they at your sister boys 0"vve much ap])les. Mary • money to the logany ? ESSIVE CASE . yours, theirn, the personal explained on used with the ■ty, d nous, d vous. d elle. a cux. a elles. elle d vous ? (IS d mot. ■j belong to me.) rtient or est) to [t is not mine. . These jewels 1 is on the table e red apples are e black horse i? lurs 7 Will you former is mine ; n my silk purse FRENCH EXERCISES* 49 *l6Ct. III. PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE OBJECTIVE CASE. § 41. The personal pronouns in the objective case are expressed in French thus : Me, me, moi. Thee, te, toi. Him, le, lui. Her, la, elle. It, le, la. Ua, nous. You, vous. Them, Zes, eux, elles. N. B. The student must carefully attend to the following directions. j^ ( when it is the direct object of a verb, and the French ) \ word for which it stands, is masculine, is \ "' J^ < when it is the direct object of a verb, and the French > \ word for which it stands, h feminine, is \ ^• Them 5 ^^«^ t^« F'^ench word for which it } ^ ^ I stands, is masculine, is J ^* "'"" ^"^' Them \ ^^«^ tj^« ^«/ch word for which it } ^ I stands, is feminine, is j "" ^^^ "*"• Remark. — Him, her, and them, when followed by who, whom, or that, are translated by celui, celle, ceux, celles. See § 32. § 42. Before the student can write correctly the French pronouns in the Qbjective, he must clearly understand the diflFerence between the direct and the indirect object of a verb. A pronoun or a noun is the direct object of a verb, when it is governed by that verb without the assistance of a pre- position, expressed or understood ; as, / see him. A pronoun or a noun is the indirect object of a verb when the help of a preposition, expressed or understood, is needed to complete the sense; as, I speak to him. Personal Pronouns used as direct objects of a verb. § \3. Me, when it is the direct object of a verb, is met Thee, " " " tg Him, " " « ;«; Her, " « " la. It, standing for a masculine noun, u. It, standing for a feminine noun, la. Them, un^ 50 ELEMENTARY • If ■ i,k" § 44. Except, when the verb is in the imperative mooci, UBcd affirmatively^ Me is translated by mn. Thee «' «' toi. N. B. When the verb in the imperative mood ia used neffU' lively^ Me ig translated by me Thee " " te. Personal Pronouns used as indirect objects of a verb. N. B. The preposition to is always expressed or understood be- fore these pronouns in English, but is not expressed in French except after reflected verbs and a few others. § 45. To me, when it is the indirect object of a verb, is me. To theej To him, To her. To it. Tons, To you, To them, (speaking of persons,) To them, (speaking of things,) u If « ti «i (( It (( II II II (( « tt It tt te. It lui. II lui. II y- II nous. II vous. (( lew. « y. g 46. — Except, when the verb is in the imperative mood used affirmatively, To me is translated by mot. To thee « " toi. N. B. When the verb in the imperative mood is used nega- tively, To me is translated by me. To thee " " te. Personal Pronouns in the objective ca*e, governed by tt preposition, and not the object of a verb. §47. j^^ i when it 13 governed by a preposition and is ' I not the object of a verb, is Thee, Him, Her, tt (( II II II (I II tt It tt tt JTiem, wh«n itanding for a mageuline noiia, f«minine noua. i| II y mot. ioi. lui. elle. eus. ellet, F8BIICII EXIOIOISES. 61 s used net^a- ders tood be- 'd in French 3rb, 18 me. It te. tt lui. 11 lui. tt y- t nous. t vous. t leur. I y. ^ Reiiiark.—n is seldom expressed in French after a preposition For example : Do you put your hat on the table, or under it ? is translated thus : MeUez-vom voire chapeau sur la table ou dea- gout? are translated by en. To it. See § 45. § 48. Of it, from it, Of him, from him, Of her, from her, Of them, from them, Remarlc.—Some and any, when they arc not followed by a noun, are used like pronouns, and are translated by w; as, ^ Give me some, I have not any. DonneZ'm^en. Je n'en ai pas. SECT. IV. THE PLACE OP PERSONAL PRONOUNS GOVERNED BY VERBS. § 49. A personal pronoun governed by a verb, either as its direct or indirect object, must be placed immediately before the verb ; as, He sees me, thee, us, youi him, I speak to him, to her, to them, of it, of them. Does he see him or it ? her or it ? them? II me voit. 11 te voit. II nous voit. II vous voit. 11 le voit. Je lui parle. Je lui parle. Je leur parle. J'cn parle. J'ew parle. Le voit-il ? La voit-il ? Les voit-il ? § 50. But when the verbis in the imperative mood used nffirmatively, the pronoun governed by the verb must be placed after it and connected with it by a hyphen ; as, Send him, Envoyez-le. N. B. When the verb in the imperative mood is used n*s-.'?= ^vtly, the pronoun governed by a verb must be placed hefw* th« ▼•»b, as in § 4». ./ ««• S2 ELBMfiNtAnir If ti I ! W ih l> ■ It?- m Examples. Send us, her, . them, Speak to him, to her, to them, Do noi. send us, him, them, Do not speak to him, to her, to them. Etiv6yfez-nott«; Envoyez-/a. Envoyez-i«s; Parlez-/ttt. Parle2-/ut. Parlez-Zewr. Ne noits envoyez pai; Ne Z'enyoyez pas. Ne les envoyez pas* Ne lui parlez pas. Ne lui parlez pas. Ne leur parlez pas. § 51. — (1.) When a verb governs two personal pro- nouns, one of which is its direct object, and the other its indirect object, the pronoun in i\ie first or second person is placed before the one in the third person ; that is, me, te, nous, vous, precede le, la, les, y, or en, (2.) If both pronouns are in the third person, the direct object is placed be/ore the indirect object ; that is, le, la, les, precede lui, leur, y, or en. (3.) When y and ew occur in the same sentence, y pre- cedes en, ReTnark. — The reflective pronoun se, used as an indirect regi- tnen makes an exception to (2), as it takes the precedence of the direct regimen, as : They say it to each other, Its sk le disent. ] ] 1 ] I I I I I a I Examples, He gave him or it to me^ He gave her or it to me, He gave them to me, He gave me so?ne, He gave him or it to thee, He gave thee some^ He gave him or it to m.?, He gave her or it to you, He gave us some. He gave you some. He recalls him ov it to himself, H9 recalls her or U to A«rM^ II me le donna, n me la donna. H me les donna. II m^en donna, n te le donna, n Ven donna. l\ nous le donna. H vous la donna, n nous en donna. Tl vntis on i\r\r\na n St le rappelle. II se la rapptlle. FRENCH BXEKCISBS. 53 Cez pas; pas. z pas^ pas. pas. s pas. psonal pro- le other its d person is t is, me, te, , the direct it is, le, la, nee, y pre- idirect regi- ecedence of I. i. a. He recalls them to himtelf He applies himself to it^ He sent me there, He sent him or her to me there. He sent me some there, Hs sent us there, He sent some to us there He gives it to him or to her He gives it to them, He gives them to them, He sent them to them there, He sent some to him there He sent some there, ' He sent some to them.there, II se les rappelle. n a'y applique. n ra'y envoja.* II me Vy envoya. II m'y en envoya. II nous y envoya. II nous y en envoya. II le lui donne. II le leur donne. II les leur donne. II les leur y envoya. II lui y en envoya. Ily en envoya. II leur y en envoya. niJ,^ ?"*' ^^^"^ * ^^^^ ^" *^e imperative mood, used &^>r\T'T /^\Pronouns, Lse pronouns are placed after that verb, in the following order f ' j:e,la les, are placed immediately after the verb. J^i, leur rnoi, iwm, vous, come after le, la, or les, r precedes mot, toi, le, and la. X follows nous, vous, and les. En comes last. Examples. Send him to me. Send her to me, Send them to me, Send him or it to them. Send them to them, Send them to him. Send me there. Send us there. Send some there. Warn Aim 0/ it. Warn /A, °^' trust to them. She did not apply to you. Why did she not ap- ply to me, when she wished help? Will you trust yourself to me? Go to him, if you have need (besoin) of any thing. Vocabulary. After, prep. aprbs. At, d. Behind, At the house of, Before, Before, By, During, During, derrUre. By, For, Near, par. pour. pris de, chez. avant. devant. d c6t6 de. (speaking of time and order,) (speaking of place and presence,) (by the side of,) (implying the whole time through,) aurani. (meaning some period during that time,) pendant. Exercise 72. See 6 47 • Follow your sister, but do not run after her. I wish to arrive (arriver) before her. I am near thee, but thou dost not see me He will do it for thee to-morrow. This is for him. Do not go before me. I will walk (marcher) by my sister. Julia is at the house of her brother. Mary is at my house, (at the house of me.) I shall go to your uncle's after to-morrow. I will not go with them. Have you applied to her? Was he speaking of me? He was speaking\f thee. I will go with her. Without thee, I should not have found my book. Without me your gloves would have been lost. The army will stay in Italy during the winter. They gained a battle during the winter. Exercise 73. Do not go with him. They came to me. Return with me. We were running with her. This umbrella is not mine. It is Your cousin's ; return it to him. Come sit (inf.) by me Lucy and her sisters are sewi«g ; she sews better than they. Were you writing to her or to them (m.)? You and I (we) have not received our money. My cousin will write theletter for thee. I cajnot see you ; you are behind me. John will walk the first and his brothers will follow him. Will you walk before me ? Brmg me the stick. Bring it to me. Carry it to him. Do not carry it to him. , , Vocabulary. On, before a noun, sur, prep. Under, do. do. sous, prep. See § 47, and the Remark under it On it, Under it, dessus, adv. destouSj adv. \ ' 60 BLSMJUilAET Exercite 74. Does he put the stick under the table ? He puts it under it Does he put it on it or under it? He puts it on it. Send me the books. Send them to me. Send them to us. Let us send them to him. Let us send them to them. Send some there, fcsend me some. Give me the bread. Give me some. Give it to him. Give him some. Send him to us. Send her to us. Give back to ua our ink. Give it back to me. Lead the horse to the river. Lead him there. Let us lead him there. Here are (woici) two horses. Lead them there. I cannot go there without her. You will be there before me. SECT. V. REFLECTED PRONOUNS. § 56. The reflected pronouns are placed before the verb, except where the verb is in the imperative mood, used affirmatively. They are : Myself or to myself, me. Thyself, or to thyself, te. Hinwelf, herself, itself, or > . to himself, to herself, to itself, I **• Ourselves, or to ourselves, nous. Yourselves, or to yourselves, vous. Themselves, or to themselves, se. § 57. But when the verb is in the imperative mood, used affirmatively, the reflected pronouns are placed af- ter the verb, and, Thyself, or to thyself, is expressed by toi. § 58. When the reflected pronouns are preceded by any other preposition than to, they are expressed as follows : moi, or irwi-meme. toi or toi-meme. lui or lui-m^me. elk or elle-meme. nous or nous-meines. vous or vous-meme. vous or vous-memes. eux or eux-mimes. elles or elles-mimes. m ox soi-m^t. Myself, is Thyself, « Himself, K Herself, l( Ourselves, tl Yourself, 11 Yourselves, tl Themselves, masc. tl Themselves, f«m., ii ,One'g self. It tKBSm EXBSCtsaS. dl Examples. t under it. Send me et us send •me there. Give it lier to us. the horse sre. Here go there 3fore the fQ mood, ^e mood, laced af- d by any Hows : § 56. He amuses himself, He recalls to himself) the day, S § 57. Dress thyself, § 58. For thyself, Of one's self. n s'amuse. II se rappelle le jour. Habille-toi. Pour toi. De $oi. Vocabulary. Apply, (to persons,) ^adr ester. Apply, (to things,) s'appliquer. Blame, verb, bldmer. (3.) Burn, verb. Cut, verb, Dress, verb, Face, Fault, bruler, (3.) coupet. (3.) habiller. (3.) figure, f. faute, f. Find, trouver. (3.) Finish, finir. (4.) Nail, (finger,) ongUj m. Recent, se repentir. (34.) St dy, verb, itudier. (3.) Too, too much, tro^. Wash, laver. (3.) Warm, chauffer. Exercise 75. I blame myself, and I repent of my fault. I will finish that work myself. I am not speaking of myself. We will speak of it to the master ourselves. Thou appliest thyself too closely {trop) to thy studies. I wish to see thee thyself. We will apply to our uncle when we need {aurons besoin de) help. The boys are going to the baker's themselves. Will they not warm themselves at the fire ? They will warm themselves by walking (en mar- chant) f&st. Do you find yourself better to-day? My sisters walk every day. He trusts too much to himself. Remark. — Reflected verbs are used in French in speaking of performing an action upon one's body or limbs, and the article is used instead of the possessive adjectire ; as. I wash my he ids, Je MK lave les mains. Exercise 76. I am warming myself. I am warming my feet. Henry is washing himself. He is washing his hands. We dress our- selves. The little child does not dress himself. He will burn his fingers. He is warming his hands. That child is burning his shoes. Is he not burning his feet? Mary is washing her muslin gown. Lucy is washing her face. Do you wash your hands and face ? I have cut my finger. Thou hast cut thy arm. He h«~ »..4. !,:» l,Q.„,^ Wn kotra ntt* Aim Anrrai que. \ which, and is the olject of a verb, is ) f lequel, m. sing. Which, governed by a preposition, is, J 5«?««^^«> f- sing- I lesquels, m. plu. ( lesquelles, f. plu. ^ Remark'—'When the preposition that governs lequel IS de or d, it is contracted with it, as follows : SINGULAR. Masc. Lequjl, duquel, auquel, duquel, Fom. laquelle, de laquelle, a laquelle, de laquelle, PLURAL. Maeo. Fern. lesquels, lesquelles, wlio, which. desquels, desquelles, of whom, of which. auxquels, auxquelles, to whom, to which. desquels, desquelles, from wlwm, from tohieh. § 66. The student will perceive from the nrecedinff lea- sona, that we translate r I naae. ring. ie, ^ dug. m. plur. h t plur. s itrangireSf rQs-agriable, s itrangiresf as I'odeur. Strangires d LLEs je n« tamaia. tstruction of placed after 3ed by dont ; (the noun to loun, which a noun that /es, and not \ que. I, m. sing. lie, f. sing. els, m. plu. elles, f. plu. rns lequel which, which, from which. edinor laa- fRBNCH EXBRCI81S. 65 10, i Itch, > \om, "i \ich, > It, ) who, which, that, whom, which, that. when nominative to the following verb, by qui. when object of the following verb, by jw*. The man who The horse which > comeg The chaise that The man whom The horse which ^ I see. The coach that Examples, Vhomme qui Le cheml qui La ehaite qui Vhomme que Le cheval que Le carrosse que ce qui, or vient. i" vols. & 67. What, standing for that which, is • ( ce que. (l.)Ce qui is used when immediately followed by a rerb, of which qui is the subject nominative ; as, Always do what is right ; i. e., that which is right. Faites toujours ob qui est juste. (2.) Ce que is used when a nominative comes in between it and the next verb. Que is in the objective case. What we say is true ; i. e., that which we say is true, Ce quh nous disons est vrai. , ^o Ti/A 4 C used in a vague sense, or referring ) ^ ^ MTA • a' < to «< phrase* ^^^ governed by a > quot. Which, ^ preposition, is ) Example. William learned his lessons, after which he went to walk. Guillaume a appris ses legms, aprhs quoi U est alU sepromener. & 69. Of what. Is de ce qui, de ce que ; as, ^ . ^ . I speak of what Is true; i. e. of that which, &c. • Je parle de ce qui est vrai. I speak of what you know. Je parle de ce que vous savex. What of. Is ce dont ,• as, .^ * ^ i • i t,^ What he speaks of is not true ; that of which, *o. Ck jyoTUT il parle n^ est pas vrai. f, 70. To what, is o ce qui, d ce que ; as, ^ , ^ . Apply to what is useful ; i e. that which, &c. jlppliquez-vous a oe qui est utile. Pay attention to what I say. JViifcs (Attention ▲ oe que jc dis. £ I 66 ELEMENTART it .Hi ■ 4'n 0" What to, is ce d quoi; as, What jou apply yourself to is not useful : i. «., that t» which, &c. ' Cb a quoi vous vous appliquez n'est pas utile. Vocabulary. Strike, Absolute, Happen, Lady, Letter, Meadow, Pick, Power, Shun, ahsolu. arrioer. (3.) dame, f. letlre, f. prairie, f. cueillir. (22.) pouvoir, m. iviter. (3.) Study, Skip, Sure, "Very, adv. Vice, Vex, Wear, frapper. (3.) 6tude, f. bondir. (4.) sur. tres,fort, bien. vice, m. fdcher. (3.). porter. (3.) Exercise 77. ooi?c^'"^1^^-'' ^^"l^PP^^s is at the door. Call the woman who sells strawbernes. The grass which grows. Do you see the lambs that skip in the meadows ? The boy that runs so (si) fast The man whose apples you are picking. The king whom we* fear rt TlJ'^'TT ''' '' "^^ ^•^'^^- The house which we sold! The flowers which you are gathering are beautiful. Lewis has a horse which is worth two hundred doUars. The horse which you see m the meadow is not his. The jewels that you w aT The man with whom I came. The carriage in which I came .ft^ '^1- .The relative pronoun, whom, which or that, h Often omitted m Lnghsh, but it must always be expressed in French when it is required by the meaning or con- struction of the sentence ; as, ° Where is the book you were reading? Ou est le tivre que vous lisiez 1 Exercise 78. The king, whose power is absolute. The physician to whose prudence I owe much, ibeaucoup.) The niece of whom I sTeak The birds oi which you speak. The coach which is at the door The house which we saw yesterday is for sale, (Ex. 54 ) The" man with whom Edward is walking. The carpenter to u-hnm^! gave the gold. The horse on whS^h I return' d to the «L I love what you love. Eat what I give you. Tell me what vexes you. The dog that is running. The boys who are pickW cherries. _ The boys whom you will punish. The grapes v on sen we not ripe. The lady from whom I received thi? l?tter Exercise 79. thou art.wrfting. There are (™i/.) 'thf boSs fSrwS I'^ave PRENCfl EXCB€I$ES. 67 i. 6., that t» •«r. (3.) r. (4.) fort, Hen. m. ••. (3.)- ^ (3.) Oman who the lambs fast. The 1 we fear. h we sold. ewis has a rse which i^ou wear. I came. that, is expressed or con- to whose I speak. the door. 4.) The whom he city. I lat vexes picking you sell r. h which h I gave eighty dollars. You are buying a book which is very dear. The book which you have bought is very dear. The book of which you speak is dear. He has lost all the money he had. The phy- sic'.an whom I see. The physician of whom I speak. The pine- apples of which Mary °i,oaks. I have what pleases «ie. Ed- ward does not sell what I sell. The table on which you write. This is that lawyer's niece of whom we were speaking. I study what you study. § 72. When a relative pronoun, governed by a prepo- sition, is not expressed in English, and the preposition that governs it is placed at the end of the sentence, the relative pronoun must be expressed in French, preceded by the preposition; as. Do you know the lady I am writing to ? This sentence should be translated thus : Connaissex-vous la dame a qvificris ? Do you know the lady to whom I am writing ? Exercise 80. I do not know the shoemaker you speak of We believe what he says. Do you know what vexes her? Here is (void) the boy I was running after. What you speak of will happen. She is speaking of what will happen to-day. Tell me what I shall say. You whose sons are so attentive. The boys I see in the meadow. This is the stick with which he struck me. Where is the horse you have bought? The horse to which I have given some water. You speak of the lady whose aunt hiis been ill, (mulade.) He trusts to what he has done. What you trust to is not sure. The farmer whose garden you have seen. The queen whose jewels are lost. Shun vice, and love what is good. Do you not believe what I say ? The studies to which he applies, (s'apjdique.) The chair on which you are sitting, (etes asHs.) The pens with which Lucy writes. The coach in which I came. The apricots which you are picking. Give me the pen you are writing with. I do not know to whom it belongs. We speak of what we know. What we talk of every day. CHAPTER IX. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. § 73. The interrogative pronoun who is translated into French thus : Who, qui, quel.- Whose, de qui, dqui. Whom, qui. •m 68 ELEMENTARY 4 'hi 3fl! ^1 K Vil M (I.) PTAo is translated by qui, when it does not refer to a noun coming after the verb, of which who is the subject or nom- inative ; as, -^ Who .wrote this letter ? Qui a ecrit cette lettre 1 (2.) Who is expressed by qud, quelle, quels, quelles, when the next verb is followed by a noun to which this pronoun quel re- Who are these ladies ? Quelles sent ces dames ? N. B. Remember quel mu3t agree in number and gender with the noun to which it refers in the sentence. Quel is really an interrogative adjective, and the noun with which it agrees is understood, the sentence above reading thus, when the ellipsis is supplied : Quelles (dames) sont ces dames ? § 74. Whose, meaning of whom, is de qui. Whose \ "^^'^ ^^foTQ the verb to be, signify. > ' } lug possession, duty or right, is $ " qui Whose pen have you ? Whose pen js this ? Whose turn is it to read ? Examples. La plume de qui avez-vous .? A QUI est cette plume ? A QUI est-ce de lire ? N. B. W-hose, used interrogatively, is never expressed by donf which IS always a relative pronoun. ' § 75. The interrogative pronoun which is thus transla- ted : Which, i ( referring to a noun mas. sing, is quel, lequel. fem. sing, is quelle, laquelle. masc. plur. is quels, lesquels. fem. plur. is quelles, lesquelles. Remark 2. Which, coming immediately before the verb to be when that verb is not followed by a noun, is translated hy lequel' Look at those roses ; which is Regardez ces roses-Id: laqubllk the prettiest ? est la plus jolie ? Remark 3. Which, meaning which one, xohich ones, and not followed by the verb to be, is translated by lequel, &c. ; as. Those are my hor3es ; which VoHd mes chcvaux ; leqkkl ad. (one) do you admire the mirez-vouH le pJm^ most? ■ FRENCH EXERCISES. 69 refer to a ct ornotn- e lettre ? , when th« in quel re- f dames ? nder with really an agrees is tie ellipsis jui z~vous i by rfo/t/, transla- '.elle. els. \ueUes. t'b to be, )y lequel, AQUBLLK and nof 3,8, >UBL 11(1' Remark 4. &c : as. Which, followed by of, is translated by kquel, Which of these oranges will Laquellk de ces oranges voulei" you have ? vous ? Remark 5. Lequel cannot be used as an adjective, and there- fore must never be followed immediately by a noun. When it is preceded by the preposition de or d, contraction takes place, as in the relative pronoun lequel, which is declined on page 64; as, To which of my uncles have you written ? AuQUEL de mes ancles avez-vous ecrit. ' 1. qu^est-ce qui. § 76. The interrogative pronoun What is translated by 3. 4. que. qu'est-ce que. quoi. quel, quelle, &c. (1.) What, signifying what thing, and employed as the nomi- native to a verb, is expressed by qu'est-ce qui ; as, What vexes you? Qu'est-ce qui vousfdche ? (2.) What signifying what thing, and used without a prepo- sition as the object of a verb, is expressed by que or qu'est-ce que; as. What are you doing ? Quefaites-vous? ox Qu'est-ce que vousfaites ? (2.) What, when it means what sort of thing, or of what con- sequence, and is followed by the verb to be, is likewise expressed by que or qu'est-ce que ; as. What are men before God ? Que sont les hommes devant Dieu 1 What is light? Qu'est-ce que la lumi^rel (3.) What, signifying what thing, and preceded by a preposi- tion, whether expressed or understood, is translated by quoi; as, Of what is he speaking ? De quoi parle-t-il ? (3.) TFAcf^, used as an interjection, is 5W0i ; as. What 1 is that my brother ? Quoi ! est-cc Id monfrere ? (4.) What, when it does not mean what thing, and relates to a noun placed after the verb which follows what, is translated by quel, quelle, quels, quelles, accordlug to the gender rind number of the noun to which it relates ; as, What are your motives ? Quels sont vos motifs ? 70 ELEMENTARY t' Ph H ■ iil America, Asia, Africa, City, Continent, Europe, Form, verb, Island, t^oolc at, ^mdrique, f. jlsie, f. Afrique^ f ville^ f. continent y m. Europe, t former. (3.) i'e, f. Vocabulary, \ Motive, Name, noun. Name, verb. Republic, Ride, verb, River, State, Study, verb, Sun, regarder. (3.) Northern, septentrional, or du nord Southern, 7niridional, or du sud il-astern, oriental. Western, occidental. motif, m. nom, m. ncmner. (3.) ripubliqm, f. monter. (3.) riviere, f. ^tat, m. iludier. (3.) soleil, m. Exercise 81. have vou bough ?Whr. f " ^''' meadow ? Whose horaes ing to my mother ? With v W wJi ,^^^'^^°«^.^ere you speak- city ? You Jmve seen mv hn'rl?. 3 ^''''^ ^° ^^'' ^^««^»g to the is the best ? Which Ts thT h.t t" ^." ^^" P"^^«^ ? ^hich that? IdonotknoVwhose:^^^^^ Whose bouse is (Id.) What makes vou Tau^h ? Wh ^5''^ ^'^ ^^^ '^^^^g there ? What were you taUc^n^g ^'^L ^^InL'Z r'' '' ''' ' ^^ Exercise 82. youtt^ffre'^Si^criftir:' si-"^t r^^^v^^ ^^-^-- ^- Who has done thai? What i,*^^?' ^ ^'i°'' ^^^ '^ this ? ward's motive. ? Which tl h! ^''^"''^ ^*'" ^ ^^'*^^t are Kd- books were you reading 0^ww°.''?l^^^^ ^^^ich ^^^ these of the boys fball I gTve^he waTch ? '"w"^ ^"" "I ^ ^° ^^^^^ tlful dog ? For what dno^ f7 n ^^i'' ^''''® thee this beau- Which !f these holes .t'iriV'f wJ . "^^^ '' ^^^^^"^ "^«? What is an island r^^^Cu^^^h^Ume^'ftaf^err^ ' ''''' Exercise 83, wh'^senre'fhel'? Wh!chl '^''" '. ^^^^ *- ^^^° °-"ges ; What ! is he Lt will n. . ^°" "^T^"'} ^^'"^^ is the largest ? roses do yo w sh ? W fo. h!f ?\'' ^'""K^ ^^'^'^'^ °^ '^^s« Copy-books ? Who^^^^j: ;'^^?°'f-^"^^^ ^^'»^°^« ^re 'hesa To which of thy sTste'rs ahLll^r'L''^ '"' ' ''^*^ *' '^ republic? FSSXCB EXEBCISES. n '", m. m. ler. (3.) dique, f. er. (3.) -e, f. m. 2r. (3.) m. with me? 036 horses le son are 'ou speak- ing to the ? Which '• bouse is ig there ? say ? Of fer. Can is this ? ; are Kd- I of these Co which lis beau- iingme? I I ride ? ►ranges ; largpst? of these re Jhese ipublic? Q which argest ? Which has the largest garden ? About (de) what are the boys talking? What! is she not here? Will you have orungea or pine-apples ? I prefer the latter to the former. Exercise 84. Which is the eastern continent? In what city do yon live? What is the sun? The stars are suns. Give those handlcorchiefj to those girls. These flowers are prettier than those. I have bought a cow and a horse ; the former costs (coute) me five and twenty dollars, the latter eighty-five. What ! you have given too much. What is the name of that star? What is Mary looking at? Whose apron has she ? This lesson is shorter than that. What are kings and queens? On what island ? What continent do Europe, Asia, and Africa form ? Eat this pear, and take to your sister the ones that you have in your apron. What is honor ? Exercise 85. What lesson are you studying? Which is the largest of the western states? Which is the smallest of tlie n)rthera states? He only (seu!) knows my motives. The pliysiciiin to whom you are writing is not at home. Let us send her some lilies. Let us send them to them I ! pick (cueillir) your flowers! Who has done that ? It was not I ; it was slie. Bring me a copy- bonk. Do not bring it to me. He and I (we) were together. I will go with thee. This stick is mine and this umbrella is hers. This peach is not Mary's ; she has eaten hers. Do not put the apples on the table ; put them under it. Have you seen him? I have not spoken to him. Where is the pine-apple I gave to the boys? They have given it to their mother. I prefer these cherries to those, CHAPTER X. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. SECT. I. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS WHICH ARE NEVER JOINED TO A NOUN. § 77. Every one, each one, chacun. Nobody, no one, none, any body, personne. Other people, others, uutrui. Onr% srttY\iiV\r\Axr xpck fnov T10Q- pie, &c. on. Somebody, some one, any one, quel^u'un, masc. sing. I :> liij! ¥ ^i,:. Is ' # I ,4 ■ ;ii ?2 ELUMENTAKT r meaning a/cw, not fol- ) Some, j lowed bj a noun, but , Any, j standing for a noun of ,' 9'""7M , 1 of the fern, gender, } Q^me«'Unes, fern. pi. Whoever whosoever, any person that, quiconque. One another, each other, Vun T autre. cuneTCnrlxSj. ' "^"'^ °' the feminine gender, is cha- wCn'T/' '^^^'^ ^ pronoun, is always masculine and singular. bT?oTe t^vTb ;r,'" ""*°''' "^ ''^^^ ^^^^' ^'^ --^ ^« p'-«^ Nobody believes it, P.rsonne ne le croit. y.f:X:^lT' ''''''' ^'^''''^^'^^^-^ ''- always preceded ^e^i:zz:^:^^^^ ''- ^«^^ ^^-^-^ ^^ ^^ ^he sub. i'w;i /'aw^re is declined in the following manner, viz :— Masc. L'un I'autre, L'un de I'autre, L'un a I'autre, SINGULAR. Fem. Tune I'autre, one another. I'une de I'autre, of one another. Tune a I'autre, to one another. Masc. Les uns les autres, Les uns des autres, Les uns aux autres. PLURAL. Fem. les unes les autres, one another. les unes des autres, of one another. ^ P „, ^ ' ^es unes aux autres, ^0 one anoMer. Remarks on the Indefinite Pronoun On prls^t?ll' iZ^^' the nominative of a verb, and, though it re- ?erb To bHk ih!\rf'' ^'•' "T^^"^ ^^^ Pl"^^^' ^t requires the verD to be in the third persDn singular ; as, 2 T^^^'ff'- They say, people say. It will be said. On dira It has been thought, On a cru. FRENCH EXERCrSES. rt 'Uns, masc.pl' uneSf fem. pi. juiconque. ■ "un Vautre. ider, is cha- ad singular, t be placed ^roit. rs preceded is the snb- iz : — er. mother. nother. mother, le another, ne another. ition which n the two lugh it re- quires the ssiona are he active 3. — English passive verbs used indefinitely require the active voice in French, with on for the nominative ; and the nominative of the verb in English becomes its object in French ; as, I have been told that ho is gone, Rewards will be given to-morrow, On m'a dit qu'il ent parti. On donn»ra dfs recompenses detnahi. Exercise 8G. People believe it. Do not they believe it ? Do they not say so (le) ? It will soon (bientot) be known, if that is true. It was told to my sister yesterday. Have the men been called from the meadow ? Do not speak'ill of one another. Whoever says so, says what is not true. Each one of the knives. Each one of the forks. No one knows it. The works of others. Is there any one at the door ? There is nobody. Take some of these apples. Somebody has taken my book. Is no one willing to come with me ? Have all the playthings been found ? Some of the apricots are not ripe. Exercise 87. Send me some of those copy-books to-moirow. All the apples have been eaten. Each of these books has its value. Put them each in (d) its place. My brother will do it better than anybody. Is it known who wrote that book ? Do not do to others what you would not wish them to do to you, (que Von vous fit.) The boys are talking to one another. It is said that the king is dead. Have the cherries been picked ? Each star. Each one of the stars. Which is the largest of the western states ? What lesson are you studying ? Ask for, Any thing. Nothing, Call,(at a house,) passer. (3.) Vocabulary. demander.(3.) Every body, rien. j Expect, ne rien. I Like; verb, Engraving, s;ravure, f. Still, yet. Whether, tout le monde. attendre. (7.) aimer, (3.) encore, si. Exercise 88. I cannot give you anything. Do you know whether your uncle's horses have been sold ? They have not been sold yet. Have you still any of those engravings which you showed me the other day ? I have a few of them, that I will sell you cheap (bon marchi.) I expect somebody. Has anybody called here to-day ? I have been told that your aunt is sick. Some lessons are too long. Some of the lessons are short. Give me some of those caps. What are they looking at? How did he burn his hand ? What does the poor woman expect? This cap is not go pretty as the one that I hav« made. T4 ELEMENTARY 15 IS:* n. i> ■ I- ■^. ■'' H »i i SECT. II. INDEPTNITE PRONOUNS SOMETIMES JOINED TO NOUNS AND SOMETIMES NOT. §78. All, every, every thing, Both, Both, Both,* Either, Neither, Other, No, none, not one, Not any, none, not one, No, not one, Same, Several, many. Such, tout, wise. sing. l^un et Vautre. tons les deux, m. toutes les deux, f. Vun ou Vautre. ni Vun ni V autre, autre. nul, masc., nulle, fern. aucun, m., aucune, f. m., pas une, f. pas un, m&ne. plusieurs, masc. and fem. tel, masc, telle, fem. used wkCA'' ^^^^^fi"«^ to a noun, are adjectives ; usea without a noun, they are pronouns. verb wiirwhioh^h' ''''^' ''"'"^' ^"^.P"' «^' '•^q^i'-^ ^« before the vero witn which they are connected. L'un et Vautre is declined thus : when SINGULAR. Fem. PLURAL, I'une et I'autre, both. de I'une et de I'autre, of both. A I'une et a I'autre, to both. Fem. les unes et les autre?, both. des unes et des autres, of both. aux unes et aux autres, to both. Masc l'un et I'autre, de l'un et de I'autre, A l'un et a I'autre, Masc. les una et les autres, des uns et des autres, aux uns et aux autres, i»L\~ono!i:"' """^ '"^ -petition;; ;hT;«^;j;; Vun ou Vautre is declined thus : Masc. l'un ou I'autre, de l'un ou de I'autre, A l'un ou a I'autre, Masc. les uns ou les autres, des uns ou des autres, aux uns ou aux autres. SINGULAR. Fem. I'une ou I'autre, either. de I'une ou de I'autre, of either. a I'une ou a I'autre, to either. PLURAL. Pern. les unes ou les autres, either. des unos ou dca autres, of either _auxjine3 ou aux autres, to either. dJ^ZZ^'Zf'^V' ^^^'^^l^ted by tous deux, masc, and toutes deux, fem., when it means two together, or at the $ame time. 1 :! I -f i FRENCH EXERCISES. 76 JOINED TO Ni Vttn ni I'autre is declined thus : m. I "f. . fern. tires ; when le before the th. tre, of both. !, to both. 3!», both. •69, of both. res, to both. preposition r. , of either. either. either, of either !, to either. and toutes timi. Masc. ni I'un ni I'autre, ni de I'un ni de I'autre, ni a Tun ni a I'autre, SINOULAB. Fern, ni I'une ni I'autre, neither. ni de I'une ni de I'autre, o/nctMer, ni a I'une ni a I'autre, to neither. PLURAL. Masc. Fem. ni les una ni Ips autres, ni les unes ni les autres, neither. ni des uus ni des autres, ni des unes ni des autres, of neither, ni aux uns ni aux autres, ni aux unes ni aux autres, to neither. Exercise 89. Every thing is not lost. None of your sisters will come. We shall not see any of them to-day. The other farmers. The money of the others. Each man. Each of the men. Take either of these oranges. I wish neither of them. None of the books which you have pleases me. Of all these apples, not one is yet ripe. Nobody speaks to me of it. I am not speaking to anybody. Where are John and Stephen? Lewis receives mo- ney from both. I have written to both, but neither has answer- ed my letters. Several have spoken to me of it. Those physi- cians speak well of one another. The lawyer to whom you are writing is not at home. Exercise 90. Do not look at each other's copy-books. Somebody has been (venu) here to-day, who wished to speak to you. Nobody likes that carpet. Take some of these snow-drops. Give me a few of them. Mary and Lucy are both in the garden. We love them both. Where is our little dog ? He cannot be found. Has any- body asked to see me? Everybody knows it. You will be expected at your uncie's. Not one of you has yet given me her exercise. We see nothing. You may have either of those pens. Which is the smallest of the Northern States? You have not done anything to-day, Vocabulary. Busy, Fall, verb, Evening, Morning, occup6. tomber. (3) soir^ m. matin, m. Praise, verb, louer. (3) Property, bien, m. Only, alone, a dj.jSCtt/. • Week. semaine, f. Exercise 91. Show me your books, and I will see whether I have read any of them. What shall I buy? Which season do yon prefer? What ig a city ? Have you seen the bookseller Edward was re p w^ ,/ ► ELBMENTART one another, andboth fTl, '"^^'"^ ^''" '"""'"^ '^^*^'- Exercise 92, Wml'nn '^°^'' shall r bring you? the cloth ono ortho silk one? ^hlni Tl' ^'*'^' ""^^ ^^^^ °^ yo"'- old one ? The oak of f «".'( which that chair ia made, is very beautiful. SitTy me T can not hear what you say. Whose lettPr ia thia t \ ' nenknifp Whi^i, ^ o ** '™ ^^uer 13 this / Lend me your States No oh. ^ ^A ^^'' ^°' ^°"" ? ^^me the Western Hp «!t. No other man. Do not take the property of others r^reS Z l""^' ^" ^°" ^'^^^ ^^^^her the letters Imve been rece ved, that were expected this morning? They hav not hon received yet. He only knows my motive! ^''"^-^ '''^'^ "^^been Exercise 93. mmmmm SECT. III. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY QUE. § 79. Whoever, whosoever, Whoever, before the verb to be, Whomever, whomsoever, Whatever, Whoever, Whatever, Whatever, However, 5 qui que ce soit qui. I qui que cefnt qui. qui que. J qui que ce soit que. \ qui que cefut que. quoi que. quel que, masc. sing. quelle que, feiii. sing. quels que, masc. plnr. . quelles que, fem. plur. C when followed 3 mie1nt,« ] by anoun.placed [ ^^^f?"*- • • • 9«« sing. ^ before que, ) queiques . . .que plur. ( when immediate- 1 s V xviiunuu uy an I ) adjective or an C ( adv«rb, ) when placed be- fore the verb to 6e, and relating to a noun that tollows it, when followed gueigue . . tout . . que. que. FRENCH EXERCISES. 77 fhter you know -fucy is not at ou are reading^, not be able to running after r the silk one? e oak of (avec) ^y me ; T can- Lend me your le the Western rty of others. srs have been have not been )u wish to go ? Take8on.e ite letters to Oui parents y will return s Mary, loves says 30 (le). OLLOWED / qui. f qui. f que. que. . sing. . sing. 3. pliir, 1. plur. '■ sing, f plur. which followg them to be in the subjunctive mood. JExamples. Whoever may speak to me. Qui que ce ^oit qui me park. Whoever would speak of it. Qui que cefU qui en parldt. Whoever you may be. Qui que votis soyez. Whomsoever I may receive. Qui que ce soit queje regoive. Whatever you ma\ say. Quoi que vous disicz. Whoever these men may be. Quels que soient ces honmes. Whatever talents he may hav«. Quelques talents quHl ait. However great they may be. Quelque g ands quHls soient, or Tout grands quHls smt. Exercise 94. Whoever may laugh. Whatever Lucy may send. Whomso- ever 1 may see. Whoever these boys may be. Whatever friends they may have. However pretty she may be. Whoever would beat the dog women may be. they may have, father may be. Both shall go However large he way be. Whoever those Whomsoever you may know. Whatever lessons Whatever you may do. However rich his Whatever he may say, I will not believe him. _ with mc. Neither is in the garden. Shall I call your mother or aunt? Call either. For what is she coming ? They alone do what I wish. What is the mind ? Exercise 95. Whoever is pnilty shall be pui ^hed. Have you nothing to say to me? In which continent is Nort America? Of whom ^ Lucy spraking? What ^s she giving to the old woman «> With what are you writing? He is praised, he is blamed, he IS punished, but whatever they do, he is always lazy. Whatever advantages my sister may have had. However faithful their triends may have been. Whatever mav !»e the evils of thi^ lift' Wnoever asks for me, tell him that" I am busy. He appHes himself to nothing whatever. What is beautv ? A flower that soon fades (se fdfie.) " j ^ re ILEUENTART I I -r'f ' I CHAPTER XL THE VERBS. There are four conjugations or classes of verbs. Verbs of the Jirst conjugation have th{3 infinitive mood present tense, ending in EK. Verbs of the secont? conjugation have the infinitive mood, present tense, ending in I R. Verbs of the third conjugation have the infinitive mood, present tense, ending in OIR. Verbs of the fourth conjugation have the infinitive mood, present tense, ending in UK. The tenses of the verbs are primitive, or derivative. The primitive tenses of verbs are those from which the others are formed ; they are five in number, and are : The present of the ivjinitive mood. The present participle. The past participle. The present of the indicative mood. And the preterite of the indicative mood. All the others are derivative. THE FORMATION OF THE TENSES OF FRENCH VERBS. § 2, From the present op thb Infinitive two tenses are formed : 1. The Future Absolute, hy the change of r, re, oroiV intors/ conjugation, and adding se in the second, third, and fourth conjugations 'as^> donnar que je donnassc ; je finis, que je finisse] jere^us] quife refusse i je rendts, que je rendisse. v i v «=./ COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TENSES OP ENGLISH VERBS AND THE TENSES OF FRENCH VERBS. THE PRESENT TENSE OP THE INDICATIVE MOOD. § 1. There are in English, three forms of the Present Tense I wnte^ I do lorite, lam writing. But these three forms of expression, althou-h they differ sli-htly in mean ing, can be translated into French by one form only viz This is one of the difficulties of young students, who are apt to translate / am writing hy je suislrioant, iZZZ hy je/nsecrire, &c. ; but it must be remembered ihf there is but one form of the present tense in French yVm> THE IMPERFECT TENSE. ^ . There are m English, three forms of the Imperfect Tense, I ivrote, I d.d write, and / loas n:ritlng. Only one of these, wns writing, is always translated by fhe Imperfect lense in French, i'.rm.nV When Iwroteiu I cM write signify Ivsed to write. I wrote habitually; they areTie T^ise translated by the Imperfect, i'ecrimtr ^ with"t^^^Ti, \ T'" '"^ ' '^^'^ 7''' ^'^ ^^^^ i° connection with t.me that has not expired, as this morning, to-day, I 80 ELEMENTARY 1 ■!' -• ^f^: , ,iJ . this month, &c., they are translated by the Compound of the Present, Preterit Indefinite, or Passe Indifini, (which are different names for the same tense,) fai icrit. When / wrote and / did write are used in connection with time entirely past, as yesterday, last week, &c., they are generally translated by the Passk Difini, or Preterit : J'ecrivis hier, § 3. The Imperfect Tense in French, (Impar/ait,) is used, 1st. To express an action which was taking place at the same time that another action took place ; as, J'tcRivAiB quand voire plre /ujastmiing when your father arriva. came. 2nd. To express an action done habitually in past time, or frequently repeated ; as, Quand j'fiTAis d Washington, When I was in Washington, I j'allais au Congris tous les went (used to go) to Congress jours. every day. 3. In describing the qualities of persons or things, and the state, place, or disposition in which they were in time past, without any reference to the end of the state ; as. Howard etait un grand horn- Howard was a great man. me. 4th. After the conjunction si, if, where the conditional or subjunctive imperfect is used in English; as. Si j'I:tais d voire place. Si j'I;tai3 malade. If I tvere in your place. If I should be sick. Note.— Suppose you have to translate into French / spoke, I wrote, and you are in doubt whether to use the Imperfect or the Preterit, see whether you can turn the expression into / used to speak, I Used to write, or into Iioas speaking, I was loriting ; if you can, the Imperfect is the proper tense. THE PRETERIT DEFINITE. {Translated by the English Imperfect.) §4. The Preterit Befimte expresses an action which took place but once, commenced at the time to which it refers, and was entirely completed. It is used only when FRENCH EXERCISES. 81 hmpound of ijini, (which 1 connection ^ f Preterit Indefinite 1 HE Peri; ^ct Tense, j Passe iNDtriNi. ( Compound of the Present. Frfnch Slf /^S'/-"'^' ^" ?"f^^^^' corresponds to the / have written to my sister. J'ai toRiT d ma sceur. But the Preterit Indefinite is used very often in French eane Quand avkz-vous pbrdu votre bourse ? Je Tai perdue ce matin. When rfirf you lose your purse? //os^ it this morning. What have you been doing these two weeks ? I ttJfin^ to New- York, and from there to Boston, where I spent FAIT depuin Qu'avez vous quime jours ? Je ama allI; c New- York et de Id d Boston, ou j'aj pass^ ofl„«».,i J , ""v,»v. X o^cct lie lu a noswn, ou j'aj PA<5f36 vLr^ mucn. beaucoup amus6. 1 The PrcimY 7nri(>/?mYe is used in speaking of an action nast Zfk'^^sr """" "'' yet expired, such astoXX Iwas at your house this morn- J'ai iiii cA« i,o«5 ce matin, lug. fetf?r /°" *™ "' "y '^'''"'*- AvEz-Dousj-ama.-. vb mon grand. rJ,' I^Al^'f^'''^ Indefinite must be used for the English Imner- feet and Perfect tenses, when they are accompanied by the words always, ever, never ^ and thus far. i cu uy me woras The Pluperfect? Tense \ ^^^s-que-Parfait. ' ( PAssi: Anterieur. t? J \ P! ^""^^'"^ Pluperfect Tense is translated into *rench by two tenses, the Compound -^ ^^ - - infiv rfact^ m \i': M p. It 't 8^ ELEMENTABT Flus-que-parfait, and the Compound of the Pretetity or Passe JntSrieur.. Both of these tenses correspond in meaning with the English tenses, expressing an action that had taken place before another event which is also past. 1. The Compound of the Imperfect is used when we wish to ex- press merely that one event occurred before another past event, without the latter's being a consequence of the former ; as, We had dined, when my lather Nous avions dine, quand mon arrived. pere arriva. 2. But when the idea conveyed by the second verb, is a con- sequence of, or depends upon, the event expressed by the first verb, the Compound of the Preterit is used; as, As soon as we had dined^ we jlussitot que nous BuMfiS DHsi went out. nous sortlmes. The Compound of the Preterit is hardly ever used except after such conjunctions as aussitot que, as soon as ; dh que, as soon as ; lorsque, when; and the adverb quand, when, &c. The action it denotes is always followed immediately by ano- ther. As soon as I had read I set out. Dfes que j'bds Lvje partis. First Future, Futur Absolu. Second Future, j ^^^^^ Ant^rieur, or ' ( Compound of the Future. § 7. (1.) The First Future tense of English verbs cor- responds with the Futur Absolu of French Verbs ; as, I will go with you to-morrow. J'irai avec vous demain. N. B. After the adverbs quand, when, aussitdt que, as soon as and apris, after, the future is us^d in French where the English use the presient. Quand vous vibndrkz vous ap- porterez mon livre. .Aussitdt que j'aubai fini J8 partirai. When you come, you shall bring my book. As soon as / have done I will set out. jipris que j'aurai I)crit ma lettre After / have written my j'irai voir mon ami. letter I will go to sod my friend. vRSNts/iExiaeisies. Pretet'ity or respond in action that Iso past. 1 wish to ex- past event, dfti ler : as I, quand mon rb, is a cou- by the first jxcept after , as soon as ; ely by ano- e partis. I, or ! Future. verbs cor- tain. as soon as, the Bnglish f, you 8hall have done I written my to see my fJ^) '^^^.^^'"'^ ^i^re corresponds with the Futur an tSneur, or Comj>ound of the future ; as, forVyot^T/i^f'^' "^ ''"''• '" "^^^"^^ ™ -« '^«-^ «-n^ it mLtti?/,S i-Ply/"^-%; sometimes ^o»>; as, "''^'''''' ^^^ «»«st be translated by the verb Vou- Will you read now ? VcDLBz-voMs lire d present ? ecrire? POTENTIAL MOOD. Jse'ortrZ'^lllZ^^^^^ -^ththe P... dic^ati^To^^oTrvlTb^^^^^^^^^^^^ P--t tense of theln- I may do it Je^Kvxlefaire. ' He can walk. n ^^^^ J^^^^; 2. JIfay andcaw are also translated by the nresent tAnao ^p.k Apportez-le afin queje puissa /« voir, or a^w queje le voia 3 Jt/ws^ is translated by some tense of the verb 7r«//.,v explained on pages (120, 121.) i^a/Zotr, as ..lifh^; ^'^^ ^^y^Y''^ ^'^"^ ^^*^« Potential Mood in En- verb ^"t7e foTis'or'^' "'•'^'^' '' t"^^ *^ *^^ ^^di«^ S.T. i .t o ' ^f ^^Pression are often translated into French by the Present of the Conditional Mood • as iSsEI- «?'*-- ■■•'==^^^^^^^^ He myA^ do it, if he chose. // pouheait lefair,, MU Bring it that I may see it. is' 'J 84 ELSMENTABY m ,:>) » 2. When could impUea poiocr, and is spoken emphatically, it is translated by a past tense of ihe verb Pouvoir, in speaking of past events, and by the Conditional Present of Pouvoir, in speak- ing of the present or the future ; as, I could not go out yesterday. Je ne pus pas sortir hier. I could go out now, if I had Je pourbais sortir dprisent, jm W ^t. favais mon chapeau. 3. When would implies willingness, it is translated by the Indi- cative Imperfect of the verb Vouloir, and ihe radical verb is put in the Inlinitive Mood ; as. If you would come with me, yon would see him. Si vous vocLiEZ venir avec moi vous le verriez. Should, when it means ought, and conveys the idea of duty, is expressed by the Conditional present of the verb Devoir; as, These children should go to Ces en/ants dkvraiknt aller a school. Vicole. 5 When should follows if, it is included in the radical verb, which must be put in the Indicative Mood, imperfect tense ; as, If he should come, what should S'lY venait, owe lui diruis-ie ? I say to him ? § 10. The Perfect Tense of the Potential Mood in En- glish prefixes may have, can have, or must have, to tha past participle of the radical verb. 1. May have and can have, followed by the past participle, are translated into French variously, as will be seen by the follow- ing examples : I may have done it without knowing it. II est possible que je Vaie fait sans le savoir ; or JeVaipeut-etrefait, sans le savoir. Comment avez-vous pu faire tant def antes? How can yon have made so many mistakes? 2. Must have, followed by a past participle, is variously trans- lated, as the following examples will show : You must have seen him. Ilfaut que vous I'ayez vu. He must have broken the win- Ilfaut que ce soit lui qui ait cassi dow ; no other person was near la f enetre; il n' y avait pas d' autre the house. personne prks de la malson ; or C^est lui seul qui a cassi la fenitre, Sfc. Your exercise is badly written ; Votre th^me est mat icrit ; ilfaut your pen must hare been bad. qm votre plumt ait 6 U mauvaiti. 1 1 fRBNOH BXBROISaS. 86 tically, it is speaking of ir, in speak- f hier. dprSsent, si eau. )y the Indi- verb is put z vcnir avec jerriez. I of duty, is oir ; as, ENT oiler d dical verb, tense ; as, i diraiS'je ? od in En- ve, to the ticiple, are ihe follow- € Paie fait IS le savoir. pu /aire isly trans- z vu. ui ait cassi oas d' autre aison ; or I cassS la rit ; il/aut inauvaist. § 11. The Pluperfect Tense of the Potential Mood, in English prefixes might have, could have, would have or should have, to the past participle of the radical verb. These forms of expression are often translated into French by the tonditional Past ; as, T .?' J? ^^^ ""^^^^ "'®- «'^''' «* ^««* ^'«» ttt'iw dmanrf^ ha'dl7?aS.^"^ ^"^'^^"^^ ^^^.SBH.issoH.,../nW;a, fni?n?,"!^T^''^''''! ^"^ ^khthave, implying poirer, aii/t^y, and followed by a past participle, are transl^ted^by the' Gondii onal Past of Pouvoir, followed by the Infinitive ; as, You might have succeeded. Vous auribz pu RfeussiR. 2. Should have, implying duty or ohligatiov, and followed bv a You shovld have done it yourself. Vous aueiez du /e fairb vom- mime. IMPERATIVE MOOD. § 12. The Imperative Mood in English has only two persons, the 2nd person singular, and the 2nd person plural; whic aro translated by the correspondinp- persons of the Imperative Mood of the French verb ; as, Love (thou). ^i^g, •^o^e (ye). jii^^^ •^^'w^'^"*- Let us love. , f'/'^* ^V^' f^' ^^^' ^"^ ^'^ ^^«'«. follewed by a verb, are trans- ated by the third person singula^ and the thi^rd persl pluralof the Subjunctive Present; as, h*"^«* "* Let him give. quHl donne Let htr give. Qu'elle donne. r ^ .. . ^ ^'*'« donnent, or. Let them give. ^ -^aelles domient. SUBJtJNCTn/E, § 13. The French Suhjunctwe Mood (Subjonctif,) presents many difficulties to the youne; student. A few rules are here sriven to assist him ' -^ ns it. f-' %\\ .!ii" *'. irOO TS£BMBNTi3nr The Subjunctive Mood expresses doubt. It is ufefed, 1st. After verbs denoting will, wish, desire, doubt, fiar, wonder, and in general, the emotions of the mind ; as, I wish you to do your dnty. Je venx que vout fabbibj! voire devoir. ^ 2nd. After a verb used interrogatively, when doubt is espreg- Do you think he will come? Croyez quHl vibnnb ? 3rd. After verbs used impersonally, except such as it insure, positive^ certain, &c. ; as, ' It is possible he will come. // est possible qu'il vihnmb. 4th. After an adjective in the superlaTiTS degree, followed by a relative pronoun ; as, » , ^ The best friend that I have. Le meilleur ami que /aib. 6th. After rien, aucun, pas un, personne, Ac, followed by a relative pronoun ; as, ^ We have nothing that suits her. Nous nlavom rien qui lui oon- VflNNB. 6th. After quelque, quel que, qui que ce soit, quoi que ce soit, and the other Indefinite Pronouns followed by que. (See Sect. 5 Uhap, X.) » V » Whatever may beyom talents. Quels que soibnt vos talents. 1th. After the conjunctions ajin que, quoi que, d moins que, avant que, bien que, de crainte que, &c., as, That you may have more time, jljin que vous ayb^ plus de temps. 8th. After a relative pronoun, or the adverb ou, when the lollowing verb expresses uncertainty ; as, I am looking for some one Je cherche quelqu'un qui me bbndi that may do me this service. ee service. Tenses op the Subjunctive Mood. § 14. The Subjunctive Mood being always subordinate to a verb that precedes it, its lenses are regulated by the foregoing verb. • ^' '^^®/'^««««' of the Subjunctive, (also called the Jhtture) IS used when tne preceding verb ii in the present or future of the Indicative ; as, ^ ./ ut. is u&dd, ftar^ wonder, rASBiEZ voire bt is espreg- lENNB ? as it is sure, VIHNMB. followed by [lowed by a qui lui OON- qtte ce soil, ^ee Sect. 5, ' voi talents. ; moins que, lusde temps. , when the ui me RBMDB ibordinate bed by the le Future,) iture Of the PRBNOH EXERCISES, 'lisban have time? '87 n .L,Q ®**^" ^^"^^ ^'^^ ' r ^v, "'v*""^ "'^' ^''°*h^'" spoke to him also. When did fhe wood n%^?T.'''^ ^^r^ ^ ^« f°""^ them lasTweek n finlshrUear^;''' ''^^ '"^' ^^^ ""^-« ^^^'^^'^-y^ A I Exercise 98. ou7fa?hef Thaf dt' '"''/''? ^ We received five books from nnr IVrUlL } ^'^ ^"'^ ^"'^ ^''st year ? We lost our monev onr clothes and our horses. What did the physician givryou? He gave me nothing. Did the master spelk of your broC/ during his stay at your house? He spoke of him Did vo" read yesterday the book which I lent you ? I ?ead Tt the davC thi: CrnS ?\^"' °"* ^^' ^^"«r«- ^^^ he not Tad some bought ? T^r,'""' I' ^? ^""^ °°^°^y'^- Whose horse have you bought? T have bought nobody's. Has your father bought some" bnJnF^.nf)!fJ''^''^ ^''^J'' "'^ require the preposition /or. inih. f ^^°^h,.th«y require the person in the dative and the obS in the accusative? When jst/wer, however has no ohip^f in ♦!?: accusative, it requires the persoii of that caw ^ ^ FRENCH EXERCISES. lorning ? No rg when thj f my brother. ^e will laugh. 1 not weep. I f me. What ying ? I was them of him. Did yon pay* you ask me shoemaker? is book ? We ny thing? He on Monday? When did last week in ay? Yes, I i books from . our money, n give you ? our brother. Did you the day be- ainter come make haste r)1 I made yet finished )t. Has he father your He has it ? sir, he has had some J have you ught some- )sition for, i the object >ject in the 89 pencil ? ^« j't.o ^''"^^V"^°'^y ^- ^*^« y°" «°t found my gold work ? YpT «,v ? fi° u "."? '*• "«« the workman finished his ThJtIJ \ ^'\}'^ ^°'^^^^ '^ t^'S morning. Have you mv nen? d'my I ss^on How rn't'f.' ^T ''''''' ' ' hav'e norfinTh! i\.Z '®^^°"- ^?^^ raany brothers have you ? I have three but Exercise 100. had''i'I,tPnl"^°J '°*'"?'*^ (co^p/cr) to speak to my brother? I had intended to speak to him but he had gone r»ar«rV Did l^^VT' n'° ^'^ ^'^"^'' '' ^^"^^^O last e^vening as soon as eaVif 'Did «r ^°°M ®'^ ^^"* *° b«^ «« «oon a' she had book? Shp she usually go to bed as soon as she had read her book? She generally went to bed as soon as she had read six pages Exercise 101. Did you know what you have done with vour nen ? T A\i\ asVha7dlh''H^". ''' ""% .^^^^^^^ nrd'e^pan^ s so'on as he had done his business (fait ses affaires.) Had your brother's watch stopped (.'arreter) ? It had stopped. Why had it stonned ? Because it was out of order (^^rang^i.) Had^ you sS to s^nihlr';? V'^"* 'rt'^'^' ' hadVent^;, him"? Tsi: still here ? No, sir ; he has gone : he went this morning at six. Exercise 102. When will you have your money? I shall have it the dav after to-morrow. When wilt thou be in London ? I shaH be there next month. When shall he have some fru t? He haU winVr'tr^' "°^'^- ^Ji"^ ^"^ '^' g^°^''^l be next year He w be in this country. Where will his sons be then ? They will be here also. My father will have his money the day after ZJ-^' ^'" ^T ^'°'^^^ so out this evening? No, sir he will remain at home. When will your relations (mrens) receive your letters ? They will receive them Lxt wLk Wm you put on your cloak ? I shall put it on. Where will you^be to-morrow ? I shall be at schooL Will you not hrve finished your work before twelve o'clock ? I shall have finished it Exercise 103. .rl^ ^^7}^ i'^PP^ "' *^^ ^0^1^ *o come if we do as we are wHt^«^^'^n ^ '"^^ ^t^'"" "^y ^^^^°^' ^° t^o ^ouvB. Can you write as well as your brother? I can write as well as he but I mav see'ir w''?:i '""'f./^'^" '■ ^""^ "^« yourexercise'tha 1 may see it. Would you like to see the queen ? Yes I should hke to see her, Micht he do his ««rn;a« Lfi." L.,!! f ,!, . .T? % ELEMONIART liill: „ ^' Tea he tti^ht do it if he applied himself touch I h»A .« ,. work yesterdaj that I could not "o to fee tou^ Exercise 104. with your letter? I wisnitnZS-.j^,''^".'' '''»'''"»»'> 'J" sister. Is it imnortlnTth^? ^L ^ ,'.'• '"1 ^1"'^ Ri"' " '» "y week? Nn itlrv;! ™' *•"« workman finish his work this sa/that it^s woSh t';;h 'n'd e7do"S' 't K^t^^" "f I was very stormy (oraseu''^-^"«'' '° ^P'-'Wng of th. ^rrwent"/""' ««f^^«AVKz.«.., TO BE, EXPRESSED BY FA^RE, wsMifn mmmsB. I'hftd so mueh a. Cotild 70U I could. Will 'bildren shoiild may hay© lost ish you to tell u wish me to do ' give it to my his work this ish next week. ' Yes, he and I jht before last «) fell several Is it possible , it is impos- T for us to bur d some cows. ^ and tense, llowed by the iil. iking of the tive deno- 7 the'ittme How 18 th« weather f ie the weaf her fine? It will be cold t lonpow, It has been warm utely, The verb /hire is .ed befbre have or to cause I have a hou. built. I cause him t. be brought. Is your brother having a house built ? * He is having more than one. I am getting a coat made. Qiw/ tempt wkn-U f F£n-il beau teinpt ? Ilwmnkfroi ^main. 11 k FAIT cku ^ depuii peu. an6ther verb in the sftnse of <• Je FAis bdtir une maison. Je le FITS amener. -"^otre/rire VAir-il bdtir unt ison 7 n en Vajt bdtir plus d'une. Je fait /aire un habit. TO BE, EXPEESSED BY Dj ^IR, f.iT?® ^T®"* \ ^® *°^ *^® imperfect tense of the verb io b« followed by another verb in the infiniHve moot:, are fexwes ^hv the present tense and the Imperfect tense 6f the verb I>.d ^ How do you do ? > ^'Ontmcn^ vous portez-vous? Exercise 105. Are you ivarm or cold? I am neither warm nor cold. Art thou hungry or thirsty ? I am hungry and thirsty also /' you not sleepy? Yes, sir, I am vefy sleepy. Who is afraid? Jre 'hX' 1'J '' *''"^'; ^^" '^' ^*^°°« "gb' or wrong ?'%'L W« llih't'^ ^'Z ?f * '^'^"^- ^r« yo" afraid or ashamed ? We are^either afraid nor ashamed. What is the matter with you ? We are verj sleepy. I am very sleepy ; I wish foi a Jass of cool C/rakAO waiter. How old are^ou ? ^ fam thirty How ntt'bi'SS'/v' ^-^' V ^i^\ ^^<^,. i. <^^^ ;\ fe ^ > M " ' 93 ILEMSNTART ¥r>t I*. &R< < Exercise 106. I owe three dollars to the baker. I am to call at his house this evening. We should pay promptly (promptement) what we owe. You ought to have paid him yesterday. It has been necessary to sell the horses and carriage. Children must sleep eight hours. Thou must write thy letter. Edward has dressed himself quickly. He must take his sister to school. The lamp which you have lighted. William must return to France (S -7) to- morrow. Thou must employ thyself all the morning(7na/m/e,fem.) Exercise 107. N. B. See the Remarks on To Be, page 91 iprf t^^l ^ '- 'f ^'^'' .°l^' ^' ^^" ^« ««^«»i tl'e first of next month. He is sleepy and hungry? Each flower, each tree. !l / wu "" 7""^° °° '^^ ^^^^^^' I ^'^^ this, but I do not like that. Why do you warm your hands? There is what you wish. There are several boys in the garden. Here are some raspberries. Mary must wash her g oves. Is there no sugar in the house ? Are there no stiawberries in the dish? Do not eat too many apples. 1 have eaten two. Those that I eat (comp. pres.) were ripe. Do you take tea or coffee ? I take neither. Shall I irive you plums or peaches ? You may give me both. Are you afraid of this horse or of that one ? ^ Exercise 108. N. B. See the Remarks on Would, Might, Could, &c on pages 84 and 85. I would call at the bookseller's, if I could ; but I am to be at the physician's at eleven o'clock'(hours). l' will len" you my dictionary that you may write your exercise this evening. Yo J might do It in half an hour, (une demi-heure.) If I could have done It, I would not have asked (prii) you to help me. You fZ ^r ^°° V ^' ""'l^ ^' ^' ^ ^^"'•^ °°* ^^^^ done i so (S soon. Mary is to come here soon. We are to go to my aunS tnT«°Jf T* 7M "l^i ^".7 *° P^y *^° do"**" ? She ought not to have bought that handkerchief. She owes nothing. She is not to pay anything. * "® ^^ Exercise 109. .nYi!.""^^u°*^®l*^y' I ?^"st see that man. Thou must not go alone. He must come himself. Your brother must go with you. The bookseller owed Stephen five dollars, and he wal to Ihfv? nM*^"'-^^'^'''- Are thy sisters gine ? How u e f? f J T^®^ ^'^^ f^^ *° ^"t® *^ *^«°^ ? V-'i"iara would do 11, 1 know, if you would tell him that it is for me. What will Jvrnin^v T*^*^ we study our lessons now, and play this evemng? It is vdry fine weather. Is it not too cold? It ig FRENCH EXERCISES. at his house nt) what we It has been 1 must sleep has dressed The lamp nee (§ 1) to- io/m^e,fem.) How old is 1 the first of [", each tree, do not like at you wish, raspberries, the house? too many pres.) were Shall I give i you afraid % ^c., on im to be at nd you my ling. You could have me. You ae it so (si) » my aunt's ought not g. She is 1 must not St go with he was to How ure would do Wh3it will play this d? It ii cold, but it is not too cold. Is not the child cold? He ii hungry, but he is not cold. Exercise 110. N. B. See the verba Y Avoir and Falloir. I must sleep. Thou must read. He must walk. You must follow your sister. Mary must study her lesson. William must read the book twice,, It will be necessary for us to give some money to the poor woman. I have given her some bread and beef. The queen must sell her jewels. There is her palace. There is a bird on that tree. There is no coffee. Is there any tea ? We must punish the wicked boys. John must drink water Is there any milk on the table ? Here is some milk. PARTICIPLE PRESENT. (1.) The ;)ar«cipZe ;)res«n^ used as a noun is commonly ren- dered into French by the infinitive. Is STUDYING much agreeable to Vous est-il agr6able d'^tu- 70^ f DiER beaucoup ? Rbadino at night hurts my Lire la nuit me fait mal ®y®8. aux yeux. (2.) Prepositions followoi by verbal 'expressions in English take the infinitive in French. Do you gain much by doing Gagnez-'^ous beaucoup a t'^Srt ? FAIRS celA. I have a fancy for learning J'ai envie d'apprendrh le French. Fran9ais. The preposition en (in) is the only preposition in French whicL can be followed by this participle. He eats while he is reading. II mange en lisant. Exercise 111. Eating too much is dangerous. Sleeping too late in the morn- ing is unhealthy (malsain.) He seems learning without ^ Undy- ing. Speaking without reflecting is very foolish. In returning from my father's, I met a friend of mine whom I had not seen since fifteen years. He commenced speaking about (de)his travels immediately, but in speaking the rain came, and as we had no umbrella we were obliged to enter into a house. Do you play instead of studying? No, I study instead of playing. Does the man speek instead of listening ? Yes, he always does it. Do you read before writing? No> but my brother writes before read- ing. In doing that he Rcts more wisely than yourself. m UiSfiUmTi&T I** \ Til t r^> ('-'' "^tii l,T I ! 1 I The participle pr.e$eiU expresses an aotioa. When; the en(Jia« , m ant expresses the qualities, properties, or moraj or physical situation of a noun, it is a verbal adjective, and varies in gender and in number with the word to which it relates. Those men foreseing the Ces hommes, pRfivoTANT U danger fled. danger s'enfuirmt. Those men are cautious. Ce sont de& hommes YANTS, PBfiiro< Exercise 112. Uy sisters foreseeing that it was going to rain brought their umbrellas. Have you read the following pages ? Have you seen the dying woman ? Your sister, dying in the fear of God, was very happy. Your sister, following your example, applied her- selt to study. One is happy in contenting one's self with little, i^avid 13 often represented playing on the harp. She is a woman of a good disposition (caracUre,) obliging her friends, Whenever, an (/') occasion presents itself. The ruling passion ot tffisar was ambition. Your sister is charming ; how obliging she IS I Her singing was very much admired. PAST PARTICIPLE. § 80. Rule Ut.-~ The Past Participle, when not preceded by an auxiliary verb, agrees in gender and number with the noun oir pronoun to which h refers; as, The letter written by her, La lettre icrite par elle. Rule 2a[.— The Past Participle, when preceded by the auxiliary verb to be, agrees in gender and number with the noun or pronoun which is the nominative of the verb ; as, They are followed, Ih sont suivU. Rule 3d.— The Past Participle, whenpreceded by the auxiliary verb to ham^ agrees in gender and number with the direct object ot the verb, when, and only when, the said object is, in the French sentence, placed before the verb ; as, TJie letters which I have written, Les lettres quefai icrites. RMie 4^A.— -The Past Participles of reflected verbs, which are . conjugated with the auxUiary verb^o be, follow Rule 3d : ag They have repented^ lis se smtrepmtis, ' BtUid^ Oompla.'n) Defend, Indulgent, Vocabulary. bdtir. (4.) *e pixiiniirt.(19.) difmdre. (7) occuper, (3.) indulgmtt. Mistake, faute, f. Show, verb montrer. (3.) Subject, noun, sujetf m. Thaak, remtrdmr. (a.) WiBd)0.W4 /*ni^Af£i n:the «n(}iag. } or pliysioM 'ies in gender tfivOTANT U imes PB^iro- rought tboir »ve you seen of God, was applied her- f with little. . She 13 a her frienda, iDg passion low obliging. preceded by th the noun " elle. bie auxiliary le noun or le auxiliary lirect object I the French I icrites. which are Jd ; as, f. !n (3,) m. »«r. (a.) FREHOa B2fi£l&CI8ES. Here la, here are, void. There is, there are, voild. m N. B. Void, here is,— here are,— behold, and vdld, thtre is, •—there are, — behold, are used in pointing out objects. Exerdse 113. A letter well -^rtten. A horse beaten by a man. The trant- lation IS well written. Those houses are very well built My brother has written a letter. My sister has written a fetter My brothers have written a letter. There is the letter he has written. Do you wish to see the letter she has written? You can see the letter they have written. Her brother was punished 1 he boys will be punished. My sister is come at last (enAn ) She had employed herself. The boys have shown themselves very courageous. The men have defended themselves. Exerdse 114. He has seen us. These letters are well written. My brother has made a mistake. Here is the mistake he has made. My sister hasmade a mistake. Here is the mistake she has made. Where is the^ letter I have given him? I have eu'.a a peach. The peach that you have eaten, and the strawberries that I have eaten. Has she given you any money? Has your mother sold her house ? Which house has she sold ? What gowns has she bought? She is loved by (de) her subjects. Mary has re- pented of her fault. The girls found {Pret, Ind.) themselves Exerdse 115. fi,??w-ir°'' T^'"'^/^?" ^^^ ^*^<^^«^ ^^^ times. The lessons that William has studied. The lesson that my sisters have studied. Your father has shown himself verv indulgent. Mv sisters have found themselves very happy. She has applied herself to her lessons. The little boys had employed themselves nave you any of those oranges that you showed (Pret. Ind.) me the other day? I have lost my watch. I have noi found It. I have found a watch. It is not the one which I haye lost? 1 have sent thee a letter. I have not received it. Exerdse 116. My, daughter has employed herself all the day, (joumSe f) Tlie,boya havo dressed themselves. Has John thanked myaii, I?*i He hap thanked them. He has thanked her. She has JMnkad hun. Edward has wa have had. Qu'ils orqu'elles that they maty \ aient eu, have had. PRENCH EXERCISES. 90 TEUIOH, I shall have had , thou will have had. he or she will have hud. ive shall have had. 'jou will have had. they will have had. r should have had. 'hou .should.it have had. ie or she should have had. vie should have had, fou should have had. hey should have had. hou) ive. ■ or you.) IT. Vhutlmay have had. hat thou mayst have had. hat he or she may have had. lat we may have had. hat you may have had., that they may have had. ■IMPRUPECT. Que j'eusse, That I might have. Que tu eusses, that thou mightsl Qu'il or qu'elle that he or she ^"^) might have. Que nous eus- that tve might sion3, /,fl„e Qne vous euy- that you might ^'^2> have. Qu'ils or qu'elles that they might eusseni, f,ave. PLUPERFECT. Que j'eusse eu, That I might have had. Que tu eusses that thou might st r. ®"' ^(ive had. Quil or qu'elle that he or she eftt eu, Que nous eus- sions eu, Que vous eus- siez eu, might have had. that we might have had. that you might r. ,., ' ^°^« had. Qu lis or qu'elles that they might eussent eu, have had pladpt^:^^S^:f J^«^:^^ '- ^^---P^e tenses b, «. belli: 's:^^:::^^::;'::^::^}:^^' '^^^^^^-^^ ^^ p^-^°« 3. nc i3 written n' before a vowel or a silent /,. ^FO/7?, TOHAYE, CONJUGATED xVEGATIVELY. conjugated in full. preceaing verb, which has been Infinitive Present. Inf. Past, Pres. Participle Part. Past, Ind. Present, Pret. Ind/., Imperfect, Pluperfect, Pret. Definite, Pret. Anterior, Future, Past Put., Cond. Present, Cond. Past, Imperative, I N'avoir pas, or Ne pas avoir, N'avoir pas eu, N'a.vant pas, N'ajant pas eu, Je n'ai pas, Je n'ai pas eu, ■ Je n'avais pas, Je n'avais pas eu, Je n'eus pas, Je n'eus pas eu, Je n'aurai pas, Je n'aurai pas eu, Je n'aurais pas, Je n'aurais pas eu. XT) • ^ } A aie pas, N'ajons pas, ^'Ayez pas, I not to have. not to have had. not having, not having had. I have not. I have not had. I had not. I had not had. I had not. I had not had. I shall not have. I shall not have had. I should not have. I should not have had, do thou not have, let us not have, have not (you.) 1*^ € '6. 'n ■ ..,1 *NI loo ELEMENTARY Stt6. Present^ Que jo n'aie pas, Ihat I may not hau. Sub. Past, Que je n'aie pas eu, that I may not have had. Sub. Imperfect, Que je n'eusse pas, that I might not have. Sub. Pluperfect, Que je n'eusse pas cu, that I mi^ht not have had. INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION. (1.) A verb is conjugated interrogatively in its simple tenses by placing the pronoun, which is the subject or nominative of the verb, after the verb, and connecting them by a hyphen. (2.) The compound tenses arc conjugated interrogatively by placing the pronoun, which is the subject of the verb, after the auxiliary. (3.) When the verb, which is followed by the pronoun, il, elle or on ends with a vowel, the letter /, preceded and followed by a hyphen, is placed between the verb and the pronoun. (4.) When, by placing the pronoun je after a verb in the first person singular, a harsh sound would be caused, as dors-je ? (do I sleep), the phrase est-ce que is prefixed to the verb ; as est-ce que je dors'l do I sleep? Am I finishing ? est-ce que je finis? (5.) When the verb finishes with e mute, that e mute is chan- ged in to 6 sharp ; as, je porte, I carry, porti-je ? ; do I carry ? AVOIR, TO HAVE, CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY. N. B. As a question cannot be asked in the Infinitive, Impera- tive, or Subjunctive mood., an interrogative verb does not possess those moods. INDICATIVE. Ai-je ? As-tu? A-t-il? A-t-elle ? Avons-nous ? Avez-vous ? Ont-ils ? Ont-elles ? Imperfect, Pluperfect, Pret. Definite, Pret. Anterior, Future, Past Future^ Cond. Presentf Cond. Paat^ PRESENT. Have I? hast thou ? has he ? has she 7 have we ? have you ? have they ? Avais-je ? Avais-je eu ? Eus-je ? Eus-je eu? Aurai-je ? Aurai-je eu ? Aurais-je ? Aurai§-je eu ? COMPOUND OP Ai-je eu ? As-tu eu ? A-t-il eu ? A-t-elle eu ? Avons-nous eu? Avez-vous eu ? Ont-ils eu ? Ont-elles eu? had I? THE PRESENT. have I had? hast thou had ? has he aad 7 has she had t have we had ? have you had 7 ha/ve they had 7 had I had 7 had I? had I had 7 shall I have 7 shall I have had 7 should I have ? should I have had ? not huM. not have had. ! not have, not have had. )imple tenses native of the len. ogativoly by iib, after the FKBNCII EXEUCISJiS. 101 noun, //, elle followed by m. 'b in the first dors-je ? (do as est-ce que lis ? lute is chan- o I carry ? 'iive, Impera- not possess I PRSSBNT. ve I had ? s^ thou had ? 5 he iiad ? ! she had t )e we had ? je you had ? 'e they had 7 e? >e had ? ive? 2ve had f CONJUGATED Presentf Preterit Indef. Imperfect, Pluperfect, Pret. Definite, Pret. interior, Futur, Past Future, Cond. Pres., Cond. Past., A VOIR INTERROGATIVELY N'ai-je pas ? N'ai-je pas eii ? N'avais-je pas ? N'avais-je pas eu ? N'eus-je pas ? N'eus-je pas eu ? N'aurais-je pas ? N'aurai-je pas eu ? N'aurais-je pas ? N'aurais-je pas eu ? AND NEGATIVELY have I not ? have I not had ? had I not ? had 1 7iot had ? had I not i had I not had I shall I not have ? shall J not have had 7 should I not have 7 should I not have had 7 CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB 2. £TJiB, TO BE, INFINITIVE. SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES. Etre, Etant, Et6, PRESENT. PRESENT. PAST. to be. PAST. Avoir 6t6, to have been. PARTICIPLES. being. been. COMPOUND. Ayant 6t4, having been. INDICATIVE. Je suis, Tu es, II est, Nous sommes, Vous etes, lis sont, PRESENT, lam. thou art. he is. we are. you are. they are. IMPERFECT. J'^taig, Tu 6tais, II ^tait, Nous 6tions, Vous ^tiiez, lis dtaie^^, I was. thou least. he was, we were. you were. they were, PRETERIT INDEFINITE. J ai 6t6, I have been. Tu as 6t6, thou hast been, II a 4t6, he has been. Nous avons 6t6, we have been. Vous avez 6i6, you have been. lis out 6te, they have been, PLUPERFECT. J'avais6td, I had been. Tu avais 6t4, thou hadst been n avait 6t6, he had been. Nous avions ei4, we had been. Vous aviez ei4, you had been. lis avaient 6i6, they had been Mil ' 1 > MH !f1 M '! ill 102 PRETERIT DBKINITB. Je fus, / was. Tu fua, /Aou was/, n fut, A« wrts. Nous fumes, wa were. Vous futeg, you were. lis furent, /Afi/ were. FUTUUK ABSOLUTK. Je serai, / shall be. Tu seras, thou wilt be. ELEMKNTART II sera, he will be. Nous serons, 7oe shall be. Vous serez, you will be. lis seront, they will be. CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. Je serais, / should be. thou shouldst be he should be. toe should be. you should be. they should be. PKBIERIT ANTEKIOa. J'eus dt^, I had been. Tu eus 6t6, thou hadst been. II cut ^t6, he had been. Nous eiimes 6td, we had been. Vous eiites dt6, you had been. lis eurent 6t6, they had been. FUTURE ANTERIOR. J'aurui 6t6, I shall have been Tu auras 6t6, thou wilt have been. II aura ^t^, he will have been Nous aurons 6t6 we shall have been. Vous aurez 6t6, you will have been. lis auront 6X6. they will have been. Tu serais, II aerait, Nous serions, Vous seriez, lis seraient, PAST. J'aurais 6i6, I should have been. Tu aurais 6t6, thou shouldst have been. 11 aurait et6, he should have been. Nous aurions 6t6, we should have been. Vous auriez et6, you should have been. lis auraient 6t6, they should have been. IMPERATIVE. Sois, Soyons, Soyez, Be (thou.) Let us be. Be (j/e or you.) SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT or FUTURE. Que je sois, that I may be. Que tu sois, that thou muyst be. PRETERIT. Que j'aie etd, that I may have been. Que tu aies 6t6, that thou mayst have been. Rioa. i been, hadst been, id been, ad been. \ad been, had been. lOR. II have been wilt have n. II have been hall have n. fill have n. will have n. hould have een. I shouldst ave been. hould have een. hould have een. should have een. should have een. u.) may have Ihou mayst '. been. FRKNCH EXERCISES. Qu'llioit, that hi. uybe. Que nous soyons, that we may be. Que voussoyez, that you may 'be Qu'ils soieiit, that they may be 10« Qu'il ait 6t6, that he may havf been. Que iiousuyons that we may have ®^^) been. Quo vcus ayez that 'you may ^^^t have been. Qu'ils aient dt^, that they may have been. IMPERFECT. Que je fuase, That I might be Quetuftisses, that thou might st be. Qu'il fat, that he might be PLITPEnFKCT. Que j'eus3o 6i6, That I might have been. Que tu eusscs that thou mightst *-**^) have been. Qu'il eat have been. ETRE, TO BE, CONJUGATED NEGATIVELY. INFINITIVE. PRESENT. Ne pas 6tre, not to be. PAST. N'avoir pas 6td, not to have been . PARTICIPLES. N dtant pas, not being. Lvayant pas 6td, not having been. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. j PRETERIT INDEFINITE TrnVsTar' m":^'/' . i^^^-^V^^^^^,navenotbeen Nous^ne sommes we are not. Nous ^n'atons "'' *""' Vo'uT'n'^tes pas, you are not. Vo'uTn'fvez pas "^' '"'' "°' '^^"• .nsnesontpa, they are not. Ltt t pas .t^^t^S^^^ m ' i- a 1 wm i Hh ■■. ll ■■ 1 H 1 1 1' if 1' !l! !»""•■ iii'i^i 104 Imperfect, Pluperfect, Pret. Definite, Prei. ^rderior, Future, Past Fmtire, Cond. Pres., Cond. Past, Imperative, Subj. Pres., Subj, Pasi.^ Subj. Imp. J Subj. Plu., ELEMENTAKY Je n'dtais pas, Je n'avais pas ^t^, Je ne fus pas, Je n'eus pa» ^t^, Je ne serai pas, Je n'aurai pas 6i6, Je ne serais[;pas, Je n'aurais pas ^i&, Ne sois pas, Ne soyons pas, Ne soyez pas, Que je ne sois pas, Que je n'aie pas 6t6, Que je ne fusse pas, Que je n'eusse pas ETRE, TO BE, I was not. I had not been. I was not. T had not been. I shall not be. I shall not have been. I should not be. I should not have been, be thou not. let usnot be. be ye not. that I nay not be. that I may not have been, that I might not be. that I might not have been. CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY. INDICATIVE. Suis-je ? Es-.u ? Eit-il? Est-elle ? Sommes-nous ? Etes-v'ous? Sgnt- ils ? Sont-elles ? PRESENT. am I? art thou ? is he ? is she ? are we ? are you 1 are they 1 PRETERIT INDEFINITE. Ai-je 6t6 ? have I been ? As-tu bU ? A-t-il 6t6 ? A-t-elle 6i6 ? hast thou been? has he been ? has she been i' Avons-nous 6t^? have we been ? Avez-vous 6t6 ? have you been, ? Ont-ils 6161 I , ,, , „ Cnt-elles 6t6? ^"^^ ^^'V ^^^^ ^ Imperfect, Pluperfect, Pret. Definite, Pret. Anterior, Future, Past Future, Cond. Pres., Cond. Past, Etais-je ? Avais-je 6t6 ? Eus-je ? Eus-je 6t6 ? Serai-je ? Aurai-je 6t61 Serais-j*' ? Aurais-je ^t^ ? was I ? had I been ? had I? had I been ? shall Ibel shall I have been ? should I be ? should I have been ? ETRE TO BE. CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY AND NEGATIVELY. Present, Pret. Indefinite, Imperfect, Ne suis-je pas? N'ai-je pas 6te ? N'etais-jp pas? am Inotl have I not been ? imts I not ? FllDNOlI EXERCISES. 105 teen. teen. be. have been, oi be. it have been. not be. y not have ht not be. ht not have fINITB. e I been ? t thou been? he beeni she been i' e we been ? e you been ? they been ? e been ? z? ive been? \.TIVELY. Pluperfect, Pret. Definite, Pret. Anterior, Future, Past Future, Cond. Pres., Cond. Past, N*avais-je pas ^t^ ? Ne fus-je pas ? N'eus-jepas^t6 ? Ne serai-je pas ? N'aurai-je pas 6t6 ? Ne serais-je patj Y N'aurais-je pas 6t6'i had I not been ? was I not? had 1 not been ? shall, I not be ? shall I not have been ? should I not be ? should I not have been? FIRST CONJUGATION IN ER, TRANSITIVE OR AOTIVE. 3. PORTER, TO CAPHY. INFlNiTIVE. SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES. PRESENT. PAST, Porter, to carry. Avoir port^, to have carried. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT. COMPOUND. Portant, Port^, carrying. PAST. carried. Ayant port^ , having carried. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. PRETERIT INDBFINIT3. Je porte, / carry. Tu portes, thou carriest. 11 porte, he carries. Nous portons, we carry. J'ai port^, / have carried. Tu as port6, thou hast car- ried, 11 a port^, he has carried. Nous avons we have carried. been ? Vous portez, you carry. lis portent, they carry. IMPERFECT. Je portals, / was carrying Tu portais, thou wast carry- ing. 11 portait, he was carrying Nous portions, we were carrying Vous portiez, you were carry- ing. lis portaient, they were carry- . ilia;. port6, Vous avez por- you have car- t6, ried. lis ont port6, they have carried. PLUPERFECT. J'avais port^, I had carried. Tu avals T^ort6, thou had stcarried . II avait port6, he had carried. Nous avions we had carried. port^j Vous aviez you had carried. port6, Us avaient they had car- l»ort6, ried. 106 ELEMENTARY *> ' h .I**' ' f { it hi' [ik*''^'' "? PRBTURIT D£KINITS. Je portai, I carried. Tu portas, Mom carriedst. II porta, Ae carried. Nous portames, toe carried. Vous portates, 2/om curried. lis porterent, fAcj/ carried. FUTURE ABSOLUTE. Je porterai, / shall carry. Tu porteras, thou wilt carry, II portera, he will cari-y. Nous porterons, we shall carry, Vous porterez, you will carry. PRKTBRIT ANTBEIOR. J'eus portf, I had carried. Tu eus port6, thou hadst car- ried. he had carried. ice hud carried. II eut port6, Nous eumes port^, Vous eutes port6, you had carried lis eurent port6, they had carried. FUTURE ANTERIOR. J'aurai port6, [shall Tu auras port6, thou wilt II aura port6, Nous aurons portd, Vous aurez port^, lis auront port6, he will we shall you will they will V. -c; lis porteront, they will carry. lis auront port6, J CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. PAST. Je porterais, I should carry. J'aurais port6, / should Tuporterais, thou «Aou/rfs/ Tu aurais port6, thou curry. shouldst II porterait, he should carry. 11 aurait port6, he should Nousporterions, we should carry. Nous aurions we should port6, Vous auriez vou should portd, lis porteraieiit, fAeu should / should ■xs "a e b B -Cf V) ez, carry (ye.) at I may at thou mayd at he may at we may at you 7)1 ay at they a?/ FRENCH EXERCl S. 107 PLUPBBFKCT. Que J eusse that I porte, Que tu eusees that thou -ti port^, Qu'il eut port6, that he s Que nous eussi- that we ons port6, Que vous eussi- that you ez porte, Qu'ils eussent that they t port6, I IMPKRFKCT. Que je portasse, that I Que tuportasses, that thou Qu'il portat, that he Que nous por- tassions, that we Que vous por- tassiez, that you Qu'ils portas- sent, that they REMARKS ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OP SOME FRENCH VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 1. In verbs ending in irer, the e is retained before a and o, in order to preserve the soft sound of the g-. Manger^ mangeant^ mangeons. 2. The verbs which end in cer, take a cedilla before a and o, in order to preserve the soft sound of the c. Avancer, avangant, avangons. 3. Those verbs ending in er, which have their final syllable pre- ceded by ^, (e close,) change this e intoe (e open) before a mute syllable. Celer, cHe, celerai. 4. Those verbs en ing in er which have their final syllable preceded by e, (e mute,) as lever^ inener, change this e mute into e (e open) before a mute syllable, Mener, mtne, mtnerai. 5. In verbs ending in eler, the e before the / being unaccented, (as appeler,) the I is doubled before a mute e, jippeler, appelle. 6. In verbs ending in eter, the e before the # being unaccented, (as Jeter,) the t is doubled before a mute e. Jeter, jette. Except acheter. 1. Verbs ending in the present participle by iant, as prier, the present participle of which is />nan/, take double i in the first and second persons plural of the imperfect of the indicative, and present of the subjunctive ; as, nous priions, vous priiez, que nous priions, que vous priiez. 8. Verbs ending in the present pai'ticiple, by ijant, nspayer, the present participle of which is payant, take y and i in the first and second persons plural of the imperfect of the indicative, and the present of the subjunctive, as, nous payions, vous pay iez, que nous payions, que vouspayiez. Also, these verbs change y into i before emute. Esaayer, essaie Je paye or paie — are found. h-* ! I I W ' ' '' i Is mpf f*w 108 PRESENT, Finissant, ELEMENTARY SECOND CONJUGATION IN /i?. fi FIMR, TO FINISH. INFINITIVE. Finir, to finish, PARTICIPLES. PRESENT. PAST. finishing. j Fini, finished, INDICATIVE. PRESENT. Je finis, Tu finis, I finish, thou finishest. II finit, he finishes. Nous finissons, we finish. Vous finissez, yo a finish. lis finissent, they finish. PRETERIT. Je finis, I finished. Tu finis, thoufinishedst. II finit, he finished. Nous finimes, we finished. Vous finites, you finished. lis finirent, they finished. CONDITIONAL. Je finirais, I should finish. Tu finirais, thou shouldst fin ish. II finirait, Ae should finish. Nous finirions, t«e should finish Vous finiriez, j/ow sAow/rf ^n. fls finiraient, Me^ s/toMW _/?: IMPERFECT. Je finissais, I was finishing. Tu finissais, ^Aow wast finish- ing. II finissait, ^e was finishing. Nous finissions, we t^ere finish- ing. Vous finissiez, yoM were finish- ing. lis finissaient, they were finish- ing. FUTURE. Je finirai, 1 shall finish. Tufiniras, thou wilt finish. 11 finira, he will finish. Nous finirons, we shall finish. Vous finirez, you will finish. lis f.niront, they will finish. IMPERATIVE. n- Finis, Finissons, Finissez, finish (thou.) let us finish, finish (ye.) ish: to finish. finished. EOT. was finishing, lou wast finish- ing. J was finishing. 'e were finish- ing. ou were finish- ing. ley were finish- ing. IB. shall finish. lOU wilt finish. J will finish, e shall finish. % dions, ^ Que vous ren- that you diez, niov Qu'ila rendent, that" they may IMPERFECT. Que je ren- that I disse, Que tu ren- that thou disseg, Qu'il rendit, that he Que nous ren- that we dissions, i Que vous ren- that you i ulsSiCz, ; Qu'ils rendig- that they eent, t ■H. ii! Is ■ft 112 ELEMENTARY CONJUGATION OF THE INTRANSITIVE OR NEUTER VERBS. The intransitive verbs are conjugated like the preceding conjugated with ^wir, while others are conjugated sometimes or acur' '""'*''"'' ^^"^ ^'^^' "^^^^^^"^ '''''y express state Dormir, ^o s/.^p. | gortir, to go out. Dormi ir. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT. to sleep. 4 PARTICIPLES PRESENT. Dormant, sleeping. J PAST. Sortir, to go out. going out. Dormi, slept. Je dors, / sleep. Tu dors, &c. II dort. Nous dormons, Vous dormez, lis dorment, I INDICATIVE. Sortant, Sorti, gone out. PRESENT. Je sors, / go out. Tu sors, &c. 11 sort, Nous sortons, Vous sortez, lis sortent. Impbrpbct. ^r^.^^r.'^h I^^^^l<^mng. Jesortais, I was going out. Tu dormais, 11 dormait, Nous dormions, Vous dormiez, Ilsdormaient, Je dorm is, I slept. Tu dormis, &c. 11 dormit, Nous dormimes, Vous dormites, Tl™ J .-• i ' 4ia uwiaiiiyai. &C. Tu sortais, II sortait. Nous sortions, Vous sortiez, lis sortaient. &c. PRETERIT DEFINITE. Je sortis. Tu sortis, II sortit. Nous sortimes, Nous sortites, Ila sortirent, ' / went out. &c. ]\ FllENCH EXERCISES. OR NEUTER the preceding, 3ome are always ?ated sometimes ey express state Vith etre. to go out. , to go out. fc, gomg out. gone out. it. s going out. «&c. t out. 113 FCTURE. Je dormirai, / shall sleep, Tu dormiras, &c. II dormira, Nous dormirona, Vous dormirez, lis dormiront, Je sortirai, Tu sortiras, II sort'ra, Nous sortirons, Vous sortirez, lis sortiront, I shall go out. CONDITIONAL MOOD. PBESBNT. Je dormirais, / should sleep. Tu dormirais, II dormirait, Nous dormirions. Vous dormiriez, lis dormiraient, &c. Je sortirais, / should so out Tu sortirais, II sortirait, Nous sortirions, Vous sortiriez, lis sortiraient, IMPERATIVE MOOD. &c. Dors, sleep, (thou,) Dormons, let us sleep, Dormez, sleep (ye or you.) Sors, go (thou) out. Sortons, let us go out. Sortez, go (ye or you) out. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Que je dorme, that 1 may sleep. Que tu dormes, &c. Qu'il dorme. Que nous dormions, Que vous dormiez, Qu'ils dorment, Que je sorte, that I may go out. Que tu sortes, Sic. Qu'il sorte. Que nous sortions. Que vous sortiez, Qu'ils sortent, Que je dorraisse, that I sleep. Que tu dormisses, &c. Qu'il dormit, Que nous dormissioas, Que vous dorraissiez, Qu'ils dormissent. IMPERFECT. might Que je sortisse, that 1 might go out. Que tu sortisses, &c Qu'il sortit, Que nous sortissions, Que vous sortissiez, Qu'ils sortissent, « f !'• t'C ii 1 if ^•1 %* 1 f i«.'" m' w ' I Ml* II r I' 111 Inf. past, Avoir dnrml, Part. n. A.vniit (loriiij, Vrct. Indef., J'n\ dortni. Pl»|).. J'avais dornil, Piet. A., J'ousdormi. Past Int., J'amai dormi, Co. Past., J'uurai.s dormi, Sub. past.. Que j'i i ; donui, Plup., Quo .i'eiisse dor- mi, ELEMENTARt 'to havegfept. havirifj slept. Thaie slept, Ihtidslf^pt. Ihavea'ept. I shall have slept. Ishiiuldhave slept that I tna// have slept, that J might have slept, ( A liat of Neuter Verbs which are al to be. Ktre sortl, Etant Hortf, JoNuissorti, •/'6tais sorti, Jo fns sorti, Je serai sor- ti. Je serais sor- Quo je Eois sorti, Quo jo fusso sorti, to have gone out. haviiiff gone out. I have gone out, I had gone out. T had gone out. I shall have gone out. /should have gone otit. that I may Jtave gone out. that J might have gone out. veajs conjugated with Etre^ Aller, Arriver, Choir, Ddceder, Devenir, Disconvenir, Echoir, Eclore, Intervonir, Moufir, Naitre, to go. to arrive, to fall, to die. to become, to disagree, to f (til. to hatch, to intervene, to die. to he bom. Parvenir, Partir, Provenir, Redevenir, Rt'partir, Resulter, Retomber, Revetiir, Survenir, Venir, to succeed, to set out. to arise. to become again, to start again, to result, to fall again, to come back, to befall, to come. Remark.— The neuter verbs, which are coiiiuffated with Pfrp only, express an idea either of motion or rest. CONJUGATION OF THE REFLECTED VERBS. r..^i?']^'^iu-''-^''*''^ ''''?' ^'■^ conjugated with the auxiliary verb etre in their compound tenses. ^uxumrj PRESENT. PRESENT. SE PROMENER. INFINITIVE MOOD. Se promener, PARTICIPLES. to walk. Se promenant, PAST. walked. Je me promene, Tu te promeues, 11 38 [iromene, Nous nous promenons, Voiis vous promenez, II se promeneut, walking. \ Promend, INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. / toalk, do walk, or am walking, thou wnlkesf, Sfc. he walkn, 8fc. we walk, Sfc. you walk, ^c. they walkf S[c. havgffnne out. 'viiia gone out. have gone out. lad gone out. tnd gone out. hall have gone rut. ^tould have gone nit. it I may have mne out. it J might have 'one out. )d yriihEtre^. ncceed. et out. rise. ecome again.. Utrt again. esult. dl again. ome back. ^fall. )me. I with Eire ERBS. tie auxiliary FRENCH EXERCISES. 116 to walk. ■walked. ! walking. Je me promenaia, Je mc promonni, Je mc promencmi, IMPERFECT. / was walking, or walk^. PRETERIT. / walked, or did walk. FUTURE. / shall, or will walk. CONDITIOXAL MOOD. , PRESENT. Je me promenerai^ r l , , ^ «'«»«''3» f should, ov would rvrilk. ' IMPKRATIVE MOOD. Promene-toi. .7 .., Promcnez-vous, ' ' tin ,"""'■ ' ^f^oik {ye or you.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. I'RESB.VT. Quejemepromene, that I may walk. IMPKRFECT. Que je me promenusse, that I might walk. N. B. The pupil can leuru the other nersotm ..f fh. tenses, by referring to the verb Porter Pi'ecedmg COMPOUND TENSES OF THE REFLECTED 7ERB SE FROMENER. S'etre promene, S'dtant promene, Je me suis promene, Je m'^tais promend, Je me fus promen6, Je me ssrai promen6, Je me serais proraon^, to have ivalkcd. having walked. I have walked. I had walked. I had walked. I shall have walked. I should have walked. Infin. Pant., Part. Past., Pret. Ind., Pluperfect, Pret. Ant., Past Fut., Cond. Past, CONJUGATION OF THE REFLECTED VERB S'ENALLER. INFINITIVE MOOD. PBBSBNT. S'enaller, totmn ' fo go away. _ -r >"^, * -^nuui,! I nave walked 116 ELEMENTAllV ?t** .' I PAST. gone away. PARTICIPLES. PHK8ENT. S'en ullant, going away. | Eu uUd, INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Tn ?1? v?i'' {F "'^"^' '^"^ ^"^ """"y^ ""^ "'^^ Soim; mcay. 1 u I en vas, thou goest away, dost go away, or art " '' us en va, Ae goes away, does go away, or is going awaij Nous nous en allons, we go away, do go away, oir are ^ ^ Vous vous en allez, you go away, do go away, or are lis s en vont, they go away, do go away, or are Je m'en allais, Tu t'en allais, IMPBUPEOT. I went away, did go away, or was going away, thou wentest away, didst go away, or wast II s'en allait, he went away, did go away, or 1"^^''^' Nous nous en alliens, we went away, did go away, or were " Vous vous en alliez, you went away, did go away, ovwere " us s en allaient, they went away, did go away, or were « Je m'en allai, Tu t'en alias, II s'en alia, Nous nous en allames, Vous vous en alUtes, lis s'en allereut, Je m'en irai, Tu t'en iras, II s'en ira, Nous nous en irons, Vous vous en irez, lis s'en iront, PRETERIT. / went away, or did go away, thou wentest away, or didst go away, he went away, or did go away, we went away, or did go atvay. you went away, or did go away, they went away, or did go away. FUTURE. / shall or will go away, thou shall or wilt go away, he shall or will go away, we shall or will go away, you shall or will go away, they shall or wnll go away. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Je m'en irais, Tu t'en irals, II s'en irait, Nous nouc en ii^.sis, Vous vous o i \:'.iz. lis s'en irajout PRESENT. I should, would, or could go away, thou shouldstjwouldst, or couldst go away he should, would, or could go away, we should, would, or could go away, you should, loould. or could eo aioay. they should, would, or could go away. FRENCH EXERCISES. 117 s^onc away. oint^ away. or art " " t going away. (I 7 (( > going away, ly, or wast going away. HIS " <}ere " <;erc " vere " g'o away. '''J- my. way. way. st go away, iway. iway. aivay. ? away. V(i-t'eii, AUons-nous-en, Allez-voiig-en, IMPERATIVE MOOD. go (thou) away, let m ifo away, go (you) away. STTBJTJNCTIVE MOOD. PRBSBNT. Qire je m'en aillc, //,«/ / may go away Qu il 3 en aille, that he may ^o away ^ue aous nous en allions, that we may go awau Que -ous V0U9 en allioz, that you may go awau Q.i'ila s'on aillent, that they may go away. IMPRRFKCT. Que je m'en allasse, Que tu t'en allasseg, Qu'il s'en aliat, Que nous nous en allassions, Que vous vous enallassiez, Qu'ils s'en allassent, that I might go away, that thou mightst go away, that he might go away, that we might go away, that you might go away, that they might go away. Inf. Past, Part. Past, Pret. Ind., Pluperfect, Pret. .dnt., Past Future, Cond. Past, Subj. Past, COMPOUND TENSES OF S'EJSr ALLER. S'en etre alle, S'en ^tart all^, Je m'en suis all^, Je m'en dtais all^, Je m'en fug all6, Je m'en serai alio, Je m'en serais all6, Que je m'en sois allu, Suhj. Plu., Que je m'en fusso all^, to have gone away, having gone away, I have gone away. I had gone away. I had gone away. I shall have gone away. I should have gone away, that I may have gone away, that I might have gone away. CONJUGATION OF THE REFLECTED VERB S'ASSEOIR. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT. S'asseoir, PARTICIPLES. PRESENT. S'asseyant, silting down. ( Assis, PAST. to sit down. fiat down. I',., 118 1 h' >',■, *■ ■ ■'" If'"' W', , " 1 gs'! '.' ■;■.' ! / ■ _ t* ■■•*> ,, Hi'. UV' ^1, (f 4. ELEMENTARY INDICATIVE MOOD. Je m'assieds, Tu t'assieds. n s'd^sied, Nous nous asseyons, Vou3 vous asseycz. lis s'asseient. Je m'asseyais, Tu t'asseyais, II s'asseyait, Nous nous asseyiona, Vous vous asseyiez, n s'asseyaient, ' Je m'assis, Tu t'assis, n s'assit, Nous nous assimes, Vous vous assites, lis s'aosirent, Je m'assidrai, Tu t'assieras, II s'assidra, Nous nous ussidrons, Vous vous assidrez, lis s'assieront, PRESENT. 1 sit down or am sitting, thou sitlest down. he sits down. we sit down. you sit down. they sit down. IMPERFECT, / vas sitting down, thou toast '' Ae was «' we were '< you were " they were '« PHETERIT. I sat down, thou sottest doicn, he sat down, we sat down, you sat down, they sat down. FUTURE. T shall sit down, thou wilt sit down, he will sit doicn, we shall sil down, you will sit down, they will sit down. Je n^'assierais, Tu t assierais, II s'apsi^rait, Nous nous assi6rion Vous vous assieriez lis s'assidi-aient, Assieds-toi, Asseyons-nous, Aisejez-vouB, CONDITIOxNAL MOOD. PRESENT. / should sit down, thou shouldst sit down, he should sit doum. ^' we should sit down. . you should sit doton, they should sit down. IMPERATIVE MOOD. sit down (Ihou.) let us sit dovni, lit dovm (you.) ^KENCH EXERCISES. 119 PRESENT. ting. Que je m'asgeie, Q'lo tu I'asseies, Qu'il s'asseie, Que nous nous asseylons, Que voiis vous asseyiez, Qu'ils s'asseient, Que je ra'assisse, Que tii t'assisses, Qu'il s'assit, Que nous nous assissions, Que voug vous assissiez, Qu'ils s'assissent, tfiat I may sit down, that thou mayst sit down, that he may sit down, that ICC may sit down, that you may ait down, that they may sit down. IMPERFECT. that I might sit down, that thou mightst sit down, that he mii^ht sit down, that we miaht sit down, that yoji might sit down, that they might sit down. .1 \ i^.^ \ i^ (compound Tenses of this verb are formed like nil those of reflective verbs and some neuter verbs, by pr'Jttx mr ihi Auxiliary verb Etrc, to their past participle. ^ I^^^^^'^S l^e CONJUGATION OFTHE IMPERSONAL VERB Inf. Pr'es. Y AVOIR, TEJEl^E TO BE. Y avoir. There to he. AFFinMATIVKLY. Ind. Pres. II y a. Pres. Participle, Y ay ant, there being. INTEKnOOATIVELV. Imp. Pret. Flit. Tit ere i>, There are. II y avait, There was, There were. II y eut, There was. There were. II y aura, There will be. Cnnd. Pres.W y aurait, There would be. would there f Suuj. Pres. Qu'il y ait, That there may be. y a-t-il ? is there? are there ? y avait-il? wap there / were there ? y eut-il? ivas there? viere there ? y aura-t-il ? will there he? yanrnit-il ? Imp. Qu'il y eiit. That thers might bt KEQATIVELY. il n'y a pas, there is not. there are not. il n'y avait pas, there was vol. there were not. il n'y eut pas, there was not. there were not. il n'y aura pas, there witi not be. il n'y a urn it pas, there would not be. qu'il u'yait pns, that {here may not be. qu'il n'y eut pas, that thtr-j might not be. .p \ J ^ :!:^ '■r,>i' .'■■ *' l:r I: 120 ELEMENTARY COMPOUND TENSES OF F AVOIR infin. Past, Part. Past, Pret. Indef.. Plup., ' Pret. Ant., Past. Put., Cond. Past, Subj. Past, SubJ. Plup., Y avoir eu, there to have been. ^ ayant eu, there having been. lyavaiteu, there had been. If y eut eu, ^Aere had been, n y aura eu, there will have been H y aurait eu, there loouldhave been. Qu il y eut eu, that there might have been CONJUGATION OF THE IMPERSONAL VERB FALLOIR, TO BE NECESSARY. (Corresponding to the English verb Must) /«/. Present, Past. Participle, Ind. Pres., ' " Imp., " Put., Qond. Pres., Subj. Pres., " Imp., Falloir, Pallu, II faut, n fallait, II fallut, II far (Ira, II faudrait, Qu'il faille, Qtt'il fallut, to be necessary, been necessary, it is necessary, it was necessary. it was necessary, it will be necessary, it would be necessary, that it may be necessary that it might be necessary. Preterit Indefinite, II a fallu, &c., &c.. it has been necessary used after the present, II faut Ind t hf f f ^"bjunctive being t'- VreterU of the ^^^l^^n^^^ ,t:o^-^^J^^^^^^^ I must be, Thou must be, He must be, We must be, You must be, Thetj muff be ' EXAMPLES. II faut que je sois. II faut que tu sois. n faut qu'il soit. II faut que nous sovons. 1 faut que vous soyez n faut qu'ils soieut. I^RBNCH EXERCISES. 121 been, been. \ave been. n. 1. e been. we been. I have been. ht have been. VERB Y. fb Must.) /. ary. ssat'y. ecessary. necessary. i"gated with 'sary. wed by the ctive being 'audra ; and ^illfaut. IS. / must not Thou must not My brother must not Must we Must you Must the boys Must I not Must she not Must not my sisters go out. • go out ? Faut'il come? Ne faut-il pas It is necessary for me to go out. n was necessary for me to go out. ft will be necessary for me to go. It would be necessary for me to go. _, ( que je sorte. II ne faut pas ? que tu aortes. ( que mou frere sorte. que nous sortions ? que vous sortiez ? que les gargons sortent ? queje vienne ? qu'elle vienne ? que mes soeurs viennent? 11 faut que je sorte. II fallait que je sortisse II faudra que j'aille. II faudrait que j'allasse.- Remark 2.— Must have may be expressed thus I must have money, u ,^^ f^ut de I'argent Thou must have books, j, te faut des ivrfs fybroher must have books, u ft^^t des livresTmon frer. li will' be necessary for me to have books, n me fmidra des l^res fHel,' ""'"'''^'yf'' y<^'' f' have II vous faudrait des amis You will want friends, n ^ous faudra des amis. CONJUGATION OP THE IMPERSONAL VERB Inf. Pres., Pres. Part., Past Part., Ind. Pres., " Imp " Pret., " Fut., Cond. Pres., Sub. Pres., " Imp., PLECTVOIR, TO RAIN. Pleuvoir, Pleuvant, Plu, II pleut, II pleuvait, II plut, II pleuvra, II pleuvrait, Qu'il pleuve, Qu'il pmt, to rain. raining. rai7ied. it rains. it was raining. it rained. it will rain. it would rain. that It may rain. that it might rain. as N.B. The Coiypound Tenses ofthis verb are formed wiihJivoir ; Preleiil Indefiailc, II a pin, &c., &c., it has raine &c., &c I 122 IRREGULAR VERBS. f«f"» 'P I .'L't ' " ' r*. i r , 1 '•(■'■ 8. ACQrKRIB, to acquire aux. avoir >''ciU(5raut acquis, /. e 9- Allee, to go, Hux. Ctre lO.AaSAILLIK, to assault. aitx. avoir. allant Jissaillant assailli,/.p II. Battre, to beat a ' IX, avoir 12. BOUXLLXB, to hail. aux. avoir battant battu,/ p. bouillant bouilli,/. e. H3 BoiEE. buvant to drink. bu,/ e aux. avoir It. CONCIURF, to concluue. aux. avoir oonoluant conclu./.e. 15. CojfPiRE, to preserve. aux. avoir conflsant conlit,/. e. *o ^wfljy. connu./ e aux. avoir. ' ' I.- 1 j'acqin'ers f^ acquiers '1 acquiert n.acqu^rons v.acqu(5rez acqui^rcnt Jo vais fcu vas il va ii.allons v.hUcsi ils vout Tassnillo 'fu assailles il assaillc II. assail Ions i'. assail lez ilsassailleut ']'' bats ru bats ilbat H.battons V. battcz ,ils battent ije bous ,tu bous lil bout 11. bouilIon.s V. bouillez ils bouilleut |.|e bois itu bois i). bolt |n. buvons jv. buvez i. boivcnt .i<^ coucius tu conclus il c'oiicliit n.conckions v.couoliiez i.conoluout je coulis itu coiiHs il conlit 11. conlisons v.confisez ils coiilisont .1f^ conuais tucoMuais jil connait jn.coiiuaissons ,y. connaissez ii. conuaissent I acqu^-rais tu acquC'rais il acqutirait fi. acqudrions V. acqu(5riait n.connaission.- y. connaissiijz li.connaissaieut J 'acquis 'u acquis il acquit II. at^'q (limes v^.acquites ilsacquirent I'allai tu alias ii alia '.aliames y. all Ales i.alltTout j'assaillis lu assaillis ilassailiit II. assail limes V. assaillites i.a.ssaillireut jo battis tu hattis I 1 battit II. battime.s V, bat tit PS i.baftirent je bouillls tu bouilfls il bouillit II. bouillimes V. bouiilites bouiilirent jo bus tu bus il but u. lulmes V bfttes lis burent jfi conclus 'u conclus il condut II cnnciaracs V. conclCltes _.couplurent je confis tu coiifis il con fit II. coiifimes V. confites Ms con ft rout .ju oonnus f u conn us il connut n. connClmes V. coiuifttea conuureut I PAST DEPI^fiiE I'aeO'Jis '11 acquis il acquit II. at'q (limes v^.acquites ilsacquirent I'allai tu alias ii alia i.aliames v. a 11 Ales ;.alI«Tont j'assaillis lu assail lis il assaillit ii.assaillimes V. assaillites a.ssaillireut io hattis fu liattis 1 battit II. battimes V. battltes i.baftirent je boiiillis tubouilfis il bouillit ii.bouilliines k'. bouiilites . bouiilirent bus :u bus 1 but 1. Iiiimes ' bfttes Is burent a couclus u cone] I IS conclut cnnciamcs . oonclClte.s couclurent ■ confis I eoiifis confit . ooiifimes coufites * con ft rout CUMIUIS I con 11 us conr.ut coanClmes coiuifttea connureut TRREQULAR VERBS. 123 Future. I - jacquerrai tu acqutrras il acquerra n. anquerrons y. acquorroz i.acquerront j'irai tu iras il ira n. irons y. iroz ils iront j "assail lirai CONDITIONAL! iMPEEATIVE.isUBJUNCTIVE j'acquerrais I tu acquerrais I il acquerrait lacqui^rs n. acquen-ions acqudrons y.a(;querriez acquurcz i-acquorraieuti 'irais tu iiais jil irait jn.irions |ils iraient i.i'assailjirai.s iva iailons allez tu assail liias i't.assaillii-ais il assail lira ii.assai II irons y, assail iirez i.assailliront jc liattrai tu battras il battra n. battrons V. bntti'cz ils battront je bouillirai tu bonilliras il bouillira n.bouiilirons V. bouillircz j.bouillii'out je boirai tu boiras il b')ira n. boirons y. boirez ila boiront ju conclurai tu concluras il conolura n.coDclurons y. eoiieiuiez i. conclurout je coiilirai tu confiras il confira n.coiiMrons y. conlirez ils confiront je (jonnaitrai tu counai*ras il connaitra i.asvailiiraifc assaillo u.assaillirions assaillons r. assaillirirz assaillez i.pssailliraient je battrais tu battrais il bat trait n. battrions V. battriez lis battraient je bouillirais tu bouillirais il bouillirait , , n. bouillirionsj bouillons y. bouilliricz jbouillez i.bouiiliraient je boirais bats bat tons battcz bous tu boirais il lioirait u. boirions V. boirlez jils boiraient jjo coiiclurais c. conclurais i. conclurai t ri. couclurions jv.concluriez Ii. coucluraient jje conflrais |tucon(irais jil coufirait in.confirions i jv. conliriez i ji.confiraicnt { ■je connaitrais t.connaitrais I I'Ois buvons buvez conelus coiK'luons coiicluez confis confisons conflsez -— ,il couualtrait Iconnais u.conr.aitrons nconnailrions coniiaissons y.connaltrez v. connaitriez connaissez i.connaitront iconnaitraieuti I j'acqui6re tu acqui^res !il aequi6re ;ii.ncquerions y. aeqiK^iicz ji.acquit^reiit ij'aille !tu ailles |il rtille jn. all ions iv. alliez Ii. aillent ij'iissaille jtu assailles il assaille jn.a.ssaillions ly. assaiiliez i.assaillent IJebatle tu battes iil batte in.bnttions jy. biitticz |i. batteut jje bduille jtu bouilles jil b:)iiilie ju.bouiilions iV. bouiiliez :i.bouilleiifc jje boivo itu boives il boive n. biivions V. buvif'z i. boiveiit je conciue tu couclues il conciue in. coiicluions jV. coiicliiiez i.conclueut Ije coiifise jtu confises il confise ;n. confisions :y. conllsiez ii. coiiliscnt Je coMuaisse jtu connaisses !il coiuiaisse jH-connaissions ly. connaissiez ;i. conuaissout Impbefect. jj acqpis.se jtu acquisses |il acquit |ii.acquissions ly.acqni.ssiez ;i.acquiss6nt ij'allasse itu a I lasses |il aliat jn. allassions [y.allas>i"z ;i allassent ij'assaillisse ;tu assaillisses il assaillit jn.assaillissions ly. assaillisiez ji. assaillissent je battisse itu batMsses il battit ■n.battissions !V. batiissiez |i. battisscnt jjebouillisse itu bouillisses Iil bouillit |n. bouillissions jv. bouillissiez ]i.biuillissfnt jje buss(! t u busses Iil bilt lU.bussions Ij.busscnt ;je conclusse jtu conciusses jil ooiiflut M.coiiclussirins V. concbissiez |i.coiiclus.seiit jje coulisse tu coulisses jil coniit in.coulissions ly.coniissioz ji.coiifissent je coiiiiusse tu coiinn>.ses il coniiftt n. conuussious V. connussiez i couuusseut i X 124 IRREGULAR VERBS. iKf»i 'i.' INFINIXIVB. FAKTICIPLES.I InDICATIVB. I*-." f t 17. CouDEE, jcousant to sew. cousu,/.e. aux . avoir. 18. COUEIE, to run. aux. avoir conrant couru, 19. Craindre, craignant to/ear, 20. UROIEE, to believe. aux . avoir 21. Croitee, to grow. aux. avoir & 6tre craint,/. e. croyant cru,/. e. croissant cri\,/.e. 22. Cueilliu, cueillant to gather, cueilli, /. e. aux. avoir 25.'DiR^.tosay disaiit aux. avoir dit,f.e. 24. DORMIE, to .sleep, aux. avoir 25. ficEiEE, to torite. aux. avoir 26. EnVOTEE, to send. aux. a voir dormant dormi, /. e. 6crivant ecrit,/. e. envoyant envoyti, / e. je couds tu couds il !Oud n . cousons v. cousez ils cousent je cours tu cours il court n. courons v. courcz ils eourent je crains &c. Lie crois tu crois il croi n.croy. as V. croyez ils croient je crois tu crois il croit n. croissons y. croissez ils croissent je cueille til cueilles il cueille n. cueillons V. cuoilloz ils cueillent je dis tu dis il dit n. disons V. dites ils disent je dors tu dors il dort n. dormons V. dormez ils dorment j'^cria Itu (3cria il 6crit n. ^crivons V. 6crivez ils (jcrivent _ 'envoie tu envoies il envoie n. envoyons y.envoyez il.s euvoicnt iMl'DRFEOT. Pasthefinitk. .10 cousais tu cousais il cousait n. cousions V. coasiez ils cousaient ijo courais tu courais il courait n, courions y. couriez ils couraicnt je craignais &c. je croyais tu croyais il croyait n. ci'oyions v.croyiez ils croyaient ije croissais tu croissr.is !i. crois.sait n. croissions y. croissiez ils croissaient je cueillais tu cueillais il cueillait n.cueillions y. cueilliez i. cueillaient je disais tu disais il disait n.disions y. disiez ils disaierit je dormais tu dormais il dormait n. dorraions V. dormiez ils dormaient j'ecrivais tu (5crivais il ^crivait n.6crivions V. ^criviez ils ^crlvaient j'envoyais tu envoyais il envoyait n. envoyions V. onvoyiez ils ei eiivoyaicnt je cousis tu cousis 11 cousit n. cousimes v.cousites i.cousirent je courus tu courus il courut n. counlraes V. courutes i. coururent je craignis &c. jo crus tu crus il crut n.crilmes V. crCltes i. crurent je crus tu crus il crilt n. cri'imes V. crutes crurent je cueillis tu cueillis il cueillit n. cueillimes V. cueillites i. cueillirent je dis tu dis ildit n. dimes V. dites ils dirent jo dermis tu dermis il dormit n. dormimes V. dormites i.dormirent j'6crivis tu ecrivis il ecrivit n.ecrivlmes V. 6crivitcs i. (5criviront j'envoyai til envoyas il envoya n. envoy^raes v. onvoysitos ils cuvoy(>rent Pastjiefinitk. Ije cousis |tu cousis il cousit n. cousiraes v.cousites cousirent je courus tu courus il courut n. counlraes V. courutes i. coururent je craignis &c. jc crus tu crus 11 crut n.crilmea V. crCites i. crureut je crus tu crus il crilt n. cri'imes V. crutes i, crurent je cueillis tu cueillis il cueillit n. cueillimes V. cueillites i. cueillirent je dis tu dis ildit n. dimes f. dites Is dirent e dormis u dormis I dormit 1. dormimes '. dormites . dorralrent '6crivis u ecrivis I ecrivit I. (jcrivlmes . (Jcrivitcs (5crivireut eiivoyai Li envoyas envoya . envoy^raes . ouvoysites s cuvoy(>rent lliREGULAll VERBS. 125 FUTDPT. je coudrai tu coudras il coudra n. coudrons V. coudrez ils coudront je courrai tu courras il courra n.courrons v.courrez ils courrout je craindrai &c. je croirai tu croiras il croira n.croirons V. croirez ils croiront je croitrai tu oroltras il croitra n. croitrons V. croitrez ils croitront jo cueillerai tu cueilleras il cueillora H.cucillerons V. cueillercz i. cueilleront je dirai tu diras 11 dira n.dirons v.direz lis diront je dormirai tu dorrairas 11 dormira n. dormiroiis V. dorrairez i. dormiront j'ticrirai tu 6criras 11 ecrira a. ecriroiis V. ("crirez ils ccriront j'euverrai tu enverras il enverra » euverrons v.ouvorroz h envorrout C0N«IT10JfAl. je coudrais tu coudrais il coudrait n. coudrions V. coudriez ils coudraient je courrais tu courrais il courrait n. courrions V. courriez i.courraient jecraiudraio. &c. je croirals tu croirals il croirait u. croirions y. croiriez i. croiraient je croitrais tu croitrais il croitrait u 'croitrions V. croitriez ils croitraient je cueillerais tu cueillerais 11 cueillerait u. cueillerions V. cueilleriez i.cuilleraient jo dirais tu dirais 11 dirait a.dirions V. diriez ils diraient je dormirais tu dormirais il dormirait n. dormirions V. dormiriez il dormiraient j'^crirais tu 6crirais il »5crirait u.(5crirlous V. 6cririez ils ecrh'aient j'enverrais tu euvorrais il enverrait u.enverrions v.onv(;rri(!z ils envorraiouti Iaiperative. SUBJUNCTIVE couds cousons cousez cours courons couroz craips &c. crois croyons croycz crois croissous croissez cuoille cueilllous cucillez dis disoiis dites dors dormons dormoz (icris ecriv'ous •5crivez envoie onvoyons envoy(!z je couse tu couses il couse n. cousions y. cousiez i. cousent je coure tu coures il coure n. courions y. couriez ils coureut [jecraigne &c. je croie tu croies il croie n.croyions V. croylez ils croient je croisse tu croi^sos il croisse n. croissions V. croissiez ils croissent je cueille tu cuoillus il cueille n. cueillions V. cuoilliez i. cueillent je disc tu discs il dise u. disions V. disiez ils disent je dor me tu dormes il dorme II. dormions V. dormiez ilsdorment j'(5crive tu ecrives il derive n. ecrivions V. ecriviez ils ecriveut j'envoie tu envoies il envoie 11 envoy ions v.envoyiez ils cuvoioiit Imperfect. je cousisse tu cousisses il cousit u.cousissions y. cousissicz lis cousissent je courusse tu courusses il courflt n.courussions y. courussiez ils courussent je craignisso &c. je crusse tu crusses 11 crut n.crussions V. crussiez i. crussent je crCisse tu crilsscs il crut n.crussions v. crussiez i. crftssent je cueillisse tu cueillisses il cueillit n.cueillissions V. cueillissiez i.cueillis,senfc je disse tu disses ildit n. dissions v. dissiez ils dissent jedormlsse tu dorniisses 11 dormit n.dori lissiiius V. doriuissiez ils doruiissent j'6crivisse tu ^crivisses 11 6crivit n. ecrivissions V. (ficrivissicz ils Ocrivissont j'envoyasse tu onvoyasses il euvoyilt u.eiivoyassious v.cuvoyassio'/, . envoyassout 126 IRREGULAR VERBS. 1- F 11^^ ; Ht*' INFINITIVE. iPARTIClPLES.I INDICATIVE. IMPKEFECT. IPAST DEFINITE. II; |i.-' 27. Faire, to jfaisant do, to make ifait,/! o. aux. avoir i 28. FuiB, Ifuyant to flee ifui aux. avoir i 29. Hair, to hate aux. avoir 80. JOINDRE, to join 31. Lire, to read aux. avoir 32, LuiRE, to shine 83. Maudire, to curse aux. avoir 84. Mentie, to lie 85. Mettee, to put aux. avoir 36. MOITDRE, to grind aux. avoir. 37. MOURIE, to die aux. 6tre hai'ssant liai,/.e. joignant .)oint,/.c. lisant lu,/.e. luisant lui, maudissant niaudit,/. e, mentant menti mettaut mis, /. e. moulant moulu,/. e. rtiourant tuort,/. e je fais tu fais il fait n. faisons V. faite.s ils font je fuis tu fuis il fuit n. fuyoiis V . fuyez ils fuient jje liais itu hais jil hait ill. hni'ssoiis |v, hai'ssez 'ils hai'ssent 'je.ioins jelis tu lis illit n. lisons y. lisez ils lisent je luis &c. Je maudis tu maudis il m audit a. maudissons v.maudisscz i. mauaissent je mens &c- je mets tu mets ilmet n.mettous V. mettcz ils mettent ije mouds tu mouds il moud n.moulovis V. iiioulcz ils moulent ije me\irs tu meurs il mi'urt n.mourons V iiiourez ila meurorit !jo fnisais Itu faisais I I Ije fis tufla 11 faisait il fit n. f'aisions n. limes v.faisioz v.fites ;ilsfaisniont ils 11 rent- ijo fuyais je fuis itii fuyais tu fuis ilfuyait il fuit jn.fuyions u.fuimes jv, fnyiez v, futtes ills fuvaient ils fuirent 'je hai'ssaitj jo hai's Itu hfli'.sais tu hais jil hai',sait il haft in. ha'.ssions n.hai'mes |V. hal'ssiez v. hai'tos ils hai'ssaieiit ils haiVent jejoignais jejoignis &c. &c. :je lisais je lus 'tu lisais tu his lil lisait il hit In.lisions n.Iftmes v.lisiez v. ICltes ilslisaient ils lureut je luisals none Ac. jemaudissais je maudis t. maudissais like dire il maudissait n.maudis.sions V. maudi!.siez i.maudissaieiit jo mentals je mettais tu mettais il mettait n.mettions V. mettiez ils mcttaient je moulais tu moulais il moulait n. moulions v.mouliez ils moulaient je inourais lu niourais il mourait u.niouvions V, mouriez ils mour dent iila mourureut je mentis I &c. jo mis tu mis iilmit ill. mimes 'v, mites jilsniirent Ije moulus tu moulus il moulut n.moiilftmcs v.moulfites ils moulurent je mourns tu mourns il luourut n. mour times V. mou rates IRREGULAR VERBS. 127 PAST DEFINITE. jefis tufls il fit n. limes V. fites ils firent je fuis tu fuis il fuit ii.fuimes V. fitttes ils fuirenl; io hai's CM ha is 1 haft i.haimes ^. ha"ir,08 Is ha if rent e joignis Ac. e lus )U lus 1 lut i.lftmes ^lfltes Is hireut lone e maiulis ike DIRE e mentis &c. a mis u mis I mit I. mimes , mites Is niireiit 3 moulus u moulus 1 moulut . moiilftmcs . moulfites s moulurent » mourus Li mourus mourut .mour times . mourufces s mourureut T FUTUEE. CONDITIONAL IMPERATIVE. I §. i jo ferai tu feras 11 fera n. ferons V. ferez ils feront je I'uirai tu fuiras il fuira n. fuiions V. fuir>;z ils fuiront je hiiiVai tu hfiiVas il hu'ira n. hai" -ens V. hill TZ ils hiiiVont je jjinilrai &o. je lirai tu liras il lira n. lirons V. lirez ils liront je luirai &o. jo maudirai like DIES je mentirai &o. jo mettrai tu mettras il mettra II. mettrons V. raettrez ils mettront je moufirai tu uioudras il moudra n. mouilrons y. moudrcz ilsinoudroiit je mounai tu iTiourras il iMUuna n.mourrons V. mourrez lis mourrout jo ferais tu ferais il ferait n. ft- rions V. ferifz ils fevaient jo fuirais tu fuirais il fuirait ii.fiiirions V". fuiriez ils fiiiraient jo hairais tu hdiVais il hiii'iait u, hai'iions V. haJriez jls hairaient jojoindrais &e. je lirais tu lirais il lirait u. lirions y. liriez ils liraient je luirais &c. je maudirais like DIKE Ije mentirais &c, je mettrais tu mettrais ilmettrait n. mettrions V. mettriez ils mettraient ' moudra is u moudrais il moudrait n.moudrions V. moudriez ilsnioudraii-nt je mourrais tu mourrais il uiourrait u.mourrions V. mourricz ils mourraient fai's faisons faites fuis fu.vons fuyez hais haissons Itaissez joins lis lisons lisez none maudis inaudi.ssons maudissez mens &Q. mets mettons mettez mouds moulons moulez mpurs mouroiit mourez SUBJUNCTIVE J.MPEEFECT. jo fasse tu fas.ses il fasse n. fassions V. fassiez ils fassout je fuio "tu fuies il fuie n.fuyions V. fuyiez ilsfuiont je half.sse tu haisses il hai'sse u. haissions y. hai'-isiez ils hai'sseat je joigne &c- je lise tu Uses il lise n. lisions V. lisiez ils liseut je luise &c. je raaudisse tu maudisses il maudisse n.maudisjsion V. maudissiez i.maudissent je mente &c. je mette tu mettes il mette n. mettions V. mettiez ils mettent je moule tu monies il moule n. nioulions v.mouliez ils mouleut jo meiire tu nu^ures il meure n.niourions V. mouriez ils meurent jeflsso tu fisses il fit n. fissions V. flssiez . fissent je fui.sse tu fuisses il fuit n.fuissions v.fuissiez ils fiiissent je hai'sse tn haisses il hni't n. haissions V. hai'ssiez ils hai'ssent jo joignisse Ac. je Jusse tu lusses iimt n.lu.ssions V. lussiez ils lussent none je maudisse like DIKE je mentisse Ac. JO misse tu misses il mit u. missions V. missiez ils mi.ssent je moulusso tu moulusses il moulflt n.moulussinns V. moulus.sicz lis mou lussent je mourusso tu mourusses il mourftt n. mourussions V. niourussioz ils mourusseul 128 IKREGULAR VERBS. !'■. I ft. ' I *■*>< INFINITIVE. 38. MOUVOIE, to move aux. avoir 39 NaIthe, to be born aux.etro 40, Ofpeie, to offer 41- OUVEIK, to open aux. avoir 42. PAiTHE, to graze aux. avoir defective, 43..Peini>re, to paint 44. PliAIEE, to please aux. avoir PAET1C-.P1BS INDICATIVE. mouvaut mu,/.e. naissaut offrant olfort,/. e. ouvraut ouvert,/.e. paissant pa IMPBEFECT. 45. POUEVOIE, to provide aux . avoir 46. POURVOIE, (se) to provide 411. Peendeb, to take aux. avoir poignant point, /.e. plaisant plu pourvoyant pourvu,/. 0.; se pourvoyant pourvu,/. e. prenant pris./, e. ^0 mous tu nicus il meut n . mouvons v. mouvez Us meuvent jo nais tu nais il nalt n.nai.sHons v.naisscz ils naissent j'offre see OUVEIE j'ouvre tu ouvres il ouvre n.ouvrona v . ouvrcz ils ouvrent jo pais tu pais il pait n. paissons V paisscz ils paisscnt jo poins &c. je plais tu plais il plait n. plaisons v. plaiscz ils plaisent jo pourvois tn pourvois il pourvoit ii.pourvoyons V. pourvoyez ".pourvoient je me pourvois &c. 48. PEfiDlRE, to predict 49PEBVALOIE to prevail 50. Prevoie, to foresee prtjdisant prodit,/.e. prevalant prevalu provoyant provu jo prends tu prends il prend n prenons V. prenez ils prennent je prOdis vous prtldisez je provaux see VALOiR jo pri'jvois like voj ij je ujouvais tu mouvais il mouvait n.mouvions v.mouvicz mouvaiont jo nai -^is tu nais^ais il naissait n. naissions v.naissiez i.naissaiont j'offrais &c. j'ouvrais tu ouvrais il ouvrait n.ouvrions v.ouvriez i. ouvraient jo paissais tu paissais il paissait n. paisdions V. paissiez i.paissaiont jo peignais ice. jo plaisais tu plaisais il plaisait n. plaisions V. plaisiez i. plaisaient je pourvoyais t.pourvoyais i. pourvoyait n.pourvoyions V. j)ourvoyiez i.pourvoyaient je me pour- Ac. [voyais PAST DEFINITE. |o mus bu mus il mut n. mftmos V. mfitos muront jo naquis tu naquis il naquit n.naquimes V. naqultes i. naquireut j'ofFris &c. j'ouvris tu ouvris il ouvrit n . ouvrlmea V. ouvrites ils ouvrirent none je prenais tu prenais il pronait n. prenions v.preniez i. prenaient je pr6disais like DIRE je pr6valais &c. je provoyais like VOIR jo peignis &c. jo plus tu plus il p'ut n.pldmes v. plates ils plurent je pourvus tu pourvus il pourvut n. pour\'ftmes y. pourvCltes ils pourvurent je me pourvus &c. je pris tu pris il prit n. primes V. prites ils prirent jc prddis &c, je i)r(5valus &c. je pr<5vis like VOIR IRREOTILAR VERBS. PAST DEFINITE. lU mU8 tu mU8 il raut ri. mftmos V. mfitos i.muront if naquis ;u naquis .1 naquit i.naquimeB r. naquttcH . iiaquirent •offhs &c. 'ouvris u ouvris 1 ouvrit I . ouvrlmes '. ouvrltes Is ouvrirent lone 9 peignis &c. 3 plus u plus ! p'ut . pldmes . plfttes s plurent ) pourvus i pourvus pourvut . poun'ftmes . pourvCltes s pourvurent ! me pourvus &c. ! pris ipris prit . primes prites i prirent pr6dis &c, l)r(5valu9 &c. pr<5vis ke vol it je mouvrai tu mouvraa 11 mouvra n.mouvrons V. mouvrez i. mouvront jo naltrai tu nattraa il naitra n. nattrons v.naftrez ils nattront j'offrirai &c. j'ouvrlrai tu ouvriras il ouvrira n. ouvrirons V. ouvrirez lis ouvriront je pattrai ->H' i t * i'. .,«- 1^' |J ■!W i'.-ilf i^^l-: t l> iirti'- f ir IHtlNITIVB. Bl.RfeDTTIHB, i!o reduce fi2.Rf:dOUDBK, 4. ■ ■ iil' \ i j «_ IRREGULAR VERBS. 133 PAST DBFINITB. 1 FUTUEH. CONDITIONAL IMPBEATIVE. aUBJUNCTIVE IMPBEPBCT. je v6cvLS je vivrai je vivrais je vive jevecuase tu v6cus tu vivras tu vivrais tu vives tu v6cus8es il v6cut 11 vivra il vivrait vis il vive il v6cat 0. v^cftmes n. vivrons n. vivrions vivons n.vivions n.v^cussions V. v6cftt.es v. vivrez v. vivriez vivez v.viviez v.v^cussiez ils v6curent ils vivront i.vivraient ils vivent ils v^cussent je vis je verrai je verrais je voie je visso tu vis tu verras tu verrais tu voles xu visses il vit il verra il verrait vols il voie il v!t n.vimes n. verrons n.verrions voyons n.voyions n.vissions V. vites V. verrez V. verriez voyez v.voyiez v.vissiez ils virent lis verront ils verraient ils voient ils vissent je voulus je voudrai je voudrais je veuille je voulusse tu voulus tu voudras tu voudrais tu veuillee tu voulusses il voulut il voudra il voudrait il veuille il vouldt n. vouldmes n.voudrons n.voudrions n . veuillions n.voulussions V. voulfites v. voudrez v. voudriez veuillez v.veuilliez v.voulussiez i. voulurent lis voudront i. voudraient ilsveuilleut ils voulussent I ■j ■'. \'' .' i ■ u _ ■ 1 ^\ 1 [fc ij I; •!") [f! FKBNCH EXEECISES. EASY NARRATIVES. 135 N. B. There is so much difference between the idioms of the English and French languages, that it is almost impossible for beginners to make really good translations into French. A few literal translations from the French are therefore added, to be re-translated into that language. Grammatical accuracy, merely, will be necessary to make them good French. The pupil will be obliged to use a French dictionary in translating the following anecdotes and narratives. A poor man, who was a porter at Milan, found a bag in which there were two hundred crowns. He who had lost it, informed by a public advertisement, came to the boarding house where the porter worked, and having given good proof that the bag belonged to him, the porter returned it to him. Full of joy and gratitude, he oifered to his benefactor twenty crowns, which the latter absolutely* refused. He came down"^ then to ten, tl\gn to five. But finding him always inexorable, " I have lost nothing," said he, in a tone of anger, throwing down° his bag ; " I have lost nothing, if you will not receive anything." The porter accepted five crowns, which he immediately* gave to the poor. * See remark on Adverbs, page 96. ^ Came down, from, se riduire.^ Down, par terre. One day when(que) the dauphin, the father of Louis the Six- teenth, was hunting with the king in the environs of Compiegne, his coachman wished to cross a piece of ground, where the har- vest had not been got in.* Having perceived it, he called'' to him to go back<= into the road. The coachman remarked to him that he would not arrive in (a) time at the place of meeting.'^ " Be it so," replied the prince ; " I would rather^ miss ten appoint- ments'i than occasion injury to the field of a poor countryman." * Where the harvest, &c., write, of which the crop was not yet harvested (levie.) ^ Called, crier. ^Go back, rentre.r. '^Rendez-vous. ^Would rather, aimer mieux. Alphonso, king of Aragon, was riding one day on horseback. A page, who was walking before him, wounded him through heedlessness, by pulling the branch of a tree, which struck him in (o) the eye, and made the blood gush out. This accident at first* frightened all the lords of his suite, who instantly* has- tened, and drew near'' him. The king, notwithstanding the ;»• Ntl 136 ELEMENTARY S ml^t''l!l'/'^'' ll'^'^"^ ^^'"'' ^^^ ^'^^'^ «^id to them quietly- pale who LthT '^' "'^f concern,^ is the sorrow of this poor page, WHO 13 the cause of my wound." ' See remark on Adverbs, page 96. ^Drew near, s'appro- cAer cie. With a tranquil air. ^ peine. r J Ju ,U^».\ onf oZ ?Hend ht ^^''""^ ^'?- ^°'^"^*«^ °° t^« fi^l^i of battle, InconaoU e^i^i' 'r/^°'?' ^u' f ^^' ^^^ ^^"^^^^^^^ nearahim master', hnir J''''^' ^^ ^^^ P^^^^^ ^^^ ^^JS over his TrceTved ?&rri\'*^ °°' '?• 'f '^^"^ ^^^ ^^'"'^ Suddenly he perceived (Pret. Ind.) some slight movement. The eve of hi«i tmu^ltntr^''''^ ^^^^^S^*- HebreatS:!' He he lioirhL f serous animal covers him with (rfe) caresses, lifts h^lpif""""';'^'/ ^' u""^'^' ^^^ i^^"«°l'i" "^bs. ^ The soldier' potrS '^ ^^^J°"^ ^S°"^' ^« f-1^^ back assTstanf;? W) I °I weakness. Where can he look for any death .R,l Tit ^'^^ '"''*''^' • 0" ^1^ sides silence and Dlish? w^i ^^"'^ '^"^ "^^ ^'^'^^"^^ ^^^^«t«d by love accom- moreo?iftiT^f2J-°^'^^ '^^' °^ like an arrow, returns still Cf wWoh & jf^d bnngs to his fainting master the half of a loat which he has discovered in the midst of the dead bodies.« •^^upres de ^ Opened again, Pret. Ind. of se rouvrir. <-G/ace5. d To lift up one's self, se soulever. ^ i>ans force mz. 8 Dead bodies, cadavres. »u ma?eVo' a^la'^v 'nVr' ^^""^^^ ?.°'^'^^^' '^''^^'' ^^ ^he Gracchi,- maae to a lady of Campania," is very celebrated. This ladv who was very rich, and still more haughty, after havingc displayed before the eyes of Cornelia, in a visit that she made ^ to her, her diamonds, pearls, and most precious jewels, begged turned'Z''^ ' '" '^'^ ^'' ^''' ^^'' Cornelia dextero^u^s?y of her son, ITnTT"" "P°^ u"°^^"" subjects until the return returned h'«nHi ^^ ^T- *^ ^^' P*'^^^^ ^^^ools. When they returned,^ and « entered into their mother's room, "Behold'' said she to the lady of Campania, showing them to her, "behold my jewels and my ornaments !" ' "cuom ^Gracques. '> Of Campania, Campaniem^e. » Infin. mood. endre. « Jvec instance. ^ Fit tomber. « Matiire, f. r -Ant. 1 After and, supply that they. t > them quietly :*■• )w of this poor near, s'appro' field of battle, aed near^him. days over his Suddenly he Che eye of his )reathes ! He (de) caresses, The soldier , he falls back ) look for any } silence and Y love accom- 3 space, and , returns still the half of a ad bodies. 8 se rouvrir. ° Hans force. he Gracchi,* This lady, ter havingc t she made * i^els, begged dexterously il the return When they , "Behold," er, " behold afin. mood. -•e, f. FRENCH EXERCISES. TRE TULIP AND THE ROSE. 137 A tulip and a rose were neighbours in the same garden. They were both e ;-ceedingly beautiful ; yet the gardener paid" most care and most attention to ^ the rose. The tulip, vain of her exterior charms, and not being able to bear the thought of being abandoned for another, reproached ^ the gardener with his partiality." Why is my beauty thus neglected?" she asked him. Are not my colors more brilliant, more variegated, and more attractive, ° than those of the rose ? why then do you prefer her to me, and bestow* on her all your affection?" " Do not be discontented, beautiful tulip," answered the gardener ; " 1 know your beauties, and I admire them as they deserve (J,t), but there are in my favorite rose odors and internal charms which beauty alone cannot afford « me." External beauty strikes at first sight,' but we should prefer internal merit. "Paid .... to avoir .... pour, >' Reproached to the gardener his, &c. « Engageantes. there- swe^rd Gasnar'f «^r'^ ''fl^^'" to morrow/'Xntz " an- swered Gaspard, "thou seest that I have mowed the whole of point; the judge, whoVas fixeZpon''. ow to^o" ) dedle" on (rf.) the affair? Besides, I think i. ..ceslary to knowlo ■ crop" Tlef rAh'^'r 'f 'St ^^*^^""g (^'f- ^-") the seized IhehLnofF '?''P''*.'^ for some time, when Gaspard mv frieid . J^ tnll'^-?'' f °^ exclaimed, " I'll tell thee what,! my triend . go to Schwitz alone, explain to the judge thv reasons •' A^S-'S T ''t'' ^/d^^^^hy'should I gi thfther'm;: m- mfn^t of t'h , hn • ^^""^J '''''f *^°" ^'""'^^'^ °^« ^ith the manage- ThP fff.l. h^- '^v! ^'P'^*? '^P'^^ ^*" I sJ^all act for the best n" The aflFar being thus settled, Frantz set off next day for the ail ms might. As soon as the verdict? was given.q he hastPnedr G^stid'tTed'her"^'''"'"^ " ' congrUVt^e'f "exfd i, SI 8 AT ^' ^^ J^^'' *^ ^® perceived him, " the meadow 13 thine," and I am glad that this business is* finished " From^ s :xtr:^'tirw^\t't^"^^^ ^'T"f>' '^'^ which Mhfs* anecdote IS extracted,w) the two peasants lived in perfect friendship. ^Z '^^JTS^ variance about, avoir un diff6rend pour, b Learned mW.c See page 90. '^ To get in, rama«er « Write what 18 It necessary to do? r Disappoint, manquer deparoZd « Fixed upon choisi. ^ Before, avant de. * I'll tell thee th'^t Je vats te dire ce quHl y a. J Write, th. two sides ^IgTeed atnst conclu^ Conduite,f.n^ Write, he assured. npoAhe belt 1' THE ACORN AND THE PUMPKIN of Nature thinking,oVh:fhri^lde.?^^^^^ little proportioned to its size, that it cannot support it and its fruitis obliged to lie on tlie ground and apoU.effi fruit would have been better placed on this oak: it is a large strong tree And again, 'why does not the acorn, which is not b gge? thru my httle finger, grow on a small stem ?" ^^ ^^*" FRENCH EXERCISES. 139 B day to (vers) dow, and said iriance about* jcause neither right; there- ' Frantz," an- the whole of [ cannot go.'' can I disap- (pour) decide to know to '. Mood.) the hen Gaspard I thee what,* e thy reasons ther myself?" the manage- or the best."" ; day for the •n° with (de) he hastened'" s thee, ffiend the meadow ed." From" his anecdote ndship. ''Learned, W'rite, what ■e parole d. thee what, 58.'' Agreed, ;he best, de ge77icnt, m. irtient. tSee ouis. vprom tin and the I the Author i stem is so it, and its fruit would itrong tree. >igger thiin These reflectionfl embarrassed him gxeaUy. In the mean time he lies down* at the foot of an oak to take a little nap : but he could not sleep. The wind was strong; it blew down" some acorns; one fell on the nose of our critic; the blood gushed out. J Oh I oh r said he, changing his tune,'' " I see now that God has made right' what he has made. If these acorns had been pumpkins, they would have broken my head ^" So he returned home, praising God for (de) every thing. jGrosseur,t "Write, how much its stem is small, "^aa thinking, from songer. i When he made, write, in making. eTo spoil, so. gdter. f Encore, a To lie down, se coucher. h To blow down, a6a«re. « One fell, il en tomba un. i To gush out, sortir. * His tune, de langage. ' Bien. "'Write, they would have bro- ken to me tho head. THE YOUNG FLY. A young fly war: with her mother or a chimney wall « quite^ near a pot, in which* soup was boiling. The old fly, who had business elsewhere, said to her daughter on* flying away : "Stay where thou art, my child ; do not leave thy place until my return." " Why, mamma ?" asked the little one "Because I am afraid that thou wilt go« too near that boiling spring." It is the pot that she called by that name.' . ^^^ Y^J °*"^^ ^ ^°* SO near « it ?" "Because thou wouldst fall m," and be drowned in it^." "And why would I fall into iti?" 1 cannot tell thee the reason; but trust to" my experience Every time that a fly has taken it into her head' to fly over one of these springs, from which"* so many vapors rise," I have al- ways seen that she fell in without ever rising from it again* " The mother thought she had said? enough, and flew away But the little one laughing-i at her advice, said to herself.- Aged people are alwayi too careful. Why wish to deprive me ot the innocent pleasure of fluttering a little over this smoking spring ? Have I not wings, and am I not prudent enough to avoid accidents ? In short, mamma, it is in vain for you to talk,'- and to allege your experience to me, I will amuse myself in fluttering* a little around the spring; and I should like' to know what would make me go down" into it." "^ So saying'' she flies ofi'; but she was scarcely over'' the pot when, made giddyy by the steam which was rising from it, she fell in.« Before expiring,* she still had time to utter these words- Unhappy are the children who do not listen to" the advice of their parents I" •The wall of a chimney. " Quite, a^sez. "In which, oH. d Qn en. "Wilt go, subj. pres. of s'approcher. 'By that name, ainsl «lo go near, s'approcher. Hn, dedans. 'Be drowned in' it, t'v noyerais. ^Into it, y. "Trust, from croire ; to, en. 'To take it into one's head, t'avUer. mp-oja y^YxiQh, d'oH. ^- To rise, s'ixhaler 140 ELEMENTARY Hi ' if-' ll': ; m "To rise again, remonter. PShe had said, write, to have said. 1 To laugh at, se moquer de. 'It is in vain for you to talk, vous avez beau dire. "Write, to flutter. 'Should like, voudrais bien. "Go down, descendre. v jnto it, y. ^ Write, in saying that. 'Over, au dessus de. y Made giddy, it our die. ^FeU in, s'y laissa tomber. ^Avant d'expirer. '^To listen to, Scouter. THE ABENAKI. During one of the wars in America, a company of Abenakis* (a tribe of Indians,) defeated a small body^ of British" troops. The vanquished could not escape from (d) enemies more nimble than they in running,*^ and eager^ to pursue them. A young English officer, chased^ by two savages, who came up 8 to him with raised battle-axes ^, had no hope of escaping ' from death. At the saipe time, au old Indian, armed with (rfe)a bow, approaches him and prepares to pierce him, with (de) an arrow; but after having 4aken aim atJ him. he lowers his bow suddenly, and runs to throw himself between the young officer and the two barbarians, who were going to massacre him. The latter retired with respect. The old man took the Englishman by the hand, encouraged " him by his caresses, and conducted him to his cabin, where he treated him with a kindness which never varied, (se dimentit.) He made him (of him) less his slave than his companion; he taught him (to hiin) the language of the Ab^nakis, and the rude arts practised • by (chez) these people. They lived very happily together. «» One thing only gave uneasiness to the officer ; sometimes the old man used to fix" his (the) eyes upon him, and after having looked at«him, he dropped (let fall) some tears. On (d) the return of the spring, the savages resumed ihQiv(the) arms and took the field.? The old man, who was still sufficiently robust to bear the fatigues of war, went out with them, accom- panied by (de) his prisoner. The Ab^nakis marched more than (de) two hundred leagues through (d travers.) the forests ; at last they arrived at a plain, where they discovered a British encamp- ment.i The old man showed >• it to his prisoner, watching (in observing) his countenance. "There are thy brothers," said he to him; " there are the enemies who are awaiting us to give us battle. Listen ! I have saved thy life » ; I have taught thee to make a canoe, a bow and arrows, to handle the battle-axe, and to surprise the beaver in the forest. What wast thou when I led thee to (dans) my hut? Thy hands were those of a child; they served neither to procure thee food, nor to defend thee. Thou knewest nothing. Thou owest every thing to me. Wilt thou unite thyself to thy brothers, and lift up the hatchet against us?" The Englishman declared that he would rather (would like better to) lose his (the) life a thousand times, than shed the blood of bia deliverer. FRENCH EXERCISES. to have said, to talk, vous wudrais bien. saying that. 11 in, s'y laissa )f Abenakis' tigh" troops, more nimble , who came of escaping ' d with (de)& with (de) an rers his bow oung officer e him. The incouraged " >in, where he te dimentit.) apanion ; he md the rude rery happily the oflSieer ; I upon him, some tears. 5d iheir{the) I sufficiently lem, accom- d more than ests ; at last ish encamp- itching {in rs," said he 9 to give us ght thee to le-axe, and when I led child; they hee. Thou Wilt thou igainst us?" (would like id the blood 141 The Abenaki covered' his face with both his hands, bending down^ hia (the) head; and after having (Infin. Mood) been some time in this attitude, he looked at the young Englishman, and said to him, in (de) a tone of mingled* tenderness and grief, "Hast thou a father?" "My father," said the young man, "was living when I left'' my country." "Alas!" cries the Indian, " how(5Me) unhappy he must be I "•'^ and, after a moment of si- lence, he added, "Dost thou know that I have been a father ? I am one (le) no longer, (plus.) I saw my son fall in battle^ ; h'^ was at my side ; he was covered with wounds when he fell. But I have avenged him ! " He pronounced these words with vehemence, (force.) All his body trembled. He was almost stifled with (par) groans, which he would not suffer* to escape. His eyes were restless;"^ his tears did not flow. He became calm»» by degrees," and turning himself towards the east, where the sun was rising, he said to the young officer, "Dost thou see that beautiful sky resplendent with (de) light ? Hast thou any plea- sure in (a) looking at it?" "Yes," replied the Englishman, "I have pleasure in looking at that beautiful sky." "I have none," said the Indian, in shedding a torrent of tears. Some moments after, he shows to the young man a magnolia in bloom.* " Dost thou see that beautiful tree?" said he to him," and dost thou look at it with pleasure?" "Yes," replied the young man, "I have plea- sure in looking at it." " I no longer have any," said the Indian hastily «; and immediately he added: "Depart I go back to thy father, that he may still have pleasure in seeing the rising' sun, and the flowers of the spring." ^AMnakis. ^X small body of tcoops, un ditachcment. ^Anglais. **In running, d la course. <^Acharnis. WressS. sTo come up to, aborder. i»Write, the axe raised. 'To escape from, se dirober d. 'To take aim at, ajuster. •'From rassurer, 'Practised, en usage. ™"Write, much pleased with one another. "See Remark on the Imperfect, pages 79, 80. "To look at, regarder. pTo take the field, se mettre en campagne.