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 Ptanual of flonograpljn 
 
 BEING A 
 
 COMPLETE GUIDE 
 
 TO THE ACQUISITION 07 
 
 liiman's Ifewnttic ^t^rtfeani. 
 
 BY ELIAS LONQLEY. 
 
 .^ oshawa, c. w.: |> 
 
 % Wm. h. orr, phonetic publisher 
 
 i vie 1859. ?^ ^• 
 
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 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, 
 
 BY LOWaLEY BROTHERS. 
 
 In tlie Clerk's Office of the District Court for tho 
 
 Southern District of Ohio. 
 
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 In preparing this Manual of Phonetic Shorthand, the 
 autlior has had one leading- object in view, namely: to fur- 
 nish a means for acquiring speedily a correct and practical 
 knowledge of the much coveted art. The books that have 
 heretofore been used have all answered a good purpose; but 
 they have, with one exception probably, been rendered com- 
 paratively obsolete by the introduction into the system of two 
 or three important improvements. These are incorporated 
 into the present work, by which it is rendered a reliable and 
 permanent text-book. 
 
 In one important particular this treatise differs from all 
 others heretofore published; namely, the exercises to be 
 written by the pupil are printed in phonetic spelling.* By 
 this arrangement three important advantages are gained: 
 First: the learner will be made acquainted with the philoso- 
 phy and utility of phonetic spelling as applied to printing, 
 and will generally be so well pleased with it as to become its 
 ardent advocate. Second; in writing his exercises the pupil 
 will be enabled to transcribe the words into Phonography 
 more readily, for learners are very apt to be troubled by try- 
 ing to get as many letters into their phonographic words as 
 the old spelling contains, and thus make blunders; and, from 
 inexperience in the analysis of words, there is great liability 
 of inaccurate vocalization; but by writing from die words 
 printed phonetically both of these difficulties will bo avoided. 
 Third: the familiarit}' with Phonotypy thus acquired will also 
 
 *An edition is also printed, of which this is a copy, in which the exer- 
 cises to bo written are in tho common spelling, for the accommodation of 
 such persons as do not wish to give any attention to phonotypy. This 
 will be designated as the r<, manic, edition: the other as the phonotypic. 
 In filling orders the latter will always be sent unless the other is specified. 
 
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 be of service to the pliono^i^raphic student hereafter, in cna- 
 hWujf him to rend with ease such piiuiietic buolvri und pupers 
 as lie may meet witli elsewhere. 
 
 In support of the utility of this feature we miyht jrive the 
 testimony of scores of phonoo-raphic teachers and hundreds 
 of private learners; but tiie I'olitnvinor from Henry M. Park- 
 hurst, the distinguished Congressional Reporter, will suffice 
 here: "One phonographer thoroughly imbued with the spirit 
 of the Spelling Reform, is worth more than a dozen who 
 have merely taken a course of lessons. Indeed, I rather 
 think there is more hope of a man who has never heard of 
 Phonography, than of one who has learned it without learn- 
 ing Phonotypy." 
 
 Another leading feature is such an arrangement of the les- 
 sons that no word, or class of words, is required to be written 
 until the principle has been explained by which they are 
 written in their most approved forms. By this means, the 
 student is not compelled to spend his time in learning to 
 write certain words, and then suffer the discouragement of 
 having to drop and forget the forms thus learned, and famil- 
 iarize himself with new and better ones. What is once 
 learned in this book, remains a fixed fact with the pupil in all 
 his after use of the system. There are hundreds of persons, 
 who, having studied Phonography through what was called 
 the " learner's style," have not yet been able lo drop it and 
 adopt the advanced and more practical style of writing; but 
 they will have to do it before they can be recognized as good 
 phonographic writers; and the unlearning of their present 
 lengthy and awkward forms for words, added to the new forms 
 they must learn, is fully equal to learning the system from 
 the beginning. 
 
 In consequence of this progressive arrangenient, the exer- 
 cises to be written necessarily possess an imperfect style of 
 composition. And the words in each exercise being confined 
 as much as possible to the illustration of the principle jus-t 
 introduced, renders necessary a resort to many circuitous ex- 
 
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 as Buccessivo lessoiis aro 
 
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 nt tho close of each 1< 
 
 feali 
 
 The Review nt tno close oi encii lesson is a now teaturo, 
 and will be of ^rreat assistance to tho teacher, especially to 
 the inexperienced, in questiouiiij,' his class as to what they 
 have gone over; it wi'l also be useful to the private learner, 
 filling the place, almost, of an oral instructor. The rnKistions 
 may be asked the class either collectively or individually; the 
 latter is generally the better way. It would be well, as often 
 as convenient, to have the pupils illustrate their answers on 
 the black-board. 
 
 Immediately following the explanation of each new prin- 
 ciple is a Reading Exercise, embracing, as much as possib/e, 
 words illustrative of the preceding text. This is followed jy 
 an Exercise for Writing, wliich sliould be written before 'J*j- 
 gresjing further, while the manner in which the words are to 
 be formed are fresh in the mind. Then, at the close of each 
 lesson, is a general Writing Exercise, embodying, beside the 
 principles just presented, all that has previously been learned. 
 This should be written by each pupil, during the interval be- 
 tween the meetings of the class; and at the next recitation, 
 the pupils should exchange their manuscripts with each 
 other, and then read, each a sentence in turn, from their 
 written exercises. They might then be passt- Vj the teacher 
 for his correction. 
 
 The author would acknowledge his indebtedness to the 
 Phonographic Glass-hooh of Ankrews & Boyle, tlie lirst text- 
 book of the system published in America, for many of his 
 most approp^I:lte illustrations; and to the Phmocpaphic In- 
 struclor, by James C. Boothe, the more recent work generally 
 used, for numerous sentences, and, in a few cases, whole par- 
 agraphs of exorcises for reading and writing. 
 
 For the expression of some of the following "Advantages 
 of Phonography," he is indebted to Prof. Gouraud, the author 
 of a work but little known, entitled ^^Cosmo-Phmiogrcjjhy.'** 
 
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 PiTONOcRAPirr hns been defined as a philosophical method 
 of writinjT the English lan<^UHjre, with an alphabet composed 
 of the simplest {rounietricul si^Mus, which accurately represent 
 the sounds of spoken words. It may be written six times as 
 fast as the ordinary longhand, and is equally legible. Aside 
 from the scientific propriety of the system, as made manifest 
 in the Introduction which follows, the following practical 
 advantages are worthy of consideration: 
 
 1. To profosHors of scientific and literary institutions — to 
 gentlemen of the bench or the bar — to legislators in the halls 
 of representation — to ministers of religion — to lecturers on 
 the various arts and sciences — it presents the most invalu- 
 able aid, in enabling them to arrange, condense, and fix their 
 thoughts, facts, arguments and proofs, in the briefest period 
 of time and the shortest possible ajjuce, presenting, in the 
 condensed schedule of a small page, a full arid complete syn- 
 opsis of their most elaborate speeches, orations, or discourses. 
 
 2. By its aid, the advocates in the courts of justice or the 
 halls of trial, will be enabled to write, with ease and accu- 
 racy, either the full depositions of important witnesses, or the 
 facts, proofs, evidences, and arguments of legal opponents, 
 and thus be in a position, not only to meet them with readi- 
 ness and strength, but eventually to thoroughly overthrow 
 and refute them. 
 
 3. The student in the halls of science can transcribe with 
 faithfulness, and preserve in the smallest compass, die valu- 
 able lessons of professors, and thus preserve, for the medita- 
 tion of his leisure hours, a connected wlwle, instead of broken, 
 detached, and uncertain fragments, that often serve to con- 
 fuse, bewilder, or perplex. 
 
 4. Merchants, and clerks of mercantile houses, to whom 
 thm and space are really a desideratum, will find Phonography 
 a most invaluable auxiliary; as the ease with which it can 
 
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 AI)VANTA(}KS OF l'Ho\<)(aiAril Y. 
 
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 be learned and acquired, and the facility and readiness with 
 which it can he ivrltten and 7-eml, will enable them to tran- 
 scribe their accounts, to note their memoranda, to post up 
 their bills, and even to conduct their correspondence, in less 
 than one-fifth of the ordinary time, and in a considerable re- 
 duction of the ordinary s[)ace; and as " time Is monei/,''* it 
 presents to them indeed a most invaluable gain. 
 
 5. To the author, editor, or general writer — to the orator, 
 legislator, or minister — how invaluable must it be, when they 
 reflect how many of their most brilliant thoughts and most 
 glowing conceptions, how many of the most sparkling gems 
 of their imaginations and the most radiant pearls of their 
 thoughts, that in moments of genius and enthusiasm flash 
 like electric 8[)ark8 from the mind, are /oreuer lost for the 
 want of some Dogucrrean process, like the one we present, 
 to catch and transfix them cm the wing, recording them on 
 the glowing page In all the freshness, vi,u;()r, and brilliancy of 
 their first conception, ae rapidly as they are presented to the 
 mind! and for the lack of which, alas! like the dazzling flash 
 of the evanescent meteor, they fade and expire as rapidly as 
 they are kindled, and leave but the indistinct memory of their 
 trace behind. 
 
 6. A practical acquaintance with this art is highly favor- 
 able to the improvement of the mind, invigorating all its fac- 
 ulties, and drawing forth all its resources. The close atten- 
 tion requisite in following the voice of the speaker (in report- 
 ing) induces habits of patience, perseverance and watchful- 
 ness, which will gradually extend, till they form habits that 
 will be found useful through life. The close attention to the 
 words and thoughts of the speaker which is necessary in 
 writing them down, will naturally have a tendency to endue 
 the mind with quickness of apprehension and distinctness of 
 perception, whereby the judgment will be strengthened and 
 the taste refined. 
 
 7. The memory is also improved by the practice of Pho- 
 nography. The necessity for the writer to retain in his 
 
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 ADVANTAiiKS OF IMIONCXJRAI'HY. 
 
 mind the last sont<nice of the speaker, while he is attending 
 at the same time to what follows, and also to penninjif down 
 his words, must be hin'jily brnfficial to that faculty, which is 
 more than any other improved by exercise. It draws out 
 an I improves all the faculties of the mind. 
 
 "Phonography," says Messrs. Fowlers &, Wells, "we re- 
 gard us one of the most important inventions of the age, and 
 one which should be open to every person desirous of being 
 considered educated. As a system of rejjorting, general cor- 
 respondence, and memoranda, it is unparalleled in usefulness. 
 In chirography, it is what the telegraphs arc; in agencies for 
 transmitting thought. We employ three reporters, one in 
 our office and two who travel with lecturers from our house. 
 In ten minutes we can dictate an article for publication which 
 we could not compose and write in two hours; besides it con- 
 tains more spirit and freshness than if labored through at the 
 slow pace of ordinary composition. Every scholar should by 
 all moans learn it." 
 
 Professor Makt, Principal of the Philadelphia High School, 
 says: " Phonography has been introduced into this institu- 
 tion two years and a half, and has been learned by ab )ut 
 four hundred. Two hundred are studying it now. It is one 
 of the regular branches of the course, being attended to three 
 times a week during the whole of the first year. Had I not 
 supposed it to be of much practical value, I should not have 
 urged its introduction, a measure which I have seen no occa- 
 sion to regret. Such of our students as have made Phono- 
 graphic Reporting a profession, have got along in life faster, 
 by all odds, than those in any other kind of business, and 
 that without the possession of any special brilliancy of tal- 
 ents. Some of them, not yet turned twenty, are now mak- 
 ing more money by Phonographic Reporting than the Princi- 
 pal of the High Bchool, after having given himself for more 
 than twenty years to his profession." 
 
 Said the Hon, Thomas Benton: " Had this art been known 
 forty years ago, it would have saved me twenty years of 
 hard labor." 
 
 '* It is my humble opinion that it will eventually supersede 
 the present system of writing, as the steam carriage train 
 supersedes the old eight inch wheeled wagon," — Hev. Dunbar. 
 
 Such are the tendencies of the art this book is designed to 
 unfold. 
 
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 ^Jrogrcss of Improbcmcut. — Within the last huiulrod 
 years important chancres have taken place in almost every 
 department of industry. The mechanic no lonjjcr seeks the 
 swiftly running stream to propel his machinery, but erects 
 his mill or factory on ground the most convenient for labor 
 or for market, and britiufs the elements into subjection for Uio 
 performance of his drudgery; the st;ige-coach horse- power, 
 for locomotion, is almost forgotten in considcraticju of the 
 iron-iaoned steed hitched to the enormous wheeled-j)alace ; 
 the sea-voyage of weary montlis is now perf(jrmed pleasantly 
 in as many weeks, by the appliciition of steam to navigation; 
 and the man of business no longer w;iits the rapid trans- 
 mission of thought by such conveyance, but communicates 
 tlirougli the length and breadth of our wide-spreading coun- 
 try with lightning speed. 
 
 Thus the genius of invention and improvemenl has been 
 abroad in the land, and althougli for a long time she confined 
 her skill to building steamboats and making railroads, con- 
 structing machinery and teaching the lightning how to talk, 
 she has not altogether forgotten the world of intellect; and 
 Phonography, her last, most promising and beneficent boon, 
 presents to the world an al[)liabct of letters so simple and 
 facile that he who uses it may readily keep pace with the 
 fastest speaker, — aflording a system of writing as much supe- 
 rior to that of the old script alphabet, as railroads arc to the 
 ancient truck-wheeled wagon, or the electric telegraph to the 
 post boy's plodding gait. 
 
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 10 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THK 
 
 " Our living flocks of thouglits need no longer trudge it 
 
 slowly 
 
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 i wearily down 
 
 dering each other as they struggle through the strait gate of 
 the old-hand writing; our troops of feelings need no more 
 crawl, as snails crawl, to tiieir station on the page; regiment 
 after regiment may now trot briskly forward, to till paragraph 
 after paragraph: and writing, once a trouble, is now at breath- 
 ing-ease. Our kind and loving thoughts, warm and trans- 
 parent, liquid as melted from the hot heart, shall no longer 
 grow opaque, and freeze with a tedious dribbling from the 
 pen; but the whole soul may now pour itself forth in a sweet 
 shower of words. Phonotypy and Phonography will be of a 
 use in the world not dreamt of, but by a few." — The Eoanyel 
 of Luoe, p. 231, by Henby Sutton. 
 
 \Vc do not wish to underrate the value of the present sys- 
 tem of writing; it has been of great service in its time, iiav- 
 ing done much in the way of civilizing and enlightening the 
 races of men. But the state of things in the scientitic 
 world demanded a change in the character of our written 
 language. Science is a stern ruler; her laws encircle every 
 art, and although for a long time they may remain undiscov- 
 ered or not applied, yet as the world progresses in knowledge 
 and learns wisdom from experience, it will cause them to be 
 developed, and future generations will derive the advantages 
 of conformin<r to them. These facts have been illustrated in 
 the various improvements to which we have alluded; and 
 they are still to be expected in such departments as have not 
 yet undergone the remodeling process of modern ingenuity. 
 They take their turn in the great circle of progression; and 
 it is the object of the present work to demonstrate the laws 
 that apply to the art of writing, as required at this stage of 
 the world's history. 
 
 The spirit of our nge demands two new features in the art 
 of writing : First, ^iJ)ecd in its execution; second, System in its 
 orthognqjh;/. In treating of the first desideratum we shall 
 
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 MANUAL OF PIIONOGRAl'IIY. 
 
 11 
 
 briefly refer to the alphabet, now in use, and the habits of 
 writing it requires. 
 
 i^hz Qlh ^ilpbabct anb Ortbognphn. — Like the ancient 
 implements of industry and modes of labor, the alphabet 
 of our fathers, was constructed at a time when the inge- 
 nuity of man had not been brought into full play. The 
 letters are complex, and the use of them cumbersome in the 
 extreme. To illustrate: take the letter ^ for exarr.ple; to 
 make this letter, the fingers have to perform four inflections 
 or movements, while it represents but a simple sound; in 
 making the letter 7^1, seven inflections are required, while it, 
 too, represents but one sound; and every letter of the old al- 
 phabet is thus complex, to a greater or less degree, although 
 they are designed each to represent but a single sound. 
 
 Now, while there is this complexity in the art of writing, 
 in spoken language the organs of speech perform but one 
 movement in the enunciation of each letter; and hence the 
 labor of the penman is four or five times as great as that of 
 the speaker; while the latter is moving off* freely, as on the 
 wings of the wind, the former is trudging at the snail's pace, 
 weary and provoked at the contrast. 
 
 The object to be accomplished, therefore, is to present an 
 alphabet each letter of which can be written by one inflec- 
 tion of the pen, so that the writer need no longer be four 
 times distanced by the moderate speaker; and if the reader 
 will follow us through this book, he will see that the system 
 we are about to develop more than meets this requisition. 
 
 But a greater difficulty, if possible, than the mere substitu- 
 tion of a new alphabet, is to be overcome. The orthography 
 employed in using the old alphabet is nearly as cumbrous as 
 the formation of its letters; while its want of system makes 
 it a study of many years to memorize the spelling of the fifty 
 or eighty thousand words in our language. 
 
 Thus, take the sound of a; if we had nothing to do, in order 
 to represent it in our common writing, but to write the one 
 letter called a, the evil would be trifling compared with what 
 
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 12 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 it is. But we more frequently liave to write two or tiu'ee, or 
 even four letters to represent this one sound. It has, in fact, 
 thirty-four different modes of representation, consisting of 
 various combinations of nine difterent letters, a few only of 
 which ve have room to exhibit. Thus, aa, as in -4aron; ai, 
 as in paui; aig, as in campa?V/n; aigli, as in stra?^7it; eighCi 
 as in weigJied, &,c. Now common sense, as well as the laws 
 of science, suggests that the sound of a in each and all these 
 should be written with the same letter. When this shall 
 be done, more than two thirds of the labor of representing 
 this sound will be saved; but by substituting a new letter that 
 can be made with one movement of the pen instead of the 
 four that a requires, and of the four times four that several of 
 the above combinations require, nine-tenths of this labor will 
 be avoided. In writing the sound a in tliese five words, in- 
 stead of m'dk'm<f Jifty inflections of the pen, we will have to 
 make hut five! 
 
 The sound of e is represented in forty different ways. Ex- 
 amples: ea, as in each; ea-ue as in league; eye, as in keyed; 
 eig, as in seignor; eigh, as in heigh. We need not repeat that 
 the sound of e in each of these words should be repre- 
 sented by the same letter; or that by substituting for the 
 complex letter e a simple character that can be made v/ith 
 one motion of the pen, seven-eights or nine-tenths of the la- 
 bor in writinof would be saved. These are facts that are evi- 
 dent, after the illustrations are presented. And we miglit 
 thus illustrate tlie unscientific mode of representing nearly 
 every word in our language, with equally formidable results. 
 But we will only state the melancholy fact, that the various 
 sounds employed in speaking the English language are each 
 represented in from four to forty ways, and that in the large 
 majority of cases two or more letters are required to do the 
 service. It is also true, that there is no letter in the alpha- 
 bet that uniformly represents the same sound; thus, a has a 
 different sound in each of the following words : ate, at, all, 
 are, any. 
 
 i^i^^^i^ x » » i »»^»»»»y¥»*»»»» » I ' r 99mnfW9wpww'rw<r'¥<$wt9W9wmvm'9w\ 
 
 m 
 
MANUAL OP PIIONOCillAl'FIY. 
 
 ^ijM 
 
 13 
 
 The cor luence of this want of system Is, in the lan- 
 •nuige of a (iistinguished writer on tiie subject of education, 
 that "reading is the most difficult of human attainments." 
 And, as a further consequence, one third of the population of 
 England are unahle to read, and one half unable to write; 
 while in the United States, the number of adult white per- 
 sons who can neither read nor write, is one to every twenty 
 who can; and this wide-spread ignorance must continue until 
 the rudiments of education are simplified. Such inconsisten- 
 cies and mischievous errors as we have referred to, are not 
 in harmony with the developments of order and science in 
 most other branches of industry and art, and hence they 
 must be superseded by something truer and more expedi- 
 tions; or, if not superseded, we must use the more speedy and 
 economical system in connection with the old, as steamboats, 
 railroads and telegraphs are used conjointly with the old 
 modes of conveyance. 
 
 ®;be ^Ijouctit ^nuriljle. — The term PJionetic is derived 
 from the Greek word ^uvrj speech. A phonetic alphabet, 
 therefore, is one which, referring solely to speech, derives all 
 its laws from a consideration of the elements of speech. To 
 illustrate what we mean by the phrase "elements of speech," 
 we have but to ask the reader to adjust his lips to a round 
 position and deliver the voice as he would commence to 
 speak the words ode, oak, own. Now this same sound is heard 
 in thousands of words in our language, and is what we call 
 an element of speech. Another element is heard in the 
 commencement of the word oo^e and at the termination of 
 the word lolio. In pronouncing the words see, say, saw, so, we 
 hear, at the beginning of each of them, the same kind of a 
 sound, namely a hiss, which is also an element of speech, for 
 it frequently combines with other sounds to make words. 
 By analyzing all the words in the English language, it has 
 been found that it is constituted of but forty-three elemen- 
 tary sounds; or, to be more precise, thirty-nine simple 
 
 ■▼V 
 
 '^Fw^w^wwwwwr^wTw^wwf^Frw^w^^^ww^^^ 
 
 "»▼ 
 
■^--^---"•-■■^'1*"'""" 
 
 ■A^AAAAh 
 
 14 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 (< 
 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 sounds, and four compound ones, formed by the close union 
 of certain simple soundH, which it is convenient to consider 
 as elements. In speaking, therefore, our words consist 
 simply in the utterance of one of these, or a combination of 
 two or more of them: and in writing these words, common 
 sense would suggest that each element should be represented 
 by a single letter, that should never stand for any other 
 sound. 
 
 It is supposed the original Phoenician alphabet, from which 
 our present alphabet is remotely derived, was phonetic; that 
 is, it represented the elements of speech in such a manner 
 that when the sounds of a word were heard the writer knew 
 immediately what letters to use, and when he saw the letters 
 he knew at once what sounds he was to utter. But when 
 this alphabet was adopted by the Greeks and Romans, who 
 used sounds unknown to the Phosnicians, many of the old 
 letters were necessarily used to represent new sounds as well 
 as old ones, so that there was no longer any very strict ac- 
 cordance between the sounds and letters of words. But 
 when other European nations, including the English, adopted 
 the romanic alphabet, and used it in very different ways, inso- 
 much that no one could guess what sound should be attributed 
 to any one letter, almost all trace of the phonetic nature of 
 the alphabet was lost. And hence the deplorable state of 
 English spelling and writing, as depicted in previous pages, 
 which, in few words, is so bad that no one can tell the 
 sound of an unknown word from its spelling, or the spelling 
 of a new word from its sound. 
 
 Phonetic spelling, therefore, is no new thing, and the 
 efforts of writing and spelling reformers is simply an attempt 
 to place the representation of the English language on the 
 same rational basis that the most classic of the ancient lan- 
 guages stood, and in addition thereto to afford the means of 
 the most rapid writing that it is possible to attain. No fur- 
 ther argument, therefore, should be required, in presenting a 
 system so accordant with truth and utility. 
 
 4 
 
 i>>»f>»»» n i wwrww^^'V'^w^rww^twy'^'ww^'r* 
 
_i_i.i -'^^-■---^-^-■-■-^-^--- 
 
 >*A^^*iA**A^i^h^AAiil>«^ta^^M 
 
 MANUAL OF PllOxNOURAPU Y. 
 
 J5 
 
 
 h)\r\ — The word Phonotypy, from tho (JJreek ^oi), , 
 speech, and tv^oj, type, signifies the prijitiiiif of huii(U!i<fo by 
 types which represent the sounds heard in speaking; while 
 Phonography, also from ^uivrj and anotiier Greek word, 
 y^oL^rjv, to write, signifies to write by sound, or with charac- 
 ters that represent the sounds heard in speech. Although tlie 
 latter is the art which this work is specially designed to ex. 
 plain, yet a knowledge of the former will materially aid in its 
 acquisition; and as a sufficient acquaintance with it may bo 
 obtained in a few minutes' study, we shall here present a 
 brief exposition of it. 
 
 The forty-three elementary and dipthongal sounds that it 
 has been found necessary to represent in a true orthography 
 of the English language, are exhibited by the italic letters in 
 the following words :— 
 
 eel 
 
 earth. ale air 
 ill ell am 
 
 *ce, oil, owl, 
 pole, bowl, toe, doe, 
 /ear, veer, thigh, thy, 
 rare, lull; mum, nu7i. 
 
 all 
 
 oak oozc; 
 
 on 
 
 wp wood: 
 
 yea. 
 
 way, 7iay ; 
 
 jeer. 
 
 came, game, 
 
 zeal, 
 
 shall, vision, 
 
 i^ 
 
 arm 
 
 ask 
 mMte; 
 cheer, 
 seal, 
 sing. 
 
 Of course the old twenty-six letter alphabet was incompe- 
 tent to give a character for each of these forty-three sounds. 
 And in determining upon the introduction of new letters, two 
 important considerations presented themselves to the mind, 
 both grounded on the fact that the romanic style of spelling 
 already existed in printed books, and flourishes y^ herevcr our 
 language is spoken or read. First, that those who can al- 
 ready read romanic spelling should have very little dilTiculty 
 in acquiring phonetic spelling; and secondly, that these who 
 are taught to read phonetically should find that the greater 
 part of the difficulties attendant on the acquirement of ro- 
 manic reading were then overcome. 
 
 In order to accomplish these two very important objects, it 
 was necessary to use as many of the old romanic letters as 
 
 I 
 
ts 
 
 h 
 
 ^' 
 
 fi?5 
 
 ■AAA«^A*i^ 
 
 ^^^b^^^^^tete 
 
 IC 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 possible, in the senses ^vhich they most fro(nient1y have in 
 the romuiiic spellinj^ of Eni,Hish; and to niiike the new pho- 
 netic letters suff'jfest the letters or combinations of letters 
 which are most frequently employed to express their sounds 
 roiiwinically. 
 
 The grand object was to make English reading easy — not 
 merely in phonetic but also in romanic spelling, in order that 
 the large number of books already printed should be still use- 
 ful, or rather should be made useful to those to whom they are 
 at present useless — the book-blind, those who cannot read. 
 This has been effected. Not only is phonetic reading so easy to 
 those who read romanically that few find any difficulty in 
 the matter at all, but those who ha e only learned to read 
 phonetically occupy the same position in regard to romanic 
 reading. 
 
 Out of the twenty-six romanic letters, three, c, q, x, have 
 been rejected. The fifteen consonants, 
 
 bdfhjlmnprtvwyz 
 are used in their usual romanic sense; that is, in the sense 
 which the English romanic reader would naturally expect 
 them to have in any new word, as they are pronounced at the 
 beginning of the romanic words, 
 
 bed, deed, fit, head, Jcat, ?ull, man, wun, 
 ^eep, rare, ^oe, vote, woe, yea, zeal, 
 
 The five vowels, a, e, i, o, u, and the remaining three con- 
 sonants k, g, s, are to be pronounced as at the beginning of 
 
 am, egg, in, on, inp, /cite, ^'et, ^up. 
 New letters have been invented for the sounds expressed 
 by the italic letters in the under-written words in the follow- 
 ing table: 
 
 a.^ Hci (la 
 
 air arm ask 
 
 88 E§ rta 
 
 eel earth age 
 
 Ge (Do (D(D Uu ij 
 all oak ooze foot ice 
 
 oil owl 
 
 mi/le 
 
 catc/t 
 
 ^^in 
 
 ad 
 
 <7iine 
 
 she 
 
 X3 
 
 virion 
 
 Bing 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 WW09W9W*ni999W999999WWW999WWW99 
 
^^rii^^H^^^te*JI^A^^MhA^^^Ma^^M^b*AriMh^^i^b^^^^^ik*A4^>*^^^Mi 
 
 aijt Ihfliutit gtlDlTiibd. 
 
 Tho 
 written 
 
 ^^V^ 
 
 
 <^/p. 
 
 Iff 
 
 letter 
 printed 
 
 Eo 
 a a 
 
 Hci 
 Oo 
 C)o 
 (Buj 
 
 I i 
 
 p] e 
 
 A a 
 
 (Ici 
 
 Oo 
 
 [Tu 
 
 Uu 
 
 * i 
 
 CTo- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Yy 
 
 Ww 
 Hh 
 
 is always 
 soundud ud 
 
 ee aa in et'l 
 
 ea . . C6jrth 
 
 « .. «le 
 
 « . . «ir 
 
 a . . arm 
 
 a . . «11 
 
 . . opo 
 
 00 .. fWl 
 
 e . . ^ll 
 
 e . . ell 
 
 a .. am 
 
 « . . «sk 
 
 . . odd 
 
 It . . U\i 
 
 00 , , ioot 
 
 i . . 2sle 
 oe . . oii 
 
 ow . . ow\ 
 u . . mif\Q 
 
 y • • ^ea 
 ?<? . . tt?ay 
 /< . . ^ay 
 
 The letter 
 written printed 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 // 
 
 %^ 
 ■rS 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 p p 
 
 Tt 
 D d 
 
 Jj 
 Kk 
 
 G g 
 
 Ff 
 Vv 
 R t) 
 
 eld 
 
 Ss 
 
 rr 
 
 Li 7 
 
 EI 
 
 ^5 
 
 Rr 
 LI 
 
 M 111 
 N n 
 1^1) 
 
 is always 
 sounded us 
 
 p as in roy;e 
 
 fj . . ro(^e 
 
 t . . fa^ 
 
 ^/ . . fac/e 
 c^ . . atch 
 
 (J . . edye 
 
 /f . . locA? 
 
 9 . . loy 
 
 / • . S'lA^ 
 y . . saye 
 th. . \^rea^/^ 
 M . . wrea//^e 
 
 s . . \)\\SS 
 
 z . . bii^r^ 
 
 c . . vicious 
 
 * . . vision 
 
 r . . for 
 I . . fa// 
 
 yy^ . . see;?e 
 n . . see;^ 
 
 I » 
 
 Vrr- 
 
 •^T- 
 
 m 
 
 
>^A*Ai^k*AAi***AAAAA4k*rfbAArfMbAAAA^ 
 
 >AAAi**AAAAAA*AA*^**AA*** 
 
 18 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 n 
 
 mhV 
 
 I 
 
 I, 
 
 On the preceding page the whole alphabet ia presented, 
 systematically arranged; first, the lon<; vowels; second, tho 
 short vowels; third, the compound vowels; fourth, the liquids; 
 fifth, the consonants. In this respect, unimportant though 
 it may seem, the new alphabet is an improvement on the old 
 — which is little more than a string of confusion — here a 
 vowel and there a vowel, a consonant here and another there. 
 
 In addition to the printing letters of the phonetic alphabet, 
 the longhand script characters are presented. It will be ob- 
 served, that the old letters are retained in their usual sense, 
 and new ones introduced, having resemblance to their cor- 
 responding printed letters, and of as easy formation as possi- 
 ble. This alphabet is used by all practical Spelling Reform- 
 ers, where the phonetic shorthand could not be road by tho 
 person for whom the writing is done; for phonetic longhand 
 may be read, with very little hesitation, by all who can read 
 the old manuscript. And the writer, in addition to the satis- 
 faction of employing a scientific orthography, economizes 
 twelve per cent of his paper and time, by dispensing with 
 double letters, etc. 
 
 llljonograpblj. — Phonography being intended for the pen 
 alone, and the principal object being rapidity of execution, 
 with a reliable degree of legibility, considerable licensa is 
 taken as regards strictly phonetic principles. It cannot be 
 said of phonetic shorthand that "no sound must be represent- 
 ed by more than one sign," and that "no sign must represLMit 
 more than one sound." Tho reverse of this statement is true 
 in frequent instances; but not in such a way as materially to 
 impair the scientific accuracy of the system. In point of 
 utilitv there are sfreat advantajjes derived from havinuf two or 
 three forms to represent certain sounds, and no serious dis- 
 advantage. 
 
 The simplest signs which it was possible to obtain for the 
 phonographic alphabet, are, 1st, the dot; 2d, the dash; 3d, tho 
 straight line; 4th, the curve. The dots and dashes are used to 
 
 < I 
 
 « 
 
 i 
 
^ 
 
 I > 
 
 . « <V*AAdbAAAikA> 
 
 -'-■^'^^■'-"-'^' - 
 
 >«l^ia^^**« 
 
 31 AN UAL OP PUONOGIIAPIIY. 
 
 ID 
 
 represent the vowels; the straight lines and curves represent 
 ohe consonants. The following diagrams exhibit the source 
 from which the latter are derived, and show the diiierent posi- 
 tions they occupy in representing difl'erent letters. 
 
 It will be observed that the straight lino assumes four dif- 
 ferent positions, and the curved one eight; these are as tnany 
 positions as can be recognized without danger of confusion; 
 and these two simple characters can be written in these 
 twelve positions so as to be just as distinct and legible as 
 though this number of ditTorently shaped letters were cm- 
 ployed. Here, now, we have the means of representing 
 twelve consonant sounds; but since in writing we can make 
 either light or heavy marks, this number may be doubled by 
 recognizing the same number of hcaoi/ straight lines and 
 curves. 
 
 While it is found necessary to make each of the primitive 
 characters heavy, in order to obtain a suliicient number, it is 
 also found a useful and philosophical method of distinguish- 
 ing between the natures of different sounds. Thus, > ight of 
 the sounds which these characters are to represent are mere 
 ■whifipers, produced by the transition of the organs of sjfpeech, 
 from one position to another, or by the simple contact of dif- 
 ferent parts of the mijuth, without any vocal sound ; and 
 there arc eight others made in the same manner, but they 
 have in addition a slightly roughened or vocal sound, wiiich 
 require a greater effort to produce Ihem. 
 
 To follow nature, therefore, and preserve a correspondenoe 
 between signs and sounds, the light signs are made to repre- 
 sent the light or whispered sounds, and the heavy signs to re- 
 present the heavy sounds. Thu.^, both the difference between 
 the sounds and their resemblance are at once represented. 
 
 yfft>t»y»>>>>»»»ft>ff»»l>»»>f*>»» P >>»t*»»»»>|l»»ff >J »> HHH 
 
 .V. ' I 
 
 ill 
 
 ? 1 
 
 t 
 
 I I 
 
r- 
 
 '■■^-■-■-■-■-■---^-'■^''■-'■f'---'-''-'-^'f''--^--^t< 
 
 20 
 
 INTllODIICTION TO THE 
 
 I! . 
 
 1;^ 
 
 And it beinj^ so natural to roprodent a lijL(lit sound by a light 
 stroke, and a heavy sound by a heavy stroke, the phono- 
 graphic pupil (inds, alter a little practice, that ho makes the 
 difference in the strokes witliout any thou<,'ht about it. But 
 the similarity of sound between tlie heavy and light strokes 
 is so great that, if at any time the din'ercnce in the thickness 
 of the lines is not clearly made, it will not seriously affect 
 the legibility of the writing to the experienced phonogra- 
 pher. Thus, for example, if the word Simiiuiti were written 
 so as to be pronounced ZinziiuuU^ the reader could hardly 
 mistake the intention of the writer. 
 
 The Consonants arc classified as follows: — 
 
 1. Abhupts. — These elements, sometimes called explo- 
 deiits, are produced by a total contact of the organs of 
 speech, abruptly interrupting and exploding the outward 
 passage of the breath, or the voice. They are eight in 
 number, and being stiff, unyielding sounds, are appropriately 
 represented by the eight straight, unyielding right linos, as. 
 illustrated in the following table, — the italicized letters of 
 the words indicating the sounds represented : 
 
 Whispered, \ rope, \ fa^e, y/ etch, lock 
 Spoken, \ vohe, \ [ade, / edge^ Ip^. 
 
 By a little observation in comparing the sound of p with 
 that of h, in the words rope and robe, the distinction of lohis- 
 pered and spoJcen, or light and heavy, will be appreciated. As 
 far as articulation, or the contact of the organs of speech is 
 concerned, the consonants j? aad 6 are identical; the sound 
 of the former, however, is produced by the breath only, 
 while the latter requires the assistance of the voice, which 
 coi'nmences before the lips, the organs by which the articula- 
 tion is produced, are disconnected. The same remarks apply 
 to each of the other pairs of abrupts, as the reader will dis- 
 cover by speaking the illustrative words in connection. 
 
 bi. 
 
 ■ f »> »>>f>»pt»» HH 
 
 ^>»»»» % 
 
 »■»»»»<>> >>>>>»! I, ,,,p^' 
 
M^k*AA^*A*^MMIA^*A*A*AA*****iAAA*i«^^A**<b^l^HkAA***tf^rfi*Airf^i*A^*| 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 MANUAL OF PIIONOOllAPIIY. 
 
 21 
 
 2. CoNTistrANi's: — Thy or;,'(ins of spct'ch aro in contact 
 in the production of those elements, yet not so firmly as 
 to totally ob-jtmct tho passaire of breath, or voice; but tho 
 sounds may be continued any length of time. There are, 
 also, eight of these elements — half of them whispered and 
 half spoken; and as they are of a flowing, yielding nature, 
 they are appropriately represented by curved and flowing 
 signs; thus: 
 
 Whispered, V^ safe, 
 Spolien, v^ 
 
 save 
 
 r wrea^/i, • j bus5, _^viciou«. 
 { wreai/ic, j buzz, ^^^ virion. 
 
 3. Liquids: — These are r and I, and are called liquids be- 
 cause they readily run into or unite with other consonant 
 sounds. They are not distinguished by any variation of 
 sound, as the abrupts and continuants, and are represented by 
 light curves; thus: 
 
 ( fall, for. "^ 
 
 4. Nasals: — The sounds of m, n and ng, are called nasals 
 from the fact that the organs are brought in complete contact, 
 and the voice driven through the nose. The tn and n are 
 represented by the two remaining light curves, and ng by the 
 heavy curve corresponding to n, as being nearly related to 
 that sound; thus: 
 
 seem, 
 
 seew. 
 
 smg 
 
 5. CoALEscENTs: — F and ly hold a medial character be- 
 tween the vowels and consonants; w being a weak sound or 
 modification of (^^ (oo), and y a modification of 6' (ee). They 
 never occur in English except before a vowel, with which 
 they closely coalesce. The following are their phonographic 
 signs, and the words illustrating thoir powers. 
 
 ^ way, 
 
 r 
 
 yea. 
 
 
 A\ 
 
 » 
 I 
 
 i^yy^ffft III )fyf»»>fy>>f> » »y»»»»>»<i>>>yy»i 
 
 ;^ 
 
1' 
 
 l!'i 
 
 ii 
 
 I' 
 
 n^'f 
 
 22 INTUODUCTION TO THK 
 
 6. Aspirate : — The power of h is simply a broatliinfr up- 
 on the followitijif vowel, unci is jjencruily ropreHeiitiMi by a 
 light dot placed before the vowel; but a consonant's form 
 is Bomctirnes needed, which is written thus: c^ h. 
 
 Vowel Arrangeimknt:* — In order to represent twelve 
 vowel sounds by the two sijjns, a dot and a dash, a scheme 
 similar to that of represcntin*' musical sounds by the round 
 note is resorted to. As the vowels rarely occur except in 
 connection with a consonant, they are indicated by the posi- 
 tion in which the dot or dash is placed to the consonant 
 stroke; thus, a dot placed at the boginniny of a consonant 
 represent-3 the vowel /.' (ee,) at the middle, U (a<rc,) at the 
 end, ^ (all;) the dash at the betrinninjr is (awe,) at the mid- 
 dle, o (owe.) at the end, (0 (oo.) The remainini'' six vowels 
 are shorter brief, as compared with the forei^'oing- six, and are 
 appropriately represented by the dot and dash in the same 
 manner, but made lUjhter; and all that has been said inreffard 
 to light and heavy consonants applies to the vowels. In the 
 following illustration the vov/el signs are placed to a dotted 
 line mex-ely to indicate the position of the dot and dash; it is 
 no part of the vowel. The italic letters in the accompany- 
 ing words suggest the vowel sounds: 
 
 rr» 
 
 'j eel, 
 
 •\ ale, 
 •: ell, 
 
 -! 
 
 I arm, i all, -• oak, j ooze, 
 
 » • • I — ; ' 
 
 ! «m, j on, -j wp, i wood, 
 
 Diphthongs: — These being compound sounds, and all the 
 sin.jile characters being otherwise disposed of, they are rep- 
 
 * For tho greater simplification of Phono/^raphy, there is, ordinnrily, 
 no distinction made between the sound of e in mercy and that ot e in 
 m<jrry; between a in d«re, and a in date; nor between a in fast and a in 
 far. Tho signs for representing these three sounds (c, ii, and a,) together 
 with various foreign sounds, are provided on page 127, which may be 
 adopted by the proficient phonographer, if he wishes to be very accurate 
 in the representation of spoken words. 
 
 ^^^•^f^ ww f»p»f» n i»>*»f nn » » w^FiHi'V'^m > » » f P » <^t>y<y^^^>»^y^yiy^^^iyy * 
 
, aaaA*a< 
 
 ■A*AA^*A*AAAAAAAA< 
 
 i^^kAAdiAAA^iAa 
 
 MANUAL OF PIIONOGUAPH V. 
 
 23 
 
 resented by complex signs. Tliey will be understood by 
 the followinf; illustratioi): 
 
 lisle, '^1 oil, J owl, I new. 
 
 Triphthongs: — These result from the union of \o with 
 each of the above diphthongs, which are more convenient to 
 represent by single characters than otherwise; thus: 
 
 L! 
 
 wino. 
 
 J! 
 
 j ({uoti, 
 
 pj loouwHi, 
 
 ORGANIC CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 to B' 
 
 Ahrupts. 
 
 Conthi' 
 uants. 
 
 ^ Wiispered. \ p 
 
 ^ fypohen. \ b 
 
 Whiftpered. K ^ 
 
 Spoken. V 
 
 Liquids. 
 
 Resonants, 
 
 Ainh'gnes. 
 
 O m 
 
 c a 
 
 t 
 d 
 
 (th) 
 ("* ) 
 
 ^ch 
 v ^n 
 
 ry 
 
 m 
 
 O 
 
 k 
 
 o 
 
 ■rig 
 h 
 
 /-^^ni 
 
 In the above division of the consonant sounds, reading in 
 columns downwards, we begin with, (1) those formed at the 
 lips, as j), &,/, &c., and call them Lalncds; (2) we then go 
 back to the region of the tip of the tongue and the teeth, 
 where f, d, &c., are formed, which class we term Linguo-Den- 
 tals, (tungue-teeth sounds;) (o) then to the hard palate or 
 roof of the niuuth, a little back of the teeth, where we find 
 ch,J, sJi, &.C., which we call Linf/uo- Palatals; and, finally, to 
 the root of the tongue, near the throat, where Z-, </, &,c., are 
 formed, which we term Outturcds, or Throat- Sounds. 
 
 A practical arrangement of the whole alphabet, for refer- 
 z.. will be found 
 
 study, 
 
 page. 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 I 
 
 ' ■ 
 
 < I 
 ? 
 
 <»i»iH»y<piy^iiy^^yyTy^yr^''*^?ys^^''*'*'^^^^T^^'^'^^^^^»'»^^''»^wy^^^^^yiy » > > t n 
 
I< ml 
 
 J 
 
 ill 
 
 §i 
 
 H 
 
 
 V 
 
 • > a** >i 
 
 ■AiMWI^ 
 
 |^0n0grapljit ^Ipftithet. 
 
 OQ 
 
 M 
 
 <1 
 
 \ p rope 
 
 \ b roZ*e 
 
 t fa^e 
 
 (1 facZc 
 
 / Q etc7i 
 / j et?^e 
 
 k lock 
 
 . — g % 
 
 i e eel 
 *l a ale 
 
 O 1 -I 
 
 1-^ j o aioed 
 i o ope 
 CD fool 
 
 CO 
 
 H 
 
 I— I 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 Consonants. 
 V^ f sa/e 
 
 V V saye 
 
 V t wreath 
 \ d wrea^/ic 
 
 j s buss 
 
 ) Z bU2^ 
 
 ^ J vicious 
 ^^ 5 VLsioii 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 1 1 ill 
 
 m seem 
 n seen 
 
 w I 1 w toay 
 
 r 
 
 y ^ca 
 
 -^ [^^ li /taiid 
 
 Eh 
 
 ^ -^ -. 
 M 1 ; 
 
 e ell 
 a am 
 odd 
 
 I u ?<p 
 i J u fnW 
 
 H ! 
 
 V 
 
 A I 
 
 i isie 
 o" oil 
 
 i\ d«pe 
 
 Kemark. — The above is a tabular view of tlie phonetic 
 alphabet. It shows the siuiplicity of the characters cm- 
 ployed, as contrasted with the ioiigliand letters of the 
 old alpha})et. It is placed in tliis form for occasional 
 reference by the student; to appreciate the beauty and 
 utility of its use, the following course of lessons must 
 be mastered. 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 < 
 
t"^ 
 
 I>1 
 
 id 
 
 ■^^^ 
 
 i^AAiAa 
 
 >**«i*< 
 
 mml of 3 
 
 THE CONSONANTS AND LONG VOWELS. 
 
 If the student who is desirous of acquiring the phono- 
 graphic art, has attentively read the preceding introduc- 
 tion, and obtained a clear idea of the phonetic principle, 
 ho 4viR find no difficulty in mastering the course of les- 
 sons which follows. Regular daily study and patient 
 practice for a few weeks, will accomplish the object. 
 
 Let every paragraph be carefully read and compared 
 with the accompanying illustrations, and every shorthand 
 character and exercise copied, pronouncing at the same 
 time the sound of the letter or word aloud. 
 
 Ruled paper should be used; even paper with a double 
 ruling, the lines just wide enough apart to admit the 
 proper length of the consonants between them, is a great 
 advantage, at first, in enabling the learner to make his 
 consonants of a uniform length. 
 
 Until the pupil becomes familiar with the signs, a 
 pencil should be employed in preference to a pen; after 
 which either a pen or pencil may bo used; — it should 
 be held loosely between the thumb and second finger, 
 with the first resting on top, as in drawing or ordinary 
 writing; or, between the first and second fingers, keep- 
 ing it in place by a slight pressure of the thumb. 
 
 3 ^ (25^ 
 
 I 
 
 ! i mi 
 
 
^A*rfiA^^*^^^*< 
 
 l>>M 
 
 II 
 
 ;!'w' 
 
 Is; '' 
 
 P^: 
 
 IM 
 
 —^-^-^-^"""■-"-""--"-"--""■-^-"-"'"'^^ ^^^-.^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 2G 
 
 MANUAL OP niONOGRAPHY. 
 
 A good style of writing can only be obtained by en- 
 deavoring, in the commencement, to form the characters 
 with mathematical precision. After a little experience 
 in tracing the forms accurately, the learner will find no 
 difficulty in executing them rapidly; the attempt to write 
 swiftly at first, on the other hand, will not only delay the 
 attainment, but lead to ungraceful and illegible writing. 
 
 Let the pupil now take his pen or pencil, and go 
 through the list of consonants, writing them as on the 
 following page, speaking at the same time the power of 
 each letter; and carefully observing the light and heavy 
 character of the signs, and their proper length. 
 
 1. Commence the strokes so that when of the proper 
 length they will rest on the line of writing. The con- 
 sonants should be written about the size of those given 
 in these pages; and particular attention should, at first, 
 be observed in writing the curved thick letters, making 
 them thick in the middle only, and tapering to a light 
 line toward each extremity. 
 
 2. The perpendicular and inclined consonants are 
 written from the top downward, as \p, \ t, *^r; the 
 horizontal ones are written from left to right; as 7c, 
 
 ' — ^m, V, /w. 
 
 3. The letter (^ I, when the only consonant in a 
 word, is always written upward; at other times it may 
 be written either upward or downward, as is most con- 
 venient. 
 
 4. The ^ sh is always written downward when the 
 only consonant in a word, and either downward or up- 
 ward at other times. 
 
 5. The aspirate ^ h is written upward under all 
 circumstances. 
 
 J 
 
 wwr^F^^'^^ 
 
 • f»»*»w»f»»»»***»»»*» wwwwwm^wwvwwwww^f^'^^fy^TT 
 
11 
 
 
 4 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * .. 
 
 
 k *; 
 
 
 I 
 
 M«k*A^***l 
 
 — - * 
 
 ON WRITING THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 27 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 P,B \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 
 
 T,D II II II I, I II II II 
 
 Ch,J // // // // // // // 
 
 > 
 
 K, G 
 
 Th, Th ( ( 
 S, Z ) ) 
 
 VV V.V ^V. ^^ ^V v.^ 
 
 (( a (( (( (( (( 
 )) )) )) )) )) )) 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 sh,zh JJ JJ JJ JJ JJ jy JJ 
 
 ^rrrrrrrrrr 
 
 R 
 M 
 
 N 
 No 
 
 ^"^^^^"^^^^ 
 
 Yrrrrrrrrrr 
 
 ft 
 
 ^ 
 
 iX 
 
 
 M 
 
 ill 
 
 •"VWP'^'^»'«r<>« 
 
 *>>»» H III> HH I|||>»|lll|,,,y,, 
 
 W¥^V»i^ 
 
Rl ■ 
 
 Mi 
 
 ill 
 
 [fill 
 
 I*!,; I. 
 
 III: 
 
 
 28 
 
 ^^^k*iMl^ikft*Mk^Mh**4^^A^k«ak^Mb^lHk^ftAi*AA^***4 
 
 MANUAL OF PIIONOORAPHY. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 6. In commencing to write a word, the first thing 
 the learner has to do is to pronounce it slowly, and 
 ascertain what are the elementary sounds of which it is 
 composed, and then write the consonant signs, as here- 
 tofore directed, without lifting the pen till all are written. 
 
 7. When the first consonant to be written requires a 
 downward stroke, it is commenced its length above the 
 line of writing and struck to the line, and if a downward 
 stroke follows, it is carried on below the line; thus, ■•^— 
 pd, —U- c?p; if the first consonant is a horizontal stroke, 
 and a down -stroke follows, it is written above the line 
 and the second one carried to it; thus, ~1 kd, /nch; 
 but if an up-stroke sign follows the horizontal, the latter 
 should be written on the line; thus, ^_,^^rti/, __/^kl. 
 
 8. When a straight consonant follows another of the 
 same kind, the two are written by a stroke double the 
 usual length; as kh^ n. pp. 
 
 9. In reading the consonants in a word, they must 
 of course be uttered in the order in which they were 
 written; thus, for example, in reading /^ the must 
 be read first, because it is evident it was written first, as 
 the writer could not have begun at the angle and written 
 the y^ and then gone back and written the " \ without 
 violating the rule requiring the skeleton of a word to 
 be written before lifting the pen; and he could not have 
 begun at the bottom of the y , and written it upwards 
 and then the backwards, without violating the two 
 rules, that ch is to be written downwards and n from 
 left to right. 
 
 It sometimes happens that a consonant which seems 
 to be farther along than another in the line of writing, 
 
 ■^«"FWWFWW^»^WWWWWVV^«*'*^»W^F»V"PV^F^PWVrW^FW 
 
 \ 
 
^^lA^^AI 
 
 M^te 
 
 ■AA< 
 
 CONSONANT COiMBINATIONS. 
 
 29 
 
 must be read first; as ^ ; but from the fact that /is 
 
 always to be written downward, we know the letters are 
 to be ready/ and not Ij. By a little observation of this 
 kind the learner will soon see at a glance, and without 
 thought, how any word is to be read. 
 
 The exercise which follows should first be read, tracing 
 the characters with a pointer; in doing which either the 
 powers of the letters may be used, as t Jc, h (, p k, &c., 
 or the names, te 7ca, ha fe, pa Jca, &c.; in class teaching 
 the latter method is the best, after having drilled the 
 learners well in speaking the simple powers of the alpha- 
 bet. After reading the exercise in this way, it should 
 be neatly copied with pen or pencil, and again read. 
 
 EXERCISE ON CONSONANT COMBINATIONS. 
 
 L n 
 
 u n /: -7 
 
 I 
 
 
 V-^\/7 \ 
 
 v^ 
 
 >y^ » »fyf»» m »>»>»f m py>> » »» n >>» i»>* ' 
 
^•••itiiXili* ^^^j,^^^^^^,^^ 
 
 i 
 
 tAAt 
 
 .A,^ 
 
 l***i 
 
 30 
 
 MANUAL OF PlIONOaRArHY. 
 
 LONG VOWELS. 
 
 as in 
 
 eat, 
 
 •I a 
 
 ape. 
 
 .ICL 
 arm. 
 
 aiol, 
 
 no 
 
 oakf 
 
 JO) 
 
 ooze. 
 
 10. Tho above table illustrates the manner of writing 
 the six long vowels. The dotted line represents the 
 length of any consonant, to which the vowel sign, (the 
 dot or dash,) may be written in either of three places, 
 the beginning, middle or end. 
 
 11. The heavy dot at the first place, or beginning of 
 any consonant, is always G; at the second place, or mid- 
 dle, Et; at the third place, or end, Q. The heavy dash 
 at the first place is 0; at the second place Q; at the 
 third place CO. 
 
 12. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in 
 their several positions, should be well memorized. They 
 may be designated thus: — € is the first place heavy dot; 
 fif is the second place hc[\vy dot; ^ is the third place 
 heavy dot; 6 is first place heavy dash; CO is the second 
 place heavy dash; CQ is the third place heavy dash. 
 
 13. In vocalizing the consonants, that is, in placing 
 the vowels to them, they should be written near the 
 strokes, but not so that they will join; thus, *^ eve, 
 
 \ pa^, /"T^ ma?/; the dashes should be written at right 
 angles with the consonants; as, \ paw, y^ show, \^ too. 
 
 14. If we wish the vowel to be read first, we place 
 it before or above the consonant; thus, | eat, \^ ape, 
 ^^ aim, _i_ oak; if we wish it to be read after the 
 consonant, we write it after or below the stroke; thus, 
 
 N^ bow, ^ liay, ^ sJioe. 
 
 15. The rule for placing and reading the vowels is, 
 that the first place is at the end where the pen began 
 writing the consonant; thus, see the L-line in the follow- 
 
 kii^^<r^^>^w^<^^iw^ » » > » » r«i'^^^yT^F<'^FT<>^ ^ » » IP » Tf^^rw^w^'wwwr^^Fw^w^^'ww^ 
 
> 
 > 
 
 MkA^h*! 
 
 ■A^<^^i^^l^»^^^^Aa^b^ > * * * a ihi^rfl>X^^^ 
 
 EXERCISE ON TliE LONG VOWELS. 
 
 31 
 
 ing exercise, where ^ being written upward, £ and Q 
 are placed at the lower end, and (l and 60 at the top; 
 /^ must be vocalized in the same manner. 
 
 The following exercise should be read over frequently, 
 till the learner acquires the correct sounds of the vowels 
 and their consecutive order. He will, at the same time, 
 become familiar with many of the consonants. The 
 sounds of the vowels are indicated by key-letters at 
 the top of each column; and each line is preceded by 
 the type letter of the consonant employed in the line. 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE LONG VOWELS. 
 VOWELS FOLLOWINQ CONSONANTS. 
 
 8 a Q, e o (D 
 
 p ^x X " ^ 
 
 T 
 
 Ch 
 
 L 
 M 
 
 1. r 
 r ^ 
 
 A 
 
 r 
 
 
 / 
 
 VOWELS PBECEDINQ OONSONANTS. 
 
 r 
 
 T 
 
 K . 
 
 \ .1 
 
 R •^ ->N >^ '"^ A "^ 
 
 '•N^^w^p^^^^'w*^^*"^^^"'^^^^ 
 
 «^^^«PW«»iWV^«^^^<^»W^'^^F*« 
 
lAAAtfirfMhiAriMkAAAAAAAa 
 
 >*A4MkAA**iAArfk*A^hAAAA^ykA<M 
 
 32 
 
 MANUAL OF PIIONOaUAPHY. 
 
 
 READING LESSON, WITH A KEY. 
 
 In the fol) owing exercise the learner has a key to 
 assist him in decyphering the phonographic construction 
 of words. It should be well studied, preparatory to 
 reading and wri'ing the exercises which follow. 
 
 te 
 
 te 
 
 |- to 
 
 L 
 
 ta> 
 
 et 
 
 at 
 
 et 
 
 -I ot 
 
 tern 
 
 L. 
 
 iAm. 
 
 L 
 
 tak 
 
 L 
 
 tek 
 
 1 
 
 kat 
 
 kot 
 
 kep 
 
 >\ kcDp 
 
 kel 
 
 kol 
 
 mol 
 
 r 
 
 mol 
 
 mek 
 
 mak 
 
 kam 
 
 --• kctm 
 
 ^/ pel ^^ pal X/^pol \^ pa>l 
 
 rem 
 
 X 
 
 rom 
 
 qrm 
 
 U 
 
 tcDm 
 
 After the exercise has been read once or twice, it is 
 a good plan to lay a strip of paper over the key, and 
 read without the aid of the printed words. Then re- 
 verse the process: laying the strip of paper over the 
 phonographic words, and write them from memory of 
 their form, or knowledge of their construction. 
 
 •'■•'^^^•i*"^^W^FS^WWT^«'^'^W|'^FiFI"^l^^^"^^»'^'/V^"*''*^^"^^*^^^^P'^^^»«^F^^^^" 
 
' 
 
 AAA^ftA***^*iA*^^WiMklMM^HM^^MbM 
 
 ^ita 
 
 irfrfMMri 
 
 ON VOCALIZING. 
 
 33 
 
 In reading the following exercise the learn must re- 
 ly on his own knowledge. If he fails in remembering 
 the consonants, he will have to turn back to page 27 to 
 refresh his memory; and if the sounds of the vowels are 
 forgotten, page 30 will assist him. 
 
 Beadinq Exercise I. 
 
 1 / •) '—.r-'W^'^JJi: 
 
 \-\ / 
 
 \ 1-/^^^.^* /• 
 
 C )' J- 
 
 ^' 1 .r K /' A - 
 
 .) 1. I. _, -/ X 
 
 \U U U-. V XT 
 
 /TV AV /^ /T^... 
 
 ^ 1 ^- ^ / 
 
 ON VOCALIZING. 
 
 16. In vocalizing the consonant of a word, the first 
 thing to be done is to ascertain whether the vowel 
 to be written is a dot sign or a dash sign; and, secondly, 
 what place to the consonant it should occupy. 
 
 J 
 
 i 'I 
 
 <F^^V^ 
 
 H lfyf»»>^»>>»^»>f»>»>»»»»»f» f »P>Wy»'»"^l'^^»>l»f » »> 
 
<^^ 
 
 i«iA«MkikAA*i^h*A4h^MrfMi^^ 
 
 34 
 
 MANUAL OF PIlONOailAniY. 
 
 17. If the learner's niciuory is not good, or his percep- 
 tion quick, so that he can decide these points readily, a 
 good plan for arriving at the result is to commence at 
 the beginning of the scale of vowels and speak them thus: 
 ^, a, (I, (observing that thus far the signs are heavy dots, 
 and that the remainder are dashes,) 6, (D, (JO, till ho 
 arrives at the one he wishes to write; just as the learner 
 of music, when he cannot strike the proper sound of a 
 note, commences at do and runs up the scale till he 
 obtains the proper sound. 
 
 16. Words containing only horizontal consonants, if 
 
 the accented vowels are first place, are written about the 
 
 height of a vertical stroke above the line; as • rae, 
 
 key; if the vowels arc second or third place, tliey 
 
 are written on the line; as, ... gay^ ^-p mow. 
 
 Note. — For the purpose of assisting the learner until he becomes fa- 
 miliar with phonetic printing, a i'ow of the first exorcises for writing will 
 be printed in both modes of spoiling. 
 
 Writing Exercise I. 
 
 First place Dot, after the wnmnant. — 
 Pea, tea, key, fee, see, she, lee, me, knee. 
 Pe, te, ke, fe, se, Je, le, me, nc. 
 Before the consonant, — Eat, each, eke, eve, ease, eel, ear. 
 
 Ct, 8Q, ek, 8v, ez, el, er. 
 
 Second place Dot, after the consonant. — 
 P'^y, ^^1, gay? they, say, may, way, hay. 
 Pa, da, ga, da, sa, ma, wa, ha. 
 
 Before. — Ape, eight, aid, age, ache, ale, air, aim. 
 Qp, at, ad, aj, ak, al, ^r, am. 
 
 Third placi: Dot, after the consonant — Pa, ma. 
 
 Pq, mq. 
 
 Before. — Are. 
 Hr. 
 
 
 < 
 
 ^•^^«^*«»^^^^^w^F^»'^»^^^^"^p"^^^^"^»'^»*«^^^ 
 
 ^m^m 
 
•*A< 
 
 <^AMt 
 
 -^ -^-^■^-^- -^ - 
 
 REVIEW OF THE FIRST LESSON. 
 
 First place Dash, afkr the consonant. — 
 
 Paw, jaw, thaw, saw, law, gnaw. 
 Po, jo, to, so, le, no. 
 
 Before. — Ought, awed, awl, awn. 
 0t, od, ol, on. 
 
 Second place dash, offer the consonant. — Bow, toe, 
 
 Bo, to, 
 
 dough, foe, though, sow, show, low, know, woe, hoc. 
 do, fo, do, so, Jo, lo, no, wo ho. 
 
 Bifore. — Ode, oak, oath, owes, oar, own. 
 Od, ok, ot, oz, or, on. 
 
 Third place Dasii, after tiie consonant. — Coo, shoe. — 
 
 Ku), Jo), 
 
 Before. — Ooze. 
 (Dz. 
 
 Review. — (1.) What caro should bo taken in writing tho heavy curved 
 strokes? (2.) What consonants arc written downwards? How are the 
 horizontal nios written? What are they? (3, 4, and 5.) What are the 
 exceptions to these general rules? ((>.) What is the first thing to bo 
 done in wr.ting a word i)honographically ? What next? (7.) How are 
 the consonants adjusted to the lino of writing? (8.) When one straiglit 
 consonant follows another of the same kind, how are they written ? (9.) 
 What is the order of reading the consonants in a word ? ( 10.) How many 
 places have consonants, to which vowels may be written? (11 and 12.) 
 What is the sound of the first place heavy dot? The second? The 
 third? What is the sound of the first pliico heavy dash? The second? 
 The third? (13.) How should the vowels be written to the consonants? 
 (14.) If the vowel sound of a word is hoard before the consonant, to 
 which side of the i)erpondicular strokes is it written? Which side of the 
 inclined? Which of the horizontal ? (15.) At which end of I and h is 
 the first i)lace vowel written? (1<).) In vocalizing a word, what is the 
 first thing to bo determined? What the second? (18.) How are worda 
 that contuiu only a horizontal stroke written ? 
 
 i 
 
 li 
 
 i m 
 
 li: 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 ^^^FIF^^P^^>^*^WFI^"lf^ 
 
 «*^ 
 
t^^^^k^ 
 
 ^*4m 
 
 lesson 2. 
 
 SHORT VOWELS -DirilTHOXOS- DOT £/- VOCALIZING 
 COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 If the student has become familiar with the arrange- 
 ment and manner of writing the long vowels, it will be 
 a very easy matter for him to understand and use the 
 
 following 
 
 scale of 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 
 
 1i 
 
 !e 
 
 . a 
 
 -iu 
 
 _U 
 
 as in it, 
 
 et, 
 
 at, on, 
 
 up. 
 
 foot. 
 
 The six vowel sounds above given approximate so 
 nearly in quality to those given on page 30, the main 
 diiFerence being in length or fulness, that they are repre- 
 sented in precisely the same manner, excepting that the 
 signs are made lighter. [See Introduction, pages 20, 21.] 
 
 19. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in 
 their several positions, must be well memorized. They 
 may be designated thus: — i is the first place light dot; e 
 is the second place light dot; a, is the third place light 
 dot; is the first place light dash; U is the second place 
 light dash; lA is the third place light dash. 
 
 As a general thing it is more convenient, and, except 
 in analyzing words, it is just as well to name the short 
 vowels with the consonant t after them; thus: it, ct, at, 
 at, ut, not. 
 
 (30) 
 
 >»»»»»>f»»>»»»P¥y x >>>»p<»»>» i i»f»p»>»ii»»> m »>»f> l 
 
 be 
 
 ancti 
 
 tatil 
 
 #»^^WIF» 
 
Mk***A*< 
 
 ■Mh*< 
 
 >*^k4MMu 
 
 < 
 
 EXKKOUSB ON THE «I1I1RT VOWEf.rt. 
 
 3T 
 
 The followinf^ exorcise on tlic short vowel aeule should 
 be pruetiseil (ill their consecutive order is well niastcreU, 
 and the position of each sound can be told without hesi- 
 tation. 
 
 Beadinq ExEncisE II. 
 
 \ 
 
 •I 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 N 
 
 \ 
 
 Writing Exercise II. 
 
 First place light Dot. — Pit, tip, pil, pik, dip, mil. 
 
 Second place light Dot. — Eb, ej, eg, bel, tel. 
 
 Third place light Dot. — Ad, am, lak, bak. 
 
 First place light Dash. — Od, of, top, got, Jok, lok, mok, 
 foli, bodi. 
 
 Second place light Dash. — Up, us, kut, luk, luv. 
 
 Third place light Dash. — Pul, biak, tiak, nak, luk, kuk, 
 piiili, fuli. 
 
 '^V^F^^^^^FW^^»^^^^Pr»^^>^V^^ 
 
 "^^^ 
 
 s* 
 
 l» 
 
 I 
 
 f'-'i 
 
 •*\ 
 
I 
 
 i>>>*<>*«****>***< 
 
 38 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 as in 
 
 1. 1 
 
 A! 
 
 
 Ai 
 
 1:5 
 
 ow\ 
 
 H 
 
 new. 
 
 20. These diphthong characters, excepting « ,* oc- 
 cupy but two places, the beginning and end of a conso- 
 nant. When written in the first place, with the point 
 downward, the angle represents the first sound in ice; 
 thus, \^ p/6, (^ thy, ^""^ my; with the point upward, 
 in the same place, the first sound in oil; thus, \ hoy, 
 '' coy; with the point upward, and in the third place, 
 the first sound in owl; as, /\ our, ^ , now. The char- 
 acters should be written without lifting the pen, and 
 placed in a perpendicular position to the inclined and 
 horizontal strokes, as well as to the vertical. 
 
 Reading Exercise III. 
 
 \ /^ \^^Kr/l, -;7 '^ 
 
 Writing Exercise III. 
 
 Bj, tj, fj, vj, dj, sj, Ji, Ij, mi, nj ; js, jz, jl, ^r, jsi. Bo-, ter, 
 jo", ko" ; e-l, aner. B^, d^, k^, vs, suf, als, ny ; st, nx, 3I. 
 
 * This, though representing, ordinarily, the pure diphthong, fs also em- 
 ployed in an extended scheme of compound vowels, which will be treated 
 of hereafter. 
 
 **^'*«w*^iv^^"»«'r^*'^^"»'WTW^r^F*«vwi»"^'p^vv^»vT«F*>«r»iv«i»v 
 
 \ 
 
n 
 
 t*^ 
 
 >^rf^UU^k*AiMIAA**AA 
 
 \ 
 
 THE DOT //. 
 
 39 
 
 1 
 
 21. Pot H. — Since the aspirate never occurs in Eng- 
 lish except before a vowel, a briefer mode of represent- 
 ing it than the long sign /^ is generally employed, 
 namely, a light dot placed immediately before the vowel; 
 it should be written to the left of the dot vowels that 
 belong to a vertical or inclined stroke, and above those 
 belonging to horizontals; and above the dash vowels of 
 the former, and to the left of those of the latter; thus, 
 "I hit, ^^ hem, ^\ hod, "^ her, ;X^ home. 
 
 Although this h is the same in shape as the light dot 
 vowels, it need never lead to any mistake, from the fact 
 that no dot vowel ever occurs immediately before another 
 dot vowel. For the stroke, h will be italicized. 
 
 Beading Exercise IV. 
 
 "I -I o- ^\ r- ^ n \ V 
 1 -^ -v ^ ^ /^ w 
 
 
 
 ili 
 
 ^ \^' 
 
 . i 
 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 "Writing Exercise IV. 
 
 Long Vowels. — Het, hat, hed, hel, hal, her, h;ir; hop, hoop, 
 hod, hek, hoi, hom. 
 
 First place light Dot. — Hip, hit, hig, hil, him. 
 
 Second place light Dot. — Hed, hej, hem. 
 
 Third place light Dot. — Hat, had, hag, hak, ham, hap, 
 hapi. 
 
 First place light Dash. — Hop, hot, hog, hod. 
 
 Second place light Dash. — Hub, hut, huf, hul, hum 
 hug. 
 
 Diphthongs. — Hjt, hjd, hjv. 
 
 ^"T^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^fm 
 
 4 
 
 \W 
 
 'ill 
 

 ' ^ " " 
 
 >**A< 
 
 i<ia<i^r 
 
 MkiAAAA^k^k^ 
 
 40 
 
 MANUAL OF PIIONOaRAPIIY. 
 
 VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 22. In vocalizing two or more consonants it is very 
 important to keep the vowel signs away from the angles 
 or places where the consonants join, especially from the 
 inside of angles, as in such positions it is impossible to 
 tell to which stroke they belong ; thus, it cannot be told 
 whether \j_^ is the word beam or halm. 
 
 The following rules should be observed: — 
 
 First. When a first place vowel, or diphthong, comes 
 between two consonants it is placed immediately after 
 the first ; as • \ keep, not ~~^ , where it is before the 
 second consonant; ^^~^ — meek, not : ( kilL 
 
 not u ; \,--^ ream, ^ \ kite, &c. 
 
 Second. A second place vowel, if it is long, is also 
 written after the first consonant; as "^ gate, |:z^ dome; 
 but if short, it is written before the second ; as "^ get, 
 Lk dumb; by which arrangement we are enabled to de- 
 termine the sound of the middle place vowel by position, 
 if it should not be clearly indicated by the size. 
 
 Third. Third place vowels, whether long or short, are 
 written before the second consonant; as \-^ balm, 
 \ booty \ bady \ ' book^ I doubt. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE. 
 
 r\r \r v-^ v^ /I n- 
 
 >ytf»f< > »t»iyfl>yft H i»f»»tff»f»>**f>>»»»»**i 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 .1 
 
> 
 > 
 
 *(k»l 
 
 •4^^ 
 
 1*^**1 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^^..^ 
 
 >Arf>AA4b^kA< 
 
 YOCALIZ. XG COMIJINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 41 
 
 Foin'fli. If two vowels conic between two consonants, 
 tlie first one spoken is written to the first stroke, iind the 
 next one to the second ; thus, \X p<>ci^i) V^ indliate. 
 
 Some deviations from these riiies occur in contracted 
 forms of writing; but their general o])Scrvance renders 
 tlic manuscript more legible than it could otherwise be. 
 
 24. If two vowels precede the first consonant in a 
 word, the first is written farther from it than the second ; 
 thus, "^-j^ lota; if it terminate with two, the last is writ- 
 ten f\irther from the consonant sign; as, ^j^ idea. 
 
 25. -AVlien the diphthong ^ commences a word it 
 may frequently be united with the consonant following, 
 without lifting the pen, as in the woid iJe«, just given, 
 
 y{^\^ I heliet-e, V-,^^ I fixn; etc. 
 
 20. In reading words of two or more consonants, it 
 must be observed that each stroke, and the vowel-sign or 
 signs placed to it, must be read precisely as they would 
 be if they stood unconnected with other consonant 
 strokes; thus, "vO* read in this way would be considered 
 thus: \ /^ )' po-U-cy; M^^ j ^ \ {^ inlgli-tl-ltj. 
 This process will be necessary till the learner can read 
 words from their general appearance. 
 
 
 ► 
 
 I*'! 
 
 t 
 
 't 
 
 :,'•< 
 
 Reading Exercise V. 
 
 V^ W ^-^ 
 
 
 -n — (/T 
 
 »» » 
 
 »»» v *»»»»ii>>>>»»»yT»¥T r^^yy^ ff»»»»T »xr . 
 
Pf 
 
 I 
 
 : 
 
 ill: 
 
 II *■! 
 
 ■*A*A**akA^A*A^*Ai^k^te^l^ 
 
 42 
 
 MANUAL OF niONOGRAl'IlY. 
 
 WlUTLNG ExEucisi: V. 
 
 LoNO Dot Vowels, — Bet, bale, hi^r, prq, hqm, pad, pal, pq,m, 
 tern, dam, tqr, dcd, dal, fjt'p, i;;\i-, (^cr, cji;L', kc[>, ;^ar, kcl, ,^■al, 
 kqm, kak, Jam, q,rk, cinn, Icp, lat, Iqjt, nav, nam, awak, 
 awf^r. 
 
 Short Dot Vowels. — IVit, pet, pad, pi(], be<^, bai,', pil, del, 
 rim, lip, Icj, liv, muQ, mej, m;ij, mil, milk, vtUi, ahod. 
 
 Long Dash Vowels. — Bot, po}), b(i)t, tot, dor, idd, qok, jolc, 
 kol, kol, ka)l, goJi, form, vot, fiod, rcjom, lof, mol, mcov, 
 noti, a\vok. 
 
 Short Dash Vowels. — Pot, bug, buk, bodi, dot, doj, dug, 
 kuk, fob, full, J'ok, Juk, log, luk, luk, mok, mug, uiuf, 
 nok, uuk. 
 
 Diphthongs. — Pjl, abi\l, bo-l, qjd, QJm, ab-st, mjl, dekc, dela, 
 avb'd, alb'd, cujcr, bo-ler, fjlcr. 
 
 Get mc mj buk. ^ bclcv mj bee. S Ma j go bom ns. Put 
 awa mj dul nif. 
 
 Rkvie"W.— (19.) What is the souml of tho fir?fc place light dot? Tho 
 seoond? Tho third? Tho first placo lit,'ht dash ? The yeeoud ? Tho 
 third? What is tho short suund of e? a? ah? aw? o? ao? i;20.) To 
 what phaces ( f tho conjsoiiant arc tho dii^lithonj^s written? Do?cribo tlio 
 Bign !i:id position of 7. Of <ii. Oi <>ii\ (21.) Wliat irf tho scr'oud form 
 of tho aspira'i^ ? How distin.i;ui.<hed from vowels? (22.) In vocalizing 
 oomhined consonants, what is im|).irtaat? What is tho rule for first [ihice 
 vowels? Second place? Third place? If two vowels occur between tv/o 
 consonants, how are they written? (23.) If two vowels jiroeede a conso- 
 nant? If two terminate a word? C2t.'i llow may i sometimes be writ- 
 ten? r25.) What is the rule fnr readincj words containing two or more 
 Consonants and tiieir accompanying vovvela. 
 
 '^ff v fffpyi'ypyfyy^y v y' 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 y^ 
 
 
ill 
 
 1 
 
 il 
 
 f I 
 
 I 
 
 ■^r--'--—--^-^-*----'---^-''^--'^^-^--!--- 
 
 ■AAAi»AAi<bAAAA<l taii*ai>*ft< 
 
 iA« « 
 
 lesson 3. 
 
 UP-STROKES li, SH, AXD Z- VOWEL WORD-STGNS, &o. 
 
 2G. In order to prevent words from running too far 
 below the line for convenience or beauty, and to afford a 
 variety of skeleton outlines, by wlii'/n different words 
 liaving the same consonant sounds may be written diifer- 
 ently, and thus be distinguished without ])eing vocalized, 
 l>rovision is made for ropreseniing sevoral of the conso- 
 n;int sounds by both upward and downward strokes. 
 TIj's provision also makes the writing more o;isy of 
 execution; since these up-strokes are all in the inclina- 
 tion of the line of writinsjr, from left to risiht. The 
 letters thus represented are r, sA, and I; the former of 
 which, only, recjuires a ditierent character. 
 
 27. The second siun for r is a straight line struck 
 upward at an angle of thirty dcgrees;»thus, y^ Though 
 this character is specially available in writing words re- 
 quiring two or more consonants, yet it is frequently 
 used alone, as y^,' rijc; and more frequently when termi- 
 nating witli V circle or hook, (Lessons IV, VI,) when it 
 is less likely to be confounded with c7i, written down- 
 ward and of nearly the same incliuation; in neither case, 
 however, is there any difficulty experienced by the adept, 
 since the sense of the preceding words nearly always 
 suggests what the following word is. 
 
 28. AVlicn written in connection with other conso- 
 nants, there is never any ambiguity, since it can be seen 
 
 
 (4a) 
 
 rr* 
 
 n 
 
 
 )i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 .1. 
 
n 
 
 *>»! 
 
 f-"--^-^''-"-'' 
 
 •Ij 
 
 t. 
 
 ; ; 1, 
 
 U H i 
 
 |i» 
 
 > *• 
 
 I. t 
 
 ¥' 
 
 41 
 
 MAxNUAL OB^ PIIONOiillA I'll V 
 
 at a glance wlictlier the stroke is written upward or 
 downward; thus, \y tr, J ich, y\ rt. ^o tliat while 
 the rule is that ch shall be written at an anj'le of sixty 
 degrees, and r at an angle of thirty degrees, they may 
 both be written at the same inclinatio'.i, except when 
 cither is the only consonant in a word, and except, also, 
 when one of them immediately follows the other, as /y , 
 in which case necessity compels one to be written at a 
 different inclination from the other. 
 
 29. The rule that the hcgiunbig of a consonant stroke 
 is where the first-place vowel is w^ritten, and the tcmunti- 
 tion of a stroke the third-place, must be observed in 
 vocalizing this up-strokc r; thus, ^^/ reach ^ /(j\ rijw, 
 /'^ chanty. 
 
 RULES FOR WRITING R UPWARD OR DOWNWARD.* 
 
 30. The following rules in regard to the use of the 
 two forms of »', will guide the learner to the best Ibrms 
 of words: 
 
 Fu'&t. The up-stroke should be used when the follow- 
 ing consonant is to be written downward, as in the 
 examples above. (^).) 
 
 Second. When r is the initial letter of a word, and is 
 followed by the s-circle, n-hook, (see Lessons IV and 
 YIII,) k, (/,/, I, or another r, the up-stroke is employed; 
 as /^ ro(/ue, ^'^y i-ash, ^^f rule, y^ rare. ilut 
 if a vowel precede r as the first consonant, the down- 
 stroke is employed; as, ^ — arc^ ""^ IrisJi^ "X early, 
 
 \~ error. 
 
 Third. Whenever preceded ly v, ih, or m, the upward 
 
 r is employed; as V/^ veer, (' / theory, 
 
 mire. 
 
 * Those rules may bo passed over wilhout much studying at, first ; bi^t 
 on reviewing the lossuus dioy should be well uiiderstodd and ainilicd. 
 
• <la^ * » 
 
 !" 
 
 IS 
 
 uh 
 
 Mt 
 
 '■-'■-■•^-■•^■•^--■^'■----'■-■^ 
 
 ON WRITING THE UP-STROKE R. 
 
 45 
 
 Fourlh. Whenever followed by n or ng the up-stroko 
 is employed; /^ rainy, y{ ' wrong. 
 
 Fifth. When r is the final strohe consonant in a word, 
 and folbnocd J>g a vowel, the iip-stroke is to be used, as in 
 the words \^ hcrry, / carry; but if no vowel fol- 
 lows, the down-stroke is employed; as \,^^iJoor, \ car. 
 
 Sixth. When one r followiH another, except at the be- 
 ginning of a word when preceded by a vowel (as in 
 error,) they are both written upward; as ,„^''^\ rarity^ 
 carrier. 
 
 Seventh. When followed by m, the down-stroke is 
 always used ; as V--n' foom, C charm. 
 
 <.- 
 
 Reading Exercise VI. 
 
 \/ ^ -^^ .^ y w 
 
 . 
 
 Writing Exercise VI. 
 
 Ecpel, rct|.r, rcdem, rcdi, ratifj, ravaj, pcirti, derid, arjv, 
 urj, er^ ; vaj, rak, riketi. \k 
 
 r.oi'o, fori, jvori, teori, kari, memori, rotari, turoli, mer, | 
 dcmi|r, adinjr. 
 
 Eandom, reform, rnr)k, reanimat, ndorii). 
 
 Boroer, borer, barier, inferior, naroer, kurier, miror, derer, 
 Jcrer, karer. 
 
 [Down-stroJce R] Rem, rjm, remedi, remoDv. 
 
 ^1^ II 
 
 rcf 
 
 ■•!l 
 
 
ri 
 
 14! > 
 h ' 
 
 I i 
 
 1 1 
 
 i \ 
 
 i 
 
 «kAAAArfUk*i^A***^^kAAi4^irfkAA^*i4Mb*«rf^h«^hA^^ilMi**AA**AA*AAA*AA*A*** 
 
 4G 
 
 MANUAL OB^ I'HONOnilAPHY. 
 
 RULES FOR WRITING L AND S/I* 
 
 ol. i^ and sh may Ijo written upward or downward 
 without any change of form; and in vocalizing, or read- 
 ing, fhe direction in wliich thnj icere oiuuir, as in the case 
 of the up-stroke 7', will be known by their connection 
 with other consonant signs; as (^longy C\ leave, <^ 
 shopy __/ sJiawl, 
 
 32. The following rules will guide, as near as possi- 
 ble, to the most approved use of I: 
 
 First. When I is the initial letter of a word, and fol- 
 lowed by Jc, g. o r m, the up-stroko I is employed; as 
 /\ like, ^ Icafpic. /^ limh. But if a vowel 
 
 precedes, the down-stroke is used, as.^UL alike, c-^ helm. 
 "When other consonants follow 'h, Uj, Ini, the / may be 
 written either upward or downward. 
 
 Second. Immediately ])cfove ;nid after ?? and ii(/, the 
 down-svroke is employed; as ^f nail, {^^ — link. If a 
 down-stroke letter is to follow / after u, the up-stroke I 
 must be employed; a.i j/^/'">i'> I' >[/>/' 
 
 Tlvird. When / i,s the final (-(jiiHOiiant in a word, and 
 preceded by /, v, or upward r, wltiiout n final vowel, it 
 is written downward; as ^ Jhl, ^\ revile, ^ ,^f 
 
 oiwrol. But if a voAvel follows, the u])-stroke is used, us 
 
 Fou.tli. After ii and n<t, a final / is alv/avs written 
 \ downward, even though followed by u vov.el, as -V. lonely, 
 ' ^~^- Idneth/. 
 
 Fifth. Final /, following all otluM- consonants but/, v, 
 up stroke r, n and ng, is written upward, vvliothcr a vowel 
 
 follows or not; as \/^ itra/^ 
 
 mail. 
 
 •^ Tiir- sinnc reimirks will apply to tlioso rules as aro given in a noto on 
 the preceding page. 
 
 ^^^9^fW9W¥W9fWWW99 9^¥^n>9WfWWWWfW<fW W f<rf¥t'¥WW ' 9¥m<rmW9ff'l9fW9 
 
> 
 > 
 
 I 
 
 *^A4Mi^«i*A*<kA*A***AAA*^ii«i*iiiAA*4iA*A*AAi^MhA**A^A^*AiAAita^Mbi*^A^ 
 
 ON WlUTiXG L AND /iV/". 
 
 47 
 
 o3. >S7t is usually writtcu duwiiward; bof'oro /, however, 
 and cil'ter / and v, it is nearly uhvuys written upwuid; 
 as _^^ s/ic/f, ^O' Jish, / \^ lacish. 
 
 Readinq Exercise VII. 
 
 /_ 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 /I /<r ^Ixi' ^^ c:; -^z^; 
 
 Whiting Exercise VII. 
 
 NoTK.— Tn this ox(>rciHo ami tho rwtxt one, up-atroko r and «^, and 
 down-stroke I, will bo indicatod by italic letters. 
 
 Lek, Ijk, Ink, log, lorn, Icgasi. 
 
 Zqnc], 7apk, /cijr, ?oiiMli, /insi, hmq, fe7ii) ; — anu?, on?i, 
 kana?;~anaUtik, analoji, enlqrj ;' — fj/, t'co?, v^/f, unCaZiD, reve?, 
 unva?. 
 
 i?c7, /pa7, »'a7, re?m, karo7, barcZ, peri?. 
 Folo, i'lali, vali, rali, rcali, realiti ; — meii7i, fdit)?!, luvig?i; 
 — /ill, /el, /alo ; — dn/, navi/, efi/oiisi, dcl'i/ousi. 
 i?ulij, fu)lij, publij, polij, abolij, rajli. 
 
 * if 
 
 •■^ 
 
 II 
 
 t 
 
 rr ■ 
 
 i 
 II 
 
 p 
 
 %: 1 
 
 I' 
 
M 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 il i! 
 
 ^i 
 
 h • 
 
 i 
 
 I ; 
 
 ! 
 
 !* 
 
 -^--■-^-■'-^^-•■'-^^^''-■^"-'^"^'"' 
 
 >i« * > * * • I 
 
 48 
 
 MANUAL OP niONOURAPlIY'. 
 
 VOVn:L WOUD-SKINS. 
 
 34. By a wonl-stijn is moiiiit tlio use of a siii,ulo 
 character of the al})hjil)et to represent an entire word. 
 This scheme is resorted to that the peniuitn may attain 
 greater speed in writing; and tliose words aie cliosen 
 thus to bo represented wliicli occur the inost frequently 
 in composition; twenty-five of them actually constituting 
 one-fourth of any o;iven chapter or discourse, and one 
 hundred of them amounting to alnr^st half. The signs 
 are bo chosen as to suggest, general 'v, the words they 
 represent. TVords thus represented are called sifjn-wordny 
 when we wish to distinguish them from other words. 
 
 the 
 "of" 
 
 a 
 
 and, an 
 I 
 
 how 
 
 ._\ I y__ 
 
 two already oh ought who 
 
 to 
 
 or 
 
 but 
 
 on should 
 
 35. Only two places, the first and last, or above and 
 on the line, are used in writing the vowel word-signs, 
 because without a consonant it would be impossible to 
 determine between a first and second-place position. If 
 the word to be represented contains a first-place vowel 
 sound, the sign is written above the line; if a second or 
 third-place, it is written on the line. No confusion 
 arises from bringing second-place vowels down to the 
 third position, since, when the Becond-place sign is 
 thus transferred, the third-place sign is not used as a 
 word-sign, and when the third is used the second is not. | 
 
 I 
 
> 
 > 
 
 ,^^^„^^ tt>i>>>>>i 
 
 >^A^^^^akA*A^Mk*^i^te^A< 
 
 MARKS OP PUNCTUATION. 
 
 49 
 
 36. T/tc is a word-si^n that often follows iininodlatcly 
 after most of the others, and in order to avoid lifting the 
 pen to write each separately, it is joined to the preceding 
 sign in the shape of a light tick; thus, "* o/thCf/ on the, 
 ^ to the. 
 
 Marks of PuNCTUATIO^ x period, J colon, J in- 
 terrogation, ' wonder, j^ grief, ? laughter, { } paren- 
 theses; .he comma and semi-colon may be written as in 
 commr-n manuscript. 
 
 An emphatic word or sentence is indicated by a waved 
 lino being drawn beneath it; thus, ^_^ ; if it is desired to 
 indicate that a word should commence with a capital let- 
 ter, it is shown by two parallel lines being written under 
 it; thus, ^ 
 
 Reading Exercise VIII. 
 
 C 
 
 • jV > 
 
 /XT: 
 
 ■^ I- 
 
 
 : 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 h 
 
 11; 
 
 m 
 
 111 
 
 
! M 
 
 h ■ 
 .i 
 
 Hi 
 
 A^^ 
 
 k.«iAAAAAAAiA*A**Ai****^i****Ai 
 
 50 
 
 MANUAf. OK I'll 0N()( IRA I'll V. 
 
 WuiTiNa Exercise VITI. 
 
 NoTK.—Tn tho fdllowinp mid a fow subsiKinont oxcrciMos thn si/rn-words 
 tlius Fur iiitripiliici:il will ln! iiiiliciitcil by hciii;^ (MK'lnjii'd in iniotaliun 
 iiuirkH. As udditioniil oinss iiro spokun of, tlioy will bo indicatod in tho 
 saint) way. 
 
 WliiMi f/u! may bo united with a [iroceding word, they will bo connootcd 
 by a hyphen. 
 
 Ga/'iti t;uicB h]]; lijdtif) mnq roi); qcrijofi no il; apprct hQlli 
 luvli iinfiii) us. '<Tc' erf) 'nnd' 'dc' i[v. A Ijvli 'and' liupi, 'but' 
 gidi, bep. *i o mitip. '«'[c' hct 'ov-dn' I'ir. Go 'tia-de' dor. 
 
 He ma r'lt 'ol-dr/ tjm. La it 'cm-dt'.' foM. Go 'tia' mi Jop 
 'and' rii) *dc' bcl. (I Jiidi porg 'and' kuj/iij J^jcr. Ma hqmioni 
 ?or) abjd in wr fjurq. 
 
 FcbliJ l)cr! 'h^'' df|r *1ib' lavi/ mj muni 'on' so vjl a pol- 
 isi? '61' 'ho)' uo 'de' /it /lad' ddo it. 
 
 Review. — (20.) Which aro tho letters that may bo written either up- 
 ward or downvvrd? (27.) Explain tho tip-stniko r as compared with ch. 
 (2S.) In words eontainiiij^ more than one consonant, how in up-stroko r 
 distinguishixl from cA.'' (,2U.) Whore aro tlio iirst and tiiird place vowels 
 put to the up-.stroko r? ( '(I, j (Jive tho [irst rule for writing r/ tho sec- 
 ond, ditto; third; fourth: fiuh: sixth; seventh? {'M.) How is it determined 
 when the strokes «/t, ;•, ? aro written upward? (!j2.) (ilvo tho first rule 
 for writing I; the sei-ond; third; fourth; fifth? ('M.) Under what oircuiu- 
 stanco is sA nearly always written upward? (JM. ) What is a word-sign ? 
 F\']ilain tho differenc^e bi'tween a word-sign and a sign-word. (<i5.) 
 What is tho word represented by tho first place heavy dot? The third 
 place heavy dot ? Tliird plaeo light dot? The diiilitliongs? What three 
 words does the first ])laco heavy dash represent ? What three tho third 
 place heavy dasli? What three tho first place light dash ? What three 
 the third place light dash? (36.) What is tho practice in writing the 
 after other word-signs. 
 
 tfmWWWWV99t9P9WW9Wmm9WWWWmwW99m¥Wm9mm99f99WWW¥9WW999fW9W^W 
 
 r. 
 
>^^>^^-^^^>. ^^^^^^..^..^ 
 
 'WW^W 
 
 Xebsoii ft. 
 
 THE CmCLR .?AND Z—OOM, CON, LYO, AND J//' — 
 COxN.SONAXT VVOUD-SlUxNS. 
 
 The ftict that s ami z represent sounds of very fre- 
 quent recurrence, renders it necessary, in order to 
 secure the greatest brevity and beauty in writing, that 
 they be furnished with an additional sign. Indeed, 
 each subsequent chapter of these lessons is but to 
 introduce some more abbreviated method of writing ; 
 which, while it seems to render the system more com- 
 plex, adds to it new beauty as well as value. 
 
 37. The second forms for s and z are, a small circle, 
 made light for the first, and thickened on one side for 
 the latter; thus, o s, o z; the thickening of the 2;-circle, 
 however, is scarcely ever necessary, as the sense will 
 nearly always indicate whether the circle should be s or 
 z. Where great precision is requisite, the stroke z 
 should be used. 
 
 The circle is used much more frequently than the 
 stroke s; it is employed, however, only in connection 
 with stroke consonants, except as a word-sign. The 
 table on the following page will assist the learner in 
 fixing in his mind the peculiar connection the circle has 
 with each long sign ; it will also be of service for refer- 
 ence, in writing out the exercises in the lesson. 
 
 I 
 
 (51) 
 
 } 
 
 ^\ 
 
 
 t 
 
 m 
 
 '>i:« 
 
 '!i; 
 
 ¥X 
 
^ 
 
 •**A^*AAAAAA>*a^***iA*Aa 
 
 >^AA^^fe> 
 
 52 
 
 MANUAL OF niONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ii m 
 
 < i 
 
 i 1 
 
 TA15LE OF THE CIIICIE S. 
 
 \ sp 
 \ sb 
 
 (T"^ sm 
 
 
 f St 
 
 f sd 
 C sth 
 Csth 
 
 / sell 
 
 
 
 ss 
 
 Q — sk 
 
 Q— . Sg 
 
 ^ ssh 
 ^ szh 
 
 ) sr 
 ^-^ sng 
 
 c/sr 
 
 /'s/i 
 
 38. The stroke y never takes an initial circle, because 
 not needed; it is used on its termination, however. The 
 table presents the circle written only at the initial end 
 of the strokes, whereas it may be written at either end, 
 according as it is desired to read before or after the 
 stroke; thus, \o ps, — o 7cs, ^ ivs, ^ lis; and it may 
 also, of course, be written between two strokes; thus, 
 
 39. The learner must observe the following rules in 
 writing the circle : 
 
 First. On all the straight vertical and inclined strokes 
 it is written on the right-hand side, both beginning and 
 end. 
 
 Second. On the straight horizontal signs, which in- 
 clude the up-stroke r, since it is nr^arer horizontal than 
 vertical, it is written on the upper side. 
 
 Third. It is written on the inner or concave side of 
 all the curved signs. Compare the foregoing with the 
 table. 
 
 Fourth. When ii comes between two consonants it is 
 turned in the shortest way; thus, J (s7c, /^ chsn, 
 
 msn. 
 
 > 
 
 '▼v'^nnr" 
 
 'wwmmwwww^w w ^r^ww^ t^f^^ffy^i ' 
 
V 
 
 »<**»^<IAl>*i***O>a«iliti***0*«i t**i 
 
 i*»i****^a**A<>*a****** *•*! 
 
 • 1 
 
 IS 
 
 J 
 
 ON WRITING THE CIRCLE S AND Z. 
 
 53 
 
 40. In vocalizing words in which the ciicle s is used, 
 the vowel-signs arc to be placed to the strokes before 
 which or after which they are heard, without any refer- 
 ence to the circle. As rules to assist the learner in 
 reading words containing the circle s, the following ob- 
 servations are sufficiently exjDlicit: 
 
 Mrst. If there is an initial circle, it is always read 
 first, and then the vowel that precedes the stroke, and 
 lastly the stroke itself as I seat^ o — : sack^ ^ soul. 
 
 Second. If no vowel precedes the stroke, the circle, 
 stroke, and following vowel arc,.jead, in the order 
 
 named; as 
 
 ^. 
 
 W' 
 
 - atom. 
 
 scale. 
 
 Third. When the circle terminates a word, itis\always 
 the last to be read; as, (^ this, -j-o goes, (^ looks, 
 
 ^ ^ seems, "^ cvjoys^ /^ sKppose; when written between 
 two strokes, its relation to the vowels is alw ays evident, 
 as will be seen in examining (j^ lessen, ^ I excite. 
 
 Reading Exercise IX. 
 
 •f \ T r- T y^ Z' ^ L. ,C 
 
 J "^ .r r -^ ^ '^ ^ r 
 
 vT K^a '\^ V 
 
 ^ 
 
 v^ 
 
 c .-r.L^ /^- ^'in '--^n \^ X 
 
 ^•w^F^wmv* w v < i w 9W99 t »'<>^r^^»'»''F^^'f^y^<'^pr<f^w^F<»y%«»^^>^i^»<y^>^>^^yi^p^'»- 
 
 
 
 V' % 
 
 '■ i 'i 
 
'i 
 
 '• !!'!, 
 
 i''i 
 
 
 If H 
 II r 
 
 il 
 
 Hiil 
 
 niiiii! 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 
 
 irtitit«i*>*«*A«i<b**^<>i»>**»»i 
 
 ■AAA 
 
 54 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 
 
 Writing Exercise IX. 
 
 Sip, smp, sap, sop, set, sjd, sot, set, sej, suq, sek, sok, sav, 
 s^d, s^f^, sez, saj, ser, s^t, sel, sol, sam, sum, sju, sa)n, sig, 
 stiflk. 
 
 Spi, sta, skj, sla, slo, slj, sno. Pes, daz, Qez, jerz, gas, 
 fez, vjs. cEis, doz, Joz, raz, rjs, b'rz, lat^, mjs, njs. 
 
 S]:)ek, spok, skem, sFcr, slep, slak, smok, smel, snal, sipk. 
 Bcsto, besot, task, itsclP, spas, sposifj, ykjz, sikst, ai)kjus, 
 sedijus, risk, resjt, rezn, denji:, solas, holiues, qozn, mason. 
 
 41. There are-fetwr cases where the long s or z must 
 always be employed : First, when it is the only stroke 
 consonant in a word; as, ') ace, ) ease, j'so. Second, 
 when it is the first consonant and preceded by a vowel; 
 
 as •/ ask, L-v escape. Third, when two distinct 
 
 vowel sounds come between the s and following conso- 
 nant; as in the word Ljj> science. Fourth, when s or z is 
 the last consonant in a word and followed by a vowel ; 
 as "(]' qIso, ^/~) palsy. Fifth, when z commences a 
 word; as } zeal, [i^ Zlon. 
 
 42. When the sound of s or 2; is heard twice in the 
 same syllable, either of two forms may be used, ss, j or 
 J ss; if the last sound is that of z the circle should be 
 made first and the stroke be written heavy ; thus, ^ size. 
 
 43. AVhen the indistinct vowel i or e comes between 
 ss or an s and a z, or between zz, in the middle or at the 
 end of a word, the syllable is represented by a circle 
 double the usual size ; thus, \o pieces, ^ chooses, Xd 
 suffices, ^■-Sy^necessary. Tt should never begin a word, as 
 in system. In the word exercise, it is allowable to put the 
 dijihthong / in the double circle, thus, ^^ 
 
 »^»^^^^^W^^^^^W^FI»*^^»^^^^^F^Wnr^^^F^*^FW^WWV«rWV^PViW»^^ 
 
 
or 
 be 
 
 > 
 
 AiAtkAAAA^iAAAakAAAAAiAAArfbAiikAAAAArf^irtef^iAiAiAriHArikAAAAAArihAiArilybAAA^AAiV 
 
 PREFIXES COM AND CON — AFFIX ING. 
 
 55 
 
 44. The circle is used as a word-sign for ?*?, written 
 above the liuo, thus, ; and for «s, written on the line, 
 thus, o; with the dot aspirate prefixed they become 
 '^ his^ .0 has. 
 
 Reading Exercise X. 
 
 >")V\ji.i.n^-i \{j^ 
 
 \ L--) 
 
 So^^ u^v 
 
 Writing Exercise X. 
 
 rCsa, jsi, aslep, esp^zal, asjnz, sionz; — bizi, spjsi, lazi, 
 L«rsa, eksolensi, obstiuasi, epilepsi, sufiJeLsl; — zooloji, zero, 
 zelusli, zigzag. 
 
 Ses, ses, sez, sez, sisorz, sizm. 
 
 ~: .vis, dosez, qcDzez, kisez, diskusez, visez, ^nsez, relesez, 
 ^;i ul; pozesor. 
 
 THE PEEFIXES COM AND GON—Tll^ AFFIX ING. 
 
 45. For the sake of rendering Phonography as brief 
 as possible, a few arbitrary signs are used, for the repre- 
 sentation of prefixes and syllables in such words as 
 would be inconvenient to write out in full. Thus, a 
 light dot placed at the beginning of a word expresses 
 the prefix com or con; as, \^ condemn^ (^ console; 
 
 N^ compare, 
 
 46. A similar dot place J at the end of a word is 
 used to represent the termination ing^ when a separate 
 syllable; as, *\ aiding^ /"^^ living. Rlng^ tiling^ bring, 
 &c., are written with the stroke — ■. It is often more 
 
 I 
 
 ■5' 
 
 ;i 1 1 ' 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 
 I; ;5 
 
 ^^P" 
 
 ««^F^«"^F^^'^r^F^I»*»»^^W^»^"»"l^«^^"«' 
 
 "^/^•t^fm 
 
■HIB 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 % 
 
 
 56 
 
 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 convenient, especially when following the circle s or up- 
 stroke r, to write the alphabetic ng; as \((__^ passing, 
 \^3^ confessing, / rising; and after 6, 6^, 6r, if/i, 
 
 w; as,^^^ ^nothing ^ ^~^ ''seeming. Generally''" — 
 
 is written for ings; as \^ ^ hcings, y^^ rejoicings. A 
 larjio clot may be used when more convenient j as j do- 
 incs, <^\ headings. 
 
 
 
 47. JfP. — The stroke for m is the only one that is 
 net given in the alphabet heavy as well as light; and in 
 order to make good use of all the means the alphabet 
 affords, this stroke written heavy is made to represent 
 the not unfrcqucnt combination of m with p, either at 
 the beginning, middle, or end of a word; thus, <f^ 
 empire, \^^- temporary, (^ lamp. 
 
 Writing Exercise XI. 
 
 Komit, kompoz, kompjl, kompozii), kombat, kontaminat, 
 kontcpi'us, konvinsii}, konva, konspjr, konspirasi, konsolaton, 
 kousuljij', konse? vatizm, koiijusncs; — paii), hopip, djig, etii), 
 goip, herip, f'eriij. 
 
 Pura]i, tompl, tcmp<?>ral, damp, jampit), rump, tump, sim- 
 plifj, simi)lisiti, cgzampl, romp, lim.p. 
 
 CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 On the following page is given an alphabetic arrange- 
 ment of all the simple consonant word-signs. Let them 
 be copied a few times in the order presented, which, in 
 connection with the powers of the letters, will enable 
 the mind to recollect the words for which they stand. 
 The circle s may be added to any consonant sign for the 
 formation of plural nouns, or the third person singular, 
 present tense, of verbs; thus, ^^ — ^ things, ^ advantages, 
 D comes, ( thinks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■W^^^P^* V* V*«««l 
 
 '▼^^*^W»W^^'^»'VWVTV^FV^FWWV^PW*»Vi»^V«, 
 
 ^ t i\' 
 
> 
 
 > 
 
 
 ■■'■^■^■'■■^^^^^^■^■'■^■^■*-^-*--*^-^-^-*^-*--^-^--^-^-^-^-'-^--^- 
 
 ^•••i»i«l«<t 
 
 CONSONANT WOUD-SIGNS. 
 
 57 
 
 CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 \ up 
 
 \be 
 
 ^ for 
 V have 
 
 I it 
 
 I do 
 
 ( think 
 y them 
 
 (^Will 
 
 / which 
 
 {kini>(lom 
 come 
 
 / aclvantajTre -If ", 
 
 ° ( together 
 
 ) 
 ) 
 
 so 
 
 was 
 
 -^ ( mc, my 
 I hiin, may 
 
 r 
 
 \i 
 
 in 
 no 
 your 
 
 _y shall 
 ^ usual-ly 
 
 ) are 
 
 {thing 
 laiigiia 
 
 iiage 
 
 iiiipoitaut-ce 
 iinprove-nient 
 
 48. In tha above, and all other lists of word-signs, 
 when a word Iri printed with a hyphen, as give-n, the sign 
 will represent either the whole word, or only so much as 
 precedes the hyphen, which is, by itself, another word ; 
 thus, is either give or given. Such words being 
 nearly alike in sound, and yet different parts of speech, 
 or otherwise incapable of being taken one for the other, 
 cause no difficulty to the reader. 
 
 49. Inasmuch as the horizontal strokes do not fill 
 the space which a line of writing occupies, they are 
 made to represent two words, as in the case of the vowel 
 word-signs, one above the line and the other on the 
 line — those written above the line containing first-place 
 vowels ; those on the line, second or third-place. 
 
 'SO. There are but three exceptions to this rule of 
 position, (See §16,) namely: any^ though its accented 
 vowel is second-place, is written above the line, so that 
 if left unvocalized it will not be confounded with no; 
 him, containing a first-place vowel, is written on the line 
 to keep it from being confounded with me; men is writ- 
 ten above, to keep it clear of man, on the line. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 U\ 
 
 
 % 
 
 III 
 
 I- 
 
 
■V 
 
 f ■■, 
 
 %¥ 
 
 h 
 
 I V 
 
 r*l 
 
 a*«t I >A>A».^^^.. ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ■AAAAiAAAA^ 
 
 58 
 
 MANUAL or rUONOGRArilY. 
 
 

 
 
 
 >AAAAAi^AAiAA^AAAAdb^k*A*AA^A^*rf^kAAA«^UbteAAAri^MiAik^^d^^kAA 
 
 EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 
 
 59 
 
 Writing Exercise XII. 
 
 iz 'yii^^iyiU' /'iq, 'and' *hiz' dezjn/- t'u? 'ov' Ijf. 4'Ha/' dis juj 
 'no' justis. Onesti 'iz' rjt polisi. *B1' cskap *tii-de' siti 
 
 *iz' lioples. 
 
 Sinse?' soro 'iz' ezili sen busjd fo?s. So/al Ijl; *givz' mucj 
 hapines. 
 
 (Isk 'no' fasiliti 'in' biznes aff^rz, iin?es 'it' 'be' nesosari. 
 Sunsot SRiK'ri Jqz Aq kulorz 'and' handsum judz; 'aiid' 'it' 
 qaiijuz iutui aio',1 va/'id t'urmz. lilqe'A \{x' set bj, sum, 'az' 'de' 
 fjcf hapines 'in' dis Ijl', bckoz reali nesesuri, 'az' da supoz. 
 
 Review.— (37.) What are tho second forms for s and s? (38.) Where 
 niiiy tho circle bo written ? (39.) On which side of tho verticiil and in- 
 clined stroked is it turned? Which side of tho straight horizontals? 
 Which side of all tho '•■•.njn ( How is it written between two strokes? 
 (40.) llow are strokes havinj; an ^-circle vocalized? If there be an initial 
 circle and preceding vowel, what is the order of reading ? If vowels b()*h 
 precede and follow, what is the order ? (41.) IIow many cases arc there 
 where tho stroke « nuist be used? What is the first? second? third? and 
 fourth? (42. ) How should the s,s in the same syllable be written? IIow 
 czJ' (43.) What syllables does the d(ml)le circle represent? What is the 
 cxoeittion? (41.) What are the sign-words for the circle? (45.) AVhat 
 are the prefixes? (4('). ) Wluit Is tlie affix? When is it more convenient 
 to write the alphabetic uij? (47.) What is tho signification of //i made 
 Ivavy? (48.) Uive the words for the first eight consonant signs; for tho 
 noj;t eight; for the next seven. (49.) What is tho rule for writing words 
 wliose only consonant is a horizontal one? (50.) What are tho three 
 exceptions ? 
 
 >f Ptf t W^^Ft>T^F^'9^'^I^W^r^<^r^^¥^l'9W^F^^W^9^f^'m9WW9 9<9' 
 
 "^■p-v^f 
 
 I 
 
 ^: 
 
 ' 
 
 .: i 
 
 
 •4 
 
 
 
 :hi. 
 
 Mi: 
 
 W^ 
 
 m 
 
■ •*< 
 
 ■*A 
 
 f' 
 
 Si! 
 
 . '%i 
 
 '■11 
 
 i '.'"■■ 
 
 M|, 
 
 !»> 
 
 ICtSSOlI 0. 
 
 IMPROPER DIPIITnONGS— TF-IIOOK — TRTPnTIIONOS. 
 
 51. The improper diphthongs are so termed because 
 they consist of the union of consonants with vowels ; 
 namely, io and i/ with each of the t'^'^clve vowels ; — the 
 improper triphthongs are the union of w with the diph- 
 thongs i, ep, and s. The fact that lo and ;/ never occur 
 in English except before vowels, and thus occur so 
 frequently, induced the inventor of Phonography to 
 represent each of the combined sounds by a single 
 letter, and thus save time and space for the writer. 
 
 TF-SERIES. 
 
 THE DOT GROUP. 
 
 long. short. 
 
 we 
 wa 
 ci wcL 
 
 wi 
 we 
 wa 
 
 THE DASH GROUP. 
 
 long. short, 
 
 j wo 
 >i wu 
 
 AVbl 
 
 we 
 
 ^i wo 
 
 ,1 WO) 
 
 52. To obtain suitable characters for the representa- 
 tion of the ?(;-serics, a small circle is divided perpendicu- 
 larly, thus *^^, the first or left-hand half of the circle 
 representing the union of lo with the first, or dot scries 
 of vowels; and like them it is made heavy for the long 
 sounds; as "^X, ivf'rp, 5/ wage, ^ quam; ;ind light 
 for the short; as ,/^ witch, ]^ dwell, ;: wag. 
 
 i»* •• f W V •»>»'« ■•■ 
 
 ^T-T'T' 
 
 COO) 
 
 ly^ f t^y^ n ^fi / ti u ppiiiippp ^ i 
 
 J 
 
 : 
 
! . 
 
 -J 
 
 I 
 
 v^fcji^ate*< 
 
 ii(^MM^te^^^MMM^ki*A4^i^^^teki^M^^iAri^h^^i^M 
 
 tfM^rfi^dMk* 
 
 IMPHOPKU DIl'IITIIONUS. 
 
 61 
 
 53. The second lialf of the circle roprcsonts tlio 
 union of w with tlic second, or dash series of vowels, 
 
 V~v 
 
 vmvm, y 
 
 >^ tcoiv:, v_ lyoo/, y/^ 
 
 heavy qtmI li^ht; as 
 
 54 The first place sin;ii of the second series of diph- 
 thongs, both long and short, when followed by 7c, up- 
 stroke r, or n, is written in connection with such conso- 
 nants; thus, 2 — 2oalk, y^ war, ^ — ^ loan. 
 
 55. These^^^igns-shauld be written as small as they 
 well can be and preserve distinct semi-circles; and, like 
 the proper diphthongs, they must always be written 
 vertically, "aid not change with the diiferont inclinations 
 of the consonants. 
 
 Reading Exercise XII. 
 
 y 
 
 ,l'\ 
 
 y 
 
 .c^ y^ 
 
 Writing Exercise XIII. 
 
 Wek, wat, wav, weknes, bewal, swq_r, aswaj, wajcz; — widf), 
 wet, wqft, wiked, swcl, kwak, ekwiti, akwies, reliykwij. 
 
 Wokcr, wok, wtcd, wermli, kwotG, kworum; — woq, wud, 
 wojig, skwolid, swomp. 
 
 Werljk, worfi^r, worti, wekigstik. 
 
 fw^w^^w^r^-^r^r^w^rr^^rw^www^^w* 
 
 i***» P WVTT^ 
 
 ■F^ 
 
 1 
 
 ( 
 
 ^•' 
 
 ^l\ 
 
 'l 
 
 If 
 
 r'l 
 
 
 m 
 
 }:■{■ 
 
 
 Ih 
 
 Ti> 
 
 ii 
 
» .: 
 
 vll 
 
 I) 
 
 
 1$ i 
 
 ir 
 
 l«**««>«»l>» g,^^^^,^^^,^^^,^^^,^^^^^^,^^,^^^^,^^^^^^^^^,^^^,^,^^,,^^^,,^,^^,,^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^1 
 
 i : 
 
 M{-" 1 
 
 Nil 
 i 
 
 1 ^ 
 1 
 
 1 
 t 
 
 j < 
 
 ^r 
 
 
 i.,-1 
 
 ' i 
 
 02 
 
 MANI;AL <»F IMIOXudllAlMIV 
 
 5(]. T[rK II -HOOK.— Tlu! ludf circle, li^ht, is joined to 
 the first end of/, up-strok' /*, /n, and n. to represent the 
 siniplc sound of w; tlie stroke to which it is written is 
 tlien vocali/ed as in the ease of the s-circle; thus, ^ 
 
 57. The alphu))ctic siii;n must always bo employed 
 when to is the only consonant in a word, (except in the 
 word-si^n *■ vie;) and in words that commence with a 
 vowel, followed by w; and also when w is followed by s; 
 thus, ^looe, y_ aivafce, ^W' Wesley. 
 
 Beading Exercise XIII. 
 
 .r 
 
 ■^ rc "h" ^• 
 
 ■^^ X 
 
 Writing Exercise XIV. 
 
 Walii), wel, wiligli, Wilson, kwcl, ckwali; — Woles, wiali; 
 — wcri, bewq^r, wjy/iss, AN'e7'ismn; — kworel, wurk, wurkman- 
 Jip, wurjip, wurfcles, wurdili, 
 
 Wompum, wiaman?|k, skwemijnos; — windo, kweiicj, twenti, 
 twinj, entwin. Wjr, kweri, inkwjr, wel-beig, skwolor, elo- 
 kwens, ekwanimiti. 
 
 Wo), aw;ir, wizli. 
 
 / D ^ f » » f ^F'<"»^^"r^'^^r^'^'^^^>^^r^y^T^^^^rT^<F»^^y^<^^>^^^riF^F^'^<w^F^ 
 
i*A***A**A**A*^ 
 
 ^■tedi^^ 
 
 ^■^M 
 
 TIUI'[IT11()N(JS. 
 
 G3 
 
 Tiui'irnioxurf. 
 
 ">! 
 
 58. The characters with whicli to represent tht com- 
 bination of w with the (liphthon<:,x, are obtained by 
 dividing a small square thus, t3^ ; the left-hand right- 
 angle, in the first position, representing the triphthong 
 ivi, the other, in the first position, woi, and in the third, 
 wow; thus, '-l,^__ icife, "^ j quoit. Since the introduction 
 of the zy-hook to r, I, m, n, the tvow character is not 
 needed in writing English. Sometimes "- may be con- 
 nected with the following consonant; as | tvide, \^ wife. 
 
 59. By placing the aspirate before these improper 
 diphthongs and triphthongs, we get the proper represen- 
 tation of the first two sounds in such words as wlieat, 
 whic/, while, (the w coming before the h in the old 
 orthography being an inversion of the order of the 
 elements in speaking the words;) thus, **^| loheat, '- — 
 whig. 
 
 60. When the i<;-hook is used, the aspirate is indi- 
 cated by making the hook heavy ; thus, ,(^ ivheel, 
 cy^^^ wherefore. But when the alphabetic iv is em- 
 ployed, the aspirate is indicated by a small tick, thus, 
 '^ whiz. 
 
 Keadinq Exercise XIV. 
 
 .y^ c>f 'iT y- i-v-/^ r\ X 
 
 ' *m, 
 
 i i 
 
 
 I' 
 
 m' 
 
 m 
 
 J:' 
 
 ■, il ! 
 ..4 -. 
 
 ■ ':' I 
 
 ^'^I^^F^^»^^^^^»^"r«^^F*^'l»<^F*'^»'^^^"»^^^^^^^^^^V^F»^^'V*^^P'»* 
 
(I 
 h i 
 
 i; 
 
 '!t. 
 
 ill 
 
 \i' ■i 
 
 ^kA*A*AA<h*AAAAAAAAAArib< 
 
 >*A< 
 
 ■AAAAA*AAAAiAi*> 
 
 64 
 
 MANUAL OP PllONUGUAl'HY. 
 
 "VVRiTiNQ Exercise XV. 
 
 Wivz, kwjot, wjdncs, kwictnos, kwo-t, Irikwor. 
 
 Hwij), Invjt, hwi^'ori; — hw?irl)i, hwqrwid, liw^rat, hw^rlpajl, 
 enihwfir, iioliwj^r; — hvvelburo, liwelrjt, hwalcr, hwimzikulitl, 
 hwolm; — hwens, hwiu; — liwisker, h^yisler. 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 W WORD- SIGNS. 
 
 c > 
 
 5 
 
 we 
 
 were 
 
 L 
 
 with what 
 
 would 
 
 by 
 
 while 
 
 when one where 
 
 well 
 
 61. These word-signs, like the simple vowel-signs, 
 are to be written above or on the line, as their positions 
 in the table indicate. 
 
 Reading Exercise XV. 
 
 ^X' 
 
 . % "1V^\ 
 
 ^^^>'*"»^V<»»"»^FW«P*«^"rT'<^"»'^l"^^"^l^^'^Fi^V"«F^^F"IW^'^'*^»^^PW^F^^»'F*^ 
 
*«rf^M^MMM^MMMMte 
 
 ^MMMMMlMM^Ml^ 
 
 t^te 
 
 EXKIHISK (IN I.MlMtiU'Kll 1>I IMITIK i.N(iS. 
 
 G5 
 
 ?, , 
 
 N 
 
 P' <■ 
 
 •r 
 
 ^ /' 
 
 / \ V 
 
 C. 
 
 
 r/ • A.,ur. * ( r 
 
 r' c 
 
 I 
 
 r . 
 
 ff • 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 ^d^ 
 
 V^ ..| / • cr,^.' A 6 Vox 
 
 -.Acj. o ' t X . ^ 
 
 Writing Exercise XVI. 
 
 Bcwf^r ov-de' wjn kup, (I wj/. qers. 'We' *\vufl' •);•' hapi 
 Avid' 'liiz' kumpani. ' tlv;j/ 'jud' 'wc' kil 'and' /t .swjn? 
 *Hwot' 'iz' *hiz' wij, 'and' 'luvf^r' 'wud' 'he' go? 'Ilwi', o! 
 'hvvi', 'mj' sol, dis aiigwij. 
 
 $ go awa 'hwi^r' aiizjeti, wo 'and' apkjiis to-l asal no 'wun'. 
 'Wud' i 'wer' at honi. Wov wiu'ks mi/eri, 'hujl' itcs 'givz' 
 kiim repoii 'tu' 'ol'. 
 
 " » r^' 
 
 IVVVV****! 
 
 "▼▼▼▼▼^Pi 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 1I 
 
 w 
 
 14 
 
 '\y\ 
 
 1P 
 
 ■ 4 ■'' 
 
 .1 ;; 
 
 m 
 
■^ ■-''-■' - 
 
 — ^ ' ' - - 
 
 66 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRArHY. 
 
 Mi 
 
 ti 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 r-SERIES. 
 
 THE DOT GROUP. 
 
 short, 
 vl ye 
 
 long. 
 1/! 
 
 i ye 
 ya 
 
 ya 
 
 ya 
 
 THE DASH GROUP, 
 long. short. 
 
 ye 1 yo 
 
 JO 
 
 .] 
 
 I 
 
 '^1 yu 
 
 ri yoi. nj yu 
 
 62. To oTbtain characters to represent the ^/-scries of 
 improper diphthongs, the small circle is taken and 
 divided horizontally, thus, — 9—; tli<-' under half repre- 
 
 sents the dot group of vowels, and is made heavy for the 
 long sounds; as, ^'^ 9/car, y^ Yak, ^) Yazoo; and light 
 for the shoi't; as, ") ?//.s, (a common but not approved 
 pronunciation of i/cs,) Y' y*^^h ^-^ y<^^^^ ; the upper 
 half represents the union of y with the dash group of 
 vowels, heavy and light; as, ^/'' yard, n yoke, ^) use; 
 "^ — ^ yon, vc^ y^-^f^^dJ y iiever occurs before -ut^ in the 
 English lanjiuaf^e. 
 
 '»- 
 
 63. In writing, the same rules must be observed in 
 
 regard to these signs as with the i^-series. 
 
 (§52.) 
 
 64. Word-signs. 
 
 u 
 
 ye, yet, beyond, 
 
 you. 
 
 Reading Exercise XVI. 
 
 ^X 
 
 ■\ 
 
 
 Y; 
 
 ^_/^ :r\r]'y. 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 
 'w^^r»«f'»^»"*^^rw^^*^(^v^i^^'v»*'rv'F*^F»'^«rw»^"^ipi>w^p«v^^»w(p^in^ 
 
■ ''-■•^-^^■^'■'■■^-■--■- 
 
 •AAA^A^i^rf^^^kA 
 
 EXERCISES ON IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 67 
 
 Writing Exercise XVII. 
 
 Yerli, yen, ycrlip, yeloij, ycli)ir), yomanri, Yokii:jani, yupij, 
 Nil Yerk, hiy, si^t, ainiiz, relics, diiti, refiiz, koutiimcli, 
 
 aiiviial- 
 
 '<Tc' y(Dt *ov' SY koiminiti 'Jiid' cq c,a)Z sum ffj^r cgzampl, 
 'and' fold) 'it' kontinyiiali. Piy simplisiti ',ijjiv/' *nic' jo*, tlis 
 Mauynal 'Jud' 'be' 'ya)r' gjd. 'It' 'iz' a wurk *ov' yntiliti. 
 
 
 •f 
 
 > 
 
 i 
 
 
 I 
 
 !i 
 
 li^^ 
 
 4'^' 
 
 1- 
 
 • w 
 
 
 p 
 
 ► 4il..'i 
 
 m 
 
 
 : g 
 
 Br^ 
 
 > . . urn 
 
'lii 
 
 ■ArfMlkA*4i^^^i*i^^Mk^^^Mh< 
 
 ■AikAAAikiAMhAiAiAAA^A 
 
 G8 
 
 MANUAL OF P11()N()<JRA1MIY. 
 
 1 
 
 Writing Exercise XVIII. 
 
 Nil York *i^'' ^ popyi^Ius siti. 'Yo)' 'no' 'Ikd' j am 'yet' j 
 am at a los 'tu' spek 'vdjr' nam. niyniuiiti 'Jud' liv 'in' pes 
 *az' 'wim' komiyiiti; da 'Jud' dwol 'tu..j;eder' 'in' 'ol-de' ert 
 'in' liqrmoni 'and' luv. It' *ya)' mak t'atyiirz 'in' di^ti, 'yai' 
 'vvil' resev 'de' laj 'ov' justis. 'cit' niiz-bo" ainiizcz; himself 
 'hwjl' wokii]. Ho yes! ho yes! sez 'de' yui) bol-riijer. 'cte' 
 yok 'ov-de' oks 'iz' lievi; 'it' golz *hiz' nek dib werm da. 'In' 
 daz 'ov' yor, 'hwen' 'we' *wer' yuy. 
 
 'We' 'yii^^iiaU' 'giv' 'dcm' at yrz 'fer' slep, twelv 'fer' wurk, 
 'and' for 'hvvicj' da 'nia' 'imiDVO^v' 'in' eni '\va'. Tie' bo'z j am 
 tegii) 'q,r' dezirus 'ov' 'improbvment'; da ssni 'tui' 'tipk' 'in' dis 
 'wa' — 'h'.vot' 'iz' M^urt dcuii) at 'ul' 'iz' wui't dobir] 'wel'. ^ liop 
 da *\vil' elwaz liv 'up' *tia' dis inaltsim, 'so' 'Jal' da 'liav' snk- 
 ses 'in' Iji Sun, 'giv' 'me' ^yan-^ er, 'and' j 'wil' tcq *ya)' 'de' 
 'wa' 'ov' Ijf. Legt 'ov' daz 'iz' 'givn' us 'for' sojal 'and' re- 
 lijus *impru)vmeut'. 
 
 Revie"w.— (51.) Explain tho improper diphthongs, the triphthongs. 
 (52.) How are those of the 2t'-serics represented? Which series of vowels^ 
 combined witli ?t', does the left-hand Ijalf of the eircle represent? (53.) 
 What are the sounds of the right-hand lialf of the cirele? (51.) To what 
 consonants may the signs for tvaio and wo be written without lifting the 
 pen? (55.) How should these signs bo written? (5(').) Tu what strokes 
 does the J^ semi -circle connect and form a hook? On which side of the 
 up-stroke r is it written? How does it differ in power from tho improper 
 diphthongs? (57.) When must the alphabetic w bo employed? i^5f^.) 
 Describe the representation of the triphthongs. (59.) What is tlie jiho- 
 nographic representiition of wUi^ C^O-) How is the ?<'-hook aspirated? 
 (61.) Designate the first line of word-signs; the second. 
 
 (62.) What are the signs to represent the ^/-series? Which hiilf of tlie 
 circle represents the dot scries? What are their soumls? What are the 
 sounds of the upper half? (6;$.^ How are they to bo wittcu tc the con- 
 sonants? (64.) What are the word-sigus? 
 
 0^^9^9P0ilfWWW^fWW99fW99WW9W¥W999WW999WWWW999 V 9^WWW¥W<r99Wm f * 
 
 'a. 
 

 XtBBtiU 6. 
 
 INITUL HOOKS — THE Z-HOOK EXPLAINED. 
 
 65. A peculiar characteristic of I and r is, that they 
 readily unite with preceding consonants — they flow back 
 into them, as it were ; and hence their classification as 
 liquids. This union, though a kind of double sound, is 
 formed by little more than a single efi*ort of the voice. 
 Take, for illustration, the two words plaT/ and j>ra^, and 
 observe how simultaneo isly the pi and pr are spoken; 
 so in the termination of the words title and acre; in the 
 former class of words nc vowel sound comes between the 
 two consonants, of course ; in the latter a very indistinct 
 one is heard, but which it is not necessary to represent 
 in Phonography. 
 
 66. The most philosophical and brief way of repre- 
 senting these combinations is undoubtedly by some dis- 
 tinct and uniform modification of the simple letters. 
 The modification adopted for the I is that of a hook 
 written thus: 
 
 \ P, \ Pi- I i, f f^; ^ / ^ A etc. 
 
 67. As the long consonants are heard first in the 
 words, consistency would seem to require that they be 
 written first and the hooks afterward; but the reverse of 
 this is the case, for the reason that hooks on the termi- 
 nation of strokes may be more philosophically and 
 advantageously employed for other purposes; and be- 
 
 '^•m 
 
 ■ ■ ■■ 
 
 '•' 1 
 
 
 "%i ■' ^'i 
 
 ■if 
 
 
 w 
 
 I, 
 
 m 
 
 (6U) 
 
1 :i:i. ' 
 
 70 
 
 ^^^^-'-''^'^' 
 
 i*i < 
 
 MANUAL OP PIIONOGRAIMIY. 
 
 sides, pi, tl, kl, Ji, &c., being considered single sounds 
 almost, Hie stroke and the hook must be regarded as an 
 indivisible sign; they should actually be spoken as such 
 in spelling and reading, i. e., as the final syllables in 
 apj>/« (pi), Vittfe (tl), muf/ie (fl), ficHe (kl); and not as 
 p, /; t, I; /, I; k, I. .*. distinction is thus made between 
 J), /pronounced as w letters, and p/ pronounced as 
 one ; the former sug.esis v^ and the latter \^ . 
 
 68. To assist the pupil in remembering these hooks, 
 it may be observed, that if the /eft hand be hold up, 
 with the first finger bent, the outline of tl will be seen; 
 and by turning the hand round in the various positions 
 assumed by the letters, />, t, ch, Z-, all the double conso- 
 nants of the J)/ series will be formed; thus, 
 
 7d C 
 
 TABLE OF THE A.-HOOK. 
 
 \pl ^ 
 
 f tl 
 
 X' chl c:__ kl 
 
 \ bl ?y 
 
 ' dl 
 
 / jl -- gl 
 
 ^vl 
 
 ( thl 
 
 ^ stvnek up. 
 .X 7J1I ) 
 
 69. The hook is first turned, and then the long con- 
 sonant stru.ck in the usual manner The /-hook, like 
 the s-circle, is made on the right-hand side of tl:'> verti- 
 cal and inclined straight strokes, on the upper side of 
 the straight horizontals, and on the inside of the curves. 
 
 ■WW* 
 
 "nF^FT^^T^»'»'*TW^r^rV^'TV^ 
 
 ■ 
 < 
 
 :»n 
 
H^ 
 
 >*<k*> 
 
 MftiAAa 
 
 MlAAi 
 
 ''^ 
 
 THE Z-IIOOK. 
 
 71 
 
 70. This liook to the strokes s, 2, down-stroke r, and 
 7iy, is not needed, since for si and zl, the circle is used 
 with more advantage: as, ^ slay, ^^ oiiuscle; and the 
 initial hook to I, up-stroke r, m, and w, is more useful 
 as w. (§56) 
 
 71. The s^ and zh take the ?-hook only when they 
 are combined with other stroke co^isonants, and then 
 they are struck upward,; thus, /_^/ essential^ 
 
 72. The stroke and the hook being considered as one 
 sign, are vocalized as though no hook were used; and in 
 writing, if a vowel precedes a hooked stroke it is written 
 before it; thus, "X ahle, v cuiV; and if the vowel fol- 
 lows, it must be placed after; thus, \ play, >- q cZo.se; 
 or a vowel may be written both before and after; thus 
 l?s^ ahly, ^P idler ^ J' declare, _L.e_--/— >» ea;c?atm. 
 
 73. In some combinations of consonants it is difficult 
 to make a good Z-hook, but it can generally be under- 
 stood, as in the word /{\, '^^P^VJ ^^ some cases, how- 
 ever, it is more convenient to write the long I; as in 
 — ^/^ accessihle. 
 
 The learner must remember that the hook I is to be 
 used only when its sound follows a preceding stroke 
 consonant; hence Ip, Id, Ik, &c., must be written with 
 the stroke L 
 
 Reading Exercise XVIII. 
 
 / 
 
 X^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ J 
 
 ^Hy^^^«»l>^i^^^»«^P^»^'»^ » » P f f ^^^WF^^ > y f f f f » P » ^ > » » > i n 
 
 -•-■H 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 \'\ 
 
 % 1 1 i: 
 
 I '^ 
 
 
 bH .<)' 
 
 H 
 
>^ AaA^tUh* «W^teAiak*iA^MkAi^AAAiiite*rfh*ik^rf^MkA<ihAAAAAi4>*i^ArfMrh^k*^bA<h^4k^AA4li^Adk. 
 
 
 , ;-rt 
 
 i: ft -r 
 
 7 '. J' 
 
 
 72 
 
 MANUAL OF PIIONOGllAPIIY. 
 
 Writinu Exercise XIX. 
 
 Pla, bio, :;jle, flj, ply, aplj, oblij, aflikt, Bjbl, tjtl, knpl, 
 plenti, blazez, kkisoz, rci^al, fikl, rtklam, iiinain, reiiKDvui, 
 fatal, radikal, klei'ikal, bujul, cspejal, mcirjal, iul'luoujal. 
 
 VOCALIZING THE Z-HOOK. 
 
 74. It has bc:;;n stated, (§05) that the /-liuok is 
 desioned to be used v:ltcn no vi>\vel coutes bciwcou thu 
 sound of I and a precrdirxg consonant, or wiiun the 
 vowel is but indistinctly heard ; a-, v. Jt'-'c, <= chti/, 
 
 ^^ ajijilcs, '^ ° eagles; but it is found vory convenient, 
 occasionally, to take a little license v/Ith the rule, anti 
 use the hook even where a vowel soui.d is, distinctly 
 heard betv •en it and the stroke. Thus, in wivitiuj^ the 
 word fedsehooih ii is muv.'li easier and quicker to write 
 the hook /, thus \r, limn thus, \/^ 
 
 75. When this is done, a peculiar schem • of vocali- 
 zation is resorted to; namely, the dot vowels are indi- 
 cated by a small circle placed in the three positions, 
 
 before the stroke for the lona-, and after for the short 
 
 op . no . 
 
 vowels; as Lr^ delusiDe, | till, /^'^ legal; when the dash 
 
 vowels are to be read between the stroke and the hook, 
 it is indicated by striking the dash through the stroke; 
 as ~\ eidpahle; or when its place is at the hooked end 
 it may be written just before the hooked stroke; thus, 
 [X%^ tolerahle; the diphthongs, when necessary, are 
 written as the stroke vowels; thus ./^'^ childhli^ (iSec 
 §110) ''~X qualify. ^ "^ 
 
 This method of writing is used to a very limited 
 extent; and the learner is cautioned against using it for 
 any words but such as are designated, in this and subse- 
 quent lessons, to be written thus. 
 
 I i^ 
 
 '> » p y » rr'yri'^y 
 
 '▼T' 
 
 »»»»>»>»>> m i>>>fyii>i n p y^l 
 
 I 
 
>^«Mta 
 
 knpl, 
 (Dval, 
 
 liont, 
 
 i 
 
 liictiy I 
 <4 the 
 write 
 
 nited 
 it for 
 ibse- 
 
 >*AAA****A*^it^ii^k4UkAi^^te^liA4iA4hAAAAAAAAAA^^hArfykA«^kA*A' p 
 
 Z-IIOOK AND THE CIRCLE. 
 
 73 
 
 Reading Exercise XIX. 
 
 V V '^"^ °S '^-v -^- ^•''^' 
 
 WRiTiNQ Exercise XX. 
 
 Folsiti, fcftlskap, fclo-sitizenz, fulncs, fulminat, vulgat, 
 filosot'ikal, voluptyxius, konvulsiv kolonial, galvanik, kalam- 
 iti, kolekt. 
 
 t-HOOK PRECEDED BY THE ,S- CIRCLE. 
 
 76. The s-circle is prefixed to the compound conso- 
 nant signs, as well as to the simple. It is first written, 
 and the ^ on carried round so as to form the hook before 
 mak'.ng the long sign ; thus, n^ supple^ ./ sachel, \^ 
 civilize. 
 
 77. No new rules are required for vocalizing; it 
 needs only to be borne in mind when the long s is to be 
 used (§41); and that the stroke and hook are considered 
 as one sign, and if the vowel is heard before them it is 
 written before them ; if after, it is written afterward ; as 
 in the previous examples. 
 
 78. In reading, the circle is read first, then the 
 vowel, if one precedes the compound stroke; and lastly 
 the compound consonant, with its following vowel, if 
 there be one, as in civilize above. 
 
 79. Word-signs. — *" — call, c difficult-y^ ^ full, 
 
 I till and tell, ^ value. 
 
 J 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 '^^l 
 
 »»»»>»|iffi>^f»»>»»^»ffffy'>»fy»¥y>lp<'yyy¥>¥fT'>¥»<i»^' H 
 
■w 
 
 ip.'i> 
 
 'I "'li 
 
 ■ I 
 
 
 ■•MkAAAAA^AAAAA^iAAAAAAAAAAAAAAiAa 
 
 74 
 
 MANUAL OF I'UONOGRAPUY 
 
 Reading Exercise XX. 
 
 ' • ^^. ^^ \o • >v 
 
 ' n!-" 
 
 
 Q_i) 'O 
 
 <r-N 
 
 r 
 
 if^^irT^mm^ >»»>»»»»>»>»»»>»»» »'>f>»»»* yy^F^^^'^Fi'^'^Ty^'r^^TT'y^^i^^ 
 
o 
 
 r 
 
 ^«^^M^ftaM^Mh^**A<k^*jMti^*^ih*A4^l«kA4k*A^^ 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE /.-HOOK, AND IIKVIKW. 
 
 ■rf^^^M^^b** 
 
 75 
 
 Writing Exercise XXI. 
 
 Sctl, sjdl, sutlti, siviliti, siklz, supines, sivilj/.in, sw'ivl, 
 splisiij, pestiil, posibl, i'iklnes, fe/Zibl, advizubl, displuiy, 
 disklcDzez. 
 
 Note.— In the following oxorciso, I is italicized whon it is to bo writ- 
 ton with tho hook. 
 
 3)DLNES. — I^tUnes Mz' a p?ag 'tu-de' skolar, 'for' unlcs *he' 
 ap/jz hinisell: kloaVi 'tu' *liiz' buks, 'he' lu)Zoz 'ol' kUim 'lu-de' 
 ap?()z 'ov' 'hiz' famili 'er' 'hiz' ot'ija? superior. *It' Mz' Jdml'ii?; 
 'for' 'he' 'Jud' reko?ekt hs 'hiz' famili *hav' a rjt 'tui' luk 
 'for' sumfcii) yHsfW *in"him"tu' rcpa 'dein' 'for' to'l 'and' ai)zj- 
 eti. 'It' 'iz' unreznaW; 'for' unles 'lie' 'giv' 'up' 'hiz' cvi^ '\va' 
 'and' 'dcD' 'hiz' di|,ti fatfu^i, 'no' IVesii] awats him, 'but' 'he' 
 'iz' disp/ezli) *tii' 'hiz' kZas-feloz, 'tii' himself, 'and' 'tu' 'ol' 
 pepZ. Finali, 'it' 'iz' ofu?; 'for' jdZ habits 'qr' apt 'tui' bjtkum 
 wurs, 'and' 'de' cvi? 'wun' "olwaz misqif scks 'for' jcU ytbt 'tui' 
 *d(i)'." 'But' 'de' skolar 'Ikd' fatfia/i ap?iz himsolf 'tu' wurk, 
 *vvil' G)b?jj 'him' 'ho)' teqez 'him', 'and' p^ez 'ol' pep/ 'ho)' 'no' 
 'him'. 
 
 Review. — (fi5.) Explain tho peculiar character of I and r. (66.) 
 What is tho contracted form of roprcseitinj; thorn? (67.) Uowaro strokes 
 with I and /'-hooks to be spoken? (68.) Ilow may yuii roniouibcr tho po- 
 sition of tho hook? (69.) On which side of tho vertical and inclined 
 straight strokes is tho /-hook written? Which sido of tho straight hori- 
 zontals? Which side of tho curves? (70.) To which of tho strokes is tho 
 ^-hook not written, and why? (71.) How do sh and z?i, tako the /-hook? 
 (72.) How aro /-hook strokes vocalized? (74.) What is said about a 
 vowel sound between the stroke consonant and the hook? (75.) How aro 
 vowels of the dnt series represented in tho scheuio for vocalizing the hook? 
 How. the dash series? How the diphthongs? (76.) How uir'.y tho .s-circlo 
 bo written to the hooked strokes? (78.) What is the rule for reading 
 such compound strokes? (79.) What aro tho /-hook word-signs? 
 
 ' p^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 "^^TWTVWWfWV^W^TV'r' 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^xm 
 
 .'1 
 
 i 
 
 IP 
 
 |f,f T 
 
 
 ',■' 
 
 j ij 
 
 '.tf'i 
 
 ( 
 
 
 [l 
 
 "4 
 
 In i 
 
 
fc^^<b<^^^^^^i<«i^yhA^M^iAi^^hA^AAAA*a<i«i > fc^ifcAA^^AAAAAAAAAA^ * • > > * ■ 
 
 II 
 
 •j.-i 
 
 1 
 
 Xefison 7. 
 
 THE 7MI00K — DOUBLE CURVE FOR TIIR. 
 
 80. If the ri^lit hand bo hold up, with the first 
 finger bent, the outline of tr will be sotM, and by turn- 
 ing the hand round to the following positions, all the 
 double consonants of the jpr series will be produced. 
 
 \pr 
 \br 
 ^fr 
 "N^ vr 
 
 Icr C 
 
 TABLE OF THE R-TIOOK. 
 '^ tr y^ chr 
 
 dr / j] 
 
 jr 
 
 kr 
 
 gr 
 
 )thr 
 ) thr 
 
 J shr ■) 
 
 V struck down. 
 J zhr 3 
 
 mr 
 
 nr 
 
 81. The r-hook is written on the left-hand side of 
 the vertical and inclined straight strokes, and on the 
 under side of the straight horizontals — just the reverse 
 of the Z-hook. 
 
 t^t^r^mvmnt » » ry^yi^r^ fn i f <ii> rr^vr^rr^Ft^^^ y p » » » » f » y » y y p^ryy^ 
 
 ClU 
 
 •.t 
 
irst 
 irn- 
 the 
 
 ^^Ai 
 
 
 77 
 
 H2. It will 1)0 Koen fr( ,u the tablo that/, y, ^A, and th 
 take the r-hook by nssmuliig invertcl i)(»sltions and 
 occupying' the places of/*, ?y, s, and ;:; thus, "^ /rce, 7^ 
 ove.r^ j t/u'ouf/h, j cither, ■which they can do without 
 ambiguity, since these letters never receive an initial 
 hook. In this there is an apparent disorder, but, when 
 properly viewed, they are in strict analogy with the 
 straight consonants. If the character \ nl be cut out 
 in a piece of paper or card, and then turned over, \ jjr 
 is produced; in the same way \. Jl, if cut in card, and 
 reversed, gives ^ fr. 
 
 83. To indicate the r-hook on m and n, the strokes 
 are made heavy, which distinguishes them from tcm ion; 
 thus, <w^ Jwnor, \ dinner, <— <rN- gram/nutr; and as 
 neither mp nor ii<j take any hook, it will not lead to 
 any confusion. 
 
 Sometimes this hook, like the ?-hook, has to be made 
 rather indistinctly, as \. degree, J_ ascribe. After 
 
 _y the downward r is used instead of the hook, as 
 shaJcer. 
 
 84. The remarks in regard to vocalizing the Z-hook 
 strokes apply in every particular to the » -hook strokes. 
 It should especially be borne in mind that the hooked 
 strokes are regarded as one letter, and spoken as th(3 last 
 syllable in Ycaper, letfcr, acre, &c., and not as p, r; t, r; 
 k, r, &c.; and that as a general thing the hook is only 
 used when no distinct vowel sound comes between an- 
 other consonant and a following r; as in \ p/'«y, '^ T 
 crew, -I utter, f^^ leisure. 
 
 85. When | tr is preceded by j (waw), they may 
 be united ; as in ^ water, and all its compounds. 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 » t P > » y ry^lFTyP^ 
 
 >^^P*'»W^^«FiV^^'^F<^"^»<^^V^»^"W»^P^<H 
 
 r 
 
 IM 
 
 m 
 
 ■ i 
 
 % i 
 
 ! ! 
 
 J il 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 i' ^ 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
f-^'--'^-'^'^'-'^'^--'^-^-'' 
 
 ^tl 
 
 
 78 
 
 MANUAL OF IMlONOdllAlMI \' 
 
 Reading Exercise XXI. 
 
 
 => 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ lj\ V>i -) /^' V 
 
 Writing Exercise XXII. 
 
 Drj, tre, drn, Vx'i, gro, akor, odor, uper, aprjz, rtpril, apra)V, 
 drcin, brij, frek, Frida, nKOvor, klover, tro, -^ader, erav,iir, 
 plumer, murder, manor, oiioral)!, overluk, overihwjir, krim- 
 inal, purqascz, transpoz, trembl, brudor, jurni, juriial, frainer, 
 Avundori'ial. Gekcr, joker. 
 
 86. A limited license is taken with the above rule, 
 (§84) as in ^.he case of the ?-hook, and the r-hook is some- 
 times used when a distinct vowel sound comes between it 
 and the previous consonant; in which c ase the same pecu- 
 liar scheme of vocalization is em ploye d; thus, "1. Dear- 
 **-**> xi_^ permoyi. rr+o course, y require, V posture. 
 
 Reading Exercise XXII. 
 
 V o'U. ^ >- o>^ -^^ /I 
 
 ¥^^*^IW«»^^^^^^"^"»^^»i^^^F»i^P^*'«^^ 
 
 < 
 < 
 
^i^AA^Aa 
 
 i*«<i>*>AdbAAAAiAA<hAAAAAAAi«iAA<hAAAa >*a>f*t>*»i 
 
 TIIK /MIOOK. 
 
 79 
 
 Writing Exkucise XXIII. 
 
 Gerful, k.^rles, nicrli, ncrli, Gqrl/,, (j(ji'k(,)l, p:ir;ii;rar, Jqrk, 
 Jqrpcr, torni, i)crv«;i\s, korsli, iiiuraliu, uuit, nurij, euuruiiLi, 
 prtliminari, fetynr. 
 
 THE /MIOOK PRKCEDRI) BY THE .?-CIIlCLE. 
 
 87. Tho 8-circlo precedes the r-houk in much the 
 same manner as it does the /-hook; thus, it mijjjht be 
 written ^ .sj>r, <z — shr; but since the s-circle alone 
 never occupies the y-hook side of the straight strokes, 
 advantage is taken of the circumstance, since a circle is 
 more easily written than a circle and a hook, to write 
 simply the circle; thus, ]• stmij^ <^ ' ^ scrcavi, | cider, 
 o-l— succor, /^ sieger. But with the curves this con- 
 traction cannot be made, since the simple s-circle occu- 
 pies the place; hence the circle and hook must both be 
 written; thus ^\ si/ffer, 6*s summer, ^-^ sinner. 
 
 88. When the s-circle and r-ho"ok come between two 
 straight consonants, it is often more convenient to write 
 the hoo k. in addition to the circle than not; as in \. 
 prosper, " 
 
 extra. 
 
 ^^n^FW^ 
 
 89. The same rules are to be observed in vocalizing 
 and reading that were given for the /-hook preceded by 
 the s-circle, (§77, §78.) 
 
 Heading Exercise XXIII. 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 i 11 
 M 
 
 i- 1 i 
 
 m 
 
 ' f '» 
 
 
 ( I 
 

 80 
 
 MANUAL OF I'lIONOORAni Y. 
 
 Writing Exercise XXIV. 
 
 Sprj, stra, strjk, strem, skmp, skrcDpl, skrjb, strei)^, stru!,'!, 
 stranj, strorigcr, super, saber, siiprcmasi, sckresi, sji'er, sui'erii), 
 sever, simer, sooner. 
 
 THE DOUBLE CURVE FOR TFTR. 
 00. When a curved stroke is repeated, an angle is 
 
 made between the two; thus, 
 
 ^ 
 
 /, 
 
 nth which 
 
 leaves at liberty, to be used for t'ome other purpose, the 
 double-length strokes. A somewhat arbitrary, though 
 convenient use, is made of them thus: Doubling the 
 length of a curved stroke, adds the syllable tlier to the 
 single strokes; thus, V^ , father, ""^-^ another. These 
 forms are used chiefly as word-signs for father, mother, 
 neither (above the lino,) another, rather, further. 
 
 91.— /MIOOK WORD-SIGx^S. 
 
 \ principle-al > from J/ sure 
 
 \ ro-member ^ every ^ pleasure 
 
 f] . , ^ ,, ( Mr., re-mark 
 
 trutn ) three ^-^1 
 
 ' ^ (more 
 
 *^ care ) there, their ^:;«^ nor, near 
 
 Reading Exercise XXIV. 
 s r o 
 
 
 )- 
 
 A 
 
 y'v^j 
 
 ■• ,n 
 
 oA^. , 
 
 <^y^y»f»»»>>i ^^fww^^www^^^^^F^rww* 
 
 -^ww^^^r^^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
■AAArfkAAAi 
 
 -^--■---'-----'•^ 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 « 
 > 
 > 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE /'-HOOK. 
 
 81 
 
 \^0 \ 
 
 "\,'^^;"-f ••,")Co .^_ 
 
 r!l- 
 
 i I . 
 
 "*■■ 
 
 li ■ i 
 
 '* ? 
 
 r^M 
 
 'li ■ 
 
 i^ I 
 
 j4«^^P<P^iTW^WWW^WVWW'"^^'»^VV""^ 
 
 '^•^P^^^'T^^^ 
 

 f • 
 
 ' ■>. 
 
 ■AArfMkAAAAAiAAAA 
 
 82 
 
 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Note.— In tho following exercise r is italicized when it is to be written 
 with tho hook. 
 
 Writing Exercise XXV. 
 
 S8RIUSXES AND SOBRiCTI.— NuMi) nobl iz tu be had 
 but wid scriu.sncs and sobrjeti. Q sober person seks tu wa ds 
 tro) 'valyn' ov tii]z and tia la no tresiyz in trjflz, but 'rader' 
 on hwot \z 'important.' Nutig, perhaps, strjks us az so stranj 
 and fa)!!]" az tu obzerv pepl serius abb't trji'lz, and trjflig wid 
 serius tigz. Sosjsti sul'erz konsidcrabli bj de trjt'ler, hco hats 
 sobrjeti and seriu.sncs, and wud sconer hav foli tu ran siiprem. 
 Supljd wid strez tu pla wid, he sul'e?'z dc strem ov Ijf tu flo 
 awa, until dot puts in hiz sikl, and separats de strig ov Ijf. 
 Ny iz no tjm for sukor er eskap. He st^'jks wid st?'egt and 
 uncrig am; strips liira ov ol hiz plez, strcDZ hiz liops iutu de 
 q,r, and a stru;jfl klozez hiz kartr. 
 
 It iz bot untr<i) and st?anj tu konstro) seriusnes intu sadnes, 
 or tu konbidur sobrjeti de s;im az unhapines; for it iz skq_rsli 
 posibl tu be properli ga or t/coli hapi, uules we no hwen tu 
 be sober. 
 
 Review. — (80.) H»w will you remember the form of the y-hook? (81.) 
 On which side oi' thostniight strokes is the r-hook written? (82.) Vvhat 
 strokes do not take the r-hook? In what way do f, v, th, th, take the 
 r-hook? Explain this irregularity. (83.) How do m and n take this 
 hook? (84.) What is said about vocalizing? IIow do you name tho strokes 
 of the r-hook? (86.) What is the license in regard to the use of the 
 r-hook? Explain the peculiar scheme of vocalization. (87.) How is the 
 «-circle prefixed to the straight r-hook strokes? How to the curves? (90.) 
 What is effected by doubling the length of curved strokes? (91.) Des- 
 ignate the first four word-signs; tho next four; the last three. 
 
 ^Frp»"w» ««i*««ii«*v r^f**r<^'V'^F"r" 
 
 »w 
 
» »0 < * il <l * * ^JbAAi^^ * * » «l > ^.^AAAAifc^AiAAAAAAA^ A * O • ^^AAAAi^<liAA^i<l>AA^ii<> 
 
 > 
 > 
 > 
 
 ^^•■•■P^ 
 
 XfBSOII 8. 
 
 TERMINAL HOOKS. 
 
 92. Since the hooked strokes, although representing 
 two elementary sounds, are written with nearly the same 
 facility as the simple strokes, the method of hooking is 
 applied to the termination of the consonant signs as well 
 as to the beginning. The most useful purposes which 
 the two termifial hooks can subserve, are to represent 
 the very frequent sound of n, and the common final 
 syllable tion, heard in such words as nation, jjussiou, 
 phi/sician, &c. 
 
 — ,kn 
 
 gn 
 
 
 TABLE OF T 
 
 IIE aY-HOOK 
 
 \p" 
 
 
 J tn 
 
 ^y chn 
 
 \bn 
 
 
 J tin 
 
 i/jn 
 
 Vofn 
 
 
 C t^» 
 
 J «n 
 
 V. vn 
 
 
 Cthn 
 
 J z" 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 rn /^ 
 
 .0 ( 
 
 ^ shn 
 
 
 o / 
 
 ^cJ^ zhn I 
 
 mn 
 
 nn 
 
 ^ wn f yn 
 
 93. On the straight strokes the «-hook is written on 
 the left-hand side of the vertical and inclined, and on 
 the under side of the horizontal strokes, embracing, of 
 course, the up-stroke r ; while on the curves it is 
 
 i . 
 I > 
 
 ■mT'F^^w^'t^rm'^'v^^^^'^T^ww^'^w^r'^^w^^www^wwTw^fw^^^^'r'9'^'wr'F^wi'^'wir^ 
 
 1 
 
 llirt' I ' 
 
 i. m 
 
 if.' 
 
 
 («ii) 
 
:n' r\ 
 
 
 !t5 
 
 W: 
 
 9: 
 
 *^AAAAA^*AAi*AihA^riM^kak^*AAAa^^M^i^A^ 
 
 iAA*ih<k4a4iA*H 
 
 »▼" 
 
 84 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 written on the inner or concave side, whether to the left 
 or right; as illuitrated in the preceding tahle. 
 
 94. The w-hook might be written on all the strokes ; 
 but on the iifj it would seldom, if ever, be of any advan- 
 tage. The t«-hook to the n answers every purpose that 
 an w-hook to the w would. 
 
 95. Of the two forms for hi, sJm, the down-stroke sJl 
 and the up-stroke I are generally used, the others being 
 employed only in connection with other strokes when 
 the first mentioned would be unhandily written. 
 
 9G. The ?i-hook is always the last thing, belonging 
 to a stroke, to be read i thus, \ pain, \^ fine, (^' thtii, 
 {j thine, y\ run, f^'' line. If no distinct vowel sound 
 is heard between the stroke and the hook, no vowel sign 
 is written; as, \^ heaven, \J ocean; where a third place 
 vowel sound is heard, the sign must be placed on the 
 outside of the hook; thus, „ — >^ man, (^ than, — => coon; 
 thus the vocalization is the same as in oilier compound 
 strokes. 
 
 97. Strokes having an initial circle o hook, of any 
 kind, may also have a final hook or circle; as \/plan, 
 
 iifniin. 
 
 98. When the n is the last consonant in a word, 
 followed by a vowel, it must be written at length ; as 
 ,-^^ money, /^ Gitina. 
 
 Reading Exercise XXV. 
 
 rv 
 
 1 
 
 {• .7 J. ^ ^ X\ V^v/"^V' 
 
 '»»»»»^»»>>fi»»i><ii 
 
 '^▼▼'w^T^F^v'n 
 
as 
 
 if >^i 
 
 ■Af 
 
 THE iV'-IIOOK. 
 
 85 
 
 C)« 
 
 ^' 
 
 'A 
 
 Writing Exercise XXVI. 
 
 Pan, pin, ham, ton, d^n, cjan, jmi, kati, f^on, fjn, van, den, 
 Jjn, ojiin, ran, run, Ion, Ijn, mjn, mcbi, non, n«n; — Ojni, 
 rjpn, gq,rden,Jakn, organ, orl'an, cnljvn, morn, worniij, t*i)ln, 
 bilajn, roman, wuinan. Br^'n, dran, rcbtran, pc^rdn, burdn, 
 ret'ran, regan, enjoii, aUstan. 
 
 THE iV-IIOOK FOLLOWED BY S. 
 
 99. Wlien s follows after n, witliout an intervening 
 vowel, the circle may be turned on the hook, as in the 
 case of s preceding the Miook; thus, V^' fans, ^"-^mnn's, 
 '%^* niGcMncs, ^~^ refrains. With the straight strokes, 
 however, it is unnecessary to make bolh the hook and 
 circle, thus ^ pns, since the circle itself embraces the 
 hook, and will not be mistaken for s, which is always 
 written on the other side of the stroke. Heu'ce we 
 write ^^ pens, J- dunce, q/» chains, ^.--.^' mourns, \ _ 
 begins. 
 
 100. The double circle for nses is conveniently used 
 on the straight strokes, for such words as rj tenses, ^ 
 chances, -^'^ consequences ; but as a double circle cannot 
 well be formed on the hook attached to a curve, a stroke 
 n must be used in such words as V^^ finances, ' V^,^ 
 evinces. 
 
 Reading Exercise XXYI. 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 t 
 
 '4 
 
 i 
 
 1< ' 
 
 
 !^ 
 
 ' 1 
 
 i: 
 
 H 
 
 L'" 
 
 j', 
 
 » 
 
 J 
 
 i- !4 
 
 ■\% 
 
 :\ 
 
 ;,iii'i 
 
 fJl 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 i 
 
 l » >»»y»» H>" »»»»■*»»>''»» »f>>» H IIII M II>f»>»»t»» X »»>>|i» 
 
 !,'^ 
 

 m, 
 
 i|:l 
 
 ^< 
 
 ' I 
 ' I 
 < i 
 
 * * • < ll< 
 
 86 
 
 MANUAL OV T'HONOGIIAIMIY. 
 
 Writing Exercise XXVII. 
 
 Panz, benz, penz, tonz, qanz, ganz, mornz, burnz, Junz, 
 orfunz, balaus, remanz, J^irmanz, pron?jns ; komplaiiz, eks- 
 plaii'/,, akordans, kwestyonz, kristyanz, enjcrnz, inkljnz. 
 Pnuijez, (lausez, kondensez, glanscz, ckspendoz, konsukwon- 
 sez, pron^snsez, udvansez, konjonsez. 
 
 lOl. iV'-HOOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 — 3 can Cmen 
 
 \o plionography f man 
 
 \ upon 
 \ been 
 
 J done ( than, theu 
 
 </ general-ly /^ alone 
 
 Reading Exercise XXVII. 
 
 opinion 
 known 
 
 '"S 
 
 y 
 
 \-^ 
 
 . r^ 
 
 ■> o 
 
 A- . '^. X 
 
 Ix • 
 
 \ 
 
 V). .| V. k- N X 
 
 t '• 
 
 \ 
 
 Ts ^^,-f s ^,"? 'J 
 
 w^'ir'r9'www^Fww^W9mw w^wmmwy 
 
 im^'twvmwwww m 
 
 L 
 
i*****AribMMI^^A*aMIA^A**rfMM^hiterfMMI^^ 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE ^r-IIOOK. 
 
 87 
 
 <5~~> 0< - — >v ..O \ A > 1 
 
 ^ I-. 
 
 X fS 
 
 Al 
 
 
 .•,C 
 
 L^^r/-: 
 
 Writing Exercise XXVIII. 
 
 KURrrj. — Tro) kuraj haz its onjvii in vertyii. Animal fei- 
 lesnes puts on de scml)la7?s ov kuraj, and iz ohi takji fer it, l)j 
 nj??, vt ov ten amup 'men'; but de falasi ov dis 'opinyon' haz 
 'bin' ^on bj 'jeneral' eksperie??s, for proidens iz ekwali esenjal 
 tu it. 
 
 Tu VilcLn tro) kuraj enter *upon' nutig rajli, egzamin wel 
 hwot de ijn iz Ijkli tu be, and form yoDr 'opinyon' bei'or yo) 
 be<j;i?i. li:s 'kan' yto de??. fcr, if y<D hav gon tu wurk *a])on' 
 'prinsipl', and hav dun ei ym 'kan' dtB? or hwj Jud yo) fel a 
 konsevn for konsekwc/^^ea;, hwic} hav 'bin' olredi wad bj yco? 
 
 In humbi rcljans *upon' (\c asista?is ov Hevn, go opnli and 
 Avid konfidc??s tu finij yar pla??z. 3is siinpl fat 'akon', de 
 rcljans ov (^ildren 'upon' a divjn Pq,der, wil kari yoj sat'li tro). 
 
 'Remember' dis 'trcut', h^ever, 'dqr' iz 'jenerali' 'mor' trco 
 kuraj Jon bj a pasiv rezista??s tu de skorn and snerz ov 'men', 
 'dan' haz 'bin' sen in eui bodiU dcfens hwotever. 
 
 Tro) kuraj iz bj no mcnz savaj vjolens, ner a fcRlhqrdi in- 
 seusibiliti tu danjer; nor a hedstrog rajues tu run sudcnli intu 
 
 < v mw*9W9<r<¥w<r w wwwww*'>9vwwwwwvww9' m f9wv<r^*> 
 
 "▼^ 
 
 ■'K 
 
 i,|, 
 
 if! 
 
 • ' I ■■» 
 
?i :i?i 
 
 ■■>, % 
 
 i**< 
 
 l<l*<ll 
 
 ■ *••> 
 
 88 
 
 MANUAL OF 1»H()N0«3RA1*IIY. 
 
 it; noi (i bui7?i^] freMzi broken Ims 'from' rtc jnruvor?jip p^cr ov 
 rc/n; but it iz a seren, t'«?i'm det^rmijjii) — de kurtij ov a 'man' 
 but nove.* de fersnes ov a tiger. 
 
 Revif ) What do the final hooks represent? (93.) On which 
 
 side of ne stii'i. ., strokes is the Tj-hoolt written? On which side of the 
 curves? (94.) On what strokes is the n-hook nut written? (95.) Which 
 forms of dio /n ane' shn are generally used? (96.) How are the ?i-hook 
 strokes vocalized? (98.) In what case must the stroke n bo emi)loycd? 
 (99.) How is the cirelo written to the 7i-hook on the curves? How on the 
 straight strokes? (100.) What is the double circle when written in the 
 «.-hook plaoo? (101.) Designate the straight stroke word-signs; the curved 
 strokes. 
 
 
 y^y^y^ fi i >>ip*ii>»i>^>f»f>*»»»* r^'^'fwwiFw^'^^F'i'WT'^r'^nFT'^^^r'r^^'^ 
 
A^dafcAf 
 
 / 
 
 
 1***1 
 
 >4k«M 
 
 l*» t I 
 
 3CtSi3on 9. 
 
 SffN-nOOK - VOWEL CONTRA CTTONS — DISSYLLABIC 
 
 DIl'HTilONGS. 
 
 102. The s/oi-hook is somcwliat arbitrary ; that is, it 
 is not entirely phonetic, in that it is but one si<i;n used 
 to represent three sounds ; but of course the means exist 
 in the alphabet for writing out the syllable in full, if 
 preferred. 
 
 TABLE OF THE ^/AY-IIOOK. 
 
 L t-shn <r ch-shu 
 
 \ p-shn 
 \j b-shn 
 V:) f-shn 
 V) v-shn 
 
 I d-shn 
 
 (j th-shn 
 
 (j th-shn 
 U r-shn X 
 /O m-shn vr> n-shn 
 
 /^ j-shn 
 U s-shn 
 
 z-shn 
 
 P 1-shii C 
 ^<Z) njjc-slin 
 
 3 k-shn 
 
 — 3 g-sliu 
 cJ sh-shn 
 6/ zh-shn 
 
 i^ h-shn 
 
 103, On the strai,i>ht strokes, the s/ur-hook is made 
 on the opposite side from the w-hook; and on the curves 
 it is made in the position of the ?i-hook, but double its 
 size, as illustrated above. 
 
 104-. The most general use of this hook is at the ter- 
 mination of words; as \i option, \. ' portion. If a 
 vowel follows the stroke on which the hook is written, it 
 is read between the stroke and the hook ; as vj evasion^ 
 
 reJatlon,, -l/* adoration^ l* consideration. 
 
 8 (by) 
 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ' ' 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 
 ii 
 
 iit 
 
 
 \\i 
 
 ' 
 
 
 '• i^ 
 
 
 ;' t 
 
 ij^i 
 
 ;. * I 
 
 I ' 
 
 ' :< t 
 
 ^•^: m 
 
 % 
 
 
^g^^tg^ 
 
 k^^ 
 
 i'( k 
 
 < 
 
 90 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOdRA I'HY. 
 
 \. 
 
 Beading Exercise XXVIII. 
 
 
 Writing Exercise XXIX. 
 
 Pojon, staj'on, kompafon, iunbijon, kondijon, iirgajon, 
 konuinikajon, diirajon, pt-tijon, indikajon, fu;>;on, inva^^on, 
 ihl^on, revohifon, koiisolajon, >.inojon, admijon, naj'oii, 
 amiinijon. Profii.'/jOn, roformiijon, selekj'on, dclcgajon, depri- 
 vajon, siipervigon, koliBgon. 
 
 Petijoner, eksekiijoner, oka^^onal, rovohijonari. Pajonz, 
 sedijonz, visonz, e£ii30iiz, mijonz, nojonz, administrajonz. 
 
 105. The .sA/2-hook is ofton conveniently used in the 
 
 middle of a woiu , thus, Ls- cUcflonrwii/, y^^Cj^ rev- i; 
 olutuniary, 
 
 lOG. The s-circ'lc may be added by writin'! it dis- 
 tinctly on the inside of these hooks, to the straiL"ht 
 strokes as well as th^ curves; thus, b condliionSj ^"^^^ 
 invasions, 
 
 107. Word-signs. — \^ohJi'clion,\^ mljcctwn, — = 
 occasion. 
 
 iy y ypy^ff^i t if^^>»>ffy»>»f»f>f>>»>>> ^^'y^'f^W »f f f yiPf »^ 
 
 
-^ 
 
 tlis- 
 
 rajon, 
 
 laj'on, 
 dopri- 
 
 ijonz, 
 onz. 
 
 xih«iAi*A**A*4bAAA*a 
 
 I i >a< » 
 
 VOW K L CONT II ACT K ) NS. 
 
 Ul 
 
 108. VownL Contractions. — The vowels ])eiMg so 
 simply and easily ioruuul, but little is to be desired in 
 the way of abbreviating the method of writing them; 
 but as consideralde tiuui is lost by lifting the pen in 
 passing i'mm one to another, it is no small advantage to 
 write two vowel sounds in one sign, where it can bo 
 done \ Ithout ambiguity. Such a contraction is (|uite 
 common in words where the short vowel I immediately 
 precedes another (tf the sinipb' Is ; as in the words 
 
 uariotis, cJJltttHd, cnunciutioii, ni ' <y uiing ne.irly like 
 
 vari/i(s, cjjlui'i/d^ cniiiirijatlo)i, r ••" i'iiis coalition of 
 
 vowels so nearly pro'luees the . nuuh.aons ?/r', y>i, jjo^ ijti, 
 that the signs for these improper diphthongs are used in 
 such cases; thus, V /^ t;a/'4o<<iS, ,y^^ asaociatiuii, y^Ji 
 ratio. 
 
 100. Dissyllabic Dipiitiiongs. — The following is 
 an additional scale of diphthongs, simply formed, and 
 some of which are very useful : — 
 
 ei 
 
 as in 
 
 Ionia. 
 
 ai 
 
 (11 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 (Di ; 
 
 claycij^ '^ snowy ^ 
 
 owimj 
 
 ing^ ll_ stoic ^ [^ 
 
 110. The close diphthong heard in the word aye^ 
 though ditiering but little from ^ \ t, is written thus, yj 
 
 Reading Exercise XXIX. 
 
 i^F^^K^^-^^l^^^r^FWW W 9 W W ¥ m mW W ^ 9W9 W WW<l <m WW^Wf9f'9WWW99fW9' 
 
 r i 
 
 
 '>'« '* 
 
 'I 
 
 11 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 M 111112.5 
 
 ^ 1^ ill 2.2 
 
 !: lio 12.0 
 
 I. 
 
 1.8 
 
 U IIIIII.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /i 
 
 / 
 
 ^ *^ '^# v'^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 PhotDgraphic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ,\ 
 
 s? 
 
 \\ 
 
 rv 
 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 >> 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 "<♦ 
 

 
■***AA*AA*^MM^^^*rfiAAAAAAA*tf . 
 
 92 
 
 MANUAL OF PllONO(iKAl'lI Y. 
 
 ^ ^ ( " 
 
 /^ 
 
 Writing Exercise XXX. 
 
 • Envius, evonens, glorius, serins, konvcnicns, ekspcriens, 
 variajon, enunfiaj'on, koiisiliajon, abreviajon, piiliajon, alevi- 
 ajon, hotiicopiif)i. 
 
 Klai, floi, biloi, stoikal, glip. 
 
 Ambifon iz dc 'okagoti' ov scdijon, konfu^on, and desola- 
 Jori, and ar^zez 'everi' evil etnoj'on and pajun. 
 
 An as, pikit) up a Ijonz skin Inviq had 'bin' tron awa, i)iit 
 it on; and runii) intu dc wudz and pcistynrz, bci^an tm bra, in 
 imitajon ov de lj/)nz rcjr, hwiq tnij de t'loks intu toribl kon- 
 fi|;-5on. At kujfl de oner kuui alor) and wud hav bin struk wid 
 koustcrnajon oiso, but 'upon' hiz lisniij nior klosli, he smn so 
 de ilii3on in de vcs, and se, niorover, de otsez crz stikii) st. 
 
 W^TW^ 
 
 '>»»»» »ff»¥»^ X »i 
 
 -^ 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 > 
 
 < 1 
 
 < 
 < 
 < 
 
t 
 
 t 
 
 y i» » » D »' 
 
 >^*rfh^*A*^ 
 
 ,9//.V HOOK EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 
 
 \y^ 
 
 Wid no ho/.itajou he ran up tu dc as, and wid hiz kujel bet 
 him scvtrli, suiy: 
 
 "Yjj fci)!, yd) hav 'bin' de *olca3on' ov sk.^rii) de flolcs, but j;l 
 hav yai tu no oldo y<D lulv Ijk a lion, yot yu> bra lik an as!" 
 
 APLIKCrXON. — Afektajon iz Jur tu ekspoz a man tu de- 
 rigon in proporjon tu hiz asumjon. 
 
 Review. — (103.) On which side of the straight strokes is tho shn-hook 
 made? How is it made to the curves? (lOi. j H<iw is tho s/ui-luiuk rciid? 
 (Ido.) How may it bo used except at tho terrainJition of words? (lOO,) 
 How is tho s-circlc ailded? (107.) What are tlie word-si;^ns? ( 103.) i-^x- 
 plaiti the vowel contracLions. (109.) The dissyllabic diijhthoiigs. Uow 
 is aye written? 
 
 m mww*9ww¥wwwwm99m v ^t'^'i^^^ »>>>»»>»< > "-^ -■ ••*»••»»•••••• wrw^'^'-w' 
 
 ■ > 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 if; I. 
 
 i ■ 
 
 ^' 
 
 |i';| i 
 
 m\ 
 
 i:f 'If 
 
 IH'W 
 
 ■^'im 
 
■'■■^-■-■''^■-■- 
 
 ■■"'■''-■'■•■''''-t t_l_ 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 
 J ess on 10. 
 
 HALF-LENGTH STROKES. 
 
 In consequence of the frequent recurrence of the 
 sounds t and d, it is found very convenient, and 
 f-omctimes necessary, to give them anotlier and more 
 contracted representation. 
 
 110. But every philosophical means has already been 
 resorted to for the purpose of givinu' to Phonography 
 the ultimatum of brevity ; and if the following scheme 
 has only the semblance of philosophy in it, it will be as 
 much as can be expected. In chemistry, it is well 
 known, the more a substance — a poison, or steam, for 
 instance — is concentrated, the greater is its power: so, 
 in order to get a repetition of the consonants t and d 
 without writing them at length, the single strokes \ and 
 
 I , by b'^ing compressed into half thr'tr loitjfli, are made 
 to repi t the addition of a ^and d. llesort is had to 
 th > san^e means for the addition of t and d to all the 
 other consonants, except the strokes y, w, h, ng^ which 
 ara not made half-lcnuth. 
 
 111. To illustrate this principle, suppose the word 
 faded is to be written: there are three consonants in it, 
 all downward strokes, which would carry the last d the 
 length of two strokes below the line; but by making the 
 first d half its usual length, another d is supposed to be 
 added, and the word is thus neatly written : ^ faded. 
 
 (y-1) 
 
 f . 
 
 
"^^ 
 
 > 
 
 I > 
 I > 
 
 ► 
 
 -"■"'"" 
 
 •A^AA^^^^Am^M^mM 
 
 ^A^MkArf^ 
 
 ' P^ 
 
 HALF LENGTH STROKP]S 
 
 (»" 
 
 »;) 
 
 The principle is further illustrated by the foHowiiif4" 
 
 words: \ talk, [_ talked; /^\ lorap, /^^ icrupi>' d; t, v 
 
 live, ^ lived. 
 
 112. A vowel before a half-length consonant is read 
 
 before both letters ; as \ apt, *) cast, >i art, ; act; but 
 
 when placed after, it is read immediately after the jtri- 
 mary letter, and the added t or d follows it; thus, ""^ 
 caught, ^ read, \ spite, [^ contempt, ^ little. 
 
 113. As a general thing the light strokes, when 
 halved, are follov^ed by the light sound t; as, ( thouyht, 
 "^"V gift^ ^ fonght; and the heavy ones by the heavy 
 sound d; thus, ,^) tiscd, ^^\< moved. Frequently, 
 however, the heavj sound d, is read from a half-length 
 light consonant, and vice versa, the light sound t is read 
 from a half-lengjh heavy consonant; as, /"-^(^ melted, 
 
 >. peopled, ( V^^ alphahet. 
 
 114. Since, however, the heavy strokes occupying 
 the places of r, I, m, and n, are not made half-length, 
 these four letters, when followed by a d, are, for the 
 
 sake of distinction, made heavy; as, X* cheered, ""f" old, 
 
 '^ . I* 
 
 \^ formed; and light when a t follows; as, ">( art, l^ 
 
 delight, ~\^ remit. The I is struck upward wdien t is to 
 be added, and when d, downward, since in this direction 
 it is more easy to make a heavy stroke. 
 
 115. Strokes beginning or ending with the s-circle, 
 or either of the hooks, or both hook and circle, are also 
 made half-length, when necessary; thus, n sjyeed^ \ 
 swift, T treat, \ complete,'^ freight, \* straight,'] settled; 
 >» heads, ,^ mates, \. hand, \i patient, <^. plant, «-, grand; 
 the order of reading being the same as in the full length 
 strokes. 
 
 "^»^«i»«riw'F^F»" 
 
 •^^^^^F^F^^F^^^f 
 
 r I 
 
 'f ■', 
 
 :'U 
 
 imu 
 
li^ 
 
 ih^ft^AArfM 
 
 ■A*a 
 
 ■AAAAAArfbAAA 
 
 96 
 
 MANUAL OF I'lIONOdRAlMlY. 
 
 116. It must be observed that when the circle s is 
 written to a huir-leiij^th consonant it must be read after 
 the added t or (7; because the 8 is added to the consonant 
 after it has been halved, and because it cannot he addrd 
 to the circle ; thus, \- pat^ \; pats, (not past^^ \. fat, Vj 
 fats, (not fast.') 
 
 117. Half-length consonants, unconnected with other 
 strokes, should be employed only for words containing 
 but one vowel; as ^ void, V' oiiijht; and the two full 
 leno'th letters should be used in words containing two 
 or more vowels ; as >-. avoid, '^\ unit. 
 
 118. The past tense of verbs ending like \^ part, are 
 more conveniently written thus, \/'^' parted, than ^^ 
 
 119. There are a few words in which t and d occur 
 three times in succession, which make it necessiiry to sep- 
 arate the half-length from the long stroke ; as, •' |^ attitude. 
 
 120. Since the half-lengths occupy only a portion of 
 the usual space, they follow the rules given to the hori- 
 zontals, of accented vowel positions, above or on the line 
 according as the consonant has a first, second, or third 
 place vowel; thus, i street, °\ spread, ^^ find, \^ found. 
 
 Reading Exercise XXX. 
 
 ^v 
 
 
 vi>/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ ^' ^ 
 
 J 
 
 ^ 
 
 >— 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
. lArfkAAiAAAAAi^^^Ai^^^^^t^rf^'^ 
 
 i*n**ai 
 
 ■<•*<[ 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 
 HALF LENGTH HTUOKES. 
 
 97 
 
 Reading Exeikish XXXE 
 
 Pet 
 
 sent; — 
 
 k^nts 
 
 \_)!3tV0tk'ci n. iicLi^u, iiiiiiiu, mil 111, J — 
 
 upward, persevd, ^jld, lektyiird 
 
 121. Under certain circumstances t and d sliould not 
 be represented by half-length strokes: First, When a 
 vowel follows t or d at the end of a word; thus, having 
 -— /" guilt, we cannot make guiltij by placing y after the 
 half-length I, for it would then read guilit; hence the 
 stroke t must be written in order to give a place after it 
 for the vowel; thas, ^^' guilfg. Second, In many 
 words of one syllable, where if the vowels were omitted, 
 or indistinct, they would be mistaken for the vowel 
 word-signs; thus, \ had, instead of \.; \ j^>z<^, in- 
 stead of \, Third, When the half-stroke would not 
 make a distinct angle with the preceding or followin 
 stroke, as 
 
 I «me?icZpnstead of 
 
 122. 
 
 {quite 
 could 
 
 f particular-ly 
 ^ I opportunity 
 
 ( 
 
 (gen 
 (gen 
 
 !eann( 
 accou 
 
 y 
 
 (that 
 I without 
 
 itlemen 
 itleman 
 
 great 
 called'i' 
 
 HALF-LENGTH WORD- SIGNS. 
 
 (God 
 good 
 
 ot 
 ount 
 
 {went 
 wont 
 
 i not 
 ) nature 
 
 " might* 
 ) establish -ed 
 
 ( imi 
 ( ma 
 
 r 
 1 
 ( 
 
 ment 
 
 immediate-ly 
 de 
 
 ( Lord 
 ( word 
 
 told 
 toward 
 
 thought* 
 after 
 
 spirit* 
 under 
 
 according-ly* P short* 
 
 ^ world 
 
 ^ 
 
 V^p«iV^i^V^pi^)np^FViVi^r^pV^i|FVW<FV^r^PVT^>^V^<*"l'WrWV^rV«>W^r^FV^ •*•*••*• 
 
 1> 
 
 II 
 
 •I 'N 
 
 ^1 
 
 'iili 
 
 i 
 
 HM 
 
 ijli 
 III I 
 
 
 • '1 l^'l 
 
u 
 
 i 1 
 
 98 
 
 MANUAL Ol! 
 
 ' I'llONOUllAniY. 
 
 ■■■ 
 
 Reading E 
 
 ^'ERCISE XXXI. 
 
 V 
 
 • 
 
 ^ -, ^ 
 
 ) C . 
 
 V \ 
 
 K^ K 
 
 s ./V 
 
 * 0- 1, 
 
 ^ ( 
 
 V v_^ 
 
 /1,\ 
 
 ^ < /i 
 
 A ■ 
 
 , J C^^^\yj 
 
 >/\<rr". 
 
 ) < . 
 
 ^^ '^ \ ^ 
 
 ^ V A. 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 ^OP --v \ 
 
 -^ \ vf. 
 
 vr^ ( 
 
 V 
 
 . ^ V 
 
 X -3 
 
 ^ \^K 
 
 . .) 
 
 C ^A ^ 
 
 ■" "S-' 
 
 ^- ^,^^ 
 
 ->■- 
 
 - \^ 
 
 r^x 
 
 " ^ O 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 • ^T^^ 
 
 , . ^ 
 
 « 
 
 
 ^ 'N , A 
 
 ^ O- /^ N "^ 1 
 
 
 ' ^ ') 
 
 X 
 
 
 I 
 
* >*• I , 
 
 <^ww* » * 
 
 y 
 
 ) 
 
 >^*a 
 
 ■<iAAAAi*< ••ai**<i>**«>*> ^AA<l^i<b<^iiAil^^Mfc^fc^d^Mli>A^AA< 
 
 HALF LKNdTlI STl^OKKS. 
 
 99 
 
 U 
 
 Whiting Exeucise XXXII. 
 
 LORENS LaZI, eu LP^KNHJ FQXOGRAFI. 
 
 Ti.i If^rn, er 'not' tii lern, 'd;it' iz dc kwestyon: 
 
 Hwefior 'tiz nobler in cle rniiul tu safer 
 
 3e kompleks kwiblz ov arnbii^yiius Loghand; 
 
 Gr tu opoz; wifl pen and vers a tszaud erorz, 
 
 And, bj dpozii], end doni? — Tu lern, — tu rjt, — 
 
 And, h'l F(Dnoy;rai'i tu sa we end 
 
 <Ie fol.siti/, de tszand tedyus ib 
 
 Loi)hiind pr(;)diisez — 'tiz a konsumajon 
 
 Dcvbtli tu be wijt. Tu rjt; — tu l^rn; — 
 
 Tu lern! but den tu wurk; — qi, di^r-z i\c rub; 
 
 Fer, tu akw-jr dis q,rt, hwot tcl ma kuni 
 
 ^r I kan Jul'l of mj habits old, 
 
 Xud giv me poz; di\r*z de rcsjiekt 
 
 'clat' maks Orfcografi ov so loi) Ijf; 
 
 For hoi wud b!\r de imimerabl ilz ov Loghand, 
 
 Its bcirbarus leijf^, its anibi_u;iyti, 
 
 Its qild-tormentir) difikulti/,, and 
 
 Its wont ov rojl, tugcder wid de tcrl 
 
 Ilwicj j)aj'ent sUrjliz ov sur; a sistem hav, 
 
 II wen lie himself *init' hiz reiesinent mak 
 
 Wid a Duzn Lcsonz? Ua) yet wiid yn,z 
 
 clis bctrburus relik ov sv bj-gon daz, 
 
 But 'diit' de dred ov sumfciij tu be lyrnt, — 
 
 ('<Iat' wek unmauli ez, from ha)Z embras 
 
 No lazi man kan ^et,) — imzlz de wil, 
 
 And Tiaks him rader bq^r e*n folsitiz, 
 
 clan K"i. de trajt he yet noz nutii) ov. 
 
 tins indolens td) oft rctq,rdz de m^nd; 
 
 And dus de progres ov a y^sful q,rt 
 
 Iz cjckt, but not prevented; tor de tjm 
 
 Wil kuni hwen dis sam bref Fonografi 
 
 Eal trjumf o'r its fjnal oponent. 
 
 Review. -( lit).") What in the second motlo for representing t and d ? 
 Exjilain the phildsoijliy of hiilvin!; a con.^onant. (113.) What is the gen- 
 eral rule for kuowinj^ whether a t or a d is added? (114.) What strokes 
 are not written halt-ieiijfth? Wliat halt-leugth light strokes are made 
 heavy for the addition of c/ .^ In what direction are the half-lengths I 
 and r struck, fur the addition of d '/ for the addition of tf (1H>.) When 
 the circle s is written at the end of a half-length sign, is it read before or 
 after the addi'd t or d ? ( 119.) IIow are words written in which t and d 
 occur throe tinie.^ in succession? (121.) What is the first case in which a 
 stroke should not be halved for a following tovd? The second? the third? 
 
 ^»»»» M »^y»*»¥»¥»^ 
 
 iwnww w ^n^^w ww^'yww^F^^T^^^^^r^F^^n'^^^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 't ! 
 
 m 'i 
 
 } i 
 
 ::l 
 
 ■I 
 
 H 
 
 Ml 
 
>AAAAAA*i*dk*rfM 
 
 i*>>>>***ii 
 
 »******^A^ 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 
 lesson U. 
 
 SPECIAL CONSONANT CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 The 8-circle, initial and final hooks, and half-longth 
 stems, are contracted modes of writing that iiumit of 
 general application, and of jierfect vocalization. But 
 as Phonography studies the greatest degree of abbrevia- 
 tion, consistent with legibility, a few combinations of 
 consonants, and some syllables of frequent occurrence, 
 are provided with special forms of contraction, some of 
 which only are capable of vocalization. 
 
 Of these there are the frequent st, in the past parti- 
 ciple of verbs ending in s, in the superlative of adjtsc- 
 tives, and in many other words, as irrrsaed, wl&cat, ^^'.§ > 
 the str in the comparative of adjectives, &c., as J'aMi'r^ 
 sUter ; the initial bi^ of insfniafLOit, iiisj>ifaf.to)i, dr., and 
 the final s-shn of some nouns, as position; many of which 
 it would often be inconvenient to write with the means 
 thus far afforded. 
 
 There are also prefixes, derived from the Latin, of 
 frequent occurrence, but of inconvenient length, as 
 accom-plish, inron-sidcrate, rccom-jicnsc, enter -prise, circum- 
 vent. The method of writing these contractions consti- 
 tutes the last lesson proper of the system, and is one 
 that should receive special attention, in order that the 
 somewhat arbitrary mode of writing shall not be" for- 
 gotten. 
 
 IT 
 
 I > 
 
 'f T» >» I I » I 
 
 (100) 
 
 v*vv»v«*i«*v www^v^ 
 
 / 
 
> 
 > 
 
 •*A< 
 
 >AAAikAikA**AA< 
 
 ^H^^^^^irfta 
 
 i*AA< 
 
 '^-»-> 
 
 .S'7' AM) ST I! I.oul' 
 
 1<»1 
 
 TIIK l,()oi'S sr WD \//;. 
 
 123. Tlio plan of writliiix «'' in sdiiio sliortir w.iv tli.in 
 l)y the circle .s and stroke /, wis dcvisoil (.'liicfly j'or thi; 
 |)uvj)ose of still I'artlier oltviatiiig the (lilHciilty of words 
 ruiinliij;' too far hiilow the line. IJy Hiin])ly leiiiitheninL:; 
 the s-eircle to one-third the lenuth of the stroke on 
 whi(di it occurs, the sound of t is addiMl; thns, >o Ititxf^ 
 \ Aasr J, ^^^ rcjoirc, ^Q njoiral; \^ vast, '\ pru s/. 
 In other words, a loop written one -third the IciiLith of (he 
 consonant to which it is attached, represents the com- 
 bined sounds of s and f, with no vowel between them; 
 and by license it may also represent zd. 
 
 124. The s or 2! may be added for plurals, &c., by 
 striking the loop through the long sign and forming the 
 circle on the opposite side; as, ^ heasfs, -^ nests. 
 
 125. This loop may also be written initially; as in 
 the words '\ s/o^), •[' stdtr; ^ staff, , f^ sti/k. And it 
 may be used befwecn two strokes, only when written to t, 
 d, ch, j ; as (S^^ ^''«^{/y, Iv^'^y' (h'stinrjnish, ^ j'^^^'/jj- 
 
 120. When this loop is written in the position of the 
 r-hook, like the s-circle it takes the additional power of 
 r; thus, ^ stooper, '^ sticker; and when turned in 
 the ^;?-hook position, it assumes the power of that hook; 
 as J" condensed, —^ri against. 
 
 227. Half-length strokes also admit of the s^loop, to 
 a limited extent ; as ' rw'dst, ^S student. 
 
 128. When a word begins with a vowel, followed by 
 St or zd, the half-length stroke, and not the loop, must 
 be used; as, "l^^ history, l-—^ ivisdom, /-^ system. 
 
 129. By extending the loop to two-thirds the length 
 of the stroke, r is added ; as in the words ^ Webster, 
 Q sister, ^^ master. This loop should not be used 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 h 
 
 li 
 
 h: 
 
 ^^^^^^^^wwm^¥W9wwww't*wwww^ww¥¥www'*9*w9W9W9W<>w9Wwww*'r9mw w' w-' 
 
!••■ > i I V 
 
 102 
 
 MANIIAFi OF 1'IH>.N()«UIAI>IIV. 
 
 initially. It nuiy })o turn(!(.l on the y^-hook side of the 
 Btruko to expr*!ss //«//•; as \^ fjiinshr; and the circle s 
 may ])e used as with the s^lo()p ; thus, i><v, J\nh:rn, ^^^^ 
 masters. 
 
 IIJO. WoilD-siox. — The .s^l()op is used as a word-siuni 
 for fii'»t, written on the lino and inclined to the right, 
 thus, 6 . 
 
 Reading Exercise XXXTT. 
 
 ix 
 
 ^'•'^ ^/^ .X %. l-<f'^' G- 
 
 ^ A V /^ •'^ ^ \ \ V. 
 
 Writing Exercise XXXIII. 
 
 Past, host, dust, tast, cjest, kost, gust, fest, safest, rost, 
 arest, ar?jzd, rust, lest, last, mist, moKi,, aniiizd, fjuest, de- 
 nsnst; — stoop, stodl'ast, stiii^nant, stif^ stov, ster, stii, stem; 
 — stoper, stajer, stager; — distiijktli, irstifikajon; — bpsts, hosts, 
 leasts, rezists, infests, masts; — sti o, sterd, stord, stamt; — 
 kondenst, agenst. Bo.ster, bluster, faster, blister, sister, im- 
 postor; — punster, spinsters. Stated, advanst, suprest, pretekst, 
 prodiist. 
 
 f 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 ^»tw»yir^ > I > I I www^^^y^r^v<f% > f > f ^^wwrw^ »*»»»i»»t»Pt»»>»i 
 
—■■•■'•■-' >^,^,,,-. 
 
 ■AAA^AAl 
 
 ■*<kA**A*A*Ml 
 
 EXEIICISES ON THE ST LOOP. 
 
 103 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 r.EADINU EXEKCLSE XXXIII. 
 
 '' 
 
 iir,.! 
 
 J. 'K 
 
 A 
 
 lit 
 
 ;: '7 
 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 Writing Exercise XXXIV. 
 
 as TEMPEST.— On dc 'ferst' da ^t de master ov ^r fast 
 salii) vesel, in de midst ov a kq,m, profcst tu se in de distant 
 west a teribl storm aproqii). At 'ferst' we hist, but scon de 
 fomir) krests danst iqoon de Avavz; de blakest kl^dz lu)md up; 
 de fersest Ijtnii) perst dc glajm; de Jqrpest and heviest tunder 
 mad stxtest hqrts trembl. Se sterner, mentjm, forst h§r wa, 
 brestig de biloz bravli. Stedili sterig fer de distant port, we 
 suprest 3r ferz and sat'li regt de land. 
 
 '^ 
 
 ,1 ^r 
 
 5ti 
 
I 
 
 >4MktfliAAi*a 
 
 i**>**»***»*Adfc<iA^ti^ii<bAJ^iA^AAi>AiX 
 
 t^A^A^k^ 
 
 104 
 
 MAN [I A L OF PHONOOllAPilY. 
 
 PECULIAR MODE OF WUITING iW AND SIIJV. 
 
 131. When the sounds sj^r, str, and s/iT follow w in 
 such words as {anprration, inafnict, inscrihe, it is impossi- 
 ble, witli the former mode of writing n, to write the circle 
 sr to the strokes p, t, Jc, without making it on the back 
 of the n, thus ^\ , which is difficult to do, and un- 
 seemly when done. To obviate this difficulty the stroke 
 ^— ^ is permitted, in these cases, to be struck backward 
 or vertically, as the nature of the case may require ; but, 
 as there is never occasion for any vowel but the first 
 place ^, the stroke for the n need not be written full 
 length ; indeed, it may be regarded as the n-hook used 
 initially ; thus, M -> instruction^ r^ insujyerable^ 
 inscription. ^ 
 
 132. In a considerable class of words the syllable 
 tion follows after the sound of s or z^ as position^ decision^ 
 (fct!., which would require that the strokes for these 
 sounds, with the s/m-hook appended, be employed ; but 
 such would be inconvenient forms, and hence it is 
 allowable to use the circle and turn a hook for tion on 
 the opposite side of the stroke ; thus, \ decision, "^ 
 supposition; the saiiie license is allowed for the loops st 
 ands^/*; thus, ^'p/^ mokstafion, -f^ illustration. This 
 hook is used in some such words as ^^ persuasion ; and 
 it may also be used when followed by the termination 
 al; as, \o positional. 
 
 133. If it be required to write the syllable tion after 
 ws, the circle for the latter combination may be em- 
 ployed, and the hook turned on the opposite side ; thus, 
 
 "^ compensation. The plural may be formed, in all 
 these cases, by adding the circle to the s7m-hook ; thus, 
 x^ su2)C'rstitions, Ji condensations. 
 
 
 ^r^^r^T^ ffii»>>»<iy> »*>>>< ^T^'iwr^^wrT^yy^^^p'^'^yTy^y^Ty^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
i: 
 
 -~v ■■■-..- ^■. 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE INITIAL 3', AC. 
 
 105 
 
 Keadinq Exercise XXXIV. 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 «• 
 
 •-TS< Jk ^ L-^iA, X 
 
 \ 
 
 \'\ L^ <^ \^ Vj,/' \^x 
 
 Writing Exercise XXXV. 
 
 Insiiperabl, instrukt, instrcDment, instrcDmentaliti, inskribd, 
 inskrcatabl; — pozijon, desigon, kozujon, sivilizajon, miizijan; 
 — manifestajon, iiikrnstajon, kondonsajon, dispensajon; — sux?- 
 ozijonz, akiizajonz, ilustrajonz, sensaj'onz. 
 
 Studi kondensajon in ycor stjl ov kompozijon, for do it ma 
 kost yo) sum trubl at i'erst, yet it wil asist ycD tu master p^r- 
 spiki|,iti and presison, on de akwizijon ov bwiq, cjast and pser- 
 ful rjtig iz bast. Promted b) a dczjr for dc akwizijon ov wolfi, 
 man steinz de stormz ov de ojan, liuidz on ovcri kost, in sjijt 
 ov dc gratest danjerz arjzii] from kljmat or dc hand ov unsivil- 
 jzd man. Relijon foloz in dc vvak ov koniers, kontcndii) agenst 
 its evilz; and diis, hwjl savaj najonz qr blest wid de Ijt ov siv~ 
 ilizajon, da qr put in pozojon ov dc wurd ov inspiraj'on, and 
 tet de ogust trcodz ov de gospel dispeiisajon. 
 
 W^WWW99*W9WfWWW9W*<fW<»WWW^9Wm¥^^f 
 
 « « • vvvwvi 
 
 in? 
 
 ' 
 
 '! 
 
 I 
 
 !l 
 
 14 
 
 ii 
 
 '1. 
 
 i; 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
106 
 
 MANUAL OF I'lIONOOllAniY. 
 
 Review.— (123.) How are st and zd written? (124.) ITuw may *i 
 cin^le bo fwldcd? (125.) In what sitnation.s may tlio loop bo wriltei 
 (126.) When written in tho place of the ;'-hook, what power docs it giro 
 the stroke? What, when written in the «,-hook place? (127.) How 
 should the words midd and student bo written? (128.) In what case is 
 tho loop not to be used? (129.) How is sti' written? What effect does 
 it have on this loop to place it on the w-hook side? If the sound of s fol- 
 low, how is it vritten? (130.) What is tho word-sign in this lesson? 
 (131.) When is it necessary to use the peculiar mode of writing n? How 
 is it written? (132.) Under what circumstanoo is the peculiar shn em- 
 ployed? How is it written? (133.) Suppose it bo required to write shn 
 after lis, how is it done? If s follow tho ehn, how may it be written? 
 
 ••^^^*^^^l^^"P^^^^^^^«»"^^"^r^l^^^^^"^»^^^"^^^«"«^^^^^F^F^F^^^"^»*% 
 
""'^1 
 
 *; 
 
 3Ces3fln 12. 
 
 PREFIXES AND OTHER CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 134. Prefixes. — The following are some additional 
 prefixes and affixes that are found convenient and su^i- 
 gestive with the advanced phonographer. They should 
 be written near the word, but not joined. 
 
 Acco7n is expressed by a heavy dot, placed before the 
 initial end of the following consonant ; thus, \__j; 
 accompany, \o accomplice. 
 
 Oircum, by a small circle placed in the first vowel posi- 
 tion of the next consonant; as, J^ circumstance^ 
 "^ \ cnrcumscribe. 
 
 Decern, by I as, I >o decomposition. 
 
 Discom, discon, by L as, Lo^ disconcerted. 
 
 Incom. incon, by — ^ written above the other part of 
 the word ; as, *\* incomplete, '°ljy inconsistent. 
 
 Inter, Intro, by ^ in any position near the following 
 letter ; as, ^ Vr» interview, LLo" introduction. By 
 some kind of license the frequent word interest is 
 allowed to be written thus: | , the prefix inter 
 being united with the stroke st. 
 
 Irrecon, by i as, V ^ irreconcUahle. 
 
 ' m w^ww9wwn9w^w^'*wwwwww^'rww<t »y^^^^^i^^F^^»»yy y^>» »»*>>»»>y< * 
 
 (107) 
 
 
 n !<1 
 
 •1 
 
 !■ 'I 
 
 m\ 
 
 I 
 
 !. 
 
 i 
 
 ■\^ 
 
 ii 
 
 % 
 
 m 
 
 (t^:'; 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 i 1 
 
1 *- ■*■*■**■ "-^-^^--^-^ ^^^-.^^^ . ,,^^^^^^>.^^^^. 
 
 .•••^^•••••l 
 
 •AA< 
 
 108 
 
 MANUAL OF IMIONOCJIIAIMI Y. 
 
 Mofjtui, ttuffjiu', ]iy ^""^ written aliovo the after part of 
 the word; us, ':^>— ^ 'm<i(jiianlmims, \^ ma<jn!fij. 
 
 Rr.cofj^ by ^^ as, / v^-^ recoynizc. 
 
 liecom, rccon, by /^ as, y^ recommend^ ■^'o\ rccon- 
 cilahlc. 
 
 Sf'If, by a circle at the middle place of the next conso- 
 nant; as, J/' selfish. 
 
 Unrom, inicon, by ^^ ^ written on the line ; as, ^-^ ?m- 
 
 common 
 
 i 
 
 unconditional. 
 
 It is allowable to represent a prefix which is similar 
 in sound to one of the foretjoing, by one of the signs 
 there furnished ; thus, ^ may represent enter, as well 
 as inter ; and ^— ^ may represent encum, incum, as well 
 
 as incom, mean. 
 
 135. Affixes. — The following affixes are written 
 near the preceding part of the word: — 
 
 BlUty, by \ as, y\.diirahlllti/, ^^ prohahillty. 
 
 Ly, hy ( written after the word ; thus, "^t^ /^ 'patiently, 
 \ji ( constantly. But where it can be written on 
 without lifting the pen, it is better to do so ; thus, 
 .V> abundantly^ 
 
 Mcnt, by ^-^ as, -J:^ atonement, Jv> contentment. But 
 it may often be written without disconnecting it 
 from the body of the word. 
 
 Self, by a circle, as, ^ myself. Selves, by making the 
 circle double size ; as, (o themselves, f^ yourselves. 
 
 Ship, by y as, Jy lordship. 
 
 136. A word-sign may be used as a prefix or an 
 
 affix; as, ^ adva.ntayeous, ' iC hereafter. 
 
 w^pv^'WvrviFV^^^v^v^rir'P'^F*" 
 
 »»»» » » >*»»>ii>»»>>yy 
 
 I 
 
'^^TTP' 
 
 I*"*— *--*-^-^-^-*^-*^-^-^ ^^^^-^-->^-.-..-...-..^-..^....-^>^>..^>.-.-.-.-...-.-^-^--.^-.^^^-.^-^-^ 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 
 EXERCISE ON I'UKFIXES AM) AFFIXES. 
 
 109 
 
 Reading Exercise XXXV. 
 
 ■^- 
 
 FJ 
 
 
 
 '^x ^ ° _ /n-x~\ ^ 
 
 ( -"v 
 
 ^ X o>n 
 
 }■ 
 
 X 
 
 ! I 
 
 11 
 
 lij 
 
 t 
 
 . !»1 
 
 i 
 
 1:4 
 
 
 pyy»»»yfff»»»<i»>»»» »» p^»>f»»»>»»»^>»»»»»»^»i'y» i »f py^"^^^* 
 
I"-""^""^" 
 
 l0**^***>^^*<l*«t*>l 
 
 .^^^^^^^^-.^■>^^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ■ —^ 
 
 110 
 
 MANirAfi OF I'lIOXfKillAlMlY. 
 
 Writing Exercise XXXVI. 
 
 Akomplijtncnt, nkomodafon, serkumfleks, serkumnaviorat, 
 (lekotnpoz, diskontiiiynd, inkonipatihl, iiikoiisoliild, inter- 
 iipjon, iiitro(h[s, mii'j;iiil;isent, rekoifiiijoii, rckoiisiliajou, .solf- 
 aj'i{rans, uiik()mprGiT)j/-ir), posibiliti, konsekweiitli, himself, 
 horsinanjip, djyi'or, displc^Hr. 
 
 Lern tu akomodat yourself tu sorkiimstansoz. Sorkiimstan- 
 Jid evidons Jud 1)8 kojusli cntortaiid ai^cnst Iniin'iii Ijt'. Be 
 .sorknmspokt in ol y(i)r waz. It is unkoiit'ornuibl tu tnuft t'l 
 sa diit koini)!iJon, t'roiidjip, i^s., q,r at (h botom onli seU'iJnns 
 in dts<j;iz; bcko/ it iz we T^rselvz lito frl l)lP[',iir or pan in dc 
 [fuu or evil ov udorz; for de menig ov solf-luv iz, not dat it iz 
 i dat luvz, but dat j luv misclf. 
 
 If de erf) be sorkumskrjbd at de ekwator, Ave o])tan its 
 ,ii;ratest serkunil'erons, hwiq iz ab?jt 24,780 mjiz; a mai,niitipl 
 hvviq we kan not term inkonsevabl, oldo we ina not (Mitertan a 
 vcri distipkt jdca ov it, muq mor wmd de savaj be nnkoiijus ov 
 the fakt and nnkonvinst, in s[)jt ov y(i)r endovorz tu pni)v it. 
 For unlos tanjibl })r(i)f akumpani de aserjon, ym kan not akorn- 
 plijycnram, and suq prtuf iz nnkontrovertibli imposil)!. We 
 rekomend tu ol, never tu undertak givig a sorkunistanjal 
 eksplanajon tu doz ho) qr inkompetent tu understand it. 
 
 137. Nominal Consonant. — It is sometimes neces- 
 sary to express one or more vowels or diphthon<is Avitli- 
 out a consonant. In this case 'f -f j^, may be em- 
 ployed as oiitlinos having no specific values, to which 
 the vowels may be placed ; thus. ^ E., for Fdiranl or 
 EJmimd; "j A., for Alfred; ^ JEdh, an Irish family 
 surname, kc. The dash-vowels may he struck throug/i 
 the nominal consonant, as 1 0., for Oliccr, \ if. 
 Projicr names should be written in full when they are 
 known. 
 
 T^ > ¥ > P I 
 
 i»» » » 
 
)1- 
 l-h 
 
 > 
 « 
 
 I > 
 
 re 
 
 "*^-^^*■-^-■-^^*■^^^•^'■^-■-^-^^"'^"' 
 
 '-'■^^'■-■-■■•■■•■■^ 
 
 VAlirOUS CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 138. Stroke //. — The stroke h in generally upcd 
 
 when it is initial and ja, followed hy s; thus, ^;^^-^~^ 
 hasten; also when r and a vowel, or r and sonic other 
 
 consonant follow; thus 
 
 ■^^""^^ huny, ,.---"='^/' horizontal^ 
 hurt; also, in word's that contain no other conso- 
 nant than /iZ, and end in a vowel; thus, ^ ^ holy. 
 
 139. VOCALIZINQ THE LARGE CiRCLE. — The hiriiC 
 
 circle ss is understood to represent a syllable containing- 
 the vowels i or c, thus, sis or scs. It may be vocalized 
 to express any vowel or diphthong; as, 1^ ])ersuas'ive. 
 
 140. When p occurs between m and <, and h be- 
 tween 7ig and s/t, (the p and k being organically inserted 
 in speech, in passing to the next consonant,) these let- 
 ters may be omitted; thus, ^*v Ump^ C-i limped^ ^"^ 
 stamp, grv stamped, qX^ anxious, \^ distinction. 
 
 In cases where t comes between s and another conso- 
 nant, the t may generally be omitted without detriment 
 to legibility ; thus, x]~i^ mostly, Ji restless^ ^^ post- 
 
 pone. 
 
 mistake. 
 
 141. Op the. — The connective phrase "of the," 
 which merely points out that the following noun is in 
 the p'^ssessive case, is intimated by writing the words 
 between which it occurs near to each other, thus showing 
 by their proximity that the one is of the other ; thus, 
 f)<^\^ love of the beautiful, \<^ subject of the work. 
 
 I 
 
 Review. — (131.) ITow is tliR prefix acwwt written? Circnm? Decom? 
 Dm'oni; diiicnn? Jacom,inci'ii? Inier, intra; int. rest? Jrrerjin? Macjna, 
 viagnif Reanj; rciuin, r'^.a/n? Selff U)ici>'ni, vnam? How may enter be 
 written? Eiicmn vtciim? (135.} How is the affix Inlitij written? ly? 
 mentf self? sM;i? (Difi.) What is said about wonl-signs in this con- 
 nection? (137.) Kxpliiin the nominal connonant. (138.) Umler what 
 circumstances is the stroke h generally used? ( 13<,1.) How may the double 
 circle be vocalized? (140.) When may p be ouiitted? k, and tl (141.) 
 What is said of the phrase (if the. 
 
 WT^"»iv^«^^wwi»^'v*"rwvw*^"VP'»'^F^'wv^'^wrr*>v^^^'w^p«^»^"v^ 
 
 iiJ 
 
 
 i! 
 
 n 
 
 .!: 
 
 ill 
 
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^A.^^^^^^A.^^^^^^A.A.A.^^^ '■-■-^--■-■-■-■■'^-'in 
 
 UNVOCALIZED WRITING — PHRASEOGRAPHY, &C. 
 
 142. As in some of the preceding exercises the 
 manner of writing certain words has beer introduced 
 that would not admit of full vocalization, the learner 
 may commence omitting some of the least prominent 
 vowels in his common words. As a general thing these 
 omissions should be the unaccented vowels. But in 
 reporting, no vowels are inserted, except an occasional 
 one that is necessary to distinguish one word from an- 
 other, where both have the same consonant outline, It 
 requires a good degree of familiarity with the system to 
 be able to read this style of writing readily. After re- 
 ports are taken, however, it is customary to go over the 
 manuscript and insert the prominent vowels, so that any 
 one may afterward read it with ease. 
 
 143. Positive and negative words containing the 
 same consonants, should be distinguished thus : — When 
 the word commences with r, (except this letter is fol- 
 lowed by m,) write the upward r for the positive word, 
 and the downward one for the negative ; thus, y\, re- 
 spomlble^ o^ irrc^ponsihle : /^ rewlate, cP irresolute. 
 
 The common words ■pvV'^ mortal^ ..<C::L. immortal, 
 ,~^ material, S.^... immaterial, may be distinguished 
 by writing the positive on the line, and the negative 
 above it. In all other cases, insert the initial vowel in 
 the negative word ; thus, '^ ilkyible, &c. The vowel 
 should be written first, that it may not be omitted. 
 
 »>»> p I > I » w^ nm'9^¥w*ww*wf m w wo'^rrw^ »»>>»»»»y»»»>»>»^f>»»»»» 
 
 > 
 
 J 
 
 i^il) 
 
■^ 
 
 W*9 ' 
 
 -^-^'"--^-""-"-"■"'"-'"^-""'"'"'-"-^-^-^-^-^-''■•^-*^-^ '--^-^-^■^■^■'--•^■^-^■'-^- 
 
 WORDB HAVING THE SAME CONSONANTS. 
 
 li:i 
 
 L^T OF WORDS CONTAIXIXG THE SAMK CONSONANTS. 
 
 Diditigidnhinl hy a dijjcrence of outline. 
 
 sy \| pattern, patron 
 \ \ patient passionate 
 \/\^ *\ purpose, perliaps 
 %3 X/f proceed, pursued 
 N^ Ns^ property, propriety 
 
 preparation, appropriation proportion 
 
 N. ^v/) proportioned, proportionate. 
 
 *% 3 I protection, production 
 
 ] \/j pertain, appertain 
 ^\_ \/^ prosecute, persecute 
 ^ V -> ^sy prosecution, persecution 
 
 % 
 
 oppressor, pursuer 
 
 V ^ beautify, beatify 
 
 \/\ N birth, breath 
 
 [/] \ w. Tartar, traitor, trader 
 J 1/ train, turn 
 
 yyyy»> p »y>»f»f>>» > l|l>^>f»»*yf»»»» K ' » *»»»'»'>»»»>>»*»**>»> " 
 
 II 
 
 \h , 
 
 % 
 1H 
 
 i 
 
 It: 
 
 11' • 
 
 10 
 

 .^..,^^^-.^.^^^^^, 
 
 ■AAa 
 
 t^^^^t 
 
 >*-N 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 114 
 
 MANUAL OF niONOUHAlMlY. 
 
 J ^ lw< iittiiiii.-iblc, tuuublo 
 
 J]— li (Liuj^litcr, clu])ter, and (l(3ter 
 
 -^..-™.. L auditor, auditory, editor 
 1 K diseased, deceased 
 
 y L desolate, dissolute 
 
 y^ 1 desolation, dissolution 
 
 ILs l^^^^ idleness, dullness 
 
 demonstrate, administrate 
 
 ^ (/ agent, gentleman 
 ^ C^ gentle, genteel 
 
 V^ U-j^ 
 
 -f 
 
 cost, caused 
 
 < ! 
 
 — -yirr^^ collision, coalition, collusion 
 ^«w corporal, corporeal 
 
 n 
 
 
 V 
 
 credence, accordance 
 
 greatly, gradually 
 favored, favorite 
 
 fiscal, physical 
 
 
 %^ 
 
 lew^'^^MTww^f^w^r'r^^Fww^r'^'f^'^^Tt f f » » » v wwvwwr^ 
 
^^ 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 ■^,>A ^..^ ^ ^ 
 
 >AAA**A*AA*. 
 
 >AAA 
 
 AV(»IU)S IIAVINU THE SA.MK (JONSOXANTS. 
 
 ll.-) 
 
 \/ >| support, sojiartito 
 
 r f stciuly, study, — stuiiJ 
 
 J [ situation, station 
 9 J sure, assure 
 
 •^ /"^ labored, elaborate 
 /^-^ /^^i^ learned, v., «({/. 
 /| ^>^ ^ /Is writer, reader, orator, rhetor 
 
 /^ / I ruined, renewed 
 '•^-^ ^y impatient, imptissioned 
 
 \^ ^ innovation, invasion 
 ^V,^ w\^ indefinite, undefined 
 ^'^l^ -^^ unavoidable, inevitable 
 
 This list might bo greatly extended, but space will 
 not permit it here; from the examples given, the stu- 
 dent will learn what form to give each word, where 
 different outlines are required for words that might be 
 misread if written alike. Quite an extensive list of 
 words, two or more of them having the same outline, 
 necessarily, are distinguished by position; of which take 
 the following: piety,^ pitj)^ opposition,^ position,^ 
 possession ;3 prescription, i- proscription^, &c. 
 
r 
 
 ^^-■^-.^^^^.^^^.^^.^^ 
 
 IIG 
 
 MANUAL OF I'llONO'illAl'IIV. 
 
 ALL THE WORD-SHiNS ALI'HAIJKTICALLY ARIIANGKU. 
 Those marked ivith a * are wiitlen ahove the line. 
 
 *^ accorJing'l* 
 -^ account 
 / advantage 
 
 ^ after 
 — 3 aj>ain 
 
 ^ all'^' 
 ( alone 
 
 ' already* 
 
 . an, and 
 ^ are 
 
 as 
 \ be 
 
 >i been 
 '^ beyond* 
 
 1 but 
 «=— call* 
 =— called* 
 — 3 can 
 
 -^ cannot* 
 c — care 
 ^ child* 
 
 ., come 
 
 — could 
 
 dear 
 dlfliculty 
 
 do 
 done 
 
 J 
 
 ) establish-"'' . 
 
 lllUIlt 
 
 ^ every 
 
 first 
 ^ for 
 
 ^ from 
 
 ^ full 
 
 </^ <2cneral-ly 
 
 </ gentleman 
 
 </ gentlemen* 
 
 — gi^e-n* 
 
 - God* 
 
 — good 
 c— great 
 V have 
 
 ^•'-s him 
 
 A how 
 V l^ 
 
 ^^ immediate-ly* 
 '" ^ important * 
 ,^-^ improve-ment 
 
 — ^ in* 
 
 isMc 
 
 1 H 
 
 — kingdom* 
 s — ^ language 
 
 > Lord* 
 
 \ niembor 
 ^" might* 
 o — > more 
 ^^ Mr.* 
 ^"^ my, me* 
 vw^ nature 
 N.^^ no 
 ti.^ nor* 
 ^ not* 
 
 \ object 
 
 N^ objection 
 
 ' of* 
 
 I oh 
 '" on* 
 c_^ one 
 ^-—^ opinion* 
 \ opportunity 
 
 i or* 
 
 < 
 < 
 < 
 
 HH >» H > f >»»T»l»»»ff » »y»»i ) i H »>»»>f>l»l » >f»»f»t»»»>y » » >»>»» 
 
*^ate 
 
 ^a^d 
 
 trfMkl 
 
 ^hAak^*< 
 
 < 
 
 ALL THE WOUD-SIONS. 
 
 117 
 
 ^ OULjllt* 
 
 *^ particular* 
 Vo riionoi^raphy 
 ^ jjlciisurc 
 \ princip|'i-'y 
 — quite* 
 ^"^ remark* 
 
 \ remember 
 y shall-t 
 
 -^ short* 
 
 / sliould 
 
 J so 
 °\ spirit* 
 
 \ subject 
 \^ subjection 
 
 ^ sure 
 
 f tell, till 
 
 ( that* 
 
 • the* 
 
 ( them 
 
 (^ then 
 
 ) their, there 
 ^-^ thing* 
 ( think 
 
 C this 
 
 ( thought* 
 
 ) three 
 
 s to 
 together 
 
 P told 
 
 \ toward 
 
 ] truth 
 
 \ two 
 w under 
 
 \ ^? 
 \ upon 
 
 y usual 
 
 ) was 
 ^ way 
 
 ^ we* 
 (T well 
 c^ went* 
 
 c 
 
 were 
 
 ;> 
 
 what* 
 
 ^_- 
 
 ^when* 
 
 <y 
 
 where 
 
 y which 
 
 L 
 
 while 
 
 • 
 
 who 
 
 L 
 
 why* 
 
 r 
 
 will 
 
 c 
 
 with* 
 
 ( 
 
 without 
 
 c^ 
 
 wont 
 
 "^ 
 
 word 
 
 <y 
 
 world 
 
 ■> 
 
 would 
 
 w 
 
 yo* 
 
 u 
 
 yet 
 
 A 
 
 you 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 your 
 yours 
 
 On the following page is a different class of word- 
 signs, their signification being indicated by the positi*o 
 in which the sign is written to the line. Three positio 
 
 n 
 
 ns 
 
 are recognized : on the line, above the line, and through 
 or below the line. In the table the line of writing is 
 suggested by a dotted line, which will guide the learner 
 as to where the word should be written. 
 
 'I 
 
 rnw^F»^ri »»»»»ii» » fy»»»i 
 
 'v^^w^v^»*"Ff"*^** 
 
r 
 
 <^i^>Jti»i^ i t > t > < I 
 
 -""""'- 
 
 118 
 
 SI AN UAL OF PHONOGRAniY. 
 
 < 
 < 
 < 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 Allow 
 another 
 any 
 at 
 
 :x away 
 \ by 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 -1 
 
 (Hfferen*e 
 
 Doctor 
 down 
 
 during 
 
 ._.. each 
 /.. either 
 
 V 
 
 ever 
 --V;-- few 
 ••-f- had 
 ••"X- happy 
 
 hear, here 
 
 ^ 
 
 .1... 
 
 b 
 
 ~y~ 
 
 -/- 
 
 
 ■■•^- 
 
 however 
 if 
 
 itself 
 kind 
 large 
 may 
 mc, my 
 
 mind 
 much 
 neither 
 number 
 
 other 
 
 ought 
 
 our 
 
 ours 
 
 ourselves 
 
 out 
 
 own 
 
 __^_ perfect 
 
 ) 
 
 f 
 
 \ 
 
 ( 
 
 t 
 
 -(-• 
 
 .... 
 
 i 
 ->- 
 
 practicjibio 
 read 
 
 see 
 than 
 
 thank 
 
 thee 
 
 these 
 
 those 
 
 though 
 
 through 
 
 time 
 
 us 
 
 use (verb) 
 
 value 
 
 view 
 
 will (noun) 
 
 "▼■V^^F^f •» f * r'T^P'^TV^'^^F 
 
 y » ¥' ' 
 
 u 
 
 liP^ 
 
I fl 
 
 h) 
 
 r 
 
 N' 
 
 ^i^4^^iAA*AA^<b**A4^^i*A4^>^lM 
 
 CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 
 MMki^kiMbAAAA 
 
 119 I: 
 
 CONTKACTKD WORDS. 
 In addition to the word-si^ns that have been <^ivon, 
 represented by the alphabetic signs, simple and com- 
 pound, a list of contracted words is given fxdovv. Tliese 
 are abbreviated by giving the more prominent conso- 
 nants that would be employed in writing the word in 
 full. Words having a * atfixed are written above the 
 line. 
 
 / acknowled 
 
 ge 
 
 "7 acknowledged 
 
 \ 
 
 because-S^ 
 doctrine 
 
 I 
 
 J especial-ly 
 
 '•^ expensive 
 %/ extraordinary 
 1 extravagant 
 V^ forward 
 
 ^^ highly* 
 -^"0 himself 
 — !^. imperfect 
 imperfection 
 importance* 
 r::<\.. impracticable 
 ^^ inconsistent 
 
 ^ 
 
 O/ 
 
 it^i^F^^-^F > » »»>»fTI>i>y»»»»T V »>» 
 
 indispensable 
 • individual* 
 -' influence* 
 
 influential* 
 b instruction 
 1 interest 
 
 \_ irregular 
 ^^ knowledge 
 manuscript 
 ^""^ myself* 
 ..."y natural 
 -^^ never 
 
 ""^ nevertheless 
 
 v«^\ new 
 
 >..^ next 
 
 ^-[-^ notwithstandin:;- 
 
 v.w.-^now 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
>AiA< 
 
 I * * * <i4 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 120 
 
 MANUAL Oi^ PHONOGllAl'IIV. 
 
 \. peculiarity 
 
 V,^. Phonetic Society 
 \^ Plionograplicr 
 \s — Phonographic 
 \ ProbabjJlJ 
 
 /^"" re<?ular 
 
 -ed 
 cation 
 
 /^\ represent 
 
 j represented 
 /\> representation 
 ^v republic 
 
 ^. respect 
 /^ responsible 
 — j- satisfaction 
 
 V several 
 6"^^ something 
 
 vV^ Spelling Reform 
 No surprise 
 d — s^ transcript 
 
 ]— transgress 
 ^ understand 
 ^ understood 
 
 universal 
 
 V^ whenever 
 
 ^^-^ whensoever 
 i/\^ wherever 
 t/v. wheresoever 
 
 In the complete reporting style, the list of contracted 
 words is considerably extended ; but, like the above, 
 they are all very suggestive to the reflective student, 
 and when met with in correspondence or elsewhere, 
 there will seldom be any diihculty in determining what 
 they are. The Eeporter's Manual, advertised at the 
 close of this book, contains complete lists of word- 
 signs, contracted w^ords, phraseography, &c., the study 
 of which will be essential to verbatim reporting, but 
 unnecessary for ordinary purposes of writing. 
 
 ^wwwwwwwwwfw^^^rrw^'i'^^i^'^^ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
^ 
 
 ■^-- - ^ ■ 
 
 ■rfkAi^AAAAArfiAAAA^iAi«ii*ilk4b*AAAAAAAA>''^iA4MlkA4>AiAAi«kAAAAi^ 
 
 PlIRASEOGRAniY. 
 
 121 
 
 riiRA>^i:()r;i{,\riir. 
 
 144. Phrascograpliy consists in wrltinii; t\YO or more 
 word-sia'ns together, witlioiit lifting the joeii ; and in the 
 reporting style, it is extended to the writing of word- 
 signs with words written in full, but not vocalized. The 
 first sign in a phrase should he written in its natural 
 position, while those that follow take any position that 
 most facilitates the writinji'. 
 
 ; 
 
 "^ 
 
 all which 
 any thing 
 are not 
 
 Q-o as good as 
 
 cr^ as great as 
 
 o) as it has been 
 Q__9 as soon as 
 
 Qo as soon as possible 
 
 6 as well as 
 
 <}~v--vat the same time 
 
 be able to 
 could be 
 could not bo 
 
 11 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
r^ 
 
 ^^■fcA^^^ArftatH 
 
 ^A< 
 
 '''-^"^"""- 
 
 122 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAniY. 
 
 ^ I do not think 
 
 J I did not 
 
 V^ I liave 
 
 "v. I have been 
 
 \^ I have done 
 
 '\i I have not 
 
 ^ if it 
 
 ^ if it had not 
 
 S:: if it were 
 
 y 
 
 L 
 
 in such 
 
 is it not 
 
 it is 
 it is not 
 
 l) it ^vould 
 h it would be 
 ^ I v.ill 
 
 r 
 
 I will not 
 
 ^^•^ may as well 
 
 ^~^ may be 
 
 ^-~^ must be 
 
 .^^ must have 
 
 must not 
 
 no doubt 
 
 ^ — " of course 
 •^ on account of 
 
 L ought to be 
 
 A 
 
 V 
 
 should be 
 
 should have 
 
 /"^ should not 
 
 Os so as to 
 c/—^ such as can 
 
 that is 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 iyy»»i>»i»y¥» » ¥f»»>* 
 
 yyi» y i»»»i»f»»>»^»ff»ff»»»»>>>»>»t» < 
 
.^^ 
 
 < MhiA**Arfk*ArfbAAA^AAAAAAA*AAAAAAAAikAAAA^A^*^AAAAAi*^iAA>kA4>A4ai^yk< 
 
 « 
 > 
 > 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 PHRASEOCillAl'llY. 
 
 123 
 
 1 there are 
 
 i there are not 
 1^ there would not 
 
 
 there would not have 
 been 
 
 think that 
 
 this i? 
 
 \ 
 
 to he 
 
 ^ to do 
 
 ^ to have 
 
 r»x you should be 
 f^ you will 
 //^ you will be able to 
 /v^ you will not 
 
 V^ we have 
 
 Vi we have not 
 
 V we have not had 
 ^1 
 
 wc were 
 
 i^ when there is 
 
 whether or not 
 
 ^ which would 
 
 / which would not be 
 
 4 which it would be 
 
 < which it would have 
 ^v been 
 
 /^ will not 
 
 N will not be 
 
 { without doubt 
 
 / with whixjh 
 
 / with which it 
 
 a- with which it is not 
 
 ^ 
 
 who are 
 
 would be 
 
 5_^ would not be 
 
 ■^>'^^WV"^F^i^i'V«^»^»^^W»"r^Ff"*V*T^Frv»>i»WT^^i»«|F«FT^T^"l»<rV ' 
 
Mk<ti*AAAAAAAi*rihAiAAAA*AAAAAAAAAAAAAik*AA4h4iAAAa 
 
 ■AAa 
 
 124 
 
 MANUAL OP PH0N()(JIIAP1IY. 
 
 A word of cjiutioH is noccssiiry a<:;;iiiist a too cxtcnsivo 
 use of phrascopniphy ; it sliould never be iillowed to 
 destroy the lineulity of tlie writing, nor nitikc difficult 
 joinings. In cither case, time will be saved by remov- 
 ing the pen from the paper, and commencing afresh. 
 
 In phraseography, the^ or some other unimportant 
 word, is occasionally omitted; as, ""-^ in the loorld; 
 Vo for the sake of. The connective word and is 
 sometimes written in connection with the following 
 word, where it may be represented by a small horizontal 
 
 stroke; ^ and the, p and which 
 
 Writing Exercise XXXVII. 
 
 Note. — In the following exercise inst(?iul of repeating the initial words 
 of ])hruses every tiuje they iire to bo written, they iire indicated by da:shesj 
 and the other words forming ii. phrase arc connected by hyphens. ^ 
 
 01. Gl-hiz, (01-z) — iz lost, — hwiq, — dis, — dat-iz-sed, 
 
 — mon, — di[Y, — su(]-tii)z, — important. 
 
 Ov. Ov-it, — hwicj, — suq, az-qr, — me, (mj,) 
 
 — mjn, (men,) — dqr, — importans, — hiz, — advautaj, 
 
 — dis kjnd, — dat, — dem, — kors. 
 
 Ou. On-ol, sucj, — akisnt-ov, — raj, — us, — her, 
 
 — d^r, — hiz, sjcl. 
 
 Till. Tu-it, — dd), — bp, — hav, bin, dun, 
 
 — sum-ekstent, — luv, — him, — dat, — mcni. 
 
 IIo). Ha)-iz-dis, — wud, not, — ma, not, 
 
 (muirt,) — kan, — no, — qr, not, (q,nrt.) 
 
 Xud. Xud-bs, — not-be, — hav, — d©, — nct-hav-sed, 
 tiijk-dat. 
 
 ^. 4!-am, — ma, — am not, or ma-not, — doo, (had,) 
 
 not, (don't, hadirt) — hav, not, (wid huk,) hin, 
 
 — kan-not, — wil, — tii)k, — Jal, — never, — nsd, 
 
 not-sa, — hop, — fer, — bog, — am-veri-sori-inded, — hop- 
 ya)-\vil-not-hav-r2zn-tiji-rcgrGt, — luiv-Jio-d^-t. 
 
 11^. H^-kud, — kan, — iz dis, — meni, — ma, — so- 
 ever, mm m 
 YflQ. Y(B-Jiid, not, — kud, — kan, — yco-ma, — wil, 
 
 — qr, (r up-stroke) not, (q,rn't,) — must, be.s^rten. 
 
 \^ 
 
 y>»f»»> » »»f»»'>»»<'»¥»y»<'»» * »>»»»yy»t*»»»f>»»»y^»»yi 
 
^J ^ ^ 
 
 EXKHCISE ON PIl K ASKdUH Al'II Y 
 
 ii*A*if****i>i***>*t*t^>>>^i 
 
 125 
 
 Wc. Wc-wer, — do, — did, — liav, hl'ii, — tiyk', 
 
 — \VB fal, — ((!', {r u[)-.slroke,) not, — I'jiid. 
 
 Wid Wid-it, — liw if], — (ii«> (lat, — doin, — Inviq-yiu- 
 
 qr-iikwautod. — suc]-iv/,-cir. ni 
 
 Wer. Wcr-da, — wc, — dat. Hwqr-iz, (hwm-'z) (/• up- 
 stroke.) 
 
 Hvvot. Hwot-iz, — w^r, — wud, — dcD, — if, — qr, — 
 kbKl-bc, — — portibli. 
 
 Wud. Wud-yco, — be, - do), — hav, — not, — not-liav- 
 scd. 
 
 B. Be-scd, — abl-tu. Bj-dis, — me, — mcui, — sum- 
 menz, — cveri-menz, — sum-personz, — (S.\x. 
 
 T. It-iz, not, sed, su)Ij, (the last two 
 
 with a doiihlo circio,) mj, — ma, — kan, — kud, — 
 
 wud. Ot-tu-be. At-suq, — prczent, — de-tiain-tjm. 
 
 D. Ddi-da, — not, ( don't,) d^-t. 
 
 C Hwiq-wud, — had, — kud, — kan, — haz, bin, 
 
 — iz-not, ctr, not, — ma, — nij^t, — wil, (fj-1.) Hwig. 
 
 it-iz, — ma, wud, kuil-not-hav. 
 
 F. lE-dat, — yd), — dq,r, ( (h;)uble-t' abovo the line.) For- 
 
 suQ, az-fir, — hwicj, — sum-tjin, — d;p', (double-t* on the 
 
 line.) K-it-wer, be, iz, — had. 
 
 V. Hav-yo), — l)in. — had, — sod, Vori-n-tid, — grat, — 
 sam, — serten, — wel, — ■ scuu, — mucj. Everi-pq,rt, — wuu. 
 
 — person, — man. 
 
 ]i. ]iii)k-dat, — yco-qr, wil, ma. 
 
 c[. \Vidb't-d«t, — hwiq, — suq. cTat-it, iz, 
 
 haz-bin, woz, — qr, not, — iz-not, tu-be, 
 
 — haz, — h^vicj. tia-wer, — da), — had, — hav, — ma. 3is- 
 
 tjm, — da, — advantaj. cTfir-wud, — kan, — kud, 
 
 not-hav-bin, — iz, (haz,) — J'al, — wil, — qr, sum-p§r- 
 
 sonz, — ma. 
 
 S. So-az, tu, — it-semz, — vcri, —■ litl, — muq, — 
 
 meni. Suq-wiad, — iz, — az, qr, ma, kan, 
 
 kud, hav, woz, — — wil. 
 
 Z. Iz-it, — ■ — not. Az-it, Avud, woz, 
 
 ma, haz. Az-gud, az, — grat, — — az, — fqr, 
 
 az, - — wel, — meni, — scnn-az. Iz-not; haz-not. 
 
 X. Xal-be, — hav, — dto, — t'jnd, — not. 
 
 L. Wil, — not, — lie, — hav, — fjiid. 
 
 K. Hr-yo), — sumtimz, — sori, — not; — yco qr veri, — 
 ■ — trtijli. 
 
 M. Ma-bc, — hav, — da, — az-wel, — konsider. Mjt-hav, 
 
 — dis, — scm. Must-be, — trj, — dcD, — kuni, — go, — sb, 
 
<i*it><i>i> ■ iid a «l a > AAAAAAAA. 
 
 t f •^i 
 
 12G 
 
 MANUAL OF PI10N0(JIIA1'1IY. 
 
 — not. Most-hiipi, ( mos--hupi,) -- likli, — important. 
 Meni-tjmz, — thy/., — mor, — ov-dom. 
 
 N. In-c)l, — konsckwuns, — i'likt, - (lis, — suq, — nicni- 
 tii)z, - - hi/. Eui-wun, - - tiij, — Ixxli. No-pqrt, — dst, - 
 
 rczn, — mor, tjm, — wun, — ti^), (in full.) Nb'-sor. 
 
 Not, — be, — kwjt, — dat, — in, — onli, — ny, — non; ned- 
 not. Nor-wer, — iz-dis, — qr. 
 
 Writing Exercise XXXV. 
 
 (In pliraseograpliy, and containing all tho word-signs.) 
 ON TMPRO)VMENT. 
 
 Tho following, in the construction of sontoncos, for the omploymont of 
 all tho word signs, was furnished for tho early edition of Phonography 
 by tho Rov. John Hope, an English clergyman. It should bo written and 
 re-writton, until ove:y word can be put upon paper without hesitation. 
 Tho words connected by hyphens should be written as phrases, without 
 lifting tho pen. 
 
 Establijmonts for-imprcDvraent and fer nolej in-jeneral, qr 
 impertant tigz in a kigdom; and demor so h.\vi[v it-iz yilSHal 
 wid dem tia aknolej gud prinsiplz. d Fonografik establij- 
 mentin partikynlar, iz an imediat advantaj tu everi jentlman 
 er (jjld, ho) iz a member ov-it, and tu ciL Akerdig tu jeneral 
 opinyon, Fonografi iz a subjokt we kiiirt, and Jud hav plogxi^r 
 in; widb't it, laggwaj iz-not kwjt hwot-it-jud-be — a remqrk in- 
 hwiq-di^r-iz grat troDt, and tu-hwig j-tigk df^r-kan-be no objok- 
 Jon. Agen, everi wun h(L haz tots liwi(]-q,r-der tia-liim, er im- 
 pertant tu-de wurld, iz k'dd upon tu k^v i'or-dem and imprcov 
 dera, tu-de ful, hwen he haz oportiyiiti. H^, or on hwot prin- 
 sipl lean we begud wid^t impnovment. Remember dat everi- 
 Dig iz an objekt ov importans dat kumz under it; and, beyond 
 el, dat-de Jiy wurd ov-de Lord God woz givn for-impra>vment. 
 Xud dfir-be difikultiz in-dc-wa ov-ycor iraprcovment, and ov-de 
 subjokjon ov-ya>r natyn,r tu Godz trcot, den j kel upon yco, 
 hwjl ycD-kan improav, tu-dcD-so. Qfter hwot j-hav told-yoD Sqr- 
 d^r yet objekjonz tu it. Wer df^r, an ak^nt ov-dem Mud olredi 
 hav-bin gi "n Grat and gud tigz kan-not kum tugeder widst 
 imprcovment. But |ud j be told-dat it mjt hav-bin so, from 
 hwoti no ov-de jeneral spirit ov el, j tel-yo) de trcot iz az j,-hav 
 givn it, ner kan ye objekt tu-it. In Jert, jentlmen, yo) ot tu es- 
 tablij it az year ferst prinsipl, dat-yco-wil-not-giv up; but az yco 
 hav oporti^niti, hwj not dco-ol dat kan-be-dun toardz imprujv- 
 ment in everi-tig in-dis- wurld; and Jud it-be-dun wel, ya)-wil 
 giv ples^r not tu me alon, but tu el. 
 
 « 
 
 > 
 
 f^^^^i^^^^^i^ffi^^^F^W<^W9^W^''F^TrW'F^f^'^^'W^'^W^VWWWfF^fW^T^^^WW^ » f t f »l 
 
1 
 
 X iliiiiil^^>i[ilit>att f-^->^-^^-^^^ 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 » f f » »' 
 
 . 
 
 i 
 
 AN EXTENDED ALl'IIAHET. 
 
 127 
 
 €;i^tcni)ti gllplrabcl 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 Long Vowels. 
 
 I q eavi\\,E.; le, F, 
 fl,^fair,£'.;fi-ere F. 
 a pate, F. 
 
 i b Kb nig, G. 
 
 1 eu deux, F. 
 
 I ! u rue, F. 
 
 7 
 
 t 
 • 
 
 8 
 
 • 
 
 9 
 
 ; 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 Nasal Vowels. 
 
 13 I ^ in fin, F. 
 
 14 L^ en en, danse,i^. 
 v^ un Ibrun, F. 
 >^ on bon, F. 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 10 
 20 
 
 Short Vowels. 
 
 i ici, F. 
 6 6tt\ i^. 
 
 a, a ask,7^T; pattCji*". 
 b Bcicke, 6r. 
 bonne, F. 
 il ii Klinste, G. 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 _ ell ieli,(r.;locli,AS'. 
 i>'h einiir, G. 
 ^ 11 Llanclly, W. 
 ^ /^ I amor, /. 
 
 I— 
 
 In the introduction to this work (See pp. 15, 16, 17,) • 
 "t was shown that an accurate analysis of the English 
 language gave forty-three elementary sounds, including 
 the diphthongs necessary to be regarded as simple 
 sounds; and in the writing exercises of the phonotypic 
 edition this number of sounds are represented, although, 
 on account of the greater simplicity of a six-vowel scale, 
 three vowels, (e, q,, a,) have not been recognized in the 
 phonographic exercise^. 
 
 -c -^ 
 
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 128 
 
 MAN'IAFi (»!•' 1'M<)\(KJIIAI'I1V. 
 
 For tlio })en('fit of s^iicli ;is iiiiiy wisli to ])C as jd'ocisc 
 in the roprosciitation oi' corrcft pi'onunc'iution in tlicir 
 writinjjj jis il, is M(lvisa]>lo to l)o in printinij, thruo addi- 
 tional ^^igns for tliu Kn,L'li>-li lan,nuaj:;o uro provided on 
 the prof'odinji; pa_L;o. .Snitablo si^•ns arc also given for 
 tlie additional sounds used in tiiu French and German, 
 kc, whieh Avill cnahlc those who understand these 
 languages to employ IMionography in writing them. 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, and 9, will 1)e recognized as English )>y the 
 wonls fv/rtli, (n'vj <t^k. No. is so near the close Fng- 
 lish diphthong ii in d/q)e, that it may be used for that 
 sound, leaving the sign ^ for the combination J/fl oy ^(0. 
 No. 11 is very near the New FiUgland o in stone, whole, 
 iS:c., and may be used by them for its representation. 
 
 The French nasal sounds, represented by -m, en, cm, 
 an, nn, on, and heard i)i vin, No. Hi; temps, No. 14; lui, 
 No. 15; pant, No. 10, are jnife voicch, but pronounced 
 thronglh the nose, as well as through the mouth. Temps, 
 for instance, contains but two sounds, namely, t aid 
 the 14th nasal vowel (t*, d, r, s, t, when terminating 
 French woi.L'i, are generally silent). Enfant contains 
 but three sounds ; namely, the consonant /, preceded 
 and followed by No. 14. 
 
 The ^Scotch guttural in Jocli, nvht, etc, and frequent, 
 also, in German, Welsh, and other languages, is repre- 
 sented by k, with a wave line through it. The vocal 
 
 guttural, as in self/, is represented by the same sign 
 thickened. 
 
 The Welsh LI, wdiich is the whispered form of the 
 English I is represented by /^ with a wave line struck 
 through it. This sound is produced by placing the 
 tongue in the position for uttering the English I, but 
 emitting breath instead of voice. 
 
 ^ ypf^y^tf^tf^^t u p f yir^^y^py^^y^fTTt x ifpypipfTfftfi 
 
 I y » n* 
 
mMM 
 
 t^^^^^^^mttt i«iiri*>>«i - - - ^^t r I r ' ' " " 
 
 PUOIM* * .) /' AM) \ lIO<>»v. 
 
 . Jli 
 
 > 
 
 There nro a few words v hiph ow .r quite frequently 
 in ordinary laii«:uage, in wliicli tlu ilown-stroke letters 
 ^ and V^ follow \ \ | | / / i an^l are lliemsclves 
 followed by other down-stroke Ki.i^nH, thus ni:ikin<^ lengthy 
 and rather awkward forms; as in the words pr/'/f^r/, advo- 
 catc^ rhicffdin, ibc. To avoid these objeetionable forms, 
 many l*honographers, both in this country and in Eng- 
 land, have for years used the .sA/i-hook on the strai<^lit 
 strokes above given, when followed by k, n, or /i^, to rej)- 
 resent /and v ; thus — 
 
 U 
 
 ■/• 
 
 /• 
 
 L C 
 
 This improvement, if such it may be called, has never 
 been permanently incorporated into the system, partly 
 because phonographers are opposed to submitting to the 
 inconvenience of further changes ; and also on account 
 of the fact, that it destroys the harmony of the .s^n-hook. 
 But as the abbreviation is of some advantage to the rapid 
 writer, and will probably continue to be used more or 
 less, we think it best to give this explanation, in order 
 that the writing of those who use it may be readable to 
 others. 
 
 In using the / and v hook, it must be observed that it 
 can only be written to the straight strokes, when followed 
 by /i*, 71, or iig, and that in these positions the hook never 
 represents slin. 
 
 i^yyy»y»f^»»»»»»>»»»»»> -i »»»y»»»»>»i 
 
f 
 
 i^Ad^^l 
 
 •*iAArfMk**^*i*^fc**rfirfiAAAAAA<hAAJMAA«iAAr*A**AA*i^Mk* 
 
 j:jo 
 
 MANTAL OF l'lI()N()(!HAl»liy. 
 
 gmtruan Pfeonttit glssflnation. 
 
 President — Bv.ss Pitman, Cincinnati, 0. 
 Secretary — Vaaah JiONOLHV, " 
 
 Treasurer — U. P. Prosseu, " 
 
 Tho olijoct of tho Association in tho union and cooperation of tho 
 friemls ol I'iionotic writing and printing in tiio Uniti'd Statf.'a and iho 
 Canadas. Tlio moaiboru are divided into tho following classes: — 
 
 Class I. I'lionogruphcrs who tciich fhc arts professionally o> privately, 
 who can not, on account of othor duties, attend to tho gratuituas correc- 
 tion of exorcises of learners through tho i)ost, but whi> are willing to an- 
 swer letters of inquiry, or letters of Phonograjihors polieiting iidvico or 
 information on matlora conneclod with I'honof^raphy or I'honetics. 
 
 Class 2, Phonografihors wlio generously volunteer to correct tho exor- 
 cises of learnorrf, through tho post. 
 
 Class ',i. I'honographers who do their utmost to spread a knowledge of 
 the Phonetic arts in private, but who are prevented by other duties from 
 answering letters, or attending to tho correction of exercises. 
 
 Class 4. Phoneticians who do not write Phonography. 
 
 Class 5. Honorary members. 
 
 Phonographers of either class who write at tho rate of tOO or moro 
 words per minute, are indicated, in tho list of members, by tho letter K, 
 (lloportor. ) 
 
 Plionographers who wish to cultivate a corrospondonce with members 
 of kindred si^ntimcntH, arc indicated by the letter C, (Correspondent.) 
 
 Conductors of and contributors to Ever-Circulating Magazines, arc in- 
 dicated by tho letters K C, (Ever-Circulator. ) 
 
 Honorary morabors aro indicateu by tho *. 
 
 Phonographers under sixteen years of ago aro indicated by the letter 
 J, (Junior.) 
 
 A l^resident, Council and otLor Officers aro elected annually by tho 
 members of tho Association. 
 
 The Council consists of fifty (inclusive of tho Officers,) of those who 
 aro regarded as tho most intelligent, earnest, and reliable American Pho- 
 nographers and Phoneticians, to whom are submitted all matters of 
 theory and practice on which an intelligent opinion may bo desired, but 
 on which the opinions of J'honographors might be divid'd. 
 
 Persons of learning and distinction who favor the I'honotie principle 
 may becomo Honorary members by the concurrence of any six members 
 of the Council. 
 
 Phonographers in tho United States and the Canadas, and writers of 
 Phonetic longhand, are eligible to membership on making a written ap- 
 plication. Subscription of funds, voluntary. Membership renewed 
 annually. 
 
 Persons wishing to becomo members should address tho Secretary, 
 stating occupation or profession, and naming tho Class in which they 
 wish to be enrolled. 
 
 I^^Tho Constitution and Annual List of Members, in pamphlet form, 
 m.:y bo obtained by addressing the Secretary and enclosing lUcts, 
 
 ( 
 
 
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 MANUAL OF PIIONOGRArilY. 
 
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