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ir I
ABSTRACT OF PAPER
ON
Deep-sea Soundings
AND TEMPERATURES IN THE GULF STREAM.
READ BEFORK THE
AMERICAN ASSOCUTION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, AT THE
MEETING HELD AT MONTREAL, AUGUST, 1882.
By commander J. R. BARTLETT,
TJ. S. NAVY.
From the Pkoceedings op the americak Association for the Advancement
OF Science, Vol. XXXI, Montreal Meeting.
PRINTED AT THE SALKM PRESS.
SALEM, MASS.
1883.
i«ki;
\
I
/Ivihot/eni'fiir Ih'tht'
J. U Baitlett .Counuauilei' U.S.Xavy,
llydro^^raphfff to till- Hiiriaii of Njiviii/ilioii .
irti.sJiim/ton. l),(' .
Deep-ska Sounihnos and Tempekatuues ix the Gulf Stream
OFF THE Atlantic Coast, taken xinder the untECnoN of
THE U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survev. By J. R. Baut-
LETT,' of LonsiUile, R. I.
[AnSTKACT.]
I HAVE come to this meeting of tlie Association at the kind re-
quest of Mr. Ililgard, the Superintendent of the Coast and Geo-
detic Survey, to tell you of the investigations made by the steamer
" Blake."
Tlie hydrographic party of which I have charge, has been in-
vestigating the Gulf Stream for the past four j'ears, the last two
summers having been passed on our immediate coast. All of you
have ideas or pet theories in regard to this great river of the ocean,
as Maury lias happily called it. Man}' of our greatest scientists
have written learnedl}' about it. Professor Bache, while he was
Superintendent of the Coast Survey, caused extensive and sys-
tematic investigations to be made of its physical features. From
the data obtained, the Stream was assumed to start from tlie
Caribbean sea, making the circuit of the gulf of Mexico, and
to issue with great velocity and high temperature from the straits
of Florida, continuing to about latitude 45°N. It was described
as a superficial stratum of warm water flowing over one of cold,
with banks of cold water, and diviiled or bifurcated into warm and
cold bands.
The bifurcation was explained by the presence of hills and val-
leys which were developed by the soundings, the cold water being
said to be in the valleys and the warm water on the elevations.
As no soundings were obtained in the strength of the current, it
was supposeil that the stream ran over, if not in, a great trough or
depression of the sea-bed. At tlie time the investigations were "
made under the direction of Professor Bache, the means of obtain-
ing the depth of the sea were very imperfect ; now we have the
most improved apparatus anil soundings can be taken with wire in
any current and to any depth with almost perfect accuracy.
The investigations made on board the "Blake" show conclu-
sively that the above assumptions are wholly erroneous. My
• Commandor U. S. Navy.
0)
2
DEEP-SEA SOUNUINGS ;
soumlings give no channel for the Streiiin to run in, there are no
hills or valleys, and 1 have never found any bifurcation or warm
and cold bands. The temperatures obtained do not show cold
water beneath the Stream, but a current of warm water between
the Florida straits and cape Hatteras down to the very bottom.
As has already been stated to this Association by Mr. Ililgard,
the current entering the gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean sea
docs not make the circuit of tiie gulf as formerly supposed, but
passes to the noithward and eastward in the same general trend as
the Yucatan plateau, and thence to the straits of Florida.
The lines of soundings taken by the "Blake" were twelve in
number, beginning at Jupiter inlet, Florida, and extending to
Currituck, N. C. They were run normal to the general coast
line.
The soundings give very interesting data in regard to the physi-
cal featur(!s of the bottom of the ocean over which the Gulf Stream
flows. Instead of a deep channel in the course of the Stream, as
reported by Lieutenants Maffltt and Craven, and published in the
Coast Survey Reports, our later soundings with wire show an ex-
tensive and nearly level plateau extending from a point to the
eastward of the Little Bahama banks to cape Hatteras. Off cape
Canaveral this plateau is nearly 200 miles wide, and gradually con-
tracts in width to the northward until reaching Hatteras, where
the depth is more than 1,000 fathoms within 30 miles of shore.
The plateau has a general depth of 400 fathoms, suddenly drop-
ping oft" on its eastern edge to over 2,000 fathoms.
The course of the Gulf Stream can be traced by a study of the
specimens of the bottom obtained ; on each side of the Stream the
sounding cylinder brought up ooze, but in the strength of the cur-
rent the bottom was washed as bare of ooze and all living things
as the bed of a mountain torrent. Instead of a cushion of cold
water at the bottom, the temperatures were the same as those found
at the corresponding deptii of 400 fathoms in the Windward pas-
sage and in the course of the current through the Caribbean sea and
gulf of Mexico.
The temperature of the surface-water was taken every mile on all
lines and in no case were there found any warm or cold bands.
There was a slight rise of temperature on entering the current, at
the surface, and also a corresponding rise at the bottom in the
/
rit'
- V"'.ril« ^ M >.pg fi.t, <:
BT J. n. BARTLETT.
8
/
same locality. Tho surface temperat.ires found in the Stream
were much below those generally given in published works on the
subject. The average temperature in the axis of the Stream rarely
exceeded 83°F. in June and July. On one or two occasions the
thermometer read as high as 86°, and once 89°, but it was at high
noon in a dead calm. The temperature at five fathoms did not
range above the average of 81^°. The surface temperatures did
not indicate a cold wall inside of the Stream ; the water between
the one hundred fatliom-line and the shore seemed to be an overflow
of the Stream, as the temi)eratures at five, ten and fifteen fathoms
were nearly as high as those found in the Stream.
Lines for series of temperatures from the surface to the bottom
were run during the past summer from Block island to the Bermudas,
and thence to liatteras. The isothermals show the Labrador
current until nearing the Stream, when they descend gradually
and in the stream itself abruptly, to their greatest depths. Instead
of the warm stream-water thinning away as it was reported to do
when spread out, it was not much over fifty miles in width at the
time of our crossing, as shown by the current and high surface
temperatures. The temperatures below the surface were much
higher than at the same depths off' the coast.
The ordinary temperature at the bottom off' Savannah and
Charleston in 400 fathoms was 45°. In the Stream between
Block island and the Bermudas it was as high as 55° at 400
fathoms. The isothermals remained at almost the same depth to
the southward, as in the Stream, on the entire line to the Ber-
mudas. Just north of the Stream the temperature at 400 fathoms
was 394° and 40°. At a point well in tlie Lal)rador current away
from the Stream, the temperature at 400 fathoms was 38J-°.
From the Bermudas to liatteras the isothermals were at the same
depths as were found south of the Stream on the previous line,
but when in the current off' liatteras, where the Stream trends to
the eastward, they rose to the same depth as oflT Charleston and
Savannah on the plateau.
These temperatures below the surface seem to suggest that the
Labrador current underruns the Stream at Hatteras, but at no
other point. It probably keeps its natural boundary or western
wall along the 1,000 fathom curve, and thus follows around the
plateau towards the equator. No definite conclusion can be drawn
tit:
4 I)EKr-8EA SOUNDINOS ; BY J. R. BAHTLKTT.
from the datn obtainod thus fur; but we have at least a clear
field to work upon in the future, in regard to temperatures and
currents, and tiio contour of tlio bottom as far as Ilatteras is well
portra^x'd.
Tables are appended giving the depths, etc., found on the several
lines.
■f-
L* ''I
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377
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371*
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