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BULLETIN 106.
APRIL, 1807.
Ontario Agricultural Cpllege and Experimental Farm
IXSTRICTIONS IN SPRAVIXi;
T^v .). II. |'an,„n.
PKOKfSSOK OK hluUH.V, O.NTAKIo A.iKl.. I. ITH.M. ( 'oM.K.iH.
PUBLISHKI* BY
THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AOKIOULTURE. TORONTO.
TORONTO :
WARWICK BROS A RUTTER. PHHrxiE- and Bookbikd.rs, Peont St Wkst
1897.
THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Am
EXPERIMENTAL FARM. GUELPH. ONT.
HON. JOHN DRYDBN. Toronto. Ont.
Minister of Amloulture fo^ Ontario.
Jamw Mills, M.A., LL.D.
J- H. Pakton. M.A., F.G.S. « PrMidenk
A.E.SHCTTL.WOHTH. B.A.SO. ' " '^™'*"~' «' ^.tur.! Hi.tory .nd Oeolow
H. H D.AN, B.S.A ^"'«»«"»' Veterinary Soieni
Wm. Rmnie Pro'ewor of Dairy Hu.b.ndry.
C. A. Zavitz, B.S.A Fwm Superintendent
O. B. DAT. R8.A. .. .. Experimenullrt:
H.L.HDTr,B.S.A Agrioultariat.
F.O.Habbisok. B.8.A Horticulturist.
J. B. Rknolds. B.A. • B«cter,ologi.t.
J. F. Olabk, B.S.A. .. •• •• I^»"w in English and Pbyaic
R.HABOODBT, B.S.A Resident Master
1*. G. Jacvis Assistant Oh ■«♦
R. F. HOLTIKHANN. . ' ' ^*''^'>' "^ I-»turer in Poultry Departi^S.*
^FTAiw Waltib Olabki , • • Lecturer on Apioultuiw
W, 0. SitwABT. M.D. .. '"•t™ctor in Drill and Gymnastics
O.A.PnTNAM •• •• Phy,i„j„;
A. MoCalldm Stenographer.
Bursar.
ADVIHORT BOARD.
John I. Hobson. Chairman
John McMillan, M. P. **"«'?*>. County of Wellington.
Bdwabd JirrB .. .. Seafarth, County of Huron *
i-^S""H •• B»°dHead, CJountyofSimooe'
O. B. BoToi .. •"••»'« I^««. County of Middleee».
D. A. DowLiNo Worham, County of Northumberland.
Wm. Donaldson Appleton. County of Carleton.
0. a Jambs, See:rtarp . . • • • South Zorra, County of Oxford
"'P^'y Minister of Agriculture. Toronto!
BULLETIN No. 105.
INSTRUCTIONS IN SPRAYING.
By J. H0YB8 Panton, Propbmorof Biolooy, Ontario Agricultural Oollkge.
SOLUTIONS RECOMMENDED.
1. BoP-^tAUX MlXTDRB.
Copper sulphate 4 poundg.
Lime (fresh) 4 «•
w***"- '.!*.'!'/.'.::'.'.:::; 40gaiion8.
Suspend the copper sulphate io five gallons of water. This may be done bj
w*?«r°* hML*>,?^ coarse material, and hanging it so as to be covered by thJ
A AA :i ^®. ^T^ '^ *,^"* ***« "•'"« quantity of water. Then mix the two
and add the remainder of the 40 gallons of water.
1* ♦k^*™ .''**f',T'!l '^*"*°'''® ***® ''"PP®'' sulphate more readily than cold water
If the hme is at all dirty strain the lime solution.
If the lime is good the above amount is likely to be sufficient. It is an easy
matter to know how much lime is required by using what is termed the ferro-
cyajiide of potassium test. This substance can be got at any druggist's, and very
little IS required. Take a small bottle (2 oz.) and get it filled wUh a saturlS
solution ot this compound. If the.e i. not plenty of lime in your mTxtuTa
drop o the test added to it. turns brown. Add more lime and stir. As s^n «
the test fails to color m coming in contact with your mixture, it indicates there
IS sufficient lime present to neutralize the effects of the copper sulphatT v7e
wooden vessels m preparing the Bordeaux mixture.
2. Ammoniacal Coppkr Carbonatb Solution ("Cnpram").
Copper carbonate j ounce
Ammonia sufficient to dissolve the copper carbonate
"^"^^ ibgallomi.
This solution is not much used, and is recommended only in cases where the
Idxtnm'^ * ^^^^ ^ disfigured by using the Bordeaux
l;i
s* I
&
Paris green
Water . . . .
Paris Orbkn Mixturk.
-^- 1 pound.
200 to 300 galJont.
of the Bordeaux mixture. '"ngioide, add four ounce, to ever, 40 gXw
4. Hrllkiiorr.
White hellebore (fresh).
Water ; ' ' 1 ounce.
3 gallons.
Pyrethruni powder (fresh)
Water V •
^. PVHKTIIRUM.
• • •
' • • •
6. Krrosrne Kmulsion.
I ounce.
4 gallon*.
Hard soap . . i j
Boiling water (soft) * '*"""''' *"* "o^^ «>ap, 1 quart,
Ooal oil •.".".!.".'.'.'.■." * R»"on-
After dissolvin<r fh^ • ^ g»JJons.
NoTKS.
to IS da/., untu ihe tree. h,„ I!l*'^'°"' ""^ "ontinuo it »t intery.1. of in
•t least five times, while if drr .«T ♦k ^ .season, it may be neoessarv to »nL»
In no case sprav whiU fk. ♦-. ? ■"™cient.
contrary to law. ^"^ '''"'* *^* *'^» '-^ 'n bloom, but immedfately after. It is
3. The combined in»>«^:>:j . -
BreJr.nVV^I' ""'"n"" f°' iSc" P"'?*'*"^'* <>' Bordewx mixture may be
water. One gallon of this oontaina one poand of the ooooer ■ulnhatA Tn
another barrel slake 25 pound, of good lime. Zd add 1 2Tgal3 of water oi^
ga Ions of the copper sulphate solution and two of the liaie. If there is any
doubt aWnt there not being sufficient lime try the test already referml to undej
Bordeaux mixture. Now UU up the amount to 40 gallons with wa^
thornnaJTl?'"'*' M^ "^fJ"'*' 7""' 'PP'^ *''«'" ** '»»« P'«>P«'' 'i'^e, and be a.
toorough as |>os8ii)le in the work. » -« wo ••
TREATMENT.
1. Apple.
Treatment for destroying codling moth, bud moth, tent caterpiUar. canker
worm, apple spot and leaf blight. ' ' ' '* '^"^'/T^war, canKer
♦u- ^'?' "faying : Bordeaux mixture and Paris green (A oz. to the barrel of
the mixture) when the buds are swelling.
nn«n^~°"'' 'P"^*"* = Bordeaux mixture and Paris green before the blo«K>ma
h.v, hn™."'""''"' '' ^'^"^ ■»"»»" •■"! P"!- d^n -len the bl<».g..
of Jr«^„' S^;.?,';:s^*;,^.°"'""" ■»'""" ■»'' p™ «'«•» « ^t*"-'
2. Pear.
Zot/" blight, scab and corfrtngr moM, the same treatmrut as for the apple.
3. Plum.
Curculio, brown rot and leaf blight.
First spraying : Bordeaux mixture before the flower buds open.
have foUen^ '^''*^'°* ' ^°''**^'"* '°»*'»'^« »*»«* P*"" 8»-e««» «« soon as the petal*
Third spraying : Bordeaux and Paris green in seven to ten days after.
Fourth spraying : Bordeaux mixture in ten to fifteen days after.
4. Pbach.
Broum fruit rot, leaf blight and plum curculio.
First and second sprayings : Same aa for the treatment of the plum.
Third spraying : Bordeaux mixture in two to three weeks.
««„ ,f°y*^ »P':*y»?8: Ammoniaoal copper carbonate if any danger of disfigar-
mg the Iruit with Bordeaux mixture. » o a
1
%
iia
«-..,.r "'"""«■ ■^'--■« "..-..ure .„, P.H, g„.„ „ .o..„.k,^,^
a.„..;' --« ■■ BoH..„ .,.„„ .„, ,,. ^„ ,^^^ ,^^^ ^__^ ^^^ ^^
.,„*-.-,.. Bo.«. .,,„. .„, ,„,. ^„ ^^^ ^_ ^^^^
«-° •'->■- •'»■. '... b..,. ,. ...„,,„, ,. ,„,. ,^ ^, ^^
Third gpraying : Bordeaux mixture when th. * : ■
"""""* ''"en the fruit 18 gathered.
f^orms^nd mildew ^^'*'**'*' ^^^ Oousebbrrv.
„p„r •'"•^'°- B„H»„ „<„.„ „, ,.^ ^__ ^ _„,^^,^^^
e. nei/ebore or Paris green will be effective.
Rot and blight. ^' Tomato.
«.'l.«oJSr' ''""*^"-°»''""'«'«««.PI«..(.»e pound to 100
i.okJ^.^S." •^"^'■'»- ^'-«" ■»'"- .na P„i. ,„,„ ,w p,„^ ,.
i
bio*.
kft«r.
ih ia
lave
110.
rat
M
The nut or W7>M^ *^' '^•'^^'"'""^'
will c^iroTJL'diie:;: "a;",v r.'^ ?p'i^^ *''''°"' ^^^^s-'^k ^j** '->*
INJURIOUS INSECTS,
•fleotive Trde.tro "^nZ^^^ ? *'" '"^ ^*'*"^' 'P^^'^K " directed will be
pe.t .t ^^z rrerL;::;^r:^s':i:;j'^'!ir '"« '^^ • ^"«^^^
1. Tmt CATERPiLLAB8.-C//«ocam;.« ^m«r.c««a, .nd C. Sulvatiea.
Tent CaterpilUr Moth.
Thfse insfcta weave large
weba in the branchea of the apple
tree and do much damage feed-
ing upon the foliage of the
tre<8. It also attacks the plum
and cherry. The eggg— 200 to
300— are laid in rings upon the
twigs of the trees and can be
readily seen, so that many of
them might easily be destroyed
during the winter. Tho cater-
pillars grow rapidly. Americana
has a white strip down the back,
and Syhatica a series of white
spots, and thus they are readily
distinguished from each other
Tent Oaterpillu : a and ft, rate rpilUrH ; c. egg
oluBter ; d, cocoon.
%..
8
when'ilrt'^i^illrri "*3 A^JVlT '•* "''^**" ^ Cru.h the " f „U "
mixture. ^ '"" ^ -^PPb' I'tI, green with lime or with Bord^M
2. Oont..o MoT„.-C«,^o.„,«a ,„„nonellu.
«t ii turned un a '*""'« 'P'''"' *»'>''^
the l.rrtrr?w. int'o Z" ", ''"'t"'
-Oft peet. that .ttack« thl a^ple '•"'
•PpSwltiT;^- '''**^ ^ ''°«' ^^'^ 'alien
#
Cnker Mothn : a. m»l« j 6, female.
Canker Worm (/), and egg. («, 6. O
loop-hlce motion, hence, sometimes caller) •« «»„
from a tree by a silken thread nieaaurmg worms." They can drop
•ppip
2. Pari, gr^en ia an effactive remedy, m directed in the treatment of the
4. OYSTKR-BiiitLi. Bark Louhi.-
-Mylilatpis pomorum.
th« .nnl« /"""'^ '/r*'" '" '*'u 'r"' "' "•"'"'" '"'°''" '»°*'«' "P«" 'he Lark of
the apple trcn, and hemg nn.ch the Hame color 18 .iilljcult to di.tinHui.h The
egm are beneath the gcaleH. They
hatch about the end of May or the
beginning of June The young lic<-
aro aIniOHt invisible ; they auck thu
ends of the young twigs, where they
become fixed, and continue to auck
the juice from the twigs. Soonaacale <»yit-r»hell Burk Uune.
'thlT'lartVi' «■ ^"^""t' '^'^ T^'% '^' "^^P^ •*' *" oystershell. are femalea,
that lay their egga under the acale. The acale of the male i. more oblonu and
la rarely aeen. °
trnJZfi*~\- ^l ""'"!,"' f .^"'y 'P"-'"!?. •'^'•Pe off the rough bark from the
trunk and large hmba, and rub in with a acrubbing bruah the following aolution •
One quart aott soap or one quarter pound hard, in two quarta boiling water-
take seven parts o thia and add one part carbolic acid , then, when the joung
hce are moving (May or June), spr^y with kero«ene emulaiun, diluted with ten
6. Pkar tree ^hVQ. —Eriocampa cerasi.
This insfct may ba found attacking the pear, plum and cherry.
The eggs are laid about June. The
larva ia about one-half inch in length
and is thicker towards the head, of a
somewhat greenish-black color and
slimy. Jt has many legs. The pupa
stage is spent in the ground and laata
two weeks. The imago is a small,
four-winged black fly. The slug feeds
OE the upper surface ol the leaf. It
was quite common during 1896
I'ear tree nlug, various «i2e8.
t
10
Junt .nd middle of July. ^ " '" °' B""^™" and P.ris g,eJo a„, „J"?,
6. Plum Ou„cuuo._C„„„fr„„<,,„, „„„^j„^
about the (ime tbe 'km Z f?*^' '" ■''£°«
..G.«.„„dd..„,tbe.ffec.edpw;„:c:;,:
»«..<l.r .dd 2 j£^ onrj" 'sp£y «oe ' « "JJ'T °' "'"• » '"" '» 'W i-
^ « ... ..ned. ...„ ..UnTtbr^Li'-JJ,- d"^- - .":i
7. To P,„„<,, ,^, p,^^^ y^_^ __^_^^ ^_^_ ^^^^
*e oo'iiST'oKL°'M*.'i?i''°2i "'"' ""' '"•'' >'<•". add water until i, l.
gallon, of tbe°'mUtC.''Ap;iv:^ttTurh^1r''""^°»"^^^^
imle to ...ke . perfeot job. Apply l«t w^Mn^:/'"' "" «"""'' '"'J' »
Plum Curculio: a. (rrub- i »r
f
This
lays its eg
the veins,
larva, whe
ish color,
paper-like
leavei", or (
pupa condi
The i
entered. ■'
yellow spoi
fovr memb
Bemea
be applied
2. Par
this if the f
11
8. Cdrraxt Wokm — NenuUus ribnsii.
Currant Worms and the Saw Fliea to which they change.
lay« luVasltwiril troublesome upon currunt and gooseberry bushes. It
thrveL^hpaJi, . K^ 'P u*"^' °" *•*« under side of thl leive^, in rowa aIon«
uuo wingp. A second brood is of common occurrence.
N
12
Th« « . 0«*P«- Vine h^ztL^.-Ualtica chalybea.
under ude of the leaves. The
"^* '" »^"* one-third of an
inch long, brownish, with several
t'lack dots on the body The
L'"P* r'^'i'on is passed in the
ground, and continues for about
three weeks.
K^.*!^^^^™**'^ " * «"»"' polished
beetle, about one-fifth of an inch
long It passes the winter in
sheltered spots, under leaves, or
around the roots, and is very
destructive in the spring to th^
young buds, and afterwards, i„
the larval condition, to the leaU..
Remedies.—l. Paris green,
three ounces to fifty gallons of
water, orcombined with Bordeaux
mixture as directed under treat-
ment of the grape.
2. Dust pyrethrum powder upon the vines attacked
3. Jarnng the vines in the morning and couX the beetles.
10. ROUND-H.ADKD BoREB ^Saperda Candida).
tre. ter eariltry'^tr^^^^^^^^^^ t ^T^' ''^ '^^ <>^ ^^^ »PP'e
aboat three years to develop iTwSrka in T^^'^IJ!? 'I" ^""«''' ""'^ '^^^^
shallow cavities, filled with sawdLrHll »n the sapwood, where it forms flat,
bark, and indicate whereihe^ W " is Tw"^' l^"^ "« °^'e^ '^^^ on the
cuts a passage upwards into the solid wood\nH /i, ^" ** '■'*"**®" maturity, it
ue sojia wood, and then curves towards the bark
■,J7'fe
SSP'
* mm
a
Round h(»ded Apple Tree Borer, &«/>enia
Candida : a. larva ; b. pupa ; c, beetle.
In this
it is an
borer, «
Th
on the 1
Thi
up the t
Flat Heat
Borer, Cht
ata Fabr : c
2. A
of the tre
beat to b(
in three y
it in.
This
proves ve
Apple Tree
oeellana : t
pupa.
Th
e expauc
13
Th,-» • \^\ F^at-Headed Borbr (Ohrysobothris/emorata)
bark i.,dic?eTtrp*.™r Tt «!T t."^ '"•'"''"'^
Md then em„gM «8 an <„,^„ .b„„, ha ".n inch
wun three raised Jines on each winff-^nvAi- Tk i
and under side of the body present V^oTpar/ttf
pretence" he -W-fsUr-'^^ '"t'°*'^ ''^^
of il^lt^^~On:^otA^^^^ f:Jtr^^ »-*-« to the trunk
heat to boiling, and add one pint crude carboUral' V^' «*"°"' ^^ ^*^«'-:
m three weeks. This can befell done ty usfn^^^^^^ \r°"? application
It m. """ "'z "Sing an old scrubbing-brush to rub
^2-^UD Moth (rmetoc«ra(,w^/a««).
ima insect is found attackinc the hnrlo «««„ .u
proves very injurious. The ha^ot tt^ntet o^^'an^ a^p^rS
spring as a small brown cateriillar 3 abnif
het,.e the buds begin t« opefand iedsu^o"n
grown By rolling up one side of a leaf and
securely fastening it with silken threads ifforms
lined 'tiVrnT^^K^'T '^' P''^ stage. haWnl
Ser of silk TK-*'*"'!f.'. ^'''^ * «'°»«ly ^ovef
Jayerofsilk. This condition lasts ten days The
*m^o IS a small moth, resembling the codling
-ae expanded wings meas.r. half an inch acrws '''°^' *re a dusty brown.
Tree
Flat Headed Apple ^.^^
Borer, Chrysohotkrin femor-
ote Fabr : a, larva ; 6, beetle.
oojWana:., moth; 6. larva; c,
rni.
14
13. In. G,APt„„ Hopper ob Th.,p ri'ryttwmBm „•«./
14. Red Spider {Tetranychua telariua).
very S™c«;? ^V?uckBV;^^^^^^ *T T*^-""** '"^ -"« P^*- -
color of the leaf to cU^e from .rC?L *''^P'*°'« ^^^^ked. and caSees the
atmosphere and in sunf v plal^ 1.5° "" ^^^"^ 7**'*^ '' «^""«»»«- in a dry
development. «"nny places, shade and moisture are not favorable to iti
plantfZS'-^'''''^ "'*^ *"^" "•'«'■' '''^d J^^^P the atmosphere about the
2. Spraying with kerosene emulsion should also be followed by good results.
15. Plant Lice {Aphidae).
the jSc::;nttS Sretettr^"' '^' ^^^'^^^ °' -"^ P'-^ ^7 -kinir
They can be controlled by spraying with kerosene emulsion.
INJURIOUS FUNGI,
cation It Bordeaux'txture. ^'dTree'd ^ ""''^ ""*""^' '^ *»•« P-P- 'PP"'
which^Urrl'^ic fth^gl^^^^^^^^^ •?' r i* "iff ^'- * "po-
which penetrate tL plan u^n which the fn?r ' *° tj"-eac1 like structures
ment. Upon these structuresin^ m« 1 *^"" ^°7' *?*^ *^«"^^« '*« nonr«h-
which the fungu. Iv de!Z Ind ontfnTMX ^''?^"°''^' *^ °u^" «°"'««» ''°'"
pknts attacked. contini^o m be injurious to the vitality of the
15
1. Applb Spot or "Scab" (Fusietadium dendriticum).
on th?frn!l"'^TK*"**'''! '.-^ *''''^? "** '™^' °' '^^^ »PPl«' «*»"«»« t»»e " spots"
the 8ooW«rJ*K ^*8**^^'^« P^-^r °] *»»«'"°«^"» " chiefly around tbe edge of
the spots wVere the spores are produced in great numbers.
2. Leaf Spot (EntomospoHum maeulatum).
This disease attacks the pear, causing the leaves to show reddish soots with
smalllpimples .n tha centre. When the'fruit is attacked it c^ks anTapi::iS
3. "BaowN Rot" {Monilia /ructigena).
u* fi^"/!f ^' ^i!""^' *'*'®^"^ *°** P^*'**®'- The fruit aflected becomes brownish
ZnU K ll^° seen upon the trees in that form. AH " mummified " fruit
^ould be gathered and burned, as they contain spores that will perpetuate the
4. " Anthraonose " (GloeospiHum venetum).
«»t^ J**" '.1.°*"' *Pr?" .°° ^^^ *"*"«" of raspberries as small round or oval
fnl wi^ri t Pk"?* ^'S^'' *"** sometimes upon the leaves as smaU yeUoXh
burnino **"■• ^^' ^^''''^ ''*°«' «'»°"''* ^« ««' o°t and destroyTby
5. "Leaf-blight," "Sunburn" {Sphcerella fragarioi).
This disease produces very conspicuous spots on the uDoer surface of th«
6. " Powdery Mildew " (Sphaerotheca mare uvae).
This mildew is the well-known blight on the gooseberry. It thrives in a
warm, dry atmosphere, and sometimes is very destructive.
a brotn^'l?" ^'"''' "^ "°''"'^'' "*'** "^ ^'^y!"*" «"b«*»"°^. ""^^ later assume
7. " Potato blight " {Phytophthora infeatans).
affectLttheTurers'""'' ''' Potato, commencing with the leaves and finally
Notes.
I , /^° prevent the drip reaching the hand, cut a hole through a piece of leather
4x4 inches, and run it up on the rod near the nozzle. F « "^ leacner
Use a Y and two nozzles, or a triple head and three nozzles. The work can
be done just as well and much more expeditiously.
cover^° ""^^P Bordeaux mixture oflF horses and harness use coarse linen or other
ft
«#•
16
PHOViNClAL EXPERIMENTAL SPRAYING.
Tnstructiong are being given in the preparation and application of insecti-
cides and fungicides at the following places for the senaon of 1897 :
Western division.
St. Thomas— Ernest Lunton's orchiird.
BoTiiWKLL— A. 0. Sussex's orchard.
Waolaceburg— Oapt. J. W. Steinhoff's orchard.
Sar.via— John Davis' orchard.
LucAN— W. E. Hooper's orchard.
KiNCAUDiNK— Norman McPherson's orchard.
WiNGHAM— G. Moffat's orchard.
Abthuii— Wm. Cahalan'a orchard.
Obanokvillk— D. McPheeter's orchard.
Milton— Robert E. Harrison's orchard.
Okntkal division.
Stony Creek -Robert Granger's orchard.
Lynden— B. Vansickle'a orchard.
Bdrpobd— W. H. Lewis' orchard.
TiLSONBURG— Jus Hancy's orchard.
Port Dover- Geo. Dixon's orchard.
Oalbdonia— W. Richardson's orchard.
DuNMViLLE— John Taylor's orchard.
Niagara Falls South— Thomas Smith's orchard.
St. Catharines— a. Pay's orchard.
Smithville— George Adam's orchard.
Eastern division.
€larkson's— 0. G. Davis' orchard, one mile north of Lome Park.
Oshawa— R. J. Mackie's orchard.
Port Hope— E. Mitchell's orchard.
Brighton— John Nisbett's orchard.
Trenton— W. A. Warner's orchard.
Oonbecon— Jas. L. Adams', S.B., orchard.
PiOTON— J. P. Thorn's orchard.
pREscoTT— George Bowyer's orchard.
South Lancaster — Alex. Cameron's orchard.
nr Cards giving the dates of the spraying ac the several points may be obtained
on application to the Superintendent. (W. M. Orb, Fruitland P.O.)