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 1 
 
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 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
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 5 
 
 6 
 
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 o/^kcri 
 
 of' 
 Brtthth Cotumbia 
 
 t4EVKX}MBE 
 OOtUCTION 
 
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 oth 
 
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 305 
 
 NOTICRS RESPECTING THE HOTANY OK CER- 
 TAIN COUNTRIES VISITED BY THE RUS- 
 SIAN VOYAGE or DISCOVERY UNDER THE 
 COMMAND OF CAPT. KOTZEBUE. By An. 
 
 DE ChAMISSO. 
 
 [ Transiiikd from tlw. Gcrinan Edition of the Voyage.'] 
 
 THE PIIILIIMMNE l.sLKS. 
 
 Thk henutiful woods which clotlic the inoiintaiiis and valleys 
 oi' t\u"ni ishuuls with the most luxuriant j^reen, descend also 
 to the vciy brink of the sea, in groves ol' Mamjk Trci s {Rhizo- 
 fi/iorn), and some other species. The transitory <rlnnce which 
 we were enabled to gain of these forests iVom tlie public route, 
 and tlie short distance to which we penetrated their recesses, 
 are insuflicient to enable us to describe them jiroperly. Fig 
 'J'nrs appeared to be llie prevailing kind of wood: some species 
 snpjiorting tiiemselves as strong trees by their singularly 
 interwoven stems and running roots, by whicn they clasp the 
 rocks and twine over them. Other plants, of very slender 
 stalks, raise themselves to an astonishing height, and while 
 their leafy summits are lost above llie leaty roof of the grove, 
 tlieir sinijular fruit is seen bnrstinir from the lower part of 
 their trunks. Some species retain a frutescent habit, while 
 otiiers climb. We missed in the woods the beautiful forms 
 of the Avacin Trees, with their variously pinnated leaves; but 
 nuincrt)us other genera of Leguminous Plants here exhibit 
 tlieir peculiar characteristics. The Ferns, (]•, riic.darly the 
 arborescent ones,) the Climbers, the Orchiileu', \-'iicli, in 
 I3ra/il, form almost self-supported gardens in the air. lightly 
 attached to the sujnmits of the trees, are here <.itl>cr entirely 
 wanting, as the Cacti and Hromrliacecr, or appeal in very 
 diminished numbers. The character which Nature wears is 
 of a nuich tamer kind. '"he species of Palm are more 
 numerous than in St. Catherine's, many of them are but 
 inconspicuous, and the slender prostrate liotamj is indeed the 
 most wonderful of thcin nil, AnioM<;-t the Aroidoa- is the 
 
 i;']c 
 
 o 
 
 23rn^^v 
 
806 
 
 Pothos scandens, wliosc joiiili^d jfrassy stems and narrow 
 foliage are seen creeping u|) tlic trunks of trees. 
 
 The graceful liamhoo Cane grows abundantly on the banks 
 of brooks, where its thickly c'ustered stems arc often waved 
 by the wind, which causes these hollow reeds to emit a great 
 variety of agreeable sounds. This plant attains its extreme 
 height in the short course ol" one rainy season; during 
 the following years it becomes woody, and shoots out lateral 
 stems, but without any increase of size. 'I'lie young sprouts 
 are eaten like asparagus. There are several species described 
 by Loureiro as natives of this place, but not having seen their 
 inflorescence, we could not ascertain this point. 
 
 The plains consist alternately of woods and savannahs; but 
 nothing can be poorer than the vegetation of the latter; 
 consisting chiefly of two species of grass, which grow about 
 eight feet high, and probably ripen their seeds in autumn. 
 There are a very few dwarf plants, mostly of the leguminous 
 tribes, and these grow under the shade of an arborescent 
 species of lianhiiiiu whicli appears singly at considerable 
 intervals. These savannahs are often set on (ire, both to 
 prepare them for cultivation, and that they may produce 
 younger vegetation lor the cattle. 
 
 A particular species of Miisn [Bnnuna or Pisaii;/), ol 
 which the fruit is not esculent, is cultivated for the sake of its 
 fibrous stem, and considered preferable to many others. 
 The filaments (being the long vessels of its peduncle) extend 
 the whole length of the stem, which is generally about eight 
 feet; and they are of various degrees of fineness, according 
 to their outer or inner situation. Thus the same plant 
 aflbrds the fibres of which are made the excellent anchor 
 cables, almost exclusively employed by the .Spanish vessels 
 here, and that more delicate flax which is used in the manu- 
 facture of the fine striped cloths of which the cleanly people 
 of these islanils make very elegant shirts. 
 
 Another I'afiii grows here, {Palmn dc Cabcllo nraro :) it 
 yields a strong, black, coarse fibre, nmch esteemed for ropes 
 and cables, and far preiirable to what is obtained from the 
 Rofniiff, which, though employed by the Chinese ami many 
 
•AOl 
 
 row 
 
 Jiks 
 
 reat 
 pine 
 
 hug 
 
 of the islaiuleis of the Pacilic Ocean, is considered as of little 
 value, and not to be depended upon. Tiiis I'alw 'Da, on 
 tlie contrary, is much cultivated, anil, with the liaitilnM) and 
 liotuiuj, constitutes one of the most useful plants of this part 
 of the world. 
 
 THE MARIANNE ISLANDS.— OUA.IA. ^ 
 
 This island is well wooded, its Flora seems rich, and the 
 vegetation luxuriant. Forests clothe its steep descents to the 
 sea shore, and in several sheltered spots the Manyb' Treen 
 {llliizopliora) actually dip their pendent boughs in the flood. 
 Nothing can exceeil the uelicions perfume which was wafted 
 to us across the waters, while we were sailing about in 
 search of an anchorage. The Orange Trees grow wild, as 
 do many other kinds of fruit trees, memorials of a once 
 floinishing cultivation. Several species of plants formerly 
 introduced here, now vie in luxuriance with the indigenous 
 inhabitants of the soil; such as the \w'\c\fAy Limonkt trijuliata, 
 and the Jiidiijo Shriih [Iiidigofern tinctorut), the use of which 
 even is now unknown. The liremlfrnit, C'ocon, and Pisaiiy 
 {Banana), are most abundant; the Mango {Mangijira indiva) 
 grows well where it was jjlantcd, but does not become 
 naturalized. Of the various species of plants which prevail 
 on the continent of Asia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, 
 we only found the liarringtonia spcciosa ami Casnarina 
 e(juisetijhlia. We wholly missed the forms of plants so 
 characteristic to New Holland, the Protean, Ejxicridea, 
 Myrtles, and simple-leaved Acacias, On the other hand, we 
 found most of those that jrovv at Radack, many of whicl" 
 again were wanting at Li'i^on ; such as the Tacca pinnatifida, 
 wliich, though a native ol" Cochin China and cultivated, does 
 not ap})ear at Manilla. Two species of Pandamis and many 
 kinds of Fig are natives of Ouaja. 
 
 RADACK, RALICK, REPITII-URUR, BOCillA. 
 
 The Flora of these islands is very scanty. On the range 
 of Radack we foimd but fifty-nine species, including those 
 that are cultivated. 'J'wenly-three of them, five being in 
 
 :,~ » r!''?g <-i 
 
 'ds 
 
308 
 
 cultivation, we liad before seen at O-Wailii ; and twelve, 
 incliuling the Cocoa Tree, were collected at tlie Island 
 Ronian/ofT, where we gathered in all but nineteen species. 
 About twenty, again, we found at Guaja. Neither tlie 
 Orange nor Cabbage Palm, both of which have, on doubtful 
 testin)ony, been stated to grow on the Mulgravc Islands, 
 could we find; nor learn any thing with certainty about then). 
 
 We do not iiowever believe that the vegetation of lladack 
 is confined to the above-mentioned number of plants : but 
 rather think that both on this island itself", and the groupe of 
 which it forms a part, anil whicii we had not the opportunity 
 of thoroughly investigating, many individuals may have 
 escaped our search. Tiie southern islaiuls, in particular, 
 which we did not visit, (Arno, Meduro, and Mille,) which 
 have an older vegetation and much richer soil, are likely to 
 produce many species which are wanting to the more northern 
 and barren groupe. Vegetation appears on this chain of 
 islands to have commenced in the south, and followed the 
 course of the inhabitants, in n northerly direction. 
 
 Tiie most useful Palm found here is the common Pandaniis 
 QV Screw Pine of the South Seas, {tf'ob.) It grows wild in 
 liie most arid sands, where vegetation first commences, and 
 enriches the soil by its numerous decaying loaves, which it 
 throws oir in great nuni!<ers. In tin; moist lowlands of the 
 richer islands, it thrives eq lally well, and numerous varieties 
 of it are cultivated with care, being propagated by layers, 
 and their fruit much imjiroved by culture. All of these, if 
 increased by seetl, reassume the original characteristics of 
 the parent species, the Kruan. More than twenty varieties 
 are reckoned ; the dill'erence between them existing in the 
 various outward form of their fruit, or its compound nature, 
 or the number of se})arate kernels which it contains. The 
 male tree is always called Digar, the wild female, Ertian ; 
 each variety having a dillerent nan»e. Tiiat i)art of the iVuit 
 which is used for food by the people of lladack, is by the 
 natives of the Sandwich, Marcjuesas, and Friendly Islands, 
 employed as an odoriferous and golden-shining garland. 
 We nuiy hero remark that the genus Pniidanus particularly 
 
 retjuues 
 bolanislsl 
 no weigl 
 cxpressl)! 
 esculent [ 
 lladack. 
 
 is compi 
 aromatiJ 
 
300 
 
 Ive, 
 rtiul 
 ties. 
 Jtlic 
 Itf'ul 
 Us 
 
 L'll). 
 
 Ink 
 
 Jilt 
 
 of 
 hy 
 
 )°c(|iiires slrict exiiiniiiutiuii, tis tlic chiiracteis thiil iiiosl 
 l)otaiiisls Imvu used to discriiiiinate tlie various species are of 
 uo weight whatever. Lourciro, in Iiis ]-'hrn Coc/iiiwh. 
 expressly states that tlio fruit of I'. odoratissiiUHs is not 
 esculent; but it constitutes the chief food of the |)eo|)le of 
 Itadack. Each of the seeds of which this compound fruit 
 is composed, contains at the base where it is affixed, an 
 aromatic Juice. To obtain this, the fruit is first knocked to 
 pieces with a stone, and then being chewed, the fibres are 
 rejected from the mouth. The fruit is also baked in pits, as 
 in the South Seas; not so mucli for the sake of eating it in 
 this state, but that the Mogan may be prepared from it. 
 This is an aromatic dry confection, which is carefully stored 
 up for voyages. All the members of one or more families 
 are employed together in making the Mogan. When the 
 fruit lias been baked, its concreted juice is carefully scraped 
 out with the edge of a nmssel-shell, then spread on some 
 leaves over a gridiron and dried in the sun, cr by a gentle 
 fire. The thin cake thus formed, is closely rolled up, and 
 the roll ( 2atly wrapped and tied in the leaves of the tree. 
 The almoi.xl of this fruit is pleasant, but being difficult to get 
 out, it is often neglected. From the foliage of the Pandanus, 
 the women of these islands prepare all sorts of mats, some 
 to serve for their aprons, others with ornamented borders, and 
 the coarser and thicker kinds which form the sails of their 
 vessels, and are employed by them for bedding. 
 
 Next to the Vnnihinun, the Cocoa Tree {Ni) holds the 
 second rank. Not only is its nut valuable as affording good 
 oil, and forming a variety of utensils for domestic purposes, 
 in which they carry their food and drink, but the fibres that 
 surround the stem are employed for making cordage. The 
 Pandanus gives food, and the Cocoa Tree the materials for 
 iuivigation to these people. The manufacture of ropes is the 
 labour of the men, and the first of the natives may be seen thus 
 engaged. The fibres of tlie bark are cleansed and separated 
 by maceration in pits of fresh water, and then spun. The 
 wood of the old trees is reduced to powder, and formed into 
 a paste with the juice ot the unripe fruit: thus prepared and 
 
310 
 
 dressed in one ot the sliells, il is baked over the fire. Tlie 
 cocoa-nut shells are the only vessels whicii these people possess 
 for carrying water; they are placed in longish wicker baskets 
 made on purpose, several being arrangcil side by siile, with 
 the eyes of the nut njjwards. The Cocoa Tree is planted 
 and propagated every where, both on tlic inhabited and 
 uninhabited islands; but in most of the young plantations, 
 the trees only bear fruit in the inhabited islands; where their 
 lofty crowns are seen waving high in the air. J'he Cocoa Tree 
 bears but very small nuts at lladack. 
 
 The liriatlfntit Tree {Ma) is not very connnon at lladack, 
 and is only planted in the wet and closely inhabited islands. 
 Old trees are however met with even on some of the poorer 
 ones. Its wood, as well as its fruit, is valuable; from it are 
 maile the keels of their boats; the other planks being chielly 
 formed of buoyant wood, joined together with cords of the 
 cocoa bark, and the interstices caulked with leaves of the 
 Pantlanus. The Breadfruit Tree likewise yields a gum 
 which is useful for diH'erent purposes. There arc many 
 varieties of this tree, as is generally the case with all cultivated 
 plants; those produced here do not vary much from tin; 
 parent species; their iVuit is small, and the scedii in it fre- 
 (|uently perfect. 
 
 An useful fibre is procured I'rom the rind of three dilferent 
 species of jjlants, which grow wild, the jirincipul being liom 
 a shrub of the Nettle family {Bocmeriaf'), called here the 
 Aromti, and only found on the best moist soils. The threail 
 which the Aroma alTords is white, extremely fine and strong. 
 The Alahat ( 'Triiimfetta prociimbens, Forst.) is a creeping ))lant 
 of the Tiliaceous kind; it is connnon, and, with the Cetsst/t/ia, 
 covers the driest sands. From its brown bark, the material 
 of the men's aprons is chiefly procured : they consist of stripes 
 of bark hanging loose, anil sewed to a girdle of matting. The 
 ornamental borders of the finer mats are also nuide of it. 
 The fine white fibrous bark of the Hibiscus popuhieus (Lo) 
 which we saw at Radack, but only on the groupe Aur, is 
 used in the same way. Hopes are manufactured of this bark 
 at the Sandwich Islands, and elsewhere. 
 
311 
 
 Tlie 
 
 liossess 
 I'askots 
 I'l witli 
 jlaiitud 
 M and 
 Jatioiis, 
 tlidr 
 Vi Trre 
 
 fidack, 
 
 aiicls. 
 
 looix'i- 
 
 it aiu 
 
 A nourishing iluur is obtiiincii from tliu tulicroiis rods ut 
 Vacin iiiiiiuitijidd, wliicli grows hero plentifully; hul it does 
 not appear to be in general use. 
 
 The dillerent species (A'.lrum, A. iscultntuin, iiimrorhizon, 
 nnd saijitlijhliiun, as well as the linnana and the /l/iiza/ihora 
 (jijinnorhizd, are severally cultivated, here and there, ou the 
 various islands. The culture ol the Jioiiatia seemed to 
 commence at Kaban ; but it was only at Aur that we saw it 
 bearing fruit. The species o^ Annti iu)whcre meet here with 
 the deep boggy soil that best suits them; indeed there is 
 nothing growing spontaneously on these i>^lands which Ibrms 
 an essential part of the food of the population. 
 
 Hesides these jilants, there are connnonly cultivated about 
 their dwellings two of the rarest wild species, which are very 
 ornamental ; a Sidd and a Criniini, whose sweet-scented 
 lloweis, with tiiose of Giiittnrda sjHciosa, I'ol/ianKpriu incrmis, 
 iii.d at Aur the J.vord coccineu (?) are worn in pretty garlands 
 arounil the long coiled hair and in the ears of the poor 
 natives of lladack, wlio arc distinguished by their general taste 
 for elegant decorations and great fondness for perfumes. 
 
 The sea throws upon the reel's of lladack great trunks of /'/(■/ 
 trees from more northerly countries, with the Palms and liam- 
 IxHfS of the torrid zone. It thus supplies the wood necessary 
 for navigation, while the iron found in the wrecks ol'Kuropa-an 
 vessels affords another retpiisite article. The only instruments 
 which they possess for working up the drift-wood are formed 
 of the valuable metal thus obtained. In confirmation of the 
 fact that much iron is thus procured, we saw a large piece of 
 timber lying on the strand, with the iron nails still remaining, 
 sticking in it, at a sheltered spot in Oldia, one of this groupe 
 of islands. From the same source the natives obtain another 
 treasure, a uselul kind of very hard stone, which is found in 
 tlie roots and hollows of trees cast up by the sea. Iron and 
 stone belong to the chieftains, to whom they are compelled 
 to deliver these articles for a trifling remuneration, under 
 pain of unishment. 
 
 The sea also wafts to these islands the fruits and seeds of 
 nuuiy trees, of which the greater part are not indigenous. 
 
\^c\yj- \-)-\^S. 
 
 'M2 
 
 Most ol'tliein iipiKiir still to he in a state tor vegetation, anil 
 we linvc fre(|uently, wil'i many f,'oo(l wislies, connnitteil these 
 presents to tlie bosom ol 'lie eaitli. Anionjr tliem we louml 
 the fruit of that Pamlanu.' which only jri-ows in the western 
 countries, and seeds of iiur^lngtoiwi spcriosa, Aleurilrs 
 triloha, and otiier trees belonging to tiie general Flora of 
 Polynesia, and which we Iiave met with near the Marianne 
 Islands. The jfreater number of these seeds belony to the 
 arborescent t)r climbing Le-ruminous I'lants, which grow 
 plentifully everywhere between the tropics. Tiiosc of 
 Guilandina liui are very common among them ; but we 
 only saw the plant itself once, on one of the Leeward 
 Islands. We observed that such seeds as are deposited by 
 the waves on the reefs situated in tlie slieltered spots of 
 the island, seem to vegetate more freely, being more pro- 
 trctijd from the blasts, and finding a better soil than tliose 
 that are thrown up on other parts of the island. Among 
 the rejectamenta of the ocean are frc(juently seen round 
 Pumice-stones, with masses of closely tangled Ca.isi/tha, 
 similar to what the Zostern marina forms on some of our 
 coasts, and which are called in France, on the shores of the 
 Mediterannean, Pluttc de iiier. 
 
 THE CAROLINE ISLANDS. 
 
 A variety of useful Palms from the Philippines, among 
 them Pabua brara, Palma de Cahello mgro, &c., which, as 
 well as the j)lants of the Pelew Islands, are cultivated here, 
 give an idea of the richness of the Flora. Cap enjoys, with 
 Pelew, the jirivilege of an elevated situation ; among its 
 productions we find the Arccn Palm [Areca Catechu,) the 
 Bamlfou, and three kinds of trees which grow on the mountains, 
 from whose timber boats are built, for which purpose the 
 Breadfruit tree alone is employed on the lower islands. The 
 Aleurites triloba giows here also, and the Clore {CaryopliijUus 
 aromaticus); the latter is not, however, esteemed, for the fruit 
 is useless and bitter, and its whole appearance mean and 
 ugly. The Orange, the Sugar-Cane, and lastly the Curcuma, 
 all of which are produced at Ulea and the lower islands. 
 
 L-b 
 
 vbrive 111 
 on ibii ^' 
 many 
 partly ol 
 groupe. 
 and rid 
 to be ii 
 from t 
 their di 
 Maiij 
 hixuriii 
 islands 
 plants 
 Flora I 
 
 All 
 and est 
 chiefly 
 varietH 
 the hi! 
 people 
 which, 
 and tl 
 Isles, 
 spreai 
 succe< 
 Arum 
 but I 
 tbriv( 
 Tl 
 neitli 
 the 
 unpi 
 cons 
 
 t!,o 
 liert 
 
313 
 
 ' 
 
 llnivc liuic in llie yrciiltfut ahiiiidaiicu. Kudu ric<)fi;iiisiil 
 on (lie Sandwicli Island:), and under llie rcv\\, ut Iludack, in 
 many species of seeds that were drifted there, the natives 
 partly ot Cap, anil partly of the lower islands of tlu' (.'aroliiu' 
 gronpe. Ol all the southern islands, I'Vis has the best soil 
 and richest vej^etution. The linmlxM}. whose utility caused it 
 to l)e introduced there from Cap, succeeds very v/ell ; and 
 from the same source the other islunds procure many of 
 their desiderata. 
 
 Many species not fuuiul at lladack, and lio.i sting a more 
 luxuriant growth, are seen at Ulea an(' al! the southern 
 islands of the I'acific. Luis de Tones lias even carried 
 plants from Ulea to C»uaja, which \»ei'e stran^^ers to the 
 Mora of this high district. 
 
 All tlies(! islands are rich in lircndjv'iit trees, Ttannnas, 
 and esculent roots. The natives of llie lo^v grounds subsist 
 chiefly on the lircudfruit, of which several large -fruited 
 varieties are cultivated under different appellations; whilt; on 
 the liighcr lands, Itoots constitute the chief support of the 
 people; particularly those of the sweet I'otatoe [CdMOten*) 
 which, with seeds of other useful plants, were brought by Cayal 
 and three of his brothers, from the Bisayas or Philippine 
 Isles, where they arc indigenous, and whence they have 
 spread to other districts. According to Kadu, they do not 
 succeed r.t Ulea. In the Pelew Islands, many varieties of 
 Anim are cultivated, some of them attaining a great size; 
 but they arc almost confined to elevated situations, ami 
 thrive best at Feis. 
 
 The Pandanus grows on all the Carolines ; but its fruit is 
 neither eaten nor used for ornaments, and we saw none of 
 the improved varieties. The agriculture of Cap is (juite 
 unparalleled ; floating gardens of Arum being ingeniously 
 constructed on the waters, with wood and drift Bamhou, 
 
 * The Spaniards uall the sweet roots Camotes, having borrowed the name from 
 tlic PhilippinH Inlands. The Canwti: of the Tagales nnil liisayas was cultivated 
 here before the uunqiiest. 
 
314 
 
 The Pisanij [Bannna) is liere cultivated, but more for the 
 sake of its fibres than fruit. Of the former, the women weave 
 or phiit elegant mat-like stuHs, or rather, perhaps, stulT-like 
 mats. A jtiecu ol'this fabric, when finished, is jfenerally the 
 shape of a Turkey shawl, one ell broad, and several ells long, 
 with black threads interwoven at each end, forming orna- 
 mental patterns, and the ends of these threads hanging loose 
 as a fringe. 'I'liese cloths are sometimes dyed with Turmeric, 
 {Cnrcuina.) 
 
 Another ))lant of the Mallow tribe yields a stringy bark, 
 which, in some of the islands, is similarly employed in weaving. 
 
 The Paper- Mulberry tree, and the bark cloths of O-Waihi 
 were iniknown to Kadu. Much of the trade of Ca}) consists 
 in a powder made from the rasped roots of tlie Curcuma : it is 
 a general fashion, from Tuch in the east to Pelli in the west, 
 to dye the skin with this powder; but this ))ractice does not 
 prevail in the groupe of islands situated to the south-west of 
 the Pelews, nor at the Mariannes. Tlie custom of preparing 
 .1 sweet syrup from the sap of the Cocoa Tree is only known at 
 Pelew; for drinking cava and using salt arealike unjjractised 
 in these islands. 
 
 (li 
 
 island, i 
 kind of 
 a Lt'P'ii 
 A thin 
 
 seen, p»" 
 margiuei 
 {lowers ; 
 the Con 
 by its si 
 of the 
 
 THE ISLE ROMANZOFF. 
 
 The Flora here is poor in the extreme ; we counted only 
 nineteen species of perfect plants, (one Feni, three Monocoti/- 
 ledones, and fifteen Dicotyledones) and we do not think that 
 many escaped our observation. The Crijptogamous plants, with 
 which, in higher latitudes, vegetation commences, ai)pear to be 
 wanting here. The Lichens are only seen on the older trunks 
 of trees, like a covering of dust; and the black powder which 
 sprinkles the stones, seems not of a vegetable nature. Even 
 a Moss and some Fungi which we found at Iladack, tlid not 
 appear at Romanzoff. The plants we saw were a Poli/porlium, 
 the Cocoa free, the Screto Pine [Panthmus), a Grass, Scwvola 
 Konigii, Tournefortia argentea, Lyihrum Pemphis, Gucttarda 
 speciosa, a Cassytha, an Fuphorhia, a Bocrhaavia, and an her- 
 baceous kind of Nettle; all these being plants which we had 
 found at Iladack ; and those which are wanting at the latter 
 
315 
 
 1- the 
 weave 
 ff-like 
 y tlie 
 long, 
 
 I oina- 
 loose 
 
 V'leric, 
 
 isluiid, are two shrubby Ititbiaceouii species, ami aiiothei 
 kind of slirub; IL/iofropiniit prostnitiim, Portidacc.a o/rraceu, 
 a Lt'p'xiinin [acre /) ami a Ihichtura / 
 
 A thin veffctation, through wliich the ground is everywhere 
 seen, prevails liere, consisting of a few shrubs with entire- 
 margined, simple, mostly succulent leaves and colourless 
 flowers; these form a kind of thin brushwood, above which 
 the Cocoa Tree raises itself, while the PnudaniiH is conspicuous 
 by its singular form, entwined with the leafless, reddish stems 
 of the Cassytha. 
 
 THE SANDWICH ISLES.— THE JOHNSTONE ISLANDS. '^-•<-'''''^''' ^^ ' ' ^ 
 
 The collections of plants which Archibald Mcnzios, the, o^l^lsTl^pi- 
 learned companion of Vancouver, formed in his diilercnt 
 expeditions to the heights of O-Wpihi and Alauwi, arc still, 
 with many other treasures, enshrined in the herbarium of 
 Sir Joseph Hanks : and although this venerable Nestor of 
 naturalists throws open his Gazoplijilitcium to all the learned 
 with the morst unconstrained liberality, yet no one has at 
 present undertaken to ni.ke us acquainted with the alpine 
 Flora of O-Waihi. 
 
 The vegetation of O-Waihi lias nothing in common with 
 the adjoining continent, the coast of California. The leafless 
 Ibrm of the Acacias, the genera Mctrosidcros, Pandaiuis, 
 Sanfahti/i, Ahiirites, Dracwna, Amomiim, Ciirciniia, and Tacra, 
 impi'ess on it the character of their natural affinities. The 
 families of the lluhiacccc, Apocyncfc, and Urticecc prevail; of 
 the latter many wild species are used for making various 
 kinds of bark-cloth*; and some arborescent milky Luhcliaccer. 
 are also found. The innnedi,-'*'" margin of the island 
 produces oiily a few kinds of g.ass and herbs. In the 
 interior, the Flora is rich ; but it will bear no comjiarison 
 with the luxuriant variety of Brazilian nature. Only low 
 
 
 • Tilt' I'Kjnr-Miilhirri/ {/liniissuiuliii pajii/ritirti) is ciiltivntrd in tlic Sandwich 
 Islancls, US in most of tliciso of tlie South Seas, for tlie niiinufnctiiri' of rloth. 
 Hut it is a niisi,'l<e to suppose tliat it is tlic only plant nsi'il for tliat purpotr. 
 
31(i 
 
 ireos are tbuiul in tlie vallies; among llicni tlie Aleurites 
 triliiha, whose whitish foliage forms a singuhir kind of 
 brnsli arounil the base and tlic declivities of the nioinitaiiis. 
 Here and there, in the deep fissures of rocks, may be seen 
 astonishing groves of Bananas, which, growing thickly, stem 
 close-pressed to stem, cause a gloomy darkness to prevail 
 beneath their wide spread leaves. These plants, if grown 
 near tlie beach, scarcely attain a height of five feet, but in 
 such situations as the above, they often treble that stature. 
 The Acacias, from whose hollowed trunks the larjic canoes 
 of the Sandwich Islands are made, attain on these mountains 
 oidy to the size necessary lor that purpose, and there alone is 
 the Sandal-wood found, which is so nuich jirized in China; 
 while the ruler of these countries knows its value so well, 
 that he makes it the means of inflicting poverty ujion his 
 oppressed people, who are obliged to collect it, anil neglect 
 ilu! necessary art of cultivating the ground. 
 
 The Tarra-root [Arum isciikntiiin), after being boiletl, is 
 stamped into a tough pulp, and constitutes the princi})al food 
 of the people. O-Wahu is that one of the Sandwich Islands 
 which jn-oduces the greatest number of esculent plants, and 
 part of the Tarra used at O-^Vaihi is thence derived. The 
 culture of the vallies which i behind Ilanaruru is really 
 astonishing. Artificial irrigate ns enable the natives to 
 form, even upon the hills, large u '\tic plantations of Tarra, 
 which are at the same time emplc; ul as fish-pond? while 
 all kinds of useful plants grow on the banks which form 
 their borders. Many introduced plants are now cultivated 
 by some of the original inhabitants; but those of the people 
 who retain their old manners make little use of them. 
 Among these, the Tobacco may be considered as the prin- 
 cipal; and it is indeed a vegetable which the natives of all 
 parts of the globe have shown a readiness to employ. 
 Water- Melons, Melons, and other kinds of fruit have been 
 gladly adopted here. Besides the destructive car'a, a fer- 
 mented liquor is prepared from the Tca-Itoot {Dracena ter- 
 minalis); but the Sugar-Cane has never yet been employed 
 for that purpose. 
 
 TIIEl 
 

 317 
 
 KAMTSCHATKA. 
 THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS AND HEHRING'S STRAITS. 
 
 The cove of Awatsclia, lying between the same degrees of 
 latitude as Berlin and rianiburgh, and the haven of St. Peter 
 and St. Paul, in the interior, seem to be but little ex))o.sed to 
 the influence of sua winds. The arborescent Jh'rc/t grows here; 
 but stunted and very did'erent from the slender ele^^ant tree 
 which is so nuicli admired in the north of Europe, and par- 
 ticularly at Petersburgh. J'iiiiis Ciinbm, which on our Alps 
 grows at greater heights than /'. Abies, and forms the boun- 
 dary of the trees, Sorhiis Ai«ujKirki, Aliins inatmi, and some 
 JVillowti are seen, but they remain quite shrubby. Timber 
 may however be raised in the interior of the peninsida, where 
 the climate is milder than on the oast coast; and the seeds of 
 the Pi/iii.s Ceiiibra, which are eaten at the tables of Russians, 
 come from Siberia via Ocholtzk. 
 
 Grasses and Iierbaceous plants thrive luxuriantly, the soil 
 being rich and the sky milil. There are but few species of 
 vegetables, and these seem about ecjually distributed. In 
 shady spots grow Spireeu kamtschatica, Alliuiii ursiniim, Mai- 
 aiitlu mum cunadense, Uvuhtria ((iiijjb.rijolia, Trillium oboriilum, 
 &c. In the pastures are a J'tnifrum, Lilium luimtscliaticum. 
 Iris sibiricft, &c. On the hills, which are rocky, abound some 
 species of CapriJ'oliuiii, Spinea, liosn, the Atraijine alpina, and 
 other mountain plants, as Jihoihuktidrim It/imfschaficum, Ein- 
 jxirum ni(jrum, Trivntdlis curopicd, lAniueti bortnlis, Vuritus 
 sueciai, Suxifrdya; &c. Some kinds oi' Fcni, from the num- 
 ber of individual plants, form a considerable part of the 
 vegetation. L'rlira dioicii, which was probably introduced, 
 now seems to have established itself as a prevailing inhabitant 
 of the soil. 
 
 The peninsula of Alaska, and the ac'joining island, called. 4' /^S<i'(1'^: 
 Unimak, which is only separated from the continent by a 
 narrow strait, seem to have the same character of vegetation 
 as the main land, for trees are produced there, while Una- 
 laschka and the t)ther islands of this range are (juite bare 
 of them. A lew miserable Firs, originally brought from 
 
 PfTjiTi -ill Zg 
 
318 
 
 Sitka niul planted at Uimlasclika, may still be seen, most of 
 tliom decayed, and the others s':arcely seem likely to live; 
 but the iilaiitation is yet young, and it is well known how ill 
 trees of this kind bear a removal. 
 
 As we have been thrice at Unalaschka, both in spring and 
 autumn, and have investigated its vegetable prt)ductions with 
 particular care, we shall make this island serve as a point of 
 comparison whereby to describe tlie character of tliose other 
 ^ northerly situated countries at which we touched. 
 V ^'rl i^'Si*- 1 1 "Ti?. . At Unalaschka, under the same latitude as Lubeck, the 
 Willows scarcely grow higher than the luxuriant grass and 
 herbs of the moist grounds. As soon as we ascend the in- 
 ferior hills, a completely alpine vegetation appears; even on 
 the least elevated regions of the mountains are some Vaccinia, 
 resembling 1\ Mi/rtillxs, which scarcely rise above the 
 ground. Besides the brilliant verdure due to a moist at- 
 mosplierc, which here adorns the grass, and enlivens even 
 the summits of the rocks, the lustre of the fresh unsullied 
 snow, and of some social plants, bestow on this dreary 
 country a variety and beauty of luies which are (juite de- 
 lightful. Lupinus nnotkensis, Mimuln.i luteus (Pursli), gut- 
 tatiis (Willd. En. Suppl.), Epilohinm angiistifolium and lati- 
 foliiim, Ithododcmlron hanitschaticum, &c. are among the most 
 conspicuous. The fresh green of the turf even reminded us 
 of the valley of Ursera. 
 
 The vegetation here appears to have nothing farther in 
 common with that of St. Peter and St. Paul, than as respects 
 its alpine Flora and the coast plants of these northern shoies, 
 Besitles such s})ecies as are likewise found more north, 
 we have only the Liliinn /tamtschatioim, (except indeed the 
 variety seen at Unalaschka prove a distinct species,) and tht 
 Uvularia ampk.ri/bliti connnon to both places ; while, on the 
 contrary, we found more Kamtschatkan sjiecies of plants on 
 the American coast, north v)f Behriiig's Straits, which we 
 missed at Unalaschka. It is the Flora of the North- West 
 Const of America which descends to tlie base of the hills of 
 this island, wliere it unites with the Arctic Flora. As examples 
 of this, we may cite Ihibus spectahilis, Lupinna fioot/iensis, 
 
319 
 
 'npi'ai'C' /V^i 
 
 lost of 
 
 live; 
 
 low ill 
 
 (which is also found, though dwarfish, on the lulls,) Epiluhium 
 lutenm, and Mimulns guttutus (Willd.*), Claytonia unulasck- 
 hcnsis (Fisch.), and sihirica {alsinoides? Pursh), may he also 
 reckoned hero. Sunguisorha vunudeusis, Lithusjnriniim an- 
 gustifoUiim, &c. belong to the common Flora of America. 
 
 Many species oi Grasses thrive in the low lands, with some 
 UmbellaUe, such as AiKjelica, Iliradenm, 8cc. A dozen C'driccs, 
 scarcely forming a larger proportion of the vegetation than 
 in the north of Germany ; some Scirpi and Eriophora accom- 
 pany them, with a few Jutici, in the j)ro})()rtion of about one to 
 two. The Orchidice constitute a groupe of some importance, 
 both because of the number of species and the beauty of the 
 individuals; they prevail both in the vallies and on the hills- 
 and we counted eleven kinds: among them a beautiful Ci/pri- 
 ptdium. Higher north, we did not observe a single plant of this 
 family. Of the Ferns we found about eight species; nearer to 
 the Pole there is but one Filir, and even of this we only saw 
 a solitary specimen. At Unaiaschka there are some Lycojto- 
 dia; in the more arctic regions but one. We found in the 
 lakes many water-plants ; Potamogetoii, Spargaiiiiiiii, Jianun- 
 cidiis aquatdis, &c. ; in the higher latitudes we observed only 
 the two species of Ilippuris, and the common CnlUtriclw. 
 
 Two other lianuncula, the Prmiella vulgaris, a species of 
 lihuianthiis, of Cineraria, AchiUaa, Plantago, and Geum, some 
 Itubiacea:, a Claytonia, the Menyantlies trifoliata, a Triglochin, 
 &c. belong, with the otlicr above-mentioned plants, to the 
 Flora of the vallies of Unaiaschka. We saw also a Jiartsia, 
 apparently diil'erent from the Jiartsia jxillida of more nor- 
 therly situations. To a beautiiul plant, which constitutes a new 
 and dist.net genus, we gave the appellation of lloinanznffia 
 unalaschhensis, in commemoration of the noble promoter of all 
 science in Russia. The genera lliinuw, Polygonum, Aconi- 
 tum, Tlialictrum, some Alsinece, the Iris sihirica. Geranium 
 pratense, Comarum pratense, and Montia fontana. are distri- 
 buted all over tiiese arctic regions. 
 
 'V'»nA7?x.>,y,-^j 
 
 • The seed of this species, uliicli Mas raised in tlie Uotauic Garden of Berlin, 
 is said to be brought from BailtHl. 
 
 Y 2 
 
r' 
 
 320 
 
 The Empdrum niynim, witli Ilelff horns fri/oliiis (Linn,), 
 tlie latter being an American plant which we did not see 
 again mure to the north, are ioinul njion most of the hills, 
 and indicate the alpine natm-e of the scenery. There are 
 also some species of Vacciiiiiim, and the connnon O.ri/coccos, 
 Arhnlus vipinus and L'va-ursi, with a white-flowered Mcn- 
 zicsifi, (])rol)al)ly a variety of Erica ccrriikn,) llhododnulron 
 kamtscluiticHiii, Azalea procuiiilnns, Aiulruiucila /i/cojxK/ioides, 
 (which, nearer to the Pole, yields to ./. htragomi,) the alpine 
 IVillowft, Silcne acanlis, Silihaldia jjroriiiii/iciis, Cormis si/crica, 
 2'riintalis curopao, I.innaa Imridlis, Ormtliogalum stridluin* 
 Anthericum calynilatiini ( Linn., var. />urca/is), Kuiiiyia islaiidka, 
 a Gi/nuifoidra, ajiparentiy diil'erent from that one found higher 
 north, tan Sa.rlfrfiffcs, three species of Prdicidaris, some i^o- 
 tentilUe, two Gia, two Aiiriiioiics, three kinds of Primula., a 
 Popaver, a Drosira, a Pint/iiicii/a, two I'l/ro/tc, a Viola, a 
 Parnassia, a Pidiits, and an ArDitria. There was but one 
 alpine liamnwidiis, and three C>t:ntiane<p ; of these genera 
 there are more individuals in higher latitudes. Of the class 
 Si/iifjiencsia, we found Aster, Hitraciiim, Giiaphulium, Leon- 
 todon, and Artcitiisia ; this class prevails greatly as we ap- 
 proach the Pole, the genus Arkmisia in jiarticular, exhibit- 
 ing many individuals. On the other hand, Unalaschka 
 produces some aljiine species of the genera Campanula and 
 Veronica, which arc entirely wanting in the north. There 
 are some individuals of the order Crucifercc, scattered partly 
 in the hills and partly in the vallies. We did not find at 
 Unalaschka yllnus incana, Bitula nana, Tjeditm palustre, Dryas 
 octopclala, Diapcnsia lajtponica, lihodioln rosea, the genera 
 Spira;a, Astragalus, Allium, Myosotis, Corydalis, Vtdcriana, 
 Aretia, Androsacc, Dod<t;itlicon, Deljiliinium, or Oroljanche ; 
 all of which are natives of more northern latitudes. 
 
 The maritime Flora, which is unaltered in the arctic 
 regions, consists particularly ol' Elymus mollis, (Herb. Gorenk. 
 Trinius in Sprengel's En. 2. p. 72.) Arenaria peploides, Pisum 
 
 Tbern are ttvo varktus uf lliin plant, which may perhaps be distinct species. 
 
321 
 
 .inn.), 
 
 H see 
 
 l.ills, 
 
 10 are 
 
 WOCfOS, 
 
 Men- 
 yulron 
 \oi(ks, 
 lilpine 
 yrica, 
 fuin,* 
 iilica, 
 
 
 vmritimum, with various appearances of Puliiumario maritima ^ 
 (Wilkl.), lieing probably diU'erent species, llie I', jianijlora 
 (Piirsli), Cucldmriit ()(/irin(i/is, and .Iniiru iiiaritiitKi, wiiicli, 
 tliouirli liere very luxuriant and branched, in more nortliern 
 situations is only one-flowered. To this hst we may add 
 Potentilld aiisiritid. The sea ah)ng the coast and in the creeks 
 is rich in Alijw ; while the Funis csriikiitits (the Sea Kale of 
 the Russian inhabitants) is particularly observable among 
 many {figantic species of the genus. 
 
 At Unalaschka, the JMosscs and Lichens begin to assume 
 that predominant station which they hold in all the very cold 
 districts. 
 
 We took but a cursory view of the islands St. George and i>'.^iCDl*ijC 
 St. Paul, situated in nea Iv the same latitude as Ki<ra. It is ^ 
 
 extraordinary liow mucii more frigid does Nature here show c^v T^Z ( i 
 herself than at Unalaschka. No sheltered vallies, no pro- 
 tected spots favour the vegetation of the j)lants of milder 
 climes; but a perfectly alpine growth prevails, both on the 
 hills and the beach. 'J'he high smnmits of the desolate rocks 
 are covered vvitii i)alij and black Lir/ifiis, while those places 
 which are irrigated with melted snow allbrd only Sphaipmui, 
 a few other Mosses, and some Carices. Tiiere are no springs 
 in the soil. The various arctic plants choose, according 
 to their nature, the rocky or the moory spots; and none 
 elevate themselves above the ground, to which they seem 
 closely })rcssed. A Lupine at the island St. George, and an 
 Achilhca at St. Piul, remind the observer of the productions 
 of Unalaschka; b>.t there are also several species which 
 are not even seen in the liighest parts of the latter island, 
 such as lianunculns Pnllasii and Gmelini, an Antlrosare, and a 
 Claytonia. \Vc found only one plant peculiar to these.^ , U^t' T F? L b'^ 
 
 islands, a CycAfcaWa? which is plentiful and charncteristic. „ v/,.„ d 
 mi 1 • 1-1 111 , c T > L »■ fn/t<ir< " 
 
 Ihe alpmc or arctic rlora whicli here (at St. Lawrence) s\ »;; ) .i.^ 
 
 adorns the loot ot the mountams, iloes not appear to entwine , ^ -, , j.c 
 
 their brows ; for when these are entirely free from snow, and * *^ » • 
 
 the water produced by the melted snow irrigates some brilliant .■- Ji^^ 
 
 plants, the dry ridges and declivities of the masses of fallen v? leS's^^^ ^^ 
 
 rocks are only scantily attired with gray and black Lichens. 'i A" 
 
 
 
322 
 
 The mountains of these dreary climes being unprotected 
 by any covering of vegetation, soon decompose. The frost 
 bursts the rocks, every suiinntr's gentle warmth causing fresh 
 ruins, and so destruction hastens towards its completion. 
 Wherever the abundance of SplKKjmun has not produced a 
 boggy turf in the deeply watered jilaces, the ground presents 
 only heaps of broken rocks. 
 
 The asjiect of Nature at the Cove of St. Lawrence is most 
 wintry ; the scanty herbage barely covering the black soil, 
 while the dwarfish IVilhics do not reach to one's knee. The 
 Andromeda po/iJI)/ia which we found there, tlid not exceetl 
 two or three inciies in height, and was one-flowered. Among 
 the vegetables of this Cove, we found a Dtlphiniinn, a l)o- 
 dccatheo/i, an Antia, and we saw there also tiie greatest num- 
 ber of species belonging to those truly arctic genera, Gcn- 
 tianii, Siuifnic/a, Astragalus, Artemisia, Draha, Ranunculus, 
 and Claiitimid, inanv of these beinif undescribed. 
 
 The Island of St. Lawrence, situated two degrees more to 
 the south, does not differ in vegetation from the Cove of the 
 same name. The Andromeda tetragona, JJrgas ortopetala, 
 Diapensia lappoiiica, with some alpine kinds of Afgosotis, and 
 a Gymnandra, clearly indicate the prevailing character of its 
 flowers. We observed, when first arriving on this island, 
 where the vegetation is j)urely arctic, that we gathered in a 
 few minutes more plants in bloom, than we had observed 
 during many weeks en that range of islands comprising Ra- 
 dack, &.C. and situated between the tropics. 
 
 Farther northwards, on the rocky island in the interior of 
 Kotzebue's Sound, grew the Azalea procnmbens, as at Una- 
 laschka and the Cove and Isle of St. Lawrence; with the 
 alpine Willows, Corvus sueciea, Linnaa borealis, some arctic 
 species of Ituhus, &c. The Kmpetrum nigrum and Ledum 
 jmlustre cover the moorland, with the Sphagnum, but the 
 Ledum does not here form the tall shrub which decorates the 
 turfy bogs of the north of Germany. 
 
 The vegetation at the interior of Kotzebue's Sound is 
 much more luxuriant than within St. Lawrence's Cove. The 
 IVillows are taller, the grasses grow stronger, al' the plants 
 
323 
 
 3tecte(l 
 |o frost 
 K /iosh 
 
 't-'tiori. 
 ficed a 
 resents 
 
 s most 
 soij, 
 The 
 xceed 
 tnong 
 fi 7)0- 
 imiii- 
 Cien- 
 culus, 
 
 nrc more utout uiid succulent, wliile the {greater number of 
 species ci nuiion to the American coast tlian appear in St. Law- 
 rence's Cove, indicate a more tem|)erate climate. On tlie 
 ishnul of that name, we galliered Alnm inraiia, as a very dimi- 
 nutive shrub, and Spircra chdinmlrifulix, botii of wiiicli we had 
 remarked at Kamtschatka, and not on the American Island 
 Unalaschka; and which a sterner atinosj)here seems to have 
 driven from St. Lawrence's Cove. An Orohanrhe and a 
 Phif/iiictifd are among the plants of this island. Tiie Ciner- 
 aria palustris grows with remarkable luxuriance in the well 
 watered slopes formed at the base of the mounds of ice ; while 
 Betiila nana is seen even on the very shores. The plain 
 country of this island is free from snow throughout the 
 summer. 
 
 [TAB. LXIII. LXIV. LXV. LXVI. LXVII.] 
 
 ON THE PLANTS OF THE NATURAL ORDER 
 UMBELLIFER.E, 
 
 Detected by Dr. Gillies in the extra tropical parts of 
 South America, . li i 
 
 The species of this genus, found by Dr. Gillies in South 
 America, and chiefly in the Cordilleras, both on their eastern 
 and western sides, are not numerous, and their illustration 
 has been greatly facilitated by the recent labours of Hoff- 
 man, Sprengel, and more es|)ecially of Koch and De Can- 
 doUe. The country in (juestion seems to be, more par- 
 ticularly, the district of the Mulinea, a subtribe of De Can- 
 dolle, of which the genera are less satisfactorily determined 
 than tliose of the other groupes of the order; and to me it 
 appears that Fragosa, Ruiz et Pav. and Pcctnphijtum of 
 Kunth, should be removed from the Hifdrocotylece, where 
 De Candolle has placed them, and arranged with the Mu- 
 linecc.