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Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la m*thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 . — 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2 1.0 I.I 1.25 l|[| Z8 IIM 140 1.4 |||Z5 1 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ -^F^F' LIED IM/^GE Inc r..= •T. Ne« Vork 1*609 USA ■= ■•, 482 - OJOO - Phone = '16) 288 - 5989 - Fo. Ja/^/,^ c rV,= i'-'v'S?-. Hon. David Glass, Q.C. SOME OF HIS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES COMPILED BY CHESTER GLASS Ol' OSGOODE HAI.L, B A R R I STE R- AT- L A W ca NEW YORK THE TROW PRESS, Publishkrs MCMIX EXTRACTS FROM HEXRY MORGAN'S BOOK " CANADIAN MEN AND WOMEN OF THE TIME 1898" DAVID GLASS, Q.C., the second son of the Uito Samuel Glass, who came to Canada in 1819. His aiu'ostors came from Scotland to the north of Ireland, and settled at Loch Glass, 1607. Born in the township of Westminster, Out., July 20, 1829, he was educated at the London (irammar School, and with James Thompson, the well-known classical teacher. He was called to the bar, 1864-, and practiced for some years in London, Ont., where his firm conducted an extensive and varied business. He defended Jones in the Delaware mur- der trial; Thomas Coyle, in the Nissouri murder case; and Smith in the Sombra murder trial, at Sarnia. He also defended Wilson in the celebrated arson trial, at Windsor, Ont. He was elecied to the mayoralty of London by a unanimous vote in 1858. He was subsequently twice eb^cted to the mayoralty by a vote of the people. He was Deputy Judge of the County of Middlesex. Created a Q.C, in l!^7<t. He was elected a bencher of the Law So- ciety of Ontario, ISSO. Removing to Winnipeg, 1882, he was called to the bar of Manitoba, May, 1882, and was soon after api)ointed Solicitor for •CANADIAN .MEN AM) WOMEN OF ]S!>8." the City of Winiiii)c<>-, in wliicli city lie (Mijoyod a hirgc and lucrative jiracticc in jiartiicisliiii with liis son, Chester Glass. Jn is 72 he was elected in the conservative interest to the House of Coininons for East ^liddlesex, and sat in that ll..u>e duiiui; the en- suing Parliainent. In October, 1M73, he, with thir- teen other supporters, opposed Sir John ^Macih^nald's ( Jovernnient <»n what was known as tlie " Pacific Railway Scandal." His speech in the House on tluit occasion was reported in ])aniphlet form, and had a very wide cir<-ulation. There was no invective against the Government in his remarks, hut an arjru- nient nj)on the constitutional ipiestion before the House. The great speech of Sir Domild Smith, now Lord Strathcona, soon f<il lowed, and the Govern- ment resigned on Novend)er 5, 1873. Tn 18SG Mr. Glass was elected for St. Clements, in ^fanitoba, and soon after, by a unanimous vote, was chosen Speaker of the Legislative Asseiiddy, which otfice lie filled to the end of the Parliament. "While occupying the dual position of City Solicitor and Speaker of the Assembly he had an attack of muscular rheumatism. His doctors advised a discontinuance of sedentary employment. For two succeeding years he spent most of the time on the salt watcM-. and became com- pletely restored to robust health. In IssJ) he visited the Paris Exposition, and in 1890 and ISOI passed a large part of his time in New York and Boston and the neighboring seaport towns. In 1S."»;] he at- "CAXADIAX MEN AND WOMEN OF 18.8." tended the World's Fair at New York, and in 1«76 the World's Fair at Philadelphia, and the Paris Ex- position in iss'j. lie ai' 1 .1 the Chicago Expo- sition, I^'>:'>. Mr. Class ... .\s had a fondness for travel. When he was twenty years of age he viz- itfd the Wc-t India Islands, and with otliers crossed Mexico on horseback from the Atlantic to the Pa- cific Ocean, and theu e to the gold ticlds of Cali- firrnia. In 1804, after an interview with President Lin- coln, at Washington, Mr. Glass gave his inipressiona of that great man in the London Free Press, and afterwards presided at a mass meeting at London, to give expression to the jmhlic abhorrence of his assassination. In 180U he joined the masonic order, and soon became master of his mother lodge and mend)er of the (I rand Lodge of Canada. He has taken 32° in the Scottish Kite and has visited some of the finest lodges in the world. In 1893, at the Chicago World's F'air, he was one who attended the World's Congress of ^lasonry at the ^Masonic Tem- ple. In 1880 ]\Ir. Class took an active part in ob- taining fnnds for the relief of distress in Ireland. He delivered a lecture at Cliatham, subject, " Roths- diild. King of Cold." The proceeds, one hundred pounds sterling, were the same night cabled to Dublin. On that occasion Mr. Clnss was entertained at dinner by the cor])oration and hauling men of that citv. "CA>;adia.\ mes and women of ksds. It may be addt'd that t^inee the publishing of Dr. Morpni's book of ISHS, tliat ^Ir. Glass visited Alaska and was present at the opening of the Skagway Rail- way. On the 10th of April, l!iOO, he took passage at Vancouver on the steamship " Empress of Japan," and after going over the .lajjanese Empire for sev- eral months he embarked at Yokohama on board the '' Empress of China " en route for Shanghai and thence by steamer to Wei-IIai-Wei, Chefoo and Tientsin, with the intention of visiting Pekin, the capital, but Mr. Drew, to whom he had letters, shewed Ijim the railroad that had been torn up by the Boxers, and dissuaded him from going further; he then returned to Shanghai, where he embarked on Iward the " Empress of India " for Ilong Kong, and .-jnce to Singapore, Penang, (\ylon and India, where he remainid some weeks. Then tlirough the Red Sea and the Mediterranean to Marseilles, thence to ^N pies, Pompeii and Vesuvius, and across Aus- tria to Oberanmiergau, and had the opportunity of seeing the Passion Play in 1!K)0, and spending a month at the Paris Exposition and sometime at lirus- sels and the field of Waterloo. Tie arrived in I.on- don, Engliind, ahout the 1st of OctoUir, 1!M)0, and was interviewed in regard t(* riiinese affairs, and recommended a solution of ditliculties there. On the mnming of the .'M of Octohcr he was informed of the j)roli:il<!c dissolution of the House of ^^om- < -CANADIAN' MEX AND WOMEN OF 1898." inons on the 8th of that T.iontli and requested by Mr. Foley to speak in behalf of his cousin at the general election. The contest chiefly was as to the approval or disapproval of the Government's conduct of the war in South Africa, and being strongly in favor of it, Mr. Glass consented. This brought on a general participation in the British elections. ^ thirteen different constituencies he spoke in al twenty-eight times, from a colonial point of view, moving about entirely at his own expense chiefly in order to study the habits of the British people. The Government was sustained by a larger majority than thev had in the House before dissolution. He returned to America in June, 1901. LECTURE OX '' ROTIISCIIILD, KIXG OF GOLj" IN" 1880, all over Canada, an effort was nia<lo to alleviate as far as possible the sufTeriii^ on ac- count of tiie failure of crops in Ireland. ;Mr. (Jlass took an active part in tlic inovein, iit. The city (»f Cliafliani, Canada, was anxious to se- cure funds for this laudable purpose. To aid the object in view, Mr. Class delivered a lecture in the ^lusie Hall ther'», which was repoi't.'d as follows: IRISH RKI.IKr I)i;m»).\stk-atio\ to tmat K.\o a r Ciiaiiiam LaI!OK CiATlIKlMNci AT TMK Ol'KIfA IIol'SK ElUI-l-rANT F.K( T-MiK UV l)A\ri) (Il.ASS, (^.C. I he IJattle <.f .h na was fought in October, ISOC), Xapojcdii in pci-on coiniiiandinir the French, while the Duke of Ilrun-wjck led the Prussian army. The Ccrnuins were cut to pieces, dcfcateil and driven back at every point. I'heM tiie eaiile-; of Fraui'c were ••arried in triumph overall Xorthecn Cei'inany, th<» city of licrlin entered ;ind -aeked. the wh.de nation pro-trated liefore tiie .Man of i)cMin\. Ihlrilli: the pro^re-, ,,\' the-e event- lle—e Ca-sel witii it-; !..iiid<.;rave, IMnrc Willi, iin, wa- m alliaiico (5 LECTrKE OX ROTHSCHILD witli Napok'oii. Hesse Cassel had grown very rich, chiefly out of the barbarous custom tlieii in vopie of selling the young men to fight in foreign wars. The State now joined hands with the French Emperor upon the agreenunt that the Prince, with his im- mense stores of gold, should remain unmolested. For a tinH> the agreement was resj)ected. Soon, liowever, the wants oi th(> victori<ms legiims became overpowering: Houaparte resolved to fall hack on his ally, and appropriate his wealth for the use of the army. Kike Warren Hastings, ]iromising i)rotection to the Princesses of Oude, and when in his ])ower, plunder- ing them of their enormous wealth, not sjiaring even their personal jev.-els, so Najxdeon determined to for- feit the compact upon the ground laid d(*wii a- a iini- damental |)roposition that when he had not as numy rujM'es as tlie public service recpiiretl. they were to be taken wherever found. 'I'lic news (if Xai)oh iTs resolve soon reached I'riucc William of Hesse, (ireat was his agitation an<l the con-teniatioii of hi- adviser-^. Not a moment was to be iestl Tliev determined to select some in- dividual to wJK.m tile wlmle trea-ure could be tnnis- f<Tred, |ieii(iiiig the teniiiuatiuu (if the war. ISut wlio, (d' all tiieir subjects, could tliey ti\ iipon^ He must not lu' a promitient banker, a prominent states- man or soldier. Then who was he to l)e^ Sometime before lliis eveni the Prince had sent LECTFRE ON ROTIISCiriLD for a broker and money changer at r rankfort to act for him in a business transaction. When the broker came, he stood behind the chair of the Prince, who was at the moment deeply engaged in a game of chess with General Emerick Otto, Baron of Estarff. The game had reached a point of the utmost inter- est. The Prince had the right to move. lie surveyed the board for a full quarter of an hour, in earnest, absorbed meditation, with his head resting on his hands, aud then raising himself slightly, vnth. a faint sigh of despair, turning to the broker, said: *' Do you understand chess!' " The reply was: -'Would your Serene Highness take Bishop's pawnT' This v.as the master stroke. In an instant the tide of battle turned. Soon the game was wmi. From that day the Prince became a warm admirer and friend of the Frankfort Broker. A great crisis had now arisen in the House of Hesse Cassel ; a rendition of the whole treasure of the State must be nuide, or if not, the booming of ar- tillery would be heard aiu! the nmn-slayer be upon the threshold of the palace. Prince AVilliam resolved that he who had saved him in the battle of chess should be his trusted aid in the battle for gold. F.ut Frankfort was distant 100 miles from Cassel. At night uii the Trh of December, ISO); two srrooms were in waiting in the courtyard with the favorite hunter from th.- Roval Stables. .\ vouth of twenty 8 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD came quickly out, and after a few confidential words with a group of Statesmen, sprung into the ?addlo; the grooms gave the hunter rein, and with the lightness of a carrier pigeon, after passing the gates and getting clear of the city, he darted south- ward. By that hour the following night the youth was within twenty miles of Frankfort, and with the aid of a fresh horse, before daylight he stood in the small parlor of the Frankfort broker. Also before daylight the broker was on his way back to Cassel, which he reached in all haste. In the meantime, preparations were being made for the removal of the gold and silver. The vaults were entered. Fifty men were at work removing it to as many carts. The Broker was a Jew, a learned Jew, well favored and loved by his people. Many of his co-religionists were quickly enlisted in his service, who with ready hands and willing hearts a33isted in the trust now forced upon him. Five million dol- lars, equal to twenty millions at this day, were de- livered to him in coined money, weighing about forty tons. Xo interest to be charged, but he took an oath to defend it, even at the risk of his life, and, after the war, to return it to the Elector. The nann' of the broker was Meyer Kotlisehild. lie was then sixty-three vears of age. His life had been one not of prudish abstemiousness, but yet free from all exces.'^es. lie was straight and strong, a realization of the proverl) that " Men of genius never 9 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD prow old." He liad reached forth his hand and taken the apple of life. He had early been taught Be wise in youth, And youth will ever be ; For wisdom drives off age And all infirmity. The history of the Broker may be told in a few words. He was a native of the free eity of Frank- fort-on-the-]\Iain — Frankfort, around whieh the pages of history cluster, where Charlemagne held council, and where for centuries (Jerman Emperors were crowned ; this, the most ancient of all the free cities, the seat of the German Diet, where the Golden Bull found a resting place; for two thousand years the emporium of the com and wine from the rich basins of the ^laiu and Rhine — Frankfort, the great his- toric city of tine old (iermany. In the Jewish (juarter of the city is a ^treet to which the Hebrew po])ulation was contined ; at each end of it a heavy gate closed and barred at night, to keep the .l('w> from passing out : the street, nar- row and dingy, wiili its high gal 'cd projecting houses, excluding the -uu and air. I he story goes tliat over the <]oor of one of the houses might have been si'cu a large rv(] >liield, Iwing the trade-mark nf a thrifty merchant, \\\\n had a son born in the hou-e. The Imy \va< carefully nurtured and educated in all the my.-teries of the Taluiud, to 10 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD qualify him for tli- liiiili and sacred office of a Jewish Rabbi. At an early ac;e the parents died, the youth removed to Hanover, the more perfectly to devote himself to study. AVhih^ there he formed the ac- quaintance of llerr Otfenheim, a hanker, and soon relinquished the rabbinical studies to enter the bank- ing house of his friend, when he adopted the name of Rothschild, or Red Sliiehl, the latter being the sign of his father's Innise. After years of industry, he returned to his native citv, there commence<l the business of a broker and money changer, and on the night of the Sth of De- cember, 1S()(), was roused from his slumbers by the breathless courier from Cassel, informing him that he had been chosen to take charge of the whole wealth of the Elector, then threatened by Napoleon's approaching army. 'Hie history of the fifty cart loads of coin, its Hight from ]»oint to jioint in the hands of trusted friends until carried away into ether parts of Europe, has never been written, and ncv^r will be, excepting that this large ftuid became the substratum upon wbi','h the House of Rothschild was founded, upon which rests the most colossal accumulation of wealth ever possessed by a single family from the com- mencement of the world to the present time. Napoleon, with his army of heroes, had concpu'red Europe. Standing a1 Lubec, surrounded by Mar- shals Ney, Mural, N'ictor, Lannes. and a hundred 11 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD veteran generals, -with one hand grasping the Rus- sian frontier, the other laved in the Gernnui Ocean; looking southward, he saw the Continent prostrated at his feet, while he wore the crowns of victory won at Lodi, Rivoli, Alexandria, ^Marengo, Austerlitz, Vi- cinia, Jena and Berlin, battles all towering up like a succession of grand monuments over the graves of fallen nations, from the battle of the Pyramids to where he then stood, lord and master of the free city of Lube<'. Empires, Kingdoms, Xations and Powers, like ripe fruit, fell in his j)athway, to be apportioned out wher- ever he cared to lavish his generosity. Alexander ihe Great, (Vsar or Charlemagne, marvelous as their exploits were, fell far short of the achievements of the lirst Xapoleon. And yet Rothschild, the Eranktort broker, spirit(>d away five millions of dol- lars from within trumpet sound of the victorious le- gion. Prince William selected Rothschihl, not for the security he could give; this was a moment when there was no security. A check on a bank was valueless as a check on a bank of snow or a ihund ••chmd, I Jut the Frankfort i)roker had ability and integrity, both of wtiich in after years were well proven. Xature hail made him a prince in his own right, had imprinted u]ion him, in bis own ])er<on, (jualities whii'b a score of titles could never adorn, wliili' the secret which now surrounded the Hessian Treasure ^■2 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD fixed in liim a new order of nature, which he in- grafted so iniiexibly upon his five sons, as to make strict, unbciulin<>; secrecv one of the cardinal features of their great House, rendering information in re- gard to it only procurable from scraps and cnunbs of literature and iiistory. The founder of the House carried this principle into his very acts of kindness and charity, frequently sending money to needy per- sons by unknown means, or thrusting gold into their hands in the street, and then hurrying off with- out disclosing who their benefactor was. His con- tributions to his peo]ile and faith increased with his increasing wealth. His company was sought and courted by the potentates of Europe. The fame of his wealth, his generosity and honor, extended far ajid wide, but surrounding all, and above all, there rested the thick veil of intense mystery, the deei)est secrecy. At a good old age he died in the house of his father at Frankf(U-t, surrounded by his tive sons, Anselm, Solomon, Xathan, Charles and James. His last moments were, as much of his former life had been, spent in admonishing his sons to swear eter- nal fi<lelity to each other, and profound secrecy in all their dealings with the world, together with strict obedience to the acknowledgf^d Head of the House, which for all time should be an examj)le of the ex- (pusite beauties and simplicity of the j)atriarchal cus- tom'i of tl>c .Icwisli nation, flducated for the office of Rabbi, he was deeply learned in all the traditional LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD rites, ceremonies and invj^tcries of the Jewish faith, together with the gloom which had shadowed them for three thousand years. He had, times without number, recounted to liis sons the persecutions their race had undergone. How they had, with an exalted heroism, raised aloft the standard of Almighty Cfod, and us J I is chosen beloved people carried that stand- ard into a hundred millicm graves as evidence of their fidelity to a cause which must bear fruit, now and liereafter, far into the remotest eternity. That they were the descendants of the essence of the sacred race, and must ponder upon mysteries of the oral law, as well as the sacred records, having ever before them the evidence of divinity found in the Talmud and ^lidrash; that their secular teachings of repentance, peacefulness, disinterestedness, joyfulness, intrepid- ity and tem])erance all ])ointed to the same high origin. How tlie four hundred years of relentless l)ondage in Egy])t had been sliattered and broken by the direct interposition of the Hebrew (Jod, sacred to which the great Feast of the Passover should l)e commemorated forever, while Pentecost preserved fresh to all Eternity the Law as delivered from Mount Sinai. That they should l)e especially warned by the evils wronglit in the old days by their Xation commingling or intermarrying with the heretical na- tions around them. They ,vere tanght to remember the heroic age of Hebrew history. Tiie Golden Age when David and 14 lioli LECTURE OX ROTITSCIIILD his son Solomon sat upon the Jewish throne eighty successive years. How Daniel became Head of all the rulers in the Persian Empire. And the numerous persecutions they had suffered. That Crassus had pil- laged the Temple and carried off ten million dollars in "old. That in the massacres of Alexandria and Babylon the barbaric carnage was such that over a millifm of the jx^ople were openly butchered. That the countries of Europe had imposed upon them the most ini(piitous forms of taxation; body tax, capita- tion tax, trade tax, coronation tax. That in the City of York, England, and at Paris, hundreds had been burned alive for their religion while in their last moments they sang hymns joyously, as if at a wed- ding feast. All this was borne with Hebrew forti- tude, knowing that no persecution could destroy or permanently injure the innnortal race. They were reminde<l that while all outside their own faith were heretics, yet, in the midst of the world's persecutions, Se V was the first to relax the penal laws against then the first to let faintly shine upon them the light of freedom. Yes, their slavery had been heavy, very heavy, but anxiously they awaited their re- demption. These ere the warnings, the admoni- tions of the dying Hebrew. They W(>re reminded, too, that in every nation into which they had been carried as captives, or to which they had tied for safety, these sublime habits of life had eiuibled them to rise to the highe^t eminence. 15 J LECTFRE OX EOTIISCIIILD Meyer Rotliscliild reminded his sons that wealth vas power, 'i'hat they had the strategy to accumn- hite this, hut to preserve it the utmost secrecy must be maintained. Thus the founder of tlie great House passed away, loved bv all, but es])eeiallv honored and revered by liis own people, not failing in his last moments to secure the tulHllment of the great Hessian Trust. The eldest son, Anselm, who had renuiined with his father, continued the Frankfort House, the second son, Solomon, established a bank at Vienna, the third son, Nathan, founded the London firm, the fourth sou, Charles, established a bank at Xai)les, while the fifth and youngest son founded the great French banking house at Paris. Under the innnediate su- ])ervision of the five sons, o})erations were carried on in Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria and Italy, while in the whole machinery of this immense network there existed a common interest, which it would be difficult, if not (piite impossible, to explain. Following the injunctions of rhe Founder of tlie House, they usually nuirried into the families of each other, thereby more perfectly preserving in their own households the innumerable State Secrets which con- tributed so largely to their j)resent greatness. Xathan was the founder of the London House, and Avas esteemed the financial genius of the family. The operations of this House have surprised the world. When (piite young, he removed to London, 16 LECTURE ON ROTHSCHILD to and at once launched into extensive speculations, bc- in^ supplied with large remittances from his father. While the older financial houses were trembling for the fate of England, while the Nations knelt before the Napoleonic shrine, Wellington, from the Penin- sula, made some drafts which it was difficult for the exche(pier to meet, not for want of money, but owing to a misunderstanding in the King's Council. Roths- child, having carefully surveyed the whole situation, purchased them. Soon they were redeemed with large profit to him. From that time forward he became the trusted agent of the British (iovernment in the transmission of subsidies to Fonigii Powers, and being thus l.rouffht into favorable contact with these powers, he in turn became their financial agent. This was at a time when there were no telegraphs, railways or steamboats, but the great financier or- ganized a band of agents and couriers who followed the armies to the battlefield, and then by a relay of carrier pigeons cotild, in a few hours, have news in London from the interior of the Continent. Thus the news of the Battle of Friedland, fought on the 13th June, 1807, would by ordinary means of transmis- sion have taken ten or fifteen days to reach London, while Rothschild, by means of his couriers and car- rier pigeons, could secure full infoniuition in as many hours. Upon the fate of that battle, fortunes were lost and won. In it Xa])oleon was victorious. All 17 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD tho stocks of the countrios ap:ainst ■wliich ho was fijjhting, inchidin/i; those of (ireat Britain, foil rap- idly. When Rothsohild roooivod tho news, ho sold stocks for futtire dolivorv, and at a time when tlioy would have fallcu immensely, the difforcnco being his profit. Times of war and financial convulsions have over l)oen seized upon hy speculators to roa]) rich harvests, Tlie well-known New York sj)oculator, Jamos Fisk, made an ononnous profit out of a transaction of this kind. In Knfxland and on the Continent, tlu^ fiovern- ments and a goodly portion of th(> people sympa- thized with the South. Southern homh wore freely sold; millions of them were on the markets of Kuropc when tho war for tho Inion was drawing to a close, afuT Sherman had made his wonderful march to the sea, and when (icnoral (Jrant was drawing the relentless v.-u* chain roiunl the doomed citv of liich- mond. FisA saw at a glance what effect tiie fall of that city would have on Southern Hoiids in F-ngland. He chartered a fast-sailing steamer, had her in P.os- toii harbor, fully ukuukmI, with >team up. and direc- tions given the monu'ut he teh'graphe(l "(!(>," that she was lo make tho (piickest time possible to Eng- land, and there sell Southern liouds for future do- livery, l>y this trau-aetinii it was said he made a clear gain of scNcrai million-. A fli'i'Wiirds he re- marked that if hi> friends had given him his own way, ln' uoiiM h;i\<' cleaned out London. There was 18 LECTURE OX ROTIISCITTLD no ocean telep:ra]ili then to carry the news faster than the steamship, so Fisk and liis friends had it all their own 'vay. It is somewhat curious that, while at the eoni- menctnient of this century the foundation of the Rothschilds' wealth sprang- out of Xa{)oleon's dcsccut upon Ik'sso Casscl, so Rothschild followed u]i the march of his army, profitino- l)y its good fortune^ or reverses, and that the master stroke <d" the great .Jewish Financier was achieve(] on the day when the ("orsican Hero fell, never to rise again. On the morniniT of Sundav, the T^th (d" dune, Isi:., Nathan Rothsehild rode over tiie groinid, ])assed tlie Chateau (if llougomoi'.t right down to tlie village of Water- loo. Xot far otf was the Duke of Wellington and staff. Anioiiii' them was Count Po/zo di Uorgo, Baron Vineent, (Jeneral Oliva. l>aron Rutiling and others, friends of the faini>tis Ranker. Koth-ehild eagerly watche<l and heard what was said ahoul the chances of the day. All agreed that taihire in the coming struggle would endanger and perha])s cause the destruction of the British Army. During the whole day, on the Hill of Ilongomont, Uotlisciiild, ghiss in hand, viewed with intense inter- est the progress ot" the seething hattlc. For the last four hour- a tlnck white -^nioke enveloped the Held. .\liout a (piartcr to seven in tlie eveiing it cleared awav, when, looking through hi-; telescope, he saw tidrtv tlioii-and French, the remnant of the (Irand LECirRE ON ROTHSCHILD Armv, in fall retreat. Fresh horses were at hand; he drove at full racing' sjR-ed to the City of Brussels, and thence at the same rate to Osteiid, which place lie reached hefore the break of day on the morning of the litth. The wind was blowing a gale; the sea before him laslu'd into fury. In vain he attempted to eniploy a man to take him over. He at first of- fered twenty pciunds, then forty, then sixty; and at last found a tisherman willing to risk his life for eighty p<iun(ls. S<i that (Hi the morning of the 2(lth Jvnfliscliild was found leaning against a post at his usual ])lace in the Stock Kxchange. All was gloom, sadness and uncertainty. The news o{" Napoleon dcfeatii g Hlucher at Ligny on the Kith had rcai-heil I'lugl" d, and the dull nmrnnirings in the air whisperctl that Wellington was also van- (piished. Sadness was on every face. There was a tremendous fall in the funds. The great IJankt'r caused his kn(»\vn agents t(t sell with tlie rest, while a host of luikiiown agents were set actively at work to purchase on every hand. This continued during the whole of the LMiih and up to late in tlu' afternoon of the iMst. when, from some ca\ise, st4K'ks stood still, with an upward tendency. Xo one couhl tell the cause, liul ihe air seemed bracing. The (Joddess of llo]ie hail lent a rugged forlilude to the British Heart, i'linds todk a hound upward, but liet'ore this, Kothschild Uml millions njion millions in his posses- s'lTi and millions under his (ontro). 20 LECTURE ON ROTIISCIIILD On tho iiK.niinfi of the 22nd the glad news flew from ]X)\nt to ])oint that the greatest hattle of mod- ern times had lucn foiiglit and won hy the indomi- table bravery of Uritish soldiers nnder the eommand of the hemic Widlington. Tlie London Times was spread broadcast, containing fnll ]virtieulars of the event. I have it in iny possession, and now prodnce a re) int of a cojty of the Times pnblislied on that morning, the 22nd June. ISl,"). the foremost ])ai)er in the work! of that jK^riod. It is a synd)ol of the great weakness of the Ktupire of .Lmrnalism even up to the early part of the nineteenth century. It is also a symbol of the very limited amoinit of intelligence ditfused among the j)eopk\ The world of discovery of modern improvements was then unknown. This jia])er, a few inches long and wide, is all that the un- (h'veloped condition (d' our race recjuired, and was as much to that jyeriod as th(> Fourth Kstate is to the latter part of the same century, AVho would have thought tliat till' bantling of ISl.') coidd, in seventy years, have developed into the Tlmnderer of 1SM4, powerful everywhere, even the Royal Family and the nobility jiaying court to it more deferentially than ever did subject to the most jxtwerful moiuirch. An e<lit(trial note says that they sto])ped the pres-; at one a.m. to give place to the oHicial intelli- gence of the great victory, and another editorial note that tin- press is sto]»ped for the second time later in the luorniiig to give place to the fidl dis- 21 LECTFRE OX ROTTISCIIILD patclu's of the Duko, with a list of tbo killed and wounded. The joy that follows <z:reat success, wn^nehed from a weird tlairgiusi!; despair, seized the people. All Lou- don went mad witli enthusiasm, old soldiers and youuii' nieu weepinu' with jov. The <lispatclies ^iwc full details of the world's battle. Thi' issues were frrave hevond eoneei>ti<»n, or the power of lauguaj^e to express. TIh^ two foremost nations of the earth had on the held of Waterloo submitted their fortuiu^s to the waii'er i>i' battle. I'lie French, then, at a g'reat di>advaiita,ii(', but with the s])leudor of their rac(>, fought with a braverv arid daring unsurjiasse<l in an- ei(Mit or uioilern times, l>ut thev were unable to over- come the indomitable staying qualities of the British; and then, as ever. tli(> grand old Hag which wav(>s in trii over ten thousand walls and unnarets was ear .,il 'n- the sons of a noble and gallant race on- ward, nnv.ard, so as to make resistance absolutely imj>os-ible. ^Vithout <letra<'ting from other natiou.'dities, the r>riti>ii Mildicr, ever immovable as a rock, tlirovn int<» Mpuir<'s at Waterloo, >toi>d each like an ironclad. j)roof against the wildest onslaughts nf the enemy. At l.iiiiiy, the Scotch regiments had been fearfully cut to [lieees. liut tlu're was a terril>le skeleton .f them left. In the evening of Waterloo, when they Were allo\ve(| to charge, fliey tore across tiic held. slioiiliiiu al the tu|i of their voices. "Seotljind for- •■)•) "^ LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD ever! Scotland forever!" like jrlaciers from their native crags, sweejiini!; everythinfr before them. Xo hraver soldiers ever set foot npon battlefield than the Scotch and Knjilish, but brave as they were, tliey in no way surpassed the cliivaln.us darinfr an<l won- derful exidoits of the EnniskMlen Drajioons on that memorable day. Examine the list. Yon will find the sons of Ire- land, with the Dnke of Wellintiton at the iiead, fore- most as ever in tlu^ van of heroic deeds. I am bold to sav that the battle miiiht never have been won but for Irishmen, and therefore the race should be deejily eii>hrini'd in the hearts of every lover of nol)le and heroic deeds. On Hint joyous morninjr, Xatlian Rothschild, ra- diant with filadne^s, shook bauds heartily, warmly joiuin<r in the geni-ral nierrinicnt. Dm-iu^; the fol- lowing week stoeks bounded up to <uch a pitch as to enable him to unload, having nuide a clear gain of five millions of dollars. Napoleon was sent iuto exile. I>ouis Will was placed upon the throne of France, while Kothsehild, with an immensely augmente<l capital, set out to ;ichieve >till greater financial compit -ts. in a few years the name (d' Koth-ehild was a syn- onvm of sncces-, the o|)erations of their houses ex- tending over every portion of the habitalile globe, while the London Hraiicli became the tituuicial agents for every I'.uiopenn power. r4 LECTURE OX ROTHSCiriLT) Tliese were peculiar means of adding' wealth to the House of Rothseliild, alheit tliis is supj)osed to be a part of the life of a skillful financier. One thing, however, is sure, that Nathan Rothschild soon after, true to his race and name, but what was more, true to the oath of liis father, returned to the Landgi'ave of Cassel the whole Hessian treasure; tlie money Na- poleon woukl have seized was emjiloyed to compass the final overthrow of the Corsiean Hero by the large advances made to Kngland and its allies. Dealing with governments gave occasion for large transactions and immcMise profits. Ivotlischild nego- tiated a loan for the Government of Spain, and for his share in the traiHaction got tlH> s(de right of the ^lercury Mines for a term of years, from which the ])rotits counted into millions. Austria created him a liaron of the Empire. He was proverbially generous, even luxtu-ious, his en- tertainments being on a scale of princ(dy grandeur, while his table was surrounded bv the hiirhest di"-- nitaries of state. In ]s:](\ he repaired to the old house at Frankfort to attend the marriage of his elilest son, Lionel, to hi< niece, daughter of his broth- er .lames, of i* cis. After the wed. ling, and while still at Frankfort, he suddenly died. His remains were brought to London, where he wa> buried with great ceremonv in the .lewish Burial Ground at Mile Fu.l. 'llirec sons survivt'tl him, of whom liai'on T.ionrl ■2\ ITo LECTURE ON ROTIISCIIILl) was the eldest. He liad in reserve for him a life's iiieideiit more important to his ])(>oi)le niid race than any other chapter in their stranj-e history. They mioht he rich, they mijorht c(mtrihnte largely to tlie puhlic revenue, they might he charitahle and princely ill their generosity, yet they were harred from nu- merous privileges of citizenship. There was a wide gulf hetween them and the iiherties exercised hy free men. It remained for a son of this house to hreak through two thousand years of prejudices, coiled like an anacon.la round the name of -rew, and, like a sec- ond Moses, to deliver them into the light of day, into the full sunshine of modern civilization. The -lews understood the tdcments of trade, their a"tions being marked with great caution, and yet with iiitinite bold- ness. They being in corresjiondence with their breth- ri'ii in all jiarts of the world, could buy and sell to greater advantage than others, while to all about tliem their success appeared a mystery, attributed to -oine vih' witchcraft, or an unholy connection with the Evil One. In 17-JO, during tlie South Sea Hubble and its times, when the c(»ininercial world surged to and fro with its intense excitement, when pnHc(>s and dukes, as well as merchants, seized th<' hand of the tickh' goddess of speculation, when tlie Prince of Wales became Oovernor of the Welsh Cop- per ( 'onipany. wlien the Lords of ( 'liandos and iJridg- wai. 1- phiced their gilded coronets on tlie giddy altar LECTURE ON EOTIISCIIILD of a sf'oro of ventures, >Nlien the Empire ran wild in the race for wealtli, and afterwards fell like dis- solved meteors, and crowded the l)anl<ruj)tcy courts in ra])id succession, on the long list of names not a sinale Ilelirew was to he found. Ihit when the hlood left the heart, the sun grew dark, and night spread over the commercial world, the Ilehrew stood forth to turn to host account the shattered fortunes tot- tering over on everv street corner. In this p(>riod their presi-ieucc seemed miraculous. They could see and comprclicnd residts perf(>ctly. Xapoleon III, in his wrk on Cu'sar, says the only difference in men is tlieir ahility to see into the future, to trace roults from certain well-regulated. ])resent laws. This in all times apiK'ars to have t»een the especial p..wer (d" the Semitic race, aiid no douht has grown out (d" continued meditation, keen watchfulness and that profound s(>crecy which ever is the offsjjring of a sense of danger. For they had sutfered violence ar.d cruelty everywhens in every country in the ^vorld — except, as the historian says, in Ireland, where many of them had settled, this heing the only ]vlai-. where tlicy were coni])arativcly free from dan- ger. A close investigation into their social and po- litical history will prove tins true. And further, that at all times the Irish people were foremost in plead- ing for the entire emancipati<»n of the dew. This was not granted io them in England till ls.1^, whih^ as earlv as 1710, in the Iri^h House of I'omnums, .Mr. •2G LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD ^Morgan introduced and carried a Bill giving them full rights of citizenship, and again in 174G and 1747 he carried the same bill, but the Irish Lords always rejected it. The Irish people have ever been fore- most in acts of liberality. The history of the people of the Emerald Isle has been Liberty of Thought, Liberty of Speech, Lil)erty of Action. No man has ever set foot upon that island who has not found an open hand, an open dour, aye, and an open cupboard, too. In 1847 the family of Rothschild had resided in the great city of London for forty years, and had become widely known as the most daring speculators in the financial world, with a prescience unequaled, discovering weakness in Governments, so as to never fall into unsuccessful ventures, while allowing none, really Avortli having to escape them. In 1840, during the great destitution in Ireland, the mansion of Baron de Rothschild was the place where the British Relief Association was formed by which, as publicly stated in the commission, thou- sands of lives were saved. Toward the Irish tho Hebrew heart yearned with peculiar emotion. They, too, for centuries had been the victims of penal laws; they, too, had for centuries been denied the rights of citizenship; they, too, had perished for their re- ligion, and through ecclesiastical and tenant laws liipii grfuitid into the earth and then an amazement expressed that they were not prosperous and hapnv 27 m lit c ;.! ( >i • ft. el ■ m LECTURE OX KOTHSCIITLD as freedom "iid a deserved patriotism always makes a nation. All men know that patriotism is the off- spring of love, that love is only a sentiment, and yet more powerful than battlements of stone and iron or mountains of gold ; that the Hibernian mother's love to her child and for his welfare and future hap- piness is stronger tlian hundred-ton guns, stronger than man's laws, for it knows no law but nature's law, stronger than armaments, for it is inspired by the very essence of God, and imperishable as Eter- nity. Yes, the Jew knew this, and into his grand mansion he invited the noble and the generous of London to devise means to send out of their plenty to meet the wants of their destitute brethren. London is an empire in itself. Great cities have been in the world for thousands of years, but none ever before like this, so great that if it should sink into the sea to-morrow, the remotest part of the globe would be electriticd, like the flight of the heart out of the htiman body. As other cities are to London, so, in a financial point of view, other names are to the name of Roths- child. Of old, the first visit of the physician was occupied tumbling the patient about, asking innumerable ques- tions, making him 0]>en his mouth till lockjaw was all but inevitable, and tlicn a determination to bleed him to death to save his life. Xot so now. The quiet, skilled member of that 28 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD truly noble profession touches the radial artery of the wrist, then looking for a moment into the eye, the whole form is open to his view. So it was witli the financial world till the name of Rothschild at- tracted and drew to it the nations of the earth. That name became and has continued to be, for sixty years, the radial artery, the pulsations of which are the index to great financial operations amongst men. Wars are averted or encouraged as rhe sanction of that name is given or withheld. The conditions of the mitions have been the study of this famous House, as the conditions of the in- dividual customer is to the wholesale merchant. ^Ir. Benjamin Disraeli, afterwards Lord Beacons- field, being appointed to negotiate a loan for a foi-- eign power, opened the matter to the famous banker, liut said without the loan was sure he could not dis- close the name of the borrower. Rothschild said he did uot wan^ the name, but to let him know how much the power was in di^bt. This being done, he at once rej)lied : " Oh, that is Egs-pt ; I cannot lend them a farthing." Vet, with powers penetrating to the remotest quar- ters of the world, the Hebrew could not l)reathe the tree air of civilization. Sir F. H. Goldsmid, ^Ir. .\shley Potter, Sir David Salamons, Baron Lionel do Kothsejiijd, Sir ]\roses Afontefiore and Sir Benjamin Pli'.lpotts, wliile supporting the Empire, wore upon their persons the degradation of being placed lower 29 5.» J ^fl I \ : ^ LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 1 tlian the noanpst subject. Many wore their griev- ances, but prominent amongst tliem was tlieir ina- bility to sit in Parliament. These disabilities were long felt to be a stain upon the name oi freedom, and a combined effort was made fo- the emancipation of the Jew. In 1S47 Rothschild was elected fur the City of London. His majority was so marked as to be a signal protest against the disability of the He- brew. He entered the House of Commons and of- fered to take the oath of office on the Old Testament. This was refused. Afterwards he was peremptorily ordered to withdraw. On this subject, as far back as 1833 to 1 837, a well- known figure would risi- to address the House — no other than the Irish Liberator, Daniel O'Connell — with his rugged, commanding physique, his dignified but courteous mamier, coupled with his clear, melo- ilious voi( 'Iways insuring immediate attention. There was .. u^ ''nsh upon his cheek, his temples and brow visibly ^ while his eyes sparkled Avith fervor. Daniel O'Connell stood there to defend the weak against the strong, stood tliore to v!-,idi"ate '"■• „ doc- trine of Equal Rights of which he had been so long the champion, stood there the embodiment of all that was chivalrous and brave. The Enumcipation Rill was again rejected, and RotliM'hild resigned lii-^ s<'at. A new election was or- dered. Lord John Manners, one of the proudest of 30 LECTURE OX ROTIISCTIILD Kngland's nobility, entered the field. Rothschild be- came his ojipoTieiit and was returned ajiain by an over\vhehnin<r majority, but was not allowed to take his seat in the Commons. This continued for cleirn ;/rars; when, in 1858, Jewish emancipation was final- ly carried. The shackles of ages, the persecution of (H'urnries was by this Act removed from this trulv wonderful people. Throughout the whole struggle Rothschild fought the battle of his race for a posi- tion which had be n denied to them for hundreds of years. He died in 1879, and his name goes to pos- terity like that of the immortal O'Connell, as The (Jreat Liberator of his people, and as one of the greatest philanthropists of his or any other age. And 111 1880_, when another ill-fated hour came upon Ire- land, the first name among the people's gifts was that of Baron de Rothschild. In the House of Bonaparte there were five broth- ers, all raised to positions of Princes, Kings and Em- jtei'ors in the great world of politics and power, but now swept from the page of living history. 'I'here \v(!re also five brothers in the House of Rothschild, all elevated to the condition of Princes, Kings and Rulers i;i the world of finance and Empire of Gold. You have done many a generous, disinterested act in your life, and you know there is no sensation so ennobling as that arising from the voluntary offering placed upon the altar of love, or lavished at the feet "f the destitute, the needy, the helpless, the depend- 31 S I ■■n C 1: * I « ! • ' I i i I ill y (J LECTURE OX ROTIISCIIILl) pnt, who look up to yon as tlieir bonofaotor and friend. " It i>; twice lilesscd ; it blesseth him tliat gives and him that takes; 'Tis niig'litiest in the niiuht- ippt; it beeomes the throned monarch better than his crown." *' And tlie King shall say, Inasmuch !u ye have done it unto one of tlie lea>t of these my bretliren, ve have done it imto ^le.'' 32 "^ LONDOX, NEW YORK AND PARIS GREAT citips depend for their growth more upon their geogra])hical position than from any otlier cause, as^ for instance, the citv of metro- pnlitan London is thirty miles in diameter an<l ahdut the cireuniference of ninety miles, and ei.n- tained at the last census a poptdalion of over <"»,- .".(10,000. This mammoth growth is to Ix' attril)ute«l largely to the discovery of America hy ( '(.lund)iis, and the Cape of G<,od Hope hy Vaseo da Gam;» in the same decade, opening up the Atlantic Ocean to the Wist and sonth. At the time of these disc..V"rie,s I'aris had d'Uihlc the pojiulatictn of London. The At- lantic Ocean soon Ix'canie cuvtred with seafaring crait and a liar\-est tield the fruits of which were <rar- UiTcd into the granaries (if L«.n<Iun. sd tliat n<>w that • •ify is tlirec times as great as Paris, and the new wnrld has proihiccd tlie <'ity of (!rcal<'r Xew ^'ork, t'Tiiiitii,'- a western wing <.f its gigantic parent on the I hatiie-, while Palis, though not one third tlie size of L"ndoii. stands the jirond city of fashion to all the worhl and constituting a part of th(> highway to all cities of tile ea-tern and western worlds So that >.. w York. I>nndon and I "'.ave the di.Miueiioii nt beiiiL' foreiiio-t in all (i.e.. appiint- 6:i 1.1 M :.il LONDON', XEW YORK AND PARIS Tiicnts and must of nccossitv be so for conturios or for all time. Therefore, everythin<i; concerning tlieiu, their origin and growth, is of interest to mankind in general. But Xew Yv •• . with its mag- nificent harbor id beautiful water stretches, sur- passes every other harbor in the world, and is destined to be equal if not superior to any other city in popu- lati(ju and general advancement. 34 j^ XEW YOPvK rXDER THE DUTCH L()XJ)ON, Paris ami Xew York arc tlie three great cities of the world, the inetropolitaii cen- ters of three great nations. They are in every thonglit, on every tongue, and tirst in all calculations of travel. They stand geographically on the com- mercial hiii'hway connecting Europe and America; and without detracting in any way from other mag- niti<'ent centers of trade, these gigantic emporiums .stand foremost in the progress of the world. Xew York, young(^st of them all, partakes much of the characteristics of the parent Kuropean cities. Standing at the gateway of tlie continent, she is a tilting link hetween th«> old and the new worlds. Old York in Kngland; Xew York in America. With >inuhir laws, the same language and religion, the I wo kindred ])eoples have given to the world a civil- i/ati"ii and advancement never heforc^ seen. The pioneers who foundccl it. and others who (piickly ollowcfl, hi)ld ill adventure', heroic in ai'liievement, .-killful and constant in purpose, should he tli(> id(ds of the city. Th'v l)rouuht with them physical p«)wer and intellectual attainments, from whi'h the new ''i»y was eiiahled to make an advantageous beginning. To its founders, Xew York owe-^ much of it.s pres- ent greatness. 35 S I C ' ■ :n'ew TorvK uxder the dutch Xow York is the natural, convenient and suitable harbor for the trade of the West, as well as other parts <. the continent. It lias a tine, well-protected hay, hinir in 42" nor Ii latitude, with mild climate, no ice, an«l never having over five feet of tlood tide. The docks are ojx'u and accessible the whole year round. Ill Ai)ril, IMd, the captain (.f a tine 2,000- ton iron ship in the Xcw York docks told me that he was an Kn<:Iishi:ian, and had been in most harbors of the world, including Liverp(.ol, Havana and Bom- bay, all really good; but that there was no harbor, taken all in all, in which a ship could reach dock so (piickly and safely as at Xew York. The facili- ties there are such as to challenge the admiration of nuTchants, traders and travelers the world over. Here is a city of four millions of inhahitants, so that in ih.int of numlH'rs it is one of the three great eities ,,f the world, and with its almost unlimited trade, it is indeed one of the miracles of mo<lern times. To give an id(>a of its history and development, shall we 11. .t go t.. tile beginning tour hundred years ago, and I<...k fir<t at the landing of Colunibus in America '. O.I tile III, •riling of the 12th of October, 14!)2, the scholar, philosopl,,.,-, and real hero left his ship'an.i sto.,,1 ,,„ ,,„,. of the inlands of America. He first rais,.d his hat ivveivntly, looking aloft and ahroad ni>on the new discovery. 30 XEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH Then ho foil upon his knoo?, (lovontly kissing the cartli and naniin<r it San Salvador, or Holv Ro- doomor, Colnnibus j>crsonifvinji; boldness, faith, luToic valor, do^'otion and Christian forlitndo. From that time all tho world know that by sailing westward through the Atlantic Ocean land could be reached. Tliev had learnecl that the earth was a sphere, and that Itv following its circuit, vluit was known to tlieiu of the East might be found in the West. At that time tl> ^ general use of the mari- ner's comi)ass was known. The printing press and the growth of education, both incentives to successful exploits by sea and land, luid l>eon brought into use, au<l yet with all those advantages, all this knowledge, the Wonder is. that for a hundred years, how .slowly (hvelopnu'ut a 1 colonization followed. True, there were scores (d" adventures and adventurers, but tiie old wftrld, then only merging fnun a thousand years of comparative iiuu'tivity (hiring the dark ages, seemed unatde to grasj) any ade(puUo idea of the beuctits of this discovery to tlio human racx\ They fervently hop<'d that gold, rich metals and precious atones miglit l»c found in tiie hiddeti land of Marco polo, from whoso writings tli»y !iad guthorod the idea of the richness of the Ka>t Indies, or dapan, as they tliouu'lit discovered. To a woman we owe the di<«i)verv of America. Aft<r ('oIuud>us liud in vain imo'rtUMcd the courts vi Euroj)e fur aid, Queen Isabella of opaiu \v-ould 87 ■ I i' ! 1^ NEW YOFJv I^XDER THE DUTCH take no refusal from Kiufs; Ferdinand, lu^r liusband, and offered to jilodiic licr jewels to fmilicr the jiroj- cct. And after she liad liy force of love and tears aeco:nj)lislied her pnrjx.-^e, and when all was ready for the dej^arture of Cohunhns, he received the Messinir of lier ^lajesty. Where in the lenji'th of America is there a statue of (^ueen Isahella i p\>r the honor of her sex, for the greatness of the achievement and for the results of her genius, let a suitable continental monument be erc'-tecl in such a i)lace as a congress of the Ameri- can nation may tix upon, and not allow the glorv of the grcar (|Ucen"s jiresence to go down the ages un- rewarded. It is sai<l that great deeds are the otf- s{)ring of great power, hut more frcipiently is the trite old saying true, that necessity is the mother of invention. A (picen or a king has no necessities, and therefore when they, with brightness of thonglit, honest perception and symj)athy, accept the teach- ings of a ]>oor man such as Columbus was, the more honor, the more renown and the more glorv should l)e attaclied to their act. 1 am a native-born Cana- dian, and in the name o{ America pronounce the wn- erated name of Isalx'lla, a;id accept luu- as the patron saint (d' the continent; and allegi> it to be my earnest desire to see this view acknowledocd bv a'! .\iiieri- <'ans, bcgiunini;' with Canada and e\tending south- ward to Cape Horn, and to contribute in monev and time to bring about a residt so just to a mime loved yEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH and v'Miorated in her own day, and handed down as The one who, above all others, first saw the truth and ^■■ave praetieal effect to her honest convietions. A reception was cjiven by the Kiii<; and (Jneen of Spain t(i Columbus after his great discovery. The Indians in tlie foregTound, nine in lunnber, were limught by Colund)Us u]>on his return voyage. It is but fair, however, to say that wlnle to Spain and the Spanish queen is due the lionor of the dis- covery, to Kngland and France is also due the rapid and succi'ssful planting of their banners under the two Cabots and Cartier, and also under the world- r('nown<(l Sir Walter Raleigh. Sir Walter was a man of fine and varied gifts, a great traveler, public s{)eaker and daring naviga- tor. He t'oiuidi'd the colony of Virginia and named it in honor of the virgin cpieen. Like Columbus, he was of humble origin, had known poverty and want, but tuiturc had given him an honest heart with pow- ers capable of self-education. Like Shakespeare, liunyan, IJcaconsficld and a thousand others, he was a true scliolai', supporting tiie maxim that genius will educate itself, while dumpishness and stupidity, whatever their advantages, can never be educated, ii.ileigb made uumy voyages to the New World. He inti'odueed tobacco into Europe, and believed that il Would produce longevity. A hou-eni.'iid enteriiiL'' bis room, and s<H'iurr the loliaeco fumes rolling upward, supposctl his head 39 I t 1 >J XEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH on fire and dashed the contents of a water pitclior dowTi upon him. History say.s that he made a wager with Queen Elizabeth that he could weigh the smoke of the tobaeeo, and that he won it in this way: First with delicate scales lie v;eighed the tobacco, and after he had smoked the pijx^, he weighed the ashei^, and deducted tiiis from the weight of the tobacco. The remainder gave the weight of the smoke, for which it is said the gay queen gave him a sharj) cuff over the ears. Queen Elizabeth was a noble woman, but she lived ill an age far different from the j)resent, and was surrounded by circumstances that made these pecul- iar little adventures part of her life history. The Elizabethan j)eriod, while occupying an important niche in history, was lacking iu the (piiet, dignified virtues liberty and conduct which mark the Vic- torian era. After the death of Elizabeth, and when James was firmly seate<l on the throne, many there were who rallied numd the standard of Arabella Stuart as heir to the crown. This was regardc<l as high treason. Sir Walter Raleigh favored a qu(>eii as reigning mon- arch, and was suspected of being one of the Scottish pretender's supporters. ]r was thrown into prison, where he remained twelve -.cars. lie then receiveil his Irecdom from King .lames on condition that he would make know?! a marvelously rich gold mine on the banks of the Orinoco; when there he had a se- 40 XEW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH vcre encounter with the Spanish, in which his son was killed. lie failed to discover the f^old mine, and returned to England with a broken heart. The >Spanish demanded that he should suffer <leatli, whereupon in order to retain their friendship, luileijxh was thrown into prison on the old charge, and executed in October, 1618. Columbus made three other voyages to America, and lived till he was sixty years of age; yet he died without knowing wliat he really had discovered, and carried to the grave with him the idea that it was the eastern coast of Asia. Many navigators followed in further discoveries, expecting to return with ship loads of gold, or to discover Marco Polo's eldorado in Eastern Asia ; for it must be remenil)ered that at the time Columbus landed in America, the jiassagc? by the Cape of (lood Hope had not been discovered, and Eastern Asia could be visited only overland through Asia Minor, Bagdad in the wilderness, and across the old site of Babylon on the delta of the Knphrates, then south into India, or by another route partly by water and then across Arabia; so that to "iiscover the eastern coast of Asia by a western pas- sage absorbed the thoughts of all the nations of I'.uropc, In this way matters stood for over one inmdred years, during which time the harbor of Xew ^ ork had never been known or entenMl. On the Stii of January, 1 •>()!), the directors of the East India Company of the Chamber of Amsterdam 41 i] < H XEW YORK UKDER THE DUTCH ll of tlio one part, and llcndrick Hudson, Enfrlishman, of the other part, entered into a contract signed in diipHcate. By it the company agreed to fit out and man a small vessel of about thirty tons burden (not eighty tons, as some historians make it) and pay ITudson as captain of the expedition 800 guilders, or sixty-five pounds. Hudson was to sail north to Nova Zembla, then west and south to the American coast, in search of a passage to India. Even then, one hundred and seventeen years after the landintr of Columbus, it was still called the East India Com- pany, and it was still their idea that India might be reached by some passage through the American con- tinent. lluds , with an interpreter and twenty seamen, set out upon the voyage. Kudson liad a serious, resolute face and muscular form, a combination fitted for heroic exploits. It was an age c.f adventurers, and Hudson was the noblest of them all. Living in the Elizabethan period, his costume was that of an Englishman in • •thcial life. Xew York is built upon ^lanhattan Tshind, the old favorite home <if the .Manhattan Indians. l>eautiful ilowers, sparkling rivulet,s, shady forests and some well tilled grounds surrounded the compact Indian village. Tin. red man had for untold ages niinb^ (his spot his favorite report. The rich soil, the chase and the 42 NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH fk'lieious sea fish assured to him a life of affluence an<l ease. The Indians liad a stately mien, and pe- culiar, independent Ix^aring. From childhood 1 have l„.tn from time to time amongst them; they have mrat endurance, but will not brook the laws of servi- tude, and tlierefore have no domestic nsefnlness. They are like wild rds or wild jilants, with a strange, far-off coldness or inditference to all about them. This is just as they anpeared in 1009, dressed in well-tanned skins, the fur turned inward, some with robes covered with wcrk and ornaments susp.nde.l from the shoulders or the loins, the hair of the women Tuatly braided and rolled up behind the head. They lived" in villages with comfortable houses. They had an abundance of food, with all the comforts of life suitable to their primitive wants. This was their ...ndition when Hudson came first inside the harbor uf New York. Jlis ship, tlu- " Half Aloon," was tlu- tuhby, old-fashioned schooner then in use. Very (piickly swarms of narives, male and female, came in their canoes round the vessel, apparently delighted :it the newcomer. They were of gi-aceful form, the women and men both attired in light furs and the bright plumage of forest birds. They brought with them tobacco leaves, Indian corn and oysters as t.,k(us of friendship, harbingers of peace and good will. While tobacco had been taken to Europe before, this was the first time it was i>ut forward as an ar- 4:; I ■ » <■' ?^EW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH tide of coinmorcial value. The use of it was a bar- harous and uncivilized habit, yet its adoption bj the nations of the earth has done much to assim^hte America with the peoples of Europe. ].ord Lvtion, in his beautiful story of " Lucile," says of tobac<-o:' '• The distant Havana, cement of the nations, makes all men brothers who use it." However that may be, tobacco is now king. Who can proi)hesy the re- sult of the wonderful growth and power of this habit? Maybe five thousand years from now the historian will tell of the tobacco age, when men, oth- erwise apparently sane, were seen going about the streets with a round piece of to])acco, one end in the mouth, ami at the other a fire burning. The philosophers of that period will, of course, think it was done for some medicinal purpose. Antiquarian commissions will be appointed to report upon the actual cause, but alas, their researches will be in vain, for had they lived in the tobacco age, no re- liable testimony or satisfactory evidence could have been obtained why this queer substance should have been king, or why men should have suffered the extreme tortures of poison in order afterwards to have become its slave, it will be found that during the height of the reign, thousands of millions in duties had been paid for the privilege of using it and that before it fell from power, all the women' used it to excess; they smoked and chewed, they passed it around in the church pews, and, indeed 44 NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH had become its involuntary votaries. The Wood of the Caucasian race, which h.ad been banded down, improving and being purified through countless cen- turies, was polluted and stunted, while men stood aghast at the frightful situation. England, still fnivtiH.st of all the world, invited representatives from all other countries to determine upon some jilan to overcome the growing evil. After months of deliberation, a compact was formed whereby in each nation laws were to be enacted making it ille- gal to grow tobacco or to export or import it as an article of commerce. Soon after the bright faces of the emancipated shone with gladness, feeling their chains broken; and tol)acco fell, never to rise again. Tobacco leaves, Indian corn and oysters were l.rought by the .Maidiattan Indians to Hudson on hoard the " Half :Moon." The Island was a beautiful >pot, gently sloping to the southeast and west until its borders dipi)e(l into deep tide water. Xear the center of the Island, from north to south, ran a well- heaten trail, where f«>r countless ages the red men of the forest in single tile had gone on the chase or warpath. The old trail, not much changed in course, was greatly widened and improved, and forms one of the best-known highways of modern civilization. It was made broader, and now is P>roa(lway, New York, and is as well known as Re- gent Street, London, or the Rue Rivoli, Paris. Yes, 45 S < ^1 I nil XEW YORK rXDER THE DUTCH the wliite man accepted tho Indian way, and also accepted liis tol s trail as his liiirli hacco. And 1 going up and down f)n tlio trail with 1 tohac 'CO. and Avill porhaps do so f le IS now lis bits of because of his great' :i vast inij)rovenicnt on his rude pred or ages, thinking r numbers and power that 1 le IS ess, he is; for tl eccssor. Doubt- iiese great water ways, th(;se d nvers, rhis ricli soil, together with tl leei) harl lie wonderful >or, were never intended to lie unused bevond the time when thev 1 of the old world. Xo doubt these hind their wealth, were the le<>-it )ecanie needful for the overflow with all adventurers of three hundred 'gitiniate herilage of tl le 'J'he {)hi years ago. ••«' soon beeanie a valuable and trading p<>i,it, U^nry CI t(>ndent or stl the important iristianson being superiu- nianag,>r. The Dutch pion.^ers •oiig, hardy rac<', but were a poor Indian. For tift very cruel and reh'ntle^s t- ried on by the East [udia ( new coiuj)any was formed. It then 1 ni)on the Dutch that tl een years trade wa- onipany, but in IC^-f car M'gau to dawn Ka.st India, and tl West India ( "■^ was not, after all. a part of "' new company was named the e rf ul 'iiipany of Annterd am. Tl !ii> organization, having at its lu-ad and "'g "» nnt only the ( Jovrnmrnt but , wealthy mm of Amsterdam, great ,h givn it. Their charter .-overe.l tl i, a pow- snpfx.rf- "•'••f Iving between W and l', ^'»v<ivigu eontrol over the who! 4G lany of the •w(>rs Wire e extensive di- '> north latitude, with e Country an<l it- in NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH habitants. Under the jinspiecs of this company, in KliT), iJOO Europeans Avitli domestic animals, inelud- iiii;- horses, cows and sheep, were sent out to supple- ment and further establish the settlement on Man- hattan Island. The first building was a fortification. It consisted of an inclosure. To the left was the Governor's residence, then the chapel up at the left- hand corner, and in the center the officers' quar- ici-s and barracks for the soldiers. At due inter- vals are port holes where cannon and musket could be used, the whole forniiufi' a substantial defense for tlie new settlement, destined to take so im])ortant a parf in the events of youthful New York. A map shows the holdings of the J)utch farmers in 1 <'>•!.■), then the site <d' Xew York. It is of great in- terest U) those claiming descent from the Knicker- lii.cker stock. Well nuiy they be ]>roud of their (h'M'cnt, for in manly courage, honesty antl fair deal- ings with the white men they had no superiors, and yet with all, they were excessive drinkers and cru<d to the native tribes. .\bout lliis time occurred the Ma^sacre of Pavo- nia. by the I)ut<'hj where, after a drinking \xm\, tlie whites resolved to fall upon the Indians. At inidiiiglit, oil the L'r)th of Febnuary, I'il.'J, without warning, tliey came down upon the camp of sleeping native^. Men, women and children were murd(>r(>(i iiiiiiscriminately until eighty dead bodies lay around liii -moldering <'anip tires, with not a single soul left 47 C 9. I i ^ <:| XEW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH nlive to tell the- tale. The history of the massacre is written only from what was seen afterwards and from wliat was pitliered from tlie h.iastful victors. This was the heginuinf;: of the first Indian War; it lasted two years. Bloodshed and frightful devasta- tion reigned supreme. 'J'iie whole of the wiiite set- tlers were driven t(. desi)air and the Island nearly depopulated. On the ;{Oth of August, 104.-,, all the ehiefs of the trihes assembled in Howling (Jreen, at tiie south end of Broadway, and wiili their white brethren smoked the calumet of peace, buried the hatehet, and iiuide mutual pledges of eternal friendphip, which was of a lasting benefit to both the Indians and the whites. The first map of the village of Xew Amsterdan« made by otficial direction was in 1(542. On the rigiit i^ represented a tavern or beer shop; the spot at the southwest corner, the f(.rtification or castle; then appears the wharf; on t'«e west side of the trail is the burial place, scmie distance south of Tritiitv Clinrch on the west nde of Broadway. The tavern ati.l store, sniail and iusigniticant, were the trading p.»>ts wlere tli. business .»f the village was conducted, and, in fact, comprises the l,irthplace of the present tify ot Xew York, the lounthttions upon which the ]n>ty i>oy and man have gn.wn, with arms extenth'd to every part of tlie kiK.wu world. Later j.ictures <iu,w iuerea .d j.rosj)critv, hearti- 48 NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH ness and thrift, the ships larger, more niimerous and better suited to the growing trade, the expansive harbor covered with dexterously managed canoes of tlie natives mingling with the larger craft of the white man, and making a beautiful and im- posing scene for these early times. The old Dutch fiiiiiilics were fond of home comforts and numerous liolidays; Santa Claus was the patron saint of New Amsterdam. In Booth's " History," a picture is given representing the old saint bringing in presents for tlie children, who then, as now, were the joy and blessing of the home. The solid, sober, domestic life of the early Hollander is well represented in the illustration. Scenes like it are even now everyday occurrences round tlie well-kept dykes near the small villages of old Holland. Stuyvesint was the last colonial governor under the Hollanders. He was a man of strong will, un- doubted courage and great administrative ability, with keen ]>erception of events going en about him, never failing to meet the enemy with full\ matured resources to frustrat<> him at every jwint. His tomb ji.ay now be found l)eside the old church on Tenth Street. 'I'he Diitch ha<l ruled New Amsterdam for over fifty years, the laws were good, the govennnent was good, contentment and prosperity were secured to the l)eople, when (»n the Sth of Septemk'r, lOtil, an Knglish ^(piadron api)eared U-fon the city and de- 49 H r :N'EW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH nianded its surrender. The Dutch ^vere weak in numbers as well as in war api)lianees. For days ne- gotiations went on with a view to some arrangement whereby the English admiral would withdraw from the attack, but without any beneficial result, so that the Dutcli were compelled to surrender the fort. The English marched in at once and hoisted the Union '»a<-k, wh(>reby not only New Amsterdam, but the whole of the New Xetherlands, were transferred int.. a British colony. A few hours after, the British sol- diers and officers were walking about the streets as •'oolly as ,f they were to the manor born. Th,. is .me of the jKvuliarities of the Englishman. He is at I'ome ev(rywhere, and ha. the consolation of think- ing that everything luronies him, so long as it is in the interest ' his sov,.rciir„ and his country. That iH'ing settled, everything is as nothing in his eyes. riiarl.s II was th.-n in the ./(.nith of his powers. Fifteen years bcfoiv his fatluw- ha.l suffered death |<r old Whitehall I>larc. London. ('n.„,well, the I rotector, had for t<'n years en.leavored t„ rule the "••""•» "'.cording to his lights, but iIk- nal sources "f gnvernment ha.l m.t tlieu attainrd ;,nv well-de- |""'«l i"n.i. Parliamentary ,i.nvernm,.nt " had not '-■" w..rk,.d o„t. h was a sfru.;,!.. bctw.rn the abso „t,sM> of the mo„M,vl,, the feu.lal riiihts of the '-'"•ds and the ^rowin- powers of the p.M.ple. The tiM ( 'lun-h.s suffered .leath like Lo„is XVI of Franc- ""' '"'•='">'-'^^''"'i'-"— '-wrong, done, but becau^J NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH (if his inability to co\)q with the contending elements around liini, and there being no executive machinery to meet the state exigency at the moment. The king was the great pinnacle to whom alont^ each ])arty could look for redress. The tax upon him wiis unfair and unjust to any monarch; this injustice was subse- (|iu'ntly removed by the revolution of IfiSS. ("harlcs I was illegally arrested, illegally tried and illegally executed, the whole proceeding being a di- icct violation of Magna Charta, so much boasted of as being the palladium of IJritish liberty; for, in fact, the execution took place upon a mere resolution nf less than half the House of Commons, and with- "•ut any law at all. After the death of Cromwell and the abdication i>i' Richard Cromwell, Charles II, who had been ixiuncing al>out the Continent, occasiomilly conduct- ing wars in Scotland and England, was callcMl to the throne. The people were sick and tired of an unsettled form of government, and were really fond of the royal line of kings; so that when (^harlcs came hack, the whole city of Lon Ion was one graJid car- nival of joy. The whole peoj)le, with long and loud entiiusiasm, hailed their lawful Miverei<>n, in the midst of wiiich Charles turned and said : " Why, gen- tlemen, the nuitter is so easy, I ought to have re- turned long aco." Xd sooner was Charles lirndy si-ated upon the throne tliiui he looked about to see what he could 61 I XEW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH i: 1, If! do for his brother James, Duke of York. Nothing better being immediately avaihible at home, he con- eluded to make liim a present of Xew Netherlands, Xew Amsterdam. It was not material whether he owned it or not. He furnislied James with monev and soldiers and sailors to oeeup.v peaceably or by force the territories and towns contained in the mu- nifieent ])resent. Therefore, on the 8th of Septem- ber, l(i(i4, the governor appointed by James, Duke of York, with his soldiers sailed into the harbor, took possession, hoisted the J^ritish Hag, named the forti- fication James and the city Xew York, in honor of the great duke, a mime which renuiins unchanged up to the )>resent time. I regret to say the ;Merry Afonarch, Charles IT, abused th(> confidence of his people and was wholly unfit to be king. He used the majestic kingly office for })urposes of personal revenge and j)arty gratifi- cation. James, Duke of York, whose name is now firmlv established in the new world, had married Anne Hyde, daughter of Chancellor Hyde, then Lord Clar- endon. Her grandmother had for some years been a working girl iuid was compelled to earn her living by the labor of her hands. Yes, Anne Hyde married James, Duke of York. He afterwards became king and she (piceu c<msort. They bad two daughters, Mary and Anne, and both became reigning que<-ns of Lngland; so that from the working girl sprang three 52 NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH quoenr. of I^ngland. Much has been said about rapid lorhines rising from h)\v dopTce, but these achieve- ments arc not contincd ti» the new world. All history from the time of King- David down to Shakespeare, AVashington, Napoleon, Reaconsfield, Lincoln and (Irant furnishes stories of the same results. When the duke's squadron took possession of the city, it still had the old wall extending from the East River along Wall Street and round to the fortifi- cations. The population of the city at that time was about Ht'tci'U hundre<l. In the old Dutch city the liouses were good and -trong. They had a sturdy, defiant look, with gable cuds to tlie street. Why it was done no oiu^ can tell, except to cast the rain down upon their neighl>or's imiperty. The Dutch were fond of good beer and .-o were tlie English. In a few days after the capitu- lation, the wassail rang loud and long in the general merrymaking sounding through the newlH)rn city. The Dutch had been j)ermanently, continuously .111(1 absolutely the founders, holders and builders of the city, and had title in fee to it, as well as to the whole of the New Netherlands, an<l liad been so in ]>ossession for fifty years. 'I'hey had discov<>red it by the employment of Hudson. Their tirst governor had purchased the Indian title. They liad coloni/ed it, and had remained in po-se-^sion up to the surrender in l*i(i4. The town was not large, but it was one of 68 Si- i = H XEW YORK rXDER TlfE DUTCH i 'i tlie larjrcst in Xortli Ainoricn. Xoitlior the English. French nor Sj)ani«li Iiad (Iniu^ more than the Dutch. They were a hardy, tlirifry. brave pcoph', descended from a race of adventurous heroes. Tliey had never Ix'en an agj^ressive peoi)h'. but man to man in coloniza- tion and commercial exploits rhey had no superiors. The Hollanders have always been powerful in war and resi>ected in peace because of their chivalry and honesty. The sturdy foundations laid by them in Xew Amsterdam have never lost their iiiHuence and power for the permanent and stal.le upbuilding of Xew York. Upon the tine old Dutch tree of 'iCtCA \\a< engrafted the dominant Knglish-speaking race, with juuscular ]iower, mental ])ower, moral j)ower. With a commingling of two sucdi peoples, what must tile result be^ Just what it has been, the production o{ a city, the miracde of modern history. In addition to this, it had all the other cities, all other countries, all other })eoples to take example from, to receive the Hood tide of renewals and recruits from. It had the advantage of noble sto<'k. noble blood, as widl as the great deeds of two powerful nations, in sentinu'Ut and substance, to build upon. It had the quiet, fru- gal thrift, honest habits and great endurance of the Dutch, together with the aggressive, dojuinating waywardness of the English. So the Indian village on ^lanhattan Island stands to-day. les^ than tlirei- hundred years old. as one of th(^ three great cities ot the world. 54 NKW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH Have yon ever tliought of it, if London, P:nis and Xcw York were to sink into the sea, what a dif- ferent world it wouhl be ( Tliis is tlie way one can realize their inflnence, their indispensable ])resen('e, as evidence of man's power and advancement, a< wfll as his aeennuilated knowledge. New York is, indeed, a wonderfnl city. Let all honor be given to the old Hollander for the part lie has taken in bringing about such marvelous re- sults. 21' . 1 Sit- ae ; ft. 55 NEW i'ORK UXDER THE EXGLISTT Hi' NEW YORK, the jri-eat nietro])olitan city of Ainerit'iu stuiids on Manhattan Island, the honu' of the Manhattan tnl)0 of In lians. The fonndations of tlie city wore hiid bv a Company from Holland, the Dntch at that time being the greatest ship-bnild- ing and maritime ])o\ver iu the world. Wealth, in- fluence and power were from the beginning available for the support of the colony, while men of distinc- tion and marked business ability and means were found amongst the earliest inhabitants. Even then a system of landed aristocracy was established. Such persons of wealth and intluence as were able to bring- out and colonize a body of settlers were given the title of " Patroons," with a large concession in land accompanying the title. From 1()09 to l(tG4 the Dutch owned and occupied an extensive district under the name of New Nether- lands, the ca|)ital being New Amsterdam, now New York. For over fifty years the colony grew and flourished, maintaining a strong, hardy and vigor- ous working class, as well as a rich governing body who lived in tine mansions s])ending lavishly their great fortunes, and founding in Dutch America, the much-rcuowned Knickerbocker race, jK'ople admired for sturdy ([ualitics up to the pri'sent day. XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISH After 1004, when the Engli-^li captured Dutch America, the name '' Patroon " was dianoed to that of Lord of the ^[anor, so tliat tliose inauorial lords with the great nierchanrs as well as the many citle- liraring English made the city and state the most optdent and wealthy of all the American colonies. The constantly recurring Erench wars made a standing army needful in America, Xew Vork being licadciuartcrs. The officers contributed to the local iiristocracy, causing the city to be still more conspic- uous amongst the other colonies. These peculiar fea- tures became firmly rooted and were plainly visible (luring the first Eederal Congress, which was held in Xew York. On this foundation has grown a great city, which for its years has no parallel. It is to-day one of the three foremost cities of the world, the pride of the nation and of the continent. Manhattan Island, in its primeval solitude with its gi-aceful sloi)ing form, reached out into the deep I'jiy. Jt so remained until Hudson, as agent of Hol- land in 1000, set out in search of a passage to India. V.vvvy inlet from the ocean wa.. to be carefully ex- iiiniiied to realize, if possible, the discovery of the jia.-sage to the long-coveted gold mines of Eastern Asia. While on this quest, on the 0th of September, lie sailed through the Xarrows between Long Isla..d and Staten Island, and for the first time the beauti- tiil bay and harbor were revealed to the world. 01 211' I :NEW YORK TXDER THE ENGLISH l: mil "Afore than a hundred years had passed away since ("ohinihus made the discovery of Amer. a. The con- tinent was well known; scores of voyages had been made np and down from Greenland to Cape Horn, yet this narrow jiassajre had not heen discovered, and the beautiful bay and harbor continued to be the safe preserve, the secure rendezvous of the Manhattan Indian. In fact, after the novelty of the discovery of America by Columbus had partly w'oru off, the chief aim of the enterprising explorer and navigator was the making of a quick f(^rtune out of the rich ores and precious stones with which the new land abounded. Xor was the po^r native wanting in statecraft. He soon found that the white man had many things he needed on the warpath, in the chase or for domestic comfort. So while pretending to resist the white man's encroachments, he also lured him forward to the bright ti(ld where gold and diamonds covered the who'e earth. Tliis promisod wealth roused the adventurers of Europe, and alas, thousands lost lives and fortune in the vain effort to reach the coveted Eldorado. All th< world believed that what had been discovered was Asia, in which Marco Polo had traveled an.l about which he had written two hundred years before, or that a way would be found to pass the new land and reacli Asia. This is why the na- tives were called Indians, and this is why Colurnbus died without ever knowing what he had discovered. 58 KEW YORK UNDER THE E^SGLISII For more tlian a hundred ;-pars America remained comparatively undiscovered and unsettled, apparent- Iv waiting further and more important development. AVhile adverting to Xew York under the English, shall we not glance for a moment at the discovery and progress up to that time? In 14'J1 Columbus^ the most renowned of all navi- gators, sailed from Spain with three small vessels, two of which were without decks. On the evening after Columbus had been at sen for sixty days, the whole crew, wild with disappoint- ment and rage, threatened to throw their captain into the sea and return to Spain, Columbus promised them that if .and were not discovered Avithin two days, he v.-ould return to Spain with them. In an hour afterwards birds were seen and also leaves and brush upon the water ; then a carved stick was picked up. The whole night was spent in watching. Just before davbreak, when looking over the starboard bow, a light came in view. Guns Avere fired as sig- nals from ship to ship. The madness and anger now turned to a frenzy of joy. Shouts of exultation rang out from vessel to vessel, Columbus fell upon his knees, covered his face with his hands, and devoutly thanked God for his great deliverance and the over- whelming success about to crown the efforts of his life. The morning revealed \and looming up before tht gaze of the Father of a continent, the ship, as well as 69 • w. 2«' u ; : au IB NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISF a.: the stalwart crew, represented the physical and in- tellectual development of myriads of years. The vanguard of millions of that army of the Cau- casian race sent to give economic direction and force to the vast wealth hidden in the hills, streams, forests and fields of the new world. Three years afterwards there lived in Bristol, Enff- land, Jolin Cabot, a renowned traveler. lie had but latidy returned from Southern Asia He had visited the Sacred City of Mecca, tlirougli which the caravans from India passed, the way by Capo of Good Hope being then undiscovered. Upon this information he founded an abiding belief that by sailing westward as Cohunbus had done he could reach the riches so gloriously described to him by the Arabs. He went up to London to see the king. Henry VII treated him with ihe greatest kindness and consideration, took hi- into his confidence, gave him a commission and htu.ty encouragement. In 1497 Cabot, with eighteen companii , crossed the ocean and was the first discoverer <»f the maiidand of America. He n^turned in safety. l.'i«»n the dis- coveries then ma<le, the English ever afterwards claimed all the coast line from Virginia to the St. Lawrence River. In \~u\l the famous traveler and explorer, Jaques (dirtier, niade two voyages to tlie northern part of the eontineiif and asci nded flie St. Lawrence River a- far as liociic laga. IMeased witli tlie lofty inoun- 60 NEW YORK UNDER THE EXGITSH tains and delightful situations, he named It Mount Royal, aftcrwan called Montreal. Thes-o exploits wore soon followed by numerous French mission- aries, who not only brought tidings of Christianity l>ut explored far inland, adding vastly to the knowl- (diio of the inner part of America. From that time all America north of the St. Lawrence went under the name of Xew France. The map of that period shows what was then known of our globe. It will be seen that most of Asia and Africa, as well as the whole of Austrahisia, were undiscovered and unknown to Euroj>ean civil- ization, as was the continent of America. ^fore than haU' the worhl lay liuricd in darkness. A thousand years of night during the Dark Ages was rapidly giviiig ])la<'e t(» an era of unparalleled enlight- enment. From 1540 to 1 '>♦)() the stormy affairs of Kurope absorbed all attention, and it was not until the reiun of Good C^ueen ?>ess tluit the adventurous spirit revived again — Elizabeth, the daugliter of a great race, a brilliant descendant of a valiant and noble ancestry, not without faults; but in the briglit light of royalty who can escap(> censure? She a<l- niired tlie adventurous traveler, the searcher after truth. She loved all who loved lier nation, «n<l took by the hand the hnmlilc as well as the great in advancing the welfare of her p(>oj)lc. Her jK'riod was soo,i rendere<l ilIustri(Mis by the ta- iiHiiis (>xp!i>its (if Sir lluiiiphny (!i!!),i-t. Sir Wal- 61 I 41 ;;;•■■ I <; *f 1 XEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH ter Ralt'ifih and Sir Francis Drake, all Engli>li- nion of renown. The ''(Jolden Hind" of Sir Francis was a pcior old tubby craft, but it was the second vessel to cir- cumnaviiiate the <>lobc, while the first ship to make tlie vovajii' anmnd tlie world was the " X'ictoria,'" iin- tUr Maficllan. That little craft was the most ri- iKtwned vessel of its time. In l.")^^ it was generally thought that South Amer- ica extended to the South Pole. Magellan, with a fleet of five vessels^ set (nit to find a passage through or arouiul the continent. He discovered the straits which bear his name. Sickness, mutiny, storms at sea and all manner of obstacles had to Iw overcome. After two years of battling with the elements, all wa- lost except one small vessel, the " Victoria." With her he returned home safely, this being the first vc:-- sel to circumnavigate the globe. I'pon the whole, the English have always taken the lead as a colonizing nation, then came France and then the Dutch. After the lime of Columbus, sailors and navigators sprang up on every hand an<l in every laml. The timid seafaring life that for untold ages had U'cn contiiied to the bays, rivers and coasts was abandoned, and new life, new thought, new vigor took its place. The worhl was found to be twice as large as (he (d<l philosojthers thought. Practical « x- jMrirnce cust (he musty books of old geographers iiitn ihc a-lipit. Ihe brnnze>l faces ol the hardy >-;iil- Ill NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH ors tumod with scorn from the pretended wisdom of the scientist and the scholar. Tlien came two hun- dred years of wihl, daring, piratical adventure. What the chiefs nud barons had been on land, the captains and the pirates became on the sea, the strong ever preying ujion the weak. Rut with all this the mer- cantile interest of the world made substantial prog- ress. In 14!)7 I)e Gania discovered the passage round (lood Hope into the Soutliern Ocean, a new path to [ndia. During one of the gay, joyous moments of ( harles II, the Merry Monarch, he made a present of a large part of America to his brother James, Duke of York, and gave him sliips and soldiers to take po-isession of it. This muniticent present included tiie whole of the New Netherlands and New Amster- (him. It is said tiiat the king was not aware of tb's when the patent was signed to his brother, b\it when tlie error was discovered, like Jacob of old, he re- fused to withdraw the blessing. The Knglish ships ^-aibMl into the harbor of New Amsterdam. The iMitcli (iovernor refused lo surrender. He was will- ing to tight th(! wh<ile H(H'I single-handecj. Colonel .Nichols, the commander of the tleet, liad his orders; it vas not to make reply, it was not to reason why; I'ondtardment or sunender werr* his only words. The peoph' did not dislike the English. In fat t, Knglish visitors had been there many times and the Diitch liked their free, easy, rollicking ways. They were fond of ilicii!. so that wliile reluctant to surrender It.; •c 2sEW YOEK UNDER THE ENGLISH I under force of arms, they refused to support the Gov- ernor. The historian says he fumed and fretted, but it was of no avail. Tlis soldiers refused to fire upon the enemy. Whereu])on he marched out of tlu; fort in which he had so long remained master, while the English marched in, and for more than a hundred years it continued to be a prosperous British colony. The first name of the Duke of York and Albany was given to the city, and the other l)estowed on the town of Albany. He was the last of the Stuarts. It is jK)puhir to abus the Stuart dynasty, but, at any risk, I cannot fall to this general condemnation. True, they had faiilts, but they lived in an age of fallacies on many moral and physical cpiestions. The ])hilosoj)lier gave his full sanction and the judges were tiien ])ronouncing sentences of death, and wise men and worn; i the world over were lighting tires in every land to burn thousands of people for the crime of witchcraft. Even the far-famed I*nritans, who settled Massachusetts, hanged over twenty people at Salem near Boston for Witchcraft. These same Puritans, after condemning the Eormula of the ("hurch of England biH-ausc of its rigorous tenets, passed the lilue J^aws, whereby death was imposed for the desecration of the Sabl)ath. Intolerance reigned su])reme. They ])rohibited the Qiutker from living among them. His so doing was visited by death, and in reality sev<'ral persons believing in the peaceful doctrines of .lolm Bright suffered death ()4 NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH at their hands. This was during; the Stuart period, when it was thought that cruel, violent persecution and object lessons of all kinds were the only means of enforcing obedience and loyalty to any cause. The Stuarts, because they did the things that other men did, have been anathematized as unworthy of respect. To quote history justly is as much the duty of all men as it is for all men to tell the truth. Laws are made for the poor and the rich, for the king and the peasant. Charles I had a right to the pro- tection of the ;\[agna Charta as much as the hum- blest subject, while, in fact, he was executed in direct violation of the charter, the boasted palladium of British liberty. Parliamentary government was not then understood; the place of the king was not un- derstood. The old feudal law was baaed upon the doctrine that under the king, the barons would bo tlic props for the throne to rest upon. They were a sort of petty undcr-kings. This gave rise to the War of the Hoses, and enabled Warwick force- fully, at i)leasure, to rule the kingdom, wicked state- craft Ix'ing second only to Priestcraft and Witch- rraft. Tw't hundred years and more have passed since parliamentiiry government was invented! by the Eng- lish. It was really a great discovery. It was the greatest event in the history of any time. All nations iiave followed it. Under it, Justice, the et<?rnal 65 III If.; XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLTSII principle of justice, is king, and without tliat prin- ('il)le no man can he kiui;-, while with it the throne i-; as secure as the nation itself. Errors, numerous errors, have hecn committed, chief among them, per- haps, a too wide area of jurisdiction. Albeit, what luition has been so wise as England with all the Stuart wrongs i She has encircled the world with her benefi- cent influences of civilization and commerce. Her gates have been thrown oiwn, free to the products and manufactures of all nations. Slie has surpassed all empires in this great act of civilization. The crowning victory of Christianity is heralded by the British flag from the towers and minarets of all civil- ized and uncivilized quarters of the earth. France and America are bone of the same bone, blood of the same blood, and why should they not be proud of old England standing between the two n^publics like a pillar in the ocean, poising equally the prin- ciples of justice, all three iiiq)artiiig ecpuil rights, advancing the science of stable government, always remembering that whil(> the natural law i-< govern- ment by the people, for the jicoplc, yet when the ]>eople want a king, tli(\v have a right to have one, and still furtlwr that violence ainl wrongs have l)<'<'n comniiltiMl under rejtnblics »-; well as under kimrs. When Brazil made np its mind to change its form of gdverniiunt, (Jeneral de Fonseca said to l)(nii Pe- <!ro that tl.- nation had fnr enough advanced in civil- 66 KEW YORK UXDER THE ENGLISH ization to dispense with monarchy. "But he over- looked the fact that four thousand years hefore that time tlie people of Israel, high in civilization, arose in their might and said that they were far enough ad- vanced in civilization to dispen>^e witli a repult'.ic, and that they would and must have a king. Two thou- ^and years aft(>r, the wildest excesses and cruelty took place in Konu^ under the republic. In fact, for four thousand years opinion> have been divided, ex- (•(>>s, violence ;.ad ojipression following <ach in their turn until the wonderful discovery of parliamentary government in KISS. It gave complete control to tlie people without impairing the influence of a limited monarchy. In other words, the House of Commons IxM'ame all-i>owerftd and it has mastered that power. It can l)ring al)out any resnlt insisted upon, an.! this \ astly increases the loyalty of the people. This great princijile makes the whole nation a standing army. Kngland, with four hundred thousand sohllers, is rated higher than Russia with a million. So it is with the United States; sixty thousand trained sol- diers are emmgh in tinu' of ])eace, for the whole na- tion is as one man, read to unslnnthe the sword ill <iefense of the country These two Tiations little Uuow how much alike they are in almost everything. A^ a wlnde. they are far nu>re alike and <litTer less ihiiu the counties of iMiglaud diHei- tnun one another. Tlie people of London can understand Americans. I.nt cannot under>tand the -^peec.i vi the people of 07 t »■■■> f :XEW YORK rXDER THE ENGLISH tlieir northorn counties. For instance, Lord Tenny- son, in his poem of the " Northern Farmer," savsT Wheer 'asta bean saw Ions and mca ligjj:in' 'ere aloan? Noorse? thoort nowt o' a noorse; whoy, Doctor's abcan on agoan : Now, that i.s supposed to l)e first-rate Ensjlisli, and in fact it is good English as Lord Tennyson lias writ- ten it and as English is spoken in the northern coun- ties. At the Brunswick Hotel, Boston, in 1891, an English traveler said to me: *' JJo you observe what abominable English tliese peoi)le speak ? " I said : '• Yes, their articulation is not good, but they speak so much better than what is spoken in England that I like to converse with them." I t(dd him that many of the cabmen and busmen in London do not really speak English at all. Then again, Longfellow, in his very celebrated IMiem of " Miles IStandish," gave his version of an- other Englishman's mode of living and his view of everyday life and government in a different sphere. The one is from Yorkshire and the other from Plymouth. About one hundred and fifty years after that time the Plymouth Englishman and the York- shire Englishman got into a fight at Bunker Hill, and after no end of skirmishing, the Plymouth English- man took all the farm-^ of America and kept them for himself, and the Yorkshire Englishman went home and attended to his own affairs on the other 68 :NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH ^ide of the Atlantic. This made them bad friends. Sixscore years have come and gone since that fight, but they still keep up the old grudge. They really do not know why, bui they keep it up. It is like a i)art of the same poem from Tennyson, where the old farmer says: An' I hallus cooined to's choorch afoor my Sally wur dead, An' 'ecrdun a bummin' awaay loike a buzzard-clock ower my cad, An' I niver knaw'd whot a meen'd but 1 thowt a 'ad sum- mut to saay, An' I thowt a said whot a owt to a' said an' I coomed away. Now, that is like the quarrel between England and America. They go and come and really know little of why it is kept up. I think it is the fault of both countries. They are great enough to forget and forgive, they should be proud of each other. All wise men now say : " Let there be an end of the old feud in which both were more or less the cause." It makes one tliink of a paragraph goi-ig the rounds of the ])apers. It alleged that the Devil always keeps right up with the times. lie created smokeless pow- der, and now he had invented odorless whisky, so that one nuiy drink without it being detected on the breath. The Devil must be somewhere near to keep up the poi<ou of the old fight for over a hundred years, but family quarrels arc more bitter than the (luarrels of strangers, so that .lohn Bull will not let up on the boys over in AuMTica, and the boys m * II "f* ■ < NEW YORK IXDEK THE EXGLISif America talk l)ack and laugli at him. Tliis is all a mistake. It was a good thing that tin- bo s set up housekeeping for themselves when they lid. They have shown themselves sons of a great ance-try, and worthy of the nation from which they sprang. THE LAUREATE TO AMi:i?I('A Oh, what is the voice I hear On the winds of the western sea? Sentinel, listen from our Cape Clear And say what the voice may be. Tis a proud, free people calling lou<l to a i)eople proud nd free. .\nd it says to them: "Kinsmen, hail We severed have been too long. Now let us have done with u worn-out tale, The tale of an ancient wr(>ii<r, And our friendship last lonjr as K.ve doth last and be stronger than death is stronp;." Answer them, sons of the self-same race, And blood of the self-same clan ; Let us speak with each other face to face An answer as man to man. And loyally love and trust each other as none but free men can Xow fiinp them out on the breeze, Shamrock, Thistle and Rose, .■\nd the Star Spanjried l^anner unfurl with these— A message to friends and foes Wherever the sails of peace are seen, and wherever the war wind l)lows — TO NEW yOPvK UNDER THE ENGLISH A message to bond and thrall to wake, For wherever we come, we twain, The throiH' of the tyrant shall rock and quake. And his nienaee be void and vain, For you arc lords of a strong young land and we are lord? of the main. Yes, this is the voice of the blulT March gale ; We severed have been too long. Hut now wc have done with a worn-out tale, The tale of an ancient wrong, And our friendship last long as love doth last and be stronger than death is strong. A lu-w (Icvclojmicnt of man has licen produced, I'ouuded hirjiclv iipou the sturdy ciualities of tlie par- ent races in Kui-land, Ireland and Scotland, and also borrowed and adapted from other countries. The old laws, the old lanjjuage and the old religion pre- dominated and widened and gave greater extent and ])(.wer than ever could have been attained in the motherland alone, the wider area and vast resources drawing to tlicm the adventurous, the daring and the brave from all quarters of the globe, giving fresh- ness, brightness and buoyant hope to millions who never could have or never would have sought them bui innler colonial life. Never was a nation before founded with such an accumulation of advantage-, a language e.xa.t and flexible, laws just to all, found- ed on the (.1(1 Magna Charta, braced up and strength- ened at every point till the Kcvolution "f 1(188. wbeu a further purifying and strengthening t(»ok place, and 71 ml it • , . id. NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH I then the beneficent influence of a well-grounded Christian roli<:;ion, and you have outlined some of the heritageir lianded hv tlie mother country to her children in America, uj)o!i which tlie nation com- menced a caree; of unprecedented growth, success and greatness. The British are i)r'>verl)ial as being the most loyal Ijcople in the world. The colonies in America were loyal, and wiien they resisted the Stamp 'J'ax and the Tea Tax, independence or separation from the mother country never entered their minds. England, accustomed to victory and conquest over other na- tions and peoples, did not count the cost of fighting her own blood, her own people. The army, flushed with vii tory over the Canadians and Indians at Frontenac, Niagara, Crown Point, and on the Plains of Abraham in which the American colonies joined, saw an easy task before it in subduing the scattered peoples of the thirteen colonies. Colonel Washington had for a long time been a prominent figure. lie was a high-minded, valiant British officer, and had during twenty years done faithful and val- uable service to his country in America. lie, with thousands of others equally British at heart, after two years endeavoring to obtain redress, tore away from the moorings, from the grand old ship, and launched into the deep ocean of uncertainty in order to fight for British justice, then denied to the loyal people of America. A great principle was affirmed, 72 NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH beneficial to England and to all her colonies and to the world. Since then in point of liberty and equality the British colonies have formed an integral portion of the Empire, and for a hnndred years no colony lias asked for or has attained to an independent posi- tion apart from the Empire itself, a consummation alike honorable to (ireat Britain and to the colonial Empire. New York under the English lasted for ovor a hundred years, and while not attaining to any great proportions, it was always the best-known town in America. The Dutch had given good government, yet upon the conquest in 1G64 Britain mfde mo"* important alterations. It changed the name of New Amsterdam to that of New York, and also changed the name of the old aristocracy from Patroons to r.ords of the Manor. The Van Rensselaers, the Sehuylers, thi Stuyvesants and other distinguished families continued to take part in the administration of the new government. They maintained the fine old lino of Knickerbocker stock prominently in the great city. Nichols, the first English Governor, was wise and considerate, encouraging all to maintain their old customs. The Dutch and Huguenot families enjoyed the free exercise of their religions. N<> attempt was made to interfere with the social cur>oms, so that, upon the whole, satisfaction was given "o the people. It was lawful at that time to hold slaves in the 73 I.. ' H ■ 1 . '• > I* i\ XEW YOKK rXDER THE ENGLISH I coioiiics. The first slave sliiji, containinir nineteen African negroes, sailed info t'le James liiver, Vir- ginia, in 1010. This was th ', ( .dnct ion of slavery into America. The captain, and shij) were from Amsterdam, Jlolland ; flieni 'o tlie Dutch is at- tributed the introduction of slavery. The trade was sui)ported by all classes, and more })articularly by the clergy, who openly, from their ))ulpits, gave countenance to it on tlu' ground that tiie heathen African would thereby be converted to Christianity. Cobunbus sent Hve hundred Indians to be sold as slaves in Spain; this was also the case when the tdergy gave their suj)port to the movement for the same cause, but the noble Isabella rejected their ad- vic«', aiul sent them back to their native forests. The African trade did not at tirst fl<iurish, as the nuirket was well provided by both Indian and white labor. Indian- taken in war were hurried away to distant parts and there sold into slavery. The laws of servitude also enable*! whites to bind thems<dves for long period-, the bonds being transferable. The jtersoiis thus bound were regularly s(dd as slav<'- iu the public market. About this time thi' use of to- bacco became popular both in America and Europe. 'I he -outheiii i Innate (d" America was esjieciallv adapted to it« production, while the clinuite was IouikI t(. 1k> mo>t congenial to the African race. The dennind for tobacco create<| a deuuind for the kind of labor to jtroduce it; hen<-e t«d>acco became the ♦'atlier 74 NEW YOKK UXDEK THE ENGLISH of Tiojjro sliivory. Tliis, with otlior causes, gave life and vigor to the trade. 'J1ie slave market in New ^^irk soon heeame a rentlezvous, and it was not very lonsr until it was estimated that one fourth of the population was made up of nein-oes, most of them fresh from tlie liolds of slave shi{)s. This j/ave rise to iilann. In ITI'2 the ne<iroes fortncd a plot to murder llie whites. It was discovered in time and many of tlic l.lacks were executed. Again this occurred in 1711, when fourteen were hurncd at the stal.e and scores were hanged in New York. After the political revolution of 1088 in Europe and the fall of dames II in ItlSit. Sir Edmund An- dros, (Jovcnior of New York, who had heen api.-.iutt <I hv Kinir dames, was seized hy the peop'' and thrown iiii prison. Tiien foUowed a period <d" c(»nfusi(m a:ui lawh^s- uess, tlie po])uhir cry heiug l(» turn out of otHc" all Catiiolics: indeed, all jtcrsnus apiH.iiited hy the late king, and to appoint others, lauding the -^'Xjiress wjll of the I'riiKM of Orange, the new king of Knglaiul. In this pujmhir mnvement one .Iae>di Kei'^U-r was the ackiiowlediicd leader. He was a merchant of prominence and a captain of ojie of the Trainl)and-. I.ei-ler, at the hea«l of hi^ company, followed hy an , N.ited popiilacc, took po-e>sioii of the f(»n and un- der the garh of great loyalty to King William of Orang*' set up an al»olnte government and <li- missed the ollicers id' the late kin^'. liut tlie mem- 75 I • KEW YORK UNDER THE EXGLISII bers of the Catholic and Episcopal churchei, as well as the wealthy Dutch and Hupjuenot familiof*, rose in their might against him, while he at t'le head of the populace resisted all opposition, and continued to act as Commander in Chief with autocratic power. Repeated petitions were sent against him ro King William, who, in IGDl, appointed Governor Slaugh- ter. Leisler's followers at once deserted him lie was arrested, and with his son-in-law, Milhurn, found guilt}' of treason and executed. The influence of this tragic event was fcK ""'^r many years in Xew York. It took place imuK .latt.y to the east of the present City Hall, close to the west end of Brooklyn Bridge. It will he remembered that at this time the Church of England was recognized as the state church, and tiic aristocratic rule of former davs was ajrain inau- gurated, lovidty to the cr.twn, fidelity to iJritish prin- ciples going hand in hand for more than half a cen- tury. Xew York was a seaport town of considerable importance. 'JMie safe harbor ma<le it, above all others, a favored r( sort for foreign and dotiH'stie merchants; the slave i'lnp, the jiirate and privatec r all found safe anchor- ap' and ininiunity from molestation in its harbor. 1 he sjnve tra(h' alone liad grown t(. liir^re proportions. Dealers from the other coloides found Xew York the central point of tra<le. Th'' stanch merchaut- u NEW YORK UXDER THE ENGLISH man, the East Indiaman, the Slaver and Arab Coast- er, the pirate and the privateer, all made the town on the Hudson a favored rendezvous. War l)et\veen France, Enghind and Holland kept up a constant rea- son for immense fleets of privateers and smugglers, at that iM-riod only other names for pirates. ^lanv wealthy merchants and even English governors show- ered fa\ors and attentions upon the successful jirivateer. The peculiar gaudy costumes of the times were furnished in profusion by these kings of the ocean. The grim-visaged sea chief was much ad- mired by New York Society while his black-ludlctl, rakish craft lay discharging her cargo at the wharf. Ills many-colored costume, elal)orate gold jewelry, and dagger in Ixdt glittering with dianumds, In'tok- cncd power and wealth, while all the gay free-livers of the (hiy gladly received the presents of the Sea Kover. The scandal of these evi'uts became unbear- abk'. In ltil)2, f<.r this and other causes, Governor Fletcher was withdrawn and his place taken by Lord IJellamont, who drifted into opposite excesses. He tried tt» etifo'-ce the laws of trade with rigid severity, lie, with a nundwr of prominent Knglishmen and .\meri('ans, tittcd out the swiftest clip]H'r to be found upon tile ocean, the oi>ject being to jirotect the shi{)- piiig witiiin a reasonable distaui of .New \ ork, and to hunt down and capture all pirates coming within its reach. After a diligent search for a really suit- able nuin to take charge of the enterprise, Captain i '^ 4 8.. NEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISII Kidd was Jixod upon, lie boinc; reported as a brave, honest and dariii<>- seaman. It was a part of the coni- paet tliat to meet expenses and reward those who had e~ia1)lislied so hnuhdiie an enterprise, the owners >iiouhl share ((iiiallv in tlie benetits of ail prizes taken by their trusted eajjtaiii. For a few nu)nths he ren- dered <:(kh1 service. I'lie jirolits were simply fabu- lous. Hut alas, Captain Kidd, not l)ein^ satisfied with his share of the boot . sailed away into tlie ocean, and became the iiiost renowned mvA vr and jiirate <d' any ajre, the i;Teate»t ocean scourge of flie seventeenth century. lie was known to have a uniulated whole ship- loads of jewelry, (iialn(m(l■^ and rich m< rclur dise of ev(>rv description, but ude no proper return to the founders of the enterpi'i-e. A' la.^l, w ii a rich earpt of this kind, he landed oii (Janiiner's Uland, north of New ^'ork, then a ili solate and unfre(}uented sjmt, aiMJ there, with the crew .f his vessel, buried the ricli cariio ;it \nriu'is points on the seaeoast He was afterwanb capturetl in the city of Hoston, taken to Knirlaiid. and hun;.'- in chain- on Kxecutioii Duck. Hi- wife and dauiihtf-r lived b)r many vears after- ward- on hearborn Stncl, in New Yoi-k. .\ lieu Slave Market wa- e-tablislw<l at (he f<i of Wall Street. All Indians and negroes were sold iliere at jmlilic aiietioii or private sale. Slave- were not allowed to pass through the stret't"? after night without a lighte<l lamp or candle in hand. TS XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLTSH In tlic new p;ovornor's instructions it wr.s ospc- cially enjoined that he sliould give every a.'^sistanee and encouragement to slavery, especially to the Royal African Cotnpany of England, and he recnniniendetl the eoitipany to always have ready for sale a good -iipply of nierchantable negroes, slaves at that time being the stable conunodity with which the tohaci-o growers in the South luid to he furnished. Tobacco was taken in exchange and soon grew in favor all over Euroj)e. Tlie new governor, Coridiinw, eldest son of tlie Earl of Clarendon, nephew of King dames 1[ and of Queen Anne. Had faith, utitruthfuhtess and ef- feminate luxury chictly |)rcdomiMated in his adminis- tration. Wearied at length by his shameless couilnct, Queen Anne, in coiii|)liancc with nunicrous ]ic!itions, re- voked his commission, whereby he becann a private person and amenable to the law. lie was at once thrown into |)rison, and remained there until tiie death of his father. Lord Clarendon, wlien all <laim- against hiin were paid and h< became a Peer (d the Realm. Lord Lox'clace, ne]ihew of the tormer governor of tliat name, succee<led J-ord Coridnnv. AftiT a short time he diecl, and was followed by laeutenant-(!overnor Ingcdd-^by, who at onee revived the old desire of driving the Kretieli out of ('auada. Robert Livingston |oine(| ;iUo in the ( utt rpri-e. He 71) I 4 I XEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH t had visited Quobcc and liad made plans of tlie St. Lawrence. Thev were joined by the British In- dians, and tlio Home Government promised a Large fleet to assist the colonies. The Legislative Assem- blv of Xew York issned bills of credit to the amount of 20,000 ])0unds to consununate this ])iirjM)se. The army marched through the woods to Lake Champlain. The English fleet to meet them there never came; while the army, in disgrace and much discouraged, returned to Xew York. Sclniyler, who bad insiired the cooperation of the Indians, then visited England, taking with him five Indians, to re- vive the project of a campaign against the French. They were presented to (Jueen Anne. The (^uccn looked unusually beautiful an<l re- ceived the Indians with easy inditference, ^larlbor- ough, the great captain of that time, stamling with a ])rot('ctiv(' air to the right of the royal chair, while the Indians were in no way abashed in the presence of royalty, (^ueen Anne entered warndy into the project of the subjugation of Canada. In token of her ajiproval, she presented Schuyler with a costly vase, which lias come down in the manorial line, and is now o\vne(l by (mo. L. Schuyler of Xew York. The l)rave and accomplished Robert Hunter was the next governor, lie had for a long time been a ])risoner of war at Paris, and liad lately been ex- changc<l for the Ihshop of (^ueliee. who had been a jirisouer with tlie Mngii-ii. .New York had ihen a NEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISH population of 5,000. It was in financial difficulties. Tliis table shows the receipts and disbursements of the city for the year 1710 in English pounds: For rent of Piers 160 For tJS Licenses (about $3.7')).. . ")1 1.) Frpedotns of the city at Did. .115 222/5 The expenditures W(>re: To the city clerk 20 Lantern.'^ and Hour (ilassea -i Candles for Constables 3 For Cage, Pillory and Stocks 10 36 The recei])ts for 1800 from all quarters were over $100,000,000. The Pillory and Stocks Averc in common use. It was thought that lessons of this kind would intimi- date wrongdoers, l)ut, alas, it only demoralized and hardened the victim, and really debased and lowered the scale of humanity. During the administration of Governor Hunter it was first suggested that the colonies shoidd bear a jtortioii of the cost of government. It was a reason- able and fair sugirestinn, hut not consistent with colo- nial life, then dawning into early statehood. The treatment of the boy of five was not applicable to the boy (d" eighteen. The Mother coimtrv at that time ha<l e.imparativcly no eommercial activity. The firuiiicial atTairs were crude ami unformed. The gov- ernment was jiaviiig tell per cent, per annum on its indebtedness. The national deid \va< small. Sir 11 * i » NEW YORK rXDKR THE EXGLISII i. William Tempic. who had hoen Minister at The llajiuo, infornitMJ Kiiillantl that the small state of II. .Hand hud a d^'ht <>i' $l':.,0()0,()()0, on which only 4 [XT cent, was paid. It wns causo of much iiKpiirv. 'i'!ii~ iravc rise to the ronsolidation of the En<rlisli iii- tielitedness, or wlu.t i> kinnvii as the (ireat National l)c!it of I'jifrlaiid. At the time of the Treaty of Itivcht, this deiit wa< :>0,0()<),()0(> pounds. The jics- sinusts of that j)eriod saw in it the downfall of tlie nation. It wa.s >aid to exceed the madness of the ( riisadcs. Two hundicd ye;ir> iiave passed, while now till' national ^r(>atness ha^ hounded up to a point iii'Vor Ix'fore n'aehed hy any other nation or ]ieo])le. David Hume, Adam Smith and (leor^^c (irenville all pictured the diresr f.irciiodiiiii>, ha-ed u]ion plau>iltle reasonini^, hut all these forehodiniis liave wholly failed in ])racticai I'e^idts. The (pie-iion of ia.\inji tile colonies, for 'ho time hein^ dropped out of sii>ht. in 1711 ijreat improvements were mado in New ^'ork. Hroadwiiy was ^i-aded from Maiden Lane to tile (.'ommon, full\ a <pnirtei- of a mile, and shade ti'ce- were planted aloni; either side Lewis Mori is wa- < liirf .hiNtice of .NCw ^'urk. The wiii' was tlie chirf fraluio of ro>tnmf at that tinu". The wiiz; had nianv atlvantaiios no persnus to he Jouml then with cnar-e, wiry iiair, no thin hicks, no l)aldheiide<l men. I ln' w i^ coxcrt'd all these defects. \\ hen a liii;My arrla d lorehead or one hroad and |ii\\ was wanted, the w i^- coidd ho -o arrani^'cd as to 52 NEW YORK rXDEK THE EXOLISIT moot cverv oa-o. Any nnvoltv m- form of Ixnuily could be ^n-atifio<l (Inrinii; tlio wio- ])orio(l. Tlio value of the gem seemed to (lo]>onil lartioly n])on tlio sottliisi. Frill^^, ribbons, laees, silver Awv biu-klos, p-old and silver eords, ]>(>\vdered wii-s, uaiidy and |)(>ouliar neck livar, all proclaimed men to be more foi)i>isli and vain creatnres than women ever were. It was the oif- >|)ring of feudalism, one of the results of the supposed (listinetion between the classes and the masses. (Jovernor BurJiett received the Indians at Albany in 17-JO. He succeeded (Jovernor Hunter. Ho was married the provioiis year in Xew York to Miss Van Horn. When he visited Albany, the Indians came to wish him much y>\. They brought T5oavt-r skins and other ric'- furs as wedding presents, 'llie cos- tumes of the Indians were gay with head feathers frills and rich wamiium belts, also jiretty devices on the soft well-1 aimed clothing. It all compares fa- vorably with the rich trai)pings of the Govi-rnor and suite. So, aft<T all, u])ou the weak jjoints of vanity. f!ie civilized and tlio uncivilized were not very un- 0(pUll. The tirst iunvspa])or in New York was published nu the null of October, lf.'.>:5, by William Hradfortl. it was called tlie " Oazotte," aiul comprisccl only a lialf shoot of f.iolscap, tilled with c-iistom-iiuusc entries and news from the old country. Bradford soon in- .•reased the '" (iazette " to a fidl-sizod fooNcap paper. At thi> time the linaiicial affairs were at a low 83 ii| •• 9 a NEW YORK UNDER THE EXGLISII ebb. Tliey wore doitrcsstd and out of joint, owing larfTfly to tlie licavv failures in the ^lotlier country followinp: tlie collapse ui the South Sea IJubblc, By the treaty of I'trecht, Spain had made concessions of larfic tradinj:: privile<;(\s to the South Sea Conijiany on the condition that the ('ouipany would take u]) 10,00(),()()() pounds of the national debt at 5 per cent, interest. The wlude debt of the nation was quickly included in the South Sea Scheme and taken up by the Conij)any. Shares of the Company at cost of 100 pounds each, in a few months were sold at 1,000 pounds each. London became wild with excitement. London at that time, all beiu": in a feverish state of anxiety to speculate in sliares of the company, it was of very short duration. Soon the whole fabric tumbled to the firouml. Icaviui: thousands ruined and jH'uniless. Sir lidbert Walpolc then came into power, lie caused the confiscation of the jtroperty of the l)romoters of the South Sea Scheme and restored the country t(» a sound financial condition. Xew York merchants and traders had indirectly felt the effect of the rise and fall of the bubble in England, but soon after the city brijihtened up and set out on new lines of jirosperity. Colonial life Vv'as always men- aced by the danjicr of war, as well from the wild men of the forest as the enemies of Eniiland. This nerve(| them to lives of earnestness and activity. J hey were the a<lventurous vanguard of a great na- tion, and were beset by datigers which never could b4 NEW YORK UNDER THE EXGLISH hnve roaelicd tlicm in tlic Mother country. This, the cliic'f coiikT of tinancial support and preparation, was over alive witli new pr^ jects and dan^rers. I'or the tirst Hfty years under tlie Dutch, New England on tlie north and Virpnia on the south were a constant cause of nienace to New York, while the French on the northwest were ever ready for rapacious inroads upon New Netherlands. The Indian chiefs were for- ever on the wari)ath, tirst for the French and then for the Kniilish, or apiinst hoth as their interest led thcni. The iidand lakes and the St. Lawrence River, divide tlu' state of New York from Cana«hi. It was a coiiinion jiractice for Indians on hoth sides of the line to seize families of the whites, handajre them and drive them to distant parts and sell them into slavery to Indian as well as to white nia>ters. Here we have the Fufilish, French and Spanish (.wncrships after the couipiest of New Netherlands. Still you will ohserve the French were owners of aliout two thirds of the continent. lu 174S, to keep the Fnglish back, the French constructed a line of forts on the Ohio River. The Knfilish disjmtcd their rij^ht to do so and sent (Jen- eral Hraddock to foivc them back, (u'orsie Washinir- ton was a Major un<ler P)raddock. The (ieneral f(.\iaht with iireat bravery, hnr.ses were shot undt r iiim, and at last he fell dead in the midst of batllc. The couunand then devolved upon Washington. Ho bo f MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART .ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2 1.0 I.I 1.25 K|2| ■ 50 "^^ ,- 13.2 1.4 2.5 J.^ 2.2 40 2.0 1.8 j= ^PPi lED IfVMGE Ir NEW YOKK UNDER THE EXGLI8II 1. ;il-<) luul two liorsos killc<] iiiidcr him an<l had hi? (•loth-iiii:' riddlcil with Ijidlcts. Wars aaaiiK-t . ■ Froiicli in Caiiaihi wcvo of con- tinual occurrence, for tlie support of which New ^'ork was always foremost with men and nionry. It was always su|ierloyal, and hail many rich mer- I'hants and old landowners with costly residences. In ITTift Lord Louden was a])pointeil (iovernor, and the same year the Marqtiis of Montcalm received a commissio!! as commander in chief of the Frencli army in Camnla. lie was a tlistinii'uished oHlcer and at once made skillful ])r(>i)aratioiis around the French lines. Ahoiit this lime, IT.")-'), Benjamin Franklin was ap|)ointed hy the Ilritish (lovernment. I*o-.tmaster (General of America, lie was well known. He had with his wonilerfid kite hron^ht lij;litninii from the skies. Liiihtniiin' rod< hecame the raize ol the jM'ople. At that time there were jio mail coacdies. All postal matter was carried on lior-ehack, hut America was not far Ixddnil Fniihind, for then it was eoinmon for the ])ost rider to leave London for Fdin- hurirh with only live or six letiei's, and it recjiiired ten days to get a reply lutween th(>se old cities. Frank- lin soon made great im|)rovements, so that during the whole of the winter he kept u|) one mail a week hetween New N'ork and lMiilailelj)liia, a di>tance of eightv miles. ('oloiicl P-Mer Schuyler had hern tal\en ju'isoncr m:w youk r.NDEK the English liv Montcalni in one of his invasions. He was a ilToat lover of liritisli institutions. rp<iii his return tlie Avliole city was illiuiiinated in hi> honor. ].i>U(lcn was reciilleil ami .\ln'rcr(inihie a])iioin;e(l ( 'oiiimanui r in Chief'. Thi^ izave new conrajic to the coloiiie-. New \'ork voted $l(t(l.(t(i() to a>sist in the canipaii:!! against the l'"rench. Kverv (juarter ^warmed with vohint«'fr> ready to take the H(dd. (Jeneral Woltr. a hrave othccr. was a>sii:ne(l to the sie<;-e (d' Qnelxc. His army (d" ahont T.TilKI vtronu', made nj) of regulars and New ^'ork Militia, wa- >tatioi.eil a1 Point Levi, riiiht o])|M)>ite (^ucIm'c on ihc St. Lawrence River, where with r<'ddiot shot Wolfe set the Lower Town of (Jnehee in a hlaze. lie waited patiently for rei'ii- t'orcrnients ])roniised him from home, hut they never came: in Seiitemher. 17r>tl, two hours hefore day- liiiiit, thirty Hat hoats eontaininu rcitulars and volun- teers dropped >ilently down with the current to a cove on the (^uehee >-i<le. there disend)ark'd and scaleil the heights of .\liriiliam. Al the early dawn of niornint;- r),0()0 soldiers stood di'awn u|» in line of hattle on the j)lains ahove. Swift messenuvrs awakened Montcalm with the -tirrinj: news. .\t ten o'(lock the two armies confronted each other. Doth ueneral- displayed nnirvidous cour- au'e. hut, ala-, hoth were killed on the hattletield. To-day the touri-.t will ha\e pointed out to hiui a monument erected on tin -pot in tnemory ot the two heroes. On one -ide i- engraved the iiolde deeils of bl XEW YORK UNDER THE EXGLISH I. ^foiitoalm, and on tlie other the heroic valor of Wolfe. V]M)n the fall of (^uehec, Xew York ran wild with deliiiht. All hells of the city ranji out one jienei';il tiniuilt of joy. Bonfires and illuminations turned niplit into a scene lonp; to be remembered. But the j:la(hiess was saddened ])y th(> hiss of the p-allant AVolfe. 'J'here was grief in many homes in Xew York, their nobk' sons having died by the side of their gallant eomnuinder. They now with him lay silent in soldiers' graves. When the British army returned to New York from the conquest of Canada . met with a triumphal rece])tion. Sum|uu- ous entertaiimii nts were given the olhc(U-s and soldiers, and general rejoicing \va> seen on everv hand. Canada, compi'ising more than half a coiitincnt, had i)een ouiu'd by the French for over a hundred anil tifty year-. It now passed un<l( r Briti^li rul(> and has remaiiieil so for one huniircij and fortv vears, during all this time steadfast and loyal to the crown, more loyal, I believe, than any other part of the Empire. It is now the Dominion of Canada, an in- tegral part of the gi'eat imperial tederaled Empire with a commercial /ollverciti naching around the globe, alike l)enelici;d to the great Empire and to the World at large. The Treaty of Paris, siirned in IT'!;'-, closed the I'reiicli War. Tlie |irivateer and -innguler, and also the pii'ate, tor a time had their occupations goiu-. Thr NEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISII wholo Xortliorn coutiiiont pvacticallv Ijolonffcd to Britain, New York liaving had a great sliare in se- curing the ownersliip of the enormous possessions ex- tendiiiii' from ocean to ocean and northward to the Arctic Ocean. It was, in fact, too hirce, too great, for advantageous and economic contiol and devek)p- nient, while the pa.l taken in tlie Frencli War h_v the coh)nies gave them self-reliance and discipline for another struggle not many years in advance. The death of George 11, in Xovend)er, iTTiO, dissolved the Xew York Assend)ly. A new Assembly was elected and convened in 1 701. The new king, (Jeorgo III, twenty-three years of age, grandson of the for- mer king, was young, strong and self-reliant, his ruling passion heing to please himself above the dic- tates of any minister or friends. This was quickly realized by William Pitt, the Prime Minister, who on the r)th of October following resignc<l othce. The king then fell into the error of disregarding Parlia- mentary (iovernment, and endeavoring with a few personal friends to rule the nation, a danger com- mon to inexperience, followed usually by lasting re- lH>ntance. CJrenville was then apjxiinted to tli<> Head of the Treasury. He at once brought forward a scheme for taxing the coloiiii s by means • f stamped paper. The news (d' the jirincely lionits of tlie ricii merchants in Xew Y'ork, surrounded by all that wealth t'oidd procure, was received in England as an indication of ability to pay a pai't ol the taxes created by i m il ^^EW YORK rXDEK THE EXGLTSII l.y tlio late war. AVlioii the act was passed, the news ■was received in America witli derision, the most loval l»ein^c: the first to exclaim against it. Wise ..nes said tliis was only tlie he<iinnin_ir. tlie intention being t<» tax everytliing, even the lands, and therefore saftnv alone lay in resisting it at the commencement. Meet- mgs were held, and it was res(dvod not to eat, drink or wear anything npon which a tax had to he paid to the .M(.th(>r (\.nntry. From this, however, a few of the wealthy and intlnential dissented. England, therefor", went oti pinning her faith to the loyalty of the rii-h houses in Xcw York. It was said that the Xew England States were founded nj)on r.-puh- liean i)rinciples, while .\ew York was nu.lded after the British Constitution. F.arre, a niemher of the II'Mise of Commons, who had fought beside W,.|fo at Quebec, resisted the passage of the act. and said, i he Sons of Liberty in .\merica would never endnre it." This gave rise to the " Sons of Liberty," one of tlie watchwords in .\ew York. The act passed on the I'Tth of Fcbruarv, ITC.-,. The masses in New York at once fnrmc(l associations known as the " Sons of Lib- erty. ' These assoeiiitiojis soon extended to other c<,l,,- nies n.,rth and south, except Canada, which .steadily refused to jnin the revoh. That c.,l,,ny had hiug been subjecte.I to the <courge of war. It had only !at(dv h( en iirought under Uriti^h lule. Its leading men. more parti. 'iihirly the chigv, beh'eved nothing coidd resist Liritish aggressiuii ; that the uprisintr of the DO yEW YORK UXDEK THE EXGLISII colonies would only entail more useless Moodslied. Uonco, Canmla refused to join in tli<. rebellion, and It beeame tlie rendezvous for the I5rifi«]i .\ rniy and the base of supjdies dnrin<>- the w.u: In 17(1.-. a eonvention of rejn-esenraTive^ from all ^he coloni.'s was held at Xew York. Tlii. was to <lcliberate upon the ol)ie(.tionable acl> of Parliament. It was ealle.l the First ('nuorcss an.l op,.ne<l on the, .th of Oetober of that year an,] eoTitinued for t^ ree weeks. The result was an hund.le ad<lre<^ to tlie Ena- Jish ]ronse of ( 'onmions. While the e..n-re.... was iu session a ship arrived earryini> with it the Stamp Act. 'I'liis aroused tlie popnlaee. That ni-ht papers were }>osted on the <!..,. rs of the })ubli,- buihlinos. Here was the hr>t ovrt act. X,.xt .lay the excitement was intense. The wh.de city to one man seemed deter- mmed to resist tlie lan.lin- of the stamps. Then camo the Declaration of Rii-hts and (Jrievaiices of the -■•donists of Ameri.'a from the c.niir,.,-. The Oov- •I'lior retired int.. the f..rt. It wa< .-alle.l "the la.t <I:i,v of Liberty." Tin- strcvts were fnll <.f pe.,,,le, >«'nie makino- threats, many int..xi,-ated, <ome sin-ini,^ balla.is of wliich tln^ was a fav.M-it.- With th.. beasts „f the w<).)(l we will rarnbl.' f„r food- Lo(|n:e III wild deserts ami (■;ives, And live ;i,s j.oer Job on the skirts of lli.- Clobc, Hefore we'll submit t.) 1m« slaves. Urave boys, brav.' boys. I he I-t ,,f X,,vend..'r the act \va.- t<' .(tine int.) 81 XEW YORK I XDER THE EXGLISII foroo. It was nslurcil in with tlie tolling- of muffled bolls and flags displayed at half mast. The new (lovcrnov, Sir Ilenrv Moore, arrived. The legislative As.-en;} ly met and confirmed the acts of its congressional coni'nittee. Xow York was head- (inartcrs for the army in America; and while on the surface all seemed sm<.o,h, the secret order of the " Sons of Liberty " ])asscd resolutions that if the Stamp Act were n.»t repealed, the people of America themselves would repeal it. On the ISth day of March the king signed a hill repealing the Stamp Act, for which he was cheer(>d on his return from the Parlia- ment Duildings in England. Bells were rung and hontires were lighted in the streets of London. Swift packets carried the news to Xew York. The citv he- canu' wild with joy and gladness. On the king's hirtliday. the 4th of June, a whole ox was roasted in the iields of City Hall Park; twenty-tive barrels of beer and a hogshead of rum were provided. The whole city was ilhunined and the streets were parad- e<l by bands phiying " (b.d Save tiie King," while the standard of Kn-ihind Hoated in triumph from every avaibdile point. The feasting was attended by Sir Thomas .Mo(.i'e in person, togetlun- with the officers of tlM' army then stationed in Xew York. The As- sembly, out of the public mon(y, erected an e(pi(>s- trian >tatue in h,)nor of King (ieorge. Thus the har- mony iiiid loyiihy of the peojile seemed finailv settled. Soon afler tin C.veriiof ;id\lsed the .\ssendilv that 92 XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISII he liad been instructed to enforce the Mutiny Act which rcpiired America to find free quarters for the Knifr's troops. This in some respcts wa. worse than tlie Stamp Act, but there wa. jrreat re- luctance to resist it, so tlie Assembly passed a limited supply bill. This was refused by the Oovernor and rejected by the KU:^. About the same time the sob diors cut doun the Liberty Pole. It was soon erected agam, and the citizens and soldiers liad frequent dif- ficulties, which afterwanls culminated in ]astin«- and serious quarrels between them. The Eniilish Church jmrty, the manorial lords and the wealthy merchants carried the majority of the Assembly when eyery d(>mand was met for the sup- plies for the troops. After this yote, the liistorian says the res,d<.„t soldiery Wame more afrfrressiye On t^ie 18th of June, 1770, an o],en ccmd>at took place One person was killed and seyeral wounded This was the first blood shed by Britisb soldiers, and was the commencenuuit of the Ciyil AVar. It formed the keynote for the ^reat reyolution. Sir William Tryon, Bart., then .uoycrnor of Xow ^ork, was yam. ex.dusive and hau-hty with the ...asses l.Mt oxceedinply atFable to the few, whom he '.elu.ve,! to b,. fh,. o.ov,,n.in.c- power. At this time the i'.ast liuha (/omi.any depeufh^l Jar^joly „pon the profits uiade out of ,>xports to America. 'They repre- sent..! to the JJritish (Joyernment that it wa. im- I'o.>ible to pay the Im,„.rial diies Inrause of the 93 .\EW YOKK rXDER THE EXGLISH i. Aincricaii colonists liaviii<>- refused to consuine anv- thinu' of a taxable nature, and that tliev were unable to exj)ort tea ti' Anieriea, as a dntv liad t<» !h^ paid upon it. Tliis olijeetion was met by an iudireet ar- raiiiiement between tlie Kast India Company and the Jlonie Government, but, after all. the bur(l(>u of the duty eaiiie u|h.u tlie eoionists. New Voi'k, at a public meetinii', reserved not to allow tea to lie landed in tliat eity. Soon after a vessel was sea relied and ei<>hteen ehests found, they were swiftly thrown into the sea by the eonunittee. Shortly after that time Boston had thrown .'540 chests into the ocean, and an act of British Parliament had been passed closing the ])ort of Boston and changin;: the seat of government from that city to Salem. All the other colonies went into mourning (fver this event, bells were mutfled in J'hiladelphia and Haas lowered to half mast, lu Vir- ginia ])eo}»le fasted and jtrayed in the ehurehes, and along the entire coast indications were exhibited on t-hipboard as well a< on land of mourning of the peo|ile. Ihu amidst it all, i)ands paraded the streets of Xew "i'ork pla\ing "(iod Save the King," showing at heart the real loyalty of the j)eople. Xew York had remaineil truly loyal up to this time, but now the IHiblic indignation bur>t forth in a detiant attitude. There was an u|!i'i-ing of the whole peoj)le with ef- tigv-buriiing and nightly processions bordering upon riots. At a jmblic nieciing a committee of tifty-one 04 NEW YORK rXDER THE KXOLISH wa. appointed to attend the tirst continental con- gress. This took place in 1774. Ft was still hoped to overcome this. Deh-ates upon l(>:,vi.io- to at- tend tlie c-.ni.rivss were escorted to the f,q-ries In- lands playinp-, as of old, " (lod Save the Kino-.'^ I-<'n.l.i(^s for the Mother Countrv-, loyalty to the kin^ iind I!riti>h institutions wer.^ deep in the heai'ts of rlH> people, but colonial life was niisnnderstn,,d 1,v tlie M„ther Conntrv. The danntless spirits who had I'raved dan<rers on sea and land to pet awav from ^taid rnles and rigid discipline, eould not well l.rook the declaration that the colonies were createrl to pay trilmte and respect to army repnjations and commer- <'ial taxations. The'nuitiny act. hy which the soldiers '•lainied i'rvv and forced hillets in private l.onses, was more insidting and harassing to the people of Xew Vork than the collection (.f taxes. For over one hundred years the colonies had been advancing npon sinij>le lines, and now were l.at ill at ease when it was annonnc(>d as a princijile that these , <-olonies had not been advancino for their own good, l)iit for the p-,,od of England nn.h^r what was de- Hared to be the ( 'olom-al System, and that thev shoidd be taxed and dealt with as the .Mother ( "onntrv might fin.l beneficial. Ender th(> C.d.mial Sy>t..ili p<,ods coidd be imported only from Kngland. Congress, among its tirst acts, resolved to im])ort no poods, and to petition the king for a redress of grievances. The king gave a deaf ear to tl,is and accepted it as an ',)o XEW YORK UXDER THE ENGLISH I. act of weakness and insisted ui)on unswerving obe- dience. Tlie kinji- was suvr<t)inded 1)_v ministers not cliosen for their wisdom, but for their compliance with liis wislies. He was youn<ji: and untried, without tliat mature experience^ nee(h'd for public atfairs. He did not seem to know that the divine ri<>ht of kinc^s makes divinity only the attnbute of justice. He refused to hear the petition of the colonists, and thereby shifted himself far away from the aid of divinity. As before stated, three ships were laden with tea and sent to Boston, a town of about IS, 000 people. When at anchor, men dn^ssed as .Mohawk Indians boarded the vessels and threw the whole of the car- goes into the sea. For this act the franchise was taken from the city and the seat of government re- moved to Salem. The city was declared l)y General (iage to be under nuirtial law, and the soldiery billet- ed uj)on the peo])le, while both officers and men, as well as the marines, freely and lawlessly went from house to house marauding and carousing. This was resentiMJ bv the cohtnists. The ('i)ntinental Concress then ill session appointed Colontd AVashington, Com- mander in Chief, witli full couimauil of the American army. lie entered Xew York and soon hastened to Boston. The old elm tree is still standing on the higlnvav near the latter city, under whieli he took formal com- NEW YORK U^DEIl EXGJJSir niand of tlio army. His headquarters were in tlio abandoned ITmi'^c of Englishmen. Thi^ house after- ^vards became f amors. It was purcliascd hy Long- fellow, and in it lie wrote his world-reno\vne(l "Hiawatha/' ".Miles Standish " and hundreds of eliarmin<f epie and lyriei)oems. JIc died here in June, 1>">77. A bust of Longfellow now stands in Westmin- ster AblK'v, the revered sepuleher of the mi^dity men of our race. • l»y the kindness of surviving' friend.^ I was shown over the house in July of the vear ISOL There is an old chair and louf table, the inkstand and pen just as they were left by tiie scholar, the keen, experi-Miced i>hilosoi)her and warm, symi)athiz- in^ friend; in one chimney corner is the chair often occupied by Oliver Wendell Holmes, and in tlie other the favorite s(>at of J^owell — three of the ,i>reatest men of this century. Washinffton occupied the house as his headquarters for only four months. The room i-^ now pointed out in which Lady Washinjiton re- ceived her guests. Xew \'ork was the British head- quarters for its army until ITs:;;, after the close of the war and the sioning of the treaty of Paris. John Adams, JJenjamin Franklin and John Jay, the latter a i)rominent Xew Yorker, were aj)pointe(l commissioners for America, and David Hartley for England. They signed the linal treaty of jieace after several months' C(jnsidtation. The original paper is now in the archives at Washington. 1)7 « I f'-l NEW YORK rXDER TJIK EXGLTRH n* ^|» C 1 I David Tlarflev was a niombor of tlie Tlouse of CoiniiKuis. fully ill fho contidcnco of the ^•ov(>runient, iiltliouiili throiiohoiir the Am. rioan stnifiiilc ho had docdaivd his sviupath.v with tho Ainorican people. It i!iay lie sjiid in justiee to the English that, when it Wiis (dear that a separation must take place, they cn- • leavored liy (n-er\ possible means to conciliate and l)nnii- about peaceful relations between the two countries. Ii was the jilain duty of the British com- iiiander to pivvciit tii(> disiueuibernient of the Kinpire and to put down the rebellion, just as niucdi as it was the duty of the federal Lioveniiiient to ])ut down the ivUdlioii in the S.mth. On that sc(.re there should be no bitt(M- feelino-. 'Y\^^, triumph of J'.ritish arms under WoltV u\ all other t riumphs b(d'ore that time redound as much to tlu glory of the l'nite(| States a- to the riiite(l Kingd(Uii. I'liriiig I war there were many foreign othcers who b,,iv arm- on ih,. Aiiierican -ide. IVomi- iieiit aiiioiiuM them wa- the Manpii- de Lafa- yette, ilaroii .^h.|ilM-ii. the Karl ot' .\berdeeii and Loi',1 Stirliiii;. I'rince Wiliiam Ibiiry. at'terward- K'ing William I\, wa- at that finic the •:ue-t of Adiuii'al Diubv in Xew York. In l.aml."- " lli-iory "■ jt i, -aid that af- •'■'■ *'"• ''•■'•hiraii f pence the Ihiii-h acted houoi- ;'hly and paid many per„,n> who were h.yal to tho ('r<.w!i and who had Hitbred dama,-c> (iuriii- the -inigiilc. 98 XETV YORK [\\DER THE EXr.IJSir .Tolin Adams went tn London a^ roprp>ontativc of fln^ Mf-w nation. lie was a proniiiirnt fiaiiro diirino' tlic war r.corpe rir met liim cordiallv and said. '• T was rlic last to consent to a separation. 1,,,, ihe .,.p;,rali(ui Iiaviiio. l.oen made and iiavin.ii' iu'cunic incvitahlo. I have always sai.l, an<l say now. that I would ho tho Hr>t to moot tlu- frion.M.ip of tho Tnito.) St.nos as an indopond- ont powor." In ITS,-, Xow V(.ik was drchnvd i.» i),. fii,^ (";ipiti,l "f tho nation, an.! llic first connross aftrr tlio poaoo was ludd il,(-r(" in tlio oM City Hall on WmI] Stroot on til.' sit,, of tho pr.'sont suhtroasury. ..onio,- of .\assan Stroot. llrr.. it was that Sir John T.Miiplo, iirst Am- I'^issador from (Joor... Ill, was roooivod i.v comrross, "•"1 Ix'iv it was thai all tho nd.iistcrs to foroi-n' pow- ers wore appointed and (lie chief ni-ani/ation of the American Kepuhlic look place. Diirin.o' the colonial peri-.d. llinns;,nds of .li^ti,,- piii^lie.l colonial dames ;,ct,.d a prominent part. Of fliol.eanties of fhi.t period. I.ady Kittv Dnorr, dau^-hter of L,,rd Stirlin-:, 1h. rn in New ^'..rk city, was uuv whos.. charms niid characicr won her many tnemls. SI,,, wa^ married and hecame the mother "t M-voral di.liMo„i.h,.,| statesmen who have since lii^ured in American lii.story. f > i . m 00 WASTIIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER Canada Dcforc aii<l After Inclopondonco of the United States — (V)l()iiial Life — Wars Ajrainst tlie French and Indians — Captnre of Quebec — Brit- ish Flag AVaved from the Arctic Ocean to tlie Gulf of ^lexic'j. IX Fl'.>7 the Uritish, nndei- Cahot, made the first discdverv of the mainland of the continent of America. I'dssession was taken in the name of Oi'iirv \'II of Kiigland. l)_v virtue of thi< discovery and jK.sscssion, as \v(dl as their first permanent settlement at -lamestown in \'iri;inia. the P.ritish have ahvavs c'aiiiie(l for them-elves and l.,cir descendants a pri- mal niiht to the mainland of the continent. The French, who came thirty years later, under ('artier, <'lainied all Nocth of the St. Lawrence and Southward via the Ohio and .Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. 'i'licy huilt numerous fortifications from (^Mchec to the (!ulf of .Mexico. .\mon«i-st the nali\c trihe< they made many con\crt> to ("hrislian- ify and ac()nii-inir supreme inlluince over them, formed alliances which afterwanls liecame ajfjrres- ?i\e and menaciuL: to .\ew l'!ni:land. New York and reiinsylvania, as well as to Virginia ami the South. Jn IT.')! this >tate of alfairs iirought on what was lUU WASIIINGTOX AS A ERITISII OFFICER known as the " French and Indian War." Before ac- tual hostilities l)e<ran, the (lovernor of Virpnia sent for the intre])id young surveyor, (Jeorge Washington, then twenty-one years of age, and intrusted liiin with a dispatch to the coniniandant at Fort Du- quesne, now Pittshnrg, re])resenting the injustice of maintaining fortifications on British ground and re- quesiing the ahaudonuienr of rheiii. Tlie licroic young courier within a few hours was on his way nuiking rhe perilous journey (.f 4(10 miles. On his arrival, he was treated with that respect and kindness the French know so well how to extend to strangers. '1 he whole of the (iovernor's request, however, met with a positive refusal by the otiicer in charge. Wasji- ington set out on his return jouniev, having oidy one conq)anion. With compass in inin.l, he .truck holdlv through the forest. The streams wen> >wolien and the rivers almost imjiassahlc. ,o cross the Alle- gheny a raft was improvised. Fix.n it tin' two wan- derers emharked, with poles to guide and >teer the cratt. Soon the hoiling tlood aixl projecting rocks ton' the ratt asunder and threw the uidiickv occu- pants into the raging torrent. Thev saved their lives hy swimming. History says that an Indian -hot at Washington, l.ut missel his mark. .\t la>t he rea.'lied AVillianisJMirg, the sent ..f government for N'irginia, and delivered the French nply. Karly the next -pring the Kreudi. who were allied with all till' northern Indian'^, drove olF a {lartv of 101 t I i . n\ WASIIIXGTOX AS A BUrTISII OFFICER * IJritisli IradciN, and the war hopan. roloiicl Frvo, at t!io lioad of a rogiinciif <>i" Vir<>iniaii troops, with Wasiiinpton socond in ooniinand. iiad Ikmmi sent to o'\'Uj)v Diiqiiosiio, a coiiiinaiidiiiii' position at tlie fork (if rli(> Moiioiiiialicla and AllcLilicny ri\crs. Thoy went forward witli a roconnuiicrinii' ]>ai't_v. Tlio French wore in and)nsh. and npon Washington hcin^' iiiioniicd ul tlicir iocatmn, he pivc oi'di-i-s to lire npnin tiu' foo, then faintly disrernihlo. Witli this volley the leader of tln^ French wa- killed. History creilits Washiniiton with tiri'ii:' the tirst shot in a war which lasted for nin(> \'v.\r~. Colonel Vvxc wa- killed. Washin<rton took e<niiinand and saverl the ilay. SooTi .il'ter at the (;r(>at .Meadows 1h> was snr- ronndod hy a large hody of l'"rencli and Indian^ and eompolled to capitnlate. In 17;").'. (ienci-al liraddock. an Fnglish othcer, r"n(died Alexandria. \'a. He was uwt there h\ the go\-ernors of foin' colonics and pi >ns tornicd for an active eanipaign. Colomd Washington was at once placed npon his >tatV a- an . \ id-dc-c, in!]). The o|d r.ra<ldoek house i- -til] -hown t.) the tonri-t, with the room in which the nicctini:- took place and the he<l- rooni- in which all. including Wa-hiiiiiton. slept that rnght. I wa- -ni'itri.-eil to (ind it in -iidi a go<jd state of preser\ at ion. 'I'he ilriii-h i:viicr,i|. in hiuh spirits, iM.asted that t!ie regulars would cpiickly put an end to the war. i'ladilociv wa< warned hy the ('olonial governors and AVASJMXGTON AS A BRITISH OFFICER by his aidc-di'-camp of the peculiar mode of warfare of the Iiidi;ui.~. Tlic march f(.r Fort Duquesiie was midortakcii. iitid after miicli ])rivation and delay, on the Oth (.1" -luly, l7o'>, when on the bank of the ]\lon(>n<ialicla. ilic enemy, ambiislu'd within close raniie, set up a wild war wIkpoji on every side and made a rapid attack, '["lie rejiulars found braverv of no use and were almost helpless. The Viri^-inian contingent ni-hed into tiie f(»rest and fouiiht a hand- to-hand battle. Ih-addock was mortally wounded. AVashington had his h(.rse killed luider him and wa-< on foot. Then, with tlie aid of IJishoj), the body servant of the general, he seized and mounted the horse of (ieneral IJraddock and led the remainder of the command into the thick of the tight and savtd the Rritish t'lom utter annihilation. He had two iKa'ses killed, yet he came out of the dreadful en- counter without a scratch, and then IJishop. Dr. ('lark and oilu-rs cai'ried. on an imjirovised litter, the wound, 'd general to a «listant poiiU, wheri" he died. At midnight, by ;i flickering light, a grave was made in the center of the road, to prevent the Indians iiu<ling it and dcM'cnifing the bodv, when ^^ashingl^u read the impressive -ervice of the An:;li- can Chunli over the remain-, and the grave wa~ -o leveh'd iin<l arranged as not to attract the jiasser-liy. In 17;.<; ('(donel Washington, on otticial businc-< tor the (Jovernor of Virginia, vi-ited IJoston. He called on hi- old friend. Ueverly l{(.binson, and there 1 o;5 i WASIIINGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER for tlio first time mot ^liss ^larv Pliillips, younge-i; daughtiT of Colonel Frodorick Phillips and a sister to Mrs. Robinson. The Phillips family were wealthy and distinguished. ]\Iary was of moderate height, and of surpassing beauty and graeefuluess. llistoiy .says Washingt<»n was at once captivateil l)y her charms. He made a brief visit and hurried t )rward to Boston, where in all haste he dispatched his business and retui-ned to Xew York. He was a guest of Colonel Robinson. The wliide family were delighted to see ium again. ]\Iiss Phillips as well, having heard of his bravery and goodiie.-s. now more tiian ever smiled upon him. lie was delighted to be informed rbat ^Major Roger ^lorris, an old eomradi' on the field of !Monongahela, was a constant visitor at the house. ^lorris had also been on the staff of Ceneral lU-dd- dock, and had a deeiK-^eated admiration amounting to love, as amongst men, for Washington; but, alas, !Morris luul been and was now in love with Marv Phillips. AVashington, quick to detect this, resolved that he would resjiect it and not disturb the bravi f(dlow, who was hi< form(>r friend and comrade-in- arms. Albeit, still Washington lingered, while thev all grew more and more attached to him, and with the greatest heartiness and good will he returned the kindness. .Mi>s Phillips gave him itret'erence to all others. He was then twenty-f<>ur years of age. Ho was strong, brave, maidy and kind, while she, verv much voiiiiiicr. was hiahlv educatf'd, mi>di'<t and <n'n- 1(»4 AVASHIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER iiiue in nature. AH thonjrlit they were most suited to each other. When on the 4th of October, in the eveninii', a letter was handed to Wasliington, lie ex- cused himself and withdrew to the library. In a half hour after he returned to his friends and explained how uro-ent the message was, and that the bearer of it was now in waiting to accompany him on the wav. He promised to writ(> in ten days and took his de- liarture, but after doing so he tarried and intimated to a partieidar friend in Xew York that he liked ]\[orris, indeed had a great fondness for him, but withal would like to be advised from time to time how his suit jirogressed with ^fiss Phillips. It was one of these singular coincidences arising amongst men, where either one would willingly make great sacritices for the other. Washington was warned from Xew York of how affairs prcgressed and the probability of an early marriage, but more than ever he resolved not to interfere, and never met the charming lady until after her marriage with Captain Morris. Beverly Robinson was a son of John Beverly Rob- inson, a former (iovenior of Virginia. He was a graduate of King's (\)llege, now Cobnnbia College. Chnstopher Robinsoji, of Virginia, a kinsman, was father of Sir John Beverly Robinson, afterwards Chief dnstice of Cpper Canada, who during his long term of ofHce had held the confidence and respect of all classe>. His son, John Beverly Robinson, lOf) N I WASIITXGTOX AS A BEITISII OFFICEPt forms oiif of a pliotoarapli proiip taken in front of tlio Pai'liamcnt iroiise, Ottawa. AVo wore nieni- bers of tlie House of Coniinons at the same time. At tlie close (,f rliat session we came west together in tlie same car, lie liaving- in liis possession the ])arc]i- meut appointini-' liim (Jovi'rnor of Ontario. Wliile we (litiered widelv on the cause of our so suddenly leavino- Ottawa, we were friends. He was cxceed- miih- cheerful during' the journey, and soon entered upon the active duties of his otHcc. His administra- tion gave un(iualified satisfaction to the Province. Christoiiher Jiohinsciu, K. ("., another son of the late Chiel .lusticc, has had a long and most successful career at the har of Ontario. His ]X'culiarity had heen that while <|uite within his reach he never would accei)t any pu!)lic ottice. After the trial of Wilson at Windsor for ars..n, in which 1 acted for the defense, Mr. Rohinson, acting for the insurance companies, .said in conversation that nothing could induce him ever to go „n the bench. .Mr. Robinson was chief counsel at Paris on the Behring Sea arbitration and, as I was informed, after its conclusion was oiTered a knighthood. Even this he vleclined, recommeudin<>- another tor the honor, which was conferred. J here i< no trace of any intimacy ever being kept np between Washington and Colonel Morris or his wife. Frederick Phillips an<l Roger .Morris, Ik.w- ever, at the breaking out of the Revolutionary AVar, each l»e<-ame olHccr< in the service of the Roval ("au?e. lOG ^rASIIIXOTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER Fiiiling ill tliis, the whole of the Pliillip.- property fell under the Xow York Act of Attainder and wa^ i'ouiis- eated to the state. Ttwas fonnd afterwards that the Act • •f AttaiiKk'r did not apply to any hut the life interest of the parties, \vliereHp<in John -Jacoh Astor purchased Ihe ri-ht (.f the heirs for $100,000, and afterwards resold it to tlie State of New York for $500,000. Again, in ITnS, the British resolved to make an- other determined eflF(.rt to capture Duquesne, this he- ing: a most important strategieal pf)int. General Forl)es wa^ placed in eoimnand, with Washington ai, the head (.f ihe Virginia forces. The country was rough and almost impassalile, often causing much delay. When within ten lejignes of the point of d(>s- tination an impromptu council of war was held and tlie ahand<mnient of the attempt resolved upon. Wash- ington stoutly resisted this retrograde step, and pro- posed with an advance guard and such force as was available, to personally lead the Bntish into the Fort. The offer was at once accejited, when he, by a trusty hand of reconnoirerers, disjielled all danger as the ad- vance was made. In a few days jifter the French ahandoned the F..rt. Wlien the British marchi'd in they found it in ruins, the French having set it on tire the day before; and as the I5ritish flag was raised over the ruins it was calle*l I'ittsburg in honor of Pitt, the friendly Prime Minister of Kngland, who by order in council had iixed the status (,f .-olonial officers on a par with the regular arm v. 107 WASIIIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER Colonel Washinijton, at twenty-six, was now one of the most consj)icuous characters and hest officers in colonial life. In 1750, one hundred and fifty years after tlie fa- mous Chaniplain had founded the city ox (Juebee, and its fortifications had "ained the renown of being ab- solutely impretinable, it was placed under siege by the British. Tlie regulars and a strong contingent from Xew York under General Wolfe conducted the bombardment. Soon after the famous victory on the Plains of Abraham took place. Both armies fought bravely, and both generals were killed, but the Brit- ish were victorious, when the capitulation of the French made the victory com[)lete. Then it was that the British Hag waved from the Arctic Ocean to the <'u]f of ]\Ie.\ico, this being consummated by the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French reserving for all tune their laws, language and religion, and for 140 years, up to the ])resent time, the subject matter of the Treaty has never been changed. In ir>s:, Queen Flizabeth, who was a sincere friend of Sir Waltei Raleigh, made a grant to him of hundreds of nules along the Atlantic Coast, Iteing all that portion endiraced between Xorth Latitudes 84^ to :3s \ He, in hon.^r of the virgin Queen, called this new grant " Virginia," but it included a much more extensive district than what is n(.w fixed upon as the state of Virginia. Tli(> old colony was always desiir- natcd as the Old Dominion. lOS WASIIIXciTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER Raloigli was rich, well favored and ednoated. His- tory says tliat Virp:inia was mainly colonized l.y ^•gcntlonicn of l.irtl,," nnnsod to labor, who came out m search of wealth and adventure. It also savs that after the execution of Kin- Charles, in l.;4!), and the^ accession of Cromwell, and when the House of Lord* became disorganized, that tlw royalists flocked to Virginia, while many who took part in bringing about the execution, who were called regicides and f(>ared the return of royalty, flocked to the New Eng- land ctates. Raleigh, after expending large sum^s of money, transferred the Grant to the London Com- pany, who made the first permanent settlement in Colonel Washington had taken no part in the vic- tory at Quebec, his military services bein^ indispen- sable to - afety of Virginia. His earlv life ha<l been that surveyor of wild lands and of much in- tercourse with the wild men of the forest. He was now the trusted oflicer and courier of the governor of the state. In this cai -ity with one orderlv, he was on liis way to Williamsburg with a dispatch After crossing a branch of the Vork River and in passing the mansion of M,.. diamberlvn, he drew lip and dismounted for a few minutes' conversation with his old friend. He received a heart v welc(Mne. The house was alive with pleasure at meeting the gallant colonel. All joined in the earnest wish" that he would remain for the midday meal. As a further 109 WASlllNTiTOX AS A KlilTIRH OFFICER I induc't'iiK'iit, liis old friend in a quiet way intimated that under the rcMif was a beautiful young lady who would doubtless eidiance the ))leasure of his short s^o- journ. Orders were jjiven for the horses to be cared lor. (Jood cheer and deliphtful eouipany made time pass (jiiiekly. .Mrs. Martha Custis, a treasure in her- self, m addition to beiny thi' proprietress of tlu' <>state known as the White House, with its extensive planta- tions, (juite attracted the fiallant geiu'ral. After luncheon they strolled leisurely to tlio '•apacious drawing-room. From the wiiuhnvs, water, forest, lawn and mcndciw sjiread out far to the Kastward, a source of mutual admiration. Xo writer iias evt^' ventured ujutn an explanation of how the hours passed. The orderly stood at the main entrance to the mansion with horses champing at their bit?, eager for a start, until the sun j)assed out of sight in the West, when Mr. ('hamlxu'lyn eutc'HMl by the broad veranda to the drawing-room and announced that it was the unwritten law of Virginia that no traveler should leave his house after sunset. Washington burst into laughter and said, " The law must be obeu'd." The horses would Ix' housed for the ni^ht and a start made by daylight. Six weeks later the beautiful White House and surrounding i)uildings v.-ere decorated for tin- nu])tial ceremony and th(> wedding feast. In a ipuirtcr of a century after, the White House, now the Kxeeutive ^Nfansion at Wash- ington, was named after the abode of Mrs. (Justis, the no WASIIIA'GTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER c-liarmiiig and faithful wife of the father of his country. The biop-rapliers of AVashinj-ton represent hini as being- unhke any other man of his time; that lie was ail Apollo in appearanee and strength, hut withal hgi't of foot as the natives of the forest; that he was courageous as a lion, but sympathetic and mod- est as a woman, yet h'-ghly emotional. AVhen absent on military duty, he was ele.-Ied to the Vir-inia leo- islature. Later, u,.on entering the legishitiv,. eham- l>cr he receive,! a hearty reception, and at once a resolution was adopted thanking him for his militarv services. Speaker Robinson, in tendering him the thanks of the House, clothed it with such' warm ex- pressions of personal and public appreciation as to entirely confound the young hero. Washington aro^e to respond. Whil,. blushing profuselv, lookino- ^traight at the sjK.iker, then up at the ceiling, and then down on the floor, his trepidation and confusion were so .invat that he could not utter a sinde word i ho speaker, seeing this, said in a kindlv wav: " Bo seated, Mr. AVashington; your modestv is equal to your valor, which surpasses the power of anv lan- S^.age I possess." Again, when (Jeor^e Washington 1 arkc Custis, his adopted son, lay upon a dving bed W ashington hurried home, fell on his knees and burst into tears, praying aloud for recovery. The s-mie teeling is manifested in all the letters 'to his adopted -.n when at college, but more particnlarlv is that 111 WAS1II.\GT0X AS A BRITISH OFFICER illustrated l>y tlic scene in partinj^: with the officers of the Revohitionary army, when he shed tears and kissed tlieni all. lie had many narrow escapes. The Indians said he was a spirit-protected man, and could never die in battle. In many respects he was quite boyish, and freely indulged in the amusements of the time. In 175S there is an entry in his diary, '' Snow- inir all (lav. Stavi'd in house ])la_vini>; cards." He was fond of children and could romp and play with them for hours. AVashintiton was in many resjvits like "Wellington. They chafeil at the officiousness of attendants; they always shaved and dressed themselves without aid. They were both great soldiers and great statesmen. Tluy eacli had the same nund)er of letters in their name. Tiiey were exci'edingly court(>ons and fond (d* ladies' society to the end o their days. They were botii early risers and fond of outdo(»r life. Each had an atpiiliiic nose and })rofile mucli th(> same. Tluy were about the same age at the culminating point of their lives. Tiicy each stood six feet in height. They wen both strict nii-ndiers of the Anglican Church. AftiT obtaining independenc<', and by numerous subseipiiiit negotiations ext<'!iiiing over many years, tile South half td' the continent North of tiie (nilf of .Mexico liecauie the I'liited State- of America, and the North half the abode ,d' the Dritish, wiiile the wh(de remained vested in the -anie family, contirm- iiig the claim of tiie di-eoverers tiiat the mainland of 112 WASIIIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER tlio continent riplitfully ])olonp;e(] to the British and their dcseendant.s. At tliis moment, in all parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, the memhers of this family are working honestly together for tlie de- velopment of the greatest enlightenment attainable, with all civilizing inlluences at their command, and with intermarriages solidifying this wonderful un- written compact. 1 1 •■) THE DU( IIKSS OF RICILMOXD'S BALL MEMO OF AS IXCIDKXT IX THE AUTUMX OF 1()()() I i I. THE rashness of Xapolcc.u in 1S12, l»,v which his retreat from Moscow hecanie inevitable, was a hhinder of ineah-uhihle niagnitnde. This, with his swift overt lirow and hanishment, his Iim-iniious escape, his triumphant return to Paris, and liasty elevation to the imperial purple, surrounded ' _ his old <i-eneral- and an army of ;;()(),00() ,,f the ilower of tiie French people, to<;eth(>r with his hurried advance into Ikd- ^iinm, have heeii ace>untcil as tin- most startling;- in- cident- in niodein history. The Duke of Wclliuiitoii, commaiuier in chief of the allied armic-. had foi- months nuide his headipiar- (<r- at the tine old city of P.russels. Here the no- liility, with their ^^Mt wealth, from F.ritain and (iermany Hocked for adventure, pleasure and social intercourse. For week- one of the leaders of t'a-iiion, the Duch- ess of Kichnioiid. had invitations ;icceplcd for a iirand I'al! to take place on the l.")t!i of dune, IM,"., ati event made inmiort i! hy the thrillini: liue< of iJvron, the graphic a, 'count hy Charle- Lever, a- well a- the lU THE DUCHESS OF KICiniOND'S BALL interesting story of it by Thackeray in " Vanity Fair." Xapoleon left Paris at daybreak on tlie nioruinc of the li^th of June, lSir>, on iiis way to Brussels with an army of 1«)0,()(»(). It was 10 A. M. of the ir.th wlu'n courier witli the information readied AVellino-ton at I5russels. AVithin thirty minnti's the P'lierals of th(> allied arinie-^ were directed to hold themselves in readiness to march at any moment. Other couriers were expected homdy with informa- tion as to the route by which Xapcdeon was advanc- ing' into iJelfiium. In the meantime many were anxious to put otf the l>;dl to fake jihice that evening-. Wellinuton, how- ever, refused thi<, as it minht cause panic and «li- courafremeiit. The whole city was soon ablaze with liui'ri(>d pre|)arafions, bands j)layin«:-, army wauons movinu- from point to point, artillery, infantry, cav- alry, all lining the thoron<.hfj,,-es, prepariui-- for the expected march. At 11 l\ M. \V,.lliiiot,ni entered till' ballroom, but after a promenade with the Duch- ess of Richmond, took his leave al>out midm>lit. At i' \. M. of the mornin-i- of the KUh the wlude army was in motion, on its way to (^uatre-Hras. At l' P.M. <»f the same day they met the I'lvncli, and there tor the tirst time the two ^reat fr,>nerals came in sipht of each other on (h,. battlctlebJ—Xapol,,,,,, impuMve, • lashiiifr, reckless; \Velli„ot,,n, coo], deljb.'rate, coura- freoiis, secure in all hi- movement^; the former with 115 > f ' THE DFCHESS OF RICILAIOXD'S BALL tl.c prostip-o c.f victory gained over the Prussians at Lipny the day before, with great numerical strength, aiul hghtmg for j.ersenal existence; the latter, per- haps, the greatest niilitar.' gc^nius of that or anv other age, with no personal purpose to serv<> but knowing that the eyes of the indomitable IJritisl. ^vore upon hiui, grasped the situation at a glance the result being a signal victory for the alli,.d armies.' Ihat night, to gain better position, the Duke moved north four miles to the field of Waterloo. The whole of the 17th was occuj)ied in preparing for the <'oming onslaught of the Fn.nch, as upon the suc- cess of their etfort depended the continuation of the Fmpn-e. The Chateau of Hoiigomont was trans- formed into a temi .-y fortification by AVellinu-fon. Hundreds of umi > busy erecting strong plat- forms, high enough arcnnd the inside of the bri.-k walls of the buildings and yards, on which men might ^tand, and from whi,'h the enemy .)utside would come within easy range. This stroke of generalshi,., added to the maintenance of unbroken squares outside the pates of the chateau, did much to gain the great vic- tory at AVat( rloo on Sunday, the LSth of Juno, 1815. The historic (Plateau of Hougomont has gone into •hcay, but the old red-brick walls are standiuir now. In tlicni arc tl.ousamls of bullet marks and scores of Frcncli bullets still imbe.lded. My gui.lc, granddaugliter of the famous Corporal Cotton, who was at the battle an.l wroto the history JIG THE DUCHESS OF RICIIMOXD'S BALL of it, told iii(> that at a distance the Fiviu-li mistook the red walls for the red coats of the British, thereby exhaustiiiji' their ammunition, while the allied army on the iilatforms behind the wall shot over the top of it, and .lid effective service. For two days I had made careful personal exami- nation of the position of both annies, and had noted the situation from time to time of Wellington and Napoleon; but the information appeared incomplete witliout searching out the very rooms in which the celebrated ball of the Duchess of Kicliniond had taken jilace. Four days before, Avhile at Brussels, I had failed iii this. Xow I retununl again, but found no one at tlie hotel or public buildings to give the needed iiifnnniition. At last, through the aid of an experienced guide. I was taken to an old book store; obtaining a dew there, I drove at once in the direc- tion indicaii'd. 1 found the quaint old building now owned and occu])ied by the White Sisters, an orcU'r (.f -N'una. I li.'ul been .'old before, and now again was wameil by my gui(i(> :ind driver, that the ociipants were very guarded against notoriety, that it woidd be quite imiM.ssil)le to gain an entrance. However, as riy motives were only of the most friendly an<l re- spectful kind, 1, with some hesitation, rang the bell. It was answered by one of the younger memixTs of the Order, witli lu>r head and shoulders robed in white. \[ "iK-e, in (litlideiit and liesitating terms, I made known that 1 was a tourist having just returne<i from the far 117 THE DUCHESS OF KICHMOA^D'S BALL east, and would doom it a -roat favor if i)ermitted to look into the room where the Duchess of Richmond's ball had taken place. A stern expression at once came over her face. The reply, in clear English, was: "It is quite impossible ; it is not allowed."' r felt, and no doubt looked, crestfallen, and again ^aid I had gone around the globe, and had passed through many religious and charitable houses in the Kast as well as at Rome; that the greatest kindne.s i'ad been extende<l to mo, as, indeed, to all tourists where nothing but frion<lly informaiiou was sought b>r. That I had returned from the tield of Waterloo the day lud'ore chiefly to s.vkout the spot and i^ain this pnvdcge, all of ^vhieh woui.l much enhance the .li>- appointmenr a refusal at iliis moment would cause. Slio remained silent and motionless but a moment when sh,. said: - I will call the Superior." I was at once confronted by one of the finest faces it had ev<.r been my good fortun.- to ui.vt. She was perhaps rifiv years of age, but .-h-ar, bright, ati.l in a modest wav <pMte commanding. The younger Sist.-r had in forme'd hor of my wishes. 1 howe.l slightly and rais.^l mv liat, but made no remark. Sii.. at once said: - Voi, are a straug..r. and, beln.ve me, I regret to nduse vour '••■quest, but it cannot be." I again n.peated a'part otmyapiK.al. andadd..d: " it is a charitable Order. I would eoutiibute to that purpose." The reply was: "X<., that wonld not have any etFeet ; I rrgret it can- not be." The younger \nu .1 [ Lehin,! tl,e S„- 116 THE DUCHESS OF KICIIMOXDVS BALL porior; lior face and kindly manner scorned to en- (•onraj.'(> mc, but when refused tlie second time l.v the Superior, I raised my nat, and turned slowlv and reluctantly away. AVhen only a few steps froni the door a g-entle rapping attracted my at- tention. Upon turninj,^ round, the Superior, \vit1i The -weetesr manner and voice, said: "This i< your friend" (referrini>- to the younger SisteiO, "you can come in." It was a small affair in some ways, hut the most graciously granted and mo<t thankfully accepte.l. They renuirked that much of 'he ))]ace had heeu Imilt ..ver. hut the hallrooni re- mained unchanged. We quickly entered the historh- :'partuieut. It has a high ceiling, and is al)out thirfv l.y forty feet in size. To the left of the gi-eat open fire- phice stood the chair in which the Duke sat .luring his visit there. About ten feet from the right sid.' of the fireplace is a Fren<'h window, leading out U{>on a veranda overl.x.king what was then a Howcr -.-ar- den. Th,>re is a large table standing the longvr wav of the r..om, which has Un- nuniy years been the worktahlc of the Sisters. I was mueii struck with the earnest, pure and lofty purposes of the charity workers, and after a few mi.i- utes of i)leasant c.nversation and returning mv heart- felt thanks, 1 took leave „f this most intrre^ting abode. 11!> I THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY Speoch of Mr. Davi,! Class, Counsel in Defense of Covle CharRed with Murder, as I>ul)lishod at the Time- Verdict! \.>t (iuilty. Deliverefl in Court House, London, Canada, the IGth of De- ceinlxT. 1S7J. " MdiJ II I'lva.^r Yoiiy Lonfship— "Ge.xti.kmkx „k tjik Jluy: I appear in dp- fcnso ot the prison.T (^)ylo. Uo stand., as you know, ''liiiriiv.l l,v iii.lictiiu'nt with the crime of murder. I .^liali end(>av(>r to p.uut out to you liow eonsistent the (nidence is with his entire inneeenee, although it is no^ part ..f liis duty to prove his innoeence, for ho IS innocent, aecordinj? to law, until his gnilt is fullv proven. f.Mr. (Jh.ss h,.re read, from a hook on cir- cnmstaniial evidence, the famous (V,]ennin case, and others, to sliow how some had sutfered death for orimes with which they l,ad I.een .'harged, although P'Ttectly innocent.] The prisoner is charged with •' •■'•ii'ie wldch in all ages of the world has' I.een re- g.'ird.d a< nuv of tlic highest, if not the verv hi-hest, "f uhich man can he guilty, ir.'nr,., the',.n.found solemnity which attaches to a trial likr the present. Solemn an.l re<ponsihh> for my lor.l upon the bench; ••'nie>t, thonghtfnl and responsihle tor me, but all combined can in no deirre(> weigh wit], the pro- 120 V, THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY f.nmdlysolonm an<l responsible position in whioli vou are placed Ihe court may err, I n.ay fall greatly short of what I should do, through want of f^rce in bringing the case before you, through want of skill defect of memory, or otherwise, but all these short- comings will avail nothing, if you do not fail in the discharge of your duty. Gentlemen of the jurv, what s that duty? ^0 doubt, his lordship will define it to you. At this moment, however, in order to pre- pare your minds for a brief exposition of the case upon the evidence, I draw your attention to the words of a learned author on this subject. [ ^^r Glass read from - Starkie on Evidence."] You tlierefore, see, gentlemen, .>ou are to act within cer- tain ..rescribed rules. You are to well and trulv try and a true deliverance make, according to thJ evi- < once, so help you God. You are all-powerful, but that power implies great responsibilitv, that vou will east from you the shackles of public opinion, of popu- '=»• prejudice, and with minds free and unbiassed un- ^P<.tte<l as a sheet of pure white paper, be prepared to receive impressions from ,vlu,t ap,)ears in evi- dence before y.u, and from this alone. You say in your h,-arts that thi. shall be your case. But will •t ho i All claim to be free from the effects of public I>re.iud,ce, but who can withstand that strange cur- nnt, whi.-h seems to sweep away all in its pathway? Ard vet this ti<le, when passion or preji.di.r are its promoters, is quite as likely to be wrong as right— 121 1*1 ■m t THE xLssoriji tragedy iill liistory proves it. Dnrijig thit Middle Ages, all men believed in witclienift. The tide swept over'tli.. whole continent of Europe, the stream bearing everv- thing before it. All men stood aghast at the dread- ful something, understood, as they firmly believed, but yet .lot imderst..od at all. The King,' Lords an.l Commons were its slaves, the sacerdotal office gave holy sanction to it, the learned of Oxford and Cam- bridge were its votaries, the wise and good Sir Mat- thew Hale, bearing the insigina and robes of justice, sat and delivered judgment and sentence of deatli upon those found guilty of witchcraft. All this com- bined wis,|,,m thought they were not and w<.uld not be swayed by public opinion, and yet gav<> daily ex- junples of their complete serfdom to this myth, which was the creature of prejudice. Thousands' came vol- untarily forward and confessed that they were witches and wer(> sentenced to be, and were, in fact, burned filive. Ten thousand fires blazed all over the civil- ized world, lighted to appease popular prejudice. It was n..r until the middle of the sixteenth century that any man with sufficient courage could be foimd to raise his voice against this delusion. Fltimately, light bn.ke upon the world, the light of reason was allowed t(. 1)0 enfhr<.n(>d in the place of prejudice; and now all are as firm disbelievers as thev were then believers. This is an illustration of how dangerous It is to be l.'d away by public opinien, and vet how <lifheult it is to resist it. Hut, gentlemen,' it is a 1-2 2 I THE :n^issouei tragedy polcmn tliinp- to do; it is an awful position to bo in, to take an oath to try a case according: to the evidence, and yet to allow a former jirejudice or some per- son's opinion to step in and do that which according to your clear duty should he done upon the evidence alone. You, gentlemen, have been selected from the whole panel because of your peculiar suitableness in point of intelligence to try this case. I feel, no doubt, that you are unbiased, impartial, upright men, well ignited to sit in judgincnt in a case like the present; the watchfulness, the close attention, the deep inter- est evinced by you make it manifest that your verdict will be the result of honest conclusions, based upon the evidence. This much I have thought it my duty to say, in justice to you as well as the accused, for if your verdict should be founded upon what others tlnnk, or your own prejudice, a doubt must and would always rest u})on your minds, and a life of remorse would follow. Others, who bear no respon- sibility, can easily tender cheap advice and can well afford to give vent to their prejudices, their hurried conclusions. ]]ut, gentlemen, upon you must the re- sponsibility rest foreN-er. According to a beneficent provision of ]Jritish justice, all men are in the eye of the law considered innocent until they are proved to be guilty. The uprightness of our manhood is thus vindicated; all men stand before their fellows with this just j)rovision in their favor. [^Mr. Glass read from a book on criminal evidence.] You will there- 123 I \ I THE xissorni tragedy fore see how conii)Iot<'Iy the liege subjects of the realm are surrounded by these merciful provisions; they are not merely in name, not brought up to mis- lead, but are cardinal j)rinciph's of our law, as nec- essary to be understood and acted upon as trial \,y jury, 'j'his presumption of innocence stands i;p to shield us from injury, and un^il that presumption is removed, condenmation cannot take i)lace. The pris- oner is to have the benefit of every reasonable doubt; that is, if your mind i.s poised as to who really did conmiit the murder. If you think it might have been done by some other than Coyle, and that he may, in fact, have had n(jthiMg to do with it, these are all what pre called reasonable doubts; it is a i)art of your sworn duty to give the i)risoner the benefit of tJiem, and if they are in your mind, to acquit ' nn. Do not create a doubt in order to set this mai, ' -it. as you value your own future safety and happim ware how you disi)el from your mhids and liearl. ,.ii honest doubt. If one arises, it is the jirisoner's right to have lin- ..dl benerir of it; rcnieiubL'ring also thai a wise judge, a fath<>r in our courts, has laid it down as a princii)l(> that it is U^ttcr that ten guiltv men should go free than that one innocent man "should perish. When the paltry consideration of dollars and rents are at stake, jurors can aiford to cavil and ac- eommodate each other, but this is not the case when dealing with the (Jod-givcn princii)le of life. A weapon when once driven in, even the sacrifice of 12i THE NISSOURI TRAGEDY your own life could not pluck it out again. Where is the truths This is a question I have asked nivself in the busv streets and in the solitary hours of the nipht; it is what we are in search of now; to find it and pivc effect to it are the purposes of courts of law. A\ ith this in vi(.w, let us look at the prisoner, and the circumstances surrounding this ease: He is nineteen years of afje, weii-hino one hundred and ;hirty pounds; five ioet -ix inches in height; an open coun- tenance, with full eye, regular, well-formed features, altogether a ph-asing, agreeable appearance; talk to' him and you will find him frank, open, honest and ap- parently truthful: not volatile, wavward or passion- ate, but (luiet, sober and candid; these are the impres- sions which all form who converse anv time with him- his api,earance is in his favor, as well as his conver- sation; and, what is better, everv word of evidence on the subject goes to show the truthfulness of these favorable impressions; an industrious, hard-working boy, not associated with low or idle company, no .i.wieever laid to his charge; he has not onlv the pre- sumption of innocence in his favor, but his appear- ance, his conversation, and, what is more, the evidence preponderating strongly in his favor. Passing from the outline of the case, the appearance and character ot the prisoner, let us proceed at once to investigate the proofs. Now, what are they ? George Can^pbell was found dead on the morning of the 15th of July 18 il, at about two o'clock; when daylight came a 125 I i THE XlSSOnil TKAGEDY ]»i-t<>l was fouiul at lii- licdsidc, loadcil with a picco di" lead and wadded with a leat; wlictlicr the pi-tul had cvi'i- been usc(l in any way or not it is impossible to tcdl; it ccrtaiidy was not the instninuMit of death; a pistol like that had liei'H sold by Tayiov c\: Free- laaii, of St. Mary's, uii tiie Saturday evenini>' ])rior to the inurder; C'oyle was in St. Mary's on that evening, as many Inindreds of otiiers were; anionii~t them wero McTntyre and ISrimicomlie, as far fnun tlieir homes as Coyie was; the p<Tsoii who bought the i)i>tol had a hat on .-innlar to the one that was worn l)y C'oyle. This is not at all nnn .al. It i< a (•hea[), useful and durable hat, generally worn by all who work exposed to tlte stm dui'Jiji- the summer months; so that, no doubt, on the July evening in <piestion, many thou- :-ands had on similar hats in an 1 aronml St. Mai'v's. 'The person who bought the ])istol was ditferent alto- sj^cther froni Covie. He v, ■ twenty to twenty-l e years of ag(>, stouter ; of a light eomph'xion, and Wore ii long linen coat. A light romph'xion iinpHe< bght hair, light eyes, and bright, fair -kin; as (bl- fen'ut from a dark couiplexioned man a> darkne-- is from daylight. These ditl"renee- in complexifin are well kii wn to yon, gtntlenien. lle-idi's the lii:lit and <hirk eomjtlexioni c| <'bi -es. there i- a large mid- ("' idass, who repre-vtil a nnxture bit ween the two. I)ni, the comph'xion of the man who lionoht the pi-tol was so marked a- Vi rivet attention, evm njion an interview uf a !''W moments. ( 'oylc i- a good lypi' ot l-'G TJIE XISSOURI TRAGEDY ,i<l:irk-oomploxiono(] iDan; j('t-l)lack liair, tliickjiravv, black oycl.rows, hlaok eye- and dark skin; a nuirkod, indoi'd a strikini<-, typo of what is kn^wn in ovcrv- • lay litV as a dark-('om{)loxi()i;.'d man. Coylc never liad a liiKMi eoat and on the evening- in question woro a .-hort iivay (-(.at. This is the evich-nce on Indialf of tli(< erown. Tliey prove th(>niselves out of eonrt. aiut then by ni(>ans repuauant to fairness and justice thev try to bolster uj) a <-ase whereby tliey niay get back into court again. iJepugniunt to ju<ti''e and hunian- iry were the moral tortures to which this man has been subjected. ]t is said: • r,ut if he is guilty, e\cry means should be emjijoyed to tind "Ut the i;uilr. riiilir (u- wrong:.' This was the argument used to jus- tify the use of the crimps, the thumbscrews and the rack. Thi-; is wiiy ci-MhTico was given to the witch, tlic -oofhsaycr and the diviner. Tliis is whv thi' l)o<)ks are full of ihotisand^ who have died iniiocenth . because of the means em|)h)yed to compass their de- -tru<'(;n|i. .\ suspie;,,n once arouse. 1. and tlieti ' ii'ith's hiiiit as air are eoMlirnuit ion stroii-:- as Ibdv Writ.' Hnt, tiiaiils (lod, we live in a ditTeretit age, an ai:e when rea-en in its majesty ami [lower -tands forward to rebuke an age ot prejudice and pa— i<ui. .Ml uien are now e(.n-i(|er( d iniKx'eiit until their guilt Is proven, ihit in this (Coyle'-) cast, we arc siippo^'d '" pervert the law, and tir-t to pre-ume hi^ fiui\\. l-".ven the jii.lieiarv ,,f the coi-iitry have taken ollici;il notice of tiiH, Ili^ Lor.Miip, .Mr. Justice (Jwyune, 1J7 f TITE XTSSOT^ra TKACJEDY in his cliar-ic to tlio erand jury at tlio fall a-^sizcs of last v.'ar, in this (•()uvtli..iise, severely eor.deinned the treatiiicur of the ]irisoiier, and said ' it was con' vary to Jiritish practiee and P.riti^h fair play.' Wh ean ho safe for .1 moment if a siis])i('inn is (•■ist npon him and then ^h'ixixvd lu-iht and day, and every act, word ;iiid uv^tnre eonstrned into .vidence of i>nilt < He who se(k< for sonH'thin«i- i-^ anxions to find it; he wlio ■^eeks lor proofs of gnilt is anxious to tind them. Hence, the overdrawn int.'rpretathm imt upon any ,.iiriim>tanccs l.y the <leteetivo or the -^py, and this is whv -uch evhlenee is most nnrdialtle. | Mr. (lla^s read from Taylor on Kvi.K'nce. | A man was found to .-rou.li hims.'lf down eh.^e to a wall and try t(. ciitch >omc word thai mii^ht fall upon hi^ ear or im- jitiine >omo w..rd, t.. <lo what '. To take the life of thi< man. 1 miiiht dwell hmii an«l scv.rely upon thi-^ con.lnrl; 1 will not, hut .Mrtainly this i> a .h'l>ase<l, a cruel act. for any man to lend him-elt" to. Tin- wa? the evcniuL' prior to the execution of Mv^. Camphell for the nnirder of her hu-hand, (ieoruv Camphell. 'I'he sauie erinn- Coyle i- !U)W \>v\n>j: trie<l for. 'Unit she .lid <'omuut the murder there now >eem- to hv no doulit. and the only (pi<-tiou i-, had -he anv assist ;iiice in the commi->ioii of thi- awfid Iraiie.ly; or what motive had -hr for killing her hu-hand ^ The only motives aitpearinij upon the ( videnci- art> tie hearthurnini:s and hitternr-s whii-h aro-c idiout a live liunilred liojlar tiole wliieh ohi .Mr. Camliliell lli8 THE MISSOURI TPAGEDY fiwcd to (!eori;o, and the disrovcrv l>y hor, as slie ^aid, of the eriniinal iiitereourse between her Inishaiid and ^Nfr.s. John MeAVain. It appears that ai'ter (letir^o p-ot married and went out from his father's lionse, the ohl man owed him $.">()()— it matters not liow that eam(> ahout — the $500 was then owed to the de- eea-ed (ieorpc^ Campbell by his father; the father pave a note for this at a lonp (hite, but the note was not made to order or to bearer, for the express rea- son that if anything ha})j)ened to (Jeorge, his wife and family should not pet the benefit of it. I'pon this Mrs. ('am]>l»ell pave vent ro violent passion. Old .Mr. Campbell say- her passion^ were somethinp dreadful; she became (piite wild with rape; she eoidd be heard forty rocls from the house; this is the wav she acted when liviiip with him; therefore, althouph she miplit never <'xpect to pet (Hie cent of the .tfiltO. the mere fact of makinp her an exception, and pre- nieditatinp, as she tiioupht, a wroiip to her. wa- an insult she could not endure, (leorpe, at her instance, no doulit, took advice of a lawver at St. .Marv's and found from that adv- • that, i\ot withstandinp the pre- eautinu dt' the old man, in the event i-f (Jci.riic d\i!i:: hi> family could collect the note. 'I'his, old Mr. (ampbell discovered, anil set aixuit pettinp iic n'it(> out (d" his son (Jeorpe's hands, and, sti-amic to >av, a few weeks j)rior to the murder, he did pet the imte away from (Jeorpe upon the promise of a liorM' and cow. AVhate\er Mrs. ( 'aiiipludrs exa>piration mipht 129 / f II THE XISSOUFJ TKAGEDY liave boon at old 'Mr. Campboirs provions oondiict, and the williiia dnnc lici- Inishand a}!|)ears to have liccu — this last , no doubt, completely maddened her — it may be argeil that this is not a suiftcient mo- tivp. It micht not be f(M* one out of a hundred tiiousand nuMi or \v(tmen, and yet one out of a million has l)e('u foumi to whom the motive was sufficient. Voii must remcuiber that we are all differently con- stituted; there are no two beinprs in all nature alike; no two heads, no two hearts of the 1,0()0,()0(),00(), all made in the iuuiiie of (rod, yet no two faces alike. What would siid-c deep into the soid of one man, falls upon another lik(^ a senseless clod. Old Mr. Camp- b(dl and his dauiihrcr both jirove that the note had been given uj) sevei'al weeks bet'oi'c, and do you think ^[rs C;nnplwll did not know about it, did not know aliont thi< $.'(00. which was all on earth to them; they in their lonely cabin hail not much to talk about; this was the chief pai't. if not all their earthly goods, and day bv day their thoughts ttirned to it; what rest- eth iu the heart cMincth often to the li|)s; it was n genera! topic of eonvtivation ; mM Mr. f'ampbell proves, and so does his dauLihie!-. tli;ir the giving up of that note wa-; to lie <trietly private (the chief infer- ence being that ouini:- to the talk theic Mrs. ('ani{>- bell thnv into a ]ia-~ion); she was to be kept in th<^ dark until the *otM) note was handed over for a prom- ise of a hoi'-e and a cow ; vc<, it was kejit in the dark until their all was .-urnndcrcd. Hut couM >uch a 130 THE ^'ISSOURI TRAGEDY thini^ he kept in tlic dark from Plioebo Campbell? This marv(>loiis woman, altliou<>h dwelling' within the walls of that log eal)in, was one of thr prodigies of the nineteenth century; she will occupy a niche in the history of this country as having enacted one of the greatest tragedies of her age; it was from her that old Mr. Camjjbell and his son George were to keep this secret about the note; she was to be kept iii the dark; she with her strong u'asculine w"l! but do you think she was ^ You auswcn- 'no,' because the woman's physical and mcnital jxnver.s made her a master sjiirit. The counsel for the crown in the trial of Pho;d>e Cainplxdl said that the jury miight tliink the amount at stake a small one to induce such a crime, but tliat a murder had bc( u connnitted at Kingston at one time for $l*(;. It secuMMl to b(> his opinion that slie, unaided and alone, had killed and then mutihite(l Iku' hu-band in the way that he was iound. Xow, in the voluminotis testimony before you, it is impossible to settle positively upon any detiniti! theory; there are tlirce ways, any on(> of which the crime may hav(> been c(unmitte(b He nuiy have been kilN'd by tw.. men, a- at tirst .-taled ; he niav have been killed 1 y one >trong man, as wa< fhaii^ed aijainst •lohu McWain; or he may have been kiliid ly Mrs. <":'nipl)ell ali>ne. This Intter thtory sei'in-; to be the one g(>iirr;il|y acceptod by studctils of tli(^ evidence. iJul let u< look at tlie tliree as they havf^ been provt J before yon. The day afier the murder Mrs. Gauip- THE XTSSOT^rxT TKAGEDY O bell, upon lior oath bofdrc tlic onronor's jurv, statod that two men, with bhickenod face?:, had oome and kilkMl her liushand. Thfv wore not so tall as hor hnsbaiKl. Xow, on that vcrv niplit two men, namclv, Davis and Priostly, lodged in a house not far dis+ant. Priestly lived at Thorndale, hut, as he says, was on his way to Clipperton's and remained all niglit at I )avis's house. Li_<-hts were seen in that liouse at mid- nifilit. The next mornino', wlien aroused hy Suther- land, they were mueh lonoer in eominj.'' to the door than usual, ten minutes, as it appeared to him, fund)- linii- about doinji' soniethiuir insid.', and when Davis eame to the dodi- ajid was inf(U-me(l <.f the murd<'r, he at once askod: • Did they ^v\ the iiKmey ^ ' On the followin.ir day Davis was at the funeral; ('(instahl(> riinir arrested him on suspicion of the murder, put him in irons, and inimedii-.tely drove to Davis's house to make a search for anythinir that would corroborate th;>se suspicions. Wlieu there, I'hair found a pair of trousers with lari^c lilotehes of i»l 1 across the front. Phair returned with I )avis to where the peoy)l<' atteiidin<i- the funeral were assemble<l, exposed the blood-stained iiarmeut^, aud derl.ired that thev had the riiiht man. He and I'riesilv were bronirht to this city and UuliivA in jail. I was sent for to defend I >avis, and found the clothiiii:' whicli had Nrn !iroiin|,i m with him covered witji what appeared to be larp' clors of blood. They were kept in prison for about ten days, and then, with(Uit a trial or invesiij-ation ■V2 THE XISSOUPI TRAGEDY of any kind, turned out of prison. But up to this (lay tlio blood-stained garments liave never been seen or returned to J)avis. These men would eorrespond in size witli the men named in :\[rs. Campbell's depo- sitions. Either on(> of them would eorrespond in ape, siz(>, build and complexion with the man who boudit the pistol at St. .\rary's much better than the pri-^oner ('t\vie does. On ihat niornina', fresh footprints wero found not far frf»m the house of Davis, and a -trance dog was seen running from the direction of Camp- bell's house to Davi-'s. In addition to this you will say tha^ if the killing took place after a severe strug- gle it would recpiire the power of two mcTi, or one very strong man, to ac.'omplish it — for you will ol)- serve that the wrist of Campbell was not cut while in bed, or the bed would luive been covere<I with blood. I present the facts as tluy aj)j>ear in evidence, and leave you to be the judges of what wciulit von will attach to them. Now we come to the >econd theory, viz.. that the murd(>r may have \hh-u nnv.- mitted by .-Hf <trong man. Mrs. Campbell has identi- fied dolin McW'ain as being the man who came at the (h'a<l hour of the night and killed her liii~l)and. Twice, straight to his face, looking him >iraii;ht in ;l.e eye, has slic charged him wiih the ciimf, in thi-; very <'onrt room. He is a man (d" great l>readth of chest, iiowerfnl in limb and muscle — a strauizv man — he \vork< at night and stays in by day>. lie i< a man ot bad ciiara<ter. having passed a tei-ni in pri-on 133 TJK XLSSOURI TRAGEDY f: i; 1' for tliofts comniittod l)y liiiii. He was not at the fnnoviil, tliouiili liviiia' clo-c hv. II(> was ono of the very first arrested and lodged in jail. John McWain has a son abont the size of the bov who boupht the j)istol from Taylor t.'v: Freeiiia . Perha])s a strong; man like .[dlin ^IcAVain m'ulil jiress George (Vinp- bell against the wall, wlun-e the blood bhilches were — his Tnoti\'e being to resent an insult to liis wife and to (d)rain money. Some days before he inqnired if old McWain had got his money, meaning the thou- sand dollars which ^MeWain drew from the bank on the Satnr<lay befuv<'. Yon, then^forc, see what a strong circumstantial ease is made out against him. lie i< the only ]ier>on identified and -worn to by Mrs. Camjibi'll as haxing counuittcd the murder, and, therefore, with the chain of eirenmstances against liini, together with her pointed evidence, if he had been ])laced upon \i\< trial, he would have had a poor cli;uic(> of escajie. Now, this is the second theory that (inc stnuig man may hav»> killed (Jeorge Camp- bell. Vou will ob-crve that the evidence strongly sustains cither one (d" the-e theories — either one of ilicin in my mind jirc^enting mor(> point, more force aiul iiMire reason to sustain it than th(> case against ("oyle, now before you (to which I shall soon ask youi- atieiitiou in detail). After looking at these two theories. 1 now com(> to the third theory; vi/., thai Mr<. ("auijilH'll niay linvc killed her husband unaided and 1:5 1 alone. She was the wife of (icorixf' THE NISSOUEI TRAGEDY Campbell, and, tliereforc, on the iiipht of the murder, at the time of the killiiio-, without regard to her words, we uiav presume she wa- ])resent. At two o'elock next morning she was found near to the murdered man by three neighbors. She was a woman strangely constituted by nature— broad build, with great muscular power, self-possessed, with great cun- ning and secretiveness, full of imagination and in- vention for every emergencv — volatile, even merrv. witli a powerlul, lurking, panther-like reserve power showing itself in every look and movement, with nerves of iron and a powerful will; a resolution once made, she was determined and unthigging in carrying it into eifect ; but, predominant above all these other jieculiarities, was her great selfishness. Let every per- son and everything fall, if she could only stand. This IS the person who was found close to the body of George Campbell on the morning of the loth of July; she had, what appeared to her, no doubt, a strong motive for conmiitting the deed, viz.: that George Campbell allowed his father to frustrate her at every point and dejirived her of every cent they had. AVhy did George (;amj)bell want his wife to be kept in the dark about the transaction? Old :Mr. Camj)l.ell and his daughter say that George did want this— you naturally ask what was the caused and you answer, that it was because he knew her and had a dread of her. H,. .toid Ids father that if he had known all lit; then knew, he would not have been married. She 7 THE XISSOURI TRxVGEDY stated, on oath, that some months Ix^fore this she had discovered that her husband liad had criminal intercoiirse with the wife of John ^VFcWain; if true, in a woman of her stranjic, stoic tirmness, tliis may have constituted an achlitional motive, more powerful than even tlie money itself. She was aiTcsted upon sus])icion of tlie murder, cast into prison, and from that moment lu>r whole genius was l)rou,i>ht to bear in order (as she repeatedly said) t') avoid beinp; hanged, her mind readily falling into any channel which would lik(dy meet with public belief; first charging one and then .mother; first telling one story and then another, until every vestige of faith in her utterances was com])Ietely lost and gone ..n'over. The arts by which she tried to save herself hurried on her ruin. She was tried for the murder, foimd guilty, and condemned to die on the 2()tli day of Jmie of this year. Pint, notwithstanding that, the Governor still had the p(»wcr up to the very moment when the fatal bolt was drawn to alter the sentence and give back her life again. In many cases, when the victim has stood upon the scafbdd, a reprieve has come, and life has been saved. She knew this perfectly well, and, therefore, in this emergency invented a story which, no doubt, staggered the (lovenior in Council, and it came within a hairbreadth of saving her life; she knew well that to ])rot<'st her innocence would no longer avail anything, and therefore she gave to the world a fourth interpretation of how the i;iG THE XlSSOUm TRAGEDY murder took place. In this, in express words, she confessed hein- ouihy, hut (•hai-ge<l that another per- son then livin- was ouilty also. Hv this, no doubt, she nearly saved h.-r own life, for that life became necessary to establish thr puilt of the rson she then charged. Ey this crafty ,levice, if it had been be- lieved by the Governor in Council, she would have prolonged her own life f„r some months, an,l no doubt she thought that being a woman she might then have had her sentence commuted to penitentiary for life, but after all that had passed, all the state- ments and counter statements that had been made, the Governor in ( 'ouncil totally disregarded her word', and allowed the execution to take ])lace. Her death alone was sutticient to sh.nv her to be a marvelous woman, with >t«.ic power and firnmess greater than any ten men. The heavy tread of the executioner, tlio mournful presence of the man of God come to' administer the last consoling prayer of the Church, udiere all but ..ne ,p,ailed— that one was stoic and •'..moved as a pillar of lead. As she lived, so she died. This is the woman whom Blackmore, McDon- aM and Craig found near to the body of (leorge Cami)bell on that eventful morning, with the palms nf both hands covered with blood; she was there, ^he had natives that promj)te(l the deed, she has been trie<l and condemned for it, she has confessed it n..d suffered <leath. If she did it alone and unaided '"'^v <1'<1 ^^1.0 do it^ All the weapons with which the 137 I i I THE XTSSOURT TKAGEDY crime M-as connuittod aro provo.l to liavc boen the proporty of her late ImsbaiHl. I5ut a pistol was found there wliicli no one can renicnilier of liavinp- seen in the possession of Campbell or his wife prio'i- to that morninir. The })istol was no. used in the commission of the erime, but it was there, and there ean be no doubt it was one of two pistols sold sometime be- fore b_v Taylor .1- Freeman, of St. .Marvs. Then, I'ow did the killino- take place? I have\aeted for several of the persons arrested, charged with this murder, and have carefidly studied everv phase and branch ()f the case from the first. Within a few days after the crime I went to the house and ex- amined it carefully; within the last few days I did so for the second time. I have heard what has been said in evidence, and after all this have come to the conclusion which, no doubt, you have come to, viz., that a hunum hand smeared the blood on that ax handle and upon that knife. That the reason was that after the killin- took place the imi)riuts of bloody hands were upon the ax-handle und upon the knife; then to remove these imprints, the whole ax-handle and knife were smeared over with blood. The ingenuity that suggested this, .sug- 'gcsted the casting of clots of blood with a cloth against the wall, and the throwing of it around the room up(,n the clothing and furniture, and the driv- ing of the back of the ax through the thin inch-board floor, for u blow directed at an object in front wouM 138 THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY not come with force upon the floor. We know that by hiiina. liand^ blood was used, we liave li in the deposition of Mrs. Campbell herself, we have it in the living- evidence of the blood upon the articles now before us, and if used in one place, in all likeli- hood it was used in other places. I will show you that no struggle took place. In all Junnan probabiHty he was killed in this way: Campbell was asleep, ly- ing ujwn his left side, the room was light, the ax was raised over him, and a blow well directed upon the skull broke it in. This would not catise a great effusion of blood, and yet would produce almost in- stant death; enough of blood did trickle down to make the blood stains in the hollow of the pillow; Dr. Foster says it was not a blotch, but a stain; the cutting of the wrist did not take place while in the bed, or else the sheets would have been covered with blood— it did not take place in any struggle around the room, for from that cut a stream would flow, cov- ering the floor in every part, in which the fee. of Campbell would come in contact, and the soles of them would l)e covered with blood ; but when dead, the soles of the feet were free from the marks of blood as when living. No, gentlemen, there was no struggle, the hands were free from wounds, the feet were free from bloo<l; .McDonald says there were splashes of blood against the wall and" the marks of bloody Angers against the door, as if rubbed on; the subtleness that smeared the ax and knife with 139 THE XISSOUKI TRAGEDY blcod also prepared tlie other appearances of a strug- gle; for what reas(,u ' to show that she could not have done all this alone; blood was on her hands when she came to the house of Mrs. Wiseman; James Wise- man says he thinks there was no struggle; in hia evidence he says it appeared to him that the man had been drawn out of the bed, the sheet had been drawn round or down somewhat. In this man's evidence we see another featiire of how the crime was com- mitted; after that first blow, the die was cast, the demon of death reveled wildly; the man, perhaps iu a paroxysm, leajx'd to the floor, only to fall dead upon it, or was dragged from the bed in the frenzy of excitement which the awful moment created, and then literally chopped to pieces upon the floor; this is where the wrist was cut; the body was surrounded with blood ; the room was light, so that a score of blows caiiicdircctly upon the head and face, the tieudof destruction not abating until a knife was sought and the thrttat was cut in order to nuike the work of death bcvond peradventure. Those who have studied the subject -ay that this is tlie work of an infuriated woman; iu lier desperation and frcn/v, not knowing when to ^tay licr liiind, not knowing when the W(»rk of death was completed; to prove tluit this is true we iiave licr arrc-t, lur trial, Ihm- condemnation, her confession and her <'\ccution; this third theory of the murder >'euie(i to have iiei'U ai-cepted by the learned conu'^id tor the crown muni her own prose- i JO THE XISSOUKl TRAGEDY cution; and since, that has been received as the true one ; no f(X)tprints were found about tlie liouse, no stains of blood upon the fences — all solitary and alone she would appear to have committed this great crime. I have, gentlemen, drawn your attention to throe theories, by any one of which George Campbell might have lost his life; and now I ask you to come witli UK' back to look at the case of the prisoner, Coyle. He was born in the county of Brant ; left an orphan at ten. From that until fifteen he worked for a farmer in that township. The farmer sold out, and Coyle came into Downey, near St. Mary's, and worked dm-ing the harvest. Joseph McWain then employed him permanently by the year. He was then lifteeu years of age — a jK)or, ragged, dependent orphan boy. Mrs. Campbell had been married some- time before and was rc-iding with her husband at the liouse of old Mr. Camf)))ell. (leorge Campl)ell and his wife canii afterwards to reside with Mr. Josej)h McWain, where tluy remained until the early part of June, ISTl, when they removt d to the small hoii-e in which (ieorge Campbell was killed on th(; l.">th ()f July foljowiiitr. I lie promoters (tf this pros- <'(Mition have attempted to estal'lish some undue frieiid>liip iM'tweeii iliis voting lad and .Mrs. CamplM'll. In tlii>, on every point tliev have signally failed, for the he-t of reaxni-. that it lia> never U'en more or less tliaii a liase, tiroiinilless slander — lun-er mooted tlnriiig tlie lifetime >.f ( 'aiiipbeil, and never tlioiiijht THE MISSOURI TKAGEDY of until .'.n.o inotiv. was to bo supplied fur tl.e mur- ,lor. The in^^enuity of the .leleetives was then etn- plnv-d in l.uildinj:- up a ease uj^.n this theory, the ^vret.•h(.d hreakin:;- down ,.f which -l.ows how ncves- .•u-y it i< to have sonic tr)itl> to Iniihl upon. (%.uhl they hav(> livcl vcar> in tlie . an.c house with<.ut signs of intin.acv. if there were at.y '. On the l^t of July, 1S71— Donii.iion Day-C'oyh. asked his master, Mr. Joseph MeWain, to aHow him to come to London to atten.l the >ports. MeWain refused, owing to .ome work n.p.irinir attention, hut he tohi C'oyle that ho couhl go over to St. Mary's some afternoon. On the 7th of the same n.ontli Coyle met Stretch and told him he was going ;o St. Mary's the next day. The ^amc was t<d.l to young Hugh McWain; in fact, it was irenerallv known hy all round. Was that the condm- ..f one who was going t<. buy an instrument to .ommit murder with? If his motives had been dark and villainous, would not his acti<ms have been .ccret and stealtliv, not (.]H-n and alH)vcboard as they really were. Well, on the Sth. of July McWain was in iJ.ndon. He was a eontra.-tor on the railway for the M.pplv .d' wo...i. lie drew on the contract out of the hank one thousand d.-Hars. This was the Sth of July. On the iveiiing .d" tha, day, Coyle, after taking hi-^ t.'a and putting things in onler about the place, ro<h- >\v:\v\\s down the lane from the house, and away to St Marv'.. This was the Saturday evening prior to the murder of r.m.pU'U. As ("uyh' ro.le ah.ng 142 Ki fjf^ THE NISSOUKI TRAGEDY the road, and when opposite the door of the house of Mrs. Williams— whieh is close to the roadside — he reined up his horse and sat talking? to her for a little. His personal appearance at that time is de- scribed bv Mrs. Williams. This was about eight o'clock. Coyle rode on to St. Mary's, put iip his horse at the Stone Tavern, and then went to a barber shop. It being Satur<la.v evcnini,:, the shop was crowd- ed with customers. He went to another shop and found it the same way. He then walked up to the market place and ftund that the Townsend family were perfonning. A crowd was about the door lis- tening to the music. Coyle remained there until nearly ten o'clock, and returned to make some small purchases and have his hair cut and a shave. On his way down he went into a store and bought blacking an<l brush for 25 cents; gum drops, candies and other .riHes for 15 eents; he then went (»n down to the barber shop; there were still several persons there, among whom were two persons, Brimaconibe and Mc- Intyre, from Downey, known to Coyle wlien he re- sided in that township; Hrimacombe wa-^ present at the two former courts, but, as \\U father now tells you, i^! in the states and his address cannot be found; the barb(>r also rccolicits the cinMnnstaiices; they all describe the personal a])pearance of ('.»yle at about half ]<ast nine o'clock that night; he had long, thick, black hair; his face rough, being unshaven for weeks; his eyes blaek. with heavy Muck eyebrow-; iiis natn- 14:5 THE ^'Issonu tragedy rallv (lark romyV'xion xvas made tawi.y and blacker .till l)v exposure \o the sinnmer sun; he wore a short ,rrav coat. Thi< was tlu' appearanee of the prisoner at ten .A-loek on the ni-ht the j.istol was bought. On that san.e <'v<muu-. about half past seven, the pistol was p,nvha>e<l bv a man between twenty and twenty- five years of age, s<3iuewhat stouter than the pris- oner* lii:ht e..niplexion, light hair, light eyes and fair .kin! th." man wore a long linen eoat. (Jentlc'inen vou -av in v.nir hearts that this is eonelusive, and ;„,. want no u,ore. When ('«wle rode over to St. \\uy- he had four dollars in his i-ocket, whieh ho i,ad be,.,, paid a few <lays bef..re by MeWain. He ,.xpen,led about one <lollar in brush, blaeking, hair euttinu-, shaviuir, treating and j.aying tor k. • p of hia iH.rse He lu'ouuht h..me thnv .l.dUirs, one of whieh h,. paid to voung Hugh MeWain, and the other two .lollars w,.re fouu<i in his po.-ketbook aft.T Ins arrest. If von re.p.ir.. anv other evidenee to show that Coyle ,„;, ,„„l,i„g to .io with the pun-base of the pistol, thi< i< a g.MHl airl Mibstantial reason, as he ha<l no tnonev to' make t le' ,.urehaM.. In addition to all this von have the evidenr,. of Mrs. Campbell, b.-r deposi- tion Ik fore tlio .-on.ner's jury now befoiv you as evi- ,l,,„e.. nneoritradiete.l. in .vhirh -he .•hargc.. two other n,en. This like nu.nv othrr grave .h'f.rts ,n the eax- f, ,, ,l„. ..pown. ha. bren .■.mipletelv overlo..k.Ml, and tl„.,vforeontl,i--lateotfaetls,.bmitthat th.- rrown .hould not pre-< for a ...nvirtion. but if it does, we 111 THE MISSOURI TRAGEDY must consider well our own position?. We, the crea- tures of an hour, intnisled with a little brief author- itv, are considering whether that authority shall be employed in the taking away of a human life — a young life, without a stain hitherto, spent in quiet seclusion and toil — a life as dear to him as any of our lives is to us. Let no man of you attempt to guess at liis guilt and render a verdict upon that, if you would not yourselves be guilty of the very crime with which he is charged. "We must bring the matter close homo to ourselves, and realize, with great certainty, the consequence of our acts. Let these acts be strong- ly temjK'red with mercy, if we ('X|XH;t mercy ourselves 'The quality of merry is not strained, It droppeth as the pcntle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath; it is twice blessed, It bles8eth him that pives and him that takes, Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomes The Throned monarch better than his crown, The earthly power doth then show likest Ciod's When mercy seasons justice.' This U'autiful tribute to mercy has been the theme of drauuitists, jurists and divine- for ovei 300 years, and yet it is as healthful this ('ay as it was when the bard of Avon bequeathed it to the world forever — Ikh'husc it speaks to th<' hearts of men. It is and has been the sentiment of the wise and good from the bcginniiig, and will be when you and 1 and the ju'cnsed and all things on this earth are und<'r it. 145 THE NISSOURI TRAGEDY It is difficult for you to err on the side of mercy, but possible and easy for you to err on the side of severity. A great wrong has been committed, but beware that you do not duplicate that wrong by tak- ing the life of an innocent man. The blood of George Campbell cries from the ground to be avenged; all men answer back it <hall be avenged. This is why, in higli crimes like this, slight suspicions, evidence of no weight, to convict of a trifling theft is allowed to prejudice even life itself. By the laws of Moses and at a much later period— only at the mouth of two witnesses should man suffer death. In this case there is no witness at all. Xissouri offered $r)00 reward. Before forty-eight hours eight persons were in prison, against none of whom, excepting John McWain, any charge had ever heiore k^en made. I implore you, gentlemen, not for one moment to lose sight of your positions. The judge on the bench regards your words with awful imiMirt — how utterly irrevocable those words are. His lordship's duty binds him to follow your verdict by his sentence — the law is car ried into effect, a life of regret accompanies all con- cerned, and ruin and death is heaped upon a man hitherto without bh'mish. I again implore vou, gen- tlemen, not to render a verdict in any way depend- ent upon tlic royal mercy, for the regal prerogative will not !•(• exercised excepting in sjx'cial cases of glaring flagi-ani wrong, the rnh' being, that wlun twelve intelligiiit men, upon their oat!i<, render a 146 THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY verdict, that verdict shall stand. Therefore, von can- not escapt' the responsibility of your positions. Vou may pronounce the words ' Xot Guilty ' without leav- ing the box, but lest some of you niig^ht view it dif- ferently, 1 have felt it and do feel it my duty to bring every prominent feature of the case l)efore you; therefore, realize this naked fact, that if your ver- dict be guilty upon this indictment, the sentence of death will be pronounced and carried into execution. To .sustain such a verdict the evidence should be con- clusive; in this case there is no evidence at all. The learned crown counsel opened the ease by informing you that he would give evidence of criminal inter- course between the late Mrs. Campbell and Coyle; that Coyle bought the pistol, and that he had con- fessed the crime. The two first propositions he has himself proved to be false. The third one is so mixed with self-evident falsehood that it can have no weight with you. The case for the crown has broken down at every point. There is, therefore, nothing left for you, gentlemen, but to render a sfieedy verdict of ' Xot Giiilty.' The prisoner con- cealed nothing, open and frank as he had always Invn. All knew that he was going to St. Mary's, what money he had and what he did with it. He niatle no change of his cloth«'s; th(» >ame lie wore to St. Mary's he had on when he was arrested; no Mood was found upoTi his person or upoti his clothes; lie is j)r()ved never to liave left the house of McWtiiii oti tli(> niiilit 147 THK MISSOURI TRA(JEDY the munler wa- coinmitted. This makes the case so c-lear that vmir verdict of ' Not Guilty ' should be rendered without leaving the box. Gentlemen, the prisoner, relyinj. up.n your wisdom, your goodness and nu'rcy, has full confidence in leaving his case, his life, in your hands." The address, of which the substance is given, oc- cupied over two hours, during which time the great courthouse was closely packed in every part, but the utmost silence was presen-ed throughout, until the close, when a sup])ressed murmur of a]iplause was (juickly silenced by the otfi<rrs in charge. The learned Chief Justice Tlaggerty closed the case by a powerful rendition of the law and a close analysis of the evi- dence. The jui-y were absent three hours and then returned a verdict of " Not Guilty." 148 LIXCOLX IX July, 1804, wit li letters of introduction from friends of President Lincoln, I went to Washing- ton a few days after a portion of the Confederate Army had blown up the Gunpowder Bridge near Baltimore, and about the time the two armies had had a sharp encounter near Washington. I was a guest at the W^illard House, and at 11 o'clock the next morning I went direct to the Execu- tive ^lansion. After handing my card to a messenger, he conducted me to tlie greenroom at the left of the entrance, and a few minutes later upstairs to the waiting room. It was a large, square room or hall. Army othcers, with cabinet ministers, were in groups, while others in a restless manner moved backward and forward from time to time looking from the windows. A middle-aged man in plain clothes came near to where I was standing, lie was the Presi- dent's messenger. I lianded him the letters, told him I was a stranger and had taken the liberty of calling on the President. Without a moment's delay he jiassed into an adjoining room, and in less than two minutes returned, saying, "The President will see you now." I was confused and a little surprised at the suddenness of the audience. 149 LINCOLN The following extracts from a letter written from Washington in 1804 will illustrate ne incidents of that time. Special corresi>ondence to the " tree Press ": "26th July. 1864. « The President was alone, and rising, met me in the center of the room. He shook my hand cor- dially, and 1 gladly returned his honest, .nanly grasp, thanking him for the easy means of access and great kindness in allowing me an opportunity of meeting him. He said: ' I am glad to see you, sir. Be seated,' signaling to a chair close to his own, and went on- ' Yes, this easy means of access is, I may say, under our form of government the only link or cord which connects the i)eople with the govermng power, and however unimportant much of it is, it must be kept up, as, for instance, a mother in a distant part, who has a son in the army regularly enlisted, but has not served out his time, yet it has been as long as she thinks he ought to stay, will collect together all the little means she can to bring her here to entreat me to grant him his discharge. Of course I cannot interfere, and can only see her and speak kindly to her How far is vour place from Detroit, sir? Is it a growing place? ' ' It is about 100 miles East from Detroit. Wr have no water connection, but have a xovv nice inland citv 1 inten.l remaining in Wash- ington for a few days. All seems stir and c-ommotion 150 LIXCOLX here.' ' Yes, there never was anything in history e(]ual to this.' * Yonr position must indeed be a re- sponsible and tryinp; one, Mr. J*resi(lent.' ' Yes, to think of it, it is very strange tliat I, a l)oy In-onght np in tlie woods and seeing as it were but little of the world, should be drifted into the very apex of this great event.' ' I read your proclamation this morn- ing calling for more men.' Then after a few min- utes' silence and apparent meditation, he said : ' Yes, yes, it will be filled uj).' I then rose, saying, ' I thank you, Mr. President, for your kindness and courtesy.' The President shook hands again, and said: ' 1 am most happy to have made your acquaintance.' Some other remarks were made on both sides. I was about fifteen minutes in the room, and as I was leaving, he said : ' Oh, these letters, you take them with you. They will give you an entrance to the public build- ings,' and with a smile which seemed to illuminate his whole face, his last words were : ' Oh, yes, we ahvays give preference to strangers.' " These words are given as expressed by the Presi- dent, written down a few minutes after they were uttered. What has been written of him and seen in his photographs give a very fair idea of him. As a man lie has a large, kind, warm heart, and a gen- erous, manly nature; he smiled cordially, and seemed very cor municative. But, under all, there appeared a troubled restiveness, which in ly judgment ap- peared to indicate a painful realization of the conse- 151 lincol:n" quences which might result from the honest exercise of his best judgment. On this day there was a full meeting of the members of the administration m the President's rooms, and as each one of them passed in through the halls I had a full opportunity of see- ing and forming some opinion of them. To me they appeared, with the exception of or-e, to be men of extraordinary i)ower and intelligence. The private residence of the President and family is chieflv confined to the west end of the mansion, which at this season is closed, Mrs. Lincoln a^d^^am- ily being at their summer abode, known as " The Soldiers' Home," about four miles from the city. During the late Conf(,>derate raid they sought the protection of the \Vh=te House, but have now re- turned in -afety. The President is in many respects an unusual man, with uaits of character one seldom meets. He seemed to combine jollity and mirth with the very greatest depths of the prophet and seer, holding life only a- a uust for the performance of some allotted work. T an. firmly convinced that he thinks this, and with it has grown hito an attribute of religion, f.ir wiiich. without a murmur, if need be, he would sutTei inartvrdom. From momenta of silence and HKMlitation he would quickly brace himself for an inevitable dutv of the hour. I believe in the divme rinht of authority, and also in an overruling provi- de'nce, and that l.inc<.ln was raised up for the vast 152 LINCOLN duties cast upon him. Xapoleon III, in his book on CsDsar, states this as the belief of his uncle, the first Napoleon, and his own belief. Chinese Gordon and hundreds of others were the same — simple-minded, honest, trusting, faithful, while fear never for a mo- ment crossed their minds. Apropos of this, two days after the evacuation of Richmond by General Lee, Lincoln was in that city, walking unattended quietly around the streets. It was at a most trying moment. In the war hundreds of thousands were slain. The hot blood of the South now called for vengeance. When all was lost, when the passions of despair were arous d, Lincoln might have been seen strolling through the streets of the Confederate capital, unarmed, and in a quiet busi- ness costume, as though nothing had happened, as Gordon Vv-alked through the streets of Khartoom when a thousand scimiters awaited his assassination. After leaving Mr. Lincoln's room, the messenger came over and gave me the names of the persons pres- ent. Henry Ward Beecher was close to the door, awaiting an interview with the Preident. The mes- senger spoke in most imfriondly tx^nns of Mr. Beech- er. He told me the purport of his mission. He said that the son of a Mr. Howard, a member of Beecher's congregi>tion ia Brooklyn, had issued a bogus proc- lamation purporting to call our (I think) 300,000 men for tlie purpose of affecting the stock exchange; that young Howard had been tried for it and con- 153 LTXCOLX dnimod to tlio state prison, tliat Beocher, with How- ard senior, were there to interview the President for a respite or oo-nnnitation of tlie i-entence. lie also pointed out to nie Secretary Seward, with an aquiline nose; Secretary Wells, with a red face, and Secre- tary Fessenden, with a dark coinj)Iexion. Upon the whole, I concluded that the messenger was not friend- ly to the Northern cause. I iianded niy letters to the governor of the Capi- tol; he took nie all through the great building. The senate was not in session. "We sat down there to rest. He told me he had known Lincoln from a boy He was very fond of him, chiefly on account of his sim- plicity of manner, and also because of the extremes in his nature, at one time the great glee and drollery, and then at otlier times his intense solemnity. He said: "Just to show you, I went over to see him the other evening; he was sitting alone before the ^re in an arm chair. A few moments after, Stanton, . .0 of liis secretaries, came in and they agreed to go out together. Lincoln walked to the side of tiie room and carried a pair of boots by the top straps over to his chair. He then pushed one of his slippers off, revealing a hole in his sock opposite tlie big toe. He looked up and snid mirthfully: 'Stanton, if you liad a stocking lik^ that, what would you do? ' Stan- ton said: *I would take it off and change it over to the other foot, then the hole would come around to the <ide.' We all laughed, but Lincoln silently 154 LINCOLN mado tlio clumjic and drew on In's old-fasliioncd boots, no douht niado for liini at Sprinpticlo 'oefore he left there." As we arose to go from tlie Senate Thaniber the frovernor r(Mnarke<l : " Now \ou know partly what kind of a man Lineoln is." (Jeneral (Irant, with patienee and perseverance, had tightened the liesiejiino' ]ines round Kiehmond. Several attempts had been made to break through them, l)nt Grant, stern and inflexible as he had ever been, held every point with a grip of sn-el. Lee, one of the greatest generals of his generation, knew his man. Grant was resolved that tl;" Southern army should surrender, or that no man should leave Kiehmond alive. Lee, however, made good his eseape on the 1st of April, and with his half- famished army attempted to reach Lynchlnirg. hut was cut off from this by Sheridan's cavalry, .id on the morning of the 9th of April, ISC'), he and his army surrendered at Ap- ponuittox C"'>urt lIous(>. On Sunday, the lM of April, President Davis and ids cabinet had evacuate<l Kiehmond, and on Tuesday, the 4fh, two days after, Mr. Lincoln was walking- almost entirely unattended through the streets, visiting the ruins of the abandoned city He was sure that, in the conduct of the war, he had acted rightly, and believed the Sotithern people thought the same of him; in this way he felt th.it, personally, he was free from danger. 155 LINCOLN s Five days later he returned to Washington, and on the evening of the 14th attended Ford's Theater. " Our Americ-an C ousin " was heing performed. Mr. Lincoln occupied a private box on the second tier to the right, as one enters from the front. Mrs. Lin- coln, Mrs. Harris and ^Major Rathbone were also in the box. At half past nine o'clock John Wilkes Booth said to the bookkeeper at the Willard House: " You had better go over to Ford's to-night. If you do, you will see some real acting there." Ten min- utes later, Booth entered the theater. Walking quickly around by the right-hand passage, and dur- ing the third act, when there was a moment's pause for an av-tor to enter, he stepped into the box behind Mr. Lincoln and shot him through the back of the head, the ball entering above the back of the tem- poral bone. The President's head 'ropped forward, and he never spoke again. Major Rathbone gra.sped the assailant, when the latter turned and stabbed him. Booth step|wd to the front of the lw)x, bran- dishing a dagger in his right hand, stained with the blood of Major Ratlilxme, and shouted • ..ic Semjier Tvrannis! " Siinultaneously with the TitU?ring of the words he leaped from the box onto the stage; turning to the au<lienc(' he again repeated the words: "Sic Semper Tyrannisl" (this U'lng the motto of the State of Virginia) then crossed to the other side of the stau<'. iind in a still louder voice he shouted: " Tho i>rtn\\\ I- avciigeill " and darted ont tlirough the back ir.n LINCOLN of tlic building. A horsje awaited him at the door. He vaulted into the saddle and made his escape, ("olonol J. B. Stewart, who sat near the footlighto, sprang upon the stage to seize him, but was ob- structed by the fright of the actors, and only reached the back door in time to see the assassin galloping away. Mrs. Lini'oln swooned for a moment, then gave a wild, hysterical scream, while the whole audience, pale with excitement, after a moment's pause, rushed on the stage and round the President's box. Shouts were heard: "Stand back! Stand back! Give him air! For (lod's sake give him air! " " Has anyone present stiniulant.s ^ " "Some one bring stimulants." " Keep the passage clear." " My (Jod, the President is killed! " This confusion lasted for a few minutes, when throiigh the surging mass a passage was cleared. Strong arms and loving hands carried the gnat man out of th<' building and across the street to the house of Mr. Patterson. Surgeons and do-'tors exhaiisted every possible eifort known to medical skill, but all hope was gone. A part of the brain and blood o<tze(l from the wound. (^oming so quickly upon the fall of Richmond and the surrender of the Southern anny, the sluK'k to the people was terrible. Twenty thousand men, women and children jammed the streets for blocks near the scene of tli«> dying President. A military cord(m was placed rouiid the liuiis<' to protect it from the 157 LINCOLX surging mass, ("iray-liairod men. strong old soldiers, and hundreds of women wept likeeliildren; such uni- versal lamentation was never before seen. The whole niemhers of the eahinet. including Stanton, usually stoical and cold, were hat lied in t.>ars. Their hlood seemed to stand still with horror and overwhelming jmin. To them, as t,) all men, he had been genial, tender and affectionate in ordinary affairs, while, if need be, he was courageous, bold and aggressive to a degree rarely foiuid in his contemporaries. At midnight Colfax, Sumner, Farnsworth, ■ ^n\^p. Custis, Governor Oglesby, General Meigs an* Colo- nel Hay stood around their illustrious chief. In the morning to the whole world the f<dlowing telegram announcetl the rc>\dt: " Washingtcm, 15 April, 1805— Abra:.am Lincoln died this morning at 22 minutes past 7 o'clock. Edw.vkd M. Stantov, Serrefanj of Wnr."" The day before, at 4 \\ M., a cabinet meeting had been held, at which (Jeneral Grant was j)resent. The conversation turned uj)on the affairs of the South, as to what steps -hould be taken to quickly and ef- fectiniUy bring in the erring brethren and restore good f.cling to the whole nation. Mr. Lincoln was v,Tv el rful and h(.iM>ful. lie spoke kindly about (Jeneral Lee and the ( mifedcrate h-aders. All was ir.s LINCOLX harmony, hope and general thankfulness at the ad- vent of the mesjienger of Peace. In the evening Speaker Colfax v.as at the White House. At tifti^en minutes past eight the President said : " Mrs. I.in- eoln has not been verv well, hut the papers having announced that we are to 1h' at Ford's to-night, I do not like to disappoint the people, so we must go." He left the house with a|)parent regret. He urged Colfax to accompany him, but he having an appoint- ment with his friend Ashman, of Massachusetts, who was also there, Mr. Lincoln excused them. Upon examination, blood was found on the hack of the cusiuoned rocking chair in whicii the President sat, and a single-barrel pistol was foimd upon the carpet. Tlu' assassin was about thirty years of age, five t'cet nine inches in height, fair skin, dark hair, a little bushy, inclined to be curly. He wore a large nuistache. In two weeks he was traced to a barn where he was conceak'd. His pursuers demanded his surrender or they would kill him. His answer was: " Then bring a stretcher for me." They then set the building on fire, and in the midst of the flames fairly riddled him with bullets. The fire, however, was subdued, and the body recovered in a recognizable form and taken back to Washiiigtdti. lie was a theat- rical performer, l)orn in the profession. His father was on the stage before him, and his brother, Kdwin liooth, ! distinguished tragedian, died in New York the 7th of June, l.sO;5. 159 LINCOLN The (k'atlj of tlic rn-sideiit was, indeed, the most tragic event of modern times. It was vastly more important than tlie assassination of Julins (^vsar in the ohl Koman time. In a few lionrs a thrill of horror reached every part of the continent. There was no ocean ca!»le then to carry tlie news. In seven days after it reached England. The whole British nation was aroused. It created a profound sensation among the masses, while Her Majesty, the Queen, within a few minutes after the receipt of the intelli- gence, with her own hand wrote a tender, affectionate and sympathetic letter of condolence to Mrs. Lin- coln, the liaste Ix'ing in order to secure the convey- ance of the letter to America by the first returning steamer. The House of Lords, the most august legislative body in the world, passed an address of condolence; while th<> House of Commons, powerful, far-reaching, enlightened and independent, without delay passed a most complimentary address to the American nation, and symj)athy with it in the loss of the President. The wlx.Ie world was awe-stricken at the dreadful crime. The United ;^lates, North and South, with horror exclaimed airainst it. All business stood still; sorrow and mourning marked the village and the great city alike. The highways and byways, from Washington to New York, Detroit to ("liicago, and on to Springfield, the burial ]'\iv >; formed an im- pressive funeral j)ageant, in extent and magnificence 160 LIXCOLN without a parallel in history. All ovet Canada meet- ings were held ; the one at London was large and in- fluential. I was called to preside, and never could there l)e more pathos and honest sympathy thrown into eloquent speeches and warm resolutions than on that occasion. So shortly hefore, having seen and con- versed with Mr. Lincoln, my feelings were greatly aroused. The resolutions were promptly forwarded to Washington. Mr. Lincoln, owing to the important events of his life and the tragedy of his death, will ever be revered and honored equal to Washington, the Father of his C'ountrv. 161