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' 
 
 Pv 
 
^,. 
 
 AN 
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 OF TUE 
 
 ABORIGINES 
 
 OP 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA, 
 
 calli:d 
 
 THE MICMAC INDIANS. 
 
 
 • - • 
 
 Primed by Luke Hansard i Sons, near LincoMs^Inn FUl(h. 
 
 1822. 
 
 
 ' . ' > 
 
^■1 
 
 ^^ 
 
 c7)^0 V\ 
 
 ^^ A.-y fl^iS NAMES OF ARTICLES 
 
 Imported from Nova Scotia in 1822, upon 
 which His Majesty's Government has re- 
 mitted the Duty : — 
 
 MODELS OF CANOES. 
 
 SNOW SHOES. 
 
 MOCASSINS OR INDIAN BOOTS. 
 
 WORK BASKETS. 
 
 NESTS OF BOXES. 
 
 BOXES. 
 
 HAT BOXES. 
 
 FRUIT BASKETS. 
 
 TABLE MATS. 
 
 CHILDREN'S TOYS. 
 
 r 
 
 This Experiment is intended to be aided hu 
 the following little Publication, 
 
 
 h\l 
 
 4 
 
i822, upon 
 3nt has re- 
 
 )TS. 
 
 ' aided bu 
 on. 
 
 THE following Extracts from Publications 
 of Walter Bromlejr, esquire, late pay- 
 master of the 23d Fusileers, represent the 
 unfortunate Micmac Indians in a favourable 
 point of view. This gentleman has not done 
 them more than justice ; it is to be hoped, 
 that his benevolent exertions, and those of 
 some other well-intentioned persons, will 
 improve the prospects of this people. In pro- 
 portion as public attention is henceforward 
 directed towards our colonies in North 
 America, it is to be expected, that all those 
 who have transactions with them, either m 
 their own country or abroad, will treat them 
 with more consideration, and with greater 
 justice, than they have hitherto met with. 
 
 EXTRACTS. 
 
 ** The number of Indians in the province 
 of Nova Scotia, including 300 families in 
 the Island of Cape Breton, may probably 
 amount to 1,300; and although they gene- 
 rally speak English, and are scattered over 
 the face of the country, they have made 
 little progress in civilization. They have 
 embraced the Catholic Religion, in conse- 
 quence of the French having been the first 
 settlers. Like other Indians, they live in the 
 woods, contiguous to lakes and rivers, and 
 subsist chiefly by fishing and shooting ; they 
 also manufacture a few baskets and boxes/ 
 
 A 2 
 
\ 
 
 some of which are very tastefully ornamented 
 with porcupine quills." 
 
 " The Indians'of Nova Scotia, called ilf/r- 
 mac, are harmless unless provoked, and their 
 honesty is proverbial. They are of the mid- 
 dle stature, faces broad, aquiline nose, 
 coarse black hair, and complexion nearly of 
 a copper colour. Their covering is a bluf 
 frock or coat, with a girdle tied round the 
 waist, with trowsers of the same for the men : 
 and a blanket with a blue cloth petticoat 
 ^nd a cap resembling a sugar-loaf, orna^ 
 
 \r. iJ^^^?.'? '"'■^ ^y ""^ "^^^»s SO dissipated 
 m their habits, as some prejudiced or unin- 
 tormed authors have represented them : and 
 while it must be admitted, that there are 
 many confirmed drunkards in the neighbour- 
 hood of Halifax, yet it is also certain, that 
 there still exists a considerable proportion of 
 sober, mtelligent characters, in various parts 
 ot the country, who are by no means averse 
 to agricultural pursuits ; as has been recently 
 proved by actual experiment." 
 
 " The best means of affording them a re- 
 gular subsistence, is to give them employ- 
 ment ; and for this desirable purpose a plan 
 has been in operation during the last five 
 years, which has so far succeeded as to prove 
 by actual experiment, that the majority of 
 the Indians are by no means averse to aeri- 
 cultural pursuits, or the habits of civilised 
 lite. Nothing therefore is wanting but pe^ 
 cumary aid.'* ^ 
 
rnamented 
 
 illed ilf/r- 
 and their 
 [ the mid- 
 ine nose, 
 nearly of 
 is a blue 
 'ound the 
 the men ; 
 petticoat, 
 )af, orna- 
 ipose the 
 
 lissipated 
 or unin- 
 em ; and 
 there are 
 jighbour- 
 ain, that 
 ortion of 
 3US parts 
 is averse 
 recently 
 
 em a re- 
 employ- 
 e a plan 
 last five 
 ;o prove, 
 jority of 
 to agri- 
 civilized 
 but pe-» 
 
 The following Memorial contains the ne- 
 cessaiy information relative to the improve- 
 ments' made up to the Spring of 1819. 
 
 "To the Honourable the House of Assembly, 
 now convened at Halifax : 
 
 • 
 
 '* The Petition of Walter Biiomley, m 
 behalf of the Indians of Nova Scotia; 
 
 " Humbly Showeth, 
 
 " That your Petitioner, encouraged by 
 the experiment which he has lately made, ui 
 ascertaining whether these forlorn brethren ot 
 the woods were capable of bemg tramed ui 
 some measure to the habits of civilized lite, 
 has now the pleasure of laying before your 
 Honourable House, the following particu- 
 
 I rt WQ • VIZ 
 
 " That during the last autumn your Peti- 
 tioner visited the settlement at Shubenacadie, 
 which consists of 12 families, and found 
 that they had cleared sol acres of land, 23 of 
 which contained excellent crops of potatoes, 
 turnips, and every kind of grain peculiar to 
 the country, all of which were inclosed by 
 good fences : they had taken the greatest 
 care of six cows given them by your Peti- 
 tioner; for the subsistence of which they 
 have since (of their own accord) cut from 
 20 to 30 tons of hay. Their poultry had also 
 increased abundantly. They have besides 
 erected one excellent log, and two frame 
 houses, which they would willingly have 
 occupied this winter, had not the early frost 
 prevented the completion of the chimneys. 
 
 A3 
 

 
 Those improvements were carefully examined 
 by James Moore, esq. a magistrate, and 
 Mr. John Wallace, of Shubeiuicadie, who 
 turnished a jomt certificate of th;' above 
 tacts, for the mformation of His Excellency 
 tne Ciovernor. -^ 
 
 " Petitioner also visited a settlement of 
 Indians at Gold River, in the vicinity of 
 Chester, consisting of 32 persons, who/du- 
 nng the last winter, for the first time, applied 
 tor assistance. These Indians had also du- 
 nng the last summer, made considerable 
 improvement : six acres of their land was 
 m the best possible state of cultivation, and 
 contained excellent crops of potatoes, cab- 
 bages turmps, barley, and English hay, all 
 of which were enclosed by good fences : 
 tney have also assisted in erecting two frame 
 houses, which they now occupy; and as 
 their crops of potatoes, &c. were carefully 
 stored, they have not required the usual sup- 
 ply of fish and meal given by Petitioner to 
 other Indians. A certificate of the fore- 
 ^?'??. ^';*^ ^f furnished, for the information 
 Qt His Excellency the Governor, by David 
 Crandal, esquire, a magistrate, residing at 
 trold Kiver, whose disinterested aid in this 
 cause of suffering humanity has produced 
 the happiest effects, 
 
 ^ " Petitioner could enumerate other pleas- 
 ing information respecting the improvements 
 jnade by smaller divisions of Indians, who 
 liave been furnished with seed potatoes, &c.: 
 he Will however, briefly state, that if the 
 means affordec} were commensurate with the 
 
examined 
 ate, and 
 die, who. 
 ^10 above 
 xcellency 
 
 ement of 
 cinity of 
 ivho, du- 
 , applied 
 also du- 
 siderable 
 and was 
 ion, and 
 •es, cab- 
 hay, all 
 fences : 
 vo frame 
 and as 
 ^arefully 
 ual sup- 
 ioner to 
 fie fore- 
 rmation 
 Y David 
 ding at 
 in this 
 'oduced 
 
 r pleas- 
 ements 
 s, who 
 's, &c.; 
 if the 
 ith the 
 
 '^ 
 n 
 
 
 magnitude of the object, in a few years none 
 but the most abandoned Indians would be 
 found in an uncivilized state in Nova Scotia, 
 as he finds, from his constant intercourse 
 with the transient Indians, that there is an 
 increasing disposition on their part to be- 
 come settlers, provided they could be fur- 
 nished with the common necessaries of life, 
 for a limited period ; but the circumscribed 
 funds which have been entrusted to the care 
 of your Petitioner by some benevolent friends 
 in England, have amounted to no more than 
 sixteen dollars per annum for each Indian, 
 which have been conscientiously expended 
 in the purchase of meal and fish, some ar- 
 ticles of clothing, materials for building, 
 tools, &c. which, added to upwards of 
 loo/.* gratefully received by your Petitioner 
 from His Excellency the Governor, for the 
 purpose of furnishing seed during the last 
 two years, have been the means of proving 
 beyond a doubt, that by a patient persever- 
 ance in this cause, the greatest difficulties 
 may be surmounted ; and under this impres- 
 sion, your Petitioner is again induced to ap- 
 peal to the feelings of the members of the 
 Legislative Body, for such aid as in their su- 
 perior wisdom they shall deem fit to grant. 
 
 And your Petitioner will ever pray. 
 " Feb. 26, 1819. *' W. Bromley." 
 
 The prayer of the foregoing Petition was 
 ably supported by two of the most respect- 
 
 . * A part of tlie sum of 250 1. voted by the Kouse of ii55em» 
 bly for the benefit of the Indians. . " ' 
 
able members ; yet, when the question was 
 called for, there appeared a parity of votes ; 
 the Speaker therefore submitted to the Mem- 
 bers, whetlier, agreeably to the rules of the 
 House, he might be permitted to give the 
 castmg vote in favour of the Petition ; which 
 he was told he could not do, as it was an ap- 
 peal for /;a'WA«V?/;y assistance: he had therefore 
 no alternative but to vote against it. 
 
 It is difficult to describe in sufficiently 
 strong terms, the gross barbarities which 
 have been inflicted by white men upon this 
 unhappy people. 
 
 In Mr. Bromley's Appeal on behalf of the 
 Indians, printed in Nova Scotia, in 1820 
 p. 24 he says :— " One of the chiefs, who 
 *'^ took up his abode with me a few weeks 
 *' ago, appeared much agitated while he 
 " related the circumstance of the white 
 " people having obtained a grant of the 
 burying-ground of his ancestors, whose 
 ^^ bones they had lately ploughed up ; and 
 " this to an Indian is a species of sacrilege 
 " which he never can forgive. I am also 
 " acquainted with a particular part of the 
 province of Nova Scotia, where a most 
 ancient burying-ground of the Indians is 
 now in the possession of the white peo- 
 ple ; who, however, out of courtesy, still 
 allow them to bury their dead there." 
 Mr. Bromley adds, " While reading over 
 *' this part of my manuscript to a friend, a 
 " native of this country, he assured me 
 " that the white people had not only dis- 
 i.N«.^v.»«v.a wicui ui ihtiir land, out tiiat 
 '' they had also driven them from their 
 
 t( 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 *t 
 
 €t 
 
 <( 
 
 (t 
 
 ft 
 
 ft 
 
stion was 
 of votes ; 
 the Meni- 
 les of the 
 give the 
 ti ; which 
 as an ap- 
 therefore 
 
 • 
 
 ifficiently 
 ?s which 
 jpon this 
 
 ilf of the 
 in 1820, 
 efs, who 
 w weeks 
 vhile he 
 e white 
 t of the 
 ;, whose 
 up; and 
 sacrilege 
 am also 
 t of the 
 
 a most 
 idians is 
 lite peo- 
 :sy, still 
 
 there." 
 ng over 
 Priend, a 
 ired me 
 nly dis- 
 •ut that 
 nx their 
 
 t< 
 it 
 it 
 
 i( 
 
 n 
 it 
 (t 
 tf 
 *t 
 it 
 it 
 (t 
 t( 
 it 
 it 
 tt 
 it 
 tt 
 it 
 tt 
 
 fishing-ground ; and he related the fol- 
 lowing anecdote, as he was an eye-witness 
 to the circumstance, which took place 
 last atumn ; — 
 
 " In Chedebucto Bay, contiguous to FoX 
 Island, in the eastern part of Nova Sco- 
 tia, where the Indians have been in the 
 constant habit of fishing, aud supplying 
 the white fishermen with their manufac- 
 tures, peltry, &c. for several years, they 
 have been expelled in the most brutal 
 manner from that fishing ground by the 
 white people, who entered their camps, 
 defiled their women, abused and beat the 
 men, and, in fact, conducted themselves 
 in such a manner as to prevent the possi- 
 bility of their remaining any longer. My 
 friend assures me, that he has purchased 
 from those Indians, during his visits to 
 that place, more than 300 barrels of 
 mackerel. He described them as strictly 
 honest, sober, and intelligent." 
 
 Since the publication of Mr. Bromley's 
 Appeal, the fishing place which he speaks of 
 is reported to have been restored, by the au- 
 thority of the government of Nova Scotia. 
 
 A female correspondent of Mr. Bromley 
 (p- 35)» the lady of a military officer, men- 
 tions lier endeavours to persuade an Indian 
 to cultivate the soil, and states, that " his 
 " grand objection to settling was, the fact of 
 " some Indians having done so, and planted 
 ** potatoes, when a white man came (with a 
 ** o'rant of the land she possessed) and took 
 '' ft from them." Upoii this Mr. Bromley 
 
(( 
 
 5< 
 
 10 
 
 remarks " This is too often the case : indeed, 
 
 you will scarcely meet an Indian, but who 
 
 ^^ will tell you tnat he has cleared and culti- 
 
 ^^ vated land some time or other, but that 
 
 - A i"^ /f iT'' ^'"'^^ *^^^" it from him. 
 u 4^i 1. 1 '^ "^^ ^ f^^ ^'^^^^s ago, that his 
 ,, father had cleared no less than 200 acres 
 
 - f f^ff^f nt parts of the province ; but that 
 he had been dispossessed of the whole by 
 tiiQ white people." ^ 
 
 But the time for these practices seems to 
 ^epassmgaway After years of perseverance 
 on the part of the friends of the Indians in 
 the United States of America, the cause of 
 iiumanity has triumphed; and very ^reat 
 exertions are now making there on behalf of 
 aU the aborigines of the northern continent, 
 vyiiat has hitherto been the work of indi- 
 viduals, IS become the deliberate object of 
 exovernment, upon a scale adequate, it is to 
 be hoped, to its accomplishment. 
 
 England has also begun a reform with 
 respect to the traders in the fur countries, 
 some of whom, by their evil practices, have 
 done enormous wrong to the natives ; and 
 the large sums of money dedicated to civil 
 and religious purposes for the Indians, will 
 probably be expended more judiciously, as 
 the subject becomes better understood than 
 It has hitherto been. It is earnestly to be 
 hoped, that general principle of justice will 
 be acted upon towards them in future. 
 
 The sale of the few manufactures* now 
 ottered to the public, is intended as an expe- 
 
 * See page 2. 
 
: indeed, 
 but who 
 nd culti- 
 but that 
 3in hhn. 
 that his 
 !oo acres 
 but that 
 vhole by 
 
 seems to 
 Bverance 
 dians in 
 :ause of 
 y great 
 >ehalf of 
 ntinent. 
 of indi- 
 bject of 
 it is to 
 
 m with 
 untries, 
 ?s, have 
 !s; and 
 to civil 
 ns, will 
 isly, as 
 od than 
 Y to be 
 CE will 
 
 11 
 
 riment, for the purpose of ascertaining whe- 
 ther, in one small branch of industry, the 
 Aborigines of Nova Scotia are utterly defi- 
 cient of means of self support. It is thought, 
 that if all the transactions with them are 
 conducted with ordinary in egrity, that they 
 will not fail to perform that part in the world 
 which the Deity seems to liave assigned to 
 all races of men — the multiplication and 
 improvement of their species. 
 
 The testimony of the earliest as well as of 
 the latest travellers, is favourable to the^ 
 opinion, that Indians are susceptible of 
 civilized habits. Jacques Cartier, the disco- 
 verer of Canada in 1534, says, "the men, 
 women and maidens, gathered themselves 
 together, part of which had their arms full 
 of young children; and as many as could 
 come to rub ouj- faces, our arms, and what 
 parts of the body they could touch, showing 
 us the best countenance that possible was, 
 desiring us, with their signs, that it would 
 please us to touch their children: as far 
 forth as we could perceive and understand 
 by this people, it were an easy thing to bring 
 them to some familiarity and civility, and to 
 make them learn what one would." 
 
 Few persons will refuse to join sincerely 
 in Cartier's concluding prayer, that " the 
 Lord God, for his mercy's sake, may set 
 thereunto his helping hand when he seeth 
 cause. Amen." 
 
 1* now 
 ti expe- 
 
1 
 
 Printed by Luke Hansard & Sous, 
 near Lincoln's-Inn Fields, London.