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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des tdux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich*. il est filmA A partir de {"angle supArieur gauche, da gauche k droite. et de haut en has. en prenant le nombre d"imaga8 nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 E ,-^i;.">'> l> "1 I I lit I I < '- » ■ I I I) J H I I < Y IN THE >■.!'•. "They till their land, but own the land they till/' -f' E LONDON: AMERIGAN FARMERS' AGENCY. " i«83. ftftTCS SIXPeNCE. .., J _■■>'-: '.-r (Alt rights ffiefved.^ ^..■t.>li ri b l W> n jii.^li i.*i »liii^ y^ ,..* — .,.iei . .^i4' " * ""- «'< ■ r ' " !>* ■:'.V',!-'-v--'-- The Young Settler ^■--'■':V-^--' IN THE .•p-.v.'-^-V 1^ ': , ■;■' United States and Canada m " They till their land, but own the land they till." LONDON: AMERICAN FARMERS' AGENCY. 1883. PRICE SIXPENCE, (All rights reserved.) n THE AMERICAN FARMERS' AGEf u^ Pupils are placed by this Agency with respons and practical Farmers, either in The United States or Canada, AT A UNIFORM PREMIUM OF THIRTY POUNDS. J. M. FARRAR, M.A., T vho 1 :apita It .^RBMI fUCH BRVIC Government Comtnissioner of Immigration for the State of A/i«»i>|ja^i< jankers."' LONDON & COUNTY BANKING COMPANY. (HoLBORN Branch.) «»y heUi SoUcilor."' -^^ J. J. CHAPMAN, Esq., 4, Gray's Inn Square, W.C. mderl he 01 21, FINSBURY PAVEMENT, LONDON, E.C. g ^jj^ _ _ i a-givi * Bankers und Solicitor may refer in thefir$t instance to the above. r rjf-^ 5' AGEf THE YOUNG SETTLER IN THE th respons her* in Eld a, M UNITED STATES AND CANADA. Introductory. THE following pages are based upon several years' practical experience of American Farming — a qualification of the first importance in those vho undertake to advise others as to the training, capital, etc., necessary to success in that occupation. It will be observed further that the uniform ^RBMIUM of £^0 CHARGED BY THIS AgENCY IS VERY IlICH LESS THAN IS USUALLY REQUIRED FOR THE SAME BRVicES. We believe, however, that an intimate State of -^i«"':n|^wledge of America, and extended business con- le^ions with that country, will enable us to place young aN, E.C. to the above. 144HH1 The Young Settler and advice in the arrangements for the future st ment of the young men sent out through this Ager We do not guarantee in every case payi from the start for the work of a Pupil in additic boaid, lodging, and instruction in Farming. I obvious that untrained lads, fresh from other purs can be, for some months at least, of very little Our arrangements zre that Pupils shall be brough degrees into the full work of the Farm : that, at : they shall only be employed for a few hour (3 (4) W lajori the day until they have acquired the knowledge . . lift c physical capacity to do a full day's work. By system they will not be placed in a false positior . . receiving more for their services than the valu the farmer — at thctr parents' expense^ in much h.^^^ premiums paid in this country. And the latter will L the satisfaction of knowing that the first few nit.j|^ of their sons' pupilage are spent in learning to w.^ . instead of working, probably, beyond their streij^ and learning verj- little. When he has gained a |^ ^ experience the Pupil w^ill have become worth to: ^ Farmer more than his mere board and lodging. He. ^^^ then receive such amount of monthly pay as^^^ services may warrant. In all suitable cases, however,^^,^^ ment will commence after a month's trial. -ob^t In what follows, we design to present to y. ^j Englishmen who wish to settle in the United S,^|^ or Canada — ^ ^ (i) As faithful a picture as possible of the tra^^^. necessary to success ; ^j (2) The kind of life they may expect on an Ame^in q homestead ; i\^ # In the United States and Canada . le future st (3) The prospects open to them when they have ^ gained a competent knowledge of American 7 case payi " . , ^ . . - ,. . agnculture; and, (4) Some definite information as to what they can do with the capital subsequently at their a other purs , ,. , command, very little 11 be brough . jhe Necessity for Emigration. m : that, at : ^^ ^^.^^^^ almost take this for granted. The great a ew ^"^lajority of middle-class parents find themselv-^is quite J know e ge j^^^^e to bear the cost of educating their sons for s wor . ) n^ Qf tiig liberal, or ^«rt5Miberal professions ; of lalse posi ^^^stablishing them in business ; or of giving them the lan t e va ^^pgusive training which severe competition renders tn miicn 'g^j^ggary for positions in the Civil Service. From ' latter will !j^ ^Q ^1,000 may easily be spent in these ways tirst lew nic..^ ^ result by no means certain, or commensurate lARNiNG TO V "^ ^y^c outlay. It is not every young man who is id their strei^|^ ^^^ ^j^^ drudgery of desk-work, or is content las gained a ^^ ^j^^ poor prospects in life offered by the position )me worth tc: ^^^lerk in an office. For such the British Colonies, lodging. He. ^^^^ ^f ^j^^ states of the Union, are the natural thly pay ^^itlft. But unless they proceed there under a proper cases, however, rg^ngj^^ ^j^^ undergo, with suitable guarantees, a X)bationary training for the life of an American present to y. ^lonial farmer, and are not supplied with capital ;he United %§(ji^ they have learnt how to use it to advantage, e Enterprise will, in nine cases out of ten, end in le of the tra^j^j|,.(jyg failure. Young men fresh from school or laiaess are no more fitted to undertake the manage- ct on an Ameigjj| ^f ^ couple of hundred acres of land in Canada tte United States than they would be in Lincoln- s The Young Settler ftm Wi.l\. ^v :Kn 'A J? shire or Norfolk ; and this point cannot be too stron. insisted on to their friends. Learning to Farm. (ASTE uperi 1 a f r efoui not u arm, Perhaps the best way of illustrating the systen , LEARNING TO FARM recommended by us is to sketch , . faithfully as we can the probable experiences of a yo Englishman placed as a Pupil on an Americar,. Canadian Farm. We shall take, by way of exam;^ the case of a young man of fair education, g, .. physical health, and steadiness of character — ap .. which cannot be too strongly insisted on. Tho , ' instances do occur where the fact of being thrown ., ^ 1 the new surroundings, and compelled to adopt habits of . , reliance and self-help, has worked a wholesome cha ... in those whose career at home has been troubles and unpromising, yet the exception does little n j. , than prove the rule. We shall endeavour, for ^^ reason, to discourage young men with unsatisfacvj|g^jr antecedents, from attempting a life where habiti^^ r sobriety and steady industry are the very essenc.__-.j success. Careful ar'angements are made by the Agf to secure the safe conduct of the Pupil during outward-bound journey, and to prevent his stayir Xhel large towns on the road and falling under m bg influences, or among bad companions. Arrived se stal destination, he will be as much surprised, perhaphis v pleased to discover, that he has to make his homeeakfi house not inferior to English farm-houses on holienin of similar extent. He will find in the Farmer,, tau for the next twelve months, is to be his instructoiiat i i^^- In the United States and Canada. e too stron^^g^^^_^^^ j^j^ ^^^^ forget this— a man probably of uperior education, and he will at once be made welcome 1 a friendly and sociable household. There will often e found piano and books to beguile the winter evenings, ^ nd the Pupil is sure of some fishing and shooting 1 his few leisure hours. He will be regarded with ices o y ^^^ unkindly curiosity, and, if placed on an American arm, will do well not t' commit the common mistake ^y ^ f vaunting the M-iperiority of everything British. ducation, gj^ ^.jj ^^^^^ ^^^^ j^ Canada and the States, a social LACTER P:juality prevailing on the homestead, which will, - °"* ^erhaps, be new and surprising. The hived men ing thrown ^ ^j^^ p^^.^^ ^.jj ^.^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^.^j^ ^^^ family, P^^^^^^^^^^ id he need not fear that this will lead ^ . any und'.ie olesome cha j^yj^^..^^ ., ^^^ ^^^ probably the sons of neigh- ;en troubles^^j^, , ,^ farmers, and it will be well for the new comer ioes little r< ^^ j^^^ ^-^^ ^^^^ ^^ express no surprise at any eavour, tor ^^^^^ which is strange to him, and to accommodate h unsatisfac;,j^jf ^^ quickly as he can to the habits of those where habitj^^, ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ months, will be his daily very essem,^^^^^^^ le by the Agf upil during . Farm-Work. ;nt his stayir The work to which an untrained young Englishman iing under iU be set on an American or Canadian Farm will, at , Arrived £e start, probably be to assist in the care of stock, ised, perhaphit will usually occupy an hour or more before ike his homeeakfast, and the same time after the six o'clock uses on holi-ening meal, there called supper. By degrees he will the Farmer,., tamght to plough. This work -s frequently done by lis instructoiiat is known as a Sulky or riding-plough. Driving ^ 8 The Young Seitlcy fell. 1,1 a Seeder in spring, and a Mower and Hay-rake hil^d suirnier, learning to ♦' cultivate " Indian Corn throuiflfeifei the early summer months, to pitch hay on to a wagon Wini rather laborious work for a beginner — to spread day( evenly on the wagon or stack, to "husk corn'trgce ^ fall, to help in some post suited to his strength ahe wo capacity at " threshing time," indeed to share w If j the farmer, his sons, and his hired men, in evfay tl operation of daily farm life ; all this will busily occii yiear' the day. Any young man with ordinary quicknect b( and intelligence will find that his health is rapiiCCul* ] improving, and his strength becoming more vigorcountn He will feel that while leading an enjoyable, somewhat hard-working life, he is acquiring not oi the power of doing every kind of farm-work sa; ^ factorily, but learning to understand the whole systt . , of American agriculture as well as of stock-raisi_ j and management. He will rapidly acquire a feeli.--^ of self-reliance as the time approaches when he v < become his own master and undertake the nianagemt'^- of a Farm of his own. If he has conducted hinis^^ii during his brief term of pupilage with diligence, st |^ I restraint, and self-respect, he will find that hep^ parted from with regret, that he has made friends w will not forget him, and who will be glad to welco and assist him in the future. Such are perhaps ^'^l the least advantages of the preliminary training li^^'^| recommended. '^*'® After the expiration of the twelve months, . " young man of average physical strength ought to^* ■] capable of earning the full rate of wages of a skil*^ In the United States and Canada. Hay-rake hii^d hand." Though that rate varies somewhat with |Corn throuifFdfent localities, it will average at least $io a month to a wagonl Winter, $20 in summer, and as much as $2 and $3 to spread day during harvest, besides board and lodging ; while sk corn'irg^6' winter wages may be made by "lumbering" in strength ahe woods. o share v If a young man's friends can do no more than de- len, in evray the cost of his passage, outfit, &c., and give him busily occii yiear's training on a Farm, this is practically the pros- ary quicknect before him, if we except chance openings, which alth is rapiiCCUf much more frequently in America than in this more vigoroountry. enjoyable, Ways of acquiring Land. ^i""^"°*^; HOMESTEADING. rm-w r sa, ^^ most of the Western States 160 acres of land le w o e y '^g^y [^g u entered," as it is called, under '* The Home- ^ " :ead Act," beyond 10 miles from a line of railway, and .quire a "^'j acres within those limits. A residence of five years ) wnen e \^^ certain improvements made entitle a settler to a he n"ianagenit^-^j.jjj^gj^^ ^^^^ ^^ patent, at the expiration of such iducted hniis^^'-^^j.g, residence, and at a cost in fees of ;^2 to £S' I diligence, s.^ ^^ Canadian North-West a patent may be obtained ind that he r^gr three years' residence at about the same cost, de friends w lad to welco PRE-EMPTION, ire perhaps ^^ *^^ States, as well as the Dominion, (where large ry training li*^*® ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^P^" ^o entry,) a settler may com- iut« his fivo years' residence, and within twelve months e months, r****" ^^^ patent and title, if six months after taking ^tli ought to^ ^ '* claim," and building his house, he chooses to ges of a skil*y 5*- a" acre for his land. This enables him to claim ^^^v Wff lO The Young Settler l^ ferfa ^ ifH v^ ^ Jji T y^ear'i imou a second, and often adjoining, i6o acres, under what known as *' The Pre-emption Act," at the same prk After a residence of two years and a half the Pre-empt becomes the freeholder of 320 acres at a uniform ra of 55. per acre. The provisions of " The Timber Aci r designed to encourage the planting of trees on Utg-_i prairies, enable a settler to acquire a third 160 ac: p on payment of about £^ in Government fees, a;, setting out annually a certain number of trees. i.i ^ that in many thinly-settled districts, such as I^^^ot. for instance, it is easily possible to become, in eip . years, the freeholder of 480 acres of land for £$0. .1 RAILROAD LAND. :apiti Many railway corporations in the United States aielusi Canada have received from Government large tractsiuart( land, usually alternate " sections " or miles along bcnisch sides of their lines of railway, in belts 24 miles s qui width, the alternate sections being reserved for " Homtead steading" or "Pre-emption." Railway lands varyro la price from those of the Canadian Pacific, which aard oifered at 55. an acre, inclusive of rebate for cultivatiaarve with payment spread over five years, up to £1^ i>r**t and, in some localities, ^3 and £\ an acre. Defernnd a payments, at a moderate rate of interest, are universa elves accepted. eavii IMPROVED FARMS. ^"or ! These vary widely in price, and no precise inforii rule Lion is practicable. In the newer Western States, :?he c< to $20 an acre may be taken as a fair average, whikble such old-settled St:*ies as Kentucky, a fairly equipi'^'^sp larni is wortli $60 to $80 per acre. irmi kt>f^' In the United States and Canada. 1 1 under what Necessary Capital. ^ ^ The prospects open to young men who have had a P year's training on an American homestead, and the a uni orm f'^jniQm^j. ^f capital necessary to start them successfully ' ^"^ ^^ Sn farms of their own ought, in our judgment, to be rees -learly explained to parents at the outset, hird 1 60 acr people often fall into the error of supposing that lent ees, a^^gcg^^gg j^nd is given away to every applicant, both in 01 trees, .j^^ States and Canada, little or no amount of capital is en as JJa ot^^^,,^^^ f^ j-^y^,^ ^e/Z^A. Parents who send out their come, in eiji^Qjisto be trained for a year oh an American Farm, and 4- 5^' hen expect them to make a start as farmers without :apital, will find that such expectations will prove a lited States alelusion. Representations made to that effect in any t large tractsjuaiter whatever are, (we speak from much experience,) iles along bcnisfchievous and misleading in the highest degree. It its 24 miles s quite true that many Americans do acquire a " Home- zed for *' Homtead " with little or no capital ; but such men are born y lands varyro labour, and are compelled to live hard and work ;ific, which aafd for several years. They must hire themselves out in for cultivaticiarvest, and at other busy times ; undertake ploughing up to £1, i>r "breaking" for other farmers, often at a distance ; acre. Defernnd at the approach of winter, frequently betake them- , are universaelves to the "woods," there to work as "lumbermen," eaving their farm and stock to the care of the family. ^"or such a life as this, a young English settler is, as precise inforii- rule, obviously ill-fitted. Our experience leads us to tern States, ?he conclusion that unless some small capital is avail- Lverage, while ble for the future advancement of young men, the . fairly equipprospect of their attaining positions of independence on armt of their own is verv small 12 The Young Settler \^ For this reason we have thought it well to devc some space to the important question of Poutit; Shilling and Pence. We estimate that about £$o will defra)' the cost oi young man's passage to the United States or Canat and provide him a good home with a year's practic instruction in Farming, as well as fair money remur, ration for his work, certainly for most of that period. To give him anything like a fair start on a Far his friends should, at the end of a year,"-' be prepared advance him from ;^ioo to £iSo more. With that can take a " Homestead," erect a few inexpensive bui ings, and purchase the necessary implements, stock, & i6 H ¥\ Sv lO Li o< able$ '* Farming on Shares " is practicable in soi^**^^ Sod districts, and about the same amount of capital wo enable a young man to become a tenant-farmer on t •* Share " system. The following Tables suppose a larger amount capital. Land is here taken at an average of £i \ acre, and a family of five persons is calculated for on t average. It might often be found convenient for t or more young men to join in the purchase of a Fai thus reducing the necessary capital and hired help. shox 24< H( Pu Th Sd Su 3« Li^ Hii *Our arrangements with Farmers cover a period of Twelve Mor only. In ordinary cases a sufficient practical knowledge of Fair will then have been acquired. But if, at the expiration of that pei the Pupil's youth or inexperience seems to disqualify him • ti starting on his own account, we shall be ready to arrange for|uaiti remaining for a longer time without extra charge. " sec t This estimate is based upon extended personal experience-'ghtii our own, and is confirmed by those of Bishop Ireland, who t A. colonized large tracts of land in Minnesota, and of the prim"** Railway Companies it the States and Canada. * **5 land irs at * In the United States and Canada. If it well to devc ion of Pounc fray the cost o: tates or Canat Table I. Capital of ;£"5oo to ;^6oo. i6o acres* of land at ;£"i per acre.. .. .. ..;£"i6o House (5 rooms), £80; stables, ;£"2o; buildings, ;£"3o; well, £10 Furniture, say ;£"2o Two horses, ^40 ; wagon, sleigh and harness, ;^2o , . year's practic Sulky (riding plough), £i-j ; seeder, ;^io ; mower, ;f 20 ; hay-rake, £5 ; other tools, /"lo (must borrow money remm harvester or self-binder) 100 sheep ($2), £40; buck, £5; two cows, ^10; . P'>. ;^5 60 Living for 12 months, £50 ; feed, ;£"2o ; seed, ;^2o . . Occasional " hired help " in haying and harvest, ^20.. 140 20 60 62 of that period. :art on a Far ;'■ be prepared J. With that 90 20 £Ql2 lexpensive bui ^^ should be understood that calculation is made in these nents stock &(^^^* /'^ ^^^^ settler realizing no crop whatever the first year, icable in soi^"^* ^'^ '^^^ ^^ prairie land, such as is here estimated for, of capital wot'^''^^^^^^' ' ^'^^^^* ^'^^^^ a fair return, are usually realized, ni.i^vmev oni '^^' '^ P^Sc le. Table II. f Capital of ;^iooo. arger amount 2^ acres of land at ;^i per acre ^240 vera^e of /l [ House (6 or 7 rooms), ;^ioo; stable, ^^20; buildings, , '^jf «. ^50; well, ;^io 'ulated for on t Furniture, say ;^4o nvenient fort T^f^^.;;'^^^^' ^^^^ &c., ^Tio.. :hase of a Far Sulky plough, etc., as in Table I. ! ." '.'. ]'. .[ 300 Bheep, ;^i2o ; 3 bucks, ^15 ; (or equivalent in cattle) ; 3 cows, ;^i5 ; pigs, ;^5 Liymg for 12 months, £75 ; feed, ;^6o ; seed, ;^3o . . Hired man, with board and lodging in house, and extra help d hired help. 180 40 90 50 62 155 165 80 ;^I062 od of Twelve Mor lowledge of Fair iration of that per — I disqualify him • ElWld in the United States and Canada is usually divided into y to arrange tor|uar$«r sections," or plots of half-a-mile square, or one-fourth of e- V?^'°"" P"* "i''e square; "quarter sections" into fractional •sonal experience >gnwi8 and " forties." op Ireland, who t ^reduction of ;^4o may be made, if desired, by commencinc^ and of the princ-n 96p sheep, and £40 more saved by smaller house and buildings" e M^e remark applies of course to Tables III. and IV. Payment land can also invariably be spread over a term of five or seven irs «t a moderate rate of interest. 1 H The Young Settley ^'"1 h- ^ a '' ' l^-i sS-i Table III. ^^ 3 Capital of £i$oo. * 320 acres at ;£^i per acre .. .. .. .. ••X.320 House (8 rooms), ;£■! 20; stable, ^30; buildings, ^70 ; I well, ;£'io 230 ,j.g Furniture, say £50 . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Horses, buggy, &c., as in Table H. . . . . . . go Jtan Self-binder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 1 Sulky plough, &c., as in Table I. . . . . . . . 62 ''^^^ 500 sheep, X200 ; 5 bucks, £25 (or equivalent in cattle) ; 4 cows, £20 ; pigs, ;£"io 255 Living for 12 months, ;£"ioo; feed, ;^8o; seed, £40 .. 220 Hired man and extra help.. .. .. .. ..100 B £1377 Table IV. Capital of ;£'2ooo. Section of land (640 acres) at £1 per acre . . . . ^640 House (10 rooms), ;£"2oo; stables, ;£"5o; buildings, &c., £100 350 Furniture, say ^100 .. .. .. .. .. 100 Five horses, two wagons, sleighs, harness, &c. . . 150 Two self-binders . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Implements (about double those in smaller farms) . . 150 500 sheep, >f 200 ; bucks, £25 ; 4 cows, ;^2o ; pigs, * ;£"20 (or equivalent in cattle) . . . . . . 265 ^ Living for 12 months, ;^i2o; feed, ;£^ioo; seed, ;;^50.. 270 Two hired men by the year, and extra help in haying and harvest . . . . 180 £2205 Estimated Profits. WHEAT. Is ej All authorities concur very closely in placing t ^ cost of wheat-raising in the West at about $7 (28s, 30s.) per acre, no account being taken of interest land, buildings, farm-capital, &c. Taking an avera J deduction for freight to New York or Montreal, the case may be, and a low average price of 80 cer ""'t» In the United States and Canada. 15 lings. ^70 £320 )r y. 4^. per bushel, a profit of something like $10, )r £2 an acre, may be anticipated in second and sub- sequent years, wheat not being a " sod " crop. For full information as to other crops, readers uivalent ^^° »re referred to Allen's " American Farm Book," the go standard authority, and with which every young settler 62 should provide himself. in 255 220 100 £nn SHEEP FARMING. Estimate of the profit on a flock of 1000 Sheep : — Idings, &c, S:c. • • arms) f;2o; pigs, • • • in haying ;^64o 350 100 150 100 150 265 270 180 RECEIPTS. 5 lbs. unwashed wool per head, at 9d. per lb Increase, averaging from 4s. to 5s. a head on number of ewes, which should not be less than two-thirds of the flock £187 10 150 o ;£"337 10 EXPENSES. Hay,£5o; oats,;^45 ;^95 o Wages, £60 ; shearing, washing, and salt, ;£"2o 80 o £175 £2205 ;^l62 ID ' in placing t ibout $7 (285, 1 of interest iing an avera 3r Montreal, rice of 80 cer CATTLE BREEDING Is estimated to give the following returns : — ( Cost of raising a fat steer, including purchase of calf . Value at 3 to 3^ years old, £6 to £8, say £l 7 Three years' profit Thus 100 head of stock in three years cost And are then worth • 300 . 700 £aoo '% If) The Yotmg Settler If- 2>*^vi, Sv J, f* m] Wi vesir The profit on an investment in stock of / TJ amounts on this calculation in three years to ^4^^** or near 50 per cent, per annum. :ould )ther DAIRY FARMING. Gives the following results ; — Cow is worth on the averapfe . . . . . . ■ ■ £5 , Besides raising a calf yearly, commencing with two years '^^i^ old, she will give for 5^ months in summer 10 lbs. ofme);^ butter per week, worth on the average sd. per lb., or about £4 8s. The calf is usually considered equivalent to )6 m* her keep. ■»! Thus showing a profit on Dairy Farming of nea|g|j^j| 100 per cent. Tabl The estimated expenditure on a Western Farm of 640 a; amounts in first year to ^2,205. — Vide Table 7F., page i ^ (Subjoined are the results of the first two years.) FIRST YEAR. 320 acres of " breaking " with Flax as a " sod " crop ; the yield, according to Allen's " Ameri- can Farm Book," being 15 to 30 bushels of seed to the acre, but which we estimate at 10 bushels only, would, at the ordinary average price of 4s. 6d.per bushel, give a gross return of ;^720 o Less cost of '• breaking," at los. per acre . . 160 o £5^ o Clip of 500 sheep, at slbs. per fleece, worth gd. per lb 93 15 Usual increase of flock (two-thirds) say . , 65 o Profit ..£718 15 SECOND YEAR. 320 acres in Wheat, estimated to produce 18 bushels per acre, at 3s. 4d. per bushel . . £g6o o Clip of sheep as in first year, exclusive of clip from yearlings . . . . . . . . . . 93 15 Increase of flock, say . . . . . . , . 100 o £^ £^ F< Jtate; ^»refe: Vest (jhem elect Viso Virgil n lo °omfi OS w< _ Tev«| Profit ;Ci.o53 15 In the United States and Canada. 17 stock of / Tfhoiigh the above estimates have been based on years to //^#* ^"^ Wheat alone, similarly favourable results :ould readily be shown in first year from several )ther *' sod " crops, as Beans, Peas, Indian Corn, &c. • ^Something must, of course, be allowed annually for N^s^ and tear of machinery, repair of buildings, bad with two years •^'NWMis, possible losses in stock, and unskilful nmer 10 lbs. of juipl^ndry, &c., as to which no precise calculations can 50. per lb., or ed equivalent to>e made. We have not thought it necessary to work out the rming 01 neajgi^ils of probable profits on the smaller Farms Tables I. II. III.), but they may be roughly r ^ uipmarized as follows : — ' arm oj 040 a ble IV., page i Capital. Estimated Profits. ^ I St Year. 2nd Year. :wo years.) Iftoo to ^600 ^^loo £200 tates of the Union and Provinces of Canada are to be •* ^ ^° " P referred to the more newly-opened districts of the ;^56o o oVest, though it may perhaps often be desirable for ^" 93 15 o'^®™ to settle ultimately in the latter. We should .. 65 o elect for this purpose such States as Ohio, Illinois, "£7^^ 15 oVisconsin, Connecticut, Michigan, Missouri, and %ginia, and the Province of Ontario in Canada. ; 18 n long-settled districts will be found a much more clip o o Oomfertable class of houses, better social surroundings, 93 15 s -vi^cll as a more thorough system of farming:, than .. loo 00.,.. , , , . Teiriils m the more newly-settled regions of the West £1,053 15 i8 The Yevns^ Settler and North-west. The stock there is also of a mu superior character. iDC Outfit. All that need be said on this point is, Do not on To tk ¥maa burden yourself with a costly outfit. Plenty of war under-clothing, durable Tweed suits, &c., it is desiral <^«" to take, such articles being high in price and inferi in America ; but beyond a few books, an inexpensi gun, and some fishing-tackle, nothing should be taker Cost of the Journey. This, of course, must vary somewhat with des nation. The expenses of saloon passage to Ne York, or Montreal and Quebec, average lo to guineas, as a cheaper or more expensive line of steanie is selected. Half those rates, or less, would cov •' steerage " or " intermediate " passages. The Ink: journey would not exceed on the average £'j to i first-class. himi (bedM to one may I) worii4 Caaad it.... of.» Tear; self; fnrtlie hiiflgi at sac work I notra Witne whicb on a over k not] .,*»<<•*•-' -,-4 Iso of a mw H /// tlu United States and Canada. IQ Tke following are tbe Forms adopted by the American Farmers' Agency. '-^; ^^ = ~— Appliratioii for iiositioii an Farm Pupil. is, Do not 01: ToWtUniuiiur. Dtarsir. 188 entV of war I her^-br applj •.□ behall of for a position ag •^ Farm Pupil in and I subjoin the following particulars it is desiral ^xomkkwij, Lim. vii.:— Name tin full). ce and inferi an inexpensi lould be takei hat with des issage to Ne jrage lo to ine of steanif }, would GOV &s. The Inla: rage £n to [ Age (last birthday) \\T)ere educated Previous occupation (if any). General state of health I am, dear Sir, yours truly, Name and Address in full . . . Farmer's Application for Pupil. I am willing' to re«tiTe a Pupil on my Farm for One Year, and agree to furnish him with re^mlar instmction in Farnii^f;;, comfortable board, lodging and washing, (bedraom to him^lf s and to paj him at such rate per month as he can earn, subject to ona month's trial. I « ngat;e, further, to require from him, at first, such amount of work only as maybe suitable to hLi age and strength, and to bring him by degrees into the full won of the Farm. My F arm is dtnate in County, State of U.S.A., or Province of Caaada miles distant from Railway Station, and I have resided on it. .« years. It contains acres, of which are under cultivation. I have a comfortable House, containing rooms, and my family consiits of... "'-'' I have the following stock : — Horses, Cattle, Sheep, . . . i-. . . . Pigs. Crops usualjy raised are N)»me and Address in full Farmer's Contract witli Agency. I agree to nect-ive as a Pupil on my Farm for One Year; to provide him with suitable board, lodging, washing, and n bedroom to him- BcJf ; also to instruct him in Farming and management of Stock. I undertake, faitliar, to require from him at first such amount of work only as may he suitable to his age and strength, and to bring him by degrees into the full work of the Farm. I agraa, after one month' j; trial lif satisfactory to both parties), to pay him in addition at SlMh rate per month as he can earn. This undertakiag is conditional on the Pupil performing with diligence the worit aUottcil to him, and complying generally witli the rules of my house ; but I am not taapousible for the eimacquences of misconduct. WitiMBB Nam* and Address in full Receipt by Agency. Bf.ceived of the sum of £30, in consideration of which wc undertake to place as a Pupil for One Year on a Farm in County, State of U.S.A., or Province of Canada. We agree, fonher. to exercise, through our local Agent, a general supervision over kis welfare, and to attend to any reasonable causes of complaint ; but we are notaiq;)oneible for tLe coneeqnences of misconduct. Manager. BOOKS ON AMERICA. • ■■.' y The folloiving recent publications may he consulted tm advantage by intending Settlers : — Apfleton's "Guide to the United States an:| Canada." — Sampson Low & Co. Marshall's "Through America." — Sampson Low) and Co. King's " Southern States of North America. "- Blackie & Sons, Edinburgh. FiNLAY Dun's " American Farming and Food."' Longmans & Co. Allen's " American Farm Book." — Sampson Lo\\) and Co. Farrar's " Five Years in Minnesota." — Sampsor] Low & Co. " Letters f om a Young Emigrant in Manitoba."- W. R. C ambers, Paternoster Row. . I ■■•5 ■' -'i Priuted by Neville iSc Fenuymore, 45, Barbican, London, E.C. .«.■». ■J».-. Ki, 4 •■<-.♦ «• 'tm nsnlted n'itl )TATES AN| ipson Low] \merica. '- Food. " npson Lov] " — Sampsorl [anitoba."- ,- 'Jis Ion, E.C. .fK' ri- iMirl^ ^^''T^*^--- felJ/i