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71
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1
MiaOCOfY RiSOlUTION TKT CHA«T
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 7'
I I.I
1.25
|a2
136
I" 12.0
22
U 11111.6
A ^PPLIED jyHGE In
'6^J East Mair Sirw.
«c:hester, N«« York i*609 ui
I "6) 48^ - OJoo _ p^ant
(?16) 288- '^989 - fa.
JJY
CANADA
DEPARTMENT OP MINES
awohOQtoAL tuavBi bbamox
Hon. W. Timmmab. Mwwiit; A. P. Low, DirOTT Mim«M;
R. W. Banoa, IhtiOTOi.
REPORT
OS A PABTOF Till
NORTH WEST TERRITORIES
l>HAINII> BT THK
WINISK AND AITAWAFISKAT RIVERS
WILLIAM McINNES
REPORT
ON A
TRAVKRSK THROUGH THE SOUTHERN PART
or THK
NORTH WEST TERRITORIES FROM LAC SELL TO CAT LAK
IN 190Si
BT
ALFRED W. «. WILSON
OTTAWA
tiOVKRNMENT PRINTING BUREAU
1910
Nob. iOOW, 10<»
anf
|t"iil.liT .it >;iv, II ,111.1 i.'kli>li-inu|.l.- Slat. . Wini-k in'-r.
«|
CANADA
I ) K I* A H T M K N T OF Ml N E 8
GEOLOOICAL BCRVBT BRANCH
Hon. W, TmriiHtM, Mimiirr*: \ I' fnw, IHrcrr MinwTH;
U. W. Bii<K. I'lRrt-rot.
KKi">irr
n
^^HTiiwEsnimiiiE^^^^^''^^^
MUAINKh 111 IMK
WINISK AND IPPER ATTAWAPISKAT UIVKKS
4074-1
WILLIAM M.INNKS
OTTAWA
G0VKRNMP:.VT l'RINTI\(i BillKAl'
1909
Xo. lOMO
r
a .
Tn 1{ W. Bnwu,
Direotor (teoloRicol Survey.
Dcpnrtiiifiii of Minf«.
SiB,— I h«vo the honour to iubmit u rtjKift im my surveys ami
explorations made durinir the i^ri'- i of 1003, 1904. and 1905, ;n flie
portion of the North WVxt Territoriw of Canada draitu-il hy tl.o
Winink rivn nml hy the upper brancheit of the Attawapiskat river.
1 hi ve the honour to be, sir.
Your oliedicnt iorvunt.
-J.*
(Signed) WILLIAM McINNES.
Ottawa. Mny. I'.iOfl.
♦07« n
M
CONTENTS.
1 '(Of .
Ueiiernl reniark?-
Earlier explorations iii tho district.
Surveys
Routes iiitu "lo rpiriori
General description of tho regiou
OeoloKiiMl Kununary
Direction of Klaciation
I' i;;!!! Ill lillid rc^jinn.
I.M.MT iVini^k l;iM r njinn
.\llji\iiv l>'i\er uiid Atlnwapi-l.at Mivr vullivs..
Winisk river
Attawapiskat river
Routes between the Attawapiskat and Winisk rivers.
Routes between the Winisk river and Trout lake.. .
Route between the Albany and Atta- apiskat rivers
Cultivation of the land
Wild animal-
Indiiin-.. ..
ArchiioloKV. .
Forests
Climate
Water temperature
Land shells
Fresh water shells
List of fre-h water shells collected hf W. .Mclnnes.
I,
I lat<
ILLL'STUATIONS.
1 liiuilder lil' i;nen and reddisli-piirule slate, Winisk river.
Front isi;
11.- Silurian limestone on the lower Winisk river
III.-Treeless area fringinc west coast of Hudson Baj
IV ludiais nf till' IdWir Winisk river
V. l-c.wer Winisk river, sliowii.K banks of Silurian limestone
and cliaracteristic forest
9
:o
13
21
21
21
21
22
35
3»
41
43
4t
45
45
46
49
49
51
52
52
53
53
55
lece.
. 16
. 34
. 46
M
MAP.
No 1089. r.rtions of Northern Ontario, and of ,he North West T
tories. showing country drained bv Albany, Severn,
upper Winisk rivers, etc.
erri-
and
.^II.
BEPORT ON A PAET OF THE NORTH WEST TERRITORIES OF
CANADA DRAINED BY THE WINI3K AND ATTAWA-
PISKAT RIVERS.
BY
William McInnes.
The present report deala with a tract of country lying within the
uuorgaiuzcd North West Territories of Canada, between N. lat.
51 10' and N. lat. .1,-)° 10'. imd l.etwecn W. lonj.-. SC,- and W. lonp
This district forms part of what was known for a time, prior to
the inauguration of the Provinces of Albortn an.l Saskatchewan, as
the District of Keewatin, and lies between the northern boundary of
Ontario and the southwestern shore of Hudson bay.
It is draine<l by rivers running from the west into James bay
and into Hudson bay re--pcctively, and the report is, in the main, a
description of one of the latter-the Winisk-throughout ahnost its
entire length, and of the upper branches of one of the former, the
Attawapiskat.
Earlier Exploration in the District.
\s far as I have been able to learn, there arc no references in the
journals of the early explorers to the Winisk river. All concerned
in the search for a northwest passage to the Orient, they were natur-
ally led to give most of their attention to the passages between the
Arctic islands lying at the extreme north end of the bay. The mouth
of the Severn river was, however, visited by a number of them, and
Henry Hudson and Thomas Jnuie. explored the bay now known as
James bay, then called Hudson's bays.
Captain Thomas James, and Captain Luke Foxe (who styles
himself in his journal, 'the northwest fox'), seem to have been the
only navigators who sailed along the coast between the Severn river
and Cape Henrietta Maria, for the purpose of examining it. They
describe a generally low shore, with shallow water, and make no
allusion to having noticed the mouth of the Winisk river. It must
7
OCOLO.acAI, SIKVIV. CANADV
have been, however, as Mr. Miller Christy points out. in ,h,. vi..i„i,v
of the bay at the mouth of the VVinisk river that the t^o ve^el'
pproache,, one another in Au.u.t, ,0.1, when the tw e^pTI
both bearu,, letters fro.n Hi. ,r,jesty King Charles I to . J
Emperor of Japan, were able to ,.„„,pnro notes as to their A
and wlwm <>.,„( ■ -n ... '""^ ""i^s 8" 10 tneir (Iiscovcnrs!,
;^::::„;n;;,f:.-;;::;;-;-i-v;.^r:J;;:
Afr. (;. Taylor, of the ri,„lso„'s l^.y t^o.np.nyV ..rviee seems t„
the'^V'"'^"*,^,'"' '" '''"• '^^■"'™^^''' ""^ Attawnpiskat riv.,- fr.„n
oy Jlr. D. i{. Dowl.ng and ifr. W. II. Boyd in lOn-- 3 xv i ■ .•
Surveys.
- 11)1(1. Part K.
•^Sunnnary Report Geological Survey of Canada, 1902.
BKOION OF WINISK ANI> ATTAWAIMSK \ r 1:IVI KS
i
branch of the Severn rivur; of a route from the foot of Lake St.
Joseph by way of the south brunch o( the Attawnpieknt river to Fort
Hope, a distance of ISO miles; and of 27 miles of the Albany river
below Fort Hope.
In addition to the above a number of track surveys, checked by
latitudes, were made. These covered portions of the Winisk river;
part of the Attawnpiskat river ; three routes connecting the Attawa-
piskat and Winisk rivers; a rovitc ft-oin the Albany river at Kiibcniet
lake to Lunsdinvne IfiUo- and a T<m\c from Trout luke down the west
branch of tlie Winisk riv( r an 1 ncross to the main rivur near Nibina-
mik lake.
Routes into the Eegion.
.While the number of possible routes to the Albany river from the
Canadian Pacific railway is very great, there are but three that have
been used to any great extent, one leaving the railway at Dinorwio
station and reaching the Albany river by way of Lac Stul and its
tributary the Kcot river, another one starting t'roni Iirua.'.' ;n;.l
reaching the Albany by way of Sturgeon and ilusibimega lake- and
luiother leading from Xii)iiron station by >.'ipIpon river iind l;ike und
crossing to the Albany by way of the Ombabika and Opichuan rivers.
The first of these is the best route in, particularly wlicre a load is to
be carried, as, though somewhat longer than either of the others, it is
down stream or through Inrg',' lakes for tl.e greater part of the
distance.
For light canoes and . quick passage the route by way of Nipigon
ia pieferable, on account of the shorter distance to be traversed.
The grer^ter part of the supplies used for the fur trade in the
district are brought up the Albany river from James bay, a route
including 300 miles of swift water where tracking is the only means
of progression, and about 50 miles of alternating quiet water and
rapids where portages pv frequent. This is considered an easier
route to Fort Hope, the headquarters of the trade, than any of the
roads from the Canadian Pacific railway.
The completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway will shorten
very considerably the distance from this side, and render the whole
region comparatively easy of access.
From Fort Hope the heads of the Winisk and Attawapisktt
rivers can be reached by several routes, none particularly difficult,
but all made tedious by reason of the number of portages necffsary.
10
OKOI.OOICAI, SI-PVEY, CANAOA
General De«cription of the Begion.
wit 'tiz:^::,::^ '^^^r ^^^ ''-- -- -- -^
plateau; the boul.ier ^ l^"'?" ^ "' ''" ''^' '"*"'°'
Bay basin. The Arch«a„ "f th^ tl °"' ""^^ °^ '^" ""^^"'^
eAtent of eountn Jt f r "' '=°°'I'^^«« by far the largest
*i*.ui. 01 tountrj. It consists of an elevatP.1 ,.nJ.,i.f i ■ ..
-' "ver„«.. hc,^,.t .f from 700 to 1 (^ 7 "'T*" '' "' ^'''
r«^ervoir8, from which, even in the drvest seaaon *Ko i !
walls of the retrertn.g gkc.er and ridges of drift. An examinLon
adm. t„ro of the surface vege..b,e mould should pro ue an Lei
o course of the utmost importance when considering the agricul-
tural poss.b.htu. of a di.rict. wi„ be referred to mofe partSlJy
RF.OION <>1 WINISK AXI> ATTAWAPISKAT ItlVKHS 11
ill another place. It may U' said here, however, that the climatic
louditions arc, if somewhat adverse, not by any meana prohibitory to
tlie general cultivution of suitably situated tracts.
.Mu«keg, alternating with low ridges of grnvel and boulders, covers
wide tracts, though, owing to the fact that tlie only practicable mode
of travel through the country is by cunoes, there is a tendency,
peiluips, to overestiiiiato the extent of such areas, as the natural
c-iir.oe routes must follow the watercourses, and these in turn keep
to llic lowest elcviitioii-, a. id, tlierofore, show u proportion of swamp
that ia grouter than the average of the district. It was noticed that
the .-urfiiee drainage beeainc more perfect in that part of the region
cxt'jnding westerly towards Trout lake. Ascending the Winisk river
from Weibikwei lake towards its headwaters this was very noticeable,
the muskeg areas 1 ceoming infrequent and of smaller extent.
The iargjr lakes throughout the district are confined to the
Aicliffian area. They are all comparatively shallow, and so studded
with island.s, uiul broken by Ions, projecting points, that they seldom
show any large expanr.es of open water. They occupy depressions in
the .~uperticial depo.sits, generally with a boulder clay bottom, and in
no ease was one found occupying u regular rot.'k basin.
The areas of the jirineipal lokes are approximately as follows:—
Wunnumn.in lake CO squar^ miles.
Weibikwei lake tO
Lansdowne lake :!8
Ozhiski lake i&
Wapikopa lake --1
Edbemet lake -<i
Nibinamik lake 10
The highest land lies about tlic headwaters of the south branch of
tlijO Attawapiskat river, cast of Cat lake, where an elevation of
piobably 1,500 feet above the sea-level is reached.
The approximate heights of the principal .ake., determined by
barometric measurement is given below: —
Kabe, Mt lake, Albany river 900 fwt above sea-level.
Ozlusk. lake, Attawapiskat river 910
Lansdowne lake, Attawap" ';at river. . . . 815
Wimbobika lake, Attawapiskat river. . . . 1,300
Weibikwei lake, Winisk river C"0
12
•IKOLOCMCAI, 8LRVFV. < ANADa
Nib.namik lako. Wi„isk river ' ' it .f"'" ""■""'"'"'•
Wunnnmrnin luko. Winisk river. Z ..
Misamikwash lake. Winisk river. .■ ;; s65 •• "
•'cu'^e:;:;rri; ;:;l*^ '""''":;'"^ -'■" --*- -^ « '--i
overlappi.., t.,o latter l^^'^Z I T" "^ """^"" ^"^•
two are generally ^.i^ «iX' " *''"* ^'^ «-^''- ^-tures of the
it^ -"^::S:zri:;t:^:t-'- ---. „„, ..en.
with stunted nn.1 deformed h t \^""""' T'""' ""^'"^'^
their „or„„.] only alonrth^ " ^"''^■*'' opproaehing
1 ■ ^ along the immediate bnnkM nf .1, . • ,
sphagnum moss from two foM f„ / * , ^ ''''^""t "^
.-■in. »„ o.:r:,r; r , : J;,' :,ri"? 't' -"ii
ox < zed. The qhnrf ^.^. 1 ''^' ""' ""* at al
"u. ine snort cool summer spnann „„ 1 ,
pcrature of the water that .Tt \ T """-'"quent low tern-
channc 3 in which th^v rtn„, * . , '"^ immediate
of other than swamp vegetation m„=f u . 'J^a^'ty- The absence
nvers he have been excavated entirely through
KKOIO.N OK WINISK AND ATTAWAI'lsK A T l;IVi:U>
la
the niuntle of till, and havt- cut down into the limestones to depths
of from twenty to thirty feet.
Tiicre is tho sumo abacnco of any vegetation other tliaii that
haviuK a muskeg habitat, excepting on tin- islamlg in the rivers and
along their hanks.
The northern rim of this area consists ol a trecleasi plain, border-
in(,' the shores of the bay, and varying in width from a mile and a
half to three miles. It has an elevation of only a few feet above the
level of high, spring tides, and is probably submerged on occasions
when these tides happen to coincide with northca.st storni-i on the
bay. The sandy and gravelly surface is sparsely covered with bunchy
grasses, and, early in August, was bright with the dowers of many
sub-aretie plants, among which the Arctic daisy, C'hrysanllieinum
arcticum, the yellow ragwort, Seneseia pullistris, the painted cup,
Caah-legia pallida, a live-for-ever with sni:di, bell-like blue tlowcrs,
purjjle vetches, and the large ro-e-col'-ured Ei>ilol'iiim were pronii-
ni'Ut.
Qeological Summary.
The geological divisions recognized in the region under considera-
tion consist of the following, in iiseending order: —
Laurentian.
iCeewatin,
Lower Iluronian ( 0,
Silurian (Niagara),
Pleistocene (Till, etc.),
I'ost-plcistocene (.Mnrino clays, etc.t,
laurentiaX.
Biotite granite gneisses, varying in the proportion of their various
constituents, in their attitude, and in the degree to which the gneissic
structure has been developed in them, are widespread over the whole
extent of country explored. Over great arca.s they have a stratiform
appearance, the foliation showing an almost horizontal structure,
with only very low, broad undulations. As at present constituted
they, without doubt, include areas that differ widely in age, tlie com-
paratively new granites, however, occurring in quaiit-'ty quite
■.nsif'nificaiit in comparison with the volume of the older gneisses.
Pegmatites, in veins and irregular masses, cut the gneisses practi-
cally everywhere, and are, probably, though newer than the gneisses,
almost contemporaneous with them in their present form.
14
• iKOI.OOIC.VI. HtnVKV, . A.VADA
KEEWATI.V.
Tli,. K.-wulin l,an.N. nu„l,. „p „f „r,.«s ,.f boM.; rot-k.. in tlu- muin
diorit..,. .l,«b«8Ps, a„.i diloriti,. an.l h,.rnl.l,.n.lo «ohi»0.. hut innludin^
a c..„«,.lerabl,, volun.o of co.wo co,«l„moruteH. though m-currinR „
MtH of coMsKlerahlc LnRth o„d four to nix mile, in width, .ro of
- x.'.;-.ln.„l.v s„.,.ll volun... wh..,. .•o,„,„„.,.,| „ith ti,.. wholo ..xtwit of
|rn..^..s... ,n whiw, ,hoy ..ro onfold,..!. I'robuhly not n.ore thnn ,.
tenth of the whole Archnun nrrn is opcupicd by them
In the region oxplorcd. betvv.rn the Albany river «n.l the overlap
of the nm,..!e of till, .ix apparently neparate bolt. „f these rock,
7.V^t ''"'" ""' "' " ^''""''' "''^' "''"'" ♦'•« ^'"^'"^ »'«'«J'
The belt of these r.H.-k.s cro^^iug iho Albany river at Petawang.
ake and seen again on the route between the Albany at Fort Hope
ju«t north of Eabemct lake. i. the most Southerly, hi. made .X
he n.o.t part of chloritic. foldspathic and hornblcndic sehist«. and
i"mn '" T?"'" •'"'" '' 'l-'o-otion. and has a ^.•idth of about
SIX m.les. The gneisses bordering tho belt on the south are finely
t..l.Mte,l h.dd a large proporti.-u of bl.u-k biotite. and are. in certain
layers, thickly spotte.l with garnet crystals. Masses of coarse pegma-
t.te. cutting these gn.isses. hold crystals of mica „,, ,„ ^." i„
diameter.
The next belt going northerly is situated about twenty miles
north of the Albany river, and is well exposed along the banks of
the Kaw.nogans river, which has cut its channel in these rocka for
about seventeen miles. This band is from one to four miles in width,
and IS made up of fel.lspathie ami chloritic schists, diorites and other
basic rocks. It L !anked by biotite gneisses, with, at points close to
the contact, occasional outcrops of hornblende granite-gneiss.
Another ;. v. „Mito sin.ilur to the two above referred to, lies just
north of Lansdowne lake. Vurthcr reference is made to it in the
descriptions of the routes Iciding north from the Attawapiskat to tho
Wniisk. The most interesting belts are the ne.xt two; the first lying
just south of Nibinamik lake, by reason of the occurrence in i't of a
largo mass of hypersthene gabbro, similar to the niekol-bear.ng in-
trus.ves of Sudbury; and the ne.xt. the Wunnummiu Lake band on
account of tho extensive development in it of heavy beds of coarse
conglomerate, holding pebbles, chiefly of various forms of granite
The most northerly band is apparently quite narrow, and was noted
KHilO.N HI WI.NISK AMI V f I \W Al'l^lv M ItlVKKS
ir>
only wlifp- II trw iiiilali"! •nitiTnirH atii ««»'ii iH'Hr KinKri!<h<-r liiki'
north of tlu" Wiiiisk riwr.
Sll. IRIAN.
The Silurimi sitiioii ulong ilu' Wiiiisk river soenui to compritc*
in Hwtiiding orilir, twfiity I'lit of cloHt-urainct!, hard, brittle, green
ami l.luolt riblidiifl ^iiitcx, with Immlit iukI ninluipH of riioro highly
CBli-areouH material ; six feet of ii hhril, ilark-Rrey, i-usty wr atherinsr,
calcart'oua <iiiurl/.ito; ten fi'ct uf a much nioro ciiloareoug form of
the last niiiiieit \wiU, *o calcanoiia um to constitute an impure lime-
gtone rather than a quurtzito. All of the* »cr betla, which are
exposed at but one place on the river, where they are brought up by
a com.'ound uuticlinul fold, are hard r.nd bnked-looking, with many
small veins of quartz and ealeite eutting them in all direction*.
Lithologically they are ipiitc dissimilar to any of the strata compoi-
ing the rest of the soetioti. Further effects of pressure aro seen in
tl.c li:irdeiied <>oniiitioii of nil the rrnks, and in their cracked and
tis-ured eoiulitiou, the crneks rilled with secondary quartz and eal-
eite. The more mnssive heds ilcscribed as calcareous ([iiartzites are
8eamc<l in all directions by these white, reticuloting veins, which
lire I'ought into utroutr prominence by their contrast ii. colo\ir with
the dark, rusfy-weatherinK surfaces of the parent rock.
There seems 'o be a gradual passage upwanU from these
be<l8, by the increase in their calcareous content, into impure
limestones, and then into the ne.xt be Is in the series, consist-
ing of a series of slightly mngnesian limestones, comprising
eight feet of buff-coloure<I, slightly ferruginous, hard, close-grained,
flaggy beds, with the texture of lithographic stone in certain layers;
two and-a half feet of more massive nodular limestone, the nodules
of finer texture than the enclosing, slightly shaly matrix; and ten
feet of nibbly, shaly limestone, with occnsional sandy layers. Nodules
of bluish opalescent quartz, with banded, ngate-like stricture, occur
in the more compact beds throughout the aeriea.
Above these beds is a very persistent band, six feet in thickness,
01 a tufaceous-lookinfr, vesicular limestone, the very distinctive char-
acter of which makt-s it easily recognizable at many points along the
river. Cavities in it are coated with crystals of calcite, and vesicles
and cracks occurring in it are filled with a fibrous lorm of that
mineral. The calcite occurs throughout the rock in irrregular masses
that weather out to form cavities of irregular sizes and shapes.
le
or.OLOOICAL il'IIVKY, f'ANAIU
IniinetiiBtfly tbove tliii b«<l there ovfurii n G" layer of • compact
■ cl|i>\vii.li liriic^tonc, with hut little niuuiKMia; then six foit ni
very fiiieirraiiii'il, nlnnMt roiiipart, very liifht huff rolDiired dnlomito.
ttmtainiiiK • RUinll quuiitity of ar^illacrouii mattt-r atiit o<;currtnK in
hrnvy tlaii-lil«> ImmN, the platrt hard and ( linkinir under the hammiT.
Thi>« iiri' >iv<'riuid hy twi'lvc feet of bull-ri(li>uri-d impure niagnrsiiiii
limPttoii«>, tthaly in orrtain layern ; anil ten feet of flaggy and iihaly
buff-Cdlciured, Honicwhat nixlulnr, muKncitian limestone, the whole
liftiiniinjc di>4intt({rati;d easily so a* to «how only nodular, i-rumhling
•urfacv*.
Hroadly »pcukinjr, the strata may he Koid to lie alm<j«t hori-
tontally. w' h a i light dip towards the nhor « of the bay, umounting
tr about the same n- the desfcnt accomplinhcd by the river. Low
undulations cauac tin- sumo beda to recur again and again in the
M'ctions exrKJSod alouK the river, Tlu- i'\|H)«uri-!i nro not continuous*.
loiK inlcrvals where the overlyinfr boulder cluy imly is seen inter-
vening between ihe expoged section*, so that the generalized section
given above, and tabulated on a sucecedinn pattc is made up from tn
examination of separated exposures occurring along the river for a
distance of eighty niilw. Though the strata are uniformly buff-
ooloured and clooely similar in general appearance, a few very dis-
tinctive l)edi— notably the tufu-liko limestono bed, which seems to bo
very persistent and to keep its distinctive characteristics — serve to
connect the various exposures satisfactorily. The lowest beda, com-
prising the thirty-five feet of strata brought up by the compound
anticlinal fol.l. appear at only one place on the river. As no fossils
wore found in them their ago can be inferred only from their appar-
ently f<mf,irinable po-<itii>ii immediately underneath the fosgiliferous
Silutiuii strata.
The corrufc'uted surface of the dome of the anticlinal itself dips
about ten degrees north of west, at a low angle varying from five to
twenty degrees, and it is possible, though not probable, that the rocks
noted by Mr. Dowlinj? at .Sutton Mill 1 ike represent underlyintr bids
brought up by a southeasterly extension of this fold.
The calcareous nodules, which probably represent bands broken
by the stress of the folding, weather out rradily, where exposed to
atmospheric action, leaving a rock full of holes.
iit;i ,.. |i'
^ifc^3H^.^.-i ^AMum^^JL^
ll'ft.
IJfl.
Kft
li It.
Hft.
inft.
r. ft.
•Jii ft.
l;l(,l(l.\ <ll \VIM>K \.\|i AIT AW.MMSK.M' I!IVi;i!S
(;KNKfl.\I.IZK.Ii >i;( riiiS .KI.D.M; TIIK WIMSK RIVKR.
17
^ rL-U
I, I
?£:?
X-l
IT TTT -L
I I I I J L
-q I . " rr
^^S
r I ' r
Trrrr
C~x,ri=r
^r^C^^'r^^^?:^^
^ro
I I . I . I
■ ■> >•• ■< ■•.•■■■•> "■■4.'.»<.
l-'lu}{K.^ -^n*' >lia',\. '"'ff iiiiixitf^iiiii Iiiiii ^ti'ii*
Shiily, iiii|iMii- ni-ty »>-iitli>'iiii;,', iiiami-
lillU'WtMllf,
l''l;lf;K^ • cliiikiiikf ilnUmiiii-.
f 'tilit|iui't. ^lij;htly iiiafflir^iaii liim->t('nH.
Slijchtly iiia(fin>iiiii, -lialy Inn. -.t. .in- ivitli
s;in(lv l:iytT~.
Slightly tnuvriit-'iati. iiMiiilaf liim.^tnut .
Slinhtl> iiiiiKiinuiii, 1 liiikiiit;. t1«j((.'y liiiii'.^tc.iii
fiii-ty WHutli.'iiiii;, -iliciMus liiiii-ioip .
hark arvy. rusty utatlxrinji. cali-tr'-"
quart/it<-.
r.l;uk :iw\ LM-.-ll. lil'l I -I It'-
40:<
EEaEJHK '¥^^»I
^BBTWI^^ft-
IS
Gl.OI.Ot.lCM. SIKVKV. CANAPA
A small collection of t'os-il- was made from the beds overlying the
veficiihir haml. in wliii'li Dr. Whiteuvr-s has identified the following
forms : —
Faco.-.itc.t <jotklaiiiiii.a, Lamarck.
Slropheoilonia niagaraensis, W. and M.
Leptwna rliomboidaJis, Wilckens (sp.).
^Camarola'chia (i) winiskensk, Whiteave*.
'*Camaroicechia ( '.) coaUscena, Whiteaves.
"Glassia variabilis, Whiteave?.
'*Actiiioceras keeiratinen^'', Whiteaves.
TrimerelJa, sp. indf t.
Orlhis, ''
Spirifer,
Streptelasma, "
Trochonema, "
Euomphalus, ''
Loxonema, ''
C'jrioceras, "
Brontcus, ''
Eiicriniirus, "
Though not a very -ati.<factory collection in itself for purpos« of
age-determination, the above-named species correlate the beds hold-
ing them with those of tlio S'-vcrn river to the north, and the Ekwau
river to the south, and collection^ from the three localities combined
fix the age of the rocks verj- satisfactorily.
The southern limit of the Silurian limestones cannot be fixed
with any degree of exactness, owing to the heavy overraantle of till
that conceals from view the underlying rock for a distance of 130
miles along the river. T* -eems probable, however, that it extend* to
the vicinity of N. lat. . 2i>'. Mr. Low found on the Fawn branch
of the Severn, the near-^st river to the west, the same wide area of
country completely covered by till intervening between the most
northerly exposure of gneiss and the first exposure of limestone. He
thought it probable that the limestones extend under the till for a
distance that would corresiK'nd very closely to that given above for
the Winifk. P^a.st of the Winisk rivf r the inland boimdary of the
Silurian bends suddenly to a direction nearly due south, crossing the
• Tlip two new species of Oamarotwchia, the Glassia and the Actinu-
lera-s liave been tlewriljed by Dr. \VhiteaTe<< in Palieozoic Fossils, Vol. III.,
Fart IV., 1906, where further noti - ■i.i.cerning the collection will be found.
rv^tfc.Hi,'*'.':
HKUIO.V OF WINISK ANll ATTAWAPISKAr RIVIRS
11'
Attawiipiskat rivor a little above X. iat. 52° 30', and the Albany one
degree Ijwer.
PLE18TOCEXE.
The boulder clays of the Winis-k rivtr may be easily divided into
an uppiT and a lowpr till, thi i.in lying upon the gontly undulating
fiurfnci' of the other.
The upper bed is i'oinpri?ed of a buff-coloured clay, drying slightly
friable, with oceasioind larf^i- boulder-, and many small pebbles and
angular fragments of liidritf. (luiiitziti', gneiss, red and white sand-
stone, jasper, etc. Its gicat<:-t (ili»erved thickness is abr,ut forty fwt.
mea.surcd from the surfai-e of tiu- lower till to the bottom of the
fossiliferous marine beds. No >tratitication is apparent in it, and
the large boulders are so rare. that, at a little distance, cut faces have
the apv)earancc of beds of purt clay.
The lower till, the thickne-- "t which was not ascertained, i.s
composed jf an extremely touph blue clay, with very many large
boulder- scnii-rounded and mostly well striated. Limestones and
dolomites quite similar to the Silurian beds of the lower river make
up a large proportion of the boulders, but others of gneiss, 'artzite
<'iinfrliiiiii'iMtt', rtc.. aic net uiicomin'-ii. The ~l<ipin>; beachf,-- extend-
ing between low and hifjh water inai'k- are el'len a mosaic of the
washed out material from the clay, terming;- very good examples of
boulder pavcnunts, the natural tendt ney of the rocks to arrange
themselves with their flatter sides parallel to the surface resiilting in
an almost smooth floor, over wi ich the spiing floods seem to pass
with little or no denuding power. The whole bed of the river is. in
the same way, protected by a layer of la avy l.oiildcis that otfers great
resistance to the wear of the current, iind that has practically stopped
the fu"- r excavation of the channel at levels far from the bottom
of the lower till.
The accumulations of glacial dritt are an iu'iportant feature over
this whole cli-trict. They form ti • iii)ilir-t elexatieu-. auil ar>' the
principal causes that define the -l.apes of the lakes and the direc-
tions of the rivers. The influence c t raorainic ridges of boulders and
gravel on the course of a river i- -trikingly seen in the case of the
upper part of the Winisk river. The direction of the ice mtvemeut
was about !S. 23° AV., and the course ef the river is found to conform
to this direction to a remarkaMe evtent. that i-. it niakes it- way
f07t- 'j;
2ft
<il OI.iii.HM. SIliVVY, (ANAPA
ea-t\v;ird in ii .-crlfs ol' /.lu-znn-. tli.- luke-liki' cxpiiii-ion^ ooiifuniiing
in a reiiiarkalilf way t.i tli iu>i' nf tlif iiiurainic ridgO'* of drift.
'I'lii- luki'd ("■ciirriiig :il.)iig the river aru cluiracterized by many
luiii^ iiurrow bays witli tiw -aiiio trctul, duo Id tin- drift ridgei that
bound tlifin.
Thi» Klaciation of the who],- ana shows mast <dfarly that it is \\\v
result »( tbu passHgi. of a laree »{la<'ii-v, continental almost in extent,
nK.ving in a general way a litllr -..nth of west, but showing minor
ijciiexions, that oeonrred i)nibably at stage, in the |i viihI of glaei:i-
tion when the ice sheet was not at its (^reale-t ihielioess and was
111. jr.' readily inllneneod by the surface eontoiirs.
The general S.S.W. direction of n.ovenuiit is indicated not only
by stria', chatter niarU^. and crag and tail sculpturing, but also by
the character of tlie lioublers eiwlosed in the till and scattered broad-
cast over the Arclia'an area. The occurrence of the fossil-bearing
liniestoius along the west const of Hudson bay and James bay, and
the entire absence of any rocks at all similar to them over the whole
regim farther south, makes the character of the travelled be alders
derived from these mcks a sure index to the direction followed by
the moving ice-sheet. Additional evidence is afforded by the occur-
rer.'.'e in the till of boulders and pcbblc-s of jasper, hematite, quart-
zitc of a very distinctive character that Dr. Hell has recognized in
place on the cast cnast i.f Hudson bay, and jasinr breccia or con-
plnmerate. The wicK- tract of country lying between the .\rchaan
gneiss aiul the tirst cxpo,iires of li estone, where the imderlying
rocks are completely concealed by the thick mantle of boulder clay,
might be the source from which is derived many or all of these
apparently foreign bnulders. but their viTy idose similarity to rocks
tli;ii are kmnvu to ociMir on the ea>t -.Imre nf Hudson bay makes it
m-re probabli- that they have bixui derivc.l f n ii them.
.\ few southwesterly >tria' that appeared to be possibly lat<ir than
the prevailing <'ncs jnight be interpreted to indicate a glacier travelling
down a gathering ground such as has been assigned to the Keewatin
glacier. The local variations of the stria; from the general direction
are -o many, however, that it slimus quite pos.aible that they are only
lb.- re.-cinls of detl(>xioiis caused by local surfac-e relief, and made
|ierhaps by a very nuich reduced glacier. No evidence of a glacier
iiiovinti ilown towards the liay was noticed. The following list of
elacinl stria' is arrninivil Muder three division- the beight-of-land
■■*«%.? ■*M«i.«-i«ar*^-
mf*:?£\:.
l;l>.ION Ml WI.MSK AM' ATIAWAIM^KAI MVi:l!> -I
r.-jiin,, wli.MV th- slriir nuiy !..■ .v.l^i.l.■■■ea W ivp.v.rMt i.mM t.;,lv the
nen.rnl .'onrso uC tl..' Kl.-iH-. thr Wini^k Kivr rhai.i.-l wh.ro the
iiircnin,, of tl.f striT so.-.,is to Imve l-.n «oinowhiit iitf.-.'ti-,! l.v th.-
riv.^r .-niirs... ...,.1 th.^ v;.ll.vs of the All.i.ny aii.l TpiKT Attawapiskat
rivcr<. whov tho .lir.vtinu lia^ L. • a m"''"' P'V.M-no.l l.v th.- tron.l
of the vatlcvs.
Direction of Glaciation.
lltlnht-uj-L'ind Hnjum--
Kawinogniis vivcr
llaillak- «-'*^'^^-
\Va,.i...,..mnv.r ^- 3*^^^;
Wiiiisk i-iv.r. eight mil.- above WiiLikw.i hik.'. !>.•!>• ^V
^Vini^k river, Waiikojiu hiUr S. .!:; N\ .
Icutr )\ini-^l- liifir licyioti-'
Winisk river hclow outflow of Winiski?;^ S. »! NN .
at oiitllow of Taba?okwi;i S. ti A^ .
above Tashka rapid S. 10= W.
at Ta^-hka rapid ^- ^f'' '^^'•
at l?o>kineiK fall ^-^0' I"--
i mile beluw B.jskineiK fall .... S. IS' W.
1 .< •• •• .... S.10° E.
2 mile. ■• •• •••• S.12= E.
s •• •• •• . . . . S. 10= E.
,;; .. •• •• .... S.24= E.
,- .... •• .... S. 26° E.
Aiianii Hifcr ami .Ht(i\nipi>'kal Eiver Vnlleus—
Kab,'iii(t lake, iiorthw.st shore S. S'." ^^ .
north shore S. 78' W.
Mbaiiv riv.r V> iniUs below Enbemet S. 6S° W.
10 •' ■■ S. 67° W.
15 •' •• S.64°W.
Ozhivki lake '^'
Kabaiua laU.-
ro-^T-ri.KiS'T.'i km;.
The marine olavs. overlying the bot.bler clays along tlie ^Viuifk
river, uere foun.l to be gemrally fo-.iliforou?. cxeepting near their
,„,„, -.M.tl.erlv ,xten-ion wh.-n. th.y are uuite thin, an.l, a. far as
f i>«ff«_
•->»
(il OL'liUf \I 'ilRVl Y. rANAHA
>.l..-.Tve<l, <1(> Dot liolil f'>-<-.iN. Fr.)iu a collection made from theae
.•liiyi in 190:i. Hr. .1. F. Whit.-av> - lia* idontitxcl the following
-IH'i'ip,- :—■
I'eeleii islmidicufi .Miillcr.
Mytihis eduUi, I..
CarJium ritiatttm, Fabrioii;-.
Si'nipt's (frii'nliindicii!^, Ciini'lin.
Macoma cahaiya, Gnielin.
Mpa inincala, \..
Mya arenaria, h.
Sa.T!< ira rufjos'i. ]..
Buc' intnu tenw, (ira.v.
Bucciiiiim '.
&\\'\. frcih wiitor sptvio* : • -
Sphiii iiiiii i:hii}liinnii, T,;in'.an"k.
Lnmi'iii y/<i/"v/i-/.v, I.,
The Winisk River.
The Wiiiijk rivtr, tliouga without falls in it* lower eour.-ie, and
with a volume that would lend one to suppose it easily navigable by
vessels of considerable size, i-j 30 rapid and bo wide for a long dis-
tance up from the bay that it would be difficult to find a channel for
a .-teampr of even moderate ilnift. This is particularly true of the
thirty miles of its course over the flat-lying limestone ledges that
often form ba.'riers i|uite across the river bcil, on which there is a
depth of only a few feet of wnter.
ITie river has cut down into the limestone* to a depth of more
than forty feet, the strata ri-ing in vortical walls to that height
above mean low water level.
Thert- is evidence that the river followed its present channel in
the limestones prior to the glacial period. It has since then not worn
out for itself any valley beyond its immediate ehaunel, which is n
mere trench in the boulder clay in the upper stretches, and in the
clay and underlying linicr-tone- fartln r d.iwii. The extreme tough-
ness of the lower lioulder clay, and tUt' protri'timi afforded by the
great iiumber of larpe boulders that wash out from it and coat the
bottom and lower part* of the side- of thr- trench, have prevented
any quick degradation of the bank-, which -tand up. raw and steep.
'iW- the sides d' :i newly exoavat.-d cMual or railway cutting. The
l;l filO\ OF WIMSK AM' .VTrAW.\I'l>KAl IIIVLKS
•2\i
m.r. i;.'Utly sloping part- of tli.- Lank. iM^tw... high water mark and
the luot of th.' houUlor clnv wall, ar.^ c.nor.'.l witli a growth of graaae*
and ^inall bi.,hes nn,l. l.oy..,„| h.iitu.U- :.4 :!0'. the nearly vertical
boulder elay itself suppurt^ u gr.uvth of silver berry. Kleagnus argen-
tea. oi'd buffle berry, Shi'rii.dia. th.- almo-1 Miow-white foliage of the
former standing ..nt in -tr.i.f: tra-t uith the dark-green loaves
and reil berries of lln' laitt r.
Til.' Winisk river, along it- iipp-r course easterly t.. Weibikwei
lake, has a distinguishable valley. The lower part of the river, bovf-
ever, from the lake tu the sea, ha- absolutely no valley ontside of the
st,...p.walled trough in whieli it runs. Th- upper Attawapiskat
river, Huwing in an easterly direetion, ha- a fairly well-marked
valU-v, eoraparable t.. that of the Albany, though of le.s3 extent. The
upp.r parts of the river nrv ruughly parallel to one another and tc
the Albany river, with whieh it is not ut nil improbable that the
Attawapiskat was at one time eonneeted, as the eountry now dividn.g
them is characterized by high hills of glacial drift, filling up and
concealing anv former chann.ds that may have existed. These are
the very remarkable hills described elsewhere in this, report in greater
detail.
In all the rivers on this i,lope is seen the te.idency to split up into
1u.. . r .uore .bauuels, encl..-ing area- of laud often many miles in
extent. This feature is more marked in the ca-e of the Wiuisk than
in anv of the others. Above Weibikwei lake one of these divisions
of the channel occurs, en<-l.>.ing an area of thirteen s.iuare mile-s;
and IhIow, the two bran.'la- known -i- the Wiui^ki^s nud the Taba-
sokwia flow around islands with areas of about 4^0 and ISO square
mil.>s respectively. The for-rer of thc.e branches, flowing to the
eas- at a point seven miles Wow the lake, joins the main river again
sixty-five miles below. The Indians say that no important stream
c-.m.- in to the branch, but a number of small stream^ luak.'s it :i
river of considerable size at its confluence with the main channel,
eve:, at low water when no water is passing over the bar at its upper
end. . , f
Th- volume of water in the river duriii? the p.-nod of spring
freshet mu>t be (,uite ten times as creat a^ at low water in m.d-
8umn..r. The height reached by the water is, in many places rl.ii"'>-
indicated on the banks.
Fvidenccs of the de^triftive force of the ice. when running out in
th. -winsr. are eo„nn..u. Trees on some of the island^ are found
(.1 oi.oiiliAI. SI l;\ I V.
l.rukm Hiid uiirootitl lit l»■i^^llt^ of ril'li'iii f. . i iibov tliu nor 11..I T»ter
l(-vtl, and the boiildtT <'liiy of the ImtikM is iiliuijrhfd am' drf'i, scored
(it t•or^<'^polldiIl({ lipiglits.
'I'lic tiat .siirfu»!e of llu' liim >ii.i(i' li.nd rin).' tin- unrfce i* evi-
dently bwept iinnually by tliu river \vlnii nt it- lniRlit, tliougli the
wntiT Mirfuco in the Korgf iil onliiiiiiy -imiiimi r ji vil is thirty feet
Ill-low till' top of the liineslt>nc.
Xo beds of iiffiiiti' wire oli-< ivcd, 'li.iOfili ;i f" w IdK'dy '•nrlioii-
iiccoiis, sandy liiyers wen- soon to ocrur iit wiiti r Irvd, iippurontly
IxMioiitli the boulder iduy on the iipiM-r Winisk rivi r.
Owing to till- frcipient small limds-lidf- ociurriiiM: along this part
of the river it was impossible to tix fbi' po-ilinn of tliesi' lied- with
any dejfre.' of certaiiify.
Thouiih for >o great a part ..f its eoiirse the ri\er is bordvred by
high and steep banks of elay, landslides seem to bo exceedingly rare,
exeeptinp where the eountry has h'^'cn swept by forest tires. Where
tires luive recently taken iibue aloii^' tlw b;iiiks, denuding them of
their proteeting ''egetation, sniall landslides are almost continuous.
The Winisk is with little doubt the large-t of the rivers discharg-
ing into the west side of Hudson bay or James bay between 'he
Severn and Albany rivers. IJising in the highlands lyinjr to the
south of Trout hike, it drains the large expanse of eountry lying to
the east of the upper wiiters of the Sivern river, and to the north of
the spreadiiifr branches of the Attawapiskut. The watercourses of
thi.s section of country have been most inadequately represented on
the existing maps, owing to the lack of knowledg • of their positions,
and a reference to the map accompanying this report will be neces-
sary in order to understand the apportinumiMi', of the watersheds
among the various rivers. From Misnmikwns]i lake, above which the
Winisk is divided into two main ami many -mailer branches, the
river tlows out by two channels, one <iuite in-igniticant iii volume
tlowing to the north, and the other, a river of eonsideiable si/e,
llowing to the east. 'I'lic former of these forms the head of the
Asbewei;; or wi-t bnincb of tin- Wini-k. ;ind tin- latter the liiaiu
river.
Oivi iTiiiJK at a point situated in X. lat. ."i3^ and W. long. 00',
these two streams unite 224 miles below, following the course of the
main river, in N. lat. ^A" and W. long. ST° Tjii'.
From Mis.imikwash lake for tweuty-tive miles the river keeps n
general easterly course. In this distance the descent is about thirty-
ItK.HlN
• I WIMSK \Mi A I 1 \U \1'I«K \ I i;u I i;-
fiv. iMt. Mid ...■.HIS piiiiriiuilly ill 11 Mi-i.- Ml tivr rupias, at ti.o
l,,«-.-l <il' whi.li. jii-t iilx.vr Wiiiiiiuiiiiiiiii l.ik . tliir.' i« n vtiy .v.n-
Md.iiil.l.' lull. l?.t«.-.ii tlu' rapi.l- iir. Mr.'t.lii- "t' -wilt \\»\<r. varif.l
liv imiiiy laki-likt' <ximnhi..iis. 'I'lii- surroun.liiiK .•ouiitry i- t"i' tl.e
iiio^t piirt li.w, ■.(•l.k.ni risiiiK •" nri>Ur licii;lit- tluni tifly f. . t iiL.jve
tlie rivrr. I'cw lork <'Xi)o-iirc5 iiri; s«< ti, wlmt thiri' iirr consi-tinB ■■?
Inw, romuli.l kiu.lU nii.l ri.lK.s ol \v. 11 fnliat..! l.iotit. Bionit. Kt" i".
g'nerally witli an iiliiiost hurizontal foliation and olt. n iiiva<l>>.l ly .i
.Miir-ir wliilr Kiaiiitr ■•r |.. fiiiiiitito. The l.iiiiU- arc usiially '■ "•
but in pliiooH til.- river is found inipinuiiin ii>;iiiii-' ■' '''"ik "' """
strntitiod sand and gravel tw.iity to tliirty fifl in In iiilit.
Hcluw till.' rapid and full just nlVrri'd to a larac str.iim con^. •
in iP.ni til. -outh, and tli. riv.r \vi.lui« out 1u f..iin Wiinnuninrn
lak.'. a liody ,,!' water ot varvinit wi.ltli, l\v. nly-liv- mil"- in lengtli
•111., tr.nmh in wliieli th.' lake li.- lin- l.<'-n l...ll..w,d out -lainly in a
band of Keewatin roeks to whose trend it >r. nerally .•on.orm". Tlic
most .■onspieuoiis roeks occurrinR in tlif bflt are heavy he.ls ..f ooP"-^
.•ongl.>nierate, very similar to that of Ahrani lak. on the Kngli-h
riv.r heh.w Minnitaki lak..' With the-e ar.' n-.eiate.! dioritt.- and
ehloritic an.l hornhl.nd.' sehists, the whole ftriking nhont N. TO' E.
an,! .lippiiiK "t I'iffl' ""kI*-'"- "l"''^^*-- '"'-•''' '•""• ^^'f''"'" <1'"'^'- I*
elass.d almost wholly with the Kccwatin. though there are possibly
Miiiill iiivas of low.'r Hnronian. th,- ba-iil b. d- of wlii.'h wouM l-
represented by the conglonieriite.
About the lake almost the only eminnie.., in view are low hill-
of unassorted drift, rising generally not more than fifty feet abovp
the water level, but in one eas,- forming a v.ry -triking oone-shiipcd
,.n,in.-ne:, rl-ing iM-rlui|- -W f-'el nl-ve tl„- -urruumiing level.
Owinp- t.i its inae.M>Mbility tin- hill wa- nut vi-it.-.!. but from it-^
^jeiieral a.i..'el. an.l from th.' ae.-ount- of it given by the Indiau-.
U evidently is one of those r. nmrkabl, . isolat.-.l ma-ses of drift sein
on the south braneh of the Attawnpi-kat. and noted al-o by Mr.
Cams.dl as oc.^urring in th.' country north of I at hike."
l-'ro,,, Wunnumin hike to Xibinamik lake, i, di-tan. f tw.utv-
tive miles, th.- .lescent is about forty-live feet, the fall oceurrir.L'
principally at thr.-.- point^, wh.-r.- series of heavy rapids break ti;..
.-oiirse of the riv.-r. Betw.-en tin se ar.- str.-t.-he- of .piiet tb-wliL-
1 Vlil.iliil 1'. oelt .;..elei;l.:il
- Sumlli.'iy l;.-| I'll li.-.-l,.t;|.
Siii-ve.. i;u.i. \'..i. \1 V,
,,i Sill ».->. r«ii.
'HI \.
I
3
.^mt*. •*.
26
1,1 III l.i.li \l M l:VI V. C.i.V.MlV
water, when' tli. curi'.iii, tlinuuli «• ni'inlly ulrmiK, ll^^w- ul.inu phi-
ciJlj botwi' 11 bmik-i v/I 'iii.a u..t geii.Tall.v hinli. l)Ut in |.lac.«., whrrr
the lurrcnt hu worn into the side i>f n <\r'\h ridgi', ihowing cut Irnnk*
sovvnty-fivu fcpt iti li»MKl>t. A ftrcmn kin.wii «« Mi''hiki>nii fl.iws in
from tliii BOiith iiIm'iiI -ix inili-' below WiMiimiiiniiii lukc iin.j n liirxcr
wie, rt-fi-rrfd to ukbIii in (Icitiribiiig thn route from Tmiit Inki, join*
the river from the nortli tiv.- mile* above Nibinnmik liike.
Nibinnmik lake i* n\\ iricgi'lar body uf water who-^c Amy luf
been largely defined by ridjiiB of glacial drift. From inlet to ontl.t
i- but five niiUs, tin lake, how.vrr, fxtcmlinif to the -outli for seven
milos and to the nor.h for four mile-. A number of low lcdge« of
tine, well-foliated bioiiie gnri?'- oeiMir along itp ,hore-<, rut by a conr*e
white gneiss that often is interbiimkd with thi' tiner giving the
wiiolo an appeurum-e oi' htratitivation. The land ris<s grnduidly from
tho lake shoreji to heijfhts of about sixty feet, u eontideriihle thiek-
iie-t- of sand and gravel eoneealing the underlying rin-k-*, exeepting at
tlie immediate shore.-. A forest ubi,)ut one hundr<?d .venr^ old, hwt
never very large, rovers the surrounding country. Spruce ainl tama-
rack are the pritu^ipal tree-, with ii-pen, popltir. titid eiiiioo bir«'li on
till' ridges.
From the southern enl of the Iwkr, by a larg-' lironk entering tlio
southeasterly buy, » nmto to be referred to ngnin, len.l- to the Attii-
wnpiskat river.
I'or the next iuiIm- mill-, brivvri'u Ni'iiMiiinik lui'l Wiipikopa
li'ke-. the river flow- with n fiiivly -tiff iMirrent, iiH'reii-int' to rapid-
i>l three places, and descends in ;dl .ibout thirty-tive feet. .\'o ledge?
nil seen along the shores the over-mantlc of drift, rising in places to
fuini ridges niu'ty feet iu hriulit, q\iitr covering llie nui'crlying
rocks.
Wapikopa hike li:i- a l'n:;tli luirtlna-terly i,i tliirtnii n.ile-. with
a long irregular buy runniuK to the north for fourteen mili'=, where
it receives the waters of the river nf the same name, a i\u'.Qi flowlnp
stream thirty yards wide, two to six feet d<ep, and wiih a sluggish
current of about one mile an hour.
Many exposures of biotite jrucl-^s oocur about the lakcslior •-. the
foliation well markeil. ami dipping at angles of from forty deirreos
to horizontal. A coarser prey gnel«s cuts these stratiform beds, and
' iirlo?es in place- auKoIar l.Io,-k- of tl.c finer Mack irnois- in -uch
numbers as to constitute n bn eeia.
^W^^^W^F^?^-
iiich the
liicclion
111 tWCPH
A iifwpr rHfii^li jrunitr, witli i)..q.li.vriii.' cry-tul- of r,.\ fVlcl^pgr,
ocouM in hoavy ledger noar the vrv*t .nd.
Orecn forest from thirty t.. ..n.. humlr. .1 vrHr. i.M .'lolho* the
fchorw of tho like on ivrry sM<'.
I'r.>ni \Vapiki>|iu liiK^- il.iwiiwar.l- i.. Wrihikw. i Inl-' . n .li-iai..'.- of
thirty-right mih-s the river fnlluw-. ii nn.-t irnunliir .•..iir-c. and
really ronstitiitu* a suiivj'sion nf lnki-, with iiitervcniiiM: riipidi. the
total deaccnt being about oinhty feet.
The lakt?-likp cxp.'r'^ioii- urt' nmiirl'iublr f..r th<- Wiiy in
lo..^ narrow buys niimiiitf oS fr.'in lliitn, lonfiiriii !■■ tlit
of glaoiatioii. Thi- i- <mu-i.1 \<\ tlw iiciirriii I' I'u.i
of glacial drift, with u dir.fti.m about X. ""' F... the Mill, y
thorn forming the htt>u\n of tlie hike*.
A numk'r of sniMll rupi'l ur wli> re tlie riv. r l.iviik- through
the drift ridnes and for ten mile? luMuediatt ly nbove tlie otittlow of
thii ehai.i-.l eomiiig in below Weibikwei hike the enrr. nt \* very
»wift, and heavy riipids oceiir, -.m>u of theni over bdu. - -f biotitp
gnei:<s.
These rocks, the only exposure- seen, af tine, banded binek and
grey biotite gneisses dipping at vuriou- antjb-i but pre-.-rving a
general northeasterly trend. Tlay are invaded by irregular nuivte* of
a courier white gntd-. that -onietimes oerur- «■* ban.l- eoi, forming
to their foliation, but often .nit^ them in tlie form oi ap-i-bv., s. and
hurround- and enelo-e- angular l.|oeU-i and nui--e«,
Midway, at a pi.int above Kanuehiiun lake, wli.iv the riv- r
divides into a number of ehaiuul-, a small brook ttowin- in from the
south is the starting point >r a route ucros. lo Lan-downe l,,ke, an.;
nine miles above Weibikwei lake a ehanael lead^ ..tf t.. llf uM-th,
rejoining the main river }»■•■ b' t..w that lak.'.
The southern cbai.u.d of th.^ river How,- liito the n.u thwe-terly
bay of Weibikwei lake ami .li-.-barRe, frou, it- extr. ni.- -th-rn
end.
Weibikwei lake iia- an eM.viu.' length .,f .-..v..nte.n mil.-, un.l ii
seven miles wide. Two rlver< of .•..n-iderabl.^ volume ib.u int.i its
southern end, the MLOiikenopik (-t..n.. ti-!i-trap)-kn> ■•■•, .m, tl... ..Id
maps as the Fishbiisket river and th.' \Vapit..|,m. up ubi.'b tl.p
principal eunoe route to the soutli lea.b.
The lake, though of .-.■.n-iderable ar.-a, : ..when- .sle.v>- any wide
cxpaiHP of open w,.t.r u-ImIu- ..f a --rie-. of l..nu', narrow
i'8
III III, II \l, «l l;\ I V, I WAUA
ilmmii I-, I.Miiw 111 I'Ti'i """I "•"'''• l"'«"" l'»f»ll«l 1"W i'lan.U
of -Hii.l. mini 1 iiiiil l-i.uia. r-. «i'li .1 .i.l.MrHlimi .,1 till r.ii.hiiifr •bout
till' Iim! "I ill!' 1ii|i -'f till wiii.r. 'I'lif im«mig«'» iirt- imt gt-iK-rHUy
iiM.r. llmii Imlf « liiili- m "I'ltli. iiii'l "lily 'Itirty iVft in .lefilh. The
liiii>l hIii'IiI (111- liiki' ii low. mill liii« li<»M liliiKi-t tiitinly il'iniiU-iJ of
irn- h.v rii iirrinu Hr--, i-xn ptiii(i in a tVw l...'iililii'« wlnn- liiuik'iuH
pliii. iiitminiik, uii.t xi"-' "'■ f"'"" "'"' <••'"'"'" '" "!'"" ''"^' ■l'*""'"'''
of til.' i.rijf'iml I'oi-i-.-i. Slnrn'oii. wlilti ti-li, |.iIm'. mm.I .li.iv ■ i' W""l
-i/i- nil iiliiililiil ill ill!' Inki, mill 111'- Iiiiliuii^ ^iiy tliHt brook trout
iiir not utu-oiiiiiiiiii, I'Ut iliiit iuko trout ilo not orcur. Tli*- only
I.iIki. iil.oiit I 111' Oioro- iir. I.iolilr «tiii"i- tliiit form low poiiiti
iHiir till- »oiitliirn i ml of the liiki .
riif rivur ilim'hiirKi- from llio txtriino iiorllurn buy of tlir liikf
l.y 11 -hort riipiil, with ii lull of ihrio or four ft'ot. .lu-t lulow the
iHpid, ut tho hruil of II loiiK buy thut ixti luW for »tvi rnl DiiUi to the
wi-t, tl Iiiinml whiih Iciivei thf rivor ti-n miles obovt njoiii'-
This Ih probably rciilly iho miiin I'.imiin-I of th< rivtr. Bilow fhf
juiiotion thr rivor tlous for tho first eight inib's of its rour«i: over
liorizonliilly foliiitf.l leiltfis of biimkil, biotitf gneiss, fhnt cuuse nil
.iluio-t i-oiiliiiiious -ui'i'i -sioii of rnpiils with swift water bilwe'ii.
,lowu to the point of outtb.w ..f the \Vini-Ui-i-. ii .liiuinel thnt tlows
<,fl to the iiortliiiist, to bii-..iiii' iiuiiitiil lo tin- lunin river s.v. ntv
miles below. At low wulir iio water tbiws ..ver th" bar at the . n-
trnuee to this ehunnel, iIioukIi lliere is. ,it all stages of the water.
a ri\er of ,-,.ii-iaerabh' -ize eominn in at the juiietioii, ilu.-. the
liuliiiiis s„y. not to any sIhkI ■ larjfe streaiu. but to n great innuber
of smaller tributaries ilrainiiig the eountry between tliin strnuv "l
the heads of the F.kwaii and lihiek-feiiee braneh of the .\ttawnpis,^at
rivers. Thirteen miles below the liend of tho island thus formed,
another bram-h ebaiinel, called the Tabusi kwi.i. splits off to th- west
and flow* around an island about tw. uty-threr miles long. For forty-
five miles below the lake, or to the upper ed^te of the till-i^overed area,
the river is an •ilniost eontinuou- riipid. the deseeut being probably
as luiich as seven feet to the mile. .\t two points only Jc the'e
rapids beeonie easende.s, both situated near the bottom of the v.^ry
rni.id sietioii. At the Tn-hka rapi.l the vertieal fall is not great.
iMit at the I!o-kiiuitf or SiiioUy fall tlieiv i- a vertical iiitcli of alioiit
rift. ,11 feet. The iiortatfe pn-t the fir-t of these rapids numnts over
a low ridge of boulder clay, but out bank-, -bowing a see-tion throiigh
ti;e iitl. are tir-t -een jn-l abi.ve tb
Ho-ki'ieii; fall, where tho river
HM.loN lit WIMI«K .»M> All VWM'I'KM l!IVMi«i
20
h» t .I..WI1 tli>->Miitli ivv.iil.v I'.Mt i.f mi ii|.|»T l.iittr,,loiin.| <'l;i,v.
Dii.l MX f".'.! -.f nil iin.lirl.vu.u, IX tinirly i.mtili \<Uw rUy li..|,iii,ii
iiimiy Wf 11 -frioteU boulikTK.
Ilel.w th.- fall tW iM.t buak. -i l...ul.l. r - iii.v I mr liiKli'T. uii'l .1
t.w iinh.. iir ih .uiiiii.it iif -.-11 !•■ !"• -"atiti..|. r..uc mil.- l..-1'w.
in tl,- thill ItiyiT of ^inititi.-l 1"'.U lit til. t.,|.. 111.' fir-l f.w-il -li.-lU.
Sa.rn,ivt niooi'i, wt^r'' ii"tp.|. (.r.-vititf ll.. I'< 'l- I" I" "f l"-l bIb-'IhI,
ii.ttriii.' ..riaiii. Th.^ IlmkIh . »...v.' tli.^ *vi< it .-timiit.-.l t.. Ik' nlxiut
:i:,ii tV,.f. Til.' I.iiiilv-. iil.'UL' tlii- iiart ..f tli.> riv.r'- ,■.u^r-.■. ur.' l.>«.
ri,ii,.x tfrM.luiill.v t>..i.i .iliii..-t w.t.T l.'vl I-. L.-iKln- ■■> H"' i'""-'' •'"•"i
tifry fi'i't iil.MV • it
Fr.'.iu.Mit . x|...»ur.- of liH.titi' irii. i". ^f.ii.viilly iinnrlv Imri/. .tul.
t,ui ii.H.'li .li-tiirl..M| l.y iiitru-i.Mi- <>f n ..Mr-.r wlnt.' Rti.i". iinl l.y
vein- im.l ap.'l'dyi.- nf i«'Kiin.fit>'. .-■■■ur nil mIuuk tli.' liv-r Th.-v
are l,.w. r..\in.l.-.l. w.'ll-Kln.'iiit<-.l UmIk.'-. -liowiii^r well nmrk.^.l -n iii-
ti.iii in H if.'ii.n.l <lir«vti..n v.iryinp t'p.i.i -..uil, t.. •...iithw.-f, l.nt
^howintr ii-innal xlrin', tliiit iirp i.rnl.i.l.ly l;it. r. luivliin h .lir.-.'ti.ii,
ub.:>nt sonthra-t. D.iwn to tlii- |H.iiit. mi.l l-i- n T w inil.-- l.-ytul. th..
f,l,| !..i.-t liH- Ih.m ,1. -tr..y..l l.y tlir -iini.. Iir.' tlint -wipl th.. r.h..r. »
of \V..il)iku..i l.il<. . »n.l it- j.hi.-.- tnUi'ii l.v ii <. n.l (jniwlli »l""it
thirty v'iir- "lil-
(l,.<.nM..nal 1..W I...— - ..!' I.ioiii. u.-;.iiit.-Kii'.i-- i>r.- ..Npo^-.l Hl..iit'
th.. -hop.- for -lxt.>.'i. mil.- 1.. lou l!..-kiii.-iK full. A li..ri/.ontnl ..r
>:ently undnlutiiiK foliati.,.. I- wll .l.-v.-lop^l. tli..ni:l, lli.. r.-culMr
uiul\.rmify <.f lli<'ir attitu.l.- i- inmi-.-.l 1-y :r.-.in. lit invii.iin« tiB<*-9
.,f r..ar-e white giuin^ an.l p. unuitit.-. '! h.-.-. ..xiM-ur.- iir.> the l.i-t
that .v.itcrop alonK the riv.r until the out r rim of thr linit.«toiies of
the Ilu.l-on B\v l.i.-in i- r.,...li.'.l. 11" milf>'^ l>rlow. Th.-uKh the
bottom ..f the trough uni.lu.illy l....-,.>u.- l..vv.r in r. f. r.'n-... to the
^,„.f:i .f the till a< tli.- nv.T i- ,l..-.-.-ii.l...!. nt no i.'"'- '" '•'''*
,li.tnu.... has .l.'trrn.lation \; u . arri,.l 'ar .uouvli •.. .xih.-.^ th.-
r.n.l.-rlyinir ro.-k-. th.. L'r..ai louul.. r ..f l...ul,l.r^ .l.riu.l tn.ui th.-
wearinjr away of the till pfbahly l.-vomiufr an in..|-r»si,i^ly imp.T-
tant la<.t..r in rotanlint; th.- u.-nriiiK »..ti.ui of th.' ..iirrent.
l!..l..\v the Inst expo-un- of m,..l- th.. ol,l fon-t -till clothes tin-
hank-, 111., hrr.l.'. ahov.' nfirn-.l l.. ..xt.-n.liui.' ..iily to that .li?tan...>.
Thr hank- ..f the riv.-r ,.n-..rv... all alwK th. part of it- eour-e lyii.).'
within th.. till-e..vere.l an-H. a v..ry unif..riH .■haru.-t.T. Thr sh,,res
lu-tw. ..11 l.iiv nn.l hish water mark jrra.lnally -h.p.. up fv..m th.'
^i^^j^h mam^Bmm ^wmmk^^^m^wmp'^f'm^
;jo
1.1 DI.OIillAI. MUVI V. < ANADA
wafer's P'lf"-. and arf often paved with 1... alders and nuuked at tlio
iin~^ L- I a belt of low bushes and |LTas>^es. From high water
liiUK the 'H.-'il >i boulder clay risps in an »hi.o-t she«T wall, bare and
r. , ., ; /.e tlie side of a reeent raihv.iy cutting or canal; the
lower -111 oft.n rough with the great niuiiher uf rn.jecting boulder?,
bTit the upi» r -mouth fae.d like a pure ehiy. CapiiiuK the upper clay
13 a very unequally distributed layer of marine clay, in places reach-
ing a thicknets of ten feet, but over long distances entirely wanting.
The impervious charact<>r of th- till, to^'ether with its nearly flat
or gently undulatinR surface, gives m tlie country a muskeg-like
c-haracter, even thouKh it lies eighty feet or nuire above the bed of
tho river. Along the immediate banks, and for perhaps a chain or
two back, there is a narrow belt of trees of fair size, and back of that
stretches away a great level, plateau-like cuiitry, practically without
drainage, and consequently moss-.cv.red tu a great depth, support-
ing a stunted and deformed growth of black spruce and tamarack.
There is no river valley, the trench cut in the boulder clay being but
little wider than the actual be.l of the ,-tream. The comparatively
stable character of the till walls is indieiit. d by this belt of larger
growth, a-, were the disint-sration proc-ediuK at all rapidly, the
ordinary ciiditiun of tree frrowth woui.i prevail quito to the edge of
the trough.
At sixty-eiglK and seventy-ev u miles, respectively, below
Weibikwei lake, the Tabasokwia and Wini-kisis channels rejoin the
I.areot -tream, the latter now of c,,u-ider.illc volume. At a lake-like
expansion studded with islands, situ:.t. d >eveii miles below the inflow
of the Little Winbk, the tirsl tribntari- - of in>porta,ice join the
river, the Asheweig llowing from the s..uthwc>t. and the Atikameg
from the southeast. The former of these, which is slightly the
larger, i-i the West Winisk ot the old nuips. and tho stream referred
to on a former page as flowing out from the main river at Mi-r,;,,ik-
wash lake 224 miles above. M its outlet it is a quiet flowing stream.
with a good current. « .■U,.iu or more in wi.lth, ami havim,' an
average depth of alwut fou.' feet. A short distance below this point
white birches and balsam spruces are ^<^ n for the last time on the
banks, and thence to the sea the forest gr..wth, quite to the edge of
the river trough, i- composed ditir.ly of black spruco and tamarack.
The islands, and here and there n projecting j^iint, however, cont' lo
to show groves of white <pruee, bal-ain popl.Tr. and aspen.
i:i
IN ()| \VIM>K AMI All AWAIM^K M IMVIK-'
Aftei- a >uur>t" Muiost .liicctly north, with -light curves to th«
ca.it an.l «.>t. for VJH niil.s tho rivir hy a -l.nr,. turn .u.l.lenly
changvs it. ilirtction to a littl.. >outh of ca.t, ;iu.l keeps that treji.l
for sovfiity iiiilos.
Looking:' .I..w,i thr v;ill.y lr,.,ii a iKUnt a tVw inik^ above th.>
flbow, the laii.l to the north, hoyonil the turn, i= seen to be elcvate.l
a little above the general kvoi, tl..- line of higher ground probably
representing the northern eor ' ■ '. ' Silurian basin. The abrupt
turn made by the river, anv . s ,ong ... u ■ - ; the east before resum-
ing its normal northerly d >.ii ,-,. r.ia, ..lo' .ly al>o be attributable
to the prescnoe of the bai i. •■ rT.-r-i !y ..■ rini ..f the limestone
area.
Two tributaries, the I'.iuiipatiiu inid ilie I'ikwakwud, join the
main river near the elbow. Both head n<.ir the Fawn branch of the
Severn river, and by the last named there is a eanoe route to the
Severn. The Winino brook comes in from the north about half-way
downi the easterly stretch, and nine niih- farth.r ..n an island six
miles in I'-nRth, known to the Indians as .\fikminis or Caribou
island, divides the river into two "hannels of marly •■.jual volume.
The almost sheer walls of boulde • <'lay, with th.ir intermittent and
irregular capping of marine day, continue to n<r in r.ference to the
river bed, until at a point lifly mile- above the im.uth they attain a
height of eighty-live Aet above the water lev.l. with a b(sl of but
slightly beached and not at all decayed sphagnum moss on top. The
marine clays with their contained fossils, a li-t of which is puhlislied
elsewhere in this report, immediately underlie the moss. The lime-
stones and dolomites of the Hudson Bay l.a-l.i rirst outrrop at a
distance of forty-two miles from the bay, measurinir along tlu; river.
They are flat-lying, slightly magnesian, flaggy lime-tones, forming
the bed of the river, but i.ot app.aring above tiie water. Within a
very few miles, however, the sh.p., of the river carries it Ix'low the
surface of the limestones so that they form low walls, gradually in-
creasing in height in reference to the surface of the water until,
four miles below, the river Hows through a gorge cut to a depth of
thirty feet in the limestones and dolomites. This is probably a part
,if an old pro-glacial channel, as from here on down towards the .sea
the lime-tonc walls, capped by boulder clay, alternate with banks
that show till <,nly down to high water mark. Th- surface of the
rountrv. ixtriulina back from tho ^ ■.'}<< of the river-trough, has the
(.l.C'i Oi.ll AI. SI KVl V. CANADA
-an.. platt-au-liU.' .•hi.n,.-.,,- M,vt.-hin« awav a- far a, tl.e oye can
-, ... a- ill aln.n>t l-vrl. ui v.vd l-lain, will, onl.v a >par.e gruuil.
' Th.' liiM<.>t..,„.- .-!,.,« j^.utlc uiululatiuiis, l,ul are, l.roadly spoak-
:„•■ nearly tlat, witli a ,lope northerly corresponding closely with
,h, d.-e.nt ol the riv.r, A Hi.all collection of fossils, deterniined hy
Dr White;,ve-, i- r.lerre.l f. more at length on another pa^ic I'hey
.„rvr to satisfaet..rily fix the po.itiun of these U.ls as Silurian, and
ul al.out the age of th- Niagara.
.V, a pruj.M-ting point on the southeast hank, iw.niy-s.x mdes
Vr,,n, the month, an enlin-ly dirterent --et of rock^ i- hrought to the
MUla.e, in the fonn ol ;, douhle anticlinal fold, «ho,e axis >trikes
-Hith 10' ea>t. Tht^-e eon-i.-t of handed green and black .4alcs and
ralcareon. >p,an/.ite., the whole very hard and baked looking. No
;„-tual contact with the overlying dolomites or limestones is seen, .so
that it is not possible to say with certainty whether or not the two
-..I, are eonformalde. Jt .eems very probable, however, that the
, pp, !■ beds, that gradually merge upwards from a calcareous ipu)rt-
/if into a highly -iliceou, lin-.e.t,.ne, underlie .■onformably the
!.,we.st stratum of linx'^toue. No f<,ssils wore found in these beds.
The ribboned charaefr of the slate-, their bright .'oloration, a.al
the occurrence in them of streams of more highly calcareous pebble-
like piece, that arc very M.gg.-tive of broken limestone bands, give
t.. them a most striking appearance, and wouhl make their recogni-
tion, if exposed at any oll.-r place on the river, almost a certainty.
It wa, con-idered at the time tli. the-e might represent a part ot
the Xastapoka ,-rie-. imted by .Mr. Dowling about thirty miles to the
..a-t'..n Sutton .Mill lake. Then, dee- not >ecm, however, to be a
-.rheient similarity between the-e bed, .md those described by Mr.
I, ling to warraul thi- e,,rielatuui. Below this point, and down
aearlv to the mouth ol the river, th, limostoiu- and .hdomites, for
the mo=t part a ivp.'titiou .,f tl.e -auie b.-ds lying in low undulations,
,,.e almo-t ee„tinunn-ly exposed, forming low cliffs, overlain by a
thick mantle of boulder clay. The river, along this part of its eour-e.
i- M...ut thirty ehaiu- wide, with many expan-i.>u- tlir ■■ -.,uarter~ ..t
1 mile or more in width, and d-.ttcd with i>lands.
The Mattawa, a river of considerable volume, by wlneh there is
au Indian eaiioe r-uie to ,he F.kwau riv.-r mes i:i from the ea>t
nventv-four mile, f. the mouth, and ten inih- farther down the
^li.hamatlawa. ,.r I'.i^' Mattawa, tlew, in fi-m the west. This str,.am
IMI.IO.V ni WIM^K \M> ATTAWAI'ISKAT KIVKRS
U used by the Indian- n- an inland canoe lovite to the mouth of the
Severn, which i^ reaohi^d by ascending tho stream ahnast to it^i head
and crosjiing thonco i.. th./ SluiRamu, which tlows into the west shore
of Hudson bay abou i day and a half's journey below the Severn.
For the last twc.iy-tive miles of its course before reaching the
shores of the bay, the river has an average width of about three-
quarters of a mile, but expands to over a mile at many places. An
almost continuous line of islands divides it into a number of
channels all along this part of its course. For the last twelve miles
above the sea these islands are generally low, and clothed only with
grasses and low b\islies, but varied by occasional, more elevated ones
that support groves of balsam poplar of good size. Above this th.
islauiis are mostly masses of till that have resisted the wear of the
ciurent; they ore higher and generally well wooded with large white
spruce, that attain diameters as groat as two feet, and nr- tall and
straight.
The current is swift for the whole distance from Weibikwei lake
to the mouth, a distance of 240 miles, though across the boulder clay
area, and through the limestones, the descent is comparatively uni-
form. Though there U water enough all alon^' for tracking canoes,
a channel suitable for larger boats could only be found by following
a very tortuous course, and by frequently crossing from side to side.
where the flat limestone ledges, approaching the surface, f..rm almost
continuous barriers across the current, with perhaps oidy one liroak
where the water has any considerable depth.
This even slope is characteristic of all the rivera flowing from the
great central Archiean plateau downwards to the we-^t coasts of
Hudson and James bo - they have passed the more elevated
Archcean country and . he gently sloping till-covered area.
The Albany, the Attaw and the Severn rivers are other
examples of this. The abseuoo of any valley might be interprete<l to
mean that the river, in its present form, is very recent. It must be
borne in mind, however, that evidence ot a considerable age is
afforded by the gorge in the limestones wnere the river flows in a
channel cut down at least forty feet into the flat-lying strata, and all
along in its passage through the ,-edinientary belt its pre-glacial age
is indicated by the cliffs of limestone that .-.ppear alternately on the
one side and on the other, w' ' oukler clay forming the banks in
the intervening spaces, constituting what is practically a broad,
shallow, partly till-firied gorge all the way.
4074- :i
3V
AI. >l l;\ 1 Y. TANAIIA
i-ff:
It seems cvidt'iit iIkii llmt tlir..iii;li tlu' boulilei' I'hiy iUVJ. until
the liiiir^tonos are nai-lu.l, tlie ].n - nt climiuel dut-i not iicefsat'lv
represent an oMer valle.v, Lut tliat 1.. low. thr.ugh llie limcst -.r.f-. the
river lias reniiiied pn^Be^«iull nf iiii .'Mir, pre gl'i'inl fliaunel
Approaeliing the nioiilh the hunk- hi.^.ine lower, and for the last
few miles are not generally mere than ahont tlftecii feet high, and
are compos- .1 of stratilitd clays and ^ands. I'x.rdcriiKr each side of
the river at thi e«tiiaiy. and lAli-ndin;^ h^icj-; t'n.iii llic >li'.ri' "t tlie
biy to form a lielt from two to ''..e mile, in width, a treeless tract
four or five feet ahove ordinary liiRh tide- extends away to the east
and north, and is jirobahly iipiitinoous. ahnost without interruption,
np and <lown the w«>t -horr ct' the \':<y. It i- a .•i.inparatively level
plain, interseeted, however, hy many I'hininrK iliat are tilleil at h;(;h
tide, with a gravelly nnd samly surt'aee spar.-ely covered hy .dumps
of grn" and brightened l>y many -pii-ies of sub-arctic flowering
plants. The river has an ea-terly dinvti.,,, j,i,t at its mouth, and the
.sontii >liore eonseauently lieeomes, v;tli..ul change of direction, the
eoa-t :>! the bay; and it is only by the tnrnint.' away to the nor'h of
the opposite shore that the actual mouth of the river can be f\id.
At this point the e>luary has a width of about three miles. It is
generally shallow, largi.' bouMers .-Imwing abuve the surface even it
high tide, while at low tide bars ,.f -and, gravel and houMers are
exposed. The ordinary rise ami fall r.f the tide is only ab.,ut six
feet, but this is sufRcient, so tlal i- the bottom of the buy ir. this
neighbourhood, to expose at low ti<le wide sand tlats e.xtendir.g far
out from the ual shore ''u" ami dotted with lari;c blocks an.l
boulders, mainly of limestone, that in places are heaped together to
form points and low ridges that remain uncovere<l even at high ride.
The shallow character of the bay was furthr.- evideiiood. when
the mouth was vi.-ite.l in August, lOMi!. by the barrier of r&ok i'^''
that formed a continuous line across the e-tuary, about tive miles otf
shori'. The small sailing ves-d u-od by llie Hudson's Hay I'oUiiXiny
for the transport of supplies from the po?t at the mouth < f the
Severn river to the Wiiiisk river is forced, by the shallow water ofT
the moutu, to make a long circuit, f.dlowing the channel of tlie river
l.'-om far out in the bay.
The Icng-th of the Winl.k actually traversed, from ;Misauiik'n»''h
lake to the mouth, is .".0.') miles. As it is a riv r of con^ic.eraWe
volume at the upper point reached, it may l)e confidently statr.; -hat
its total leupth is well over 4*0 miles.
4074 p. M.
m:}
:v*
■J
I
s
UllilON ■>!• \V1NI>K \M> ATI AW.VlM^KAi U\\\ l> ■'■'
It^ volu WHS c-liiiitltr,! t.. I..' iil.out •jr.,l»*)('> .'uUic tVft ixf
gceoiiil in midsiiiniiior. i\t a iioiui twiiity-live uiiles above thf bay.
To avoid the difficult iiiivini\iic.ii of the we»t coast of Iludson bay,
the Indians have «ell-kn..wu vn\u. -; both east nn.! west from the
Winisk, the western leading to th. Severn river by n gtreum eallcl
the Mi.-httniiittiiwii, wbi<>h ,utir* tlie Winisk six miles fn.ni tli.'
nios'th. From mur the hcalwuters of this streiim the ShaRiiinn riv. r
is reached by a portage route, and that strtam is descemled to the
coaj^t, whii'h is reached iil ii point about n day and a ball's jnurnev
from the month of the Severn river. The eastern route leaves the
Wini-k cloven mile^ fron tlie mouth by its trib\itary the SliamattawH.
This stream is ascended to a large lake on its course, ami one ot the
tributaries enterinp the lak.> is utilized to reach a strciuji tlowiuK
into the Kkwnn river by which the western siih' of .laiiic bav is
reaehod. By this route the hazardous journey for canoes along the
exposed west coast and around the point of <'ai><' Henrietta Maria i ■
avoided.
The Attawapiskat River.
Tiic Attawapiskat river wa- exauiined to the main forks twenty
miles above Lansdowne lake, and its southern branch, the Kanu-
ehuan. for 135 miles farther, where it overlaps the foot of Lake St.
.Joseph at a distance of about fifteen miles to the north.
A micrometer survey was made of the greater part of this dis-
tance, connectinK at one end with Lake St. .loseph and at tiie other
with Fort Hope post on Kabemet lake.
The Attawapiskat watershed was fir-t reached at Wimbobika an.l
Kapich'.gima lakes, lyinjr ab...it twelve mile- to the uori Invest of
the northeasterly end of Lake St. Joseph. The upward eontimiatioii
of the river is represented by two large brooks flowing in from the
west, and one, known as the Hice-stalk river, from the north. The
latter affords a canoe route to Cat lake. This has been traversed by
Mr. Jabez Williams, of the llud-irs Hav Compai'v. v.iio reports tha'
biotite gneisgos only are exposed al.'Ug the route.
These lakes, both long, luirrow and tri uding about east, parallel
to the prevailing strike of the gnei->es in that vi.-iuity. are sepnr-
ated by a low ridge of cldoritic. fekl-pathic hornbleude-schists, that
occur in a belt, at this point not more than three-quarters of a mile
wide. The westerly extension of this belt was not traced, but it preb-
u'Tt r.
(KOI.OCK \I. >I RVl V, ( ANAKV
-■■■■".>.-
ably .!.« -i not reach tho shores of Lake St. Joseph, as it appears to
b« tap. riiitf in thi-i direotion. Easterly it was traced pretty con-
titr:>u«ly, »■* tho stream vsUey li-.i* been pxcavated in these rock»
pni'MoBlly all down its course.
The outlets of tlu-so two lukes unite a tew miles below to form
th^ small river known to the Inlians an the K •winogaus, or No-
Pikerel river. Fur twentytivf miles below the junction the river
ha- a width of only from .)n<' t.. tw.) chains, and is swift flowing and
broken by luimcrous rapid*. \x frequent intervals exposures of
chi >ritio ami fcldspathic -ciiisi* outcrop, striking both to the north
au i -•■uth of cast, or parallel (■■ the (jeneral .'.mr-. of tli" riv'T
valley.
.V^-ociatcd with the sclii-,ts arc more or less schi'tiwe diorite.s, and
ma-MVc pyritou., quart/, dioriti's. At the edge of the belt is a strip of
h..'r:iblciid(' granite gneiss similar to the biotite gneiss, excepting that
in it the biotite has been replaced by hornbkude.
The trend of the belt of basic rocks would carry it to the south
0! ■'■M loiifT narrow lake called by the Indians Kagabadcs-dawag"-
Excursions inland from the south shore of this lake revealed no out-
tT'ps, and as no further exposures of these rocks were seen on the
river, the belt probably terminates in this direotion not far east of
the head of the lake. Along the lake shores ledges of rock were seen
at )idy one i)oint, where obscurely foliated biotite gneisses are cut
by .1 later red granite of medium grain.
.Stratified tine white quartz sand, underlain by blue clay ami over-
lain by gravel, forms banks fron ten to thirty feet in height nil
al'"'!!? both sides of the lake.
Among the peach jH-libles, vliiih occur in great variety, are in-
clu.'.ed do'-omites and fo.-silifer.uis limestones, as well as many large
semi-angidar blocks, indicating that the underlying clay is probably
a till.
Where the banks are low, and fresh sections are afforded by the
work of the waves, a layer of peat froro two to three feet thick over-
lies the clay. From the -outh -liore of the lake a rolling, sandy-
covr-red -lope, the stirface coated with white moss, and supporting an
opi'ii growth of jnckpine, white birch, and spruce, gradually rises to
the summit of a ridge two hundred feet or more above the river.
Along the side of the ridge, which is entirely of drift material, ar<»
nutn.Tons cirque-like depressions sixty to ninety feet deep, with
Kff.IOV i>¥ WINISK AM' \1 T.\WAIM>KM I!IVM(-> • •
«teeplyflnping hid.*, and in e ft« ewes hclding up »raan pondi. of
wrtter. The oppo.iu> or southeast «idt of the ridge falls away
abruptly, at as .loop un angU' as the sand will aH«um«>. to another
rolling muuly plateau that extendi, for mil.* to the aoutheait.
Th.' Otosk or Elbow river, probably th.- long.'Pt of the varic.i»
branches, of the Attawapi«kat, a.' it head, near the northeast tr.d
of Cat lake, flows into the lake frti.i the northwest, about half-way
down it8 nertheru side.
Eleven miles below, aft. r flowing in an eai-terly diret;tion pan a
miniber of rapid-, with ...•.Mhiounl outerop^ of biollte granitc-gneirs.
the river expands to form Kakawi/i.lu lake, a shallow body of water
?, n miles in length and a nilo 'vi.l. . The >ame rolling, sandy plain,
with extensive tracts of muskeg where it approaches the south shore,
surrounds the lake. Beyond tiu niusU.n area, which extendi for two
miles or more back from the lakr. tlu- h.nd gradually ri.-^cs to about
:i hundre<l feet, where pla.-ially pl.iH..I ^urt■.Kv^ ol piei--. co, -.- ..i. ;
obscurely foliated, outcrop through the drift covering. Beyond, tb.
sandy flat gradually gain- in elevation -outhward-; for five or ^.x
miles, and then rises sharply to form a ri.lge of gravel an.', boulder,!
.■ilM) feet above the lak.'. only a few iVet wide ;.t the m n.t
InlliuK inviiy abruptly to the south and east to a \vell-v,ood.'d valley.
An oiHMi forest ..f l.uik.i:,.. pine cv. r. tl..- ulwle .■! 'h,- -;.... 1
plateau.
From the summit of the ridge k--i ,Sed otli. rs are ^eeu, ap, .ir-
ently of Muiilar character and with the .i.me g. n. rnl ea^t and wf?t
trend. Tw.nty-niue miles farther down ♦he river, which still keeps
an easterly .iireeti..n, O/.hi^ki or Mud lake occupies a ^^halb.w troug...
twenty-one miles loop and a little ovu- two n.ilcs wide at the broadest
part. Shelviug ledi.'.s of biotit.. ^'ia>.ite-pnel-s lyiuR nearly hori-
zontal, or piitly undulating, occur at many point- along the .chores.
The country traversed by tlu' river for the la-t fifty miles above the
lake is characterize,! by vei, .avy dei>osit. of drift, mostly stratified
au.l often frotn tifty to sixty feet in thickness. Whore sections are
exposed aloujr the nver or lake shores, by the wear of the water, the
-reatest thickness i.- seen to be occupied by very fine, white, .ru.ir!.-
sand and siliceous clay, underlain by a t.n.gh blue .-lay, in tine
laminations. a.,d overlain by irregularly distributed .leposits ct
coarse sand and gravel, rn.lenuath the whole, flnd renting imme-
,!iately upon th.' bed-ro<.k. are de,wvsits of tHl of une.,ual thickr.es-.
th;« at no place are exposed in section.
O.'i'iiii'.iu I li iiliiiilar h.yrr- ••! in.lurnto.l iiiU'uri'OiK iiititiriul, uiif
tc. iw.i iii.li.- Ill tliii'kiic^-. Ii(ilii;n« npproximately 5!) per ooiit v<
cii!. iiirii r:irl".ii:il.-. niriir in ili.' -iliccoii^ cliiy-. Two HiH'ciinoIl* i.f
till' I'liiy w.ri' ixmiiiiiiil I'V Dr. ll'tTm!mi\, ciio from llu' iK-ighliniir
lii,...| of '>/lii«ki liikt' Hiul I'lu' I'r.iii liitihtT ii]) to IvanuchuAn riviT.
IlitT riht; Lilly ill \h< |iro[i.irt ion of liifir linn- coutciit, they mr
i\-i'iiln'il «- -ligiitly t'lTiiigiiioM-, 1'oil>ly pl.i-lii'. rrmlily finibU- clu.v->.
lio'.liiiu II LifKr i|ii:iiitil> of -ilioi . n- urit .in. I ••oiiiaiiiiiiK fnnii 2" t"
"11 |..|' cciil of r;ili'iiim ■■.iil^oiiiitiv In loinliiniiti.ii wi'h tlic vc(fi'tulili'
iiioiiM of tin- -iirfui-.' ihiKr ilii,\- -lioiM foi-iii a -oil vory siiitnbli' for
yciifriil iipricultiiro, iIiourIi tlioy aii' rvi.l nilv not of va'iic for in-
Jii-tri;ii o.-u :i* (•llly^.
Flowiiii; I lit from llir noitli -iilo of Ozlii^Ui IiiIm' tlic river I'on-
tliuif* iiorllit'rly for riflcrn iniliri, with many lip«vy mpids aivl a high
avi'ragf rat of tlow. to mi ollio.v. ulni-c it cli.in:;! - In. .liroolion of it.
loiirf^c sharply to the cast.
Letlffi'S of wi-ll foliativl, li.iiiood. biolili' n'''i'iil''-tiiioi-.-> prolriulo
throiigli tho ihlfi mantle nl fiii|U<iil intervals uloiijf the river valley,
goianilly lyiiiK at hu iiiit;!i-, l.iit in piaot'^ very much oiitorlcd
ami criimpU'il. 'I'ho privaiiiii;^ ^irike is about northeast. Tho ]*in i-
miita, or iiortli Un Ii of the .\itawiipiskiit, (•.•iiies in from the we-i
jusl at the ell>o. "• lio:mii soim wliat ~iiiii''ei' than tiie .soutii braneh.
till:- is a rive- of sii!eraiil'' vohiiie-. For tlie (irst few iiiilo^ above
the folk- it i- bioad ami smuoth-llowiiiK. uitli liai,k^ of ehiy iiiul
sand, anil is then broken by a hiu'h fall, iibove whiili it receives a
lur.L!v triloilary that ilraiiis ToloKiiii Inke, lyiuR a short liistaiice to
the north of the so.itii branch, above O/.hiski laki . .\bove this the
Indians say that the river takes a very l(in;r bend to the north r.m!
Ilieii southwest, and heads near the sources of the I'ipeftone branch
of tin- Wiiiisk. Krom the elhow the river, now nearly donlded in
\oIuiiie, Hows easterly for twenty miles into the long south.vesterly
buy of Lan-dowiie hike. It is a succeigsion of lake expansions, with
connectinK rapids, which, il.oiigl. they are rough, can all he run hy
b.aded eaiu"-. Kabaniii, eleven mile- Ion;; and frenerally quite
narrow, is tlie largest of these lakes. 'J"he land about the Like i? low
and drift covered, nearly horizoivtal, but contorted ledges of handed.
biotite yneiss, with glaciated surfaces, showing at intervals.
I.,tn-d"\vne lake, ami th<> IoWit .\tta\v.i.i-kat r,,-cr to James bay.
have boeii ilcscribe.l by I)r. Bell in his report nubli.shed in 1**7.
'^^?'g^li^»^IB
.;, ..|n\ ..I W IM^K \M' VI 1 \\, MMM, M Kl\ IK- •••'
Routes between the Attawapi»kH «nd Winisk it.veri.
'iU .ruct of .■o.mtry lyii.K Uuvmh iU. .\iti.>' •.i.i-l>a. mihI WinUk
rivor* ^VB» fr,.r.. 1 ly >l,r-. .•«„.,.• r..nl,t. uv,. -t.,rtn.K f'-m I.m.h-
d„w..- 'uikr alM ..I... from tlir .\lt:iWHi.i.4 „t nwr. t i, imli • ;,1m.v.. the
l,i. ,„1 -nikiiiif 111 Wii.l-U lit W il-iUw.i hiK.. l.-tw,Mn \V„p,k..,m
I'ak.'.u.l Ki.inul.i.au l.ik., i.M.l i.t Nil.i.iuiiii> InU.' .■■■.^iH-.iv.ly, Tl.i-
ii,,t-uaiuo.l ruulL- leu- tli. .xlreni.. ....rtli, .i-l. H> l-.y ..t th- 1..U.
„„.l varhv, tlio I„M8li.-'.Miin.l l.v wnv of u -imiU 1 Mcr-trLWii l.i ».k.
ll.vs:..^ tlinMinh 1..W l.ui.l «Lt!, nM.mnl iri.n.l 1 l-uM-r ri.l(!'->
uf m..uer»t. h..i«Ut. Afi.r -.w in« th. .l.viil,. il.- r....- follow tlir
i.„i,i-o ..f tin. Wiipll-l.-iM riv.T. thruiiKh num. n.^i- Ink.- ■i-wii to lli..
K.ulli loy i.f WVibikw. 1 hiUr. I'.T til. ^vll•>K■ ili-H ■ 'L- '"try u
,-l,,-, iti-i/oil by -Irift ridK.-, riMii^: from fivtiily l- on,- ImiMrfl
uvi ..'.■ov-' fhc -U'lioral Wol, with inviii of iinnk. c im.! Lav. -and
r.jv.r. a tluU «'cii|.yint' iho iu'iTveninit vall-y-. I'oi- tlio tir-i
,l,i,i . u mill- Jiorth of I.;in-d,.wiio h.kc no ..xpo-iiri-< of vvl ,„ m'.
arc -■.u, the drift c-v,r lii.linj; oonirh-'' b" th" nndiTlyiny ror^k. A
l„w rilgc of sli^ihtly -. l,i«t.-o, luird, chloritio dioritc ?p. vU.-.l witl,
iron-pyiit(* aiu! s^trikiiiif .«-t mi.l w.st. is the first outcrop olHervo.l.
The '.vidth of th.- hiiud of vvhl.'l. it forms a part .-ainiot h.. d-t.rminn,l
.veil ,prroxiniat..ly. a- to th, north the- Hrst ro.k ontoroppi.ii? throuRh
,1,.. ,i,-ift o....nr. on Mi-t:i-*in lako six mil.-s fiirtlu-r on. i.nd to ih.
M,ml> tiiL noare,t i. on l.an>.lown.- lake- ninct.-on mile. away. Ihc*.-,
in l.olh ca*fa. uro hiolU. «n,_.i,-.-.. the last heins the tir.t <,f n ser.e,
.,f ..p.„ure^ that ur at inl-rvaN all th- way ,lown tlu- .tr.>am to
Woil.ikxv,-i lak.v 'I'ho tr.-n,l in in a K.^n.^ral way ulamt .M-t
■aid VNCst. lhom;li ^atisfac•t...■y strikes are seldom .seen owing to the
,.ont.ne,l .Imrrtct-r of th.- strata. ,lii,- p.i.icipally to peguuitite ...-
-i..n- wh,r,- th.- f,.iiati,ai i- phiin. ,.r I,. oh-,-ur.. foliation.
The pr.vailin^' typo of .•,.,-k i- a harl. red.li.h, bamle.l. hiot.t.-
..,K-i- lyinp n.-ai-lv h.iri/.onlal, .Mratif,.rin in apprarnnc... and .•ut by
;^rreg liar nia.-n. * ami veins of eoa.>.- white ,Kgmfltite. The d.stan.v
acro.. hv this route is .ixiy-tlv,- mil.--, and for the whole distance the
eoui.Mv. ex.-eplins: a f.-w low. mu.-koR area., has he.-n repeutcUy
.wept l.y forest tires. I... that many o'' tlu' rid^.^s show -.nrtuces ot bare
bo.ilder- an.l pravel and oth.ir* a second crowtli of l.anksiaii pm-'.
whit- bir,-h, a-p.n popla.'. -pm." . ami tamava.-k. In the musk<-U
tracts only s,.r...v an,l tamava,-k tirow. ai„l th- trunks ,lo n..l attain
a size to he of iiidi\stri:.l vain.-.
^^mm'^m^iis^-'m^^x'^^'^Merfi^
40
(.VOI'M.H \t
<l K^ M . I WAItV
- r •■
Liw, rouii'lil liiif«< • ot' .liiititr- Biiii*'', v.iijii'K from viry .-onr-o
to quite tiiif mitl a>iitiiiiiiiiK i> large proi^rtioii nf tidtitc, arc txpofcil
ut intfrviil- t.i l.iyi.ini Siiutiiiiiiinis li'k<-. l In- pn vailing strikr i* «
littli' «'»t ol -Miiih, At till' iiiFrtli<-n-t <n,[ r.f n long |K>rlogc Ixtwron
two eiiiull hike, lying nliout iiiiilwuy m tin- >('ri<>», one of thone low
bonws is ci)in|Ki-iil tif iiitcrhaiKli'ti tim; qimrtzosp ^cii^ uiul horii-
bleiiilt' •ilii-f. tin liiif Kn(n»« n .i-inlilinn ft lim ly mii'iiccous, Hi'histoic
(jjartzitc, uml the who! -irikiuK in "'uiifuriiiity to th<' I'oliatiou of
tho gn«'i«s»'.s lliiit iirv rxi"i-tiil ut no mi at ili-itainv on either fide.
The atrnta aio much "hHttcrtil inni -'niiiril with qnnr'^ vcim con-
taining iron siilphiile. rhi!4 in prol^aMy hi otT-lioot ffoui. or imi-
tinnntion of the belt to bu next referrwl to.
Crossinjj nnothir divitle tho routo continuci to Xihiumnik laiio,
throuKh imniiruuH email lukis ot< urriiig al iir the oovirse of a -nsa!!
tribiitiiry llowinp lu^rthwostorly into tho most -I'lithcrly hny it tlio
lake. Tho »tnttm valley follows the trernl of ■.\ l.<>lt of bniio rooka
I'riiiii Olio to two niiloH wide, and traced in u ouuipoiinil ciuvc
uoi'i, rly, iiorili' • ■ nnd iiorthiaHtorly I'of twelve mili'H.
Chloritic and hornidindo .'chist.^, associated with highly nltiied
aud sheared iim'r''- diorite^, are the provailinK rooksi at tho lower end
of the ix.dt. t'aither nortli on tli'- hand more nui^i^ive, hard ilioritoji,
and eour-ic diabases alt. red in plaees to obs-iuit ly solii.-toM> .idoiilii;
rocki, oociir with the s.'lii-t-. idl -lrikin« pnr.uld t<. tin! lonfritn Unal
a.xis of the belt. At int« rvals for a distaiieo of more than two mil.s
niussivo ledges of hyper-ihene (laMro, ,ciiuilar t^ tlin Sudbury niekel-
liearing irruptive, wlio.-e nl.itioti- to l\i< oth.i' rock nms^ps were not
clearly sien, but which occur at or near the western edge of the !.. ;!,
are assoi'iatc d with a n a-i>iv(> hard, ilarkgrt( n •' i«c.
'I'he belt, strikinK noriiiea>tcr!y, ])a"Os just to ti..- cast uf Nil'ina-
•uik lake and lihoul I cro-s tlio Winisk rivcr a f < w miles below the
foot of the lake. Owing to the continuous drift overing nn c\-
[io-iu-c> ol i-oi-k in situ were ~i.'i'n aloU).' this -rctiou ot the rr ■ i.
The most westirly route traversed ascends the Pnsabiwan rivcr, a
tributary entering the Attawapiskat from the north at the foot of
Kabania lake. For the tirst few mile^ to the noirh of th" river no
exposures of hard rock are seen, the rurfaoc consisting of rolling
hills of sand and clay. Beyond, though tho cmuitry is for tho most
part drift covered, numerous outcrops of i'iotite gneiss, flat-lying or
gently undulating, are g( on along the river and lake shores to the
i:h,i<>.n i>i. wim?«k .\m> ai 1 \\vwt-K m i.ivik-
n
htigl.t ul lu...l s.|.aruii.iK tl..— wBt.T« fr..m tho»c ot tl.r Mi.'l..-
kenopik bro..k tl-wiuK i"'" 'I"' •""«»> •'"' "^ Wfibikwri l»k. \..rtii-
ifly from hire the f'.uto lullow-. a •..ri.-n of Mnall lttki« lying ii.ur th.>
tiiadu of »tr.nii.s flowing nnrth.'a«t.Tly into tlir Winisk, f..r n diitan.-o
..f twonly inil.'s. LurKf arm- of niiifk<(r, aixl l..w »Hn<ly tint-, oocupy
til- KD iil.r part of tlif i.r<a tr»v. r-..,!, .Iin. r»itii<l fi'l.v I'V -iiii.l.
gruvil. nii.l hoiil.kT ridgf^ that iiowh.ri' ri'o to iU\Hlion* ot nioro
than umlity or ninity foct above the K»nt'al l»**i''
The H..M1.I ro.it.', l,BvinK ih'' n.>rth«t»t.'rly bay of Liin-.iowno
lake by a V)..rtatf<' ov, i a low ri.JK.' of uuaH^ortoil »au.l, tcrav. 1 au.l
liouldiTN n>.-u.U u iiia;l I rook tUrouKh i« !.< ric* of lakes iitiiat»d
aloiiK itM .oiii-. , for a di-taiao of riKht niiU-, to a .livi.''- •■■ tw..n »h.'
Atlawapiskut aid Wini-k wal. r^lir.i-.
OiTn»ional outcrops of biotito grHiut. f^iri-s lying at 1 .vr anu^v
arc- Min 1o within about thrco luilos oi tlic h. •ffht-of-laml, . yml
which, lifter a i-hort intirval ooinpi<trly .Iritt .-vfr.il, oxpo^nr.-i of
! la-siv.' liioriN'. ami loriii.lfn.lic uml chloritic M'hi-t are •'•■u. |..i
!;-.,. ,-0 of ulioot foil' mi!.'.. Th.-.'. without d> aU. art- ■ >■. inioi.-
WMttrly ol tho hrlt ol lh.-o rook-. .U^.-ribd m ,■..1111. xuni wiib 'li<-
tirst route n- cro-iiij.' a -hort ilislanor to th. north of Altuwaia-kat
lake.
Contiiiuiiii? iiorti, tho route follow < ,, .-n.all =lr.,ini .h.wnwnril>
10 Mnnuigwi-- luko, n body ,1 wal. r cov.-ni.t: i\ r,,ii.^i(Urablo arm,
I. lit of vrry irnguhir outline niul broken by 11. any i-lautfe au.l h n;;
lioints.
liiotite KU'i-o, are llio only o.itcro|- 'i^.t -\: w thn^uKh the
drift d.'po>it-i eoveriuB tlio jrreater p;irt of the ■ .•.•aeo. [■■r..!a the
foot of MuineiKWe.-s tL. r.Mite follows a ir.nuber of >ni:ill lakes to n
gniall stream, which it dese.n.U to a southerly ehann.l of the Winitk
riv.r lifteeu mil, !■. Lav Wapi.^ra lako. jli..;;;. l-!. i-- only are
.'Xpo-^ed all ih wiiy tlirouuli to the l.iaii! river.
Routes between the Winisk River and Trout lake.
Two eanoe rouU- U-tw,.'K M. u|,|:. r witer. o: the Winisk and
Severn rivers uere exi.lore,l. Tie: ne-t w.-^terly of these leaves the
Winisk nt .\Ii^ainiUwa.sli lak.. and the otl.- r at the first northerly
e.\pansion above Nihiiiuiiiik lako.
IX^eendiuK u snia!l outlet that Hows ti.rouKh a l.ou:dvr-ehoked
.daiunel fn.in the n..rth.'a.l.Tly hay of ti,' lake, the tir-t-nieutoaa-.l
^i.i .-^ :
%J^i^*:
..z^ _afiL41_
42
.1 ll|.(M.|l M.
rout'.- i'm1|.i\vs tl'i- -lirniii llint hy the adilition nf triluitary brooks
(fTii'i ..■:iy liHcuni' ^ 11 rivtr nf considfrnblc voluiw- iiorthw;ircls for
fifty miles to a s-mill Inke known on the old majis as Stiirgron lake.
For this dirtnnce the cliunnel has a steep gradient, and tiio route i.s
impeded l-y frcquont rapids. Several lakes oeeur along its conrse,
th. largi-t. tin mile? long and a mile and a half wide, lying not more
than two mill's to the north of ^Fisaniikwash lake. T!io country is
gfner^i'.ly low and drift covered, with oidy occasional exposures, all.
exrei>ling a fiw isidated out<-rops of hornblende schist near King-
lislier lake, of bintite granite-gneiss.
From Sturgeon lake, a small tributary from the west, draining a
chain of small lakes with connecting rapids, is ascended lor thirteen
miles to the divide. The rapids are ni.uiy of them rough, and all
are ;liallow, so that the stream is navigable with difficulty even by
light canoes. The obstructions are caused by erratics that have been
washed out from boiddcr and gravel ridges that cross the stream at
frequent intervals. Frum the divide, Nemeigusabins lake and tts
outlet, a small stream wilh many rapids, lead to the sontheast corn' r
of TriMit lake. The shores of 'I'roiit lake in the vicinity of the mouth
of Nemeigusabins brook and fur eight miles or more westerly are
generally low and boiddcr strewn, tlie land back from the lake risiii;;
gradually over morainic ridges of gravel and sand. Occasional out-
crops of banded biotite gneiss, well foliated and lying horizontidly,
or gently imd\dating. occur here and t\w.rv in low, rounded ex-
posures near the lake shores, ifost of tlic country seen near the lake
has iKcn burnt over, and 'the i>resent forest, over all but very wet
niu-kcg areais, is a s<'coiid growth of small ^ize.
.Vvoidinj; tln' shallow .-Ireain^ belwci'U Sturgeon and Trout lakes
an alternative route I'oil.iws nn almost direi'l line through nine small
I.iki - or iiond.-, count cted by ten portage^ aggrc {jatiiit; a liltl" over
tivt- miles and a half in length.
I'he -letiou traversed is a nearly Hat, saud-cMivc-red iilaiu. with
oi-.-a-ioiial low. drift ridges and extensive areas of muskeg.
The si'crjnd route referred to follows the west branch it( the
Winisk ilowu -tnam from t-Jturgeon lake lor thirty-three miles in an
1 a-torly ami then southerly dire<'tion, to a small lake where the river
.•h;im;.- its couv^o lo a northerly direction.
TIk' country traver.sed by the river is similar to that crossed l>y
til- main Winisk in one of it^ nio^t striking features, namely, the
IJM.MlN 1>I WIMSU AM" ATT \ W \ PI- K AT IMVIl:
4.",
..,.,-„rivM.,. of ,.»n.ll.l ;;1ii'mM i-LIl— iIimI -Irll.-.n ihu oujr-.- ..f tli.-
channel iiii.l of the Ink. ^ l.. a >.ri.s „f y.\K-z»Ks .■oiiformiiig to the
troii.l of tl.e gl«ciati...i. Tlif .nuntr.v is howcv.r, more levol iin,! not
-0 well dniii..(l H? tlint bor.l.iiiiK tlir main river; the proportion of
swampy lun.l is larp r miwI tl,,. fnr-.t ijr-vvth eoii.ist- largely of hluck
spruee aiiil tiiiiiarBck.
L..aving the Wl«I l.n.Mel, :i short diviile is eros>e(l, ami a stream.
iir.'.ving -oiithwe^tci-ly. pr..l.!ihly int.- one of the northern hays of
Wunnnnnnin lake, is aM.-eo,ie.l in a s,.utheasterly .liroction Uirough
„„ ahu.-t .-.intinnons ciniin of lak,-, uith short rapi'l intervaU of
riv. ,• ininin;r them, for tuenty-nne miles I" a minor .livi.h' M-|,arat-
iug the headwaters of this stream from anotlier small river ilowiug
southeasterly to the Winisk above Nihinamik lake, a di-lanee of
thirty-six miles. The eonntry is of tlie same jieneral .'haraeter, ami
the lake>, ami lo some extent tiie river ehannel, show the same
parallelism to the f;ht«ation. .lue as before to lhe ri(lp.>6 of tran=;-
portcJ bonhlers and Kfavel.
The eovering of .irift n.alerial i- so universal, and tile relief so
^mM, that the underlying- roeks eau sel.bMn be determined. Whcr-
ev.T uuterops orenr tliey are biotlte granite gneis.ses. bo that if the
Wuun.unn.in l.ake l«dt of ..ou;.i..narat.s and sehi-.~ extends to this
distance easterly, as would -e.-m probable, they are entir.dy coneeale.1
by surfaeo deposits, ami ero>s the nmte at one of the long intervals
without exposures.
Route between the Albany and Attawapiskat Rivers.
The route prineipally u^d belu.en the Albany and Atlawapi-kat
riv,.r- leaves the former river at Kabeunt lak,' and r-aehe- th. lali.r
,t Lansdowne lake, travertins a distance of seventy-tive miles, 'lhe
lir-f thirty miles from tiie .\lbanv tl,rou-h Kab.net. Kil>, an,l Ue
Aw lake- to Machavvaiau hd^e wa- trav.Mse,! by Dr. liell in 1S>o.
aud has been described by him in hi,, repmt on ' An Kxploratioii of
Portions of the Attawapiskat ami .Mbany itivM-.' pnbiishe.l by the
Geological Survey in ISST. The belt cd" diorites aud felsitic, ehloritic.
and hornblende schists that .-ro-es tla^ Albany river at I'.'tawanga
1 ,ke ero--es this route ju^t norlb of Kabem.t hiko. in a 1 1 about
nine tniles wide, running N. To' K. For the balaue... of the .listan,..
to Lansdowne UV>: wherever outcrop,- are seen they are of b.otite
44
fiKOLOOICAL SURSEV, CAXAI>A
granite-gneiss of medium groini striking about east and west, . ri-".
banded fine black biotite gneiss cut by a course gneisw that enclose*
blocks of the finer.
From the northwesterly bay of Machawainn lake the divide
b^wef n the Attawapiskat and Albany waters i? ero«ed, at i distance
of two miles to the north of the lake, by a po tage seventy- four
chainfi in length, traversing a muskeg with occasional ridges of
transported gravel and boulders.
Manitush lake, two miles long, lying at the north end of the
portage, discharges northerly by a small stream, barely navigable
by canow, into Marten Drinking river, which the route follows
through Hail lake to Wintawanan lake, from which there ia a route
westerly through an intervening small lake, to the south branch of
the Attawapiskat river nt Ozhiski lake. The :Marten Drinking river,
rather shallow and with a number of rapids along its course, ia
nevertheless navigable by canoes down to its mouth at one of the
southerly bays of Lansdowne lake. The country between the two
rivers in the neighbourhood of the route is a high, rolling plateau,
rising, midway, about a thousand feet above the sea, or a hundred
feet above the Albany at the point of departure. Large areas ot
muskeg abound, from which rise low, rounded bosses of gneiss, anjl
ridges of sand, gravel, and boulders.
To the west of Machnwaian lake the country is much more broken
and rises to higher elevations. Tliis more elevated region extends
in a belt westerly past Trout and Cedar lakes, and without doubt
continues still farther wrst, fornunp the b^ight-of-land between the
Albany and the south branch of the .Vtt.awapiskat. This country is
referred to in the description ot the route down the Kanuchuan
river on a previous page, where the hills are ^tnted to be corapoaed of
trnni^pi.rted material to their summit.-.
Cultivation of the Land.
Tn the matter of the actual cultivation of these northern area-<
we have littk to go upon. At the Hudson's Bay Company's posts at
Fort Hc'pe and Osnaburgh potatoes have been grown, and small
gardens maintained from the time of the cstaWishment of ;.io poets,
and little difficulty has been experienced in maturing the common
garden vegetables of Ontario, though occasionally the frosts of late
summer have cut off all hiit the hardier kind?. As the posts were
RKOION <>!• WI.MSK A N 1 1 AT lAWAlMSK A r KIVtK>
45
located with a view to their favourable -situation for the purposes
of the fur trade with tlif Indiaits, neither one is eituated on ground
well suited for cultivation, and much better results might reasonably
Ih> expected were trials made on more favourably situated traota.
An Indian cultivating a small garden plot at the head of the
Pineimuta branch of the Attawapi^-kat river succeeds in raising good
crops of potatoee and turnips.
Fish.
Whitefish and burgeon are the be-t food tishes, and oci.'ur in luo-t
of the lakes. Both are taken in nets, and the lalt.T al-o l.v
sixMring from scaffolds built out over rapids in thr river^.
Dore and . ' ^ also generally distributed over the whole area,
and forrc '■ • source of food supply, though the sucker
among the ^.jOo. ..... ine rabbit among the mammals, holds the most
important place, afl it can be caught everywhere, not only in the
larger lakes but also in the smaller ponds and streams.
Brook trout were actually caught only in the Winisk river near
its mouth, and in the streams running into the Albany river, but
were seen in the rapids below Weibikwei; the Indians assert that
they occur aleo in the lake it-iclf.
Lake trout were caught in large numbers in Trout lake at the
head of the Severn river, but are not found in either the Winisk or
Attawapiskat waters.
Wild Animals.
The moose (Alecs americanu^) has been fo\ind as far north as
the southern shore of Weibikwei lake, in X. lat. 'rj^ ,"0', though
tracks were actually seen during our exploration only as far north a*
the Attawapiskat river. Even here it is not nearly so plentiful as
farther south in the belt of country lying war the Canadian Pacific
railway and extending for about 150 miles north of it.
Caribou (Rangifer caribou) range all over the district.
No red deer are found anywhere throughout the region.
The fur-bearing animals though not =o plentiful a- they once
wore, are still fairly abundiint thiouKliout the district; the ottor anl
the beaver from lonc-eontinnpd trapping' are less ninnor.us. i>.>rh:n>^.
than any other species.
4ii
<ii:oi,o<iiiAi. SI i;\ KV. "AXAnv
Ikars (Ursiis amerkainix) siiiii to br able to bold their own pretty
well, ami art still taken in good mmibers. Tbcrt; is probiibly but
one ^p^.■cies of the common black bear, tbougli tU<.> lndian> and
tniders (litleroutiatc from this the brown boar, which tbry .'laiin
dili'crs from the black, not only in colour ami size, but also in di-po'i-
tion »nd habits.
Wolves (Canis lupus), though scaive, are not unknown.
l-"o.\es (Vulprs iulrjaris), including the r<d, silver, black and
ciosa varieties, are numerous, though tliov vary in numi)ers with the
]iiriodic increase and decrease in the mnnbirs of the hares.
Lynxes (Lynx canadensis) are fairly plentiful.
Otters (Lutra canadinsis), and Pine martens (Muslcla ata>ri-
iiiiia), are taken in gouil numbers, and beavers {Castor fiber) occur
more sparingly.
Minks (Putoriiii vison), and muskrats (Fiber zibelhicui). are
plentiful. Thcso, with skunks (^fl^philis laephiticd), weasels
iPidoiius vulgaris), and wolverine-^ {Gulo luscux), make up the
number of the merchantable furs.
The rabbit (Lepus americanus) occurs abundantly all over the
district, and is, perhaps, the must u.-eful of all to the Indiaas, as it
atlords, during the winter particularly, both food and clothing.
I 'lilt the vai'ooon <icoa-ioii:illy -tray- as for north as X. lar, '>j'
is 1 own by the fact of one being taken I'y an Indian woman on the
ui'i>er Attawapiskat river in 100;j.
Indians.
The Indians of the (lisUi<-t. numbering about TOO, are noma^Iie
trappers, living principally upon ri-h, and obtaining from tlie
Hudson's Buy Company, iuid to :i -uialbr degree from other fur
traders, the limited amount of neccs-aries that are not supplied by
the country. A few have small huts built of logs, with fireplace? and
chimneys of wattles and mud, in which they live for a part of the
year, but the greater number content thcmsplves with winter teepees
constructed of poles covered with sheets of birch bark, and sumiEer
tents of cotton; indeed, house building is such an arduous task for
the Indian that the traders in the district have a saying to the efFeet
that as soon as an Indian completes a house he dies, this result beiiig
due. not to the unwonted labour involved, but to the arrival ot ex-
truijc old age before tlic work is finislicil.
I'l \lK H
4074 -i'. 4
ltK<.l<).\ ol WIMSK AMI ATTAWM'KK \ I l;nil;-
47
Tluy uic ul' tliv (Jjibway Irilji-, though luixtil Im a .tiiaiu ixtcnt
with the Crces of the Iliidson I'liy Unain. th< puri-t (»jil\vay ?took
being founil among the hands nhmit the Ihi'iI- of the livir-. Th' y
j-eem to he men of larger frame tlinn the Crees of I lie coii-t.
A greiitiT proportion of iiomiiinl ('liri-li:iii> me t.iiiiel iniiom tli' -♦'
Indians of the far interior thnn niiioi\K tlio,e n« .ircr llw front, in
the hinterland of Ontario. This reftult is due in about eq- il meftfure
to the efforts of the Roman Catholii- i-luireli. wiiieh maintains a
pernianciit mission ti.tal)li>hnien't nt Albiiiy, with tin edr.cHtionnl
home for children, and sends vir^iting nii-sinnary prie«t.' periodicnlly
among the Indians of the interior; luid to the .Vnglii-fln ehuroli.
whieh maintains the missionary diocese of Moo-once, by wlji.-h re^:-
dent missionaries are siipiiorted at virions points in tlie int.-ri.r
region.
The Indians seem to aeeep! rendily the foniK of ( lui-tiiii^
worship, and take great pride in tlieir protieieney in niemorizing the
religiotis formnlas presented to them.
The mode of life followed by tliese Intii.in- offers -.'n sit ..l-tu.-Ies
to the work of the missionaries, who are able to reach tliem fir
purposes of instruction for only short perioih durinp eaeh yejir
For the same reason, that is on account of their iiouiadi'- life,
tJie teaching of the children can be carried on only in the -nme
desultory way.
Notwithstanding these disadvantages, practically all tlie Iiidiims
can read and write the syllabic characters designed and introdne-d
by James Evane, an early Wesleyan missionary among the Crt-es.
The introduction of this system of writing has prove.l a great
boon to the Indians in their intercourse with one another. Written
entirely phonetically it is unhampered by irregularities, and can be
readily acquired by one Indian from another. So general is their
knowledge of this sign language that everj- Indian campinp-plaoe,
Bud every point where canoe routes diverge, become local post offices,
where letters written on birch bark, often, of course, containing only
nn account of trivial occurrences, but gi^ 'ng the opportunity to
convey news of importance, are left for the i..,"ormation of i.ll.wing
parties
It is very doubtful whether the Indian h.'is ndv:inced nwh in
general prosperity from the days when he lived in priuiitivi -nvi-.g.-ry.
His teepee was the same then as now; hi- weaions are '.low n- re
4S
fiKOr.'X.K AI. 8URVKY. CANADA
cffiftivp, l)iit gum.' i- k-i.-. plentiful, he wears b<>ttcr clothM, or
plotlipc tlu-.l one iii^iooiatps with civilization, but not probably so well
ndapl-d to hi^ nec-d» nnd way of living t» his old raiment of skins.
Even now ho has to fall back upon rabbit skina, the only fura that
he I an afford to saoritioe to his personal u»o, for protection in winter.
Thp akina aro out into strips, each skin, by being cut spirally, pro-
ducing n lontinuoua strip. Thoac strips are sewn together at the
ends, and twisted into ropes which are woven loosely into blankets'
and rough coats that very effectually keep out the most extreme cold.
Fish are taken with net and spear, and in trap-weirs. These arc
ronstrifcte'd of spruce pole« driven in a liae into the bottom ol
streams, and interwoven with twiga so as to fence off the greater
part of the water, and lorce it to run in volume only through a got*
arranged so that the water flowing through the opening a ickl.v
drops away through the interstices of a platform of poles,
leaving stranded all fish coming down with the current. One or two
fftiuilie* will often camp by the pide of one of these ' mechiken ' for
weeks at a time, supplying thtir wants entirely from the stranded
fish, and smoke-drying any surplus collected. This is accomplished
by simply stringing the split fi;;h on poloa nnd hanging them in the
!^nloke-laden atmosphere of the teepee. The fat dropping from the
fish in drying is carefully collected and preserved for future use in
bags made of the skins of embryo rabbits, the bladders of pike, or in
eimilar receptacles ingeniously improvised from the materials at
hand
Wild rice, a staple among the Indians farther south, is too rarely
met with throughout these northern regions to form any part of the
Indians food supply, and to supplement his diet of fish and flesh he
has only the various berries in their seasons and the small amount
of flour that he is able to buy from the trader in exchange for his
s\irplus furs. For te.i, when the imported article is not available,
the small twigs of the trailing red cedar are used.
Taken as a whole, they apiwar to be a fairly healthy lot, though
many suffer from diseases of the skin brought on probably by a too
constant diet of fish. The greatest mortality is caused by pulmonary
diseases, to which they are very prone, and to the occasional outbreak
of epidemics of measles, ete., that sometimes prove widely fatal. They
are far from cleanly in their personal habits, a few weeks' residence
at a place in the sumnur time generally rendering it no longer
habitable by rea-..iii of tlie aoounnilated filth.
KK(iU>.N Ol- WIMSK AM> V I 1 A WAIM ■* K A T lilVl.lt-
4ft
With the cxrcptiMii ,,t' iircinioiiiil ^iiiiill I'H liiit-'. th<' Iii'linu-' nf
the regio dwell in teuiM-e* covered with hiri'li hiirk, tlmiigli the ccittoii
tent, made from ir.ateriaU hoiiuht from th" traders, is now widely
used d\iritiK the sunimer month-.. Near tlit- mo\ith of the Winisk
river, many miles nortli of 'he riinKea of white bin'hes. a winter
teep'.-e, made after the (ilun generally nsed for hireh harU wiRWains,
was eovend with blocks of moss cut from tho muskeg.
Archaeology.
Chipped flinti* were found in numbers scattered along the beach
of on inland in Attawapiskat lake. Two fairly perfect arrowheads
were found at the same place, one chipped from white quartz and
the other from flint, derived apparently directly from the drift, where
it occurs as small boulders which have been carried primarily from
the nodular beds in the limeatoms of the Hudson Huy basin.
At eamping-placc^ of the Indians broken specimens of Peclen
islandicus were noticed anions the debris of the .amps. These shells
occur in a very perfect state of preservation in the marine clay, and
are still used by the Indians along th" river ii« very convenient
8ub«titut(« for spoons.
Foreiti.
The average size of the trees growing within the country ex-
plored is not great. On exceptionally favourable tracts the spruces
attain sizes quite large enough for commercial use as sawn lumber,
and large areas would afford good pulpwood. Evidenced of the
constant recurrence of forest tires over the area are everywhere
plainly seen. The brule areas, varying from quite small patches to
large tracts, are of every age; some are so old the forest has
attained the full height of the old growth ami the newer age
of the trees can only be ascertaine.1 by a refi-rence to their rings of
growth, and others so recent that no vegetation covers the blackened
surface. These fires are generally the rwolt of the carelessness of
Indian travellers, but may sonvtimcs be traced to the igniting of a
dry, standing tree-trunk by lightning. Tho oldest trees found in the
whole area were growing on a till-covered ialand, about fifty miles
from the mouth of the Winiak river. The complete isolation from
t'.e mainland by br.>ad channels ensured its protection from fires
having their origin outside its own borders. The spruces growing
4074^-4
jO
i.|.ol.<)<.l< M. M l;\ I ^ . I \\.\li\
hero w. ri' finiiiii liy llirir riiij;' ". k''"»iIi '" I" Im twi. ii JT" iiml J"«0
yiars old. The (liillIlltc■r^ iiikI iiur- nt tnio. urnwiiiK in n miiiihpr »{
(liffrriiit lii.iilitii-. thpHitfliuiit tlii' riKi"". w p iiulnl, iiinl nrr given
in tlic li-t tulow :-
Itiiiiiiftir
A«-
illrll. -» itiri'f
Itv rttn^-. ■
fi'i 1 fnnii
^t-oWtll.
^'riMiitil.
ItHI
Vi
1S&
18
laa
H
76
Ht
275
Lank N
i:k(
i;
11.'.
ll^l«^ck 3
iiifi
3
Mt
1«
13)1
!t
145
.... «
t»
9
75
6
75
15
130
1ft
1
1»)
Taiiiirack, \Vmi>k river. .'W iiiili» fmiii niuiith
Illui-W ■<|iriKi 3-
,. M 3J
.. .. IM " 111-
„ .. i\:>
Tttiiinrack *i"t
Ulu< k s|>iii< I' tielnw \V:i|>ikii|>.' lakf.
M I. \Vii|iiki>|iii lak(*
Nibinatnik liik«
hIkivi' Niliinainik lake.
The rine-i kIiow tlint tlif pruwlh is (fiiiernll.v inpid fi)r the porind
hftwppii fivo nnd thirty yi-ar<. and afterwards «xi-iedin({ly ^low
Tlie nortiicrn limit of a numlxT of the common trees of northern
Canada falls within the distriet, and of one speiics hnth the imrthern
and sdiithern liniitp.
'IluTc i- u black liirch thai the Indians call the j-qiiirnl-hark
l)irih. SiHM-iincns of the wood rmd foliage (if thirf tree were siihmitted
til I'riife-sor John Mindun. l>y whom th<'y wen^ forwardiMl to Dr.
Siirfrent. of the Ariinld Arl»'ret\ini, for determination. Dr. Sargent
ha- named this hipeh Hiliihi fi>iitiiialis. It was not seen growing in
ulnindanee anywhere in the di'<tri<'t, thoiisli iH'easional trees were
noted at various points hctwi'en liu' Alhauy and Winisk rivers, the
mi»t -ontlierly oeeurrenee 1m in^r in X. lat. ."«1^ 2'^' on Dog-hole
hrook H(.win!,' into Lake St. .Io->ph. and tin- nio-t i.ortlurly in N. hit.
yi" 4(1' on till Waiiitotem river tlowing into Weihikwei lake on the
Winisk livir. The largest tr<'e notieec. had a diameter of six inches
at thr'c t'l et from tlic tiioiind, and a heiuht of ahont thirty feet.
When -ein it wa- growii. iiar the hanks of rivi r- or lakes, in moist
'i
I
J
4074 -p. 50.
1!1' 'IN "I WIMSK \ \ II A I r \\V \IM-K \ . IM\||,"I
.-.1
IcM'ulilir*. A tiililv 1- -iilij' ill! I 'I' llic .ilici rviil ipirtlit rii liiutU ol ii
liuinlii r lit »|M lirs.
Northern Limit* of Trees.
N'. Int. ,M .■!•>'
.M Ml'
:.;; ;is'
- 1> •)
;.:'. ti.'i'
ni" i.v
M' 4.V
Wliii I till. / III'.' ■nil' I n iiii'i. Alhiiiiy rivrr. . .- ..
BliU-k ^1 'i, Fn: rill IIS xihi'mk //<•'"•• Kiilit'iiH't lilki . . ,
Miiiililii II iiiaple, -I'i'r xiii'ahiiii, ImIwiim Altinvii-
|i'-kiit ntnl \\'iiii*k rlvrr«
.Me iiiliiill ii«li. I'miiK iiw III iiiiii. li<i»iMi Altiiun-
|il.-kiif iiikI Wiiil-k ilvir-
liiink-lilll |lilli'. r mis hillil.siilinl, \Vi ilijkwt i illki . .
Wliifi" rciliir, llniiiii iiirlilfniiilis. Wi'iiiikv«'i laki .
Hill-: 111 ,|iiiiii. .{i'i's I'lilHiiiiint, Wiiii-k riMi
Caii'M' liii' . lirliilfi finfiiirariix. Winisk rivj-r
A-pi 11 |»i|iliir. /''•jiiihis liriiiiihi'iil, H, Wiiii-k rivrr..
Till' iiiirtliiTii liitiil- if lijUjiii |i.i)iliir. liuiiiinii'k. aiiii lilack ami
ttliiii «|.ni'c 111' |pi-yciiiil lli<> iiiniitli .i| 111, Wiiii-k riviT, fhf imMit
imrtlnrly | iiit ixiiiiiiiiiil.
Climate.
I'hi- ■liiiiiili', as wiiiiM ill' rx|ii. ii-l ill till . liiliiiiiji'^, mill In a
wililonii -« oountr.y npproxiinately n tluiusaiul left iihovo ^• a-li'vil,
i> Miiiiculiat --rvcrc. 'J'hn >umiii<r triii|>friitiirf, ilnnijjli mi uccasidiiBl
(lay..< risitidf as higli ii- >*ri' Fal ■ , nvt-ragi-i m ry niucli luwcr, uiul Ihr
iiijclit^ iiri', iiractioally, ahvay- iiml. Frnsty iiijtlits nt'ti ti coiiliMiH-
into the early sumiiu r, mul ri. iir nj?;iin in the aiituiiin lief(jre most
Kriiiii iTops would be remly for liiirve-'tiiifi;- Trmpt ratlin- were taken
with the thermometer iluriiiK iwn -i asons, and th"-c. jiveniged, ^'sive
the fiilldwing resurt« for the iiionlli.^ of July mid August on the lower
Wiui-k rivrr, and for 'iily. Augu-' and piirt ,.f Septt iiili* r on ili<'
iippir Wiiii-k and upi- r Attawapisknt rivir-:--
li .1.111. iitiKh. i; ,..111.
I..OUI r Wiiii-k ri\r.. .. ."iT tiit ' oT"
I'ppir AViiii-^k iiiul Attinvapi-kat river-.. 47 •.'> i!l -ti ,'>•<
I'he only points in the rt^'ion where any atlrinpt.s at eultivation
of tile tiiud lire made are tlio two IIiid-'ii"s Ray ( iniipiiiiyV p. -I~ at
OiiialiiirKh. near the f.ot of Lake St. .1 .-cpli, nnd ;it Fort If.ipe. in
luiliiinet Inke.
HIT I I!
52
• .KOI.Ofifl Al, sri:VKV, <AXA|I\
At these posts small kitchen ganleiu and potato-fields aro inaiii-
tnincd with some sucfCiis. thou);h neither phu-p is favourably situated
lor the purpose, the soil in hoth eases consisting of an almost puri;
^!lnll. Timothy and eloviT grow luxuriantly, ami all the common
garden vegetables thrive at both places. Indian corn, however, is not
suflieiently filled out for table use when caught by the frost. Barley
has been siieeessfully grown at Osnaburgh, and the potato crop,
wherever a suitable tract of land has been utilized, ha« been generally
fairly good at both places.
The first killing frost in ld03 occurred on the night of September
a, and in 1!)04 on the night of August 30.
The tempeniture of the water in a number of the larger lakes and
rivers was taken by tln'rniometcr at si.\ inches below the surface, and
is given in the following, very uniform list: —
Water Temperature.
Lake St. Joseph, Albany river, .Tune 28 59*°
Annimwash lake, Albany river, July 5 58°
'vagabades-dawaga lake, Attawapiakat river, July U> 0-'
Attawapiskat river. August 8 60'
Weibikwei lake. Winisk rive, August 9 02°
Nibinamik hike, Wiiiisk river. August 2.T 58°
Winisk river, August 24 ."JV"
Land Shells.
A small collection of land shells, made during the summer of
VMH. has been exiiniined by Or. Whiteaves, who enunn'rated the
following species. It was noted that in actual number of individuals
there was a decided and progressive decrease as the latitude in-
creased : —
Verltr/o oialii. Sa.v.
Conulus fuh'us (Miiller).
ZonitoiJfs arhoreus i^Say).
Vilrea hammnnis'i (Strom).
Pyramidula striatella (Anthony').
Succinea vi'rmeta. Say.
Succinea retusa ?, Le.n.
Succinea oralis, Gould, non Say.
RKGION OF WIMSK AM) ATTAW APISK A l" HIVKKS .>-5
Freshwater Shells.
• 'nllcctioiif of the frc^hwator shells of the region were m:v\'- each
year, and submitted to Pr. Whiteaves for detorminntion, who has
furnished the subjoined list, which for ennvenience bus been tabu-
lated according to watershed areas :—
list of Freshwater Shells collected by Mr. W. Mclnnes in 1903-
4-6 on the Winisk, Attawapiskat, and Albany Kivers, on the
Root and English Rivers, near lac Seul, and on the Severn
River at Tront Lake.
BY
J. F. WlllTE-WES.
WiniHk
liver.
iMhipiHis InUoht, (Lamarck)
AnodinUit iminjimila { Say
Attodonta fraifitif, Ijanian-k
Anodonta Kennivottii t Lt*a
Splutrium >iin il>; .Say
Sphnrmm Walkrri, Stcrki.
Splurrinm ct-uiriiintitum, I'ririu) ....
S/iiutrium stumhieum, Conrad ...
S/ikfrrium (Mitscu/iiim) nfrtirc. I'riiiit'.
Siitutriutn ( MuscuUavi) futrtt'itvium,
Say
Sphifrintajlavumt (I'rime)
Si>k<rr(uiH rhomboidnim, (Hay)
Spharium Urialinum, Ijaniank
Sphtprinta —
Pitidium fimiimsuiii, Vrinip
Pisidium nlHIc, Anth(jny
Pitidium falhir^ var. rrttin.t, Strrki ...
Puidinm farial/iU, rrinie
Pisidium affffif, Sterki j
Pitidium Sargenti, SU*rki '
Piitidiiim Maituni'f, Sterki
Pitidinm fiMitiint, HaMeman
Pinidium Koytrri, Sterki
Pindium po/itum, Sterki
Pitidium rotundiitiim, I'rinie
Pisidium paufierculum var. rriistiillente,*
.Sterki
Pisidium rtsieulnrr, Sterki |
Pisidium spfendiditfum, Sterki, var
Pisidium scuti/latiim, St«'rki '
Pitidium mtdianum, Sterki
Pitidium milium. Held, Small var ;
Pisi^tium sp. nov .-'
Pitidium .' (near /'. nMilnm)
, Knglish! Tront
^"■J" . Allany and i lake,
veni
river.
(.KOI.Ol.K AI. S( UVF.Y. f'ANAD.V
I \Vini»k
Vidvat't tririiriwita. Say
Tnlrata tiurera. Say '. . .
Amnirol't /imow, Say
Liiftnttii mfijtimm'i^ Say
Limiiii'ii tt'iiinalit, L , ,
Limiimi itiiijiialit, njiiireaad
Limniiii /Kiliiilrii, Miiller
Limntui c itatropium. Say ......'.
Limnira millHinn (Haldfiiian) Dal'l
Pliiimrbit tiivolii; Say
I'lmutrliit rorpii/enlua. Say. .'.[
I'luiwrhia liicnrimlna. Say. ...,.'
I'lanorbia iompaniiliilii». Say.
Hnrmrhis .i/6u», Miiller '...'.'...
I'lmmrbit hiriutui, Uould
Sft/meiitiint armti/era. Say.
I'hym hfteruilro/ihi, Say
Anci/lua fiariillelut, Haliicinaii.
Atta-
wajii.Hkat
river.
: Eii^liali
.\ll>aiiy and
Trout
lake,
Hintt Severn
rivers. river.
INDEX.
A
Ivci.
\>;li(lllluliil liil.il '"■ ^'^
Albaiiv river -■'• 3»
AnimaN. wiKl, c.f I lie di-lrict ^■'
Archsean area "• "'
ArchieoliiKV
Arrowsinilli iiiaii. details tor. Mi|i|ili»'(l !)> <i. Taylor K
\sliPW(i>!. »(vt luancli ot Wiiiisk 2t. 30
Atikam..« river ^
Atikniinis i-Iaiid ;
Atta«apiskat river ^^
.. (.im,.;,,!^,- ,,f X'
" (leMelliled liv Dr. K. Hell **
" " micrometer siirvev ot '•'
•■ piobahle KHiiieNion nilli Albany river -"3
" Mirv.ys of, ill 190.1-4:> '■>
B
Uaniiiatjii river •"
Bell. Dr. I.'i.liert. de-( einl.d Atta«api>l<al rivei ><
en~t coasl Unilseii bav '-'"
" report on I.aii owiie lake and Attawapiskat ri\er. Ss
" route lielwein itbaiiy and Attawapiskat rivei . Ha-
vers, d liv «
Bi« Mallavvu river ^^
KoskineiK raiid 2S
Foulder cla\ area "'■ '-
Winisk river 19. Jl, -.'S, 2!). HO. 31. .32
Biyu, \V. II., Kkwan and Tront rivi'r~ explored by s
c
Canisell, f'lias., drift masses noted by 2.'>
Cnribflu island (See Alikminis> 31
Cat lake ^'■•37
Clay, boulder (See Boulder tlay)
" marine -'■ ■"*• ■"
" specimens examined by Dr. Hoffmann 38
Climate, eliaracter of •'''
D
Toiilinii, 11. B., Kkwan ami Trout rn.i- ex|ilor..l b> S
" rocks at Sutlon Mill lake iioli.l bv HI. 32
I'
i
56 OKOI-OflirAI, SIRVEY OF CWADA
e
EiJiemet laliP ^*'"-
Eliwan rivpr
Elbow rivpr
Einns, James. s,\'!afiic characters (Ipsigncd by \-
Exploration!!, r.irl.v, in the distrirt i
F
I'awn branch r( Severn river -
FiFh in rivers of district ,,
Wubikwii lake -.
Fishbat-kit river (See Michikenopik) .. ,7
Fishinif. method of '
Food of the Indians „
Forests (See also timber) .. .. ' " *^
Fort Hope, headquarters of 11. It, trade ^,,
S^^^pMiuke.;-.;-. :•.;■. ;•.;■.. '^=:^^:^^.^.^.3i.s,.,,
7
Q
Geological divisions of district
G(olo(fy along Attawapiskat river ...!....... 3fi <(s
'^ between .Vlban.y and .\tta«ar)iskat rivers 43
Attaivapiskat and AVini- rivers 40 41
Winisk river and Trout I ke ,,
Glnciation " "^\.'.' ^' '
20,21,27.37,43
H
Hoffmann. Dr., examination of elavs.. .. ,^
Hudson. Henry
Hudson's bays '.
Huronian. Lower '■ '
13, 2.'i
I
Irdians
4.1
J
Jemes, Capt. Thomas
7
K
Kiibania lake
Kapabades-dawaga lake '"'*'
Kakawi/.ida lake ■•........!. '?
Kannchuan branch of ,\ttawapi^kat river.. I'r
Kppichegima lake ""
Kawinogans river
Krewatin '*'
13, It, 2.1
HEOIOX <>1' WlNl.SK ANI> AT TAWAl'I.SKA T RIVKKS
L
r(i.r.
Lake St. Joseph US
lakes nf ilistriet, chnrnrter ef 11
T^iisiliiwne lake II. ^^
" named by Dr. R. Bell *>
I.aiirenti.)ii 1^1
In\i, .\. P., tliaiactrr cf country on Fawn branch of Severn lb
" lawn branch of Severn river explored by 8
M
Mattawa ri\pr •1-
Mica It
Michikenis river -'"'
Michikeiinpik river 2"
Misamikwai^h bike IJ. 24
Mishamattawa river 32,35
Mud lake (See (Jzhiski lake) 37
MuEket;, extent of 11
N
Ntstapoka series 32
Xibinaniik lake 11. 12. -T.
Nickel-bearinit intrii^i\es •• •• H
No-Pickerel river (See Knwinounns) Hil
Northwest p.issagc ". ^
O
Otosk river .17
Oihiski lake 11.37
P
Peat 3ti
Pikwakwd'l nver .'11
Pineimuta river .IS
Pleistocene 1.1. 1»
Post-pleistceene 13, 21
Potatoes (?rown at H. B. posts 44, t.5. .'rJ
R
Enpids on Attawapiskat river 37. 3h
" canoe route Winisk river to Trout lake I2. 43
" KawinoKans river 3(!
" Marten Drinking? river 44
Winisk river 25,27,2s
Kico, wild, rarely met with 4s
Bice-stalk river 3.-)
Koutes between .Albany and Attawapiskat rivers 43
" ' Attawapiskat and Winisk rivers 3!)
" " AVinisk river and Trout lake 41
" into the region 9
(11 <ll.<»(.|(AI. SI KVI.V OF CAXAHA
I
s
Pmi.
Surufiit, l)i., Iiiith miniiil liy SO
ShaRaniii rivpr 33.35
ShanmttiiHa rivHr 35
Shells, fiisliwatfi- ,W
" l.ind 52
.iliiriiiii 12. 13. 15, 32
8iii(ik.v (all 2S
T
Trbasokwift braiuli of Wiiiixk rivi'r 23. 28, 30
TRslika ra|iiil 28
Taylor, ti, visited Winisk rivei g
THmperatiiip of watpi hi
Timber 49
" betwepii Mtauapiskat and Wiiiisk rivers 39
" Winisk rivt-r and Trout lake 42. 43
" on .Vttu»api«kat river 36,37
" " Nibiiunink lake 26
" " Wapikopa lake 27
" " Weibikwei lake 2S
" Wiiiisk river 20,30.33
Totojjan lake 3>,
Trees, iiorlhern limit of 51
'I rent river 8
V
N'eKetahlts, Karden. possibility of raisiin; 44, .51
Vi-fcotaticn alonif Winisk river 2:1
" of area 13
W
\\apikopa lake H ]o_ ofi
" river 26
U'apitolem river 27
Water-powers jO
V'eibikwei lake 11_ 27
\^ hiteaves, Dr., fossils ideniitied is. 22, 32
" shells ilelenriiiied by .-,2, ,■,:)
Williams. .Tabez. H. B. Co 3:,
V.iinhobika lake H, ;);,
U iiiino brook ,31
Winisk river, character of 22
" estuary of 34
lensth and voainie .ij
section alonjj 17
sur>eys of in 1903-4-5 s
visited by O. Taylor s
" missionaries s
Winiskisis branch of Winisk liver 23, 30
tt'nnnumniin lake H. ij, 23
CANADA
D E P A H T M E N T O F M T X E S
OEOLOOICAX. SURVEY BRANCH
Hon. W. Tkmi'ikm»v. Mimmtek; A. 1'. low, 1,1.. I)., Duttv \tiM>TBi:.
It. W. BlOTK, DiKEcron.
U EFFORT
TRAVERSK THROUGH THE SOl'THERN PART
NORTH WEST TERKITOIUES
f.AC SEUL TO CAT LAKE
IX I'.toii
ALFRED W. G. WILSON.
OTTAWA
(;OVKKN.MKNT rRINTlNt; lU RKAl"
1&09
?!.-... kkk;
LF.TTKU OF TIJAXSMITTAI,.
To R. W. Brock,
Director Geological Survey,
DepartmiMit of Aliiics,
Ottawa.
SlH,--I beg to suliinit. herowitli, a report on a recoiiniiis-'iiiioe
survey in .ide through the southern part of the North Weat Territories :
from Lac Seul to (. .' . lake, during the summer of 1P02. This report
was submitted in 1904 to Dr. Kobert Bell, then Acting Director of
the Geological Survi'y, under whose direction the survey was made,
but owing to difficulties which prevented the completion of the map
to accompany it, publication was delayed. Advantage has been taken
of this delay to revise the report.
I have the honour to lie, sir.
Your obedient servant,
(Signed) ALFRED W. O. WII^ON.
Montreal, May, 190S.
( " O N T E N T S
Inlioiluctoi J
Uciieial instturtmh> 7
l'r*'\ ious «-\|ilnntt mil - of luljoiiiinK ait*a^ 7
Tupoiiraphy 7
<it!it'iai }<H«>l(f^' 13
Aniphilxilitf. .Mill relutt'd whist- 13
Acid iork< , 15
<Jneis-t"s 16
tiruiiitis 17
C^uuitr.li'oN i>oipli}ry 18
Sni riii«> ([wiliix.v IH
Tallin ul K'Ktial stii.i' IS
Kdiiioniic Ki'<'l<iK.\ ; IS
FcH'stry 20
Appemli^ ■ Kiiilwuv ilivH'imi- in thf ili-trirt H
In.liv i'l
■ItlHP''''"*' '
a I : p (> li T
THAVER^E TllKOlGH THE SOITHERN i'ART
NORTH WEST TKKRITOUIFX
FIIOM LAC nKIL TO < AT I.AKK. IX IIMJJ
Ai.ni'p W. G. VViuos.
Introductory.
<.)ii Miiy 21, littij, I rvivivoil iiiBtriicti >us t" irn;l.. ,, fouiiiiais-
»incp tinvirn' ll^•l■o^^ tlit- uinxplund iing, Bomc IS.Oi.Mi (..ii.inj n ilcs
ill cxtrut, l>iiig to till! tiortli »( Luc St il un<l i:'M nf I'r.iMt ,uk ■ u,
th<- Xorth West Tcrritoriea.
Owing to tlio uiisuttli'il weutlii'i- uii'i irrc';^iilar <;lLir.s.tiM' .,t d,
sliore-linei of tho wuter bodit's the work was cutiliiicij to (lie ^uutli'Tii
portion of thin uri?a, to the survey of ^'at lake, and to ■ shi.rt ra-
verse northward frf.iii tli.^ <'ii:-t end of Lac Sciil intpinle.l to lo<Mf,.
tho liidt of so-called Iluroniiiii rock- 1.^ ing north ••'' this lake.
Throughout the season tho topographic p^irtion of this work -•us
undertaken by Mr. J. F. E. Johnston, C.E., of the oflico stafif; while
the writer liail ehurfte of the peolovic work.
Reports on the areas adjoiiiiuji this nn •xplored district liave hceii
made by I'uwcett,' Bell,'-' Low.'* and Dowliiii;.*
Topogrraphy.
Aecordinjr to re<'ent inventipatioii, the Areha'iiii areas of ( iiuada
have probably never been completely 9ubmerK<-d since early Cambrian
' Report of the Departiiieut of the Interior itTasi.i. l^Hj. pt. 1. p. !7
rt leq.
- \nn. Iteiwrt <jeiili>«icnl Siiivcv of (aiiada. KSfi, Pt. C.
".Ann. lieport Cipolosiial Survey uf Canada. ISSfi, Pt. T,
♦ .Ann. I.'eport (.•('.iliiiju al Siu^ev of Canadu. IS><6. I'l. I.
7
M74- H
-,,1,
:t V""
!>•
J
r
• .KOIlXiH Al. SIKVKY, TANADA
(iiuf. Th.- ii.iturc of the rorks uiid their tcvxUv'u- stru.'tiins >h..«
tliHt they must ut one time have been burioil belo.v thu surf.icj;
h.uee. it must he inferreil thnt these areas have neeii suhjeeted to
de^ru.l.itiou. and that a (frcat volumr of rook has been removed.
Quite reeeiitly Sehuehert ha> shown that in all likelihood the
ari'iis iuiniediately t(. the south of James buy were submerfied
duriuK the middle I'nla'ozoie time; while those in the ilistri.t of
Keewatin and the ndjaeent reniouR have probably existeil as land
barriers sinee their iire-rambrian emerpenee. The trreater portion
of the erosion in the eentral parts must have taken |)laee before the
l'ala?ozoic submergence.
Durintf the (leriod of partial subnierjjeiieu prooosso* of marine
planation nuiy have IcM-ally moditie<l the s\irfaee previously formed
under the oi)en.tion of sub-aerial processes. Within comparatively
recent t'eidojric times the surface of the country has been greatly
moditied by prowsses of jrlacial erosion and dei«isition.
The surface, as seen to-day, is thus the produ<-t of the operation
of tivo, or possibly thrir. iin|KTfectly known p'olotric prcx'esses, s\di-
iierial dejtradation. niarine planation, and glacial i'ro!-ioii.
It is probable that tiie first of these has played the most important
part. I'lider normal condition* sub-aerial proeesxs, actinif throujrli
a lonjr jKrio*! of time. wouM i)ro<luce smooth or neutiy undulating
surfa<-es. To such surfaces pro.luced by sub-aerial processes the
name jn-neplain has Ixen ^iven.
On a iK'ueplain, however, one would espeet to find the larger
stream^. wandering in broadly open valleys; there would b
lakes; and the soil <-ovcr would be composed of mantle ro'k .it
considerable depth, in situ, very tine in texture at the surface, and
gradtndly changinR in depth into unaltered rrx-k. Normally, also, the
-urface would not be elevated very nnicb above sea-lcvcl.
None of the Arehiean areas of Canada exhibit all these features.
In the remarkably even sky-lines we find evidence of the existence of
a plaiuition surface which tr\nicates the structures of the metamor-
phosetl rocks; but in other respects the featiires of the area are not
those of a iieneplain. There arc niniicrous lakes, and irregular
streams with fre(|urnt rapids; scarcely any residual soil i« f.nnid
in sit>i, though a considerable amount of soil material has Iwen
deposited by glacial ice: an.l the central parts of the region stand
high above spii-level. Yet it may be that this was once a peneplain
LAC SKII. TO CAT LAKE
9
iirtH, uikI th.it its siirfmt' ha> been iniKlitieil b.v othir protfsws. Be-
fore or (luriii); tlw period ulicn tliiwe otlicr proccssf: — ohiofly KlHoiiil.
IHisKihlv piirtiy imiriiii — were in opcnitioii, tho region lius Iki'ii
tlevuted to a ciiiiNicltiiilili liiiKlit. IJy their action the olil soils
were nhiiost fniiiplctcly rciiiov('<l. new exotie iiiiitcriiil wiis licpusiteil.
parts of tlie old penepliiiii were dissected liy the renewed activity of
the rivers, and the present fentnres were productKl.
The nioditicHtion lias be<'n sufficient to remove nil traces of tliis
original surface. This ancient jieneplain, now inotliHcd, has been
called the Laiireritian I'enephiiti, ami the present surface features
exhibiteit by the Arehiean areas nuiy thus be spoken of as those of a
niodiKed )H'nepluin.
The area throuKh wliicli the exploration lines of the present survey
passed is near the centre of the Keewatin or western arm of this
l.aurentian l'ene|ilain, whieli (■xtends from Labrador arounil Hudson
hay to the Arctic oce.ji north of the district of Mackenzie. The
general topojrraphic features of the rcKion are those which every-
where characterize the J^uirentian I'cneplain. The rocks within its
bonudaries rejiresent a portion of the earth's crust which at one tim<;
must have been far below the surfac-e. Owinif to its central location
it mijrlit even be inferre<l that these rocks represent the deepest por-
tion of till' earth's crust with which we are ever likely to come in
eintact. A noticeable feature of nearly all the rocks of the area,
fcSI)ecially of the granite- ami granitoid frneisses. is the presenile of
a relatively larpe amount of microcline and the absence of the other
felds]>ars.
Tliroujihout this ])art of southern Keewatin. the various water
bodies lie in >hallow basin- on the pene|dain surface. Th" maxiniuui
relief in the interior. exi'ei)t in the I'asc of a few miinadnocks, is rarelv
over ."lO feet ; near the southern boundary it rise« to about 2<H) feet.
In a few places, ridjre- or isolated, dowe-like uia^si's rise -onictbiuff
less than KM» feet above the (general level. One of tlie most striking
of these lies to the west of Cat lake, about 00 feet above lake level.
Several other similar ridges were observe<l in the country to the south.
All the lake- studied were shallow, marshy, and verv irrejruhir in
outline: some wer ■ surrounded by larpe areas of niuskep. The inter-
stream areas are either bare rounded, or undulatinir surfaces of rock;
or, are clotlied. e-pecially in the hollows, with a thin drift cover of
sand, clay, and boulders, overjrrown by si (!en-e mat nf moss (generally
4074-51
9
1
mm
10
(iKOI.OOlC'AI. SUBVKV, CANADA
Hypnum triquelrum) a»d interlaced roots. As a rule the drainage
is very imperfect. Occasionally there are small areas, underlain by
a thii-ker covor of till or l.y a glacial snndplain, where th.- drainase
is better and the moss cover is absent.
Th.' Wennsaga river flwws in a general southwesterly course, and
it presents the usual rtiaracteristioa of the streams tlowiug upon the
upland, viz., an alternation of long shallow flooded l)asins and ^lu.rt
stretches of rapids.
The stream— particularly abo c Bluffy lake-^ flows in the lowest
piirt ..f a drift -cnvered n.ck ba^in. through the dci^.sits in which it
lias cut a well-defined channel sometimes to bed-rock.
Weua.aga lake. Bluffy lake, Slate lake, and the several minor lakes
along the course of the stream are typical examples of the partly
flooded upland basins. It is possible that in some of the basins the
water is maintained at its pres.-iit level, not only by the controlling
rock ledge which outcrops nt or near the ou Jet of each of the lakes,
but also by a partial drift dam located over some lower portion of the
margi!! of the rock basin.
The lake busi'is are generally rock-riinined shallo^v dapreisioiis
studded with numerous islands, representing the unsubmerged por-
tions of the ridges between minor basins, and are a goo.1 index ot
the general character of all the other minor basins.
I'lie^'orm of the islands varies from that of a slightly rounded dome
- characteristic ehii'fly of those which are composed of homogene-
ous rock— to an areh.-d dome with elliptieal ground plan. The longer
axis, except in a few cases where the islands are low and flat, lies in
the direction of the strike of the rock. Even in these exceptions the
longer axis of the island makes only a slight angle with the strike
of the structure. In many oases the strike of the structure is ap-
i.ioxiniat.ly iiaraiiel to the direction of ice movement, and hence tlu'
form of the ridges sometimes seems to have also been a function of
the direction of that movement. In many iiistances, however, where
tiie stnictuie «( tiic i.cks lit- at an an«le t) the diroctioii of ic-
iHotinii as indicated by the Htriu^ the dominant factor in determining
the form of the d.^uie wa, not ice-scour but rock structure. Many of
the riilncs are of the typical roehes moutonnecs type with an ic<!-
sc.ured surface, sloping gently in the direction from which the ice
came, and a -steep, scari.e.l f.ice in the opposite direction. There are.
however, inimerou- iu-taii.vs where -^teep. <omet!m"s iee-seoured,
cliffs fair ill till' directi. n fmiii whicli the ic-c •-.m".
LAC SKI I, TO < XV I.AKK
11
TL<! busins are the oouiiterpart!* of the ridges, and their form ami
direction hear the «ani<- iiitinmtc rflatioii to the rocit structure.
OwinR to the partial submergence of Bome eskars, there are a few
iKiandi^. purticularlj xii Gull and Cat lakes— of u becoud type — to
which reference will be made later on.
The intricate ranrfioations of the shore-lines, as shown in the
accompany injr liu'p. arc a necessarv feature of the gently undulutiug
topography characteristic of the whole region.
A number of n»iuor streams, Hometinies connected with chains of
lakes similar to those through which our line passeil, are tributary
to the Wenasaga.
The amphitheatri -like basin drained by the Wenasaga consists of
a nuniWr of minor basins, euc.'i with its <iuota of local basins having
their own drainage systems which converge towards the meridian
line of the main busiii, and its discharge point near Luc Seul.
Tlie Cat river — a river typical of the l.aurentian Poieplain- -flows
Bouthcasterly, and enters Lake St. Joseph ab<iut 20 miles from its
western end. XorthwnnI as fur a.^ the line was run, it was found
to be not a s-inglc stn am but a long chain of lakes with short int- r-
vcning stretches of river. In a few of vhese reaches the waters move
with a steady flow in a well-detined drift-fielled valley, through which
they have cut a distinct chiinnel ; for the most part, however, these
stretches are rapid, broken, frequently braided, and usually occupy
chance channels generally parallel to, but sometimes cutting acros,<
the ridges betwetn the basins.
The lakes, on the other hand, contain numerous islands and have
( xcee<lingl,v intricate shore-lines. Numerous liays with narrow
entrances and irregular back channels, running a|)purentl.v in all
directions, but actually directly associated with the rock structures,
often make it very diflic\dt for canoe travellers to find I'ither inlet
or outlet. The area of the marginal bays often greatly exceeds the
area of the main portion of the lake itself.
Gull lake is an interesting example of one of these upland lakes.
Fawcett's line traversed its eastern portion, and on his plan the south-
east part appears as Smoothrock lake, and the northeast part as (iull
lake.
Our exploration shews that the land to the nortliwest of these
two divisions of what is really one large lake, is a large island, and
that there are two other equally large water bodies, one ti the north-
's
9
umi
1 _' GKOI.OOICAI, SURVEY, CANADA
wi'st iiiid the utlur to tlie ^outbwc»t. cuili with uu intricate abore-
liiie uiid luauy ialaiidii.
The four water bodies, together with a number of ramifying baya,
make a siiigU- large lake, in the eentro of which is au island of nearly
lit !i(iiian- miles'. The tour (iivisiniis are connected by narrow channels
in which there i> only a perceptible current when the water is low;
at such times the shallow channel between the two eastern iwrtiona
of the lake may become almost dry.
Cat lake is an irregular body of water with a length of 14 miles
between the inlet on the north, on the route to Severn lake, and the
outlet to (lit river. Along a northeast-southwest line, to the ends of
two long bays the distance is 18 miles. The lake, with its numerous
islands and intricate shore-lines, i- a typical example of the flooded
upland areas. The ends of most of the bays i.re shallow marshy areas
overgrown with reeds and sedges, the home of numerous waterfowl.
The shores are rocky, and the ground is generally strewn with hoal-
ders and cobbles, the whole covered with a tangleil mass of moss and
roots, and overgrown with coniferous trees, usually black siiruce. and
oc-casionallj' iwplar and white biroh.
Snuill sandplains, generally well forested but with poor soil, are
Inun.l around the sli..r(-- and on a few of the islands. The Hudson's
Bay Company's post at Cat lake is locate<l on one of these. Most
of til.' islaiKis of (iull and Cat lakes are portions of Arclwan ridges;
a lew of them are portions of eskars.
Ill (uill lake tliiTe are several islands which consist wholly of
e.iarse cobble st..ne- iieaiwd in lonjr narrow ridges trending northeiist-
,oiitli\ve-t. The-e lire completel.v bar.' of vegetation, rise not more
tliaii C, feet above water level, anil have a remarkable reseniblanc<^ to
iirtitieial embankments.
Another well-defineil eskar. of similar composition, but with a
siuiiil ami. lint of soil covered with spruce, forms a point which i^-
11. ally half a mile Lmji and often les.s tiian -M) yards across. This point
lies about 4 miles above the entrance to the lake on the direct route
iinitbwanl. and i- known to the Indians as Peshe-asho-kummig.
..r l.vnx l.ridtiv. It is much used as a causeway by moos«' and other
iiiiiiiKils crossing the lake.
1 11 the following! table the approximate elevati.ms above sea-level.
of the larjrer lake- and of the divi.lcs erossefl by the traverse line are
Riven from barometric deterniinatiotis. Powline's ileterminatinn of
l.iir Sell! ii- 1.I4II feet iiliove sen-level was taken as the datum plane.
LAC SELL TO ( \l I.-Vkt.
1 wt .
Wj'iiflSBKa lake I.IT-
Bluffy lake 1.244>
Oganie I.i44
Slate i.-ji\t)
Murgaret 1 :ii«<
Marsh l.;!l<'
Hailstone l.IUS
TIi'iglit-()f-laa<i l.:ii'.",
Big Portage lakf l,-2"0
(Jiill lake 1.26:!
Jackpine lake l.^""*
Cat lake 1,285
Cross lake 1.225
Blackstone lakr 1,:.'<I4
Ijike St. Joseph 1,2«hi
II<iglit-of-land 1.2.'.ii
l.'i
General Geology.
The nn-ks »{ the repion I cloiig wluill.v to tht- Aroluvuu ; Kaeisse;*
uud schist;- predominate, granites oeeiir. but are less widespread.
The schistO(-e structures are vertical or nearl.v ><>. and the prevailing
strike is northeast, tliouffii there iirc niiiKir hwtil variatinns. Xcar
Cat lake, and in a nunii)er of lfi<'u!iti(>~ aroiiml tiuU lake, the strike
varies from X MH" W to X s(»^ \V.
The oldest rocks arc all nietaniorplmsed, and are cliiclly hornblende
schists and amphibolites containing large amounts of hornblende,
smaller quantities of quartz and a plagiociase feldspar closely re-
lated to oligoclase, and sonictiines also a smaller amount of ortlm-
elase. Several accessor.v min(>rals arc 'Vequeutl.v found such as
sphenc. ilnienite or leucoxene. pvrite, and jrarnct. Witii the amphi-
bolites are associated certain micaceous schists, but it has ii,,t yet
beiii i)ossible to define their areas.
All the hornblendes appear black in mass, and the amount varies
from about 50 to ilO per cent of the whole rock. In thin section
the absorption colours vary from pale yellowish green to dark i>lue-
ureen. The absoriition selieme is c > b > a: the parallelism of the
iMi'iiblende plates with the striieture fif tiie rock= is well developeil.
Tsv^^':
!
14
(iKOl.CMJK M. SIKVKV, < ANAUA
The rflBtivf iiiiiciunt- uf i|iiiirtz ami feldspar vary cun-i.liTiil.ly in
(litTtrent loouliticf.
The quartr, whoii pnsent, is nliiioit iiivuriably in small an-
hedru; the feldspars osour in larger aiihedra, and aro freiueutly
uttered t» kaolin.
Biotite i8 found nsso<-iatP<l with tli.' lioriililomli'. but it ^'<■Iu•n•.lly
forma only a small iJorceiitaKe of the minerals present. In thin sec-
tion the absorption (•oloiirs vary from pale greyish-brown to deep
brown.
Leucoxene, ilnicnite ab>ociati'cl with titariite in con>iclenil.la
amount, pyritc, and po-^-ibly a >niiill amount ol nianuf'tite aic uUo
I)res<'nt. Near the southw. -t aii^'le of Slat.- lake the .■■•inpass was
fonsidcrably affertc.l by ,lic I'lcal iitlnictioii.
tiarnet, usually of a palo pink col.iiir vhon in thin -n-tion. o.rurs
ill a number of loenlities in the aniphibolite areas, both in symmetri-
ral erystais and in strinj-'s aiul nlas^os drawn out in » direi'tion
parallel to the foliation and tilled with ini'lusion-^ ol the other mn-
stituents, usually <|ii«rtz anhe<lra.
Oi-oasionally snuill pri-niatio .r radialiun cry-tiil-HifureMati'- ot a
.lark tourmali .e, blue in ba-al sectiona. are foun.l; less often the
tourmaline has lost its crystal outlines ami oe<-urs in masses parallel
with the foliation. The absorption ,; dours in suction are various
tints of grey, cxeept when the vibration plane of the ni.'ol is trans-
verse to the axis of the crystals, then th.' I'olour is blaek.
Other varietie- of inetaitiorpliic ro<-ks containing biotite, serieite,
another mica seemingly relate<l to the i.hlogopites, quartz, an. I other
aei'issory minerals, but little or no horuhlenae. o^!our, souv-times
with the amphibolites. -onietimes apparently alone.
These amphibolite«: ami as^oeiate<l >. liists ...cur both in bell-; e.v-
tending for long distane.-s, and as detached masses, varying in si/e
from a few cubic yiinls upw.irds, and completely surrounded by the
more acid rocks desera*'. below. La(>k of time prevente.l a detailed
exan.ination of the contacts between the s-chists and the acid rocks,
but in the several localities noted the .ontacts were similar to those
already fully describc.l by Dr. F-awson a-^ occurriuK in the Lake of
the Woods region.'
The first and broad.-t ..f these ban.l- b.nin- about 21 miles id".vc
' I/.-iwx.ni. .\ C.C.m. <i.H,l,,itifiil S^lr^.■y K.|.pii. N> w .H.ri.«. Vol. I, |SH\ V.ul
<■('. |,a|,-.- I",.i -.-|.
I.AC 8KUI, TO i-AT I.AKK
15
Liio Scul, ami is about 2."» miles in wiilth. This i-, the belt nf
Kct'wutiii rocks. >howii on Dowlin^t's iimp of the; lied Lake district.'
The contact bfctwenn the schists and the acid rocks to the south
■eems to lie bennath a large muskcK uroii through which the river
runs, as the tirst outcrop of the schists occurs some miles below Sliite
lake. The northern contact crosses the course of the river 10 miles
above Slutc lake, the basin of which lie< almost wholly upiii the
schists; the diret'tion lioth of the longer axis of the lake and of tlic
lonper axis of the island is parallel with the strike of the rocks out-
croppiiijf on it.s -bores. The adjacent rock on the northern boundary
is a coarse pepmatitic praMit" containing inclusions of amphibolites
similar to those of the main area. Detailed study of this area may
show the schists to l>c divisible into several belts of different origin
and composition, now all metamorphosed.
.Along the southern portion of the baml the schists, as already
noted, are very rich in biotiti and another associated mica; while
northwards they are chietiy umphibolites, in some cases containing
little elso than hornblende. The other large belt of these rocks crossed
in our traverse lies over 100 miles dire<-tly northeast of Slate lake
idoiig the f'lit River route and north of Lake St. Joseph, in the
vicinity of Biackstone lake, but its boundaries were not accurately
<letermined.
There is at present no evidence that this belt bears any relation
to the similar belts found farther west, though the relation of ea<-li
to the adjacent acid rooks is similar. Between the northern boun-
daries of the schists on Slate lake, and the most northern piint
reached by our line, there arc several narrow belts of aniphibolites.
rarely exceeding a quarter of a mile in width. Whether these are
metamorphosed sediments or dikes is not at present determined.
Probably both tyiies are represented ; except near Slate lake they
never underlie dominant topographic features.
One of these belts, about IJ miles wide, i.^ crossed by the trail
between Hailstone lake and Big Portage lake. The rock is a horn-
I 1( nde-plagioclase amphibolite carrying small amounts of biotite, gar-
net, sphenc, ilmenite, and leueoxene. It -trikcs about X SO" W ami
stands at a high angle.
The acid rocks of this region consist of pnei-scs and granites, and
underlie most of the area under review. They range in colour from
' nowIitiK, D B., Can. Geological Siiiv.y, Vd. VII. (N.S ), 1894, I'ait
V. map.
i<;
OKOI.Or.n AI, SURVEY, CANADA
II lit(lit Br«'.v to u ili.L'iili'tl ruil. tlif |ir('vuiliii({ tiiiU lieiiiif sliadiH of
piiik. Wlicii tlie iHTwiitugi- iif bui*ic foii»titueiitH bet-uiuf!) grt-uter
the foloiir i« dark grei'u ur uluiuft black.
Of the tievcii (litTerciit vuricticH of l.uiiri'iitiuu giieisMM, us olusiti-
tiiil Ip.v IJiirlow,' oiil.\ four iirc I'oiuul in the arcu. Tho unreprescutcil
ifiii'isso iirt' those in whii'h niuseovite occurs iiloiic, thos«.> iu which
iiiii.-.covite and liiotitc occur alone, and those wlii<-h contain gurnet.
Sevcnil >iieeinieiis showed uugitc a-s an accessory constituent, and
ene >iHcinieii contained biotite, hornblende, and augite.
These rocks ditTer in no essential feature from the typical rocks
(locribed b,v IJurlow. and n detailc<l d'iscriptiou ofcaeht.v|ie is, there-
fore. uiineee!«sar.v.
(Quartz is prevalent iu all the gneisses, appearing invariably as ir-
regular anhedra between the feldsjj ir cr.vstals.
()rtho«lose often occurs in considerable amount, generall.v in ir-
regular grains int<>rlocking witu the other minerals. Sometimes ii
has partly decomjosed to kaolin or muscovite, and occasionally to
zoisite or epidote.
In many sijccimeui- microcline is 8«'en in large amount, and seems
to be directly associated with urthoelasc.
l'lagio<'la8e is abundant, and occasionally forms the bulk of the
feldspathic constituents. The angles of extinction indicate that it is
usually related to oligoclase.
The primary biotite, in a few eases partly chloritized, occurs both
ill liir^i' plates (in aggregates of several crystals) and in small iso-
lated plates, (generally oriented parallel to the rock structure).
Wlu'ii honibleiidc or iiiii-coviti' are present tho biotite is closely
associated with tlieni.
Hornblende occurs in a few specimens of these gneisses. In thin
section the colours vary from pale yellow through green to bluish
tiietjn, and are much lighter than the hornblende of the aniplii-
bolites.
Augite was found in two of the specimens cnUecteil iu the tielil.
III one it is unaltered, in the other much of it is altered to a horu-
blende which occurs both as small fibres or plates scattered tlirmisrli
the mass of the aupite crystals, and ii- large masses nearly surrouml
iiifr them. The augite in thin se<'tiiin is pale trreeii in colour.
1 Barliiw, A. V... Report Oolonicnl Survey. Xpw Ser. Vol. X. 1R97, Tart
I. Pi.L... Tl.
LAI
'It I. Ill I \r l.AKK
i:
K|)i(lot<' is preM'iit. |ir)'>iiiiiHlil.v n- a |iriiiiiir\ riin->titiioiit. >iiii'c it
is doHcly associuteil with uuuitirnl biotiti' or horiiblfiidi-. It is
iHiially of a pale jeilowinh colour and sli^litlv pleocliroii-.
Muscovite, liDlh ii> u priin.irv I'Dii^titiit'iit unci «- n «iTiiTiiiarv nm-
»titiii'iit ffinii tlif uiteratioii of tin; ti'liUp.ir-. m-cur-i; uiid u few
>|Mciriu'n» uNo rontuiii chlorite.
Apatite is frequent in irrivuiur uruin- uini ^lout er.vstaU.
Titanite is also foutnl. iisnall.v in irrejfului- graiu-i ..f viir.vinK sua
or us small well formed crystals.
(iarnet iipiK'ars in fresh irregular Kruins or niussi'^, iiiid a> Mual!
crystals in stH-rinicns from the soutiiorii part of the rexiori. It U
iisiiuUy much fractured and almost eoioiirless.
I.euenxone in of fri'ijiient oeeiirreiice when titanite i- present, and
ilinenite is prohably n-presented in the>e r..iks by a bluik op..inic
mineral always assrH-iatetl with leueoxene.
.Apart from structure there is little diJierence U'tween tiie granites
and the Rneisses of the ar"i> In uonie few cases the felilspar of the
granites is almost wholly niicrwline. I'ho pivvaleiil jfrunite is a
liiruhleniU'-liiotite (rranite, hut there arc other variifii- -parinjrl.\
distributed in which either or both of these constituents are lacking.
In some localities there seems to be a gradual transition from true
granites throufih granitoid ffiieisscs to (rncisscs. unit im. iI, tiuitc lim-
Clin lie ilrawTi betwei'ii them. The granites frwpiently mcnr as hirgc
batholithii' masses, dikes from which penetrat; tin- surroundiui,'
rocks.
The largest single area of these gneisses and granites underlies all
thf country between Cut lake and (iull lake, and extends a consider-
able distance to the south and west. Just north of Slate lake our
traverse line crossed a largi- area of coarse pegmutitic granite, whicli
CI ntinucs to (iull lake; other ureas are found arouiul Oat lake.
Tin change in the strike of the gneiss at Cat lake, fn m the north-
east ilirection found prevailing south of the lake to a northwest and
nearly viptern ilireetii ii. may be due to the intrusion ot the-e grar\-
itie masses, thoiigli it iia« not been po-~ibie to work out tlie relation-
ill detail.
Both gneisses and granites occur in the district iinineiliately north
of I.iic Seul mikI Lake St. .loseph.
On an island in T.akc St. .loseph. about !i or (! miles from tin- outlrt
of the Cat river, there is a belt of grey-white schistose rocks about '<
i
i
f
mfmm»
18 (.KOrotiirAI. 8URVKY, CA5ADA
■ huliis widf. itrike N 50' E and dip ul 70' toward the nortwwt.
.\1 ronpopic examilMtinii show* that this in u liitrhly «ltiri'<l i|uurtz-
le«« porphyry, conaiming mainly of scricite tniiu in which ur« altered
phen^HiryaU of orthoflasu and a amall nraoui.t of leas altered planio-
dusc, with, in one instance, a Httlo upatitf.
At many points iilong tho route tl Led-roc-k i» obacured by loogr
J..briiJ of Klaci"! origin. The urcnt.r part of this material, whicli
presumably has not been ••arrioil vorv fur, invariably consists . f
houlderg unrl cobble* derived riiiefly irom th. country rock. Along
the river* and in the lake baBins th.« coarser material is frennently
..vcrlain by tiner sands and Brnveln in the form of sandplainH, »."n-
01 ally small but M.metinieR several square miles in nre.i
In II few cases nloni? the Wena^agd river, on (at luko, .•„ tlic
lieiKht-of-land between Lake St. .Ioic|.h aii.l tlie Koot river, and in an
urea north of tho east end of Lae Seul. arenaceous clays, probably also
of glacial origin, "ere obRerve<l.
Everywhere the huninio<l< ridges of the Archa-an show the usual
Miiouth roiiii.lcd siirfaco due t) glacial action. Stria and deeper
grooves were noted in a niii ber of localities. On the west arm of
Cull lake small concentric ci -s-fracture* were observed with the rou-
vex side tume»l toward the northeast so that a normal to the chord
of the bow striko S .",4" V..
Near the cast end of at lake a few llat plates of a sectile, finely
crystalline, grey-white (i-loniitic limestone were found among the
drift cul.bles on the beach, and were recognized by our men us similar
lo rock they liii'l previously seen in situ en the Severn r ver. The
inference is tli, t the fragments have been brought to Cat lake from
the Palaozoic arms in tlie Hudson Hay bn-in to the mrtheast.
The following table contains a record of the location and direction
..f the gluiial striiB and grones mtol during tho trav.j-io. The
bearings are magnetic.
Slate lake, island M^ir nii<ldi. stria; S 50° W
Slate lake, upiHT end grooves S 74° W
Near eighth portage " S43 W
Marsh lake, north oil. I i-tri«3 S 59° W
i:\ill lake, south end, concentric cross fractures (normal) S 54° W
(iull lake, north end of south lake croove S 50° W
(lull lake, east lake, north side " S 48° W
I.\« ftKI I. T" r\l l.AKK.
Hnio<>tliriK.'k luki', iiiur iiilt't ^triu'
Cut lake, iiortheait tm.v, north *\iUi, near llu'lioir't Bay
jxiKt 'trill' mill uro'i^f*
Cat Iiike iiorthriiHt liii>. tiiiilillr of nurtli niili-
Cut lake, iiorthcnstt hii.v. i'lanil nrar paxt oml
Cat lake. iH.rth<ii»t I'liy. smith -iilc iirnr niiihlh'. .voiinirer.
Cut lukf, iiurtht'Utit luiv. lomth fuiv near iiii'ldlo, older. . . .
Cat lake, iiortliouot Imv, K.uth !<iili'
I'at lake, iiortlH'ii«t hii^. -utith -iclc, ii|>|>ii'iti- llii-l-nn'., B:i\
\x>*t
Nurth l>a.\, C'ii»t -iilf '
Cut lake, north bav, on iilaml in upper urin <il' lake iihout
:S MiiUs northwest "f the end I'f Fr' ,ctt'* line
Cut liikf, w<'it •'idi' (if mil ill luki'. we-it of HiliUon"'* IJ.iv
pD^t '•triu- iind (fnnnos
Cut liiki', wc-t side iif iiiiiin liiki'. -oiilli\\i-t of IliidsonV
Hay post
Cat lake, cost side of niniii liiki-, point J mile- lii'lmv IIiu!-
don's Hay po^
Smoothrock lake, poiithwot i-ide idiovp nii'iiN. . . .vtrooves
I.iiUe St. Joseph, :.' mile-, -outh of Cat river.. ..
I.idvu St. Joseph, :.'A mile- south of Cat river. ...
S.'.J'W
S 74' W
s ;.%' vv
S W)° w
S 87' W
S 7:!' W
S 70' W
S 71' W
S -.-J' \\
Smi''\V
S7» W
W
sc w
s .10' w
s •.»*' w
S .1"*' w
Economic Oeology,
'riiiMe -eeins t^i i"' litlle pio-ipect of finding vahmbla euoiio.aie
minerals in tho reuciou tn |iayiiti< ({uantitio-i. [n al aist all the
hands of hasic »ciii?ts small, lifs often large, veins of quartz occur.
At the surface these veins und tho associated schists present
the I'sual rusty appearance due to the decomposition of the pyrite.
The sti,,iiitcs are occii-ionnlly cut l>y petnuatitic dikes. Near the head
of < ross lake, a rock, apparently of this character, carries a small
nnioiint of iiiolylidenite in crystals varyiii)? in size up to an ini'h and
n lialf across; it is imeertain uhethor tho mineral is of oe.inomie
inip'irtaiiee, liiit tti • -mall size und the poor eharaetor of the
specimen «iiii. and thi- difficulties of transportation p)int to the
deposit lieitnr economically unworkahlc. The extent of the vein is not
known. The propirtv i- ;it present (1f>0:.M in the hands of Mr. C. W.
Kosj of T^inorwic. U< \vlir>m the writi r i* in ielitid for specimen- of
llio Diinorals.
i
9
MICnOCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2|
_^ ^PLIED IIVMGE J
^SS Tm ^6^3 East Main Stfee!
^^^ RocMesler, New vor» U6C9 uSA
^S (^'6) ^82 -0300 - Phone
^S (^'6) 288 - 5989 - Fo«
'H^
20
GEOLOGICAL SCEVEY, CANADA
Near the inlet into Slate lake, about three-quarters of a mile from
its northeast end, on the eastern shore, is the only place where uui(t-
netic minerals were found sufficiently segregated to pro<luce a notice-
able local variation of the compass. Here, stringers of a metallic
mineral, probably magnetite, were found. Though this metal is
sometimes a constituent of the basic rocks, the more common occur-
rence of iron ore is in the form of ilmenite. No hematite was noted
in the district.
Botanical Notei.
The following notes, while not exhaustive, give a fair index of the
phanerogamic plants of the area. The forest growth is found chiefly
around the lakes and streams. The sands, sandi" gravels, or clays,
usually of glacial origin, are generally forested, the trees varying
with the character of the soil. There are large areas of nearly bare
rock where only a few stunted conifers or poplars grow in the crevices.
Where the soil is sparse, and the country low-lying but yet fairly well
drained, there is an open forest, chiefly black spruce, and the ground
is covered with a dense mat of moss interlaced with fibrous roots.
The soil covered, and the swampy areas, are usually thickly over-
grown with small shrubs, mostly alder.
In general the timber is rather small; in most parts of the district
at present too small even for pulpwood or ties. Occasionally along
s-treams the trees are larger, especially north of the east end of Lac
Seul. Another area of good timber, chiefly black spruce and tamarack,
occurs along the Root river between Lac Seul and Lake St. Joseph.
Forest fires have swept over the region, prebably on the average
once every 35 or 40 years. On the islands and in certain protected
localities one frequertly finds fairly large trees, and there is, there-
fore, no reason to attribute the small size of the majoritor of the trees
wholly to adverse climatic conditions. Around Lake St. Joseph
an unknown extent of forest has been fire-swept, and in many places
completely destroyed within a few years. North of Slate lake, around
Big Portage and Gull lakes and northward, large areas have recently
been burned.
The commonest and most widespread tree is the black spruce, Picea
nigra. Associated with this, but in very much smaller numbers, is
the Canada balsam, Abies babamea. In the muskeg area the tam-
arack. Larix Americana, is found abundantly, rarely more thi:n S
inches in diameter. Many of larger size arc found along the Root
r, \r SETI. TO CAT I.AKK
21
river. The only sjx'ciint'iis of tlie red idiio, I'iiiun rptinosa, ol)M>rvpil
were isoInto(l trpcs ninr tlin east einl ot' [.nc Siiil; prolmlilv tlit'ie ;in'
others in tlic "li^trict, Init no iniportiint ureas arc likely to oceiir
north of I.nc Seiil or Lake St. .lo^^el>h. Thi' Hanksian piiii'. I'lmit
haiik-nutiiii. however, oceurs wherever the -oil is siiitulile. The
white oeilar. Thuya occiihntall*. is fouuil oeeasioually alou«: the
WenasDfra river and on the Cat Lake route.
A f r w specimens of a speeie^ of maple were noted aro;ind l.je
Seul and north of it. The canoe hireh. lietith. papiirifora. o< ei,rs
sparinjrly throughout the wlnle reRioii. Speeimens large enough to
afford hark for smal' eanoes are found on tlie islands in (at lake.
Associated with this hirch. hut more abundant, are the balsam poplar,
Pnpithis! hrJxamiffira. and the aspen poplar. P-ipiiliii ireiniOoiden.
Isolated specimens of the black asli. Frn.r'unii yiiinlnii Ifulin, wen-
noted in several localities, even as far north as Cat lake.
INDEX
Aiiiphibolite 13 j^ jj
Apatite
Archsan rocks.
Augite
B
Barlow, A. E., classilcation of r.aurentian ({neissi-s referred to.
bell, R., report refprred to
Bi« Portaxe lake, elevation of
Biotite
Blackstone lake, elevation of.
DluH.v lake
elevation of
Botanical notes
11, 1.'
17
13
16
7
IS
16
13
10
\3
20
Cat lake.
elevation of.
etris at.. . .
Clay
Cross lake, elevation of . . . .
" molybdenite at.
12
13
19
11
18
13
19
Dowlinir, D. B., map of Ked Lake district.
" report referred to
15
Economic K^olo^cy.
Gpidote
19
17
Fawcett, ThoB., report referred to.
Feldspar
Fires, forest
Forests (See Timber).
.13,
7
14
20
.13, 15,
Garnet
Geolo^fy of the di:
(Jlaciation
fJneiss 13, 15, 16,
407*— 6 23
?'
24 ,Kir.O(ii<'Ai. SI ij\i;\, cANAnv
Pvi;.
Granite Kl, Ij. 17, 10
OiiU lake 11. 12
" elevation of 13
" striie lit 1*
H
Hailstone lake, elevation of 13
Fleiiflit of land, elevation of 13
Hornblende IH, U. 15, 16
I
llmenite IS. U. 15, 17. 20
J
Jackpine lake, elevation of 13
Johnston, J. F. K., topouraphie work done bv 7
K
Kaolin '*
L
l.ac Seiil. elevation o) 12
Lake St. Joseph. elevRtiou ol 1'
" striie at 19
l«.kes. character of "
Laurentian gneisses, classification of by A. K Barlow IB
" Peneplain "
Law son. A. (,'., contacts desiribeil by 14
l.eiicoxene (See llmenite)
Low, A. P., report referred to "
Lynx bridge (See Pe~he-asho-kunimig)
M
Maunetite 1«. 2«
Maxgaret lake, elevation of !•*
Marsh " " 13
" " strite at 18
Mica 1*. 15. 18
Microcline !•
Molybdenite 19
Muscovite 16. 17
G
Oganie lake, elevation of 13
Orthoclase 1*
P
Peneplain, definition of *
Peshe-asho-kummig 12
Plagioclase 1*
Pynte 13. U. 1»
I Al. I- Ft I. TO CAT I.AKK ;iO
Q
Tagi.
^""" U, 11, Ki, 19
R
Kfd l.iikr ili-'iiit jj.
Hoot rn.i. (food tiii.bor in jj
K(l^-, C. \V., inolTbdenili prcp*it.v. i.wmd by Id
S
*^iiii'Jpliims
!'c■hi^t- .■..'■■' "^
Se.i.,,. 13. M. li. ,9
^'"";."'^'---;, ::::•;:::::::: v. v. v.:. ■:.«.»
tlfvstion ot ,-
mnxnetic attraction at ' j'^ O0
»'ri*at 18
S itluork lake
" Btrite at .„
1«
T
■r='">""> ...
■';''•"""■ "..14. i:
liil".;;riipli.\ nl tlip district ' -
Ti'iii ijmIIiii'
W
WVniiMix.i liikn
'■ elfvatidn of .„
liver
Wilson, A. \V. G., KPologic work dcDc bv
r
CANADA
DEPAT?TMENT OF MINES
OEOLOOICAL lURVEY BRANCH.
n..i.. W. T.«..,,,«,H. M>N.«TM; A. v. Uw. !)„„, iui>.»ni i
U. W. Biori. DuKTiii.
SKLKCTKI) LIST OF KKPOIiTS AM) MAPS
OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC IXTEHEST
PI n[ j-.in It iiv
TIIF, (.KOlAUiHWl, siKvr.v,
Rrporti
N'n, '.'I.-., li
UT'*
:iiHi
.fill
.en
:!.!.■)
.'iiiii
of the Mine* Section:—
fl'iirl (if Mini
.' Hcpori (if Min,.< Sccfio
lyiii,
IV) I
IVl! t
IMI.-,.
1 VMi,
711
H'lll
^.i.•l
Vl.l
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I SOT.
I><IIS.
IVt'.l.
1!I00.
lOllt.
1H02.
1903.
1904.
lOUS.
Mineral Prodnetion of Canadat—
No
■III.
■iir>
III;
•117
■IIS
4HI
IL'O
4L>I
Year issc,
" lss7.
iss.s.
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No. 71!) Yc-ir MHio.
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Sl.i
IIHIJ
M-.l
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Mineral Resonrcus Bulletin*:—
No. *S1S.
S."i 1
*s.-,l.
s:,7.
S.-iS,
s.'i!).
ri.iiiiuiin.
(■<Kil.
.•\-li(-l,
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S:ilt.
No. sen. Zinc
m;ii. .\lic:i
S7
SSI) IVat
Mdlyliclcnnni and
Tilnu-lfQ.
'irii|iliitc.
Reports of ti.
No.
No. SSI. rhd-i.liatp
ss-J. Cii,!,, r
lil^i. .Miiicnil I'iijMirnta.
'.i.'/i. Il:irvl(-,
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( Kn-nch;.
•102.
•no
♦no
120
l:is
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'• ls7i>-7
1S77-.H.
■■ 1.S7.S-!!.
•■ 1S7!I-S().
' lSsij-i-2.
- of Chemistry and Mineralogy:—
No. 1119. Y(
222
2T<i
27:!
2*. II I
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No. ."isii. Year I s;u
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721 lyn).
.S21
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101)0.
lUUU.
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REPORTS.
lii-MiiAr.,
71.'.
tis7
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QSl .
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Ill, (I.
lu,"ill.
212.
2H<i.
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•271.
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♦.173.
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743.
939.
940.
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•237
324.
Aliiiii,!i.< i.f fiiiin.Iii, hv J. Wl.nc ivi'i
|ii.v, ripih.. Catulouu.. of .MulimI- uimI I;.., k.i, hy R. A \ Tolm-ton nn'l n \
\ I K<i\
M..,.. \,
74, :*»u!p r,0 m. •■ I ill
Yiilicii ,li-tri, t, 1)V 11. M. Him •• n. I "-^7
J7.'i-'.'77. ,:ili. >• 111 1 in
Vul>,,tiali,l Mm. k,li/i<'liil-in-. I.v U >, \M,,iiti,II ISS'l. Mnp .N.i .".I. I, -.rnlr
!-> hi. 1 in
l%l,.ii.lil.r «.,l.l h. 1,1 (|.r,!iliiin:irv . liV li (1. M C.iin, II i'lm Ma|, N,. Css.
Kli.nilit.'iJ.ilil liiia-.i'vlf.U. M.C.iiiii.ll 1!MM Mnp \.,. 772. - iilc 2 "i - 1 in,
VViii.l.v .Vrni. l:.Ki-li Ink,, hy li. i> M, ( nnniil. I'.nn,. M.i|i .\.i. SIIO, ^i-nlo 2
111. I in
I i.|„r StriMirt liM.r. hv J. Ki , !• M;il> No, !«>*. '
-> :ili. H 111 - I ill ' I'oimil l,i;;|.llior.
ri...| iiii.l Winil riMT-. l.v elm-, lUiii .11 Mm|) .\,.. '
'.irj. villi.. H 111, 1 in. 1
Kliili.lik,. LTavilv. l,v K li. M.C.iin.ll. .\h.|i N... lull. «:,U- 40 ili.-l in.
('(inrml iinil Wliiirlmr-f mitiin^ ,li-ni,t-. by h 1 1. ( ;.irnc.<. IIIOI. .Mii|. .No.
M'.iii, „ 111.. 2 111. - 1 in.
Kli.mlik,. Criik iiiul Hill KrnMl-. I.y It. C,. Mcr.,nii..ll. i Kn-n. Ii). Map .V<i.
Kill, viiili. Ill I'll 1 ill.
Wliiiilii.r,.. Cipi.i.r Hilt. Iiy H (i MiC.inn.ll. il:\\M So^. l,(12t>. 1/lH, l,ii41-
l.ill'.l
HUni.-^ll f'lil.lMlUA.
Tlic It.iikv iiiiiiintHia^ iliptwrrn lutitiulcH 49° nnil .'■1° ^ll":!, liv H. M, iiawwn.
I »."..' Mill. .No 22;f. Mill. r. III. 1 in. M:.| .No 22 1. v, iil.- 1 ;. in. - 1 in.
Vanr.iMvir i~lnnil, liv <1 M. I'ii«~on. ISMl. Miiii No 217. «i!ili' H m. ■» 1 in.
The IliH ky nioiiiiiii n-. K'ii'"Ki' "i ^iiinturr, liy K, (i. .MrCiimull. l,s,S(i. Map
No. 2t"<. >i. 111.- 2 111. ■■ 1 in
Cariliiiii niiiiiiic .li-'rirt. by .\ H.)wni;in. 1.'^S7. Mn.i-' .N'(i<, '..' . S-2HI.
MintTiil w(.;ilili. bv li. M. !)«» in.
Wi'st KiHiiiiiay .li..|ri<.t, by '• M. Hawson. ISs.s-'t Map No. .tOS, scale 8
III. 1 in.
Kanilnop- .liiri. t, by (1. M. F':lw^<lln 1.V94. Map- .N.,- .'i.")!)-?. siali- 4 m. -1 in.
I'inlay ami dniini', a river.... by li. i i. M.Conni'll. ivit. Ma|) .No. r>07, K.ale
h III. I in.
Atlin I akp mining divi-ion. by .1. C. CiMillin, 1S'.)'.I. Map No. 742, siale 4
Ros-l.'in.l .ii-trid. hv U, W, »ro< k Map N.i 941. - i!.i l.(iOO ft.-l in.
Cimbani i-lnml. by K. W. KIN. 190.'. Map No. 921, scale 1 m. - 1 in., and
Map .Nil. 922. ^1 ale 1 m. — 1 in.
Similkam.'.n ili-trii,. bv Cliai. Cim-i II Map N'o. 9,S7, scale 400 cli. - 1 in.
'IVlkwa riv..- an.l vi, initv. bv W. W. I.cach. Map No 9^9. scale 2 m -= 1 in.
Nanainiii anl New We-tniin-ter di-lricts, by I). K. I.cUoy. 1007. Map No.
997. siiili. 4 111, 1 in.
Coal-fields of Maiiiioba. Suskatehewan, .Mberta, and Knstern Hritish Cob .ubia,
by 1). 11. liuwlins
AI.HKHTA.
. Central portion, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1886. Maps Nos 249 and 2.';0, scale 8
ni, ' 1 in.
. Peace an.l Atliabaska Rivers district, by R. G. MuConnell. 1890-1. Map No.
330, .scale 48 m. - 1 in.
7(1.1. Yrllowhrnil r«.» route, l.y .1 M Kvny, ISOS M;,,. No l,7R. ""'■'*'"•-« '»•
MU. t»..«J» .ohltield*. l,y I) II l'...>liiiit SU\>-< >. .Iir.a«) N»v IIJ'J-U.M). Kiil.
gi.x M.."-!- MiiuiiiBiti .li.irirt, l)v I), tl «ttlrn.-v MajM No ttfl:i. h, „1b 2 iii. -I In ,
No I'Mi. -Mill I III, - 1 In , ., ,.,.,,., I
lOaa Coal lirl.l- 'ir M..iut..lm, Ho;.WiH.lit«Hn. V <■«». iiii.l lj»-l.rn Itriii.li Iwlumbm,
liy U. II |i.,«litig Miip No l,<llll. »>»U ;I4 lu. - 1 iu.
SASKMllll-WAN.
an Cypn-^ h.ll- .'iri.! W(.,„l rnniintiiin 1-y It <1. M. f.mri. 11 iss.*.. Map- No«.
2'.'.1 iiii'l ..'-il. ^' nil- •"* 111 1 in ,, ,
fiOl fountry l..i«t.i, AtliM.ii-ki. UiVr i.n.l Cl.ur. 1,111 ns.r, l.v J. H 1 yrr«ll »ud
1 1 II lionlinK IVI,') Miip No H'lT, .full' W 111 •- 1 111
MIH. Soiiri- HiviT ..1,1 M.l. In H. H I'ow'init. l""-, ,. ,, , ,- i „i u
1(>;).-., loiil ti.-l.lH of Mamiol.ii. S.i ;,.!,. I..»ar. ,U, I'a. mM I.a-i.Tn ll.ithU ( olu.nl.la,
by U. H lionliiijj. Miij. No 1,11. (, r :.''• M.'j iii, -1 in.
i
MAMKiII.V.
2.51. Im. k «ii,l i, :;r,« i.,oiiiil.ii.i^, liy .1 li. Tyrnll, IssT-S. Map No 2S2. pi.'.U S
2fm (;h,.i"M.uk'."\L-„ ij. by W li.tiuM. 1N'!> .Map* No-. 311. :n.'5 :uo.
sr. \.,rlli«i-tii,i porii.M, liy J, H Tvrr.ll, IMtiH, Map- Som. J.I(I and 3oO.
-air H TM.-l 111
Till l,,ik.' \Vinn.i..i' (wi'-i -I ..ri-i. by l>. It. I»..«liiig l^'JH, i
Map No i.i-.l. -1 i.lf ^ in, - i in 1 I'., un.l loRcther.
7l)."i. I a'ic Wiiinip.i! !<ii-t «li..r.'i. by .) II Tyrr.U, !>>!)><. l
.Map No i.iil. ^. ale >. ln«- 1 in ,...,,. i i,
ll)3.'» (•oal-lirl.l-...f Maniiobii, Sa-kat.l..'«:m. All., ria, an.l l-a-'.-ru Umial. Columbia,
by 1). 11. liowliiiK Map N.. IIIIO, ,..il.. :i."j ni-1 in.
NORTH UKSr TI-URri'>l!li:-<.
217 liu.l.in l.av 811.1 -trait, liv II. Mill. I>>M Map No 2^'). ». alo 4 m. -1 in.
2:i,S. Un.l-oli bav. -omli of, by .^, I', 1 ow. I-n>-i;
•ii'l .\iiavvapi~kai an. I \lbanv riv. r-, by It, IVll, l^^^..
211, Nortlain i.oiii..n .,i tlif Doniinii.n. by <: M. liaw.-on. isvi. Map No. 2jo,
«. ale 2IIII 111, 1 in, . „ .
21.7 .iHin.'- bav an.; .oni.irv ea.« of llii.l-on bay, by A, 1. l.ow
.57,H. lii.l lak. aii.l part ..I ll.rons river, by I>. II. I'owlinn, 1M(4. Map No. 67t».
•.'•X4. I.Bbra.i'.'.'r p.n'in-nla'."bv A. P Low. is!).".. N^'r« N!'"' •'■''^•'-'••;'V.'''''m"'' "v "riu
r,lS. ])uba«nt. Kazan, un.l 1 VrKUM.n river., by J. H. -lyrriU. 1M)«. .Map No, M.i.
«. all' 2.'> 111. ■ I in. , ., i
{•..■i7 Norili.rii poriion of tbo l.ubrmlor p. nin:<nla, by A. I. low.
CMI. Soutli Sli.iri. Un.l, .11 -trait an.l L"ii2avalmy,by A, 1', 111"
Map No. i.ini, Mail- 2,1 ni. - 1 in. ■ Honiiil toi;.ihi.r.
71:1. Norili .<liori. Ilii.l .n trai' nii.l Vniia^a bay, I v I! IMI, ;
Map N.i I.P'I -.ale '-.'i III 1 in.
72.- C.r.at I'.ar lak.. ,o < iriMl .'-lav,, lakr, by ,1 M, H. 11. I"""„„ .^,, .^, ,
77> Ka-l r.,a-t llu.l-on bay, by A. 1". l.o«-. lOUn. Map-. No- , .'.I, .SO, .^l, si-»le
7M-, :s7, Gra- u'iv"' iviiion. bv J. li. Tyrnll an.l 1>. II. I>o',.liii^ ''-"'"-, i
,SI.-, r:k«an riv.T an.l Sutto, ' k,., by M. H. HouiinK Hml. Map No, ..■!, -alo
.-.II 111. 1 in.
Mil Na-tapoka i-lun.l-.. II" bay, by A. 1". Low, lOUO.
•Jli,"i, •Ihi- (.rui-i- ot tlif A./ by A. I', l.ow. I'.HI.).
ONTAltlO.
2I,'5. I.bWp of the Woods rrpion, by A. C. l.aw.-on, 1SS5. Map No, 227, -.ale 2 m. -
•2<i,T R.iinvTakereKion. bv A, C. I.HW<on 1H,S7. "aP.No, Z'^a, sralc 4 in - 1 in.
200 l..»ke Siipirior niires nnil mining, by E. I). Ineall. 1S8S. Map* No3 2b5,
Btalc 4 m. -1 iu ; No. 250, scale 20 tli. -1 m.
In
««. fluilliurv iiiinln« ilKtrln, hv U. n.11. IMmvi, M,.(. Vo M.1, nkl.. I ri. -1 In
:f.'7. Mmii.r I-Imii.I. bv W II ('. Hmlih. IVMH Mu|. No ;MJ. «n>l.. 4 tii - I in.
;«:!■.• Nuiur,,! till' nml IVin.l. iiMi l«v II I' II llruini II |mm»-| Mil))-. Nn< :ilt- <tO.
;t.'>7. \i. ii.rlu. I'lnrlKirimKli, nii.l llii^lliiir. II until-., hv I-' l> Ail»iii« |N(»'J I
tia7. On 111.' Inn' h ItiviT hii'i liv It 11.11 IVJit Mup No .•i7ll, ■,, air 4 ni - I in.
07h. «« Ihi' rlur unil IhIk- Sliiiiunilimiiii tiiii|i»liitl". I>v W. M.'lnn<"<. 1m1>7 M«|>«
.\i.« ',i<i iin.l fn'iii. .1 iilf 4 til I In
7211. Inm ilr|.i>-ii^ nlmiK tin. King. inn an.| IVinlimki' rHilwiiv. hv I'. I>. Ingiill.
I'KMI Mh|, N,, ir.'ii. „„|i- .■ 111-1 In , un.l |.liini ii( It luiiii"'
7:m Ciirliiiin. Ilii.-ill, un.l I'rvMiit rountii", bv It W l.lli IMHI. i.S.r No 7J9,
Ijiiflii-i- 1
711 I iiti.wH anl \|.inllv. bv II W, Kll.. KKHI
TlHI I'lrlh .1,1.1. I,v It \V I-.II-. IIMMI Map .V.i 7M). -. lilr I III - 1 In
(M.I Sii.ll.iirv .Si. ImI .inil(ii|ii...f ili|M.~lt... hv \, i; llnrl.iw i|l,|irlnti Mum N'm
77... >«.'il. -ml.' I III ■ I la . W4, »'.'.•.. mH, ,. air 4iMi li. - I In.
IHi'J. Miil—liiK mill I liiiUkiiiuiiiK iiinp-slmii, hv A I. Ilarlnw. (Ili|prlntl Map*
.N... .'."ii. IHMi. „al.' I 111 1 In , Nil' Kit, -.ill.. 1 in " I in
!M'..-. Hiiilhiirv Ni kll ami Coppir il.n.,-li-, hv A. i: lli.rli.w (rpin.lii.
11711 Itijiiri iin .\i. .;ira I all-i. i.v .1 w Sixn. .r. Map. S.ii Itjii. !Mi7
1177 It.p.irt III! I 'ill. hi ik.' -111. I. hy It V, . l.ll-.. Mii|. .S.i lit.ii, ^i air I iii -1 in
Oil.' Itipnri nil .Ni. . .i.-tiTii tiniarii), tra\ir-i'.| hv Niitlmial Inin-. nni ini iital
ruiUiiv, bttwiiii l.ukr .Sipinun nmt Siurnion laki-, by W. II. Ciillln-.. .Map
N.I. im;i. »i-,'li' I 111 1 in
0<»S Itfpi.ri nn I'liiihi-iku »li.-i'i, by II. W. KIN. (rrrnrli). M»p No. 060, •tiUg
4 ni -.1 in
107a. l.uHKuinlii .Milling Iil\; Ion, by W. II. follin-i. Map No. 1,070, aritle I m.'-l il .
2in
I'll)
ids
207.
57U.
.VM.
ti70.
707.
7:«l.
7SH.
It2.3.
ufia.
(171
075.
99.S.
1028.
10,32.
Qt'EIUC.
.Mi-ln—iiii cxppililidn, by .V. I'. I.mv lss|..-., Maii .\<i .'.'S. ».nlr s rn - I In
Coiiipliin, Stan-trnil, lt.'nii<i.. Itiilimon.l. ami Wnlfi' inuniii". by It W. i;i|.i.
IvMl. Map Nil. 2.M . Sliirhr.ii.ki' -h.-.'i >, v, air 4 m I In.
Mi-nantlr. Hiiiiri'. I li.r. li.-i. r. I.ru-. llrlln lia.-r, allil .Mnlil iiiai{i' ' ii)iiulii'«,
hy 1! W i:i|.. 1NS7-S Map Nn 2s7, ... nlf 40 . Ii. - I In
Min.ral n-oiir. c-., hy It W . \'.\\t. INV.I.
I'lirtni'iil. tiiuhrr, ami MdniiiiaKiiv iDiintic", bv .\. I* low lMlii-1.
i;u-.tirii r.inn-liip-, M.mir.nl -li.rt, bv U. W. 'I.IN un.l K. 1> Ailani". 1S04.
Maj. Nil .-.71. Ml all- 4 in. 1 in '
I.aiiri nliaii arra nnrlli <.f th.' I-I.m.l of Montri'iil, bv I'. I). .XilimH. I!>9.'>. Map
No .Vhi -lair 4 111 Mil
Aiirilrr.iii- ilr|M)-it-, -.iiiilirii...ti'rn porliun. bv II. ClmbntTK. ISO.'i. Miip No.
r.ii7, -calc s ni. I in
Kn-tirn I ..\\ n-liip-. Ilir..- Itivrr.. slir.t, bv It. \V. I'.IN. Is<is.
ArKinti'iiil. I iilawa. nii.l I'lintiar ('oiinlu.'^, bv H. \V. I'AU. ISiOU. (See No. 7.39,
lllilariii),
Nnttawav ha-in. hv It. Iti'll. VMHt 'Map N.i. 7112, -mlc 10 m.-l in
Will- nn Man. I iif .Mniitrral. by I . II. .\.lann. 11)01. Maps No.'*. 874, S75, 876.
('liih.iiiKaiiiuii nuinn. hy 'v. 1'. low. I'.M)."..
Tiiiii-kaiiiiiiK ii;ap-liii'i. hy A. K. I'.arl'.w. (Ilcprint). Maps .\«.<. 590, COO,
M-alr 4 111. 1 in iltl. -.ralo 1 in 1 in.
I'l'pnrt nnj'nppcr-hiaiini; rii.k^ of Ka-ti rn Tonn.'<blp». by J. A. |irpi«er. Map
.\i). !i7(i. SI 111.' N III. 1 in.
Itcpnri nil Ciippcr-ln .irintf rocks of Kii'.tcrn Town-hips, by ,1. A. nrcsaer.
I I'rrii' In.
ll.'pnit nn 111.' r.'iiihrnkc slirrt. by II. W V.\U. fFrpnih).
lltpori nil 11 Itricnt Ilisi'.ivrry of (Inlil n'-ar I.aku Mrganli' . i.iiu., by J. A.
Urrs-rr. Map >.. lil.'O. -i ali- 2 in... 1 in.
Report on a Ui-nnt Discovrry of (iolil near l.akc McKanlii . QiR-., ' J. A.
Hrf'-er. (Frcmh). Mu|)' No. 102U, ncalr 2 ni.'^l in.
NF.W II.. ..S>V'nK.
218. Wo-lrrn Nrw Itrim-wi.kaii'l Iv.-ttr.i NoviiSiotia, by R. W. EUfi. 188.1. Map
.No. 2;i(l, srair 4 in. 1 in.
219. CiirlrUin ami VU.toria lountics, by L. W.Ballcy. 1S.« Map Xo. 231, sral*
4 ni. — 1 iu.
813 ^iiturid, HB»tiittiiirln>, nrKl .Vor«lniiiil»rlaii.l .uuiiil'- *■ H "V I. W ll«ll»y
nn.l W M.liiti.- loMl M. |> Nij ■I'l-t. '••'*•■ -It" I i»
ailli. Northern [Hpriiori mi'l n.ljni. «l .«•!»», I.-- 1. V, Hiiil.y itii'l " M. Iiim-i,
lss7«N Mii|i V" L1«l. 'iiil" 4 111 '• 1 in
8:iii. l.nii,. .miiimiihi Klniniilii'niiii'" liy I WHuil. y iiii.l W Mi Ido.-^ |s(«>-I
Mull Nil H.'ill, •lull' -I 111 I 111
mil. Min. r..l ri-..iin.i. I.v 1. W. Hail.) IViT M.p No. n7.'., «. bIp lo Di - I !•.
Sin Hnin-»i.k Kv.A-tw liv U W I.IU l^xiT.
T'i!i rjitlM.iii^rciu. .v I. Ill, liv I. \V lluiliv IfXMI f
hii.l r,,nl pii. [..■•is in. hv II !•• I'lHili' MUNI Itoiin.l ti.Ki' ^r
«vl MiniTuI ri-oiirii-, liy 11 W. I lU. Mnp No fx.». xiili' HI in I In
loa4. Mibirul r. M.ur, ti, Ijy U. W. I:IU, ar.iirlij. Map No tH.'.», »i »W lii in - 1 in.
NOVA fM'OIIA.
84.1. (iuv.lMin.ui'li. Antl)H.ni-li, PI ton. Col' 1ic«ht, iin'l lliilifax . oiintii •, tiv llu;;!
Hil.hir iinil I. II latil.anll. IVMl
3:11 I'lit.iii »n'l I'nI.I iir itainllf^, hv II. Klili I,i r IMiil-l
3.i» SSoiiilnM-iirn NciVH S.otiii (prrliMiiiiHrv). by I.. W. lluiliv 1m.i.'-:i. Map No
:i(i'.'. ►rail- N m. -1 In
eSX. 8ouiliw.-«liMi. \ov»H.oilu, l.y I. W iluii.y 1M»; M,ip N- •'•I "' -il'' "*
III. » I in.
Rs.'.. Sv.lni V ...i.lliil.l ' II. Klii.lur Map- N..- f,.VJ. i.:.,l. I'.M. m ali' I in 1 in.
7li7, ('Hiiil.riaii link- 1,! I .|f Hri'inn. I.v '. I M.uilnw Pimi
fc7i. I'iilou co»l-lirl<l, by II. b. I'ooli' \'.»ij. Map No. >Mi, wule I'j di.-l iu.
MAPS.
1042. Dominion of Canail.i. Min.ral- S. i
Ml m -1 In.
Yl Kii\.
SOS. Explnralioni un M...niiil:in. Inpfr I'llly. nnci Sirwart rivir-, nrali- « 111 1 In
8111. P.irtinn of Dun' an I'nik Mii.lin; ili-.tri.t, mali- li in. - 1 in
894. Ski-tili Map Kliiaii.' Mining ili iriii. - nli- 1. in 1 In
8111. \V inciv .\rni Mining ili-tri.t, Skitrli 1 In.liijca al Map. -1 ali- 2 in.-l in
Wm. Conrail iinil Wliiulmr-i- Miiiinc .li-iriitTi, >.i'ali' '_' 111. ' in.
!H)1. Tan'aliiH ami I'ivf I innir- ■" i mini-.. mdIi' 1 in I in
1011. Itonanza an.l lliinkir irick- Auril'inmH fravrl- .■« iil. li) clittios - 1 in.
10;i;j. I.iiwir l.akr I.ala rui- ainl vii iniiy, mall- 1 in.-- 1 in.
1041. Whiii'lmr-ii' Coppir licit, Hciili' 1 in. — 1 in.
1020. 1041-1049. WliilchorMe Coppir belt. li<tail«.
f
BRITISH COHMIIIA.
878. Cariboo Minini. ili-trirt, ecalp 2 in. - 1 in
604. Shn-nap liiiili'tiral «lif<'t, ^lali' 4 m. • 1 in.
771. Prcliininiirv l^tliiion. iia.--t Kootoimv. ^I'alr I in. « 1 In.
707. <H'iil(.Ki.ur.Mnp of <r..iv.nc t 1 oal liiiil-. -• ali- ',! m 1 in.
7(tl . W I -I Ki.c.ii nay MimraN ami .^iria-, -rule 4 in. •• I in.
702. VVi-t KcKiii-nay 1 ndli^i al -licet, smlr 4 ni - I in.
82.S. liiiiiniiary Ciiik .Miiun-r .li-trict. ..1 ale 1 111. — 1 in.
S90. .Nil. .la I'llal lia-in - ale I in. - I in.
941. Preliminary 1 e iloci -il Map of l!.w«lanil nml virinity, « •■■ile 1 .COO ft.
9N7. I'rinieton 'nal lia-in ami (upper .Mnniitain Mining rni i;i. ale 10 eli. «•
0S9. Telkwa ri\er ftml vi'inily. -.ale 2 111 "I in.
907. -Nnnaiiiio anil .New Wr^tinin-ter .Minini; ilivi^inn. <i iili' 1 in
1001. Sperial Map of Ho^^lan(i. Topi. crapliieul sheet . S. ale 400 ft. -- 1 in.
1002. Sperial Man of Hos-lond. Cir.iliiL'i al clicet. .>;. ale 400 ft. ^ 1 in
KXW. Kosslnnd .Mining laiiip. lopoKiaplii.ul sheet, fi. iile l,20O ft 1 in.
1004. Rossland Mining ramp. Gtologi. al sheot. Sialp 1.200 ft. — 1 in.
ions. Sheep Creek Mining camp, (jeologiial sheet. Siale 1 m. — 1 in.
1074. Sheep Creek Mining eainp. Topographical sheet. Scale 1 m. — 1 in.
ALIIERTA.
694-500. Toare »nd Athftbaskn rivers, "lalo 10 ra. -1 in.
S().S. lilairiiiort-Frank ronl-fielils, sciilr IM) ih. — 1 in.
MI2. Co-tiKiin <oiil l)ii»in, sc ale 40 (h»-l in.
92<)-9:ti. Ca.-iiiclf coal ba^in. Srale 1 tii 1 in.
9(Ut-!M-.ti. Moo-c Mountain region. Co'l \rea.-^. Srale 2 m. -1 in
1010. Alberta, Sx-^katrliewan, and Miiio.olia. t oil Areas, bcalu .Ij m. -I In.
SASKATCHEWAN.
1010. Albert*, Sa«fcatchewaii, and Manitoba. Coal Areas. Scale 35 m. -1 in.
MANITOBA.
804 Part of Turtle mountain showing loal areas, s.ale 1 J m, -1 in,
1010. Alberto. t<a-(katiliewan, and .Manitoba. Coal .■Vreas. Scale .ij m.
■ 1 in.
O.NTAniO.
227.
•283.
•342.
34;j.
373 .
CI'iO.
,'■.711.
.WO .
sni) .
I'.OIl.
t;i;i).
7i>s.
7-'0.
♦7.'>i).
770.
77.5.
Tf>!l.
S2().
824-
852
SG4
903
944
QA4
1023
1076
= 1 in.
(.New Kdition 1907).
Lake of the Woods slieet, sinlc 2 m. " 1 in.
Itainy l.;\kp ^^hpet, Male 4 ni. '^1 in,
llunt'cr 1-land sheet. « ale 4 in. 1 in.
Siulburi- -hi-ct, >^iale 4 lu, - 1 in.
Uaiiiv f'.iscr ^heet, si'ale 2 in, 1 in.
Seine Uiver >lieet . sialc 4 m, 1 in.
1-rrni'h Iliver slii-el, scale 4 ni. - 1 in.
Lake .Shibandowon sheet, siale ^ in, ■
■riini-kaiiiini; -heel, scale 4 iii."-l in.
Maniloulin 1-land ^heef. siali- 4 m. « 1 in.
Ni|.i-^inK sheet, scale 4 in. =• 1 in. (New Ldition 1007;.
IViiil.roke sheet, >calc 4 in. - 1 in.
Isnace sheet, scale 4 in.=l in.
llalihurtou sheet, .scale 4 m. 1 in.
Maniun. Lake sheet, scale 4 m. •- 1 in.
(irenville sheet, scale 4 m. " 1 in.
liancroft sheet, scale 2 ni, « 1 in.
.Sndhurv ilistrict, Victoria mines, scale 1 m. "-1 m.
rerih r.lieet. scale 4 m. = l in.
Sudbiirv di<tric-t,, Sudluirv. scale 1 n. =1 in.
^25 Sudburv district, Copiier Cliff in nies, scale 400 ft. -I m.
Northeast .\rm of Vermilion Iron rani;ei, Timai;aiiu. scale 4()eh.— 1 In.
Siulhury district, F.l-ie and Murray mines, scale 4i)il ft. - 1 in,
Ottawa" and Cornwall sheet, scale 4 m. — 1 in.
Preliminary Map of TimaKami and Rabbit lakes, scale 1 m. — 1 in.
GeologicalMap of parts of Alpoma and Tluinder bay, scale 8 m. =-1 In.
Corundum Bearing Hocks, Central Ontario. Scale 17im. — 1 in.
Gowganda Mining Division, scale 1 m. — 1 in.
QUEBEC.
251 .
2.S7 .
375.
571.
665 .
fit)7.
668.
918.
976.
1007.
1029.
ShcrV)rooke sheet. Eastern Town-hips Map. scale 4 m. — 1 to.
Thelford and Coleraine .Asbe.-^tos district, >cale 40 ch.-l in.
Quebec sheet. Eastern Town hips Map, s ale 4 m. — 1 in,
Montreal sheet, Ea-stern Town-hips sheet, scale 4 ra. -^ 1 in.
Three Rivers sheet. Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m. =1 In.
Gold Areas in southeastern part, scale 8 in. = 1 in.
Graphite district in l.abelle county, scale 40 ch. = 1 in,
Chiboupamau region, scale 4 m. — 1 in.
The Older Copper-bearing Rocks of the Eastern 1 ewu-hips, scale 8 m. — 1 in.
Lake Timiskaming region, scale 2 m. — 1 in.
Lake Megantic and vicinity, scale 2 m. -= 1 in.
NEW imUNSWICK.
erS. Map of Prinripal MJnrral Ocnirron. os. Sinlc 10 in -I in
WW. Map of I'riiii ipiil Mineral Ltjculitk-s. Srale 16 m. — 1 ia.
•13.
833
807
ioa«
1087
10«3
NOVA SCOTIA.
Prellmlnarv Man of Sprincl.ill . .,,,1-falJ, srali- r,l> vh
I U'tou <-oal-li('lil. <rn\i' -^'i eh. =. I "
■1 in.
I'ri-liniiiiury (ifolii(;icui I'lan of .Vi.iuu.x an I lor'.mok Iron .iistrii-t, scale 25 ch.
W7. (iiMu-ral Ma|> of Provinc-e sliowinK Rol.l ili<tri,t:;, male 12 ni. -1 in
937. l.eip-JK.iie (lolil i]]-trii t, «<-ali' odd ft. - 1 in.
MS. IlarriEHii Colli ilj.iri.t. sialc tdd ft...l in.
OU. Malai-a (lolii .li-iriit, Bcalv J.")d ft. « I in.
1012. Urookficld (iold district, -rail' LVid ft. I in.
1019. Halifax (koioRical «hcet. No. (Is. Si ali- 1 m =1 in
1028. Waverley Gcolofical slicet. .Vo. r,7. Si alp 1 ni. -» I in
.Si MarEaret Hav I icological >.lii.ct. No. 71. Scali- 1 in - 1 in
Wind-or (icoloKi,.:i| sliect. Xo. 7.S. .Scali- 1
AipoioEan Ucological .sheet. Nc
Ml. ^^ 1 in.
70. .Scale 1 m. =- 1 in.
Note. — Individual Maps or Heports will be furnished free to bonn fide Can-.rnn
•ppUianls. ' ■'"
Iteports and Map' rii.iy be nrdcred bv tlie numbers pri.fived to litle-i
AppUi .■iiions sliimid be addressed to The Director, Gtolugii'al Survey. Lv.i't.
meat ol Mines, Ottawa. ■" '
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