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'1 ■ '■ * ■ ■ -J «• -^*- J ■ 1 • i ■-' 1- . ^ ■■■■^^l^- -.^ THE OUTLOOK. Rr "WOMAN; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE and CALLING. A Full Discussion of Woman's Work in the Home, THE School, the Church and the Social Circle ; with an Account of Her Successful Labors in Moral and Social Eeform, Her Heroic Work FOB God and Humanity in the Mission Fie\jD, Her Success as a Wage-Earner and in Fighting Life's Battle alone; with Chapters on all Departments of Woman's Training AND Culture, Her Claims to the Higher Education, and the Best Methods TO BE pursued THEREIN. i .V A GALAXY OF DISTINGUISHED AUTHORS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. WITH INTRODUCTION nv MISS FRANCES E. WILLARD pkesidbnt of thb Women's Christian Temperanck Union. Edited by the Rev. Principal Austin, A.M., B.D. OF ALMA ladies' COLLEGE, ST. THOMAS, ONT. THE BOOK & BIBLE HOUSE BRANTFORD, ONT. 1890. • r Jfc\. ' 212072 /iKSTiN.B '^. Entered, according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year Eighteen Hundred and Eighty-nine, by The Book and Bible House, Thointxs S. Linscott, Manager, in the ( ' the Minister of Agriculture. <•>■ /, i ,'...'*. . . CHAPTER I. Open Doors for the Women of To-Dat. Many women must work — Relative proportion of women who are wageeamera — ^The law of labor applies to woman aa to man — Every woman should learn the art of money- making — Glaring faults in educational methods — Woman's education hitherto mainly literary — Not broad enough, or deep enough — Women trained to dependence — The better views of to-day — Women who are content with mere passive existence, idlers, pleasure- seekers, etc. — Every young woman should be mistress of some field of learning, some art by which she can win her way — Free to accept or reject marriage — Views of Mary A. Livermore — Dr. Talmage's plea for practical education of girls — What doors are open to women — Outdoor labor, its hardships and advantages — Female farmers — Blessed exemp- tions from sickness — Horticulture and floriculture — Domestic service — American women averse thereto — Unsatisfactory on both sides — The servant of the future — Women not as highly paid as men for the same service — The reason therefor — School-teaching — Woman's superior native qualifications for teaching — Unjust discrimination against lady teachers — Clerkship, telegraphy, phonography, type-writing — Long hours, small pay, and great temptation — Thorough qualification necessary — Length of time required — Civil Service open to women in United States and Canada — Forms of application and methods pursued — Course of study and examination required — Letter from Hon. J. Carling — Art work, and woman's native ability for the same — Famous lady artists — Large numbers of women earning a livelihood by Art — The one great difliculty in woman's way — Art teaching by women — Demand for i,eachers, and remuneration there- of—Home decoration — Designing — Engraving — Medicine — Women the natural guard- ians of the race — A wide door of usefulness now open to woman — The Foreign Mission field — School-teaching — "I love God and little children" — Other doors rapidly opening to woman — Woman coming to the front — The secrets of success the same in woman's life as in man's . . ....••••. page 31 CHAPTER IL ' Women as Wage- Workers. The work of education rightly begins at home — ^The true woman is never satisfied by living for herself-r-A full fountain will overflow — Many women must be bread-winners for WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER. CULTURE AND CALLING. themselves and others — Forty thousand women receiving starvation wages — Needle women, flower-makers, feather-workens, etc. — "Prisoners of Poverty" — Are the servant* of the house mere machines ? — How to help servant girls — "You have a trade now" — Mrs. Livermore's statement — Make good housekeepers of the children — Women who are not wage-workers have lowered household service — Organizations among women are de- sirable and helpful — "Keep in the line but pitch in somehow" — Establishments where wages are cut down or withheld — Heavy liurdons, and grievous to be borne — Let woman remove woman's burden ......... page 47 CHAPTER in. Women as Wage-Earners. Woman the half of humanity, and therefore equal to man — Two-thirds of humanity ark laborers — Employments open to women in 1840 and the number open to-day — The num- ber of women employed in the manufactures of Canada and the United States — Working side by side with man at the same employment, yet receiving from one-third to one-half less pay — Starvation wages paid to women and girls in the cities — Dressmaking compared with distilling and brewing, in productive value and numbers employed — School-teaching — Women do the work, and men get the pay — Average salaries paid to the two sexes in teaching — The quantity and quality of woman's work — How can we remedy the in- equality ? — Allow woman to enter any field of labor — Give woman a chance to protect herself — Woman in the majority — "The survival of the fittest" — Too many women in same callings, and too few in others — Give to woman the same preparation for life-work as to man — Multitudes of women compelled to go into life's battle unequipped — The in- evitable result — Joseph Cook's statement about the young women in Boston — Obliged to keep up an appearance on low salary — Give woman the ballot, that she may protect her- self — Canon Kingsley on legal and social equality — John Bright's remedy for the ills of the laboring man — How laborers gained recognition and reform in Engltuid — Let women tread the steps by which man has gained his freedom — Is there danger that woman may lose 'ler womanliness ? — True womanhood depends on the individual, not on the occupa- tion — Woman a helpmeet — The development of one sex is the advancement of both — The woman's cause is mans ......... page 51 CHAPTER IV. Woman as a Designer Practical women designers unheard of till recently — Women now steadily at work in our best design rooms— What has wrought the change — The career of one woman — Her difficul- ties and triumphs, and the results — Further progress, and the founding of the School of Industrial Art and Technical Design — Success of the pupils of that school — Manufac- turers delighted with woman's work — The pleasure of designing — What are the require- menta of a designer ? — A knowledge of historical ornament — Egyptian and Grecian Art CONTENTS. — Assyrian, Romaji and Pompcian Art — Ornamentation by the Arabians and Persians — — Art among the Moors, Chinese and Japanese — Conventionalization of flowers — The artist's work is pictorial, the designer's decorative — Color another important factor in designing — The rule to be followed— Are women capable of doing it ? — No fear of the market being glutted — Woman's triumphant career in designing . . pO'ge 57 CHAPTER V. Woman in Akt and Song. Woman's achievements in these realms unequal to man's — Difficult to find a woman's name among the early poets and painters — Art and song both devoted to the beautiful — Both require imagination, passion and genius — Woman's imagination not so strong or bold as man's — Yet her love of the beautiful, refined tastes, and creative power, entitle her to equal rank — Woman fairly well endowed by nature for art and poetry — Why then are her productions in these realms unequal to man's ? — Woman's achievements in kindred arts — Woman largely occupied with home cares and duties — Shut out by prejudice from competition with man in most realms — Debarred from full opportunities for culture — Her work subject to many interruptions — Smallness of woman's work, therefore, no proof of the infericu'ity of her talent — Review of lady artists — Susanna Hornebolt and Lavinia Teerlink — Female artists in the reign of King Charles — Artemiscia Gentileschi — Elizabetta Sirani — Elizabeth Blackwell — Frances Reynolds — Angelica Kauft'man's il- lustrious career — Mary Moser — Lady members of the Royal Academy — Women as figure painters — Madame Jerichau's wonderful achievements — Her interview with the Pope — Women as landscape painters — Barbara Leigli Smith Bodichon and Anne Blunden Martino — Women as portrait and miniature painters — Grace Cruickshanks, Anne Dixon, Helen Cordelia Angell Coleman — Woman as a painter of animals — Hannah Bolton Barlow — Woman as a humorous designer — Georgina Bowers — Adelaide Claxton — Isabelle Eniilie DeTessier — Lady artists of America — Margaret Foley — Anne Hall — Mrs. Badger — Mrs. Greatorex — Louisa Landor — Emily Sartain — Edmonia Lewis — Harriet Hosmer'i career — Her "petrified inspirations" — Rosalie J. Bonheur's achievements — The Horse Fair — Woman's future in the world of art — Woman's poetic achievements — The Song of Deb- orah — Woman's are the songs of heart and home, of life and death, of love and sympathy — Yet she has touched both martial and patriotic chords of the poetic lyre — Her songs of Christian life and service- -Frances Ridley Havergal — Gifted women of America — Julia Warde Howe — Elizabeth Akers Allen — Lucy Larcom — Caroline A. Mason — Frances j. Sargent Osgood — Ella Wheeler Wilcox — Adelaide Ann Proctor — Eliza Cook — Elizabeth ' Barrett Browning .......... page 63 CHAPTER VI. Woman as a Musician. Musical invention not as yet woman's province — The important part woman haa played in WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. other walks of the divine Art of Music — Woman's record as an exponent of the highest class of music — The ijueens of song in the opera — Here woman has reigned supreme since 1600 A.D. — Vittoria Archilei, Faustina Bordoin, and othere —Madame Catalani — Mrs. Bilbingston's career — Adelina Patti, Christine Nilsson, Albani — Women's work in Oratorio — Clara Novello, Madame Sainton-Dolby, and others — Rising stars — The long, unbroken line of songstresses for 300 years — Women as instrumentalists — Clara Schu- mann's place of honor — Violin-playing by women — Madame Norman Neruda, Camilla Urso — Teresina Tua, FrauleJn Liebe, Nettie Carpenter, Nora Clench — Women in a bra.s.s band — The celebrated lady whistler — The harp as woman's instmment — Why it has not more prominence — Women as church organists — Women, as a rule, content to please by performance rather than composition — Women who have made reputation and money by their compositions — Claribel, Elizabeth Philp, Elizabeth Stirling, Miss Marcirone, Madame Saintor "^olby, and Maude Valerie — Madame Schumann and Madame Garcia — Woman's influeiii.0 on the minds of great composers — What woman can and should do in the more private walks of life — Study while you can, and do not give up your music because you cease to take lersons — Girls who neglect their studies as soon as they get a husband — The sweet influence of home music — Woman's duty in keeping the home musical — "Let the children sing" — The national music of the Germans — Children who hear and take part in music — People who might be musical, but. are not — Women have no right to give up music — Cultivate a ta.ste for good music — The range of good music so large, there is no excuse for silly, vapid music — Study the languages — Sing what you sing with feeling — Students of music who intend to become teachers — Women as conductors in concerted music — Lady Folkestone's large orchestra in old London — Woman's work in church music — Woman's future in the realm of music .•••.. page 70 CHAPTER VIL Woman in Li'teuature. Aim of Article. Bible Literature : Miriam — Deborah — One of earth's greatest lyrics com- posed by a woman 300 years before Homer was born — The Virgin. Greek and Latin Literatures: Sappho — F'^.nale literary society 600 B.C. — Sulpicia — Hypatia burned. Italian Literature: Vittoria Calonna in 16th century — Morte di Adone — Signora Folliero writes on the education of girls — Albrizzi — Bandcttini — Queen Marguerite. French Literature: Large number of female writers — Christine de Pisan in 14th century — A royal writer — M'Jle de Scudery, roniancist — Madame de S^vignd, the greatest of letter writers — " The Tenth Muse " — Madame de Genlis and Louis Philippe — Madame de Staijl and Bonaparte — Extraordinary literary persecution — The greatest writer ami mg women. German Literature : Mental peculiarity of the Germans — " Daughter Schools" — The domestic life made important — Luise Kulmus translates Rape of the Look — A sweet lyric poet — Frederike Brun — Hymn in the Vale of Ghcmouni — Recent writers : Ida von Hahn-Hahn — Fanny Ewald — Countess Duringsfield — " Betty Paoli " — " Louise Muhlbach " — Ida Pfeitfer, the famous traveller. English Literature: Female genius best adapted to narrative writing — Female writers become comparatively numerous after CONTENTS. the introduction of the novel — Aphra Bohn — Prince Oroonoko — Mrs. Cowley's The Belle's Stratagem — Miss Burney gets 3,000 {guineas for her novel Camilla — Some surpris- ing alfectations — A famous letter-writer — Mrs. Elizabeth Montague and the chimney- sweepers — Blue-Stocking Club — Helen Maria Williams — Mrs. Hannah More, and others — Women entering new fields of literature — Mrs. Barbauld and Dr. Johnson — Scott's opinion of Jane Austen — "The Lady Bountiful" — Auld Robin Gray — Mrs. Hemans — Fiction — Descriptive writings — L. E. L. — Woman's rights — Harriet Mariineau — Eliza Cook — Adelaide Proctor, and others — Mrs. Browning, the greatest poetess of the century — George Eliot's wise sayings. American Litehatuue: Women appear early — "The first woman in America to devote herself to literature " — Abigail Adams — Margaret Fuller — The Concord Sciiool — Maria Brooks — Catharine Beecher — Phenominal success nf Undo Tom's Cabin — War lyrics — Louisa M. Alcott — Recent writers. Canadian Literature: Creditable for so young a country — Miss Machar — Laura Secord — Mrs. Moodie's backwoods experience — Mrs. Trail — Plant Life in Canada — Other writers. Conclusion : Estimates of proportionate increase in number of female writers — To compose fashionable — Writing a vocation — " Pan.sy " — Lady Brassey — " Carmen Sylva " Queen Victoria — Women thronging into temperance and missionary literature — Ulti- mate triumph of moral issues ....•.,•. page 91 CHAPTER VIIL Woman as a Physician. Women physicians not exotics of the present age — Isis and Hygeia — Testimony of Josephusi Homer — What the ruins of Pompeii teach — The universities of Italy — A woman in the chair of Philosophy at Bologna University — Another offered a chair at Milan — Maria Delia Donne — Woman first used the mannikin in lecturing — Women physicians among the Germans — Women physicians of note in England in IGO-t — One paid £5,000 by the Government for a nostrum — Women at the University of Zurich — Why the Russian women studied medicine — Thoroughly satisfied with co-education — Women do better when they know nothing — Admitted to the Academy of St. Petersburg ia 1869 — Uni- versity of Moscow in 1871 — Medical colleges in France — Women studying- medicine at Munich in 1869 — Women in medical colleges in Vienna — Not allowed to study medicine in Belgium — Italian universities formally opened to women in 1876— Swedish University of Upsala — Madras Medical College receives women in 1875 — The study of medicine in Great Biitain — Lack of Hospital instruction — The adamantine wall of opposition — Women in Edinburgh University — How they were treated — Dr. Garrett Anderson — Dr. Anstie's labors for women — Women students shut out of the hospitals — What was accomplished in four years — Miss Helen Prideaux, gold medalist — Sir William Gull's testimony — Lon- don University — Miss Scharlieb's career — The hospital for women in Marylebone Road Miss Dolores Conant's career — Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia — Miss Emily Blackwell's career — Dr. Ann Preston's labors — Dr. Gross' theory concerning women — The Medical Department at Ann Arbor--- Woman "s acceptibility as a practitioner — A promise and a prophecy — Woman's medical career in Canada . . page 109 10 WOMAN; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLINU. I ' CHAPTER TX. Thk Woman and H(tMK. Motluir, Home and Hoaven — The homo whore woman reigns aa sovoroipn — Home is more thao a house — Tlit^ Christian home ia a commonwoalth — Older than hmnan institutions — 'I'hought and care solely needed in our age of hurry — Girls who know better violate nature's laws — A department of applied Christianity in a religious paper — The ideal home is not a nomnd — A coterie of individuals not a home — The family is a life-saving- institution — No permanent reform in society without reaching and elevctu^ 'le home — A higher ideal of home needed — The Bible t(!aches a Christian Socialism of mutual help- fulness — The home must tench and train men — Homes should have individuality — The ideal homi^ is for the child — The ri;,'lits of the child, and parental obligation — It is little to love to give, it is much better to deny — The ideal home is religious — The Protestant Church must take a lesson fiom the Roman Catholic — The ideal home is co-operative — A common point of view necessary— The duties and responsibilities of the home are not met — The remedy, and how it should be applied — A generation of men and women trained to reverence truth, purity, and honor — To stand by the right though the heavens fall — Intelligently taught in Chrihtian ethics — How it may be secured . p'lge 1^25 CHAPTER X. '^ "Woman and the Bible. 'Thy desire shall be to thy husband, and lie shall rule over thee" — Tn what sense is woman inferior and subject ? — The sexes thrown into false relations through sin — "I will mak» a help meet for him " — The Hebrew noun, ezer — Woman's position among the Jews — The Old Testament against polygamy — Prophecy not confined to a particular sex — "The women that publish th>i tidings are a groat host" — Woman's subjection came through th»^ Fall — Christ born of the Virgin Mary — Anna, the Prophetess — The message of the women — Why Christ sent forth only nu^n — The Pentecostal baptism — Virgins which did prophesy — Are the Scriptures contradictory in their teachings regarding women ? — The crucial passages in Paul's writings — The passages contradict our sense of justice — Christ's subjection to the Blather — Paul's principle of service — Christ's headship due to His ser- vices — Subjection to ministers and to parents — Paul's principle of love — What were the circumstances ? — Liberty had become license — Objections to the old view — " Ye may all prophesy, one by one" — Paul prescribes the manner in which women may pray or pro- phesy — The same exegesis makes Paul teach slavery — " That the name of God be not blasphemed" — There can be neither Jew nor Greek, there can be neither bond nor free, there can be no male and female — The early history of the Church — Phoebe, the deacon of the Church at Cenchrea — The progress of civilization .... page 131 COiNTENTS. 11 CHAPTER XI. Woman as a Religious Teacher Signs of the times — Has womrvn yet found her place in the Christian Churoh ? — The woman that prayeth or prophesieth — The term " prophesying," and it« meaning — Methodism luus^ given large license to women to exercise their religious gifts and graces — Woman's pro- phesying now tolerated in many of the churches — The practice not based on theory — Methodism originally a revival, not a church — Usages chosen to subserve an end, namely, an organized and perpetual revival — The prejudice against woman's prophesying a vestige of Oriental barbarism — Also arises from Jewish customs — From the example of the Roman Church — From the example of the Church of England — From the shameful abuses of liberty by some women — " Let your women keep silence in the churches " — The circumstances under which Paul wrote — Special cases of disorder — The reference is to the whole Church in public — Praying or speaking not prohibited, but debating, question- ing, etc., etc. — Paul permitted women to pray and speak in publi? — The custom authorized by the Scriptures — Woman equally concerned with man in all spiritual duties — Woman has peculiar gifts in this direction — Women in a large ma'nrity in the Church — Often more talented than the men — God's seal of approbation on the practice— Shall women preach ? — Why not, if called and qualified ? — Great shall be the company of female preachers i .••....,.. . pagei4& CHAPTER XII. Wc MEN .VND MISSIONS. The world has not yet seen "woman's hour" — Marriage in heathen lands a record of violence and sin — Communal marriage of tlie Platonic Republic — Wife capture and other barba- rities — Girl-life is the cheapest possession — Destruction of children — One hundred and four boys, and one girl — The Baboos of Bhudawur Kalau — The code of Manu — The degradation of woman is the deterioration of the race — Mohammedanism and woman — The Census of India in 1881 — Early marriages and infant bethrothal — Dr. Mohendra Lai Sircar's testimony — Child widowhood — The Hindus cf Calcutta — The illiteracy of females in India — Women the conservators of religion — A vein of sad satire — Girl slavery of Chinese Empire — Kidnapped girls — Christ's exaltation of woman — Her place and work in Christian lands — "The Society for Promoting Female Education in the East" — "Woman's Union Missionary Society of America" — After the war is over — Rapid organ- ization of Women's Missionary Societies — Congregational, Methodist, and Baptist SocietL^ — Financial management — Do they interfere with the parent societies ? — The business tact and judgment of the Methodist women — One among many — Twenty-five years ago and now — Benevolent, educational, and evangelistic work — The Methodist Episcopal Orphanage of India — Isabella Thobum's work in Lucknow — Girls' schools in Japan — The high esteem in which they are held — The work of the female evangelist — Woman's glorious work depicted . . page 15T IS WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. ,-, •>■ CHAPTER XIIL Woman's Work in China The need of woman's work in China — Instruction must be mva voce — Women must he ad- dressed in small classes or in the family — How far can China be reached and evangelized by women ? — Visiting the lady missionaries — Christian hymns and the Gospel story — Ministering to the suffering — Hearing the Gospel under a pretext — The work of the v Bible women — Day and boarding schools — The China Inland Mission — Woman's work a prominent feature — Distinct houses for lady missionaries — The work of Misses Mcintosh and Marchbank — Misses Whitechurch and Seed in North China — The destruction of * idols in two hundred families — The superintendence of refugees — The rivers and water- ways — The study of the language — The opening for women's work unlimited — The pro- portion of male and female missionaries — Missionaries wear the native dress — The expense of living in different parts of China — A call to work in China — The experience and qua- li6cations necessary — The one essential, to be filled with the Spirit — " Go ye," and '" Here am I, send me" ••••.••!•#* page 177 CHAPTER XIV. Woman as a Missionary. (I.) The wonderful opportunities for the Church in our day — Providence speaks plainly to woman. " Go work in my vineyard " — Women in most heathen countries are only accessible to women — The cause and curse of the Zenana — The doctrine of Devils, that women have no souls — Dr. Adam Clarke — " Neither male nor female " — Woman always the first vic- - tim of a perversion of the social forces — The degrading teaching of the Buddhists, the Shasters, the Mahommedans and the Jews — A kind ofiicer's mistake — Greece and Rome — Cicero — England — Child marriage — The mother-in-law — Gossiping — Idols — Dress — ' A rich wife's stupidity — Birth of a female child a curse — Infanticide — A bright young creature — Midnight wife murders — A sad tale — Murdered by her husband for rescumg her child — The terrible meaning of " without hope " — A sad case — Suttee burning pre- ferred to widowhood — Horrid treatment of child widows — Forty millions of them — Their bitter cry " rings in my ears day and night " — Polygamy and divorce — How the priests get their living by marrying themselves to children — A Satanic superstition — The suf- ferings of sick women — Appeal to the Queen of England — Her kindly sympathy — A hea- then woman's prayer, by A.L.O-E. — Sad story of a child widow of thirteen — Brutal mobs of Persian women — Heathen women must first be reached — " Get the henrts of women and you can more easily get the heads of men " — A native Christian woman teaches a scold the true charm for a runaway husband — All the men want their wives to get it — *' Your Jes'TS talks like a woman " — Women in Burmah are the principal actors — Woman sinned first and is first cursed, and so is first blest by the gospel — God has provided our Christian civilization with a surplus of women, who are preparing for His work by edu- cation in all the higher departments in our day . . . ... page 183 CONTENTS. la (11.) Woman's fitness for mission work has been established — She has more love, patience and endurance — Most of the foreign work is done by personal appeal, for which woman is eminently adapted — Hudson Taylor — Paul — Professor Drummond — Rise up, ye careless daughters — The heathen have come to our ''oors, where we can begin the foreign work — Wiiat can arouse the Church fo. wasted humanity — George Piery mused until his heart got " hotter and hotter " — Women can reach both sexes, and men cannot — She can "talk woman's talk" — She can go alone any- where among heathen — Mrs. Judson was imprisoned in India and led to execution, and rescued by the English, and then built a tent and fed prisoners in the same court-yard — Mrs. Mason hired two hundred natives and cleared up a jungle for her school, knowing, she said, that " fearless soldiers needed fearless leaders " — A Bufl'aJo girl in Hindustan — Hires natives, buys teams of butt'alo, makes brick, saws lumber by hand, and with native help builds her school, faces the tigers and shows what a woman can do — A remarkable mission in Bengal is " manned " solely by women — Miss Farington braves African fevers and " otters her soul upon the altar of God " — Mrs. Turner, with her husband, goes to the savages of Vandieman's Land, displays wonaerful courage with savage mobs — The grace- ful and youthful bride of Mr. Cargil goes to Fiji, where they were eating English sailom — God's law, humt lity leavened by the gospel must reach and save humanity — In India^ many of the women are harder to reach than the men — Tears and threats of wives often prevent the husbands — Examples — The threefold objecS of this chapter — The call of God to the women of the Church — The duty of pastors — Oiganizations and finance — Has the gospel of love lost its power ? — Who will economize fo' God ? — A marvellous sight in our day — Women's conventions — Who will limit the scope and power of woman's work of the future ? — A mighty triumph ......... page 191 CHAPTER XV. What Christ has done for Woman, and what Woman has done for Christ. " The holiest among the mighty and the mightiest among the holy " — Christ has honored woman — By His birth — Christianity alone sets the crown of honor on woman — Woman's honored seat by the fireside — Christ has recognized and declared woman's equality — Has exalted woman by exalting those qualities of human character in which woman excels — His teaching— By incarnating these qualities in His own person — Illustrations — Christ has emancipated woman — Woman without Christianity — What has woman done for Christ ? — Accepting with peculiar readiness His teachings — Woman's heroic suffering for Christ — Walking humbly in His precepts — Publishing in heathen lands His message Woman in missionary organizations — The record of one — A closing appeal . page lof) CHAPTER XVI. The Physical Culture of Women. cental and physical development must go hand in hand together — Sad neglect of physical culture, especially in the education of girls — The Greeks believed in cfte co-equal culture y 14 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. of mind and body — Herbert Spencer believes the great aim in education should be to develope a perfect animal — But physical education must be imperfect without the mental — The objects of physical education are health, strengtli and beauty — The muscular system explained — The purpose and action of muscle — Motion the life of muscle and necessary to its perfection — Deterioration through lack of exercise — Fatty degeneration and weakness — Muscular action and the circulation — Exercise therefore necessary to nutrition — All parts debilitated by lack of exercise — Rousseau says, the stronger the body the moro it obeys, and vice, versa — Physical training essential to beauty — The Greeks believed health and beauty united — The nervous system necessary to the muscular — The bones and joints are susceptible to culture — The capillaries and nerves — The ■ intimate relations between the nervous and muscular systems — The orgjins of nutrition and secretion — The composition of the blood — The circulatory apparatus — Necessity of ventilation — The heart and its office in the human system — Exercise helps the circulation — The structure and uses of the akin — The chief essentials of life — Pure air in abundance — Out-door air generally but not always pure — Essential principles of good ventilation — Good water the second essential of life — Most people drink too little water — Good food another essential of life — Nearly every one eats too much — " Be wisely moderate, strictly temperate in eating and drinking " — The relation of temperate diet to good looks — Cooking should be a part of every girl's education — Most people over-work themselves — Over -worked mothers — "Society women" and " keeping up appear- ances " — Physical culture for workers as well as idlers — The right kind of exercise — More simple dress for girls — Exercise and anti-fat remedies — Ill-formed girls and women — From live to fifteen — Special calisthenics desirable for some — The mother's duty in the case — Rest and sleep — Mothers who need rest — What to do when tired — How to regulate one's sleeping — Clothing, and what kinds are best next to the body — Tight lacing destroys health — How the feminine dress should be suspended — Girl's clothing should never be tight-fitting— -How much clothing should be worn — Over-clothing some parts and under-clothing others — Bathing essential to health and beauty — The essentials in bathing — The best time for taking a bath and the bust method . . page 211 CHAPTER XVIL , , The Health of American Women. The maintenance of health closely connected with physical culture — Sir Andrew Clark's definition of health — Wm. Cullen Bryant and the Hon. Samuel E. Sewall — Physical culture not the rule among women — Married and single women and their separate environment — Marriage a divinely ordered institution and hence conducive to health — Why marriage is not always conducive to health — Mental dissatisfaction and unrest — Fear of early motherhood and a low moral sense — The anxiety of the young wife in home building — The double task of nourishing two beings — Broken slumber and anxious hours — Social duties, cares and labors — Woman's superior ability to endure mental strain and hard work — The gulf which opens at forty — The causes of woman's break down — Unwise choices and how they should be prevented — Motherhood the holiest crown of womanhood — God's plan in marriage and the setting of the "solitary in families" — A training in housekeeping and the care of children — Insolent servants and undreamed-of complications — A special course of teaching upon the care of children — The line of CONTENTS. 15 safety for women of small means — Women who choose to live single — The unmarried preponderate in the insane hospitals — The causes of loss of health in single women — Those supported and those self-supporting — Women of wealth and the canker of unrest — The longing for children and companionship — The remedy for this class of women — The unmarried daughters of affluence — Charitable and philanthropic work — Earnest enthusiasm and self-forgetfulness — The working classes have better health — Prot'essi nal women — Health of medical women — An outdoor life, variety in work and mental absorption — The health of women who teach — How it is injured and how it might be promoted — Advice to teachers — Stenographers and shop girls — Why so many succumb — Factory girls, cooks and house servants — How to improve the health of these classes — Summary of the health conditions necessary to all women . . . page 235 CHAPTER XVIII. Importance of a Knowledge of Cookeuy to Women. Food holds an important place in the human economy — Philip Gilbert Hamerton on cookery — Bad cooking one of the worst foes with which civilization and Christianity have to contend- -Things we eat and drink materially affect our opinions, beliefs and prejudices — Our sight, hearing and thinking all affected by our diet — Individuals are a reflex of the food they eat and the homes they inhabit — Most dishes in the daily fare of a large proportion of the human race inharmoniously compounded, improperly cooked^ and neither as nutritious and satisfying as they should be — Improper cooking creates a demand for stimulants — The Drink question and the Food question neighbors — Appetite for strong drink aggravated if not implanted by improper diet — Bad effects of improperly prepared food may be traced through all the avenues of vice and crime — Dyspeptic stomach responsible as well as carnal heart — Bishop Foster on caring for men's souls and bodies — The relation of bad food to perfect manhood — Home is the primary school — House-ki'uping and home-making essential branches in a daughter's education, page 247 CHAPTER XIX. Valuable Household Knowledge for Women. Valuable knowledge for the kitchen — Best methods of cooking fish — Oysters — Choice recipes for soups — Cooking meats — Game — Poultry — How to make salads — Sauces — How vegetables should be cooked — Eggs and omelets — How to make choice puddings — Pastry — Custards and creams — Tea — Coffee — Chocolate — Jellies — Jams — Preserves — Canned Fruits — Pickles — Candies — Knowledge valuaVile in the toilet — Valuable knowledge for the sick room — How to save money in household economy — What to do till the Doctor comes page 249 16 WOMAN; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. I ! CHAPTER XX. The Hioheu Education of Women. "Women should shrink from science as from vice" — The Roman PontiflTs condemnation of woman's higher education — Woman none the better in any relation of life for ignorance — The wonjen of Spain and the women of Protesiant countries — A re-action against sham education for woman — The ladies' seminary of past days — "The female mind inferior in strength, acnteness and capacity" — Brilliant literary women — The testimony of educators — Dr. Maudsley's assertion concerning woman's physical ability — Miss Elizabeth Garrett Anderson — College life conducive to health — Other beneficial results of boarding-school liie — The boarding-school is a microcosm — The spiritual influences of such schools — Physical debility of Canadian and American women — The dissipations of social life — Benefits of the higher education — Make-believe occupations, and dreary sham amusements — The fading bloom of youth and increased gayety of apparel — Clement of Alexandria on woman's duty — "Let your comeliness be the goodly garment of the soul" — Higher education will make girls more self-reliant — A lure to the gilded bower of matrimony — No culture can be too wide, too rich, and too varied for her sublime and hallowed mission — Napoleon on the need of France — The child's cradle and the vital forces of the race — The duty of parents to their daughters — Incentives to effort . . . page .325 CHAPTER XXI. What Knowledge is Most Worth to Woman ? A very necessary and practical question — A choice must be made — Necessary variations in the courses for men and women — Practical education the watchword — Practical training is ideal training, and ideal training should be practical — Education should emanci])ate woman from dependence — Should prepare woman to fight life's battle alone — Woman not intended for depeiidence — Education should acquaint woman with her own nature and the laws governing it — Should reveal the path to the highest perfection of human powers — Woman's education should make her master of her own language and literature — Woman just now coming into her kingdom — Education should bring woman, in thought and feeling, near to God — Doors of Christian usefulness — A call to duty and diligence . . . . . . . . . , . . page 333 CHAPTER XXII. The Higher Education of Women. Every great reform has met opposition — What has been won in twenty -five years — Women in the eighteenth century — The Grammar School for Girls in boiiton, 1826 — Woman's admission to the Colleges — Vassar, Girton, Bryn Mawr — Harvard College, Princeton Annex, Columbia College — University education for women in England — Newnham College — Number of women teachers in Great Britain and Ireland — The two systems in CONTENTS. Vt>' the United States — Women in Syracuse, Michigan and Boston Universities — Sage College — The Wesleyan Female College at Macon — What have been the results ? — Organization of alumnae — The effect on woman's health — Household sanitary science — Woman's recent contributions to literature — Money spent on woman's education lost — The answer from Hood ............. page 343 CHAPTER XXIII. Strength and Beauty in Woman's CHARACTEa King David's Prayer, and the circumstances under which it was uttered — A good country implies a good people — Material prosperity follows righteousness — The care and culture suitable to women- Fquality in things fundamental — The essential quality and holy alliance of man' .ood ana womanhood — Perfect growth in the period of growth — Comer- stones and their strengt'-, utility and responsibility — Must be adapted to the building — The Golden Palace of the State, and the Ivory Palace of the Church — What is the per- fection of womanhood ? — How wrought out ? — Christian civilization has well begun the work — The character of woman is the foundation of society — Like the comer-stone, she is the bond of union — Like the corner-stone, she endures aad supports much — Intelligence an essential — The records of heroic women — The union of moral fibre and generous cul- ture — What style of education is suitable for girls — Education must be thorough — Based on religious truth — Permeated with a religious spirit — Polish, not veneer — Education must reach the deep faculties and unlock the hidden resources of the soul — Hard grinding, close study, stem discipline — Schiller's eulogy of woman — "After the similitude of t palace" — Society,home,and church — Where are the workmen ? — Our special advantages to-day — The palace of God upon earth — A plea for the best possible in woman's education .......... pa^ 357 . CHAPTER XXIV. • ' The Higher Christian Education of Women: its Mission and its Method. What is meant by woman's higher education — The two classes of objections — " Women have never taken high rank as scholars" — Physical and mental strength — The question of health — Tables of longevity — Results in co-education — The objection to " strong-minded " women — Will the higher education destroy the feminine graces ? — Woman's education should be Christian — The special objects in view in higher education — Physical develop- ment and the increase of bodily strength — A graceful mien and motion — Intelligence, aspiration, intellectual strength and skill — Expression — Religious culture — The instm- menti) of this higher education — A suitable building, gymnasium, library, &c — Are women to be educated solely for the home ?- -The guiding principles in the work . 371 CHAPTER XXV. < Husbands and Wives. The old civilization and the new — The euicient Hindoo civilization — The status of husband !•• WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER. CULTURE AND CALLING. and wife — Wives and husbands in the old Chinese civilization — Husband and wife equals in the old Egyptian civilization — Mohammedan and Mormon theologies — The northern races for freedom, the southern for social organization — The marvellous civilization of Oreocii — Abject condition of the Greek wife — The wife under the Roman Republic — The fining of bachelors — T.ie northern nations stood for the equality of woman — Forbade their women to drink wine — Christianity found its way at once to woman — Woman's work in its diffusion — The wife in the dark ages — Legal rights of women in Massachusetts — The father is still the legal owner of minor children — The protection of woman m'^st be in the heart of man — Girls must be educated to be good wives — Nations rest on homes — Make thyself worthy, and thy prajer shall be granted page 385 CHAPTER XXVL Woman in the Social Structure First conceptions of the philosophy of society inadequate — The social struc' lire evolved from self-organizing forces — " The better part of human nature escapes the otate " — Different organizing tendencies — The danger of misinterpreting the social consciousness — Herbert Spencer's statement — Radical social changes, involving the re-adjustment of class rela- tions — Woman's relations in society modified by the development of the higher sentiments — The limitations under which the question should be placed — Equality of endowment does not mean sameness of functions — Queens and princesses have proven woman's ability — The question of woman's place in the social structure is not a question of rights, but a question of adaptation to social needs — The distinction between individuality and indi- vidualism- -Society made up of units, but the childless family is not a unit but a fraction — The complete man is husband and father, the complete woman is wife and mother — The question of woman's suffrage — The answers suggested by history — Some considera- tions of fitness ........... page 393 CHAPTER XXVII. Woman and the Suffrage. " The prolonged slavery of woman is the darkest page in human history" — The leaders of the movement have been superior — Abigail Adams the first advocate — The first woman suf- frage lecture in 1847 — The first convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls — Extracts from the Declaration of Independence — The study of public aff'airs stimulating to woman's mind — Legislation is in favor of the legislating class — Home-makers in legislation — The sexes supplementary — Objections considered and ansAvered — The unsexing of woman — The lack of time — The majority of women do not want to vote — Florence Nightingale and Mrs. Browning — Clara Barton and Harriet Beecher Stowe — Woman suffrage contrary to Scripture — Bad women will vote — Woman cannot fight, and hence should not vote — Women are too impulsive — An ounce of experiment worth a pound of theory — Results of woman suffrage in EAnsas, Wyoming, Washington Territory, England and other countries — Woman suff!rage is coming • • . . . page 411 CONTENTS. w CHAPTER Colleges XXVIII. FOR Women. This age distinguished by its colleges for women — A glimpse at the future — Vassar — Wellesley — Elniira — University College, London — Girton College — Alexandra College, Dublin — Mount Holyoke — Pittsburg Female College — Wesleyan Ladies' College — Ontario Ladies' College — Alma College . . . . . . . . . . page 423 CHAPTER XXIX. The Education of Woman for Her Work. The discussion of the subject of woman's education — What is meant by the higher education of women ? — Clf ims made in behalf of co-education — The baleful progress of the age — Familiarity breeds contempt — The true system of education — Men and women have diverse duties, and hence need diverse training — Nature forbids co-education — Higher education and equal education — The higher education developes ideal womanhood — Fitting woman for her place in the Cosmos — Woman to be educated for the home-life and home-duties — Every girl should have some trade, art or mystery — Objections answered — The home as the fountain of civilization — The woman who unfits herself for social and domestic duties is a dangerous enemy — Killing the home-idea — Do men no longer reverence women ? — Women simple in tastes, modest, chaste, and keepers at home — Woman, if true to her mission, will reform society • • . . page 447 CHAPTER XXX. Woman in Nation-Building. •' Women have a sphere in nation-building — Our purpose is not to recall the deeds of some few remarkable women of the past — But to call attention to the multitudes of women in the living present who are engaged in this great work — With the enlargement of woman's sphere comes the fluttering of new national life — Educated womanhood must outgrow the narrow grooves of past effort — Canada now bids her daughters go and be the best they can — Cultured womanhood cannot look with indiffeience upon the wrongs of society — Laws of expediency and the laws of God — The home is the miniature state — Home laws and precepts are suited to the state — Illustrations of laws common to home and state — The school is another department of nation-building — The philanthropic work of the nation is largely woman's work — Two features of nation-building are peculiarly woman's, the physical and the social — Woman must regenerate society by the Gospel — Woman by nature disposed to enquiry and reform — The political equality of women with- men will be accomplished — Reasons for advocating the reform — The womanizing of society — The elements of all needed national reform are in woman's heart and brain — Whp t shall be our future ? — Our heritage and oui- opportunity . . , page 459 CHAPTER XXXI. Intebestinq Miscellanea for Young Women. (Selected) , page 469 A LIST OF THE AUTHORS AND THEIR SUBJECTS. INTRODUCTION. Miw Francis E, Willard, President of W.C.T.U. CHtPTKR I. OPEN UOORS FOR THE WOMEN OF TODAY. Riv. Principal \ustin, A.M., B.D., St. Thoniaa, Ont. Chapter II. WOMEN AS WAGE-WORKERS. Mrs. Ehilt Hdntinoton Millkr, St. Paul, Minn. Chaptbr III. WOMEN AS WAOE-EARNERS. Mlii.S MlNNIB PHBLPa. Chaptbr IV. WOMAN AS A DESIGNER. Mm. Florencb E. Cory, New Yoi«. Chaptbr V. WOMAN IN ART AND SONG. Rkv. Principal Austin, A.M., B.D. Chapter VI. WOMAN AS A MUSICIAN. Mrs. Framcrs J. Moorb, London, Ont Chaptbr VII. WOMAN IN LITERATURE. Ray. PRorBSsoR Warner, A.M., Alma College, St. Thomas, Ont. Chapter VIIL ,^ WOMAN AS A PHYSICIAN. AuouBTA Stowk Gullbn, M.D., Toronto, Ont. Chapter IX. WOMAN AND HOME. Mrs. Ehilt UuNnMOTON Miller. Chapter X. WOMAN AND THE BIBLE. President J. W. Basbpord, Ph.D., Ohio Wesleyan University. Chapter XI. WOMAN AS A RELIGIOUS TEACHER. Pbe-sident J. R. Jaques, D.D., Ph.D., Abingdon College, 111. Chapter XII. WOMAN AND MISSIONS. Rev. J, T. Graoey, D.D., BuflFalo, N.Y, Chapter XIII. WOMAN'S WORK IN CHINA. J. Hudson Taylor, China Inland Mission. Chapter XIV. WOMAN AS A MISSIONARY. Bit. I. B. Aylesworth, LL.D., St. Thomas, Ont Chapter XV. WHAT CHRIST HAS DONE FOR WOMAN, AND WHAT WOMAN HAS DONE FOR CHRIST. Rev. Primoifal Austin, A.M., B.U. Chapter XVI. THE PHYSICAL CULTURE OF WOMAN. Dr. Playtkr, Ottawa, Ont. Chapter XVII. THE HEALTH OF AMERICAN WOMEN. Eliza M. Mo.shkr, M.D., Brooklyn, N.Y. Chapter XVIII. THE IMPORTANCE OP A KNOWLEDGE OP COOKERY TO WOMEN. Mrs. Emma P. Ewino, Purdue University. Chapter XIX. VALUABLE HOUSEHOLD KNOWLEDGE FOR WOMEM. (Selected.) Chaptkb XX. THE HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN. Rev. Dr. Withrow, Toronto, Ont. Chapter XXI. WHAT KNOWLEDGE IS MOST WORTH TO WOMAN ? Rev. Principal Austin, M.A., B.D. Chapter XXII. THE HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN. Dr. W. M. Baskxrvillb, Vanderbilt University. Chapter XXx^i. STRENGTH AND BEAUTY IN WOMAN'S CHARACTER. RiT. A. Carman, D.D., Belleville, Ont. Chapter XXIV. HIGHER EDUCATION OP WOMEN. Rrv. Principal Austin, A.M., B.D, Chapter XXV. HUSBANDS AND WIVES. Mrs. Mary A. Livermore, Melrose, Mass. Chapter XXVI WOMAN IN THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE. O. H. Warren, D.D., Syracuse, N.Y. Chapter XXVII. WOMAN AND THE SUFFRAGE. Rev. Anna H. Shaw, M.D., Evanston, IlL Chapter XXVin. COLLEGES FOR WOMEN. Chapter XXIX. THE FOUCATION OF WOMAN FOR HER WORK. Morgan Dix, S.T.D., Now Y^ork. Chapter XXX. WOMAN IN NATION BUILDING. Mrs. Dr. Parker, Toronto. Chapter XXXI. INTERESTING MISCELLANEA FOR YOUNO WOMEN. (Selected.) (20) .A' ist of Illustrations w "^ '.w' 1. 2_ :». 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 36. 36. 37. The Outlook The Open Door The Flowers Suniuier Blossoms Flowers Ah ! would there were no storm nor gloom Angelic Musicians Music ill the Home Music hath Charms A Temporary Shelter Flowers "Carmen Sylva" Flowers Home Building Weary with Watching Bracket of Flowers Woman at the Well Holding forth the Word of Life . . . Portrait of Dr. Gracey Vision of St. Helena Anticipation Happy Songsters Centennial Vase Angelic Guardianship Flowers Upon a Kindly Mission Bent .... In the Country Horsemanship Gathering Wild Flowers . .... A Friendly Battle Boating Gymnastic Exercise, Fig. 1 30 31 47 57 63 u 2 I. ^ « 4 .. 5 6.5 79 81 83 90 91 93 109 125 127 131 133 148 157 159 176 177 183 198 199 201 210 211 213 215 218 231 231 231 232 232 ( 38. Gymnastic Exercise, 1" ^' 6 232 39. „ M „ 7 232 40. M H „ 8 232 41. „ „ „ 9 232 42. „ „ M 10 233 43. ,. I, „ 11 233 44. II II II 12 233 45. A Daughter of live 234 46. Flowers 235 47. The Beauty of Maternal Love .... 237 48. Modesty 239 49. Fair Summer 246 50. Flowers 247 61. Flowers 249 52. "Whosoever Drinketh of this Water" . 324 53. Justice Blindfolded 325 54. Queen of Sheba'a Visit to Solomon . . 327 55. The Lighthouse 333 56. What Shall I Study ? 335 57. Waiting His Return 336 58. Flowers 343 59. Perfect Health 356 60. Boaz and Ruth 359 61. Home Culture 370 62. Flowers 371 63. See I Papa is Coming 384 64. Happy Childhood 392 65. Flowers 393 66. A Lesson in Nation Building .... 410 67. True Friends 422 68. Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. . 424 69. Ontario Ladies' College, Whitby, Ont. 438 70. Alma Ladies' College, St. Thomas, Ont. 440 71. Where Education Begins 446 72. The Guardians Guarded 458 73. Cupid's Offerings 468 74. Christmas Contrasts 471 75. Expectation 478 21) S. Ill ! 1 1 ''' I ;) Gems from the Best Authors. i What is civilization '. Tho power of good women. — Emerson. Earth's noblest thing, a woman perfected. The beauty of a lovely woman is like iiiusic. — Adam Ukdk. Divination .'- ;, W'^ CHAPTER I OPEN DOORS FOR THE WOMEN OP TO-DAY. By Principal Austin, A.M., B.D., of Alma College, St. Thomas, Ont. >HILST society is constituted as it is, a large number of women must support themselves, and many cf them mubt also maintain their husbands, children and friends. Dr. Talmage estimates that the American civil war destroyed 100,000 men, and that strong drink has since killed as many more, thus dooming 200,000 women to celibacy, and, in most cases, to self-support. According to the Census Report of 1880, there were in the United States 13,907,444 males between sixteen and sixty years of age, of whom ninety-three per cent, were enga^red in remunerative employments. There were 13,477,002 females of the sam-, age at that date, of whom only seventeen per cent, were engaged in remunerative labor. If you deduct from the eighty-three per cent, classed as outside of money-making employment, the large number of women who, as wives or daughters in the home, are engaged in useful labor, and as • truly wealth earners as their husbands and fathers, you will probably have thirty per cent, of thirteen odd millions of females, or say four million women between sixteen and sixty years of age in the United States who are not prodiicers of any kind of wealth. This vast army ought, according to our view, to be engaged in some kind of useful and remunerative employment. (31) 32 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CAI,LING. Labor of some kind is the great law of God written on woman's nature as it is on man's, and to both sexes ahke it is the highway to health, happiness and success. If, therefore, a young woman is ambitious of rising into higher and nobler life, of acquiring either money or fame, or of Qbtaining better facilities. for her own culture, she should turn her gaze toward some one of the many doors of honest activity open to the women of to-day. Even those whose cir- cumstances exclude the necessity of self-support should learn the art of money- making that they may possess a spirit of independence and be prepared, should necessity arise, to fight life's battle alone. Hitherto the education of boys and that of girls have proceeded upon an altogether different basis. Boys have been educated for a trade, a craft, a profession. Young women have been allowed to grow up without any branch of practical education which they could turn to account in self-support, and sent out into life helpless dependents on the labor of others. It seems to have been generally assumed that all young women would marry on the first favorable opportunity, and that any kind of superficial training was good enough for those who were only charged with the work of home-building and housekeeping. To- day we have come to a profound conviction that thorough and practical educa- tion is as important and necessary to the makers and keepers of the home as it is to the professional; and, with this in view, as well as for purposes of self- support, every young woman should have the best and most practical culture and training. The education of young women has been mainly literary in character, and, in most cases, neither broad enough nor deep enough to quahfy them for teaching, whilst, within the last quarter of a century, very few desired or received any practical training either for business or for any employment requiring trained and skillful service. Like ivy plants which cling for support to the stronger oak, women in vast numbers have been taught to depend on characters, stronger and better fitted for life's stern battle. It is hardly to be wondered at,, therefore, that when death or disaster removes the trusted support, women are thrown to the earth Uke helpless trailing vines. How many thousands of women, whom misfortune has left to fight the battle for bread alone, have gone down in the unequal battle to death or woroe than death for lack of that practical education which might easily have been thoirs in youth. To-day better views are obtaining among educators and social reformers,, and are slowly permeating society, and giving a much more thorough and practical turn to the education of young women. Of that large class of women who are fully content with mere passive existence and enjoyment, whose hearts are devoid of a high and holy purpose in living, and whose hands are quite innocent of any useful labor, we have little to say. They are to be profoundly pitied in that their lives are destitute of the highest joy of existence — that which springs from a consciousness of useful OPEN DOORS FOR THE WOMEN OF TO-DAY. labor performed, that serene happiness that arises in the human heart from a belief that the world is richer, happier, and better for its existence. It is now generally conceded by the best educators, divines, and all leaders in social and moral reform, that every young woman, no matter what her cir- cumstances or prospects in life, should be the mistress of some special field of learning, or some useful art, by which she can, if God's providence so order, win her own way in life. No young woman should be placed m circumstances such as to make marriage an only refuge from poverty or dependence on her friends, or from a life of ennui. Having in her own hands the power of self-support, she should be free to accept or reject the marriage lot, or, having accepted it, she would then hold in reserve a power that would, in times of worldly disaster, prove a life boat among the breakers. Mary A. Livermore, one of the most prominent writers and speakers on this subject, very forcibly says : — "It is as wasteful, as unwise, as inhuman, to send our delicately nurtured and tenderly reared daughters out from the home to fight the battle of life without a preparation for it, without an equipment in the form of industrial and business education, as it would be to send hapless young fellows to the battle- field without drill and without guns." Dr. Talmage, in a recent published sermon, says : — "Let every father and mother say to their daughters, 'Now what would you do for a livelihood if what I now own were swept away by financial disaster, or old age or death should end my career?' " ' "'Well, I could paint on pottery and do such decorative work.' Yes, that is beautiful, and if you have genius for it go on in that direction. But there are enough busy at that now to make a line of hardware from here to the East River and across the bridge. " 'Well, I could make recitations in public and earn my living as a drama- tist. I could render King Lear or Macbeth till your hair would rise on end, or give you Sheridan's Ride or Dicken's Pickwick.' Yes, that is a beautiful art, but ever and anon, as now, there is an epidemic of dramatization that makes hundreds of households nervous with the cries and shrieks and groans of young tragedians dying in the fifth act, and the trouble is that while your friends would like to hear you, and really think that you could surpass Charlotte Cushman and Fanny Kemble of the past, to say nothing of the present, you could not, in the way of living, in ten years earn ten cents. " My advice to all girls and all unmarried women, whether in affluent homes or in homes where most stringent economies are grinding, to learn to do some kind of work that the world must have while the world stands. I am glad to see a marvellous change for the better, and that women have foimd out that there are hundreds of practical things that a woman can do for a living if she begins soon enough, and that men have been oompeUed to admit it. You and J 34 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTEK, CULTURE AND CALLING. I can remember when the majority of occupations were thought inappropriate for women, but our civil war (uune and the hosts of men went forth from North and South, and to conduct the business of our cities during the patriotic absence, women were demanded by the tens of thousands to take the vacant places, and multitudes of women, who had been hitherto supported by fathers, and brothers, and sons, were compelled from that time to take care of themselves. From that time a mighty change took place favorable to female employment. " Oh, young women of America ! as many of you will have to fight your own battles alone, do not wait until you are flung of disaster, and your father is dead, and all the resources of your family have been scattered, but now, while in a good house and environed by all prosperities, learn to do some kind of work that the world must have as long as the world stands. Turn your attention from the embroidery of fine slippers, of which there is a surplus, and make a useful shoe. Expend the time in which you adorn a cigar case in learning how to make a good honest loaf of bread. Turn your attention from the making ot flimsy nothings to the manufacturing of important somethings. " Much of the time spent in young ladies seminaries in studying what are called the " higher branches " might better be expended in tea. hing them some- thing by which they could support themselves. If you are going to be teachers, or if you have so much assured wealth that you can always dwell in those high regions, trigonometry, of course; metaphysics, of course; Latin and Greek, and German and French and Italian of course, and a hundred other things, of course; but if you are not expecting to teach, and your wealth is not established beyond misfortune, after you have learned the ordinary branches, take hold of that kind of study that will pay in dollars and cents in case you are thrown on your own resources. Learn to do something better than anybody else. Buy Virginia Penny's book entitled ' The Employments of Women,' and learn there are five hundred ways in which a woman may earn a living." What doors of employment are open to the women of to-day ? Eather let me ask what doors are now closed against them ? for out of 338 different avoca- tions pursued in the United States, no less than 262 have been successfully entered by women. When Harriet Martineau visited America in 1840, she found seven employments open to women, viz. : teaching, needlework, keeping boarders, work in cotton mills, type-setting, work in book-binderies and house- hold service. Among the women earning a livelihood in the United States to-day are 2 hostlers, 2 com doctors, 6 lawyers, 24 dentists, 67 divines, 525 physicians and 414 government officials. The following statement is taken from Treasure-Trove : — " There are over three million women and girls in the United States who are engaged in other than household occupations, and the army is constantly increasing. In other countries women have long mingled with men and per- fonued labor which an American would be liable to consider adapted to male OPEN DOORS FOR THE WOMEN OF TO-DAY. 88 laborers only. Many people would be amazed if told that there are sixty thousand female farmers, or agricultural laborers, in the United States ; yet good authority gives us this estimate. In Georgia it is not thought improper for girls who work in the field to wear male attire. By doing so, they escape the cumbersome dress which would drag in the dirt and catch on weeds and briers. Two girls, sisters, in New Orleans, have gone into the dairy business. They have large stables, milk many cows, and appear to be doing well. The business is a paying one, and not so unwomanly as might appear at first thought. There are others in various parts of the country who are similarly employed. In New York City there are three women who are well known as butchers, and one has followed the business at the same place for twenby-five years. Another has been a butcher for twenty years. One would naturally expect such women to be coarse and masculine, but one of them is said to be " a delicate and refined looking httle woman, and in or out of her store would hardly be supposed equal to so robust an occupation." Smu Francisco has a >^irl blacksmith, aged fifteen years, and it is said that she can turn out as fine a shoe as ever graced the fooo of a race-horse. Here again, one would expect to find a stout, coarse-grained person ; but, on the contrary, she is said to be rather fragile than strong, with a slender arm and shapely hand. The delicate finish of her work shows a fineness of nature imlooked for in a girl blacksmith. She does not, however, intend to put her accomplishment to a practical use. In Bay City, Mich., girls are employed as shingle packers. There are thousands of odd and unexpected things which women and girls do in order to earn money. It is merely a matter of taste or choice that decides whether a girl will do housework, stand behind a shop counter, or perform one of the many things which she can do if she tries. It is plain to be seen that her sphere is not so limited as is usually supposed. Nearly every person is adapted for some- thing. If a girl can make money by milking a cow, maki)ig a horseshoe or packing shingles, it is quite as respectable for her to do it as for a man. OUTDOOR LABOR. Outdoor occupations seem very Iprgely unfitted for woman, though in Europe she has her full share in the labors of the field. In a chapter in a recent work entitled, " The World's Opportunities," and to which I am indebted for a considerable number of facts in this paper, I find an account of a family in Dakota, consisting of a mother, seven daughters and a son nine years old. This family had, in one season, ploughed 76 acres, dragged 100 acres three times, sown broadcast and rolled 100 acres. During the past two years more than 50 acres had been cleared of stones, stumps and bushes mainly by the mother and two daughters. 86 WOMAN: HER CHAKACTEK. CULTURE AND ('ALL1N(J. This seems to show woman's physical capabihties in outdoor labor when necesHity demands, and should forever banish that absurd notion that American women are, from their very constitution, doomed to weakness and dependence. What would some of our small-waisted city belles, so tightly corsetted, so unnaturally attired, so enfeebled by irrational modes of dress that a few minutes brisk walk, or the climbing of a flight of stairs throws them into palpitations, think of their sturdy sisters in the far West who plough, sow, pitch, cart and enjoy blessed exemptions from nervousness, heart disease and sick-headache ? There are many kinds of light farm work such as planting, drilling, grafting, tying bushes, training vines, etc., that, in my judgment, are much better suited to women, and far more wholesome in effect on health and happiness, than the miserable slave life many women lead in factories, shopb and stores where long hours, promiscuorrs associations and poor pay are the general rule. HORTICULTURE AND FLORICULTURE. Among outdoor engagements there is one really adapted to woman's strength and tastes, opening a pleasant, profitable and health-giving occupation to her in the country, viz., the cultivation of plants, fruits and flowers. Most of the labor is not so hard as housework, and may be performed by women as well as men. The remuneration, especially where the gardening is done within easy reach of towns and villages, is certain. There are doubtless thousands of women in country homes having time upon their hands, whose lives would bi healthier and happier, and whose purses would be considerably heavier, if they would undertake the cultivation of a small plot of fruits and flowers. Such intercourse with nature would elevate the thought and sentiment and bring the beauty and sweetness of flowers into the life of many a woman. DOMESTIC SERVICE, Of the 2,047,167 females reported as having remunerative employment in the United States in 1880, nearly 1,000,000 were domestic servants, a quarter of whom were of foreign birth. American women, who from choice or necessity become wage-earners, are generally averse to domestic service. Servants do not wish nor expect to be in service long and hence do not see the necessity of preparing themselves by suitable training for effective and pleasing service. No one who has given any thought to the problem of domestic service, or even used his powers of observation, can remain unimpressed with ^^ ) fact that some radical reforms are urgently needed. Something must be done on the one hand to render domestic service more satisfactory ; and, on the other hand, to elevate socially and financially the position of the servant girl. Unless the servant can qualify for and receive larger remuneration, and a larger and more liberal social recognition, society will soon have to dispense with the servant girl and wait OPEN UOORS FOR THE WOMEN OF TO-DAY. 87 upon itself. Tliero in urf,'ent demand for better service, and there is certainly need of higher remuneration. The servant of the future evidently will not be the kitchen drudge. Multi- plied and rapidly multiplying inventions will remove, to a very large extent, the rougher and nu)re un})leaHant features of domestic service, as it has already transformed many of the occupations pursued by man. Possibly, for all urban people, some plan of co-or/crative washing and cooking may yet be devised sufficiently simpler and ec(.iomical to come into general use. Relieved, to some extent, of the present slavi y of domestic service, the serving girl of the future must possess sufficient of general intelligence and culture to entitle her to social recognition in the home, and as companion in the family, as a trained and scientific housekeeper, or, it nuiy be, as a governess to the younger children, she will ask for higher remuneration and receive it because she is amply worthy of it. In nearly all occupations pursued alike by men and women, the latter receive much less pay. The reason generally assigned is that, in most cases at least, their services are not so valuable as those of men. This is correct in regard to many of the occupations in which men and women compete. And the reason is not far to seek. Most men enter upon a business with a view ot pursuing it through life ; nearly every woman enters upon her calling with a tacit proviso that she will leave it as soon as a favorable opportunity of marriage occiurs. As a result men manifest in their preparation for a life-work, far more of that patient zeal and painstaking care which ensures success. Wonmn, on the contrary, looking upon marriage as a prospective relief from her t(imporary employment, does not qualify as thoroughly, and hence cannot, in justice, demand as high remuneration. There is, however, one avocation at least, in which the difference in the salaries paid to men and women cannot be accounted for by any supposition of unequal qualifications. I allude now to SCHOOL TEACHING. ' - In the public and high schools of this and other countries, even where women possess the same qualifications and do the same work, there is such disparity in the payment for services rendered as to call for prompt redress on the part of a fair-minded public. No one will for a moment assert that in natural teaching ability woman is inferior to man. She is, in fact, far superior in native qualifications, being a born teacher. In tact, in gentleness, in sym- pathy and in power to inspire the noblest and best in human nature, woman admittedly excels. If, then, her acquired ability, as tested by a common examination, be equal to that of her brother and her work be the same, why should she not receive the same reward ? A committee representing the lady teachers of London, Ontario, has been T J 88 WOMAN; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. u recently looking into this subject and report the following facts concerning that city: In 1875 there were five men at $600 each, and twenty-one women at an average salary of $271.13 employed in the ward schools. Six men, witli an average each of fifty-six pupils per term, costing per pupil an average of $10.17, promoted an average each of thirteen pupils, and two women (doing preciisely the same work as the six men) taught an average each of seventy pupils, costing per pupil an average each of $5.71, and promoted twenty-nine pupils each. In 1886, the average number of pupils for each of six headmasters was the same as for each of the two headmistresses. The cost per pupil is $13.22 under the men, against $6.20 under the women. The headmasters promote each an average of seventeen pupils per term, the head mistresses an average each oi twenty-four pupils pt^r term. The cost per pupil, reckoned on the basis oi salaries, is $23 under the two men, against $11.75 under the two women. The six headmasters promoted an average each of sixteen pupils, whose marks average 277 per pupil. The two headmistresses promoted an average of thirty- two pupils, whose marks average 289 per pupil. The results of the inquiry, as given in these abstracts, are worthy the attention of those who take an interest in education. In 1882, in New York, the salary of a male principal of a school with an average attendance of over 500, was $3,000 ; that of a female principal of such a school was $1,700. The salary of a male principal of a school, with an average of over 250 pupils, was $2,000 ; that of a female vice-principal of such a school was $1,200. The average salary of male assistant teachers was $1,500; that of female assistant teachers was $800. The Board has, by special authority, liberty to pay male principals, of more than lourteen years' service, as high as $o,000 salary, and not less than 2,500. In the case of female principals, howevor, the maximum salary is $1,900. A similar discrimination runs through the '-utire system of payments. Thus there is a grade of junior teachers whose salaries for the first year are $700 for males and $400 for females. The public saould be brought, by persistent agitation, to see the injustice of this inequality in the payment of public school teachers. CLEBKSHIP, TELEGRAPHY, PHONOGBAPHY AND TYPE-WBITING. Employment as a book-keeper is much to be preferred to that of sales- woman for many reasons. The hours are generally not so long, the business is more private and the exposure to temptations much less than in the latter position. The remuneration, too, while not equal to that obtained by men in similar positions, is still respectable and is generally increased on proof of ability and fidelity. A thorough knowledge of the theory and practice of book- OPEN D()(ms FOR TIIH WUMEN oK TO-DAY. SO kccpinj^, find a good prnrtirnl knowlodj/o of iirithiiietir, English f,'riunniar and conipoHition are eHHentiiil to huccohh. A thorough course in coniinercial science should l)(' taken at some reputable college by any lady aspiring to so responsible a position. The knowledge obtaiiu'd by such a course of study, and the business lial)its likely to be inspired tlicHiby, are of themselves sufficient reward for all the time and money spent in such a preparation. Telegraphy offers somewhat similar inducements to women, and, of course, HMluires thorough preparatory training. A period of from six months to one year is usually spent in learning to receive and transmit messages, and the salar\ depends chiefly on the thorough accuracy and fidelity of the operator, ranging from ifi/jO to $200 j)er month, promotion being almost certain to those whose natural talent and perseverance enable them to reach the front rank. A knowledge of phonography and skill in the use of the type-writer are opening doors of useful employment to thousands of young women to-day. This is, in fact, one of the most prominent and inviting of the many new fields now opening to view. It is, however, a department of labor for which all women have not ecpuil natural ability, and one in which no one may expect a permanent and lucrative position without thorough mastery of the art. Multitudes of poorly qualified candidates seek and find positions only to be displaced by thwse more perfectly qualified. The demand for phonographers and type-writers is certainly on the increase, and is, it is said, in excess of the supply. If, therefore, a young wouum, having fair average ability, will but devote sufficient time and energy to the work of preparation to thoroughly master her art, she may look forward with confidence to employment and a fair remuneration. Phonography requires, for its thorough acquirement, from six months to a year of earnest labor, whilst type-writing can be learned in a few weeks. As the speed in phonography re(juired by an anuinuensis or office secretary is not more than from sixty to eighty words per minute, most young women of average ability can easily acquire such proficiency in six months. Of course i, fair elementary education is essential, especially a knowledge of orthography, compo- sition, and the technical language of the business pursued. CIVIL SEHVICK. In the United States women possessing . the requisite qualifications are admitted, under certain conditions, to employment in 1. The Treasury Depart- ment. 2. The Post Ofiices. 3. The Custom Houses, In the latter, however,' tliey are only admitted where not less than fifty clerks are employed, so there are only thirty-four' cities in the Union where the Customs afford employment to women. There is a regiilar form of application to be presented which must contain ii ; 40 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. the names of five persons a-u vouchers for the good character of the apphcant. The application is not made for an appointment, but only for admission to an "open competition examination as to fitness for the public service." When a vacancy occurs it is filled by a selection from those who graded highest in such examination. The examination is written and embraces : — 1. Orthography, penmanship, copying. 2. Arithmetic. 3. Interest, discount, etc., with the elements of bookkeeping. 4. Elements of the English language, letter writing, and the proper construction of sentences. 6. Elements of the geography, history and government of the United States. The candidate must make sixty- five per cent, to become eligible for any appointment. A recent letter from the Hon. J. Carling, Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa, informs me that youuy v.'omen art employed in nearly all departments of the Civil Service in Canada, bi t that the number of applicants in excess of the number of positions forbids very sanguine hopes of an engagement on the part of average candidates. Two examinations are held each year, one in May and the other in Nov- ember, named respectively the preliminary and the qualifying examinations. Upon passing the first candidates are eligible to the following positions : — messengers, sorters, carriers, packers, box collectors, assistant inspectors of weights and measures, copyists, 3tc. The preliminary examination is upon 1. Penmanship. 2. Spelling. 3. The first four rules in arithmetic. 4. Eeading print and manuscript. The qualifying examination includes, in addition, geography, history, grammar, composition and transcription of documents. This examination fits for higher departments of the public service, but does not ensure them, as appointments are only made when vacancies occur, and the prospect of appointment, as before stoted, owing to the number of applicants, ii:^ not good. ART WORK. Women are rapidly coming to the front in all departments of Fine Art. In natural ability for the w<. 1 fer/ ^vil' be disposed to question woman's equality with man, although it must be - : 'A''\i. •< that there have been but few women among the great artists of the woriu. This fact, however, can be accounted for in a variety of ways without questioning in the least woman's artistic ability. The almost universal prejudice against woman's efforts in every line which required her to appear as a candidate for public favor or reward, the pressing nature of home duties, the few privileges woman has enjoyed for acquiring artistic culture and skill, may all be urged with good reason against any hasty inference respecting woman's inferior endowment for Art work. Small as is the number of female artists who have reached the front rank, it is suffiently large to fully demonstrate woman's claim to the highest artistic talent, and to prove that lack of suitable opportunity and proper encouragement, rather than lack of I OPEN DOORS FOR THE WOMEN OF TO-DAY. 41 talent, is the true explanation of the relative sniallness of woman's artistic achievements. Angelica Kauffman, Madam Jerichau, Catharine Hosmer and Kosa Bonheur have shown woman's high capacity for art work, and their names are written high in the roll of the world's great artists. But if the number of great female artists is small, the number of those who have achieved a fair measure of fame and success is large, whilst the number of women who have won a livehhood out of the pursuit of art is legion, and rapidly multiplying with each passing decade. Woman's intense love of the beautiful, (juicknet's of perception, fineness of touch and delicacy of taste, all fit her, in an eminent degree, for ontj or another of the various departments of artistic work. The work itself is one well adapted to her strength, and one that can be carried on in conjunction with most of her engagements. The single difficulty with woman here, as alluded to in her other engage- ments, has been a desire to get at results too hastily. She wishes a harvest as soon as the seed is sown. In Art work as in all the other higher and nobler pursuits requiring talent sharpened by training and applied by skill, long years •of patient, plodding practice and study are essential in laying the foundations for lasting success. There is certainly no royal road to success in either Art or Music. In the former a most thorough course in the various kinds of drawing is an absolutely essential preparation for the higher and more coveted fields of Art. There are, however, many young women of to-day who perceive not only this open door to woman but also the necessity of thorough preparati' . for en- tering it with success and are undergoing with patience that fuii training •essential to the best results. To the woman who is endowed with a fair share of artistic ability and who has .nastered the elementary principles of the work, there are many ways in which she may turn her abilities into money. ART TEACHING. The demand for qualified and certificated teachers of drawing is large and probably growing in greater ratio than the supply, especially in the Western States of the Union. It is said that young lady graduates of any reputable Ai't School who are well recommended find no difficulty in securing remunerative situations. Salaries to such young women of from $800 to $1000 are frequently paid in the Western, and proportionately higher salaries in the Eastern States. One lady teacher in Cooper Institute, New York, declares that in a single year, forty of her pupils had earned $7,000 or an average of $175 each whilst learning the art of Crayon Photography. She declares that every year one hun- dred young women go out from the Art Department of that school to earn from $400 to $1200 per annum as teachers of drawing or makers of crayon photographs. 42 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. HOUSE DECOBATION. It is said that some of the leading firms of house decorators in the f^rcat cities now employ women to carry out their designs. And in a matter requiriug^ good judgment, taste and careful adjustment and harmonizing— in all of which women are unsurpassed — why should not women he employed, especially in a work like home decoration into which she miofht well be expected to engage with all her heart ? The labor is indoors, not exhaustive in character and well suited on the whole to woman's tastes and abilities. It may be said that the reward is small — only from S|8 to $12 per week being paid — but even this is- respectable compared with the pittance iipon which myriads of women are com- pelled to subsist in many of the cities. If the pay be much less than that given to teachers, let it be borne in mind that very much less of training and culture- is required. DESIGNING. ' All over America to-day there is springing up an iricreasing demand for artistic designs in business. The designs of foreign dealers are no longer in vogue. Something purely American and native to the soil is demanded by the- public taste, and a lady artist who can originate artistic designs for trade marks,, labels, placards, book-covers, for oil cloths and carpets, etc., is sure of speedy and profitable sale of the products of her skill. One great advantage in this- kind of art work is that it can be carried on at home. Manufacturers of wall paper, oil cloth, carpets, etc., purchase at high price original designs which show the requisite taste and beauty combined. Very often large premiums are offered for the best designs, and it is needless to say that there can be no discrimination against lady artists in such public competitions for reward. ENGHAVING. M: ■-* i ■i 1 It is only in very recent years that woman has turned her artistic abilities, in this direction, but already it is said, one lady stands in the very front rank ol American engravers and readily commands $60 per week for her services. As an illustration of the field now open to her and the rewards that may be expected from woman's work therein, it may be mentioned that in 1882, at the Cooper Institute, New York, two clever girls in the second year of their studies, earned $600 each in executing orders for engravings from publishers and editors. Since then twelve pupils have earned $100 each in the course of three months in the same way. In professional fine art work there is now/ no discrimination against the fair sex either in excluding her work from the exhibitions or refusing to recognize merit and genius wherever displayed. And many lady artists are rapidly coming OPEN DOORS FOR THE WOMEN OF TO-DAY. 48 (1 for to the front and winning both fame and fortune in painting, modeUng, carving, designing and sculpture. MEDICINE . Women are the natural guardians of infancy and childhood. Hence they should be most carefully instructed in anatomy, physiology and hygiene, which are really more appropriate studies for women than for men. Not many years ago a knowledge of medical science was an impossibility to woman. Owing to the blind prejudice which denied woman's mental equality and shut her out of many of the most important and practical fields of human enquiry, woman found the doors of medical colleges closed and barred against her. Now, owing to the liberalizing tendencies of the age which have rapidly extended woman's sphere of activity, and multiplied the facilities for her culture, she linds medical schools with open doors ready to receive her and grant her the best advantages of the present day. Thousands of young women are entering medical colleges seeking and iindiug thorough qualification for medical practice, and thus devoting themselves to a profession for which they have as many natural qualifications as their stronger brothers. A wide door of usefulness is opened to women qualified to practice medicine in this country and a still wider door of beneficent labor in heathen lands. To women of heroic mind and consecrated life the f)resent age offers no more inviting field of labor than that of the medical missionary in lands unblest with Christi- anity. The whole heathen world is open to her and millions of the poor and degraded of her own sex are ready to receive from her hands not only the healing of the body, but also that one sovereign remedy for the sin-sick soul, the gospel of Jesus. Let it be remembered that a great and effectual door has been opened to women by Providence, and that the evangelization of the heathen world is in a measure committed to her hands, as myriads of the sick and suffering who would reject the services of hor brother physicians, are ready to receive the heal- ing of both body au.u soul at her hands. It is no wonder then that hundreds of women contemplating foreign mission- ary work are qualifying themselves for this most extended field of useful labor by thorough medical training. Boston, Springfield, Philadelphia, New York, Kingston and Toronto, all have medical schools for women. Those who qualify for practice at home find certain and remunerative employment, as the impression is gaining ground to-day that lady physicians are decidedly to be preferred — other things being equal — in the treatment of women and children, and there can be no doubt that most women would prefer the services of a lady physician providing one of the requisite qualifications and experience could be found. In the United States, at the present time, are over 2,500 lady physicians and several of them are earning from ten to twenty thousand dollars per year. i' m 44 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER. CULTURE AND CALLING. BCHOOL-TEACHING. Woman is a born teacher. Her tact, quick intuition, ready sympathy and natural kindness of heart joined with intellectual qualification?, render her pre- eminently successful in the management and instruction of children. Judging by the increasing number of young women engaged in this profession one may easily predict that in the future public-school teaching will be almost entirely monopolized by women. It is greatly to be regretted that whilst the qualifica- tions for public-school teaching have been made higher year by year, there has not been a corresponding increase in the remuneration. The work of school- teaching, however, is one that furnishes a sure, if not ample reward to woman, and one entirely in harmony with her tastes, talents and strength. It is one, moreover, which affords grand opportunities of usefulness to the world at large, and is, therefore, an occupation, which is sure to command the sympathies oi woman's nature. True teaching is the finest of the fine arts and one in which all the refined qualities of woman's nature may find ample scope for exercise, for every word and deed, every tone of voice, every glance of the eye, every expres- sion of the countenance, will help to perfect or to mar the work. All the genius of the artist is needed in tracing the outlines of divine truth, beauty and holiness, on the human soul, and for this work woman is fitted pre- eminently by the fineness of her feelings and the purity of her taste. The work of teaching is one which is not destitute of rich rewards in itself. Every woram who conscientiously pursues this divine art in unfolding the powers of the human mind, will learn more from her pupils than she ever could from her books. She will find in the work a broadening of her sympathies, an enriching of her love for humanity, and will come, by degrees, nearer that state of heart which prompted the great German philosopher to say, " I love God and little children." But why speak of open doors for women when to-day nearly every door is wide open to her. To the woman of energy and ability, the woman who loves labor, and dares, if need be, to be singular, to the self-reliant and persevering woman, nothing is impossible to-day. Everywhere woman is coming to the front. Everywhere doors of blind prejudice are opening upon their rusty hinges, disclos- ing fields of honest and honorable activity to women. In business, in the schools, in the professions, in every branch of human activity woman is coming to the front and coming to remain. One great and effectual door is open to all women, who love and serve the the Son of God, and that is the door of Christian service. In the home, the school and the church — the three great pillars of our modern civilization — woman's place is unique and her power all but omnipotent. In short, if society is ever to become thoroughly permeated with the Christian doctrine and spirit, if the world is ever to become truly regenerated, it must be by the agency ot Christian women. Here is woman's highest and holiest field of labor, — OPEN DOORS FOR THE WOMEN OF TO-DAY. 40 the exercise of her mighty influence in these realms where her power is supreme in behalf of Him who has done so much to honor and exalt womanhood. I have glanced at some of the open doors for the earnest women of to-day. Let it be remembered that the open door avails but little without the strength, courage and resolution to enter it. Let it be remembered that woman wins success precisely as does man — by possessing a definite aim, a strong will, a steady perseverance and an unflinching courage. Every woman, no matter which of the many doors of opportunity she may enter, needs to put care, ear- nestness, faith, perseverance and conscience into her life work. Every woman needs to work as did the builders in Longfellow's song : In the elder days of Art, Builders wrought with greatest care Each minute and unseen part ; For the gods see everywhere. Let us do our woik as well, Both the unseen and the seen ; Make the place where gods may dwell Beautiful, entire and clean. r5 \ f MIW^H'IF WW^" ! ill i t, ft ! 4(; WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, tJULTURE AND CALLING. MISSIONARY WORK IN CHINA. Cr* H E following are extracts from a remarkable letter from Colonel Denby, 1 U.S. Minister to China: — "Believe nobody when he sneers at missionaries. The man is simply not posted on the work. I saw a quiet, cheerfril woman teaching forty or more Chinese girls ; she teaches in Chinese the ordinary branches of common school education beneath the shadow of the ' forbidden city.' I heard these girls sing the Psalms of David and ' Home, sweet Home,' I saw a male teacher teaching- forty or more boys. The men or the women who put in from eight to four o'clock in teaching Chinese children, on a salary that barely enables one to live, are heroes aiid heroines, as truly as Grant or Sheridan, Nelson or Farragut; and all this in a place where a handful of Americans are surrounded by 800,000,000 Asiatics, liable at any moment to break out into mobs and outrages, particularly in view of the tremendous crimes committed against their race at home. "I visited the dispensaries, complete and perfect as at home; then the con- sultation rooms, their wards for patients coming without money or without price, to be treated by the finest medical and surgical talent in the world. There are twenty-three of these hospitals in China. Think of it ! Is there a more perfect charity in the world? The details of all the system were explained to me. There are two of these medical missionaries here who receive no pay whatever. "I have seen missionaries go hence a hundred miles, into districts where there is not a white person of any nationality, and they do it as coolly as you went into battle at Sliiloh. And these men have remarkable learning, intelli- gence and courage. It is, perhaps, a fault that they court nobody, make no effort to attract attention, fight no selfish battle. " It is idle for any man to decry the missionaries in their work. I can tell the real from the false. These men and women are honest, pious, sincere, industrious, and trained for their work by the most arduous study. I do not address myself to the churches, but as a man of the world talking to sinners like himself, I say that it is difficult to say too much good of missionary work in China. — Illustrated Christian Weekly.'' ^ In IMisFORTUNE. — We cannot be guilty of greater uncharitableness than to interpret atttictions as punishments and judgments ; it aggravates the evil to him that suffers when he looks upon himself as the mark of divine vengeance. - Addison. CHArTER II. WOMEN AS WAGE "WOKKERS. By Mrs. Emily Huntington Miller, of St. Paul, Minn. THE work of education and reform, like that of charity, rightly begins at home ; hut it is only as the stream begins at the fountain, the build- ing at the foundation ; and while in these discussions we have thus far considered interests that are in a measure personal to our own homes, and our own beloved, the true woman will never rest satisfied with liiniting her thought to herself. No woman can do the best work for her own home whose work ends there ; the more sunny her own garden, the more carefully shielded from blight and mildew, the readier should be her sacrifice for that labor by wliich the deserts of sin may be changed into the gard(>n of the Lord, (lod meant the sweet waters, flowing in the mother heart, to prove a fountain of life to all blessed (diarities, and nourish a sympathy as broad as the world. If the fountain be full, it will ovej'flow ; if the stream be a living one, it will find its way outward, and carry with it the refresh- ment of its source, without impoverishing the per- ennial spring. Much has been said and written upon the proper division of labor, and ^woman's place in the produc- tive industries of the world ; but no social or eco- nomic theory can affect the stubborn fact that a large, and, as it seems, an increasing nund)er of the women of the present day, are and nuist be, bread- winners for themselves and others. If Providence did not so plan, it certainly permits, and we can no more alter the case by protests than we can banish sin from the world by proving that its existence is contrary to the divine will. The necessity is not an evil in itself, but the most serious evils have grown out of it, until nmch (47) 48 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. of woiT' . -iuctive labor is accomplished under conditions which are rapidly appro revolution or ruin ; conditions which flood the market with the results of un. jd labor, obtained so cheaply that skill cannot compete with it. To clearly see an evil is the first step towards finding its remedy, and out of a mass of possible texts for this brief paper, I choose this statement from a late issue of the New York Sun — a statement capable of demonstration, and undeniably below the truth, that " there are in the city of New York alone forty thousand working women, receiving wages so low that they must either embrace vice, apply for charity, or starve." By far the greater number accept the latter alternative and starve ; starve slowly through bitter months and years, it may be, if life is strong within them, but none the less they die for lack of food and warmth and rest. These are largely needle-women, capable only of mechanical labor, calling for dexterity, rather than skill. They make the common grades of men's gar- ments, which supply the ready-made trade, and the under-wear of women, the marvellous cheapness of which is so effective on counters and in advertisements, until you come to examine its quality, and the carelessness of its finish. They are flower-makers, feather-workers, box-makers, workers in a wide variety of in- dustries. They are sometimes the women to whose fingers is entrusted the dain- tier work for which you pay an extra price on the ground that it is made to order — the prosperous establishment which receives and pockets your extra price^ passing over the work at regulation wages to the starving needle-woman in her garret or cellar. And since it is impossible to set before you the appalling statistics of this subject, I refer you to a book that will certainly wring your heart with pity and sorrow, if it does not move you to seek out some possible line of relief. I refer to Helen Campbell's Prisoners of Poverty, a woman's book which every woman should read. What about the wage-workers whom the mothers of girls personally employ ? Does she interest herself in their welfare ? Axe the sei-vants in her household mere machines, or does her motherly care and counsel seek their need and give them the help they will never ask from her ? What if from the luxurious ap- pointments of the rest of the house, something were spared to make their rooms cozy and homelike ? What if some trouble were expended to induce in them a taste for better reading than mischievous novels ; to educate them to neatness and good judgment in selecting their clothing, and a prudent and economic ex- penditure of their wages ? What if, from the oldest to the youngest, the children were taught not to add unnecessarily to the work of the house, and the labor of the servants somewhat shared by other members of the household, that they might have time for rest and amusement ? It would not be a fruitless or a thankless task, if done with a genuine desire to help the girls themselves, to start their lives on a higher level, to open to them better possibilities in the future, not for the simple purpose of making them more effective for your own WOMKX AS WAGE WORKERS. W purposes. These f^irls are, the majority of them, to be home-makers by and by. Some of them by their thrift and industry and skill will make those homes an inspiration to thrift and industry on the part of bus hand and children ; some of them, by ignorance and thoughtlessness and geneidl incapacity, will add to the haunts of wretchedness from which husbands seek refuge in the saloon, and chil- dren grow up into crime. Is it not worth your while to turn the scale ? Almost every housekeeper has opportunity in the course of her life to revolutionize a score of homes by this perfectly attainable process of educating the girls who are going to make and rule them, and thus inspiring them with a genuine respect for labor, in place of the impression so common among the untaught, that it is an evil and a disgrace to be avoided and escaped from. I know of one home from which more than this number of girls has been sent out, so thoroughly taught that the mistress could truthfully say to each one, "You have a trade now, just as much as the dressmaker and milliner: a trade where the supply is never equal to the demand, and you can be comfortable in the consciousness that you know it thoroughly." One available remedy for the sufferings entailed upon women in many overcrowded departments of labor — a remedy which lies close at every woman's hand, lies in opening a new avenue to the overplus which depresses the market — the avenue of household service. It is objected that these women are unfit for such service ; that they are absolutely good for nothing in a household. As Mrs. Livermore once said of them, " They have grown up on crackers and tea and slop-work ; they are slop all the way through." But your remedy to be worth anything must be applied at the root of the tree, and not to the ripened fruit. If you cannot make housekeepers of the nerveless, listless discouraged women, you can of the children who are con- tinually pressing on to keep full their thinning ranks ; the children whose teeth are set on edge by the sour fruits that fathers and mothers have had from the hand of an unchristian civilization. They must have the opportunity for achieving better things by education beginning in the kitchen-garden, and carried on through the cooking school, the sewing school, Ihe nurses' training school, until thorough industrial training shall be as universally within the reach of the young as the opportunity to learn to read and write. But, says the objector, these women so trained, and capable of really good work, will not go into our kitchen and nurseries. Add to the three alternatives " vice, charity, starvation," the fourth, of domestic service, and the mass of them will still choose starvation, and everything which you do to elevate and educate them only makes this more certain. If this be true, and I fear we cannot deny it, it brings us face to face with another truth — that women who are not wage-workers have themselves lowered the rank of household service by treating it as something unworthy their care and thought by not making it a study for themselves and their daughters, but coiumitting it to ignorance and stupidity. The remedy lies in making it honor- 50 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. ,. able by your own example, by tbe importance which you attach to it, and the effort which you make to master the science of housekeeping and home-making in all its branches. The kitchen imitates the parlor in devotion to dress and fancy work, sometimes with marvellous success, it is not going to be indifferent to rational attire, healthful cookery and dainty housekeeping are topics of interest there. Organization among women is desirable and helpful, but many a woman can work better by herself and in her own way. The rural officer's direction to his men on the eve of battle^** Keep in line if you can, but pitch in somehow,^' contains the pith of wisdom. The weary shop-girls in some neighboring store might be furnished with seats and a comfortable place for the noon lunch if you would interest yourself in the matter. The seamstress who bends over your work in her small stifling room, because you cannot l)e incommoded by having a seamstress in the house, would be rested and refreshed by daj's or weeks among the comforts of your home, cheered by its brightness, nourished by appetizing food, and above all, fed by kindly human sympathy, so that her work will no longer seem a task and a burden. The establishment where unfair advantage is taken of the helplessness of its employees, where wages are cut down or withheld on frivolous pretexts, may care nothing lor the protests of its victims, but it will not long persist against the frowns of its patrons. It has but to be understood that the women everywhere are banded together, in spirit at least, for the protection of all other women, and many of the oppressions of wage-workers will be done away with. The heaviest indictment to be brought to-day against woman is that, in cruel thoughtlessness, in criminal carelessness, her own hand has helped to bind upon a great army of her sisters, "heavy burdens and grevious to be borne" — let it no longer be also true that she herself " will not move them with one of her fingers." iLi, CKAPTEK III. WOMKN AS WAOE-EAllNKBS. By MigH Minnie I'he.lpg. T is a geometrical a^i()Ill, "That things which are halves of the same thing are equal to one another." It follows then, that woman being the one-half of the human whole, is equal to the other half, the male fraction, and they being " one," have a com- mon interest in all that relates to either sex — their nnitual aspirations — spiritual advances and the struggles for existence. Two-thirds of the hnnian family are laborers, either of brain or m'scle. One-lialf of the whole is woman, and the question presents itself, What is the per cent, of women as laborers, and as ^ wage-earners, and what is the accredited value of that labor ? In 1840, that good and great woman, Harriet Martineau, visited America, and found seven employments open to women : teaching, sewing, keeping boarding-house, folding and stitching in binderies, work in factories, as compositors, or in domestic service. So great have been the changes since Miss Martineau's visit, that in the United States 300 doors^,^ are now open to women, and in our Canada, from the census of 1881, we find 1 :i27 occupations, where, in 1840, our mothers had but seven. -^ In the two main departments of manufacture in the United States, includ- ing boots and shoes, carpets, cotton goods, silks, woollen hats, there are employed o^/j.lKK), one-third of which are women, or about 180,000. In the Province of Ontario there are 18,650 women employed in the various trades and occupations, and in the Dominion of Canada there are 45.889. In the factories of our Province there are 7,594 women, 247 girls between the ages of 12 and 14 years ; 1 ,5K8 between the ages of 14 and 18 years. These women, working side by side of the male laborers, battling with the same physical struggles, full of the same higher aspirations, the value of the world's market of exchange being equal, find th(>y receive from one-third to one-half less wages, doing the same work with, as nuich skill as their brother workers. Let me give a few instances of the wages paid to women in the great industry of underwear for women. We hear now-a-days of the cheapness of («) 1 • . I present these remedies to you from a trial and from experimental know- ledge of the one-half of integral humanity — man. The steps by which man has developed and assumed his present position, are the steps that womanhood now and the womanhood of the future must tread. Some of you are fearful that if the ballot be given woman, and with that, the ever opening doors of commerce and of trade, the widening doors of the legal profession, the doctor's healing art, the editorial chair, the preacher's desk, and the various occupations and trades, as. various as the talents of woman, that somewhere possibly woman may lose her womanliness and aspire to the other sex. It is not occupation or work that makes noble womanhood. The noble WOMEN AS WAGE-EARNERS. 56 .jualities rrmst be in the woinan, and these qualities can be set forth it" she be called to earn her living at the wash tub, or in the preacher's position. Tn;e womanhood depends on the individual, not on the occupation. Again, it is another law of geometry, that the whole is greater than its parts. To develop the whole in the early history of the human faui.'y, God put forth this axiom in another way, when He said, " It is not good for man to be alone," so He created woman as a helpmeet, as the one-half of the whole, as man's equal, the complement and the supplement of each other, and the development of either one means the advance of the other. 1 " The woman's cause is man's : they rise or sink Togetlici , dwarfed or God-like, bond or free ; For she that out of Lethe scales with man The shining steps of nature, shares with man His nights, his days, moves with him to one goal. If she be small, slight-natured, miserable, How shall men grow t For woman is not undeveloped man, But diverse, could we make her ets the man Sweet love were slain, his dearest bond is this, Not like to like, but like in difference ; Yet in the long years liker must they grow ; The man he more of woman, she of man ; He gain in sweetness and in moral height. Nor lose the vrestling thews that throw the world ; 8he, mental breadth, nor fail in child-ward care ; Nor lose the child-like in the larger mind, Till at the last she set herself to man Like perfect music unto noble words ; And so these twain upon the skirts of time Sit side by side, full summed in all their powers, Dispensing h.arvest, sowing the to-be, Self- reverent each, and reverencing each. Distinct in individualities, But like each other, even as those who love, Then comes the statelier Eden back to men ; Then reign the world's great bridals, chaste and calm ; Then springs the crowning race of human kind ; May these things be." Again, things which are halves of the same thing are equal to one another. r 56 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTEll, CULTURE AND CALLING. II .1 THE QUIET OBSERVER. 1 ADHERE do worthless men and women come from ? From worthless homes. Vl/ This is probably the most direct answer that can he given to this com- prehensive query. Badly-reared children develop into worthless men and women. This is the rule. The exceptions either way are not numerous. Occasionally you find a boy or girl in a respectable family whose instincts are low and whose tastes are inclined to be vicious. These are the " black sheep." They are not unconnnon even in the best of families. Is there any necessity for these being black when all the others are white ? In some instances there is, beca^Ase some children are born with a very low order of intelligence. The greater number of wicked and immoral men and women are such because of defective training rather than because of inherent depravity. They have not had the advantage of an environment calculated to develop their better natures. This should be sufficient to show the necessity of rearing children in such a v/ay as to encourage the development of the moral faculties as well as the mental. This will afford the surest protection to society against crime and immorality. How many of those who are interested in providing for neglected children in foreign countries ever think of those at home who are really in a more deplor- able condition than those who are engaging their attention ? What is to be done about it ? One way is for society to take charge of every homeless child and provide for it an environment that will tend to develop its better qualities. Who are homeless ? All who are without the means of proper education and training. A house and parents do not constitute a home in its true sense. Let society take charge of all children that are not being properly trained, whether they have parents living or not. It will be cheaper in the end than to allow them to grow up in wickedness until maturity, and then board them in jail or work-house. Besides, this will decrease the number of criminals and the amount of crime, and in the same ratio improve society. Something can be done by improving homes, but as a rule those who have gone so far as to settle down to living careless, innnoral lives are almost hope- less. They regard their children as accident8,»and have no care for them beyond keeping them in food and clothing until they are able to take care of themselves. What can you expect from a home the atmosphere of which is reeking with profanity and vulgarity? You would be surprised to find purity and refinement coming from it. These are two of the most desirable qualities in men and women. Without them society would go to sticks in short order. They distinguish the civilized from the uncivilized. — Pittsburg Commercial Gazette. CHAPTER IV. WOMAN AS A DESIGNER. By Mrs. Florence Elizabeth Cory, Principal, School of Industrial Art and Technical Design for Women, 13^ Fifth Avenue, New York. I WELVE years ago a practical woman designer was unheard of, although there were a few women in the United States, and one or two in England, who assisted male designers to a slight degree, perhaps in copying certain portions of designs already laid out, or in suhstituting one scheme of color for Huother. But for a woman to be, herself, an original designer, thoroughly prac- tical at all points ; to understand the workings of machinery, and the process of manufacture of all fabrics ; to be able to design equally well for the Jacquard pii<,'es of " AH ! WOULD THERE WEUE NO STORM NOR GLOOM history, is the lack of suitable facilities for acquiring that full knowledge ana thorough culture that are so essential to the highest success in the poetic arts. ^^ liiit opportunities have the past ages furnished to women for acquiring training '- p Ift S'^' ;: V' 111. ' 'If 66 WOMAN ; HER CHAKACTEK. CULTURE AND CALLING. 1 I " and skill iii art work, or for thorough reading and criticism in poetry ? With the universities closed against them, with a puhlic sentiment, stronger than harred doors, forliidding their attempts with pen and pencil ; with the art schools of the world shut against those who wer(> " only women," have our sisters had a fair chance to express the poetry and art within them ? The last, and hy no means the least, of the causes that have contrihuted to the feebleness of woman's work in art and poetry, is that un(!ertainty that has ever attached to woman's study and practi('e owing to the position in which nature has placed her in hoine and society. How many thousi.nds of young women, upon whose artistic pro- ductions the world would have gazed with delight, or to whose songs an atten- tive world would have listened with rapture, have laid aside the brush or pen to deck themselves for the altar. Others, in the midst of home cares and duties, have reluctantly repreiised the voice of song and the spirit of art. This uncer- tainty in woman's position has had another hindering effect, in that it has discouraged that whole-souled and persistent perseverance in study and training that is so essential to the highest success. And now, having frankly confessed the relative smallness of woman's achievements in art and song, let me guard against a very natural, yet erroneous, conclusion, viz.: that woman's native endowment for these arts is decidedly inferior. Such a sweeping and danuiging conclusion is by no means warranted by the premises assumed, or the admitted facts in the case. Whilst confessing that biit a small number of women have placed their names among the world's great poets and painters, we are far from admitting any defect in woman's native endowment on the one hand, or in the high quality and general excellence ot the work she has done on the other hand. Let me then, in as brief and cursive a manner as possible, call the roll and recite the dueds of the noble women who have left the world enriched by their genius, and who are among "the few, the immortal names that were not born to die." First let us glance at a few of the women who have risen to greatness in art. In England, no school of art existed before the time of Henry VIII, and no instance exists, before the sixteenth century, of any English woman who attempted any pictorial work except tapestry. The first names of female artists inscribed in the records of English painters, are Susanna Hornebolt and Lavinia Teerlink — unfortunately not Englishwomen. The first was the daughter ot Gerard Hornebolt, a native of Ghent. She was born in 1503, and was an excel- lent illuminator, and a charming person. Albrecht Durer, the great German artist, said of her : " She made a colored drawing of our Saviour, for which I gave her a florin." And he quaintly adds, " it is wonderful that a female should be able to do such work." Lavinia Teerlink was the daughter of Simon Bennick, of Antwerp, the celebrated miniature painter. She painted miniatures, it is said, exquisitely, was invited into England by King Henry, and, in 1538, she was in receipt of a WOMAN IN ART AND SONU. 67 larger iiicoine tlian the celebrated Holbein who was then in Knj,'land. She whh ticaled with distiii^'uiHhed conBideration by both Mary and Elizabeth, as she knew how to paint a true likeness and yet flatter at the same time. In 1547, at midsummer, there is a record of " Maestris Levyn Terling, Paintrix," receiv- ing' her quarterly wages of .i.'41, and at New Year's she prtisented Queen Mary witli a small picture of the Trinity. Elizabeth was greatly pleased with licr work, especially the pictures in which she saw herself handsome and entirely preserved from the ravages of time. When one remembers that the good " Queen Bess " was not strikingly handsome ; that she forbade all but the most cunning painters to draw her likeness ; that she hated the mirror for its candor, it is more than likely that Madame Teerlink was artful in more senses than one. In the reign of King Charles female artists began to distinguish themselves, one of them, Anne Carlisle, being a special favorite with the king. He gave to her and to Vandyck at one time as much ultramarine as cost him i,'500. The next name of note we meet is Artemesia Gentileschi, born at Home in 1590, whose father, Orazio Gentileschi, a distinguished artist, was brought into Kii^'hmd by King Charles, through the intiuence of Vandyck, and eniployed in painting ceilings. She painted portraits of various members of the royal family and of numerous lords and ladies. Her style was bold and vigorous, Dr. Waagen describing it as powerful and vivid, and likening it to the style of Michael Angelo Claravaggio. The king purchased several of her pictures, the best being " David with the head of Goliath." Her linest painting is said to be "Judith," and is now in the Palazzo Pitti. ** It is a picture," Lauzie remarks " of strong color, of a tone and intensity to inspire awe " Among the very first of female ariistt; on the continent who rose to fame we find Elizabetta Sirani, who was born at Bologna in 1040. It is a pleasure to speak of an artist whose person, life and character were all as beautiful as the art slie produced. She was an imitator of Guide Reni, and it is said that her heads of Madonnas and Magdalens were charming, and, like all her work, sliowed the innate refinement of her nature. Such was her marvellous industry that she produced 160 paintings and etchings in ten years. Her masterpiece is " St. Anthony adoring the Virgin and Child." Her pictures are found in the Belvedere and Lichtenstein galleries of Vienna and the Sciarra Palace at Rome. She is said to have been very skilful in domestic affairs, a sweet singer, exceed- iuf^dy tasteful in dress, beautiful in person and beloved by all. Her name comes down to us as one " whose devoted filial piety, feminine grace and artless benignity of manner, added a lustre to her great talents and completed a personality which her friends regarded as an ideal of perfection." It is sad to relate that she was probably poisoned by envious rivals. At her funeral poems and orations in her praise were delivered, and afterward a book was published in Latin and Italian with the odes, epitaphs, anagrams composed in her honor and setting forth her charms and virtues. 68 WOMAN; HEK CHAKACTEK, CULTURE AND CALLING. i Passing over a century of English history we find the honored name of Elizabeth Blackwell. Her unfortunate and penniless husband was thrown into prison by his creditors in 1785, and his young and talented wife, rising to the occasion, bravely and successfully fought the battle for herself, her husband and her child. She could draw flowers carefully and with taste, and knowing there was then need of a good herbal, she determined on a plan for executing one. Establishing herself near the Garden of Medicinal Plants at CJnelsea, she made drawings, engraved them on copper, and when printed, colored them herself — her husband aiding her in writing the Latin names of the plants with their prin- cipal characteristics. The first volume containing 250 plates appeared in 1737, faiihfuliy and chara(;teristically done. On the completion of her work contain- ing two volumes, 500 plates in all, all finished within four years, the College of Physicians publicly bestowed upon her a handsome present and testimonial and recommended her work to the public. Dr. Pulteney says: — "For the most complete set of drawings of medicinal plants we are indebted to the genius and industry of a lady, exerted on an occasion that redounds highly to her praise." All honor to that brave and heroic woman whose courage was not daunted by poverty and suffering, and whose genius shone more brightly in the darkness of adversity, guiding her skilful fingers as they wrought out sustenance for her family and the salvation of her husband from prison. Her name must be inscribed if not among "the few, the immortal names," at least among the honorable and truly excellent of earth. It is not known to many that Frances, the sister of Sir Joshua Reynolds, shared in no snuill degree the artistic talents of the great painter. Born in Devonshire, where, as a child, she and her sister, who were both fond of draw- ing, had practiced their early art with burnt sticks on the whitewashed walls oi' the house, she moved into London at the age of twenty-three, to live witli Joshua, who had by this time acquired a reputation as an artist, although when he attempted to join the sisters in their early drawing lessons, he was so uni- formly unsuccessful as to be styled "the clown." She resolved on painting miniatures in spite of the contempt of Joshua, who was without any knowledge of miniature painting himself and ignorant of the rules of drawing, yet with that lordly sense of superiority that distinguishes the ge7ius homo, aff'ected the severest disdain for his sister's work. He used to say of her miniatures: "They make other people laugh and me cry," — the rascal ! Poor Frances was accustomed to hide her work from her brother, whose natural disposition and self-opinionated views rendered him an object of fear to the over-sensitive, shy and self-tormenting sister. Had it not been for the genial friendship of Dr. Johnson, Goldsmith, Hannah More and others, who gathered at her parties and encouraged her in her work, her life had, indeed, been most miserable. The great lexicographer, though by no means partial to female artists, and although he considered the public practice of any art, and staring in men's faces, " very indelicate in a WOMAN IN ART AND SONG. female," yet took a friendly and encouraging intereot in her work. She painted and sold miniatures in great numbers, and Northcote says, " She executed many portraits in oil and miniature with great likeness and taste." We come now to, perhaps, the most honored name among female artists of the past, the sole representative . her sex in John Forbes Eobertson's "Great Painters of Christendom," Angelica Kauffman. Born near Lake Constance, her father, Joseph Kauffman, a worthy man but an indifferent painter, she removed with her parents to Milan, Bologna, Parma, Venice, Florence and Naples, where she studied and copied the works of the great masters, gradually acquired a reputation and became courted, honored and employed by the noblest and greatest of the land. Among many others she painted the portrait of the Bishop of Constance. Absorbed in her profession, all her heart being devoted to it and her father, her time was wholly given to her easel and to her favorite Italian, French, English and German poets. Tempted, as she was, to become an opera singer, and possessed of a sweet and sympathetic voice, young, ardent, enthusiastic, educated and fascinating, she had every quality necessary to become a " queen of song." She reluctantly resisted the temptation, and painted her own picture standing irresolute between Art and Music. She is thus described : Her face was a Greek oval, her complexion, more of the brunette than the blonde, was fresh and clear ; her eyes were large, of a deep blue, full of archness, innocence and purity. Her glances were eloquent and captivating, and now, I am sorry to add, that according to tradition, Angelica's knowledge of art embraced the art of flirting. Other accounts represent her as "insensible to the allurements of vanity and interest, unbiassed by prejudice, incapable of resentment, superior to jealousy and envv, possessing active benevolence, unshaken candor and ardent piety."' While in Rome she gained the friendship of Abbe Winckelmann, who wrote about her these words : " I have just been painted by a stranger, a young person of nmch merit. She is very eminent in portraits in oil. . . . She speaks Italian as well as German, and expresses herself with the same facility in French or English. She paints all the English who visit Rome. She sings with a taste that ranks her among the greatest virtuose. Her name is Angelica Kauff- man." She studied architecture, her ambition being to become an historical painter of the first class. Her original designs displayed elegance and grace, but there was always a fatal weakness in her large figure subjects. After a visit to Bologna she came to Venice to revel with wonder and delight in the richness and splendor of Titian, Tintoretto and Paul Veronese. Meeting there the wife of an English minister, Lady Wentworth, she was invited to London where she was warmly welcomed by her brother artists, several of whom, by the way, were in love with her. Sir Joshua Reynolds hif^elf, it is said, was ready to lay his hand, heart and position at her feet. T ody praised and petted her, of I' V i y »" 70 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. i lovers she had a score or more, and even the Princess of Wales visited her studio. She became, in short, one of the most famous painters of her day and was styled "the most fascinating woman in Europe." Sir Joshua Reynolds painted her portrait as " Design listening to Poetry " and used to write her name down in his list of engagements as Miss Angelica, which, with a touch of tender gal- lantry, he shortened to Miss Angel. Sir Joshua's picture was in turn painted by Angelica, a picture now at the seat of the Earl of Morley. As a sample of the adulation served up to this distinguished woman take the " Public Adver- tiser's" lines upon her portrait of Sir Joshua : While fair Angelica, with matchless grace, Paints Conway's burly form, or Stanhope's face, Our hearts to beauty willing homage pay, We praise, admire and gaze our souls away. But when the likeness she has done of thee, O Reynolds! with astonishment we see, Forced to submit, with all our pride we own Such strength, such harmony, excelled by none, And thou art rivalled by thyself alone. • Infatuated herself at last, and by an adventurer, a professed Swedish Count, she consented to a secret marriage and found when too late she was the victim of deception. Released by the discovery of her husband's former crimes and his flight, she gives herself with the courage of a martyr to her easel. Her name was on the memorial address to the king for the founding of the Royal Academy of Art and when it opened, two large paintings of her's graced the walls. Invited to Dublin by the Viceroy, she painted portraits of himself and family and was handsomely rewarded, the year bringing her work, praise, money and homage. " Art to her had been," says one biographer, " as the breath of life." Many of her pictures were engraved by Bartolozzi. Her works have been called " Light and lovely May-games of a charming fantasy." Her female figures, poetical or classical, and her portraits of high-born ladies, were alike graceful, with an air of purity, tenderness and refinement, but her gods, heroines and men were effeminate and iL ^ipid. One man published over sixty plates from h(>v works, and one picture of ber's representing Sterne's Maria was reproduced in numberless ways and scattered all over Europe, appearing in the manufactures of London, Birmingham and other cities in a variety of articles. Marrying again she returned to Italy where she remained until her death. Here she met Goethe, who wrote of her: "The good Angelica has a most remarkable and, for a woman, a most unheard of talent." In his book entitled " Winckel- mann and his Century," he adds : " The light and pleasing in form and color, in design and execution, distinguish the numerous works of our artist. No living painter excels her in dignity, or in the delicate taste with which she handles the pencil." In 1783, she painted the King and Queen of Sicily, and in 1787, a WOMAN IN ART AND SONG. n picture for the King of Poland, entitled "Vergil reading the VI Book to Augustus and Octavia." Her funeral at Kome was conducted with almost royal pomp. The sculptor Canova und^took the general arrangements, assisted by leading architects, sculptors and artists. Her works are to be found in every European city and her name and fame are forever secure among tke leading artists of the world. Mary Moser, the next name worthy of mention, was born in 1744, in London, lior father being a Swiss, an enamel painter and gold-chaser by profession, and the designer of the great seal for George III. She rose to celebrity as a flower and Hgure painter, having first attracted attention by winning, at the age oi fourteen, two premiums of five guineas each from the Society of Arts for her drawings. The Eoyal Academy, founded in 1768, had but forty members, the ouly two women being Angelica Kauffman and Mary Moser. Queen Charlotte and the Princess Elizabeth had a great affection for Miss Moser, the Queen conunissioning her to decorate an entire room at Frogmore with flowers, and paying her i'900 for the work. These royal ladies visited her. She was so near- sighted, that when painting, her nose was within an inch of the canvass and it was astonishing that she could display such harmony in her performances. Sir Josliua lieyuolds speaks of the admirable manner in which she composed pieces of flowers, and of her " extraordinary merit," which procured her admission to the Koyal Academy. Miss Moser possessed a temper as well as talent, and had no objection occasionally to a little row. At Mrs. Halleken's tea table she met on one occasion a Mrs. Paradise whom she detested. Mrs. Paradise ventured the remark that Miss Moser was "dull-looking and blind as a mole," which greatly enraged Miss Moser. Whereupon the burly Dr. Johnson, who was present, said, " Fie ! fie I my dears, no sparring ; off with your mufflers and fight it out fairly." In the last decade of the eighteenth century more than a dozen female artists were considered suflioiently distinguished to be enrolled among the honorary members of the Koyal Academy. In the earliest years of the present centary many English lady artists obtained honors in that most difticult branch, portrait painting— miniaturo painting being now about extinct — though it must Le confessed without much aid or encouragement from the Eoyal Academy. " Since the days of Angelica Kauffman and Mary Moser and the female honorary members of the same period, the Academy has studiously ignored the existence of women artists, leaving them to work in the cold shade of ntter neglect." Whilst a dozen or more women have won a high reputation as figure painters during the present century, we shall have time to notice but one, Madame Jerichau. Born at Warsaw in 1819, of genial, benevolent and clever parents, she experienced her first great sorrow in 183G, when her man'iage was broken off with an unworthy Kussian officer. To Art she turned for consolation. She exhibited her first pictures at Dusseldorf, in 1845, and at once made a repu- I ' I II I' 72 WOMAN; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALL1X( J. tation. One of these is now owned by the Marquis of Jjiinsdowne. Slie removed to Rome and there met and married the eminent Danish sculptor, M. Jerichau. Driven to Copenhagen in 1848, by the revolution in Italy, she began sending iier paintings to England. She became a member of the Koyal Academy of Copen- hagen, of the Academy Eafaelle, at Bramante, Italy. She received the great Thorwalsden medal in 1857. She has had the honor of painting several very successful portraits of royal personages — the Princess of Wales, Prince Albert Victor, the late King of Denmark, the Queen Dowager of Denmark, Queen Louise of Denmark, the King and Queen of Grreece and others. She has travelled extensively, visiting Athens, Constantinople, Cairo and other cities. She has painted portraits or pictures for nearly every sovereign in Europe. One of her most important works is a life-size picture of Christian Martyrs in the Catacombs of Eome. This produced a great sensation among Christians of all denominations when exhibited at her studio. The Pope wishing to see th' picture, it was sent to the Vatican, where, surrounded by his prelates, h received the artist and lier picture in a most flattering- manner. •* I am sur- prised," said he, " that one who is not a Catholic could represent such a scene so perfectly." *' Your Holiness," she replied, with womanly dignity, " I am a Christian." Among her most admired works may be reckoned " Denmark," "Egyptian Mother and Child," "Juliet," "Italy," "Carnival Scene," " Girl feeding Doves' and "The Constantinople Be;:gar and Child." Theophile Gautier declared once that in his opinion there were only three women in Europe who painted, liosa Bonheur, Henrietta Brown and Elizabeth Jerichau. Among the women who have won renown in landscape painting, we may mention two, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon and Anne Blunden Martino. The first was the daughter of Benjamin Smith, member for Norwich, and was born in Sussex, in 1827. She is distinguished as an artist and also as a philanthro- pist in securing social and political reforms, founding schools and other benevo- lent work. She married Dr. Eugene Bodichon — a physician of Algiers, distin- guished as an author and philosopher. She studied painting under Wm.Hunt. In 1857, she and her husband came to America where they stayed a year, visiting the most important ;ities of Canada and the United States. Her pictures of Niagara Falls have been much admired and have received perhaps more attention than any of her other works. " She," it is said, " is one of the few artists who can paint moving m.asses of water ; her waves dance and leap as if they were really moving, while she renders the subtle hues intermingled, wliether in the tumbling cascade, the Jiuctitfi decinnanus off a Hastings beach, or the heaped-up masses of a distant ocean rock. Her " Cornfield after a Storm " has attracted Ruskin's favorable notice, and some French critics have declared her the Rosa Bonheur of landscape. The second one of this school we shall mention. Miss Martino, was bom in the heart of London in 1829. The love of art was inborn and showed itself in WOMAN IX ART AND SONG. 73 early childhood. A governess for a time, she inot by chance liuskin's " Modern Painters," studied it with enthusiasm, and, as a result, went to London to continue her studies. Her first exliibited picture was the " Song of the Shirt," hung in the rooms of tiie Society of British Artists, and afterwards engraved for the " Illustrated London News," in which it appeared in 18/)3. She painted portraits for a num- ber of years, and, in 1857, exhibited a small picture in the Eoyal Academy representing a mother and child looking at the photograph of an absent father near a window through which was seen a garden rich with autumn tints. Mr. Huskin saw it and aduiired and praised the tiny bit of landscape which he said showed an eye for color rare among artists, and especially valuable for landscape. Mr. linskin says of one of her pictures exhibited in the academy in 1858 : there is not a more painstaking or sincere piece of work in the roo/n, though it is clearly the work of a hand that has not gained its full strength. It may be mentioned that Mr. Kuskin only noticed 27 out of over 1000 pictures in the Koyal Academy, of which small number Miss Blunden's was one. Another remarkable picture of Miss Blunden's was " A View near the Lizard," a faithful little study, or, as one critic pronounces it, " a true rendering of terrestrial anatomy." A. W. Hinit, a brother artist, writes to tell her how much he admired it, as did also Holman Hunt, whilst the " Art Journal " pronounces her Italian landscapes charming. Among portrait and miniature painters and painters on enamel of this century, Grace Cruickshanks became famous for her fancy subjects, principally her female figures on ivory ; Anne Dixon won renown as a miniature painter, receiving an order from the Queen. Helen Cordelia Angell Coleman, born in Sussex in 1847, became ho celebrated as a painter of flowers that, in 1875, she received an invitation to become a member of the Institute of Painters in Water Colors. Her most recent pictures have created a marked sensation among critics and connoiseurs, and William Hunt has declared her his only successor. " It seems unaccountable," says the author of English Female Artists, ^' that animal painting should not be a favorite branch with lady artists." Scarcely any of them, either at home or abroad, have been distinguished for power or even moderate skill in delineating birds, beasts or fishes. Eosa Bonheur is a splendid exception to this puzzling rule. Among the few who have chosen this field and succeeded we find Hannah Bolton Barlow, of whose works a critic, in his lecture to the Lambeth School of Art, says : " Her art is living art, derived from close and sympathetic study of life, and having life in it, and so working freely, joyously, profusely, as all life works, not in dead, dull and formal fashion." Among humorous designers, too, woman has a place, although, it is said, humour is a quality scarcely coveted by the ladies. They like to be admired for wit, archness, piquancy and even sarcasm, but humour they relegate to those ! '1 74 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. j I* who claim it. A few years ago it was said : Mr. Punch's beard is growing white witli age and he has hp 1 numerous friends and alhes, but in all the years and experiences he has passed through, only one female artist has deigned to sua herself in his pages, and not one lady has written a set of verses for him. Misi> Georgina Bowers, of London, born 1836, the daughter of the late Dean of Man- chester, has become known to the world as a designer of comic subjects, and for many years produced all the hunting subjects for " Punch," contributing also to the "Graphic" and the " Illustrated Sporting News." Miss Adelaide Claxton had a successful career as comic artist in the pages of " London Society " and the "Illustrated Times." Isabelle Emilie DeTessier has drawn caricature subjects for English, French and German journals, her designs for " Judy " being probably the beso known to the English public. Her figures are humorous and grotesque, though her drawing is incorrect. To the lady artists of America our references must be few and brief. Margaret Foley was a member of the New England School of Design and cut cameos most beautifully. Anne Hull, of Poinfret, Conn., studied with aauuiel King and copied from the old masters on ivory in miniature. It was said of her work, the colors seemed breathed on the ivory rather than applied with the brush. Her miniature groups often sold for $500. She was elected unanimously to membership in the National Acadeniy of Design. Mrs. Badger, of New York, has acquired a wide reputation by her book, "The Wild Flowers of America," the drawings for which were all made from nature and colored by herself. • Mrs. Greatorex, it is said, stands at the head of all lady artists in etching and pen and ink drawing. Louisa Lander, of Massachussetts, a distant relative of Benjamin West, has won lasting renown as a sculptor and a modeller in clay. She sculptuveil the bust of Chief Justice Shaw in marble for Gore Hall, Howard Library, and her "To-day," "Galatea," "Evangeline," " Elizabeth, the Exile of Siberia," are each pronounced delightful in its way, whilst her " Undine " is a "creation of beauty." Miss Emily Sartain, of Philadelphia, has obtained a continental reputation as an engraver on steel, as well as a figure painter in oils. Enjoying for many years the instruction and experience of her father, the veteran artist, John Sartain, she travelled and studied in Italy, Germany, France, Holland, Belgium and Great Britain. Her paintings have been hung in the Paris Salon. Edmonia Lewis, mixed Indian and African, an unknown waif, sat upon the steps of the city hall in Boston to eat her crust and her eye fell on the statue ot good old Franklin and the sight V' idled the spark of genius within her and set her soul on fire. She enquired statues were made and was told they were first made in clay. She got a h; of hard mud and some sticks and began her WOMAN IN ART AND SONG. 75 artistic career. Years later, after struggles, failures and successes, her marble group was presented to her friend and patron, the Rev. Mr. Grimes, in the presence of thousands of admiring friends in Tremont Temple. We now come to a name about equally well-known and honored in Europe and America, Harriet Hosmer. Her merry pranks as a student in Watertown, Mass., are still remembered, though Miss Hosmer has now resided many years in Home, chiselling out in this home of art her fame and destiny as a sculptor. Her life displays courage in an eminent degree, as shown in her heroic efforts to obtain a knowledge of anatomy which she rightly considered necessary to her work, her long and patient labor in sincere pursuit of real excellence in her chosen field, quite irrespective of the opinions of Mrs. Grundy as to her methods. Hear her brave words and judge her character by them : " What a country mine is for women ! Here every woman has a chance if she will avail herself of it, and I am proud of every woman who is bold enough. I honor every woman who has strength enough to step out of the beaten path when she feels that her walk lies in another." Her work, it is said, is simply marvellous. Her "Puck," "Sleeping Fawn," "Walking Fawn" and Monuments will long keep her memory green. Her studio in Rome is said to be a work of art in itself, the most beautiful in all Italy. She not only designs but wields the chisel herself more adroitly than any practised workman. Such petrified inspirations as her " Zenobia " and " Beatrice " when once seen can never be forgotten. Rosalie J. Bonhenr, born in 1822, at Bordeaux, was instructed by her father, an artist of some merit, but she owes her remarkable success in the delineation of animals to a constant study of living subjects. Her first contri- bution to the French Exhibition was made in 1841, since which time she has unremittingly devoted herself to her favorite class of subjects, vi^ "cing stables, shambles, fairs, and studying the structure and habits of animals under all cir- cumstances. Her reputation is probably the highest in the world to-day in her favorite line. Among her most famous paintings are "The Horse for Sale," "Horses in a Meadow," "The Three Musketeers," "A Drove on the Road," "Deer Crossing an Open Space," "Bucks in Repose " and "The Horse Fair." On the last picture the artist worked eighteen months, attending the horse market twice a week during all that time. It sold for $75,000, and is probably the greatest and most valuable piece of artistic work ever produced by a woman. She became directress of the Free School of Design for Girls at Paris in 1849, though her sister does most of the active work. In 1875, she received the Cross of the Legion of Honor. Her latest picture represents a fight between a tiger and a hyena. We have made no extravagant claims in regard to v/oman's artistic achieve- ments or her native talent for art work. Sufficient has been advanced, however, to amply demonstrate the fact that if women have not devoted themselves to art studies in as great numbers as men, if their achievements with pencil and ■I' iWS-i 76 WOMAN ; HER UHAKACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. ^ 'i ■i -11 palette have not, on the whole, been equal to their brother artists, it has evi- dently been from lack of suitable opportunities or proper encouragement. Now that women have come to realize the fact that artistic taste and tident are among their many natural endowments, and that the age is offering rapidly increasing opportunities for art culture, let our gentlemen artists make room for woman's advance guard. Prepare seats for the ladies, gentlemen of the Royal Academies, and prepare to share the honors of the future with many successors of Angelica Kauffman, Madame Jerichau, Catharine Hosmer and Rosa Bonheur ! Turning now for a few moments to the kindred art of song, we find from the early days of Sappho to the present, that in every land woman's voice has been raised in song, and her hands have swept the lyre of poesy. And when we reflect that poetic genius has not always been used to praise virtue, to laud goodness, and to inspire nobility ; when we remember that, like all other divine gifts, it has been perverted and made the handmaid of vice and dishonor, we who believe in woman's superior moral and religious endowment may well rejoice that to women as well as to men, the divine afflatus is given. If we believe with Longfellow in the divine mission of poetry, that God sent His singers upon earth With songs of sadness and of mirth, That they might touch the hearts of men, And bring them back to heaven again, we shall rejoice that true poetic fire burns upon the altar 9f woman's heart. Even in the days of old as the spirit of prophecy was confenod on some women, so also was the spirit of sacred poetry. Where can you find more of the true poetic instinct, more of exalted imagery, play of imagination, or lively sentiment than in the Song of Deborah, recorded in the fifth chapter of Judges. It celebrates the victory won by Israel, under Barak and herself as leaders, over Sisera, the captain of the army of Jabin, the Canaanite, and begins : " Hear, O ye kings; give ear, O ye princes; I, even I, will sing unto the Lord; I will sing praise to the Lord C4od of Israel. "Lord, when thou wentest out of Seir, when thou marchedst out of the field of E!dom, the earth trembled, and the heavens dropped, the clouds also dropped water. " The mountains melted from before the Lord, even that Sinai from before the Lord God of Israel. , . . . Awake, awake, Deborah: awake, awake, utter a song: arise, Barak, and lead thy captivity captive, thou son of Abinoam." Then near the close, after recounting in most vivid style the death of Sisera, tlirough whose head Jael, the wife of Heber, had driven a nail while he slept, she pictures Sisera's mother and her maidens sitting watching for the return of the dead captain bringing with him the spoils of war : '* The mother of Sisera looked out at a window and cried through the lattice, Why is his chariot BO long in coming t why tarry the wheels of his chariots t . . . Have they not sped 1 Have they WOMAN IN ART AND SONG. 77 not divided the prey ; to every man a damsel or two ; to Sisera a prey of divers colors, a prey of divers colors of needlework, of divers colors of needlework on both sides, meet for the necks of them that takit the spoil 1 " Then, with one triumphant note of gladness, Deborah sings : "So let all thine enemies perish, O Lord : bat let them that love him be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might." Woman's hand sweeps over the lyre and touches chords that find an echo in every soul. Hers are the songs of heart and home, of love and sympathy, ol pleasure and pain, of hope and fear, of life and death. Nor have there been abst'ut from her songs both the martial and patriotic strains that have inspired heroes and patriots. Her contributions to sacred poetry are both numerous and excellent, and give promise of richer results in future years. Whose songs of (Christian life and service are more deeply spiritual, more truly inspiring and poetic, than Frances Eidley Havergal's ? Her pure notes of praise and deep spirit of consecration, inbreathed in all her poems, render her poetry one of the richest legacies of this age to Christendom. Our own continent has produced some gifted women, whose poetic produc- tions will live forever. That "Battle Hyiini of the Kepublic," by Julia Ward Howe, will go "marching on" forever. Elizabeth Akers Allen has written many poems full of tender feeling, enliv- ened with vivid imagery and picturesque epithets. Observe in the following lines the effect of the church window : SI rl Where through the window melts the unwilling light, And in its passage beams their gorgeous stain, Then bars the gloom with hues all rainbow bright. As human souls grow beautiful through pain. Lucy Larcom has written much and written well. Caroline A. Mason, among other poems that touch the heart and please the fancy, has written : "Do they miss me at home, do they miss mel" It may be of interest to school girls to know that she wrote this poem when a liome-sick school girl. Frances Sargent Osgood has written many poems, some of which, especially the one on Labor, will live. Here is a stanza : Work, and pure slumbers shall wait on thy pillow; Work, thou shalt ride over care's coming billow. Lie not down wearied 'neath woe's weeping willow: Work with stout heart and a resolute will. Annie Rothwell, of Kingston, has written many stirring and beautiful poems, most of which are wor y a permanent place in our literature. 78 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER. CULTURE AND CALLING. Ella Wheeler Wilcox has produced a large number of popular poeiUB mostly devoted to moral reform. Woman's hand has power to touch so7ne chords of the poetic lyre that find response in the very depths of our being— chords that profoundly move us we know not why, that flood the soul with that spiritual rha|)8()dy in which the material world vanishes and the spiritual stands out in startling distinctness. How plaintively beautiful and touching is that poem of Adelaide Ann 1 octor's entitled "The Lost Chord?" Woman is able, by her poetic talent, to give voice to that sentiment of patriotism implanted within us and to arouse tlie loyal devotion of human hearts, as you will see from reading Eliza Cook's poem entitled "The Englishman." Elizabeth Barrett Browning, in the opmion of competent critics, has no superior among the poets of our age. Her poetry displays depth and breadth of knowledge, sustained power of lofty thought, a deep insight into the hidden springs of human nature, coupled with rich imagination and a rare felicity of ex- pression. Her poetry manifests a vivid sense of the beautiful in sentiment and language, and that rare poetic power of giving here and there that "one touch of nature" which "makes the whole world kin." Where in all literature is there a sweeter, chaster or more truly happy poem than her's, entitled "Sleep," and founded on those words of inspiration, which are a poem in themselves, "He giveth his beloved sleep ? " As an illustration of woman's poetic power in awaking the sensibilities of the human soul, in touching those inner chords that express the deepest afFec tions of our nature, calling into active exercise the tenderest emotjpns of the human heart, let me point you to "The Old Arm Chair," by Eliza Cook, or that plaintively pleasing poem, by Ehzabeth Akers, entitled " Eock me to Sleep, Mother" — a poem that revivifies the past, bringing fresh to us the form and face and voice of that dearest earthly friend ; a poem that brings back to us, over the lapse of many years, a lullaby song sweet as the strains of heavenly music, ist but never, never to be forgotten. I . 1 f. '.' M 'In CHAPTEll VI. WOMAN AH A MUHICIAN. Jiij Mr». Frances J. Moore, of LoncUyti, Ontario. N tracing the influence of "Woman upon Musical Art, it seems strange that we cannot accord to her that phice in creafire work wliicii she has taken in other directions. Literature and Painting have always claimed women amongst their brightest ornaments. Science has had some accomplished women votaries. Musical invention, how- ever, has not, as yet, been woman's province. In this chapter I shall endeavor, in some degree, to account for this, but shall first direct my reader's attention to the important part which woman has played in other walks of the Divine Art of Music. For this purpose I must go back to the early centuries, when wonuin's influence first made itself felt, becoming gradually the power it now is — and will undoubtedly remain. Leaving then, for the present, the subject, creative music, I pass to wonuin's reccn-d as jui exponent of the highest class of music, and certainly, in this capacity, her n'coid is a brilliant one. Opera owes its chief popularity to the Queens of Song who have charmed the public for ages past. One may perhaps ask, " How about the men singers ? What is an operp, without a Tenor, Baritone, and Bass ?" I (79) n f f =■ 80 Woman ; hkh chakacteu, culturk and (;allinci do not say that these vahuible requisites could be dispensed with ; far from it ; Imt, as a rule, the heroine is the attraction to the opera-goin^ public ; and an opera with a poor sopnino for a heroine will end in dismal fiiilurc. The numhern of title rolea cxpn'ssly compost'd for celel)nit(!d l^rime i^onne amply demonstratt* in which direction the charm lies. Some operas have had a (-hief part written for a male singer, but they are so few that they do not really effect opera en masse. We must therefore admit, that in this particulnr path of the realms ot music, woman reigns supreme, and has so reigned ever sin(!e A.D. 1600. Just. })efore this period women were prohibited from taking part even in the Church Services, they being looked upon as inferior beings by lordly viaii ! In the crude operas then extant the heroines' parts were taken by male soprani. This state of things, however, was doomed to undergo a radical change, and (to skip a few centuries) behold, now, women in surplices taking a prominent part in many English and Colonial churches 1 It would be impossible to enumerate in this short chapter, all the names of those songstresses who have held their sway so long and gloriously. It seems that one of the first women mentioned as taking a prominent position was Vittoria Archilei, who sang in the first Italian Opera presented in public. Faustina Bordoni was also a fine artiste. Eegina Mingotti, Madame Mara, Caterina Gabrielii, and many others held a position which shows their wonderful supremacy over the public. Madame Catalani (born 1779), the possessor, we read, of a marvellous voice, received twelve hun- dred dollars for merely singing the solo in " God save the King/' and twelve thonsand dollars for taking part in one musical festival. The accomplished English singer, Mrs. Billington, created such an excite- ment in Naples by her wonderful vocal powers, that she was accused by the ignorant and superstitious of causing the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1794 ! In the present century, the names of Malibran, Sontag, Grisi, Alboni (the grandest contralto on record), Titiens, Pasta, Jenny Lind (the Swedish Nightin- gale), the charming English vocalists. Miss Stevens, Miss Paton, Mrs. Wood, etc., etc., are yet remembered by many. Now, in our own times, we have the (celebrated Adelina Patti, Christine Nilsson, Albani (Emma La Jcunnesse, now Mrs. Gye), the pride of her native Canada, Gerster, Trebelli, Scalchi, and many delightful English and American singers. In oratorio women have taken an enviable position. Without going back to ) far, we read of Clara Novello (generally classed as an English singer, i.iiliough her father was of Italian deccent) as one of the most accomplished oratorio soprani. The late Madame Sainton-Dolby (recently dead) was perhaps the greatest English contralto singer of these times, and was unrivalled in ora- torio. The rich- voiced Madame Patey may be considered as Madame Sainton's successor, and is still in her prime, delighting her thousands of listeners. Madame Lemmens- Sherrington reigned as Queen of oratorio soprani up to only a few years ago. Also the charming soprano. Miss Edith Wynne (now Mrs. Clay), whose i m H i)i I- MUSIC IN THE HOME. ■-■ >■':■ i, .5 •-U- ■? 82 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. 11 11, i . ^ singing also of her native Welch songs was most delightful. Of the younger vocalises now rapidly gaining laurels, there is a bright array. One scarcely takes up a fresh English, Foreign, or American musical journal, without reading of some new rising star. Space will not permit of my dwelling further upon the position of women as vocalists. I would urge all students interested in Musical Art to read for themselves some of the more detailed accounts of most of the celebrities I have mentioned. I have simply endeavored to show that a long and unbroken line of notable songstresses has existed for nearly three hundred years, and that to them is mainly indebted the success of Opera in all countries. I say this advisedly, for I hold that however great a composition may be, its exponents must also be great, or it will not live — save as a work of art amongst musicians who understand it as a composition ; and this sort of kept-under-a- glass-case work could hardly be called a " successful " Opera ! As instrumentalists, women have also made a decided mark, although not for so long a period. This, of course, can be easily accounted for — instruments (or at least those upon which women play) were not invented as early as voices. The place of honor as a pianiste must be accorded to Madame Clara Schumann, for a two-fold r^-son. Her exceptional powers as a pianiste, and the unflagging zeal with which she has devoted herself to the performance of her gifted hus- band's works, thus bringing them before the public as they might, otnerwise, never have been, or, at least, not for a considerable time ; for no other player would, probably, have given almost undivided attention to the works of one composer. Madame Schumann is indeed a bright ornament in Musical Art, and although she hasijeen over fifty years before the pubhc, she still commands an audience larger than perhaps any other pianist is greeted with. In past years, Madame Pleyel, Madame Dulcken, and (later on) Arabella Goddard, Agnes Zim- mermann (also an accomplished composer), Annette Essipoff, Anra Mehlig, Teresa Carreno, JuHa Eive-King, Fanny Davies, Fanny Bloomfield, and a host of others too nimierous for mention here. These ladies have all taken (and some of them are still taking), a position unquestioned as that of fine exponents of the highest class of piano music. The remarkable strides made in Tiolin playing by women, must also not be overlooked. Madame Norman-Neruda-(now the wife of the accomplished Musi- cian, Sir Charles Halle), I suppose takes pre-eminence ; and, at the well-known Monday Popular and other classical concerts in London (England), divides the honors with the king of classical violinists, Josef Joachim. Camilla Urso is also a notable example of refined and exquisite ^laying. Of younger stars there is Buch a rapid growth that I can only name a few. Teresina Tua, Nettie Car- penter, Fraulein Liebe, and others, have already obtained an enviable reputation on both sides of the Atlantic ; whilst Miss Nora Clench (just returned to her native Canada), and who played beautifully » ^ a child, has creatad a veritable sensation in England and Germany by her wonderful talent. When we pause m f n' MUSIC HATIl CHARMS. I '!■ 1 . i> is i'tiLi 84 WOMAN ; HER CHARACTER. CULTURE AND CALLING. to think that the viohn was foruierly considered as not a ladi/s insirinnenf, this army of fair vioHnists is certainly surprising ! It only serves to convince us that there are few things a woman may not do so long as she does them well and never forgets her sex. I once heard a hrass band of women and they played very fairly. I am bound to admit that it did not look pretty to see them blow- ing away at their horns — but their nuinuer was quiet and self-possessed — and, after all, if these young ladies happened to have had the opportunity to learn these instruments and could earn money thereby, why should prejudice step in'/ Again, a celebrated lady whistler has been turning the heads of European and American audiences — that, too, is a little on the outside of woman's province — still a lady can remain a lady though she may whistle for a living. If that is her talent let her use it by all means. To return to the violin, the feeling against it as a lady's instrument has now entirely died out, and all acknowledge that it is a most graceful sight to see a young lady handle her bow deftly. The harp was always looked upon as essentially a woman's instrument, but it has never taken a very prominent place in public of late years. The reason, I think, is simple. The class of music usually written for the harp is of that kind which is fast dying out. Airs with variations (of much the same pattern in every piece) no longer please as they did formerly. Classical music does not seem to tit the harp, so that I do not quite see a clear road to the harp's revival. It always seems strange to me that women have not as yet made a name as organists. However, I think that is a question of time, as so many students are now turning their attention to that grand instrument. I have heard people argue that a woman's strength is insufficient for organ playing. I must say that I fail to fall in with this view. The hand technique is not so arduous as in piano playing, and surely the pedal work is not more tiring than a sewing machine at which women can work literally all day ! So, as I say, this is but a quefition of time. I now resume the first portion of this article in which I light'y touched upon creative musical work as applied to women. The progress of education amply proves th ;t women are admirably fitted for many walks in life which were formerly considered as apart from their sphere. Music, somehow, seems to have been thought of as a atudi/ later than some other branches of art. The very fact of women's triumphs as exponents of music has, I believe, precluded that hard study necessary for composition. We all know that to become a great singer or player requires immense labor. To add to this labor the study of musical theory requires a large amount of strength (physical and mental). Some women have achieved this double work ; but, as a rule, women have been content to please an audience by their performance rather than by their compositions. There may be a lack of creative musical faculty in a woman's organization — ^I am not prepared to say. Certainly the melodies invented by many of my sex are not ' tjrtlingly original. Notwithstanding this, there are women who have made WOMAN AS A MUSICFAN. 8S (juite a reputation — and much money — by their compositions (chiefly songs). C'laribel, wliose ballads every one knows, had quite a gift for pretty melody (reproduced, however, in dozens of her own songs), but I have heard that she could not even put the accompaniments to them for lack of theoretical know- ledge 1 Virginia Gabriel wrote some charming songs ; also, Elizabeth Philp. Elizabeth Stirling (all know her pretty part song " All among the Barley,") Miss Macirone, Madame Sainton-Dolby and Maude Valerie White have all contributed clever and beautiful songs and part songs. Alice Mary Smith (Mrs. Meadows White, who only recently died) was an accomplished composer for voice and also stringed instruments. Louise Puget's French Romances have won for her quite a name. Madame Schumann and Madame Garcia (sister of the celebrated Malibran, I think) have both composed clever works, but little known, however. Many have doubtless read of Madame Fanny Hensel (sister of Mendelssohn), who was greatly gifted as a composer. There will, I fancy, be far more to say in the future regarding women as composers. There is now sucli a rush for theoretical study amongst girl students that there must surely be some result before very long, provided always that the inventive faculty be present whereupon to hang the theory ! There has been much written about the influence of women upon the minds of great composers. I do not attach to this the importance which many writers do, although, I dare say, a majority may disagree with me. The great com- posers were but vien, and (as is frequently the case with geniuses) many of them very weak men indeed. The influence of women has undoubtedly been great — refining and guarding from outside worries — but I do not agree with some writers that there was any direct influence which afl^ected the music made by these geniuses. Genius will tell, and history goes to convince us, that composers have brought forth some of their grandest works quite apart from woman's infiuenee. This subject of " influence " brings me to a turn in this chapter. Having briefly sketched some of the work which women have achieved publicly, I would say a few words about what I feel woman should, and can, do in a more private walk of life. There are now so many really earnest young lady students that to call attention to " study " seems almost superfluous. There will always be students and non-students. In all schools a girl can learn or not, as her ambition dictates or her capacity allows. There are, however, few young girls now-a-days, who like to see their companions in study shoot so very far ahead of them — and thus the steady tide of advancement goes on, and the brains God has given us are having every chance for cultivation. Now I would offer to students one piece of advice which, I think, ought to have some weight. Study whilst you have tlie chance and do not give up your music simply because you cease to take lessons. It is a surprising fact, which I have only too frequently met with, that a girl who has been, perhaps, one of the best players or singers in the school. ,i|.: ( •tl 86 WOMAN : HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLING. •I' u will, upon leaving, utterly give up all practice. She will sing a college chorus song, or play a little waltz or so — and there she ends ! As I write I have several examples in my mind. Again, some girls actually do keep up a little practice after they leave school, perhaps continue to take lessons even. One would think " surely these are all right." But, no. These young ladies get married, and to get married, with some, is to utterly end all intellectual work. I trust I may not he accused of harsh judgment about this matter. I have hard facts, however, to cite from. Girls do not pause to consider what they are doing by neglecting their brains so soon as they obtain a husband. If he has brains, his wife ceases to be a companion for him. If he be minus brain tissue, then, perhaps it does not much matter. Yet there may come a time when both will regret having never kept up any sort of education. Music is such an essen- tially charming accomplishment that for a young lady to possess a knowledge of it gives her a powerful attraction. There is such a sweet influence in home music that, I think, it is every woman's duty to keep up the music she knows, however little. I know, of course, that there are instances where this is well- nigh impossible. To these I do not address myself, but to those women who wilfully give up their music as soon as they leave school or marry. I have often met with gentlemen, fond of music too, who say, My wife used to sing or play, but she has quite given it up ! Some girl has, perhaps, especially attracted her future husband by her music, and then what does she do but give up the very thing he loves ! Then look further on into the homes of these givers up of music — the children learn music, but as the mother has forgotten hers she cannot help them. Any teacher who takes the trouble to observe will tell you the difference there is between that child's practice who has some one at home who can direct the practice and that of the child who has not. A child beginner cannot be expected to remember all that is told at a lesson. A little help at home is invaluable and sows a never forgotten seed. With women chiefly lies that help. In a little article of mine, " Let the children sing," published some time ago, I dwelt much upon the musical home training of children, talcing as an in- stance the oft-cited "natural" nmsic of the Germans, which I attribute largely to the early training they receive. If children hear — and take part in — music from infancy, they will, almost invariably, become musical or, at least, know something about it. When this home training has been going on for (as in Ger- many) generation upon generation, what wonder that their music has at last become indigenous, and I believe the same things might happen anywhere else, if only music were made more universal, especially amongst the younger and growing generation. Those women who are so circumstanced that they have no scope for home influence in music (some do not live at home — others, perhaps, live alone) — can always find an outlet for their influence if they look for it. There are always plenty of young people everywhere, and it is for these young peor'o that so much can be achieved in musical cultivation if only those who lii: WOMAN AS A MUSICIAN. 87 arc able will work to that end. Yon cannot, of course, put music into utterly unmusical people, but it has been pretty well tested l)y those wlio have made a special study of this subject, that there is far more natural music amongst us than is generally supposed. I have come across many people who neither play nor sing and who have really no musical knowledge, yet by certain signs, such as humming or whistling correctly in time and tune, or listening with keen en- joyment to good music, plainly show that had they been Itrought up to hear and occasionally take part in music, they would have developed capacities now gradu- ally deadened by non-use. Home influence in music usually lies more with women than with men, as children are more with them. Encourage children to sing, see how they enjoy singing the sweet old nursery rhymes of Mother Goose, or the simple hymns which should always be found in every home. The beautiful children's songs one can now so easily procmre are a boon indeed, and leave no excuse why the little ones should not from infancy hear and take part in sweet and good music. Women have a great deal, therefore, in their power, and I repeat that they have no right to give up their music, as hundreds do, on leaving school or getting married. Many may say, " Oh, I have no talent. What is the use of my going on ?" Now, this is all wrong. If you have ever done any thing well in music, you can go on with it, at all events suffi(tiently to help others. I know a lady who has ({uite given up solo playing, but who has wonderfully helped her young brothers and sisters by playing the acconipaniments to their nursery songs and hymns, and who has quite a gift for patiently teaching them nmsic and making it inter- esting to them. Another point I would advance to students is this. Endeavor to cultivate in yourself and others a taste for good music. I have known people who always thought of classical music as something exceptionally dry and uninteresting. These very people have been charmed with some beautiful song or piece which they did not happen to hioiv was classical. In my own experience, and I think others will agree with me, I find that students who once take up classical music intelligently, no longer care for the trash they perhaps formerly played and which, happily, one hears less often as time rolls on, thanks to the steadily in- creasing army of workers for music as an art — not as a plaything. The range of good music is so large that surely all tastes can be gratified. All cannot play Bach's fugues, or Beethoven's sonatas, or the intricate works of Chopin, Schu- mann, etc., but there is plenty of delightful classical music which is quite easy of execution. Sweet melodies, dainty minuets- and gavottes ad infinitum. As for songs, there is simply no excuse for the silly, vapid stuff* we sometimes hear, for song writing seems to be ever on the increase, and pretty songs too — whilst those students who have sufficient ambition have a rich store to their hand of the standard songs of foreign and English composers — Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Sterndale Bennett, J. L. Hatton, Arthur Sullivan, etc. I would \ \ -t1 88 WOMAN : HER CHARACTER, CULTURE AND CALLINC. also advise all students who aim at singing as an art to acquaint themselves with other languages. An English ballad correctly sung and with expression will always please, (taking for granted that there is a fair voice possessed) ; but if there be sufficient voice, taste and ambition for something beyond this, then students should study French, German and (especially) Italian. Translations are, as a rule, extremely poor, and it is only lately that people seem to be wak- ing up to the fact that a song should be of a piece, as it were, with the words, and that to simply hang a melody on to a silly rhyme is gradually going out of fashion. One has only to glan(^e over some of the old English standard songs to see what a poor place the versos held in song writing. If a girl is so placed that she has literally no opportunity for studying another language, then let her keep to English. Anything is better than an Italian screech, when the perpetrator does not understand one word of what she utters, or attempts to utter, for the misprouiinciation can very readily be detected by any one who has even made a slight study of the language. Do not be alarmed at this idea of studying another language. You do not need to speak it. A few lessons in pro- nunciation and a very little help will soon teach any apt pupil enough for sing- ing, that is unless the singing is to be professional and the aim high. Whatever is sung, let it be always sung with feeling. Some are afraid to forget themselves as it were. Timidity is often the cause of this, but with a large number it is simply that they do not feel the words. Words should always be learned separately, just as a girl would learn for recitation. If this plan were pursued, and also a determination to forget one's self in the song, the singing with expression would soon become an easy matter. All that I have said I mean as an encouragement to musical students to first of all study in their study time and then to keep up that study for home use, although they may have no need of it otherwise, and to ever bear in mind that it is home influence which rests so largely with woman and which she can and should use for a noble purpose. To those students who intend to become teachers a few remarks may not be out of place. To be a teacher is a serious matter to thinking minds. One grand rule should always be paramount. Take interest in your work and your pupils, otherwise no good results will follow, and the work itself flattens and drags for yourself and pupils. I need scarcely dwell upon this point, as it is one which applies to all studies and consequently the maxim is one continually pre- sented to us. Although, musically, it applies to all branches of teaching, it has a special significance regarding concerted music, either instrumental or vocal. It i" quite impossible to become a good conductor in this kind of work unless it is part of one's self. I mention this because it is a generally received notion that .concerted work (classes or choir, etc.) is outside of a woman's, musical vocation. This is a mistake, as I can personally testify. There is no reason why a woman should not be able to control a class or choir as well as she can control a large public school class, and every one knows that women are perfectly able to do WOMAN AS A MUSICIAN. 89 (his. In England and America there are vooal and instrnmental societies con- LATIN LITERATURES. Greek literature, al)()ut ()()0 li.C, furnishes the name of Sappho, the inventor of the Sapphic verse, and who was held in such estimation by her countrymen that they stamped her image on their coins. Of her nine books of lyric poems, only fragments remain, but these show her possessed of poetical genius of a high order. Solon was so affected at the recitation of one of her poems, that he ex- pressed an earnest desire to learn it before he died. At Mytelene, Sappho's home, she ap])ears to have been the centre ol a female literary society, most oi which were her pupils in poetry, fashion and gallantry. The only other Greek female writer of commanding merit was Hypatia, of Alexandria, who lived in the early part of the fifth century of the Christian era. She was the author of a Commentary on Diophantes, and was torn to pieces and burned to asli'.s during a sedition among the monks. Of Latin female writers Sulpicia, the wife of Calenus, is the most note- worthy, and is remembered because of sundry amatory effusions addressed to her husband. She lived in the first century. These two great literatures ol ancient times, with their splendid array of literary talent and genius, furnish but these three names of women among their great writers. ITALIAN LITERATURE. In Italian literature in the sixteenth century appears Vittoria Calonna to whom Ariosto awarded the palm of poetical excellence among the women of the century. Her husband made prisoner at Eavenna, was taken to France. From this time they seldom saw each other, but carried on a close correspondence in prose and verse. After her husband's death she sought consolation in poetry. Michael Angelo dedicated to her some of his sonnets. In the more recent Italian literature accomplished women have taken a considerable part. The four canto poem, Morte di Adone, and a tragedy, II Poli- doro, by Teresa Baudettini, were followed by the philosophical and religious poems c^ Diodata Saluzzo. Cecilia Folliero ' i^rote on the education of girls and the moral influence of music. Guistina E. Michiel celebrated in song the festive days and memorable events of Venice, and Isabella Teotochi AJbrizzi wrote a graceful and truthful biography of Canova. The work of the Signora WOMAN IN LITKHA'I'UUK Fcriiod on the ('ducatiou of K'''J*^ received the eiiconiiiiiiH of Gioberto and other (listin^niished thinkers. Of hving fennilo writers unionj^ tho Italians, the hest known is, perhai)s, the heautifnl and beloved Queen Marguerite, whose poems ;iii(l occasiuniil writings have been most favorably received. With this royal ( xaiiipie it will be a wonder if modern Italy, with its new national spirit, its rapidly developing system of f,'(MU'rou8 publio education, its inspiration from nieniories of ancient greatness, its free institutions and constitution- al government, its increased devotion to and chivalry to- ward woinan, does not, in the near future, produce a host of worthy successors of Virgil, Livy, Horace, I")ant(!, Tasso, among whom will be female writers, the peers of the greatest. FIJENCH LlTEllATUKE. Tlui literature of France contains, comparatively, a large number of celebrated t'cMiale writers. It would, in- d(.'cd, be surprising if a lan- guage so elegant and bright (lid not afford a means for women to excel, especially in those kinds of writing in which the genius of woman tiuds surest response. And, in fact, the greatest of female writers was a French woman. To consider the subject chronologically, so as to continue in harmony with the treatment given other literatures, there is found in French literature, so early as the fourteenth century, the distinguished poet Christine de Pisau, a woman of rare and exquisite beauty, and who has left some verses which entitle her to an honorable place among the poets of that age. The lines on the death of her father are still preserved as among the best of the kind to be found in ft»y laii - p 1- I • ^^^-"^^l ...k.«^^Hi ■ * . , "^ • ^f1 «I^^^^ ' ' miA 1 1^. ^^.■. 1 V"':- V . 1 1 inik'^Sbsiw ,^ ,v*., 1 'Ill • 'i'l"'".. ;?.'.„ , ' , ■ ' i^ ■ ■ t'^'>%iKV'l^^^^^ ' ^^.m ^^v ^A (l„Hi. ' ■^V\?^-^;v ^ ■'-■'?'(».;:«,:;. 1" ' k^ L.^L^ '^TP^ ^ ft '».-■' 'i 1 ii' ' ! ill 1. '&■• t'f'^^'^ /■'-'"tf -lix^ PI ipymj V ' . ' ■ V, "If