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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 MiaOCOfY RiSOlUTION TKT CHA«T (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 7' I I.I 1.25 |a2 136 I" 12.0 22 U 11111.6 A ^PPLIED jyHGE In '6^J East Mair Sirw. «c:hester, N«« York i*609 ui I "6) 48^ - OJoo _ p^ant (?16) 288- '^989 - fa. JJY CANADA DEPARTMENT OP MINES awohOQtoAL tuavBi bbamox Hon. W. Timmmab. Mwwiit; A. P. Low, DirOTT Mim«M; R. W. Banoa, IhtiOTOi. REPORT OS A PABTOF Till NORTH WEST TERRITORIES l>HAINII> BT THK WINISK AND AITAWAFISKAT RIVERS WILLIAM McINNES REPORT ON A TRAVKRSK THROUGH THE SOUTHERN PART or THK NORTH WEST TERRITORIES FROM LAC SELL TO CAT LAK IN 190Si BT ALFRED W. «. WILSON OTTAWA tiOVKRNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1910 Nob. iOOW, 10<» anf |t"iil.liT .it >;iv, II ,111.1 i.'kli>li-inu|.l.- Slat. . Wini-k in'-r. «| CANADA I ) K I* A H T M K N T OF Ml N E 8 GEOLOOICAL BCRVBT BRANCH Hon. W, TmriiHtM, Mimiirr*: \ I' fnw, IHrcrr MinwTH; U. W. Biiirr n ^^HTiiwEsnimiiiE^^^^^''^^^ MUAINKh 111 IMK WINISK AND IPPER ATTAWAPISKAT UIVKKS 4074-1 WILLIAM M.INNKS OTTAWA G0VKRNMP:.VT l'RINTI\(i BillKAl' 1909 Xo. lOMO r a . Tn 1{ W. Bnwu, Direotor (teoloRicol Survey. Dcpnrtiiifiii of Minf«. SiB,— I h«vo the honour to iubmit u rtjKift im my surveys ami explorations made durinir the i^ri'- i of 1003, 1904. and 1905, ;n flie portion of the North WVxt Territoriw of Canada draitu-il hy tl.o Winink rivn nml hy the upper brancheit of the Attawapiskat river. 1 hi ve the honour to be, sir. Your oliedicnt iorvunt. -J.* (Signed) WILLIAM McINNES. Ottawa. Mny. I'.iOfl. ♦07« n M CONTENTS. 1 '(Of . Ueiiernl reniark?- Earlier explorations iii tho district. Surveys Routes iiitu "lo rpiriori General description of tho regiou OeoloKiiMl Kununary Direction of Klaciation I' i;;!!! Ill lillid rc^jinn. I.M.MT iVini^k l;iM r njinn .\llji\iiv l>'i\er uiid Atlnwapi-l.at Mivr vullivs.. Winisk river Attawapiskat river Routes between the Attawapiskat and Winisk rivers. Routes between the Winisk river and Trout lake.. . Route between the Albany and Atta- apiskat rivers Cultivation of the land Wild animal- Indiiin-.. .. ArchiioloKV. . Forests Climate Water temperature Land shells Fresh water shells List of fre-h water shells collected hf W. .Mclnnes. I, I lat< ILLL'STUATIONS. 1 liiuilder lil' i;nen and reddisli-piirule slate, Winisk river. Front isi; 11.- Silurian limestone on the lower Winisk river III.-Treeless area fringinc west coast of Hudson Baj IV ludiais nf till' IdWir Winisk river V. l-c.wer Winisk river, sliowii.K banks of Silurian limestone and cliaracteristic forest 9 :o 13 21 21 21 21 22 35 3» 41 43 4t 45 45 46 49 49 51 52 52 53 53 55 lece. . 16 . 34 . 46 M MAP. No 1089. r.rtions of Northern Ontario, and of ,he North West T tories. showing country drained bv Albany, Severn, upper Winisk rivers, etc. erri- and .^II. BEPORT ON A PAET OF THE NORTH WEST TERRITORIES OF CANADA DRAINED BY THE WINI3K AND ATTAWA- PISKAT RIVERS. BY William McInnes. The present report deala with a tract of country lying within the uuorgaiuzcd North West Territories of Canada, between N. lat. 51 10' and N. lat. .1,-)° 10'. imd l.etwecn W. lonj.-. SC,- and W. lonp This district forms part of what was known for a time, prior to the inauguration of the Provinces of Albortn an.l Saskatchewan, as the District of Keewatin, and lies between the northern boundary of Ontario and the southwestern shore of Hudson bay. It is draine.,„( ■ -n ... '""^ ""i^s 8" 10 tneir (Iiscovcnrs!, ;^::::„;n;;,f:.-;;::;;-;-i-v;.^r:J;;: Afr. (;. Taylor, of the ri,„lso„'s l^.y t^o.np.nyV ..rviee seems t„ the'^V'"'^"*,^,'"' '" '''"• '^^■"'™^^''' ""^ Attawnpiskat riv.,- fr.„n oy Jlr. D. i{. Dowl.ng and ifr. W. II. Boyd in lOn-- 3 xv i ■ .• Surveys. - 11)1(1. Part K. •^Sunnnary Report Geological Survey of Canada, 1902. BKOION OF WINISK ANI> ATTAWAIMSK \ r 1:IVI KS i branch of the Severn rivur; of a route from the foot of Lake St. Joseph by way of the south brunch o( the Attawnpieknt river to Fort Hope, a distance of ISO miles; and of 27 miles of the Albany river below Fort Hope. In addition to the above a number of track surveys, checked by latitudes, were made. These covered portions of the Winisk river; part of the Attawnpiskat river ; three routes connecting the Attawa- piskat and Winisk rivers; a rovitc ft-oin the Albany river at Kiibcniet lake to Lunsdinvne IfiUo- and a T.'ipIpon river iind l;ike und crossing to the Albany by way of the Ombabika and Opichuan rivers. The first of these is the best route in, particularly wlicre a load is to be carried, as, though somewhat longer than either of the others, it is down stream or through Inrg',' lakes for tl.e greater part of the distance. For light canoes and . quick passage the route by way of Nipigon ia pieferable, on account of the shorter distance to be traversed. The grer^ter part of the supplies used for the fur trade in the district are brought up the Albany river from James bay, a route including 300 miles of swift water where tracking is the only means of progression, and about 50 miles of alternating quiet water and rapids where portages pv frequent. This is considered an easier route to Fort Hope, the headquarters of the trade, than any of the roads from the Canadian Pacific railway. The completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway will shorten very considerably the distance from this side, and render the whole region comparatively easy of access. From Fort Hope the heads of the Winisk and Attawapisktt rivers can be reached by several routes, none particularly difficult, but all made tedious by reason of the number of portages necffsary. 10 OKOI.OOICAI, SI-PVEY, CANAOA General De«cription of the Begion. wit 'tiz:^::,::^ '^^^r ^^^ ''-- -- -- -^ plateau; the boul.ier ^ l^"'?" ^ "' ''" ''^' '"*"'°' Bay basin. The Arch«a„ "f th^ tl °"' ""^^ °^ '^" ""^^"'^ eAtent of eountn Jt f r "' '=°°'I'^^«« by far the largest *i*.ui. 01 tountrj. It consists of an elevatP.1 ,.nJ.,i.f i ■ .. -' "ver„«.. hc,^,.t .f from 700 to 1 (^ 7 "'T*" '' "' ^''' r«^ervoir8, from which, even in the drvest seaaon *Ko i ! walls of the retrertn.g gkc.er and ridges of drift. An examinLon adm. t„ro of the surface vege..b,e mould should pro ue an Lei o course of the utmost importance when considering the agricul- tural poss.b.htu. of a di.rict. wi„ be referred to mofe partSlJy RF.OION <>1 WINISK AXI> ATTAWAPISKAT ItlVKHS 11 ill another place. It may U' said here, however, that the climatic louditions arc, if somewhat adverse, not by any meana prohibitory to tlie general cultivution of suitably situated tracts. .Mu«keg, alternating with low ridges of grnvel and boulders, covers wide tracts, though, owing to the fact that tlie only practicable mode of travel through the country is by cunoes, there is a tendency, peiluips, to overestiiiiato the extent of such areas, as the natural c-iir.oe routes must follow the watercourses, and these in turn keep to llic lowest elcviitioii-, a. id, tlierofore, show u proportion of swamp that ia grouter than the average of the district. It was noticed that the .-urfiiee drainage beeainc more perfect in that part of the region cxt'jnding westerly towards Trout lake. Ascending the Winisk river from Weibikwei lake towards its headwaters this was very noticeable, the muskeg areas 1 ceoming infrequent and of smaller extent. The iargjr lakes throughout the district are confined to the Aicliffian area. They are all comparatively shallow, and so studded with island.s, uiul broken by Ions, projecting points, that they seldom show any large expanr.es of open water. They occupy depressions in the .~uperticial depo.sits, generally with a boulder clay bottom, and in no ease was one found occupying u regular rot.'k basin. The areas of the jirineipal lokes are approximately as follows:— Wunnumn.in lake CO squar^ miles. Weibikwei lake tO Lansdowne lake :!8 Ozhiski lake i& Wapikopa lake --1 Edbemet lake - la the niuntle of till, and havt- cut down into the limestones to depths of from twenty to thirty feet. Tiicre is tho sumo abacnco of any vegetation other tliaii that haviuK a muskeg habitat, excepting on tin- islamlg in the rivers and along their hanks. The northern rim of this area consists ol a trecleasi plain, border- in(,' the shores of the bay, and varying in width from a mile and a half to three miles. It has an elevation of only a few feet above the level of high, spring tides, and is probably submerged on occasions when these tides happen to coincide with northca.st storni-i on the bay. The sandy and gravelly surface is sparsely covered with bunchy grasses, and, early in August, was bright with the dowers of many sub-aretie plants, among which the Arctic daisy, C'hrysanllieinum arcticum, the yellow ragwort, Seneseia pullistris, the painted cup, Caah-legia pallida, a live-for-ever with sni:di, bell-like blue tlowcrs, purjjle vetches, and the large ro-e-col'-ured Ei>ilol'iiim were pronii- ni'Ut. Qeological Summary. The geological divisions recognized in the region under considera- tion consist of the following, in iiseending order: — Laurentian. iCeewatin, Lower Iluronian ( 0, Silurian (Niagara), Pleistocene (Till, etc.), I'ost-plcistocene (.Mnrino clays, etc.t, laurentiaX. Biotite granite gneisses, varying in the proportion of their various constituents, in their attitude, and in the degree to which the gneissic structure has been developed in them, are widespread over the whole extent of country explored. Over great arca.s they have a stratiform appearance, the foliation showing an almost horizontal structure, with only very low, broad undulations. As at present constituted they, without doubt, include areas that differ widely in age, tlie com- paratively new granites, however, occurring in quaiit-'ty quite ■.nsif'nificaiit in comparison with the volume of the older gneisses. Pegmatites, in veins and irregular masses, cut the gneisses practi- cally everywhere, and are, probably, though newer than the gneisses, almost contemporaneous with them in their present form. 14 • iKOI.OOIC.VI. HtnVKV, . A.VADA KEEWATI.V. Tli,. K.-wulin l,an.N. nu„l,. „p „f „r,.«s ,.f boM.; rot-k.. in tlu- muin diorit..,. .l,«b«8Ps, a„.i diloriti,. an.l h,.rnl.l,.n.lo «ohi»0.. hut innludin^ a c..„«,.lerabl,, volun.o of co.wo co,«l„moruteH. though m-currinR „ MtH of coMsKlerahlc LnRth o„d four to nix mile, in width, .ro of - x.'.;-.ln.„l.v s„.,.ll volun... wh..,. .•o,„,„„.,.,| „ith ti,.. wholo ..xtwit of |rn..^..s... ,n whiw, ,hoy ..ro onfold,..!. I'robuhly not n.ore thnn ,. tenth of the whole Archnun nrrn is opcupicd by them In the region oxplorcd. betvv.rn the Albany river «n.l the overlap of the nm,..!e of till, .ix apparently neparate bolt. „f these rock, 7.V^t ''"'" ""' "' " ^''""''' "''^' "''"'" ♦'•« ^'"^'"^ »'«'«J' The belt of these r.H.-k.s cro^^iug iho Albany river at Petawang. ake and seen again on the route between the Albany at Fort Hope ju«t north of Eabemct lake. i. the most Southerly, hi. made .X he n.o.t part of chloritic. foldspathic and hornblcndic sehist«. and i"mn '" T?"'" •'"'" '' 'l-'o-otion. and has a ^.•idth of about SIX m.les. The gneisses bordering tho belt on the south are finely t..l.Mte,l h.dd a large proporti.-u of bl.u-k biotite. and are. in certain layers, thickly spotte.l with garnet crystals. Masses of coarse pegma- t.te. cutting these gn.isses. hold crystals of mica „,, ,„ ^." i„ diameter. The next belt going northerly is situated about twenty miles north of the Albany river, and is well exposed along the banks of the Kaw.nogans river, which has cut its channel in these rocka for about seventeen miles. This band is from one to four miles in width, and IS made up of fel.lspathie ami chloritic schists, diorites and other basic rocks. It L !anked by biotite gneisses, with, at points close to the contact, occasional outcrops of hornblende granite-gneiss. Another ;. v. „Mito sin.ilur to the two above referred to, lies just north of Lansdowne lake. Vurthcr reference is made to it in the descriptions of the routes Iciding north from the Attawapiskat to tho Wniisk. The most interesting belts are the ne.xt two; the first lying just south of Nibinamik lake, by reason of the occurrence in i't of a largo mass of hypersthene gabbro, similar to the niekol-bear.ng in- trus.ves of Sudbury; and the ne.xt. the Wunnummiu Lake band on account of tho extensive development in it of heavy beds of coarse conglomerate, holding pebbles, chiefly of various forms of granite The most northerly band is apparently quite narrow, and was noted KHilO.N HI WI.NISK AMI V f I \W Al'l^lv M ItlVKKS ir> only wlifp- II trw iiiilali"! •nitiTnirH atii ««»'ii iH'Hr KinKri!oniiitioii of nil the rrnks, and in their cracked and tis-ured eoiulitiou, the crneks rilled with secondary quartz and eal- eite. The more mnssive heds ilcscribed as calcareous ([iiartzites are 8eamc\vii.li liriic^tonc, with hut little niuuiKMia; then six foit ni very fiiieirraiiii'il, nlnnMt roiiipart, very liifht huff rolDiired dnlomito. ttmtainiiiK • RUinll quuiitity of ar^illacrouii mattt-r atiit o<;currtnK in hrnvy tlaii-lil«> ImmN, the platrt hard and ( linkinir under the hammiT. Thi>« iiri' >iv<'riuid hy twi'lvc feet of bull-ri(li>uri-d impure niagnrsiiiii limPttoii«>, tthaly in orrtain layern ; anil ten feet of flaggy and iihaly buff-Cdlciured, Honicwhat nixlulnr, muKncitian limestone, the whole liftiiniinjc di>4intt({rati;d easily so a* to «how only nodular, i-rumhling •urfacv*. Hroadly »pcukinjr, the strata may he Koid to lie almii immediately underneath the fosgiliferous Silutiuii strata. The corrufc'uted surface of the dome of the anticlinal itself dips about ten degrees north of west, at a low angle varying from five to twenty degrees, and it is possible, though not probable, that the rocks noted by Mr. Dowlinj? at .Sutton Mill 1 ike represent underlyintr bids brought up by a southeasterly extension of this fold. The calcareous nodules, which probably represent bands broken by the stress of the folding, weather out rradily, where exposed to atmospheric action, leaving a rock full of holes. iit;i ,.. |i' ^ifc^3H^.^.-i ^AMum^^JL^ ll'ft. IJfl. Kft li It. Hft. inft. r. ft. •Jii ft. l;l(,l(l.\ K \.\|i AIT AW.MMSK.M' I!IVi;i!S (;KNKfl.\I.IZK.Ii >i;( riiiS .KI.D.M; TIIK WIMSK RIVKR. 17 ^ rL-U I, I ?£:? X-l IT TTT -L I I I I J L -q I . " rr ^^S r I ' r Trrrr C~x,ri=r ^r^C^^'r^^^?:^^ ^ro I I . I . I ■ ■> >•• ■< ■•.•■■■•> "■■4.'.»<. l-'lu}{K.^ -^n*' >lia',\. '"'ff iiiiixitf^iiiii Iiiiii ^ti'ii* Shiily, iiii|iMii- ni-ty »>-iitli>'iiii;,', iiiami- lillU'WtMllf, l''l;lf;K^ • cliiikiiikf ilnUmiiii-. f 'tilit|iui't. ^lij;htly iiiafflir^iaii liim->t('nH. Slijchtly iiia(fin>iiiii, -lialy Inn. -.t. .in- ivitli s;in(lv l:iytT~. Slightly tnuvriit-'iati. iiMiiilaf liim.^tnut . Slinhtl> iiiiiKiinuiii, 1 liiikiiit;. t1«j((.'y liiiii'.^tc.iii fiii-ty WHutli.'iiiii;, -iliciMus liiiii-ioip . hark arvy. rusty utatlxrinji. cali-tr'-" quart/it<-. r.l;uk :iw\ LM-.-ll. lil'l I -I It'- 40:< EEaEJHK '¥^^»I ^BBTWI^^ft- IS Gl.OI.Ot.lCM. SIKVKV. CANAPA A small collection of t'os-il- was made from the beds overlying the veficiihir haml. in wliii'li Dr. Whiteuvr-s has identified the following forms : — Faco.-.itc.t '. Mr. Low found on the Fawn branch of the Severn, the near-^st river to the west, the same wide area of country completely covered by till intervening between the most northerly exposure of gneiss and the first exposure of limestone. He thought it probable that the limestones extend under the till for a distance that would corresiK'nd very closely to that given above for the Winifk. P^a.st of the Winisk rivf r the inland boimdary of the Silurian bends suddenly to a direction nearly due south, crossing the • Tlip two new species of Oamarotwchia, the Glassia and the Actinu- lera-s liave been tlewriljed by Dr. \VhiteaTe<< in Palieozoic Fossils, Vol. III., Fart IV., 1906, where further noti - ■i.i.cerning the collection will be found. rv^tfc.Hi,'*'.': HKUIO.V OF WINISK ANll ATTAWAPISKAr RIVIRS 11' Attawiipiskat rivor a little above X. iat. 52° 30', and the Albany one degree Ijwer. PLE18TOCEXE. The boulder clays of the Winis-k rivtr may be easily divided into an uppiT and a lowpr till, thi i.in lying upon the gontly undulating fiurfnci' of the other. The upper bed is i'oinpri?ed of a buff-coloured clay, drying slightly friable, with oceasioind larf^i- boulder-, and many small pebbles and angular fragments of liidritf. (luiiitziti', gneiss, red and white sand- stone, jasper, etc. Its gicat<:-t (ili»erved thickness is abr,ut forty fwt. mea.surcd from the surfai-e of tiu- lower till to the bottom of the fossiliferous marine beds. No >tratitication is apparent in it, and the large boulders are so rare. that, at a little distance, cut faces have the apv)earancc of beds of purt clay. The lower till, the thickne-- "t which was not ascertained, i.s composed jf an extremely touph blue clay, with very many large boulder- scnii-rounded and mostly well striated. Limestones and dolomites quite similar to the Silurian beds of the lower river make up a large proportion of the boulders, but others of gneiss, 'artzite <'iinfrliiiiii'iMtt', rtc.. aic net uiicomin'-ii. The ~l; beachf,-- extend- ing between low and hifjh water inai'k- are el'len a mosaic of the washed out material from the clay, terming;- very good examples of boulder pavcnunts, the natural tendt ney of the rocks to arrange themselves with their flatter sides parallel to the surface resiilting in an almost smooth floor, over wi ich the spiing floods seem to pass with little or no denuding power. The whole bed of the river is. in the same way, protected by a layer of la avy l.oiildcis that otfers great resistance to the wear of the current, iind that has practically stopped the fu"- r excavation of the channel at levels far from the bottom of the lower till. The accumulations of glacial dritt are an iu'iportant feature over this whole cli-trict. They form ti • iii)ilir-t elexatieu-. auil ar>' the principal causes that define the -l.apes of the lakes and the direc- tions of the rivers. The influence c t raorainic ridges of boulders and gravel on the course of a river i- -trikingly seen in the case of the upper part of the Winisk river. The direction of the ice mtvemeut was about !S. 23° AV., and the course ef the river is found to conform to this direction to a remarkaMe evtent. that i-. it niakes it- way f07t- 'j; 2ft i' nf tlif iiiurainic ridgO'* of drift. 'I'lii- luki'd ("■ciirriiig :il.)iig the river aru cluiracterized by many luiii^ iiurrow bays witli tiw -aiiio trctul, duo Id tin- drift ridgei that bound tlifin. Thi» Klaciation of the who],- ana shows mast t -.Imre nf Hudson bay makes it m-re probabli- that they have bixui derivc.l f n ii them. .\ few southwesterly >tria' that appeared to be possibly latxioiis caused by local surfac-e relief, and made |ierhaps by a very nuich reduced glacier. No evidence of a glacier iiiovinti ilown towards the liay was noticed. The following list of elacinl stria' is arrninivil Muder three division- the beight-of-land ■■*«%.? ■*M«i.«-i«ar*^- mf*:?£\:. l;l>.ION Ml WI.MSK AM' ATIAWAIM^KAI MVi:l!> -I r.-jiin,, wli.MV th- slriir nuiy !..■ .v.l^i.l.■■■ea W ivp.v.rMt i.mM t.;,lv the nen.rnl .'onrso uC tl..' Kl.-iH-. thr Wini^k Kivr rhai.i.-l wh.ro the iiircnin,, of tl.f striT so.-.,is to Imve l-.n «oinowhiit iitf.-.'ti-,! l.v th.- riv.^r .-niirs... ...,.1 th.^ v;.ll.vs of the All.i.ny aii.l TpiKT Attawapiskat rivcr<. whov tho .lir.vtinu lia^ L. • a m"''"' P'V.M-no.l l.v th.- tron.l of the vatlcvs. Direction of Glaciation. lltlnht-uj-L'ind Hnjum-- Kawinogniis vivcr llaillak- «-'*^'^^- \Va,.i...,..mnv.r ^- 3*^^^; Wiiiisk i-iv.r. eight mil.- above WiiLikw.i hik.'. !>.•!>• ^V ^Vini^k river, Waiikojiu hiUr S. .!:; N\ . Icutr )\ini-^l- liifir licyioti-' Winisk river hclow outflow of Winiski?;^ S. »! NN . at oiitllow of Taba?okwi;i S. ti A^ . above Tashka rapid S. 10= W. at Ta^-hka rapid ^- ^f'' '^^'• at l?o>kineiK fall ^-^0' I"-- i mile beluw B.jskineiK fall .... S. IS' W. 1 .< •• •• .... S.10° E. 2 mile. ■• •• •••• S.12= E. s •• •• •• . . . . S. 10= E. ,;; .. •• •• .... S.24= E. ,- .... •• .... S. 26° E. Aiianii Hifcr ami .Ht(i\nipi>'kal Eiver Vnlleus— Kab,'iii(t lake, iiorthw.st shore S. S'." ^^ . north shore S. 78' W. Mbaiiv riv.r V> iniUs below Enbemet S. 6S° W. 10 •' ■■ S. 67° W. 15 •' •• S.64°W. Ozhivki lake '^' Kabaiua laU.- ro-^T-ri.KiS'T.'i km;. The marine olavs. overlying the bot.bler clays along tlie ^Viuifk river, uere foun.l to be gemrally fo-.iliforou?. cxeepting near their ,„,„, -.M.tl.erlv ,xten-ion wh.-n. th.y are uuite thin, an.l, a. far as f i>«ff«_ •->» (il OL'liUf \I 'ilRVl Y. rANAHA >.l..-.Tve Dot liolil f'>-<-.iN. Fr.)iu a collection made from theae .•liiyi in 190:i. Hr. .1. F. Whit.-av> - lia* idontitxcl the following -IH'i'ip,- :—■ I'eeleii islmidicufi .Miillcr. Mytihis eduUi, I.. CarJium ritiatttm, Fabrioii;-. Si'nipt's (frii'nliindicii!^, Ciini'lin. Macoma cahaiya, Gnielin. Mpa inincala, \.. Mya arenaria, h. Sa.T!< ira rufjos'i. ].. Buc' intnu tenw, (ira.v. Bucciiiiim '. &\\'\. frcih wiitor sptvio* : • - Sphiii iiiiii i:hii}liinnii, T,;in'.an"k. Lnmi'iii y/KAl IIIVLKS •2\i m.r. i;.'Utly sloping part- of tli.- Lank. iM^tw... high water mark and the luot of th.' houUlor clnv wall, ar.^ c.nor.'.l witli a growth of graaae* and ^inall bi.,hes nn,l. l.oy..,„| h.iitu.U- :.4 :!0'. the nearly vertical boulder elay itself suppurt^ u gr.uvth of silver berry. Kleagnus argen- tea. oi'd buffle berry, Shi'rii.dia. th.- almo-1 Miow-white foliage of the former standing ..nt in -tr.i.f: tra-t uith the dark-green loaves and reil berries of lln' laitt r. Til.' Winisk river, along it- iipp-r course easterly t.. Weibikwei lake, has a distinguishable valley. The lower part of the river, bovf- ever, from the lake tu the sea, ha- absolutely no valley ontside of the st,...p.walled trough in whieli it runs. Th- upper Attawapiskat river, Huwing in an easterly direetion, ha- a fairly well-marked valU-v, eoraparable t.. that of the Albany, though of le.s3 extent. The upp.r parts of the river nrv ruughly parallel to one another and tc the Albany river, with whieh it is not ut nil improbable that the Attawapiskat was at one time eonneeted, as the eountry now dividn.g them is characterized by high hills of glacial drift, filling up and concealing anv former chann.ds that may have existed. These are the very remarkable hills described elsewhere in this, report in greater detail. In all the rivers on this i,lope is seen the te.idency to split up into 1u.. . r .uore .bauuels, encl..-ing area- of laud often many miles in extent. This feature is more marked in the ca-e of the Wiuisk than in anv of the others. Above Weibikwei lake one of these divisions of the channel occurs, en<-l.>.ing an area of thirteen s.iuare mile-s; and IhIow, the two bran.'la- known -i- the Wiui^ki^s nud the Taba- sokwia flow around islands with areas of about 4^0 and ISO square mil.>s respectively. The for-rer of thc.e branches, flowing to the eas- at a point seven miles Wow the lake, joins the main river again sixty-five miles below. The Indians say that no important stream c-.m.- in to the branch, but a number of small stream^ luak.'s it :i river of considerable size at its confluence with the main channel, eve:, at low water when no water is passing over the bar at its upper end. . , f Th- volume of water in the river duriii? the p.-nod of spring freshet mu>t be (,uite ten times as creat a^ at low water in m.d- 8umn..r. The height reached by the water is, in many places rl.ii"'>- indicated on the banks. Fvidenccs of the de^triftive force of the ice. when running out in th. -winsr. are eo„nn..u. Trees on some of the island^ are found (.1 oi.oiiliAI. SI l;\ I V. l.rukm Hiid uiirootitl lit l»■i^^llt^ of ril'li'iii f. . i iibov tliu nor 11..I T»ter l(-vtl, and the boiildtT <'liiy of the ImtikM is iiliuijrhfd am' drf'i, scored (it t•or^<'^polldiIl({ lipiglits. 'I'lic tiat .siirfu»!e of llu' liim >ii.i(i' li.nd rin).' tin- unrfce i* evi- dently bwept iinnually by tliu river \vlnii nt it- lniRlit, tliougli the wntiT Mirfuco in the Korgf iil onliiiiiiy -imiiimi r ji vil is thirty feet Ill-low till' top of the liineslt>nc. Xo beds of iiffiiiti' wire oli-< ivcd, 'li.iOfili ;i f" w IdK'dy '•nrlioii- iiccoiis, sandy liiyers wen- soon to ocrur iit wiiti r Irvd, iippurontly IxMioiitli the boulder iduy on the iipiM-r Winisk rivi r. Owing to till- frcipient small limds-lidf- ociurriiiM: along this part of the river it was impossible to tix fbi' po-ilinn of tliesi' lied- with any dejfre.' of certaiiify. Thouiih for >o great a part ..f its eoiirse the ri\er is bordvred by high and steep banks of elay, landslides seem to bo exceedingly rare, exeeptinp where the eountry has h'^'cn swept by forest tires. Where tires luive recently taken iibue aloii^' tlw b;iiiks, denuding them of their proteeting ''egetation, sniall landslides are almost continuous. The Winisk is with little doubt the large-t of the rivers discharg- ing into the west side of Hudson bay or James bay between 'he Severn and Albany rivers. IJising in the highlands lyinjr to the south of Trout hike, it drains the large expanse of eountry lying to the east of the upper wiiters of the Sivern river, and to the north of the spreadiiifr branches of the Attawapiskut. The watercourses of thi.s section of country have been most inadequately represented on the existing maps, owing to the lack of knowledg • of their positions, and a reference to the map accompanying this report will be neces- sary in order to understand the apportinumiMi', of the watersheds among the various rivers. From Misnmikwns]i lake, above which the Winisk is divided into two main ami many -mailer branches, the river tlows out by two channels, one Ur licii;lit- tluni tifly f. . t iiL.jve tlie rivrr. I'cw lork <'Xi)o-iirc5 iiri; s«< ti, wlmt thiri' iirr consi-tinB ■■? Inw, romuli.l kiu.lU nii.l ri.lK.s ol \v. 11 fnliat..! l.iotit. Bionit. Kt" i". g'nerally witli an iiliiiost hurizontal foliation and olt. n iiiva>.l ly .i .Miir-ir wliilr Kiaiiitr ■•r |.. fiiiiiitito. The l.iiiiU- arc usiially '■ "• but in pliiooH til.- river is found inipinuiiin ii>;iiiii-' ■' '''"ik "' """ strntitiod sand and gravel tw.iity to tliirty fifl in In iiilit. Hcluw till.' rapid and full just nlVrri'd to a larac str.iim con^. • in iP.ni til. -outh, and tli. riv.r \vi.lui« out 1u f..iin Wiinnuninrn lak.'. a liody ,,!' water ot varvinit wi.ltli, l\v. nly-liv- mil"- in lengtli •111., tr.nmh in wliieli th.' lake li.- lin- l.<'-n l...ll..w,d out -lainly in a band of Keewatin roeks to whose trend it >r. nerally .•on.orm". Tlic most .■onspieuoiis roeks occurrinR in tlif bflt are heavy he.ls ..f ooP"-^ .•ongl.>nierate, very similar to that of Ahrani lak. on the Kngli-h riv.r heh.w Minnitaki lak..' With the-e ar.' n-.eiate.! dioritt.- and ehloritic an.l hornhl.nd.' sehists, the whole ftriking nhont N. TO' E. an,! .lippiiiK "t I'iffl' ""kI*-'"- "l"''^^*-- '"'-•''' '•""• ^^'f''"'" <1'"'^'- I* elass.d almost wholly with the Kccwatin. though there are possibly Miiiill iiivas of low.'r Hnronian. th,- ba-iil b. d- of wlii.'h wouM l- represented by the conglonieriite. About the lake almost the only eminnie.., in view are low hill- of unassorted drift, rising generally not more than fifty feet abovp the water level, but in one eas,- forming a v.ry -triking oone-shiipcd ,.n,in.-ne:, rl-ing iM-rlui|- -W f-'el nl-ve tl„- -urruumiing level. Owinp- t.i its inae.M>Mbility tin- hill wa- nut vi-it.-.!. but from it-^ ^jeiieral a.i..'el. an.l from th.' ae.-ount- of it given by the Indiau-. U evidently is one of those r. nmrkabl, . isolat.-.l ma-ses of drift sein on the south braneh of the Attawnpi-kat. and noted al-o by Mr. Cams.dl as oc.^urring in th.' country north of I at hike." l-'ro,,, Wunnumin hike to Xibinamik lake, i, di-tan. f tw.utv- tive miles, th.- .lescent is about forty-live feet, the fall oceurrir.L' principally at thr.-.- point^, wh.-r.- series of heavy rapids break ti;.. .-oiirse of the riv.-r. Betw.-en tin se ar.- str.-t.-he- of .piiet tb-wliL- 1 Vlil.iliil 1'. oelt .;..elei;l.:il - Sumlli.'iy l;.-| I'll li.-.-l,.t;|. Siii-ve.. i;u.i. \'..i. \1 V, ,,i Sill ».->. r«ii. 'HI \. I 3 .^mt*. •*. 26 1,1 III l.i.li \l M l:VI V. C.i.V.MlV water, when' tli. curi'.iii, tlinuuli «• ni'inlly ulrmiK, ll^^w- ul.inu phi- ciJlj botwi' 11 bmik-i v/I 'iii.a u..t geii.Tall.v hinli. l)Ut in |.lac.«., whrrr the lurrcnt hu worn into the side i>f n <\r'\h ridgi', ihowing cut Irnnk* sovvnty-fivu fcpt iti li»MKl>t. A ftrcmn kin.wii «« Mi''hiki>nii fl.iws in from tliii BOiith iiIm'iiI -ix inili-' below WiMiimiiiniiii lukc iin.j n liirxcr wie, rt-fi-rrfd to ukbIii in (Icitiribiiig thn route from Tmiit Inki, join* the river from the nortli tiv.- mile* above Nibinnmik liike. Nibinnmik lake i* n\\ iricgi'lar body uf water who-^c Amy luf been largely defined by ridjiiB of glacial drift. From inlet to ontl.t i- but five niiUs, tin lake, how.vrr, fxtcmlinif to the -outli for seven milos and to the nor.h for four mile-. A number of low lcdge« of tine, well-foliated bioiiie gnri?'- oeiMir along itp ,hore-<, rut by a conr*e white gneiss that often is interbiimkd with thi' tiner giving the wiiolo an appeurum-e oi' htratitivation. The land risl three places, and descends in ;dl .ibout thirty-tive feet. .\'o ledge? nil seen along the shores the over-mantlc of drift, rising in places to fuini ridges niu'ty feet iu hriulit, q\iitr covering llie nui'crlying rocks. Wapikopa hike li:i- a l'n:;tli luirtlna-terly i,i tliirtnii n.ile-. with a long irregular buy runniuK to the north for fourteen mili'=, where it receives the waters of the river nf the same name, a i\u'.Qi flowlnp stream thirty yards wide, two to six feet dni \Vapiki>|iu liiK^- il.iwiiwar.l- i.. Wrihikw. i Inl-' . n .li-iai..'.- of thirty-right mih-s the river fnlluw-. ii nn.-t irnunliir .•..iir-c. and really ronstitiitu* a suiivj'sion nf lnki-, with iiitervcniiiM: riipidi. the total deaccnt being about oinhty feet. The lakt?-likp cxp.'r'^ioii- urt' nmiirl'iublr f..r th<- Wiiy in lo..^ narrow buys niimiiitf oS fr.'in lliitn, lonfiiriii !■■ tlit of glaoiatioii. Thi- i- u\n of tlie hike*. A numk'r of sniMll rupi'l ur wli> re tlie riv. r l.iviik- through the drift ridnes and for ten mile? luMuediatt ly nbove tlie otittlow of thii ehai.i-.l eomiiig in below Weibikwei hike the enrr. nt \* very »wift, and heavy riipids oceiir, -.m>u of theni over bdu. - -f biotitp gnei:r a route ucros. lo Lan-downe l,,ke, an.; nine miles above Weibikwei lake a ehanael lead^ ..tf t.. llf uM-th, rejoining the main river }»■•■ b' t..w that lak.'. The southern cbai.u.d of th.^ river How,- liito the n.u thwe-terly bay of Weibikwei lake ami .li-.-barRe, frou, it- extr. ni.- -th-rn end. Weibikwei lake iia- an eM.viu.' length .,f .-..v..nte.n mil.-, un.l ii seven miles wide. Two rlver< of .•..n-iderabl.^ volume ib.u int.i its southern end, the MLOiikenopik (-t..n.. ti-!i-trap)-kn> ■•■•, .m, tl... ..Id maps as the Fishbiisket river and th.' \Vapit..|,m. up ubi.'b tl.p principal eunoe route to the soutli lea.b. The lake, though of .-.■.n-iderable ar.-a, : ..when- .sle.v>- any wide cxpaiHP of open w,.t.r u-ImIu- ..f a --rie-. of l..nu', narrow i'8 III III, II \l, «l l;\ I V, I WAUA ilmmii I-, I.Miiw 111 I'Ti'i """I "•"'''• l"'«"" l'»f»ll«l 1"W i'lan.U of -Hii.l. mini 1 iiiiil l-i.uia. r-. «i'li .1 .i.l.MrHlimi .,1 till r.ii.hiiifr •bout till' Iim! "I ill!' 1ii|i -'f till wiii.r. 'I'lif im«mig«'» iirt- imt gt-iK-rHUy iiM.r. llmii Imlf « liiili- m "I'ltli. iiii'l "lily 'Itirty iVft in .lefilh. The liiii>l hIii'IiI (111- liiki' ii low. mill liii« li<»M liliiKi-t tiitinly il'iniiU-iJ of irn- h.v rii iirrinu Hr--, i-xn ptiii(i in a tVw l...'iililii'« wlnn- liiuik'iuH pliii. iiitminiik, uii.t xi"-' "'■ f"'"" "'"' <••'"'"'" '" "!'"" ''"^' ■l'*""'"''' of til.' i.rijf'iml I'oi-i-.-i. Slnrn'oii. wlilti ti-li, |.iIm'. mm.I .li.iv ■ i' W""l -i/i- nil iiliiililiil ill ill!' Inki, mill 111'- Iiiiliuii^ ^iiy tliHt brook trout iiir not utu-oiiiiiiiiii, I'Ut iliiit iuko trout ilo not orcur. Tli*- only I.iIki. iil.oiit I 111' Oioro- iir. I.iolilr «tiii"i- tliiit form low poiiiti iHiir till- »oiitliirn i ml of the liiki . riif rivur ilim'hiirKi- from llio txtriino iiorllurn buy of tlir liikf l.y 11 -hort riipiil, with ii lull of ihrio or four ft'ot. .lu-t lulow the iHpid, ut tho hruil of II loiiK buy thut ixti luW for »tvi rnl DiiUi to the wi-t, tl Iiiinml whiih Iciivei thf rivor ti-n miles obovt njoiii'- This Ih probably rciilly iho miiin I'.imiin-I of th< rivtr. Bilow fhf juiiotion thr rivor tlous for tho first eight inib's of its rour«i: over liorizonliilly foliiitf.l leiltfis of biimkil, biotitf gneiss, fhnt cuuse nil .iluio-t i-oiiliiiiious -ui'i'i -sioii of rnpiils with swift water bilwe'ii. ,lowu to the point of outtb.w ..f the \Vini-Ui-i-. ii .liiuinel thnt tlows <,fl to the iiortliiiist, to bii-..iiii' iiuiiitiil lo tin- lunin river s.v. ntv miles below. At low wulir iio water tbiws ..ver th" bar at the . n- trnuee to this ehunnel, iIioukIi lliere is. ,it all stages of the water. a ri\er of ,-,.ii-iaerabh' -ize eominn in at the juiietioii, ilu.-. the liuliiiiis s„y. not to any sIhkI ■ larjfe streaiu. but to n great innuber of smaller tributaries ilrainiiig the eountry between tliin strnuv "l the heads of the F.kwaii and lihiek-feiiee braneh of the .\ttawnpis,^at rivers. Thirteen miles below the liend of tho island thus formed, another bram-h ebaiinel, called the Tabusi kwi.i. splits off to th- west and flow* around an island about tw. uty-threr miles long. For forty- five miles below the lake, or to the upper ed^te of the till-i^overed area, the river is an •ilniost eontinuou- riipid. the deseeut being probably as luiich as seven feet to the mile. .\t two points only Jc the'e rapids beeonie easende.s, both situated near the bottom of the v.^ry rni.id sietioii. At the Tn-hka rapi.l the vertieal fall is not great. iMit at the I!o-kiiuitf or SiiioUy fall tlieiv i- a vertical iiitcli of alioiit rift. ,11 feet. The iiortatfe pn-t the fir-t of these rapids numnts over a low ridge of boulder clay, but out bank-, -bowing a see-tion throiigh ti;e iitl. are tir-t -een jn-l abi.ve tb Ho-ki'ieii; fall, where tho river HM.loN lit WIMI«K .»M> All VWM'I'KM l!IVMi«i 20 h» t .I..WI1 tli>->Miitli ivv.iil.v I'.Mt i.f mi ii|.|»T l.iittr,,loiin.| <'l;i,v. Dii.l MX f".'.! -.f nil iin.lirl.vu.u, IX tinirly i.mtili \ riv.r'- ,■.u^r-.■. ur.' l.>«. ri,ii,.x tfrM.luiill.v t>..i.i .iliii..-t w.t.T l.'vl I-. L.-iKln- ■■> H"' i'""-'' •'"•"i tifry fi'i't iil.MV • it Fr.'.iu.Mit . x|...»ur.- of liH.titi' irii. i". ^f.ii.viilly iinnrlv Imri/. .tul. t,ui ii.H.'li .li-tiirl..M| l.y iiitru-i.Mi- <>f n ..Mr-.r wlnt.' Rti.i". iinl l.y vein- im.l ap.'l'dyi.- nf i«'Kiin.fit>'. .-■■■ur nil mIuuk tli.' liv-r Th.-v are l,.w. r..\in.l.-.l. w.'ll-Kln.'iiit<-.l UmIk.'-. -liowiii^r well nmrk.^.l -n iii- ti.iii in H if.'ii.n.l nt sonthra-t. D.iwn to tlii- |H.iiit. mi.l l-i- n T w inil.-- l.-ytul. th.. f,l,| !..i.-t liH- Ih.m ,1. -tr..y..l l.y tlir -iini.. Iir.' tlint -wipl th.. r.h..r. » of \V..il)iku..i l.il<. . »n.l it- j.hi.-.- tnUi'ii l.v ii <. n.l (jniwlli »l""it thirty v'iir- "lil- (l,.<.nM..nal 1..W I...— - ..!' I.ioiii. u.-;.iiit.-Kii'.i-- i>r.- ..Npo^-.l Hl..iit' th.. -hop.- for -lxt.>.'i. mil.- 1.. lou l!..-kiii.-iK full. A li..ri/.ontnl ..r >:ently undnlutiiiK foliati.,.. I- wll .l.-v.-lop^l. tli..ni:l, lli.. r.-culMr uiul\.rmify <.f lli<'ir attitu.l.- i- inmi-.-.l 1-y :r.-.in. lit invii.iin« tiB<*-9 .,f r..ar-e white giuin^ an.l p. unuitit.-. '! h.-.-. ..xiM-ur.- iir.> the l.i-t that .v.itcrop alonK the riv.r until the out r rim of thr linit.«toiies of the Ilu.l-on B\v l.i.-in i- r.,...li.'.l. 11" milf>'^ l>rlow. Th.-uKh the bottom ..f the trough uni.lu.illy l....-,.>u.- l..vv.r in r. f. r.'n-... to the ^,„.f:i .f the till a< tli.- nv.T i- ,l..-.-.-ii.l...!. nt no i.'"'- '" '•'''* ,li.tnu.... has .l.'trrn.lation \; u . arri,.l 'ar .uouvli •.. .xih.-.^ th.- r.n.l.-rlyinir ro.-k-. th.. L'r..ai louul.. r ..f l...ul,l.r^ .l.riu.l tn.ui th.- wearinjr away of the till pfbahly l.-vomiufr an in..|-r»si,i^ly imp.T- tant la<.t..r in rotanlint; th.- u.-nriiiK »..ti.ui of th.' ..iirrent. l!..l..\v the Inst expo-un- of m,..l- th.. ol,l fon-t -till clothes tin- hank-, 111., hrr.l.'. ahov.' nfirn-.l l.. ..xt.-n.liui.' ..iily to that .li?tan...>. Thr hank- ..f the riv.-r ,.n-..rv... all alwK th. part of it- eour-e lyii.).' within th.. till-e..vere.l an-H. a v..ry unif..riH .■haru.-t.T. Thr sh,,res lu-tw. ..11 l.iiv nn.l hish water mark jrra.lnally -h.p.. up fv..m th.' ^i^^j^h mam^Bmm ^wmmk^^^m^wmp'^f'm^ ;jo 1.1 DI.OIillAI. MUVI V. < ANADA wafer's P'lf"-. and arf often paved with 1... alders and nuuked at tlio iin~^ L- I a belt of low bushes and |LTas>^es. From high water liiUK the 'H.-'il >i boulder clay risps in an »hi.o-t she«T wall, bare and r. , ., ; /.e tlie side of a reeent raihv.iy cutting or canal; the lower -111 oft.n rough with the great niuiiher uf rn.jecting boulder?, bTit the upi» r -mouth fae.d like a pure ehiy. CapiiiuK the upper clay 13 a very unequally distributed layer of marine clay, in places reach- ing a thicknets of ten feet, but over long distances entirely wanting. The impervious charact<>r of th- till, to^'ether with its nearly flat or gently undulatinR surface, gives m tlie country a muskeg-like c-haracter, even thouKh it lies eighty feet or nuire above the bed of tho river. Along the immediate banks, and for perhaps a chain or two back, there is a narrow belt of trees of fair size, and back of that stretches away a great level, plateau-like cuiitry, practically without drainage, and consequently moss-.cv.red tu a great depth, support- ing a stunted and deformed growth of black spruce and tamarack. There is no river valley, the trench cut in the boulder clay being but little wider than the actual be.l of the ,-tream. The comparatively stable character of the till walls is indieiit. d by this belt of larger growth, a-, were the disint-sration proc-ediuK at all rapidly, the ordinary ciiditiun of tree frrowth woui.i prevail quito to the edge of the trough. At sixty-eiglK and seventy-ev u miles, respectively, below Weibikwei lake, the Tabasokwia and Wini-kisis channels rejoin the I.areot -tream, the latter now of c,,u-ider.illc volume. At a lake-like expansion studded with islands, situ:.t. d >eveii miles below the inflow of the Little Winbk, the tirsl tribntari- - of in>porta,ice join the river, the Asheweig llowing from the s..uthwc>t. and the Atikameg from the southeast. The former of these, which is slightly the larger, i-i the West Winisk ot the old nuips. and tho stream referred to on a former page as flowing out from the main river at Mi-r,;,,ik- wash lake 224 miles above. M its outlet it is a quiet flowing stream. with a good current. « .■U,.iu or more in wi.lth, ami havim,' an average depth of alwut fou.' feet. A short distance below this point white birches and balsam spruces are ^<^ n for the last time on the banks, and thence to the sea the forest gr..wth, quite to the edge of the river trough, i- composed ditir.ly of black spruco and tamarack. The islands, and here and there n projecting j^iint, however, cont' lo to show groves of white K AMI All AWAIM^K M IMVIK-' Aftei- a >uur>t" Muiost .liicctly north, with -light curves to th« ca.it an.l «.>t. for VJH niil.s tho rivir hy a -l.nr,. turn .u.l.lenly changvs it. ilirtction to a littl.. >outh of ca.t, ;iu.l keeps that treji.l for sovfiity iiiilos. Looking:' .I..w,i thr v;ill.y lr,.,ii a iKUnt a tVw inik^ above th.> flbow, the laii.l to the north, hoyonil the turn, i= seen to be elcvate.l a little above the general kvoi, tl..- line of higher ground probably representing the northern eor ' ■ '. ' Silurian basin. The abrupt turn made by the river, anv . s ,ong ... u ■ - ; the east before resum- ing its normal northerly d >.ii ,-,. r.ia, ..lo' .ly al>o be attributable to the prescnoe of the bai i. •■ rT.-r-i !y ..■ rini ..f the limestone area. Two tributaries, the I'.iuiipatiiu inid ilie I'ikwakwud, join the main river near the elbow. Both head n<.ir the Fawn branch of the Severn river, and by the last named there is a eanoe route to the Severn. The Winino brook comes in from the north about half-way downi the easterly stretch, and nine niih- farth.r ..n an island six miles in I'-nRth, known to the Indians as .\fikminis or Caribou island, divides the river into two "hannels of marly •■.jual volume. The almost sheer walls of boulde • <'lay, with th.ir intermittent and irregular capping of marine day, continue to nt l-vrl. ui v.vd l-lain, will, onl.v a >par.e gruuil. ' Th.' liiM<.>t..,„.- .-!,.,« j^.utlc uiululatiuiis, l,ul are, l.roadly spoak- :„•■ nearly tlat, witli a ,lope northerly corresponding closely with ,h, d.-e.nt ol the riv.r, A Hi.all collection of fossils, deterniined hy Dr White;,ve-, i- r.lerre.l f. more at length on another pa^ic I'hey .„rvr to satisfaet..rily fix the po.itiun of these U.ls as Silurian, and ul al.out the age of th- Niagara. .V, a pruj.M-ting point on the southeast hank, iw.niy-s.x mdes Vr,,n, the month, an enlin-ly dirterent --et of rock^ i- hrought to the MUla.e, in the fonn ol ;, douhle anticlinal fold, «ho,e axis >trikes -Hith 10' ea>t. Tht^-e eon-i.-t of handed green and black .4alcs and ralcareon. >p,an/.ite., the whole very hard and baked looking. No ;„-tual contact with the overlying dolomites or limestones is seen, .so that it is not possible to say with certainty whether or not the two -..I, are eonformalde. Jt .eems very probable, however, that the , pp, !■ beds, that gradually merge upwards from a calcareous ipu)rt- /if into a highly -iliceou, lin-.e.t,.ne, underlie .■onformably the !.,we.st stratum of linx'^toue. No f<,ssils wore found in these beds. The ribboned charaefr of the slate-, their bright .'oloration, a.al the occurrence in them of streams of more highly calcareous pebble- like piece, that arc very M.gg.-tive of broken limestone bands, give t.. them a most striking appearance, and wouhl make their recogni- tion, if exposed at any oll.-r place on the river, almost a certainty. It wa, con-idered at the time tli. the-e might represent a part ot the Xastapoka ,-rie-. imted by .Mr. Dowling about thirty miles to the ..a-t'..n Sutton .Mill lake. Then, dee- not >ecm, however, to be a -.rheient similarity between the-e bed, .md those described by Mr. I, ling to warraul thi- e,,rielatuui. Below this point, and down aearlv to the mouth ol the river, th, limostoiu- and .hdomites, for the mo=t part a ivp.'titiou .,f tl.e -auie b.-ds lying in low undulations, ,,.e almo-t ee„tinunn-ly exposed, forming low cliffs, overlain by a thick mantle of boulder clay. The river, along this part of its eour-e. i- M...ut thirty ehaiu- wide, with many expan-i.>u- tlir ■■ -.,uarter~ ..t 1 mile or more in width, and d-.ttcd with i>lands. The Mattawa, a river of considerable volume, by wlneh there is au Indian eaiioe r-uie to ,he F.kwau riv.-r mes i:i from the ea>t nventv-four mile, f. the mouth, and ten inih- farther down the ^li.hamatlawa. ,.r I'.i^' Mattawa, tlew, in fi-m the west. This str,.am IMI.IO.V ni WIM^K \M> ATTAWAI'ISKAT KIVKRS U used by the Indian- n- an inland canoe lovite to the mouth of the Severn, which i^ reaohi^d by ascending tho stream ahnast to it^i head and crosjiing thonco i.. th./ SluiRamu, which tlows into the west shore of Hudson bay abou i day and a half's journey below the Severn. For the last twc.iy-tive miles of its course before reaching the shores of the bay, the river has an average width of about three- quarters of a mile, but expands to over a mile at many places. An almost continuous line of islands divides it into a number of channels all along this part of its course. For the last twelve miles above the sea these islands are generally low, and clothed only with grasses and low b\islies, but varied by occasional, more elevated ones that support groves of balsam poplar of good size. Above this th. islauiis are mostly masses of till that have resisted the wear of the ciurent; they ore higher and generally well wooded with large white spruce, that attain diameters as groat as two feet, and nr- tall and straight. The current is swift for the whole distance from Weibikwei lake to the mouth, a distance of 240 miles, though across the boulder clay area, and through the limestones, the descent is comparatively uni- form. Though there U water enough all alon^' for tracking canoes, a channel suitable for larger boats could only be found by following a very tortuous course, and by frequently crossing from side to side. where the flat limestone ledges, approaching the surface, f..rm almost continuous barriers across the current, with perhaps oidy one liroak where the water has any considerable depth. This even slope is characteristic of all the rivera flowing from the great central Archiean plateau downwards to the we-^t coasts of Hudson and James bo - they have passed the more elevated Archcean country and . he gently sloping till-covered area. The Albany, the Attaw and the Severn rivers are other examples of this. The abseuoo of any valley might be interpretel l;\ 1 Y. TANAIIA i-ff: It seems cvidt'iit iIkii llmt tlir..iii;li tlu' boulilei' I'hiy iUVJ. until the liiiir^tonos are nai-lu.l, tlie ].n - nt climiuel dut-i not iicefsat'lv represent an oMer valle.v, Lut tliat 1.. low. thr.ugh llie limcst -.r.f-. the river lias reniiiied pn^Be^«iull nf iiii .'Mir, pre gl'i'inl fliaunel Approaeliing the nioiilh the hunk- hi.^.ine lower, and for the last few miles are not generally mere than ahont tlftecii feet high, and are compos- .1 of stratilitd clays and ^ands. I'x.rdcriiKr each side of the river at thi e«tiiaiy. and lAli-ndin;^ h^icj-; t'n.iii llic >li'.ri' "t tlie biy to form a lielt from two to ''..e mile, in width, a treeless tract four or five feet ahove ordinary liiRh tide- extends away to the east and north, and is jirobahly iipiitinoous. ahnost without interruption, np and t -horr ct' the \':y many -pii-ies of sub-arctic flowering plants. The river has an ea-terly dinvti.,,, j,i,t at its mouth, and the .sontii >liore eonseauently lieeomes, v;tli..ul change of direction, the eoa-t :>! the bay; and it is only by the tnrnint.' away to the nor'h of the opposite shore that the actual mouth of the river can be f\id. At this point the e>luary has a width of about three miles. It is generally shallow, largi.' bouMers .-Imwing abuve the surface even it high tide, while at low tide bars ,.f -and, gravel and houMers are exposed. The ordinary rise ami fall r.f the tide is only ab.,ut six feet, but this is sufRcient, so tlal i- the bottom of the buy ir. this neighbourhood, to expose at low ti!• \V1NI>K \M> ATI AW.VlM^KAi U\\\ l> ■'■' It^ volu WHS c-liiiitltr,! t.. I..' iil.out •jr.,l»*)('> .'uUic tVft ixf gceoiiil in midsiiiniiior. i\t a iioiui twiiity-live uiiles above thf bay. To avoid the difficult iiiivini\iic.ii of the we»t coast of Iludson bay, the Indians have «ell-kn..wu vn\u. -; both east nn.! west from the Winisk, the western leading to th. Severn river by n gtreum eallcl the Mi.-httniiittiiwii, wbi<>h ,utir* tlie Winisk six miles fn.ni tli.' nios'th. From mur the hcalwuters of this streiim the ShaRiiinn riv. r is reached by a portage route, and that strtam is descemled to the coaj^t, whii'h is reached iil ii point about n day and a ball's jnurnev from the month of the Severn river. The eastern route leaves the Wini-k cloven mile^ fron tlie mouth by its trib\itary the SliamattawH. This stream is ascended to a large lake on its course, ami one ot the tributaries enterinp the lak.> is utilized to reach a strciuji tlowiuK into the Kkwnn river by which the western siih' of .laiiic bav is reaehod. By this route the hazardous journey for canoes along the exposed west coast and around the point of <'ai><' Henrietta Maria i ■ avoided. The Attawapiskat River. Tiic Attawapiskat river wa- exauiined to the main forks twenty miles above Lansdowne lake, and its southern branch, the Kanu- ehuan. for 135 miles farther, where it overlaps the foot of Lake St. .Joseph at a distance of about fifteen miles to the north. A micrometer survey was made of the greater part of this dis- tance, connectinK at one end with Lake St. .loseph and at tiie other with Fort Hope post on Kabemet lake. The Attawapiskat watershed was fir-t reached at Wimbobika an.l Kapich'.gima lakes, lyinjr ab...it twelve mile- to the uori Invest of the northeasterly end of Lake St. Joseph. The upward eontimiatioii of the river is represented by two large brooks flowing in from the west, and one, known as the Hice-stalk river, from the north. The latter affords a canoe route to Cat lake. This has been traversed by Mr. Jabez Williams, of the llud-irs Hav Compai'v. v.iio reports tha' biotite gneisgos only are exposed al.'Ug the route. These lakes, both long, luirrow and tri uding about east, parallel to the prevailing strike of the gnei->es in that vi.-iuity. are sepnr- ated by a low ridge of cldoritic. fekl-pathic hornbleude-schists, that occur in a belt, at this point not more than three-quarters of a mile wide. The westerly extension of this belt was not traced, but it preb- u'Tt r. (KOI.OCK \I. >I RVl V, ( ANAKV -■■■■".>.- ably .!.« -i not reach tho shores of Lake St. Joseph, as it appears to b« tap. riiitf in thi-i direotion. Easterly it was traced pretty con- titr:>u«ly, »■* tho stream vsUey li-.i* been pxcavated in these rock» pni'MoBlly all down its course. The outlets of tlu-so two lukes unite a tew miles below to form th^ small river known to the Inlians an the K •winogaus, or No- Pikerel river. Fur twentytivf miles below the junction the river ha- a width of only from .)n<' t.. tw.) chains, and is swift flowing and broken by luimcrous rapid*. \x frequent intervals exposures of chi >ritio ami fcldspathic -ciiisi* outcrop, striking both to the north au i -•■uth of cast, or parallel (■■ the (jeneral .'.mr-. of tli" riv'T valley. .V^-ociatcd with the sclii-,ts arc more or less schi'tiwe diorite.s, and ma-MVc pyritou., quart/, dioriti's. At the edge of the belt is a strip of h..'r:iblciid(' granite gneiss similar to the biotite gneiss, excepting that in it the biotite has been replaced by hornbkude. The trend of the belt of basic rocks would carry it to the south 0! ■'■M loiifT narrow lake called by the Indians Kagabadcs-dawag"- Excursions inland from the south shore of this lake revealed no out- tT'ps, and as no further exposures of these rocks were seen on the river, the belt probably terminates in this direotion not far east of the head of the lake. Along the lake shores ledges of rock were seen at )idy one i)oint, where obscurely foliated biotite gneisses are cut by .1 later red granite of medium grain. .Stratified tine white quartz sand, underlain by blue clay ami over- lain by gravel, forms banks fron ten to thirty feet in height nil al'"'!!? both sides of the lake. Among the peach jH-libles, vliiih occur in great variety, are in- clu.'.ed do'-omites and fo.-silifer.uis limestones, as well as many large semi-angidar blocks, indicating that the underlying clay is probably a till. Where the banks are low, and fresh sections are afforded by the work of the waves, a layer of peat froro two to three feet thick over- lies the clay. From the -outh -liore of the lake a rolling, sandy- covr-red -lope, the stirface coated with white moss, and supporting an opi'ii growth of jnckpine, white birch, and spruce, gradually rises to the summit of a ridge two hundred feet or more above the river. Along the side of the ridge, which is entirely of drift material, ar<» nutn.Tons cirque-like depressions sixty to ninety feet deep, with Kff.IOV i>¥ WINISK AM' \1 T.\WAIM>KM I!IVM(-> • • «teeplyflnping hid.*, and in e ft« ewes hclding up »raan pondi. of wrtter. The oppo.iu> or southeast «idt of the ridge falls away abruptly, at as .loop un angU' as the sand will aH«um«>. to another rolling muuly plateau that extendi, for mil.* to the aoutheait. Th.' Otosk or Elbow river, probably th.- long.'Pt of the varic.i» branches, of the Attawapi«kat, a.' it head, near the northeast tr.d of Cat lake, flows into the lake frti.i the northwest, about half-way down it8 nertheru side. Eleven miles below, aft. r flowing in an eai-terly diret;tion pan a miniber of rapid-, with ...•.Mhiounl outerop^ of biollte granitc-gneirs. the river expands to form Kakawi/i.lu lake, a shallow body of water ?, n miles in length and a nilo 'vi.l. . The >ame rolling, sandy plain, with extensive tracts of muskeg where it approaches the south shore, surrounds the lake. Beyond tiu niusU.n area, which extendi for two miles or more back from the lakr. tlu- h.nd gradually ri.-^cs to about :i hundre.ite-pnel-s lyiuR nearly hori- zontal, or piitly undulating, occur at many point- along the .chores. The country traversed by tlu' river for the la-t fifty miles above the lake is characterize,! by vei, .avy dei>osit. of drift, mostly stratified au.l often frotn tifty to sixty feet in thickness. Whore sections are exposed aloujr the nver or lake shores, by the wear of the water, the -reatest thickness i.- seen to be occupied by very fine, white, .ru.ir!.- sand and siliceous clay, underlain by a t.n.gh blue .-lay, in tine laminations. a.,d overlain by irregularly distributed .leposits ct coarse sand and gravel, rn.lenuath the whole, flnd renting imme- ,!iately upon th.' bed-ro<.k. are de,wvsits of tHl of une.,ual thickr.es-. th;« at no place are exposed in section. O.'i'iiii'.iu I li iiliiiilar h.yrr- ••! in.lurnto.l iiiU'uri'OiK iiititiriul, uiif tc. iw.i iii.li.- Ill tliii'kiic^-. Ii(ilii;n« npproximately 5!) per ooiit v< cii!. iiirii r:irl".ii:il.-. niriir in ili.' -iliccoii^ cliiy-. Two HiH'ciinoIl* i.f till' I'liiy w.ri' ixmiiiiiiil I'V Dr. ll'tTm!mi\, ciio from llu' iK-ighliniir lii,...| of '>/lii«ki liikt' Hiul I'lu' I'r.iii liitihtT ii]) to IvanuchuAn riviT. IlitT riht; Lilly ill \h< |iro[i.irt ion of liifir linn- coutciit, they mr i\-i'iiln'il «- -ligiitly t'lTiiigiiioM-, 1'oil>ly pl.i-lii'. rrmlily finibU- clu.v->. lio'.liiiu II LifKr i|ii:iiitil> of -ilioi . n- urit .in. I ••oiiiaiiiiiiK fnnii 2" t" "11 |..|' cciil of r;ili'iiim ■■.iil^oiiiitiv In loinliiniiti.ii wi'h tlic vc(fi'tulili' iiioiiM of tin- -iirfui-.' ihiKr ilii,\- -lioiM foi-iii a -oil vory siiitnbli' for yciifriil iipricultiiro, iIiourIi tlioy aii' rvi.l nilv not of va'iic for in- Jii-tri;ii o.-u :i* (•llly^. Flowiiii; I lit from llir noitli -iilo of Ozlii^Ui IiiIm' tlic river I'on- tliuif* iiorllit'rly for riflcrn iniliri, with many lip«vy mpids aivl a high avi'ragf rat of tlow. to mi ollio.v. ulni-c it cli.in:;! - In. .liroolion of it. loiirf^c sharply to the cast. Letlffi'S of wi-ll foliativl, li.iiiood. biolili' n'''i'iil''-tiiioi-.-> prolriulo throiigli tho ihlfi mantle nl fiii|Uo. "• lio:mii soim wliat ~iiiii''ei' than tiie .soutii braneh. till:- is a rive- of sii!eraiil'' vohiiie-. For tlie (irst few iiiilo^ above the folk- it i- bioad ami smuoth-llowiiiK. uitli liai,k^ of ehiy iiiul sand, anil is then broken by a hiu'h fall, iibove whiili it receives a lur.L!v triloilary that ilraiiis ToloKiiii Inke, lyiuR a short liistaiice to the north of the so.itii branch, above O/.hiski laki . .\bove this the Indians say that the river takes a very l(in;r bend to the north r.m! Ilieii southwest, and heads near the sources of the I'ipeftone branch of tin- Wiiiisk. Krom the elhow the river, now nearly donlded in \oIuiiie, Hows easterly for twenty miles into the long south.vesterly buy of Lan-dowiie hike. It is a succeigsion of lake expansions, with connectinK rapids, which, il.oiigl. they are rough, can all he run hy b.aded eaiu"-. Kabaniii, eleven mile- Ion;; and frenerally quite narrow, is tlie largest of these lakes. 'J"he land about the Like i? low and drift covered, nearly horizoivtal, but contorted ledges of handed. biotite yneiss, with glaciated surfaces, showing at intervals. I.,tn-d"\vne lake, ami th<> IoWit .\tta\v.i.i-kat r,,-cr to James bay. have boeii ilcscribe.l by I)r. Bell in his report nubli.shed in 1**7. '^^?'g^li^»^IB .;, ..|n\ ..I W IM^K \M' VI 1 \\, MMM, M Kl\ IK- •••' Routes between the Attawapi»kH «nd Winisk it.veri. 'iU .ruct of .■o.mtry lyii.K Uuvmh iU. .\iti.>' •.i.i-l>a. mihI WinUk rivor* ^VB» fr,.r.. 1 ly >l,r-. .•«„.,.• r..nl,t. uv,. -t.,rtn.K f'-m I.m.h- d„w..- 'uikr alM ..I... from tlir .\lt:iWHi.i.4 „t nwr. t i, imli • ;,1m.v.. the l,i. ,„1 -nikiiiif 111 Wii.l-U lit W il-iUw.i hiK.. l.-tw,Mn \V„p,k..,m I'ak.'.u.l Ki.inul.i.au l.ik., i.M.l i.t Nil.i.iuiiii> InU.' .■■■.^iH-.iv.ly, Tl.i- ii,,t-uaiuo.l ruulL- leu- tli. .xlreni.. ....rtli, .i-l. H> l-.y ..t th- 1..U. „„.l varhv, tlio I„M8li.-'.Miin.l l.v wnv of u -imiU 1 Mcr-trLWii l.i ».k. ll.vs:..^ tlinMinh 1..W l.ui.l «Lt!, nM.mnl iri.n.l 1 l-uM-r ri.l(!'-> uf m..uer»t. h..i«Ut. Afi.r -.w in« th. .l.viil,. il.- r....- follow tlir i.„i,i-o ..f tin. Wiipll-l.-iM riv.T. thruiiKh num. n.^i- Ink.- ■i-wii to lli.. K.ulli loy i.f WVibikw. 1 hiUr. I'.T til. ^vll•>K■ ili-H ■ 'L- '"try u ,-l,,-, iti-i/oil by -Irift ridK.-, riMii^: from fivtiily l- on,- ImiMrfl uvi ..'.■ov-' fhc -U'lioral Wol, with inviii of iinnk. c im.! Lav. -and r.jv.r. a tluU «'cii|.yint' iho iu'iTveninit vall-y-. I'oi- tlio tir-i ,l,i,i . u mill- Jiorth of I.;in-d,.wiio h.kc no ..xpo-iiri-< of vvl ,„ m'. arc -■.u, the drift c-v,r lii.linj; oonirh-'' b" th" nndiTlyiny ror^k. A l„w rilgc of sli^ihtly -. l,i«t.-o, luird, chloritio dioritc ?p. vU.-.l witl, iron-pyiit(* aiu! s^trikiiiif .«-t mi.l w.st. is the first outcrop olHervo.l. The '.vidth of th.- hiiud of vvhl.'l. it forms a part .-ainiot h.. d-t.rminn,l .veil ,prroxiniat..ly. a- to th, north the- Hrst ro.k ontoroppi.ii? throuRh ,1,.. ,i,-ift o....nr. on Mi-t:i-*in lako six mil.-s fiirtlu-r on. i.nd to ih. M,ml> tiiL noare,t i. on l.an>.lown.- lake- ninct.-on mile. away. Ihc*.-, in l.olh ca*fa. uro hiolU. «n,_.i,-.-.. the last heins the tir.t <,f n ser.e, .,f ..p.„ure^ that ur at inl-rvaN all th- way ,lown tlu- .tr.>am to Woil.ikxv,-i lak.v 'I'ho tr.-n,l in in a K.^n.^ral way ulamt .M-t ■aid VNCst. lhom;li ^atisfac•t...■y strikes are seldom .seen owing to the ,.ont.ne,l .Imrrtct-r of th.- strata. ,lii,- p.i.icipally to peguuitite ...- -i..n- wh,r,- th.- f,.iiati,ai i- phiin. ,.r I,. oh-,-ur.. foliation. The pr.vailin^' typo of .•,.,-k i- a harl. red.li.h, bamle.l. hiot.t.- ..,K-i- lyinp n.-ai-lv h.iri/.onlal, .Mratif,.rin in apprarnnc... and .•ut by ;^rreg liar nia.-n. * ami veins of eoa.>.- white ,Kgmfltite. The d.stan.v acro.. hv this route is .ixiy-tlv,- mil.--, and for the whole distance the eoui.Mv. ex.-eplins: a f.-w low. mu.-koR area., has he.-n repeutcUy .wept l.y forest tires. I... that many o'' tlu' rid^.^s show -.nrtuces ot bare bo.ilder- an.l pravel and oth.ir* a second crowtli of l.anksiaii pm-'. whit- bir,-h, a-p.n popla.'. -pm." . ami tamava.-k. In the musk<-U tracts only s,.r...v an,l tamava,-k tirow. ai„l th- trunks ,lo n..l attain a size to he of iiidi\stri:.l vain.-. ^^mm'^m^iis^-'m^^x'^^'^Merfi^ 40 (.VOI'M.H \t iitiiiiiiiiK i> large proi^rtioii nf tidtitc, arc txpofcil ut intfrviil- t.i l.iyi.ini Siiutiiiiiiinis li'k<-. l In- pn vailing strikr i* « littli' «'»t ol -Miiih, At till' iiiFrtli<-n-t rlogc Ixtwron two eiiiull hike, lying nliout iiiiilwuy m tin- >('ri<>», one of thone low bonws is ci)in|Ki-iil tif iiitcrhaiKli'ti tim; qimrtzosp ^cii^ uiul horii- bleiiilt' •ilii-f. tin liiif Kn(n»« n .i-inlilinn ft lim ly mii'iiccous, Hi'histoic (jjartzitc, uml the who! -irikiuK in "'uiifuriiiity to th<' I'oliatiou of tho gn«'i«s»'.s lliiit iirv rxi"i-tiil ut no mi at ili-itainv on either fide. The atrnta aio much "hHttcrtil inni -'niiiril with qnnr'^ vcim con- taining iron siilphiile. rhi!4 in prol^aMy hi otT-lioot ffoui. or imi- tinnntion of the belt to bu next referrwl to. Crossinjj nnothir divitle tho routo continuci to Xihiumnik laiio, throuKh imniiruuH email lukis ot< urriiig al iir the oovirse of a -nsa!! tribiitiiry llowinp lu^rthwostorly into tho most -I'lithcrly hny it tlio lake. Tho »tnttm valley follows the trernl of ■.\ l.<>lt of bniio rooka I'riiiii Olio to two niiloH wide, and traced in u ouuipoiinil ciuvc uoi'i, rly, iiorili' • ■ nnd iiorthiaHtorly I'of twelve mili'H. Chloritic and hornidindo .'chist.^, associated with highly nltiied aud sheared iim'r''- diorite^, are the provailinK rooksi at tho lower end of the ix.dt. t'aither nortli on tli'- hand more nui^i^ive, hard ilioritoji, and eour-ic diabases alt. red in plaees to obs-iuit ly solii.-toM> .idoiilii; rocki, oociir with the s.'lii-t-. idl -lrikin« pnr.uld t<. tin! lonfritn Unal a.xis of the belt. At int« rvals for a distaiieo of more than two mil.s niussivo ledges of hyper-ihene (laMro, ,ciiuilar t^ tlin Sudbury niekel- liearing irruptive, wlio.-e nl.itioti- to l\i< oth.i' rock nms^ps were not clearly sien, but which occur at or near the western edge of the !.. ;!, are assoi'iatc d with a n a-i>iv(> hard, ilarkgrt( n •' i«c. 'I'he belt, strikinK noriiiea>tcr!y, ])a"Os just to ti..- cast uf Nil'ina- •uik lake and lihoul I cro-s tlio Winisk rivcr a f < w miles below the foot of the lake. Owing to the continuous drift overing nn c\- [io-iu-c> ol i-oi-k in situ were ~i.'i'n aloU).' this -rctiou ot the rr ■ i. The most westirly route traversed ascends the Pnsabiwan rivcr, a tributary entering the Attawapiskat from the north at the foot of Kabania lake. For the tirst few mile^ to the noirh of th" river no exposures of hard rock are seen, the rurfaoc consisting of rolling hills of sand and clay. Beyond, though tho cmuitry is for tho most part drift covered, numerous outcrops of i'iotite gneiss, flat-lying or gently undulating, are g( on along the river and lake shores to the i:h,i<>.n i>i. wim?«k .\m> ai 1 \\vwt-K m i.ivik- n htigl.t ul lu...l s.|.aruii.iK tl..— wBt.T« fr..m tho»c ot tl.r Mi.'l..- kenopik bro..k tl-wiuK i"'" 'I"' •""«»> •'"' "^ Wfibikwri l»k. \..rtii- ifly from hire the f'.uto lullow-. a •..ri.-n of Mnall lttki« lying ii.ur th.> tiiadu of »tr.nii.s flowing nnrth.'a«t.Tly into tlir Winisk, f..r n diitan.-o ..f twonly inil.'s. LurKf arm- of niiifk<(r, aixl l..w »Hnrth«t»t.'rly bay of Liin-.iowno lake by a V)..rtatf<' ov, i a low ri.JK.' of uuaH^ortoil »au.l, tcrav. 1 au.l liouldiTN n>.-u.U u iiia;l I rook tUrouKh i« !.< ric* of lakes iitiiat»d aloiiK itM .oiii-. , for a di-taiao of riKht niiU-, to a .livi.''- •■■ tw..n »h.' Atlawapiskut aid Wini-k wal. r^lir.i-. OiTn»ional outcrops of biotito grHiut. f^iri-s lying at 1 .vr anu^v arc- Min 1o within about thrco luilos oi tlic h. •ffht-of-laml, . yml which, lifter a i-hort intirval ooinpi aU. art- ■ >■. inioi.- WMttrly ol tho hrlt ol lh.-o rook-. .U^.-ribd m ,■..1111. xuni wiib 'li<- tirst route n- cro-iiij.' a -hort ilislanor to th. north of Altuwaia-kat lake. Contiiiuiiii? iiorti, tho route follow < ,, .-n.all =lr.,ini .h.wnwnril> 10 Mnnuigwi-- luko, n body ,1 wal. r cov.-ni.t: i\ r,,ii.^i(Urablo arm, I. lit of vrry irnguhir outline niul broken by 11. any i-lautfe au.l h n;; lioints. liiotite KU'i-o, are llio only o.itcro|- 'i^.t -\: w thn^uKh the drift d.'po>it-i eoveriuB tlio jrreater p;irt of the ■ .•.•aeo. [■■r..!a the foot of MuineiKWe.-s tL. r.Mite follows a ir.nuber of >ni:ill lakes to n gniall stream, which it dese.n.U to a southerly ehann.l of the Winitk riv.r lifteeu mil, !■. Lav Wapi.^ra lako. jli..;;;. l-!. i-- only are .'Xpo-^ed all ih wiiy tlirouuli to the l.iaii! river. Routes between the Winisk River and Trout lake. Two eanoe rouU- U-tw,.'K M. u|,|:. r witer. o: the Winisk and Severn rivers uere exi.lore,l. Tie: ne-t w.-^terly of these leaves the Winisk nt .\Ii^ainiUwa.sli lak.. and the otl.- r at the first northerly e.\pansion above Nihiiiuiiiik lako. IX^eendiuK u snia!l outlet that Hows ti.rouKh a l.ou:dvr-ehoked .daiunel fn.in the n..rth.'a.l.Tly hay of ti,' lake, the tir-t-nieutoaa-.l ^i.i .-^ : %J^i^*: ..z^ _afiL41_ 42 .1 ll|.(M.|l M. rout'.- i'm1|.i\vs tl'i- -lirniii llint hy the adilition nf triluitary brooks (fTii'i ..■:iy liHcuni' ^ 11 rivtr nf considfrnblc voluiw- iiorthw;ircls for fifty miles to a s-mill Inke known on the old majis as Stiirgron lake. For this dirtnnce the cliunnel has a steep gradient, and tiio route i.s impeded l-y frcquont rapids. Several lakes oeeur along its conrse, th. largi-t. tin mile? long and a mile and a half wide, lying not more than two mill's to the north of ^Fisaniikwash lake. T!io country is gfner^i'.ly low and drift covered, with oidy occasional exposures, all. exrei>ling a fiw isidated out<-rops of hornblende schist near King- lislier lake, of bintite granite-gneiss. From Sturgeon lake, a small tributary from the west, draining a chain of small lakes with connecting rapids, is ascended lor thirteen miles to the divide. The rapids are ni.uiy of them rough, and all are ;liallow, so that the stream is navigable with difficulty even by light canoes. The obstructions are caused by erratics that have been washed out from boiddcr and gravel ridges that cross the stream at frequent intervals. Frum the divide, Nemeigusabins lake and tts outlet, a small stream wilh many rapids, lead to the sontheast corn' r of TriMit lake. The shores of 'I'roiit lake in the vicinity of the mouth of Nemeigusabins brook and fur eight miles or more westerly are generally low and boiddcr strewn, tlie land back from the lake risiii;; gradually over morainic ridges of gravel and sand. Occasional out- crops of banded biotite gneiss, well foliated and lying horizontidly, or gently imd\dating. occur here and t\w.rv in low, rounded ex- posures near the lake shores, ifost of tlic country seen near the lake has iKcn burnt over, and 'the i>resent forest, over all but very wet niu-kcg areais, is a s<'coiid growth of small ^ize. .Vvoidinj; tln' shallow .-Ireain^ belwci'U Sturgeon and Trout lakes an alternative route I'oil.iws nn almost direi'l line through nine small I.iki - or iiond.-, count cted by ten portage^ aggrc {jatiiit; a liltl" over tivt- miles and a half in length. I'he -letiou traversed is a nearly Hat, saud-cMivc-red iilaiu. with oi-.-a-ioiial low. drift ridges and extensive areas of muskeg. The si'crjnd route referred to follows the west branch it( the Winisk ilowu -tnam from t-Jturgeon lake lor thirty-three miles in an 1 a-torly ami then southerly dire<'tion, to a small lake where the river .•h;im;.- its couv^o lo a northerly direction. TIk' country traver.sed by the river is similar to that crossed l>y til- main Winisk in one of it^ nio^t striking features, namely, the IJM.MlN 1>I WIMSU AM" ATT \ W \ PI- K AT IMVIl: 4.", ..,.,-„rivM.,. of ,.»n.ll.l ;;1ii'mM i-LIl— iIimI -Irll.-.n ihu oujr-.- ..f tli.- channel iiii.l of the Ink. ^ l.. a >.ri.s „f y.\K-z»Ks .■oiiformiiig to the troii.l of tl.e gl«ciati...i. Tlif .nuntr.v is howcv.r, more levol iin,! not -0 well dniii..(l H? tlint bor.l.iiiiK tlir main river; the proportion of swampy lun.l is larp r miwI tl,,. fnr-.t ijr-vvth eoii.ist- largely of hluck spruee aiiil tiiiiiarBck. L..aving the Wl«I l.n.Mel, :i short diviile is eros>e(l, ami a stream. iir.'.ving -oiithwe^tci-ly. pr..l.!ihly int.- one of the northern hays of Wunnnnnnin lake, is aM.-eo,ie.l in a s,.utheasterly .liroction Uirough „„ ahu.-t .-.intinnons ciniin of lak,-, uith short rapi'l intervaU of riv. ,• ininin;r them, for tuenty-nne miles I" a minor .livi.h' M-|,arat- iug the headwaters of this stream from anotlier small river ilowiug southeasterly to the Winisk above Nihinamik lake, a di-lanee of thirty-six miles. The eonntry is of tlie same jieneral .'haraeter, ami the lake>, ami lo some extent tiie river ehannel, show the same parallelism to the f;ht«ation. .lue as before to lhe ri(lp.>6 of tran=;- portcJ bonhlers and Kfavel. The eovering of .irift n.alerial i- so universal, and tile relief so ^mM, that the underlying- roeks eau sel.bMn be determined. Whcr- ev.T uuterops orenr tliey are biotlte granite gneis.ses. bo that if the Wuun.unn.in l.ake l«dt of ..ou;.i..narat.s and sehi-.~ extends to this distance easterly, as would -e.-m probable, they are entir.dy coneeale.1 by surfaeo deposits, ami ero>s the nmte at one of the long intervals without exposures. Route between the Albany and Attawapiskat Rivers. The route prineipally u^d belu.en the Albany and Atlawapi-kat riv,.r- leaves the former river at Kabeunt lak,' and r-aehe- th. lali.r ,t Lansdowne lake, travertins a distance of seventy-tive miles, 'lhe lir-f thirty miles from tiie .\lbanv tl,rou-h Kab.net. Kil>, an,l Ue Aw lake- to Machavvaiau hd^e wa- trav.Mse,! by Dr. liell in 1S>o. aud has been described by him in hi,, repmt on ' An Kxploratioii of Portions of the Attawapiskat ami .Mbany itivM-.' pnbiishe.l by the Geological Survey in ISST. The belt cd" diorites aud felsitic, ehloritic. and hornblende schists that .-ro-es tla^ Albany river at I'.'tawanga 1 ,ke ero--es this route ju^t norlb of Kabem.t hiko. in a 1 1 about nine tniles wide, running N. To' K. For the balaue... of the .listan,.. to Lansdowne UV>: wherever outcrop,- are seen they are of b.otite 44 fiKOLOOICAL SURSEV, CAXAI>A granite-gneiss of medium groini striking about east and west, . ri-". banded fine black biotite gneiss cut by a course gneisw that enclose* blocks of the finer. From the northwesterly bay of Machawainn lake the divide b^wef n the Attawapiskat and Albany waters i? ero«ed, at i distance of two miles to the north of the lake, by a po tage seventy- four chainfi in length, traversing a muskeg with occasional ridges of transported gravel and boulders. Manitush lake, two miles long, lying at the north end of the portage, discharges northerly by a small stream, barely navigable by canow, into Marten Drinking river, which the route follows through Hail lake to Wintawanan lake, from which there ia a route westerly through an intervening small lake, to the south branch of the Attawapiskat river nt Ozhiski lake. The :Marten Drinking river, rather shallow and with a number of rapids along its course, ia nevertheless navigable by canoes down to its mouth at one of the southerly bays of Lansdowne lake. The country between the two rivers in the neighbourhood of the route is a high, rolling plateau, rising, midway, about a thousand feet above the sea, or a hundred feet above the Albany at the point of departure. Large areas ot muskeg abound, from which rise low, rounded bosses of gneiss, anjl ridges of sand, gravel, and boulders. To the west of Machnwaian lake the country is much more broken and rises to higher elevations. Tliis more elevated region extends in a belt westerly past Trout and Cedar lakes, and without doubt continues still farther wrst, fornunp the b^ight-of-land between the Albany and the south branch of the .Vtt.awapiskat. This country is referred to in the description ot the route down the Kanuchuan river on a previous page, where the hills are ^tnted to be corapoaed of trnni^pi.rted material to their summit.-. Cultivation of the Land. Tn the matter of the actual cultivation of these northern area-< we have littk to go upon. At the Hudson's Bay Company's posts at Fort Hc'pe and Osnaburgh potatoes have been grown, and small gardens maintained from the time of the cstaWishment of ;.io poets, and little difficulty has been experienced in maturing the common garden vegetables of Ontario, though occasionally the frosts of late summer have cut off all hiit the hardier kind?. As the posts were RKOION <>!• WI.MSK A N 1 1 AT lAWAlMSK A r KIVtK> 45 located with a view to their favourable -situation for the purposes of the fur trade with tlif Indiaits, neither one is eituated on ground well suited for cultivation, and much better results might reasonably Ih> expected were trials made on more favourably situated traota. An Indian cultivating a small garden plot at the head of the Pineimuta branch of the Attawapi^-kat river succeeds in raising good crops of potatoee and turnips. Fish. Whitefish and burgeon are the be-t food tishes, and oci.'ur in luo-t of the lakes. Both are taken in nets, and the lalt.T al-o l.v sixMring from scaffolds built out over rapids in thr river^. Dore and . ' ^ also generally distributed over the whole area, and forrc '■ • source of food supply, though the sucker among the ^.jOo. ..... ine rabbit among the mammals, holds the most important place, afl it can be caught everywhere, not only in the larger lakes but also in the smaller ponds and streams. Brook trout were actually caught only in the Winisk river near its mouth, and in the streams running into the Albany river, but were seen in the rapids below Weibikwei; the Indians assert that they occur aleo in the lake it-iclf. Lake trout were caught in large numbers in Trout lake at the head of the Severn river, but are not found in either the Winisk or Attawapiskat waters. Wild Animals. The moose (Alecs americanu^) has been fo\ind as far north as the southern shore of Weibikwei lake, in X. lat. 'rj^ ,"0', though tracks were actually seen during our exploration only as far north a* the Attawapiskat river. Even here it is not nearly so plentiful as farther south in the belt of country lying war the Canadian Pacific railway and extending for about 150 miles north of it. Caribou (Rangifer caribou) range all over the district. No red deer are found anywhere throughout the region. The fur-bearing animals though not =o plentiful a- they once wore, are still fairly abundiint thiouKliout the district; the ottor anl the beaver from lonc-eontinnpd trapping' are less ninnor.us. i>.>rh:n>^. than any other species. 4ii lndian> and tniders (litleroutiatc from this the brown boar, which tbry .'laiin dili'crs from the black, not only in colour ami size, but also in di-po'i- tion »nd habits. Wolves (Canis lupus), though scaive, are not unknown. l-"o.\es (Vulprs iulrjaris), including the rri- iiiiia), are taken in gouil numbers, and beavers {Castor fiber) occur more sparingly. Minks (Putoriiii vison), and muskrats (Fiber zibelhicui). are plentiful. Thcso, with skunks (^fl^philis laephiticd), weasels iPidoiius vulgaris), and wolverine-^ {Gulo luscux), make up the number of the merchantable furs. The rabbit (Lepus americanus) occurs abundantly all over the district, and is, perhaps, the must u.-eful of all to the Indiaas, as it atlords, during the winter particularly, both food and clothing. I 'lilt the vai'ooon j' is 1 own by the fact of one being taken I'y an Indian woman on the ui'i>er Attawapiskat river in 100;j. Indians. The Indians of the (lisUi<-t. numbering about TOO, are noma^Iie trappers, living principally upon ri-h, and obtaining from tlie Hudson's Buy Company, iuid to :i -uialbr degree from other fur traders, the limited amount of neccs-aries that are not supplied by the country. A few have small huts built of logs, with fireplace? and chimneys of wattles and mud, in which they live for a part of the year, but the greater number content thcmsplves with winter teepees constructed of poles covered with sheets of birch bark, and sumiEer tents of cotton; indeed, house building is such an arduous task for the Indian that the traders in the district have a saying to the efFeet that as soon as an Indian completes a house he dies, this result beiiig due. not to the unwonted labour involved, but to the arrival ot ex- truijc old age before tlic work is finislicil. I'l \lK H 4074 -i'. 4 ltK<.l<).\ ol WIMSK AMI ATTAWM'KK \ I l;nil;- 47 Tluy uic ul' tliv (Jjibway Irilji-, though luixtil Im a .tiiaiu ixtcnt with the Crces of the Iliidson I'liy Unain. th< puri-t (»jil\vay ?took being founil among the hands nhmit the Ihi'iI- of the livir-. Th' y j-eem to he men of larger frame tlinn the Crees of I lie coii-t. A greiitiT proportion of iiomiiinl ('liri-li:iii> me t.iiiiel iniiom tli' -♦' Indians of the far interior thnn niiioi\K tlio,e n« .ircr llw front, in the hinterland of Ontario. This reftult is due in about eq- il meftfure to the efforts of the Roman Catholii- i-luireli. wiiieh maintains a pernianciit mission ti.tal)li>hnien't nt Albiiiy, with tin edr.cHtionnl home for children, and sends vir^iting nii-sinnary prie«t.' periodicnlly among the Indians of the interior; luid to the .Vnglii-fln ehuroli. whieh maintains the missionary diocese of Moo-once, by wlji.-h re^:- dent missionaries are siipiiorted at virions points in tlie int.-ri.r region. The Indians seem to aeeep! rendily the foniK of ( lui-tiiii^ worship, and take great pride in tlieir protieieney in niemorizing the religiotis formnlas presented to them. The mode of life followed by tliese Intii.in- offers -.'n sit ..l-tu.-Ies to the work of the missionaries, who are able to reach tliem fir purposes of instruction for only short perioih durinp eaeh yejir For the same reason, that is on account of their iiouiadi'- life, tJie teaching of the children can be carried on only in the -nme desultory way. Notwithstanding these disadvantages, practically all tlie Iiidiims can read and write the syllabic characters designed and introdne-d by James Evane, an early Wesleyan missionary among the Crt-es. The introduction of this system of writing has prove.l a great boon to the Indians in their intercourse with one another. Written entirely phonetically it is unhampered by irregularities, and can be readily acquired by one Indian from another. So general is their knowledge of this sign language that everj- Indian campinp-plaoe, Bud every point where canoe routes diverge, become local post offices, where letters written on birch bark, often, of course, containing only nn account of trivial occurrences, but gi^ 'ng the opportunity to convey news of importance, are left for the i..,"ormation of i.ll.wing parties It is very doubtful whether the Indian h.'is ndv:inced nwh in general prosperity from the days when he lived in priuiitivi -nvi-.g.-ry. His teepee was the same then as now; hi- weaions are '.low n- re 4S fiKOr.'X.K AI. 8URVKY. CANADA cffiftivp, l)iit gum.' i- k-i.-. plentiful, he wears b<>ttcr clothM, or plotlipc tlu-.l one iii^iooiatps with civilization, but not probably so well ndapl-d to hi^ nec-d» nnd way of living t» his old raiment of skins. Even now ho has to fall back upon rabbit skina, the only fura that he I an afford to saoritioe to his personal u»o, for protection in winter. Thp akina aro out into strips, each skin, by being cut spirally, pro- ducing n lontinuoua strip. Thoac strips are sewn together at the ends, and twisted into ropes which are woven loosely into blankets' and rough coats that very effectually keep out the most extreme cold. Fish are taken with net and spear, and in trap-weirs. These arc ronstrifcte'd of spruce pole« driven in a liae into the bottom ol streams, and interwoven with twiga so as to fence off the greater part of the water, and lorce it to run in volume only through a got* arranged so that the water flowing through the opening a ickl.v drops away through the interstices of a platform of poles, leaving stranded all fish coming down with the current. One or two fftiuilie* will often camp by the pide of one of these ' mechiken ' for weeks at a time, supplying thtir wants entirely from the stranded fish, and smoke-drying any surplus collected. This is accomplished by simply stringing the split fi;;h on poloa nnd hanging them in the !^nloke-laden atmosphere of the teepee. The fat dropping from the fish in drying is carefully collected and preserved for future use in bags made of the skins of embryo rabbits, the bladders of pike, or in eimilar receptacles ingeniously improvised from the materials at hand Wild rice, a staple among the Indians farther south, is too rarely met with throughout these northern regions to form any part of the Indians food supply, and to supplement his diet of fish and flesh he has only the various berries in their seasons and the small amount of flour that he is able to buy from the trader in exchange for his s\irplus furs. For te.i, when the imported article is not available, the small twigs of the trailing red cedar are used. Taken as a whole, they apiwar to be a fairly healthy lot, though many suffer from diseases of the skin brought on probably by a too constant diet of fish. The greatest mortality is caused by pulmonary diseases, to which they are very prone, and to the occasional outbreak of epidemics of measles, ete., that sometimes prove widely fatal. They are far from cleanly in their personal habits, a few weeks' residence at a place in the sumnur time generally rendering it no longer habitable by rea-..iii of tlie aoounnilated filth. KK(iU>.N Ol- WIMSK AM> V I 1 A WAIM ■* K A T lilVl.lt- 4ft With the cxrcptiMii ,,t' iircinioiiiil ^iiiiill I'H liiit-'. th<' Iii'linu-' nf the regio dwell in teuiM-e* covered with hiri'li hiirk, tlmiigli the ccittoii tent, made from ir.ateriaU hoiiuht from th" traders, is now widely used d\iritiK the sunimer month-.. Near tlit- mo\ith of the Winisk river, many miles nortli of 'he riinKea of white bin'hes. a winter teep'.-e, made after the (ilun generally nsed for hireh harU wiRWains, was eovend with blocks of moss cut from tho muskeg. Archaeology. Chipped flinti* were found in numbers scattered along the beach of on inland in Attawapiskat lake. Two fairly perfect arrowheads were found at the same place, one chipped from white quartz and the other from flint, derived apparently directly from the drift, where it occurs as small boulders which have been carried primarily from the nodular beds in the limeatoms of the Hudson Huy basin. At eamping-placc^ of the Indians broken specimens of Peclen islandicus were noticed anions the debris of the .amps. These shells occur in a very perfect state of preservation in the marine clay, and are still used by the Indians along th" river ii« very convenient 8ub«titut(« for spoons. Foreiti. The average size of the trees growing within the country ex- plored is not great. On exceptionally favourable tracts the spruces attain sizes quite large enough for commercial use as sawn lumber, and large areas would afford good pulpwood. Evidenced of the constant recurrence of forest tires over the area are everywhere plainly seen. The brule areas, varying from quite small patches to large tracts, are of every age; some are so old the forest has attained the full height of the old growth ami the newer age of the trees can only be ascertaine.1 by a refi-rence to their rings of growth, and others so recent that no vegetation covers the blackened surface. These fires are generally the rwolt of the carelessness of Indian travellers, but may sonvtimcs be traced to the igniting of a dry, standing tree-trunk by lightning. Tho oldest trees found in the whole area were growing on a till-covered ialand, about fifty miles from the mouth of the Winiak river. The complete isolation from t'.e mainland by br.>ad channels ensured its protection from fires having their origin outside its own borders. The spruces growing 4074^-4 jO i.|.ol.<)<.l< M. M l;\ I ^ . I \\.\li\ hero w. ri' finiiiii liy llirir riiij;' ". k''"»iIi '" I" Im twi. ii JT" iiml J"«0 yiars old. The (liillIlltc■r^ iiikI iiur- nt tnio. urnwiiiK in n miiiihpr »{ (liffrriiit lii.iilitii-. thpHitfliuiit tlii' riKi"". w p iiulnl, iiinl nrr given in tlic li-t tulow :- Itiiiiiiftir A«- illrll. -» itiri'f Itv rttn^-. ■ fi'i 1 fnnii ^t-oWtll. ^'riMiitil. ItHI Vi 1S& 18 laa H 76 Ht 275 Lank N i:k( i; 11.'. ll^l«^ck 3 iiifi 3 Mt 1« 13)1 !t 145 .... « t» 9 75 6 75 15 130 1ft 1 1») Taiiiirack, \Vmi>k river. .'W iiiili» fmiii niuiith Illui-W ■<|iriKi 3- ,. M 3J .. .. IM " 111- „ .. i\:> Tttiiinrack *i"t Ulu< k s|>iii< I' tielnw \V:i|>ikii|>.' lakf. M I. \Vii|iiki>|iii lak(* Nibinatnik liik« hIkivi' Niliinainik lake. The rine-i kIiow tlint tlif pruwlh is (fiiiernll.v inpid fi)r the porind hftwppii fivo nnd thirty yi-ar<. and afterwards «xi-iedin({ly ^low Tlie nortiicrn limit of a numlxT of the common trees of northern Canada falls within the distriet, and of one speiics hnth the imrthern and sdiithern liniitp. 'IluTc i- u black liirch thai the Indians call the j-qiiirnl-hark l)irih. SiHM-iincns of the wood rmd foliage (if thirf tree were siihmitted til I'riife-sor John Mindun. l>y whom th<'y wen^ forwardiMl to Dr. Siirfrent. of the Ariinld Arl»'ret\ini, for determination. Dr. Sargent ha- named this hipeh Hiliihi fi>iitiiialis. It was not seen growing in ulnindanee anywhere in the di'ph. and tin- nio-t i.ortlurly in N. hit. yi" 4(1' on till Waiiitotem river tlowing into Weihikwei lake on the Winisk livir. The largest tr<'e notieec. had a diameter of six inches at thr'c t'l et from tlic tiioiind, and a heiuht of ahont thirty feet. When -ein it wa- growii. iiar the hanks of rivi r- or lakes, in moist 'i I J 4074 -p. 50. 1!1' 'IN "I WIMSK \ \ II A I r \\V \IM-K \ . IM\||,"I .-.1 IcM'ulilir*. A tiililv 1- -iilij' ill! I 'I' llic .ilici rviil ipirtlit rii liiutU ol ii liuinlii r lit »|M lirs. Northern Limit* of Trees. N'. Int. ,M .■!•>' .M Ml' :.;; ;is' - 1> •) ;.:'. ti.'i' ni" i.v M' 4.V Wliii I till. / III'.' ■nil' I n iiii'i. Alhiiiiy rivrr. . .- .. BliU-k ^1 'i, Fn: rill IIS xihi'mk //<•'"•• Kiilit'iiH't lilki . . , Miiiililii II iiiaple, -I'i'r xiii'ahiiii, ImIwiim Altinvii- |i'-kiit ntnl \\'iiii*k rlvrr« .Me iiiliiill ii«li. I'miiK iiw III iiiiii. li iiiniitli .i| 111, Wiiii-k riviT, fhf imMit imrtlnrly | iiit ixiiiiiiiiiil. Climate. I'hi- ■liiiiiili', as wiiiiM ill' rx|ii. ii-l ill till . liiliiiiiji'^, mill In a wililonii -« oountr.y npproxiinately n tluiusaiul left iihovo ^• a-li'vil, i> Miiiiculiat --rvcrc. 'J'hn >umiiifriitiirf, ilnnijjli mi uccasidiiBl (lay..< risitidf as higli ii- >*ri' Fal ■ , nvt-ragi-i m ry niucli luwcr, uiul Ihr iiijclit^ iiri', iiractioally, ahvay- iiml. Frnsty iiijtlits nt'ti ti coiiliMiH- into the early sumiiu r, mul ri. iir nj?;iin in the aiituiiin lief(jre most Kriiiii iTops would be remly for liiirve-'tiiifi;- Trmpt ratlin- were taken with the thermometer iluriiiK iwn -i asons, and th"-c. jiveniged, ^'sive the fiilldwing resurt« for the iiionlli.^ of July mid August on the lower Wiui-k rivrr, and for 'iily. Augu-' and piirt ,.f Septt iiili* r on ili<' iippir Wiiii-k and upi- r Attawapisknt rivir-:-- li .1.111. iitiKh. i; ,..111. I..OUI r Wiiii-k ri\r.. .. ."iT tiit ' oT" I'ppir AViiii-^k iiiul Attinvapi-kat river-.. 47 •.'> i!l -ti ,'>•< I'he only points in the rt^'ion where any atlrinpt.s at eultivation of tile tiiud lire made are tlio two IIiid-'ii"s Ray ( iniipiiiiyV p. -I~ at OiiialiiirKh. near the f.ot of Lake St. .1 .-cpli, nnd ;it Fort If.ipe. in luiliiinet Inke. HIT I I! 52 • .KOI.Ofifl Al, sri:VKV, 0-' Attawapiskat river. August 8 60' Weibikwei lake. Winisk rive, August 9 02° Nibinamik hike, Wiiiisk river. August 2.T 58° Winisk river, August 24 ."JV" Land Shells. A small collection of land shells, made during the summer of VMH. has been exiiniined by Or. Whiteaves, who enunn'rated the following species. It was noted that in actual number of individuals there was a decided and progressive decrease as the latitude in- creased : — Verltr/o oialii. Sa.v. Conulus fuh'us (Miiller). ZonitoiJfs arhoreus i^Say). Vilrea hammnnis'i (Strom). Pyramidula striatella (Anthony'). Succinea vi'rmeta. Say. Succinea retusa ?, Le.n. Succinea oralis, Gould, non Say. RKGION OF WIMSK AM) ATTAW APISK A l" HIVKKS .>-5 Freshwater Shells. • 'nllcctioiif of the frc^hwator shells of the region were m:v\'- each year, and submitted to Pr. Whiteaves for detorminntion, who has furnished the subjoined list, which for ennvenience bus been tabu- lated according to watershed areas :— list of Freshwater Shells collected by Mr. W. Mclnnes in 1903- 4-6 on the Winisk, Attawapiskat, and Albany Kivers, on the Root and English Rivers, near lac Seul, and on the Severn River at Tront Lake. BY J. F. WlllTE-WES. WiniHk liver. iMhipiHis InUoht, (Lamarck) AnodinUit iminjimila { Say Attodonta fraifitif, Ijanian-k Anodonta Kennivottii t Lt*a Splutrium >iin il>; .Say Sphnrmm Walkrri, Stcrki. Splurrinm ct-uiriiintitum, I'ririu) .... S/iiutrium stumhieum, Conrad ... S/ikfrrium (Mitscu/iiim) nfrtirc. I'riiiit'. Siitutriutn ( MuscuUavi) futrtt'itvium, Say Sphifrintajlavumt (I'rime) Si>kaiiy and Trout lake, Hintt Severn rivers. river. INDEX. A Ivci. \>;li(lllluliil liil.il '"■ ^'^ Albaiiv river -■'• 3» AnimaN. wiKl, c.f I lie di-lrict ^■' Archsean area "• "' ArchieoliiKV Arrowsinilli iiiaii. details tor. Mi|i|ili»'(l !)> !. »(vt luancli ot Wiiiisk 2t. 30 Atikam..« river ^ Atikniinis i-Iaiid ; Atta«apiskat river ^^ .. (.im,.;,,!^,- ,,f X' " (leMelliled liv Dr. K. Hell ** " " micrometer siirvev ot '•' •■ piobahle KHiiieNion nilli Albany river -"3 " Mirv.ys of, ill 190.1-4:> '■> B Uaniiiatjii river •" Bell. Dr. I.'i.liert. de-( einl.d Atta«api>l< en~t coasl Unilseii bav '-'" " report on I.aii owiie lake and Attawapiskat ri\er. Ss " route lielwein itbaiiy and Attawapiskat rivei . Ha- vers, d liv « Bi« Mallavvu river ^^ KoskineiK raiid 2S Foulder cla\ area "'■ '- Winisk river 19. Jl, -.'S, 2!). HO. 31. .32 Biyu, \V. II., Kkwan and Tront rivi'r~ explored by s c Canisell, f'lias., drift masses noted by 2.'> Cnribflu island (See Alikminis> 31 Cat lake ^'■•37 Clay, boulder (See Boulder tlay) " marine -'■ ■"*• ■" " specimens examined by Dr. Hoffmann 38 Climate, eliaracter of •''' D Toiilinii, 11. B., Kkwan ami Trout rn.i- ex|ilor..l b> S " rocks at Sutlon Mill lake iioli.l bv HI. 32 I' i 56 OKOI-OflirAI, SIRVEY OF CWADA e EiJiemet laliP ^*'"- Eliwan rivpr Elbow rivpr Einns, James. s,\'!afiic characters (Ipsigncd by \- Exploration!!, r.irl.v, in the distrirt i F I'awn branch r( Severn river - FiFh in rivers of district ,, Wubikwii lake -. Fishbat-kit river (See Michikenopik) .. ,7 Fishinif. method of ' Food of the Indians „ Forests (See also timber) .. .. ' " *^ Fort Hope, headquarters of 11. It, trade ^,, S^^^pMiuke.;-.;-. :•.;■. ;•.;■.. '^=:^^:^^.^.^.3i.s,.,, 7 Q Geological divisions of district G(olo(fy along Attawapiskat river ...!....... 3fi <(s '^ between .Vlban.y and .\tta«ar)iskat rivers 43 Attaivapiskat and AVini- rivers 40 41 Winisk river and Trout I ke ,, Glnciation " "^\.'.' ^' ' 20,21,27.37,43 H Hoffmann. Dr., examination of elavs.. .. ,^ Hudson. Henry Hudson's bays '. Huronian. Lower '■ ' 13, 2.'i I Irdians 4.1 J Jemes, Capt. Thomas 7 K Kiibania lake Kapabades-dawaga lake '"'*' Kakawi/.ida lake ■•........!. '? Kannchuan branch of ,\ttawapi^kat river.. I'r Kppichegima lake "" Kawinogans river Krewatin '*' 13, It, 2.1 HEOIOX <>1' WlNl.SK ANI> AT TAWAl'I.SKA T RIVKKS L r(i.r. Lake St. Joseph US lakes nf ilistriet, chnrnrter ef 11 T^iisiliiwne lake II. ^^ " named by Dr. R. Bell *> I.aiirenti.)ii 1^1 In\i, .\. P., tliaiactrr cf country on Fawn branch of Severn lb " lawn branch of Severn river explored by 8 M Mattawa ri\pr •1- Mica It Michikenis river -'"' Michikeiinpik river 2" Misamikwai^h bike IJ. 24 Mishamattawa river 32,35 Mud lake (See (Jzhiski lake) 37 MuEket;, extent of 11 N Ntstapoka series 32 Xibinaniik lake 11. 12. -T. Nickel-bearinit intrii^i\es •• •• H No-Pickerel river (See Knwinounns) Hil Northwest p.issagc ". ^ O Otosk river .17 Oihiski lake 11.37 P Peat 3ti Pikwakwd'l nver .'11 Pineimuta river .IS Pleistocene 1.1. 1» Post-pleistceene 13, 21 Potatoes (?rown at H. B. posts 44, t.5. .'rJ R Enpids on Attawapiskat river 37. 3h " canoe route Winisk river to Trout lake I2. 43 " KawinoKans river 3(! " Marten Drinking? river 44 Winisk river 25,27,2s Kico, wild, rarely met with 4s Bice-stalk river 3.-) Koutes between .Albany and Attawapiskat rivers 43 " ' Attawapiskat and Winisk rivers 3!) " " AVinisk river and Trout lake 41 " into the region 9 (11 , Trees, iiorlhern limit of 51 'I rent river 8 V N'eKetahlts, Karden. possibility of raisiin; 44, .51 Vi-fcotaticn alonif Winisk river 2:1 " of area 13 W \\apikopa lake H ]o_ ofi " river 26 U'apitolem river 27 Water-powers jO V'eibikwei lake 11_ 27 \^ hiteaves, Dr., fossils ideniitied is. 22, 32 " shells ilelenriiiied by .-,2, ,■,:) Williams. .Tabez. H. B. Co 3:, V.iinhobika lake H, ;);, U iiiino brook ,31 Winisk river, character of 22 " estuary of 34 lensth and voainie .ij section alonjj 17 sur>eys of in 1903-4-5 s visited by O. Taylor s " missionaries s Winiskisis branch of Winisk liver 23, 30 tt'nnnumniin lake H. ij, 23 CANADA D E P A H T M E N T O F M T X E S OEOLOOICAX. SURVEY BRANCH Hon. W. Tkmi'ikm»v. Mimmtek; A. 1'. low, 1,1.. I)., Duttv \tiM>TBi:. It. W. BlOTK, DiKEcron. U EFFORT TRAVERSK THROUGH THE SOl'THERN PART NORTH WEST TERKITOIUES f.AC SEUL TO CAT LAKE IX I'.toii ALFRED W. G. WILSON. OTTAWA (;OVKKN.MKNT rRINTlNt; lU RKAl" 1&09 ?!.-... kkk; LF.TTKU OF TIJAXSMITTAI,. To R. W. Brock, Director Geological Survey, DepartmiMit of Aliiics, Ottawa. SlH,--I beg to suliinit. herowitli, a report on a recoiiniiis-'iiiioe survey in .ide through the southern part of the North Weat Territories : from Lac Seul to (. .' . lake, during the summer of 1P02. This report was submitted in 1904 to Dr. Kobert Bell, then Acting Director of the Geological Survi'y, under whose direction the survey was made, but owing to difficulties which prevented the completion of the map to accompany it, publication was delayed. Advantage has been taken of this delay to revise the report. I have the honour to lie, sir. Your obedient servant, (Signed) ALFRED W. O. WII^ON. Montreal, May, 190S. ( " O N T E N T S Inlioiluctoi J Uciieial instturtmh> 7 l'r*'\ ious «-\|ilnntt mil - of luljoiiiinK ait*a^ 7 Tupoiiraphy 7 l(f^' 13 Aniphilxilitf. .Mill relutt'd whist- 13 Acid iork< , 15 oipli}ry 18 Sni riii«> ([wiliix.v IH Tallin ul K'Ktial stii.i' IS Kdiiioniic Ki'<'l li T THAVER^E TllKOlGH THE SOITHERN i'ART NORTH WEST TKKRITOUIFX FIIOM LAC nKIL TO < AT I.AKK. IX IIMJJ Ai.ni'p W. G. VViuos. Introductory. <.)ii Miiy 21, littij, I rvivivoil iiiBtriicti >us t" irn;l.. ,, fouiiiiais- »incp tinvirn' ll^•l■o^^ tlit- uinxplund iing, Bomc IS.Oi.Mi (..ii.inj n ilcs ill cxtrut, l>iiig to till! tiortli »( Luc St il un«icnl Siiivcv of (aiiada. KSfi, Pt. C. ".Ann. lieport Cipolosiial Survey uf Canada. ISSfi, Pt. T, ♦ .Ann. I.'eport (.•('.iliiiju al Siu^ev of Canadu. IS><6. I'l. I. 7 M74- H -,,1, :t V"" !>• J r • .KOIlXiH Al. SIKVKY, TANADA (iiuf. Th.- ii.iturc of the rorks uiid their tcvxUv'u- stru.'tiins >h..« tliHt they must ut one time have been burioil belo.v thu surf.icj; h.uee. it must he inferreil thnt these areas have neeii suhjeeted to de^ru.l.itiou. and that a (frcat volumr of rook has been removed. Quite reeeiitly Sehuehert ha> shown that in all likelihood the ari'iis iuiniediately t(. the south of James buy were submerfied duriuK the middle I'nla'ozoie time; while those in the ilistri.t of Keewatin and the ndjaeent reniouR have probably existeil as land barriers sinee their iire-rambrian emerpenee. The trreater portion of the erosion in the eentral parts must have taken |)laee before the l'ala?ozoic submergence. Durintf the (leriod of partial subnierjjeiieu prooosso* of marine planation nuiy have IcM-ally moditiei, though a considerable amount of soil material has Iwen deposited by glacial ice: an.l the central parts of the region stand high above spii-level. Yet it may be that this was once a peneplain LAC SKII. TO CAT LAKE 9 iirtH, uikI th.it its siirfmt' ha> been iniKlitieil b.v othir protfsws. Be- fore or (luriii); tlw period ulicn tliiwe otlicr proccssf: — ohiofly KlHoiiil. IHisKihlv piirtiy imiriiii — were in opcnitioii, tho region lius Iki'ii tlevuted to a ciiiiNicltiiilili liiiKlit. IJy their action the olil soils were nhiiost fniiiplctcly rciiiov('ars. Tliroujihout this ])art of southern Keewatin. the various water bodies lie in >hallow basin- on the pene|dain surface. Th" maxiniuui relief in the interior. exi'ei)t in the I'asc of a few miinadnocks, is rarelv over ."lO feet ; near the southern boundary it rise« to about 2 only a perceptible current when the water is low; at such times the shallow channel between the two eastern iwrtiona of the lake may become almost dry. Cat lake is an irregular body of water with a length of 14 miles between the inlet on the north, on the route to Severn lake, and the outlet to (lit river. Along a northeast-southwest line, to the ends of two long bays the distance is 18 miles. The lake, with its numerous islands and intricate shore-lines, i- a typical example of the flooded upland areas. The ends of most of the bays i.re shallow marshy areas overgrown with reeds and sedges, the home of numerous waterfowl. The shores are rocky, and the ground is generally strewn with hoal- ders and cobbles, the whole covered with a tangleil mass of moss and roots, and overgrown with coniferous trees, usually black siiruce. and oc-casionallj' iwplar and white biroh. Snuill sandplains, generally well forested but with poor soil, are Inun.l around the sli..r(-- and on a few of the islands. The Hudson's Bay Company's post at Cat lake is locate Oganie I.i44 Slate i.-ji\t) Murgaret 1 :ii«< Marsh l.;!l<' Hailstone l.IUS TIi'iglit-()f-laa<>. and the prevailing strike is northeast, tliouffii there iirc niiiKir hwtil variatinns. Xcar Cat lake, and in a nunii)er of lfi<'u!iti(>~ aroiiml tiuU lake, the strike varies from X MH" W to X s(»^ \V. The oldest rocks arc all nietaniorplmsed, and are cliiclly hornblende schists and amphibolites containing large amounts of hornblende, smaller quantities of quartz and a plagiociase feldspar closely re- lated to oligoclase, and sonictiines also a smaller amount of ortlm- elase. Several accessor.v min(>rals arc 'Vequeutl.v found such as sphenc. ilnienite or leucoxene. pvrite, and jrarnct. Witii the amphi- bolites are associated certain micaceous schists, but it has ii,,t yet beiii i)ossible to define their areas. All the hornblendes appear black in mass, and the amount varies from about 50 to ilO per cent of the whole rock. In thin section the absorption colours vary from pale yellowish green to dark i>lue- ureen. The absoriition selieme is c > b > a: the parallelism of the iMi'iiblende plates with the striieture fif tiie rock= is well developeil. Tsv^^': ! 14 (iKOl.CMJK M. SIKVKV, < ANAUA The rflBtivf iiiiiciunt- uf i|iiiirtz ami feldspar vary cun-i.liTiil.ly in (litTtrent loouliticf. The quartr, whoii pnsent, is nliiioit iiivuriably in small an- hedru; the feldspars osour in larger aiihedra, and aro freiueutly uttered t» kaolin. Biotite i8 found nsso<-iatPociati'cl with titariite in con>iclenil.la amount, pyritc, and po-^-ibly a >niiill amount ol nianuf'tite aic uUo I)res<'nt. Near the southw. -t aii^'le of Slat.- lake the .■■•inpass was fonsidcrably affertc.l by ,lic I'lcal iitlnictioii. tiarnet, usually of a palo pink col.iiir vhon in thin -n-tion. o.rurs ill a number of loenlities in the aniphibolite areas, both in symmetri- ral erystais and in strinj-'s aiul nlas^os drawn out in » direi'tion parallel to the foliation and tilled with ini'lusion-^ ol the other mn- stituents, usually <|ii«rtz anhe. liists ...cur both in bell-; e.v- tending for long distane.-s, and as detached masses, varying in si/e from a few cubic yiinls upw.irds, and completely surrounded by the more acid rocks desera*'. below. La(>k of time prevente.l a detailed exan.ination of the contacts between the s-chists and the acid rocks, but in the several localities noted the .ontacts were similar to those already fully describc.l by Dr. F-awson a-^ occurriuK in the Lake of the Woods region.' The first and broad.-t ..f these ban.l- b.nin- about 21 miles id".vc ' I/.-iwx.ni. .\ C.C.m. w .H.ri.«. Vol. I, |SH\ V.ul <■('. |,a|,-.- I",.i -.-|. I.AC 8KUI, TO i-AT I.AKK 15 Liio Scul, ami is about 2."» miles in wiilth. This i-, the belt nf Kct'wutiii rocks. >howii on Dowlin^t's iimp of the; lied Lake district.' The contact bfctwenn the schists and the acid rocks to the south ■eems to lie bennath a large muskcK uroii through which the river runs, as the tirst outcrop of the schists occurs some miles below Sliite lake. The northern contact crosses the course of the river 10 miles above Slutc lake, the basin of which lie< almost wholly upiii the schists; the diret'tion lioth of the longer axis of the lake and of tlic lonper axis of the island is parallel with the strike of the rocks out- croppiiijf on it.s -bores. The adjacent rock on the northern boundary is a coarse pepmatitic praMit" containing inclusions of amphibolites similar to those of the main area. Detailed study of this area may show the schists to l>c divisible into several belts of different origin and composition, now all metamorphosed. .Along the southern portion of the baml the schists, as already noted, are very rich in biotiti and another associated mica; while northwards they are chietiy umphibolites, in some cases containing little elso than hornblende. The other large belt of these rocks crossed in our traverse lies over 100 miles dire<-tly northeast of Slate lake idoiig the f'lit River route and north of Lake St. Joseph, in the vicinity of Biackstone lake, but its boundaries were not accurately iu which iiiii.-.covite and liiotitc occur alone, and those wlii<-h contain gurnet. Sevcnil >iieeinieiis showed uugitc a-s an accessory constituent, and ene >iHcinieii contained biotite, hornblende, and augite. These rocks ditTer in no essential feature from the typical rocks (locribed b,v IJurlow. and n detailcrlocking witu the other minerals. Sometimes ii has partly decomjosed to kaolin or muscovite, and occasionally to zoisite or epidote. In many sijccimeui- microcline is 8«'en in large amount, and seems to be directly associated with urthoelasc. l'lagio<'la8e is abundant, and occasionally forms the bulk of the feldspathic constituents. The angles of extinction indicate that it is usually related to oligoclase. The primary biotite, in a few eases partly chloritized, occurs both ill liir^i' plates (in aggregates of several crystals) and in small iso- lated plates, (generally oriented parallel to the rock structure). Wlu'ii honibleiidc or iiiii-coviti' are present tho biotite is closely associated with tlieni. Hornblende occurs in a few specimens of these gneisses. In thin section the colours vary from pale yellow through green to bluish tiietjn, and are much lighter than the hornblende of the aniplii- bolites. Augite was found in two of the specimens cnUecteil iu the tielil. III one it is unaltered, in the other much of it is altered to a horu- blende which occurs both as small fibres or plates scattered tlirmisrli the mass of the aupite crystals, and ii- large masses nearly surrouml iiifr them. The augite in thin se<'tiiin is pale trreeii in colour. 1 Barliiw, A. V... Report Oolonicnl Survey. Xpw Ser. Vol. X. 1R97, Tart I. Pi.L... Tl. LAI 'It I. Ill I \r l.AKK i: K|)i(lot<' is preM'iit. |ir)'>iiiiiHlil.v n- a |iriiiiiir\ riin->titiioiit. >iiii'c it is doHcly associuteil with uuuitirnl biotiti' or horiiblfiidi-. It is iHiially of a pale jeilowinh colour and sli^litlv pleocliroii-. Muscovite, liDlh ii> u priin.irv I'Dii^titiit'iit unci «- n «iTiiTiiiarv nm- »titiii'iit ffinii tlif uiteratioii of tin; ti'liUp.ir-. m-cur-i; uiid u few >|Mciriu'n» uNo rontuiii chlorite. Apatite is frequent in irrivuiur uruin- uini ^lout er.vstaU. Titanite is also foutnl. iisnall.v in irrejfului- graiu-i ..f viir.vinK sua or us small well formed crystals. (iarnet iipiK'ars in fresh irregular Kruins or niussi'^, iiiid a> Mual! crystals in stH-rinicns from the soutiiorii part of the rexiori. It U iisiiuUy much fractured and almost eoioiirless. I.euenxone in of fri'ijiient oeeiirreiice when titanite i- present, and ilinenite is prohably n-presented in the>e r..iks by a bluik op..inic mineral always assrH-iatetl with leueoxene. .Apart from structure there is little diJierence U'tween tiie granites and the Rneisses of the ar"i> In uonie few cases the felilspar of the granites is almost wholly niicrwline. I'ho pivvaleiil jfrunite is a liiruhleniU'-liiotite (rranite, hut there arc other variifii- -parinjrl.\ distributed in which either or both of these constituents are lacking. In some localities there seems to be a gradual transition from true granites throufih granitoid ffiieisscs to (rncisscs. unit im. iI, tiuitc lim- Clin lie ilrawTi betwei'ii them. The granites frwpiently mcnr as hirgc batholithii' masses, dikes from which penetrat; tin- surroundiui,' rocks. The largest single area of these gneisses and granites underlies all thf country between Cut lake and (iull lake, and extends a consider- able distance to the south and west. Just north of Slate lake our traverse line crossed a largi- area of coarse pegmutitic granite, whicli CI ntinucs to (iull lake; other ureas are found arouiul Oat lake. Tin change in the strike of the gneiss at Cat lake, fn m the north- east ilirection found prevailing south of the lake to a northwest and nearly viptern ilireetii ii. may be due to the intrusion ot the-e grar\- itie masses, thoiigli it iia« not been po-~ibie to work out tlie relation- ill detail. Both gneisses and granites occur in the district iinineiliately north of I.iic Seul mikI Lake St. .loseph. On an island in T.akc St. .loseph. about !i or (! miles from tin- outlrt of the Cat river, there is a belt of grey-white schistose rocks about '< i i f mfmm» 18 (.KOrotiirAI. 8URVKY, CA5ADA ■ huliis widf. itrike N 50' E and dip ul 70' toward the nortwwt. .\1 ronpopic examilMtinii show* that this in u liitrhly «ltiri'tliriK.'k luki', iiiur iiilt't ^triu' Cut lake, iiortheait tm.v, north *\iUi, near llu'lioir't Bay jxiKt 'trill' mill uro'i^f* Cat Iiike iiorthriiHt liii>. tiiiilillr of nurtli niili- Cut lake, iiorthcnstt hii.v. i'lanil nrar paxt oml Cat lake. iH.rth|>ii'iti- llii-l-nn'., B:i\ \x>*t Nurth l>a.\, C'ii»t -iilf ' Cut lake, north bav, on iilaml in upper urin y petnuatitic dikes. Near the head of < ross lake, a rock, apparently of this character, carries a small nnioiint of iiiolylidenite in crystals varyiii)? in size up to an ini'h and n lialf across; it is imeertain uhethor tho mineral is of oe.inomie inip'irtaiiee, liiit tti • -mall size und the poor eharaetor of the specimen «iiii. and thi- difficulties of transportation p)int to the deposit lieitnr economically unworkahlc. The extent of the vein is not known. The propirtv i- ;it present (1f>0:.M in the hands of Mr. C. W. Kosj of T^inorwic. U< \vlir>m the writi r i* in ielitid for specimen- of llio Diinorals. i 9 MICnOCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2| _^ ^PLIED IIVMGE J ^SS Tm ^6^3 East Main Stfee! ^^^ RocMesler, New vor» U6C9 uSA ^S (^'6) ^82 -0300 - Phone ^S (^'6) 288 - 5989 - Fo« 'H^ 20 GEOLOGICAL SCEVEY, CANADA Near the inlet into Slate lake, about three-quarters of a mile from its northeast end, on the eastern shore, is the only place where uui(t- netic minerals were found sufficiently segregated to prorvpil were isoInto(l trpcs ninr tlin east einl ot' [.nc Siiil; prolmlilv tlit'ie ;in' others in tlic "li^trict, Init no iniportiint ureas arc likely to oceiir north of I.nc Seiil or Lake St. .lo^^el>h. Thi' Hanksian piiii'. I'lmit haiik-nutiiii. however, oceurs wherever the -oil is siiitulile. The white oeilar. Thuya occiihntall*. is fouuil oeeasioually alou«: the WenasDfra river and on the Cat Lake route. A f r w specimens of a speeie^ of maple were noted aro;ind l.je Seul and north of it. The canoe hireh. lietith. papiirifora. o< ei,rs sparinjrly throughout the wlnle reRioii. Speeimens large enough to afford hark for smal' eanoes are found on tlie islands in (at lake. Associated with this hirch. hut more abundant, are the balsam poplar, Pnpithis! hrJxamiffira. and the aspen poplar. P-ipiiliii ireiniOoiden. Isolated specimens of the black asli. Frn.r'unii yiiinlnii Ifulin, wen- noted in several localities, even as far north as Cat lake. INDEX Aiiiphibolite 13 j^ jj Apatite Archsan rocks. Augite B Barlow, A. E., classilcation of r.aurentian ({neissi-s referred to. bell, R., report refprred to Bi« Portaxe lake, elevation of Biotite Blackstone lake, elevation of. DluH.v lake elevation of Botanical notes 11, 1.' 17 13 16 7 IS 16 13 10 \3 20 Cat lake. elevation of. etris at.. . . Clay Cross lake, elevation of . . . . " molybdenite at. 12 13 19 11 18 13 19 Dowlinir, D. B., map of Ked Lake district. " report referred to 15 Economic K^olo^cy. Gpidote 19 17 Fawcett, ThoB., report referred to. Feldspar Fires, forest Forests (See Timber). .13, 7 14 20 .13, 15, Garnet Geolo^fy of the di: (Jlaciation fJneiss 13, 15, 16, 407*— 6 23 ?' 24 ,Kir.O(ii<'Ai. SI ij\i;\, cANAnv Pvi;. Granite Kl, Ij. 17, 10 OiiU lake 11. 12 " elevation of 13 " striie lit 1* H Hailstone lake, elevation of 13 Fleiiflit of land, elevation of 13 Hornblende IH, U. 15, 16 I llmenite IS. U. 15, 17. 20 J Jackpine lake, elevation of 13 Johnston, J. F. K., topouraphie work done bv 7 K Kaolin '* L l.ac Seiil. elevation o) 12 Lake St. Joseph. elevRtiou ol 1' " striie at 19 l«.kes. character of " Laurentian gneisses, classification of by A. K Barlow IB " Peneplain " Law son. A. (,'., contacts desiribeil by 14 l.eiicoxene (See llmenite) Low, A. P., report referred to " Lynx bridge (See Pe~he-asho-kunimig) M Maunetite 1«. 2« Maxgaret lake, elevation of !•* Marsh " " 13 " " strite at 18 Mica 1*. 15. 18 Microcline !• Molybdenite 19 Muscovite 16. 17 G Oganie lake, elevation of 13 Orthoclase 1* P Peneplain, definition of * Peshe-asho-kummig 12 Plagioclase 1* Pynte 13. U. 1» I Al. I- Ft I. TO CAT I.AKK ;iO Q Tagi. ^""" U, 11, Ki, 19 R Kfd l.iikr ili-'iiit jj. Hoot rn.i. (food tiii.bor in jj K(l^-, C. \V., inolTbdenili prcp*it.v. i.wmd by Id S *^iiii'Jpliims !'c■hi^t- .■..'■■' "^ Se.i.,,. 13. M. li. ,9 ^'"";."'^'---;, ::::•;:::::::: v. v. v.:. ■:.«.» tlfvstion ot ,- mnxnetic attraction at ' j'^ O0 »'ri*at 18 S itluork lake " Btrite at .„ 1« T ■r='">""> ... ■';''•"""■ "..14. i: liil".;;riipli.\ nl tlip district ' - Ti'iii ijmIIiii' W WVniiMix.i liikn '■ elfvatidn of .„ liver Wilson, A. \V. G., KPologic work dcDc bv r CANADA DEPAT?TMENT OF MINES OEOLOOICAL lURVEY BRANCH. n..i.. W. T.«..,,,«,H. M>N.«TM; A. v. Uw. !)„„, iui>.»ni i U. W. Biori. DuKTiii. SKLKCTKI) LIST OF KKPOIiTS AM) MAPS OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC IXTEHEST PI n[ j-.in It iiv TIIF, (.KOlAUiHWl, siKvr.v, Rrporti N'n, '.'I.-., li UT'* :iiHi .fill .en :!.!.■) .'iiiii of the Mine* Section:— fl'iirl (if Mini .' Hcpori (if Min,.< Sccfio lyiii, IV) I IVl! t IMI.-,. 1 VMi, 711 H'lll ^.i.•l Vl.l !»71 I SOT. I> III; •117 ■IIS 4HI IL'O 4L>I Year issc, " lss7. iss.s. I NM). 1N!)I). ■ ISUl. lNMi-91. 1VJ2. ). »L>J. ti.Vi CI J I'ltll Ii7l Yiarisna. " IVI4. • isii.-.. IVMi. lvsr,-06. I~>!I7. I MIS, 1 s'Jli. No. 71!) Yc-ir MHio. 71ila ■• nidi Sl.i IIHIJ M-.l !!lii:i s'li; I'liil !I2» niii.-,. "Jsl luuo. Mineral Resonrcus Bulletin*:— No. *S1S. S."i 1 *s.-,l. s:,7. S.-iS, s.'i!). ri.iiiiuiin. (■ Y'ear lS7i-.i " lS7.-).(;. '• ls7i>-7 1S77-.H. ■■ 1.S7.S-!!. •■ 1S7!I-S(). ' lSsij-i-2. - of Chemistry and Mineralogy:— No. 1119. Y( 222 2T• 111 1 in Vul>,,tiali,l Mm. k,li/i<'liil-in-. I.v U >, \M,,iiti,II ISS'l. Mnp .N.i .".I. I, -.rnlr !-> hi. 1 in l%l,.ii.lil.r «.,l.l h. 1,1 (|.r,!iliiin:irv . liV li (1. M C.iin, II i'lm Ma|, N,. Css. Kli.nilit.'iJ.ilil liiia-.i'vlf.U. M.C.iiiii.ll 1!MM Mnp \.,. 772. - iilc 2 "i - 1 in, VViii.l.v .Vrni. l:.Ki-li Ink,, hy li. i> M, ( nnniil. I'.nn,. M.i|i .\.i. SIIO, ^i-nlo 2 111. I in I i.|„r StriMirt liM.r. hv J. Ki , !• M;il> No, !«>*. ' -> :ili. H 111 - I ill ' I'oimil l,i;;|.llior. ri...| iiii.l Winil riMT-. l.v elm-, lUiii .11 Mm|) .\,.. ' '.irj. villi.. H 111, 1 in. 1 Kliili.lik,. LTavilv. l,v K li. M.C.iin.ll. .\h.|i N... lull. «:,U- 40 ili.-l in. ('(inrml iinil Wliiirlmr-f mitiin^ ,li-ni,t-. by h 1 1. ( ;.irnc.<. IIIOI. .Mii|. .No. M'.iii, „ 111.. 2 111. - 1 in. Kli.mlik,. Criik iiiul Hill KrnMl-. I.y It. C,. Mcr.,nii..ll. i Kn-n. Ii). Map .V. 1/lH, l,ii41- l.ill'.l HUni.-^ll f'lil.lMlUA. Tlic It.iikv iiiiiiintHia^ iliptwrrn lutitiulcH 49° nnil .'■1° ^ll":!, liv H. M, iiawwn. I »."..' Mill. .No 22;f. Mill. r. III. 1 in. M:.| .No 22 1. v, iil.- 1 ;. in. - 1 in. Vanr.iMvir i~lnnil, liv <1 M. I'ii«~on. ISMl. Miiii No 217. «i!ili' H m. ■» 1 in. The IliH ky nioiiiiiii n-. K'ii'"Ki' "i ^iiinturr, liy K, (i. .MrCiimull. l,s,S(i. Map No. 2t"<. >i. 111.- 2 111. ■■ 1 in Cariliiiii niiiiiiic .li-'rirt. by .\ H.)wni;in. 1.'^S7. Mn.i-' .N'(i<, '..' . S-2HI. MintTiil w(.;ilili. bv li. M. !)«» in. Wi'st KiHiiiiiay .li..|ri<.t, by '• M. Hawson. ISs.s-'t Map No. .tOS, scale 8 III. 1 in. Kanilnop- .liiri. t, by (1. M. F':lw^07, K.ale h III. I in. Atlin I akp mining divi-ion. by .1. C. CiMillin, 1S'.)'.I. Map No. 742, siale 4 Ros-l.'in.l .ii-trid. hv U, W, »ro< k Map N.i 941. - i!.i l.(iOO ft.-l in. Cimbani i-lnml. by K. W. KIN. 190.'. Map No. 921, scale 1 m. - 1 in., and Map .Nil. 922. ^1 ale 1 m. — 1 in. Similkam.'.n ili-trii,. bv Cliai. Cim-i II Map N'o. 9,S7, scale 400 cli. - 1 in. 'IVlkwa riv..- an.l vi, initv. bv W. W. I.cach. Map No 9^9. scale 2 m -= 1 in. Nanainiii anl New We-tniin-ter di-lricts, by I). K. I.cUoy. 1007. Map No. 997. siiili. 4 111, 1 in. Coal-fields of Maiiiioba. Suskatehewan, .Mberta, and Knstern Hritish Cob .ubia, by 1). 11. liuwlins AI.HKHTA. . Central portion, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1886. Maps Nos 249 and 2.';0, scale 8 ni, ' 1 in. . Peace an.l Atliabaska Rivers district, by R. G. MuConnell. 1890-1. Map No. 330, .scale 48 m. - 1 in. 7(1.1. Yrllowhrnil r«.» route, l.y .1 M Kvny, ISOS M;,,. No l,7R. ""'■'*'"•-« '»• MU. t»..«J» .ohltield*. l,y I) II l'...>liiiit SU\>-< >. .Iir.a«) N»v IIJ'J-U.M). Kiil. gi.x M.."-!- MiiuiiiBiti .li.irirt, l)v I), tl «ttlrn.-v MajM No ttfl:i. h, „1b 2 iii. -I In , No I'Mi. -Mill I III, - 1 In , ., ,.,.,,., I lOaa Coal lirl.l- 'ir M..iut..lm, Ho;.WiH.lit«Hn. V <■«». iiii.l lj»-l.rn Itriii.li Iwlumbm, liy U. II |i.,«litig Miip No l,»U ;I4 lu. - 1 iu. SASKMllll-WAN. an Cypn-^ h.ll- .'iri.! W(.,„l rnniintiiin 1-y It <1. M. f.mri. 11 iss.*.. Map- No«. 2'.'.1 iiii'l ..'-il. ^' nil- •"* 111 1 in ,, , fiOl fountry l..i«t.i, AtliM.ii-ki. UiVr i.n.l Cl.ur. 1,111 ns.r, l.v J. H 1 yrr«ll »ud 1 1 II lionlinK IVI,') Miip No H'lT, .full' W 111 •- 1 111 MIH. Soiiri- HiviT ..1,1 M.l. In H. H I'ow'init. l""-, ,. ,, , ,- i „i u 1(>;).-., loiil ti.-l.lH of Mamiol.ii. S.i ;,.!,. I..»ar. ,U, I'a. mM I.a-i.Tn ll.ithU ( olu.nl.la, by U. H lionliiijj. Miij. No 1,11. (, r :.''• M.'j iii, -1 in. i MAMKiII.V. 2.51. Im. k «ii,l i, :;r,« i.,oiiiil.ii.i^, liy .1 li. Tyrnll, IssT-S. Map No 2S2. pi.'.U S 2fm (;h,.i"M.uk'."\L-„ ij. by W li.tiuM. 1N'!> .Map* No-. 311. :n.'5 :uo. sr. \.,rlli«i-tii,i porii.M, liy J, H Tvrr.ll, IMtiH, Map- Som. J.I(I and 3oO. -air H TM.-l 111 Till l,,ik.' \Vinn.i..i' (wi'-i -I ..ri-i. by l>. It. I»..«liiig l^'JH, i Map No i.i-.l. -1 i.lf ^ in, - i in 1 I'., un.l loRcther. 7l)."i. I a'ic Wiiinip.i! !>!)><. l .Map No i.iil. ^. ale >. ln«- 1 in ,...,,. i i, ll)3.'» (•oal-lirl.l-...f Maniiobii, Sa-kat.l..'«:m. All., ria, an.l l-a-'.-ru Umial. Columbia, by 1). 11. liowliiiK Map N.. IIIIO, ,..il.. :i."j ni-1 in. NORTH UKSr TI-URri'>l!li:-<. 217 liu.l.in l.av 811.1 -trait, liv II. Mill. I>>M Map No 2^'). ». alo 4 m. -1 in. 2:i,S. Un.l-oli bav. -omli of, by .^, I', 1 ow. I-n>-i; •ii'l .\iiavvapi~kai an. I \lbanv riv. r-, by It, IVll, l^^^.. 211, Nortlain i.oiii..n .,i tlif Doniinii.n. by <: M. liaw.-on. isvi. Map No. 2jo, «. ale 2IIII 111, 1 in, . „ . 21.7 .iHin.'- bav an.; .oni.irv ea.« of llii.l-on bay, by A, 1. l.ow .57,H. lii.l lak. aii.l part ..I ll.rons river, by I>. II. I'owlinn, 1M(4. Map No. 67t». •.'•X4. I.Bbra.i'.'.'r p.n'in-nla'."bv A. P Low. is!).".. N^'r« N!'"' •'■''^•'-'••;'V.'''''m"'' "v "riu r,lS. ])uba«nt. Kazan, un.l 1 VrKUM.n river., by J. H. -lyrriU. 1M)«. .Map No, M.i. «. all' 2.'> 111. ■ I in. , ., i {•..■i7 Norili.rii poriion of tbo l.ubrmlor p. nin: Ka-l r.,a-t llu.l-on bay, by A. 1". l.o«-. lOUn. Map-. No- , .'.I, .SO, .^l, si-»le 7M-, :s7, Gra- u'iv"' iviiion. bv J. li. Tyrnll an.l 1>. II. I>o',.liii^ ''-"'"-, i ,SI.-, r:k«an riv.T an.l Sutto, ' k,., by M. H. HouiinK Hml. Map No, ..■!, -alo .-.II 111. 1 in. Mil Na-tapoka i-lun.l-.. II" bay, by A. 1". Low, lOUO. •Jli,"i, •Ihi- (.rui-i- ot tlif A./ by A. I', l.ow. I'.HI.). ONTAltlO. 2I,'5. I.bWp of the Woods rrpion, by A. C. l.aw.-on, 1SS5. Map No, 227, -.ale 2 m. - •2l.. 4 tii - I in. ;«:!■.• Nuiur,,! till' nml IVin.l. iiMi l«v II I' II llruini II |mm»-| Mil))-. Nn< :ilt- 7. \i. ii.rlu. I'lnrlKirimKli, nii.l llii^lliiir. II until-., hv I-' l> Ail»iii« |N(»'J I tia7. On 111.' Inn' h ItiviT hii'i liv It 11.11 IVJit Mup No .•i7ll, ■,, air 4 ni - I in. 07h. «« Ihi' rlur unil IhIk- Sliiiiunilimiiii tiiii|i»liitl". I>v W. M.'lnn<"<. 1m1>7 M«|>« .\i.« ',i-ii^ nlmiK tin. King. inn an.| IVinlimki' rHilwiiv. hv I'. I>. Ingiill. I'KMI Mh|, N,, ir.'ii. „„|i- .■ 111-1 In , un.l |.liini ii( It luiiii"' 7:m Ciirliiiin. Ilii.-ill, un.l I'rvMiit rountii", bv It W l.lli IMHI. i.S.r No 7J9, Ijiiflii-i- 1 711 I iiti.wH anl \|.inllv. bv II W, Kll.. KKHI TlHI I'lrlh .1,1.1. I,v It \V I-.II-. IIMMI Map .V.i 7M). -. lilr I III - 1 In (M.I Sii.ll.iirv .Si. ImI .inil(ii|ii...f ili|M.~lt... hv \, i; llnrl.iw i|l,|irlnti Mum N'm 77... >«.'il. -ml.' I III ■ I la . W4, »'.'.•.. mH, ,. air 4iMi li. - I In. IHi'J. Miil—liiK mill I liiiUkiiiuiiiK iiinp-slmii, hv A I. Ilarlnw. (Ili|prlntl Map* .N... .'."ii. IHMi. „al.' I 111 1 In , Nil' Kit, -.ill.. 1 in " I in !M'..-. Hiiilhiirv Ni kll ami Coppir il.n.,-li-, hv A. i: lli.rli.w (rpin.lii. 11711 Itijiiri iin .\i. .;ira I all-i. i.v .1 w Sixn. .r. Map. S.ii Itjii. !Mi7 1177 It.p.irt III! I 'ill. hi ik.' -111. I. hy It V, . l.ll-.. Mii|. .S.i lit.ii, ^i air I iii -1 in Oil.' Itipnri nil .Ni. . .i.-tiTii tiniarii), tra\ir-i'.| hv Niitlmial Inin-. nni ini iital ruiUiiv, bttwiiii l.ukr .Sipinun nmt Siurnion laki-, by W. II. Ciillln-.. .Map N.I. im;i. »i-,'li' I 111 1 in 0<»S Itfpi.ri nn I'liiihi-iku »li.-i'i, by II. W. KIN. (rrrnrli). M»p No. 060, •tiUg 4 ni -.1 in 107a. l.uHKuinlii .Milling Iil\; Ion, by W. II. follin-i. Map No. 1,070, aritle I m.'-l il . 2in I'll) ids 207. 57U. .VM. ti70. 707. 7:«l. 7SH. It2.3. ufia. (171 075. 99.S. 1028. 10,32. Qt'EIUC. .Mi-ln—iiii cxppililidn, by .V. I'. I.mv lss|..-., Maii .\, v, air 4 m I In. Mi-nantlr. Hiiiiri'. I li.r. li.-i. r. I.ru-. llrlln lia.-r, allil .Mnlil iiiai{i' ' ii)iiulii'«, hy 1! W i:i|.. 1NS7-S Map Nn 2s7, ... nlf 40 . Ii. - I In Min.ral n-oiir. c-., hy It W . \'.\\t. INV.I. I'lirtni'iil. tiiuhrr, ami MdniiiiaKiiv iDiintic", bv .\. I* low lMlii-1. i;u-.tirii r.inn-liip-, M.mir.nl -li.rt, bv U. W. 'I.IN un.l K. 1> Ailani". 1S04. Maj. Nil .-.71. Ml all- 4 in. 1 in ' I.aiiri nliaii arra nnrlli <.f th.' I-I.m.l of Montri'iil, bv I'. I). .XilimH. I!>9.'>. Map No .Vhi -lair 4 111 Mil Aiirilrr.iii- ilr|M)-it-, -.iiiilirii...ti'rn porliun. bv II. ClmbntTK. ISO.'i. Miip No. r.ii7, -calc s ni. I in Kn-tirn I ..\\ n-liip-. Ilir..- Itivrr.. slir.t, bv It. \V. I'.IN. Is.. lil.'O. -i ali- 2 in... 1 in. Report on a Ui-nnt Discovrry of (iolil near l.akc McKanlii . QiR-., ' J. A. Hrf'-er. (Frcmh). Mu|)' No. 102U, ncalr 2 ni.'^l in. NF.W II.. ..S>V'nK. 218. Wo-lrrn Nrw Itrim-wi.kaii'l Iv.-ttr.i NoviiSiotia, by R. W. EUfi. 188.1. Map .No. 2;i(l, srair 4 in. 1 in. 219. CiirlrUin ami VU.toria lountics, by L. W.Ballcy. 1S.« Map Xo. 231, sral* 4 ni. — 1 iu. 813 ^iiturid, HB»tiittiiirln>, nrKl .Vor«lniiiil»rlaii.l .uuiiil'- *■ H "V I. W ll«ll»y nn.l W M.liiti.- loMl M. |> Nij ■I'l-t. '••'*•■ -It" I i» ailli. Northern [Hpriiori mi'l n.ljni. «l .«•!»», I.-- 1. V, Hiiil.y itii'l " M. Iiim-i, lss7«N Mii|i V" L1«l. 'iiil" 4 111 '• 1 in 8:iii. l.nii,. .miiimiihi Klniniilii'niiii'" liy I WHuil. y iiii.l W Mi Ido.-^ |s(«>-I Mull Nil H.'ill, •lull' -I 111 I 111 mil. Min. r..l ri-..iin.i. I.v 1. W. Hail.) IViT M.p No. n7.'., «. bIp lo Di - I !•. Sin Hnin-»i.k Kv.A-tw liv U W I.IU l^xiT. T'i!i rjitlM.iii^rciu. .v I. Ill, liv I. \V lluiliv IfXMI f hii.l r,,nl pii. [..■•is in. hv II !•• I'lHili' MUNI Itoiin.l ti.Ki' ^r «vl MiniTuI ri-oiirii-, liy 11 W. I lU. Mnp No fx.». xiili' HI in I In loa4. Mibirul r. M.ur, ti, Ijy U. W. I:IU, ar.iirlij. Map No tH.'.», »i »W lii in - 1 in. NOVA fM'OIIA. 84.1. (iuv.lMin.ui'li. Antl)H.ni-li, PI ton. Col' 1ic«ht, iin'l lliilifax . oiintii •, tiv llu;;! Hil.hir iinil I. II latil.anll. IVMl 3:11 I'lit.iii »n'l I'nI.I iir itainllf^, hv II. Klili I,i r IMiil-l 3.i» SSoiiilnM-iirn NciVH S.otiii (prrliMiiiiHrv). by I.. W. lluiliv 1m.i.'-:i. Map No :i(i'.'. ►rail- N m. -1 In eSX. 8ouiliw.-«liMi. \ov»H.oilu, l.y I. W iluii.y 1M»; M,ip N- •'•I "' -il'' "* III. » I in. Rs.'.. Sv.lni V ...i.lliil.l ' II. Klii.lur Map- N..- f,.VJ. i.:.,l. I'.M. m ali' I in 1 in. 7li7, ('Hiiil.riaii link- 1,! I .|f Hri'inn. I.v '. I M.uilnw Pimi fc7i. I'iilou co»l-lirlMi, wule I'j di.-l iu. MAPS. 1042. Dominion of Canail.i. Min.ral- S. i Ml m -1 In. Yl Kii\. SOS. Explnralioni un M...niiil:in. Inpfr I'llly. nnci Sirwart rivir-, nrali- « 111 1 In 8111. P.irtinn of Dun' an I'nik Mii.lin; ili-.tri.t, mali- li in. - 1 in 894. Ski-tili Map Kliiaii.' Mining ili iriii. - nli- 1. in 1 In 8111. \V inciv .\rni Mining ili-tri.t, Skitrli 1 In.liijca al Map. -1 ali- 2 in.-l in Wm. Conrail iinil Wliiulmr-i- Miiiinc .li-iriitTi, >.i'ali' '_' 111. ' in. !H)1. Tan'aliiH ami I'ivf I innir- ■" i mini-.. mdIi' 1 in I in 1011. Itonanza an.l lliinkir irick- Auril'inmH fravrl- .■« iil. li) clittios - 1 in. 10;i;j. I.iiwir l.akr I.ala rui- ainl vii iniiy, mall- 1 in.-- 1 in. 1041. Whiii'lmr-ii' Coppir licit, Hciili' 1 in. — 1 in. 1020. 1041-1049. WliilchorMe Coppir belt. li;. ale 400 ft. ^ 1 in KXW. Kosslnnd .Mining laiiip. lopoKiaplii.ul sheet, fi. iile l,20O ft 1 in. 1004. Rossland Mining ramp. Gtologi. al sheot. Sialp 1.200 ft. — 1 in. ions. Sheep Creek Mining camp, (jeologiial sheet. Siale 1 m. — 1 in. 1074. Sheep Creek Mining eainp. Topographical sheet. Scale 1 m. — 1 in. ALIIERTA. 694-500. Toare »nd Athftbaskn rivers, "lalo 10 ra. -1 in. S().S. lilairiiiort-Frank ronl-fielils, sciilr IM) ih. — 1 in. MI2. Co-tiKiin s. 7-'0. ♦7.'>i). 770. 77.5. Tf>!l. S2(). 824- 852 SG4 903 944 QA4 1023 1076 = 1 in. (.New Kdition 1907). Lake of the Woods slieet, sinlc 2 m. " 1 in. Itainy l.;\kp ^^hpet, Male 4 ni. '^1 in, llunt'cr 1-land sheet. « ale 4 in. 1 in. Siulburi- -hi-ct, >^iale 4 lu, - 1 in. Uaiiiv f'.iscr ^heet, si'ale 2 in, 1 in. Seine Uiver >lieet . sialc 4 m, 1 in. 1-rrni'h Iliver slii-el, scale 4 ni. - 1 in. Lake .Shibandowon sheet, siale ^ in, ■ ■riini-kaiiiini; -heel, scale 4 iii."-l in. Maniloulin 1-land ^heef. siali- 4 m. « 1 in. Ni|.i-^inK sheet, scale 4 in. =• 1 in. (New Ldition 1007;. IViiil.roke sheet, >calc 4 in. - 1 in. Isnace sheet, scale 4 in.=l in. llalihurtou sheet, .scale 4 m. 1 in. Maniun. Lake sheet, scale 4 m. •- 1 in. (irenville sheet, scale 4 m. " 1 in. liancroft sheet, scale 2 ni, « 1 in. .Sndhurv ilistrict, Victoria mines, scale 1 m. "-1 m. rerih r.lieet. scale 4 m. = l in. Sudbiirv dicale 40 ch.-l in. Quebec sheet. Eastern Town hips Map, s ale 4 m. — 1 in, Montreal sheet, Ea-stern Town-hips sheet, scale 4 ra. -^ 1 in. Three Rivers sheet. Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m. =1 In. Gold Areas in southeastern part, scale 8 in. = 1 in. Graphite district in l.abelle county, scale 40 ch. = 1 in, Chiboupamau region, scale 4 m. — 1 in. The Older Copper-bearing Rocks of the Eastern 1 ewu-hips, scale 8 m. — 1 in. Lake Timiskaming region, scale 2 m. — 1 in. Lake Megantic and vicinity, scale 2 m. -= 1 in. NEW imUNSWICK. erS. Map of Prinripal MJnrral Ocnirron. os. Sinlc 10 in -I in WW. Map of I'riiii ipiil Mineral Ltjculitk-s. Srale 16 m. — 1 ia. •13. 833 807 ioa« 1087 10«3 NOVA SCOTIA. Prellmlnarv Man of Sprincl.ill . .,,,1-falJ, srali- r,l> vh I U'tou <-oal-li('lil. of Provinc-e sliowinK Rol.l ili.lii.ct. No. 71. Scali- 1 in - 1 in Wind-or (icoloKi,.:i| sliect. Xo. 7.S. .Scali- 1 AipoioEan Ucological .sheet. Nc Ml. ^^ 1 in. 70. .Scale 1 m. =- 1 in. Note. — Individual Maps or Heports will be furnished free to bonn fide Can-.rnn •ppUianls. ' ■'" Iteports and Map' rii.iy be nrdcred bv tlie numbers pri.fived to litle-i AppUi .■iiions sliimid be addressed to The Director, Gtolugii'al Survey. Lv.i't. meat ol Mines, Ottawa. ■" ' j ■■] IT ■■-^.-•' .:. iv/a ! - ii '>i^Li,>:fiJJia s. Df^iuliiii'iil I'l" iHiiuN GCOIOCICAL SU»VEV rt 's \. t wr.f.MAN V'. 'EB A ' Lu* f A h^ '» ■ i|ii IJ':(.KM> A- K.- 1 Au.llli., I.tnu^iiiinii Sviii liiiN <>Ui);icm1 tM'itii'iMr' nh»|£iFnl bmrari'U Smkr aoH liif WrtJr«J «?rMi« (iUfial atriR* N»t* /■■ ..HTJ^i pimrrv aHmrirm titr f.i iroif^sr. !a\ imiTwrrBr — r'nm r f'iTi i 'i .iSftantW'ji « mtmm mm^ik ^ MMfe NOKTIIKRX OXTAIIH 'ift .J 'U ^Skt^M i o «tf "* ' r '>' ^x^'^^: "..*.,t*i. at,^*" MAP ;)A Ex|»loiH'i> WIMSK KIVKKS, kt< 'iMAIUO AND .N'OKTU WKST TKHKITOKIKS '*'•' ■ .MIC HHO Cariuton ( Scir|>( |;s (ir INKIIKM \T|(>.\ A It r SftM-vii iht:- H ll.-U /«,-/ l/;7? w/jft A s I .H-tu-Mji.-, tiinti \ r I...W /,' ^B l> H ll<.«|,u-, WV.V iflfffl **■•*' M- hii,.- t!MH im/. A H t; w.l«.,u nt^i: t!mti W ' WiU.,., ;.W<.7 lltH Wll I .,I|,„. /w». 1 ^-f-r^-' B MILES TO I INCH PUILETUN UNIVtRSITY LIBRARY '' ^ . ^y^ , f T r»w. ,11 /fl//.; I M' MilUj.. /MA6 N II IS'imdt'tioi . ^.'*f#> I r K lohn^li... /.'/rf.' I Willi»,.,« r«*^ s/wnA .^ntuiuij Tinuii-tmMiM-ltlMl ../../ (i*->ui<{ Tt^iuk fnrifti- i-.tiiH,it,M I.'MK' Kki: fti*fi ittmfflntwm hi A Ui.kKK.n .u..f It H \..i>.l.iu tirmlorftriU i-otitfttlatuiti h . (Cfoliiiflfnl (••■■■mittr-f. isio .'•^SRST'?-: