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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. rata > elure, a J 2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 R ATH ( Seeing that 1 Protestantism, Weign Inbourei Iritish, if not v adopt tba ha Ban render bin -any more tba f v/hieh eircHttu fonatrlj rrenide Are ne prepa Hn now in po« h's country relii Europe, just as iw, or circunuh Bvcl, in the pool oldly to declare lent of national antipodes ol 'faether those be fbe orsanizatioi liberal, and in I monopoly, ' nionarchy frt ueation — what i Fauob loynl pro^ btipodes of lion |kher, of the pi »vTcr— or in otl system. — ' INCIPLKS OP C ^opi.B, and the IMOCIUIIC I.ROI ITRIOTIC OB^RCTI ^ly custom(-r8 w have liithert w noUlccoun , making ever petut imposed ( atter of toe Roi I principle, i kn to iheirt to tn fn, and all the I privileges of t \ opening to oui being the oi ^idinal hero, wi I unprincipled a The country's ' greisiomnU of depended on as I to lay aside al |es, and to be r lie mere peraot a! object— the ( the country' re, and to coi Ilk we will fim into ntspecti t have more, In modern Torj 1 Suffrage ranis I for the laws ; noney ) to b« m V^e find our na ndled into a 1 |>pliy (as Sohle; »l ronrit, hinion in the Government is oar only gecaritr air«In«t II n<.rni,,t!n„ .. i • *. N.^«t«nt.,m. or lir.t.sh (m oppose! to Foreign) nuthority. in the Monard tf "ni for nrotoe" o to'th. ^llff'" ""'' '"^?"''' ''"'• Wisn Inbou'er : foreign prino.ples and Intereatu being tl.o only things o«™d for bvonrnr„.Tf 1- . ."*'' '/ "PpMed to the ir.t.sh if not who! y unprU pW legiHators. wholqualcine tor tl "i,"o«rmonopolirt a. d tmnnLTdS''/ U '•"ir""^ "'"'- . adopt th. honest and strH.al.tforw„,d, or British, course of confining CaSl Wiiman Wimiitv ^.r^"'^^^ Iw exp.cte* nan render hinioelt an alien by submitting to any such unlawful or nnti-BritshaHA^w,?,..!^^^^^^^^^^ -•ny more than they could be expected to unuo the other work of their w/hand^^^^^ «'•« tf"" /«>* fM>h,ch ««..»«to«o« ar, tke only/acU^tbuB no longer leaving our Homo Trade at the mLToUheC&TcZJi;^^ *"'"" BKING NEWSPAPER WRITINGS BY roreign Exchange*— ISAAC BUCHANAN. ronner.. President of U,e Board, of Trad, „f T„ron.o a„a ^^'^'^^^^^^'•^r ... T,ro„.. «.e Ln M.uopoUs. U» tb. Firsc ParU.^.. labour. INTRODUCTION, Arc ne prepared to prerent the unprincipled or Tory liberal. jm now in power, and in expectancy of power, from reducing Ih-'s country religiously and morally to the low level of the rest of Europe, just as British industry has been dragged within the law, or cireunietanee; under which wages ffravitate to the lowest ■evel, in the poorest countriej in the world ? Are wo prepared widly to declare the British Government to be a mere embodi- Dcnt of national patriotism and independence, or of principles h antipodes of the mere lyiumt of men (not of principles) khether those be located at Rome or in Capel Court in London J fhe organiiation of loyal men who are patriots without being Viberal, and in favour of national industry without being for Vh monopoly, is loudly demanded to savo British labour and Rr monarchy frof»''a'>'e ; and, as thousands of the Upper and Middle ClassM have no objection to Democratio LesiaUtioa a new party of Soc.al hconumist« may bo expected soon to be' in ii position to demand and to carry Univbiisal SuFvaaaB as ih« .,M.v ^<'>sa■[o THE UREA! coMMc.K ^ND in view, the Money power boiiig 1 imd to be 80 strong in Parliament, as at prsMut ins«^ m-w9 Higr 111 ••naiMOK ana uiasgi Cwrobiil, Undott : awl at Mmki J»ha tfairthlU * S«oi, ^_o/^f?5-/' C34) THE SAFETY OF THE MONARCHY CALLS FOR DEMOCli v I'lU LEGISLA TION. ■ Glasgow may Rrapple with the philoaopliy «i well «« the details of the country's tliiuiico. Olasoow mat sbt an kxamplk to tub RMPIRR IN HKTTINO FI'KR THK WOBRINO CLAIBK8 FROM THK IlllRDIN OF Tim NATIONAL DEBT— A SOURCE Of WIIITF, BI.AVKRV W0R8K THAU THAT FROM WHli'H WR ItKUKTKD ODR AFRICAN FKLI.OW-SIIUjSnTS. Gi,ABOOW MAT TAKE UP TUB TRUE GROUND THAT IT IS THK PHOPKUTT OF THE CorNTllY THAT 1» BOUNO TO DEFEND THE COUNTBV— AS IS SHOWN IN ALL TirLKS 10 LAND KllOM THF. CrOWN BF.INO FOB 9ERTICKB TO TUB COUNIIIT— AND THAT THE fRRSENT AND ALT, FITIMIE NATIONAl DEBTS MUSI BE VIKWED TO BE A 1 LAIM ONLY ON niK IlKALISED I'llO- PRRTT or THE COUNTRT, LANDED AND PERSONAL. We MAY INSIST THAT THE ClIANCELLOB OP THE Ex( HEQDER SHALL OIVE OVKIl THK PROVIDISil FOBTHi: INTKRBST OP THK NATIONAL DEBT TO NATIONAL COMMI89IONBBS OF THE DEBT, THE KxCllEIJUEB HaVINO HEURAFTEB NO MORE TO DO WITH THK DEBT, EXCEPT THAT IT WILL PAT OVER TO THE NATIONAL DEBT COMMISSIONERS ITS SDIIPLUS EACH YEAH— TO BE DEDICTED FROM THK ASSESSMENTS ON PROPERTY FOR THE FclLLOWINO TEAK— THIS BEING VIEWED TO BE THE MEA90BE OF PROTECTION TO NATIONAL INDUSTRY AFFORDED BY THE PROPEBTY OF THE COUNTRY. Wc should like to see tlie Ulasgow view dcclaioil to be tlint »or one year a lialf per cent, be raised from the wliolo property ol Grtnt Hritain, leaving the assessment next year to be reduced to the extent of llio balance during the first year of the revencb FROM trai>v; ivlludcd to above. The property of Great Uritnin is cstinmtod above five thousand millions of pounds sterling, and one-half percent on this would about Jiay the whole interest o» the national debt. Hut under a resuscitated state of prosperity in the country we would calculate that one-eighth per cent, per annum would be more than cnouRh in times ol peace. Wo may be aslted how Glasgow can make a more practical effort than Birmingham at the present crisis. Wo need only refer to our views as stated above, Glasgow may, in its monetary reform, combine the bullionist basis for the legal tender paper with the total eradication of the hard money monopoly— which is the object of the BirminBliara school, althoush to attain it they would involve us in nn evil only less fatal, depredation from ib- SECURITY, Glasgow, in a word, may hold to the simple cure o» making the statt, of the foreign exchanges, or the export of gold, bo indicated in a rise in the commodii]/ gold instead of in the rommodity money, the bank note being only representative of goW at the market price of gold in the London market, and the Bank of Kiigland being entitled to have notes out to the full London market value of the gold in its vaults— besidi-s the fourteen mil- lions—the bank thus being made interested in supplying any vacuum of circulation through the exportation of gold by an in- creased issue of paper up to the increased market value ot the gold in its vaults. We may be ASKED now thb Glasoow school has views superior I.) those of the Manchester school. Wr answer that we go THE LENGTH OF SOCIAL ECONOMY, NOT STOPPING SHORT AT POLITICAL ECONOMY. OUB VIEWS abb PATRIOTIC— OB HAVE REFERENCE TO OCR OWN COUNTRY ; for we do not expect to get credit for our good in- tentions towards the world, till after we have practically illus- trateil them in our own families ; in a word, wc must (to use th« worcs of Burns) " be loved at home" before we can bo " revered abroad" :— . . , _■ " From scenes like these uUl Scotia's grandeur springs. That uiukes her loved ut Iwme, rever'd abroad." The .VIanohestkb views abe cosmopolite— foroettinp thai ihouoh cuabity should not bnd at home it should begin thkrb. Glasgow, in fact, may go for reciprocal free trade, as opposed to the Manchester commercial atheism of irreciprocal I'ree trade ; or, in other words, we mayholu that the main question is employ- ment, which may be regulated by British laws, and not prier. which we can never control by British legislation, except that by framing our laws so as to give to our own people, and to those who will reciprocate with us, a preference of our national employment —at home, at sea, and in the colonies— we may gradually inci-ease the bidders for the poor man's labour, and thus indirectly raise his wages. We mu.st deny that, in artificial circumstances lik<- ours, the existence of food in the country is enough. Not tin- stock cf food, but tno means of purchasing it— employment— w the first necessary of existence to our masses. Ihe greatest KVPLOYMBNT of ODR WOBRIBO CLASSES, IllRESPECTIVE OF PRICE, MUST M THK Glasgow pbinciple. While acUnowleilgin- price to be «■ important element of consideration, ve must see bmplotmeni t» bo the vital question. We of course hold that the principle ol tree trade would, if attainable in practice, be the best for thit country, because we have more capiul, more industry, and mor« economy than any other country ; and none could obiect more th«« ourselves to the protection, /ur its own take, of any class interest in this community. We, however, have always seen that tree trad« must be, at least to a great extent, reciprocal, because we ha»« ••- ways seen the aUolute necessity of our currency— t he life's blood Of all our interests-being protected from invasion ut the will of our fo- reign opponents, bytheirdraining us of the precious metalsonwhlofc our circulation depends ; And 1 now give our sketch of A l-RBB Trade Hbcipbocal League :— [see page 38. i wholly uiiprlnuipled) thou«li distiiiRuulied son. .he «or« tlini. ''''»^» »", »' "^'\f ' /.^MfX^'^^^^ tin," that he -.mnrnfLt ,ii,d moi.v7 ^;:;;^.;ii;i z^^^Z cS^^t^^xr '^:^^:f;:^^ ?^r&rv:t;.;;;^i;; -v:^'' •■, ,h,. ...es ..... ...u. .r....^ •dvaBlapea being extended to British subiecU in their nariicular Sun?r"e» : and fhat, whUo every one shall be tolerated and pro- Uctcd in his religions worship, no man even ''born in this country, sha'l be viewed oilier than as nn alien or,vffereilto inter- Urei»\Jkino ,mr law,, who ow.s ar,y foreign allegiance or sub- mission whatsoever, civil, ecclesianieal, or «P,";\'"»' • °" ''"'^ 'l fccyond tho boundaries of this empin; or beyond the controul and inthorMy of these laws; the Cntliolies, however who will adopt « Rri.isli or I'ish I'opp, or oth. r hoa.l of their Ghuich amenable to British laws, to he put exactly on the name fi/oting, as to en- down e Its, as the preslnt Established Churches, or as any other Slerable sect (say that pays a hundred tho.isand pnunds Bcr annum to riiblic K.lucation. pi'r the I'ranchise Register 5f the "iree Kingdoms, as will lioreafter be explained, profjss- Sig to be a Christian Chuich)-unlesa the endowments are given over to the Education of the people. . . . „, -m. Time seems to me no small likelihood that in Glogow will be found the school of politics (whether called Chartists or Sooia Economists) which will be the instiumcnt ot preventing an actual revolution, by seenring the fonntry a legal or social one. _io see this we have only to consider that it is not in London but in the orovinces that great social movements are originated, anU then 1-cvicw the position and circumstances of the various other great htad-vwrterf of mnvvfact,ireB and rommerce — Manchester, Liveipool, and Ifirminj-'linra. , ^, , i i r »i M-inchester has alieady moved, and, u*>fortunnt<-ly for the working cins.ses, gone ten tar, in the theory of politieal economy, or in other xvords. " cheapness :" while its press and leading men. by strongly advoeiiting an adherence to /.red .•rfam/ar,/ hiil- lionism, n» the country's inmictarv principle, are tlireatcmng the working cUfses with tlie second of the two necessary cflccts ot Sir R l-cel'slexislation— •rfimini>Ai'yould not be undei stood as objecting to Hi rrinciple ol free trade, or the mtifoai interchange of comniodi ics, but to tl\e_ilant-l,etter com- anirfio? ol//mm of free imports without nn> rccipiocity, Birmingham, too. like Manchester, has carrieo its principle— papkb money— too far, and has thus, almost fatally, injured a principle which must be the regenerator ot this ionntiy. We aeice with the Birmingham school that we cannot i..ako money too cheap, but we hold vhat it must ever remain practically con- veriible We agree with iiirmingham that gold and silver should onlv be demandableat the British or market price of these, as coinii.>red to other commmlilies in this country. With Birniing- hani we have denounced the suicide committed by our working classes in tolerating Sir U I'cel's Money Bill of 1819. , We. how- ever wish to see a bullion basis to the circulation, holding that a banli note may depreciate from the public's opinicn ot its insecu- ritv- which rendeis it practically not convertible into the coun- try's commodities— although we will never be behind in proving that all tho other apparent if , ;)rfcialt( ns are in reality only the natural and proper appreciation of gold, arising from Us bccom- inc scarce, which tends to aj.preciate all other commodities as 4!onn>ared to tl e bank -.te, Wc, therefore, are bullionists, with Kold at its ma.ket J •. and at same time repudiat") 'he Bir- minghsra " little th,- i," or, as Canning described them, the tUhy rnn, of paper bated vpon noi/iinn." W ho— wc ask-supjioses that Birroineham can ever originate a great practical party, or organise an executive which will be able to feed the masses ? And it iseasT to sec that the public oninion of Liverpool is not. BOW under the'control of the men who gloried in such representa- tives as Canning and liuskisson, because in views in the present day CO only tostarve a few superannuated pensioners ot thecoun- try and do not rise to the generous attempt to feed the country a inil'lions. We would not be understood as underrating the im- Dortancc of Tracticable national retivnchincit, but we see that to expect any great immediate alleviation Iroin this source is to deceive oursefvea and the country ; and we, thcrclore, object distinctly to the assumption of our Liverpool friends that in ••cheese paring" is to be found the immediate cure ot tho over- whelming natior.-.l evils under i-hieli this country now siiSers, and the greater cahr.nities we liavo in pror,;.! ct. U-: linincial asso- ciations or leagues show us that Liverpool's v.ews cxicnu not to priMipUM of money but only to turn, of numcy. W o may suspect that in the present passive position of politics Mr Gladstone Das had influence enough to get all this dust about national retrench- ment raised in Liverpool to cover his retrci.t, or to diTcrt the Dcoplo from his" own and his patron's fundamental error in na- tional policy or principle ; but this would only !« tu prove still more the utter inability of Liverpool as the great national regen- erator at tho present moment. We may bo asked how the Glasgow school can take a more noUe stand than Liverpool at the present crisis. Wo answer, s well AH tho dotaihi N KXAMPLR TO TUB FKUM TIIK niTRDIH .AVKRY WURHE THIR FKLI.OW-SIIUjSnTd. II IH TIIK I'HOPEIlTt JE COUNTRY — AS IB lEINO FOR aERTICKtl .1, FITIMIK NATIOVAI, niK IIIIALIHRD I'RO- I,. \Vk MAY IXSIDT AU. OIVF. OVKU THK DKDT TO NATIONI!. HAVINO HKHRAFTBR : WILL PAT OVKB TO EACH YKAU — TO BR FOB TUB yuLLOWINO OF rKOIF.CTION TO r OF TUB lOUNTRT. ai'oil to be timt for a wliolo property of :nr to be reduced to cnr of the rbvencb of Great Britain is mnds sterling, and e whole interest of state of prosperity ighth per cent, per )1 peace, e a more practical Wo need only refer IT, in its monetary legal tender paper monopoly — which i» ah to attain it iheg eprceiation from Hl- I the simple cure ot • tho export of gold, i instead of in tlie presentativo of goW irkct, and tho Bank to the full London 18 the fourteen rail- ) in supplying any on of gold by an in- rnaiket value of tho , HAS VIEWS superior ANSWER THAT WE GO SUORT AT POLITICAL E REFERENCE TO OCR edit for our good in- ive practically illus- wc iuu»t (to use tb« we can be " revered ideur springs, abruati." I — FOROKTTISG TllAf IIIOULD BEQIN TIIEHH. trade, as opposed to ciprocal free trade ; QUESTION IS EMPLOT- 11W9, and not price, iitioii, except that by pie, and to those whu lational employment >y gradually inci-eas* thus indirectly raise 1 circumstances like is enough. Not tlin it— employment — i« ises. 'InE oREATEsr OTIVE OP rnioE, UVBV iilgin;; j^rice to be aa t see KMPLOTHENT t« hat the principle of be tho best for tU» 3 industry, and mora luld object more tbaa I any class int<;re8t ia 4 seen that free trad* !, because we have ti- cy — the life's blood of n at the will of our fo- jciouH metalsonwhiok >ur sketch of ▲ Frh tt>A AH lit nr(>!U>nt ? W« il even it the theories o< ill be dirided by ehurtk lie KstnblUbed Church ; The I Ii8>ieiit«r», on the d iiiiostc luft, they h"W , it is the only mettim iit 1 iilthuugh no disloyalty native industry ctteotMf t hia uii|iatriotic (If a* d Hobespierre) Im Col*' annnttrint iind tnohti^' Hi Lirlti'ili pr.Mhicorl SUMMARY: OR, QENEIUL VIEW OK TUE SOCIAL REFORMS WHICH MR. BUCHANAN TIIK FOLLOWING AND HIS OTHER NEWSPAPER WRITINGS The reader inniit not object to tli« lune idea beinir oft«n reiwated In the •ROPOSES IN cuantituvneias n« how» I, . ■, ^ ~ , — "PlHjHi'd to fiireiim r.,.,<.r.,l H„(T™«e r,„y, he) we cannot thr.,w Bufflcirnf ubjeetii alone, th« llninedliiU. »ettlemenl of whkh can nl.me iirovent rh„„.i » 11 . ,1 -. . ,:.-"•'"" """""'n "I*" "'<•"<*"••'';/. '••onflninn Ui« Charch. if Kii. I Hill'. Church of Home's a,,Uiont,i to uliens in thi» country. (ihouKh we conl.i not obje *to ree.-mtae I I ! • "l » iflt is on!y declared free from the aii«A<>n■>" "^<^we, ui. i..i,isii. morid weight into the llritish Legislature to enable It to grnmile with Hiese'twi •ocliil confusion ;— lat, A new Kcclesiaatlcal law that will cfi away with the cliun-hes oufAoWlK to Its own adheiints, and the Chundi CaUiolic Chun h with »l, .rever doctrine, if it is «n:y uccmieu tree from the aytMnl,, of any lh„,, foreigner, or any man bevund'tKo" e,:;.,'.; ^r;'l."'' il . i^*^" "r/^T^ J*'""' r"^«"'?'''» »»'l privileges : Jd, A new (Vnii law, whose prlnci|de w II mLTn^-"^ ""'""■ ■oarclty, but to prevent /»rdj,n Unpo^latUm, o/ tchiit .wW/or ■» pM which lower the price ijow lh.it of ,, f„l Wkct portations iroiii cauAing general di.tr.M, by removing abroad our circulating medium whk-h is the legal lif.\ blowl utVn I'll llritish . rcating and toprcv.Nit auub iiu- The following and other articles, by Mr Isaac Buchanan, pub- lished since reel arbitrarily changed the national piilfcy in 1S46, bad grcntly in view to assist in removinga popular delusion, which one would think a single look at protectionist America might dispel— viz., the very general notion that a person who advocates protection to native industry must necessarily bo a Church Tory, the enemy of an enlarged political franchise, or the advocate of monopoly in some other shape. Ho is under the strongest con- Tictions that, in our present circumHtanccs, to effect consorvative or patriotic policy in regard to British industry, A PARI Y RE- PRESENTATIVE Op LABOUR must arise capable of sotting the aristocracy and money market at defiance. The labour power, ■ays he, " muit eome to be represented hy Social EeonomitU, or pratkal mtn, or Patriott, the character of whose legislation will be that it takes the cirumstanres of our own society into ac- count : the Uoncy-power being represented by Political Economists or cosmopolitan Theorists, who would have this eountrii legislate for the world, while they view Political Science as a system of pure mathematics, or at best, one for the creation of wealth, with- out any regard to it f distribution." The important political changes, by which Mr Buchanan proposes to tiie .Social Euono- loists to characterise themselves, may "jo i'tated thus : Ist, He adviscH the Social Economists not to let the question of popularity be " piotectionorno protection to native industry;" but (while in no way concealing their denial that our present system is what it has been called, FREE TRADE, and their conviction that bona fide free trade is required for the protection of native industry), to ask for the contidenec of the working classes by declaring themselves ready to submit to whatever is the de- cision o^ the jlional mind, as expressed by an extended suffrage. 2d, fhe Political Franchise to be based on an assessment for education, or a registration fee under d system of Universal Suf- frage, the amount to be an endowment for common schools. 3d, The Lords should not only owe their power over the legis- lation of tlu country to their having been born nobles, but also to their election by a particular constituency tuhich would form a ttrong bond of union between the Mqhest aiul lowest class ' the colonists in each particular coloiiy the control of tho colonial lands, ho answers that iW» country has only to efinoo a paternal spirit to the colonists and they will ijrant any privilege to their fellow-subjects in tho old country, from which they tliomselves are not excluded. Let, sayj lie. the home government only ad- vance a few millions to tho colonial agriculturiaU lor improve- nieiits, on the same security unJ terras as this is done at home (« per cent, tor 31 years, thus paying up the principal), and the co- onists will bo prepared to eo-operate in uuv work of philanthroDT i!l'?/5^.w\l"'^'^^'i'''"'J; .'""^ -MILLION AcWss tWt A 1 LA.N 1 H would place British subjects on as gooil a footing as American citiiena in the len,,th of timt talten to reach the new lands, as well as in th.j expense ot getting to these. 6th, Mr Buchanan insists that every country and colony should hava paper or cmblematio money, and that the advantage of the ctrculatton should l)e taken from the rich, who do notstand ia need ot it, and given to the po irer classes— if this can bo done with satoty— not only as a direct benefit, but as a n.oans of indi- vidual banking CREDIT which the richer classes also monopolise at present. He would indu o the industrious classes to take stock III New I.ANii .SAVt.xos Bavks, whose notes he would make a legal tender (thus giving the interest on the money in ciroula- tion to tho poor} ; the whole capital he would invest in improved lands, to be let in small parcels, at renU not over 4 por cent and the cost ot losurins the teua.it's life to tho amount of one half the value ot his land to cover his TENANT RICH I' (the stock holders havins a prcforenoei.J And it would ho alwavs in the option of any holder of tnis a ook, which might be termed '• Peo- ple's Consols," ti> got legal tender notes advaiiood to liim on loaa at 5 percent, to the extent of onehaU' of his stock the Lato Savings Banks not having tho privilege of advancing on any other security but their own stock, and uce (the more so as the foreigner from our having intrinsic instead of emblematic money has the option of payment in an untaxed article, gold); and it is truei toari without some consideration would be supposed, as regards manufactures, though we can produce these cheaper than Ac for- eigner ; for in return for his wheat the foreigner has it always in his power to take gold Hr.ed at a low, foreign, untaxed and profitless price, so that his purchases of British goods diminish as their prices are raised by our covering our taxes, proHts, Ac, lic. Gold at a foreign price is equivalent to any other commodity as a raw matsrial ; under Peel's stupid law, therefore, we give' the foreigner the same nominal price, as we give the Yorkshire farmer for his wheat, though wo pay the former in cotton at the import or raw material price of 6 1, and the latter at the manufactured e..:... .-c lA.l — ...-11, 41.- A'.tr *...,,,.-... ..... B, !.,..., ,..,,..,•, lO., iiir -.TTiit.-rciiet: ^itl; utriiss our aaiianas wia- IIOD, profits, rents, wages, o prepared to do at all tinier. Presided over by a new lueinber of tlie Cabi- net, whom Mr Biiclian;in propojcs calling "Me Minitter of Em- ployment," these Land Banks, as made to include the Crown might be a small einbudiiueut of tha Con.stitution, for Mr Buch- anan's iile.i is, iVoni what Lord John Russell has said, tbatthoae who are afraid of Universal Suffrage may at least agree to add t« the present constituency the name of every man who baa been a stockholder, for 13 months, to the extent of £0 in the Nations Bank, lie fornii-rly wished the colonial lands given gratia ; but if by mcnns oltheiu we can si-eure the advaiiiageeof the ciivula- lion 1 1 the unpropcrtiud (.Us.-i, this would more permaneoUy ele- valo our masses. 7th. IMMEDIATE MONETARY REFORM— A THING INDISPENSABLE— 80 that until practically, or in the regular course of business, the legal tender notes of ibe Land Savinn Banks supplant the noten of the Bank of Ensland. tiiese (tbe notes of the Bank of Engbind ) to be a legal tender to' the amount she is now permitted to issue, vix.— totheexteBtoTtbegoTernment ilebt, fourteen raillloiis, and amount of specie iu ber vaulla. The Bank of England to be bound never to have lees than fourteea millions of speoio in her vaults, and (as well as all other Banks,) to issue not-is of as low a denomination as one pound or ten shillings. Though not exactly by the same maebinery, Mr Buchanan s view would be to carry out tbe principle of that greatest authority on the naturo and use of Money, Mr JOHN TAYLOR, whose doctrineof the vital iiillueneeuf the iostruiiient Money on SOCIAL ECONOMY cannot be better expressed thaa in the language of bis ekiqnent friend. Mr JONATHAN DUN. t The tenara at tba land rai^ht be maun eqoal to a f eebell far his family by the tenant's insuring his lite with tl - Land Savings Bank ftrtkeatber half also. '" GENERAL VIEW OF THE SOCIAL RKFORMS PROPOSED. CAN, at Liverpool, in 1848:— " The (treat truth, !n«iste reversed, ud demand is the cause of production, lie who demands must •ffer an equivalent ; were lie i>erniittcd to give produce >",>r pro- duce, «r Mjmljol of produce fur symM of produce, supply never oould exceed domnnd ; this tlio money law forhids ; it orders that the equivalent shall l>e gold ; there is never suflicient gold to e»- Eresseqjivnlonoy, and (if course when Iho metal it exported or oarxlrd, the instrument of equivalency disappears altogether ox- oept among the very i ich. Consequently produotion stop* ; mor- bhantn Become hankrupts ; nieclianics and artitans are thrown out of vfork : pauperism springs up ; sedition fol'ows in its train ; •nd revolution is only averted by penal statutes, special comroia- lion», soldiers and police," From the patriotic selfishness, evinced in the extracts from American nuthoritios given in the appendix, Mr Buchanan expects that the principle of emblematical niomy. or paper <• Ugal tfnder, will bo first adopto.l in Aiiieriia. He of course knows that by the cooftitutim <>/ il't I'liilml Stat,-ii the currency IB required to h.ive a metallic basis ; but lie thinks that a remedy may bo had even witiout this being altered ; he thinks this will behold to mean that no mere credit paper shall bo a legal tender. Mr Bucliiinan, in a word, hopes to see the Aineri- j Oans making paprr eviihnres of the ilrposit of.-pecie. in the Oovern- ' ■ment'e vaull^ the legal tciulcr, as he says they must come to soo ' that the simple act of rotaining Sixty Million Dollars in spcoioat Washington, the issues being only paper evidences thereof, would | at once set five their internal trade from the degrading dictation •f foreigners and the foieisin trade. At present it is in the Unit- ed States as in Britain, foieigncis who hold public stocks could any , day cause distress that might end in worse honors than revolu- tion, by selling nut and removing the pi-ocious metals, the basis j of their currency, or, in other words, the U/e'« blood of their na- ; tional indiuirij. Mr Bueliannn has long ago takoii steps to li.-.vo .tohn 'I'aylor'a' works known in America, and ho knows well that there are some of the finest minds and of the most influential men in the Unitod States more than half convinced as to the ueccwity of a change from fixed standard uuillonism. They have the advantage of seeing the evil ctt'ects of fixed standard bullion- ism in the ease of England, and men can tce errors in others which they could never have discovered in themselves ; but though in priueiple scarcely less wrong than ourselves, the Ame- ricans have the practical alleviation that tlioy wisely valued the sovereign nine per cent, higher than the Ihitisli price, and that a few per cents, more against the foreigner, wanting to export tile precious metals from New York, is found in the Amurioan Sanks having it in their power to offer silver (besides Portuguese and other i;n\<.\ coins «hicli wo co'ild nnt u/c), thus driving us to pay the m.-ii Uct price for Eiiglis'i gold if the premium on sove- mgns is not largo. Tho first Sir Robert Peel's speech in Parlia- ment on 24tli May, 1819 (on the memorable occasion of his pre- senting the petition of the Merchants and Bankers of London, ioprecating tho proposed fixed gold standard), is well known to the Americans : — " To sco the Noble Lord and his Honourable Friends on tho one hand (said PceVs father), with Messrs Hunt ftnd Wooler on the other, united in thiir attempt to pull down the mighty fabric erected by the immortal Pitt, was at once ludl- erous and painful." . . " He begged the House would pay Mrtieular attention to tho petition which he held in his hand, it was of no common character, but thiit of a great and impor- tant body, all of the first respectability, praying that those resolu- tions which were intended to be submitted to the House might Bot be carried into effect. He begged leave to stalo his opinion, that the petitioners were the best judges of such a measure. Ue would add also, that although they were intimately connected with all that concerned tho welfare of the country, tho most ex- perienced men, and the best qualified from their connection with •ur manufactures and commerce, yet they had not been examined ty the committee ; ho hoped, therefore, that before ft measure so iestruetive of the commercial interests of the country was pasted (»nd when he said that, honourable raemlxn would include every •tber interest to be combined with those, and to go along with them), the House >vould pause awhile, in order to collect that in- formation which they so particularly wanted. In looking at lA< reporu which had If en published on the tubjict, he mutt lay, thM tnt viitnetsu were lu.l men likehj l<> give tt,iti information to Oo- mtmment, nor mmi ^icijuainted with the .'[■jtc r,' ihe c^mninj ; th* Itut mm u/ho fhould have been (jMstioncd, if iiovtrumeni r'anted (D arrive at the merita uf th* rase." These and Peel's father's •ontinued denunciations of his great act ought to put an ond to the notion that, in expressing our irreconcilable objections to his principles and measures, we had any personal hostility to the late ex-Premier. In a word, Mr Buchanan has entire confidence that '■ kefor* long thi ij55 note of the American Snb Treaiury %mU be ttmply on evidenee of, or receipt for, tpecie in the vautf. a» a j(uard agaiMt depreciation, and will derive iu value more from •ard. In thia country at present therj is this inorcMeJ diHicoltr to as as monetary reformer*, that Sir Robert Pecl'a mclanoholf fate must bo expected for a time to make tho truth appear len sacred than the giave, and iho interests of the living than the memory o\ the dead. It is a moat ungracious duty lor any onn to have to remind the public of the danger of tho long continua- tion of the morbid feeling that refuses to separate between dis- respect for tho individual, and disapproval of tlio statesman or the piiblio inan ; and Mr Itiiehiiiian, therefore, prefers to state his view of tho lato Sir U. Pi-el's iiioatures in former language of his. published long before thj death of tho Kiijit Hon. Hart., as lullowa:—" While iutulligoiieo and indoponileneo hnvo any existence in this country wo must persist in agreeing with his father that Peel has mined his country, even if (as liis father predicted be wo\,;d) ho had not douhlod his own fortuiio by tho same aot._ Peel in 1?I9 took tho low Sliylock ground nf viewing the ((uestion ofmoiiey. as one only between money and property in fxiftence. Instead of seeing tho eliief Importance of inonoy (or the nie.liupi of exchange) to be as a macliinery for tho produc- tion of property and its distribution so as to give the greatest possible advantage to tho industrious classes, as opposed to the lazy rich, annuitants, or non-pro46 stultified his theory of a fixed gohl standard by his tree import measure, and baa not Ihoreby precipitated social confusion) will make his name stink in the nostrils of future generations, and mnko history deny him the iil^ieo either of a great man or a great statesman ; and 1 hold tins alone sufficient justification for my assertion, that mi tyrant in any country hat fvc been the can'c of so much suffering to his subjects as Sir R, I'M has been to our industrious clasrcs. Hut the directly dis- honest conduct of tho moneyed classes who then ruled supreme in Parliament (as in fact they do yet), the landlords having first been bribed by the corn-law of 18' '> was in their enabling I'eeJ ill 1819 to add one-half to our national liurdens as measured in the value of oummodilies, or to speak more plainly, in tho Poor man's time. Peel's money bill of 1819 enactA that tho publio creditor should bo paid in gold pounds worth 20s, instead of Id gold pounds worth about 13s 4d. K.ven if the Govcrninent, when borrowing in paper (and the debt is greatly composed of funded Exchequer Bills) pounds worth 13y Mr Pitt between gold money and paper money, as by tho following quotation from Cosni'.TT's Pm'RR aoainst (ioLD, In the debate on '28ih Foliruary, l'',)7, the Opposition lutd eliuiged the Minister with having taken MONKV from the Bank and sent it abroad in subsidies, and this ijuotation is the substance of Mr Pitt's victorious and most com- plote reply — 'Pitt said that Mr Hussey was wlmlly in error t« suppose that tho bank made advaneen to tho (iuverninent in specie ; Pitt said, that tho advances were made in notes, an< paid in the .lauie manner ; that if the Government were to rais* niiiiioy and pay tho bank, tho bank would not therefore bo sup- plied with an additional guinea in cash ; that the taxes were not paid in specie ; that loans were advanued without any idea of rrj)ayment in specie ; that the bank never had it iu contempla- tion that every quarterly dividend was to be paid in cash ; tliat the receipt of tho revenue was in paper, and that the whole of Mr llussey's observations were entirely founde(! in mistake.' Who then can doubt that Peel's Legislation was most immoral ? In inhumanity nothing can go bcyoiid tho cruel spirit of his act ot 1819, which makes the rich richer, and the p(X>r poorer, mort and more, as the millionaireu' accumulations sap the iudepend- enco of higher and higher elates iu the walks of industry ; nor is PecVs Bill of 1840 less a robbery ; it takes the children's bread and o.ou it to tho dogs ; it is a system uf fi-ce import« only, nut of free trade — freodum only to foreign, not to British industry — yet it usurps the name of free trade ! Soon, however, will British indu8tr;y join us in crying out, ' Oh, liberty ! Uow many sins are committed in thy name ?' " 8lh. MANUFACTL'lllNU COLOME:; I.\ URIl'ISU AME- K IC A— a refuge for those who at present worii lor these oolonie* —it Winsoiwr thatiheiri)i'od«ce will bo driven out of thism»r> hot, and liiai they must raise up a lioine market lor themselves, protection against foreign staples being the only meai.s to this tad. But Mr Buchanan's view of the necessity ot our giving up eiic centralising policy, and establishing mauufaetures in the Col»> nies, cannot be better explained than in the following fnmi Th» Emigrant's Instructor and Colonial O'rtide, published at Olasgoir. " By an advertisement in our columns it will be seen that PmzBs OP £200, 10 THIS Working Classks of (iRBAT Britain a»» Ikki.axd, have been oU'cred for tho best Essays on the question : — ' Whether does a policy of centralizing the manufacturing arte in Orest Bfii.iin, or uiic of diixusing iheiB itK-ugh 'ier * •^•••"■"•■•ftSs ofl'er tho greater advantag* to the working people ot the British Isles ? and is such dilfusion more likoly to Iw attained by a sys- tem of colonial protection, or by one of Free Traile ?' The com- petitors are to be working men, that is operatives ; and tho West of Scotland Reciprocity and Native; Industry Association ha« been aomioated by tl-.e donors to adjudicate on the matter. 'Iw s f the ar.te ibnti ▼ery thef ■ra Colo Brit 3d ^ aytti Tl tedr fiiot, t»ti< dian ftrtl *it n belie •npl ^ les, V asnp! ;.;- »'J!?Ct >4lbli; I'arii •lesti •jefo odfrf .:, thep "I. andtl =ii;-.-.: ■luuip judici, -4t 8l witli .> I'luind !•' nifer s incrcMeu diHicalty to irt Peel'* niclanoholy the truth uppcar Icn I' tho living than the iouii duty lor nny one oriho long cnntinua- icparato between dil- I of tho nt^tvaniun or ifuro, prcfura to Htate « in tuiniei' lanciiaftc 10 Ui';lit lion, rtarl., lepeuileneo hiive any ill aitroeinK with his Dvon ir(asliiii liithor 9 own I'ui'tuiio by th« ck ground of viewing I money and property [lortanco of niiiney (or incry for tlie produe- to (.'ivti the jjrcatcit cs, as opposed to th« lis nloni" K'vcu if I'ceJ xeil )!ol'ns sap the indepcnd- .valks of industry ; nor cakes the obildrea> ystem of free impnrtt) loreign, not to British •ade ! Soon, however, ut, ' Oh, liberty 1 Uow il.N lUUTlSUAME- work lor these «olonie4 driven out of this mve- Aarket for themsolvee, only ineahs to this ew). I ot our uiving up ouc lufacturos in the Colo> the fulloviiiig from Tkt , published at UlasgoW. I ic will be seen that OF (iRBAT llniTAIN A>B isayg on the question : the manufacturing arii i thou|;tt iiSr • -r'ttttl-ftSc g people ut tiie liritish 1k) attained by a sya- ce Traile ?' Thecora- crativcs ; and the West Juslry Association ha« to on the matter. 'I'bt OKNKBAL VIKW OF THE SOCIAL REI ..RMS IMIOI'OSED. «?Sr.« A ^r '^!l\l" nnmbor. tii, -.-ins. £S0, tSO, €20. XIO. Art, Art. i.r,^ Md th.y will bo awarded on tho merits of tho Mwys as «nch. lIuRh Tonnont, Kr<, , of W.llnark Willinni C«upb
Hiirking classes on n (jn"«(iim of ere it .nnd vital im Mrt not only to the Colonies, lint al«. lo this country Indeed' whatever ..(Iwts tho one, iiiii-t of no.-essitv affi-ct tlin other 7 '"' "" ""«»" funneotion of this sni.jent with eini'ration mav not IM »erv apparent. And wo frankly admit that its connco- tion at III , IS not likely to Ix. app«ii„it to those who take but a Huperfiflial view ol tho relation in which tho colonics stand, or Wight to stand to this country luiil who hnro never considered the •dvantago to tho einpiro, of our sendinj mnniifncturini; oolo- ■ie« to Uritioli Ameriea and other Hrltish possessions. I!ut those rJ"5 "'IV;'"'"'" »'",'''«'■.*"""' »" ourselves on the (luestimi. vii that, llievnro the riKht arm of liritish power: and that the Moment which witnesses the dismcnil.erment of our eolojial em- pire helioldsthe Hntish nation sink iVom the nnsilion „t a lirst »o that Ufa third or (onrth rato po«,r!" arc not lik.'lv to ovcrl look the .•onn««ion. They will Ihinlc with us, tl:at eieiy thin" vilich re ales to tho colonies, must n.Tcssarilv be in((.re8tinii to Um motlior country; and conseqiiihlly, ;o those who ara now OMigrating. or may soon be comp.lied to do so. I'o,. it is our arm conviction, that a porscveraiie,. in our present ono sided •ommerciul policy, must end in tlii> ruin of the eoiintrv iu a pereevernnoc 'n our present Coluiiial policv, muat end in the loss or our ooloniM. Some y;.ars ajo this cnnntry paid .t20,000.000 to omanoipnto tte slaves in the West Indies, and wo are at considerahlo ex- pjose, and mnintjini very strinRent Inns, to prevent and suppress the slave trade whcrev-r British authority legally cstends. Yet we Iiav.. within a short period morally, and to a great extent practically, uiulone all that has been done at the enormous ex- pend ot VM.im.mi We forbid the existence of slav'ry in our •wn dominions, but -, _;,r nl I ,t »t 11 ''i.'' ','■"'"■""'"-'> '•"" ""•'"OS ■»'i .w 0,1 , \ ,' , ; '!mV,,'''; ■■ '•,"'"•' ':"• .■^•'.'•K''""''' '" '" ■" ti.«n .„!. h.w,riu I iMi : ateuL'i :i.i s"i^:;? ''i:'" ^r^'^"' ''■'•'•"•«" «•« !:'i!;^;::'l,lt:,:-!:;;.'5S* £rS^ :;"rr:J^tt::;^:;»- '"^^'^^ -"i^^^ r!':„s ;:!. z iiiiiiiv..,aiU8 tlio ^-ruat l.iilk iiiii.i 1„- ,„„»• P,,,,.,. v i. f.. ,.„'.'' ',"':.'•' ;"->i"»'''«<'"wo.Hl ►..m.. of i,.„„, ,„„i .ai „,. „„„^, „ „f ,„. ' "'T l'":!'^- ;'"'■• '""^uiut-i. u., they Hoiirish, tlio, b"p,!«f,l ",",'." aiM .1 .|i-.y e .,:,ot be ,„.t oinerwise, .he, „„„? l^'^ ^^y^^^^^Z " 1 -kill is not Ju lUMiiaiiil, h'.auso it is iu>t rcmuneiutc,; ftie -..lis away, and l!,e r, ti.ra of ..xlluini-f eairied tlic s in.S :i ..t tlio c.viNMise of the ( miadiiii, f„rmiT ? " I i!ie tondeiiey of Itritahi's pulley is to omlte wli,.;,t -,i„w ■i ,.ur sole surplus pnuluet-clioapcr ami clieaper , lust Zi Iw KettiTiK \sorsj and w.hmi. iV>r Uaimda ( 1... u.it;. .. have an internal exch.iu«e and thj rogrl.aio", ' '" want (jf ii surplus, I n.iTii.il -1 ) 'iis(:u.r .\n I »:. alas I iiliit the eh;, .;, I'OilS.'ijM T Soiii ' e nuut^ \' |.r.,vi,), bali.tx heivd. piji'iiti' do So ,' lliit ' tl'lls 111 of l'or> Ijatik :o rill- from •■ to llOl.i ■., - ., ,. ' ~^ H^ ""w mv i-eKl't.uluU "It It. ;"'.|. J ^Tf" '"'i"!''"*' """''B"">t is still Ic.s ii. dimaiij ..-.■r lu-tic OS of wool, I,,- (.u.-ionliuary tVuK«iitv, „.„l that io ....1. tho stnet-jst an.l ,„o,,. thoi„u,hl.v i'tm-sted s . I • , t ■ l™« may ho maindaeturcd with a siuall ihow of ,„„i t m a Hr^ ■ r; hriv ,'V n " '■"'*'".""" '"'" '!'« mauutaelur.,., J f \^,Z^ r . , , " ","' ""^^ '."l«)rt.is tr.ip tlu-ui, both by their bn •. . and at th. bauk, ? Nay. ,„,, „ut ille inii.oVtors .ompIlkHuJ 3dly. Whether is such dlflTusion more likely to be attained by a 1 Protection, or one of Free Trade » «tom of Colonial >,..>,.., „, „.,„„■ rreo iraae • 1 he object of the gentlemen, who offer the prines. is evidentlv to draw tho attention of the working men of this country, to ;hL ««ot, that tinder our new free trade systems, there muit be a m»ofemrlo>tmamttariuri„^ Cohmif^to British Amtriea.' .Not only do the? fcelteve, tnat the only way to retain the sanio nmmint of national •mploypiont, is to send our unemployed woik rs to thoM Colon. les, whoio purohaoes in tho home market used to furnish them •mployniont; biitthcy show that the Knipiie can only be kept ♦oscthor by our a lowing protection to tiativo industry to be es- tablished by the (■olonial I'arliaments, even though the Imperial larliament should continue ot opinion, that protection is not the best policy for tho mother country. In this way would an aaylum be found m British America for ISritish principle., when b«Di^ •d from their own country. i- > " >i»m«u The following are the riewi of the gentleman who originated tlM priM*. aa they appeared in the Toronto Coloniit ;!.""»"'"'" "Lctttbe «wer be ho.til„, iKuor.ut, o?oOierwi«e S«ZliS^ — It should bo rcforiiicd, so an to disehaivu itl fii„/.>i».,. iZ '""'""""^ «i«. equity snd Judpn^nt^If .«?i XCtir^l^ ^"^SiSL'J j4herwi,e it is the (futy of legislation to etlect "° Tiul ur.*d^,t •.anadmn legwhition eon.iot etleet nuuh r«tb,m, tie .-jKinr is thM it hi ».v» Uen tried. 8uvb t^.i.* the ««.. o.' M « ,t .,' .r"',",; that ^■1.0 person says- "Mr so and so, the «,H,lIcn mai.ufe tuiv,. . compotition. Ot course he ,» temptcl to «,y ,„_h„ iu,7» isl I. "tian interests brouirht petitions aK.iiust Emaiuiiiiitfoi. le ...g; . e. themselves." The lum.ulaclu.Ss may bi Ho hied t the.:; ,n"uUil alUuity, to tho swan-like deliverers uf the lio mn liKt:;'":''::^;;;:;;';^:^!;;^"'^'"^'^''-"'"^ heii..on...,ated a, „s; Inui>iirtuihee»fcjbli.hnientofmamifuctm-e8, tliireis reiiuired I,,..i, ative ,„oU«ti»„ and that obtained, inanulaetu;... wiU iTeXb , ed^ mnni.taetures will migrate hitl.er. They «i!l ;; .inish, mid will .npW tlie de.i.Mn.ls, and demaad the supplies ...Varou-... IloU, O.en will dnC Lnhouivrs ,„ ,unub,-.-s niuiefinal.l... a.;,-iei.Itural «,.d ,mu .ret, riae' w.l l..,,,,„lredtos,,l,d,.e tho va-t ioa.iio.ate innvers of ,,a n, • J-X «... rt ol < „„adtt, new H-.nt ur for and inviting subjugaUon. He idea^ and In.iu.pTjnts wiU rejoice, like armies „*ctin../ ^%|,t a f, " a enein.v ai.da miserabe competiUou over competition in the eountrie, I ot e,n.K.ati.in mil bo r,.l>eved A g.-, at step wiu' be gai„ed bull. Ikmv^ here toward, the U- .cuthra li,,^ „f ih. iniiul. of one elas, of ., m. ^ the bwUes of .mother class, ir,.m Ihe resiuelive bondage of avarice and Thinlly I>rote.-ti..ntohonn.i„d.,>ti-.» will operate not only to the In- erease.l, but also to the .mp,-„v,u nvslueUo.. of ogrieultur. Wheat beinp now the only Krain that can be .ultivate.t to thS .umllest i.roflt h, oiHkr to enporuitioii, (Old our present .node of e.whai.R, le ,m im! «S enormous amount ol OM-ortation, it follows that wheat is cultivated ?S cnditiois ol soil whj.h reade.' it unsuitable-in eonditio.is whiel with a Judie .JUS systiM. of exehange, would compel other eultivation ad Tuck us woul.l eoiidueu to preserve and improve Oie fertility of the soU. Ap.iin. ^vh,■[.t beiuK the oolv „.;rieultural production cu>Uvatcd ft* eip.at, and tlio only culuvated in excess of the wanu of th« r™.„ti!r whcnitfaUs, whether b, frost in wimer, or mUdew inTummer tT^' mer's low is much greater than it would be if he raised a varietv nf «-»! ductioni. fijr exchange, and such variety would be much more p?oJit^ to the iirodueer, but tor the expense of transportation JTouiuoie The I'nited States protecting both Uieir ogrieolture ind their manuA*. turpi. tlipirlftrme»*s .'Sisei'ork clieaper than thr.f.^r,s,i} f. *""^"*" l^ foster a ruinous am! deiraded luni'bei"tr»d^ IJnited'.Sta^t^^fk'ii^ mitted at a rate of du- so low as to plu.ider th. OanadiJ!;, fl'Ser "fit own market, bad as it ii— a duty wlueh has been imposed at .o low - rate, on the ridiculous pretext that Oie Canadian farmer cannot feed nnrfc fat enough for lumliermen. v»muu» «eu por« n»s not Osnada a naiiiral monop.ity ii; supplying th? United States ^itfc '>'■■"''''■ f'^r hrrto take duty on^th. hui-lii-r ' I: inrtl! s , w.v.hi 'K.t he .t-Uv'.-, Ol I'.iyiTm duly on the tputh ! GKNKIUL VIKW OF THE SOClAl- REFORMS I'ROPOSKn. runml*'" liiiiihi-r n but 111!' ril'iini' "( 111 Kiik uml Annrlinii (■tiiriii{>- Inipfi'v I lolcrtlv.' It I Hiiiti«, liavlnu llltle or nothing in fanaila, ,11., , . r 11 i'oirii|ili,l lulM.iir, jiuiil In Ainrrlcnn • I. \ mil 111. i..tiiinlii»lon or PI liiiwlfil iluwn ,„,„,„. ,,..„,.,.. ••• i.nil iiIlT inunnfiiotur«» an- cM«lill«h«d, •lieiT tilll follow » ^uli•l^ ot Imni |.n-lmliou»ii(liitit»>l t"lioniiie«ch»ni{f, 1 ,l,ro»lni(lK.llilh.'.iililii>li..iiiM,.ir.illlil.v..flli.-l«ml. . , .. ' fourllilv. rroiHtli, Iioiii,' iiiiliiKlrj, lijr .niouriiiiliiK linnilfr«tkin. •«1 rMiilitiili' It"' fM'i'iiii'""' '"'• •"'•l''i'» iiKHrnlVn-Kl iinKlmlloii. ' Mid ilKriliy iM.lh itn iii < ii »o lli.> fiinnir tli.' c'o«t of micli f ^iKirtmion, nnil r.ml.r inm.f proHulil.' 11 -hinln^. Tin' wnion of tliv i,iv«.nt h«i,v, rml iif ft-ilulil l« toll.' loiinil i iilor in llii' «iiiit of firlfhtK of lm|«irl, or in i lliplrunj.r..flliiM.n..«. Kii>. 1,111^1 ininilKriilion, ami tli.rf will l« »l) "imi .mh iiroti'. lion will lower frflirliU | in ftivonr ..lilu' I'nimdiBii fiiiiii. r. h i»tu»lf> inmasliiB thr Imi.ortnlloii ^ i>fHrill»h n,iini,fiulnr.». Ill i.in .!:i I"' I iniHtlcd, «» •>!<• niiiM In', nnd «« till' Inil.il MiiiUn liKvc iHio. lijr Mil' .•»liil>li«linipnt of liuini- miinuf«p- Uir.K liiT »i.'|ilii«m(rii'ulliiriil pr. .li 1 ll.ni'. wliile tlif.v diman. In mm- IMiKox Willi ilioM' of her |ir in .ii- ro.|iiiri'.l for *omf .■on.uiniiU. n, »tll, with li.r .iilvani'inif i,ro.p.'.ii.i. ,».»i(ii'.«v Inn"'"';-. Thf artiilc-s ol imiioil, .ni.l.i ),ri.|.'Clioi, to lioni.' iiiilMi.trj-, will 1h; difl.ri'iit Ironi llio«u | ini|ioiiid now, In tlu'ir uBHorlni. nln, lint lioth in vnl'ic nnil In Imlk tlwy mm 111' i'»l'i''l''"l toinrriiiHP. ,, , . Iiirri'iimil Innmrtiitioii of comm. ilitii'ii, im well a» of inimlKnintii. muHt Uien'fiire follow iiroti'ctloii to lioini' inciuiilr), nnd muit ncii'HHai-ll.v ile. j crea*!' thi' enormouK i-ont of fril((lit»of liiioit. under Um liirden of wlii.li , Canuiln now Inliours. Frif iuni|:alli 11 imlK- >i)«tioii» Imt not tlic iiul r.>ni.'(l> fi 1 lIcliliniiiK that Imrili n. I'loflt la n fwtter liail lliun fiiTrtoni for ciil'i liliiB ninriniTJ. ... . ■ ., I Fiftlilv. rrotortion to hoini' liidiintry will tend to pmniote ediienlloii, 1 inrtwslri'nl, imiilal. nnd moral. IkI. Inihutry imdouhtedl.v in, in a ijreat lueaKur.-. r.uiiliitid li> the iroi.pi it of reward, 1 he hest way of innuring iiroHtalile indni-iiy i»tii inMiir it a fair and iiroltlatle remuneration. Out niiliout t niii'loMnent imlo^li.v and riward lioth fail. The prenent want of (miliMiinit In ( mhuiIh, we have alii ndy •hown. We have >h..nii 111" lann! and we ini!.t uNo itn cure '.'d. Mental— The iiro«iieet« of 11 Inmi, anil of rai-iiiir whint, wliiiit, wheal, at a« a hu»hel— imjrlni; labonreiifroni Htol'.' (hi! per month-or of toiling nnd trnd(ring wilh iinwiinndi.lamh— onla hliiikunith'H slioji, with a tavern at hand to drive dulUare nwnv, aie the sole |iini.]Ket« of the hull< ol (.'anada h foutli under the |in -i lit |ioliiv. I>o tlieje jiroiiiiectli afl'oril uunielmt eli- luuraxeineiit I' 1111 1111. 1 exerlii'n » If nothinn heyond IheBe iiroi<|.eetii in to he realiieil, i- it not to 1 . 11 ;iriil, that with many an uniimy yonth ttie cultivation of liin iiiind may ) rnve other than a bleit«in(j ' 'I he pm. KTvf of ediii.ilion in the einiiiii n seliooif of Canada in truly i)iir|iri»iim ; but if a vari.iv of ih Unite anil de»irahle inarki were |ire»ented, how much these would n nd to the attainment of desirable emm. and how mueh Ihev will 111 diuet (lie aini« and ullniulate the exertlona of the fcmthful liiind. Willii riiiniioii l.ihonii '.nduiitry, the general pi iKperity c>f the country miiiht hi im 1 . tiil to he Miih that education would ix-cupy the ureater i" 1 !i n of tlu inn of ImjhiHid ; and sheer poverty in parents would not hell le ill 1 i»l;i-. iiliii'' how often been the ease in other lands— to pievi lit ,1.1 I'l .il. inunt of Kiiiius, Here let ut hoiH' it could not then be said or i-i;iiii Chill t,i'iiiii\ npresMil then' noble mtfe, Alii ivi./.i- till- ;.'eiiiiil eurrent of the soid. Sd. Morall.v— The liiK ol li in m linprovenient provides that one attain- ment neeefsiiiitoH if 1 it^ m muife attainment— ono step towards the mark for the pri/e of . 111 lutli 1 iilliin;, forbids lookinn iithind, and de- j mands fur'lnv iidvanei . \., t men iimSd difobiyintf that law, as they fear ] toliecome rastawn.v-. , The admiinhle i.y item of ).'en' ril eiliication, now worliiuR in I anada, will lead to the ilepravitv nf t'le youth nf the eoimtry. unlefi) occupations are pmvided to suit tbefr eleMited ahpirntiinis. 1 These suirnestious 1 put h iili, wilh n boi« of their beiiiK found sufliei- «nt to induce iniiiiiry and viHi clion, and to animate unprejudiced mindx to favour and adopt the puliey of protection to home inchisti, The niniilur of aiituineiit'', iiiid ornood arjiumentstoo, in h.vourof lh:,t IKiliev mitht Le increased, and illustrations and deioonstmtionsnmpliifed indefinit.lv. The aa'ununts already stated, however, with sii-h others not here included, as are Mit'iri sled in the " I'ostulatea" lontained in my letter, inserted in tlie Ihilhh Coloiiitl of Novenilier the '.'d, IM!I, I •ujisider more than suflicient to lead to the cunclufions indicated. But if anv over-adventurous Canadian nianufacturinK winht proposen •a a task for liimseH'— to comiiote with the overnrown factory lords uf Bnttlanil- ''( 'n'tii jotirffr urV, in hit otin mind, ir»et»fr, if it ihould tetni |o himrtian — not iM^auie Kngland could not do with Kre« Traile if other coaa- trlea would iraitnlo her oxampln, but beeauie no other conn; t oa earth but Kiiglnnd li in a poaition to op«n lli porta— aod il ^ is alio the view of " A Colonist" aa now givan. Thev afree, laa^ In declaring tli.it without prntectinn our Waatorn Cidoniea laM* be ininu'dlatcly lost to iho Kiupirc ; but the "Colonist" gaea farther and shows that <'ana thought that the attention .>f tlio intelligent working men oouM be got to examine the vast nnd rich fleliT that tbe Coloniea pre- sent for their occupation, that the Castln of t<>ee Trade woaM fall, hut not till a lew weeks ngu did the idea of a prite or priaee occur to him. In order, however, that there might Iw no fear, that every fair play should he hud byooiiipctiturt nolding eonvie- tiun on the sultject uf l''ree Trade contrary to thoio of the doiiofa, we observe they have appointed as judges two Krce TradefS, aM onlvune rrotectiuiiist, Mr liuchnnun has no hope of nttnining the protection of avr national industry, except through democratic legislation. Ilo thinks popular legislation not only not incousistent with a strong Kxerutive, hut the on!,/ condition on which we ean strungtboo the Kxccutive powers of our liovcrnroent, and maku it mora tkaa a moral nullity. Hk niii.iKVKs that tiir IIritiiii piupui wiu. AORKK TO f HK LAW HKINd VIU0llui;sLT (.'AIIUIKU OUT IV THRT ARB Ab- lowEii TIIK MAKiNii Or IT. Mr liuoliannn has beau in the way oC qiutiiigthe following Aniericnn view of a Honarehii lurronmUd ly Ikf^uhlican liuititution; as n means of familiarising the puUia w'ith the possibility of sucli a thing ; hut in I'.nglaiid he wouM oppose any disruption of society just as he would det'enJ the tmono with his life and property. While, however, pormiitiag the peers to retain their dignities, he wculd suffer no peer(Mii even the Uoyal Dukes) to have an uncontrolled interferenoo ia our legislation, or to have seats in the House of Lords, till thia ia saiictioned by a particular constituen ,y under univorial suflrag*. ile would, at same time, have no others than peers and baronaia, (wilh their sons), eligible as candidates for the Upp^r House of rarliaiiient. A MONARCHY SUUROUNDED BY REPUBLICAN INSTI- TUTIONS— PROIOSAI, BY GENERAL LAKAYKTTE IN 1832. {Fromlhn Amtriean a'lthor, Mr J. feiv'more Cooptr'i Htndetteeim I ranee in I*)!}, I felt convinced the present system, the iu$tt milieu (that of I.ouis I'hilippe), could not continue long in Kranoo. It migUt da for a few years as a reaction ; but when things were restored to their natural course, it would be found that there is anunnataral union between faols that are peculiar todepotisra, and facts that are peculiarly the adjuncts ot liberty : as in the provisions of the Code Napoleon, and in the liberty of the press, without namiag a multitude of other iliscrepancies. The jatte milieu that he lud so admirably described could not last long, but the governmcsit would soon find itself driven into strong measures, or into libeiml measures, in order to sustain itself. Men could no raore serre " (^lod and Mammon" in polivicH than in religion. 1 then related to him an anecdote that had oocurred tu myself the eveoiog of the tirst )«nnivei'sary of the present reign. [When the tcrmyuXc milieu was first used by the King, mad adopted by his t'jilowers, I.a Knyette laid in tbe Chamhcr, that " hevcry well understood whntn.;ii«« mWi>i( meant, inanypar- ticnlar case ; it meant neither more nor less than the truth, ia that piMticular ease : but as to a political party's always takiag a iniiliile cuui'sc, under the pretence of being ih ti juste milieu, he .--hniilil liken il to a discrtiet man's laying down the propoaitioa iliiit lour and lour make eight, and a fool's crying out. " Sir, yea nio wrong, lor I'nur and four make ten," wliereiipon tlie advocate fur the ^'u«e miViiu system, would be obliged to say, "li«nll» men, you are equally in extieinos, fnur ami /our tnake nine." It is the fashion to say I.a Kayctte wanted eryrit This was mueh theclcvcicst thing the writer over heard in the French I liatnliciti, and, generally, he knew lew men who said more witty things in a neatand unpretending manner than GeiicntI I.a Kayctte, Indeed, this was tbe bias of his mind, which was little given to profound rcfkctions, though distinguished lor h fort bon Hm.] This is a note at foot in Mr Cooper's book. On the night in question, 1 was in the Tuileries, with n viewta sec the fircyvorks. Taking n station a little apart from thocrowd. I found myiiclf under a tree alone with a Frenchman ol some si.xty years of age. After a short parley, ray eompanion, at usual, mistook me for an Englishman. Un being told his error, he im- inadiately opened a conversation on the state of things in KraaecL lie asked me if 1 thought they would continue. 1 told him. no ; that I thought two or ihroe years would auftice to bring the pre- seiii ayatoni to :\ close. " M'.in^ii'iir:" snid my conipHnion. ***os arc mistaken. It will require ten years to dispossess thojo whe have sciied upon the gavornment, since the last rcvolation. AH the young men arc groneword"Re] •BBaril^ includ iMity, la which )f pmt t ifotli railn ifotlwr co«b- 10 other conn! tom porta— and U i ia They sttrce. im^ torn CiiliinitHi maat " ('olonint" nM trtftf aijaitut Kmf- raorilinary nuOMii) f overy eountr* m ;row iu lovd. Thia lave nmnutaotUTM^ itlon i* k >in« fiMi / to lie tii« tiociaiMi '( thitt lie lind lonf vorkinit men ooald 1 tbe Colonies pr*- Kri-a Trade woiiM of a priie or prbea iiiialit Imi no fear, »ra holding eonvie- lioiia of the doiiofa, Free Traden, aM I* proteittinn of aar ir UgiiUtion. Ilo Htent with aitroof ve ean itnmgtbeo niako it more UutB 11 run i-iorui WILL IIT IV THKT ARB AI>- bi'on ill the way of narchti lurrotmdtd llariniiiK I lie puUia l'ji)|laiiop*r't Ketideneeim \tH militu (that of ranca. It might da gH were restored ta lore is an unnataral tim, and facts that he proTisionsortkc , without namiag a militu that he Mil ut the !;oTerntneat ureH, or into libenal mid no raore serre ion. 1 then related ■elf the eT«Diag of 1 b]r the Kine, aad the ('hambcr, that ' meiint. in nnjpar- than tho truth, ia ;tjp's Always takiaf iri Kjuite militn, he iwn tlie pi-opoailioB yinii out, •' Sir, yaa -piipiin theadvoMtn d to my, "(ientht- <>u>' taalte nint:" It it This WII8 much ; Kient'li ( 'liarabcm, JIG witty ihinga in a l.ii Kayctte. Indeed, c given to profouad on ten*.] This is a leriefi, with n view ta part from the crowd. rrcnclitiian ol some )orapanion, a* usual, >ld Ilia ei'i'or, lie im- of tliini;!« in KraoMi le. 1 told him. no ; ce to brinj; tbe pre- y enninttniiftn, ** *fiS lispoKHoss thflje wha ast revolution. AH notions, and in ten OKNKRAL VIKW OV THE SOClAI. REFOUMS PROPOSED. years they will be strong enough to nvorturii the pt.Hient order of tUngs. lUmmiibcr that I prophesy the y<«r ISIO will see a change of govern men t in France." I.S Fayette laUKhed at this pHintion, whieli, he said dll ot nnite eauni hl» impatience, flo then alludiil to tlin ridicule which had b4. in .oniinoiily pre tended in the plan of a thnmo surrounded by ropublicari insti tulions. it appears to me lo be exactly the system bc«t suited to the actual condition of Iranoe. lly a monarchy, however a real monarobitiil sovornment, or one in vshioh tlio power n( the sove- r»!)gii n to prednrainale, is no» to be undorHtwid, in thii inntnnoc but HUoh a seillllllilici' of n tilnnai'«>tii' >■ nv^t.. ....!-.. :.. i..^ ' . but ituoh a sciiiMano; of a monarchy as oxaitM to-day, in Eng xiHted in Venice and (Jcnoo under' their I)o J land, ami formoHy ex „ ... . ^ „..,. ,,,.,„„ u.^^,. „n,,, ,^. m ps. IP Kngland M« ari$t'>noo. '» coiistituoricv With a f taek HulHcicMtly broad to entitle it lo assume llie nanioof a ro- £ublic, iiiiKit not rule in itn turn, in the same Bianner In . »lb cn»e» the sovereign would raer, Iv represent an nhstraclion • : Ike sovorcihTi power would be wielded in his name. Imt iit the will af the constituency ; lie would lie » parliainontarv echo to i.ro- rsuncc the sentiment of tlio legislative liodica, wlieiiover a elmnao armcu oraohiiiiKCol ineasuren bocanio necessary. Itlsvcrvtrue tliat, under siKJia system, there woiihl be no real separation in principle bctwen the loi^islativa rnd the executive branches of government ; but sue i is to-dav, nnd such has long U-on the ao- Ual condilion ol l.ngliind. »nd iior statesmen arc fund of saying the plan works «c)." Now. althougli the ,>ta,, ,loe, uotwork Ml/ a» w,n,n fnfllau,! a, » ,>>ft""M, except for those who ■lore cspenallvrci.p its bcncfaU, simply because tho Ifgislature is ' aot esta .lished on r the public, than if the svstem wore reversed I af ««. furmerl,, the cam. ami thti kirn, ruU'd throuqh the ,,arlia. «««.( tntlrad «/ the fMrliamtnt ruti,ision of this principle in its i safest and must salutary manner. Th« Krench of tiie present feneration are prepared to dispense with a hereditary and poljti- «.! arj8t.M,rae;r. HI tlio first plaee nothing being more odious to Uieni than priydcgcd orders, and no nation, not even America having more healthful practices or wiser notions on this point than H'ctnsc Ives The experience t^ the last fifteen years has shown thedillMultyof crealiiiganinde,.cndentpeeraRein France ' ^ notw.t ..standing the cfTorts of the government, sustained by tlio : ^ tb! nV.'il? "«r.f .r*^ t^ngland have been steadily directed to Uiat ooject. .Still thoy have tbe traditions and prtnioc of a monarchy tn.ler such circumstances. I see no difficulty' in car- 1 ryingout lie idea ol ,« Fayette. Indeed, some such poliev !. indispensable, unless liberty is to bo wholly saerifieml kv nencolias shown that a king, who is h king in tact as ». ■ame, IS too strong for law, and the idea of restraining pawer by prt«r,ple,, is purdy chimerical, lie mav be our « bis authority, by the force of opinion, and bv extreme con Uans ot tlicso pi inciplcs ; Uit if this be desirable, it w.iu, better to avouf tlio struggle, and b"^ « ^^-^^ "--"t in'o :;';j^:^^ 1 woul-l establish a monarchy, and Henr^ V. sin.'ild 'L the or. hull nn ann.i.mt .r.1' I.:.. ^i ■ . Kacl. .■e : n.«n=.n.h. 1 would 5oie^rbii;i;m'i;cc;;:nt:;,ri;i^;u;^:'w;;idrwiii admit ol h.s being educated in the notions necessary to hsduU uml on ac^oMnt of his birth, which would streimthcVhis nominai governmont and, by ncc'ssarv connexion, tlw act ml ."Z .'„ ent : lor, I believe, that, in tficir hearts, and notw ilsUi .din; their proh.s„„,„ to the contiary, nearly liall' r.Vai ,.»,., ^§ Rreat ly pivlW the legitiraato lino of their incio it Um is to h- actual dynasty. ThPs point settlo.1, I would «toH^^uL^« asnmeh a, ..ts would Justify .• certainly so as to in d , « mfr In or a million and a half ot%l,H;tors. A 11 idea of t\ Tmln ^.^«nol pr..;,.rty would bo relinquished, as the most corruot nannw „r,.l vicious terra of polity that has ever be o, deviZi' variably emiii.g to array one portion of tliccunim.i.; v ag, Zt " '■ ' '''','''>"Re'''nB tl'o very property it is ^oimh win ot, .,. \ .nodorfite proportv ',uatijirJ,i,J „^,li bo clTntod^ III .o.incxn.M w.th thnt of intelligoncc. Tli.! p rose it sH .m« i,! ^l■unce unjus, „ my yjew of tlio case, preei^ly tl o two w,Ut q islihca ion o| an elector is a given a,„„„ni of direct contribu! ion. f h . pMU^calton is so high as to amount to rejel/nt„ Its loanilations wou d bo iiarroweil nml lU.. '""""aineu, pron..r..v .ould be mo.^ anTr;c ili, V''' A'sl^ple'r^rti qu«l.,.:.;,on would, therefore. I think, bo a bet^;rhei;;:K 'cpartment should send nn allotcd number otdcDuties '.cing .listributod on the American plan r3o *„g n;?':."'^'^'^ ""«'" "",^« ^"''""^ cunsideiatioM buf "ot exceed five years, and 1 would prefer three The CO pcors should bpconvortcd into a scimte tt mem 01 g as the deputies. I sec no use in miking the / longer than the other, and I t.iink it ve 17 easy <.cr do I see the advantage of hiving a part go of o d°".n'i' *■"" '■'"^* " •."»"•';'"•'*?«', as it Icavl? plold and perhaps, rejected opinions, to strug- r^ni i.i , i»"»ofthedaT. Such collisions have nvai.Vblv iinpedtd the nc ion and disturU the harm, .y of our own govor , nient I would have ever, Krencti elec v„t. for each sonatoi thus th,. !..cal interests would be protect.a by the depuU^ „|°i| " tlies,.nate would strict y represent France This iini.„T'„ .' tion ot lli«>r;v« I. of which the king should merely b^ the o™gan 1 .ve .10 doubt the action of our own system would l^bette," could we dense some plan by which a ministry should supors^oth; present executive. The pr...ioet of .\I,. llillhonsc that o|-n!»tin! ho senstors draw lot, annually for the offi Vpre id™" ".' twccn the different b./ncVs <;;tt-' g^ve^iSc;"?' F Incen^i the machincrv of roya tv. in her oalanew, li,./r,V«i, " .V "•'?.*" applianc«of.-.,,eco^nditior:17st"'^;;k'"n^^^^^^^^^ l^unded by republi<4„ i^itutrons." and although it w^ld 'no'; be ^ '"r«ne as powerful .1 that which Franorbas a n-^nt i r. f'J ""."^ ^S^ perman.nt than one surrou^K baronets, and leave. Prance herself. .uorepow.HUl. in tCend ' The capital mistake made in 183U was thatof!..f.Ki!7i.* *u Mrone before establishing the 4«i/.W iMjSn^»^"^ *^ •taad of trusting to n«fi»«ftofu. " •* '»J^'""b w turn, in. i do .,01, ieii you ibat La fayetteifts^nted to all that I said. He had reason for the irapractiialility o.'" setting Midet&*"' personal interests wh ch would Be active in de(Wln„ k •*'' :rh>7{ .*•"/ 'T""^ '•'''*"» ""da'a^gt'o^'^E^ri^rtcrt* which I bad nothing to say ; and. as respect! the Duo^ror deaux, he aBirmed that the reign of the Bourbons WMcrerTn trnnc,.. The country » a, tired of them. ltm»jI^Zp^ pie I >nv I'l.riTirAr, COVMV. SUaOKSTK.n to TiIK MKrilOI-OLITAN TRAf-i ii:>n niiRiiint RUflh iti|(li .il rill wi- rrn«oii Ixit from whut we know f" <■ til n.\, I I'nnniil lubMirllw to Ihii oplnloo. ihilioilcit tlioiiKli it 111', him leil ton dlffer«ul iliiri' nil* thniii>niiil*, i-vcn (•riiong tlicme lumptuniiit In t l'> u •utiiorit.v : but, " ■.\ Mil till III rompi'i- I Mt own (iliirrvntii i. •unrlii-'inn. t h< ^'f who thiiinii the 1 1 i'. tun, who woulil liinlin'liitlirnw uHihr niuk •t Ml* Hmt aorioux niiiidrliiiKt tliHt kIiouIiI brrnll |Iii> pri'iirnt ily- ntmly. iind who wmilil riincc thcnmrlvM on tho niite i>rwh«t1i ••llrd hEllimM). In n «pc\ ||.» niott tnlrntii i-onipurril to num- ber*, anil ihr lomt nnnn miihi : ilicfrli'iiilH i.rtli<> KUie (uctlveind p«wive) the lean dooldiil, iiml tlio Iriat cunntetcil Tiy prinrlpio, NEW POLITICAL COURSE SUGGEST I.RACVK OF 8U^'^•U^(i|•^Ts or Al.r, POI.ITICAr- OIMNIONS. Niw rni'tiKi lUdOMTlD TO TIIK MKTnnrni,iTA!« TnAT •— A Tihro- BAIIT .rurTION or AM, THK [.(IMION lllfORM AgiinCIATIOMI rilB inv. niwri.R omkot or I'niviiihal SrrrnAaR. kacu luirHoiiiNn IT» l-Kiri.IJRTlIWi or DiTAII. Tll.l. THln MirillNIRTOr rAHIITINO TOKk' OUT l«ATTAI.\En ; TNI* POLITICAL OR .A.VIi:ATinN TO nKTAMKU THF, 1 RAoiii or .SurriuonTs or aii, ToiiTirAi, tirininNii, ou or MKN ro.VriDEIIT IN THB rnlMI AllITT or THU PARTICULAR UKAIVRII JlJtV roxrilTR NIOKKIANT A.Nn CALLKD rOR Al IH»IBPH«NTR OP riiii.ANTiinorT. „ . ., ., '(il«»ff w, 9th M»T, 1880. Mr .■'.. K. IlKLAroRCR, SccrcHry to tho Metropolitan Tradeh Oelegateii. Sir,— I received jroiii' note aceonipanving the addieu iuued by )ourI)GleL'n»ri« wliieh, though adniirablv adapted to thecir- •uni'tanceii of 184(1, \\\it't I'lol'n treason to liritifh iiidinlry wa« ■ni.ounccd, is not in my humble opinion iuitcd for the more Uiienteninff ponitioii of tlie eountry in IgflO, when we Und the pvonpeetn of ayi i< iiltnre dciul, and thoac of the artitan dying • nrtumi dentil. I riinnit, lii.wever. wonder that voii utill thirilc Uiat truth iiiid art;nn)eii!, wi'.liout the con«titntio la'l (lOwer to tho people in rni'linnieiit of rariyinR out thtir ii ' f.ata, will yet le- euro jiiitiiP to |!riti»li induBtrv, fop it was h fimilar hopes that, so Int.- Ck .Inniiniy Inut, 1 oifcred to subecribe to a large money rooven'ent nloni: with a more decided organisation of youp trades to inlli «i:c<' riiii;i\niont at itH opening. A great deal of reflection on i iir pr<.«< i.i position linx, however, conTineed uiothnt there iascnieilv nnv dimioe of avoiding Bo<'iBl ronfusiim in this countj,', Hnd (li:ii mi only hope of doing so lies in the iniircdiate adoption of dnncii lie Legislation. Tho public peace will be jure to be diotmlu il, ml ns n matter of di'iloynlty but of distresa, tffree importu nf f'l.u i-.-ii labour arc persisted in, hut social con- vulsion would |p iM HI ly an certain to be kii'lud up by the uincra- fulous bullieji (I ilie iM,iiKli™ter school, if the opposite policy is attained by 'I oiy oi nii.iiopolii't in.itrunientality.* We shali never Nalile to sil.iicc "the try," tlmt ••/>,•• JraJe hat not had a fair trial." till tho mnsaes have a ccnstilulional means of rising in their mipht and diclaring tliat, our prencnt commercial atheism being poison, " a fair trial" jwt means death ami utter Iwtruc- tion to British industry. I thui sec great danger, and no practi- 4«1 use, in going to Parliament .ns at present constituted, even if Its members were not of, or under the thumb of, tho I'eel aris- tocracy of money, and could be expected ever to consent to «A« Daltir of labour being ruixil, while this is a convcrtille terra for the iti/tii of money being loiiereit. Asa loyiilist, therefore, (oven if 1 were not devoted to the cause of our working men) anxious to save the monapchy from the charge of not being able to pre , cnt, •ven if it had no hand in causing, the wide spread destruction of Britieh employment, I would without a moment's hesitation populariic ( render British in interest— for I'eel has made monr •lien in interest) the l.ecislatuie, both houses of rarliament tote elected by universal sufTiap, the ennobled class, however, being »lono eligible as Peers. With my convictions any other course would be no leas dtsloyr.! to the crown than cruel and crushiiij; to •ur industrious masses. I sliall be glad if your delegates, agroi iiiR •with me, are prepared (instead ofsolicitine the aid of men whote •hurch and franchise views prove them to be mmwpuli.ttM in /.rt'ii- •<|>?«), to decline protection to British industi7nnle*a I eeeividfiom the only permanent quarter, the sutfraecs ol the whole pcoplu. Let as for once and for ever banish from the Brituh I'arliament the game of Whig and Jory, in which tiie people always have been and always must be ioscra ; insisting that our luture politics shall be based on the clear acknowledgment by all public men that the 4pwate9t and best paid employment ol our home industry is the f real object of all legislntion. And never again '»» us tolerate 1 arties with any other distinction than their flictiiig ODl- niMB on thevttalmlyectoJUbour •• the Politicu. Kconomists" SHBisting that we should open «ur porta to foreign labour uncondi- tionally. while the Social Economisu" contend lor conditions. In lact. at this moment such a thing as " party," based upon • principle diotme from its opponents, haa cmeJ to exist iwd in the future it will be told to the everlastiu" cedit of ttio inirit ?fendtt^«rH'^"* "' '^''r'^'" "ve wh?n''p';i'„ti'pr/it2 iSifi^ facedly laid aside by our politicians. Tlieconscnun ce o. thetwo l'iUsh'«:^m^"nt'"i''«''"^''''-"' '"•. "''" tbrCi'f^a'tti're'oVtbS B.itish goremnient, a constitutional oppos lion in tho I«sjsla. tore, continuail* acting under the mpon.ihilityof L^vi^tlM £xecutWe^h»ii,i«d over to ii h». «„» i;.:..„.i .Y_.i . * ■».V** r ^"-"iL'iS'C^S^l.f'AK'" '^?; w«»!?i""Bi'ed"arwi;en";; «r^« bnaking of Uw coortituUon ; but if Peel, ia briociog I though stronely connected by a dssire tu )>, ^.«ul« Ibeir tompwal Interests, and more numerous than the n-puhlirnns : lh«(?arkie«n told ofthe powi- bllity of this country being entirely loft to the tender mereWaf any one set of ni' i Mbut I'speelally to thnsn of tho Whigs !) aii4 the fact is, that t!io devotion of tlie poop:,- to her Mijeaty and a more general loyalty to the Monarchy tlian over befot* oiiated h our only consolation and salety. We shall have no •' nrovisioaal Jovernment," or provisional supremo power in thiNeoiintrv Ilat have never doubted, siLee 1840, thai I'aillament ^oiild hava la appoint "a provisional ministry," composed probably of Priaa* Allieitand tlio lliike of Wellington, with p,\wn ia ■• alternative. 1 seo that by i.o other machinery than nnWai^l sutfrsgoenn everything lie cleared out of the wnv of " l,Rniai.ATf«» TOR TiiK ImirsTBT or THK CoDNTiiT."— and without tiaa imaar- diately we must have social confusion, involving eviln fin man permanent than those which How fmni a revolution huch as ^m oocui'ifdiii France. Thequestionofthoemplovmontol thensa«« can never take a place ,,vite. fir$t, with thj Church and fvarv- thing Che as secondary, in the parliament as now constltv ad : and I shall never siiend anuthi r penny in any ot:ier poiitkn- •*- Jeel till that Uaoical Hcf(,imof the Legislature is attained wk ck seems to me to be so imperatively demanded no less bv theiaA2.> (Tf tho throne, than the oinpbvnicnt of the masses. We shall naV proliably get the great authorities in I'olitical h^jonomy tofaWMl ray idea oi thoroughly popularising Parliament, for they ha«« ^ wsTs seen that democratic I c,iislation ia sure to bo proteetiw Legislation as in America,! But the great body of every class of men are politically boawit having no oersonal objiK-t in being otherwise, and 1 think tha London Trades might succeed in arranging » temporary junotiwi of all tho i.ondin Keforni Associations, (such as the I'lnandal one, at the head of which is Sir J. WalmBley, the Currency . aa; at the head of which is Mr Bennock, and the National Itefbra Leepue, presided over by Mr J. B. tl'Brien Ac. *c. dtc,)rarUki simple object ot attaining universal Buffragc, each assneiatia* suppressing lor the time its peculisr viaws of deUil till tbiasm. chinery ol carrying them out has been set up. Such a politiaat organisation might be called " Thi LiiAaiTB or ScrpRAaiara ar ALL Political Dpimuus," or of men confident in the popalwi^ ol the particular measure they conceive necessary and called fcr as iqstrumcnU ol philanthiopy ; and thousands liko myielfwwli help a national movement c ' this kind with money (otbe grcalaat exU'nt they can atford. A very ditforent national object this from that demonatratia* which 1b« been proposed for lail, with tho view of crjiac raac^ piAci, when wo know that there i:^ no peace, either at boawav abroad : Tliii "World's Exhibition," as it is called, I view aaai cloar eviilenee of a conviction among thoae who unhappilwi*. fluen.e tho highest personages in the realm, (and hare QruelhMi well as most uncnnstiliitionally thrown this responsibilit* «a Prince Albert), Hint 1 8.50 is to finish the TKAoRnr of " Imdni*. cal Free Trade," and that in 1861 a Farce will suit the purpaa* of a heartliMs I'olitical Kconomy in diverting the public mnti from a • ei ious consideration of the country's blundering poiMT as lui.j; .u possible. It Is. besides, quite evident that the Anari' cans, i-reoch. and other foreiunera will not irailnto our AOr. and EXPOSE their peculiar iiatioi 1 improvements in manoSa^ turcs ; while no equivalent lias uvor been hinted at to our watk- irj men fbr their loss of time, expense, and distractinn in pi«- paring for what is at best a pieooof s<'iitiinental pageantry. iittc-t KmeraMw, irtioularly ia tW NKW ^UL..10AL rOU rjg^SUGQKSTXn '0 THE MKT,U.|.oi.ITAN TIUOES. M.n dwpowd t* '« ul' tlis iintiM- . llvaffiimW. u of Inkiug IbW wurlil, I IjcTww, »t auciii'c'toil Um RADBS. ngi.r'tliot t. What. • IWv old or the MMi- ndfr mureioi «( h« Whifpi !)•!>« ■ Mijcitjr and » x'tore riutflti, w no "nrnviiiHMal In oonntry. Mat t irmild h«v« li •>nbl.v of I'titsm to ndj to Uwiir iiiidur univnaaJ hat '.hum ia ■•• than nnive f " I.ROiaLATIi tout tlaR iniMr. ( <'viln fnroMi* tioii huch aa hM ireh and fvtry- Dnr connllUM: i«r poiitier "fc- I nttiiincd wU rk etm bv the8aifu.li <. WosbiUliMV rindmjr to faMW or the/ h««« ii- to bo prat«atif« ilitirally boMiit and 1 think tha porary iiinctiMi I the I' inanaiai t^urrencj w ^m, HtionnI ilMfai *r. Ac.) fur I .Mch asiMioia ail till tbia na- Such a politiwt iScrrRA«iini «r n the ponalw^j r HTid calM fcr, kr in3rMlf »mU r to the griialM* : dciDooitratiM if crjinc puoi^ theratnoaww led, I viawaaa o unbappiljik. have arueQf ■■ «pon8ibilit* «a rof " IrreMpnh- luit thi |iu , le pulihe ID inderiiig poiMr. hat the AoMn* itnto oar (iril(f. itH io manab*- at to uur waifc- rnctiixi in pva- iiyeantry, fitted ind wbioh ni^t )e|>en, who «■ e tahCbited, bat remain ^ _ • kingdom, the luarkelaiM >duotiona «f tNa humble serrt. and IlKmiKoBu ta |iuli«, ia tiw ana erpeaabl I hoM tt toka itateefioeM*-. I.aadbi i^eaard. I _ii an col* fea M itlsflM^)! iiZr-^. . ;'•••■'""""? •""'"-nl) at It. oon.mand ('.., «lo„,m.U o frMln^w and nro.penty i„ , „egr.« p,»v„„| .,. ,,„ ..th.r 6." , ^j.n earth, nlthough tWe ha»« l„„i hwn alloi.^l ... o u,; m ihyiHl and a-o now abnut either to &. takrn .n ui or lo iw .lhr.thon,;u.|v.., ntoacha.,.. tirrd «, it wore , I Ll^io lo^' fRaraUtd t .icn. wl*c4 to at in rain * ^ Mim«< iient to Irltith noMt-Miui* wbtrn th« «ijit »C labour /. Sf. 1„''{:: rrn ."" '? "t xr -rt., would IH, found at ailZrJ' •ad Ireland: but ,i.;,po-l.iB It wei« oth.-rwiM. we could have in m»am forth, m,U,.m lh»: rxtftinion -if Un.l. which 1^ l^aitod « Um prrulUr adviintago of tli. United .St«t«* W. ■o.?'^ Vl.o! hnng the ample firldiV I!. ,t„h Amctica „", near u, n poi. of tfane and expt-nw. M the VVeatern aro to tho Atlant " C'ea Sat patr,oll,m «.,;„„« our ruling clu.„, ..vm ' olthc d" *d or o'v^r! Wd_i.y theoretical «,u.,.ul«lmn«, nod (ho l»»t opportunity of tM rSrioH '■'■''' '""° """' •""' '«"'n"7.ha>o taken refligj And if I nm r!«l,l, nn.l the m.-au. of flient I!rlu»in (or oinnloy. lHfi.^.^^' ",ih|lltv\ii'.'l.'='":° "^ "'""""^ ••.rourodTaS,. Wtat a rcf r.Hibility 1 iea gomt-whcro on account of our imtiouii *«rad...io.. and «r-. chcdnoM I Hut not onlf am I proparo 1 ?a aomparo our nationa resourcoa. or outloti for (ndu.try « th tl o « rf any other nation. I am uIho .nli.ficd (l„,t Hritain la. a Exc' •rtivo K,.vc.rnmcnt ndmittingof themblti«ry doiim "f Loo wliWo •keek-d. by lar n,«hcr int,.r...H« and < "n»iHora?iont I m.ra y Skkh 7x?."tinn.'^,{' "^T"-' •'""'S'-'on, , .. government i'f^^t^ ^ilH like the conwritrution of author ty In a uaront o( the Cuhi!;'ir'c..'n"; ;fuT ; "~"'r' "^'"'•''' <'«»'«"«. ""a 'onLi < wiHim It ciipabihli, ..t once of projrc.H nnd arciininhitini, in ,. greater practical extent, than doc, the pr ""• Z' y t ., ., nrnmct whatever. 1 „m .nti^llcd timt her .Via e /« h ,U W enjoy. wl;on onco our legisltttion bocouic. t/uly pop „? ^1«T„ 1' ""'''' a-lvantr-ftc which a Dc.n.H^rniic Ilcpu'bloo few I j«^i.^.>;'a;"f;£Sr;i^;i:t;:'.s:i:^^:;^^ kaitembodin.cnt of riplit principle, or ph lanti rTy t o ^or Id «ror mH won or cv.r will ,ec. I havo now nuarlvScon <-'>«» lJ|th,«..ountr.vl«-inK,avc.| frotn ,ocial cunvn 2n a ml o cZ > afeafron. revolution. Tho enemy of order i- our 8 "• otv « dhT ^ not d„lo»alty_or lovo of ..hinRo for it .vn »ako " | y ou ' aj, and lie Hrlti.sl cm pi re weni^ doomed to U> overtliiown by Cbrei^n IMwur, Mtho Homan cnipiiv was bv foreign s, "lien. iiM rmitted into llomo by .nn imbeodc Boyernment I o a'AHli l^..,'V •*''!*""" " ^'T ■''■"'''•') "'owurcolism.thls^ui Sjil wit- hr „ 7\,!i?. '":';',*•' ""■ "'" •'"•■»«'»»''t»B" "l- being iom p«t«l wit'i by nil. without the ndrnntagc of l>cing in turn permit- iSia Crin""'n.r"" r""' »'?^"'",\'i"' ••>"y ""« nation-exic,^"^! . *^ China, already n miserable countiv throuirh the ih liev of fcw Tartar rulms having long been that which iv\.l la i iu e T%ero are numbers enough iu the country In lavourofju".™ . Mtivo mdu»tiy. but Churehmen wul not support DisHuntois and n»MentoiH wil not support Churehmen. and 1 see t'.it .lo le a ^ih Tl' "'■! • Jii^ "!:'" 'l."'"^''-"'' «'"'■•■«'!« will be luun.! abl • to .r an' v J^th the difhculty pi our national po,iti,.„. a!t!io„.|, 1 „' ^^o^ be«cc,.«ed ot dcHiring to see this liou, any mero love of c ,a,i"„ ^^^^:^::z:^ '^ '"•"^•^'" ""> ^^^- ^^^ I .'/•w'.V!';,''-'^'^'^ MJKKRAiiK nv run li.MioT i lu- Mm.''. '*' ^y- ■''"'■' "•^■'■Y ^^•:A^^>< V 1 11 I'l'n |,vs I.Kl'T I'.S Ul' HKVOLUTIO.MZINU l!Ri isll I 1" Is a STRU.MK.M", WITH A JL\ST HU TKl""U)N To I'lririsn TAUy 'n w«"^!?lf.''"' , JT'^" ^H>NtU•uIVlh .N i M^ M-. ?Vv£»«J«w tha'alo ;;''„^ joys _ I iiavo |ior(uct lelianoo on the knowloduo aod -..IT in OB U • th0jruH««0t tllO biv.' I 1 1 .".111- '"•'''• ''''''*'» tial and im.u,. li!;' 'Jlva'.'i'tl^'o.'.'.'a',;: w' ,rr^'^: 'i:. ":,r,V'.t power to oxorciso a ,imil«r oppres.i,„i _i. \ i", oi , Ire „ .t . id ll wbToh'wJ'i. ?„''l'"",^":!'::!'i''''''. •-''■'• ''"r "pi-j'ty. ti.,. feJ stool which wo have ao laboriously g»i,t I. '"[nT rop're e.itativ. itulHI .K" ""'•"•ij"i'""». ""Kilt »i»i c.,r, ii» .;.;,„„ „r;,i;. .\ii,l of tbo oonspiiaiurs of the iiidhov marlini n,h„ i. ,i i n ■ /..-'KIM/ y«..omy i» co-.,.l>'t>t:t3 of .o<:itlyr wo ilnd the fill .wing •_ ' nosl.o ■'*''*!.V'''!'J"'"7»\''° «"■''•''''"'-•• l>''t,»e doubt, the on. posite, lor a liberal political eoonoiny. This is a sunj^^rr f, wiiici. Tiia rppuL*R A.VO pi.iLosoe.iie i.i,n abk 'or at am iv L? «ONV : an,l the very admission iulo Parliament oT .s . lar "eai i ' Hucnce from the will uf ihe humbier elassea may after afln I danger the cause of soun.l legislation. onTertoi.r where Z I seeming and tho .ubstan.ial interests if the colintT; ai^'^ryill^; And the Manchmtr Uuardi.i.i of yestoi-day i Slli M .y I8V)> Ittic hoar y dopondence o„ ,hu working classes as liad tl .- lb hers otpplitioal economy. lli«leadi.,gtrtiolehas be lo vini t le f..c. being con.caUl that the barotaLd insin' 'rit of m ?^ the momberj. to the den.ueratical principles t,y profess" ? lehustin,, ,s theinstiKaein,' e,uiso of tL present da, 'e' n 1 ranco whie^ i. used as an >.Muse by ThiersniV! M,e Ke on istS o make aytr.t. if u i. n.t pe, Imp, » tciv ^ilal, e Sn I o,n he popular principle :-•• i |,it neithe;- IVan e .lor^nj .1 her large huropeau stat.^ can be ^afeIy subj., i ■.! t. the ae o.T o a IcgisLtive b..dy clceted by uuiversaf auffr.j-e, L.'s been in Z than sulhcienily proved ; a.-.d tin .eloio .iorao T„, :i,lcatb now or lerealter, ol the Irencl. cleetmal law wHl I ,; in.iisie, sable ■at whether any such m„dilioatio„ will meet. ,l,o Jair'er lUat i now threatens the country, may vvell bo doubted ' " Unally. we have tho fellovvingfrori the pen of l-bencmr Kiliot thu torn Law Khyi.ier, dated 17th Ootobor, l.^Jll :_"U "rfr." , loarkablo that 1-rce I'rade has b....n carried U the \ li.ldu Imt in spito ot -heir oppo.sition.' Il.is is worse than th" e,irW M 1° * '." T'" ."""1"" ''^ .""^ ^'- "^ "• l-'foe Tr.-.dci s : indeed ■Ml I'ox. the late ,o.;d(i,e.v, iurUe. „„d Sheridan, were, e'idcllv II the r,lmt,u,:j/, A.'vtew ol Jannai.i, 1840. " We must in can . ..uradrnit and anient tha' those ...axims of policy t..nsl ' by "j?; .\.1«:« bniith. wliicl. bind nation ■ ..ether . y the r^cip. " ; ■ l^ne- Ills ot coniiiicicc [there is no rec.;., ,eity-Io. B.j pa.d.acd V« cllect on tho min ds of the W hig kvHi. .■, than cp that 1.1 \U I'itt.- '".'r.'JP.^ilf.?^.^'^ ^^' 'J'"'" MKl'lio'lWJTAN TIMDFS- IN THE l.NTKllESTS AN1> IMIESENT I'OSll lu\ oT' THE LAliUUlUNU fl.AS.sES uE TlIE EMl'mV ^ rSLLOV CoUNTRTMKM, ' Thero is not rcco.dcd an era in ll,.. history of our exmlrv, nor nidced m ne history o nil nan.... when the gn.at subjJet of the natural nnd s.i.ia righls ol :,„■„■ who liv; bj nuaos ., their labour, wliieh rciuired to be so th.,ii JitfuUy considered, so cIcarTv explained, and ,m. i.al.ju.sly and fiithuilly supported, a« the pre I' \K\V [' I ITK AL rut KSK Sl'i GESTED I'O TIIK Ml.TKOl OI.ITAN TRADES. IntiniHtcl.v rc>niii'cli.d ns wc nrc with the intcrcHt!! of labouieiB, by bfiiig nciiilii'iH of ilmt class ^^ll.fiicise ol labimr, uiul lieine cnuiisietl li\ so iiiany of our fel'uw hilioiirors of tlii>. tiatinn with tliC'SiTiit (liitv of nsteitaiiiiiif.', so lai as «f iiia.v be abli, thu •jrcat opc'KilinR nnluiiil niid social cmiff which afl'ict, cither bcr.efltiall.v oi' in'uricnifil.v. the condition nnd tlic prospects of all «ho arc cniiiiwd in Inl our, wp desire to call the earnest sitention of all the noikinp; n:rii ot thiH grent couiitr> to the following dc- chmitioii (if (HIV views. tin lodKin.' steadily and earefiilly at those natural sources from viiieli the physical wcU-bi iiig r.f all men, in every nation of the world, are deiiv((l, wc di-(irn that noi.e of the material produc- tions in nature, adapted ( ilher for food or for clothing, tor shel- ter or for any other purpise, varied and abundant though these inatcrial» arc, can be ae(|iiiied > xeepting theough the instrumen- tality of tli» 'ntimr ol null. We discern, DioreoTcr, that little advanctni .; could have I.een made in the necessary, useful, or Ornamental iippropriotion of the crude niatcrinls of nature, if the ell'orts ot labour had not been made in separate departments of il.du^try, or, as it is calliil by writei's on political eeonomy, the division and sub-division t f labour. '1 he etlurts of iabourei s being t bus directed to a multiplicity of einiiloynients, each man uiiderliiking a particular occupation for tbe pui pose of ensuring a eomnmn and gcnci-al object, which is, superioritv of production lidlb in fjuantily and quality, these ef- f(.i ts of laLour(r8 have lieouie nuiuJ efforts by reason of the pro- ductions of each labourer being leecivid and exchanged by and with bis fellow labourers, llic several productions (bus becoming, (•y this tnet of excliantc, tlio constituted means by which the labourers and their faniiil(s arc supportid. On con.siderinj; anxiously the social principle thus involved by the action of labourers liming become an united, and, hence, a dependent action — the one being dependent on the other, by the fact of exchange, for the purpose of consumption, of each other's produetion — we see that some rule or law of action is indispens- ably necessary for preserving the constituted right, or the duo enjdynicnt of those who liiwe cnlercd upon this conjoined course of labour, involving, a.s ii does, production of commodities on the CDC h.nnd, and consuni| tiin of lliem on tlie other. By looking carefully en the simple slate of things just alluded to — tbe combination of the passive matter of nature, and of the active power of the labom— the elemcnt.s of the earth and the labour of man directed to educe, to alter, and to modify these elements fur use and ciM:venicnee — wc see the manner in which the intciesis of man in » Muiiil state are constituted. We sec that man must, by the innslraining character of those circum- stances with which his iialural condition is surrounded, unite himself with his nci'ilihfin- in order to accomplish any satisfactory and successful progress, or acquire the possession of those things that are n( eessary for his comfortable subsistence. A most im- portant qucstiiin, arising out of the state of things just alluded to, is then presented to us, which is, who constitutes this ncigli- txnir with nliom the agreed union of labour, together with the excharge of pioduetions resulting from it, takes place ? To this ir,ipoitant question one right answer, ami one only, can l>egiven. wiiich is, he who is /Knivcf— that is, a fellow-country- inan We see ilien, that, in the order of nature, prhiritii of con- nectii.ii — I'vlm-iiij ill the iiiiinn ot labour— /morifi; in the exchange of pr(di.eiions or in conimerce, must spring up and subsist be- tween i.Kii in t.iat partieiiliir siihere which they inhabit, this great 6(iei.il act ami principle prevailing in every corainunity or nation. y this course it is that the connection of family with propcrt) IS c Miililisbed, t:eiini;, tln'ii, that tlio pi iority of connection just alluded to must of neci.ssity siibsi-t, iir.d attueliii.g to this priority a rule or law of pr(,';,ivs, wliicli is ier|uiie(l everywhere and over evcrv- thing, we maintain tli u the social obligations of men are of that character uliieli requins tlieni to attaeli tlicmsclves in the lirat pl.^ee to tin- interests of their lel.uw-eounti-ynicii or fclloa-la- bjuivis. V.c niaiiitaiii that eonuiieree, whicii is an exchange of productions between n : r and man, should be eondueted, in every nation, in such a maii-r as to comprehend and presnvc to the Liniost degree the inti lu-ls of all the nienibers of the nation. Hence we advance am! n::iiiitain tiic prineiple that e-stablislied and hemic tiado should vrn be considered and preserved, anil that changes and foreiijn trade ought to be undertaken only by means of that value or (-ipital which may be over and above what B re(|iiiie(l for maint.iining in their enjoyments, (he members of each nation. You will discern that the principle of commerec just adverted to by us is that principle which was anciently adopted by our ancestors, the incorporation of it in our laws and in our practice having formed one of the most important and intluential eharae- teriaticsot the IJntisli Constitution, though the principle has loen so partially, and luiiee, lo unjustly aji|dicd, as to derange and destroy its own 0]ieratiun, tlierebv causing the minds, even of many thoughtful and honouiable men, to sus|iect its truth, to «eny its utility, and to demand its rejection. Deeply impressed by the degraded social condition of ,so nianv jueu 111 our own, ar.d also ' other nations— so maii^ huraaii creatures being seen to suh - under the tremendous "evils of foverty and destitution-a class of men have been induced, dur- UJR the last seventy-five ycais, to direct the pow< r of their mind!; iu»utiiTc.:igati0D0f thebeieiieeof.S.jeiaiand I'olitieal ICconomy. l!»r9most of those writers wae Dr Adam Smith. The work of ihii' celebrated nriier, appearing under thu striking and alluring titk of " file Wealth of Nations," many persons were induced to read the t laborate statements, ."Uid the ingenious reasonings con- tained in it. and also to place reh°nce on those commercial doitrii es »lii, h are n.ainly pniponndcd in it. Since the dcpar- tnii if .\d:im Smith, a nuniuci of uthei writers have sprung np nlio I live received him as their chief authority, or leader. Thna a model n school of I'olitieal nnd Social Economy has been reared in our country. My this school .ill tho most important subjccta, cnnneeled with the physical interests of men, have been freely dealt with ; for besides a discussion of the natural means placed within the ajipropriation of man for his maintenance, together with the various methods invented and adopted by man for mak- ing this appropriation, his right to introduce his offspring into the world, has been discussed also. The main result of the intellectual effort of this school is the adhesion given by iU nirniberj to the doctrine oi' free social and commercial action. We have it thus annnunccd to us that it is under the operation of unregulated, stimulated, and uniTci-sal competition, we are henceforth to live. I'heapness is proclaimed to be the one great and desirable at- tainment. But the cheapness that is attained under this system is not the residt of fair and distributory abundance — being mainly aci|uired ly diminishing the enjoyments, or the eonsumption, ef those by whose labour productions are derived, and hy that c>ity of admitting that tlie true characters of the main braoolKS of ti.e btienee of Social Ik'oiiomy have not been discovered by them. riio proof which we will adduce first, is derived from the writ- ings of .Mr M'Culloeh, who. himself being a disciple of Adam Sh:ith. and atki.owlengiim liiin as his leader and master, has, IK v; rthele.ss, admitted in a passage in the introductory part ef lii> own woik, that his master was very deficient. Tho following is the passage : — " However exeellent in many lespects, slill it cannot be denied tliai tlj.ie are errors, and those too of no slight iinix^rtance, in ' The \\ ealtli of Nations.' I)r Smith does not say iliat, in pro- secuting such branehes of industry as arc most advantageous to them.M Ins, individuals necessarily proseeate such as arc, at the same time, most advantageous to tho (.uMie. His leaiiing to iI;o system (d' M, (iuesnav— a leaning percept ilile in ev( ly part of his work— made him so tar swerve (roni the sounder piinciplcs of his own system, as to admit that the preference shown by individuals in favour of particular employments is not alway- a Irut tett of their j.ablie advantageousncss. lie considered agriculture, thdurh not the only productive employment, as the most produc- tive of any ; the home trade as more productive than a direct foi'eien trade; and the latter than tbe carrying trade. It ia clear, however, that lliesu distinctions are all fuiidamoutally crrnienus I'erhaps, however, the principal defect ef ' Tlie Wealth of Nations' consists in theerreneous doctrines laid do\\n with rcBpcci to the iiiviiriablc vfilise of eo!u. iiiiii ths *fff * ol tluctualions in wages and profits on prices. Thcsu bsre pve- vcnted I r Smith •rem aeqniiiiig clear and aeenralc notions re itriking and alluring rsiins wci'c induced to lious reasonings oon- n tbuse oommerciat t. Since the dcpar- Iters have sprung np 'it7, ur leader. Thna lonijr ba-i been reared irauoi'tant subjects, in, have been freelr latiiral means placed uintcnanee, tojjether itcd liy man fur iiiak- :o biH o£&pring into main result of the Ihcsion given bj its Dmniercial action. \ under the operation competition, we are at and desirable a(- cd under this system dunce — being mainly the consumption, ef cd, and hy that eco- iccs, the labourer ia he u clieaper, that is; , is invented and a^ lecouii's a superfluous iither be au outcast r of doin^ more werk 1 then, if li« should , be becomes instrn- t labourers Uown ta !cd. ting coiiditloD of m elves and their fami- it we maintain that i;I(i(imy. We declare 30 of sutiering and of 9 -nd their families, the falseness of tha nctrated, clearly cx- y ditilTent from that upon. !8t importance that nation, should be aiLs regarding Adam who, totjetbei' with lol »f I'olitical Eco- ry, and often within the iii:hts of labour, lies ul general corn- ed and explainr ~, bj Is to be viewed as a Writ<il tn ilisroni linw aiv.f jhnZo ,i„B„i„"„°„V"'' ■'""■T-"'i''ru """"""r i ?'"'"'«>?''? "f Society, from which praotioul-Ythftt eminent thinker i^L^iSst hcm^fpr fi?r J^^^^^^^^ P"P'' i '>«ve''«eP'^''ated his more peculiar theme, thou^ri, still in a very alleges against the master, tor he declares him to have boon ignc early stage of U progress, has advanced manv stcns bevond the 2S,ndlT of forcyn't'mT. ^Ind 'n'"^. "'"'".'^.k''^ ''""'•'' ''T^V ' Poi"' »' which he le?t it:••-^'riJpu!ofZIuT^:Tnolt^^^^ E1„J'.J1:/". *'"_'_'^f':i_?"''', l'"™ly. oi the carrying trade , John Stuart itill. vol. 1, preface, p. 5. between nations. A pretty extensive category ofignorance this is ; and then, in addition, he declares that the master was not able to discover the laws which govern the rate of profit. Now, as all increase of wealth is comprehended by the term of profit, so, fail- ing tod ixcover and >pprehend the whole subject of the creation of wealth. '""~ Such are the proofs we have to lay before the workim; men of this nation respecting the assjmed discoveries and tlie doings of this highly vaunted school. That which the wliolu people have been exhorted to admire and to adopt, is admitted to be nothing better than " a popular, plausible, and loose livpothosis," but Th„ n»vt o»".7;;rn,... ^r j«B„:„.,„- I -w J 1 .. . , i ""I'W'g'i of this worthless character, it is, ncveitlicless, pi-o- The next categoi) of deficiencies admitted by tne schoolmen nounced to be-" as good for the vulgar as any c her." themselves, we donve from the writings of Mr Malthus. They I " • ■ ., ."'='»'^. »"'"'/ '-.-"'^r. are comprised in the following passage : — I " Since the era of these distinguished writers, the subject has I gradually attracted the attention of a greater number of persons, I particularlyduringthelast twenty or thirty years. All the main propositions of the science have been examined, and the events i which have since occurred, tending either to illustrate or confute ' them, hare been ropoafedly discussed. The result of this exa- | mination and discussion seems to be, that on some very iinpor- ' tant poinU ^here are still great differences of opinion. Among ' these, perhaps, may be reckoned, the definitions of wealth and o"' productive labour— the nature and measures of value, the nature and measures of the principles of demand and supply ; the origin '■ aiid progress of rent ; the causes wliieli practically retard and limit the progress of wealth ; tlie level of the pi-eeious metals in Many more such proofs might he adduced, but we have ad- duced sufficient. You will now »ei> how urgent the necessity is for renewed and mows skilful investigation in this important field of science, — a field of inquiry in wliicli the dearests interests of yourselves and your families, of every family of the nation, and indeed of the whole world, are eumpriscd. The great and urgent question then is— What -hall wo do ;■ What practical course can bo ndciii' cd ? In reply to this question we answer as follows :— We enjoin you. in the tirst place, to examine well, and consider matuiely, the few suggestions and the declarations contained in this :iddress. Enough is presented in it to lead your minds to a lemn consideration of those princi- ples, and that course of soci.u action, which conduce, on the one hand, to the elevation, and. on tlif other hand, to the depression, of the interests of those who have to live by their l.ibour. lie tf!>!^jm,7 • ?' « 'ih,A"' taxation, Ac "-/WncipiM ; prepared to give us etieetual suppr„t for securing, bef. re a com ^nflh^ A^»no'».V. ty T Ji. Malthus, cMtton 1830, p.ge 3. . i petent tribunal, a full examinatim, and discussion of the mighty L^l^^^^Tf^'!!l^T * b i""!"'' °' M?ltl>us. containing his : subject. We, on our parts, will be prepared to auJ.iee evidelice, faU««judgment. for the work has been piiblishcd since his death, ^ and to submit argument, in a leoidance with the declarations you will sec how much thcwriterson I'olitical Economy have left for sncceeding inquirers to explore, to discover, and to explain to the world. jou will see now mucn tno writerson Political Economy have left ' contained in this address. This we solemnly promise vou B^it, for sncceeding inquirers toexplore. to discover, and t,. evnl:,in »„ then this cvidence,'and this argument, must be submitted to thc,«e who alone can give to tlieni j. radical inflniiiee and effect when they arc so established. We mean those statesmen to whom the power of governing the nation is entrusted. j It is generally seen and admitted that the };uvorning prineipie, ..ir -.i .1 ■ i-j- I . 1 1 " : ,--.— ".."- and power of our country are, at the present juncture of our iia- sell with tjiohdinhurgh schoolmen, to an especial study of the i tional att'airs, in a position of lamentable instability, which itcould wienceof lohtical Economy. V\ e allude to IVannis Horner. He : not Iw if the principle weie true, and the power broadiv and studied patiently and pcrseveringly Adam Smith's work. He deeply founded. l,:_ I 'ill' j._.;_. The next evidence which wo will adduce, is derived from the recorded judgment of a scientific and practical statesman, one who, having attached himself to the liberal political party, before entering on public life in the House of Commons, devoted bira- atadjed also the science of I'olitical Economy. The result of his ' 'I'hc predominating inHucnce and power of .iristoeratie studies are communicated to us in the following passages :— .. ? ■. .- ■ . " We have been under the necessity of suspending oiir progre ia the peru!r statesman, and who was introduced ancl £ receired in Parliament with this high character. * You will not fail to mark the deep importance of his worils when he declares that a corrtft and precise theorxi of the nature ' andoriyin of wenhh, has not been discovered either by .\(lam _ Smith or by any other member of the school. , Tha writer who lias appeared last on the stage of lileratuiv of *h<>»«.who are connooted influentially with the modern school of ^ FmiiliUil Ki*AnntniulM la Mi. l/.ltn Wl,*.,»» UMI . «!... t- -r .1.:^ — . "~ -; •* ......1... I 1 ,!,-. -...in vt tin's writer having been very reccnllv presented to the world. 'I'he estimation in which .Mr Mill holds the work of Adam Smith- that work which ourmosl influential and leading statesmen have ot late declared to be ali-Bufficieut for guiding them in their artcd - . . , ..jposed. I he predominating inlluencc and power of the middle classes sent time. . social ac meanest incentives and motives that can animate the namely, the free and full action of unenli^lucned the unqualified love of wealth airl the gratification t— the accumulative principle of social action instead ol the distributive— theii- politic.il -diilosophy being of a eliaractei- wholly mercantile,— is now imp^iired and degraded by the eon- fiicting opei-ation of those courses which it sets in motion and stimulates. This power also is in a condition to be rejei'ted. Let us, then, be prepared. Vou be prepared to give us all ne- cessarv support in a temperate, liini, and coiiMiliillonal manner, —at all times remembering that in undertahing to argue, and to ti-eat of our own rights and interests, we must, necessarily, argue and treat also of the rights and intcnvts of othei-s. We,' on our parts, will bo ready to show your rights. Imth in a manner and in substance not hitherto attempted. Ui tiog our case on its right foundations, and submitting it in the good shape of calm and dispassionate reasoning, there will not bo wanting to us zealous and honourable advocates both within the walls of I'arlia- ment and without them, by whose aid a full .'.iid fair hearing, followed by a just judgment, will he ensured ns. II. then, your judgments approve the views and declarations we have now submitted to you. ii will ho your duty to give au ardent support to the cause in evi ly sphere where your influence may be exert 'd and felt, and on every fitting opportunity. .More- over, you must bo resolute in deinandiug that ye be heaid. This hearing will, we feel assured, lead to convincement in the eases of those whom we desire and icquiie to convince ; and convince- ment, as far as it can bo made to extend, will lead to tin- reoog iiition and adoption of that just ii.iiional policy, and ol action in accordance with this policy, whieli eoastitutes the only remedy for those terrific social evils that so many labouring ine'mbon of our country have to feci and deplore. Signed on behalf of the Delegates, John Seaokavr, President. AvavsTus E. 1)ei.aforub, Secretary, 10, .North Sna:;«; SV.rtr.isr, I'laW, Ulobo Road, Mile End. Committee Room, St. .\ndrew (\ilee Uouso, 1 82, High Holburn, V Loudon, Utb April, ISIO. 12 A I'l-IITICAl, CHAOS (JHKATED BY PEEL. A POLITICAL CHAOS CREATED BY I'EEL. f I'l'bnfhct loihj hefore Si,- If. /'ii:xr roR COMMON SriIOOI.S. TUB HOUSE OF L01!!..S TO BE KI.KCTKD 'V IIIi; SAME COV.S riTUKNCV FROM AMONG IllH rXNOllLKD CLASS. Til:. I'lllsKNT fNIVKIiSiL tOVAI.TT OUR ONLY OOX.SOL.ITION OR .SAFETY. AM. WK f AN OXI.T SAVE THE MONARCHY I" AnOI'IiXd DEMOCRATIC MiOISLATION IX TIME. •• T/y,.uwM to .^ceapa/:,'t Hate ,.fl,iflffhil,i-,.iaalchi, nouhave o,..,/ to loni; at th-prficnt .lot,- of parties in l/.i. 'roimfn/". Why f'^'c '.^iio i,,a»i, howeve,-f.,:i of talent, hov.i>icr hi.jh i.i'mtion— ,', " ""/""^ J.ian— ),.. ./,Y«.' leailn; „>■ combination of nrcat \ ';',", '"';''/"" '""T* " '■■■'•.'■"'■''." ofll"-' //■""•«< of Com.nomfrom ,.ov hyhn,. loav^ the ol! .-clatio,,, ofyartn are lvoJ.-en up and ro 7/,,, V,,7M. ,/,,.« o/M. Onat .\o:>/, of i:o,jlaml II ad, l,d T.l , '"'', "'.' ■'''"/'/'.o/"' '■riflinal ..,;•«„/,•,■. ( U,ud do (,:■<. J That ^m '/L"J.f•^'■ '/""^"" ':'"'''' "■■ '■■'■ven.mct of this cowitn, can or rarnrtt on for ami fi, >i> i li .,,,. / . . ly it- • ":> ti-r.J At it isimpo.'.'illt fur t/ieyo- ■ '•-• carried on witliout leadir/lii/, and hf veni uhmicc of j ur}.;.'''-!-'«ting credit of the spirit ' IritiJitisT '^^ The consc, nonce of tl,et«„ ' ? ri si, f ,2' '• ''''"3 l»''i'i->i;leis. that thot-.est feature of the rtim V ^P?-'''"''\'"^ opposition in the Legisla- Cat/wli^f. frhccn and ,': tcrnmrin of the conntni ; uithovl pnr/.ofC, for it' -/, ■ i-criiii ;,i i/o- House of i , ccd, .',) it if ii,ipo.isible .','„ fi'.rc. 'ro..,, ;,., ■■••""'•"li iiiRiui-iiie rcspon.siiiility of lavinff tlip S. ii,'' ';;■!.'','"%"•, ''-Y "°' '"/•''■^■^^ ""•■ t^-™" oftlioconstN vcTs ;. n M,n' l' ;^ '"' '"!', '.';:'''""" 'I^ "!'''•''• What, a few anvonfi,,f : ; V M '?«'""'^'';^/''-'^^ to tlio tender n.eieics of fi^JfiioMsiS ,'''"';•'■'■'''•■'<•''■''>■ '» "'°^'' "Itlic Whigs :) and morn n. .!:,.. "j ' ''<^'"^":"'f the pco|,lo to Iip,- M.ijest) i ud a i'^om"o; ! .' :"-''i",' '" ''", ^'' ■>»'-^''.v than ever before existed siona tTovc ■':;:; "°" ""'' ■■"■'^■'>;- "'« «''•'" ''»ve no "provil b'y I! l' ,v» i' "'■ :; 'y'^^",'""' ^"l'™""' l'»»«^'' "' this cm,.,, ^vrost ' 1 c i s',:;^;7n' ;;','f^„' ^""'r '^•"•V™''- ^uel. political nV,.t.'(-.„.. l,."-.'^'' '.''•'' ..'.'^'''' J 'n^:^i-'>l '111. ".divo,,'c of the ri,i,iTh ^ Ml m.i.uiccs. I .sec that. ,y no other macliinery than Uni- ;esal s„|trasc can everything be cloiirod out of^tho wa» rf , I.KOI.SI.AIION FOR THE INIM S.RT.,>. THE Co, NTRY "-a id wmi>rt : his inmusliately we must have social confusion in^Xtr^ o^ lar ni.HC pc'mancnt than those which How from a rcvolutiM siir ,.,s has oce„n.ed in franc,.. The .mestion of th .^ cn^.C unt .1 th.. mas.ses can never t.iko a plLc ,,„itc first wi h X t hmch ami cve.'ything else as sccondaiv. in the mirlkmc t^ now roii^t, nted ; shall never spend another i^.^i r^, ^ 'w po ,t,c..| hrct till that Radical Uelo.n. of' tlu legiZuro^ I h s"'u ,b''s'fctv"of*t"h'"H'" "^ T, i'"IV"'i»e>y JoC.l"e'.K''t *'"^. «'•<"»* nutLrVties a Uk! t t,i I'.cm ,>, y t,. favoHi' luy idea of thoioughly popularising : .I'arl!,n,e,,t. lor tlicy have ahvaysscon that .lemoeratirK at on I.S .sine to be protective legislation as in /iineiiea.^ ''=""""«»•' i It seems obvions to me, however, that wo aiv threatened with soeial coul„..,o„ ,t(|,c vit.al qiustio,. of labour, or of' Cemptoy- mc t ol our own people, is much lowfcr prevented froin l^inJ I settled on ,ts own merits, th.ougl, the ft^e.ids o f t he woS ; dasses be.no. kept asunder by thcTlistii.ctions of C ,,u „ rvanl ; DissijxrKiis, ,„•, to speak more plainlv, throuRh the r urch oSS^ ^ n^u::^!^:^;^^' thechicf place in ou..pou,ri:s roou, the omnipotence of I'rinciplo, moral and C,stituti" nrf must (If wewoiiid orevent unfortunate lesislali, n I ccS a .■.-.use ,1 >e«,l„t,on) Wad io the rcsponsibililv o our e!S1« Acts bein,;; transferred to the entire peoide, because omnmotoBS , may become tyranny, which could onl ■ .alVlv b^ ScfsJdIS I . ruieipals. And expressed to his I.ordsbip- mv opi, bn that I'eel s unprincipled course would V, fatal ;„ (eaii.Mliealtcration of) evc'v ,v,stit,i ion in the country, except tie Or vndistiX tions hitherto valuaMe, becr.use re.r.llate.l ly principle bcinc now i a nuisance-, ny words were neari, these --i-" nl I'rcmieliZ -.. rf,„„pr,nctplet: J-.ven the /.rinciple that .-df.prc.cn alion is lhtlaivofnalvrcha.s been repndiatcd ; and Srit h 2'li^ pol,n...-t/,( /.aU.,n:powcr and the iloncn-innvcr. The Labour pmur ,.„,., co^nc to be represented I.,, Social Econo,nists, o^^c^. m. ,Z ■ '•"■'■"•"•'"""^f* 1/ "«>• 'ocietninto account ; Uke J/,, ;..;,„,,,.,. .,:„;, represented bu Political Econo..:.;s or co^ pohtan Iheocsts. ,rho would have this countr,, tcoM„le foTot ^■l. .chdeteo vica Political Science a, a s„s,e.., 'o Z/Zou. i/cii'i to ,/.' diet.'diulton. •' Iv ii'litnrl'nw I'/' ",''"'' " '"" '""^ >;'• 'tl'PMred tliat the permanent. . iniperlant question was as to wliether it wa.s a ri<-ht or a wnmi thint:, ,.r .«^ that I'cel did in ISKl, His impr,l cv how^ trieat .ippearsto meto8ta,,d, i„ rehuion to irrepudiZTrf iLd eon.st, utional p,„ic,ple, just as a misfoitunc docs to 10 and colonial industry, that I'arlia- !: t "a piovisional Ministry," composed It and the Duke of \Velliiii,'ton, with i! her— cni|.oweicd Iiy law to call a Tar- •iiMrage, which would be done when it is ■ ii.ativc. I use the (erm Universal Suf- ' xtension of the fraiiohisc, but my plan i:ers for members of the Lower llouse party from the p.,, tv el ,, Bient would h.ive to"ap!i pi-ob.il.iy of I'rince Al'i. power to add to their i::; hament under univers.-i ^en that there is no all "•age. iJiiidi'-atcagreat woiihl be (0 i-estrict tl,.' ^ ^"sl^::;;^;%';rK'" ' -^^■^--- ?^'p- ---rof-edu^a^s uo 01,0, 1h V ever 'but *" ''^''^f ''-*' ""^ "TS <=«>"'tituency. aliffible. cVmi'.'.l' M 7'" •' r^'"- "'"^ baronets being •hjccteVto't^m Vnl^^^^ ''' ''"V " ""*■ ""'"'' ""' "' e""'-^" be a-Ml In-o lie ?a?'a,^om.;';; "'^''^ an extension of the franchise, "atter-ch.y^ hrmever .' sK^l'l'T"""';"' "•.'l'^'*'^ "^l"' "'^' frialwbcn lieviX;. ' Ir, ''"l"'' bewilliiigtogivt ta ■'''■" '"" Progre-shas been madeln favor «a..oer2 v^^ .1 -uld .i.t reject :m.v niadencrimin L!i ° .'^"A"'^"''"'''! ^""iJ. «lio has not bet h wT ,s|I "■ i i/f lr'fM-":",1\:V;'"'-f "f '"^'- ''..t I think to a great o,.n,on'\'^,^'-^'' ""•.^'""""" t" bo applied *ael, regi ,red l^?n/; ^■'"' '-T"- ''"' ""•. payment bv W. :. fa', :, a^Vk' ,:;''\,^'. P"-'-^';'" h' .''i^ -l^il'lii'". if he •w'ri'i h. T .„..=.;rt'" ;•■■"■•■ ''•■'"'i'"-'- J"'' "» a imsioitunc docs cxe wV. ri,? • 1 • '""■ 'n."/"""-'. '•"" opposed to Established or M, : „ ri-?"? '' tl'V «-orc the best churches posri- ble, MtMiig partiality to .inyc!;,ss of her Majesty's subiectri» ' 13 l;:7'Vv"o f "r' '"""''' "''■ '" "»« Croin^uau'^oiiS^ h ,1 'in' ^, , '' "'*', P""";'" '"Jf'-c tl'o Church, or any other VI a! II ueiest In, « ,.dv »».,/, would 1 as a minister, or even ■■ deSil'h "I'dlV'/ m"""' ^"'■'"'"""•'i- JoM't wWi'tlTerhu.^ , '0t deserve the S rf ' 3 '"""""' "' "'. ?""•«'• ""'«-'"=* it •« "■'" i" which a Great li , te est can repose with even more safety in the hands of its aroS^ ed e emy. scen.g tbat he, as an honourable man. would riS te^.ieiiar evidence fonts overthrow, to leave no shadow ofm : ?, !f ',',m"' "•'!'.'!' '"^''"'" '"'"^' "'at liis personal i^redileoUoii : had inllueneed his conduct as a public man "wmom I he 1 1 verse of the picture isa very humbling one. Itchold Ow cons .tuenc.es of the empire .stan.ling in the position TiZi^ thee, tiro people, employing, as agent under the TrusttS r I ' ';'.™"?'-t''| .who '".mediately turns .ound and repudialS all obli;;at.on to ahido by the teni.s of the tr.>s, deed. .,r even to ac on any principle whatever : And what are we ,o think al ouco,,,en,p,be trustees in submittins thus to be huUiod" rl 'i '■ "m '^ """■* "'^>'"' '">»""•• of ourcon8titue.,eica in '" b«en that wo have in this trsM- ^n o i'\f,'„°?^." ""'»""" "'','""' ''^^gi«'ativc constitution a« U amoui.l .Himtevern.ay have been I'eel'. intention at the tiait u Mitual abdication by the p.-e«^nt constitueneiei. But tfea mniediate importance of this .inprincipled procoding is what m haveeln.ly at p.es.nf to d. with, ancl that arises fmu the aej A POLITICAL CHAOS CHEATED BY PEEL. BONg BEWu i> Msr,t.F viTALW WRONG, AS tending to lessen instead of U> .ncrea.? the employment of our mas^esfat Ke at sea Md in the colon.c8-thu. containing in it the .seeds f " voh tion' both at home and m our foreign dependencies, whetl erdoneoon: •tatutionally or unconstitutionally. "'cruunBoon • .\fr CulKlen. in the speech from which the alwvo is taken, was doing no more than repeating what the newspaper or.-ans o f every o her party in British politfcs had long ago ad.nitttru ."s to the ohvious ehange ,n the constitution of Parliament about o bo forced on us by the policy ol 1840. Tlio following are a few samples ot these admissions by the newspapers :-•• It is not at all improlmbl.., that having endeavoured to evade rt. question of p>-oUrUou by .lisfussions on this (the ExWiision of thi SuftVaco attempt to shuffle out of their euyairement to the Hume and Walmley section : but considering the elaKs who aUeady exe " cisethc suffrage, It may be doubted whether an extension of t would not bo an improvement. The most ignorant, and ill-dis. posiMl class of the coinmun'ty already have votes, aud the inter- mix urc of the poorer but tar more intelligent artizan clai.«es would be a benefit rather than an injury. The votes ot the Capclvcrwy would to a great degree be ncutralited by the infu- sion of a really industrious and intelligent ckss. .\i we haA^ »;!en, the Minu ers are not wholly blind to this, though the C^,/:.!oc,ac:> leaders themselves are. Whether the WhiL's suc- «ed m disapi^ointing their reform supponerg, or whether tlio lattrr «ueceed iii binding the Ministers to tbo reform policy, the coiihuyis likely to be the gainer ; for it i« likely to get dd of em I, „t the 1 ivals. whatever the result of their Theban strug-le." i ~t>o,ntlf Louiinn Standard of iiithJiuuiaru 185D ' .\iter .-J trial of seventeen years, it cannot be'denied that with regard to any systematic legislation for the amelioration of he moral aiulnmterial condition of the working classes,, the Re- ' torni .\et has tailed to ninlce good the professions which it held ! cut, and by means of which .hieHy it was carried, 'i'lio ohiccto I which IS authors then prote.>e-l to desire have not been at'tiiin- ed In the measure which they prescribed as suffielent to cfloct ','.'•■■ . , • „ . , ^^i"' complaint, therefore, against tlio l.e^uiiii Act, IS not with regard to the nature, but to the extent of the measure which it has produced. In 1832 the necessitv was l.;lt ol etlecting a change which should secure a greater at- tention to the interests of the middle aud worfin" classes 'I'lio chan^f which w.is actually accomplished i-ese nbled the answer if ^?c. '"--'OS petition— he granted half the prayer the other Lalfhe scattered to the winds Since 18;i2 we have h„d a »y> nuatic eoui^e of legislation, in which the wants and wishes ot the miildo class have been carefully attended to. and their interests habitUHliy consulted. But have we seen signs of the same solieitude with respect to lh« necessities and interests- certamlyiiot I ■s pressing nor less iinnurtant-of the working tla.-vos : \\ e do not, indeed, for an instant suppose that theri can be any antagonism or contrariety between the interests of tlie employe:' and those of the employed ; no error could be more tatal.no doctrine more mischievous. We are most anxious to V ii 1.1 ■ — ■- ■"■'n.".i..uii.', .luiue iiiuHi/ anxious tc as.se. t that the gam ot the former is ultimately, though indirect- l.v, he fain ot the latter. But while wo admit the (oncm-rcnce of Ihoir iiileresls. we deny that they are at all points co-«j.7,n»w. J his IS our charge against the lieformed House of (Join- nioiis, that It has dealt effectually wlih no question where the imi rests ol the middle class ceased to li.^ co-extensive with those ;<;an say lo tht gentlemen of the Ilcforra t.eftgue. your piwret hlls iis with no terror on account'of what wo may lose. We are not inclined to receive a new con.»tilntion at your hanils: but as for the existing system of represenlntion, itcame Ironi tlie l..nninphain mint-A Lambton was its piincipnl in- r.^i'iiTAJ^" CONSKKVATIVE ASSI.STKD AT ITS KABllI- ^;' «N; N|>lt WII.l. ANY CONSKllVATJVK MOURN VV.j^r.N AS liASK MKTAI,, IT StlAl.l BK CAST AWAY .? •■'"! ""* "'•' " -'>"• '>.v reeommending those matters to Mie consideration of the Conservatives. 'J'l.erc is nothing in the Misting system for which they are bound to fight. And any elinngc in which jiistiee and common-senso are not thrown quite out ot view, must l)C a change for the better. So siying, however we give no accord or approval to the ilrurv I.nne procetdinira' VVe (loubt tlie honesty of tlie proraotei-s of that movemoi t. Wc tear that fA^ir idtimntt ,hj,.H Is to nft Ih. go,'fr„n„}ut nfih,- cow- ■"' . ■^.■"'"' '""<""' "•• •'." iovl. into t/ieir oiiit h„„d.t.' liut this conviction in,.!.?* us only the more anxious thai agivatqu.^stion. jucli at that of the representation, should not (m- lelt entirely in «hojr possession.'— .)for„(t.,; //«-«M,.li«n<»i 18 \**W. By the Reform Bill two-thirds of the scats in the House of tomraons were given to the boronglis. and two-thirds of the votei-s m the Ijoroughs. in the nsw constituciiev, were shop- lu^''?, "^ '"."'T^, "',.'"■■•'" inicrrsr. Thus a d«:l»ivc iimjorily in the House which, from having command of the public piifte, praotio„lly became posses.ed of supreme power, was vested in ^TaUnTf' ['•"'•"^'''« by '"'y-ng ancfselliilg-^wit . who in^F 'n?.^ ""'"•'' **f* "" " '"■c^''«'«'-y conscouencc) was all in Ml. Iho producing classes were virtunllv. anS to all prnetl- cal purposes, cast out of tho scale. The la h led interest on • I "ly. —J-rom Blariwoodi) Magazine for Jul)/, ISiS. mllV^^"^""^ i""*''^ monetary school, or the Uorse of Coni- weirwh.nh?';nTuV''p''','-"''''' T" '■""ry™l"'th«<' "Uh Cron - well ttlien he told tho Parliament to make room for better men t fnulnf ""' f ?''«•"«"''. P.'-"'""" effort of Peel's olass is to brib.^ ami I r„?^ '"'"■^''/ ''y e"""g ♦»<"'^? " monopoly of the proper" f. L^ .^? ,^ '^M '■'""■"; -^"l'"" "T'' "Itogether'incapable ot%cc- ig that in all countricB the goodness or popularity of a govern- o nnn.pHrV" "'" P"'"?'""'"' t'"*' ^ "ide.; with the labour n. lin-ov., llll.'""'"^' P"''"''-— f'-<"» ""^ O'"'30>^ £icF Qiui-'pis w\''i^nM%'i'i::«tU'S?!''''^Vj,' '*.'" tt," ""»t dangereus tendency ; KKCO.M MENDING, IN STRONG AND UN<^UAL Fll D H- T.OKD rALMERSTON, THE PROBABLE HEAD OF A MOVEMENT PARTY OF SOCIAL ECONOMISTS. TKl.WS. AN UNMIXED DESPOTISM, MiD KEPUODAT- tN(; AIL CONSTITUTIONAL CHECKS on tlic Sovorcign anihurii.v M«n.v EngliMi wriU-re indecil, witli an nlmost inert- xiiimiiiit Kiin.r r.nKiisn wriwrn innecii, «'nn an nimnsi incre- dible i^iHirDnco or the works whirli Ihcy liave prfKUniod to ccn- ^uro, hu»e spoken of tlicni bh il' tlirr piieKiiracrd I'OLlTICAlj PRINCIl'LRS OF A VERY DIKKErKNT COMl'I EXION ; but the truth i« tli«t the dineiDlcs of QU ESN A I (without n thrirZEAL FOR THE POWER OF •hat thejf called the UNITY OK LEG- nifnnt b length, bh TO TRKAT WITH IXKl) ESTABLISHMENTS WHICH but the truth ii, tlmt the dineiplcs of QUESNAI (without n «inclerxi'e|ition)c«rrird thrir ZEAL FOR THE POWER OF T51E MONARCH, and what thejf called the UNITY OK LEG. ISLATION, toBoextraTniini CONTKMITTHOSE MIXL. ALLOW ANY SUAKK WHATEVER OK LKOisLAliVK INFLUENCE TO THE REPRESENTATIVES OK THiC PEOPLE. On the one hand, the evidence of this nystern ap- fieared to its partixanR so complete and irreitiiatihle. Ihnt they flnttertd themHeWeR monnrchs would noon see, with an intuitive cenviction, the identity of their own interests with those of the nations tliey are called le govern : and, on tho other hand, thev .entended THAT IT IS ONLY UNDER THE STRONG AND .STEADY GOVERNMENT OF A RACE OF HKREDITaRY PRINCES. UNDISTRACTED HYTHE PREJUDICES AND Lt)CAL INTERESTS WHICH WaRP THE DELIBERA- riONS OF POPULAR ASSKMULIES, that a -nidnal and BALANCES, SHOULD BELoiyGE'iriN'TilE'lUNDS OF Ai I.- ^n''' ^'■'•^SON ; and the canle doctrine is maintained by all his folluwera ; b.v none of them more rxplicitiv than bv MKR'- ClER DE LA RIVIERE, whose Treatise on ' TIIE NATL I! A I, AND ESSENTIAL ORDER OF POLITICAL tvOClETIE.s,' Wight bave been expcctid to attract Fonie notice iu this counirv froiii the praise whivli Mr Smith has bestownl on tho pcrspicuiiv «( his style, and the disliuctncss of his aiT.in};cnicnt." 'I his is a note in page 197 of Ihigald Iftewarl't hl.vKMi of the rhilosophv % ', ^'"»i"» *>'">' { 1837 edition) ; and if wc want eonfiinnuioh el the»k»s here explained, wc find them in Mon. Dupoiit's work, Sur I'Origive et J'rogrit d' une KouvelU Science; this writei^ aUtes— in the following words— HEREDITARY MONARCHY as actually necessary to the good Kovernincnt of a country • straagc doctrine tlii.^, when we remen.b i the sort of Ilcrcdilww Monarrhieatltry haveon thecontinent. •■ Monarchic liereiliMiiy. I " Tho protcctire system is purely democratic in its tendency. It fosters industry, and enables tho poor man, who has no capital but his own labour, no surplus but what is lound in his own tin- ewB, to acquire a competency to support and cdiioate bis family. It is df sinned not for tho few but for the nmiy ; and though it will be prnductiTe of the common good, its y iilinr blesNings will full upon tho labouring classes. But there is a sort of loosenes* in the phrase "Free I'rade," which renders this discussion em- barrassing. 1 he advocates of this doctrine do not tell us with sufficient precision what they mean by tho phrase. If they mean that we should take off all restiictions fiom commerce, whether ; other nations do or not, it is one thing ; but if they mean that we should do it towards those nations which will reciprocate the favour, it is quite another thing. H».t the phrase must imply a I trade «!iieh is mutually bencfioial. or it must not. If it does not imply n Made that is mutually unrestricted and mutually bene- ficial, that is n good reason for icjccling it. I have not madesuf- Hcicut oiolieicney in the science of political non-resistance to advocate a system of trade which enriches other nations by imp imply a reci- procity in commercial relations but a siMit.ARiir in condition. Let the pleasing hut dolusi-'o doctrines of free trade obtain in our land— let that policy under which we have grown up and prO' spered he iihandoncd, and let us open our ports to the fabrics of those iiiiiicns whose hardy labourers can ohtaiu but a shilling a- day, and board themselves, anil it requires no spirit of prophecy to predict the embarinssnipnt niul distress which would ensue Hwng dependent upon other nations for many of the comforts of 111*, and at the same time deprived of n market for our produce m should be compelled to toil for a mere pittance, and should like lautalus in the table, perish in the midst of aericulturai plenty. " We will give a brief statement ofthc price of wages, as gather- ed from that report :— Average prices per week of the handloom weavers in Europe, including the weavers of silk, cotton, linen and woollen, in all their varieties, exclusive of board— Great Bril tain. Ks per week; France, 7s do; Switzerland, Ss 7d do • p>iH show huw different the republiciiii views in America are from tfie aUiTc. '• 'Ihc Protective .System originstid wii:i the mother conntry and was interwoTcii even «ith our Coloniiil exigence. When, policy, and turned that system, whi.h KnLland had eninlovcd fuv.,nv nr the n.nip,.iiv.. >.,....„, i """":: „-'":.^''', policy, and torned that system. *hi.irK'nf.land had eniplovcd lor her sjecial benefit, to our own account. 'I his svs-tem Las grown up with us, nnd is essential to our very iiidrpetidence as a Bition. We might ns well disi-ense wiih our Hcets and our armies, recal our foreign niinisfers unit consuls, annul all treaties witfcforciga powers, and repeal all laws in relation to navigation and coBimerce, as yield the pi iiieiple ol protection to our own in- dustry against the policy of other niitidns. We might, in laet as •wellgive up our national existence, as yield the great prii ci'ple oi> which that existence is founded, and without which our inde- pendencc conid not be niaintained. Labour is tl: ■ great source ut wealtfi and prosperity ; aid that sjsteni of policv which stimu- Jates mdiuitry, and gives to the labourer the reward of his toil is J«e8t adapted to the wants of the country. LORD PALMERSTON, THE PROBABLE HEAD OK~A~ WILL SAVE LS THE MONARCHY BY ADOP 1 "i^ij*!' '**P««* t® his (Mr Ho«buik'H) motion in support of L. I- . J*™*"" * P0''*> ■ ''*' ^"''J •'" considered that the present KnglisU adniiaatration lepresentedto fcreijin nations a great and liberal principle, and theitloie he had Iwon anxious that it should «ot be put <4<»wn id their p. rsons ; but with respect to their eoii- •luct in owr duncstio eonccrim he entirely condemned their vacil- latinn and their want «t tiiiiincsi. in advancing liUral piiiieiples. It insleail of being now nl the ei d ol the session we were at its — . — .." v.vre pri( report to Parliament in 1841, that the prices Iwd fallen at least i 10 to 12 per cent, from the preceding year. The wealth of a : nation consists principally in the laliour of its citizens ; and as a peneml thing, there cau be no surer test of national prosperity ttian the nriee ttint Iflltniti* wilt ni.».m«...i ai -n r_ •' ;. ,■',• — —-■-■-- ■■■.. v/..,,i,U!i> I;- in.iaied, he Im'IIhvkI. «a n.^.-.. >m »« ..■■.. ...j-. :,. ..>:.. r,,.-^ r ;„ ,1 ,, woold depend on the strength of feeling out'ofdMra "'■■•''• - Ihiswoill iK'HUitesaful " I Jk- [ rnK>rl of Mr H pation that in oub ciboumstaxces Universal .Suffrage, or Dkmo- CllATIO LkOISLaTION, WODLD BK THE MOST CONSERVATIVE MKASURB, and give increased security to, and strengthen the hands of, the Tliioiie — (the Throne will be more trusted with power, says Mr Butlianan, the more it is seen to ho the mere administrator of > popular law) seems now to be agreed with in the most high Tory quarters. In The Mornino I'ost of Friday hist (the 20th July), »c liave the following :— " Symptoms that cannot be mis- talccn in the national mind of France are silently but clearly ex- hibiting llicmBolves in the events of the day. We do not now iillude to THE Conservatism so su-ddknly and astoundinolt BKVKi.oPED BT UNIVERSAL suFFRAOE or the Strong senso of military repression that lias arisen out of the dream of the Republic, but to the feeling now so rapidly spreading, that it is good to lean more upon religion in the ordinary affairs of life than has hitherto been thought suitable to eaprits forts of Paris." I.'ird Palmerston. in a word, cannot long shut his eyes to the certainty of two things— /r««, of onr having very soon anextended franchiae forced upon uo ; and second, of democratic leiiislation Mn:7 sure to he protectionist legislation. Of the fact that Politi- cal Economy, or the competitive, or cbeai' system, is alrradt BKCOMIXG REPUniATED BY THE WOBKINO CLASSES, We Caiinot liaVe clearer evidence than in the following address lately issued by an intelligent and influential section of them.* • F'or this, see Mr Buchanan's separate publication, I'oHticcd Course suggested to the Metropolitun Trades," Xew Mil BUCHANAN a FORMER ANTICIPATION OP LORD PALMERSTON, ALONG WITH LIIBD OEOUOE BKMINCK, UEADINO TUE LABOUR POWER AS [ OPPOStD TO THE MONEY POWER OP THIS COUNTRY. The following we take from a letter addressed by Mr Buchanan to Lord (iourge Bentnick on the breaking out of the Continental Koviiluiiuiis, in answer to the important question, "Can the Britisli nionurchy be preserved ?" It was d ited Now York, 2otli Miircli, 1818. and appeared in the newspapers of the day : — Tlius Irefercncc lit'iiij.' hero made to measures for keeping toj;ttlicr the Colonies, which Mr Buchanan had just propounded] We wdiilil threw 11 simultaneous glow of conlidence into the novj dciuliiiihj f.n.-emitif-^ (if the empire, just as your lordship witii lord A liliurlon, anil Mr llorries, if placing yourselves in tlio breach of the constitulioii at tlie |iresont cri-iis of its late, would calm in one inoimnt tin- troubled heart of l/ie empire and of the world by being able to announee that following your noble exam- ple Lords Claroiidoii and I'aln'crslon (iueoraparably the ablrst lut'u in l'.n;;laii(l] having come and laid their pei»:c in foieisn affairs, it is self-evident, that a inaiic(iually firm, and, if |)ossible, more determined on the ri'iht course, yet at the same time, more cool, and Irss committed, (ooinbiniiig in a word, the .■OKiKidr i'li »iu(/i)witli tlie/iirtiVti- in ra,] is required, as arbiter of the world's destinies at lliis juncture. Evdl.AM) AT THIS Horn IS CKItTAlNLV ON A lODHSK OF DUCLINK, and with empires lilie individuals, their downward vituno is rapid '»'** facili,-i est descensus Arerni.'* To enable us to fix on the euro, we must llrat ascii taiu the causes of England's decline, and prominent nmmig these will stand out the niis'joveriiinent anil want of government of the Colo- nies by which England has been prevented beiii^ bciicKlted by her foreign possessions, and has been made in too many cases a curse to them. Then we will lind in pursuing oui iniiuiry, that the uselessness [of our creating] of our colonies was availed of by an i!npa(!iotie(coS!U(^po!ite!cu!!<.bi!!fttiunnf colt!)!! Lords in M.an- I Chester to excite the people in favour of Foreign T'rnde, on which , there is no dependence, in preference to the Home and Colonial Trades which our legislation has the power to retain to feed the | industry deserted Lord Metcalfe, in the vain attempt to coerce that great man, and to make the liiitisli (roverniuent the mere tool of a parliamentary omnipotence in Canada, were supported after- wards, not because they (or most of them) wore rebels, but bv- cause, even as rebels, they were preferred to Clmroh Tories ; and 1 believe that both Canada and Ireland have to endure anti-Bri- tish (rovernmciit, and have in a word been brought into the states tliey now are, (very similar to each other in many respects), be- cause statesmen cannot be found independent enough to doaw.iy with Eeolee no longer necissarr thk n^r n. r.,,I.„ '""so. F.OULT.R, nR.«„ oorroB K«RP. 'oVl'l\°;l,?^/';'"f;,:'"" »''- PAHS TO Till! TOMn or AiF TD., n. ^^ *,"i"i"iTnT, iuiik,, „4ni[ to with tho oircnmrtancc calling for a., extreme conr»e 11* n in.t W?ll v^.f °* '"""""''JP.t? ."V"' "">" ""h the A,«r« of » .Jri, " l!.?^^.. m""'' :"."". t''" S'-«'«te«t and most endnring. I,*cu ,« H»w. We trnstH that It wn» Iio who should have been the on ,.or iMtramcnt of cxtrloafing tl,i, nation, and saving" I, "mm?; THCtiona Wo could net. indeed, agree with all hiS iiewn a. « ^vowed thrin. but we laid thia to thlchiv.,lrou« war hefollSwwI Lord Manley as hm leadcv. And, obserring that the meS o f ic chuwhmon in I'nrliament, whieh nominally disoarde,. 1^,^. • ■eorge as a leader in tho llou.o of Commona. on amount of M. In repiililiihini.' these views In .linuarr last Mr H,.ni..».^ I markK : •• The ,Ielu, i„ .x^publi.Mi^'^theM viiw, aCVra^t , appcnmi n considerable time ago) enable* ro8toonntn Jh 7ii ' 1 .ngt^^oiu M. K. W. Nownian'sTeLnt w«?k e^,"notflonrl't°7; i Mr Nu;vinnns novel heterodoxy that no l'«rl am nt .-Tti. *" I legal oblisalion beyond tho period „ .he p*r o" L 1'arii.S.en*-; tx.»tci,<.,.,,f this b« done l.o„oun.bly : l.uTl h U tim H ,! ; f'<-o,,f,-lr alone, not the indii.tr,, Ibilt is Iwiin, j »• ,l„f . • ,u* country. I think, in other wo. "•*'••« dfmofx'.'v <^i tblZoZry on ,10 principle of allegiance on v to the iUrni,t. a-W i, i ' "'° wlio can donbt its auccess ?-who c.nn loubt what i« (nr Z,i ' Uiat a class of politiciana. whce alpL and omega we,-^^^^^ i ' h» i.r ""'*'• '"^V"'-^' «'="«'= »•' '•'« *■"'■<'•" Znnl LT'" ''^f " 1"<'"''«K--J ""J vehement .lebate. than by an 1 J hfi tollowing IS Mr lluchnnnn's cjcflanHtion of tl e vi.w .e i settlement, such as alone would now bo made ''_..iL " .not. ol tho IIouBonfCommona: 'No I'arliament has ln„.l V^ coimtKutional authoriiv |., dictate to a succeX.l ll.N?. "» coneerning the lovyi.iR- .,,■ ,„xe», no to empow^ minirr 2^ make promises of payment from Mich future taves 1,^/ n ^ pron„«M made in past time, are and a x^a wore 'iSeLV n"?.*" gence as a matter of exnedic-ncy, but not byTw or r eht liio House may be counted, and no debate take nlilee h,.t f h: co...lei„nation of the system will be dated frortl.e day'on wh^ notice 1, .ivoi, of tl,. „.. j j,,,, „,„ ..^^,„;^« theVeouW ieS 'Instry beii.^ as Ks n a dedu. ^n f " "" "'" «?'">"■>'•< !«- way this rail be prcv ittd vii 1 1 n 'T' '™?"''- '" ""' ""l^ i ..f the National E f ul he elb'iV^rtw' n'" '"".""^"^"'r'" quertthiisdeclarinir (l,„t .1 ■ , ' """"Hor ot the Kxihc- i ilone bou .d for thf p r^M-n 'V".i''' iV'/T'^"'-' ''!' *''" """•">• '"^ ' obligations) Ltf.C,?,, 1 •' '"'!'■«,"«""""! deblsand . conirtituted.nsitl a r i"i W,',7'^\^^^ ^""'^ ''X i'^Hianant, I in a miserably crLXlemlin i ! *''* T""^ ."'"^' "■'""!" I orwantofprincple I V ,K ' "'"''^P'"''"' « the principle, the war .1.1 1. MV vi( ,s .',, ' , " V'f '"? Y'"'""' '"J""" "« repudiat.. llie Natio ,V , , , ! ', '"'^f 'r "' "'f '"""try .should of the country (Zm.vL. ^v"^" •''''''''«''•' P'"rc^^^^ tLousan.1 millions o, I^opVr,y.\.^r',!;.f pf^'^ -;;',;," ,-;;- .i,„ .i:.. 1 ~i — ■■.... /r.n.o. — Liic mi.nii "rounds lor nnvinv ' net hir''' "T"^ f"" """y- "' J"!"""'!-^' 0" the origLaTcorJ jwts. While a member of the Kstablished t-l.,..-,. , / „. i 'M,,,,,.V./nJM"/ '" """'''^ iii'tustry afforde.l lyMc -cver,etrepresentcd'i;;:i^3';-.?;t:"li::;^^^i;^''--- 1- ( na,.lies ■snffidentryT'UOT "sT the^ei... I air^i^ih!:'teni^!i^,^,i,.- ^,,?!^,7'{:7ItiritlY' lint while not allowing the tV.i.h of Uon!e .I .Visable .. nmn from I ' .1. e't5'tui •iw-.l'.'rr ''"'■"""•'^- '•"I"'"' " *l... J^ I'umuiL »ritiiB gislati,,,, hoinrt"an£^,r „'? ;i '?. '> ■r!!"."^!'"'".v "f "ur Ic MHi : .1? 1. v'"r ., ."■'■'^ """■'' sold 8ti»i aiiH ovon then tho nivmont frT T.k'IT',^ """'.»'" ?'.''P'-'<''e, ill these davx o( r m.,M w^ !,„„.„ -t coureo. that the question ofless il qiieatioD for the labourer and ^a an immodiate importaneo; to c nploymen th, 2'?^ '""'■' *"'*"'='" ">"' ''^ '' "» ""-■ party soS highly In red hi.,, iisiigiipigi intei-ett <,1 mI- , d on, Xl n 7fh ^' ".' """ '^""""■^ ™««' »!'« «in.s Hdo not deny the doot.ino of the eminent bullionht i «." ;■'■». tbat the price of labour and cmmodities is cbielhr aS I ed direetly by the nuv.nnt of the circulation, rather than byrhe I pnco at ttbich wo fix our preeiona metals by egislation I 4all however, «ho,vbe!„w. as 1 have promiscd.%hat tl o " reula fon and e.,n,e,,,.ently the pnce of labour and commodities L dimi- iHshed by feeU hav.„K tixcd the commodity cold, (for th„„™a money to us It IS a eomjuodity to the foi-eigner), at I lo,v fo ±^ pnce. Under I'eel s bill of 181!», our bankc.-s'dare not oxpZu the circulation, as this precipitates a panic. Under I'oel's'ez L. lation, in a word, prosperity is themoiherof di»t.-n»o hop»..if ,: rise .n pnce oi laboun prosperity) caused by money bcinii'pient - (ul. causes a diminution of the exportation of our inanuf Jtu,^8 because they are dearer than gold at our/.,«U raw materi.^ pHee! _ . A lixcd price for gold is a li.tcd injustice to our native indn^tr. ■•ought under (/«r the «« of" M, the currency c4(., .') as keepinj; "lown priui 18 SOCIAL ECONOMY vtnu* I'OI.niCAL ECONOMY. y K to, or nenrW to, tlic li'vcl of thin HjcmI prioo, At wliirh tlio foreicnor has it alwnyM in liix power lo tako the rommodily iiold ! Any ono niuat caoily nee thin blightinK effect upon pricm, who in awaro tliat our piicca bolh t'ur homo and foreign trnde are dic- tated, in the long run, b; the price wliiuU the foreigner ii willing to give U8 for our aurplus production : such a penon must, witn the least ccnsideration, have no diiBcully in aecing that gold at a iixed foreign price, becouiea an iniquiloualx faiHe ttandard of xalue, lo the extent any taxation or prohta arc added to the price of Uritiah productions, 1 have often before ahown how itia onl} when things in thia country are as dcpresacti as gold at Jii tho oz. that the foreigner prefers taking Kritiah goods. " lie then gets 80s for twenty bualiels wheat, and hia choice of a remit- tance is between 80 yards of cloth at \», or one ounce of gold for 80s ; but when u good state of the homo trade gives hiiu lOUsfor his wheat he cmii gfl an ounce and e quarter of gold, while he finds the cloth also so advanced in price that lie can get of it no norc than eighty yards ns botore (the cloth rives in price, the gold rises in quantity !) The foreigner's taking the gold not only reduces the employment of our artizans, but throws tho homo trade into contusion, the export of gold ulwayx having the eiiect of extirpating our currency and bank facilities." i'hus it is that wo answer tho question by denouncing a low fixed price of gold lis gross iiijntitice to British industry, while wo would wonder that it should have been allowed to exist since 1810, did wo not see that, under the old protective system (up to 1845), our general exports w^rc kept above our general imports, so that foreigners could not actually remove our gold ; they even then, however, had the ndvantago of us in aclTing dear to us, when things were prosperous here, while they Inid in their power to take a draft on their own country at tlie low exchange of sovereigns at £.3 ITs 10)d the ounce— which in America bein;; a legal tender at nine per cent, higher, will make our now low prices nine per cent, uetter to llio Ainerienn as compared with the nominal price of his commodity in America \Vo thus trace all the industrial rvils to IVel having, in 181U, made money a foreign interest in the State — an interest to which the distreSM of all others is prosperity ("doarness of money !") and "eel's system of free imports, while money remains a foreign commodity, at a low foreign pi ice, wo view as equivalent to depressing Englishmen to the level in re- muneradoii, and below the level in comfort, of the foreign serf or slave— regardless of tho habits of ,lohn BmII, or of hiseir- cumstanecs, as liaving to support an expensive Government, Church, and national debt, with local and corporation burdens amounting to about as much more. The fact is, that no tyrant of ancient or modern times ever did so practically cruel an act ns did I'ccl in 1819, when he decreed that our local circulation or home employment should depend on tbestate of the forkion tr.ide or exchanges ! [This wns publi'-hed six months More Sir It. Peel's death, in a pamphlet. " The Critis of Sir Ji. reel's Mis. Hon."] — Peel's friend, Sir J. Graham, in hit pamphlet in 1827, thus speaks of its early operation : — " They ( feel's colleagues) knew that it was intolerable ; they were mercitui : they were dis- interested ; regardlefs ol the increased value of thoir own salaries, they felt for tho debtors, the tax-piiyer», the great body of the people ; and piof'erred their interests to the profits of the credi- tors, the tax enters, ' the blood-suekers' of I.oid Chatham, 'i'lu y thought wholesome food and constant emnloyment l)etter for the population thon nholesnme currenci onrf /luni/fi- amidst landlords without rents and iiiaiiuliietuiors without profits. They turned aside, therefore, fVoin the 'stern p.ith of duty,' they relented for a time and renewed ilie Bank Uostriction act: with an in- crease of the circulating medium, prosperity returned. I cannot fail also to rcinaik the iinmciise sum added to tlic debt during tho period of tho Kieat deprcciotion of the currency ; according to tho ancient stniKhiid, which was then suspended, we gencrully borrowed about 15s in tho pound, and, with our return to tliat standard, we arc i.ow required to pay the entire ;!0s. The letter of the bond, and tlie pound of flesh, are olaiiiied l)y I lie creditor." And on the oceaslon ol the enactnient of the bill of 181!(, I'ecTs father is related to have said to him, " llolieit, Robert, you've doubled your fortune and ruined your eountiy ;" well, theii, may we appeal against this inlmniau I'X'ONUMV of priec (nut ol' laijour), which just amounts to a decree that inor^ property and lai jur iliould stand lor less money : — " Ve friends t»f trutli — ye stati^ntun tliat si^vuy Tlie rich man's jnys inrruasi', tlio jnnir's dceay, 'Tis yunrs to judj^c Imw w'uV' the llnnts stand' I lletwOL-n u s])t'.-niti(l and .1 Init)l>.\ land." \ Tho Siicial KciDiumhlx desire no ttuiif lor the protection ol' native labour that would not benefit tlic British nianufneUirer ; and if it were the faet that we could not get a lull supply of food without depending on non-reclprccating countries, the advuoalcs of reciprocity would not have another word to s;iy, for »e .tdniit that no increase ot^ employment could atone for the absence of a auliicient supply of food, <:nu i.nire than the liavimj our (jraiuirifs overjiowhiij toilh t'oreiijn wheat cuvhl vmler food acee/sible lo our ' masses, unless the;/ hail emploumeul. tUir principles would not i lead us to aggravate scAiicirv.'by even the smallest duty on corn, or in other words, 10 allow tiie farmer to make a speculation of the distress around him : but we see that if our artizan popula- tion can buy their food lor tlicir labour, instead of for hard cash, it will actudlltf be cheaper to thi-ri, as measured in their liours of Inhoiir, a!lhnnf;h perhaps nominnl/'i dearer in money price.* When, therefore, the price of wheat is such M indicates a full supply, aay 48» per quarter, we would p'cvent tho home, cohinial, niid reeiprncalinKa|!riculturistn(whn all take payment in British goods, in tlie prices of which ia ineludoaid in speeie, thrown out of their caloul«> tiuns and dii ihlvd from paying thoir debts, and continuing con- sumers of British manufactured goods.f Tho question of " nominal price" is in itself id' no essential importance (except in so far as it is an index ui lesa or more demand for Britiib labour), for if tho artizan gets his fond cheap ho will have to aell hi» own labour equally cheap in tho long run. Th» vital error of I'olilieal AVonowiX* is in assuming that the prttene* of low prieid food is that uhieh eotistilutes the prorperitii of a eoxmtnj . If so, Ireland, and the moH drtiiaded countries on the continent must, at lull bit,: ihown above, be assumed to be far hefort KnglanU in prosperitt/ , because they have lower priced food .' But there are at least two views of " very lowpriee; which present a very threat- ening prospect. Tho law of supply and ileniand being tho great regulator id' prices, wo may tear that our labour may bo mor« and more lowered in value, through diminished employment, in rase we extirpate one set of agricultural customers before making sure of others who will reciprocate with us ; and as all countries are visited with famine or periodical scarcity of food, we shall at such times, even if not more dependent on foreigners for our food, have a very much leas command over the market of the world if our price for wheat is 508 than we would liavo if it were 60s, and the sudden advance on the smaller figure, to induce importa, I would be n much larger per ccntngc, while at such a time wngca would rather fall than rise (.ts the dcmnnd fur luanuliicturing and lucclianical labour would be less)— the ilisprrity between food and wages thus becoming an alarming coiisiduration. While willing, thcrelore, to see food as low us it can bo got l^i'ora pro- ducers, either at home or abroad, wJio will lake payment in Ilri- tiih labt,ur, we think that its being still more res per quarter, payable in British labour at a similar profit, than by /VuMct (or any non-rcoiprocating country) at iOs, payable in rp'cie. It is only the municd, oHieitil, annuitant, and' foreign trade, or alien classes, that can pciinaneiitly be benefited bv un- r-stricted imports of food. As 1 havo elsewhere remarked, our present system just amounts to our encouraging the rich to send their money abroad to purchase cheap provisions for tliemselves, instead of being supplied by tho agricultural customers >yf our artisan population, 'i'lio poor, to be sure, are also offered the cheap food ; but this will prove to be only cruel mockery, if em- ployment, or the means of procuring food, is not simultaneously ofl'ered them, which can alone be done by reciprocity. It is a most bjuefiiccd insult to the inlelligenco of the free traders, tiint the political economists should persist in putting food in the place ol tlie;!i-.«t neccs.^ary of life, instead of i:uei,oyMK.sT, or the means ofiirocuriiig food. Indeed the menibi rs of tho present Wiiig Government do this as barefacedly as tho more oImcui-c econn- niists ; for, when last tin? suluect was l«;foio tho IIouso of Com- nioiis (on Hth May), the Chanechur of tho Exchequer, Sir Clitiiles Wood, ustd these words: — " It is manifestly ui^ust and iiiipolitic to raise the piiee of the food of tho labouring popula- tion." 'I'lius we sie the Governiuent of thia country ignorant, or afleeting to bo ignorant of tho difference between RAISING iiriees above what would exist in a full market, and I'REV ENT- l.Nli TUE.M l'.\l I.ING below a reiimnerativo point, or the ]iiiei: of a will snp(ilied market ; the l.iHer (the undue reduction of tho priee of wheat) would be a more fetirlul bloiv to our work- in;: classes, as reducing our national einpli)yineiit, than the I'oi- iner, (llic luisiug of the wheat by making it scarce), a", liuwevcr undue the priee, it was all laid out in the lioiiio trade ; but .locinl ■ coiiomi-'if also repudiate any eoniieetioii wUli this dijiiie.stie poli- cy. Viewing it us \ .MKUI. Ct^NSl'lRAt'V 01' LANDLORDS. " I lius would be high prices as measured in gold at the foreign cosi, or I'cel priee (for I'tel's piiueiple would require us to ;>riVe our gold nt £.2 17s lU;.d per 0/.., if the quantity of the article now eouiiiig from California should reduce its value abroad 2Us | per oz.i, but they would not bo liinh prices as measured in com- iiioilities (so tlial the loiorjn trade wouUl not bo unjustly affect- ed), for every other kind of labour, as well as gold ami silver, would become lii^li also, as the result of increased demand. Me Tovke shows that tlie prieesof other things did not diitctly follow j the rise in gtdd after the Bank lleatrietion Act of 1707 ; but this arose from gold being in demand for war purposes, while tho de- mand lor British inaiiuractures only gradually came on with the ' ciinfidcuce which arose from our intcriinl circulation being seen to bo independent of gold. The highness of price that is objec- tionable is that arising from scarcity of particular articles, but 1 lii;;bness of price arising from a universally increased demand is just another name for general prosperity, and our not having j higii pltCvf^jUst ahuWs ;i Waitl ofuciuaud. : SOCIAL ECONOMY vtrtu, POLITICAL ECONOMT, It ji.ion of the Bank not« oirculaHon. whila the prinoiple J.I standard) of the bill of 1810 exint*. beooitiM neoov iwitiTe e*il, ai ROrely leadinK to a moner panic. U ap- i |iic, thprelure, the ronull of an entire want of rt'Heotion i ken M) many currency rufnrnicrH oppose I'ocI'k tlilU of J 184/5 in loio, and bclievo that tho repeal of thuo {or Itlin language of humbug, \» oiilled Frtt tratU in •aoaty) , M all we want I boliuve that th« repeal o'' our bank nolo reitrie- Uou aou (tho l„ll, of 1H44 and 1815)" or an oxpan-ion of the our- ronoy prior to tlie repeal of our money hill (tho a«t of IHIII) or an exiwnsion of the oountry'n legal tondor, would bo m.wt di«a»- irou. and fatal poUov. It will bo ob»«rvoJ that 1 call moneu that which iR a loja tonder. and currency that part of the circulation whioh ig not a legal tender. vunmu rUBLICSCIIOOL.S. i;Pl-KR CANADA. 18.8.-(UNnKU TlIE COMMON SCHOOL ACTS.) MoMni. if m HONOOL l'l>FDI,4T10M AND rurUJ. I lis d «. i>. I C a. D. I £ a. D. JL' H. i> 17 IH i'iMH 4 TJ il87(W a OJ lOllMIS 10 ■'2411«v i«5 iflfl '■3 UST STEP OF TlIE SOC.'AL ECONOMISTS. \ PHRXIANKNI raoTIglON »0B NATIONAL KDUCATION. iD.,;i!ri!"i ■''",'•'*'' t''.^ members of the Assemblies of IstiibHshed mid free Churches when last met in Edin- \v;;fn think! that the intern of then nation,, and the fc/ ( bn,ttaMtt, are two lef^arate and distinct thing», 1 with |wiay newer enter into his Herd." iv . ,, . . '^•'""gow, 28tli May. 1880 lL"1'"„*^T'?-'''' i"'..'! ""'!e"«n"r:"W:-" Amongst tho nations of tl.e I,,,. hr,^'"i°*^i'l'"-'' "'••.'C'ti''""' institutions, Canada \ZaZ '';»*' »n''.^"T'''!'""">' f»'"t '"her siiccess.- I thodin of contending factions, the cause of pop«h»redu- ^ been onward ! onward .' until every local ty is now a Urate tor school purposes. The Chief Supciinte "dent »y be equalled, we are confident to affirn,. not e.xcelled t«r. V ''"*' «'"'.«"«'•!?? of action, and the longer lie bflico he appears to increase in usefulness." I am hannv Ipportunity of mentioning tho name of tho Rev l.r ^nt nf A!i!^"ii"'* t^h'^t'Supenntendentfiom tho eoml £t Dr Rv r.nn """"'^M it"" 'y"'*"'"' ' «'"' ' ""^V rC- ftt Ur Ryerson was enabled by the great and cooill ord Mihe then Govcnior-Oeneral of thel'anadas ,Creen- LtUull""!!,' v"''*' '° "T'. ^•"' '."•■"™""i'>n overy educa. fcan ir Z^"'?PL""'* '*"■".'■'<='' ■• '""•«. therefore, we IsJstern ot .7/" •** *! «»"'?"'.'«>"« instrument in our I system ot education at homo, it the existence of anv. krving the name of national can be expected to be per ty the narrow and sectional feeling, and prejviicM of ksessing, though Upper Canada does, such unrivalled frT Clemen?':;". '"■ ■'' r"'"' ""*' <-ontaining, though it fcevH- ••"'•niiH of the Ck I»,^I? '.? * J 'P'^"'' """■•■ Plft'n'y tlaough the Church Ibeng allowed to usurp tho chief place in our politTw I what many inav {«• willing to nIiuI their eyes to tm it ■ NA\1E ii' r/,^M<:.A':'v ^"'^^.^ ^STINCTIONS I would LvL^i ^"•^"•^'>' ."•?«' iramcdiately be come from releT-^t 'i*''"'"'"""P''i.T ''""'•y Wberalisn, now |irora reuucins this country r.>i;>,mnKRiNo para- mount or liaiTisu IMDUSTBT, as a national consideration, all our statesmen hereafter being driven to hold the elevation i.f our workmi; clnssea as the great end of Legislation, with which no- thing whatever must be allowed to interfere, our political quar- rel beiin! reduced to the friendly one of " what party's mkasdrrs suAi.i. iiKir I'liouoTE TUF. oREiT coMUON OBJECT ?" And my wai.t ofconlide.ice in the patriotism of the cosmopolite statesmen of the preseniday makesme anxious to see THE EDUCATION AT. AN() RELIGIOUS QUE.STION RESCUED EROM INSlf}- Nlh ICANCE, by being settled, and set for ever to rest, in tho terms of the now parliamentary constitution, whioh I consider is soon to be furced on ns by the impossibility, as things stand of forming any other government than the imbecile ministry of po- litieal ecunomists which may be said (by an excess of courtesy) to HOLD POWER in this country at present, but which is in truth only a helpless central committee of observation, possessed of no moral power whatever, either in this country or in the world. Were all the friends of education united, I see no difficulty in our getting our future political franchise based on an educational assessment, and I would havo each of them consider tho respon- sibility of his not using all his exertions to promote union in this matter, unless he can satisty his own mind that there is some other way in which a magnificent endowment can be secured for public schools as iieriunneutly, and reti'ining to an equal extent the whole power over the national education to the body of the people, thus throwing into our schools the practical and religious tone of our population instead of the equivocal and temporising character of the unnrincipled conspirators for place, who in the present day usurp the place, abuse the power, and make contenip- tihlo tho name, of statesman, as indicating a character which uses the privilege of making his word of to-day to be no guarauteo for his action of to-morrow. The_ British public, at this moment under the clear conviction that Fra.iee owes all U unsettledncsa and miseries to the want of the religious element in the French character, could never bo found more favourably inclined to secure by .some permanent arrangement the peculiar blessings of this nation ; and this, I think, would bo attained by basing the right of voting for mem- bers of Parliament, on tho fact of the subject's co-opciatioi to- wards the public security, proved by his contributing to extirpate " ignorance, the mother of crime, through means of education for the million. My own plan would be to let each Christian Church of any considerable size, (say having adliercnjs that pay to the school assessment, fifty thousand pounds and upwards), be entrusted with the management of public schools to the extent of tho assessment furnished by its adherents, for I think it is the want of religion, as in France,* not the peculiarities of religion, that as u nation we have to dread, while 1 have always rejoiced in that nominal disunion of the Church, which it is fasliionablo to regret, believing as I do, that the multiplicity of large and powerful sects, animated with the same spirit, is the good fea- ture and great security of society in }3i'itain and America, as compared with what we find in other countries in whieli tho re- ligious unanimity seems only in things non-essential, or worldly, even if the cliiirclies are not corr'-nt, or mere conspiracies of men instead of embodiments of principles. Of coarse the law would make the a»stim\ent, or payment to- wards education, eompultory, although the application of tho money would be voluntary, .is any man who did not approve of religious education in the school might be enabled under the arrangement to direct his money to a system of merely secular ^^*tjt"StiOr:, whlc:! t w<"".v*f rrrf-b.s tf,."^? ".:■'* j"'"r.(6~=!t(^ Christianity to endow with their combined assessments. The school assess- lo enoow wiin ineir comuineu asseBniiieiiu). i iie senooi assess- ment from each church or sect being kept in separate columns of the schedules, would show tho field for uufuliiess open at the COUNTRIKS THAT HAVK A COMMON OR FRI K IRADK MUST UA\ K A COMMON MONEY. ttoment to ruch Ijody a* iniiiitten of ifliKiDn ; iind llm (inljr ».»y, in nijr ii|iini(iii, to r4-tnin for tliii mippnrt of rel'iKinn the occlpninii. tici.l triilownieiiiii „t prciirnt wlioHr Bpjiliol lo tin- Kutittiliihed Cliiirilicii in KiigUiid, Iri-land, nnii Soolland. in hercnflcr (after Ihc deiilh of the prcwrit inoumbenU) lo liRto thcue Mioiiiil« them •r|iolly(m a noptilBtinn hftuh. to the minintrm of tho different thristiiin bodi.s in the proportion in whirli thciulhcrrnta of eaeh eliiirrh are foiiiul to contribute to tho piil.lic Hchi.ol awpniinipnt II tho Kstablished ( liuirlipn should dmo to thwnrt h imrliain<.ni itMl hy Untvorsul SnffraKP. {which we AMiimlly will noon hRV« •Icctfd . -»■ . , _. if we are to wrape Aocial cvila'fnr womo than lic'volution)", t'iicy woulil he :)ttcri'il no aiicli airnngmiont n« I propose tn Kpniiothem I^OSSrsstON TO TlIK I'llKHKNT INIIMIiKNTS VVIT 1 t V.'IV.^P..'.?.^' ■■"**" '''"'■"* SlICCKSSOKS IN TlIK I'lU I' an ON TIIATTIIK ADIIKRENTS OF TIIKIR (' 1IIr"iI BKAR TO TlIK OKNKRAI, I'Ol-Ul.ATION ; it i, ,m,ch „.o™ likcl)' tliiit tlio oiidowmeiits would be entirely diverted from reli- ?.','!'i".Jl'iI'l',''.''.S''' K" r"""""! I'lo po«»il)ility of tho greater evil of f;^>y'|Nl Kl> KAVorRITISM BY TllK CIvTl roWKR the Iruitfiil aourcM ol dinloynlty in tho ntnte. n» well na of lieart- Ourninys in tho vhurch, which no poinonnr Kiilferiii),' or diaabilitr to diMPnten! could cnuao, if they could feci tlicHe to be for tho clt- rntion, or not for the deKradntion. of t'liri«tinnity. Jh(» per»on11 JuconHistcncy of tho liriliali (iovornment, or l-eBisliitiire. in paironiBinR connirtluB doctrines, would, in the way pointed out lio got rid of ; while our vri-.eiple of support to the clergy vould bo large enough to iiicluife ail profcBsing Cliria- tiaiis. nltl.ouKh ccrtiuiily would not propose to pay iiilniMcrs unless thev linyo laiRO bodies of tho populut'on to Attest the safety 01 their doctrines, especially ns by encoHrnjjinf: the multiplita- tlon otsniall sects, wo would directly iiitcifcre with the discipline Of, and tend to break up. the larpo Uuli.s. In this wav neither tlie aovcreijin the niini■ I''-*" "«• '"'uples of emiallv ..nil ■*. "Ti IV'''° '"<'i,«P''n''»''le as a school boJik arc equall, respected with the scruples of men who think otherwise, tav Tn ,'vT/v"'""'""- '*"•""'«" "' Ol" KD,rAT10NAI,SV,TKMS when 1 . ,,^r. • °''m"."'' """ '''"•'f'f'*N«. in these levelling davs divest?,^ n^^ 'ir''"r""n 'M""^"'^'' ""l^- ''« ^ rUKvr.8 in nothino. UK vn^ Tl?' ,"^"". '■> '""'"^'' •■""' '■i'"!"!"!-' «nly his ni*: wiM,m,t' ... \ • ""!»'".»"•• national capacity we cannot, Ti e ste n?^f '° "" :"'«"'g«"t >•<-««"" fT disloyalty, favour 01 e sect or class more than another, ami inv object is to point I wlj alterimt.vc will be forced on us. to uo away with ail bk- mnX?" .'» "K'-'^'^i-s KniTATioN. r.T Tin: nrnue as * nonv. 2* ;,'^L?:^'r" •':"::'"?.'•'«* » "-Vove the ecclesiastical .nachi,.,^ which tin;y-sic^i;pi^.;;i;cair?,,:'^,i;;:^?rz; c their religion and their country, we shall still have left min?|p,lL'm!hn ""i" "'''"'""''"S that jealous bTsotiT'or'na;™;. ^d illevf ilr'i'"' "«*•'"• I'een able to limit the field of indi- r dual exe ions and personal saeriKees, which after all have been, ?al tv of%,h,'!' ,7"''""? /"be. bless«l as the aieat in.trumc": we L-, 'r *''<■. "•"'•Id from error to truth in religious, as well as in worldly, science. v.ig.vuD, no <>-.l< ti,e proportion of the KdueationnI, but of tho Church Endow- ment beloncinK to that npialt part of the population that do net profess Chrislianity ; but all this I would view quite cninpatibla with ri-allxiiiK to the greatest practical extent the niiKniHoent •aylni; of Oliver Cromwell :_" If any man thinks that the ia- terest of these nations, and the intereit of Christianity are two separate and distinct things, Iwlshniy loul may never enter iato his secret." I have to make many r.pnioffirs for thus ohtrudiiiir on .your attention luy view (d Ihi' possibility of holdiuK on to " tliat wtiich isgoisfin our established national systems, while discHrding fioiii them all personalities, fnyouritisnis, and monn|K>ly. Thfi is the in. liter of politics nearest to my heart, an it was the flml on which 1 ventured licfnic the miblie in print. In 1830, I Uid before the I'pper Canadian public, tliKiiiiih the columns of tha r^riiiir" MI'ion, my prineiplo of ciuii/irijm-;/ fntfimiut iinil viilutf laiy (i;7'/iVa(i(iii which I now present to you. Ily it I proposed to letlle the vnxed question of the tltrnn Itrtfi-vm,' aud had I ii'o- eeeded, I am confldrnt there would have been no political troidiles ill Canada in 1837, which were ii rebollioii not againit the British monarchy, but aitninst llritish favouritism in ehiin h matters, or tlie confusion nliieli ccclesiaatieal fk- vouiitisin had created in mir provincial society. With no desiii to hold out a threat, b'Jt only a wnrniiif;, I nmy alio remind you that It was church favnuritiKin that i^oiiieil the old .\merienn colonists, and prevented them from taking a friendly view of tho acts of the l!iiti»li Kovarnnient ; their eneinjr in erelesiastienl nialteis, they could not realise the Homo Kovcm- nient their IViend in other matters, from hiclier motives than liU'MMxnedieiiey. I think we need not seek fnrfurther evidence of this than in the well known fact that to n man tlie rresbyte. ^ rian TKns sT *CT Of I'AniiAMKNT ill ciilonies aci|nired since tho Scottish union. Vour obedient humble servant, ISAAC BUCHANAN. Member for Toronto, the meti'ipolis. in the Hist rarliainent if I'liitul t.anadu. • Iiitelleetual nttainineiits and regular habits aie no security tor '.(eod condiiei. unless they are supporlcd by sound religious piiMCiples. Witliout religion the highest eiiilowmciits of intel- lei't can only render tlio po.ssessor more diingcrons if he be ill- '''j'',',?,™ • if "ell-disposed, only more unhap|iy.— SoiitAdv. + llie i|iKstion ol Church and Stote, ho»"evcr. is not necee. rinl.y l>oni,d up in that of endowments, for ,lolin Knox (who got the hist enll given to a rroiestant niiuister) was called to the ch.iige ot St. Andrews Wi-n, while the connection between Church anil state was not established till IfiOO; and the cndowmenUdM not come till 1507. »OOTUAI.L OF THK KOHKIGN IIIADK. monnVi,'*! "'^<'"'^''' """ I i.',. .« l;«..t-i...:_^ ^ ^ > . . * small iimoiint will do where banking exists in a full and healthy proportion to the wants of the community. In the I'nitcd States the reformation necessary is that we construe the clause oftlie constitution of the United States (which reijuircs the legal tender to be mt1aHie)to mean "secured by the precious metals, or not eredit paper as during the Uovolution." tVc must, in fact, retain gold as n eecuritv, but uot as a utmutarU of tho currency ; or, in other words, our live-dollar notes must whicl- you nTrbou, 1 ro^;ec ivlrinquidaU^n o^^^^^ of tho currency , or, in other words, our" ii^c-dollar no^s",^.7 MOKET ; and paper issued by h«nks or nrW»?l?„Vl-5 ''''i''^' ^."^ ' """*" ^""^ '""'"■» " "''til of gold-not a quarter of an ounce, or r«u may or .Ly no"i.^ 7 " n 'c?.'-?!!;'.?."' '?.^.'!'-'?'"''''l "'""'' < ","> ''r'«''' «"?/'« .<"' gold, ''fho best way to effect this is to iS •luuey in as a standard VoV the"eiiprpnev"'a„,i'rf' "''"' " ^"^^""^ ^'■" '"^ ''''.'wuiy i.ssue no more precious metals till there is • sianoaru tor the currenci, and of imm,y a very given sum-s.iy sixty millions-in its vaults, but is .uc in itit steaS ■ IVel's Byrteni niii ""i!!^'J?^IJ!i'^ii^f!!?!?lfl.'»«" ■'"*'"= -""■ "«V. A CO«M„« «„»„. rulland liealth/ •O Kulfir null nfi... 1,; ill ""'": I "**."'"" ol""*™ ure miulo smtmmm lsr.rj*r;Si-a=BE-Sf wiul to him M only • r, ),«,«,„<,>«, ho lemovei wli*t i,. ... i. kT .•...„)■ j,,.„p„,od to bo ll,« on ,« to tl,.. amou.u » ? Iho l^.-',, '„ " over tlie ii.iion, an roprmentln« th„ vnl,,.. „f tlio pivi-ious i ctaU 1 M '■ ;V'""'<'"'>( not nflnca or CorciKii) nmiliel vMli,.- TI>„ r quarlerof ,.„ ounce of gold „|,o„ tlio fo?c gn oxo u^go, m-oV n iile equivnlent terras ns they ouL'ht to be and n. »L„ ""'".'T nil other exportable connuo.lftiJ ^ By th(. racanV and bvThk du» ry for IWll-Y wTifh''''' '" ''" ?"""? •«"' "'th A'uoricfn in! m^wu^{.',,7i. "."'">'";''''""' ('""I'"' "'" 'aw now proposed .18 a monetary rclormation) interested in pushing our exmnViirnS uniting our imports (t/,e nreate.t Jtional^cZ.n?)^^'^* ^^^^ lo'.o enu tho preeious niut.ifs be brouglit down in vn uo an,1 .!.„ f. paper money nude to stand tor luoro'soW and eom n^uLg ' I ,,.. — ■ o— -••••" ""luiuuuiiieg. J WllUlll \k •'«tyc«r(IM«;„udtl,u.h«v.agaravHt.,li„Ji.fh,iul/,urnmu,aa.tu'i,;KdU^^^^^^^ ''»™ '"i''» ""cir cotton at .peouiaUr. ' •'• Isaac llueUANAH. f'TKNU-T W'Aia^^^ ?r?,V.^'^,-^;^'^' '•■•^"' '^"^ ^KISK out ok ANV SrCC'FSSR;/ AT |^;^ter;^t;!^.at^l/[K^ pe-mt ..., .nd the raoni^ fl' ■ " '"" !"3t"tii. n, i a. junl convertible tcriiis to- thn fi.n.M-nrr.i'n"".' 'iV' .f.-'^*"": '"."y 5;-itnj, (or tne contii.u, il li luuii.iiof Peel .ut. that .n the Q„.n>ipe«, . U «ia-."l^^r V^;:;^;i-;!:^;:^;,;i^^^^V™;He^n.U 91 roUNTIllKS THAT IIAVK A COMMON OR FIIKK TKADB MUST IIAVK A COMMi N MONKY. •r«omm«Kio »i,rl nunutVwturi's, ItU with regrot tliat b«r Mai k*v« Ixtpn roocivcil rrum Ihn ixvnen rniil occu ' •houlil 1x1 in ilinlrpiH . but il U a aourco of gr»li •onrnrU whii'li rluii|iniiii» niiil picntr lia?o 1h».Iow.m1 on tli« urcat ImhIv nl' llio peupiv grot tliat b«r Majwt* ubwrTM tba oumpUinln whtoh, in many pari* of i !iu|.lor« of land fitr Maiojly graatly liimonU that any pl,rli„n of tliHrntioii t.> her Malmljr lo witnvM th« incrnaiicil enjoyment of th.- m the Klngd««, of lii'r iiul>)<'«li , ,, . , - ., ncownriia nmi I'ul I oannnl forKM that in .lanuair. I8M. able to Inform you that the trailo nimrrM. Hum and roanufaeturea were proniicrnus at i\ui laniei't ii addnnned in a very diti'.T.nt atrain ■ 5d^.„i..on..«.di.tr«Mor,dt<^i.„in^^^^ ley nru in tliu Hnniu boat with men of amcs liriihaiu |>olntod tliia out loiii! ngo :— t llioir Inliiiur oiakill for wagi-a, tlioi', und«r uccj^ing .0 the etjrnai law or^pp(^ s^;;:^;:^^ ^e^^ ^-^Z^^^''::^:]^! It^'!^!!:^]!^ ''1}<^ '/r^''«>: "-> ™«* the fore the prii count ~ •ffec kef valuti nuitian :!^^j):^^j;i:^ii^^^^^ SHOUT VIEW OF OTIR CRITIC.M. POSITION ! Joranrn'^nn^Tl" "', "." V''^"*" 'hat tl... pcopIc remiin so ' ipioraiit ns not to know t hr.t the lowering of tlic price of OM U «? i^oO er"l" i" •'"■ 'i '"'"« "'? P-^hasing power of «„^l!l «'hv ,^i^.^„^-. "" '/T "« U'* exchangeable value of pro Efn/h. bv'Kn^"""i' ""^,''''^' ■'•• J^h" Work^l-.f hssos have lieen !h«%L..?'^ ",'",.> ■"' "fwenf" •'. t the principle of iSSi^d wMo.. ■ 1 fi' ""ifyrff"'-- ' V'''^''';*'^''"*' ^"''' bcinu .-.hsur'dlv fixed ?t i. f„T„ ,^ n'"' ."'"" '■'."' '" *•"> «"■"<<■"» '•^■mand as when STnd nr^fifll ."T- "' '"= f """''ule. to the same low untax- Brit?.h'^rnmn ITr '«■•'. ,t/'«/erauneration to the producer, of i Bntish Commodities, which have to be sold agai/t Oold a, a I principle, uaurc or tiilii^in u iiiui»l ontie if wi- i Commodity to I'orci^neni, as well as inji. tfot,/ a> a Ahneu to our own people in the name Marin .' So mnch for our iuanulucturi»f 01 inechnnicul labour ; ( which is cither sold to the foreigner or «• the noii-producing customer— at the same prici- to both and as a Kcneral rule at a price as low, or nearly as low, as the uiitaxod and prohtlesB price ol its competitor, the cvmmoditv 'Mtij—nai as to imports of acricultural produce which we have "to p.,y for ia gokl at n low lixed toieign standard, it amounts to nothing short tho insanity that would cxebimge full weight soveiciens fcr clipped ones ; it is in fact and practice just Kngland bartcriM gold (wliifh IS :. foreign rommodity) without adding a profit if price t(. ver taxation," for foreign produce at Urftish or taxod pi ices— loi e foreigner gets the sane price for tho same n ualito 01 wheat ar- « Yorksiiire litrmer— although the foreigner ispaH m gold at a i atv rtf > lenal putv ; orinothej- W( . Js, supoosing boA get .ISs per quartt i o, is per bushel— for his 4s tho foreigner tak« « lbs. of raw cotton as imported from America at say Cd per lb . giving the industry of this country no emplomneut ; the Yorkshi** tarnier, without gritiuy a higher nominal price , is paid in the cot- ton at !)d per lb., alter 3d hag hem, a.lded to it as a proHt to this country, to cover wages, mill rent, house rent— rates and cbarsc* of all sorts, taxation, Ac. Ac. lie gets 5J lbs. of cotton, wluk he foreigner gets 8 lbs. ! the difference being the gain thiscou*. try would have if the foreigner was paid in goods instead of goU. the I nceiit foUtiwiNl lu in . liv>>>s« ~....»» ..i* ^ • ... ._.>.. u«,T .ur iirice of euki a« it f»lu atr- id,"tTiurri.'taluiii^'''our"^'re«« - ^"^'^ ■ '"■^_TUAT HAV. A COMMOW o a^B TEA.)!: MUST .UV« . roMMON MONKV. inrtH 1)1' (ho KInid* W» •dmit tlutwllh iMpcr momiy (ro«ii,,»«M niuHcD oua n«.Tr..>. ir r.iKT tax ,, m iaimh^t). .,ur • ur c«" woylJ that .1 Hgm, lo t»k» p,>y,»,n', in llH-.n i,;^.,* ,,,,,m/ w« w "ul I to but wr uruu. tl,„t r... riiio* ,.Tiio.,r H.nr.muJ ,» a ,h,'t«!i: M.-T. T (4. rni ni«,4 ,u, »„.,, ,«n) „ ll„„t„,„„. "*"" RKAI, AND I'KRSUNAr,. (»K rilK /hiUNI^iv itwV Irttur lo 111.. «/,»„,„„ Ktamintr of aAlh M,y. Iftlfl, „ f«||„;: !Z I sUo iH Hill to Imvo my «»■ ,.p,.„ lo i|,„ ,1»„|bu, atul im- jr., 11,., «.., b.M,r«,ent«l. vi... by«n-«r«tinK .h«?nln Jmen Urf lb« .N,a..M».l I It I., from the .,« ,^( l,.no«lL of the Kwhc-mcr (thu, .l.-r|,nnB tl.ul the r, „liit..l prujuTty of ih. couulryi. Xnl But I d,«i.«., u ■fc.Hr.u ihi, ,l„n« l.y l'nrli«.uei,t, c,mXXTL It .». ni.J t .„ 1... u«ry«f il,« country m...t rera.h h, 1 ini.c" •by cru.bc. condition till «« r«pudi«lo tl.« i.riuci .!« r w..a of jrnoiple thai ,o.,k off tb" w».- Ux witlmu " W,^(r ".Tw^ dwto th N«t.»,ml |»ebt. loav.nK it lo l« Mid by fbo "ronerTr of tho courUty. (■onH,„„;;,„.,„ of ibu N«tiVn»| l)«b>C?d iL. I k.vo to p«y 1.0 ,„,ert-.t by levying « b«lf per cent, on ,Hr iji thou.«nd '..,11,01., of p,„,„,ty. real ..,d,K>»on^. but tho V-recnt^ .g.M,cxy..„^H„ul.l ,.„,„„ ,0 U. r.Hl.,ATby the t^UnoTir.,, I •Jtiig hni.iUU over to tbo r'oniii>,iwionei« ol thi< .Vat|.,nal Dobt u eSSnt;;"."^;!;;: ""'""'"" "• "•"*" '■""""' •ff«rded ? tb" , "II) nil otiic. mrai.a than tbtii •cttini the Kn«li«li m....... ' market «t dcliiuico. .■„„ tb« fixod pruperl? a.M in C, y 7^^^^ riRTrHK..HK«Nr«,vi. or labour (wbleb in nt^Uti., !"«'«».« M ax.d p.o|«, ,y. », it i. ubour that Kivea property it. r«kiel w,llot .„«,•«, ,„.vcr get the .upport of the moSey n ark.-r „ Brit„|, „„|„,,,v n,u,t ,,itl>orl.e contcntod to r.-inainuXi .l«i.U *d(unp.(,t.eled). or the support of the money VuarkeTmHtli TOted. a, ab..ve. lo bo no longer neceaj^y. t.^J", "^ E^c^^ HAD. 10 PAHS TO TIIK lOtlB or U.J. rHK CaPU,.,". '" ' '•"'° -i.,,n, i""*,'-'.''"'''"'^ ."'" foreK"'"*. « friend called on me to •uswtTlo wbieli I am anxiuu. to ni'u bciv, .... the »«„i„ ,',.'„, to ».l.| to o,ir Un iixty milliunt gram .»f home er. wil. . J ' undi-ra pr„l...:i,„| ,y,io,u w.«*» l"r. ,g„ n,.i„e to ll.iii.h l.b..uVbJ jTvi .r. (Wei r ./L^^ <>'■ WHICH he miiat alwayi ti- umnb ovor thnm f.^JL.' i '/:*' put. ou the monopoliu clause and al'.^Vne t b^?J? *"? "^ ^ •am., re.l,!otion.). The count. vUaxiouX „.«,.""''''; "^ (or th. repeal „r IVel'. bill of IHIo" buTno at t e o.™"^'"T' c ,.„, of ,.,.i.,,,, (or the doing .way'V.:;r.""^ilt'o ' 8? 7"'" "' * |.};lJzJ;r::^^f.i;;oSl^d'i"^oe-n^Sei.l!:;;.*:; . oar laxc, '.eingp.-,uic.lfy a deduction "o,.:;r' ^ f^?;*^ ^J i^'lf>^;:rfe:'tat/::^-;iti.!tvb£\i "10. Whcn/irto, are profiub o the fo.«iii,.cr avail, nr.i.' *• ; m 1,0 Kct;n,oroforhi»produoc-but Ji.dcr Cl^nlh^^^^^^^ he ,. enabled to avoid paying mo, o for ho gold wl ,'o b.f "u"?' cause the public have taken up ti.e ii,ipro«ion thai •• .■ 1 ' ^ nbU 10 umltruand it." Inatead of t' .« iT ■ .1 • ' ** ""'*"• of an the principle., .n undt^taudin;:^ '^1 „ ''|;"^r« ^^^ ina.,'» safety in a comraoi-oial countrv-. T e "i,m,l. ,n,i.- '7 whether ft rfxwl price lor gold i. .,«t a Ued inl ,ic„ l'*^ ,'"'' " t.»o j„du,t,v (for d.e uWwhich the" urre ,cy exUU) ^l^t LIB « own price, to. or ..early to, tlw level ofthf. S nH« fT wl„cl.thof.,re.g„orh«iitalway'a iu his |»w'r?o take the .'.i^ .. --, » o. my oiuer .nenua and readers It f. i mt ""'"^ \ '^"»' """, """' «"»'' •«« t"'» l>li«!'ti.,K effect uo^ not-Ha„. .e-q„it„ i.|„„. to me why you tbi..k tbcre i. anr .,«! P T' "1 '" "*.*"' "'«' «""• P"-'"* '-»"• f"'' l»o- 1" ,u.d fo, "^ in co:,t.n,.,ngyour oppo.ition to " IVTs fa al L c,^' sinL' ».m ' ■ • " ■'"■" '':?.''""'• '" '"'« '""K '''"•. ^i t''" priw wh"ch Ih ' , • hold ,„ H...h oonten.pt. and have no hope f"n .'« her of h? l " I ^Zl! " "'.'"'"fi"' P'? "* '""^ «""• ""O*''" p.o5u.7t n « ^. -- .. ... . vv, o upponents, \n., the rroUrtinnt opponcts. I see that the public do not leem Sil^iS',""."' "," ''il^.'- ^'"'^ «'"»"' iW'ediate'p.otee "„ to U ™. he uni?. ''I'r Y'^r'^'" ^'''•".i'''' «"' ^ i"'mcdmtely lost to no ,r .7 ., • •■'""'' ' ""' '■'"•'t '" "s»umiHB that, i,' ihj llritish St wiu Tv .t l^'' "^"' Tr-^ '" """• ""> •""""•-•'"'I* i-»uo "i ,t M woui i J ct bo provcntcil in some way. Can I gUDuose sa,io iii..i, up 1,1 arms, a« even the Manchester school is now'^X.'t ui ^ fCl" ""^l "'J"'"'.'"'- our "upply of cotton. bc„« « li," L ^r .U ..upply el the other «icat staples, wheat, sutfar. and" i i! ^ein, thiuK a H^;..«n r^'^JT -Sl^i^J? shown how It IS only when thinjia iu this country u,e tid.J^.J^A a.H(!oldat jeitheor. that Ulo roreigner ore le.i nL^n R^^?*^ «o.«lH. ■• ilc then «etsHO.s Ibr -"0 3l, wtt. a. d tehoiio !rf f rr-pn/^[tts/^^r^ Sis .duces the c.ployiucntof our artuans. hut thioSg ti,e .o>n, t a.io into coi.lusion, the expoit of gold ; hvuvs haviZ tl.! ifl-^f bcr n«n,!l''JM ?'^" ''*^'"8 '"^t tho Colonies, the reversal of l'oel\ pol cy will bo reoessary to save this country from u war ofclasses Kcetir.Zl^^"" I''" '*?""'i"8 "f »t Stifford and at tho lato Kccti ig ol the working classes at Stepney in London is it «, i n Uly the subject shoulJ not bo understood now » ' ' " 1 may, in coiioUision, bo allowed to e-tplain how I think .1.,. C.uri'ency lUformers arewron^ in MipposinVtlatTft t he Co . me. are lost, the prosperity of tiie wo.kiiV -la s^s.nay bo^^' S^^ee thL'rn".M■*'^V"'''''■ '."""^y- '" »'"«-•'' fold wouiyrbe in f„Vl;i'. 'T*^''"»''"-' producer to get l«ick in ••price" from ll,e 1 mt T "Eef^'-'T" "'" t"."""'''' I'a'J l-y the industlv 't ; «»ni*" , i . ** ""•■'■*' .'!'";" ''■"> imports, 1 admit thi t pautr . taxation he had paid to his •' pr cc." If' tho price of i rml ,c "S^h^twereilfls and the taxation 25 pe ceKt Iho'larme." r-,"'''.,^*'..*.^/'"'.'"* ^'•'^''t- B"' under the present svs cm (whiehl hold to be suicide on tho part of all t?L T."l„!?.''^' ' irr:-' J'?'' ^•*°}"*'''"""'' ""<• agricukural), no sooner 'w^'uM *e pr.ce b« ra«e! wo not "ce thai „„.lcr th. old p,otoetive sy.,ioi... (up to IdW) „r «ene. a exports we... kept above our general imports, so hat iSl .■,K.,t..s could not uci,H,lbj raaovr. our gold ;' the; ove.i ?lieu ""ever, had tl.o advantas^o of us in sdlin^/dtar to u" whoi l.nit;. were p,-.,.pe.-ous htre. wMlo li.ey ha-fit in their powe? to take a drall on tl.eir own ountrj' at the low xchaime of sovore.g..s at .ta 17s lOJ.l, the o.._,vlfi..h in Anicrea S i IcKa touder at -J i*r cent higher, will make our now low p iSe* U e. ec. t. t.ctlcr to the American a^ -mpaied with the nom nal pr.ie ol l.ix coini.,u E Til US TRA( ' |.- a I l>Li; IMJLSTKIAi, EVILS TO I'KEL IIAVINU IN 1«ia MADE MONEY A EOUElLiM l.NTEHEST JN tuf sTatk -A.\ INTEREST TO Wlljt;!! THE msTUEss oK aI f , OTllEU^ is PROSPERITY (••DEaU^ESS tVl' MO Lney:-) am, i'eel's syst li of i rke im ',,i '«' WHILE .MONEY REMAINS A EUREltiN ^UMV1(,,,', v' AT .\ LOW 1.0R1.U;N I'RRE, VVE \ ] • w' .as ^u! wl' K.STTO DEl'UESSINO ENOl ISIIMEN TO HIK | NVb^' N UEML-NERATION. AMJ UELOW T I E M i. i m CUMEORT. OE THE KOHEKiN SERE OR SI AVt-RE^ G.AUlil.E.^S OF THE UAlilTS OF JOllN lil 1 I 7,7^ ni' !!i1.i-:ifiV\V,^'S'»;ANH*=i-^. AS HAVING a, snTt,RT AN IIUKDKNS AMOUNTING 10 ABOUT Aii .vf cu'"ii "e 34 1^^ Ujg.oil I QLttvO^ COUNTRIES TlUT HAVE A COMMON Oil FREE TRADE MUST HAVE A COMMON MONEY. COUNTRIES THAT HAVE A COxMMON (OR FREE) TRADE MUSa MONEY, *^°^rATif^,^ES .T,"'^'^' *''AVE A COMMON fOU FREE) TRADE MUST HAVE A COMMON MONEY^ ^ To the Editor of the Qretnoek Ailvertiter. ♦i.^'^d'. '"'". T •'"""■•'• .' "J" ""«> "f """"= "ho '^'"'"ot see that the present or late sccuinulation ofgoUl in the Hank ofEneland ariBes from any pcrnianont or continning cause, niul who there- tore suppose that wc are nnich nearer AN.nnKn caumiious kx- ' ■•ite consequence of an export of gold it the withdrawal of bank facilities : this in its turn is the caufc of'"' duecd pncrs of all commodities except cold, .nnd consco.ieiitlv'ol reduc .00 „ the wages of labour. n.,d at same time of' a S„ s 'futl'Tl' ^l "i'^ «'Vl'l''.T'"">t of our working classes ; indeed 1 e facttlmt the London Jew and foreigner have not o pay mo c money (or god when ,t is in demand (the law of KUtply and dc* mand being thus „„t,ngod by JVel's law of 1819) is fhe direct cause why the lintish artiran. or the liritish pro 1 ncer of co u -Gold"' ;Uir1;" """ ""'"• "^ '"? """■• «'• «n.is laboui- fur ^4^Lj;:'^i:U-'\i^P;'''''- """"• «'"• '■"■"-"« currency, iJ^^ ''V''"" .7'"'"" in '•''" country will ,,ot soon "et sufficiently : mfoiTned on tf.o ciincncy question to force a permanenrsett c a Britisli iiibjcet lias as ninoh a right, to sell his gold to the h\ reipner as his gomU. All that wo can interfere with is the ilk! gilima e connection, tomicd by Sir R. Peel in 1819, betweSi gold and " money," out of which has arisen all the eyilsrfl our manutscturing population. Even when we get wlieat in n.\ turn for gold we have a right to complain of the importer beiSf paid in gold as n money," or ;/ol,l at a fixedprice. The SI IVf^'yn "inlT'- "'"' •'•"'■."K " "'"»y» 'n "is power to get goM at £3 17» lOJd ner ounce, hn nrpfor. \t »« n-i;:.!, __.iP.!"l unrl if ti.o V^„ . I ■ r i"'"^»^i'iin .11 iiiui piuctieai prmcip cs. , ^hli „.■ ^ ^'P",!'^ ""."■ «^"''ling social convulsion ay in tiie ^ "",'5' y « "■" euee^ o. me exi.ort ol charce ot a speedy " fctt' ■meiif of this great question om na SoW. or nn adveise ia>.l /ninn.i:.:_. i '. ■ ">'">-'•"»' ^ r"!:e'!^-J^i^-l/-;;;;;rrci^n lie or the Government derive at pie.^cnt no nrofit fiom 1,» FZ'aTan^f '■y''""'".-.^? """ " "i" '"^t us nothing to fCr into a legal tender, which cannot be drafted awav to foi.iLn coun ries, paper money, the mere evidences .,f,i;Ueip"', the depositc ot the sameamount of sovereigns in 'the vauUrof t ,'■ ainl^iainlX,';'.!-^'^''' ^^ '^'■'^l"'"'. ""d Hucli'^ney'c ' lainiy laniiot depreciate lioni insocuiity thMe'^ot-'tlir'NrHh"';' r'"' "'" '■:^«"">''K^-^ of America, and also inose 01 theiNorthot I'.niope, go ng nea r.st this com Irv tin,, .rt7l*8"4rexn5;H'nc'^'''^r'v'"''''"''^'"'''»^^ wincintinLtn'ror V ^ t''.7^''"''e»>inot believe that people will f.ontinue to refuse to consider our critical currency uositimi wUhdraL?/"? if ''I"!. *'•'.•' ■"•""'>'« *" consider thicausrof the To ortiin coltHe, n^'"'^^ '""?* ''■« """ " '" '1"= "ithdravva lo lortign countries ol our interna curiTiicv • liow ohvions tl„ ,. Dort ol°"> .Vn ,^'^ ° "'" '**•'■■' °"^"'cign loans, and . f an .x- poit ot gold from whatever e.iuse arising.-Yonis faithrullv, Glasgow. 31st January. lg,W. ''"^' HuruAVAN. Hs rS'^r"^l'■'"^:■" Ic. li. MR COBDEN ON FOREION LOANS. ^.,f„„ ''*.'"*'' per ounce, he prefers it to Hritish commodftiei w.,encver the prices oi these rfse above the starvation point wj I'ee Unco, tor instance, with wages near the sUrration poiwl in this country, the foreigner finds Iio can for £t got eif her .«! bl'bl'v tA"' I r."' •'" °*' "1°"' "' ^« P"- y"^' »"d he may p" brtbly take the c oti in preference; hut as soon as prosjIeVitJ raises prices, say to Is 3d per yard, the foreigner finds llis aW tage in taking away our gold, of which, from its being fixed tl rnce. he can still get an ounce, while of the cloth he can inly get (.4 yar-U for .14^ This state of things is the more galling aal positively unjust to our home industry, as it is clear that for th«l commodity which the foreigner himself imported he must haw' "Ot the paper, or " prosperity" price. Hut how much moi»] luonsti-ous It is, that, w ithout getting any useful article in returT but onl.v for the hopeht of the London Jew houses, we should han on tho statute-book a law which, by making gold and mon« synonymous, makes tho cxp<,rt of gold equivalent to the oxDort '' ,r": •"'P'''-.'"!"";)'. tl'c withdrawal of all mercantile confidence ' aujl the annihilation of our bank facilities. > Let no one run away with the iJea, that to monetary reform an issue of paper, based upon nothing," is necessary. All tli.l monetary rctoinicrs want i .. to make tho cilect of tlie export of cold, or nn nHvpisp .^lut., «»* .i.« *■ — :. ^.._i-_ , i^'wvii .■ II • ---- o ••■ — .--.-« ... ...u,,.rj, ,uiu iiui.. us III preseni. locausel a, la I in the prices ol commodities and wages : and such a note s« the fo lowing would compass this object, as well as meet an ex- |r«ordinary inipor;,.tion of gold from California or elsewhere -I J le taovci nment bank of issue promises to pay twenty shilJiiia I sterling, or a quarter of an ounce of ^-old, when its Viilm- is 80il per ounce less gold lieing paid when the price is higher, and pio- portionaby more when the price is loss than £i per ounie." Ihis effect would te produced by making Covernnicnt, or Bank f pi England, paper a legal tender, as the holder would liavetobui his gold in the ii.aikot ; practically, in («et, wo must piomiao til pay a certain i'o^»« m <:oU\, and not n certain nuantitv of oold u filT''"^^:, ^ ''" 1'"'''''' "' J""''*''" ='ets no profit bv the ri,-cuU.| tion , and tlio country would bo no worse off if Gnvcrnment wen to constitute a hank of issue, by simplv taking twenty millions^ sovereigns out of circulation, and is uing in their 'stead "p. lieund, as a legal tender. We thus have not, in the question 3 tliosnlety oi our paper money." anv excise for delaying' thes adoption ol enibl.nmtic money till it is forced on iis by polltioiji w*^!"!'?'!; ""',""'"'"■"»■ ;!""ri««"ce "f ••irreciprocal frco trad.1 with a lettered currency."— Youiii faithfully, ' ,,i /. . I , . Isaac Bt;ouA\»«r. (riasgow, Ot toiler 2, 1840. '• jiiicni IK-us viilt pordfrc IVius di'iiiciimt. " ^" ''"' /•-WiVur of the Diiilv Mnil. tion a^T,!m°ed7ny,"r {";''''. '"','•■' '"'=""•■"•'*" "" ^lio tyrannical posi- si*:™: 1 .™ ,' < »l"'c" s letter to .Mr E. Fry lie nttenii.ts Ic donas"v"",{!'h" 1"!:''^ *"■,' "'" «'")«•' »™ not s 1^ tho icht II i.tl nf ■' "■ ox I'leniier's nerves. Air Cobdcn S e for le STi ''V ?'''!""'? '''""■•''" """I'' ^o allowed to bim tisthe •?! • '^'•''"' "'"'" """ '"^■c" «l"Mi (according to ?o BO nto ; ;i ' " '""^'•'='''.>"' ' ■'"•'Ot K^t '■"'■'■it'n countries with us In H," el' "'•?■ ■■" '■" t'"- detail of baiter transactions Mr Vobden to a toU'rr/'"'i''i'',''' 'l"'"''''-" "nblusliiug cff.onter.v in Ms new d"." -1"^' " '''''"•''- "'« I'"''---- "'' this countr.v with world wore ;iTin;w'T'r'''r'/' ■"" "'""' S''<'--'>-nmcnts ..t this idenUe™ ;?lh !c" veir""'''^ a par. '^I'filigeticc and morals nnd ieiiui.,ii all on of ti°o''l^''n to'r/'!" P"'''i= n"'^'" -^orviee i„ nuttiug tho matter ei tlicloan to Austria in so elo:,r and a simple light, Thcwing that nii-i iviltieli.,!! ill till' value . i''y vvuiiiJ just mi'ai-. tliai OLR LEG'SLATION RKUlCES WAGES ONE ll.M.F Unikr I'eol's money law the taxes cannot ho added to " piice " ! so that (even nndera protective system) they boeonie a M,iCtio»\ tiold standard the deduction fVoin wages will bo Dotii,,. rw AMOUNT OP .TUK TAXBs w« should charge on foreign pmdi.ce t« put the foic.gncr on the saniu footing as our own produco" r from the S,otti>U AyriciUtui-iH Jovi-.ial. ) The free tradeis thmk that the old political bullvingwill doto ■H,. r,T "^''^^i ,:'"■•""• -'"d 'i'^'t tl'oy uiay bo able agaii to rightcn the piiblie nuiul IVoai its propriety, as tho Aiili-Cor" I md i;?.r;,"r'''^''"""-''-1''' '^""^'^ ^'^■''^ ""d his crcatu US. ■ inminH.^ -n"' "" '-^r' "Vl^'iovo they will bo miserably ds- 1 ^m Z t ;. 1 '"-' """VS '""" "'^?" '""'"'^ '■'••-"'^ "•"do>'«. who hare I ^njtliu.g to lose we bcliovc to be shaken to an extent wliicU it I w'-ro suiting liUle good purpose to pry into, till they thciisclvM ' -ulrZu " f""' "t'l'"l;"""ty <" wveal it. it will, howeve.-TuU t lans m le,' ■ •""'l'""", »' r '",'"'''" ""' conversions that beoom "nspniei t. csf.wially when these are of whole classes. ' I Ol this descnptioii may surely bu viewed all tho ourreiiov re-. formers of the TuMlur ,chool. Wo hesitate not to say that « , honeHa„.r,m,nen,h t politician of thcU school ran /ema„ Zl . h,> ounprmciple.-, n freetrader. John Taylor, Ksq ofUndoJ : (publisher to Iving-s Collcao). the great thinkc.^n tho subjTto radir.'h^''"" ''''•' "'"^ ''«n«v«le»t man, and o ue T| ' K ftt ' nn;;'^'''"'i'V'^ »8"- '•^■•■''«l»all tl'o l>olitio*l • \:l^V the present (l.-»y. could not muster aa many men if inte!' ,«'h, ';"•"' "i ".<^"-,*"V'.eiP'c8. as Tayfor can boastof as fr "nAl I Iwt IS e nphatRalfy ki, prineiplo, if it is not litt',-" ^l >,,,,, _aU ol them men w\o,in honest admiration, say ot^SiI I aylor. as Ouiutillian nni.l nfil.,. r,, .„,.,,. „., i "V... •^ "• """"I Koiie, UU ,e profei-4sse sciat, cui Cicero vatdc placebit/ * spent, lor he causcot paper or emWem.Uie nioiitx aL o. i.««cdU money such as we now havo,embodiing in it.-elf fntrinsloX II a,l,l !„.> I,..,K>1.I, »hlch woat.1 uiUj Ik- n,,ui-,.l l.y ..v,,„rt«r«. COl inder the latte; ilways (whethe noney) get gold *ill reject eomi K*t much aliovG howod that by ender, British St, or profit lei ^urci', Mr Taj tuc iti paper t om the tax-pa ote. ileaaer would fall, ai t ation, or to he foreigner « pld he desires •nt., and thui he British com •y that we gro' iras no taxatlc [[through mcai.s kxation is 25 p •t and charge, rinds of Ileavei I come fifteen r k'on which mu$. ought tlap 35 ver tc pay I •ice. Our pre ■ults. Under nt. a« above, « Xng life to it ! ' The fact is (ei Bat the price not ( ^n to fall in 18U _e contraction of pas ttiiUir fruit of «r when I say bj ■iciaoufacturer, I • populac* witbi COUNTRIES THAT 1,AVK A rQMMON OR FREE TRADE MUST U.VE A COMMON MONEY. VE A COMMON! Isaac ltcrii*\\N. Lnder the laltor it being endent flint while the forciener can Vlwnys (whctlier it is scbko or plentiful ns a romraodity eras a noney ) get gold at tlio forcieri price of £3 17s lOid the ounce he .will reject comniodities the produoe of Hiltish labour when they |nt much above the foreign untaxed or proHlUm price. And he Showed that by th'i aid of paper money, or paper made a legal ender, lJriti8h labour would bo enabled to add to this natural 08t, or |)rnfitlc».s price, the amount of the taxes paid by the pi-o- Bucci . Mr layloi; s idea, ia a word, is that Government shoiild cue lU paper to lU aervanta and oreditoni (and take it back Pom the tax-payers), just as a man grants his bill or promissory jote. i lo asacrta that gold would rise ib this paper, or tkt paptr wimldfaU, at compared to gold, exactly to the amount ot our Iftxatiun, or to the amount of these taxation notes, so that he foreigner would have t« give 36 per cent, more for the |Dld he desires to export it the taxation amounted to 25 per •"';; .■."V "'"• 1"', would have no inducement to prefer it to Jie liritish commodities on the score of price. For instance •y that we grow sixty million quarters of grain, which, if iliere Jras no taxation, would cost to grow 363, Mr 'J'aylor would ■through mcai.s of hi8 paper money) enable the producer if the ■kxation IS 2fi per cent., or Os. to include thix with the natural jost and charge, 458. ISiit free trade enters and scatters to the •uids of Ileavcn all this hnmanity to the liritish producer for S come fitlecn million quarters foreign grain which pay no " iat- tion which mutt be ,jot back in prict." and down the price is ■wught flap 25 per cent., or to .Ws— thus leavinq the Bntish ■owtr tc pay hu taxes out of hit capital ituteadof out of hi, ice. Our present mo:ie.y law imposes on ut doiiblv calamitous isuUs. Under Taylor a plan British industry would lo.se 25 per nt. ai above, and under Peel'* money law Hfty per cent. .' SIR JAMES (JRAIIAM ON CORN AND CURRENCY. (from the SeottiiA Agriculturist Journal of January, 1860.) We had not intended to recur so soon to the moneu'ry view of *ricultural;)ricM; but by our correspondence from all quarters I find the public opinion, on the subject of the prospects of the Jiners. getting fast on to the state of things twenty years aeo kioh has been so well olironicled by the SccrcUry for the Uome "partment under Sir R. Peel's administration •— Moreover, so far from urging the Government to bring sapa. _^ly under the view of the Legislature thoquestions of currency ■d of corn, it was the decided interest of the landowners to hate JMisted on a careful revision of both these sulmots conjointly Ihey are in themselves intimately blended ; it is absurd to talk If prices without reference to money ; and it is impossible to alter llie quantity of money witLoiit affecting prices. Disjointed dis- mssion on those two vital points is the precise eause of tho dan- .•roiisconolusions now sanctioned by Parliament, whioli thi-eaten nth rum and degradation the whcleelass of existing proprietors " -iir James Graham's pamphlet on Corn and Carrency. 1827 We have often bisen aakcd the important question— how is it J«t. If, aa Sir James Graliani thought in 1827, and as you hiva Uways thought, Peel's legislation of 1S19 was so deletcrioua the wuntiy has not long ago fallen prostrate before iU blightini ef- -Sn- ♦ ' li*^"' ^^^iZ' ^!^T «'*'"? ""' "Ply. ^ worth our wWe tosay that, on the highest autfiority. wo can assure our . l" J u"" "'"'P" Graham'a opinion, as above stated has \9t Chan L'cd, though we dare not Tcntnre on so difficult a lask as • show how his conduct can be reconciled with this fact In answer to those who think that Peel's monetary legislation rio utterly cruel to the industrions classes as wo aver would wp ago have blown up either itself or the Government adminis- jring It, we i-eply that there are two practical reasons for this • ■wo circumstances prevented foreigners having a chiim on Uril .."h^.l "t "'i' "°, "'*^ " *«^ practically of less importance «i hav ng put a hied and a wrong value on gold (s.*i^. that _»ct cally, It could not be demanded at all) ; and. these two cirl ■mstances— in addition to the fact tl.at the day of verv largo fo- mu^.^^^lx ''^'' ?^'*"' "*«/-»■'•'•«. A'"y, tho fact that the •litinental wars had pi event, d or delayed tho rise of the roanu- Mtuicsof other countries, ni.d Hum Jtriti-h goods have gone '■ ^broao .n payment inslcail ot gold ; secoudly, the fact of tkf ex. ' r.i'^t'.ff / .'"•'"«/•'" 'I'"""' "'"=''• '•y "•straining the impor- S;' . . !"''"•'" '""^•""i ""' ""'y Pre^emwl « diift't loss of im- Kfi.l'T "T "I"""'"""?"'- •'"' "" '"<'•'•<•<'» lessening of our Ku ^ ">»■?"'»«'"'« »>»l "I'ip good, through the exportation of Kll 1 ?, K '• "*^ ""■■ ,'"*"' ''"P""' "'"ley. and the conseqaent wiUi- Irawal of the oounUy's banking facilities, as in 1847. ISig'JJ^ ff^u hT"" 7,!"' ■''•■;'',"" '"» """'«""^y legislation of tliln J^ '^ ".t?** "" ""'" '"'' '^^»^"™ "'»" that it ereatcd an iHt? ^ "a " 5'""'f» : .'«>••. must not our moneyed class, t^M^^' dear ot' cheap, 11, proportion as gold is 'scarce oi- K!rl 1'.. i*""" '^"' *'l* •'"«"•»'• PO-ition of tTio animal in the no irr . i'm' "•"*" • ***' *""' ♦-*«»' «• d««tl» to othera 26 nn^'if^n'"'^? the public peace been secured by suspending the ten t-Jri"' '•'^''''hort.sightort principle, and as this all "n, nor! Graham "" '"' r*"" *"""•' '" ^-"^^ '"•»"«'" '■<"•«"<» «' by Sir J™ mw Graham, we prefer agam using tho words of his excellent pST wl.J^^ ^rT''" r"®'-*""') ■'"«'' that •' was intolerable thev r^?..?"",'*^"' i- V'*.'' "''■" Jisinterested : regardless of the n' creased value of their own salaries, they felt for thTdobtori til' tes'Tthi'"' «i?' 1^1' "^ '5? P^oP'o^ and prefer;ed "i^r i^,^ suckers of Ui-d Clmtliam. They thought wliolesome fi.nH .^ constant employment better fm- the people than whXome cur LZl""' '••ir-'"'' ""i''" "■•'nJlords without ro.7ts,aTr,nanu facturors without profits. They turned aside, therefore from Itl „"'•'■;" P""' .»» .•'"ty .' they relented for a tim». and renewed ^^A^Z^ lio'triction Act: with an increase of the circuffi medium, prosperity returned. I cannot fail also to remark » iramenHe sum adde.1 to tho debt during the period of Xer Jit th'ich'"wi',T' ""' "'"■'J-'r • •^'"''"•'""f to the'^a'lcien sta-idiJd which was then suspended, wo generally borrowed ab.,ut Ifll i..' tho pc.|nd : and with our return to thatstandard? we are now,^ quired lo pay the entire 20j. The letter of the bond and t^ pound of dosh, are claimed by tho creditor '' ^ in 183*»L''rH."'^,r ".^P*"*' "n^""^ "•" «""'*' ''i'torical fact that in itij^, shortly alter the publieat on of Mr John Tavlor'» ( r^ iZit to''h"''"'' ■■ ?• '"' '^""toration of National Posperhy sh^w n^a hi I .iff'"'™'"'.?"'''! P™<:ticable." Lord Oastlureagh Vrm ght l^J n t^r'iF t"','^ >"'"'"" "' ""« P"'""" notes until the Ex- piration of the Bank Charter of 1833. Let our readers nir- in» arly observe that what wo complain of in Sir R & "one: law IS that, under it, tho industry of the poor, the ra°.re it U ex- erted only the more enriches the rich, as ^ving tlieTn oommodT ties cheapor. or otherwise .uakin.- their money worth m~ the Iftern'r^T V"" ""■•^'"■''L •""« ",»*« theanomalo 1™ spec aote of the increase of pauperism, being the result of increased indus- try 01 production. The nation, in fact (or at least its masTes or nidi strious classes), is in the situation of an indiviS ^ho hi,iff,^J"",t"*'^,'"?'"J' "•"'•« ''«P<'"<»ent the more superhumSu his etforts-througli industry and economy, and temperance per rssibleT' loftfTK-"' '?J«P?"<««1?« (if wecould^iroti ?h , possible) ; yet the combination of qualities in tho indiviXal heiB supposed are no greater than those which this nation's industry 18 « ca ise this horrid state of things ? Wo answer-Byuu- duly contracting the circulating medium, and by directly causing as well as permiuing, the payments to the foreign trade and foreign loan, taken up in London, to be the means of cr^tiSr fluctuations in the quantity of our internal circulation of paper linn.i'^H e*"f " »">/'<='?'■'-■« of authority (to continue our qSoti- tions from Sir Jame.. Graham), has admitted it distinctly that iL under-rated. n 1819..the procure which thereturn to the ancient standard would occasion ; and so little was thectfect of Mr IW. Bill undentood. that in the very session o f Parliament in wWcU it passed, three millions of new taxes were imposed, although !• I per cent, was admitted by Mr Richards to have beer, added to thi previous burden ; and experience has sinoc demon7trat*d that tb! real a-ldition approached much nearer to 40 percent And shaU the landowners of this United Kingdom tamely acauieMe in th. oper.ation ofa measure, the nature of which wisTrSX^rcW even b,, those who advocated it, but the effect of which has pro«d more burthensome than its supporters contemplated, or the natijS can bear? Let me entreat them to depart from their usua coursd jf. awaiting the event : a great and immediate effort U neeessalito bn,.t the ooni now drawn so tigh" a" ?1 i^ U they hes^, „.ey will be entangled in such complicate.1 dittiJol- .^l-» HIM ':!*"? li" ""^P" "'" '<"•" ^ »'"«" imi'^^-ible Mr se^." (p!»t) ''**"-"' " ""^® '■'^'■''" '"''^ ^"""^ <■»"•- TUB RKPEAL OK Kll! ROIUIRT PKEL'S I\K v XiOC; MONEY LAW OF 181U. '-^t -^'^'OUS »jng life to it ! klw!!* ^*^ '" («»ntJnues Sir James Graham, writing in 1827) h»t the price not .miy of corn, but of commoditfrs generally bo- Kflnflt^.'" ""*;u""" f '"'"ally M'tthHl down in propo.tiJn to ^contraction of the currency, until (l>« .«.- la!;.. "^ • - . £Sr^ih!!l'r"' "i' tne ayatem was tested by'all classes-l .-uii in -mr„.!f l"' ^l:^H f"'-*'""'''' tl'« "'in of the farmer and W manufccturer the distws of landlords, and the iBsumotlan I • popul»e« without bmd Md withovt s^ploynmCmXl J •'»l'«rt«rH. To Ih* Editor of tht Scottish Agritultwal Journal .■.5!''.'~,^'""'""'°i"'^'" '"T« prevented me writing you in refer- eneeto the very clever strictures on my views, inVour "ounSl ?.r'?t'': «/'"-■'' I '""■J not tail to discover to be by the authoTrf I ho Nature and Way of Money." I also observe in your pan* of jesterdiy. tho communication of an even better known iia^ 11 the literar .„d monetarv world. Mr Jonathan Du^an t^ Alladin 01 ,.Ias JerroUVs newspaper, and other p.Tiod oal, .attacking thc^ v» on corn and currency which you and hoW inoorauion H,. shall not, I think, have to dilTer in pr nci"p°e r.- r Li?i"T <''J"'-''.,"J ''«ails, we must do) will be rm Ef!2"}'i**^' •''"•'''".'owledgohim. and his friend the gi-eatan^ W«l John faylor, as the great father and expounder of the philo- 1^ of emblematic money, as opposed to raoiuy embo.lvinc»' some unncconntablo morbidity o feeling seems contin.mlly to represent to lihn as at- ^}.,:J"' """"I't"' to be depreciated, while in reality tl.ev are. «bow the thouslit of envy or the possibility of con.pelition-asa S^^Ue'&ti^or';^' "Co'd-: C^i"'-'" "-'.F-.ical philoso- Ae hiKh. •ssings »mong the low as well as All I can do this week is to send yon the enclosed copy of mT li m.-tant. to " the National Currency Ueform Associa- letterot'Ttl. .. u-.M „f , J ',•";■. ,"■■.■;""; ^""i"*;.' >«eiorni Associa- tion of London, ol winch Mr iJunran is sec.etaiy, and the lite •Jd iOHl. It shows my position, an.l I think is a loA ndient on 2ltr« n,',', V"l '',r«'i"","f. '"""^y i "'"il". "O'baps, there ?ou"d S^niPMl^n ' ^'/''r ':'^\ '" ''"t'f'I'at'on to the valuable com- wwe'rnrSd?^?;^;!;, t.';" ""■"'"••' ■"■ ^""•- ■'<""""' -■•"d^-d ^ GUfgow. 23d January. 1850. ^'"'° B«c„a»ak. tr ■ T. , ,. Glasgow, Jan. 7 1850 Francis Bennoch, Esq., President of the Kational Currency „. , , , . "clorm AssmiatioD «nr'.;T;i- f-Yf..'''" '^'™"'^^''•V"''*' ?"•'•• ■'t*'sn<'i«tion. with 'aIk.T1'^^?>- ?"•" *];" "■"*'' ''"*'*'^''' ■' I'finciples and Objects of S^fiih ir, . '"'^"i"' ^"!;';^"'^y Ass,H.iation." 1 should have been •elightcd to have been able to join your association, but for tlir rei«wn.sfo.m..rlycon.n.nnicated to Mr Spottiswoode, I am sorry I?-!.^?i ?".'!"' • ?".'' !">■ "■""■ '■^•Peating my views, in contradis- tinct on to the printed papers sent n,e, will, 1 tiust, be regarded »e cttect o( I'eel s being allowed to triumph a little longer over wis country's industry. ""bcr o>er Some ol my friends around you know that were I "atisfi.H n( ^to':," d r-V"*/ fyiZ^YT'- =""' "^ 'h.- '"Ht^rit^ya'n . sl°v •f your detniKs I should lepl the ii'.nre obligation and pleasure to fc.'« J;Li':" "'" ""'""^■'' '1'" •""•""'>■>"" weie In.'^rew men iKu.t • "'•'"■e prepared to make greater sacrifices than niy- Wir n the cause ot paper money ; and, indeed, 1 fed it to be no !Ifc~i tu-,^ '°. .■■'^1'!"'e, to disagree with the details of men whow ultimate object is that greatest of national boons, paper There is however on my mind, after long and anxious oonsi- iewfion, no doubt that .,ou have gone too far by vour inter., ren< c Sin,^?!!'"?*.*'^ '""V*- '«^*'-f'"-ther than protesting against »e monopolist clause.which prevents new banks being established Mder the same securities and restrictions as the present ones, '♦«..!„«". *''e.,P"W'« /"'"d IS not up to Mr Taylor's plan of J\nt\Z ""A^'.'r "Ik *'"" "■■'" ""' P-'ioeil'le of paper m.iney 32iL^,i^ b„ l'"^"'.V".T''^""" «' f'''«' trade 1 might not have JMpaired. but 1 see that the error you make (at the top ol page Jlffl *™"''r;i'-cnt when you express conhdenee that tli^ existii,.. iu 1 1 between prottctionists and free tnulors inav be reeon- Mled by paper money, hven the liucoJie mind will ndt pu8.s over i« l'."I! ''";« '"™<' '» .your ardency as free tiadere ; 1 allude to S^uten'.'^'"'-' "'"' the lawr of supply and demand is th. only rjSUlatorot prices of food under free imp,)rts. and that therolore Wir friend Mc Jaylors benevolent principle won't work at all Zr.,t1;r?i !•;'• "^^ ?'■' "?•"'='" *'!'*''' '"t'oduccs into the Hritish ■Mkets additional supplies, not having on the weddii..- garment tt.v*hf^'""'' VT''":^"-»^r,««"'- *«» t" ""> •^tate, which 2!nt nf /h ^" '«";'*'"; Pf'pe- , I" P»Ki..l me more ' tban anytlj.:,. .1 .. .,i,|. 1..,,,, ,;«,,,,„ IVnlinck' / „ , L ,„ Ts «., 'in foA - '*?"t'f»l argument, was weak on this point, and But It IS evident, il we would but reflect, iliai there isacon- ^d blamlrirp'^Tr"' " f"'^ '""^'' ''^'"^ " '-'» " riforr", ISIOl wl „%• '»'• rc.lncinp tlie wages of h.hour (by the bill <> i^ the .am! th '„,?"". ■'■'"'•' " '^'"■"l"'""'!! " by foreign imports i! *'?"'"''. ^'!l"'-'=. t'"» "'.'rely "nvon™ of Satan reDrovinir'.i,, . L fiillTlT''"."^'',^''''^''- '"''•••' '" "riii.h ialxiiir, by giving » foreign price to gold, against which it has to be^dd • they uZ. '^"''- "/"'"e" P"r to Hritish labour, by rtcriving torci"n A. n^n''t!L"'th'""' T'^"'?' '" «^'' "S.inst'our^x^uXr. " JHi«« 17, Ihc home trad* ;u,vine a ,p«i«| instfoment with which to effect internal cxolinnges. would norer be pamlvred nor even disturbed by the export of gold, but continiions v pi^cJ^ without any interrnption." Now. besid.a having it" prPc^^ duccd as above the home trade will be «o much the worse funH«r any stale of things) of gold being exported, ha to the citen[ ppF.l Kors, ,„, ead of British commodities, it is evident there is a diininiition ot the exports of British labour [ I .IK K0U.0WII.8 PiBT OP TnR raiiER CONTAINS Mr Buciiahan's 1 biturly regret that more should be attempted by vour sooletv than r.irryin;; the principlo of paper monev The ulml,; 1^1. -^ pie wo, Id bo carried if the H.infc of KngS's noU w!L'^^"S'" ale,.! tender, she being required neie^r ,„ 1 ave ^'.t Te^t ^a/ say t«Pntv-hvo in llions (all banks issuing one po ind notr)' If the I>anl< of l-.ngland had never less than t*cnt -( ve miUi^n. of notes out, she would of course hold never less timn eleven m"l lions of Hpccie. I however, would like to .-ce her cSnTta double, , and never less than twenty millions in her vault thil (w h he standing fourteen millions of issue) givin.- the amount thirt^y.lour millions in actual circulation, altho,„|, th s it h"wt i"? pHvareZnr"' "^"'"-^ "«' '■''•''»''"""' "' ''■" J"'" "stoS 'Iheloregoing is the temporary measure we want till th<.r.,.ki- mind s ready for Mr Taylir's pfan oT taxation iiote. 'Yfi oyo 1. asking so much. You interfere with banking (the bUl^ 18411, besides ««„,„,,ar,7<, dispensing with gold aS ,,sccuri,u al(he„..h we know that gold will suit the purpose ju^t as we^ i? any ;.t her security, while the public i. pr,juMfedinVfZoL^ lohjeet to vour putting gold . aside and CcS iur present s.v8te,, .,1 hanking, not only because these alteration, arc not at all ne.e..s«ry to monetary reform, but because I .ec that v "u can n. ye, succeed in this course. I myself think you wo Id create S ch«o ol hanking ; it is a question in my mind whether we shonM not rather bear the ills we have." a/; an.Uf aTi'e'nd ^.^J^^, money thinks tkuB. yojT may^iV yillf wUlli^-l^a^: WJh and hxed standard bullioni.m of Parliament and the ijiiinranoe and the press. 1 liiive thought it my duly fo place these views before you and t i/not «7 "nVe^."^'''^"'' '" '''"f'ien.lly spirit the.vare'^oK it IS not at all iieccaKary for any one to give up his preference for c .?n?"Tf "'"""''vL ^'S' '■" "'•'■'? 't "«" »« "•« "PBm ng "four diance of forcing the hxed standard bullionists to yield us "naMr money, seems tome very unwise policy, and to it I c«u?d uotZ a ^lariy even if I had not (which I Lve) insuperable oZtions to mingling up the questions of money and banting; so different in m.vniind arc the subjects, that I would no more care for a^ank" tn^trn?" '"""-' ■""' "•'"• -•"' -r'. |. >"»r V n , Isaac BuonANAif. IV.l..-In copying the f;)regoiog for publication. I have in vano,,., places, altered words andexplaine« froi. a letter of mine. iurX '■•-- v"-—"' ^:"— *""» itwi« » iL'iur Ol mine, in rrnlr COUNTRIES THAT HAVE A COMMOK OR FREE TRADE MUST HAVE A COMMON MONEY. .t"'"^.-''"*"!'!*'''' ?»'"»«''» frnm Pamphlet, showine . * .1* "."' ">e vital question, but " Kmplofmonf'-tliat thftt s.-^T",;," "i ;." i^rav.mi. uuL r-rapioymoni-— mat food UDot the first ii^essary. ' but that "the means of procuring fcjKl^ or employment stands in this »ital position-cSnoluding •J.lll.'hrl'.r"' •"^''''^'J' "r fr«« ''^■lers. if real f-, trade can |Msil>l.> boattninedtorbngland— although itwoui- .lit no other •ountrv on earth ,(/AicA ha, a banking .ynem .- but in common mth almost the entire working classes, anil raostpraotioal rasnu- ftetuieis and raercliauts who prefer their country to their party- we now see that what is not reciprocal, is not in truth Free Trade. By our so-called l^reo frade measures, it novi appears that we tafe o. ly set (roe toi-eign and not British industry. We must, ^withholding the great boon we have il in our power to give fcU we svtBomtthuig approaching an fqmvahnt, make it the in- twest of the foreign growers of wheat and other produce to use fc.n *"'t";V'"n .'.".''."^"''e with their respective Governments in fiwo 11- o the British manufacturer; for we see reciprocity to bo tt«o utuly necessary to prevent so groat a reduction of employ- ■ent us 111 this country and hi;r colonies must lead to revolution, Jithoufh thcroe-xists no disluyaltv tothe Monarchy.] I am, Sir, yours respectfully. Ml Cobden and the political economists, li't) their pupil, » Kobert 1 eel pei-sist in that most fatal of all legislative liere- mt», tliata country should bo legislated Coras a consumer instead M as a producer. 1 heir argument, that thi? country w.iuld p.iv. a« a general rule, the hxed duty on corn, were such iinpose.l (and ■Ot the foreign producer of the corn), proceeds entiiely on the iwumption ot an exceptional cjvso. In delUnco of all th.- facts ■ey begin by assuming that this country, aided by her colonies Mid reciprocating countries, could not srow a suffloiency of food ftrher population ! and then they assume that the price abroad i» as great as the price here, concealing that the cause of this is Mir Doing purchasers in the markets nf irrooiproivitin,' countries I ■ «o,i«y„<.„c< of there being no import duty in this country. «us. by the absence of t.ie import duty, they oroduee (call into »3tence) the tact on which they found their argument, that the ' Breigii grower does not pay the British duty, for how would he i ," ,V;r<" "\ Britain to get 45., when he can get 45.. at «.- tf * 1 '■°?'^°r T'" ^*'''y "»" "'" '' '« «"'■ "-itional infatua- ■ 3lt!,=-i;'i-. ! "■"w"** ""^ price abroad, so iw to give a semblance of fiausibility to this argument. It will also bo perceived that in 97 leaders don't raise the vital question at all ; for thi qukstion of th« U„'hY*V'"'i?-? ''m^iSt* ™<;r?1"e"'on of less or more rent to fi^^r h2'l'°r''p *^' ? ^^ ^'Israeli's sinking fund is a measure only ftr the relief of the Jewf and fundholdem. Had Mr D'lsraefi been in earnest in the cause of the poor man, or of the country'a ndustry, he would have proposed that the property of the coio- tho wrS„h7?h-'".^- "ff .">«'»'■'»» on property, /hould assuia. the war debt, this being m the true sense of the words " Fnig. llneY " ^'"'^"«^"«"' " B'""8B iNDusiRT" com- But, even supposing that human nature were difforent from 7.^t\ V"' V'*' our politicians of both sides were undoubted- ly philaiithropiats. and could afford to have no other obj^t is view than the elevation of the working-elasses. there would still remain the question of the best means of attaining their patriotic purpose ; and it is only on this high ground, and not with the least view to party purposes, that I have, since 1840, persisted in stating the tollowmg case, in opposition to your view, that the oonsufner, in this country, would always pay the impoi't duty on toreign food, were such imposed. 1 adini' "vit when there is a deficiency of wheat in this couatry the consumer would pav a rise in price e piivalent to the duty on the foreign wlie it which we import. I admit this for argument'* sake, and as being ouito willing to concur in having free imporu when the price of wheat rises above the price of a full market ; but. at saMie time, I deny )hat it is the duty itulf which directly increasas the price, or that, in a time of scarcity, wheat which had paid no impirt duty would sell for less than wheat which Imd paid 8s per nuarter to the Kevenno. It being the law of supply ami ilemand that entirely regulates the price of articles, the stock o( which wo chiedy grow ourselves, the same quantity of wlio it, whatever it cost the holder, will have the same effdct in re iicing the price ; and the admission I makj abov3. amounts only to an acknowledgment that the consumer in this country would have to pay a hi.'hor price, from the import dutv pi-eveiit- ing the stock being mcraasod to a full supply. My argument, therefore, against free imports being for the advantage of the lab luring classes, comes only into pl,« when, we have a well supplied market, indept'ndjntlv of supplibs of wheat lor which we shall have to pay away gold, thus extirpating the Bank tacili'.iosol this country ; and if our home growth of wh at aida.1 by supplies fro ii the colonics and other reciprocating coun- tries ld III greater contempt tlun I do the individuals who e ill them- ■^ives I rotcctioniats ; for I see that they are hki.i' sbrkkrs, and •"'t I'lllLANTHIlOl'ISIS UAVIXU .NO OPUKK ODJKCI l.N VIBW T lAV TIIK ■"CORI.NU TUB QRKATRST AMOUXf OF KMl'tOTaHVr FOIt TIIK P ll'lIU- i'0». Any one with half an eye may sec that the Pro eotiomst *"'"' "-Tu'A'iV^- "I'lf&f:",!?,'^''" '^"'■- ''"■'••'VT FAf^r f>F OL-lv ilAVIN'O COLCSIEH WllES HE PROPOSED FREE illAl)I._l.RH'. TRADK AND COLONIES UKlNli TlUs(i> I.SCUMPaTIBI.E VVirUEACIl OTHER lNGOFTm.-''FxVK^^^^ ..;... .^-^-.''.-..aK, hey. ep,,rted from the p.trioiic maxims calk-4 rhl, ,!, ■, • . . UI'.MU Ih.S ot I UK KMPlKh ; British principl.'s. To the countr os and the princinles alluded *«« n.l^ *? •"""T/l ot {ho l>';o.ont day are thn.wing np to ilio.e is the saire mor.,1 certainty of a glorious r^urr^tion •fc*ie noble countries called the Britmh Colonies with the same but whether thi. r,l.all occur before or alter these have KlTi": ^ But to add to the calamity of driving the agrioulturisU to oar their taxation, lojal and general, as wcdl as their rents less oi- I Taif«, out th.;ir capital, and by thus extripatiig proiit to j deprive the classes re.!.iiring einpl .ymont of the co-operation of I capital, itapiiears t> ai! that wiinx tuk prick is uxokr rnAr ot ■ A PULL MillKlir, WK MAKR A PRKsKMr OF Tll« DUfT TO TUK KOREIO.V PBioiicEB I toink that he will save the 8s which slioul I eo ti> the re/eii:ie ; thj additional fall in price hit wheat causes is an liippirnt saving to the Miisumer, to stand against his re lucei I eiiiplovin ;nt, aod lor whiuh it is but an insignificant set olf Cor I as til ■Irishman wlio ca ne to Liverpool said, •• lleco.ild 'e^'aiiy'- i thill',' in Ireland lor sixpence, but the only question was "how U, get the sixpence f You must pardon m > if I continue' to hold tli'se views as loiig as I continuj to hold tUat the only rei'ulator ol lU:'. pr.co ot b.v id-stiilfs is the law of supply an t demand In. deed, 1 am persuaJed th it all will yet come to -ee that, when our provisio I mark ts are so full as that wheat has fallen 5s pef quarter below that which a full supply would indie i to —s.ky to40» -the forei,'ner impirtin^ wheat, instead of getting 48s. to cover his 8s import diiiy, wmild actually get less than <0' by the amiunt ot the fall in pric) which his additional qoautity ol wheat bniiijs about in the British inarUots, I feel conf lent that, in the cise I allude to— .vliicli is nov abiut becoming the experience of this r luntry— the foreigner would, out of his own pocket, pay the 8s duty, were su h impised. and have it io his power only to take away -old to the extent of 31s (instead of 403 with five imports ) -\ o:irs lUitllfnlly, Uj^^ BuoHAMAS. Glasgow, Jan. 14, 1830. 98 FRE E TRADE AND COLON! KSTniNGS INCOMPATIBLE WITH EACH OTHER. iZ^Jn^H 1°^^" naracof Rritii.Ii and to tnkc rcfiigo under the ^ntinn^ *hnfV T""'''' "" '"™ '""S »he national dduaion ,h,,Il Mntiniie that holds np such men r.s Peel, Gladstone, and '"rd wra IS Dcmg niado more and more desperate. (Jlddstonn'. .,i TOintstration of Peel's principlrs, „nd cspcciillv hii ccleb^a?. d dispntch to Canada, in which, (bnnishin A«n h rnfetnorv ^ our American cxncrienee). he l.oldlv nsserted that tie f-^ lot Tal ti Jni«tiiu8o| the treatment received by a dislinEniHlicd FrrnVl, i?rf;n„" f' , ' '"'l'""" anguapc of Sheridan, iietcad of over Htatinp, far mi Jci states tic case • lor so ti^./.Y-.^/,... VIv n -T- • interests is ,ho Lrcatl. „f our iateVcometic.M {tiXti .n Uia'k than its voracious appetite oould devour. • • . S , „ ' : ; ".."t..,,,™, ,„ ,b4(,, would hcnn .„.. u' . ! liiitish Government lord Fl^ nil *°°° p.iMstcd in by tht tish (ioverrio Aj-Hen ^M^i n" i'""i"''^'"> '"' "'"last Brt I ..a,„e c-iuses thi wo" d loie ,i^C^,:,^r''j '« /"rpo.o that th. Nova !->,,tl,i. New Brunsrck iiul t h v """'^no' also lose u« Uriti»h U'fe'i^latiorot /m-anT b^M iL'?"'"'""? "'' *''" »""• cnouKli he got to save our en/Lp •*'?".':'"' "'""« "ill timo rcpiuliation by S r Ilobert Tvp?i„?l ','■'"""''• ^^"'P'"^ ^y '"iti"n»l ev.r in carrying the former inform Imt l„ n» " " "" "'" " '»*- liy what i iiicim by the latter I slwii i . .^ "° ""certainty i" >v>.lcl. the IcsisLi;.; „n84fi n ay b^'s? nullified'"''''''?""' ^"' permanently our Colonial Kmpire qualified as to secure Man'ir."i''h^x:-„ iu':::iisar a -f^^^^^^^^^ h,. an Empire : and secondly " ^.r U'inB^nv'^ll" !""' ''"^l"'^. ^ (lom 'vantnfemplovmentin thiscoint^T -^Zn I '" "'I'^Hm fmm what I consider tho dutTrel^Vim/'^r'^ «.| i.rohden and othc. .,ro in t lo op nion"„r' ho (It ""f '""J' political out-thioats. The follovf iZ nrw f hi S"'"',"'" """* dressed to the Secretary fir the Tonnes on 'hrn.'l.^'''''^ \ ""^ sulwequoiit orenU Iiaring but too well eoprnK.1, . i i •'^'"''' '«". im 1 brought before your LordsTdo anT^"'i'^,"!''"' '—" I" position of the f'anadas^ I showed th,t for h1I''.^''^'J? ■*'" »'« ni,l,lcstofliritaii,;s Colonies we si onhltavo^oTllo'.^^^^ cur own inipcnal LcRislation in 1774 and ladniiS?^'''*'^' down the tliiM, ptXs in^ cSs' Z?, J|!'"''"'"»S' 'P<' »» ^unt States' Ucpuhlic IshoZlvortlnt',.™V.t' H'" "''^'''0 '^"itcd dominancy' now in IJniZl Sda ' n if , •'• '" ''f'" t ^"""'^ of the Canadian ^-n3titnti^«],rr^4,:JX :;;"e;J%l« ;h»f*,nr'n- ""! "n«="i"g"i''l'"ble truth dcstrovcd from the heiit .mstice It not the bounden duty of the iiiiuicd The« Co- duty on the sug..,r coin or othil n, ^i '"^ '"PP.""'' "» »« 'e"/ «<» eopton article, on X'h there fs an °l"u^"V''-« Colonists, e,- nnd let us-in order to "how our c^ nfi i * ''"'','" "''" country j turingsuperiorityrn.rtXTotirr nT" '? ^'■">'' 'nanuficl us to a reasonable ex ent-declarrh„^h''""* '° reciprocate witli th..t all foreign countrToslhat »^||''L'r^^'/T ""t"^ P^Hament Volo„ie,. aiid^o to rcmode tl efr taXasl^T T""'''' «"''*'^' on .-iny article than 15 per cent r^ Vl,^ ?< • • ■ *'""'^® "" """^ on the same footing ai 'the C.donio^ InH i""""''..''"?^' "''"" """^ ooivcd heie/«eo/«H ie8 which will not aKice even m 'L'ni,™* ''T"*'*''' ">•* percent, "ntil theCiBrcoun y ag L^To'Zr ''"'^ "^ .fi"?- icciproi.al trade, or until «/"oan 4^vp7^.^f„i?"'^^J'™''°«'''°" fO' as the foreigner may shew to hi^^f,^! *""''■ ■""j"'' Proposition ci,cumstai,?e8. I!y fo lowin- fh^i^ rcasoiiahle in his neculiar policy, I am conli en th. cf„adL anf.h^^w"''.''/ •;^'"'='»''* »">'iv,v>.3.3 1 in-, rtiij.vNTir! would place Kr'tish subjects on .is good a footing as American cititens in the hmjlh of time lakm to reach the new lanUs. .Mr liuclianau Ticws tho pnblic lands as the birth-right of the working classes of Orcat Hritain— the lands in the Colonies being the only thing they have to represent the national expen'liture gone to'in cun' quering and defending them, lie has o ■ u written detail-s of iuch a system of colnnization, and we shall subjoin tho lust of these sketches, which was published iu the Toronto Britith Colonist, in April, 1848, being part of Mr lUiclianan's letter, dated New York, 25th March, 1848, to Lord George Hentinck, on the breaking out of the Continental Uevolutions being heard of in America. 2d, Mr Puchanan insists that every country and colony should have paper emblematic money, and that tho ailvantage of the mrculation should be taken from the rich, who do not stand in ■eed of it, and given to the poorer classes, if this can be done with safety- not only as a direct benefit, but as a means of indi- Tldual banking orkdit which the richer classes also monopolise at present. lie would induce the industrious classes to take •took in New Land Savings Hanks, whose notes ho would make • legal tender (thus giving the interest on the money in circula- tion to the poor) ; the whole capital being invested in improved lands, to be let in small parcels, at rents to yield 4 per cent, and the cost of insuring the tenant's life, to the amount of ono half the value of his land, to cover his TENANT llKiUT (the stock holders having a preference.)* And it would always bo in the option (if any holder of this stock, which might be termed " I'e.>- ple's Consols," to get legal tender notes advanced to him on loa;i «t 5 pci- cent, to the extent of one-half hia stock, the Land Sa- fiKos Panks not having the privilege of advancing on anv other security but their own stock, and that to the amount of on'ly one- naif the amount invested in land. Such a system. Mr Puchanan roinks, would get at onco into contidcncc, especially if this rtoplc's bank were, ng he would suggest, a copaitnery betnceu nie Government and tho peoople ; all Crown Lniids in the re.speo- hve countries being thrown into the joint-stock, the Crown, how- •rer, getting no return till the private stockholders had received 6 percent. ;and, iu order toits adoption, he does not see it at all ne- e«B8ary directly to interfere with the existing Bank of England, or other banks in England, Ireland, Scotland, and the Colonics. lie says that tho legal tender notes contemplated would go ont gradually to the exter'. the system acquired public coiilidenoe, or rather the conlldcuceof tho working classes, and that to tho u.\- lent the iiotes of the Land Savings Bank of lingland, Ireland, and Scotlaiiil, or tho particular Colony, were issued, the notes of the Hiink of ICiifjIand and tlu^ present banks would bodi-splai-.-.l, jtftviiig thcio latter only to Mil up any deficiency of tho yiiculiit- mg medium, which they would always be prepared to ifo at all times. Presided over by a nev member of the Cubiiiet, wliom Mr Puchanan proposea calling " the Minister of Employment," tbeec Land Lanki, as made to include the Crown, might lie a small embodiment of tho Constitution; for Mr Buchanan's idea ' mS."^''^ '''*^' *''" """''' """■" P«""«"e''"y flerate our Views OP CoioMiMTrew alluded to abote-Swkkpivo llEronii oi- •uiE Colonial Offiob-a.vd a Hhee Grant of La.vd is rnrCo- eJiowt".""" '^"""" '"" ""'"'" "'"' '• "'" «> (As it appeared in the Toronto Colonic— A,jril, 1818.^ To Ireland and the British Colonies there must bo a national STSTBM OF Colonisation under a new Cobinet Minister whom 1 would call tho MINISTER OK EMPLOYMENT wit'hTlieoo operation of tho principal Secretaries of Stato for'tho Colonies who should bo not loss than four in number with diHinrtdeZTt' m.«*.-,ay the North American dep.rtn.ent. the Aih raliardl" nartmeiit >nclud,nB the African .Settloments] the dei-artmot^t of India K^xst-and the department of India Wt'st-to be caUed Secretary of State for tho Northern Colonies Secretary ofState for tho Ea.stern ('olonics ' Secretary of State for the Southern Colonies Secretary of State for tho Western Colonies." lam far from believing that tho foregoing maohinfry eaoh Secretary having the assistance of two under secretaries.f/.at?^ o; the particular Colontat,JJepa>tment. whom I shall refer to bo- low] will be found at all .adequate, a tow years hence to the im- ponant duties, the proper performanco of which would realisa GOOD oovERNMENT TO THE GoLoNiEs ; and from this mav be ?»,","'':'l.'x,'?/ I''"-' "'""^ TOTAL INAI)K(iUACY OK TUB R KSKNI DliPAHT.VlENr IN DOWNING STREET a' the Colonial machinery of a great empire whose lifVs blood is " Ships, Colonies and Commerce," -•uuiiieiuuouiinent oi ino ijonstituiion ; tor Mr uucnanans idea i», from what Lord J. Russell has said, that those wbo are afraid .- .,....,*.-... .,..^. ,,,y^ „is^ ^j. ir-rt-t- njjf*-*- I'? n\tri iv iiic prracut «onsiituenoy the name of cvei7 man who has been a stockholder, for 12 inopths, to the extent of £5 iu the National Bank. Ho formerly wished tho colonial lands given gratis ; but if by means of them we can secure the advantages of tho circulation to the •Tlio tenure of the land inlnlit be made equsl to a frceliold for liit fa, <1)' In tliu teiiant'ii iiiiiuriiig liii lif* witli the Land Savings Dank for Um "iJier I all' als«. and not the mere " Manufaeturina Commerce" of the I're« Irader, or mere Manchester man. The coimtrv should look to the new department for tho accomplishment of a distinct anb COMMON SENSE OR PRACTICAL OBJECT, such 83 the extcusion of tlie country s exports not less in any one year, above the former vear 9 exports, than one million of pounds sterling— with a simi. lar increase of tho produetions in the British y the creatiou of a new debt called COLONIZATION FUNDS [secured not only by tho Home Government's credit, but by the whole lauds of the colony where the money is applied] W'itli this money 1 would prepare homes in the woods for iho different grades of emigrants ; and I would form a corps of experienced colonization agcnl»— ^ OPINIONS OF FOREIGNERS ON SOCIAL ECONOMY. Men of the profession of fftrmen— to bo Mattered throughout the [ ration, [beyond a grant of land,] transfer themsolvea to the m.a Colony to secure to thecmmrant disintertsted advice, and to rui ! diittriots, about toBe laid open, as the hendio tho?esottlcmentI I WITHIN ms BEACH AIL THK IN8TBUCTI0N WHICH THE ORiATMT PBAC- j and 1 havo HO (toiibt the same thine would beaieasrinallothl •Oil. »xrKiii»!«o« CAM Ff BKI8U. I could put loy hand on hun- j Colonies to men locally acquainted with them*) 1 am with IlnrHI •reds of pruclioal and experienced men to answer the above des- Canada. • ••"• u|i|ict| oription in Canada, who would, for a Terysin.i!l annual conside- i APPENDIX. OPINIONS OF FOREIGNERS ON SOCIAL ECONOMY. Momitur J, B. Satf, "Faut il 6trc surpris de la gAne et du malaise extraordinaire que la nation AnglaiHO a pprouvd dans les annors qui ont suivi In kiaix do 181.5 ? I.esclnsHcu privilcgices, les fonctinnnarics, Irs pcii- •ionnaircs de reti\t,leCIcrg6, ct I"* Rentiers, ont profits decctte reintegration de la valeur du papier-monnaie : roais ello n 6tu on flcau pour la mnssr do la nation et pour I'industrie : — Kleau is sarcastic on the theorist ; ho says, '• he has mounted mt uonmi AND HAS DKTKRMINIID TO srOB AKD WHIP HIM ON, BOCOH SHOD OTBll ALL FACTS, OBSTACLIS, AND IMrKDIUKNTS THAT Ul IN Rig WAT." DB. LIST, TH« OBKAT OIRMAM ECONOMIST. " There are many, says Dr List [Dtr intemationo'e //a«(M I who impute the commercial crises of the United States to tlicil paper and banking systems ; but there can be no doubt that tlij qn'unonation.siricheencapitaux.sijudicieusfroentndministifi" ejH "I'C"'"!""" the lompromia.. Bill (1832), in consequew •'ailleurs, et si admirablcment induBtrieus>e, pouvait seule sup porter." T\« Hon. Abbott Lawrence, the American Ambanador at London, " Capit.ll has usually had the jjower to take care of itself, and 4*08 not require Ihn aid of Canjfrcss to place it in any other position, than to put the labour in motion. Congreit thould Ujfulate for the labour, and the capital will take care of ii-'-!f. • •••«• The free trade of the Political Kconomis s of Great Britain ia a transcendental philosophy, which is notlikfly to be adopted by any govcrnircnt on the face of the globe, unless it be the Chinese, and wo have already the tamen of the cffee t «f low duties in the internal condition of that country. The trade of that empire is fast appronchin" to barter ; tlie pncloiis 3 petals having been drained to pay for tlie foreign products intrn- HOed into it." Lamartint, " This science must not be as formerly, the science of riches. ol which Ameri.a's imports soon exceeded her exports, ami tbii Lnitcd States Iwoame debtors to Kngland for several hun(lr(4| millions (if dullars. which they were unable to cancel by their efl ports. The proof that these crises must chioflv bo ascribed ul the excess of imports lies in the fact, that they invariably ocl eurred in times of great influx ol ' -eign manufactures in conw.! quence ot a reduced faritf; and thai, on the contrary, they ncv^i took plaee either in time of war, when few imporU couM tatal place, or when, by the high import duties, the exports had bccii hioufiht into just proportion with the imports. • • Itwasiil 1789 that the lirst American taritf was framed, imposing a trili.i iiigduly on the most important articles of import. Tiiflineail the rale ofthe duty w.s, its eft'ects on the protpcritv of the oniini try became so manifest, that Washington in his m'cssaue (ITOll already conEnUiilutid the nation on the flourishing state of manu.l fiictnrcs and agriculture. ICncouraged hv the success of the (irsii Httenipt, the Congress raised, in 1804, the Import Duties to ll per cent., and in 1815 the manufactures of the Uiiiled Slatni \ alieadv employed (aecording to the Report of the Commeiiiil Sf '^^!;bi^^'iIi'^rit7;:i:.;lii^:'oi'bS:;,oIir uie \ iiZni^'^F .^rxS'iiri.nrsir'' -r '"rrir •ei"5r.« VLt'l^liTr«l",'8-f,«''-'-«' -'y '»!»-«"J i'-.f' !'- i wi;ile''tlie"v„l!,e o'nl7an7re"Ses°of air^or,'''7gUls,t'r <>•, wages, rose to nn extraordinary degree. Alter the peace o! ■lall be increased, but by which a more uencral, more equitable, and more universal distribution of wealth shall be aeeomplished i t:|„,nt the Coocrres. Hnni.loH «iin ;^7.^'',',fTi„..,'V"'",i""7. ''I""" •nongst the whole people." [From the answer of the I'lovi- b, t n r^L bv*;i « .. °^^^^^^ .^^,1 LlT^ 7 l''" ''.l."' V"' , aonal Government of France, on 2yd April. 1848. to Ihepetinon oweref the tar tf in ISni iff.r » Ih ? ' i"' l'"^ i'"?^'' ' Of the Political Economy Society, protes?in« against the s'ui.mes- Zl'lnm tml .oolfkr/rti:='i"t-ipp:a"rrce."i«' f^^n^ the nianut.utiiieis, valuelessnessof iiroductions, and a fail in tbil value ot landed property, After the country had thus agii of the Political Economy Society, protesting against the suppivs- ■on of the chair of Political Economy in the College of Paris.] The Hon. Henry Clay, the veteran American Statesman. " The most complete exposition ofthe ' American system,' s.nys the itancheiter Courier, is to bo found in the speech of Mr Clav at Raleigh, North Carolina, on the 29th April, 1844 ; it fills more than a page of the A'eii/ Yort Herald of 29th June, 1844, but bv eondensing and quoting it can bo appropriated here. TJie prin- ejple avowed by Mr Clay, aa the basis of a taritf, is, ' that in time of peace the duties on import should be equal to tiie expense of_ an economical government, and that there should be discri- mination in the tariff to foster and protect domestic maiiuliie- tures.' lie founds this reasoning upon the patriotic nxioio, 'that a nation should, at the earliest possible point in her his- tory, be adequate to the supply of her uvm wants from her otcn internal resources. Although Italy did not itself atford all those supplies to ancient Home, the deficiency was drawn from the subjugated provinces. Great liritain, although her commerce encompasses the globe, supplies herself mainly from the little island under her immediate dominion ; limited and eoiiti acted ... , ,. . , ,. - , -• aait is, it furnishes her with bread and provisions tor the «liole "'".'■'.' "'<-''^"i»'". States has not yet quite recovered, despite Itil year, with the exception of a few da\s, and her nmnnt'acturcs 'y*""" "' the taiift in IH40 All this plainly shows the necessilil not only supply an nlnindanee of raiment and means of delince • "!'' """"""S t"e iiii| orts of » country to exceed the expoit.t, «\ ■ - - ■ ■ 111 short, 01^ ke^piiii: continually in sight tha //a/aii-v ot Trade I during the second war, enjoyed the blessings of peace, it onftl more experienced all the previous evils after the conclusion J peace, when a grcav influx of manufavttires again took place, anJ the^e evils of pence were even greater than those caused by tbtf devastations ol war. It was only in 1824 that the Congress s.iil the expediency of, and resolved upon, raising the tariff; but tliil resolution was fiustiated by Mr lluskisson's threat of rehcs. Capital, talent, and mechnnieal imlw pewers without an equivalent, to"thc prejudice of native Indus- ; |.'i' s''"n toui.d ilieir way into Ku.•-^itt from all parts of theii'i try, not only without an equivalent, but in the face of their high I ''^'d world, and inuif espcemlly fi-om England and Geriiiair duties, restrictions and prohibitions applied to American pro- | ""thin;; more was heard iheie of eoiiiniereial crises, caused I ductn. Cmieeaeiuiis to fufcii;!! powers, to our riva!.s jcalou.s of; °*ert!ail:iii,' ; ihe iiauo!! !,»« yrown proriieroua and tho mtst^g •vr growth and anxious to impede our onward progress. An- j ''luluies are llHUiishing." c^ura^emctil to domestic industry a.i a concession to our fellow- ei*iztni. It is a concession I y the whole to the whoie ; for every part ofthe country jiossesses a capacity to nianulaeture, and every part «f the country more or loss does manufacture." Mr Clay Tlie New York Tribune, a daily pofier of inimente circulation. To Horace ( . cly. Es'i.- 1 i tiie Vr.fcun. of this morning, .v)( eut, liair I he maoufactoriet in the c«i statu thai " at this !.u,. OPINIONS OF KORKIGNERS ON SOCIAL ECONOMY. 31 try are running «t • lou ; many hnvo stopped, nrd more must 8t«p, if Komo aecinen ohanife in not effected." That "our iion- worlfs arc closing up, wliile Britisli rails fill ou' ports, and aio i|>rading over the country." I'rosniiiini; the information on wliich you found yuur aMertion to be correct, still, I do not admit the propriety or justice of fur- ther protection to manufactures of the articles in question. The people require these articles for their consumption— they alrea.lv •tibmit to a duty of 30 per cent., and If manufacturers cannot produce profitably with that i>rnlcction, it appears to me that Ihcy had better employ their capital elsewhere. The consumers of the country constitute the Rrcat majority, and their interests should bo first considered. They rc/.?', .S^n^i M '"'•''' •'•■"'"netical process, vii. : '• It would coat ; -. -- ■: ,"-• -•- — ■'■ '-'*'''" '^^ I'cr cent, is suflieieiit i "■""''.WO dollars to make this at home, and only 5.000 000 dels protection for manybranohes of manuf.ieturos. wc have freely i (or it you please 4,000.000 dollars) to buy it abroad— saving one her branches which need more. ".' }'^° millions." But no, sir! Ycu have forgotten that the dollars m cither ease are but counters— the practical question l.mniV Will I* nr.a» -««_»..(* 1.1 /. ". . . ..^. aid often stated. There are other branches which need more •nd lor these among other reasons: 1. They (not all manufac- tures, but these branches) arc yet in their infancy, .ind arc ne- ceesarily prosecuted at great disadvantage while e.tposed to the ierce nvalrv of the mature experience, unlimited capital and dei)rossc;e over who arc striving to take it from them, as our manufaet with regard to European ; and, 4 The popular presumption that i tne lorcign fabric is superior in style or in qualitv, is another serious drawback on the home-producer. The infancv of maiiu- lacture is necessarily marked by imperfections and errors ; the celours will not wash or hold ; the workmanship is inferior in Tarious ways. Now the influence of this fact on tho public mind Jlees not cea.se with the inipei feetion, but contii; es and prevento «« free purcliaso of the home-made article, and the general pre- ference given in all matters of style or fashion to •• far-fotehVd" fabrics also operates against the domestic proilncer. Let an in- »»ice of French calicoes, for instance, bo put on the markets at 15 cents per yard, at the same time with an inv„ico of American calicoes ot e '•»'■ ^'^ unwittingly drtroyed ^nd So Wln!.'^' ^ ''•"•. "•"'•al weight now is no more degraded social position as regards her destroyer. Aa she must I." li^^-ii ? '^'"''"*" •"""''' ^" "'"'"K «« remain in a JO must the constituencies be discaidcd. On the nriiicinl^ .U? „„ discarded from society on aeeoutit of this " voL ««» •ion), threaten our own child that we .W/ " f „po« AVri.iriest^nflri f ".'?' "° '?'' of unkind motive could dictate such ciore, i.cation of prices), high pHces an. «.«TaRs. who will" „Vt-;Vm.ri;°cVmrch;„Tv"an7n.re TirSLt "i!, iTT^ "' ^"""""Ion B.TmR\s",!.' Mr^rr.V^rr -TZ'.*'p ^"'" '-''"'^•"°"<'P»'^«n^"til^raa'nKngt"^^^^^ 'I'T, "»'"''• ""en they see lilshops pn testbg '"■"• \P/.?i-i^."«.7.?*-"'-?.0' «*KINO Tn« E-rLOV«Nro,"T",:"ir;ri,K Ff'Rs?S!'o''N" The A" '•"."""."""^H "■- onn nivnn •.n.>...i:i„ „_ .u. /._. . ,""^ ««.uisTioN. J he Cliurel. barrii r to union ■KNTERs. Who Will not Support a Church party anv more nml »L7 .'""ixino of Pkotkctio H«in»t the Corn Law a., a monopoiran/Millma^n //^^^^^ mdopen. e„t men would, w T^ir urino irPT^ . „„. „. : _ "" "" '""I'ng bund of I'upists and Mill BKEN AWAR« THAT TH. WAS... WOtlLD PRO«c\"VATly.VNn™«" pW-^thaf^oSire-^;^^^^^^^ Urn even that degree ol freedom ttartShe rw^^o,.""-lr.i^' centre .' ami •owners. To the Editor of the Grcrnorl Adverti^-.2Qth August, 1849 other class, su.td by tho ■■umiiiv .,c ,.r^^.j!- .""'" "o the wages (niCft. ing interest: , icrt^ ,,,^^^1",:^?^^'^^^^^^ 'Z agricultural kto'-^rm^toT g,;;\y7xTor besides sccin-ing a ^nore,rU,.p]^\l!:^^^-^;^;;:^ abort work uUh theories of all sor l';ri''';t"air':e''n';s'*rro° reduce, the e^chau^coLie valuTZnleu!' '"""' "^~^"«'«y In fact, 1 consider that the 11 tropolitinand ManohM>»r »».» Maothcnng f.eedu.u, not much darker than tK.TZ^JL': ■ from books, their minds beinc at best > mo!^ „_ r .. men's thoughts, hare of., ., afke'l me to e^.llin^fv"""^.?^"""'" they, do you retonoile your assi t^n that ll^ nJ?^ ,•''*"'• '••" diticsaro • mere «m«ou««c« of low w.tL RT **'"' commo- that high wage, will ben'efiTthe l,^rking"S^„7'^f jiri ""?'""" Pionortionably high for hU ooromodiile* wZre is I ! ^Vl'^^ higher wages ? Such in fact :« «ho ,«: uT^ ? * K"'" ''"« tbS d.^p a'nd intendedd^pUon. o f U eS "of f-oli ie" I'V'' ""* my « caW.d. They try to make tho effoTt nf . .» . ' '''.'^"'*; native industry appear to bo to affect com«r„l r'''«"»<«» .of l«tion. They either do not know or coS ^th.^^.V^b''' '"""-. a state of high wages under one 8v8?e,ro '''''',''''>'''""*• »* compared with wli«tundm-«L?».*T.^.*™.:. .'^■^""' 'l''" «' <"«»e. the well-being of our woikiiT",.] ,, „ > rl r "«"M»"d that wa» h..mbu. or -^d^ge'' iT:' ^^z ■ , '^ilk': fei^'^f «"'"? ?' » a* to/.riee,. Lori (Jcoil'o Henii 1l- "'«PW'l'e'il I'conomisti, p.»v' "»•» for theiabour of ourmrch, nlcs and mi^nJ"!*'': ''^"" "'''''« More employment, in laet is the moth^^r C"''*"""^ PoP'-'^tiM- Breat vit'al 'questionUnl'^hich "g stifn^^XSfT i5."'Jrt» liev"e7a;^T;aT£:^p:!ru'''^!^•-T^ «^^^^^^^ opposed toTh^ m"4 7Ztli'/l^, ''r '""^"-J »/ '"*'"»'• («• crfsioK thei^'abiliTy JXrob/fel: \L;" a'n'T.r'-''''' '«* BMilcslly tend.- to upset ou7bHi"n;i,",; system "rnd'^h'.?.''^".?'!'" »WBy «.tb our nationil employment ^ ttoLfnllnf " r^.*'"'"* tent among «.r i«Iu.tri,«J mWk^i 'em?r.«,T;ifjL'tX Yeor obedient humble atrrant, • 8. .«^ -. A Uou.^, s..r;o.adea WlUpuuiTZ^Z:-^ ^"^ '^' ^""^*'- \it:sT. party of loyal nirii iixed (lotoriuinntion LIhowh'm JUUtTINOC IT qUMTlOM U VaU- tl INIKUCKNU, AND tT cau U t'ornied— »M'» ministry will lent liniKei' can UU un of tlie iiecvMity of PocI'r repoalinc lior words, till tlip IHKRRNT WKAKNM* jUUailKD, ) MT lOVA i> man of a great jf tlicir iirinoiplm r appealed, nor all priiiciplu I allude II' VT'i'iiiiunt tli» ir or uiiipiuynit'iit, £*■ Lul it not be •ado lumae. Thi» CO cv'M-y thing lor 'i'hit i» no m«t- t ilo away I'eel'a now in no more to remain in a this ijcond net, ill lie put annj ; us from a I'mrv moNAL MiMsiar. sms of grcatnew worth more than y country ? Tn» I'cel's syatcm we ftai-H he will not tate such exprei- t pearcahly yield iitrifH, wi: oujjht ^oldiii;:; opinioiiH arts. They ask iiigli prires are aaop OF Oxroni> AID 01- TIIK Dis- iliops piotestlnK IKD WHICH win barrii r to uniou i, 88 tolerating, prevent the un- printed papers.] o a price equal Ui to itn centre .' ami t MiU-uwnera, mnary of other 'hh. How. say ■iowi of commo- your nuertion If lie ling to pay » 'lis gain from ivel, if it is not 'olitical Keono- e advocates of priee* by le(!i»- thcy know, ol' iiion ol trade, I c wages (mca- irocHi-e). 'f4(» ^ntinck lmd«9 "cf of ermnimi lot have gives (and that »a* IR guilty of • III I'cnnoinists, ra'ghtforwarj nun a balance y of food and over the dross the only wav of the bidder* of labour ^im M* irards, IB. 1 this we oaa 'oreign trade lCTICaLLI have nil wigh introduction lius, by doing mt of diaooil* t rvrulutioa* I