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ir I 
 
 ABSTRACT OF PAPER 
 
 ON 
 
 Deep-sea Soundings 
 
 AND TEMPERATURES IN THE GULF STREAM. 
 
 READ BEFORK THE 
 
 AMERICAN ASSOCUTION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, AT THE 
 MEETING HELD AT MONTREAL, AUGUST, 1882. 
 
 By commander J. R. BARTLETT, 
 TJ. S. NAVY. 
 
 From the Pkoceedings op the americak Association for the Advancement 
 OF Science, Vol. XXXI, Montreal Meeting. 
 
 PRINTED AT THE SALKM PRESS. 
 
 SALEM, MASS. 
 
 1883. 
 
 i«ki; 
 
\ 
 
 I 
 
 /Ivihot/eni'fiir Ih'tht' 
 
 J. U Baitlett .Counuauilei' U.S.Xavy, 
 
 llydro^^raphfff to till- Hiiriaii of Njiviii/ilioii . 
 irti.sJiim/ton. l),(' . 
 
 Deep-ska Sounihnos and Tempekatuues ix the Gulf Stream 
 OFF THE Atlantic Coast, taken xinder the untECnoN of 
 THE U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survev. By J. R. Baut- 
 LETT,' of LonsiUile, R. I. 
 
 [AnSTKACT.] 
 
 I HAVE come to this meeting of tlie Association at the kind re- 
 quest of Mr. Ililgard, the Superintendent of the Coast and Geo- 
 detic Survey, to tell you of the investigations made by the steamer 
 " Blake." 
 
 Tlie hydrographic party of which I have charge, has been in- 
 vestigating the Gulf Stream for the past four j'ears, the last two 
 summers having been passed on our immediate coast. All of you 
 have ideas or pet theories in regard to this great river of the ocean, 
 as Maury lias happily called it. Man}' of our greatest scientists 
 have written learnedl}' about it. Professor Bache, while he was 
 Superintendent of the Coast Survey, caused extensive and sys- 
 tematic investigations to be made of its physical features. From 
 the data obtained, the Stream was assumed to start from tlie 
 Caribbean sea, making the circuit of the gulf of Mexico, and 
 to issue with great velocity and high temperature from the straits 
 of Florida, continuing to about latitude 45°N. It was described 
 as a superficial stratum of warm water flowing over one of cold, 
 with banks of cold water, and diviiled or bifurcated into warm and 
 cold bands. 
 
 The bifurcation was explained by the presence of hills and val- 
 leys which were developed by the soundings, the cold water being 
 said to be in the valleys and the warm water on the elevations. 
 As no soundings were obtained in the strength of the current, it 
 was supposeil that the stream ran over, if not in, a great trough or 
 depression of the sea-bed. At tlie time the investigations were " 
 made under the direction of Professor Bache, the means of obtain- 
 ing the depth of the sea were very imperfect ; now we have the 
 most improved apparatus anil soundings can be taken with wire in 
 any current and to any depth with almost perfect accuracy. 
 
 The investigations made on board the "Blake" show conclu- 
 sively that the above assumptions are wholly erroneous. My 
 
 • Commandor U. S. Navy. 
 
 0) 
 
2 
 
 DEEP-SEA SOUNUINGS ; 
 
 soumlings give no channel for the Streiiin to run in, there are no 
 hills or valleys, and 1 have never found any bifurcation or warm 
 and cold bands. The temperatures obtained do not show cold 
 water beneath the Stream, but a current of warm water between 
 the Florida straits and cape Hatteras down to the very bottom. 
 
 As has already been stated to this Association by Mr. Ililgard, 
 the current entering the gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean sea 
 docs not make the circuit of tiie gulf as formerly supposed, but 
 passes to the noithward and eastward in the same general trend as 
 the Yucatan plateau, and thence to the straits of Florida. 
 
 The lines of soundings taken by the "Blake" were twelve in 
 number, beginning at Jupiter inlet, Florida, and extending to 
 Currituck, N. C. They were run normal to the general coast 
 line. 
 
 The soundings give very interesting data in regard to the physi- 
 cal featur(!s of the bottom of the ocean over which the Gulf Stream 
 flows. Instead of a deep channel in the course of the Stream, as 
 reported by Lieutenants Maffltt and Craven, and published in the 
 Coast Survey Reports, our later soundings with wire show an ex- 
 tensive and nearly level plateau extending from a point to the 
 eastward of the Little Bahama banks to cape Hatteras. Off cape 
 Canaveral this plateau is nearly 200 miles wide, and gradually con- 
 tracts in width to the northward until reaching Hatteras, where 
 the depth is more than 1,000 fathoms within 30 miles of shore. 
 The plateau has a general depth of 400 fathoms, suddenly drop- 
 ping oft" on its eastern edge to over 2,000 fathoms. 
 
 The course of the Gulf Stream can be traced by a study of the 
 specimens of the bottom obtained ; on each side of the Stream the 
 sounding cylinder brought up ooze, but in the strength of the cur- 
 rent the bottom was washed as bare of ooze and all living things 
 as the bed of a mountain torrent. Instead of a cushion of cold 
 water at the bottom, the temperatures were the same as those found 
 at the corresponding deptii of 400 fathoms in the Windward pas- 
 sage and in the course of the current through the Caribbean sea and 
 gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The temperature of the surface-water was taken every mile on all 
 lines and in no case were there found any warm or cold bands. 
 There was a slight rise of temperature on entering the current, at 
 the surface, and also a corresponding rise at the bottom in the 
 
 / 
 
 rit' 
 
 - V"'.ril« ^ M >.pg fi.t, <: 
 
BT J. n. BARTLETT. 
 
 8 
 
 / 
 
 same locality. Tho surface temperat.ires found in the Stream 
 were much below those generally given in published works on the 
 subject. The average temperature in the axis of the Stream rarely 
 exceeded 83°F. in June and July. On one or two occasions the 
 thermometer read as high as 86°, and once 89°, but it was at high 
 noon in a dead calm. The temperature at five fathoms did not 
 range above the average of 81^°. The surface temperatures did 
 not indicate a cold wall inside of the Stream ; the water between 
 the one hundred fatliom-line and the shore seemed to be an overflow 
 of the Stream, as the temi)eratures at five, ten and fifteen fathoms 
 were nearly as high as those found in the Stream. 
 
 Lines for series of temperatures from the surface to the bottom 
 were run during the past summer from Block island to the Bermudas, 
 and thence to liatteras. The isothermals show the Labrador 
 current until nearing the Stream, when they descend gradually 
 and in the stream itself abruptly, to their greatest depths. Instead 
 of the warm stream-water thinning away as it was reported to do 
 when spread out, it was not much over fifty miles in width at the 
 time of our crossing, as shown by the current and high surface 
 temperatures. The temperatures below the surface were much 
 higher than at the same depths off' the coast. 
 
 The ordinary temperature at the bottom off' Savannah and 
 Charleston in 400 fathoms was 45°. In the Stream between 
 Block island and the Bermudas it was as high as 55° at 400 
 fathoms. The isothermals remained at almost the same depth to 
 the southward, as in the Stream, on the entire line to the Ber- 
 mudas. Just north of the Stream the temperature at 400 fathoms 
 was 394° and 40°. At a point well in tlie Lal)rador current away 
 from the Stream, the temperature at 400 fathoms was 38J-°. 
 
 From the Bermudas to liatteras the isothermals were at the same 
 depths as were found south of the Stream on the previous line, 
 but when in the current off' liatteras, where the Stream trends to 
 the eastward, they rose to the same depth as oflT Charleston and 
 Savannah on the plateau. 
 
 These temperatures below the surface seem to suggest that the 
 Labrador current underruns the Stream at Hatteras, but at no 
 other point. It probably keeps its natural boundary or western 
 wall along the 1,000 fathom curve, and thus follows around the 
 plateau towards the equator. No definite conclusion can be drawn 
 
 tit: 
 
4 I)EKr-8EA SOUNDINOS ; BY J. R. BAHTLKTT. 
 
 from the datn obtainod thus fur; but we have at least a clear 
 field to work upon in the future, in regard to temperatures and 
 currents, and tiio contour of tlio bottom as far as Ilatteras is well 
 portra^x'd. 
 
 Tables are appended giving the depths, etc., found on the several 
 lines. 
 
 ■f- 
 
 L* ''I 
 
ast a clear 
 •ntiirea and 
 eras ia well 
 
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 DHtaiice liPtwi'Pii hiHtndinir-j 
 
 Depth in fathoms j 
 
 Character of bottom ^ 
 
 Surfaea temperatun- 
 
 Bottom temperature j 
 
 Current 1 
 
 17 
 1.1 
 
 I5i 
 17 
 
 20i 
 19 
 Cri. yl. S.lik.r 
 Hi' 
 
 N. i:. 0. i. 
 
 i"l 
 
 ID 
 
 Brk. Sh. 
 
 H I 
 
 Distanno between .soui 
 
 I>'pth infalhoniK 
 
 Character of bottom... 
 flurl'acc! temperatiiio.i 
 Bottom tompi-raturL'.. 
 (-'urreiit 
 
 -Unj.- 
 
 71 
 
 111 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 :r 
 
 701- 
 
 ::l' 
 
 wr 
 
 
 i:.s.K.2/. 
 
 Wi 
 
 l.l 
 
 File. ^-y. 3. 
 8:il' 
 70' 
 
 2 
 
 en 
 
 7 
 
 .12 
 
 li. .sh. 
 
 t'O' 
 
 on* 
 S. K. 1.3. 
 
 lilj 
 20 
 
 Cr». s, 
 H' 
 
 oi:!' 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 N.E.X-"*. 1.73 
 
 DHtuiice liL'twoen iiouit'iiii;:.- 
 
 Depth in fnlhoins 
 
 Clmr.ir.tor "f Ijottom j 
 
 Surface tpinperntiiii' 
 
 n'lttomteii'iiPMituri' 
 
 Curii'iil 
 
 '■■i 1 
 
 101 
 
 10 1 
 
 10 1 
 
 7:1* 
 
 70" 
 
 71'/ 
 
 .181- 
 
 -.U' 0..1M 
 
 w.0.,1. 
 
 Ul.ill.iii 
 
 wl' 
 111' 
 
 lo'i 
 
 21 
 
 ru... ,<, 
 
 1 
 
 142 
 
 3t 
 ■iii 
 
 7 
 
 70 
 
 Wli. l.k. ril..s. 
 
 s. \v. o.r, i .■*.«•. 0.1 
 
 21 
 Van, gy, S. 
 
 Si' 
 (Ml' 
 
 
 81* 
 
 611' 
 
 N, E. X1.73 
 
 I.IXE K 
 
 21 
 
 427 
 
 Uloli. 0. 
 
 81' 
 
 40- 
 
 K. N.K.2.i 
 
 U 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 111 
 
 BO. S. 
 
 bill' 
 
 51' 
 
 .S.E,1J 
 
 n 
 .11 
 
 .s. o., Uik, .Sh. 
 SI' 
 
 0:1' 
 
 
 421' 
 S. K.XN.l 
 I'lJdM C 
 
 n 
 
 I.'.: I 
 
 I, I. III. o/.. 
 Kl* 
 
 ;i71* 
 i:..N K.2. 
 
 n 
 
 »1 
 
 217 
 
 4 
 
 123 
 
 Co. 
 81* 
 52" 
 
 
 4] 
 
 lU 
 
 8-21* 
 M' 
 
 
 2] 
 
 210 
 
 41 
 
 l.Kl 
 
 811* 
 4J* 
 
 N.w.xiv.o.; 
 
 HI* 
 41' 
 
 7 
 
 ,. J N. 3.2 
 
 I.IXK fi. I''l;(iM CAIT, HUMAN, S. I'., [(I I, AT. !I0° fill' >'., \.i 
 
 ■II 
 
 2'<l 
 C.I. 8, 
 8.2' 
 41* 
 K, a N, 3.2 
 
 :>1 
 
 431 
 E. 1 N. 3.'3 
 
 ■'1 
 .ll'j 
 
 Co. It. 
 8,11' 
 
 4n- 
 
 K. J X, 3.: 
 
 31 I 3J 
 
 311 3.1.1 
 
 I u. U. Co. It. 
 
 83' 
 
 I.V 
 K. 1 S 3 2 
 
 401' 
 E, I N. .1. 
 
 LI.NK II. I'ltOM .SlIOUK, I.AITnDi: :1;1' ;i8' \, Tl) LAT, ill' 
 
 224 
 S. C„ 
 
 H oj 
 
 2;,i 3ia 
 
 Kill'. K, Cii. It. 
 
 811" 81* 
 
 ,N. IV. X "'0,7.1 JN. W.X"'. o 7.1 N. W. X "'.o r. N. E. ] E. 
 
 182 
 
 \Vli..lik. S. 
 
 801* 
 
 377 
 Co, 
 
 Kr 
 
 421* 
 N.E.JE. 1.7 
 
 «1 
 303 
 Co, 
 831* 
 
 3^1* 
 
 OJ 
 
 e:i* 
 40' 
 
 S EXH IE.3.3 N.EXE. I I 
 
 I.IXK 1. I'Uk.M CAl'l'; I'KMl, Tl) LAT. It'" 05' X., J.UXd 
 
 X. E. 1 E, 
 .WE IIATI 
 
 31 
 120 
 
 8-2' 
 
 N. W,X W, 
 
 0| 
 
 li:ii 
 lil.'li. .,/.. 
 
 2l>'.l 
 
 8^ 
 
 431' I 43- 
 
 N.W.XM'.2.| N.E.iN.2. 
 
 2.73 
 KliAS 
 
 1 1:,'^ 
 i;ioii. oz. 
 
 81* 
 
 37',- 
 E. .s. i:,2..' 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 a., lok..>i|i. 
 
 701* 
 
 371* 
 K. 1 K. 2.73 
 ■m LAT. 
 
 ' 1 
 l,-,i;o 
 <;i.iii. iiz. 
 
 811' 
 
 371' 
 
 E. X N 3. 
 
 :ll 
 104 
 
 KJ-. S. 
 
 821' 
 
 471* 
 
 N. IV.XW.'J. 
 
 m 
 
 2010 
 I. lull. 111!. 
 
 N, E. IR. 2.75 
 
 Xo" 2V N., LO.Sd. 74' »)' W, 
 
 31 
 
 81" 
 
 43* 
 
 N. E. 1 N. ■J. 
 
 Ml* 
 
 10* 
 
 NX. E..'). 
 
 II 
 
 280 
 Ilk.,«h.S. 
 
 841- 
 
 4.1* 
 N. N, E. 3. 
 
 310 
 
 Ilk., wh.f 
 
 81* 
 
 44* 
 
 N.N.K.S, 
 
 LiNi: ,(. n;(iM CAi'i; i.uuKuur, .n. v., to i.ai'. :ii» iW \., i.c 
 
 I 
 
 iloh. .,/., (:i..ii. ../.. 
 
 40* 13* .... 12* 3:i* 38* .'In- j 371* 37* 
 
 S. \V.0.3 S \V.0,3 .■<. W.0 3 I S.W.O. 5 S. W.0.3 8. W. 0.3 .S. W. 0.3 | .S. IV. 0.3 .i^. W 11.3 I .'<.W. 0.3 
 
 ii:; lu'iii,:; mi'a>uri'il IVoiii Uio shiii'i'. Tlir lUiIni'vliitjini-s IVoni rliorofti'r i>i imttiiin 'av : I'li.'.. Itiir ; hk., hhirk; yy.. firt'y; ivli.. ■ 
 Tlii^ llrst line A w.as rtiii .Iiiiio Ist, iiiid tiny wen.' i.'oiitliiiii'il to tlio mirtliwanl diiilii;,' ,Iiiiie iiml July, The lilies were run iliiriiiij doy iiinl iiiylit, Imt we cro.'.wil ihc oU'eiiiii in liio .loyllnn-. A,< iiieutliiiicil in llie I'ssii) 
 
 [(■.no 
 
 i;iiiii. 112. 
 
 811* 
 
 .■171* 
 
 E. 4. 
 
 '2! 
 .3.10 
 Cllll). iiz. 
 
 i 
 
 1013 
 
 Uliili. <.z. 
 
 81* 
 
 371* 
 
 E. 1. 
 
 21 
 
 077 
 I.Joli. nz. 
 
 70* 
 
 38* 
 8. W. 0.3 
 
 u 
 
 1027 
 (iloh, oz. 
 
 81* 
 
 37" 
 E. 3. 
 
 11 
 
 I7.V1 
 liliih,nz. 
 831* 
 301* 
 E.3 
 
 LINK L. |-|;0.M Cl'ldtl'l UCK, V. (', ri( LAi'. :ili° \i' N., LO 
 
 43 
 
 5 
 
 1003 
 Iji.ili. 
 
 1103 
 
 i;ioi..oz. 
 
 7111* 
 
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•HOM MITIKH INI.KT, H.A., T(» ( I IIIHII « K, N. (' . IIY TIIK (OAST AND OKODKTIC MrRVKY KTK. "I»I<AKK," COMMVNnKIt .1. 
 
 1:11 iM.i;i', Ki.A., ID MiiMiMiv iiO( i>, i.irTi.i; ii\y \\i.\ msKs 
 
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 I V,ir 
 
 IKUK, I.AI'II'I'DK JT" 07' K. T" I.AT. IIT' Jl', I,ON«l. TT" il;i' W. 
 
 1 
 
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 n 
 
 «l 
 
 41 
 
 4J 
 
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 M 
 
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 41 
 
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 4;i 
 
 4-..1 
 
 Wll 
 
 Mil 
 
 M7 
 
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 Tt^U 
 
 hki 
 
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 mil 
 
 IllHI 
 
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 .... 
 
 ^, 
 
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 (ii.lt. 
 
 I'l.i. i». 
 
 I'l.l. 114, 
 
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 rill o>. 
 
 I'lil. iia. 
 
 Mil. 111. 
 
 I'm. IX. 
 
 I'lil.Oi. 
 
 I'lil. IK. 
 
 I'lil IK. 
 
 I'lil.OI 
 
 l-til. III. 
 
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 411 
 
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 I'l.l. i.«. 
 
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 I'lil. IK. 
 
 I'M IK. 
 
 I'M. IK. 
 
 I'M IK. 
 
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 I'lil. IK. 
 
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 llliil) 
 
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 (ilob. 
 
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 Gliili.oz. 
 
 (lliih.oz. 
 
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 (iloli.lK. 
 
 Gloli. IK. 
 
 Gtiili. 01, 
 
 (iloli. oz. 
 
 Ulob. nz. 
 
 Glob. III. 
 
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 Glob. OK 
 
 
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 ml- 
 
 
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 371* 
 
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 1811 
 
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 .''.W, 0.7 
 
 S,\V, 0,7 
 
 S.W. 0.7 
 
 S,1V, 0.7 
 
 ,S,\V.0.7 
 
 0..1 
 
 i-i- : l-'iii.. lliii^; 111;., hl.ii-k ; i;y., f;rr.v ; ivli., ivlillo ; 111., nil : j-n , f;iii'ii Ink. Hh., Iinikin .i-lirll:*; S.. siiiiil; (i., cnivpl; sp., speck; t'o., coiiil ; ('o. I!., ciniil rmk ; I'ld. oz., rU'i-opnO mrzc; Gliili. iiz.. (iliiliini-iiiui do/c. 
 Ill ill ilii- iliijiliiii'. A.< iiioiiiiiiiii.'il ill III!' I'ssiiy. till' (lii-rcUim of llii- ciiii-i-ii huh vci-j- iiiiicli liilliiciu-cd by dircctlDii iiiiil foi-ce (if the wliiil, .1. u, 1).