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rV,= i'-'v'S?-. 
 
Hon. David Glass, Q.C. 
 
 SOME OF HIS WRITINGS 
 AND SPEECHES 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 CHESTER GLASS 
 
 Ol' OSGOODE HAI.L, B A R R I STE R- AT- L A W 
 
 ca 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE TROW PRESS, Publishkrs 
 
 MCMIX 
 

EXTRACTS FROM HEXRY MORGAN'S BOOK 
 
 " CANADIAN MEN AND WOMEN OF 
 
 THE TIME 1898" 
 
 DAVID GLASS, Q.C., the second son of the 
 Uito Samuel Glass, who came to Canada in 
 1819. His aiu'ostors came from Scotland to the 
 north of Ireland, and settled at Loch Glass, 1607. 
 Born in the township of Westminster, Out., July 
 20, 1829, he was educated at the London (irammar 
 School, and with James Thompson, the well-known 
 classical teacher. He was called to the bar, 1864-, 
 and practiced for some years in London, Ont., 
 where his firm conducted an extensive and varied 
 business. He defended Jones in the Delaware mur- 
 der trial; Thomas Coyle, in the Nissouri murder 
 case; and Smith in the Sombra murder trial, at 
 Sarnia. He also defended Wilson in the celebrated 
 arson trial, at Windsor, Ont. He was elecied to 
 the mayoralty of London by a unanimous vote in 
 1858. He was subsequently twice eb^cted to the 
 mayoralty by a vote of the people. He was Deputy 
 Judge of the County of Middlesex. Created a Q.C, 
 in l!^7<t. He was elected a bencher of the Law So- 
 ciety of Ontario, ISSO. Removing to Winnipeg, 
 1882, he was called to the bar of Manitoba, May, 
 1882, and was soon after api)ointed Solicitor for 
 
•CANADIAN .MEN AM) WOMEN OF ]S!>8." 
 
 the City of Winiiii)c<>-, in wliicli city lie (Mijoyod a 
 hirgc and lucrative jiracticc in jiartiicisliiii with liis 
 son, Chester Glass. Jn is 72 he was elected in the 
 conservative interest to the House of Coininons for 
 East ^liddlesex, and sat in that ll..u>e duiiui; the en- 
 suing Parliainent. In October, 1M73, he, with thir- 
 teen other supporters, opposed Sir John ^Macih^nald's 
 ( Jovernnient <»n what was known as tlie " Pacific 
 Railway Scandal." His speech in the House on tluit 
 occasion was reported in ])aniphlet form, and had a 
 very wide cir<-ulation. There was no invective 
 against the Government in his remarks, hut an arjru- 
 nient nj)on the constitutional ipiestion before the 
 House. The great speech of Sir Domild Smith, now 
 Lord Strathcona, soon f<il lowed, and the Govern- 
 ment resigned on Novend)er 5, 1873. Tn 18SG Mr. 
 Glass was elected for St. Clements, in ^fanitoba, and 
 soon after, by a unanimous vote, was chosen Speaker 
 of the Legislative Asseiiddy, which otfice lie filled 
 to the end of the Parliament. "While occupying the 
 dual position of City Solicitor and Speaker of the 
 Assembly he had an attack of muscular rheumatism. 
 His doctors advised a discontinuance of sedentary 
 employment. For two succeeding years he spent 
 most of the time on the salt watcM-. and became com- 
 pletely restored to robust health. In IssJ) he visited 
 the Paris Exposition, and in 1890 and ISOI passed 
 a large part of his time in New York and Boston 
 and the neighboring seaport towns. In 1S."»;] he at- 
 
"CAXADIAX MEN AND WOMEN OF 18.8." 
 
 tended the World's Fair at New York, and in 1«76 
 the World's Fair at Philadelphia, and the Paris Ex- 
 position in iss'j. lie ai' 1 .1 the Chicago Expo- 
 sition, I^'>:'>. Mr. Class ... .\s had a fondness for 
 travel. When he was twenty years of age he viz- 
 itfd the Wc-t India Islands, and with otliers crossed 
 Mexico on horseback from the Atlantic to the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, and theu e to the gold ticlds of Cali- 
 firrnia. 
 
 In 1804, after an interview with President Lin- 
 coln, at Washington, Mr. Glass gave his inipressiona 
 of that great man in the London Free Press, and 
 afterwards presided at a mass meeting at London, 
 to give expression to the jmhlic abhorrence of his 
 assassination. In 180U he joined the masonic order, 
 and soon became master of his mother lodge and 
 mend)er of the (I rand Lodge of Canada. He has 
 taken 32° in the Scottish Kite and has visited some 
 of the finest lodges in the world. In 1893, at the 
 Chicago World's F'air, he was one who attended the 
 World's Congress of ^lasonry at the ^Masonic Tem- 
 ple. In 1880 ]\Ir. Class took an active part in ob- 
 taining fnnds for the relief of distress in Ireland. 
 He delivered a lecture at Cliatham, subject, " Roths- 
 diild. King of Cold." The proceeds, one hundred 
 pounds sterling, were the same night cabled to 
 Dublin. On that occasion Mr. Clnss was entertained 
 at dinner by the cor])oration and hauling men of that 
 citv. 
 
"CA>;adia.\ mes and women of ksds. 
 
 It may be addt'd that t^inee the publishing of Dr. 
 Morpni's book of ISHS, tliat ^Ir. Glass visited Alaska 
 and was present at the opening of the Skagway Rail- 
 way. 
 
 On the 10th of April, l!iOO, he took passage at 
 Vancouver on the steamship " Empress of Japan," 
 and after going over the .lajjanese Empire for sev- 
 eral months he embarked at Yokohama on board the 
 '' Empress of China " en route for Shanghai and 
 thence by steamer to Wei-IIai-Wei, Chefoo and 
 Tientsin, with the intention of visiting Pekin, the 
 capital, but Mr. Drew, to whom he had letters, 
 shewed Ijim the railroad that had been torn up by 
 the Boxers, and dissuaded him from going further; 
 he then returned to Shanghai, where he embarked 
 on Iward the " Empress of India " for Ilong Kong, 
 and .-jnce to Singapore, Penang, (\ylon and India, 
 where he remainid some weeks. Then tlirough the 
 Red Sea and the Mediterranean to Marseilles, thence 
 to ^N pies, Pompeii and Vesuvius, and across Aus- 
 tria to Oberanmiergau, and had the opportunity of 
 seeing the Passion Play in 1!K)0, and spending a 
 month at the Paris Exposition and sometime at lirus- 
 sels and the field of Waterloo. Tie arrived in I.on- 
 don, Engliind, ahout the 1st of OctoUir, 1!M)0, and 
 was interviewed in regard t(* riiinese affairs, and 
 recommended a solution of ditliculties there. On 
 the mnming of the .'M of Octohcr he was informed 
 of the j)roli:il<!c dissolution of the House of ^^om- 
 
< 
 
 -CANADIAN' MEX AND WOMEN OF 1898." 
 
 inons on the 8th of that T.iontli and requested by 
 Mr. Foley to speak in behalf of his cousin at the 
 general election. The contest chiefly was as to the 
 approval or disapproval of the Government's conduct 
 of the war in South Africa, and being strongly in 
 favor of it, Mr. Glass consented. This brought on 
 a general participation in the British elections. ^ 
 thirteen different constituencies he spoke in al 
 twenty-eight times, from a colonial point of view, 
 moving about entirely at his own expense chiefly in 
 order to study the habits of the British people. The 
 Government was sustained by a larger majority than 
 thev had in the House before dissolution. 
 He returned to America in June, 1901. 
 
LECTURE OX '' ROTIISCIIILD, 
 KIXG OF GOLj" 
 
 IN" 1880, all over Canada, an effort was nia<lo to 
 alleviate as far as possible the sufTeriii^ on ac- 
 count of tiie failure of crops in Ireland. ;Mr. (Jlass 
 took an active part in tlic inovein, iit. 
 
 The city (»f Cliafliani, Canada, was anxious to se- 
 cure funds for this laudable purpose. To aid the 
 object in view, Mr. Class delivered a lecture in the 
 ^lusie Hall ther'», which was repoi't.'d as follows: 
 
 IRISH RKI.IKr 
 
 I)i;m»).\stk-atio\ to tmat K.\o a r Ciiaiiiam 
 
 LaI!OK CiATlIKlMNci AT TMK Ol'KIfA IIol'SK 
 
 ElUI-l-rANT F.K( T-MiK UV l)A\ri) (Il.ASS, (^.C. 
 
 I he IJattle <.f .h na was fought in October, 
 ISOC), Xapojcdii in pci-on coiniiiandinir the French, 
 while the Duke of Ilrun-wjck led the Prussian army. 
 The Ccrnuins were cut to pieces, dcfcateil and driven 
 back at every point. I'heM tiie eaiile-; of Fraui'c were 
 ••arried in triumph overall Xorthecn Cei'inany, th<» 
 city of licrlin entered ;ind -aeked. the wh.de nation 
 pro-trated liefore tiie .Man of i)cMin\. 
 
 Ihlrilli: the pro^re-, ,,\' the-e event- lle—e Ca-sel 
 witii it-; !..iiid<.;rave, IMnrc Willi, iin, wa- m alliaiico 
 
 (5 
 
LECTrKE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 witli Napok'oii. Hesse Cassel had grown very rich, 
 chiefly out of the barbarous custom tlieii in vopie of 
 selling the young men to fight in foreign wars. The 
 State now joined hands with the French Emperor 
 upon the agreenunt that the Prince, with his im- 
 mense stores of gold, should remain unmolested. 
 
 For a tinH> the agreement was resj)ected. Soon, 
 liowever, the wants oi th(> victori<ms legiims became 
 overpowering: Houaparte resolved to fall hack on his 
 ally, and appropriate his wealth for the use of the 
 army. 
 
 Kike Warren Hastings, ]iromising i)rotection to the 
 Princesses of Oude, and when in his ])ower, plunder- 
 ing them of their enormous wealth, not sjiaring even 
 their personal jev.-els, so Najxdeon determined to for- 
 feit the compact upon the ground laid d(*wii a- a iini- 
 damental |)roposition that when he had not as numy 
 rujM'es as tlie public service recpiiretl. they were to be 
 taken wherever found. 
 
 'I'lic news (if Xai)oh iTs resolve soon reached 
 I'riucc William of Hesse, (ireat was his agitation 
 an<l the con-teniatioii of hi- adviser-^. Not a moment 
 was to be iestl Tliev determined to select some in- 
 dividual to wJK.m tile wlmle trea-ure could be tnnis- 
 f<Tred, |ieii(iiiig the teniiiuatiuu (if the war. ISut 
 wlio, (d' all tiieir subjects, could tliey ti\ iipon^ He 
 must not lu' a promitient banker, a prominent states- 
 man or soldier. Then who was he to l)e^ 
 
 Sometime before lliis eveni the Prince had sent 
 
LECTFRE ON ROTIISCiriLD 
 
 for a broker and money changer at r rankfort to act 
 for him in a business transaction. When the broker 
 came, he stood behind the chair of the Prince, who 
 was at the moment deeply engaged in a game of 
 chess with General Emerick Otto, Baron of Estarff. 
 The game had reached a point of the utmost inter- 
 est. The Prince had the right to move. lie surveyed 
 the board for a full quarter of an hour, in earnest, 
 absorbed meditation, with his head resting on his 
 hands, aud then raising himself slightly, vnth. a faint 
 sigh of despair, turning to the broker, said: *' Do you 
 understand chess!' " 
 
 The reply was: -'Would your Serene Highness 
 take Bishop's pawnT' This v.as the master stroke. 
 In an instant the tide of battle turned. Soon the 
 game was wmi. From that day the Prince became a 
 warm admirer and friend of the Frankfort Broker. 
 
 A great crisis had now arisen in the House of 
 Hesse Cassel ; a rendition of the whole treasure of the 
 State must be nuide, or if not, the booming of ar- 
 tillery would be heard aiu! the nmn-slayer be upon 
 the threshold of the palace. 
 
 Prince AVilliam resolved that he who had saved 
 him in the battle of chess should be his trusted aid 
 in the battle for gold. 
 
 F.ut Frankfort was distant 100 miles from Cassel. 
 At night uii the Trh of December, ISO); two srrooms 
 were in waiting in the courtyard with the favorite 
 hunter from th.- Roval Stables. .\ vouth of twenty 
 
 8 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 came quickly out, and after a few confidential 
 words with a group of Statesmen, sprung into the 
 ?addlo; the grooms gave the hunter rein, and with 
 the lightness of a carrier pigeon, after passing the 
 gates and getting clear of the city, he darted south- 
 ward. By that hour the following night the youth 
 was within twenty miles of Frankfort, and with the 
 aid of a fresh horse, before daylight he stood in the 
 small parlor of the Frankfort broker. Also before 
 daylight the broker was on his way back to Cassel, 
 which he reached in all haste. 
 
 In the meantime, preparations were being made 
 for the removal of the gold and silver. The vaults 
 were entered. Fifty men were at work removing it 
 to as many carts. The Broker was a Jew, a learned 
 Jew, well favored and loved by his people. Many of 
 his co-religionists were quickly enlisted in his service, 
 who with ready hands and willing hearts a33isted in 
 the trust now forced upon him. Five million dol- 
 lars, equal to twenty millions at this day, were de- 
 livered to him in coined money, weighing about forty 
 tons. Xo interest to be charged, but he took an oath 
 to defend it, even at the risk of his life, and, after 
 the war, to return it to the Elector. 
 
 The nann' of the broker was Meyer Kotlisehild. 
 lie was then sixty-three vears of age. His life had 
 been one not of prudish abstemiousness, but yet free 
 from all exces.'^es. lie was straight and strong, a 
 realization of the proverl) that " Men of genius never 
 
 9 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 prow old." He liad reached forth his hand and taken 
 the apple of life. He had early been taught 
 
 Be wise in youth, 
 And youth will ever be ; 
 For wisdom drives off age 
 And all infirmity. 
 
 The history of the Broker may be told in a few 
 words. He was a native of the free eity of Frank- 
 fort-on-the-]\Iain — Frankfort, around whieh the pages 
 of history cluster, where Charlemagne held council, 
 and where for centuries (Jerman Emperors were 
 crowned ; this, the most ancient of all the free cities, 
 the seat of the German Diet, where the Golden Bull 
 found a resting place; for two thousand years the 
 emporium of the com and wine from the rich basins 
 of the ^laiu and Rhine — Frankfort, the great his- 
 toric city of tine old (iermany. 
 
 In the Jewish (juarter of the city is a ^treet to 
 which the Hebrew po])ulation was contined ; at each 
 end of it a heavy gate closed and barred at night, 
 to keep the .l('w> from passing out : the street, nar- 
 row and dingy, wiili its high gal 'cd projecting 
 houses, excluding the -uu and air. 
 
 I he story goes tliat over the <]oor of one of the 
 houses might have been si'cu a large rv(] >liield, Iwing 
 the trade-mark nf a thrifty merchant, \\\\n had a son 
 born in the hou-e. The Imy \va< carefully nurtured 
 and educated in all the my.-teries of the Taluiud, to 
 
 10 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 qualify him for tli- liiiili and sacred office of a Jewish 
 Rabbi. At an early ac;e the parents died, the youth 
 removed to Hanover, the more perfectly to devote 
 himself to study. AVhih^ there he formed the ac- 
 quaintance of llerr Otfenheim, a hanker, and soon 
 relinquished the rabbinical studies to enter the bank- 
 ing house of his friend, when he adopted the name of 
 Rothschild, or Red Sliiehl, the latter being the sign 
 of his father's Innise. 
 
 After years of industry, he returned to his native 
 citv, there commence<l the business of a broker and 
 money changer, and on the night of the Sth of De- 
 cember, 1S()(), was roused from his slumbers by the 
 breathless courier from Cassel, informing him that 
 he had been chosen to take charge of the whole 
 wealth of the Elector, then threatened by Napoleon's 
 approaching army. 
 
 'Hie history of the fifty cart loads of coin, 
 its Hight from ]»oint to jioint in the hands of trusted 
 friends until carried away into ether parts of Europe, 
 has never been written, and ncv^r will be, excepting 
 that this large ftuid became the substratum upon 
 wbi','h the House of Rothschild was founded, upon 
 which rests the most colossal accumulation of wealth 
 ever possessed by a single family from the com- 
 mencement of the world to the present time. 
 
 Napoleon, with his army of heroes, had concpu'red 
 Europe. Standing a1 Lubec, surrounded by Mar- 
 shals Ney, Mural, N'ictor, Lannes. and a hundred 
 
 11 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 veteran generals, -with one hand grasping the Rus- 
 sian frontier, the other laved in the Gernnui Ocean; 
 looking southward, he saw the Continent prostrated 
 at his feet, while he wore the crowns of victory won 
 at Lodi, Rivoli, Alexandria, ^Marengo, Austerlitz, Vi- 
 cinia, Jena and Berlin, battles all towering up like 
 a succession of grand monuments over the graves of 
 fallen nations, from the battle of the Pyramids to 
 where he then stood, lord and master of the free 
 city of Lube<'. 
 
 Empires, Kingdoms, Xations and Powers, like ripe 
 fruit, fell in his j)athway, to be apportioned out wher- 
 ever he cared to lavish his generosity. Alexander 
 ihe Great, (Vsar or Charlemagne, marvelous as 
 their exploits were, fell far short of the achievements 
 of the lirst Xapoleon. And yet Rothschild, the 
 Eranktort broker, spirit(>d away five millions of dol- 
 lars from within trumpet sound of the victorious le- 
 gion. 
 
 Prince William selected Rothschihl, not for the 
 security he could give; this was a moment when there 
 was no security. A check on a bank was valueless 
 as a check on a bank of snow or a ihund ••chmd, 
 I Jut the Frankfort i)roker had ability and integrity, 
 both of wtiich in after years were well proven. 
 
 Xature hail made him a prince in his own right, 
 had imprinted u]ion him, in bis own ])er<on, (jualities 
 whii'b a score of titles could never adorn, wliili' the 
 secret which now surrounded the Hessian Treasure 
 
 ^■2 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 fixed in liim a new order of nature, which he in- 
 grafted so iniiexibly upon his five sons, as to make 
 strict, unbciulin<>; secrecv one of the cardinal features 
 of their great House, rendering information in re- 
 gard to it only procurable from scraps and cnunbs 
 of literature and iiistory. The founder of the House 
 carried this principle into his very acts of kindness 
 and charity, frequently sending money to needy per- 
 sons by unknown means, or thrusting gold into their 
 hands in the street, and then hurrying off with- 
 out disclosing who their benefactor was. His con- 
 tributions to his peo]ile and faith increased with his 
 increasing wealth. His company was sought and 
 courted by the potentates of Europe. The fame of 
 his wealth, his generosity and honor, extended far 
 ajid wide, but surrounding all, and above all, there 
 rested the thick veil of intense mystery, the deei)est 
 secrecy. At a good old age he died in the house of 
 his father at Frankf(U-t, surrounded by his tive sons, 
 Anselm, Solomon, Xathan, Charles and James. 
 
 His last moments were, as much of his former life 
 had been, spent in admonishing his sons to swear eter- 
 nal fi<lelity to each other, and profound secrecy in 
 all their dealings with the world, together with strict 
 obedience to the acknowledgf^d Head of the House, 
 which for all time should be an examj)le of the ex- 
 (pusite beauties and simplicity of the j)atriarchal cus- 
 tom'i of tl>c .Icwisli nation, flducated for the office 
 of Rabbi, he was deeply learned in all the traditional 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 rites, ceremonies and invj^tcries of the Jewish faith, 
 together with the gloom which had shadowed them 
 for three thousand years. He had, times without 
 number, recounted to liis sons the persecutions their 
 race had undergone. How they had, with an exalted 
 heroism, raised aloft the standard of Almighty Cfod, 
 and us J I is chosen beloved people carried that stand- 
 ard into a hundred millicm graves as evidence of 
 their fidelity to a cause which must bear fruit, now 
 and liereafter, far into the remotest eternity. That 
 they were the descendants of the essence of the sacred 
 race, and must ponder upon mysteries of the oral law, 
 as well as the sacred records, having ever before them 
 the evidence of divinity found in the Talmud and 
 ^lidrash; that their secular teachings of repentance, 
 peacefulness, disinterestedness, joyfulness, intrepid- 
 ity and tem])erance all ])ointed to the same high 
 origin. How tlie four hundred years of relentless 
 l)ondage in Egy])t had been sliattered and broken by 
 the direct interposition of the Hebrew (Jod, sacred 
 to which the great Feast of the Passover should l)e 
 commemorated forever, while Pentecost preserved 
 fresh to all Eternity the Law as delivered from 
 Mount Sinai. That they should l)e especially warned 
 by the evils wronglit in the old days by their Xation 
 commingling or intermarrying with the heretical na- 
 tions around them. 
 
 They ,vere tanght to remember the heroic age of 
 Hebrew history. Tiie Golden Age when David and 
 
 14 
 
lioli 
 
 LECTURE OX ROTITSCIIILD 
 
 his son Solomon sat upon the Jewish throne eighty 
 successive years. How Daniel became Head of all 
 the rulers in the Persian Empire. And the numerous 
 persecutions they had suffered. That Crassus had pil- 
 laged the Temple and carried off ten million dollars 
 in "old. That in the massacres of Alexandria and 
 Babylon the barbaric carnage was such that over a 
 millifm of the jx^ople were openly butchered. That 
 the countries of Europe had imposed upon them the 
 most ini(piitous forms of taxation; body tax, capita- 
 tion tax, trade tax, coronation tax. That in the City 
 of York, England, and at Paris, hundreds had been 
 burned alive for their religion while in their last 
 moments they sang hymns joyously, as if at a wed- 
 ding feast. All this was borne with Hebrew forti- 
 tude, knowing that no persecution could destroy or 
 permanently injure the innnortal race. They were 
 reminde<l that while all outside their own faith were 
 heretics, yet, in the midst of the world's persecutions, 
 Se V was the first to relax the penal laws against 
 then the first to let faintly shine upon them the 
 light of freedom. Yes, their slavery had been heavy, 
 very heavy, but anxiously they awaited their re- 
 demption. These ere the warnings, the admoni- 
 tions of the dying Hebrew. They W(>re reminded, 
 too, that in every nation into which they had been 
 carried as captives, or to which they had tied for 
 safety, these sublime habits of life had eiuibled them 
 to rise to the highe^t eminence. 
 
 15 
 
 
 J 
 
LECTFRE OX EOTIISCIIILD 
 
 Meyer Rotliscliild reminded his sons that wealth 
 vas power, 'i'hat they had the strategy to accumn- 
 hite this, hut to preserve it the utmost secrecy must 
 be maintained. 
 
 Thus the founder of tlie great House passed away, 
 loved bv all, but es])eeiallv honored and revered by 
 liis own people, not failing in his last moments to 
 secure the tulHllment of the great Hessian Trust. 
 
 The eldest son, Anselm, who had renuiined with 
 his father, continued the Frankfort House, the second 
 son, Solomon, established a bank at Vienna, the third 
 son, Nathan, founded the London firm, the fourth 
 sou, Charles, established a bank at Xai)les, while the 
 fifth and youngest son founded the great French 
 banking house at Paris. Under the innnediate su- 
 ])ervision of the five sons, o})erations were carried on 
 in Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria and 
 Italy, while in the whole machinery of this immense 
 network there existed a common interest, which it 
 would be difficult, if not (piite impossible, to explain. 
 
 Following the injunctions of rhe Founder of tlie 
 House, they usually nuirried into the families of each 
 other, thereby more perfectly preserving in their own 
 households the innumerable State Secrets which con- 
 tributed so largely to their j)resent greatness. 
 
 Xathan was the founder of the London House, 
 and Avas esteemed the financial genius of the family. 
 The operations of this House have surprised the 
 world. When (piite young, he removed to London, 
 
 16 
 
LECTURE ON ROTHSCHILD 
 
 to 
 
 and at once launched into extensive speculations, bc- 
 in^ supplied with large remittances from his father. 
 While the older financial houses were trembling for 
 the fate of England, while the Nations knelt before 
 the Napoleonic shrine, Wellington, from the Penin- 
 sula, made some drafts which it was difficult for the 
 exche(pier to meet, not for want of money, but owing 
 to a misunderstanding in the King's Council. Roths- 
 child, having carefully surveyed the whole situation, 
 purchased them. Soon they were redeemed with 
 large profit to him. 
 
 From that time forward he became the trusted 
 agent of the British (iovernment in the transmission 
 of subsidies to Fonigii Powers, and being thus 
 l.rouffht into favorable contact with these powers, he 
 in turn became their financial agent. 
 
 This was at a time when there were no telegraphs, 
 railways or steamboats, but the great financier or- 
 ganized a band of agents and couriers who followed 
 the armies to the battlefield, and then by a relay of 
 carrier pigeons cotild, in a few hours, have news in 
 London from the interior of the Continent. Thus the 
 news of the Battle of Friedland, fought on the 13th 
 June, 1807, would by ordinary means of transmis- 
 sion have taken ten or fifteen days to reach London, 
 while Rothschild, by means of his couriers and car- 
 rier pigeons, could secure full infoniuition in as many 
 hours. Upon the fate of that battle, fortunes were 
 lost and won. In it Xa])oleon was victorious. All 
 
 17 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 tho stocks of the countrios ap:ainst ■wliich ho was 
 fijjhting, inchidin/i; those of (ireat Britain, foil rap- 
 idly. When Rothsohild roooivod tho news, ho sold 
 stocks for futtire dolivorv, and at a time when tlioy 
 would have fallcu immensely, the difforcnco being his 
 profit. 
 
 Times of war and financial convulsions have over 
 l)oen seized upon hy speculators to roa]) rich harvests, 
 Tlie well-known New York sj)oculator, Jamos Fisk, 
 made an ononnous profit out of a transaction of this 
 kind. In Knfxland and on the Continent, tlu^ fiovern- 
 ments and a goodly portion of th(> people sympa- 
 thized with the South. Southern homh wore freely 
 sold; millions of them were on the markets of Kuropc 
 when tho war for tho Inion was drawing to a close, 
 afuT Sherman had made his wonderful march to the 
 sea, and when (icnoral (Jrant was drawing the 
 relentless v.-u* chain roiunl the doomed citv of liich- 
 mond. FisA saw at a glance what effect tiie fall of 
 that city would have on Southern Hoiids in F-ngland. 
 He chartered a fast-sailing steamer, had her in P.os- 
 toii harbor, fully ukuukmI, with >team up. and direc- 
 tions given the monu'ut he teh'graphe(l "(!(>," that 
 she was lo make tho (piickest time possible to Eng- 
 land, and there sell Southern liouds for future do- 
 livery, l>y this trau-aetinii it was said he made a 
 clear gain of scNcrai million-. A fli'i'Wiirds he re- 
 marked that if hi> friends had given him his own 
 way, ln' uoiiM h;i\<' cleaned out London. There was 
 
 18 
 
LECTURE OX ROTIISCITTLD 
 
 no ocean telep:ra]ili then to carry the news faster than 
 the steamship, so Fisk and liis friends had it all their 
 own 'vay. 
 
 It is somewhat curious that, while at the eoni- 
 menctnient of this century the foundation of the 
 Rothschilds' wealth sprang- out of Xa{)oleon's dcsccut 
 upon Ik'sso Casscl, so Rothschild followed u]i the 
 march of his army, profitino- l)y its good fortune^ or 
 reverses, and that the master stroke <d" the great 
 .Jewish Financier was achieve(] on the day when the 
 ("orsican Hero fell, never to rise again. On the 
 morniniT of Sundav, the T^th (d" dune, Isi:., Nathan 
 Rothsehild rode over tiie groinid, ])assed tlie Chateau 
 (if llougomoi'.t right down to tlie village of Water- 
 loo. Xot far otf was the Duke of Wellington and 
 staff. Anioiiii' them was Count Po/zo di Uorgo, 
 Baron Vineent, (Jeneral Oliva. l>aron Rutiling and 
 others, friends of the faini>tis Ranker. 
 
 Koth-ehild eagerly watche<l and heard what was 
 said ahoul the chances of the day. All agreed that 
 taihire in the coming struggle would endanger and 
 perha])s cause the destruction of the British Army. 
 During the whole day, on the Hill of Ilongomont, 
 Uotlisciiild, ghiss in hand, viewed with intense inter- 
 est the progress ot" the seething hattlc. For the last 
 four hour- a tlnck white -^nioke enveloped the Held. 
 .\liout a (piartcr to seven in tlie eveiing it cleared 
 awav, when, looking through hi-; telescope, he saw 
 tidrtv tlioii-and French, the remnant of the (Irand 
 
LECirRE ON ROTHSCHILD 
 
 Armv, in fall retreat. Fresh horses were at hand; 
 he drove at full racing' sjR-ed to the City of Brussels, 
 and thence at the same rate to Osteiid, which place 
 lie reached hefore the break of day on the morning 
 of the litth. The wind was blowing a gale; the sea 
 before him laslu'd into fury. In vain he attempted 
 to eniploy a man to take him over. He at first of- 
 fered twenty pciunds, then forty, then sixty; and at 
 last found a tisherman willing to risk his life for 
 eighty p<iun(ls. S<i that (Hi the morning of the 2(lth 
 Jvnfliscliild was found leaning against a post at his 
 usual ])lace in the Stock Kxchange. 
 
 All was gloom, sadness and uncertainty. The news 
 o{" Napoleon dcfeatii g Hlucher at Ligny on the Kith 
 had rcai-heil I'lugl" d, and the dull nmrnnirings in 
 the air whisperctl that Wellington was also van- 
 (piished. Sadness was on every face. There was a 
 tremendous fall in the funds. The great IJankt'r 
 caused his kn(»\vn agents t(t sell with tlie rest, while 
 a host of luikiiown agents were set actively at work 
 to purchase on every hand. This continued during 
 the whole of the LMiih and up to late in tlu' afternoon 
 of the iMst. when, from some ca\ise, st4K'ks stood still, 
 with an upward tendency. Xo one couhl tell the 
 cause, liul ihe air seemed bracing. The (Joddess of 
 llo]ie hail lent a rugged forlilude to the British 
 Heart, i'linds todk a hound upward, but liet'ore this, 
 Kothschild Uml millions njion millions in his posses- 
 s'lTi and millions under his (ontro). 
 
 20 
 
LECTURE ON ROTIISCIIILD 
 
 On tho iiK.niinfi of the 22nd the glad news flew 
 from ]X)\nt to ])oint that the greatest hattle of mod- 
 ern times had lucn foiiglit and won hy the indomi- 
 table bravery of Uritish soldiers nnder the eommand 
 of the hemic Widlington. Tlie London Times was 
 spread broadcast, containing fnll ]virtieulars of the 
 event. I have it in iny possession, and now prodnce 
 a re) int of a cojty of the Times pnblislied on that 
 morning, the 22nd June. ISl,"). the foremost ])ai)er in 
 the work! of that jK^riod. It is a synd)ol of the great 
 weakness of the Ktupire of .Lmrnalism even up to the 
 early part of the nineteenth century. It is also a 
 symbol of the very limited amoinit of intelligence 
 ditfused among the j)eopk\ The world of discovery 
 of modern improvements was then unknown. This 
 jia])er, a few inches long and wide, is all that the un- 
 (h'veloped condition (d' our race recjuired, and was as 
 much to that jyeriod as th(> Fourth Kstate is to the 
 latter part of the same century, AVho would have 
 thought tliat till' bantling of ISl.') coidd, in seventy 
 years, have developed into the Tlmnderer of 1SM4, 
 powerful everywhere, even the Royal Family and the 
 nobility jiaying court to it more deferentially than 
 ever did subject to the most jxtwerful moiuirch. 
 An e<lit(trial note says that they sto])ped the pres-; 
 at one a.m. to give place to the oHicial intelli- 
 gence of the great victory, and another editorial 
 note that tin- press is sto]»ped for the second time 
 later in the luorniiig to give place to the fidl dis- 
 
 21 
 
LECTFRE OX ROTTISCIIILD 
 
 patclu's of the Duko, with a list of tbo killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 The joy that follows <z:reat success, wn^nehed from 
 a weird tlairgiusi!; despair, seized the people. All Lou- 
 don went mad witli enthusiasm, old soldiers and 
 youuii' nieu weepinu' with jov. The <lispatclies ^iwc 
 full details of the world's battle. Thi' issues were 
 frrave hevond eoneei>ti<»n, or the power of lauguaj^e to 
 express. TIh^ two foremost nations of the earth had 
 on the held of Waterloo submitted their fortuiu^s to 
 the waii'er i>i' battle. I'lie French, then, at a g'reat 
 di>advaiita,ii(', but with the s])leudor of their rac(>, 
 fought with a braverv arid daring unsurjiasse<l in an- 
 ei(Mit or uioilern times, l>ut thev were unable to over- 
 come the indomitable staying qualities of the British; 
 and then, as ever. tli(> grand old Hag which wav(>s in 
 trii over ten thousand walls and unnarets was 
 
 ear .,il 'n- the sons of a noble and gallant race on- 
 ward, nnv.ard, so as to make resistance absolutely 
 imj>os-ible. 
 
 ^Vithout <letra<'ting from other natiou.'dities, the 
 
 r>riti>ii Mildicr, ever immovable as a rock, tlirovn 
 
 int<» Mpuir<'s at Waterloo, >toi>d each like an ironclad. 
 
 j)roof against the wildest onslaughts nf the enemy. 
 
 At l.iiiiiy, the Scotch regiments had been fearfully 
 
 cut to [lieees. liut tlu're was a terril>le skeleton .f 
 
 them left. In the evening of Waterloo, when they 
 
 Were allo\ve(| to charge, fliey tore across tiic held. 
 
 slioiiliiiu al the tu|i of their voices. "Seotljind for- 
 
 •■)•) 
 
"^ 
 
 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 ever! Scotland forever!" like jrlaciers from their 
 native crags, sweejiini!; everythinfr before them. Xo 
 hraver soldiers ever set foot npon battlefield than the 
 Scotch and Knjilish, but brave as they were, tliey in 
 no way surpassed the cliivaln.us darinfr an<l won- 
 derful exidoits of the EnniskMlen Drajioons on that 
 memorable day. 
 
 Examine the list. Yon will find the sons of Ire- 
 land, with the Dnke of Wellintiton at the iiead, fore- 
 most as ever in tlu^ van of heroic deeds. I am bold 
 to sav that the battle miiiht never have been won but 
 for Irishmen, and therefore the race should be deejily 
 eii>hrini'd in the hearts of every lover of nol)le and 
 heroic deeds. 
 
 On Hint joyous morninjr, Xatlian Rothschild, ra- 
 diant with filadne^s, shook bauds heartily, warmly 
 joiuin<r in the geni-ral nierrinicnt. Dm-iu^; the fol- 
 lowing week stoeks bounded up to <uch a pitch as to 
 enable him to unload, having nuide a clear gain of 
 five millions of dollars. 
 
 Napoleon was sent iuto exile. I>ouis Will was 
 placed upon the throne of France, while Kothsehild, 
 with an immensely augmente<l capital, set out to 
 ;ichieve >till greater financial compit -ts. 
 
 in a few years the name (d' Koth-ehild was a syn- 
 onvm of sncces-, the o|)erations of their houses ex- 
 tending over every portion of the habitalile globe, 
 while the London Hraiicli became the tituuicial agents 
 for every I'.uiopenn power. 
 
 r4 
 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCiriLT) 
 
 Tliese were peculiar means of adding' wealth to 
 the House of Rothseliild, alheit tliis is supj)osed to be 
 a part of the life of a skillful financier. One thing, 
 however, is sure, that Nathan Rothschild soon after, 
 true to his race and name, but what was more, true 
 to the oath of liis father, returned to the Landgi'ave 
 of Cassel the whole Hessian treasure; tlie money Na- 
 poleon woukl have seized was emjiloyed to compass 
 the final overthrow of the Corsiean Hero by the 
 large advances made to Kngland and its allies. 
 
 Dealing with governments gave occasion for large 
 transactions and immcMise profits. Ivotlischild nego- 
 tiated a loan for the Government of Spain, and for 
 his share in the traiHaction got tlH> s(de right of the 
 ^lercury Mines for a term of years, from which the 
 ])rotits counted into millions. 
 
 Austria created him a liaron of the Empire. He 
 was proverbially generous, even luxtu-ious, his en- 
 tertainments being on a scale of princ(dy grandeur, 
 while his table was surrounded bv the hiirhest di"-- 
 nitaries of state. In ]s:](\ he repaired to the old 
 house at Frankfort to attend the marriage of his 
 elilest son, Lionel, to hi< niece, daughter of his broth- 
 er .lames, of i* cis. After the wed. ling, and while 
 still at Frankfort, he suddenly died. His remains 
 were brought to London, where he wa> buried with 
 great ceremonv in the .lewish Burial Ground at Mile 
 Fu.l. 
 
 'llirec sons survivt'tl him, of whom liai'on T.ionrl 
 
 ■2\ 
 
ITo 
 
 LECTURE ON ROTIISCIIILl) 
 
 was the eldest. He liad in reserve for him a life's 
 iiieideiit more important to his ])(>oi)le niid race than 
 any other chapter in their stranj-e history. They 
 mioht he rich, they mijorht c(mtrihnte largely to tlie 
 puhlic revenue, they might he charitahle and princely 
 ill their generosity, yet they were harred from nu- 
 merous privileges of citizenship. There was a wide 
 gulf hetween them and the iiherties exercised hy free 
 
 men. 
 
 It remained for a son of this house to hreak 
 through two thousand years of prejudices, coiled like 
 an anacon.la round the name of -rew, and, like a sec- 
 ond Moses, to deliver them into the light of day, into 
 the full sunshine of modern civilization. The -lews 
 understood the tdcments of trade, their a"tions being 
 marked with great caution, and yet with iiitinite bold- 
 ness. They being in corresjiondence with their breth- 
 ri'ii in all jiarts of the world, could buy and sell to 
 greater advantage than others, while to all about 
 tliem their success appeared a mystery, attributed to 
 -oine vih' witchcraft, or an unholy connection with 
 the Evil One. In 17-JO, during tlie South Sea 
 Hubble and its times, when the c(»ininercial world 
 surged to and fro with its intense excitement, when 
 pnHc(>s and dukes, as well as merchants, seized th<' 
 hand of the tickh' goddess of speculation, when tlie 
 Prince of Wales became Oovernor of the Welsh Cop- 
 per ( 'onipany. wlien the Lords of ( 'liandos and iJridg- 
 wai. 1- phiced their gilded coronets on tlie giddy altar 
 
LECTURE ON EOTIISCIIILD 
 
 of a sf'oro of ventures, >Nlien the Empire ran wild in 
 the race for wealtli, and afterwards fell like dis- 
 solved meteors, and crowded the l)anl<ruj)tcy courts 
 in ra])id succession, on the long list of names not a 
 sinale Ilelirew was to he found. Ihit when the hlood 
 left the heart, the sun grew dark, and night spread 
 over the commercial world, the Ilehrew stood forth 
 to turn to host account the shattered fortunes tot- 
 tering over on everv street corner. In this p(>riod 
 their presi-ieucc seemed miraculous. They could see 
 and comprclicnd residts perf(>ctly. Xapoleon III, 
 in his wrk on Cu'sar, says the only difference in 
 men is tlieir ahility to see into the future, to trace 
 roults from certain well-regulated. ])resent laws. 
 This in all times apiK'ars to have t»een the especial 
 p..wer (d" the Semitic race, aiid no douht has grown 
 out (d" continued meditation, keen watchfulness and 
 that profound s(>crecy which ever is the offsjjring of 
 a sense of danger. For they had sutfered violence 
 ar.d cruelty everywhens in every country in the 
 ^vorld — except, as the historian says, in Ireland, 
 where many of them had settled, this heing the only 
 ]vlai-. where tlicy were coni])arativcly free from dan- 
 ger. A close investigation into their social and po- 
 litical history will prove tins true. And further, that 
 at all times the Irish people were foremost in plead- 
 ing for the entire emancipati<»n of the dew. This was 
 not granted io them in England till ls.1^, whih^ as 
 earlv as 1710, in the Iri^h House of I'omnums, .Mr. 
 
 •2G 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 ^Morgan introduced and carried a Bill giving them 
 full rights of citizenship, and again in 174G and 1747 
 he carried the same bill, but the Irish Lords always 
 rejected it. The Irish people have ever been fore- 
 most in acts of liberality. The history of the people 
 of the Emerald Isle has been Liberty of Thought, 
 Liberty of Speech, Lil)erty of Action. No man has 
 ever set foot upon that island who has not found an 
 open hand, an open dour, aye, and an open cupboard, 
 too. 
 
 In 1847 the family of Rothschild had resided in 
 the great city of London for forty years, and had 
 become widely known as the most daring speculators 
 in the financial world, with a prescience unequaled, 
 discovering weakness in Governments, so as to never 
 fall into unsuccessful ventures, while allowing none, 
 really Avortli having to escape them. 
 
 In 1840, during the great destitution in Ireland, 
 the mansion of Baron de Rothschild was the place 
 where the British Relief Association was formed by 
 which, as publicly stated in the commission, thou- 
 sands of lives were saved. Toward the Irish tho 
 Hebrew heart yearned with peculiar emotion. They, 
 too, for centuries had been the victims of penal laws; 
 they, too, had for centuries been denied the rights 
 of citizenship; they, too, had perished for their re- 
 ligion, and through ecclesiastical and tenant laws 
 liipii grfuitid into the earth and then an amazement 
 expressed that they were not prosperous and hapnv 
 
 27 
 
 m 
 lit 
 
 c ;.! 
 
 ( >i 
 
 • ft. 
 el 
 
 ■ m 
 
LECTURE OX KOTHSCIITLD 
 
 
 as freedom "iid a deserved patriotism always makes 
 a nation. All men know that patriotism is the off- 
 spring of love, that love is only a sentiment, and yet 
 more powerful than battlements of stone and iron 
 or mountains of gold ; that the Hibernian mother's 
 love to her child and for his welfare and future hap- 
 piness is stronger tlian hundred-ton guns, stronger 
 than man's laws, for it knows no law but nature's 
 law, stronger than armaments, for it is inspired by 
 the very essence of God, and imperishable as Eter- 
 nity. Yes, the Jew knew this, and into his grand 
 mansion he invited the noble and the generous of 
 London to devise means to send out of their plenty to 
 meet the wants of their destitute brethren. 
 
 London is an empire in itself. Great cities have 
 been in the world for thousands of years, but none 
 ever before like this, so great that if it should sink 
 into the sea to-morrow, the remotest part of the globe 
 would be electriticd, like the flight of the heart out 
 of the htiman body. 
 
 As other cities are to London, so, in a financial 
 point of view, other names are to the name of Roths- 
 child. 
 
 Of old, the first visit of the physician was occupied 
 tumbling the patient about, asking innumerable ques- 
 tions, making him 0]>en his mouth till lockjaw was 
 all but inevitable, and tlicn a determination to bleed 
 him to death to save his life. 
 
 Xot so now. The quiet, skilled member of that 
 
 28 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 truly noble profession touches the radial artery of 
 the wrist, then looking for a moment into the eye, 
 the whole form is open to his view. So it was witli 
 the financial world till the name of Rothschild at- 
 tracted and drew to it the nations of the earth. 
 
 That name became and has continued to be, for 
 sixty years, the radial artery, the pulsations of 
 which are the index to great financial operations 
 amongst men. Wars are averted or encouraged as 
 rhe sanction of that name is given or withheld. 
 
 The conditions of the mitions have been the study 
 of this famous House, as the conditions of the in- 
 dividual customer is to the wholesale merchant. 
 
 ^Ir. Benjamin Disraeli, afterwards Lord Beacons- 
 field, being appointed to negotiate a loan for a foi-- 
 eign power, opened the matter to the famous banker, 
 liut said without the loan was sure he could not dis- 
 close the name of the borrower. Rothschild said he 
 did uot wan^ the name, but to let him know how 
 much the power was in di^bt. This being done, he 
 at once rej)lied : " Oh, that is Egs-pt ; I cannot lend 
 them a farthing." 
 
 Vet, with powers penetrating to the remotest quar- 
 ters of the world, the Hebrew could not l)reathe the 
 tree air of civilization. Sir F. H. Goldsmid, ^Ir. 
 .\shley Potter, Sir David Salamons, Baron Lionel do 
 Kothsejiijd, Sir ]\roses Afontefiore and Sir Benjamin 
 Pli'.lpotts, wliile supporting the Empire, wore upon 
 their persons the degradation of being placed lower 
 
 29 
 
 5.» 
 
 J ^fl 
 
 I \ 
 
 : ^ 
 
LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 
 
 1 
 
 tlian the noanpst subject. Many wore their griev- 
 ances, but prominent amongst tliem was tlieir ina- 
 bility to sit in Parliament. These disabilities were 
 long felt to be a stain upon the name oi freedom, 
 and a combined effort was made fo- the emancipation 
 of the Jew. In 1S47 Rothschild was elected fur the 
 City of London. His majority was so marked as to 
 be a signal protest against the disability of the He- 
 brew. He entered the House of Commons and of- 
 fered to take the oath of office on the Old Testament. 
 This was refused. Afterwards he was peremptorily 
 ordered to withdraw. 
 
 On this subject, as far back as 1833 to 1 837, a well- 
 known figure would risi- to address the House — no 
 other than the Irish Liberator, Daniel O'Connell — 
 with his rugged, commanding physique, his dignified 
 but courteous mamier, coupled with his clear, melo- 
 ilious voi( 'Iways insuring immediate attention. 
 There was .. u^ ''nsh upon his cheek, his temples 
 and brow visibly ^ while his eyes sparkled Avith 
 
 fervor. 
 
 Daniel O'Connell stood there to defend the weak 
 against the strong, stood tliore to v!-,idi"ate '"■• „ doc- 
 trine of Equal Rights of which he had been so long 
 the champion, stood there the embodiment of all that 
 was chivalrous and brave. 
 
 The Enumcipation Rill was again rejected, and 
 RotliM'hild resigned lii-^ s<'at. A new election was or- 
 dered. Lord John Manners, one of the proudest of 
 
 30 
 
LECTURE OX ROTIISCTIILD 
 
 Kngland's nobility, entered the field. Rothschild be- 
 came his ojipoTieiit and was returned ajiain by an 
 over\vhehnin<r majority, but was not allowed to take 
 his seat in the Commons. This continued for cleirn 
 ;/rars; when, in 1858, Jewish emancipation was final- 
 ly carried. The shackles of ages, the persecution of 
 (H'urnries was by this Act removed from this trulv 
 wonderful people. Throughout the whole struggle 
 Rothschild fought the battle of his race for a posi- 
 tion which had be n denied to them for hundreds of 
 years. He died in 1879, and his name goes to pos- 
 terity like that of the immortal O'Connell, as The 
 (Jreat Liberator of his people, and as one of the 
 greatest philanthropists of his or any other age. And 
 111 1880_, when another ill-fated hour came upon Ire- 
 land, the first name among the people's gifts was 
 that of Baron de Rothschild. 
 
 In the House of Bonaparte there were five broth- 
 ers, all raised to positions of Princes, Kings and Em- 
 jtei'ors in the great world of politics and power, but 
 now swept from the page of living history. 'I'here 
 \v(!re also five brothers in the House of Rothschild, 
 all elevated to the condition of Princes, Kings and 
 Rulers i;i the world of finance and Empire of Gold. 
 
 You have done many a generous, disinterested act 
 in your life, and you know there is no sensation so 
 ennobling as that arising from the voluntary offering 
 placed upon the altar of love, or lavished at the feet 
 "f the destitute, the needy, the helpless, the depend- 
 
 31 
 
 S I 
 
 ■■n 
 
 C 1: 
 
 * I 
 
 « ! 
 
 • ' I 
 
 i i 
 
 I ill 
 
 y 
 (J 
 
LECTURE OX ROTIISCIIILl) 
 
 pnt, who look up to yon as tlieir bonofaotor and 
 friend. " It i>; twice lilesscd ; it blesseth him tliat 
 gives and him that takes; 'Tis niig'litiest in the niiuht- 
 ippt; it beeomes the throned monarch better than his 
 crown." 
 
 *' And tlie King shall say, Inasmuch !u ye have 
 done it unto one of tlie lea>t of these my bretliren, 
 ve have done it imto ^le.'' 
 
 32 
 
 "^ 
 
LONDOX, NEW YORK AND PARIS 
 
 GREAT citips depend for their growth more 
 upon their geogra])hical position than from 
 any otlier cause, as^ for instance, the citv of metro- 
 pnlitan London is thirty miles in diameter an<l 
 ahdut the cireuniference of ninety miles, and ei.n- 
 tained at the last census a poptdalion of over <"»,- 
 .".(10,000. This mammoth growth is to Ix' attril)ute«l 
 largely to the discovery of America hy ( '(.lund)iis, and 
 the Cape of G<,od Hope hy Vaseo da Gam;» in the 
 same decade, opening up the Atlantic Ocean to the 
 Wist and sonth. At the time of these disc..V"rie,s 
 I'aris had d'Uihlc the pojiulatictn of London. The At- 
 lantic Ocean soon Ix'canie cuvtred with seafaring 
 crait and a liar\-est tield the fruits of which were <rar- 
 UiTcd into the granaries (if L«.n<Iun. sd tliat n<>w that 
 • •ify is tlirec times as great as Paris, and the new 
 wnrld has proihiccd tlie <'ity of (!rcal<'r Xew ^'ork, 
 t'Tiiiitii,'- a western wing <.f its gigantic parent on the 
 I hatiie-, while Palis, though not one third tlie size of 
 L"ndoii. stands the jirond city of fashion to all the 
 worhl and constituting a part of th(> highway to all 
 cities of tile ea-tern and western worlds 
 
 So that >.. w York. I>nndon and I "'.ave the 
 
 di.Miueiioii nt beiiiL' foreiiio-t in all (i.e.. appiint- 
 
 6:i 
 
 1.1 
 
 M 
 
 
 :.il 
 
LONDON', XEW YORK AND PARIS 
 
 Tiicnts and must of nccossitv be so for conturios 
 or for all time. Therefore, everythin<i; concerning 
 tlieiu, their origin and growth, is of interest to 
 mankind in general. But Xew Yv •• . with its mag- 
 nificent harbor id beautiful water stretches, sur- 
 passes every other harbor in the world, and is destined 
 to be equal if not superior to any other city in popu- 
 lati(ju and general advancement. 
 
 34 
 
 j^ 
 
XEW YOPvK rXDER THE DUTCH 
 
 L()XJ)ON, Paris ami Xew York arc tlie three 
 great cities of the world, the inetropolitaii cen- 
 ters of three great nations. They are in every 
 thonglit, on every tongue, and tirst in all calculations 
 of travel. They stand geographically on the com- 
 mercial hiii'hway connecting Europe and America; 
 and without detracting in any way from other mag- 
 niti<'ent centers of trade, these gigantic emporiums 
 .stand foremost in the progress of the world. 
 
 Xew York, young(^st of them all, partakes much 
 of the characteristics of the parent Kuropean cities. 
 Standing at the gateway of tlie continent, she is a 
 tilting link hetween th«> old and the new worlds. 
 Old York in Kngland; Xew York in America. With 
 >inuhir laws, the same language and religion, the 
 I wo kindred ])eoples have given to the world a civil- 
 i/ati"ii and advancement never heforc^ seen. The 
 pioneers who foundccl it. and others who (piickly 
 ollowcfl, hi)ld ill adventure', heroic in ai'liievement, 
 .-killful and constant in purpose, should he tli(> id(ds 
 of the city. Th'v l)rouuht with them physical p«)wer 
 and intellectual attainments, from whi'h the new 
 ''i»y was eiiahled to make an advantageous beginning. 
 To its founders, Xew York owe-^ much of it.s pres- 
 ent greatness. 
 
 35 
 
 S I 
 
 C ' 
 
 ■ 
 
:n'ew TorvK uxder the dutch 
 
 Xow York is the natural, convenient and suitable 
 harbor for the trade of the West, as well as other 
 parts <. the continent. It lias a tine, well-protected 
 hay, hinir in 42" nor Ii latitude, with mild climate, 
 no ice, an«l never having over five feet of tlood tide. 
 The docks are ojx'u and accessible the whole year 
 round. Ill Ai)ril, IMd, the captain (.f a tine 2,000- 
 ton iron ship in the Xcw York docks told me that 
 he was an Kn<:Iishi:ian, and had been in most harbors 
 of the world, including Liverp(.ol, Havana and Bom- 
 bay, all really good; but that there was no harbor, 
 taken all in all, in which a ship could reach dock 
 so (piickly and safely as at Xew York. The facili- 
 ties there are such as to challenge the admiration 
 of nuTchants, traders and travelers the world over. 
 
 Here is a city of four millions of inhahitants, so 
 that in ih.int of numlH'rs it is one of the three great 
 eities ,,f the world, and with its almost unlimited 
 trade, it is indeed one of the miracles of mo<lern 
 times. 
 
 To give an id(>a of its history and development, 
 shall we 11. .t go t.. tile beginning tour hundred years 
 ago, and I<...k fir<t at the landing of Colunibus in 
 America '. 
 
 O.I tile III, •riling of the 12th of October, 14!)2, the 
 scholar, philosopl,,.,-, and real hero left his ship'an.i 
 sto.,,1 ,,„ ,,„,. of the inlands of America. He first 
 rais,.d his hat ivveivntly, looking aloft and ahroad 
 ni>on the new discovery. 
 
 30 
 
XEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 Then ho foil upon his knoo?, (lovontly kissing the 
 cartli and naniin<r it San Salvador, or Holv Ro- 
 doomor, Colnnibus j>crsonifvinji; boldness, faith, 
 luToic valor, do^'otion and Christian forlitndo. 
 From that time all tho world know that by sailing 
 westward through the Atlantic Ocean land could be 
 reached. Tliev had learnecl that the earth was a 
 sphere, and that Itv following its circuit, vluit was 
 known to tlieiu of the East might be found in the 
 West. At that time tl> ^ general use of the mari- 
 ner's comi)ass was known. The printing press and 
 the growth of education, both incentives to successful 
 exploits by sea and land, luid l>eon brought into use, 
 au<l yet with all those advantages, all this knowledge, 
 the Wonder is. that for a hundred years, how .slowly 
 (hvelopnu'ut a 1 colonization followed. True, there 
 were scores (d" adventures and adventurers, but tiie 
 old wftrld, then only merging fnun a thousand years 
 of comparative iiuu'tivity (hiring the dark ages, 
 seemed unatde to grasj) any ade(puUo idea of the 
 beuctits of this discovery to tlio human racx\ They 
 fervently hop<'d that gold, rich metals and precious 
 atones miglit l»c found in tiie hiddeti land of Marco 
 polo, from whoso writings tli»y !iad guthorod the idea 
 of the richness of the Ka>t Indies, or dapan, as they 
 tliouu'lit discovered. 
 
 To a woman we owe the di<«i)verv of America. 
 Aft<r ('oIuud>us liud in vain imo'rtUMcd the courts 
 vi Euroj)e fur aid, Queen Isabella of opaiu \v-ould 
 
 87 
 
 ■ I 
 
 i' 
 
 ! 1^ 
 
NEW YOFJv I^XDER THE DUTCH 
 
 take no refusal from Kiufs; Ferdinand, lu^r liusband, 
 and offered to jilodiic licr jewels to fmilicr the jiroj- 
 cct. And after she liad liy force of love and tears 
 aeco:nj)lislied her pnrjx.-^e, and when all was ready 
 for the dej^arture of Cohunhns, he received the 
 Messinir of lier ^lajesty. 
 
 Where in the lenji'th of America is there a statue 
 of (^ueen Isahella i p\>r the honor of her sex, for 
 the greatness of the achievement and for the results 
 of her genius, let a suitable continental monument 
 be erc'-tecl in such a i)lace as a congress of the Ameri- 
 can nation may tix upon, and not allow the glorv of 
 the grcar (|Ucen"s jiresence to go down the ages un- 
 rewarded. It is sai<l that great deeds are the otf- 
 s{)ring of great power, hut more frcipiently is the 
 trite old saying true, that necessity is the mother of 
 invention. A (picen or a king has no necessities, 
 and therefore when they, with brightness of thonglit, 
 honest perception and symj)athy, accept the teach- 
 ings of a ]>oor man such as Columbus was, the more 
 honor, the more renown and the more glorv should 
 l)e attaclied to their act. 1 am a native-born Cana- 
 dian, and in the name o{ America pronounce the wn- 
 erated name of Isalx'lla, a;id accept luu- as the patron 
 saint (d' the continent; and allegi> it to be my earnest 
 desire to see this view acknowledocd bv a'! .\iiieri- 
 <'ans, bcgiunini;' with Canada and e\tending south- 
 ward to Cape Horn, and to contribute in monev and 
 time to bring about a residt so just to a mime loved 
 
yEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 and v'Miorated in her own day, and handed down as 
 The one who, above all others, first saw the truth and 
 ^■■ave praetieal effect to her honest convietions. 
 
 A reception was cjiven by the Kiii<; and (Jneen of 
 Spain t(i Columbus after his great discovery. The 
 Indians in tlie foregTound, nine in lunnber, were 
 limught by Colund)Us u]>on his return voyage. It 
 is but fair, however, to say that wlnle to Spain 
 and the Spanish queen is due the lionor of the dis- 
 covery, to Kngland and France is also due the rapid 
 and succi'ssful planting of their banners under the 
 two Cabots and Cartier, and also under the world- 
 r('nown<(l Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 Sir Walter was a man of fine and varied gifts, 
 a great traveler, public s{)eaker and daring naviga- 
 tor. He t'oiuidi'd the colony of Virginia and named 
 it in honor of the virgin cpieen. Like Columbus, he 
 was of humble origin, had known poverty and want, 
 but tuiturc had given him an honest heart with pow- 
 ers capable of self-education. Like Shakespeare, 
 liunyan, IJcaconsficld and a thousand others, he was 
 a true scliolai', supporting tiie maxim that genius 
 will educate itself, while dumpishness and stupidity, 
 whatever their advantages, can never be educated, 
 ii.ileigb made uumy voyages to the New World. He 
 inti'odueed tobacco into Europe, and believed that 
 il Would produce longevity. 
 
 A hou-eni.'iid enteriiiL'' bis room, and s<H'iurr the 
 loliaeco fumes rolling upward, supposctl his head 
 
 39 
 
 I 
 t 
 
 1 >J 
 
XEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 on fire and dashed the contents of a water pitclior 
 dowTi upon him. History say.s that he made a 
 wager with Queen Elizabeth that he could weigh the 
 smoke of the tobaeeo, and that he won it in this way: 
 First with delicate scales lie v;eighed the tobacco, 
 and after he had smoked the pijx^, he weighed the 
 ashei^, and deducted tiiis from the weight of the 
 tobacco. The remainder gave the weight of the 
 smoke, for which it is said the gay queen gave him 
 a sharj) cuff over the ears. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth was a noble woman, but she lived 
 ill an age far different from the j)resent, and was 
 surrounded by circumstances that made these pecul- 
 iar little adventures part of her life history. The 
 Elizabethan j)eriod, while occupying an important 
 niche in history, was lacking iu the (piiet, dignified 
 virtues liberty and conduct which mark the Vic- 
 torian era. 
 
 After the death of Elizabeth, and when James was 
 firmly seate<l on the throne, many there were who 
 rallied numd the standard of Arabella Stuart as heir 
 to the crown. This was regardc<l as high treason. 
 Sir Walter Raleigh favored a qu(>eii as reigning mon- 
 arch, and was suspected of being one of the Scottish 
 pretender's supporters. ]r was thrown into prison, 
 where he remained twelve -.cars. lie then receiveil 
 his Irecdom from King .lames on condition that he 
 would make know?! a marvelously rich gold mine on 
 the banks of the Orinoco; when there he had a se- 
 
 40 
 
XEW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH 
 
 vcre encounter with the Spanish, in which his son 
 was killed. lie failed to discover the f^old mine, and 
 returned to England with a broken heart. The 
 >Spanish demanded that he should suffer <leatli, 
 whereupon in order to retain their friendship, 
 luileijxh was thrown into prison on the old charge, 
 and executed in October, 1618. 
 
 Columbus made three other voyages to America, 
 and lived till he was sixty years of age; yet he died 
 without knowing wliat he really had discovered, and 
 carried to the grave with him the idea that it was 
 the eastern coast of Asia. Many navigators followed 
 in further discoveries, expecting to return with ship 
 loads of gold, or to discover Marco Polo's eldorado 
 in Eastern Asia ; for it must be remenil)ered that at 
 the time Columbus landed in America, the jiassagc? 
 by the Cape of (lood Hope had not been discovered, 
 and Eastern Asia could be visited only overland 
 through Asia Minor, Bagdad in the wilderness, and 
 across the old site of Babylon on the delta of the 
 Knphrates, then south into India, or by another route 
 partly by water and then across Arabia; so that to 
 "iiscover the eastern coast of Asia by a western pas- 
 sage absorbed the thoughts of all the nations of 
 I'.uropc, In this way matters stood for over one 
 inmdred years, during which time the harbor of Xew 
 ^ ork had never been known or entenMl. 
 
 On the Stii of January, 1 •>()!), the directors of the 
 East India Company of the Chamber of Amsterdam 
 
 41 
 
 i] 
 
 < H 
 
 
XEW YORK UKDER THE DUTCH 
 
 ll 
 
 of tlio one part, and llcndrick Hudson, Enfrlishman, 
 of the other part, entered into a contract signed in 
 diipHcate. By it the company agreed to fit out and 
 man a small vessel of about thirty tons burden (not 
 eighty tons, as some historians make it) and pay 
 ITudson as captain of the expedition 800 guilders, 
 or sixty-five pounds. Hudson was to sail north to 
 Nova Zembla, then west and south to the American 
 coast, in search of a passage to India. Even then, 
 one hundred and seventeen years after the landintr of 
 Columbus, it was still called the East India Com- 
 pany, and it was still their idea that India might be 
 reached by some passage through the American con- 
 tinent. 
 
 lluds , with an interpreter and twenty seamen, 
 set out upon the voyage. 
 
 Kudson liad a serious, resolute face and muscular 
 form, a combination fitted for heroic exploits. It 
 was an age c.f adventurers, and Hudson was the 
 noblest of them all. Living in the Elizabethan 
 period, his costume was that of an Englishman in 
 • •thcial life. 
 
 Xew York is built upon ^lanhattan Tshind, the old 
 favorite home <if the .Manhattan Indians. l>eautiful 
 ilowers, sparkling rivulet,s, shady forests and some 
 well tilled grounds surrounded the compact Indian 
 
 village. 
 
 Tin. red man had for untold ages niinb^ (his spot 
 his favorite report. The rich soil, the chase and the 
 
 42 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 fk'lieious sea fish assured to him a life of affluence 
 an<l ease. The Indians liad a stately mien, and pe- 
 culiar, independent Ix^aring. From childhood 1 have 
 l„.tn from time to time amongst them; they have 
 mrat endurance, but will not brook the laws of servi- 
 tude, and tlierefore have no domestic nsefnlness. They 
 are like wild rds or wild jilants, with a strange, 
 far-off coldness or inditference to all about them. 
 This is just as they anpeared in 1009, dressed in 
 well-tanned skins, the fur turned inward, some with 
 robes covered with wcrk and ornaments susp.nde.l 
 from the shoulders or the loins, the hair of the women 
 Tuatly braided and rolled up behind the head. They 
 lived" in villages with comfortable houses. They had 
 an abundance of food, with all the comforts of life 
 suitable to their primitive wants. This was their 
 ...ndition when Hudson came first inside the harbor 
 uf New York. Jlis ship, tlu- " Half Aloon," was tlu- 
 tuhby, old-fashioned schooner then in use. Very 
 (piickly swarms of narives, male and female, came 
 in their canoes round the vessel, apparently delighted 
 :it the newcomer. They were of gi-aceful form, the 
 women and men both attired in light furs and the 
 bright plumage of forest birds. They brought with 
 them tobacco leaves, Indian corn and oysters as 
 t.,k(us of friendship, harbingers of peace and good 
 
 will. 
 
 While tobacco had been taken to Europe before, 
 this was the first time it was i>ut forward as an ar- 
 
 4:; 
 
 I ■ 
 
 » <■' 
 
?^EW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH 
 
 tide of coinmorcial value. The use of it was a bar- 
 harous and uncivilized habit, yet its adoption bj the 
 nations of the earth has done much to assim^hte 
 America with the peoples of Europe. ].ord Lvtion, 
 in his beautiful story of " Lucile," says of tobac<-o:' 
 '• The distant Havana, cement of the nations, makes 
 all men brothers who use it." However that may 
 be, tobacco is now king. Who can proi)hesy the re- 
 sult of the wonderful growth and power of this 
 habit? Maybe five thousand years from now the 
 historian will tell of the tobacco age, when men, oth- 
 erwise apparently sane, were seen going about the 
 streets with a round piece of to])acco, one end in 
 the mouth, ami at the other a fire burning. The 
 philosophers of that period will, of course, think it 
 was done for some medicinal purpose. Antiquarian 
 commissions will be appointed to report upon the 
 actual cause, but alas, their researches will be in 
 vain, for had they lived in the tobacco age, no re- 
 liable testimony or satisfactory evidence could have 
 been obtained why this queer substance should have 
 been king, or why men should have suffered the 
 extreme tortures of poison in order afterwards to 
 have become its slave, it will be found that during 
 the height of the reign, thousands of millions in 
 duties had been paid for the privilege of using it 
 and that before it fell from power, all the women' 
 used it to excess; they smoked and chewed, they 
 passed it around in the church pews, and, indeed 
 
 44 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 had become its involuntary votaries. The Wood of 
 the Caucasian race, which h.ad been banded down, 
 improving and being purified through countless cen- 
 turies, was polluted and stunted, while men stood 
 aghast at the frightful situation. England, still 
 fnivtiH.st of all the world, invited representatives 
 from all other countries to determine upon some 
 jilan to overcome the growing evil. After months 
 of deliberation, a compact was formed whereby in 
 each nation laws were to be enacted making it ille- 
 gal to grow tobacco or to export or import it as an 
 article of commerce. Soon after the bright faces 
 of the emancipated shone with gladness, feeling 
 their chains broken; and tol)acco fell, never to rise 
 
 again. 
 
 Tobacco leaves, Indian corn and oysters were 
 l.rought by the .Maidiattan Indians to Hudson on 
 hoard the " Half :Moon." The Island was a beautiful 
 >pot, gently sloping to the southeast and west until 
 its borders dipi)e(l into deep tide water. Xear the 
 center of the Island, from north to south, ran a well- 
 heaten trail, where f«>r countless ages the red men 
 of the forest in single tile had gone on the chase 
 or warpath. The old trail, not much changed in 
 course, was greatly widened and improved, and 
 forms one of the best-known highways of modern 
 civilization. It was made broader, and now is 
 P>roa(lway, New York, and is as well known as Re- 
 gent Street, London, or the Rue Rivoli, Paris. Yes, 
 
 45 
 
 S 
 
 < ^1 
 
 
 
I 
 
 nil 
 
 XEW YORK rXDER THE DUTCH 
 
 the wliite man 
 
 accepted tho Indian 
 
 way, and also accepted liis tol 
 
 s trail as his liiirli 
 
 hacco. 
 
 And 1 
 
 going up and down f)n tlio trail with 1 
 
 tohac 
 
 'CO. 
 
 and Avill porhaps do so f 
 
 le IS now 
 lis bits of 
 
 because of his great' 
 
 :i vast inij)rovenicnt on his rude pred 
 
 or ages, thinking 
 
 r numbers and power that 1 
 
 le IS 
 
 ess, he is; for tl 
 
 eccssor. Doubt- 
 
 iiese great water ways, th(;se d 
 
 nvers, rhis ricli soil, together with tl 
 
 leei) 
 
 harl 
 
 lie wonderful 
 
 >or, were never intended to lie unused bevond 
 
 the time when thev 1 
 
 of the old world. Xo doubt these hind 
 their wealth, were the le<>-it 
 
 )ecanie needful for the overflow 
 
 with all 
 
 adventurers of three hundred 
 
 'gitiniate herilage of tl 
 
 le 
 
 'J'he {)hi 
 
 years 
 
 ago. 
 
 ••«' soon beeanie a valuable and 
 
 trading p<>i,it, U^nry CI 
 
 t(>ndent or 
 
 stl 
 
 the 
 
 important 
 
 iristianson being superiu- 
 
 nianag,>r. The Dutch pion.^ers 
 
 •oiig, hardy rac<', but 
 
 were a 
 
 poor Indian. For tift 
 
 very cruel and reh'ntle^s t- 
 
 ried on by the East [udia ( 
 
 new coiuj)any was formed. It then 1 
 
 ni)on the Dutch that tl 
 
 een years trade wa- 
 onipany, but in IC^-f 
 
 car 
 
 M'gau to dawn 
 
 Ka.st India, and tl 
 
 West India ( 
 
 "■^ was not, after all. a part of 
 "' new company was named the 
 
 e rf ul 
 
 'iiipany of Annterd 
 
 am. 
 
 Tl 
 
 !ii> 
 
 organization, having at its lu-ad and 
 
 "'g "» nnt only the ( Jovrnmrnt but , 
 wealthy mm of Amsterdam, great ,h 
 givn it. Their charter .-overe.l tl 
 
 i, a pow- 
 snpfx.rf- 
 
 "•'••f Iving between W and l', 
 ^'»v<ivigu eontrol over the who! 
 
 4G 
 
 lany of the 
 •w(>rs Wire 
 e extensive di- 
 '> north latitude, with 
 e Country an<l it- in 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 habitants. Under the jinspiecs of this company, in 
 KliT), iJOO Europeans Avitli domestic animals, inelud- 
 iiii;- horses, cows and sheep, were sent out to supple- 
 ment and further establish the settlement on Man- 
 hattan Island. The first building was a fortification. 
 
 It consisted of an inclosure. To the left was the 
 Governor's residence, then the chapel up at the left- 
 hand corner, and in the center the officers' quar- 
 ici-s and barracks for the soldiers. At due inter- 
 vals are port holes where cannon and musket could 
 be used, the whole forniiufi' a substantial defense for 
 tlie new settlement, destined to take so im])ortant a 
 parf in the events of youthful New York. 
 
 A map shows the holdings of the J)utch farmers in 
 1 <'>•!.■), then the site <d' Xew York. It is of great in- 
 terest U) those claiming descent from the Knicker- 
 lii.cker stock. Well nuiy they be ]>roud of their 
 (h'M'cnt, for in manly courage, honesty antl fair deal- 
 ings with the white men they had no superiors, and 
 yet with all, they were excessive drinkers and cru<d 
 to the native tribes. 
 
 .\bout lliis time occurred the Ma^sacre of Pavo- 
 nia. by the I)ut<'hj where, after a drinking \xm\, 
 tlie whites resolved to fall upon the Indians. At 
 inidiiiglit, oil the L'r)th of Febnuary, I'il.'J, without 
 warning, tliey came down upon the camp of sleeping 
 native^. Men, women and children were murd(>r(>(i 
 iiiiiiscriminately until eighty dead bodies lay around 
 liii -moldering <'anip tires, with not a single soul left 
 
 47 
 
 C 
 
 9. 
 
 I i 
 
 ^ <:| 
 
 

 XEW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH 
 
 nlive to tell the- tale. The history of the massacre 
 is written only from what was seen afterwards and 
 from wliat was pitliered from tlie h.iastful victors. 
 This was the heginuinf;: of the first Indian War; it 
 lasted two years. Bloodshed and frightful devasta- 
 tion reigned supreme. 'J'iie whole of the wiiite set- 
 tlers were driven t(. desi)air and the Island nearly 
 depopulated. 
 
 On the ;{Oth of August, 104.-,, all the ehiefs of 
 the trihes assembled in Howling (Jreen, at tiie south 
 end of Broadway, and wiili their white brethren 
 smoked the calumet of peace, buried the hatehet, 
 and iiuide mutual pledges of eternal friendphip, 
 which was of a lasting benefit to both the Indians 
 and the whites. 
 
 The first map of the village of Xew Amsterdan« 
 made by otficial direction was in 1(542. On the rigiit 
 i^ represented a tavern or beer shop; the spot at the 
 southwest corner, the f(.rtification or castle; then 
 appears the wharf; on t'«e west side of the trail is 
 the burial place, scmie distance south of Tritiitv 
 Clinrch on the west nde of Broadway. The tavern 
 ati.l store, sniail and iusigniticant, were the trading 
 p.»>ts wlere tli. business .»f the village was conducted, 
 and, in fact, comprises the l,irthplace of the present 
 tify ot Xew York, the lounthttions upon which the 
 ]n>ty i>oy and man have gn.wn, with arms extenth'd 
 to every part of tlie kiK.wu world. 
 
 Later j.ictures <iu,w iuerea .d j.rosj)critv, hearti- 
 
 48 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 ness and thrift, the ships larger, more niimerous and 
 better suited to the growing trade, the expansive 
 harbor covered with dexterously managed canoes 
 of tlie natives mingling with the larger craft 
 of the white man, and making a beautiful and im- 
 posing scene for these early times. The old Dutch 
 fiiiiiilics were fond of home comforts and numerous 
 liolidays; Santa Claus was the patron saint of New 
 Amsterdam. In Booth's " History," a picture is given 
 representing the old saint bringing in presents for 
 tlie children, who then, as now, were the joy and 
 blessing of the home. The solid, sober, domestic life 
 of the early Hollander is well represented in the 
 illustration. Scenes like it are even now everyday 
 occurrences round tlie well-kept dykes near the small 
 villages of old Holland. 
 
 Stuyvesint was the last colonial governor under 
 the Hollanders. He was a man of strong will, un- 
 doubted courage and great administrative ability, 
 with keen ]>erception of events going en about him, 
 never failing to meet the enemy with full\ matured 
 resources to frustrat<> him at every jwint. His tomb 
 ji.ay now be found l)eside the old church on Tenth 
 Street. 
 
 'I'he Diitch ha<l ruled New Amsterdam for over 
 fifty years, the laws were good, the govennnent was 
 good, contentment and prosperity were secured to the 
 l)eople, when (»n the Sth of Septemk'r, lOtil, an 
 Knglish ^(piadron api)eared U-fon the city and de- 
 
 49 
 
 H 
 
 r 
 

 :N'EW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 nianded its surrender. The Dutch ^vere weak in 
 numbers as well as in war api)lianees. For days ne- 
 gotiations went on with a view to some arrangement 
 whereby the English admiral would withdraw from 
 the attack, but without any beneficial result, so that 
 the Dutcli were compelled to surrender the fort. The 
 English marched in at once and hoisted the Union 
 '»a<-k, wh(>reby not only New Amsterdam, but the 
 whole of the New Xetherlands, were transferred int.. 
 a British colony. A few hours after, the British sol- 
 diers and officers were walking about the streets as 
 •'oolly as ,f they were to the manor born. Th,. is 
 .me of the jKvuliarities of the Englishman. He is at 
 I'ome ev(rywhere, and ha. the consolation of think- 
 ing that everything luronies him, so long as it is 
 in the interest ' his sov,.rciir„ and his country. That 
 iH'ing settled, everything is as nothing in his eyes. 
 
 riiarl.s II was th.-n in the ./(.nith of his powers. 
 Fifteen years bcfoiv his fatluw- ha.l suffered death 
 |<r old Whitehall I>larc. London. ('n.„,well, the 
 I rotector, had for t<'n years en.leavored t„ rule the 
 "••""•» "'.cording to his lights, but iIk- nal sources 
 "f gnvernment ha.l m.t tlieu attainrd ;,nv well-de- 
 |""'«l i"n.i. Parliamentary ,i.nvernm,.nt " had not 
 '-■" w..rk,.d o„t. h was a sfru.;,!.. bctw.rn the 
 abso „t,sM> of the mo„M,vl,, the feu.lal riiihts of the 
 '-'"•ds and the ^rowin- powers of the p.M.ple. The 
 tiM ( 'lun-h.s suffered .leath like Lo„is XVI of Franc- 
 ""' '"'•='">'-'^^''"'i'-"— '-wrong, done, but becau^J 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 (if his inability to co\)q with the contending elements 
 around liini, and there being no executive machinery 
 to meet the state exigency at the moment. The king 
 was the great pinnacle to whom alont^ each ])arty 
 could look for redress. The tax upon him wiis unfair 
 and unjust to any monarch; this injustice was subse- 
 (|iu'ntly removed by the revolution of IfiSS. 
 
 ("harlcs I was illegally arrested, illegally tried and 
 illegally executed, the whole proceeding being a di- 
 icct violation of Magna Charta, so much boasted of 
 as being the palladium of IJritish liberty; for, in 
 fact, the execution took place upon a mere resolution 
 nf less than half the House of Commons, and with- 
 "•ut any law at all. 
 
 After the death of Cromwell and the abdication 
 i>i' Richard Cromwell, Charles II, who had been 
 ixiuncing al>out the Continent, occasiomilly conduct- 
 ing wars in Scotland and England, was callcMl to 
 the throne. The people were sick and tired of an 
 unsettled form of government, and were really fond 
 of the royal line of kings; so that when (^harlcs came 
 hack, the whole city of Lon Ion was one graJid car- 
 nival of joy. The whole peoj)le, with long and loud 
 entiiusiasm, hailed their lawful Miverei<>n, in the 
 midst of wiiich Charles turned and said : " Why, gen- 
 tlemen, the nuitter is so easy, I ought to have re- 
 turned long aco." 
 
 Xd sooner was Charles lirndy si-ated upon the 
 throne tliiui he looked about to see what he could 
 
 61 
 
 I 
 
XEW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH 
 
 i: 
 
 1, 
 If! 
 
 do for his brother James, Duke of York. Nothing 
 better being immediately avaihible at home, he con- 
 eluded to make liim a present of Xew Netherlands, 
 Xew Amsterdam. It was not material whether he 
 owned it or not. He furnislied James with monev 
 and soldiers and sailors to oeeup.v peaceably or by 
 force the territories and towns contained in the mu- 
 nifieent ])resent. Therefore, on the 8th of Septem- 
 ber, l(i(i4, the governor appointed by James, Duke 
 of York, with his soldiers sailed into the harbor, took 
 possession, hoisted the J^ritish Hag, named the forti- 
 fication James and the city Xew York, in honor of 
 the great duke, a mime which renuiins unchanged up 
 to the )>resent time. 
 
 I regret to say the ;Merry Afonarch, Charles IT, 
 abused th(> confidence of his people and was wholly 
 unfit to be king. He used the majestic kingly office 
 for })urposes of personal revenge and j)arty gratifi- 
 cation. 
 
 James, Duke of York, whose name is now firmlv 
 established in the new world, had married Anne 
 Hyde, daughter of Chancellor Hyde, then Lord Clar- 
 endon. Her grandmother had for some years been 
 a working girl iuid was compelled to earn her living 
 by the labor of her hands. Yes, Anne Hyde married 
 James, Duke of York. He afterwards became king 
 and she (piceu c<msort. They bad two daughters, 
 Mary and Anne, and both became reigning que<-ns of 
 Lngland; so that from the working girl sprang three 
 
 52 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 quoenr. of I^ngland. Much has been said about rapid 
 lorhines rising from h)\v dopTce, but these achieve- 
 ments arc not contincd ti» the new world. All history 
 from the time of King- David down to Shakespeare, 
 AVashington, Napoleon, Reaconsfield, Lincoln and 
 (Irant furnishes stories of the same results. 
 
 When the duke's squadron took possession of the 
 city, it still had the old wall extending from the East 
 River along Wall Street and round to the fortifi- 
 cations. 
 
 The population of the city at that time was about 
 Ht'tci'U hundre<l. 
 
 In the old Dutch city the liouses were good and 
 -trong. They had a sturdy, defiant look, with gable 
 cuds to tlie street. Why it was done no oiu^ can tell, 
 except to cast the rain down upon their neighl>or's 
 imiperty. The Dutch were fond of good beer and 
 .-o were tlie English. In a few days after the capitu- 
 lation, the wassail rang loud and long in the general 
 merrymaking sounding through the newlH)rn city. 
 
 The Dutch had been j)ermanently, continuously 
 .111(1 absolutely the founders, holders and builders of 
 the city, and had title in fee to it, as well as to the 
 whole of the New Netherlands, an<l liad been so in 
 ]>ossession for fifty years. 'I'hey had discov<>red it by 
 the employment of Hudson. Their tirst governor had 
 purchased the Indian title. They liad coloni/ed it, 
 and had remained in po-se-^sion up to the surrender 
 in l*i(i4. The town was not large, but it was one of 
 
 68 
 
 Si- 
 
 
 i = 
 
 H 
 
XEW YORK rXDER TlfE DUTCH 
 
 i 
 
 'i 
 
 tlie larjrcst in Xortli Ainoricn. Xoitlior the English. 
 French nor Sj)ani«li Iiad (Iniu^ more than the Dutch. 
 They were a hardy, tlirifry. brave pcoph', descended 
 from a race of adventurous heroes. Tliey had never 
 Ix'en an agj^ressive peoi)h'. but man to man in coloniza- 
 tion and commercial exploits rhey had no superiors. 
 The Hollanders have always been powerful in war 
 and resi>ected in peace because of their chivalry and 
 honesty. The sturdy foundations laid by them in 
 Xew Amsterdam have never lost their iiiHuence and 
 power for the permanent and stal.le upbuilding of 
 Xew York. Upon the tine old Dutch tree of 'iCtCA 
 \\a< engrafted the dominant Knglish-speaking race, 
 with juuscular ]iower, mental ])ower, moral j)ower. 
 With a commingling of two sucdi peoples, what must 
 tile result be^ Just what it has been, the production 
 o{ a city, the miracde of modern history. In addition 
 to this, it had all the other cities, all other countries, 
 all other })eoples to take example from, to receive 
 the Hood tide of renewals and recruits from. It had 
 the advantage of noble sto<'k. noble blood, as widl as 
 the great deeds of two powerful nations, in sentinu'Ut 
 and substance, to build upon. It had the quiet, fru- 
 gal thrift, honest habits and great endurance of the 
 Dutch, together with the aggressive, dojuinating 
 waywardness of the English. So the Indian village 
 on ^lanhattan Island stands to-day. les^ than tlirei- 
 hundred years old. as one of th(^ three great cities 
 ot the world. 
 
 54 
 
NKW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH 
 
 Have yon ever tliought of it, if London, P:nis 
 and Xcw York were to sink into the sea, what a dif- 
 ferent world it wouhl be ( Tliis is tlie way one can 
 realize their inflnence, their indispensable ])resen('e, 
 as evidence of man's power and advancement, a< wfll 
 as his aeennuilated knowledge. 
 
 New York is, indeed, a wonderfnl city. Let all 
 honor be given to the old Hollander for the part 
 lie has taken in bringing about such marvelous re- 
 sults. 
 
 21' . 1 
 
 Sit- 
 ae ; 
 
 ft. 
 
 55 
 
NEW i'ORK UXDER THE EXGLISTT 
 
 Hi' 
 
 NEW YORK, the jri-eat nietro])olitan city of 
 Ainerit'iu stuiids on Manhattan Island, the honu' 
 of the Manhattan tnl)0 of In lians. The fonndations 
 of tlie city wore hiid bv a Company from Holland, 
 the Dntch at that time being the greatest ship-bnild- 
 ing and maritime ])o\ver iu the world. Wealth, in- 
 fluence and power were from the beginning available 
 for the support of the colony, while men of distinc- 
 tion and marked business ability and means were 
 found amongst the earliest inhabitants. Even then a 
 system of landed aristocracy was established. Such 
 persons of wealth and intluence as were able to bring- 
 out and colonize a body of settlers were given the 
 title of " Patroons," with a large concession in land 
 accompanying the title. 
 
 From 1()09 to l(tG4 the Dutch owned and occupied 
 an extensive district under the name of New Nether- 
 lands, the ca|)ital being New Amsterdam, now New 
 York. For over fifty years the colony grew and 
 flourished, maintaining a strong, hardy and vigor- 
 ous working class, as well as a rich governing body 
 who lived in tine mansions s])ending lavishly their 
 great fortunes, and founding in Dutch America, the 
 much-rcuowned Knickerbocker race, jK'ople admired 
 for sturdy ([ualitics up to the pri'sent day. 
 
XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISH 
 
 After 1004, when the Engli-^li captured Dutch 
 America, the name '' Patroon " was dianoed to that 
 of Lord of the ^[anor, so tliat tliose inauorial lords 
 with the great nierchanrs as well as the many citle- 
 liraring English made the city and state the most 
 optdent and wealthy of all the American colonies. 
 
 The constantly recurring Erench wars made a 
 standing army needful in America, Xew Vork being 
 licadciuartcrs. The officers contributed to the local 
 iiristocracy, causing the city to be still more conspic- 
 uous amongst the other colonies. These peculiar fea- 
 tures became firmly rooted and were plainly visible 
 (luring the first Eederal Congress, which was held in 
 Xew York. 
 
 On this foundation has grown a great city, which 
 for its years has no parallel. 
 
 It is to-day one of the three foremost cities of the 
 world, the pride of the nation and of the continent. 
 
 Manhattan Island, in its primeval solitude with 
 its gi-aceful sloi)ing form, reached out into the deep 
 I'jiy. Jt so remained until Hudson, as agent of Hol- 
 land in 1000, set out in search of a passage to India. 
 V.vvvy inlet from the ocean wa.. to be carefully ex- 
 iiiniiied to realize, if possible, the discovery of the 
 jia.-sage to the long-coveted gold mines of Eastern 
 Asia. While on this quest, on the 0th of September, 
 lie sailed through the Xarrows between Long Isla..d 
 and Staten Island, and for the first time the beauti- 
 tiil bay and harbor were revealed to the world. 
 
 01 
 
 211' 
 
 I 
 
 
:NEW YORK TXDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 l: 
 
 mil 
 
 "Afore than a hundred years had passed away since 
 ("ohinihus made the discovery of Amer. a. The con- 
 tinent was well known; scores of voyages had been 
 made np and down from Greenland to Cape Horn, 
 yet this narrow jiassajre had not heen discovered, and 
 the beautiful bay and harbor continued to be the safe 
 preserve, the secure rendezvous of the Manhattan 
 Indian. In fact, after the novelty of the discovery 
 of America by Columbus had partly w'oru off, the 
 chief aim of the enterprising explorer and navigator 
 was the making of a quick f(^rtune out of the rich 
 ores and precious stones with which the new land 
 abounded. 
 
 Xor was the po^r native wanting in statecraft. He 
 soon found that the white man had many things he 
 needed on the warpath, in the chase or for domestic 
 comfort. So while pretending to resist the white 
 man's encroachments, he also lured him forward to 
 the bright ti(ld where gold and diamonds covered 
 the who'e earth. Tliis promisod wealth roused the 
 adventurers of Europe, and alas, thousands lost lives 
 and fortune in the vain effort to reach the coveted 
 Eldorado. All th< world believed that what had 
 been discovered was Asia, in which Marco Polo had 
 traveled an.l about which he had written two hundred 
 years before, or that a way would be found to pass 
 the new land and reacli Asia. This is why the na- 
 tives were called Indians, and this is why Colurnbus 
 died without ever knowing what he had discovered. 
 
 58 
 
KEW YORK UNDER THE E^SGLISII 
 
 For more tlian a hundred ;-pars America remained 
 comparatively undiscovered and unsettled, apparent- 
 Iv waiting further and more important development. 
 
 AVhile adverting to Xew York under the English, 
 shall we not glance for a moment at the discovery 
 and progress up to that time? 
 
 In 14'J1 Columbus^ the most renowned of all navi- 
 gators, sailed from Spain with three small vessels, 
 two of which were without decks. 
 
 On the evening after Columbus had been at sen 
 for sixty days, the whole crew, wild with disappoint- 
 ment and rage, threatened to throw their captain 
 into the sea and return to Spain, Columbus promised 
 them that if .and were not discovered Avithin two 
 days, he v.-ould return to Spain with them. In an 
 hour afterwards birds were seen and also leaves and 
 brush upon the water ; then a carved stick was picked 
 up. The whole night was spent in watching. Just 
 before davbreak, when looking over the starboard 
 bow, a light came in view. Guns Avere fired as sig- 
 nals from ship to ship. The madness and anger now 
 turned to a frenzy of joy. Shouts of exultation rang 
 out from vessel to vessel, Columbus fell upon his 
 knees, covered his face with his hands, and devoutly 
 thanked God for his great deliverance and the over- 
 whelming success about to crown the efforts of his 
 life. 
 
 The morning revealed \and looming up before tht 
 gaze of the Father of a continent, the ship, as well as 
 
 69 
 
 • w. 
 
 2«' 
 
 u ; : 
 
 au IB 
 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISF 
 
 a.: 
 
 
 the stalwart crew, represented the physical and in- 
 tellectual development of myriads of years. 
 
 The vanguard of millions of that army of the Cau- 
 casian race sent to give economic direction and force 
 to the vast wealth hidden in the hills, streams, forests 
 and fields of the new world. 
 
 Three years afterwards there lived in Bristol, Enff- 
 land, Jolin Cabot, a renowned traveler. 
 
 lie had but latidy returned from Southern Asia 
 He had visited the Sacred City of Mecca, tlirougli 
 which the caravans from India passed, the way by 
 Capo of Good Hope being then undiscovered. Upon 
 this information he founded an abiding belief that 
 by sailing westward as Cohunbus had done he could 
 reach the riches so gloriously described to him by 
 the Arabs. He went up to London to see the king. 
 Henry VII treated him with ihe greatest kindness 
 and consideration, took hi- into his confidence, gave 
 him a commission and htu.ty encouragement. In 
 1497 Cabot, with eighteen companii , crossed the 
 ocean and was the first discoverer <»f the maiidand 
 of America. He n^turned in safety. l.'i«»n the dis- 
 coveries then ma<le, the English ever afterwards 
 claimed all the coast line from Virginia to the St. 
 Lawrence River. 
 
 In \~u\l the famous traveler and explorer, Jaques 
 (dirtier, niade two voyages to tlie northern part of 
 the eontineiif and asci nded flie St. Lawrence River 
 a- far as liociic laga. IMeased witli tlie lofty inoun- 
 
 60 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE EXGITSH 
 
 tains and delightful situations, he named It Mount 
 Royal, aftcrwan called Montreal. Thes-o exploits 
 wore soon followed by numerous French mission- 
 aries, who not only brought tidings of Christianity 
 l>ut explored far inland, adding vastly to the knowl- 
 (diio of the inner part of America. From that time 
 all America north of the St. Lawrence went under 
 the name of Xew France. 
 
 The map of that period shows what was then 
 known of our globe. It will be seen that most of 
 Asia and Africa, as well as the whole of Austrahisia, 
 were undiscovered and unknown to Euroj>ean civil- 
 ization, as was the continent of America. 
 
 ^fore than haU' the worhl lay liuricd in darkness. 
 A thousand years of night during the Dark Ages was 
 rapidly giviiig ])la<'e t(» an era of unparalleled enlight- 
 enment. From 1540 to 1 '>♦)() the stormy affairs of 
 Kurope absorbed all attention, and it was not until 
 the reiun of Good C^ueen ?>ess tluit the adventurous 
 spirit revived again — Elizabeth, the daugliter of a 
 great race, a brilliant descendant of a valiant and 
 noble ancestry, not without faults; but in the briglit 
 light of royalty who can escap(> censure? She a<l- 
 niired tlie adventurous traveler, the searcher after 
 truth. She loved all who loved lier nation, «n<l 
 took by the hand the hnmlilc as well as the great 
 in advancing the welfare of her p(>oj)lc. Her 
 jK'riod was soo,i rendere<l ilIustri(Mis by the ta- 
 iiHiiis (>xp!i>its (if Sir lluiiiphny (!i!!),i-t. Sir Wal- 
 
 61 
 
 I 
 41 
 
 ;;;•■■ 
 
 I 
 
 <; 
 
 *f 1 
 
 
 
XEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 
 ter Ralt'ifih and Sir Francis Drake, all Engli>li- 
 nion of renown. 
 
 The ''(Jolden Hind" of Sir Francis was a pcior 
 old tubby craft, but it was the second vessel to cir- 
 cumnaviiiate the <>lobc, while the first ship to make 
 tlie vovajii' anmnd tlie world was the " X'ictoria,'" iin- 
 tUr Maficllan. That little craft was the most ri- 
 iKtwned vessel of its time. 
 
 In l.")^^ it was generally thought that South Amer- 
 ica extended to the South Pole. Magellan, with a 
 fleet of five vessels^ set (nit to find a passage through 
 or arouiul the continent. He discovered the straits 
 which bear his name. Sickness, mutiny, storms at 
 sea and all manner of obstacles had to Iw overcome. 
 After two years of battling with the elements, all wa- 
 lost except one small vessel, the " Victoria." With 
 her he returned home safely, this being the first vc:-- 
 sel to circumnavigate the globe. 
 
 I'pon the whole, the English have always taken the 
 lead as a colonizing nation, then came France and 
 then the Dutch. After the lime of Columbus, sailors 
 and navigators sprang up on every hand an<l in every 
 laml. The timid seafaring life that for untold ages 
 had U'cn contiiied to the bays, rivers and coasts was 
 abandoned, and new life, new thought, new vigor 
 took its place. The worhl was found to be twice as 
 large as (he (d<l philosojthers thought. Practical « x- 
 jMrirnce cust (he musty books of old geographers 
 iiitn ihc a-lipit. Ihe brnnze>l faces ol the hardy >-;iil- 
 
Ill 
 
 NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 ors tumod with scorn from the pretended wisdom 
 of the scientist and the scholar. Tlien came two hun- 
 dred years of wihl, daring, piratical adventure. What 
 the chiefs nud barons had been on land, the captains 
 and the pirates became on the sea, the strong ever 
 preying ujion the weak. Rut with all this the mer- 
 cantile interest of the world made substantial prog- 
 ress. In 14!)7 I)e Gania discovered the passage round 
 (lood Hope into the Soutliern Ocean, a new path to 
 [ndia. During one of the gay, joyous moments of 
 ( harles II, the Merry Monarch, he made a present 
 of a large part of America to his brother James, Duke 
 of York, and gave him sliips and soldiers to take 
 po-isession of it. This muniticent present included 
 tiie whole of the New Netherlands and New Amster- 
 (him. It is said tiiat the king was not aware of tb's 
 when the patent was signed to his brother, b\it when 
 tlie error was discovered, like Jacob of old, he re- 
 fused to withdraw the blessing. The Knglish ships 
 ^-aibMl into the harbor of New Amsterdam. The 
 iMitcli (iovernor refused lo surrender. He was will- 
 ing to tight th(! wh<ile H(H'I single-handecj. Colonel 
 .Nichols, the commander of the tleet, liad his orders; 
 it vas not to make reply, it was not to reason why; 
 I'ondtardment or sunender werr* his only words. The 
 peoph' did not dislike the English. In fat t, Knglish 
 visitors had been there many times and the Diitch 
 liked their free, easy, rollicking ways. They were 
 fond of ilicii!. so that wliile reluctant to surrender 
 
 It.; 
 
 •c 
 
 
2sEW YOEK UNDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 I 
 
 under force of arms, they refused to support the Gov- 
 ernor. The historian says he fumed and fretted, but 
 it was of no avail. Tlis soldiers refused to fire upon 
 the enemy. Whereu])on he marched out of tlu; fort 
 in which he had so long remained master, while the 
 English marched in, and for more than a hundred 
 years it continued to be a prosperous British colony. 
 
 The first name of the Duke of York and Albany 
 was given to the city, and the other l)estowed on 
 the town of Albany. He was the last of the Stuarts. 
 It is jK)puhir to abus the Stuart dynasty, but, at any 
 risk, I cannot fall to this general condemnation. 
 True, they had faiilts, but they lived in an age of 
 fallacies on many moral and physical cpiestions. The 
 ])hilosoj)lier gave his full sanction and the judges 
 were tiien ])ronouncing sentences of death, and wise 
 men and worn; i the world over were lighting tires 
 in every land to burn thousands of people for the 
 crime of witchcraft. Even the far-famed I*nritans, 
 who settled Massachusetts, hanged over twenty people 
 at Salem near Boston for Witchcraft. These same 
 Puritans, after condemning the Eormula of the 
 ("hurch of England biH-ausc of its rigorous tenets, 
 passed the lilue J^aws, whereby death was imposed 
 for the desecration of the Sabl)ath. Intolerance 
 reigned su])reme. They ])rohibited the Qiutker from 
 living among them. His so doing was visited by 
 death, and in reality sev<'ral persons believing in 
 the peaceful doctrines of .lolm Bright suffered death 
 
 ()4 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 at their hands. This was during; the Stuart period, 
 when it was thought that cruel, violent persecution 
 and object lessons of all kinds were the only means of 
 enforcing obedience and loyalty to any cause. The 
 Stuarts, because they did the things that other 
 men did, have been anathematized as unworthy of 
 respect. 
 
 To quote history justly is as much the duty of 
 all men as it is for all men to tell the truth. Laws 
 are made for the poor and the rich, for the king 
 and the peasant. Charles I had a right to the pro- 
 tection of the ;\[agna Charta as much as the hum- 
 blest subject, while, in fact, he was executed in direct 
 violation of the charter, the boasted palladium of 
 British liberty. Parliamentary government was not 
 then understood; the place of the king was not un- 
 derstood. The old feudal law was baaed upon the 
 doctrine that under the king, the barons would bo 
 tlic props for the throne to rest upon. They were a 
 sort of petty undcr-kings. This gave rise to the 
 War of the Hoses, and enabled Warwick force- 
 fully, at i)leasure, to rule the kingdom, wicked state- 
 craft Ix'ing second only to Priestcraft and Witch- 
 rraft. 
 
 Tw't hundred years and more have passed since 
 parliamentiiry government was invented! by the Eng- 
 lish. It was really a great discovery. It was the 
 greatest event in the history of any time. All nations 
 iiave followed it. Under it, Justice, the et<?rnal 
 
 65 
 
 III 
 
 If.; 
 
 
XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLTSII 
 
 
 principle of justice, is king, and without tliat prin- 
 ('il)le no man can he kiui;-, while with it the throne 
 i-; as secure as the nation itself. Errors, numerous 
 errors, have hecn committed, chief among them, per- 
 haps, a too wide area of jurisdiction. Albeit, what 
 luition has been so wise as England with all the Stuart 
 wrongs i She has encircled the world with her benefi- 
 cent influences of civilization and commerce. Her 
 gates have been thrown oiwn, free to the products 
 and manufactures of all nations. Slie has surpassed 
 all empires in this great act of civilization. The 
 crowning victory of Christianity is heralded by the 
 British flag from the towers and minarets of all civil- 
 ized and uncivilized quarters of the earth. France 
 and America are bone of the same bone, blood of 
 the same blood, and why should they not be proud 
 of old England standing between the two n^publics 
 like a pillar in the ocean, poising equally the prin- 
 ciples of justice, all three iiiq)artiiig ecpuil rights, 
 advancing the science of stable government, always 
 remembering that whil(> the natural law i-< govern- 
 ment by the people, for the jicoplc, yet when the 
 ]>eople want a king, tli(\v have a right to have one, 
 and still furtlwr that violence ainl wrongs have 
 l)<'<'n comniiltiMl under rejtnblics »-; well as under 
 kimrs. 
 
 When Brazil made np its mind to change its form 
 of gdverniiunt, (Jeneral de Fonseca said to l)(nii Pe- 
 <!ro that tl.- nation had fnr enough advanced in civil- 
 
 66 
 
KEW YORK UXDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 ization to dispense with monarchy. "But he over- 
 looked the fact that four thousand years hefore that 
 time tlie people of Israel, high in civilization, arose 
 in their might and said that they were far enough ad- 
 vanced in civilization to dispen>^e witli a repult'.ic, and 
 that they would and must have a king. Two thou- 
 ^and years aft(>r, the wildest excesses and cruelty 
 took place in Konu^ under the republic. In fact, for 
 four thousand years opinion> have been divided, ex- 
 (•(>>s, violence ;.ad ojipression following <ach in their 
 turn until the wonderful discovery of parliamentary 
 government in KISS. It gave complete control to tlie 
 people without impairing the influence of a limited 
 monarchy. In other words, the House of Commons 
 IxM'ame all-i>owerftd and it has mastered that power. 
 It can l)ring al)out any resnlt insisted upon, an.! this 
 \ astly increases the loyalty of the people. This great 
 princijile makes the whole nation a standing army. 
 Kngland, with four hundred thousand sohllers, is 
 rated higher than Russia with a million. So it is 
 with the United States; sixty thousand trained sol- 
 diers are emmgh in tinu' of ])eace, for the whole na- 
 tion is as one man, read to unslnnthe the sword 
 ill <iefense of the country These two Tiations little 
 Uuow how much alike they are in almost everything. 
 A^ a wlnde. they are far nu>re alike and <litTer less 
 ihiiu the counties of iMiglaud diHei- tnun one another. 
 Tlie people of London can understand Americans. 
 I.nt cannot under>tand the -^peec.i vi the people of 
 
 07 
 
 
 t 
 
 »■■■> 
 
 f 
 
:XEW YORK rXDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 tlieir northorn counties. For instance, Lord Tenny- 
 son, in his poem of the " Northern Farmer," savsT 
 
 Wheer 'asta bean saw Ions and mca ligjj:in' 'ere aloan? 
 Noorse? thoort nowt o' a noorse; whoy, Doctor's abcan on 
 agoan : 
 
 Now, that i.s supposed to l)e first-rate Ensjlisli, and 
 in fact it is good English as Lord Tennyson lias writ- 
 ten it and as English is spoken in the northern coun- 
 ties. At the Brunswick Hotel, Boston, in 1891, an 
 English traveler said to me: *' JJo you observe what 
 abominable English tliese peoi)le speak ? " I said : 
 '• Yes, their articulation is not good, but they speak 
 so much better than what is spoken in England that 
 I like to converse with them." I t(dd him that many 
 of the cabmen and busmen in London do not really 
 speak English at all. 
 
 Then again, Longfellow, in his very celebrated 
 IMiem of " Miles IStandish," gave his version of an- 
 other Englishman's mode of living and his view of 
 everyday life and government in a different sphere. 
 
 The one is from Yorkshire and the other from 
 Plymouth. About one hundred and fifty years after 
 that time the Plymouth Englishman and the York- 
 shire Englishman got into a fight at Bunker Hill, and 
 after no end of skirmishing, the Plymouth English- 
 man took all the farm-^ of America and kept them 
 for himself, and the Yorkshire Englishman went 
 home and attended to his own affairs on the other 
 
 68 
 
:NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 ^ide of the Atlantic. This made them bad friends. 
 Sixscore years have come and gone since that fight, 
 but they still keep up the old grudge. They really 
 do not know why, bui they keep it up. It is like 
 a i)art of the same poem from Tennyson, where the 
 old farmer says: 
 
 An' I hallus cooined to's choorch afoor my Sally wur dead, 
 An' 'ecrdun a bummin' awaay loike a buzzard-clock ower 
 
 my cad, 
 An' I niver knaw'd whot a meen'd but 1 thowt a 'ad sum- 
 
 mut to saay, 
 An' I thowt a said whot a owt to a' said an' I coomed away. 
 
 Now, that is like the quarrel between England 
 and America. They go and come and really know 
 little of why it is kept up. I think it is the fault of 
 both countries. They are great enough to forget 
 and forgive, they should be proud of each other. All 
 wise men now say : " Let there be an end of the old 
 feud in which both were more or less the cause." 
 It makes one tliink of a paragraph goi-ig the rounds 
 of the ])apers. It alleged that the Devil always keeps 
 right up with the times. lie created smokeless pow- 
 der, and now he had invented odorless whisky, so 
 that one nuiy drink without it being detected on the 
 breath. The Devil must be somewhere near to keep 
 up the poi<ou of the old fight for over a hundred 
 years, but family quarrels arc more bitter than the 
 (luarrels of strangers, so that .lohn Bull will not let 
 up on the boys over in AuMTica, and the boys m 
 
 * II 
 
 
 "f* 
 
 ■ < 
 
 
NEW YORK IXDEK THE EXGLISif 
 
 America talk l)ack and laugli at him. Tliis is all a 
 mistake. It was a good thing that tin- bo s set up 
 housekeeping for themselves when they lid. They 
 have shown themselves sons of a great ance-try, and 
 worthy of the nation from which they sprang. 
 
 THE LAUREATE TO AMi:i?I('A 
 
 Oh, what is the voice I hear 
 
 On the winds of the western sea? 
 Sentinel, listen from our Cape Clear 
 
 And say what the voice may be. 
 
 Tis a proud, free people calling lou<l to a i)eople proud nd 
 free. 
 
 .\nd it says to them: "Kinsmen, hail 
 
 We severed have been too long. 
 Now let us have done with u worn-out tale, 
 
 The tale of an ancient wr(>ii<r, 
 
 And our friendship last lonjr as K.ve doth last and be stronger 
 than death is stronp;." 
 
 Answer them, sons of the self-same race, 
 
 And blood of the self-same clan ; 
 Let us speak with each other face to face 
 
 An answer as man to man. 
 
 And loyally love and trust each other as none but free men 
 can 
 
 Xow fiinp them out on the breeze, 
 
 Shamrock, Thistle and Rose, 
 .■\nd the Star Spanjried l^anner unfurl with these— 
 
 A message to friends and foes 
 
 Wherever the sails of peace are seen, and wherever the war 
 wind l)lows — 
 
 TO 
 
NEW yOPvK UNDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 A message to bond and thrall to wake, 
 
 For wherever we come, we twain, 
 The throiH' of the tyrant shall rock and quake. 
 
 And his nienaee be void and vain, 
 
 For you arc lords of a strong young land and we are lord? 
 of the main. 
 
 Yes, this is the voice of the blulT March gale ; 
 
 We severed have been too long. 
 Hut now wc have done with a worn-out tale, 
 
 The tale of an ancient wrong, 
 
 And our friendship last long as love doth last and be 
 stronger than death is strong. 
 
 A lu-w (Icvclojmicnt of man has licen produced, 
 I'ouuded hirjiclv iipou the sturdy ciualities of tlie par- 
 ent races in Kui-land, Ireland and Scotland, and also 
 borrowed and adapted from other countries. The 
 old laws, the old lanjjuage and the old religion pre- 
 dominated and widened and gave greater extent and 
 ])(.wer than ever could have been attained in the 
 motherland alone, the wider area and vast resources 
 drawing to tlicm the adventurous, the daring and the 
 brave from all quarters of the globe, giving fresh- 
 ness, brightness and buoyant hope to millions who 
 never could have or never would have sought them 
 bui innler colonial life. Never was a nation before 
 founded with such an accumulation of advantage-, 
 a language e.xa.t and flexible, laws just to all, found- 
 ed on the (.1(1 Magna Charta, braced up and strength- 
 ened at every point till the Kcvolution "f 1(188. wbeu 
 a further purifying and strengthening t(»ok place, and 
 
 71 
 
 ml 
 
 it • , . 
 
 id. 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 I 
 
 then the beneficent influence of a well-grounded 
 Christian roli<:;ion, and you have outlined some of 
 the heritageir lianded hv tlie mother country to her 
 children in America, uj)o!i which tlie nation com- 
 menced a caree; of unprecedented growth, success 
 and greatness. 
 
 The British are i)r'>verl)ial as being the most loyal 
 Ijcople in the world. The colonies in America were 
 loyal, and wiien they resisted the Stamp 'J'ax and 
 the Tea Tax, independence or separation from the 
 mother country never entered their minds. England, 
 accustomed to victory and conquest over other na- 
 tions and peoples, did not count the cost of fighting 
 her own blood, her own people. 
 
 The army, flushed with vii tory over the Canadians 
 and Indians at Frontenac, Niagara, Crown Point, and 
 on the Plains of Abraham in which the American 
 colonies joined, saw an easy task before it in subduing 
 the scattered peoples of the thirteen colonies. Colonel 
 Washington had for a long time been a prominent 
 figure. lie was a high-minded, valiant British officer, 
 and had during twenty years done faithful and val- 
 uable service to his country in America. lie, with 
 thousands of others equally British at heart, after 
 two years endeavoring to obtain redress, tore away 
 from the moorings, from the grand old ship, and 
 launched into the deep ocean of uncertainty in order 
 to fight for British justice, then denied to the loyal 
 people of America. A great principle was affirmed, 
 
 72 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 beneficial to England and to all her colonies and to 
 the world. Since then in point of liberty and equality 
 the British colonies have formed an integral portion 
 of the Empire, and for a hnndred years no colony 
 lias asked for or has attained to an independent posi- 
 tion apart from the Empire itself, a consummation 
 alike honorable to (ireat Britain and to the colonial 
 Empire. 
 
 New York under the English lasted for ovor a 
 hundred years, and while not attaining to any great 
 proportions, it was always the best-known town in 
 America. The Dutch had given good government, 
 yet upon the conquest in 1G64 Britain mfde mo"* 
 important alterations. It changed the name of New 
 Amsterdam to that of New York, and also changed 
 the name of the old aristocracy from Patroons to 
 r.ords of the Manor. The Van Rensselaers, the 
 Sehuylers, thi Stuyvesants and other distinguished 
 families continued to take part in the administration 
 of the new government. They maintained the fine 
 old lino of Knickerbocker stock prominently in the 
 great city. 
 
 Nichols, the first English Governor, was wise and 
 considerate, encouraging all to maintain their old 
 customs. The Dutch and Huguenot families enjoyed 
 the free exercise of their religions. N<> attempt was 
 made to interfere with the social cur>oms, so that, 
 upon the whole, satisfaction was given "o the people. 
 
 It was lawful at that time to hold slaves in the 
 
 73 
 
 I.. ' 
 
 H ■ 1 
 
 . '• > 
 
 
 I* i\ 
 
 
XEW YOKK rXDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 I 
 
 coioiiics. The first slave sliiji, containinir nineteen 
 African negroes, sailed info t'le James liiver, Vir- 
 ginia, in 1010. This was th ', ( .dnct ion of slavery 
 into America. The captain, and shij) were from 
 
 Amsterdam, Jlolland ; flieni 'o tlie Dutch is at- 
 tributed the introduction of slavery. The trade was 
 sui)ported by all classes, and more })articularly by 
 the clergy, who openly, from their ))ulpits, gave 
 countenance to it on tlu' ground that tiie heathen 
 African would thereby be converted to Christianity. 
 
 Cobunbus sent Hve hundred Indians to be sold as 
 slaves in Spain; this was also the case when the 
 tdergy gave their suj)port to the movement for the 
 same cause, but the noble Isabella rejected their ad- 
 vic«', aiul sent them back to their native forests. 
 
 The African trade did not at tirst fl<iurish, as the 
 nuirket was well provided by both Indian and white 
 labor. Indian- taken in war were hurried away to 
 distant parts and there sold into slavery. The laws 
 of servitude also enable*! whites to bind thems<dves 
 for long period-, the bonds being transferable. The 
 jtersoiis thus bound were regularly s(dd as slav<'- iu 
 the public market. About this time thi' use of to- 
 bacco became popular both in America and Europe. 
 'I he -outheiii i Innate (d" America was esjieciallv 
 adapted to it« production, while the clinuite was 
 IouikI t(. 1k> mo>t congenial to the African race. The 
 dennind for tobacco create<| a deuuind for the kind of 
 labor to jtroduce it; hen<-e t«d>acco became the ♦'atlier 
 
 74 
 
NEW YOKK UXDEK THE ENGLISH 
 
 
 of Tiojjro sliivory. Tliis, with otlior causes, gave life 
 and vigor to the trade. 'J1ie slave market in New 
 ^^irk soon heeame a rentlezvous, and it was not very 
 lonsr until it was estimated that one fourth of the 
 population was made up of nein-oes, most of them 
 fresh from tlie liolds of slave shi{)s. This j/ave rise to 
 iilann. In ITI'2 the ne<iroes fortncd a plot to murder 
 llie whites. It was discovered in time and many of 
 tlic l.lacks were executed. Again this occurred in 
 1711, when fourteen were hurncd at the stal.e and 
 scores were hanged in New York. 
 
 After the political revolution of 1088 in Europe 
 and the fall of dames II in ItlSit. Sir Edmund An- 
 dros, (Jovcnior of New York, who had heen api.-.iutt <I 
 hv Kinir dames, was seized hy the peop'' and thrown 
 iiii prison. 
 
 Tiien foUowed a period <d" c(»nfusi(m a:ui lawh^s- 
 uess, tlie po])uhir cry heiug l(» turn out of otHc" all 
 Catiiolics: indeed, all jtcrsnus apiH.iiited hy the late 
 king, and to appoint others, lauding the -^'Xjiress wjll 
 of the I'riiKM of Orange, the new king of Knglaiul. 
 In this pujmhir mnvement one .Iae>di Kei'^U-r was 
 the ackiiowlediicd leader. He was a merchant of 
 prominence and a captain of ojie of the Trainl)and-. 
 I.ei-ler, at the hea«l of hi^ company, followed hy an 
 , N.ited popiilacc, took po-e>sioii of the f(»n and un- 
 der the garh of great loyalty to King William of 
 Orang*' set up an al»olnte government and <li- 
 missed the ollicers id' the late kin^'. liut tlie mem- 
 
 75 
 
 I • 
 
 
KEW YORK UNDER THE EXGLISII 
 
 bers of the Catholic and Episcopal churchei, as well 
 as the wealthy Dutch and Hupjuenot familiof*, rose 
 in their might against him, while he at t'le head of 
 the populace resisted all opposition, and continued to 
 act as Commander in Chief with autocratic power. 
 Repeated petitions were sent against him ro King 
 William, who, in IGDl, appointed Governor Slaugh- 
 ter. 
 
 Leisler's followers at once deserted him lie was 
 arrested, and with his son-in-law, Milhurn, found 
 guilt}' of treason and executed. 
 
 The influence of this tragic event was fcK ""'^r many 
 years in Xew York. It took place imuK .latt.y to 
 the east of the present City Hall, close to the west 
 end of Brooklyn Bridge. 
 
 It will he remembered that at this time the Church 
 of England was recognized as the state church, and 
 tiic aristocratic rule of former davs was ajrain inau- 
 gurated, lovidty to the cr.twn, fidelity to iJritish prin- 
 ciples going hand in hand for more than half a cen- 
 tury. Xew York was a seaport town of considerable 
 importance. 
 
 'JMie safe harbor ma<le it, above all others, a favored 
 r( sort for foreign and dotiH'stie merchants; the slave 
 i'lnp, the jiirate and privatec r all found safe anchor- 
 ap' and ininiunity from molestation in its harbor. 
 1 he sjnve tra(h' alone liad grown t(. liir^re proportions. 
 
 Dealers from the other coloides found Xew York 
 the central point of tra<le. Th'' stanch merchaut- 
 
 u 
 
NEW YORK UXDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 man, the East Indiaman, the Slaver and Arab Coast- 
 er, the pirate and the privateer, all made the town 
 on the Hudson a favored rendezvous. War l)et\veen 
 France, Enghind and Holland kept up a constant rea- 
 son for immense fleets of privateers and smugglers, 
 at that iM-riod only other names for pirates. ^lanv 
 wealthy merchants and even English governors show- 
 ered fa\ors and attentions upon the successful 
 jirivateer. The peculiar gaudy costumes of the times 
 were furnished in profusion by these kings of the 
 ocean. The grim-visaged sea chief was much ad- 
 mired by New York Society while his black-ludlctl, 
 rakish craft lay discharging her cargo at the wharf. 
 Ills many-colored costume, elal)orate gold jewelry, 
 and dagger in Ixdt glittering with dianumds, In'tok- 
 cncd power and wealth, while all the gay free-livers 
 of the (hiy gladly received the presents of the Sea 
 Kover. The scandal of these evi'uts became unbear- 
 abk'. In ltil)2, f<.r this and other causes, Governor 
 Fletcher was withdrawn and his place taken by Lord 
 IJellamont, who drifted into opposite excesses. He 
 tried tt» etifo'-ce the laws of trade with rigid severity, 
 lie, with a nundwr of prominent Knglishmen and 
 .\meri('ans, tittcd out the swiftest clip]H'r to be found 
 upon tile ocean, the oi>ject being to jirotect the shi{)- 
 piiig witiiin a reasonable distaui of .New \ ork, and 
 to hunt down and capture all pirates coming within 
 its reach. After a diligent search for a really suit- 
 able nuin to take charge of the enterprise, Captain 
 
 i 
 
 '^ 
 
 4 
 8.. 
 
NEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISII 
 
 Kidd was Jixod upon, lie boinc; reported as a brave, 
 honest and dariii<>- seaman. It was a part of the coni- 
 paet tliat to meet expenses and reward those who 
 had e~ia1)lislied so hnuhdiie an enterprise, the owners 
 >iiouhl share ((iiiallv in tlie benetits of ail prizes taken 
 by their trusted eajjtaiii. For a few nu)nths he ren- 
 dered <:(kh1 service. I'lie jirolits were simply fabu- 
 lous. Hut alas, Captain Kidd, not l)ein^ satisfied 
 with his share of the boot . sailed away into tlie 
 ocean, and became the iiiost renowned mvA vr and 
 jiirate <d' any ajre, the i;Teate»t ocean scourge of flie 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 lie was known to have a uniulated whole ship- 
 loads of jewelry, (iialn(m(l■^ and rich m< rclur dise of 
 ev(>rv description, but ude no proper return to the 
 founders of the enterpi'i-e. A' la.^l, w ii a rich earpt 
 of this kind, he landed oii (Janiiner's Uland, north of 
 New ^'ork, then a ili solate and unfre(}uented sjmt, 
 aiMJ there, with the crew .f his vessel, buried the ricli 
 cariio ;it \nriu'is points on the seaeoast He was 
 afterwanb capturetl in the city of Hoston, taken to 
 Knirlaiid. and hun;.'- in chain- on Kxecutioii Duck. 
 
 Hi- wife and dauiihtf-r lived b)r many vears after- 
 ward- on hearborn Stncl, in New Yoi-k. 
 
 .\ lieu Slave Market wa- e-tablislw<l at (he f<i 
 of Wall Street. All Indians and negroes were sold 
 iliere at jmlilic aiietioii or private sale. 
 
 Slave- were not allowed to pass through the stret't"? 
 after night without a lighte<l lamp or candle in hand. 
 
 TS 
 
XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLTSH 
 
 In tlic new p;ovornor's instructions it wr.s ospc- 
 cially enjoined that he sliould give every a.'^sistanee 
 and encouragement to slavery, especially to the Royal 
 African Cotnpany of England, and he recnniniendetl 
 the eoitipany to always have ready for sale a good 
 -iipply of nierchantable negroes, slaves at that time 
 being the stable conunodity with which the tohaci-o 
 growers in the South luid to he furnished. Tobacco 
 was taken in exchange and soon grew in favor all 
 over Euroj)e. 
 
 Tlie new governor, Coridiinw, eldest son of tlie 
 Earl of Clarendon, nephew of King dames 1[ and 
 of Queen Anne. Had faith, utitruthfuhtess and ef- 
 feminate luxury chictly |)rcdomiMated in his adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 Wearied at length by his shameless couilnct, Queen 
 Anne, in coiii|)liancc with nunicrous ]ic!itions, re- 
 voked his commission, whereby he becann a private 
 person and amenable to the law. lie was at once 
 thrown into |)rison, and remained there until tiie death 
 of his father. Lord Clarendon, wlien all <laim- 
 against hiin were paid and h< became a Peer (d the 
 Realm. 
 
 Lord Lox'clace, ne]ihew of the tormer governor of 
 tliat name, succee<led J-ord Coridnnv. 
 
 AftiT a short time he diecl, and was followed by 
 laeutenant-(!overnor Ingcdd-^by, who at onee revived 
 the old desire of driving the Kretieli out of ('auada. 
 Robert Livingston |oine(| ;iUo in the ( utt rpri-e. He 
 
 71) 
 
 I 
 
 4 I 
 
XEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 t 
 
 had visited Quobcc and liad made plans of tlie St. 
 Lawrence. Thev were joined by the British In- 
 dians, and tlio Home Government promised a Large 
 fleet to assist the colonies. The Legislative Assem- 
 blv of Xew York issned bills of credit to the amount 
 of 20,000 ])0unds to consununate this ])iirjM)se. 
 
 The army marched through the woods to Lake 
 Champlain. The English fleet to meet them there 
 never came; while the army, in disgrace and much 
 discouraged, returned to Xew York. Sclniyler, who 
 bad insiired the cooperation of the Indians, then 
 visited England, taking with him five Indians, to re- 
 vive the project of a campaign against the French. 
 They were presented to (Jueen Anne. 
 
 The (^uccn looked unusually beautiful an<l re- 
 ceived the Indians with easy inditference, ^larlbor- 
 ough, the great captain of that time, stamling with a 
 ])rot('ctiv(' air to the right of the royal chair, while 
 the Indians were in no way abashed in the presence 
 of royalty, (^ueen Anne entered warndy into the 
 project of the subjugation of Canada. In token of 
 her ajiproval, she presented Schuyler with a costly 
 vase, which lias come down in the manorial line, and 
 is now o\vne(l by (mo. L. Schuyler of Xew York. 
 
 The l)rave and accomplished Robert Hunter was 
 the next governor, lie had for a long time been a 
 ])risoner of war at Paris, and liad lately been ex- 
 changc<l for the Ihshop of (^ueliee. who had been a 
 jirisouer with tlie Mngii-ii. .New York had ihen a 
 
NEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISH 
 
 population of 5,000. It was in financial difficulties. 
 Tliis table shows the receipts and disbursements of 
 the city for the year 1710 in English pounds: 
 
 For rent of Piers 160 
 
 For tJS Licenses (about $3.7')).. . ")1 
 
 1.) Frpedotns of the city at Did. .115 222/5 
 
 The expenditures W(>re: 
 
 To the city clerk 20 
 
 Lantern.'^ and Hour (ilassea -i 
 
 Candles for Constables 3 
 
 For Cage, Pillory and Stocks 10 36 
 
 The recei])ts for 1800 from all quarters were over 
 $100,000,000. 
 
 The Pillory and Stocks Averc in common use. It 
 was thought that lessons of this kind would intimi- 
 date wrongdoers, l)ut, alas, it only demoralized and 
 hardened the victim, and really debased and lowered 
 the scale of humanity. 
 
 During the administration of Governor Hunter it 
 was first suggested that the colonies shoidd bear a 
 jtortioii of the cost of government. It was a reason- 
 able and fair sugirestinn, hut not consistent with colo- 
 nial life, then dawning into early statehood. The 
 treatment of the boy of five was not applicable to 
 the boy (d" eighteen. The Mother coimtrv at that 
 time ha<l e.imparativcly no eommercial activity. The 
 firuiiicial atTairs were crude ami unformed. The gov- 
 ernment was jiaviiig tell per cent, per annum on its 
 indebtedness. The national deid \va< small. Sir 
 
 11 
 
 * 
 
 i » 
 
NEW YORK rXDKR THE EXGLISII 
 
 i. 
 
 William Tempic. who had hoen Minister at The 
 llajiuo, infornitMJ Kiiillantl that the small state of 
 II. .Hand hud a d^'ht <>i' $l':.,0()0,()()0, on which only 
 4 [XT cent, was paid. It wns causo of much iiKpiirv. 
 'i'!ii~ iravc rise to the ronsolidation of the En<rlisli iii- 
 tielitedness, or wlu.t i> kinnvii as the (ireat National 
 l)c!it of I'jifrlaiid. At the time of the Treaty of 
 Itivcht, this deiit wa< :>0,0()<),()0(> pounds. The jics- 
 sinusts of that j)eriod saw in it the downfall of tlie 
 nation. It wa.s >aid to exceed the madness of the 
 ( riisadcs. Two hundicd ye;ir> iiave passed, while now 
 till' national ^r(>atness ha^ hounded up to a point 
 iii'Vor Ix'fore n'aehed hy any other nation or ]ieo])le. 
 David Hume, Adam Smith and (leor^^c (irenville all 
 pictured the diresr f.irciiodiiiii>, ha-ed u]ion plau>iltle 
 reasonini^, hut all these forehodiniis liave wholly 
 failed in ])racticai I'e^idts. The (pie-iion of ia.\inji 
 tile colonies, for 'ho time hein^ dropped out of sii>ht. 
 
 in 1711 ijreat improvements were mado in New 
 ^'ork. Hroadwiiy was ^i-aded from Maiden Lane to 
 tile (.'ommon, full\ a <pnirtei- of a mile, and shade 
 ti'ce- were planted aloni; either side 
 
 Lewis Mori is wa- < liirf .hiNtice of .NCw ^'urk. The 
 wiii' was tlie chirf fraluio of ro>tnmf at that tinu". 
 The wiiz; had nianv atlvantaiios no persnus to he 
 Jouml then with cnar-e, wiry iiair, no thin hicks, no 
 l)aldheiide<l men. I ln' w i^ coxcrt'd all these defects. 
 \\ hen a liii;My arrla d lorehead or one hroad and 
 |ii\\ was wanted, the w i^- coidd ho -o arrani^'cd as to 
 
 52 
 
NEW YORK rXDEK THE EXOLISIT 
 
 moot cverv oa-o. Any nnvoltv m- form of Ixnuily 
 could be ^n-atifio<l (Inrinii; tlio wio- ])orio(l. Tlio value 
 of the gem seemed to (lo]>onil lartioly n])on tlio sottliisi. 
 Frill^^, ribbons, laees, silver Awv biu-klos, p-old and 
 silver eords, ]>(>\vdered wii-s, uaiidy and |)(>ouliar neck 
 livar, all proclaimed men to be more foi)i>isli and vain 
 creatnres than women ever were. It was the oif- 
 >|)ring of feudalism, one of the results of the supposed 
 (listinetion between the classes and the masses. 
 
 (Jovernor BurJiett received the Indians at Albany 
 in 17-JO. He succeeded (Jovernor Hunter. Ho was 
 married the provioiis year in Xew York to Miss Van 
 Horn. When he visited Albany, the Indians came 
 to wish him much y>\. They brought T5oavt-r skins 
 and other ric'- furs as wedding presents, 'llie cos- 
 tumes of the Indians were gay with head feathers 
 frills and rich wamiium belts, also jiretty devices on 
 the soft well-1 aimed clothing. It all compares fa- 
 vorably with the rich trai)pings of the Govi-rnor and 
 suite. So, aft<T all, u])ou the weak jjoints of vanity. 
 f!ie civilized and tlio uncivilized were not very un- 
 
 0(pUll. 
 
 The tirst iunvspa])or in New York was published 
 nu the null of October, lf.'.>:5, by William Hradfortl. 
 it was called tlie " Oazotte," aiul comprisccl only a 
 lialf shoot of f.iolscap, tilled with c-iistom-iiuusc entries 
 and news from the old country. Bradford soon in- 
 .•reased the '" (iazette " to a fidl-sizod fooNcap paper. 
 
 At thi> time the linaiicial affairs were at a low 
 
 83 
 
 ii| •• 
 
 9 
 
 a 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE EXGLISII 
 
 
 ebb. Tliey wore doitrcsstd and out of joint, owing 
 larfTfly to tlie licavv failures in the ^lotlier country 
 followinp: tlie collapse ui the South Sea IJubblc, By 
 the treaty of I'trecht, Spain had made concessions 
 of larfic tradinj:: privile<;(\s to the South Sea Conijiany 
 on the condition that the ('ouipany would take u]) 
 10,00(),()()() pounds of the national debt at 5 per cent, 
 interest. The wlude debt of the nation was quickly 
 included in the South Sea Scheme and taken up by 
 the Conij)any. Shares of the Company at cost of 100 
 pounds each, in a few months were sold at 1,000 
 pounds each. London became wild with excitement. 
 London at that time, all beiu": in a feverish state 
 of anxiety to speculate in sliares of the company, it 
 was of very short duration. Soon the whole fabric 
 tumbled to the firouml. Icaviui: thousands ruined and 
 jH'uniless. Sir lidbert Walpolc then came into power, 
 lie caused the confiscation of the jtroperty of the 
 l)romoters of the South Sea Scheme and restored the 
 country t(» a sound financial condition. Xew York 
 merchants and traders had indirectly felt the effect 
 of the rise and fall of the bubble in England, but 
 soon after the city brijihtened up and set out on new 
 lines of jirosperity. Colonial life Vv'as always men- 
 aced by the danjicr of war, as well from the wild 
 men of the forest as the enemies of Eniiland. This 
 nerve(| them to lives of earnestness and activity. 
 J hey were the a<lventurous vanguard of a great na- 
 tion, and were beset by datigers which never could 
 
 b4 
 
NEW YORK UNDER THE EXGLISH 
 
 hnve roaelicd tlicm in tlic Mother country. This, the 
 cliic'f coiikT of tinancial support and preparation, was 
 over alive witli new pr^ jects and dan^rers. I'or the 
 tirst Hfty years under tlie Dutch, New England on 
 tlie north and Virpnia on the south were a constant 
 cause of nienace to New York, while the French on 
 the northwest were ever ready for rapacious inroads 
 upon New Netherlands. The Indian chiefs were for- 
 ever on the wari)ath, tirst for the French and then 
 for the Kniilish, or apiinst hoth as their interest led 
 thcni. The iidand lakes and the St. Lawrence River, 
 divide tlu' state of New York from Cana«hi. It 
 was a coiiinion jiractice for Indians on hoth sides 
 of the line to seize families of the whites, handajre 
 them and drive them to distant parts and sell 
 them into slavery to Indian as well as to white 
 nia>ters. 
 
 Here we have the Fufilish, French and Spanish 
 (.wncrships after the couipiest of New Netherlands. 
 Still you will ohserve the French were owners of 
 aliout two thirds of the continent. 
 
 lu 174S, to keep the Fnglish back, the French 
 constructed a line of forts on the Ohio River. The 
 Knfilish disjmtcd their rij^ht to do so and sent (Jen- 
 eral Hraddock to foivc them back, (u'orsie Washinir- 
 ton was a Major un<ler P)raddock. The (ieneral 
 f(.\iaht with iireat bravery, hnr.ses were shot undt r 
 iiim, and at last he fell dead in the midst of batllc. 
 The couunand then devolved upon Washington. Ho 
 
 bo 
 
 f 
 
 
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART 
 
 .ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 K|2| 
 
 ■ 50 "^^ 
 
 ,- 13.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.5 
 
 J.^ 
 
 2.2 
 
 40 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 j= ^PPi lED IfVMGE Ir 
 
 
NEW YOKK UNDER THE EXGLI8II 
 
 1. 
 
 ;il-<) luul two liorsos killc<] iiiidcr him an<l had hi? 
 (•loth-iiii:' riddlcil with Ijidlcts. 
 
 Wars aaaiiK-t . ■ Froiicli in Caiiaihi wcvo of con- 
 tinual occurrence, for tlie support of which New 
 ^'ork was always foremost with men and nionry. 
 It was always su|ierloyal, and hail many rich mer- 
 I'hants and old landowners with costly residences. 
 
 In ITTift Lord Louden was a])pointeil (iovernor, 
 and the same year the Marqtiis of Montcalm received 
 a commissio!! as commander in chief of the Frencli 
 army in Camnla. lie was a tlistinii'uished oHlcer and 
 at once made skillful ])r(>i)aratioiis around the French 
 lines. 
 
 Ahoiit this lime, IT.")-'), Benjamin Franklin was 
 ap|)ointed hy the Ilritish (lovernment. I*o-.tmaster 
 (General of America, lie was well known. He had 
 with his wonilerfid kite hron^ht lij;litninii from the 
 skies. Liiihtniiin' rod< hecame the raize ol the 
 jM'ople. At that time there were jio mail coacdies. 
 All postal matter was carried on lior-ehack, hut 
 America was not far Ixddnil Fniihind, for then it was 
 eoinmon for the ])ost rider to leave London for Fdin- 
 hurirh with only live or six letiei's, and it recjiiired ten 
 days to get a reply lutween th(>se old cities. Frank- 
 lin soon made great im|)rovements, so that during 
 the whole of the winter he kept u|) one mail a week 
 hetween New N'ork and lMiilailelj)liia, a di>tance of 
 eightv miles. 
 
 ('oloiicl P-Mer Schuyler had hern tal\en ju'isoncr 
 
m:w youk r.NDEK the English 
 
 liv Montcalni in one of his invasions. He was a 
 ilToat lover of liritisli institutions. rp<iii his return 
 tlie Avliole city was illiuiiinated in hi> honor. ].i>U(lcn 
 was reciilleil ami .\ln'rcr(inihie a])iioin;e(l ( 'oiiimanui r 
 in Chief'. Thi^ izave new conrajic to the coloiiie-. 
 New \'ork voted $l(t(l.(t(i() to a>sist in the canipaii:!! 
 against the l'"rench. Kverv (juarter ^warmed with 
 vohint«'fr> ready to take the H(dd. (Jeneral Woltr. 
 a hrave othccr. was a>sii:ne(l to the sie<;-e (d' Qnelxc. 
 His army (d" ahont T.TilKI vtronu', made nj) of regulars 
 and New ^'ork Militia, wa- >tatioi.eil a1 Point Levi, 
 riiiht o])|M)>ite (^ucIm'c on ihc St. Lawrence River, 
 where with r<'ddiot shot Wolfe set the Lower Town of 
 (Jnehee in a hlaze. lie waited patiently for rei'ii- 
 t'orcrnients ])roniised him from home, hut they never 
 came: in Seiitemher. 17r>tl, two hours hefore day- 
 liiiiit, thirty Hat hoats eontaininu rcitulars and volun- 
 teers dropped >ilently down with the current to a 
 cove on the (^uehee >-i<le. there disend)ark'd and 
 scaleil the heights of .\liriiliam. 
 
 Al the early dawn of niornint;- r),0()0 soldiers stood 
 di'awn u|» in line of hattle on the j)lains ahove. Swift 
 messenuvrs awakened Montcalm with the -tirrinj: 
 news. .\t ten o'(lock the two armies confronted 
 each other. Doth ueneral- displayed nnirvidous cour- 
 au'e. hut, ala-, hoth were killed on the hattletield. 
 To-day the touri-.t will ha\e pointed out to hiui a 
 monument erected on tin -pot in tnemory ot the two 
 heroes. On one -ide i- engraved the iiolde deeils of 
 
 bl 
 
 
 
XEW YORK UNDER THE EXGLISH 
 
 I. 
 
 ^foiitoalm, and on tlie other the heroic valor of 
 Wolfe. V]M)n the fall of (^uehec, Xew York ran wild 
 with deliiiht. All hells of the city ranji out one 
 jienei';il tiniuilt of joy. Bonfires and illuminations 
 turned niplit into a scene lonp; to be remembered. 
 But the j:la(hiess was saddened ])y th(> hiss of the 
 p-allant AVolfe. 'J'here was grief in many homes in 
 Xew York, their nobk' sons having died by the side 
 of their gallant eomnuinder. They now with him 
 lay silent in soldiers' graves. When the British 
 army returned to New York from the conquest of 
 Canada . met with a triumphal rece])tion. Sum|uu- 
 ous entertaiimii nts were given the olhc(U-s and 
 soldiers, and general rejoicing \va> seen on everv 
 hand. 
 
 Canada, compi'ising more than half a coiitincnt, 
 had i)een ouiu'd by the French for over a hundred 
 anil tifty year-. It now passed un<l( r Briti^li rul(> and 
 has remaiiieil so for one huniircij and fortv vears, 
 during all this time steadfast and loyal to the crown, 
 more loyal, I believe, than any other part of the 
 Empire. It is now the Dominion of Canada, an in- 
 tegral part of the gi'eat imperial tederaled Empire 
 with a commercial /ollverciti naching around the 
 globe, alike l)enelici;d to the great Empire and to the 
 World at large. 
 
 The Treaty of Paris, siirned in IT'!;'-, closed the 
 I'reiicli War. Tlie |irivateer and -innguler, and also 
 the pii'ate, tor a time had their occupations goiu-. Thr 
 
NEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISII 
 
 wholo Xortliorn coutiiiont pvacticallv Ijolonffcd to 
 Britain, New York liaving had a great sliare in se- 
 curing the ownersliip of the enormous possessions ex- 
 tendiiiii' from ocean to ocean and northward to the 
 Arctic Ocean. It was, in fact, too hirce, too great, for 
 advantageous and economic contiol and devek)p- 
 nient, while the pa.l taken in tlie Frencli War h_v 
 the coh)nies gave them self-reliance and discipline 
 for another struggle not many years in advance. The 
 death of George 11, in Xovend)er, iTTiO, dissolved 
 the Xew York Assend)ly. A new Assembly was 
 elected and convened in 1 701. The new king, (Jeorgo 
 III, twenty-three years of age, grandson of the for- 
 mer king, was young, strong and self-reliant, his 
 ruling passion heing to please himself above the dic- 
 tates of any minister or friends. This was quickly 
 realized by William Pitt, the Prime Minister, who 
 on the r)th of October following resignc<l othce. The 
 king then fell into the error of disregarding Parlia- 
 mentary (iovernment, and endeavoring with a few 
 personal friends to rule the nation, a danger com- 
 mon to inexperience, followed usually by lasting re- 
 lH>ntance. CJrenville was then apjxiinted to tli<> Head 
 of the Treasury. He at once brought forward a 
 scheme for taxing the coloiiii s by means • f stamped 
 paper. The news (d' the jirincely lionits of tlie ricii 
 merchants in Xew Y'ork, surrounded by all that 
 wealth t'oidd procure, was received in England as an 
 indication of ability to pay a pai't ol the taxes created 
 
 by 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 il 
 
^^EW YORK rXDEK THE EXGLTSII 
 
 l.y tlio late war. AVlioii the act was passed, the news 
 ■was received in America witli derision, the most loval 
 l»ein^c: the first to exclaim against it. Wise ..nes said 
 tliis was only tlie he<iinnin_ir. tlie intention being t<» 
 tax everytliing, even the lands, and therefore saftnv 
 alone lay in resisting it at the commencement. Meet- 
 mgs were held, and it was res(dvod not to eat, drink 
 or wear anything npon which a tax had to he paid 
 to the .M(.th(>r (\.nntry. From this, however, a few 
 of the wealthy and intlnential dissented. England, 
 therefor", went oti pinning her faith to the loyalty 
 of the rii-h houses in Xcw York. It was said that 
 the Xew England States were founded nj)on r.-puh- 
 liean i)rinciples, while .\ew York was nu.lded after 
 the British Constitution. F.arre, a niemher of the 
 II'Mise of Commons, who had fought beside W,.|fo 
 at Quebec, resisted the passage of the act. and said, 
 i he Sons of Liberty in .\merica would never endnre 
 it." This gave rise to the " Sons of Liberty," one of 
 tlie watchwords in .\ew York. The act passed on the 
 I'Tth of Fcbruarv, ITC.-,. The masses in New York at 
 once fnrmc(l associations known as the " Sons of Lib- 
 erty. ' These assoeiiitiojis soon extended to other c<,l,,- 
 nies n.,rth and south, except Canada, which .steadily 
 refused to jnin the revoh. That c.,l,,ny had hiug been 
 subjecte.I to the <courge of war. It had only !at(dv 
 h( en iirought under Uriti^h lule. Its leading men. 
 more parti. 'iihirly the chigv, beh'eved nothing coidd 
 resist Liritish aggressiuii ; that the uprisintr of the 
 
 DO 
 
yEW YORK UXDEK THE EXGLISII 
 
 colonies would only entail more useless Moodslied. 
 Uonco, Canmla refused to join in tli<. rebellion, and 
 It beeame tlie rendezvous for the I5rifi«]i .\ rniy and 
 the base of supjdies dnrin<>- the w.u: 
 
 In 17(1.-. a eonvention of rejn-esenraTive^ from all 
 ^he coloni.'s was held at Xew York. Tlii. was to 
 <lcliberate upon the ol)ie(.tionable acl> of Parliament. 
 It was ealle.l the First ('nuorcss an.l op,.ne<l on the, 
 .th of Oetober of that year an,] eoTitinued for t^ ree 
 weeks. The result was an hund.le ad<lre<^ to tlie Ena- 
 Jish ]ronse of ( 'onmions. While the e..n-re.... was iu 
 session a ship arrived earryini> with it the Stamp Act. 
 'I'liis aroused tlie popnlaee. That ni-ht papers were 
 }>osted on the <!..,. rs of the })ubli,- buihlinos. Here 
 was the hr>t ovrt act. X,.xt .lay the excitement was 
 intense. The wh.de city to one man seemed deter- 
 mmed to resist tlie lan.lin- of the stamps. Then camo 
 the Declaration of Rii-hts and (Jrievaiices of the 
 -■•donists of Ameri.'a from the c.niir,.,-. The Oov- 
 •I'lior retired int.. the f..rt. It wa< .-alle.l "the la.t 
 <I:i,v of Liberty." Tin- strcvts were fnll <.f pe.,,,le, 
 >«'nie makino- threats, many int..xi,-ated, <ome sin-ini,^ 
 balla.is of wliich tln^ was a fav.M-it.- 
 
 With th.. beasts „f the w<).)(l we will rarnbl.' f„r food- 
 
 Lo(|n:e III wild deserts ami (■;ives, 
 
 And live ;i,s j.oer Job on the skirts of lli.- Clobc, 
 
 Hefore we'll submit t.) 1m« slaves. 
 
 Urave boys, brav.' boys. 
 
 I he I-t ,,f X,,vend..'r the act \va.- 
 
 
 t<' .(tine int.) 
 
 81 
 
XEW YORK I XDER THE EXGLISII 
 
 
 foroo. It was nslurcil in with tlie tolling- of muffled 
 bolls and flags displayed at half mast. 
 
 The new (lovcrnov, Sir Ilenrv Moore, arrived. 
 The legislative As.-en;} ly met and confirmed the acts 
 of its congressional coni'nittee. Xow York was head- 
 (inartcrs for the army in America; and while on the 
 surface all seemed sm<.o,h, the secret order of the 
 " Sons of Liberty " ])asscd resolutions that if the 
 Stamp Act were n.»t repealed, the people of America 
 themselves would repeal it. On the ISth day of March 
 the king signed a hill repealing the Stamp Act, for 
 which he was cheer(>d on his return from the Parlia- 
 ment Duildings in England. Bells were rung and 
 hontires were lighted in the streets of London. Swift 
 packets carried the news to Xew York. The citv he- 
 canu' wild with joy and gladness. On the king's 
 hirtliday. the 4th of June, a whole ox was roasted 
 in the iields of City Hall Park; twenty-tive barrels 
 of beer and a hogshead of rum were provided. The 
 whole city was ilhunined and the streets were parad- 
 e<l by bands phiying " (b.d Save tiie King," while the 
 standard of Kn-ihind Hoated in triumph from every 
 avaibdile point. The feasting was attended by Sir 
 Thomas .Mo(.i'e in person, togetlun- with the officers 
 of tlM' army then stationed in Xew York. The As- 
 sembly, out of the public mon(y, erected an e(pi(>s- 
 trian >tatue in h,)nor of King (ieorge. Thus the har- 
 mony iiiid loyiihy of the peojile seemed finailv settled. 
 Soon afler tin C.veriiof ;id\lsed the .\ssendilv that 
 
 92 
 
XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISII 
 
 he liad been instructed to enforce the Mutiny Act 
 which rcpiired America to find free quarters for 
 the Knifr's troops. This in some respcts wa. 
 worse than tlie Stamp Act, but there wa. jrreat re- 
 luctance to resist it, so tlie Assembly passed a limited 
 supply bill. This was refused by the Oovernor and 
 rejected by the KU:^. About the same time the sob 
 diors cut doun the Liberty Pole. It was soon erected 
 agam, and the citizens and soldiers liad frequent dif- 
 ficulties, which afterwanls culminated in ]astin«- and 
 serious quarrels between them. 
 
 The Eniilish Church jmrty, the manorial lords and 
 the wealthy merchants carried the majority of the 
 Assembly when eyery d(>mand was met for the sup- 
 plies for the troops. After this yote, the liistorian says 
 the res,d<.„t soldiery Wame more afrfrressiye On 
 t^ie 18th of June, 1770, an o],en ccmd>at took place 
 One person was killed and seyeral wounded This 
 was the first blood shed by Britisb soldiers, and was 
 the commencenuuit of the Ciyil AVar. It formed the 
 keynote for the ^reat reyolution. 
 
 Sir William Tryon, Bart., then .uoycrnor of Xow 
 ^ork, was yam. ex.dusive and hau-hty with the 
 ...asses l.Mt oxceedinply atFable to the few, whom he 
 '.elu.ve,! to b,. fh,. o.ov,,n.in.c- power. At this time the 
 i'.ast liuha (/omi.any depeufh^l Jar^joly „pon the 
 profits uiade out of ,>xports to America. 'They repre- 
 sent..! to the JJritish (Joyernment that it wa. im- 
 I'o.>ible to pay the Im,„.rial diies Inrause of the 
 
 93 
 
 
.\EW YOKK rXDER THE EXGLISH 
 
 i. 
 
 Aincricaii colonists liaviii<>- refused to consuine anv- 
 thinu' of a taxable nature, and that tliev were unable 
 to exj)ort tea ti' Anieriea, as a dntv liad t<» !h^ paid 
 upon it. Tliis olijeetion was met by an iudireet ar- 
 raiiiiement between tlie Kast India Company and the 
 Jlonie Government, but, after all. the bur(l(>u of the 
 duty eaiiie u|h.u tlie eoionists. New Voi'k, at a public 
 meetinii', reserved not to allow tea to lie landed in 
 tliat eity. 
 
 Soon after a vessel was sea relied and ei<>hteen 
 ehests found, they were swiftly thrown into the sea 
 by the eonunittee. Shortly after that time Boston 
 had thrown .'540 chests into the ocean, and an act 
 of British Parliament had been passed closing the 
 ])ort of Boston and changin;: the seat of government 
 from that city to Salem. All the other colonies went 
 into mourning (fver this event, bells were mutfled in 
 J'hiladelphia and Haas lowered to half mast, lu Vir- 
 ginia ])eo}»le fasted and jtrayed in the ehurehes, and 
 along the entire coast indications were exhibited on 
 t-hipboard as well a< on land of mourning of the 
 peo|ile. Ihu amidst it all, i)ands paraded the streets 
 of Xew "i'ork pla\ing "(iod Save the King," showing 
 at heart the real loyalty of the j)eople. Xew York 
 had remaineil truly loyal up to this time, but now the 
 IHiblic indignation bur>t forth in a detiant attitude. 
 There was an u|!i'i-ing of the whole peoj)le with ef- 
 tigv-buriiing and nightly processions bordering upon 
 riots. At a jmblic nieciing a committee of tifty-one 
 
 04 
 
NEW YORK rXDER THE KXOLISH 
 
 wa. appointed to attend the tirst continental con- 
 gress. This took place in 1774. Ft was still hoped 
 to overcome this. Deh-ates upon l(>:,vi.io- to at- 
 tend tlie c-.ni.rivss were escorted to the f,q-ries In- 
 lands playinp-, as of old, " (lod Save the Kino-.'^ 
 I-<'n.l.i(^s for the Mother Countrv-, loyalty to the kin^ 
 iind I!riti>h institutions wer.^ deep in the heai'ts of 
 rlH> people, but colonial life was niisnnderstn,,d 1,v 
 tlie M„ther Conntrv. The danntless spirits who had 
 I'raved dan<rers on sea and land to pet awav from 
 ^taid rnles and rigid discipline, eould not well l.rook 
 the declaration that the colonies were createrl to pay 
 trilmte and respect to army repnjations and commer- 
 <'ial taxations. The'nuitiny act. hy which the soldiers 
 '•lainied i'rvv and forced hillets in private l.onses, was 
 more insidting and harassing to the people of Xew 
 Vork than the collection (.f taxes. 
 
 For over one hundred years the colonies had been 
 advancing npon sinij>le lines, and now were l.at ill at 
 ease when it was annonnc(>d as a princijile that these 
 , <-olonies had not been advancino for their own good, 
 l)iit for the p-,,od of England nn.h^r what was de- 
 Hared to be the ( 'olom-al System, and that thev shoidd 
 be taxed and dealt with as the .Mother ( "onntrv might 
 fin.l beneficial. Ender th(> C.d.mial Sy>t..ili p<,ods 
 coidd be imported only from Kngland. Congress, 
 among its tirst acts, resolved to im])ort no poods, and 
 to petition the king for a redress of grievances. The 
 king gave a deaf ear to tl,is and accepted it as an 
 
 ',)o 
 
 
 
XEW YORK UXDER THE ENGLISH 
 
 I. 
 
 act of weakness and insisted ui)on unswerving obe- 
 dience. 
 
 Tlie kinji- was suvr<t)inded 1)_v ministers not cliosen 
 for their wisdom, but for their compliance with liis 
 wislies. He was youn<ji: and untried, without tliat 
 mature experience^ nee(h'd for public atfairs. He did 
 not seem to know that the divine ri<>ht of kinc^s makes 
 divinity only the attnbute of justice. He refused to 
 hear the petition of the colonists, and thereby shifted 
 himself far away from the aid of divinity. 
 
 As before stated, three ships were laden with tea 
 and sent to Boston, a town of about IS, 000 people. 
 When at anchor, men dn^ssed as .Mohawk Indians 
 boarded the vessels and threw the whole of the car- 
 goes into the sea. For this act the franchise was 
 taken from the city and the seat of government re- 
 moved to Salem. The city was declared l)y General 
 (iage to be under nuirtial law, and the soldiery billet- 
 ed uj)on the peo])le, while both officers and men, as 
 well as the marines, freely and lawlessly went from 
 house to house marauding and carousing. This was 
 resentiMJ bv the cohtnists. The ('i)ntinental Concress 
 then ill session appointed Colontd AVashington, Com- 
 mander in Chief, witli full couimauil of the American 
 army. 
 
 lie entered Xew York and soon hastened to 
 Boston. 
 
 The old elm tree is still standing on the higlnvav 
 near the latter city, under whieli he took formal com- 
 
NEW YORK U^DEIl 
 
 EXGJJSir 
 
 niand of tlio army. His headquarters were in tlio 
 abandoned ITmi'^c of Englishmen. Thi^ house after- 
 ^vards became f amors. It was purcliascd hy Long- 
 fellow, and in it lie wrote his world-reno\vne(l 
 "Hiawatha/' ".Miles Standish " and hundreds of 
 eliarmin<f epie and lyriei)oems. JIc died here in June, 
 1>">77. A bust of Longfellow now stands in Westmin- 
 ster AblK'v, the revered sepuleher of the mi^dity men 
 of our race. 
 
 • l»y the kindness of surviving' friend.^ I was 
 shown over the house in July of the vear ISOL 
 There is an old chair and louf table, the inkstand 
 and pen just as they were left by tiie scholar, the 
 keen, experi-Miced i>hilosoi)her and warm, symi)athiz- 
 in^ friend; in one chimney corner is the chair often 
 occupied by Oliver Wendell Holmes, and in tlie other 
 the favorite s(>at of J^owell — three of the ,i>reatest men 
 of this century. Washinffton occupied the house as 
 his headquarters for only four months. The room 
 i-^ now pointed out in which Lady Washinjiton re- 
 ceived her guests. Xew \'ork was the British head- 
 quarters for its army until ITs:;;, after the close of 
 the war and the sioning of the treaty of Paris. 
 
 John Adams, JJenjamin Franklin and John Jay, 
 the latter a i)rominent Xew Yorker, were aj)pointe(l 
 commissioners for America, and David Hartley for 
 England. They signed the linal treaty of jieace after 
 several months' C(jnsidtation. The original paper is 
 now in the archives at Washington. 
 
 1)7 
 
 « I 
 
 f'-l 
 
NEW YORK rXDER TJIK EXGLTRH 
 
 n* 
 
 ^|» 
 
 C 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 David Tlarflev was a niombor of tlie Tlouse of 
 CoiniiKuis. fully ill fho contidcnco of the ^•ov(>runient, 
 iiltliouiili throiiohoiir the Am. rioan stnifiiilc ho had 
 docdaivd his sviupath.v with tho Ainorican people. It 
 i!iay lie sjiid in justiee to the English that, when it 
 Wiis (dear that a separation must take place, they cn- 
 • leavored liy (n-er\ possible means to conciliate and 
 l)nnii- about peaceful relations between the two 
 countries. Ii was the jilain duty of the British com- 
 iiiander to pivvciit tii(> disiueuibernient of the Kinpire 
 and to put down the rebellion, just as niucdi as it was 
 the duty of the federal Lioveniiiient to ])ut down the 
 ivUdlioii in the S.mth. On that sc(.re there should 
 be no bitt(M- feelino-. 'Y\^^, triumph of J'.ritish arms 
 under WoltV u\ all other t riumphs b(d'ore that time 
 redound as much to tlu glory of the l'nite(| States 
 a- to the riiite(l Kingd(Uii. 
 
 I'liriiig I war there were many foreign othcers 
 who b,,iv arm- on ih,. Aiiierican -ide. IVomi- 
 iieiit aiiioiiuM them wa- the Manpii- de Lafa- 
 yette, ilaroii .^h.|ilM-ii. the Karl ot' .\berdeeii and Loi',1 
 Stirliiii;. 
 
 I'rince Wiliiam Ibiiry. at'terward- K'ing William 
 I\, wa- at that finic the •:ue-t of Adiuii'al Diubv in 
 Xew York. In l.aml."- " lli-iory "■ jt i, -aid that af- 
 
 •'■'■ *'"• ''•■'•hiraii f pence the Ihiii-h acted houoi- 
 
 ;'hly and paid many per„,n> who were h.yal to tho 
 ('r<.w!i and who had Hitbred dama,-c> (iuriii- the 
 -inigiilc. 
 
 98 
 
XETV YORK [\\DER THE EXr.IJSir 
 
 .Tolin Adams went tn London a^ roprp>ontativc of 
 fln^ Mf-w nation. 
 
 lie was a proniiiirnt fiaiiro diirino' tlic war r.corpe 
 rir met liim cordiallv and said. '• T was rlic last to 
 consent to a separation. 1,,,, ihe .,.p;,rali(ui Iiaviiio. l.oen 
 made and iiavin.ii' iu'cunic incvitahlo. I have always 
 sai.l, an<l say now. that I would ho tho Hr>t to moot 
 tlu- frion.M.ip of tho Tnito.) St.nos as an indopond- 
 ont powor." 
 
 In ITS,-, Xow V(.ik was drchnvd i.» i),. fii,^ (";ipiti,l 
 "f tho nation, an.! llic first connross aftrr tlio poaoo 
 was ludd il,(-r(" in tlio oM City Hall on WmI] Stroot on 
 til.' sit,, of tho pr.'sont suhtroasury. ..onio,- of .\assan 
 Stroot. llrr.. it was that Sir John T.Miiplo, iirst Am- 
 I'^issador from (Joor... Ill, was roooivod i.v comrross, 
 "•"1 Ix'iv it was thai all tho nd.iistcrs to foroi-n' pow- 
 ers wore appointed and (lie chief ni-ani/ation of the 
 American Kepuhlic look place. 
 
 Diirin.o' the colonial peri-.d. llinns;,nds of .li^ti,,- 
 piii^lie.l colonial dames ;,ct,.d a prominent part. 
 
 Of fliol.eanties of fhi.t period. I.ady Kittv Dnorr, 
 
 dau^-hter of L,,rd Stirlin-:, 1h. 
 
 rn in New ^'..rk city, 
 
 was uuv whos.. charms niid characicr won her many 
 tnemls. SI,,, wa^ married and hecame the mother 
 "t M-voral di.liMo„i.h,.,| statesmen who have since 
 lii^ured in American lii.story. 
 
 f > 
 
 i . 
 
 m 
 
 00 
 
WASTIIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 Canada Dcforc aii<l After Inclopondonco of the United 
 States — (V)l()iiial Life — Wars Ajrainst tlie 
 French and Indians — Captnre of Quebec — Brit- 
 ish Flag AVaved from the Arctic Ocean to tlie 
 Gulf of ^lexic'j. 
 
 IX Fl'.>7 the Uritish, nndei- Cahot, made the first 
 discdverv of the mainland of the continent of 
 America. I'dssession was taken in the name of Oi'iirv 
 \'II of Kiigland. l)_v virtue of thi< discovery and 
 jK.sscssion, as \v(dl as their first permanent settlement 
 at -lamestown in \'iri;inia. the P.ritish have ahvavs 
 c'aiiiie(l for them-elves and l.,cir descendants a pri- 
 mal niiht to the mainland of the continent. 
 
 The French, who came thirty years later, under 
 ('artier, <'lainied all Nocth of the St. Lawrence and 
 Southward via the Ohio and .Mississippi rivers to 
 New Orleans. 'i'licy huilt numerous fortifications 
 from (^Mchec to the (!ulf of .Mexico. .\mon«i-st the 
 nali\c trihe< they made many con\crt> to ("hrislian- 
 ify and ac()nii-inir supreme inlluince over them, 
 formed alliances which afterwanls liecame ajfjrres- 
 ?i\e and menaciuL: to .\ew l'!ni:land. New York and 
 reiinsylvania, as well as to Virginia ami the South. 
 
 Jn IT.')! this >tate of alfairs iirought on what was 
 
 lUU 
 
WASIIINGTOX AS A ERITISII OFFICER 
 
 known as the " French and Indian War." Before ac- 
 tual hostilities l)e<ran, the (lovernor of Virpnia sent 
 for the intre])id young surveyor, (Jeorge Washington, 
 then twenty-one years of age, and intrusted liiin 
 with a dispatch to the coniniandant at Fort Du- 
 quesne, now Pittshnrg, re])resenting the injustice of 
 maintaining fortifications on British ground and re- 
 quesiing the ahaudonuienr of rheiii. Tlie licroic 
 young courier within a few hours was on his way 
 nuiking rhe perilous journey (.f 4(10 miles. On his 
 arrival, he was treated with that respect and kindness 
 the French know so well how to extend to strangers. 
 '1 he whole of the (iovernor's request, however, met 
 with a positive refusal by the otiicer in charge. Wasji- 
 ington set out on his return jouniev, having oidy one 
 conq)anion. With compass in inin.l, he .truck holdlv 
 through the forest. The streams wen> >wolien and 
 the rivers almost imjiassahlc. ,o cross the Alle- 
 gheny a raft was improvised. Fix.n it tin' two wan- 
 derers emharked, with poles to guide and >teer the 
 cratt. Soon the hoiling tlood aixl projecting rocks 
 ton' the ratt asunder and threw the uidiickv occu- 
 pants into the raging torrent. Thev saved their lives 
 hy swimming. History says that an Indian -hot at 
 Washington, l.ut missel his mark. .\t la>t he rea.'lied 
 AVillianisJMirg, the sent ..f government for N'irginia, 
 and delivered the French nply. 
 
 Karly the next -pring the Kreudi. who were allied 
 with all till' northern Indian'^, drove olF a {lartv of 
 
 101 
 
 t I 
 
 i . 
 
 n\ 
 
WASIIIXGTOX AS A BUrTISII OFFICER 
 
 * 
 
 IJritisli IradciN, and the war hopan. roloiicl Frvo, at 
 t!io lioad of a rogiinciif <>i" Vir<>iniaii troops, with 
 Wasiiinpton socond in ooniinand. iiad Ikmmi sent to 
 o'\'Uj)v Diiqiiosiio, a coiiiinaiidiiiii' position at tlie 
 fork (if rli(> Moiioiiiialicla and AllcLilicny ri\crs. 
 Thoy went forward witli a roconnuiicrinii' ]>ai't_v. Tlio 
 French wore in and)nsh. and npon Washington hcin^' 
 iiiioniicd ul tlicir iocatmn, he pivc oi'di-i-s to lire npnin 
 tiu' foo, then faintly disrernihlo. Witli this volley 
 the leader of tln^ French wa- killed. History creilits 
 Washiniiton with tiri'ii:' the tirst shot in a war 
 which lasted for nin(> \'v.\r~. Colonel Vvxc wa- 
 killed. Washin<rton took e<niiinand and saverl the 
 ilay. SooTi .il'ter at the (;r(>at .Meadows 1h> was snr- 
 ronndod hy a large hody of l'"rencli and Indian^ and 
 eompolled to capitnlate. 
 
 In 17;").'. (ienci-al liraddock. an Fnglish othcer, 
 r"n(died Alexandria. \'a. He was uwt there h\ the 
 go\-ernors of foin' colonics and pi >ns tornicd for an 
 active eanipaign. Colomd Washington was at once 
 placed npon his >tatV a- an . \ id-dc-c, in!]). The o|d 
 r.ra<ldoek house i- -til] -hown t.) the tonri-t, with the 
 room in which the nicctini:- took place and the he<l- 
 rooni- in which all. including Wa-hiiiiiton. slept that 
 rnght. I wa- -ni'itri.-eil to (ind it in -iidi a go<jd state 
 of preser\ at ion. 
 
 'I'he ilriii-h i:viicr,i|. in hiuh spirits, iM.asted that 
 t!ie regulars would cpiickly put an end to the war. 
 i'ladilociv wa< warned hy the ('olonial governors and 
 
AVASJMXGTON AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 by his aidc-di'-camp of the peculiar mode of warfare 
 of the Iiidi;ui.~. Tlic march f(.r Fort Duquesiie was 
 midortakcii. iitid after miicli ])rivation and delay, on 
 the Oth (.1" -luly, l7o'>, when on the bank of the 
 ]\lon(>n<ialicla. ilic enemy, ambiislu'd within close 
 raniie, set up a wild war wIkpoji on every side and 
 made a rapid attack, '["lie rejiulars found braverv 
 of no use and were almost helpless. The Viri^-inian 
 contingent ni-hed into tiie f(»rest and fouiiht a hand- 
 to-hand battle. Ih-addock was mortally wounded. 
 AVashington had his h(.rse killed luider him and wa-< 
 on foot. Then, with tlie aid of IJishoj), the body 
 servant of the general, he seized and mounted the 
 horse of (ieneral IJraddock and led the remainder of 
 the command into the thick of the tight and savtd 
 the Rritish t'lom utter annihilation. He had two 
 iKa'ses killed, yet he came out of the dreadful en- 
 counter without a scratch, and then IJishop. Dr. 
 ('lark and oilu-rs cai'ried. on an imjirovised litter, 
 the wound, 'd general to a «listant poiiU, wheri" he 
 died. At midnight, by ;i flickering light, a grave 
 was made in the center of the road, to prevent the 
 Indians iiu<ling it and dcM'cnifing the bodv, when 
 ^^ashingl^u read the impressive -ervice of the An:;li- 
 can Chunli over the remain-, and the grave wa~ -o 
 leveh'd iin<l arranged as not to attract the jiasser-liy. 
 
 In 17;.<; ('(donel Washington, on otticial businc-< 
 tor the (Jovernor of Virginia, vi-ited IJoston. He 
 called on hi- old friend. Ueverly l{(.binson, and there 
 
 1 o;5 
 
 i 
 
WASIIINGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 for tlio first time mot ^liss ^larv Pliillips, younge-i; 
 daughtiT of Colonel Frodorick Phillips and a sister to 
 Mrs. Robinson. The Phillips family were wealthy 
 and distinguished. ]\Iary was of moderate height, 
 and of surpassing beauty and graeefuluess. llistoiy 
 .says Washingt<»n was at once captivateil l)y her 
 charms. He made a brief visit and hurried t )rward 
 to Boston, where in all haste he dispatched his business 
 and retui-ned to Xew York. He was a guest of Colonel 
 Robinson. The wliide family were delighted to see 
 ium again. ]\Iiss Phillips as well, having heard of his 
 bravery and goodiie.-s. now more tiian ever smiled 
 upon him. lie was delighted to be informed rbat 
 ^Major Roger ^lorris, an old eomradi' on the field of 
 !Monongahela, was a constant visitor at the house. 
 ^lorris had also been on the staff of Ceneral lU-dd- 
 dock, and had a deeiK-^eated admiration amounting 
 to love, as amongst men, for Washington; but, alas, 
 !Morris luul been and was now in love with Marv 
 Phillips. AVashington, quick to detect this, resolved 
 that he would resjiect it and not disturb the bravi 
 f(dlow, who was hi< form(>r friend and comrade-in- 
 arms. Albeit, still Washington lingered, while thev 
 all grew more and more attached to him, and with 
 the greatest heartiness and good will he returned the 
 kindness. .Mi>s Phillips gave him itret'erence to all 
 others. He was then twenty-f<>ur years of age. Ho 
 was strong, brave, maidy and kind, while she, verv 
 much voiiiiiicr. was hiahlv educatf'd, mi>di'<t and <n'n- 
 
 1(»4 
 
AVASHIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 iiiue in nature. AH thonjrlit they were most suited to 
 each other. When on the 4th of October, in the 
 eveninii', a letter was handed to Wasliington, lie ex- 
 cused himself and withdrew to the library. In a half 
 hour after he returned to his friends and explained 
 how uro-ent the message was, and that the bearer of 
 it was now in waiting to accompany him on the wav. 
 He promised to writ(> in ten days and took his de- 
 liarture, but after doing so he tarried and intimated 
 to a partieidar friend in Xew York that he liked 
 ]\[orris, indeed had a great fondness for him, but 
 withal would like to be advised from time to time 
 how his suit jirogressed with ^fiss Phillips. It was 
 one of these singular coincidences arising amongst 
 men, where either one would willingly make great 
 sacritices for the other. Washington was warned 
 from Xew York of how affairs prcgressed and the 
 probability of an early marriage, but more than ever 
 he resolved not to interfere, and never met the 
 charming lady until after her marriage with Captain 
 Morris. 
 
 Beverly Robinson was a son of John Beverly Rob- 
 inson, a former (iovenior of Virginia. He was a 
 graduate of King's (\)llege, now Cobnnbia College. 
 Chnstopher Robinsoji, of Virginia, a kinsman, was 
 father of Sir John Beverly Robinson, afterwards 
 Chief dnstice of Cpper Canada, who during his long 
 term of ofHce had held the confidence and respect 
 of all classe>. His son, John Beverly Robinson, 
 
 lOf) 
 
 N I 
 
WASIITXGTOX AS A BEITISII OFFICEPt 
 
 
 forms oiif of a pliotoarapli proiip taken in front 
 of tlio Pai'liamcnt iroiise, Ottawa. AVo wore nieni- 
 bers of tlie House of Coniinons at the same time. 
 At tlie close (,f rliat session we came west together 
 in tlie same car, lie liaving- in liis possession the ])arc]i- 
 meut appointini-' liim (Jovi'rnor of Ontario. Wliile 
 we (litiered widelv on the cause of our so suddenly 
 leavino- Ottawa, we were friends. He was cxceed- 
 miih- cheerful during' the journey, and soon entered 
 upon the active duties of his otHcc. His administra- 
 tion gave un(iualified satisfaction to the Province. 
 Christoiiher Jiohinsciu, K. ("., another son of the late 
 Chiel .lusticc, has had a long and most successful 
 career at the har of Ontario. His ]X'culiarity had 
 heen that while <|uite within his reach he never would 
 accei)t any pu!)lic ottice. After the trial of Wilson at 
 Windsor for ars..n, in which 1 acted for the defense, 
 Mr. Rohinson, acting for the insurance companies, 
 .said in conversation that nothing could induce him 
 ever to go „n the bench. .Mr. Robinson was chief 
 counsel at Paris on the Behring Sea arbitration and, 
 as I was informed, after its conclusion was oiTered a 
 knighthood. Even this he vleclined, recommeudin<>- 
 another tor the honor, which was conferred. 
 
 J here i< no trace of any intimacy ever being kept 
 np between Washington and Colonel Morris or his 
 wife. Frederick Phillips an<l Roger .Morris, Ik.w- 
 ever, at the breaking out of the Revolutionary AVar, 
 each l»e<-ame olHccr< in the service of the Roval ("au?e. 
 
 lOG 
 
^rASIIIXOTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 Fiiiling ill tliis, the whole of the Pliillip.- property fell 
 under the Xow York Act of Attainder and wa^ i'ouiis- 
 eated to the state. Ttwas fonnd afterwards that the Act 
 • •f AttaiiKk'r did not apply to any hut the life interest 
 of the parties, \vliereHp<in John -Jacoh Astor purchased 
 Ihe ri-ht (.f the heirs for $100,000, and afterwards 
 resold it to tlie State of New York for $500,000. 
 
 Again, in ITnS, the British resolved to make an- 
 other determined eflF(.rt to capture Duquesne, this he- 
 ing: a most important strategieal pf)int. General 
 Forl)es wa^ placed in eoimnand, with Washington ai, 
 the head (.f ihe Virginia forces. The country was 
 rough and almost impassalile, often causing much 
 delay. When within ten lejignes of the point of d(>s- 
 tination an impromptu council of war was held and 
 tlie ahand<mnient of the attempt resolved upon. Wash- 
 ington stoutly resisted this retrograde step, and pro- 
 posed with an advance guard and such force as was 
 available, to personally lead the Bntish into the Fort. 
 The offer was at once accejited, when he, by a trusty 
 hand of reconnoirerers, disjielled all danger as the ad- 
 vance was made. In a few days jifter the French 
 ahandoned the F..rt. Wlien the British marchi'd in 
 they found it in ruins, the French having set it on tire 
 the day before; and as the I5ritish flag was raised over 
 the ruins it was calle*l I'ittsburg in honor of Pitt, 
 the friendly Prime Minister of Kngland, who by 
 order in council had iixed the status (,f .-olonial officers 
 on a par with the regular arm v. 
 
 107 
 
WASIIIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 Colonel Washinijton, at twenty-six, was now one 
 of the most consj)icuous characters and hest officers 
 in colonial life. 
 
 In 1750, one hundred and fifty years after tlie fa- 
 mous Chaniplain had founded the city ox (Juebee, and 
 its fortifications had "ained the renown of being ab- 
 solutely impretinable, it was placed under siege by 
 the British. Tlie regulars and a strong contingent 
 from Xew York under General Wolfe conducted the 
 bombardment. Soon after the famous victory on the 
 Plains of Abraham took place. Both armies fought 
 bravely, and both generals were killed, but the Brit- 
 ish were victorious, when the capitulation of the 
 French made the victory com[)lete. Then it was that 
 the British Hag waved from the Arctic Ocean to the 
 <'u]f of ]\Ie.\ico, this being consummated by the 
 Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French reserving for all 
 tune their laws, language and religion, and for 140 
 years, up to the ])resent time, the subject matter of 
 the Treaty has never been changed. 
 
 In ir>s:, Queen Flizabeth, who was a sincere 
 friend of Sir Waltei Raleigh, made a grant to him of 
 hundreds of nules along the Atlantic Coast, Iteing all 
 that portion endiraced between Xorth Latitudes 84^ 
 to :3s \ He, in hon.^r of the virgin Queen, called this 
 new grant " Virginia," but it included a much more 
 extensive district than what is n(.w fixed upon as the 
 state of Virginia. Tli(> old colony was always desiir- 
 natcd as the Old Dominion. 
 
 lOS 
 
WASIIIXciTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 Raloigli was rich, well favored and ednoated. His- 
 tory says tliat Virp:inia was mainly colonized l.y 
 ^•gcntlonicn of l.irtl,," nnnsod to labor, who came out 
 m search of wealth and adventure. It also savs that 
 after the execution of Kin- Charles, in l.;4!), and the^ 
 accession of Cromwell, and when the House of Lord* 
 became disorganized, that tlw royalists flocked to 
 Virginia, while many who took part in bringing 
 about the execution, who were called regicides and 
 f(>ared the return of royalty, flocked to the New Eng- 
 land ctates. Raleigh, after expending large sum^s 
 of money, transferred the Grant to the London Com- 
 pany, who made the first permanent settlement in 
 
 Colonel Washington had taken no part in the vic- 
 tory at Quebec, his military services bein^ indispen- 
 sable to - afety of Virginia. His earlv life ha<l 
 been that surveyor of wild lands and of much in- 
 tercourse with the wild men of the forest. He was 
 now the trusted oflicer and courier of the governor 
 of the state. In this cai -ity with one orderlv, he 
 was on liis way to Williamsburg with a dispatch 
 After crossing a branch of the Vork River and in 
 passing the mansion of M,.. diamberlvn, he drew 
 lip and dismounted for a few minutes' conversation 
 with his old friend. He received a heart v welc(Mne. 
 The house was alive with pleasure at meeting the 
 gallant colonel. All joined in the earnest wish" that 
 he would remain for the midday meal. As a further 
 
 109 
 
WASlllNTiTOX AS A KlilTIRH OFFICER 
 
 I 
 
 induc't'iiK'iit, liis old friend in a quiet way intimated 
 that under the rcMif was a beautiful young lady who 
 would doubtless eidiance the ))leasure of his short s^o- 
 journ. Orders were jjiven for the horses to be cared 
 lor. (Jood cheer and deliphtful eouipany made time 
 pass (jiiiekly. .Mrs. Martha Custis, a treasure in her- 
 self, m addition to beiny thi' proprietress of tlu' <>state 
 known as the White House, with its extensive planta- 
 tions, (juite attracted the fiallant geiu'ral. After 
 luncheon they strolled leisurely to tlio '•apacious 
 drawing-room. From the wiiuhnvs, water, forest, 
 lawn and mcndciw sjiread out far to the Kastward, a 
 source of mutual admiration. Xo writer iias evt^' 
 ventured ujutn an explanation of how the hours 
 passed. The orderly stood at the main entrance to 
 the mansion with horses champing at their bit?, eager 
 for a start, until the sun j)assed out of sight in the 
 West, when Mr. ('hamlxu'lyn eutc'HMl by the broad 
 veranda to the drawing-room and announced that it 
 was the unwritten law of Virginia that no traveler 
 should leave his house after sunset. Washington 
 burst into laughter and said, " The law must be 
 obeu'd." The horses would Ix' housed for the ni^ht 
 and a start made by daylight. Six weeks later the 
 beautiful White House and surrounding i)uildings 
 v.-ere decorated for tin- nu])tial ceremony and th(> 
 wedding feast. In a ipuirtcr of a century after, the 
 White House, now the Kxeeutive ^Nfansion at Wash- 
 ington, was named after the abode of Mrs. (Justis, the 
 
 no 
 
WASIIIA'GTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 c-liarmiiig and faithful wife of the father of his 
 country. 
 
 The biop-rapliers of AVashinj-ton represent hini as 
 being- unhke any other man of his time; that lie was 
 ail Apollo in appearanee and strength, hut withal 
 hgi't of foot as the natives of the forest; that he 
 was courageous as a lion, but sympathetic and mod- 
 est as a woman, yet h'-ghly emotional. AVhen absent 
 on military duty, he was ele.-Ied to the Vir-inia leo- 
 islature. Later, u,.on entering the legishitiv,. eham- 
 l>cr he receive,! a hearty reception, and at once a 
 resolution was adopted thanking him for his militarv 
 services. Speaker Robinson, in tendering him the 
 thanks of the House, clothed it with such' warm ex- 
 pressions of personal and public appreciation as to 
 entirely confound the young hero. Washington aro^e 
 to respond. Whil,. blushing profuselv, lookino- 
 ^traight at the sjK.iker, then up at the ceiling, and 
 then down on the floor, his trepidation and confusion 
 were so .invat that he could not utter a sinde word 
 i ho speaker, seeing this, said in a kindlv wav: " Bo 
 seated, Mr. AVashington; your modestv is equal to 
 your valor, which surpasses the power of anv lan- 
 S^.age I possess." Again, when (Jeor^e Washington 
 1 arkc Custis, his adopted son, lay upon a dving bed 
 W ashington hurried home, fell on his knees and burst 
 into tears, praying aloud for recovery. The s-mie 
 teeling is manifested in all the letters 'to his adopted 
 -.n when at college, but more particnlarlv is that 
 
 111 
 
WAS1II.\GT0X AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 illustrated l>y tlic scene in partinj^: with the officers 
 of the Revohitionary army, when he shed tears and 
 kissed tlieni all. lie had many narrow escapes. The 
 Indians said he was a spirit-protected man, and could 
 never die in battle. In many respects he was quite 
 boyish, and freely indulged in the amusements of the 
 time. In 175S there is an entry in his diary, '' Snow- 
 inir all (lav. Stavi'd in house ])la_vini>; cards." He 
 was fond of children and could romp and play with 
 them for hours. 
 
 AVashintiton was in many resjvits like "Wellington. 
 They chafeil at the officiousness of attendants; they 
 always shaved and dressed themselves without aid. 
 They were both great soldiers and great statesmen. 
 Tluy eacli had the same nund)er of letters in their 
 name. Tiiey were exci'edingly court(>ons and fond (d* 
 ladies' society to the end o their days. They were 
 botii early risers and fond of outdo(»r life. Each had 
 an atpiiliiic nose and })rofile mucli th(> same. Tluy 
 were about the same age at the culminating point of 
 their lives. Tiicy each stood six feet in height. They 
 wen both strict nii-ndiers of the Anglican Church. 
 
 AftiT obtaining independenc<', and by numerous 
 subseipiiiit negotiations ext<'!iiiing over many years, 
 tile South half td' the continent North of tiie (nilf of 
 .Mexico liecauie the I'liited State- of America, and 
 the North half the abode ,d' the Dritish, wiiile the 
 wh(de remained vested in the -anie family, contirm- 
 iiig the claim of tiie di-eoverers tiiat the mainland of 
 
 112 
 
WASIIIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER 
 
 tlio continent riplitfully ])olonp;e(] to the British and 
 their dcseendant.s. At tliis moment, in all parts of 
 Europe, Asia, Africa and America, the memhers of 
 this family are working honestly together for tlie de- 
 velopment of the greatest enlightenment attainable, 
 with all civilizing inlluences at their command, and 
 with intermarriages solidifying this wonderful un- 
 written compact. 
 
 1 1 •■) 
 
THE DU( IIKSS OF RICILMOXD'S BALL 
 
 MEMO OF AS IXCIDKXT IX THE AUTUMX OF 1()()() 
 
 I 
 
 i I. 
 
 THE rashness of Xapolcc.u in 1S12, l»,v which his 
 retreat from Moscow hecanie inevitable, was a 
 hhinder of ineah-uhihle niagnitnde. This, with his 
 swift overt lirow and hanishment, his Iim-iniious escape, 
 his triumphant return to Paris, and liasty elevation 
 to the imperial purple, surrounded ' _ his old <i-eneral- 
 and an army of ;;()(),00() ,,f the ilower of tiie French 
 people, to<;eth(>r with his hurried advance into Ikd- 
 ^iinm, have heeii ace>untcil as tin- most startling;- in- 
 cident- in niodein history. 
 
 The Duke of Wclliuiitoii, commaiuier in chief of 
 the allied armic-. had foi- months nuide his headipiar- 
 (<r- at the tine old city of P.russels. Here the no- 
 liility, with their ^^Mt wealth, from F.ritain and 
 (iermany Hocked for adventure, pleasure and social 
 intercourse. 
 
 For week- one of the leaders of t'a-iiion, the Duch- 
 ess of Kichnioiid. had invitations ;icceplcd for a iirand 
 I'al! to take place on the l.")t!i of dune, IM,"., ati 
 event made inmiort i! hy the thrillini: liue< of iJvron, 
 the graphic a, 'count hy Charle- Lever, a- well a- the 
 
 lU 
 
THE DUCHESS OF KICiniOND'S BALL 
 
 interesting story of it by Thackeray in " Vanity 
 Fair." 
 
 Xapoleon left Paris at daybreak on tlie nioruinc 
 of the li^th of June, lSir>, on iiis way to Brussels 
 with an army of 1«)0,()(»(). It was 10 A. M. of the 
 ir.th wlu'n courier witli the information readied 
 AVellino-ton at I5russels. AVithin thirty minnti's the 
 P'lierals of th(> allied arinie-^ were directed to hold 
 themselves in readiness to march at any moment. 
 Other couriers were expected homdy with informa- 
 tion as to the route by which Xapcdeon was advanc- 
 ing' into iJelfiium. 
 
 In the meantime many were anxious to put otf the 
 l>;dl to fake jihice that evening-. Wellinuton, how- 
 ever, refused thi<, as it minht cause panic and «li- 
 courafremeiit. The whole city was soon ablaze with 
 liui'ri(>d pre|)arafions, bands j)layin«:-, army wauons 
 movinu- from point to point, artillery, infantry, cav- 
 alry, all lining the thoron<.hfj,,-es, prepariui-- for the 
 expected march. At 11 l\ M. \V,.lliiiot,ni entered 
 till' ballroom, but after a promenade with the Duch- 
 ess of Richmond, took his leave al>out midm>lit. At 
 i' \. M. of the mornin-i- of the KUh the wlude army 
 was in motion, on its way to (^uatre-Hras. At l' P.M. 
 <»f the same day they met the I'lvncli, and there 
 tor the tirst time the two ^reat fr,>nerals came in sipht 
 of each other on (h,. battlctlebJ—Xapol,,,,,, impuMve, 
 • lashiiifr, reckless; \Velli„ot,,n, coo], deljb.'rate, coura- 
 freoiis, secure in all hi- movement^; the former with 
 
 115 
 
> 
 
 f ' 
 
 THE DFCHESS OF RICILAIOXD'S BALL 
 
 tl.c prostip-o c.f victory gained over the Prussians at 
 Lipny the day before, with great numerical strength, 
 aiul hghtmg for j.ersenal existence; the latter, per- 
 haps, the greatest niilitar.' gc^nius of that or anv 
 other age, with no personal purpose to serv<> but 
 knowing that the eyes of the indomitable IJritisl. 
 ^vore upon hiui, grasped the situation at a glance 
 the result being a signal victory for the alli,.d armies.' 
 Ihat night, to gain better position, the Duke 
 moved north four miles to the field of Waterloo. The 
 whole of the 17th was occuj)ied in preparing for the 
 <'oming onslaught of the Fn.nch, as upon the suc- 
 cess of their etfort depended the continuation of the 
 Fmpn-e. The Chateau of Hoiigomont was trans- 
 formed into a temi .-y fortification by AVellinu-fon. 
 
 Hundreds of umi > busy erecting strong plat- 
 
 forms, high enough arcnnd the inside of the bri.-k 
 walls of the buildings and yards, on which men might 
 ^tand, and from whi,'h the enemy .)utside would come 
 within easy range. This stroke of generalshi,., added 
 to the maintenance of unbroken squares outside the 
 pates of the chateau, did much to gain the great vic- 
 tory at AVat( rloo on Sunday, the LSth of Juno, 1815. 
 The historic (Plateau of Hougomont has gone into 
 •hcay, but the old red-brick walls are standiuir now. 
 In tlicni arc tl.ousamls of bullet marks and scores of 
 Frcncli bullets still imbe.lded. 
 
 My gui.lc, granddaugliter of the famous Corporal 
 Cotton, who was at the battle an.l wroto the history 
 
 JIG 
 
THE DUCHESS OF RICIIMOXD'S BALL 
 
 of it, told iii(> that at a distance the Fiviu-li mistook 
 the red walls for the red coats of the British, thereby 
 exhaustiiiji' their ammunition, while the allied army 
 on the iilatforms behind the wall shot over the top 
 of it, and .lid effective service. 
 
 For two days I had made careful personal exami- 
 nation of the position of both annies, and had noted 
 the situation from time to time of Wellington and 
 Napoleon; but the information appeared incomplete 
 witliout searching out the very rooms in which the 
 celebrated ball of the Duchess of Kicliniond had 
 taken jilace. Four days before, Avhile at Brussels, I 
 had failed iii this. Xow I retununl again, but found 
 no one at tlie hotel or public buildings to give the 
 needed iiifnnniition. At last, through the aid of an 
 experienced guide. I was taken to an old book store; 
 obtaining a dew there, I drove at once in the direc- 
 tion indicaii'd. 1 found the quaint old building now 
 owned and occu])ied by the White Sisters, an orcU'r (.f 
 -N'una. I li.'ul been .'old before, and now again was 
 wameil by my gui(i(> :ind driver, that the ociipants 
 were very guarded against notoriety, that it woidd be 
 quite imiM.ssil)le to gain an entrance. However, as 
 riy motives were only of the most friendly an<l re- 
 spectful kind, 1, with some hesitation, rang the bell. 
 It was answered by one of the younger memixTs of the 
 Order, witli lu>r head and shoulders robed in white. \[ 
 "iK-e, in (litlideiit and liesitating terms, I made known 
 that 1 was a tourist having just returne<i from the far 
 
 117 
 

 THE DUCHESS OF KICHMOA^D'S BALL 
 
 east, and would doom it a -roat favor if i)ermitted to 
 look into the room where the Duchess of Richmond's 
 ball had taken place. A stern expression at once came 
 over her face. The reply, in clear English, 
 was: "It is quite impossible ; it is not allowed."' 
 r felt, and no doubt looked, crestfallen, and again 
 ^aid I had gone around the globe, and had passed 
 through many religious and charitable houses in the 
 Kast as well as at Rome; that the greatest kindne.s 
 i'ad been extende<l to mo, as, indeed, to all tourists 
 where nothing but frion<lly informaiiou was sought 
 b>r. That I had returned from the tield of Waterloo 
 the day lud'ore chiefly to s.vkout the spot and i^ain this 
 pnvdcge, all of ^vhieh woui.l much enhance the .li>- 
 appointmenr a refusal at iliis moment would cause. 
 Slio remained silent and motionless but a moment 
 when sh,. said: - I will call the Superior." I was at 
 once confronted by one of the finest faces it had ev<.r 
 been my good fortun.- to ui.vt. She was perhaps rifiv 
 years of age, but .-h-ar, bright, ati.l in a modest wav 
 <pMte commanding. The younger Sist.-r had in forme'd 
 hor of my wishes. 1 howe.l slightly and rais.^l mv 
 liat, but made no remark. Sii.. at once said: - Voi, 
 are a straug..r. and, beln.ve me, I regret to nduse vour 
 '••■quest, but it cannot be." I again n.peated a'part 
 otmyapiK.al. andadd..d: " it is a charitable Order. 
 I would eoutiibute to that purpose." The reply was: 
 "X<., that wonld not have any etFeet ; I rrgret it can- 
 not be." The younger \nu .1 [ Lehin,! tl,e S„- 
 
 116 
 
THE DUCHESS OF KICIIMOXDVS BALL 
 
 porior; lior face and kindly manner scorned to en- 
 (•onraj.'(> mc, but when refused tlie second time l.v 
 the Superior, I raised my nat, and turned slowlv 
 and reluctantly away. AVhen only a few steps 
 froni the door a g-entle rapping attracted my at- 
 tention. Upon turninj,^ round, the Superior, \vit1i 
 The -weetesr manner and voice, said: "This i< 
 your friend" (referrini>- to the younger SisteiO, 
 "you can come in." It was a small affair in some 
 ways, hut the most graciously granted and mo<t 
 thankfully accepte.l. They renuirked that much of 
 'he ))]ace had heeu Imilt ..ver. hut the hallrooni re- 
 mained unchanged. We quickly entered the historh- 
 :'partuieut. It has a high ceiling, and is al)out thirfv 
 l.y forty feet in size. To the left of the gi-eat open fire- 
 phice stood the chair in which the Duke sat .luring 
 his visit there. About ten feet from the right sid.' 
 of the fireplace is a Fren<'h window, leading out U{>on 
 a veranda overl.x.king what was then a Howcr -.-ar- 
 den. Th,>re is a large table standing the longvr wav 
 of the r..om, which has Un- nuniy years been the 
 worktahlc of the Sisters. 
 
 I was mueii struck with the earnest, pure and lofty 
 purposes of the charity workers, and after a few mi.i- 
 utes of i)leasant c.nversation and returning mv heart- 
 felt thanks, 1 took leave „f this most intrre^ting 
 abode. 
 
 11!> 
 
I 
 
 THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 Speoch of Mr. Davi,! Class, Counsel in Defense of Covle CharRed 
 with Murder, as I>ul)lishod at the Time- Verdict! \.>t (iuilty. 
 Deliverefl in Court House, London, Canada, the IGth of De- 
 ceinlxT. 1S7J. 
 
 " MdiJ II I'lva.^r Yoiiy Lonfship— 
 
 "Ge.xti.kmkx „k tjik Jluy: I appear in dp- 
 fcnso ot the prison.T (^)ylo. Uo stand., as you know, 
 ''liiiriiv.l l,v iii.lictiiu'nt with the crime of murder. I 
 .^liali end(>av(>r to p.uut out to you liow eonsistent the 
 (nidence is with his entire inneeenee, although it is 
 no^ part ..f liis duty to prove his innoeence, for ho 
 IS innocent, aecordinj? to law, until his gnilt is fullv 
 proven. f.Mr. (Jh.ss h,.re read, from a hook on cir- 
 cnmstaniial evidence, the famous (V,]ennin case, and 
 others, to sliow how some had sutfered death for 
 orimes with which they l,ad I.een .'harged, although 
 P'Ttectly innocent.] The prisoner is charged with 
 •' •■'•ii'ie wldch in all ages of the world has' I.een re- 
 g.'ird.d a< nuv of tlic highest, if not the verv hi-hest, 
 "f uhich man can he guilty, ir.'nr,., the',.n.found 
 solemnity which attaches to a trial likr the present. 
 Solemn an.l re<ponsihh> for my lor.l upon the bench; 
 ••'nie>t, thonghtfnl and responsihle tor me, but all 
 combined can in no deirre(> weigh wit], the pro- 
 
 120 
 
V, 
 
 THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 f.nmdlysolonm an<l responsible position in whioli vou 
 are placed Ihe court may err, I n.ay fall greatly 
 short of what I should do, through want of f^rce in 
 bringing the case before you, through want of skill 
 defect of memory, or otherwise, but all these short- 
 comings will avail nothing, if you do not fail in the 
 discharge of your duty. Gentlemen of the jurv, what 
 s that duty? ^0 doubt, his lordship will define it 
 to you. At this moment, however, in order to pre- 
 pare your minds for a brief exposition of the case 
 upon the evidence, I draw your attention to the 
 words of a learned author on this subject. [ ^^r 
 Glass read from - Starkie on Evidence."] You 
 tlierefore, see, gentlemen, .>ou are to act within cer- 
 tain ..rescribed rules. You are to well and trulv try 
 and a true deliverance make, according to thJ evi- 
 < once, so help you God. You are all-powerful, but 
 that power implies great responsibilitv, that vou will 
 east from you the shackles of public opinion, of popu- 
 '=»• prejudice, and with minds free and unbiassed un- 
 ^P<.tte<l as a sheet of pure white paper, be prepared 
 to receive impressions from ,vlu,t ap,)ears in evi- 
 dence before y.u, and from this alone. You say 
 in your h,-arts that thi. shall be your case. But will 
 •t ho i All claim to be free from the effects of public 
 I>re.iud,ce, but who can withstand that strange cur- 
 nnt, whi.-h seems to sweep away all in its pathway? 
 Ard vet this ti<le, when passion or preji.di.r are its 
 promoters, is quite as likely to be wrong as right— 
 
 121 
 
 1*1 
 
 ■m 
 
t 
 
 
 THE xLssoriji tragedy 
 
 iill liistory proves it. Dnrijig thit Middle Ages, all 
 men believed in witclienift. The tide swept over'tli.. 
 whole continent of Europe, the stream bearing everv- 
 thing before it. All men stood aghast at the dread- 
 ful something, understood, as they firmly believed, 
 but yet .lot imderst..od at all. The King,' Lords an.l 
 Commons were its slaves, the sacerdotal office gave 
 holy sanction to it, the learned of Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge were its votaries, the wise and good Sir Mat- 
 thew Hale, bearing the insigina and robes of justice, 
 sat and delivered judgment and sentence of deatli 
 upon those found guilty of witchcraft. All this com- 
 bined wis,|,,m thought they were not and w<.uld not 
 be swayed by public opinion, and yet gav<> daily ex- 
 junples of their complete serfdom to this myth, which 
 was the creature of prejudice. Thousands' came vol- 
 untarily forward and confessed that they were witches 
 and wer(> sentenced to be, and were, in fact, burned 
 filive. Ten thousand fires blazed all over the civil- 
 ized world, lighted to appease popular prejudice. It 
 was n..r until the middle of the sixteenth century 
 that any man with sufficient courage could be foimd 
 to raise his voice against this delusion. Fltimately, 
 light bn.ke upon the world, the light of reason was 
 allowed t(. 1)0 enfhr<.n(>d in the place of prejudice; 
 and now all are as firm disbelievers as thev were then 
 believers. This is an illustration of how dangerous 
 It is to be l.'d away by public opinien, and vet how 
 <lifheult it is to resist it. Hut, gentlemen,' it is a 
 
 1-2 2 
 

 I 
 
 THE :n^issouei tragedy 
 
 polcmn tliinp- to do; it is an awful position to bo in, to 
 take an oath to try a case according: to the evidence, 
 and yet to allow a former jirejudice or some per- 
 son's opinion to step in and do that which according 
 to your clear duty should he done upon the evidence 
 alone. You, gentlemen, have been selected from the 
 whole panel because of your peculiar suitableness in 
 point of intelligence to try this case. I feel, no doubt, 
 that you are unbiased, impartial, upright men, well 
 ignited to sit in judgincnt in a case like the present; 
 the watchfulness, the close attention, the deep inter- 
 est evinced by you make it manifest that your verdict 
 will be the result of honest conclusions, based upon 
 the evidence. This much I have thought it my duty 
 to say, in justice to you as well as the accused, for if 
 your verdict should be founded upon what others 
 tlnnk, or your own prejudice, a doubt must and 
 would always rest u})on your minds, and a life of 
 remorse would follow. Others, who bear no respon- 
 sibility, can easily tender cheap advice and can well 
 afford to give vent to their prejudices, their hurried 
 conclusions. ]]ut, gentlemen, upon you must the re- 
 sponsibility rest foreN-er. According to a beneficent 
 provision of ]Jritish justice, all men are in the eye 
 of the law considered innocent until they are proved 
 to be guilty. The uprightness of our manhood is thus 
 vindicated; all men stand before their fellows with 
 this just j)rovision in their favor. [^Mr. Glass read 
 from a book on criminal evidence.] You will there- 
 
 123 
 
I 
 
 \ I 
 
 THE xissorni tragedy 
 
 fore see how conii)Iot<'Iy the liege subjects of the 
 realm are surrounded by these merciful provisions; 
 they are not merely in name, not brought up to mis- 
 lead, but are cardinal j)rinciph's of our law, as nec- 
 essary to be understood and acted upon as trial \,y 
 jury, 'j'his presumption of innocence stands i;p to 
 shield us from injury, and un^il that presumption is 
 removed, condenmation cannot take i)lace. The pris- 
 oner is to have the benefit of every reasonable doubt; 
 that is, if your mind i.s poised as to who really did 
 conmiit the murder. If you think it might have been 
 done by some other than Coyle, and that he may, in 
 fact, have had n(jthiMg to do with it, these are all 
 what pre called reasonable doubts; it is a i)art of your 
 sworn duty to give the i)risoner the benefit of tJiem, 
 and if they are in your mind, to acquit ' nn. Do not 
 create a doubt in order to set this mai, ' -it. as 
 
 you value your own future safety and happim 
 ware how you disi)el from your mhids and liearl. ,.ii 
 honest doubt. If one arises, it is the jirisoner's right 
 to have lin- ..dl benerir of it; rcnieiubL'ring also thai 
 a wise judge, a fath<>r in our courts, has laid it down 
 as a princii)l(> that it is U^ttcr that ten guiltv men 
 should go free than that one innocent man "should 
 perish. When the paltry consideration of dollars and 
 rents are at stake, jurors can aiford to cavil and ac- 
 eommodate each other, but this is not the case when 
 dealing with the (Jod-givcn princii)le of life. A 
 weapon when once driven in, even the sacrifice of 
 
 12i 
 
THE NISSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 your own life could not pluck it out again. Where 
 is the truths This is a question I have asked nivself 
 in the busv streets and in the solitary hours of the 
 nipht; it is what we are in search of now; to find it 
 and pivc effect to it are the purposes of courts of law. 
 A\ ith this in vi(.w, let us look at the prisoner, and the 
 circumstances surrounding this ease: He is nineteen 
 years of afje, weii-hino one hundred and ;hirty 
 pounds; five ioet -ix inches in height; an open coun- 
 tenance, with full eye, regular, well-formed features, 
 altogether a ph-asing, agreeable appearance; talk to' 
 him and you will find him frank, open, honest and ap- 
 parently truthful: not volatile, wavward or passion- 
 ate, but (luiet, sober and candid; these are the impres- 
 sions which all form who converse anv time with him- 
 his api,earance is in his favor, as well as his conver- 
 sation; and, what is better, everv word of evidence 
 on the subject goes to show the truthfulness of these 
 favorable impressions; an industrious, hard-working 
 boy, not associated with low or idle company, no 
 .i.wieever laid to his charge; he has not onlv the pre- 
 sumption of innocence in his favor, but his appear- 
 ance, his conversation, and, what is more, the evidence 
 preponderating strongly in his favor. Passing from 
 the outline of the case, the appearance and character 
 ot the prisoner, let us proceed at once to investigate 
 the proofs. Now, what are they ? George Can^pbell 
 was found dead on the morning of the 15th of July 
 18 il, at about two o'clock; when daylight came a 
 
 125 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 THE XlSSOnil TKAGEDY 
 
 ]»i-t<>l was fouiul at lii- licdsidc, loadcil with a picco 
 di" lead and wadded with a leat; wlictlicr the pi-tul 
 had cvi'i- been usc(l in any way or not it is impossible 
 to tcdl; it ccrtaiidy was not the instninuMit of death; 
 a pistol like that had liei'H sold by Tayiov c\: Free- 
 laaii, of St. Mary's, uii tiie Saturday evenini>' ])rior to 
 the inurder; C'oyle was in St. Mary's on that evening, 
 as many Inindreds of otiiers were; anionii~t them wero 
 McTntyre and ISrimicomlie, as far fnun tlieir homes 
 as Coyie was; the p<Tsoii who bought the i)i>tol had 
 a hat on .-innlar to the one that was worn l)y C'oyle. 
 This is not at all nnn .al. It i< a (•hea[), useful and 
 durable hat, generally worn by all who work exposed 
 to tlte stm dui'Jiji- the summer months; so that, no 
 doubt, on the July evening in <piestion, many thou- 
 :-ands had on similar hats in an 1 aronml St. Mai'v's. 
 'The person who bought the ])istol was ditferent alto- 
 sj^cther froni Covie. He v, ■ twenty to twenty-l e 
 years of ag(>, stouter ; of a light eomph'xion, and 
 Wore ii long linen coat. A light romph'xion iinpHe< 
 bght hair, light eyes, and bright, fair -kin; as (bl- 
 fen'ut from a dark couiplexioned man a> darkne-- 
 is from daylight. These ditl"renee- in complexifin 
 are well kii wn to yon, gtntlenien. lle-idi's the lii:lit 
 and <hirk eomjtlexioni c| <'bi -es. there i- a large mid- 
 ("' idass, who repre-vtil a nnxture bit ween the two. 
 I)ni, the comph'xion of the man who lionoht the pi-tol 
 was so marked a- Vi rivet attention, evm njion an 
 interview uf a !''W moments. ( 'oylc i- a good lypi' ot 
 
 l-'G 
 
TJIE XISSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 ,i<l:irk-oomploxiono(] iDan; j('t-l)lack liair, tliickjiravv, 
 black oycl.rows, hlaok eye- and dark skin; a nuirkod, 
 indoi'd a strikini<-, typo of what is kn^wn in ovcrv- 
 • lay litV as a dark-('om{)loxi()i;.'d man. Coylc never 
 liad a liiKMi eoat and on the evening- in question woro 
 a .-hort iivay (-(.at. This is the evich-nce on Indialf of 
 tli(< erown. Tliey prove th(>niselves out of eonrt. aiut 
 then by ni(>ans repuauant to fairness and justice thev 
 try to bolster uj) a <-ase whereby tliey niay get back 
 into court again. iJepugniunt to ju<ti''e and hunian- 
 iry were the moral tortures to which this man has 
 been subjected. ]t is said: • r,ut if he is guilty, 
 e\cry means should be emjijoyed to tind "Ut the i;uilr. 
 riiilir (u- wrong:.' This was the argument used to jus- 
 tify the use of the crimps, the thumbscrews and the 
 rack. Thi-; is wiiy ci-MhTico was given to the witch, 
 tlic -oofhsaycr and the diviner. Tliis is whv thi' 
 l)o<)ks are full of ihotisand^ who have died iniiocenth . 
 because of the means em|)h)yed to compass their de- 
 -tru<'(;n|i. .\ suspie;,,n once arouse. 1. and tlieti ' ii'ith's 
 hiiiit as air are eoMlirnuit ion stroii-:- as Ibdv Writ.' 
 Hnt, tiiaiils (lod, we live in a ditTeretit age, an ai:e 
 when rea-en in its majesty ami [lower -tands forward 
 to rebuke an age ot prejudice and pa— i<ui. .Ml uien 
 are now e(.n-i(|er( d iniKx'eiit until their guilt Is 
 proven, ihit in this (Coyle'-) cast, we arc siippo^'d 
 '" pervert the law, and tir-t to pre-ume hi^ fiui\\. 
 l-".ven the jii.lieiarv ,,f the coi-iitry have taken ollici;il 
 notice of tiiH, Ili^ Lor.Miip, .Mr. Justice (Jwyune, 
 
 1J7 
 
f 
 
 TITE XTSSOT^ra TKACJEDY 
 
 in his cliar-ic to tlio erand jury at tlio fall a-^sizcs of 
 last v.'ar, in this (•()uvtli..iise, severely eor.deinned the 
 treatiiicur of the ]irisoiier, and said ' it was con' vary 
 to Jiritish practiee and P.riti^h fair play.' Wh ean 
 ho safe for .1 moment if a siis])i('inn is (•■ist npon him 
 and then ^h'ixixvd lu-iht and day, and every act, word 
 ;iiid uv^tnre eonstrned into .vidence of i>nilt < He 
 who se(k< for sonH'thin«i- i-^ anxions to find it; he wlio 
 ■^eeks lor proofs of gnilt is anxious to tind them. 
 Hence, the overdrawn int.'rpretathm imt upon any 
 ,.iiriim>tanccs l.y the <leteetivo or the -^py, and this is 
 whv -uch evhlenee is most nnrdialtle. | Mr. (lla^s 
 read from Taylor on Kvi.K'nce. | A man was found 
 to .-rou.li hims.'lf down eh.^e to a wall and try t(. 
 ciitch >omc word thai mii^ht fall upon hi^ ear or im- 
 jitiine >omo w..rd, t.. <lo what '. To take the life of thi< 
 man. 1 miiiht dwell hmii an«l scv.rely upon thi-^ 
 con.lnrl; 1 will not, hut .Mrtainly this i> a .h'l>ase<l, a 
 cruel act. for any man to lend him-elt" to. Tin- wa? 
 the evcniuL' prior to the execution of Mv^. Camphell 
 for the nnirder of her hu-hand, (ieoruv Camphell. 
 'I'he sauie erinn- Coyle i- !U)W \>v\n>j: trie<l for. 'Unit 
 she .lid <'omuut the murder there now >eem- to hv no 
 doulit. and the only (pi<-tiou i-, had -he anv assist 
 ;iiice in the commi->ioii of thi- awfid Iraiie.ly; or 
 what motive had -hr for killing her hu-hand ^ The 
 only motives aitpearinij upon the ( videnci- art> tie 
 hearthurnini:s and hitternr-s whii-h aro-c idiout a 
 live liunilred liojlar tiole wliieh ohi .Mr. Camliliell 
 
 lli8 
 
THE MISSOURI TPAGEDY 
 
 fiwcd to (!eori;o, and the disrovcrv l>y hor, as slie ^aid, 
 of the eriniinal iiitereourse between her Inishaiid and 
 ^Nfr.s. John MeAVain. It appears that ai'ter (letir^o 
 p-ot married and went out from his father's lionse, 
 the ohl man owed him $.">()()— it matters not liow that 
 eam(> ahout — the $500 was then owed to the de- 
 eea-ed (ieorpc^ Campbell by his father; the father 
 pave a note for this at a lonp (hite, but the note was 
 not made to order or to bearer, for the express rea- 
 son that if anything ha})j)ened to (Jeorge, his wife 
 and family should not pet the benefit of it. I'pon 
 this Mrs. ('am]>l»ell pave vent ro violent passion. Old 
 .Mr. Campbell say- her passion^ were somethinp 
 dreadful; she became (piite wild with rape; she eoidd 
 be heard forty rocls from the house; this is the wav 
 she acted when liviiip with him; therefore, althouph 
 she miplit never <'xpect to pet (Hie cent of the .tfiltO. 
 the mere fact of makinp her an exception, and pre- 
 nieditatinp, as she tiioupht, a wroiip to her. wa- an 
 insult she could not endure, (leorpe, at her instance, 
 no doulit, took advice of a lawver at St. .Marv's and 
 found from that adv- • that, i\ot withstandinp the pre- 
 eautinu dt' the old man, in the event i-f (Jci.riic d\i!i:: 
 hi> family could collect the note. 'I'his, old Mr. 
 (ampbell discovered, anil set aixuit pettinp iic n'it(> 
 out (d" his son (Jeorpe's hands, and, sti-amic to >av, a 
 few weeks j)rior to the murder, he did pet the imte 
 away from (Jeorpe upon the promise of a liorM' and 
 cow. AVhate\er Mrs. ( 'aiiipludrs exa>piration mipht 
 
 129 
 
/ 
 
 f 
 
 II 
 
 THE XISSOUFJ TKAGEDY 
 
 liave boon at old 'Mr. Campboirs provions oondiict, 
 and the williiia dnnc lici- Inishand a}!|)ears to have 
 liccu — this last , no doubt, completely maddened 
 her — it may be argeil that this is not a suiftcient mo- 
 tivp. It micht not be f(M* one out of a hundred 
 tiiousand nuMi or \v(tmen, and yet one out of a million 
 has l)e('u foumi to whom the motive was sufficient. 
 Voii must remcuiber that we are all differently con- 
 stituted; there are no two beinprs in all nature alike; 
 no two heads, no two hearts of the 1,0()0,()0(),00(), all 
 made in the iuuiiie of (rod, yet no two faces alike. 
 What would siid-c deep into the soid of one man, falls 
 upon another lik(^ a senseless clod. Old Mr. Camp- 
 b(dl and his dauiihrcr both jirove that the note had 
 been given uj) sevei'al weeks bet'oi'c, and do you think 
 ^[rs C;nnplwll did not know about it, did not know 
 aliont thi< $.'(00. which was all on earth to them; they 
 in their lonely cabin hail not much to talk about; 
 this was the chief pai't. if not all their earthly goods, 
 and day bv day their thoughts ttirned to it; what rest- 
 eth iu the heart cMincth often to the li|)s; it was n 
 genera! topic of eonvtivation ; mM Mr. f'ampbell 
 proves, and so does his dauLihie!-. tli;ir the giving up 
 of that note wa-; to lie <trietly private (the chief infer- 
 ence being that ouini:- to the talk theic Mrs. ('ani{>- 
 bell thnv into a ]ia-~ion); she was to be kept in th<^ 
 dark until the *otM) note was handed over for a prom- 
 ise of a hoi'-e and a cow ; vc<, it was kejit in the dark 
 until their all was .-urnndcrcd. Hut couM >uch a 
 
 130 
 
THE ^'ISSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 thini^ he kept in tlic dark from Plioebo Campbell? 
 This marv(>loiis woman, altliou<>h dwelling' within the 
 walls of that log eal)in, was one of thr prodigies of 
 the nineteenth century; she will occupy a niche in 
 the history of this country as having enacted one of 
 the greatest tragedies of her age; it was from her 
 that old Mr. Camjjbell and his son George were to 
 keep this secret about the note; she was to be kept 
 iii the dark; she with her strong u'asculine w"l! but 
 do you think she was ^ You auswcn- 'no,' because 
 the woman's physical and mcnital jxnver.s made her 
 a master sjiirit. The counsel for the crown in the 
 trial of Pho;d>e Cainplxdl said that the jury miight 
 tliink the amount at stake a small one to induce such 
 a crime, but tliat a murder had bc( u connnitted at 
 Kingston at one time for $l*(;. It secuMMl to b(> his 
 opinion that slie, unaided and alone, had killed and 
 then mutihite(l Iku' hu-band in the way that he was 
 iound. Xow, in the voluminotis testimony before you, 
 it is impossible to settle positively upon any detiniti! 
 theory; there are tlirce ways, any on(> of which the 
 crime may hav(> been c(unmitte(b He nuiy have been 
 kilN'd by tw.. men, a- at tirst .-taled ; he niav have 
 been killed 1 y one >trong man, as wa< fhaii^ed aijainst 
 •lohu McWain; or he may have been kiliid ly Mrs. 
 <":'nipl)ell ali>ne. This Intter thtory sei'in-; to be the 
 one g(>iirr;il|y acceptod by studctils of tli(^ evidence. 
 iJul let u< look at tlie tliree as they havf^ been provt J 
 before yon. The day afier the murder Mrs. Gauip- 
 
THE XTSSOT^rxT TKAGEDY 
 
 O 
 
 bell, upon lior oath bofdrc tlic onronor's jurv, statod 
 that two men, with bhickenod face?:, had oome and 
 kilkMl her liushand. Thfv wore not so tall as hor 
 hnsbaiKl. Xow, on that vcrv niplit two men, namclv, 
 Davis and Priostly, lodged in a house not far dis+ant. 
 Priestly lived at Thorndale, hut, as he says, was on 
 his way to Clipperton's and remained all niglit at 
 I )avis's house. Li_<-hts were seen in that liouse at mid- 
 nifilit. The next mornino', wlien aroused hy Suther- 
 land, they were mueh lonoer in eominj.'' to the door 
 than usual, ten minutes, as it appeared to him, fund)- 
 linii- about doinji' soniethiuir insid.', and when Davis 
 eame to the dodi- ajid was inf(U-me(l <.f the murd<'r, he 
 at once askod: • Did they ^v\ the iiKmey ^ ' On the 
 followin.ir day Davis was at the funeral; ('(instahl(> 
 riinir arrested him on suspicion of the murder, put 
 him in irons, and inimedii-.tely drove to Davis's house 
 to make a search for anythinir that would corroborate 
 th;>se suspicions. Wlieu there, I'hair found a pair 
 
 of trousers with lari^c lilotehes of i»l 1 across the 
 
 front. Phair returned with I )avis to where the peoy)l<' 
 atteiidin<i- the funeral were assemble<l, exposed the 
 blood-stained iiarmeut^, aud derl.ired that thev had 
 the riiiht man. He and I'riesilv were bronirht to 
 this city and UuliivA in jail. I was sent for to defend 
 I >avis, and found the clothiiii:' whicli had Nrn !iroiin|,i 
 m with him covered witji what appeared to be larp' 
 clors of blood. They were kept in prison for about 
 ten days, and then, with(Uit a trial or invesiij-ation 
 
 ■V2 
 
THE XISSOUPI TRAGEDY 
 
 of any kind, turned out of prison. But up to this 
 (lay tlio blood-stained garments liave never been seen 
 or returned to J)avis. These men would eorrespond 
 in size witli the men named in :\[rs. Campbell's depo- 
 sitions. Either on(> of them would eorrespond in ape, 
 siz(>, build and complexion with the man who boudit 
 the pistol at St. .\rary's much better than the pri-^oner 
 ('t\vie does. On ihat niornina', fresh footprints wero 
 found not far frf»m the house of Davis, and a -trance 
 dog was seen running from the direction of Camp- 
 bell's house to Davi-'s. In addition to this you will 
 say tha^ if the killing took place after a severe strug- 
 gle it would recpiire the power of two mcTi, or one 
 very strong man, to ac.'omplish it — for you will ol)- 
 serve that the wrist of Campbell was not cut while 
 in bed, or the bed would luive been covere<I with 
 blood. I present the facts as tluy aj)j>ear in evidence, 
 and leave you to be the judges of what wciulit von 
 will attach to them. Now we come to the >econd 
 theory, viz.. that the murd(>r may have \hh-u nnv.- 
 mitted by .-Hf <trong man. Mrs. Campbell has identi- 
 fied dolin McW'ain as being the man who came at 
 the (h'a<l hour of the night and killed her liii~l)and. 
 Twice, straight to his face, looking him >iraii;ht in 
 ;l.e eye, has slic charged him wiih the ciimf, in thi-; 
 very <'onrt room. He is a man (d" great l>readth of 
 chest, iiowerfnl in limb and muscle — a strauizv man 
 — he \vork< at night and stays in by day>. lie i< a 
 man ot bad ciiara<ter. having passed a tei-ni in pri-on 
 
 133 
 
TJK XLSSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 f: 
 
 i; 
 1' 
 
 for tliofts comniittod l)y liiiii. He was not at the 
 fnnoviil, tliouiili liviiia' clo-c hv. II(> was ono of the 
 very first arrested and lodged in jail. John McWain 
 has a son abont the size of the bov who boupht the 
 j)istol from Taylor t.'v: Freeiiia . Perha])s a strong; 
 man like .[dlin ^IcAVain m'ulil jiress George (Vinp- 
 bell against the wall, wlun-e the blood bhilches were 
 — his Tnoti\'e being to resent an insult to liis wife and 
 to (d)rain money. Some days before he inqnired if 
 old McWain had got his money, meaning the thou- 
 sand dollars which ^MeWain drew from the bank on 
 the Satnr<lay befuv<'. Yon, then^forc, see what a 
 strong circumstantial ease is made out against him. 
 lie i< the only ]ier>on identified and -worn to by 
 Mrs. Camjibi'll as haxing counuittcd the murder, and, 
 therefore, with the chain of eirenmstances against 
 liini, together with her pointed evidence, if he had 
 been ])laced upon \i\< trial, he would have had a poor 
 cli;uic(> of escajie. Now, this is the second theory 
 that (inc stnuig man may hav»> killed (Jeorge Camp- 
 bell. Vou will ob-crve that the evidence strongly 
 sustains cither one (d" the-e theories — either one of 
 ilicin in my mind jirc^enting mor(> point, more force 
 aiul iiMire reason to sustain it than th(> case against 
 ("oyle, now before you (to which I shall soon ask 
 youi- atieiitiou in detail). After looking at these 
 two theories. 1 now com(> to the third theory; vi/., 
 thai Mr<. ("auijilH'll niay linvc killed her husband 
 unaided and 
 
 1:5 1 
 
 alone. She was the wife of (icorixf' 
 
THE NISSOUEI TRAGEDY 
 
 Campbell, and, tliereforc, on the iiipht of the murder, 
 at the time of the killiiio-, without regard to her 
 words, we uiav presume she wa- ])resent. At two 
 o'elock next morning she was found near to the 
 murdered man by three neighbors. She was a woman 
 strangely constituted by nature— broad build, with 
 great muscular power, self-possessed, with great cun- 
 ning and secretiveness, full of imagination and in- 
 vention for every emergencv — volatile, even merrv. 
 witli a powerlul, lurking, panther-like reserve power 
 showing itself in every look and movement, with 
 nerves of iron and a powerful will; a resolution once 
 made, she was determined and unthigging in carrying 
 it into eifect ; but, predominant above all these other 
 jieculiarities, was her great selfishness. Let every per- 
 son and everything fall, if she could only stand. This 
 IS the person who was found close to the body of 
 George Campbell on the morning of the loth of July; 
 she had, what appeared to her, no doubt, a strong 
 motive for conmiitting the deed, viz.: that George 
 Campbell allowed his father to frustrate her at every 
 point and dejirived her of every cent they had. AVhy 
 did George (;amj)bell want his wife to be kept in the 
 dark about the transaction? Old :Mr. Camj)l.ell and 
 his daughter say that George did want this— you 
 naturally ask what was the caused and you answer, 
 that it was because he knew her and had a dread of 
 her. H,. .toid Ids father that if he had known all 
 lit; then knew, he would not have been married. She 
 
7 
 
 THE XISSOURI TRxVGEDY 
 
 stated, on oath, that some months Ix^fore this she 
 had discovered that her husband liad had criminal 
 intercoiirse with the wife of John ^VFcWain; if true, 
 in a woman of her stranjic, stoic tirmness, tliis may 
 have constituted an achlitional motive, more powerful 
 than even tlie money itself. She was aiTcsted upon 
 sus])icion of tlie murder, cast into prison, and from 
 that moment lu>r whole genius was l)rou,i>ht to bear 
 in order (as she repeatedly said) t') avoid beinp; 
 hanged, her mind readily falling into any channel 
 which would lik(dy meet with public belief; first 
 charging one and then .mother; first telling one story 
 and then another, until every vestige of faith in her 
 utterances was com])Ietely lost and gone ..n'over. The 
 arts by which she tried to save herself hurried on 
 her ruin. She was tried for the murder, foimd guilty, 
 and condemned to die on the 2()tli day of Jmie of 
 this year. Pint, notwithstanding that, the Governor 
 still had the p(»wcr up to the very moment when the 
 fatal bolt was drawn to alter the sentence and give 
 back her life again. In many cases, when the victim 
 has stood upon the scafbdd, a reprieve has come, and 
 life has been saved. She knew this perfectly well, 
 and, therefore, in this emergency invented a story 
 which, no doubt, staggered the (lovenior in Council, 
 and it came within a hairbreadth of saving her 
 life; she knew well that to ])rot<'st her innocence 
 would no longer avail anything, and therefore she 
 gave to the world a fourth interpretation of how the 
 
 i;iG 
 
THE XlSSOUm TRAGEDY 
 
 murder took place. In this, in express words, she 
 confessed hein- ouihy, hut (•hai-ge<l that another per- 
 son then livin- was ouilty also. Hv this, no doubt, 
 she nearly saved h.-r own life, for that life became 
 necessary to establish thr puilt of the rson she then 
 charged. Ey this crafty ,levice, if it had been be- 
 lieved by the Governor in Council, she would have 
 prolonged her own life f„r some months, an,l no 
 doubt she thought that being a woman she might 
 then have had her sentence commuted to penitentiary 
 for life, but after all that had passed, all the state- 
 ments and counter statements that had been made, 
 the Governor in ( 'ouncil totally disregarded her word', 
 and allowed the execution to take ])lace. Her death 
 alone was sutticient to sh.nv her to be a marvelous 
 woman, with >t«.ic power and firnmess greater than 
 any ten men. The heavy tread of the executioner, 
 tlio mournful presence of the man of God come to' 
 administer the last consoling prayer of the Church, 
 udiere all but ..ne ,p,ailed— that one was stoic and 
 •'..moved as a pillar of lead. As she lived, so she 
 died. This is the woman whom Blackmore, McDon- 
 aM and Craig found near to the body of (leorge 
 Cami)bell on that eventful morning, with the palms 
 nf both hands covered with blood; she was there, 
 ^he had natives that promj)te(l the deed, she has been 
 trie<l and condemned for it, she has confessed it 
 n..d suffered <leath. If she did it alone and unaided 
 '"'^v <1'<1 ^^1.0 do it^ All the weapons with which the 
 
 137 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 THE XTSSOURT TKAGEDY 
 
 crime M-as connuittod aro provo.l to liavc boen the 
 proporty of her late ImsbaiHl. I5ut a pistol was found 
 there wliicli no one can renicnilier of liavinp- seen in 
 the possession of Campbell or his wife prio'i- to that 
 morninir. The })istol was no. used in the commission 
 of the erime, but it was there, and there ean be no 
 doubt it was one of two pistols sold sometime be- 
 fore b_v Taylor .1- Freeman, of St. .Marvs. Then, 
 I'ow did the killino- take place? I have\aeted for 
 several of the persons arrested, charged with this 
 murder, and have carefidly studied everv phase and 
 branch ()f the case from the first. Within a few 
 days after the crime I went to the house and ex- 
 amined it carefully; within the last few days I 
 did so for the second time. I have heard what 
 has been said in evidence, and after all this have 
 come to the conclusion which, no doubt, you have 
 come to, viz., that a hunum hand smeared the 
 blood on that ax handle and upon that knife. That 
 the reason was that after the killin- took place the 
 imi)riuts of bloody hands were upon the ax-handle 
 und upon the knife; then to remove these imprints, 
 the whole ax-handle and knife were smeared over 
 with blood. The ingenuity that suggested this, .sug- 
 'gcsted the casting of clots of blood with a cloth 
 against the wall, and the throwing of it around the 
 room up(,n the clothing and furniture, and the driv- 
 ing of the back of the ax through the thin inch-board 
 floor, for u blow directed at an object in front wouM 
 
 138 
 
THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 not come with force upon the floor. We know that 
 by hiiina. liand^ blood was used, we liave li in the 
 deposition of Mrs. Campbell herself, we have it in 
 the living- evidence of the blood upon the articles 
 now before us, and if used in one place, in all likeli- 
 hood it was used in other places. I will show you 
 that no struggle took place. In all Junnan probabiHty 
 he was killed in this way: Campbell was asleep, ly- 
 ing ujwn his left side, the room was light, the ax 
 was raised over him, and a blow well directed upon 
 the skull broke it in. This would not catise a great 
 effusion of blood, and yet would produce almost in- 
 stant death; enough of blood did trickle down to 
 make the blood stains in the hollow of the pillow; 
 Dr. Foster says it was not a blotch, but a stain; the 
 cutting of the wrist did not take place while in the 
 bed, or else the sheets would have been covered with 
 blood— it did not take place in any struggle around 
 the room, for from that cut a stream would flow, cov- 
 ering the floor in every part, in which the fee. of 
 Campbell would come in contact, and the soles of 
 them would l)e covered with blood ; but when dead, 
 the soles of the feet were free from the marks of 
 blood as when living. No, gentlemen, there was no 
 struggle, the hands were free from wounds, the feet 
 were free from bloo<l; .McDonald says there were 
 splashes of blood against the wall and" the marks of 
 bloody Angers against the door, as if rubbed on; the 
 subtleness that smeared the ax and knife with 
 
 139 
 
THE XISSOUKI TRAGEDY 
 
 blcod also prepared tlie other appearances of a strug- 
 gle; for what reas(,u ' to show that she could not have 
 done all this alone; blood was on her hands when 
 she came to the house of Mrs. Wiseman; James Wise- 
 man says he thinks there was no struggle; in hia 
 evidence he says it appeared to him that the man had 
 been drawn out of the bed, the sheet had been drawn 
 round or down somewhat. In this man's evidence 
 we see another featiire of how the crime was com- 
 mitted; after that first blow, the die was cast, the 
 demon of death reveled wildly; the man, perhaps iu 
 a paroxysm, leajx'd to the floor, only to fall dead 
 upon it, or was dragged from the bed in the frenzy 
 of excitement which the awful moment created, and 
 then literally chopped to pieces upon the floor; this 
 is where the wrist was cut; the body was surrounded 
 with blood ; the room was light, so that a score of 
 blows caiiicdircctly upon the head and face, the tieudof 
 destruction not abating until a knife was sought and 
 the thrttat was cut in order to nuike the work of 
 death bcvond peradventure. Those who have studied 
 the subject -ay that this is tlie work of an infuriated 
 woman; iu lier desperation and frcn/v, not knowing 
 when to ^tay licr liiind, not knowing when the W(»rk 
 of death was completed; to prove tluit this is true 
 we iiave licr arrc-t, lur trial, Ihm- condemnation, her 
 confession and her <'\ccution; this third theory of 
 the murder >'euie(i to have iiei'U ai-cepted by the 
 learned conu'^id tor the crown muni her own prose- 
 
 i JO 
 
THE XISSOUKl TRAGEDY 
 
 cution; and since, that has been received as the true 
 one ; no f(X)tprints were found about tlie liouse, no 
 stains of blood upon the fences — all solitary and 
 alone she would appear to have committed this great 
 crime. I have, gentlemen, drawn your attention to 
 throe theories, by any one of which George Campbell 
 might have lost his life; and now I ask you to come 
 witli UK' back to look at the case of the prisoner, 
 Coyle. He was born in the county of Brant ; left an 
 orphan at ten. From that until fifteen he worked 
 for a farmer in that township. The farmer sold out, 
 and Coyle came into Downey, near St. Mary's, and 
 worked dm-ing the harvest. Joseph McWain then 
 employed him permanently by the year. He was 
 then lifteeu years of age — a jK)or, ragged, dependent 
 orphan boy. Mrs. Campbell had been married some- 
 time before and was rc-iding with her husband at 
 the liouse of old Mr. Camf)))ell. (leorge Campl)ell 
 and his wife canii afterwards to reside with Mr. 
 Josej)h McWain, where tluy remained until the early 
 part of June, ISTl, when they removt d to the small 
 hoii-e in which (ieorge Campbell was killed on th(; 
 l.">th ()f July foljowiiitr. I lie promoters (tf this pros- 
 <'(Mition have attempted to estal'lish some undue 
 frieiid>liip iM'tweeii iliis voting lad and .Mrs. CamplM'll. 
 In tlii>, on every point tliev have signally failed, for 
 the he-t of reaxni-. that it lia> never U'en more or 
 less tliaii a liase, tiroiinilless slander — lun-er mooted 
 tlnriiig tlie lifetime >.f ( 'aiiipbeil, and never tlioiiijht 
 
THE MISSOURI TKAGEDY 
 
 of until .'.n.o inotiv. was to bo supplied fur tl.e mur- 
 ,lor. The in^^enuity of the .leleetives was then etn- 
 plnv-d in l.uildinj:- up a ease uj^.n this theory, the 
 ^vret.•h(.d hreakin:;- down ,.f which -l.ows how ncves- 
 .•u-y it i< to have sonic tr)itl> to Iniihl upon. (%.uhl 
 they hav(> livcl vcar> in tlie . an.c house with<.ut signs 
 of intin.acv. if there were at.y '. On the l^t of July, 
 1S71— Donii.iion Day-C'oyh. asked his master, Mr. 
 Joseph MeWain, to aHow him to come to London 
 to atten.l the >ports. MeWain refused, owing to 
 .ome work n.p.irinir attention, hut he tohi C'oyle that 
 ho couhl go over to St. Mary's some afternoon. On 
 the 7th of the same n.ontli Coyle met Stretch and 
 told him he was going ;o St. Mary's the next day. 
 The ^amc was t<d.l to young Hugh McWain; in fact, 
 it was irenerallv known hy all round. Was that the 
 condm- ..f one who was going t<. buy an instrument 
 to .ommit murder with? If his motives had been 
 dark and villainous, would not his acti<ms have been 
 .ccret and stealtliv, not (.]H-n and alH)vcboard as they 
 really were. Well, on the Sth. of July McWain was 
 in iJ.ndon. He was a eontra.-tor on the railway for 
 the M.pplv .d' wo...i. lie drew on the contract out of 
 the hank one thousand d.-Hars. This was the Sth of 
 July. On the iveiiing .d" tha, day, Coyle, after taking 
 hi-^ t.'a and putting things in onler about the place, 
 ro<h- >\v:\v\\s down the lane from the house, and away 
 to St Marv'.. This was the Saturday evening prior 
 to the murder of r.m.pU'U. As ("uyh' ro.le ah.ng 
 
 142 
 
 Ki 
 
 fjf^ 
 
THE NISSOUKI TRAGEDY 
 
 the road, and when opposite the door of the house 
 of Mrs. Williams— whieh is close to the roadside — 
 he reined up his horse and sat talking? to her for a 
 little. His personal appearance at that time is de- 
 scribed bv Mrs. Williams. This was about eight 
 o'clock. Coyle rode on to St. Mary's, put iip his 
 horse at the Stone Tavern, and then went to a barber 
 shop. It being Satur<la.v evcnini,:, the shop was crowd- 
 ed with customers. He went to another shop and 
 found it the same way. He then walked up to the 
 market place and ftund that the Townsend family 
 were perfonning. A crowd was about the door lis- 
 tening to the music. Coyle remained there until 
 nearly ten o'clock, and returned to make some small 
 purchases and have his hair cut and a shave. On his 
 way down he went into a store and bought blacking 
 an<l brush for 25 cents; gum drops, candies and other 
 .riHes for 15 eents; he then went (»n down to the 
 barber shop; there were still several persons there, 
 among whom were two persons, Brimaconibe and Mc- 
 Intyre, from Downey, known to Coyle wlien he re- 
 sided in that township; Hrimacombe wa-^ present at 
 the two former courts, but, as \\U father now tells 
 you, i^! in the states and his address cannot be found; 
 the barb(>r also rccolicits the cinMnnstaiices; they all 
 describe the personal a])pearance of ('.»yle at about 
 half ]<ast nine o'clock that night; he had long, thick, 
 black hair; his face rough, being unshaven for weeks; 
 his eyes blaek. with heavy Muck eyebrow-; iiis natn- 
 
 14:5 
 
THE ^'Issonu tragedy 
 
 rallv (lark romyV'xion xvas made tawi.y and blacker 
 .till l)v exposure \o the sinnmer sun; he wore a short 
 ,rrav coat. Thi< was tlu' appearanee of the prisoner 
 at ten .A-loek on the ni-ht the j.istol was bought. On 
 that san.e <'v<muu-. about half past seven, the pistol 
 was p,nvha>e<l bv a man between twenty and twenty- 
 five years of age, s<3iuewhat stouter than the pris- 
 oner* lii:ht e..niplexion, light hair, light eyes and fair 
 .kin! th." man wore a long linen eoat. (Jentlc'inen 
 vou -av in v.nir hearts that this is eonelusive, and 
 ;„,. want no u,ore. When ('«wle rode over to St. 
 \\uy- he had four dollars in his i-ocket, whieh ho 
 i,ad be,.,, paid a few <lays bef..re by MeWain. He 
 ,.xpen,led about one <lollar in brush, blaeking, hair 
 euttinu-, shaviuir, treating and j.aying tor k. • p of hia 
 iH.rse He lu'ouuht h..me thnv .l.dUirs, one of whieh 
 h,. paid to voung Hugh MeWain, and the other two 
 .lollars w,.re fouu<i in his po.-ketbook aft.T Ins arrest. 
 If von re.p.ir.. anv other evidenee to show that Coyle 
 ,„;, ,„„l,i„g to .io with the pun-base of the pistol, 
 thi< i< a g.MHl airl Mibstantial reason, as he ha<l no 
 tnonev to' make t le' ,.urehaM.. In addition to all this 
 von have the evidenr,. of Mrs. Campbell, b.-r deposi- 
 tion Ik fore tlio .-on.ner's jury now befoiv you as evi- 
 ,l,,„e.. nneoritradiete.l. in .vhirh -he .•hargc.. two other 
 
 n,en. This like nu.nv othrr grave .h'f.rts ,n the eax- 
 f, ,, ,l„. ..pown. ha. bren .■.mipletelv overlo..k.Ml, and 
 tl„.,vforeontl,i--lateotfaetls,.bmitthat th.- rrown 
 .hould not pre-< for a ...nvirtion. but if it does, we 
 
 111 
 
THE MISSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 must consider well our own position?. We, the crea- 
 tures of an hour, intnisled with a little brief author- 
 itv, are considering whether that authority shall be 
 employed in the taking away of a human life — a 
 young life, without a stain hitherto, spent in quiet 
 seclusion and toil — a life as dear to him as any of our 
 lives is to us. Let no man of you attempt to guess 
 at liis guilt and render a verdict upon that, if you 
 would not yourselves be guilty of the very crime with 
 which he is charged. "We must bring the matter close 
 homo to ourselves, and realize, with great certainty, 
 the consequence of our acts. Let these acts be strong- 
 ly temjK'red with mercy, if we ('X|XH;t mercy ourselves 
 
 'The quality of merry is not strained, 
 It droppeth as the pcntle rain from heaven 
 Upon the place beneath; it is twice blessed, 
 It bles8eth him that pives and him that takes, 
 Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomes 
 The Throned monarch better than his crown, 
 The earthly power doth then show likest Ciod's 
 When mercy seasons justice.' 
 
 This U'autiful tribute to mercy has been the theme 
 of drauuitists, jurists and divine- for ovei 300 years, 
 and yet it is as healthful this ('ay as it was when the 
 bard of Avon bequeathed it to the world forever — 
 Ikh'husc it speaks to th<' hearts of men. It is and 
 has been the sentiment of the wise and good from 
 the bcginniiig, and will be when you and 1 and the 
 ju'cnsed and all things on this earth are und<'r it. 
 
 145 
 
THE NISSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 It is difficult for you to err on the side of mercy, 
 but possible and easy for you to err on the side of 
 severity. A great wrong has been committed, but 
 beware that you do not duplicate that wrong by tak- 
 ing the life of an innocent man. The blood of George 
 Campbell cries from the ground to be avenged; all 
 men answer back it <hall be avenged. This is why, 
 in higli crimes like this, slight suspicions, evidence of 
 no weight, to convict of a trifling theft is allowed to 
 prejudice even life itself. By the laws of Moses and 
 at a much later period— only at the mouth of two 
 witnesses should man suffer death. In this case there 
 is no witness at all. Xissouri offered $r)00 reward. 
 Before forty-eight hours eight persons were in prison, 
 against none of whom, excepting John McWain, any 
 charge had ever heiore k^en made. I implore you, 
 gentlemen, not for one moment to lose sight of your 
 positions. The judge on the bench regards your 
 words with awful imiMirt — how utterly irrevocable 
 those words are. His lordship's duty binds him to 
 follow your verdict by his sentence — the law is car 
 ried into effect, a life of regret accompanies all con- 
 cerned, and ruin and death is heaped upon a man 
 hitherto without bh'mish. I again implore vou, gen- 
 tlemen, not to render a verdict in any way depend- 
 ent upon tlic royal mercy, for the regal prerogative 
 will not !•(• exercised excepting in sjx'cial cases of 
 glaring flagi-ani wrong, the rnh' being, that wlun 
 twelve intelligiiit men, upon their oat!i<, render a 
 
 146 
 
THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY 
 
 verdict, that verdict shall stand. Therefore, von can- 
 not escapt' the responsibility of your positions. Vou 
 may pronounce the words ' Xot Guilty ' without leav- 
 ing the box, but lest some of you niig^ht view it dif- 
 ferently, 1 have felt it and do feel it my duty to 
 bring every prominent feature of the case l)efore you; 
 therefore, realize this naked fact, that if your ver- 
 dict be guilty upon this indictment, the sentence of 
 death will be pronounced and carried into execution. 
 To .sustain such a verdict the evidence should be con- 
 clusive; in this case there is no evidence at all. The 
 learned crown counsel opened the ease by informing 
 you that he would give evidence of criminal inter- 
 course between the late Mrs. Campbell and Coyle; 
 that Coyle bought the pistol, and that he had con- 
 fessed the crime. The two first propositions he has 
 himself proved to be false. The third one is so 
 mixed with self-evident falsehood that it can have 
 no weight with you. The case for the crown has 
 broken down at every point. There is, therefore, 
 nothing left for you, gentlemen, but to render a 
 sfieedy verdict of ' Xot Giiilty.' The prisoner con- 
 cealed nothing, open and frank as he had always Invn. 
 All knew that he was going to St. Mary's, what money 
 he had and what he did with it. He niatle no change 
 of his cloth«'s; th(» >ame lie wore to St. Mary's he 
 had on when he was arrested; no Mood was found 
 upoTi his person or upoti his clothes; lie is j)r()ved 
 never to liave left the house of McWtiiii oti tli(> niiilit 
 
 147 
 
THK MISSOURI TRA(JEDY 
 
 the munler wa- coinmitted. This makes the case so 
 c-lear that vmir verdict of ' Not Guilty ' should be 
 rendered without leaving the box. Gentlemen, the 
 prisoner, relyinj. up.n your wisdom, your goodness 
 and nu'rcy, has full confidence in leaving his case, his 
 life, in your hands." 
 
 The address, of which the substance is given, oc- 
 cupied over two hours, during which time the great 
 courthouse was closely packed in every part, but 
 the utmost silence was presen-ed throughout, until 
 the close, when a sup])ressed murmur of a]iplause was 
 (juickly silenced by the otfi<rrs in charge. The learned 
 Chief Justice Tlaggerty closed the case by a powerful 
 rendition of the law and a close analysis of the evi- 
 dence. The jui-y were absent three hours and then 
 returned a verdict of " Not Guilty." 
 
 148 
 
LIXCOLX 
 
 IX July, 1804, wit li letters of introduction from 
 friends of President Lincoln, I went to Washing- 
 ton a few days after a portion of the Confederate 
 Army had blown up the Gunpowder Bridge near 
 Baltimore, and about the time the two armies had 
 had a sharp encounter near Washington. 
 
 I was a guest at the W^illard House, and at 11 
 o'clock the next morning I went direct to the Execu- 
 tive ^lansion. After handing my card to a messenger, 
 he conducted me to tlie greenroom at the left of the 
 entrance, and a few minutes later upstairs to the 
 waiting room. It was a large, square room or hall. 
 Army othcers, with cabinet ministers, were in groups, 
 while others in a restless manner moved backward 
 and forward from time to time looking from the 
 windows. A middle-aged man in plain clothes came 
 near to where I was standing, lie was the Presi- 
 dent's messenger. I lianded him the letters, told him 
 I was a stranger and had taken the liberty of calling 
 on the President. Without a moment's delay he 
 jiassed into an adjoining room, and in less than two 
 minutes returned, saying, "The President will see you 
 now." I was confused and a little surprised at the 
 suddenness of the audience. 
 
 149 
 
LINCOLN 
 
 The following extracts from a letter written from 
 Washington in 1804 will illustrate ne incidents 
 of that time. Special corresi>ondence to the " tree 
 Press ": 
 
 "26th July. 1864. 
 
 « The President was alone, and rising, met me in 
 the center of the room. He shook my hand cor- 
 dially, and 1 gladly returned his honest, .nanly grasp, 
 thanking him for the easy means of access and great 
 kindness in allowing me an opportunity of meeting 
 him. He said: ' I am glad to see you, sir. Be 
 seated,' signaling to a chair close to his own, and went 
 on- ' Yes, this easy means of access is, I may say, 
 under our form of government the only link or cord 
 which connects the i)eople with the govermng power, 
 and however unimportant much of it is, it must be 
 kept up, as, for instance, a mother in a distant part, 
 who has a son in the army regularly enlisted, but 
 has not served out his time, yet it has been as long as 
 she thinks he ought to stay, will collect together all 
 the little means she can to bring her here to entreat 
 me to grant him his discharge. Of course I cannot 
 interfere, and can only see her and speak kindly to 
 her How far is vour place from Detroit, sir? Is 
 it a growing place? ' ' It is about 100 miles East from 
 Detroit. Wr have no water connection, but have a 
 xovv nice inland citv 1 inten.l remaining in Wash- 
 ington for a few days. All seems stir and c-ommotion 
 
 150 
 
LIXCOLX 
 
 here.' ' Yes, there never was anything in history 
 e(]ual to this.' * Yonr position must indeed be a re- 
 sponsible and tryinp; one, Mr. J*resi(lent.' ' Yes, to 
 think of it, it is very strange tliat I, a l)oy In-onght 
 np in tlie woods and seeing as it were but little of the 
 world, should be drifted into the very apex of this 
 great event.' ' I read your proclamation this morn- 
 ing calling for more men.' Then after a few min- 
 utes' silence and apparent meditation, he said : ' Yes, 
 yes, it will be filled uj).' I then rose, saying, ' I thank 
 you, Mr. President, for your kindness and courtesy.' 
 The President shook hands again, and said: ' 1 am 
 most happy to have made your acquaintance.' Some 
 other remarks were made on both sides. I was about 
 fifteen minutes in the room, and as I was leaving, he 
 said : ' Oh, these letters, you take them with you. 
 They will give you an entrance to the public build- 
 ings,' and with a smile which seemed to illuminate 
 his whole face, his last words were : ' Oh, yes, we 
 ahvays give preference to strangers.' " 
 
 These words are given as expressed by the Presi- 
 dent, written down a few minutes after they were 
 uttered. What has been written of him and seen 
 in his photographs give a very fair idea of him. As 
 a man lie has a large, kind, warm heart, and a gen- 
 erous, manly nature; he smiled cordially, and seemed 
 very cor municative. But, under all, there appeared 
 a troubled restiveness, which in ly judgment ap- 
 peared to indicate a painful realization of the conse- 
 
 151 
 
lincol:n" 
 
 quences which might result from the honest exercise 
 of his best judgment. On this day there was a full 
 meeting of the members of the administration m 
 the President's rooms, and as each one of them passed 
 in through the halls I had a full opportunity of see- 
 ing and forming some opinion of them. To me they 
 appeared, with the exception of or-e, to be men of 
 extraordinary i)ower and intelligence. 
 
 The private residence of the President and family 
 is chieflv confined to the west end of the mansion, 
 which at this season is closed, Mrs. Lincoln a^d^^am- 
 ily being at their summer abode, known as " The 
 Soldiers' Home," about four miles from the city. 
 During the late Conf(,>derate raid they sought the 
 protection of the \Vh=te House, but have now re- 
 turned in -afety. 
 
 The President is in many respects an unusual man, 
 with uaits of character one seldom meets. He 
 seemed to combine jollity and mirth with the very 
 greatest depths of the prophet and seer, holding life 
 only a- a uust for the performance of some allotted 
 work. T an. firmly convinced that he thinks this, 
 and with it has grown hito an attribute of religion, 
 f.ir wiiich. without a murmur, if need be, he would 
 sutTei inartvrdom. From momenta of silence and 
 HKMlitation he would quickly brace himself for an 
 inevitable dutv of the hour. I believe in the divme 
 rinht of authority, and also in an overruling provi- 
 de'nce, and that l.inc<.ln was raised up for the vast 
 
 152 
 
LINCOLN 
 
 duties cast upon him. Xapoleon III, in his book on 
 CsDsar, states this as the belief of his uncle, the first 
 Napoleon, and his own belief. Chinese Gordon and 
 hundreds of others were the same — simple-minded, 
 honest, trusting, faithful, while fear never for a mo- 
 ment crossed their minds. 
 
 Apropos of this, two days after the evacuation of 
 Richmond by General Lee, Lincoln was in that city, 
 walking unattended quietly around the streets. It 
 was at a most trying moment. In the war hundreds 
 of thousands were slain. The hot blood of the South 
 now called for vengeance. When all was lost, when 
 the passions of despair were arous d, Lincoln might 
 have been seen strolling through the streets of the 
 Confederate capital, unarmed, and in a quiet busi- 
 ness costume, as though nothing had happened, as 
 Gordon Vv-alked through the streets of Khartoom 
 when a thousand scimiters awaited his assassination. 
 After leaving Mr. Lincoln's room, the messenger 
 came over and gave me the names of the persons pres- 
 ent. Henry Ward Beecher was close to the door, 
 awaiting an interview with the Preident. The mes- 
 senger spoke in most imfriondly tx^nns of Mr. Beech- 
 er. He told me the purport of his mission. He said 
 that the son of a Mr. Howard, a member of Beecher's 
 congregi>tion ia Brooklyn, had issued a bogus proc- 
 lamation purporting to call our (I think) 300,000 
 men for tlie purpose of affecting the stock exchange; 
 that young Howard had been tried for it and con- 
 
 153 
 
LTXCOLX 
 
 dnimod to tlio state prison, tliat Beocher, with How- 
 ard senior, were there to interview the President for 
 a respite or oo-nnnitation of tlie i-entence. lie also 
 pointed out to nie Secretary Seward, with an aquiline 
 nose; Secretary Wells, with a red face, and Secre- 
 tary Fessenden, with a dark coinj)Iexion. Upon the 
 whole, I concluded that the messenger was not friend- 
 ly to the Northern cause. 
 
 I iianded niy letters to the governor of the Capi- 
 tol; he took nie all through the great building. The 
 senate was not in session. "We sat down there to rest. 
 He told me he had known Lincoln from a boy He 
 was very fond of him, chiefly on account of his sim- 
 plicity of manner, and also because of the extremes 
 in his nature, at one time the great glee and drollery, 
 and then at otlier times his intense solemnity. He 
 said: "Just to show you, I went over to see him 
 the other evening; he was sitting alone before the ^re 
 in an arm chair. A few moments after, Stanton, . .0 
 of liis secretaries, came in and they agreed to go out 
 together. Lincoln walked to the side of tiie room 
 and carried a pair of boots by the top straps over 
 to his chair. He then pushed one of his slippers off, 
 revealing a hole in his sock opposite tlie big toe. He 
 looked up and snid mirthfully: 'Stanton, if you 
 liad a stocking lik^ that, what would you do? ' Stan- 
 ton said: *I would take it off and change it over 
 to the other foot, then the hole would come around 
 to the <ide.' We all laughed, but Lincoln silently 
 
 154 
 
LINCOLN 
 
 mado tlio clumjic and drew on In's old-fasliioncd boots, 
 no douht niado for liini at Sprinpticlo 'oefore he left 
 there." As we arose to go from tlie Senate Thaniber 
 the frovernor r(Mnarke<l : " Now \ou know partly what 
 kind of a man Lineoln is." 
 
 (Jeneral (Irant, with patienee and perseverance, 
 had tightened the liesiejiino' ]ines round Kiehmond. 
 Several attempts had been made to break through 
 them, l)nt Grant, stern and inflexible as he had ever 
 been, held every point with a grip of sn-el. Lee, one of 
 the greatest generals of his generation, knew his man. 
 
 Grant was resolved that tl;" Southern army should 
 surrender, or that no man should leave Kiehmond 
 alive. 
 
 Lee, however, made good his eseape on the 1st of 
 April, and with his half- famished army attempted 
 to reach Lynchlnirg. hut was cut off from this by 
 Sheridan's cavalry, .id on the morning of the 9th of 
 April, ISC'), he and his army surrendered at Ap- 
 ponuittox C"'>urt lIous(>. 
 
 On Sunday, the lM of April, President Davis 
 and ids cabinet had evacuate<l Kiehmond, and on 
 Tuesday, the 4fh, two days after, Mr. Lincoln was 
 walking- almost entirely unattended through the 
 streets, visiting the ruins of the abandoned city He 
 was sure that, in the conduct of the war, he had acted 
 rightly, and believed the Sotithern people thought 
 the same of him; in this way he felt th.it, personally, 
 he was free from danger. 
 
 155 
 
LINCOLN 
 
 s 
 
 Five days later he returned to Washington, and 
 on the evening of the 14th attended Ford's Theater. 
 " Our Americ-an C ousin " was heing performed. Mr. 
 Lincoln occupied a private box on the second tier to 
 the right, as one enters from the front. Mrs. Lin- 
 coln, Mrs. Harris and ^Major Rathbone were also 
 in the box. At half past nine o'clock John Wilkes 
 Booth said to the bookkeeper at the Willard House: 
 " You had better go over to Ford's to-night. If you 
 do, you will see some real acting there." Ten min- 
 utes later, Booth entered the theater. Walking 
 quickly around by the right-hand passage, and dur- 
 ing the third act, when there was a moment's pause 
 for an av-tor to enter, he stepped into the box behind 
 Mr. Lincoln and shot him through the back of the 
 head, the ball entering above the back of the tem- 
 poral bone. The President's head 'ropped forward, 
 and he never spoke again. Major Rathbone gra.sped 
 the assailant, when the latter turned and stabbed 
 him. Booth step|wd to the front of the lw)x, bran- 
 dishing a dagger in his right hand, stained with the 
 blood of Major Ratlilxme, and shouted • ..ic Semjier 
 Tvrannis! " Siinultaneously with the TitU?ring of the 
 words he leaped from the box onto the stage; turning 
 to the au<lienc(' he again repeated the words: "Sic 
 Semper Tyrannisl" (this U'lng the motto of the 
 State of Virginia) then crossed to the other side of 
 the stau<'. iind in a still louder voice he shouted: " Tho 
 i>rtn\\\ I- avciigeill " and darted ont tlirough the back 
 
 ir.n 
 
LINCOLN 
 
 of tlic building. A horsje awaited him at the door. 
 He vaulted into the saddle and made his escape, 
 ("olonol J. B. Stewart, who sat near the footlighto, 
 sprang upon the stage to seize him, but was ob- 
 structed by the fright of the actors, and only reached 
 the back door in time to see the assassin galloping 
 away. 
 
 Mrs. Lini'oln swooned for a moment, then gave a 
 wild, hysterical scream, while the whole audience, 
 pale with excitement, after a moment's pause, rushed 
 on the stage and round the President's box. Shouts 
 were heard: "Stand back! Stand back! Give him 
 air! For (lod's sake give him air! " " Has anyone 
 present stiniulant.s ^ " "Some one bring stimulants." 
 " Keep the passage clear." " My (Jod, the President 
 is killed! " This confusion lasted for a few minutes, 
 when throiigh the surging mass a passage was cleared. 
 Strong arms and loving hands carried the gnat man 
 out of th<' building and across the street to the house 
 of Mr. Patterson. Surgeons and do-'tors exhaiisted 
 every possible eifort known to medical skill, but all 
 hope was gone. A part of the brain and blood o<tze(l 
 from the wound. 
 
 (^oming so quickly upon the fall of Richmond and 
 the surrender of the Southern anny, the sluK'k to the 
 people was terrible. Twenty thousand men, women 
 and children jammed the streets for blocks near the 
 scene of tli«> dying President. A military cord(m 
 was placed rouiid the liuiis<' to protect it from the 
 
 157 
 
LINCOLX 
 
 surging mass, ("iray-liairod men. strong old soldiers, 
 and hundreds of women wept likeeliildren; such uni- 
 versal lamentation was never before seen. The whole 
 niemhers of the eahinet. including Stanton, usually 
 stoical and cold, were hat lied in t.>ars. Their hlood 
 seemed to stand still with horror and overwhelming 
 jmin. To them, as t,) all men, he had been genial, 
 tender and affectionate in ordinary affairs, while, if 
 need be, he was courageous, bold and aggressive to 
 a degree rarely foiuid in his contemporaries. 
 
 At midnight Colfax, Sumner, Farnsworth, ■ ^n\^p. 
 Custis, Governor Oglesby, General Meigs an* Colo- 
 nel Hay stood around their illustrious chief. In the 
 morning to the whole world the f<dlowing telegram 
 announcetl the rc>\dt: 
 
 " Washingtcm, 15 April, 1805— Abra:.am Lincoln 
 died this morning at 22 minutes past 7 o'clock. 
 
 Edw.vkd M. Stantov, 
 
 Serrefanj of Wnr."" 
 
 The day before, at 4 \\ M., a cabinet meeting had 
 been held, at which (Jeneral Grant was j)resent. The 
 conversation turned uj)on the affairs of the South, 
 as to what steps -hould be taken to quickly and ef- 
 fectiniUy bring in the erring brethren and restore 
 good f.cling to the whole nation. Mr. Lincoln was 
 
 v,Tv el rful and h(.iM>ful. lie spoke kindly about 
 
 (Jeneral Lee and the ( mifedcrate h-aders. All was 
 
 ir.s 
 
LINCOLX 
 
 harmony, hope and general thankfulness at the ad- 
 vent of the mesjienger of Peace. In the evening 
 Speaker Colfax v.as at the White House. At tifti^en 
 minutes past eight the President said : " Mrs. I.in- 
 eoln has not been verv well, hut the papers having 
 announced that we are to 1h' at Ford's to-night, I do 
 not like to disappoint the people, so we must go." 
 He left the house with a|)parent regret. He urged 
 Colfax to accompany him, but he having an appoint- 
 ment with his friend Ashman, of Massachusetts, who 
 was also there, Mr. Lincoln excused them. 
 
 Upon examination, blood was found on the hack 
 of the cusiuoned rocking chair in whicii the President 
 sat, and a single-barrel pistol was foimd upon the 
 carpet. Tlu' assassin was about thirty years of age, 
 five t'cet nine inches in height, fair skin, dark hair, 
 a little bushy, inclined to be curly. He wore a large 
 nuistache. In two weeks he was traced to a barn 
 where he was conceak'd. His pursuers demanded his 
 surrender or they would kill him. His answer was: 
 " Then bring a stretcher for me." They then set the 
 building on fire, and in the midst of the flames fairly 
 riddled him with bullets. The fire, however, was 
 subdued, and the body recovered in a recognizable 
 form and taken back to Washiiigtdti. lie was a theat- 
 rical performer, l)orn in the profession. His father 
 was on the stage before him, and his brother, Kdwin 
 liooth, ! distinguished tragedian, died in New York 
 the 7th of June, l.sO;5. 
 
 159 
 
LINCOLN 
 
 The (k'atlj of tlic rn-sideiit was, indeed, the most 
 tragic event of modern times. It was vastly more 
 important than tlie assassination of Julins (^vsar 
 in the ohl Koman time. In a few lionrs a thrill of 
 horror reached every part of the continent. There 
 was no ocean ca!»le then to carry tlie news. In seven 
 days after it reached England. The whole British 
 nation was aroused. It created a profound sensation 
 among the masses, while Her Majesty, the Queen, 
 within a few minutes after the receipt of the intelli- 
 gence, with her own hand wrote a tender, affectionate 
 and sympathetic letter of condolence to Mrs. Lin- 
 coln, the liaste Ix'ing in order to secure the convey- 
 ance of the letter to America by the first returning 
 
 steamer. 
 
 The House of Lords, the most august legislative 
 body in the world, passed an address of condolence; 
 while th<> House of Commons, powerful, far-reaching, 
 enlightened and independent, without delay passed a 
 most complimentary address to the American nation, 
 and symj)athy with it in the loss of the President. 
 
 The wlx.Ie world was awe-stricken at the dreadful 
 crime. The United ;^lates, North and South, with 
 horror exclaimed airainst it. All business stood still; 
 sorrow and mourning marked the village and the 
 great city alike. The highways and byways, from 
 Washington to New York, Detroit to ("liicago, and 
 on to Springfield, the burial ]'\iv >; formed an im- 
 pressive funeral j)ageant, in extent and magnificence 
 
 160 
 
LIXCOLN 
 
 without a parallel in history. All ovet Canada meet- 
 ings were held ; the one at London was large and in- 
 fluential. I was called to preside, and never could 
 there l)e more pathos and honest sympathy thrown into 
 eloquent speeches and warm resolutions than on that 
 occasion. So shortly hefore, having seen and con- 
 versed with Mr. Lincoln, my feelings were greatly 
 aroused. The resolutions were promptly forwarded 
 to Washington. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln, owing to the important events of 
 his life and the tragedy of his death, will ever be 
 revered and honored equal to Washington, the Father 
 of his C'ountrv. 
 
 161