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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul cliche, ii est film^ d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche 6 droits, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. rrata CO pelure. □ 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 VP f rrm mmm GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, F.G.S., Director. REPORT ON TlIK FOSSIL PLANTS or THK LOWER CARBONIFEROUS AND MILLSTONE GRIT FORMATIONS OF CANADA- BY J. W. DAWSON, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. y ■ i ( 5 MONTREAL : PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET. 1873. f I ki -'/j^i 1 , ^^^sm Sp 9\ REPORT ON THE FOSSIL LAND PLANTS ; II. OF THE LOAVER CARBONIFEROUS AND MILLSTONE GRIT FORMATIONS OF CANADA. ' ;»' BY J. W. DAWSON, LL.D., F.ll.S., F.G.S. To Alfued 11. C. SiiLwvx, Esq., F.G.S. , Director of die Geological Survey of Canada. Sir, Tho present Report may be regarded as a sequel to that of 1871, on the Flora of tho Devonian and Upper Silurian. It will serve to characterise by vegetable fossils the bods which form the lower members of the Carboniferous System, and to distinguish these lower or " False" Coal-measuics from tho Devonian on tho one hand and the Middle or Productive Coal-measures on the other. It will also serve to illustrate tho Flora of a somewhat obscure and neglected part of Palocozoic time, that which constitutes^the dawn of the Carboniferous Period. • To facilitate comparison, until a detailed Report on the^^more extensiva Flora of the Middle and Upper Coal-formations can be issued, I have added a catalogue of the plants of those formations. I have the honour to be. Your obedient servant, J.,W.^DAWSON. McGiLL College, Montreal, June 10, 1873. \ ,.( ! I '(■■ , I CONTEXTS. I. Introductory sketch of the Geology of the Lower Carboniferous Coal Measures ami Millstone Grit, with the equivalent formations abroad. IT. Descriptions of the Plants of Uie Lower Carboniferous Coal Measures. III. Descriptions of the Tlants of the Millstone Grit. IT. Catalogue of Tlants of the Middle and Upper Coal Formations. V. Note on the external characters of Lepldodendroid and Sigillaroid trees. VI. Appendix— New Sigillariae and Lepidodendron. I. INTRODUCTION. The formations to which this Koport reUitcs cxtciul from the Lowest Carboniferous Beds upward to the equivalent of the Millstone drit inclu- sive, and underlie the Middle or Productive Coal-formation. In the region under consideration they overlie unconformahly the Devonian beds of uhich the Flura ^vas dcscriljed in my Report of 1871, as well as the Upper Silurian and other older Formations. The term Lower Carboniferous as used in this Report is, therefore, equivalent to Sub-Carboniferous of some American jfcologists, and desig- nates a group of beds distinguished both stratigrajiliically and by fossils from the Devonian or Erian below, passing into the Coal-formation above, and properly included within the Carboniferous system, of which its basal portion forms tlie lowest member, while its upper portion inmiediatcly underlies the Millstone Cirit, which may be regarded as forming the transi- tion from the Lower Carboniferous proper to the Middle Coal-formation. "Where most fully developed in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, these formations may be thus sub-divided in ascending order : — 1st. The I/ortun Jlhiff Scries ov J.oirvr Corli'inifiruus Coitl-tiu'dsiires, consisting of hard sandstones and shales often calcareous, associated Avith conglomerate and grit, and in come places with highly bituminous shales. They contain underclays and thin coaly scams, remains of Plants, Fishes and Entomostracans, and foot-prints of Batrachians, but no strictly marine remains. This group was first established as a distinct sub-division of the Carboniferous in Nova Scotia, liy Sir C. Lyell and the writer in 184:3 and 1847. 2nd. The ]yiiHliior Scries, or Loiver Carhoniferous Limestone and Gi/psiferous Beds. This is a marine formation holding char- acteristic shells and corals of the Lower Carboniferous period, and containing in addition to the limestones thick beds of sandstone, rrarl and clay, usually red, and of gypsum. First defined by Sir C. Lyell in 1843. :i 1 ( M "f m 6 CANADIAN FOSSILS. .S' 1 3rd. The Milhtone Grit >S'me», consisting of sandstones and shales, often red, and conglomerate, associated ^\ith dark coloured beds liolding fossil plants and Naiadites, and vith a few underclays and thin seams of coal. The name Millstone Grit ^vas first applied to these as a distinct group by Mr. 11. IJrovrn in 18-14. The group was distinctly indicated in Sir AV. E. Logan's section of the South Joggins in 1843, and in my paper of the same year on the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Eastern Nova Scotia. 4th. Above these are the Middle Coal-formation and the Upper or Ni'ivcr Coal-formation. The three lower members are thus described in "Acadian Geology,'' Avhcre v, ill also be found an account of the fossils discovered in them up to 18G8, and many local details : — " The Loivcr Carboniferous Coal vicasures, or Lower Coal ineasnres. — In some localities tliesc resemble in mineral character the true coal mea- sures. In others they present a great thickness of peculiar bituminous and calcareous shales. They usually contain in their lower part thick beds of conglomerate and coarse sandstone, which in some jilaces prevail to the exclusion of the finer beds. The characteristic plants of these beds arc Lcindodcndron corrugatum and Cyclo}>tcrls AcaJica, with Ihidnxylonantiquius. They also contain locally great quantities of remains of fislies, and many Entomostracans, among which arc Lcaia Lckhjl and an Esilnria. also Lcjnrdltla suhrrctd, Portlock, linjri'iiia colficid"''^, Eichw., and a ('i/tlierc. This formation is not everywhere distiriguishablo at the base of the Car- boniferous, and is variable in its characters. It is seen in southern Cape Breton, in the county of Sydney, and in Hants ; but its most remarkable and interesting exposures are at llorton Blulf, and at Hillsborough and other places in southern New Brunswick. In the last mentioned locality, it affords the remarkable bituminous mineral known as Albertite." '* Thr Loiter CarboniUrout Marine Fonnafion. — The essential features of this formation are thick beds of marine limestone, characterized princi- pally by numerous brachiopods, especially Product us Cora, P- semireti- culatus, Athyris subtilita. and Tcrebratula sufflata, with other marine invertebrates. Associated with these limestones are beds of gypsum, and they are enclosed in thick deposits of sandstone, clay and marl, of pre- vailing red colours. The thickness of this formation seems to be very variable, and in some districts it is represented almost entirely by conglomerates, while in others it abounds in limestone and gypsum. It is very largely developed in Hants and Colchester counties, and rises from beneath the Millstone Grit -I'per <» LOWER CAUnONIFERuUS I'LANTa. 7 in Cumberland, Pictou, and Cape Treton. Smaller areas occur in several other parts of the province of Nova Scotia, and it is extensively developed in New Brunswick. It affords all the gypsum exported from Nova Scotia and Now Brunswick." »< The " MiU^iinc (irlt" Funnat ion. —This name, though not in all cases lithologically appropriate, has been borrowed from English geology to designate the group of sandstones, shales, and conglomerates, destitute of coal, or nearly so, and with few fossil plants, which underlies the coal measures. In its upper and middle part it includes thick beds of coarse gray sandstone holding prostrate trunks of coniferous trees (/' ^/-./'y/'v/t Ariuliani'in'). In its lower part, rod and comparatively soft beds pre- vail. This formation is exposed in the same localities with the Middle Coal formation, and especially in the south Joggins section, where it attains to the enormous thickness of between oOOO and GUOU feet." In some localities the lower mem))er is absent, the marine liiaostoncs resting on the ohler locks. In other localities the marine member is absent or very slenderly developed and the Lower Carboniferous Coal-measures and Millstone Grit are united together. In this case, how- ever, the lower scries is usually represented by coarse conglomerates with few fossils. Kijiiiriihht i'lii'iiiittuins Abr'xhL This is a subject of some importance, more especially with respect to the Ilorton series or Lower Carboniferous Coal-measures, as ermrs have been committed both in the way of confounding these with the Coal-measures above and with the Devonian below ; and in works of general geology very little attention is usually given to them as a distinct group. With regard to the Marine Limestones, their cijuivalency to the Lower Carboniferous Limestones of other countries is undoubted. The Millstone Ttrit also admits of very little difference of opinion as to its eijuivaleuts. In the following lists I have given the c U M I I 1%V W 8 t'ANADIAN FOSSILS. (10), The Oldci '""'ftl-formalion of the Urnl, ni dogcrilicd by Kichwnlil. (1 1). Till' so-oftllcd " \'rm Htnjjo" (if llcor incluiloa lliig, Iml he \m» iinlfed it with Doto- iiiiiii Iji-di), 80 that tlio iianio cniinot ho iigud czcniit fur tho incul doTelopniont of ilitsi' bud< rii Bear blntid, .S|iltzl)ergcn. All of the above groups of rocks arc charactcriaod l)y tho prevalence of X?/'i't/w/xi/Ion of Brongriiart ; and peculiar Ferns of the genera Ci/r'ldjitiris, Crunswick < "arboniferous District, the Lower ( 'arbuniferous Formation presents the characters of the Bonaventure Formation of Sir William Logan : the marine limestones being absent or little developed, and the jirevailing rocks being congbunerates and sandstones with few fossils. (Logan, Report of 18().".. llobb, Report of 18(]L». Acndian Geology, P. 227. ) Li Southern New Rrunswick the Lower Carboniferous Coal-Measures are remarkalile for the great thickness of bituminous and bitumino-cal- careous shales which they contain. These rocks hold the remarkable vein of Albertite worked in this district. They contain numerous remains of fislies and also of the characteristic Lower Carboniferous plants. (Bailey and Matthew, Report of 187L Acadian Geology, P. 201.) M •«t. LOWKK rAUnONIFElKilJ? I'LANTS. 9 In Is^outhern Now Hruiiswiek ami Nurtli Western Nnva Souiia the Millstone Grit is also lar;;i'ly ueveloiu-d. At the South Jo^^iiiiis. wiicrc this formation ami the MiiMlt- Cual fonnation ['ruhahly attain tla-ir maxi- mum tliickiic'i'i*. the ctiuivalont uf the Millstune (Irit occui'ios in Sir Wil- liam Lo;j;an'3 scetiuu a vortical ihicknoss ut' no loss than ul'T- foot, ami consists of red and ^ray sandstones, rod and chooolate shales ami oonglo- moratos with some dark shales, undorclavs. hituniinous limestones and thin uniiroductive coals. It contains species of Si>rihtites. ( Loi^an, Gool. Survey of Canada, lS4o. Acadian (ioolo^ry, V. ITi!.) Un the south side of the Cumhorland coal-fioM, the Lower Ciirhnnife- rous beds aiipear to return to the type of the Monaventure f»rniation, and to consist principally of con;^loincrato and sandstone not rich in fossil plants, and these princijially of the Millstone (irit honz)n. Crossin;:; the ancient motumorphic rid^e of the CoI»e'iui Is, we find on their southern flaidis coni.domorates roprosonlini: the lowest Carlioniferous rocks. Al»ovc these there is a slender dovolopcment uf the marine lime- stones and a great thickness of hard sandstones and shales roj.rcsenting the Millstone llrit and ]»erhaps the lower jiart of the Middle Coal-furma- tion. These rocks form a king holt extending fiom Caje C'hiognocto till it unites with the Pictou I'oal-iield on the eastward. Their general arrangement appears to be that of a narrow trough much broken by faults. They allbrd a good representation of the Flora of the Millstone Grit. (Acadian Geology, 1*. :iti3 et scqr.) On the south side of ^Minas IJasin and Cobe<|uid I>av a verv wide area is occupied by Lower Carboniferous Ilocks ; and at the cliflf of llorton Bluff and other places in its vicinity, these Ijods which, from their large development in this locality may be named the llorton Series, are very well exposed and contain abundance of their characteristic fossils. For their detailed dcscrijition I may refer to my paper of 1858, Journal of Geol. Society, A''ol. XV., 1'. Oo. (See also Acadian Geology, P. 2.")2.) Similar rocks are seen and have been described by the author near Windsor, at Walton and Xoel, and at Five Mile River on tke Shidjcna- cadie, in all these places rising up from under the Lower Carboniferous limestones. (Journal of Geol Society, Vol. IV., P. o9 : Vol. VII., P. 335 ; Acadian Geology.) Further East, on the Salmon River, and on the West, Middle and East Rivers of Pictou, there is a great development of rocks of the Millstone Grit Series, consisting largely of chocolate sandstones and shales, often very hard and with bands of gray and dark-coloured beds holding plants. In this region the marine limestones extend upward into the Millstone !.'/ I . I ' I , I r{ :i ! i i", M i i fi \. / 10 CANADIAN FOSSILS. m '■ >. J ■ hi '1 Grit, so that it is difficult to establish any distinct line of separation, and the Lower Carboniferous c ,\\ measures seem to be absent. (Journal of Cool. Society, Vol. I., P. 2(3, 1843. Logan and Hartley, Reports on Pic- tou Coal-Ficld, 18G9. Acadian Geology, P. 31G ct seqr.) In the Pictou coal-field there are certain hard sandstones holding obscure fossil plants which come up from beneath the Millstone Grit on the Middle River, and which I have regarded as Devonian. It is, how- ever, barely possible that they may represent the Lower Carboniferous Coal-measures, otherwise wanting in this district. The groat and exceptional conglomerate of the Pictou coal district, known as the New Glasgow Conglomerate,appoar3 to be a shingle bed of the Uppci-Millstonc Grit or Middle Coal-formation epoch. It stretches with some interruptions from Merigomish to Roger's Ilill and Mt. Dalhousic near the Eastern end of the Cobcquid Ridge, or about twenty miles, and is un- doubtedly connected with the difterent development of the beds of the Coal-fonnation on the South an.! North of this line ; and it implies very great and violent denudation of the Lower Carboniferous sandstones during the Coal-formation period, as the fragments contained in it are largely composed of these sandstones, and are often of great size. (Acadian Geology, p. 321 et seq. Logan, Report on Pictou, 18G9.) At the extreme eastern end of the Pictou coal-field, where it is in con- tact with the Upper Silurian at McCara's Brook, the Lowest Carboniferous beds are conglomerates with interstratified trap, above which is marine limestone overlaid by the Millstone Grit Series. (Journal of Geol. Society, Vol. I., P. 329. Acadian Geology, section opposite Page 125). In the carboniferous area of Antigonish County we again meet with the dark shales and sandstones of the Ilorton Group, holding their character- istic plants and underlying the uarine limestones and gypsums. I noticed these beds as occurring at Right's River in 1843, * and Dr. Iloncyman, who subsequently traced them further to the Eastward, has kindly placed in my hands a small but interesting collection of their fossil plants. The long belt of Carboniferous Rocks extending along the West Branch of the St. Mary's River, has the mineral character and fossils of the Millstone Grit Series in those places where I have examined it, except near Guysboro, where there are Lower Carboniferous limestones, and in the Strait of Canso, near C. Porcupine, where the basal conglomerates appear. (Acadian Geology, P. 350). In Cape Breton a well-characterised representation of the Lower Car- boniferous Coal-measures or Ilorton Series is seen in the sandstones, gray • Journal Qeol. Society, Vol. I., Page 329. •ation, and lournal of ■ts on Pic- !S holding itonc Grit It is, how- boniferous \\ district, bed of the ! with some ousic near and is un- cds of the iplics very ncs during re largely (Acadian t is in con- bonifcrous is marine I. Society, ). ■t with the ;haracter- I noticed loncyman , ily placed its. st Branch lils of the it, except !S, and in lomerates r Car- ies, gray LOWER CAllCONIFEROUS PLANTS. 11 and black shales and conglomerates which underlie the limestone and gypsum of Plaister Cove, while the Millstone Grit seems to be represented by the thick sandstones underlying the Coal-field of Richmond County. (Journal of Geological Society, Vol. V.; Acadian Geology, P. 390 et seqr.) In Northern Cape Breton, from the Cape Dauphin section, as dcscribod by Mr. 11. Brown, it would appear that the Lower Carboniferous Coal- measures are slenderly represented or concealed by faulting, Mr. Brown has, however, recognised the Millston: Grit as underlying the Sydney and Glace Bay Coal-fields, and attaining to a thickness of 1800 feet. It consists largely of gray sandstone, and holds Sijlllaruic, Cahimitt'S and Lcpidndendra, (Brown, Journal Geol. Society, Vol. III. P. 258. Ibid. Vol. VI., P. 110.) From a collection of fossils made by Mr. 11. Bell in "Western Newfound- land and presented to the Museum of the McGill University by Donald Iloss, Esq., it appears that the Lower Carboniferous limestone of that Island holds the same fossils with that of Nova Scotia, and that it is over- laid by a series of beds corresponding to the Millstone Grit. This forma- tion, however, contains beds of coal of workable size, abounding m remains oi Zcj>iilodcn| « y . .2 '/, < . :S - A _ — 5 z: " ^ - - *- z 5 -• .5 X 'A 1 -■ i a" i " — ^ §. •/' « ■/. w i_ ■ C i. c 2 H^l 5|.| = ^5 /. c" r ?^ ■7 — .P -J 1 — '-^ i C — "' ~x '=*! "^S ~.^ 1 1' — "r A •^ .^' --,,. "^ ^ . — ■f. •" ^c 1 '7. r z 1 — :* ^ — — , '- ~ ^ ; ^ " '" ^ u T" — w ^ : " -^ i 1 l^c^'i «^^ u> 1 v;^ 1 / — X u . . ■ i'. ■rr -r 5 c r — ?.. ■f £ 5 •' i -i i "* r h'"-^ '£ '-" "zr n • - -J « P3 , . "C - i 5. ■f. I. c v5 X K -- ij 5.3 w ! f'i f '/- Si""'- '- ' -':£ rt S — X i II'? i '/. T H ^ "5 ?. , •"-'"« ^•^ f 5 C3 "^ -* '7* rr •f •j'7''- ■y. ■j^ ;! il: r i is 1 ^ it's t."V — -' - V — w c S. -K l~-i. i" ■- 1% :- 1^ 3 1^ H. f^ § "c • C - !Z i t. z. ^ i) ^•1 . 1 ** -V 1 < Hi f/- ~ - .2 ?" ^ < is — ^ z JT 3 t ~ -" 1 c i r j; ~ — " c ^i c ;^ ) u — , '-, £i5 i ■/. t- i - |a3 — w~ 1 •/: J O •^ C "^ U s 2 ^ r.? Tf D .1 C3 . >r .• K ■2 c s £ p = :£ ?t ' i >^* s* 1 3 ■■r ^ i-i cs ^ ^.1 r^ 7- _^ 5~ c "3 - _C , o c -■' ■' •- c c ^ t;- -- s 1.? •" ^ - JM "~ c ■^ s ■- A X 1. y. B* 5 T v: 5 §1 £ c 2 •- t c / >^i'^ « •c ^ ^ ■^3 L- ^— ''^ T"' ^ X v; t. !• ^ !r s i is "-^ 2. V^ = — u >Ci Nj LOWER CARnONIFEROUS I'LANT.S. 13 Tlic al)0\c introductory (Ictail:^ arc rcmlcrcil ncccS'Sary hy the doubts and obscurity in wliich the Lower Carboniferous plant-bearing beds have been involved. I would only farther make the following general remarks. 1. Lines of separation between the different members of the Carboni- ferous must necessarily to bo some extent arbitrary, and may differ in different localities. 2. Wherever the marine members of the system are developed, a mark- ed difference is observable in the flora under and above those members, depending on the time during which the area was submerged ; but where the marine members are not developed, a gradual passage in the flora may be observed. 3. Marine limestones occur locally even in the Upper Coal-formation, and these must of course not be confounded with the true Lower Carboni- ferous limestones. I have also suggested in Acadian Geology that in those parts of Nova Scotia where the marine limestones are largely deve- loped in thickness, as in Hants county, they may possibly encroach on the time elsewhere occupied by the Millstone Grit and Middle Coal formation, just as in other localities, as at Salmon River, where the Millstone Grit is largely developed, isolated beds of limestone sometimes occur in its upper part. 4. In the area to which this report relates, the close of the Devonian was accompanied by great physical changes which removed the Devonian flora. In the Lower Carboniferous period a meagre flora different from that of the Devonian took possesi^ion of the land. This was again partially removed by the subsidence leaaing to the deposition of the Lower Carbo- niferous limestones, and the Mdlstone Grit lying on these, forms, as to its flora, the dawn of the great Middle Coal- formation. 5. While the local elevation, subsidences and denudations within the Carboniferous period wero sufiicient to cause some limited cases of uncon- formability*, theso are not comparable with those between the Devonian and the Carboniferous ; and the Devonian fauna and flora are as a whole quite distinct from those of the Carboniferous,! though there are some species of plants common. ' 0. In Eastern America, as in Great Britam, the conditions of coal accu- mulation seem to have set in earlier to the Northward. The coal beds of Newfoundland belong to the Millstone Grit series. Those of Pictou are exclusively in the Middle Coal series, and apparently in its lower part. Those of the Joggins seem to be rather higher in the series than those of • Journal of Geol. Society, Vol. 1, P. 32, Bailey's Report oa New Brunswick; Acadian Geology, P. I5u, section. fFor illustrations of the Devonian and Carboniferous fauna in the area in question, 1 may refer to the Reports of Mr. Billings and to my Acadian Geology. I ■' . I ' h 1 - 1 _ 1 i i 1, ^ 1 i 1 i ■ » 1.^1 '» :!^ I ':■ 'i ■ ■ \ , ■ * * i I ! !^/ 14 CANADIAN FOSSILS. :■*•»?■ Pictou, and in the United States there arc workable beds of coal in the Upper-Coal measures which are barren in Nova Scotia. This connects itself with the fact illustrated in my previous Report on the Devonian flora, that this flora in North America seems to have extended itself from the north east ; a view which Ileer and Prof. Asa Gray seem also to entertain with respect to the Tertiary floras. 7. The following remarks on the Lower Carboniferous Plant-beds, pub- lished in 1858,* should perhaps be reproduced here : — " In Nova Scotia these older coal-measures, as compared with the true coal-measures, are more calcareous, abound more in remains of fishes, and have fewer vegetable remains and indications of terrestrial surfaces. They occur generally along the margin of the coal-areas, near their old shores ; and as wo might expect in such circumstances, they are associated with, or replaced by beds of conglomerate derived from the neighbouring high- lands of Silurian and Devonian rocks. Where these conglomerates arc absent, we usually find very frequent alternations of sandstones with sandy and calcareous shales, giving a homogeneity of appearance, together with, at the same time, very frequent changes and differences in mineral character. The general aspect is that of muddy estuarine deposits, very slowly accumulating, and discoloured and darkened by decaying organic substances, partly of aquatic, and partly of terrestrial origin. " Both the supply of sediment and the growth and preservation of vegetable matter were on a smaller scale than in the coal-period, the only exception being the bituminous limestone and associated dark shales of the latter, which in composition and aspect often much resemble the beds now under consideration. " These characters cause the Lower Carboniferous coal-measures to present a very striking contrast with the coarse and often reddish sedi- ments which prevail in the marine parts of the Lower Carboniferous series in the area in question. '* Before leaving this comparative view, it is necessary to remark that it is precisely in those districts where the true coal-measures are least developed that the lower series is most important. This is not likely to be the result of accident. It shows that the physical and vital conditions of the coal- measures originated as early as those of the mountain-limestone, that locally these conditions may have been contemporaneous throughout the whole period, but that in some localities the estuary and swamp-deposits first formed were so completely submerged as to be covered by marine deposits, while in others early marine beds were elevated and subjected to the conditions of gradual subsidence and filling up indicated in the great coal-measures of the South Joggins, Pictou and Sydney." • Journal of Geol. Society, Vol. XV. LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PLANTS. 15 II. PLANTS OF THE HORTON SERIES OR LOWER CARBO- NIFEROUS COAL MEASURES. Coniferce. Dadoxylon, Endl'iclwr. Trunks of coniferous trees are found in all the f^cological formations from the Lower Devonian to the Modern, and in almost every case sepa- rated from the foliage and fruit. Ilencc they have to be classifled sepa- rately ; and botanists, attaching little value to the characters of the merely vegetative organs of plants, have in general given them little attention. Goeppert has, however, by an elaborate investigation established a syste- matic classification of some coniferous woods, which Kraus and others have endeavoured to modify and improve. The diflBculties arise mainly from the great similarity in the wood of somewhat distinct types of conifers, and the differences which are due to the different states of preservation of the specimens of the same species of wood. These difficulties can be overcome only by careful and multi- plied microscopic examinations of numerous examples of wood recent and fossil, and of the latter in ditFercnt states of preservation. In this place we may confine ourselves to the consideration of the Lower Carboniferous species, and those more nearly allied to them. Witham in 1833 described several Carboniferous species of pine Avood, under the generic name Pinites, separating under the name Pitus species which appeared to have the disks on the cell-walls separate and in trans- verse lines. Witham's name was changed by Goeppert to Araucarites, to indicate the similarity of these woods to Araucaria, Plnites being reserved for trees more closely allied to the ordinary Pines. Endlicher, restricting Araucarites to foliage, &c., of Araucaria-like trees, gave the name Dadoxy- lon to the wood ; and this, through Unger's " Genera and Species," has gained somewhat general acceptance. Endlicher also gave the name Pissadendron to the species which Witham had called Pitus ; but Bron- gniart proposed the name Palaeoxyhn to include all the species with thick and complex medullary rays, whatever the arrangement of the discs. In Schimper's new work Kraus substitutes Araucaroxylon for Endlicher's Dadoxylon, and includes under Pissadendron all the species placed by Brongniart in Palaeoxyhn. To understand all this confusion, it may be observed that the characters- n I I I' i 1 tii ' ii wm i-'i I y\Wi ! I if , !■,, 16 CAXADIAN FO.SSILS. ■J t,v i avalliililo ill the (k-tcriiiiniition of Palaeozoic coniferous wood are cliieflv the form ami arran^^enuMit of the wood-colls, the character of the bordered pores or discs of their walls, and the form ami composition of the medul- lary rays. The character on A>hich Witham separated his ;j;enus Pi(u< from Pinilcs is, as I have ascertained hy examination of slices of one of his ori;;;nal specimens kindly presented to me hy Mr. Sanderson of Edinhur'di, dependent on state of preservation, the imiierfectly jireservcd discs or areolations of the walls of the fihrc presenting the appearance of separate and distinct circles, while in other parts of the same specimens these discs are seen to be contiguous and to assume hexagonal forms, so that in this respect they do not really differ from the ordinary species of DuJo.ii/Ion. The true character for subdividing those species which are especially characteristic of the Lower Carboniferous, is the composite structure of the medullary rays, which are thick and composed of several radial piles of cells placed side by side. This was the character employed by J3ron- gniart in separating the genus Palaeoxylon, though he might with con- venience have retained Witham's name, merely transferring to the genus the species of Witham's Pinites which have complex medullary rays. The following table will clearly show the distinctive characters and relations of the genera in (juestion, as held by the several authors above referred to : — Woud of Pakeozoic Conifers. Woody Kihiiks. Meuui.i.auy Kavs. Generic Names. Geo LOGICAL Aqe. No Discs. One or two Series of Cells. Aporoxylon, Unger. Devonian. Spiral li).'ii('ous lining, UiscH R'w or iioiiu. Uncertain, probably composite. Prototaxitcs,* Dawson. Devonian. Discs in onp Series con- tijfUdUs, iV in i^fvenil Complex or of two or more Series of Cells. iPitus, Witham. < Palaoxylon, Broneniart. ( Pissaikndron, Endlichcr. .Middle & Lower Car- boniferous and De- vonian. .'Jcrios spirally ar- ranged. Simple or of one Kow Cells. ( Araucarites, Ooepport. j Dadoxylon, Endliclier. ( Araucaroxylon, Scliimpcr, Upper Carboniferous and Permian. •The criticisms of Mr. Carruthers on this genus, I purpose to meet in a proper manner elsewhere. Ill )QICAL Age. ner elsriwheie. LOWER CAUBONIFEUOUS PLANTS. 17 The two first genera above named are not known to ascend above the Devonian. The third begins as far as known in the Middle Devonian and extends to the Middle Carboniferous. The fourth begins in the Middle Carboniferous ^and extends to the modern world. The true Dadoxylons have large transversely floored jjith-cylinders of the type of Sternborgia, and this is also known to have been the case with some species of the I'alaeoxylon group. As I have elsewhere shown, there is reason to believe that the foliage of the true Dadoxylons was that known to Botanists as Walchia (Report on Prince Edward Island, 1871 ), and especially cha- racteristic of the Upper < arboniferous and Permian. In Nova Scotia D. ( I*alacoxi/lon) antiquiua is characteristic of the Lower Carboniferous Co;il measures ; £>. {Palaeoxijlon) Acadianum of the Millstone Grit and Middle Coal formation, and D. materiarium of the Upper Coal formation. D. antiquius, described below, is of precisely the same type with Witham's Pitus antiqx.a and P. primaeva from the same horizon (Tweedian) in Scotland, but is specifically distinct. Dadoxylon (Palaeoxylon) antiquius, Dawson. — Plate I. Figs. 1 to 5. (Cand. Nat. Vol. VIII., 18(J3. .Journal of Geol. Society of London, May 1866. Acadian Geology, P. 473 & 425.) Description. — Wood-cells narrow, thick-walled, with two or three rows of discs, which are contiguous, alternate and hexagonal, and contain oval obli(iue pores. Medullary rays of three or four series of cells with twenty or more superimposed, nearly as wide as the wool-cells. Rings of growth indistinct but visible. This species differs from Pdus (^Palaeoxylon) antiqua of Witham in its longer and narrower medullary rays, and its narrower wood-cells with smaller pores and thicker walls. It is a distinct though closely allied species. It is unfortunate that I have given a specific name approaching so near- ly to that of Witham ; but as the species are closely allied and discoveries of their other organs may necessitate different names, I think it better to leave it for the present. • The wood-cells of this species present in the cross-section that thick- walled appearance and rotundity of the cavity of the cells which causes them to appear to have intercellular matter and to resemble Prototaxites or very young tixine twigs. Detailed comparisons, however, lead me to believe that this results neither from any distinct structure interposed between the fibres nor from any proper lining of the cell-walls, but that it is an effect of long maceration in water, causing a swelling of the cell-walIs,so that specimens of the same wood differently preserved may either appear with B I ■i m n ■n\ • 1 ■•:i. '':i I i i1 B \%' ,1 I. 18 CANADIAN FOSSILS. thickened cell-walls, cylinclrical or nearly so, or with square and com- paratively thin-walled cells or fibres. The only specimen of this species at present in my collection is a frag- ment of a trunk collected by the late Dr. Harding at Ilorton, and showing neither the pith nor the outer bark. No other parts of the tree have in so far as I am aware been found. The figures show magnified camera tracings without any reference to pictorial effcci. Siijilltiria'. I have as yet found no well characterised stems or leaves of Sigillariaj in the Lower Carboniferous Coal-measures. The old stems oi Lepidodcn- ctron corrugatam in certain states assume a vertically ribbed appearance, but this has no connection with the true ribs of SigillariiX!, being only a vertical cracking of the bark, owing to the expansion of tho stems. It occurs also in the Cyclostigma of the Upper Devonian of Ireland. One small and flattened specimen of fossil wood found at Ilorton Bluff, has the characteristic rariporous tissues of Sigillaria, but it shows none of tho external markings. I have figured its structure in Fig 0. Specimens of the ordinary Sti()inaria Jicouies are found at Ilorton Bluff, and also at Five-mile River, and also the yavlcty steUata with radiat- ing marks around the arcoles. A fine specimen of this last was in the col- lection of the late Dr. Harding of Windsor, but I have not now access to it. The Stigmariix) figured in Plate IV, I believe from their associations to belong to Lepidodendron, but it is not at present possible to distinguish by external characters alone the Stigmarite of this genus from those of Sigilla- rise. Eichwald mentions as fossils of the Lower Carboniferous of Russia, S~ reniformis and the stellate and ordinary varieties of Stigmarire. ■<'-3 ■ , Uquisetacece . Calamites. Small stems of a Calamite, apparently C. cannaeformis, or 0. ttami- tionia (ra'liatu8')a,vQ the Lower Carboniferous of Ilorton. LOWEU CARB0NIFE110U3 1 LANTi. 19 Lycopodiacece. Lepidodendeon. Lepidodendron coruuqatum, Dawson. — Plates II, III, IV. Plato V, Figs. 33 to 30 & 38. (Quarterly Journal of Geological Society, Vol. XV. Aca lian Geology, P. 451.) Description : — Ilalit of i/routh. — Somewhat slender, with long hrauches and long slender loaves having a tendency to Iiecoino horizontal or drooping. Markings of Stan. — Leaf-bases disposed in quincunx or ?pira!ly, elongate, ovate, acute at both ends, but more acute and slightly obliiiue at the lower end ; moot prominent in the upper third, and with a slight vertical ridge. Leaf-scars small, rounded, and showing only a single punctiforra vasouhir scar. The leaf-scar on the outer surface is in the upper third of the base ; but the oblicjuity of the vascular bundle causes it to be nearly central on the inside of the epidermis. In young succulent shoots the leaf-scars are contiguous and round as in Cyclostigma, without distinct leaf bases (Fig. 8;!). In this state it closely resembles L. Olivim', Eichwald. * In the ordinary young branches the leaf-scars are con- tiguous, and closely resemble those of L. dejaws iirongt. (Fig. 13). As the branches increase in diameter tlio leaf- scars Slightly enlarge and sometimes assume a verticillate appearance (Figs. 14, 15). As they still farther enlarge they become separated by gradually increasing spaces of bark, mark>;d with many waving striie or wrinkles, (Figs. IG to 20.) At the base of old stems the bark assumes a generally wrinkled appearance without distinct scars (Figs. 21 l^; 32.) The forms represented in Figs 34, 35, 3'i, I was at first disposed to regard as specifically distinct; but I now think they may be merely varietal. Fig. 36 shows a ribbed appea- rance, and the scars arranged in vertical rows. It may be compared with the Knorria form. Fig. 29. It is deserving of remark that the inner surface of the epidermis in the old stems is more delicately corrugated than the outer surface. Knorria or decorticated stales. — Of these there is a great variety, depending on the state of preservation, and the particular • Lethaea Bossica Plate Y, Figa. 12, 13. I \4 '' I I ir, f i':\ .■!- i 20 CANADIAN F0S\5IL.?. li layer of bark forming the actual surface. Fig. 24 shows the common Knorria form vith the Icafhascs rei>rc9entetl hy longitudinal ritlgcs. Fig. 20 shows a form in wliicli the vascu- lar bundles appear as cylindrical truncate projections. Fig. 27 shows the leaf-bases prominent, and Fig. 27 and 2S show the appearance of longitudinal ribbing jtroducod by the ex- pansion of the bark. Fig. 32 shows the decorticated base of an erect stem. Fig. 38 shows one of the deeper layers of the bark Avith leaf-scars of a transverse form, the ordinary form being seen in the lower part of the same specimen. •Structure of Stein. — This is not perfectly preserved in any of my specimens, but one flattened specimen shows a central medulla with a narrow ring of scalariform vessels surround- ing it, and constituting the woody axis. The structure is thus similar to that of L. Harcourtii, which I regard as probably the same with the closely allied European species L. VeUheimianum. Leaves. — These are narrow, one-nerved, curving somewhat rapidly outward, Figs. 10, 11, 12, 23, 25. They vary from one to two inches in length. Hoots. — I have not seen these actually attached, but they occur very abundantly in the underclays of some erect forests of these plants at Ilorton Bluff, and are of the character of Stigmariic, Figs. 30, 31. In some of the underclays the long flattened rootlets are excessively abundant, and show the mark of a central vascular bundle. Fructification. — Cones terminal, short, with many small acute imbricate scales. Spore-cases globular, smooth (Figs. 10, 22.) On the surface of some shales and sandstones at Ilorton there are innum''»'iblo round spore-cases of this tree about the size of mustard seed, Fig. 22. Large slabs are some- times covered with these, and thin layers of shale are filled with flattened specimens. This is the characteristic species of the Lower Carboniferous Coal-measu- res, occurring in great profusion at Horton Bluff and its vicinity, also at Sneid's Mills near Windsor, Noel and Five-Mile River, at Norton Creek and elsewhere in New Brunswick (Matthew's Col.), and at Antigonish (Honeyman's Col.) I have received from the lowest carboniferous bods of Ohio specimens of this species.* According to Rogers and Lesquereux similar species • Journal of Geo. Society, Nov. 1862, P. 313. the LOWER CARBONIFKROUS PLANTS. 21 exist ill the Vespertine of Pennsylvania, associated with Stigmaria. L. obsniriiui, Lci, from the Lower Carboniferous of Illinois resembles ilecorticated s[iecimon3 of this siiccics, and the fossil from the same region referred witli doubt by tli.it aiuiitr to L. VcUucim' wium may bo the same. Tho Eiiropo.ui o luivalciits of this specie^ aro undoubtedly L. Glincanum, Eichwald, from the Lower Carboniferous of Ilussia, and L. Vt:lthchninmim, Sternberg, from the Lower Carboniferous of Western Europe. So closely indeed does tho last species resemble L. wriiijatam, that Scliimpcr]aiid other European Palaco-botanists conversant with the protean forms of these species and knowing ours only by imperfect figures, may well be excused for regarding them as identical. They arc undoubtedly related species of tho same group, and in habit of growth L. corrtijafum is in some respects intermediate between the others. Their differences will bo scon in the following table : — L. (llini'anHh Unnii/i'js. Sleiii». Long-liui.'iir, tivet Stout. Ficaf-bnsesulnn- giite, I'lliptii', cuntij,'ii- ouSjWith u dtroug keel. ( Lenf-bascs very lonjr, I larger limn iu next ■| sj'ecie^^j iiarroweil at I extremities, separatud [ by narrow line;. ( Leaf-I)asc3 widely se- 01 1 Trunks. J i)aratod by corriigiito J (. iiarli. Leaf seam I Round or oral with ■'" ■ I tiirL'e vascular markj Strobiles. \ Unknown. Spore-case.^ \ Unknnwi. ] Unknown. Internal structure Jj. curriijatum. Liuear, horizontal or curved duw award. Slender. Lcnf-bases with a .short keel, contigu- ou.s, elongate, elliptic. Leaf-bases long, acumi- nate below, 8e])ftrated by narrow lines. Leaf-base3 widely sep.^- rated by corrugated bark. Rhombic or rounded, very small, only one distinct mark. Small, with triangular Bcalea. L. Wltliciiitidhum. Linear, short, curved up- ward. Slender. Leaf-basefl elon- gate, rhombic, keeled. Leaf-ba'es oblong, rhom- bic, acuminate, sepft- ratcd by narrow lines. Leaf-bases slightly sepa- rated, liark splitting in long gashes. Transversely with three marks. rhombic, vascular Long and cylindrical, scales elongate. Probably globular. L. flarcourtii, probably belongs to this species. Globular, smooth. Type of L. ILircourtii In the Knorria or decorticated states I do not think that tlieso three species can be clearly distinguished. L. Glincanuw, however, presents coarser markings than the others. In the above diagnoses I have relied for the European species mainly on the figures and descriptions of Eich- wald and Schimper. The relations of this plant to tho Devonian Cyclostijma are of some interest. There can be no doubt that L. corrugatum, and its allies approach more nearly to Cyclostigma than do m ost of the other Carboniferous Lepi- m ,,,. "Si ^^! i\ N I ^r ■I r-i 28 CANADIAN FOSSILS. li: "^1 ik (lodcndra. This roaerablanco conaista in two facts. (1). The round shape of the young leaf-basca. (2). The expansion of the bark in such a man- ner in tlio course of growth as to separate the Icaf-ccars by finely corru- gated spaces of epidermis, whereas, as I have clsowlioro pointed out, * in the ordinary Carboniferous Lcpidodcndra the leaf-bases themselves expand with the growth of the stem or thoy remain unchanged and become sepa- rated by deep gashes of the bark. The differences, however, are more important. Tiioy arc as follows : — (1). In Cyclostigma the leaf-scars remain always round and unipunc- tato, and they never acMjuire loaf-bases properly so-called. The characters T^•hich exist only in young succulent stems of Vy^;)/-Tg. — L. qualraagularo, Uiiger. — Plate V. Fig. tJO, CO a. The species named X. titnupmun by Sternberg was fomided on a spe- cimen too badly preserved to show its distinctive characters, and Ungcr identifying this with another and possibly distinct species also (b.'scnbed by Sternberg, has given the name qxi'lranjnfarc to both. Geinitz has used the name for another species, possibly a L''j>''Jldo''u^, and (ioeppert has identified it with his L. s>'xan'jiilarr,v!\i[c\x seems toinchnle botli a Lr}>'- ilophhiosand a LfjiidodiU'Iron closely allied to, if not identical with num. Schimpcr has mixed up my L>ii!Jvi'hl'iois id ra 'joint >> with ' cinitz' Lrpuhdcndron ^(7r(/_'y'>»'///;, a totally distinct form, and with a species named by Presl quadrata and referred by hira to his sub-genus B-'rjerl '. In the midst of this confusion I think it best to fall back on Stern- berg's name, -which certainly apjilies to something very near to the present species, and which I used to designate it in Acadian Geology and in my Synopsis of Carboniferous fossils in ISGu. The characters of the genera Bergcria and Lepidophloios certainly do not apply to this plant. It is a true Lepidodendron, though with remarkably broad and regularly rhombic areolcs. Unfortunately its leaves and fruit are unknown to me, though specimens of the bark of the stem have been obtained both from the Middle Coal-formation and Lower Carboniferous Coal-measures. Its characters will be seen by a glance at Fig. CO. The leaf-bases are flat, of a rhombic form, approaching to square, and separated by deep and wide grooves. The leaf-scar is small and of the same form with the leaf-base, and situated quite at its upper end. In my specimens it shows only the central vascular mark. Lcpidodrendra of this type are charac- teristic of the Lower Carboniferous in Europe as well as in America. Mr. Carruthcrs has figured a similar Lepidodendron collected by Mr. Daintree in Queensland, Australia, in rocks supposed by him to be Devon- ian. Mr. Selwyn has obtained similar specimens in the Carboniferous of Victoria ; so that about the beginning of the Carboniferous period species of this group seem to have been very widely distributed. I • ' \^ I I i i II 1 !;, I I \ '■ • ' ' i 1 ' i i i :i . i I ■1 j 1 r \ ■: } j ! ." i H '■■» ■ \ i ' ^ 1 .-^/ 24 CANADIAN FOSSILS. ZepuIoJcndron fencstratum of Eiclnvald may bo a decorticated form of a similar species, but if it shows the outer bark, it should perhaps be referred to Lepidophloios. In comparison with this plant I have represented in Fig. 40 a specimen of a strobile deprived of its outer scales, and showing rhombio scars with a sub-central vascular mark. This strobile is from Ilorton and may be part of a mature fruit of L. coirugatum. Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sternberg. Plate V. Fig. 37, & 37 a. To this species I would refer the imperfectly preserved specimen from Ilorton figured in Plate V, Fig. 37. It is from the collection of Prof. Elder, and is clearly distinct from any of the above, and not distinguishable from specimens of X. aculeatum in a similar state from the Millstone Grit and ^liddle Coal-formation. It will be observed that of the above four species, L. corrugation is spe- cially distinctive of the Lower Carboniferous, in which it is extremely abundant. The others are common to the Lower Carboniferous and true Coal-measures, and attain their maximum of abundance in the latter. Indeed, the specimens of them found in the Lower Carboniferous are so few that only extensive collection could have discovered them ; and in this matter I am much indebted to the co-opei-ation of Prof. Ilartt and Prof. Elder, both of whom made large collections when resident in Ilor- ton, and have liberally given me access to them. DiPLOTEGIUM. Plate VI, Fig. 4G, 46 a. To this genus I may with doubt refer the specimens one of which is represented in the figure above referred to. Similar plants in a bettor state of preservation and probably specifically distinct occur in the Middle Coal-formation. It is difficult to form any opinion of the precise nature of these plants. They appear to have borne flat leaves or leaf-boseSj and were probably allied to Lepidophloios. In Nova Scotia they are rare, and always, so far as I have seen, in small fragments. Lycopodites. Lycopodites plumula. S. N. Plate I. Figs. 7, 8, 9. Description. — Stems slender, branching, slightly corrugated or tuber- culated, and bearing flat linear leaves either pinnate or LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PLANTS. 25 ng. 37, & 37 a. apparently so owing to compression. The leaves are par- allel-sided, obtuse and nerveless, and are slightly constricted and decurrcnt at the base. Tlie tissues of the stem seem to have been dense and are carbonaceous, but show under the miscroscopo only what appear to be remains of cortical cells. The specimens were collected by Rev. Dr. Iloncy- man in Lower Carboniferous shale near Springvillo on the East River of Pictou. This plant belongs apparently to the same group of so-called Li/copodites with L. Vanuxemil of the Devonian of New York* and L. pt'Whrfor77iis, Goeppert, from the Jungste Grauwacke of Silesia. Filicitcs gnicil's of Shumard from the Lithographic limestone of the Upper Devonian in Missouri is very similar. Whatever the nature of those curious fossils, they seem to be characteristic of the Lower Carboniferous and Upper Devonian. The botanical relations of these plants must remain subject to doubt, until either their internal structure or their fructification can be discovered. In the mean time I follow Goeppert in placing them in what we must regard as the provisional genus Lijcopodites. On the one hand, they are not unlike the slender twigs of Taxodium and similar Conifers, and the highly carbonaceous character of the stems gives some colour to the sup- position that they may have been woody plants. On the other hand, they might in so far as form is concerned be placed with algae of the typo of Brongniart's Chondrites obtusus, or the modern Cauhrpa phimaria. Again, in a plant of this typo from the Devonian of Caithness to which I have referred in a former memoir, the vernation seems to have been circi- nate, and Schimper has conjectured that these plants may be ferns, which seems also to have been the view of Shumard. The following remarks on this group of plants are copied from a paper by the author, on new Devonian plants, in the proceedings of the Geological Society, March 1871. " In his recently published ' Paldontologie,' Schimper (evidently from inattention to the descriptions and want of access to specimens) doubts the Lycopodiaceous character of the species of this genus described in my papers in the Journal of this Society from the Devonian of America. Of these L. liicJuirdsoni and L. JIatthewi are undoubtedly very near to the modern genus Lyeopodhnn. L. Vanuxemii is, I admit, more problemati- cal ; but Schimper could scarcely have supposed it to be a fern or a fucoid allied to Caulerpa had he noticed that both in my species and the allied • Report on Fossil planta of Devonian, ic. Journal of Geol. Society, XVIII, 3P, PI XVII. [I 'J iif It r m i 1 ' I n i' i!,i 26 CANADIAN FOSSILS. L. pemi'v/onnis of Gooppert, which ho doss not appear to notice, the pin- nules arc articulated upon tlia stem, and leave scars where they have fallen oif. When in Belfast last summer I was much interested at finding in Prof. Thomson's collection a specimen from Caithness, which shows a plant apparently of this kind, with the same long narrow pinnrc or leaflets, attached, however, to thicker stems, and rolled up in a circinate manner. It seems to be a plant in vernation, and the parts are too much crowded and pressed together to admit of being figured or accurately described : but I think I can scarcely be deceived as to its true nature. The circi- nate arrangement in this case would favour a relationship to ferns ; but some Lycopodiaceous plants also roll themselves in tliis way, and so do the branches of the plants of the genus PsilopJn/ton.''^ Gocppcrt has described from the Carboniferous Limostone of Silesia* a plant which he names ^'i/oi'Jites tiixodinus, and which lias some resem- blance to the above species ; this plant has, however, a distinct midrib in each leaflet. A resemblance also sug^^jests itself to Groptolites of the genus Rastrites b'lt the structure and mode of preservation of these fossils show that they were not of the corneous nature of Graptolitos. The somewhat problema- tical Biithojrapfus from the Trenton limestone of "Wisconsin, which Hall seems to regard as very doubtfully allied to Graptolites, more closely resembles in general form the plants now under consideration, an 1 may have been aMied to them. CORDAITES. C. BouASSiFOLiA, Corda, must be reckoned as one of the plants of this formation, though more abundant in the Millstone Grit and Middle Coal- formation. At Ilorton there also occurs a narrow leaf, probably of this genus, and which seems to have been very long and parallel-sided. I have represented a fragment of it in Plato YI. Fig. 40. Filtccs. Oyclopteri.s (Aneimites) Acadica, Dawson. Plate VII. Figs 53 to G3.— (Journal of Geological Society, Vol. XVII, P. 5. Description, — Frond very largo, the main stipe being sometimes three inches in diameter. Stipe finely and regularly striate, dichotomous several times, and finally loosely pinnate, each pinna having a long petiolule, and bearing a group of three • Jahrback 18GG. 3, the pin- they have at findintT ^h shows a 3r leaflets, :e manner. h crowJod lescribocl : The cii-ci- ferns ; but and so do f Silesia* me vcsein- midrib in liastrites that they problcraa- hicli Hall re closely an 1 may :3 of this le Coal- of this Jed. I ! 53 to (s three striate, e, each three LOWKR CARBONIFEROUS PLANTS. 27 or more pinnao which are flabellate and simple or divided into round lobes, with radiating ard bifurcating veins. Fertile pmnai with recurved pctiolules, and borne on the divisions of the petiole near their origin. Form and arrangement of thecaj unknown. This magnificent fern is eminently clixractcristic of the Lower Car- boniferous Coal-m?a^uro3. It is foanl in greit abunlanc3 on the sarface s of shales at Ilorton, and has also been found at Norton Creek, New Brunswick, by Mr. Matthew, and in fragments at many other places. Its representative species in Eastern Europe is C. n-nm of Eichwald, and in the culm of Germany C. icnuifo^ia of Goopport. It is probably an ally of C. obtusu of the Devonian. There can be no doubt as to the nnnnor in v.-liich its fructification was borne, in which respect it resembles the modern ferns of t!ie genus Anrhri'it and also the Devonian ferns of the genus Arrharojitcn's; but unfortunately the precise form of its spore-cases is unknown. In the mean time I adhere to my subgenus Ancinutcs established in 18G0*, and place with this plant .1. nhfusa, A. Bochhii. and .1. rallda of the Devonian. For the reasons of this, and for a discussion of the affinities of these ferns, I refer to my Report on the Devonian and Silurian I'lants, P. 48. In the plate. Figs 52, 53, 5-i, 55, show the stipe and its divisions. Figs 61, G2 and 54 a, show the recurved petioles, on which the fructification was borne. Fig. 03 is a portion of a froni in vernation. Fgs. 56 to 60 show the pinnules and venation. IlYMENOPnYLLiTKS ? — (Plate VII Figs. 64, 64 a.) Fragments of a fern which may belong to this genus have been found by Mr. Matthew at Sneid'a Mill, Windsor, and are represented in the figure above referred to. They may, however, be fragments of petioles of a delicate frond of which the pinnules have perished through decay. RHAcnioPTERis.— (Plate VI, Figs. 47, 48.) This is a peculiarly pitted fern-stipe which must belong to some fern different from the above and perhaps dotted with hairs or ramenta. It resembles the Devonian stipe which I have named B. punctata, and also the plant described by Eichwald under the name Scliizopterit foveolata. • Jourii. Geol. S. Vol. XVII. • ; ■:! I ' / i i I 1 J . i .i 28 CANADIAN FOSSILS. Fruits, (C'C. Cardiocarpcm. Cardiocarpum tenellum S. N. — (Plate VI, Fig. 50, 50 ft.) Description. — Elongated oval, margin very narrow, a slight notch at the apex leading to a median furrovr. Nucleus small, striated longitudinally, with traces of transverse striae. This little fruit, which must for the present be placed in the genus Cardiocai'pum, is found scattered over the surfaces of shales at Ilorton, but not abundantly. Pinnularia. Pinnularia crassa, Dawson. Acadian Geology, P. 480. — (Plate VI, Fig. 51.) The figure represents a portion of a slab covered with fragment of this plant from Ilorton. It was described in Acadian Geology as probably a root of Asterophyllites, but no species of that genus has yet been found in our Lower Carboniferous coal measures, and though probably a root, it remains uncertain to what plant it belonged. It difiers from P. Capillacea in its coarser texture. "'■■■WA f I gilt notch at mall, striated in the genus 3 at Ilorton, -(Plate VI, jment of this )bably a root found in our ;, it remains 'Uacea in its LOWER CARBONIFEUOUS PLANTS. 29 III. PLANTS OF THE MILLSTONE GPtlT. Conifer (P. Dadoxylon (PALi^oxYLON) AcADiANUM, Dawson. — (Cand. Nat. 1863. Journal of Geol. Society, 1866, PI. V. Acadian Geology, P. 473. I may refer to the works above cited for the description of this species, which is the characteristic fossil pine of the Millstone Grit and Middle Coal-formation, as IJ. materiariu?n is of the Upper Coal-formation. I have not yet found a Sternbergia pith in B. Acadianum ; but loose Stern- bergioe, which may have belonged to it, sometimes occur in the sandstones of the Millstone Grit. Sigillarice. Both drifted and erect Sigillariae occur in the middle division of the Millstone Grit at the South Joggins (Division 6 of Sir W. E. Logan's Section), but I have not any specimens sufSciently perfect for deter- mination. Stigmariae are not infrequent, and I have specimens of this genus from this horizon in several other parts of Nova Scotia and also in Newfoundland. Equisetacece. Plants of the genus Calamites are numerous in the Millstone Grit, and in this respect that formation agrees with the Upper Coal-formation, in which Calamites again become prevalent. The most abundant specimens in my collection belong to three forms, one of which I regard as identical with C. Cistii of Brongniart. Another is a broad-ribbed species which may belong to C. Steinhaueri or C canna]forrnis, but is too imperfect for description. A third is represented by numerous and very perfect apecim?ns, and is apparently C. iindulatus of Brongniart. The twa first require merely a passing notice. The last deserves more detailed consideration. Calamites Cistii, Brongt.— (Plate VII, Fig. Qo.) This species is found in the Millstone Grit ; at Apple River ; Riversdale ; St, Mary's River; St. George's Bay, Newfoundland; &c. It ranges from the Millstone Grit to the Upper Coal-formation. ! 1 I {' i II I ; i] ii. i >; 30 CANADIAN FOSSILS. 4 a Calamites cann'^fokmib, Erongt. Specimens possibly referable to this species are found at Calvary River near Riversdale. It occurs in this horizon elsewhere, and also in the Devonian. Calamites undulatus, Brongt. (Plato VII, Figs. 66 to 73.) This species is stated by Brongniart to be distinguished from the ('. Suc/;oi-'i, the characteristic Calamite of the Middle Coal-formation, by its undulated ribs nmrkcd with peculiar cellular reticulation. He suggests that it may be merely a variety of C. Surkovii, an opinion in which Schimpcr coincides ; but since I have received large additional collections from Mr. Elder, containing not only the stems and branches but also the leaves and rhizomes, I am constrained to regard it as a distinct though closely allied species. I shall endeavour to illustrate these poiiita with the aid of the Figures in Plato VIII. The rhizomata. Figs 73, 73 a, 73 b, are slender, being from one to two inches in diameter and perfectly flattened. They are beautifully covered with a cellular reticulation on the thlu bailc, and fchow occasional round areolcs marking the point'^ of exit of the rootlets. I have long been familiar with irregular flattened stems thus reticulate, but have only recently been abl'j to connect them with this species of Calamite. The main stems, Figs. 66 to OS, present a very thin carbonaceous bark reticulated like the rhizomes. They have flat broad ribs separated by deep and narrow furrows, and undulated in a remarkable manner even when the stems are flattened. This undulation is, however, perhaps an indication of vertical pressure while the plant was living, as it seems to have had an unusually thin and feeble cortical layer, and the undula- tions arc apparently best developed in the lower part of the stem. At the nodes the ribs are ofton narrowed and gathered together, especially in the vicinity of the rounded radiating marks which appear to indicate the points of insertion of the branches (Fig. 67). At the top of each rib we have the usual rounded areolo probably marking the insertion of a primary branchlet (Figs. 68, 6S a.) The Branches (Figs. 70, 71) have slender ribs and distant nodes, from which spring secondary branchlets in whorls, these bearing in turn small ••-' -; of acicular leaflets much curved upward (Figs. 72, 72 a, 72 b), > '''h are apparently round in cross section and delicately striate .t.>e Tfuch shorter than the leaves of Calamites Suckovii, and are lo.--i ;i and less curved than those of 0. nodosus, which I believe to be the iwo most closely allied species. i.UM, J.1'' ^x LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PLANTS. 31 Ivarj River also in the ) d from tho rmation, by latioii. He opinion in 9 additional id branches ird it as a illustrate one to two lly covered ional round lon,^ been have only e. C00U3 bark )arated by inner even )erhap9 an it seems 10 undula- 1. At especially indicate of each tion of a |deg, from irn small 72 b), ly striate land are blieve to Lesquereux notices this species as characteristic of the Lower part of the Carboniferous in Arkansas. It -will be observed that I regard the striated and ribbed stems not as internal axes, but as representing the outer surface of the plants. This was certainly the case with the present species and with 0. Suckovii and C. nodosum. Other species, and especially those which belonged to Calamodendron, no doubt had a smooth or irregularly wrinkled oxternal bark ; but this gives no good ground for tho manner in Avliich some ■writers on this subject confound Calamites with Calamodendra, and both with Asterophyllites and Sphcnophyllum. With thij no one who has studied these plants, rooted in their native soils, and with their appendages still attached, can for a moment pympathizo. One of tho earliest geological studies of the writer was a bed of theso erect Calamites, which he showed to Sir C. Lyell in 1844 and described in the Proceedings of the Geological Society in 18")1, illustrating the habit of growth as actually seen well exposed in a sandstone cliiT. Abundant opportunities of verifying the conclusions formed at that time have since occurred, the results of which have been summed up in tho figures in Acadian Geology, Ti-hich though they have been treated by some botanists as merely restorations, are in reality representations of facts actually observed. On t'.iese subjects, without entering into dctail,i, and referring for these to the elaborate discusi'ions of Schimper, Vv'iiliamson and McNab, and to my paper on tho subject, Journal of Gcol. Society, vul. 27, p. 54, I may remark : — 1. That the aerial stems of ordinary Calamites had a thin cortical layer, with laounre and fibrous bundles and multiporous vessels — the whole not dilTering much from the structure of modern Ei;[ui3eta. 2. Certain arborescent forms, perhaps allied to the true Calamites, as well as possibly tho old underground stems of ordinary species*, assumed a thick-walled character in which the tissues resembled the wedges of an exogen, and abundance of pseudo-scalariform fibres were developed, while the ribbing of the external surface becr.me obsolete or was 'replaced by a mere irregular wrinkling. 3. Sufficient discrimination has not been exercised in separating casts of the internal cavities of Calamites and Calamodendron from those repre- senting other surfaces and the proper oxternal surface. 4. There is no excuse for attributing to Calamites the foliage of Annu- laria, Asterophyllites and Sphenophyllum, since these leaves have not been found attached to true Calamite stems, and since the structure of • Williamson, Trans. Roy Socy. McNab in Proceedings of Edin. Botanical Society. i:i *i;.i ■: ! I I f •'•'■<; ^r'i; - n. " 32 LOWER CAUBONIFEUOUS PLANTS. m the stems of Asteropliyllites as describod by Williaraaon, aad that of Splienophylhim as described by the writer,^ are essentially diflForent from those of Calamitcs. 5. As the species above described indicates, good external characters can be found for establishing species of this genus, and these species are of value as marks of geological age. LycopodiaceiV. Lepidodendkon aculeatum, Sternberg. — (Plate IX, Figs. 75, 75 a, b, c.) To this species I refer without much doubt the specimens from McKay's Head collected by Prof. Elder, one of which is represented in Fig. 75. This species, especially if, as Schiraper supposes, identical with X. undulatum, ranges both in Europe and America through the whole extent of the Carboniferous system. With the flattened stems of this Lepidodendron were found great quan- tities of the branches, leaves and cones represented in Figs. 77, 78, 80, and which in all probability belong to this or to the next species — proba- bly to this; but as the leaves of L. aculeatum are not, I believe, known, I have'no further evidence of this except their juxtaposition. Lepidodendrox radiato-plicatum, S. N. — (Plate IX, Figs. 76, 76 a, b,c.) Description. — Large stems with very elongate and acuminate rhombic leaf-bases having a strong central furrow and the leaf- scar a little above the centre, and trigonal in form with a single central vascular scar. The spaces between the leaf- bases marked with strong wrinkles radiating from the leaf- bases. Leaf-bases nearly 2 centimetres in extreme length and 5 millimetres in breadth. This plant seems quite distinct from anything else I have met with, and is in very fine preservation, so that the characters can be made out dis- tinctly. Being quite flattened, the denser tissues of the leaf-bases of the opposite sides have mutually impressed each other, so as to give a trans- versely tuberculated or ridged appearance as indicated in Fig. 76. The leaves more immediately associated with this species are the very elongate ones represented in Fig. 79. Lepidodendron selaginoides, Sternberg. — (PI. IX, Figs. 82, 83.) This characteristic Lower Coal-formation species is found abundantly in connection with the Coal-beds of St. George's Bay, Newfoundland, • Journal of Geol. Society, 1866. : f LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PLANTS. 33 d that of jrent from iliaracters peciea are 75 a, b, c.) lens from isented in itical ^Yitll ;he whole reat quan- 7, 78, 80, sa — proba- re, known, , (0, ( b a, rhombic ;he leaf- m with a the ]eaf- the leaf- le length with, and out dis- jes of the a trans- The elongate ■6 83.) mdantlj ndland, which I regard as in or near this horizon, and also in the lower part of the Middle Coal -formation or Upper Millstone Grit of Cape Breton. Lepidophloios Acadianus, Dawson. — (Plate IX, Fig. 85.) A branch of this species occurs in the roof of a small coal at^Salmon River, which must be near the upper limit of the Millstone Grit, and is the lowest geological position to which I have traced the species. CoRDAiTES BORASSiFOLiA, Ungcr. — (Plate VIII, Fig 74.) This species is very characteristic of the Millstone Grit and Middle Coal-formation in all parts of Nora Scotia and New Brunswick. I have represented in Fig. 74 a slab covered with its loaves, from Apple^River. Filices. The ferns which I have obtained from the Millstone Grit are not very numerous, and with one exception of species already fully described. Odontopteris antiqda, Dawson. — (Plate X, Figs. 86, 87.)fCyclopteri8 antiqua, J. G. S. 1866, P. 154, PI. XIII, [F. 95. Acadian Geology, P. 481. Description. — Tripinnate ; petioles slender ; pinnules oblong, obtuse, decur- ent on the petiole, not contiguous. Terminal pinnules much elongated ; venation simple, divergent.'^This plant approaches more nearly to the peculiar species of Cyclopteris found in the Devonian, than any of the others I have seen in the Carboni- ferous. The original specimens on which this species was founded were'found on loose slabs at R. Hebert and Maccan River ; but I have since found fragments in situ at the Calvary River, near Riversdale.^ It seems to come within the technical characters of Odontopteris, but^''certainly approaches very nearly to some of the Devonian ferns of the gonus Archce- opteris. Its fructification is needed to settle its true place. Odontopteris ? — (Plate X, Fig. 88.) A small fragment in Mr. Elder's collection from McKay's Head. Cardiopteris ?— (Plate X, Fig. 89.) A few detached pinnules in Shale at Calvary Riverjmay indicate a species of this characteristic Lower Carboniferous genus. ; I 34 CANADIAN FOSSILS. •€ r n Aletiiopteuis Lonciiitica, Brongt (var, lieteropliylla.) — (Plato X, Fig. 90.) Tho specimen figured was collected by the late Dr. Gcsnor at Moose River. The same species occurs in Mr. Elder's collections from McKay's Head ; and as I have elsewhere shown it extends under different varietal forms through the whole of tho Middle Coal-formation. Pecopteris abbreviata, Brongt. — (Plate X, Fig. 91.) The specimen figured is from the Coal above referred to at Salmon River, and appears to be a part of a frond of this common Coal-formation species. IIymenophyllites fuucatus, Brongt.— (Plato X, Fig. 92.) Collected at Calvary River. SpiiiiNOPTERis 0BTU3IL0BA, Brongt. — (Plate X, Fig, 93.) Small fragments in Prof. Elder's collection from McKay's Head. Spiii:NOPTERrs IIoenixgiiausi, Brongt. — (Plate X, Fig. 9-4.) Specimens having the characters of this species, though not well pre- served, arc in Prof. Bell's collections from St. George's Bay, Newfound- land. This species ranges from the Middle Devonian to the MillstonejGrit, f\nd is one of the links connecting together the Devonian and Carboniferous Periods. Pal^eopteris. — (Plate X., Fig. 95.) A tree fern collected by Mr. Matthew at Gardiner's Creek, and which I was at first disposed to regard as a stem of Cordaites, but which seems to be a fern trunk nearly allied to my P. Aeadka from the Upper Coal- formation. LOWER CARDOXIFEROUS PLANTS. 35 IV. PLANTS OP THE MIDLIE A.VD rPPER COAL.FOUMATIO.V, These have already been illustrated in some rlofnii • already referred to. and in Acadian Ge ol ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 7 "T^"' ^^ l^CJ rial has accumulated and many species W h? ? ""''' "''' "^"^^■ may be sometime before any^ T, , rat on o^f '"'^'^^^ attempted. For this reason, I give he I' of / ' ^ ' ''" ^' these groups of strata. °^ *^° '^"'^^'^ recognised in To avoid repetition of references, I mav state tU^ fi established by Bunbury will be found in mJ *^° "'^^ 'P^^^^^ Geological Society, Vol III and VII T ^"^"Z u- "'' ^'"^•"^' ^^ ^^'« be found in my p^^er in th" sal J^u'nal^^^^^ est^bhshed by myself will Geology, 2nd edition, 1868. ^^^' "^""^ °^^ Acadian 1. M.OO.K Co..-ro„M.„o.. Nov. Scotu .n„ N,, B«c^sw.K Dadoxylon Acadianum, Dawson. anniilatum, Daw3on Sigillaria (Favularia) elogans, Brongniart. (Fav.) tessellata, Brongn. (Kh.) >Schlotheimiana,BrongQ. (Rh.) SauUii, Brongn. Brownii, Dawson. • renlformis, Brongn. ■ laevigata, Brongn. catenoides, Dawson. ■ striata, Dawson. (Clathraria) Menardi, Brongn. (Asolanus) Sjdnensis, Dawaon organum, Lindley & Button. elongata, Brongn. flexuosa, L. & H. -— pachyderma, L. & H. , (Fav.) Bretonensis, Dawson. eminens, Dawson. Dournaisii, Brongn. Knorrii, Bronga. Stigmaria ficoides, Brongn. Antholites Rhabdocarpi, Dawson. — — pygmaea, Dawson. Trigonocarpum Hooker!, Dawson. Sigillaria?, Dawson. intermedium, Dawson. avellanum, Dawson. ■ minus, Dawson. i < 1 ; "Oj : ' H n 1 1 ) '_ • M i 1 ' i' i J I f 1 \ i 1 ( i f 86 CANADIAN FOSSILS. — — rofiiiuliim, Dftwson. Rhnhdo('ur|iiiii '! Cnlutnitt-B cannii-forniia, lirongD. rftinosuH, Artii. Volizii, Hrongn. Novft-Scoticn, Dawson. nodoBiiB, Hcbloth. Equiietites curta, Dawson. Aiteroiitiyllites folioea, L. k U. grnndis? Sternberg, trinervig, Dawson. Spheno[ihylluni emarginatnoa, Krongn. snxifragifolium, Sternberg. Schlothcimii, Hrongn. croguin, L. A II. Pinnularia ('a]iillacpa, L. k H. rainosisBima, Dawson. Nouggeratliia dispiir, Dawaon. flubfillata, L. ii 11. Cyc'.optoris (Xeuropteris) obliqua, Brongn. (? .Vcnropterie) ingeni, L. & 11. oblata, L. k II. tiinbriata, Lesquereui. hispida, Dawson. Ne'iroiitcria ruritiervis, Bunburj. I)erclegiin8, Dawson. Voltzii, IJrongn. tiexiiodii, Sternberg. I.oshii, Brongn. acutifolia, Brongn. conjwgala, Goejjpert. altciiuata, L. & II. dcntata, Lesq. Soretii (Brongn,) cyclopteroideg, Dawson. Odontopteris subcuueata, Bnnbury. Dictyopteris obliqua, Bunbiiry. Lonchoptwis tenuis, Dawson. Sphenopteris munda, Dawson. decipions, Lesquereux. gracilis, Brongn. artemisiaefolia, Brongn. Sphenopteris Canadensis, Dawson. Lesquereuxii, Newberry. — — microlobn, Guttbier. obtusiloba (7), Brongn. Phyllopteris antiqua, Dawson. Alethopteris Grandini, Brongn. —— pteroides, Brongn. Serlii, Brongn. grandis, Dawson. Pecopteris abbreviata, Brongn. plumosa, Brongn. I polymorpha, Brongn. mk LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PLA.VTS. 37 ' aoiitn, nroiipn. '■ lonpfifoliii, llroinjn, ■■ tftt'tiiopteroiiloa, liuiiburj. cyathea, liroiign. — — iTfinalis, UroiiKii. iSilliiuani (?), Hrougii. ' villosa, lirongti. Pocoptories liucklandi, Drongn. orcoptcroidui^, liront'ii. (li'ctirrons, Lohi|. I'luckcnutii, Stornb. Jljmonopliyllitea i.entudactyla, Dawson. Palapoptoris llartii, D.iwioa. (JtiiilopteriH, L. A If. Pnaronius, CoUa. Megaphytoii niagaificuni, Dawson. huiuile, Duwson. Lc|)i(io;lcnilroii Pictoenso, Daw.^ou. rimosum, .Sternberg. yicmbergii, lirongn. decurtatuiii, Dnwsuii. dilatatum, Lindloy i Hiition. bincrve, IJuubiiry. tiimidum, liiinbm-y. gracilp, lirongii. elegans, Brongn. pluniariura, L. & II. selagiaoides, Stornb. JIarcourtu? WitLam. clypcatum (7),Lo8qx. aculeatuni, Sternberg. plicatura, Dawson. — — — personatum, Daw.sou. Lopidostrobus variabilis, L. & II. squamosus, Dawson loDgifolius, Dawson sp. trigonolopis, Bimbury. L--- )idophyllum majus (?), Bronga. intermedium, L. & II. Lepidophloioa Acadianus, Dawson. prominulus, Dawson. tetragonus, Dawson. Diplotegium retusum, Dawson. Knorria Sellonii, Sternberg. Cordaites borassifolia, Corda. Cardiocarpum fluitans, Dawson. bisectum, Dawson. sp. like C. marginatum. sp, allied to C. latum, Newberry. Sporangiteb papillata, Dawson. glabra, Dawson. I.! ■' ;« / i '• ■• .1 . 1 J 88 CANADIAN FOSSILS. IP m 2 Uppkr Coal Fouuatio.v, Xova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prinoe Edward Island. Dadoxylon materiarium, Daweon. Walcliia (Araucarites) gracilis, Dawson. Walcliia (Araucarites) robusta, Dawson. Sigillaria (Rhytidolcpis) scutellata, Urongn. Calainodendron approsimatuin, Brongn. Aiitliolithes sfiuainosa, Dawson. Riiabdocai'pus insignis, Dawson. Trigonocarpum Xoeggerathii, Brongn. Calamites Suckovii, Brongn. Cislii, Brongn. dubius, Artis. g'gfis, Brongt. A3teroi)hyllites crinisetiforniis, L. & IT. Annularia splicnopliylloides, Zenker. longifolia, Brongn. Sjihenophylluin longifolium, Germar. Cycloptcris heterophylla, Goeppcrt. olilongifolia, Gocppert. NeuroiUeris cordata, Brongn. (and var, anj^u^'ifolia). gigantea, Sternb. lieterophylln, Brongn. auriculata, Brongn. rarinervis, Bunbury. Odontopteris Schlotheimii, l^rongn. Sphenopteris hymenopliylloides, Brongn. latior, D.awson. Alethopteris lonchitica, Sternberg, nervosa, Brongn. muricata, Brongn. Pccopteris arborescens, Scliloth. rigida, Dawson. unita, Brongn. oreoptoroides (7), Bi-ongn. Beinertia Goejiporti, Dawson. Pal;eopteris Acadica, Dawson. Lepidodendron undiilatum, Sternberg. Lei>idophynum lanceolatnm, L. & H. trinerve ?), L. & II. sp. Lepidopliloios parvus, Dawson. Cordaites simplex, Dawson. To tills last list it is possible that a few species may be ad Jea from my more recent collections in Pictou County. Of the above species those which may be regarded as the most charac- teristic of the Newer Coal-formation, as distinguished from other members of the Carboniferous system, are perhaps Dadoxylon matoiarium, the species of Walchia, Annularia sphenophylloides, Keuropten's auriculata, Pe optcris arborescens, and Cordaites simplex. Calamites yigas is found only in the newest beds of the Upper Coal-formation. LOWER CARDOXIFEROUS PLANTS. 89 •ora my harac- embers m, the cuJata, id only v.— NOTK ON THE CHARACTERS OF SIGTLLAROID AND LEPl- PODENDROID TRUNKS. From the loose manner in which plants of these groups are named and described by botanists, it seems useful to give some definitions of the parts employed in their determination. It may be premised that the modes of determination in Fossil Botany are necessarily different from those employed in recent Botany. The Paltcobotanist must have recourse to characters derived from the leaves, the scars left by thsir fall, and the internal structures of the stem. These parts, held in little esteem by botanists in describing modern plants, and much neglected by them, must hold the first place in the regard of the fossil botanist, whereas the fructification, seldom pre- served, and generally obscure, is of comparatively little service. It is to be remarked also that in such generalized plants as those of the PaU\}ozoic, remarkable rather for the development of the vegetative than of the re- productive organs, the former rise in importance as compared with their value in the study of modern plants. In Sigillarife, Lepidodendra, kc, the following surfliccs of the stem may be presented to our inspection : — 1. The outer surfi\cc of the epidermis without its leaves, but with the ler^-bases and leaf-scars more or less perfectly preserved. On this sur- face we may recognize — (1) Cellular swellings or projections of the bark to T^hich the leaves are attached. These may be called Leaf-bases, and they are sometimes very prominent. (2) The actual mark of the attachment of the leaf situated in the most prominent part of the leaf-base. This is the Leaf-scar. (3) In the leaf-scar when well preserved we can sec one or more minute punctures or prominences wliich are the points where the vascular bundles pnssing to the loaf found exit. These are the Vascular sears. When the leaves are attached, the leaf-scars and vascular scars cannot be seen, but the leaf-bases can be made out. Hence it is important, it possible, to secure specimens with and without the leaves. In flattened specimens the leaf-bases are often distorted by pressure and marked with furrows which must not be mistaken for true structural characters. Th« ^eaf-bases, which are in relief on the outer surface of the stem, of course ippear as depressions on the mould in the containing rock, in which the markings often appear much more di3tinctly than on the plant itself. 40 CANADIAN FOSSILS. 2. The outer surface of the epidermis may have been removed or may be destroyed by the coarseness of the containing rock. In this case the leaf-bases are usually preserved on the surface of the outer or corky bark, but the leaf-scars and vascular-scars have disappeared. This gives that condition of Lepidodendroid trees to which the name Knorria has been applied. When plants are in this state careful inspection may sometimos discover traces of the leaf-scars on portions of the stem, and thus enable the Knorria to be connected with the species to which it belongs. 3. The outer or corky bark may be removed, exposing the surface of the inner or fibrous and cellular bark, which in the plants in question is usually of great thickness. In this case neither the leaf-bases nor the scars are seen, but punctures or little furrows or ridges appear where the vascular bundles entered the inner bark. Specimens in this state are usually said to be decorticated, though only the outer bark is removed. It is often difficult to determine plants in this condition, unless some por- tion of the stem can be found still retaining the bark ; but when care is taken in collecting, it will not infrequently be found that the true outer surface can be recovered from the containing rock, especially if a coaly layer representing the outer bark intervenes between this and the inner impression. Specimens of this kind taken alone, have been referred to the genera Knorria, Bothrodendron Sindllal'mia. 4. In some cases, though not frequently, the outer surface of the ligneous cylinder is preserved. It almost invariably presents a regularly striated or irregularly wrinkled appearance, depending upon the vertical woody wedges, or the positions of the medullary rays or vascular bundles. Specimens of this kind constituted some of the Endogenites of the older Botanists, and the genus Schizodendron of Eichwald appears to include some of them. Many of them have also been incorrectly referred to Calamites. 6. In some cases the cast of the medullary cylinder or pith may alone be preserved. This may be nearly smooth or slightly marked by vertical striae, but more usually presents a transverse striation, and not infrequently the transverse constrictions and septa characteristic of the genus Sternbergia. Loose Sternbergioe aflford little means of connecting them with the species to which they belong, except by the microscopic examination of the shreds of the ligneous cylinder which often cling to them. * These facts being premised, the following general statements may be made respecting some of the more common Palaeozoic genera, referring, however, principally to the perfect markings as seen on the epidermis. • See my paper, Journal of G«ol. Society, Vol. XXVII s^ed or may lia case the orky bark, gives that la has been sometiinos enable the surface of question is es nor the where the state are i removed . some por- len care is true outer if a coaly , the inner ■eferred to pe of the regularly 3 vertical bundles, the older • include ferred to )ith may arked by and not ic of the nnecting roscopic cling to may be 9ferring, mis. LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PLANTS 41 Sigillaria. — Leaf-bases hexagonal or elongated, or confluent on a vertical ridge. Leaf-scars hexagonal or shield-shaped. Vas- cular scars three, the two lateral larger than the central. This last character is constant, depending on the fact that the leaves of Sigillaria have two or more vascular bundles. All so-called Sigillarise having the central vascular scar largest, or only one vascular bundle, should be rejected from this genus. In young branches of branching Sigillarioc the leaf-scars sometimes appear to be spiral, but in the older stems they form vertical rows ; interrupted, however, by transverse rows or bands of Fruit-scars, each with a single large central vascular scar, and which have borne the organs of fructifi- cation. Arthrocaulis of McCoy is founded on this pccuUarity. SyringoilemJron. — Differs from Sigillaria in the leaf-scars, which are circular and with a single vascular bundle. It is a matter of doubt whether these plants were of higher rank than Sigil- laria tending toward the pines, or of lower rank tending toward Cyclostigma. Their leaf-bases form vertical ridges. Lepidodendron. — Leaf-bases rhombic, oval or lanceolate, moder- ately prominent. Leaf-scars rhombic or sometimes shield- shaped or heart-shaped, in the middle or upper part of the leaf-base. Vascular scars three — the middle one always largest and corresponding to the single nerve of the leaf; the lateral ones sometimes obsolete. In older stems three modes of growth are observed. In some species the expansion of the bark obliterates the leaf-bases and causes the leaf-scars to appear separated by wide spaces of more or less wrinkled bark, which at length becomes longi- tudinally furrowed and simulates the ribbed character of Sigillaria. In others the leaf-bases grow in size as the trunk expands, so that even in large trunks they are contiguous though much larger than those on the brjmches. In others the outer bark, hardening at an early age, is incapable of either of the above changes, and merely becomes cleft into deep furrows in the old trunks. Lepidophloios. — Leaf-bases transverse and prominent — often very much so. Leaf-scars transversely rhombic or oval with three vascular scars, the central largest. Leaves very long and one-nerved. Large strobiles or branchlets borne in two ranks or spirally on the sides of the stem, and leaving : I: in. ^ (^1 i j h < 7 "iT. "H I 1 42 CANADIAN FOSSILS. I'l' it' '' I t- ' . i nil- ' 1 *.:';■'"' ■=3 large round scars (Conc-scurs) often ^ith radiating impressions of the basal row of scales. Species with long or drooping leaf-bases have been included in Lepidophloios and Loviatophloios. Species with short leaf bases and cone-scars in two rows have been called Ulodendron and some of them have been included in Sigillaria (sub-genus Clathraria). Decorticated stems are Bothrodcndron and Ilalonia. Some of the species approach near to the last genus, especially to the Lepidodendra with rhombic leaf-bases like L, tetra'jonmn. Ci/clostiffma. — Leaf-bases undeveloped. Leaf-scars circular or horse-shoe shaped, small, with a central vascular scar. In old trunks of Cyclostigma the leaf-scars become widely separated, and sometimes appear in vertical rows. Young branches of Lepidodendron sometimes have the leaf-scars similar to those of Cyclostigma. Lcptophleum. — Leaf-bases flat, rhombic; leaf-scars obsolete; vas- cular scar single, central. The two last genera are character- istically Devonian. In contradistinction from the trees above mention id, the following general statements may be made respecting other groups. In Conifers the leaf-bases are usually elongated vertically, often scaly in appearance, and with the leaf-scar terminal and round, oval or rhombic, and with a single well-marked vascular scar. In Calamites, Calamodendron and Asterophyllites the scars of the branchlets or leaves are circular or oval with only a single vascular scar, and situated in verticils at the top of well-marked nodes of the stem. In Tree-ferns the leaf-bases are large and usually without a distinct articulating surface. The vascular bundles are numerous. Protopteris has rounded leaf-scars with a large horse-shoe shaped bundle of vessels above and small bundles below. Caulopteris has large elliptic or oval Jleaf scars with vascular scars disposed concentrically. Palaeopteris* of Geinitz has the leaf-scars transversely oval and the vascular bundles confluent in a transverse band with an appendage or outlying bundle below. Stem- matopteris has leaf-scars similar to those of Caulopteris, but the vascular bundles united into a horse-shoe shaped band. •This name, preoccupied by Geinitzj has been inadvertently misapplied to the Devoniau ferns of the genus Arcbaeopteris. mpressions n included short leaf Ulodendron sub-genus ii'on and ist genus, ^ases like cular or *. In old sparated, anohes of ' to those ete; vas- laracter- 'ollowing n scaly horabi c, of the 'ascular of the distinct iopteris vessels il Jleaf jreinitz nfluent Stem- scular niii : J ivoniau \ u. -I , r ! i !, < SIGILLARIA LORWAYANA.— Dn. Zoiio< of Fniit-fcars at (a, a, a). (6) Leaf-scar enlarged. (c) Fruit-scar cnlnrjieil. If I. 1 ',/ ft* M m. f ! • i LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PLANTS. 48 VI.— APPENDIX.— ON SOME NEW FORM.S OF SIGILLARIA AND LEPIDODENDRON. While the above Report was in progress, some interesting specimens have been received from Mr. Hill, of the Emery Mine, Cape Breton, and which throw light on some obscure forms of the Middle Coal formation pre- viously known, but not well understood. As those are of some interest, I give a preliminary notice of them hero, though they deserve to be fully figured and described. 1. — Sigillaria Lonvayayia, S.N. * This has long been known to me by specimens from Sydney in tho collection of Mr. R. Brown, but I did not feel justified in describing it as new. It is a very beautiful form of that type in which the leaf-bases are very large and contiguous to each other, and its nearest allies are my S. Bretonemis and Schimper's S. Lalayana. Its description is as follows : — Leaf-bases about 8 m.m. broad and 5 m.m. high, in trunks of raoderato size, hexagonal with rounded angles, or approaching to oblong, sometimes a slight indentation below causes them to appear reniforra. They are contiguous or nearly so in vertical rows, being separated from each other only by a slight ridge. The rows are separated by spaces of wrinkled bark nearly half as wide as the leaf-bases. Vascular scars near the top of the leaf-base, each having two minute and often confluent points and two larger and lunate lateral punctures. Fruit-scars arranged in transverse rows forming a girdle, each member of the girdle consisting of 2 to 7 contiguous vertical scars placed in the spaces between the leaf-scars in the vicinity of an articulation, where the rows of leaf-scars are not continuous, as if there had been an interruption of growth. These articulations are from two inches to a foot apart vertically. The scars are depressed or sunk into the stem, rounded or angular by pressure, and having in the centre a small sunken ring and dot. The bark appears to have been thin. Flattened specimens are sometimes a foot in diameter. When the epidermis is removed, the inner surface appears rugose longi- tudinally, and there are transverse leaf-scars, each with two vascular points, the whole presenting the appearance of the type Leioderma. * Named from the "Lorway" Coal seam, near which it is found. i-i-i I V 1 i ^ 'ill i.ii ■ i ■\ A ■ i 44 CANADIAN FOSSILS. ' ,', f The fruit-scars are eviJontly modified leafscars passing into these. They have thus no affinity either in form or relation with the large round cone-bearing-scars oi Lepldofloios, and they must either have borne singlo ovules or modified leaves with marginal fruit. In the former case the shape of the base would indicate that the fruits were of the nature of Trigonocarpa. In the latter case they were probably of the naturo of Amholites, (which arc not, as Carruthers supposes, to be confounded with Cardiocarpa.) Or they may have been racemes of Trigonocarpa, as I suggested many years ago.* Still it is possible that some of the plants included in Sigillaria may have borne Cardiocarpa, and the mode of association of these in racemes, as shown by Carruthers in one of the species, is a further evidence of this possibility. In any case it is perfectly plain both from considerations of homology and from the form and close approximation of the fruit-scars, that they could not have borne strobiles of the nature of those figured by Goldenburg and Schimpcr as fruits of Sigillaria. Some of the trunks are imbedded in what seem to be masses of flattened fern stipes, but which might be I'cadily mistaken for leaves, and the stems of this and the next species are not unfrcqucntly filled or interlaced on the surface with rootlets of Sti':rmaria belonnring to suoceeding f'euerations of trees. 2. — Clathrarla Menardi, Rrongt. I have elsewhere discussed the probable affinities of those Sigillarioe which have rhombic or elliptical leaf-bases arranged spirally, and which in this respect resemble Lopidofloios, to which, I have no doubt, some of the species belong ; but which, as I have elsewhere shown, also resemble the young branches of Sigillarice of the type of S. elegans.-f In Mr. Hill's collection there are some very instructive specimens of this type from the Reserve Coal Mine. They have transversely elliptic and acuminate leaf-bases about 5 m.m. broad, and similar, but for the large size, to those of S. Menardi of which they may represent a luxuriant variety. The leaf-scars are small protuberances above^the centi-e of the base and each with two vascular punctures. The surface under the epi- dermis is longitudinally striate, and the scars appear as single punctures arranged in qumcunx, and giving the plant at first sight the appearance of a Stigmaria with very small and distant areoles. • Acadian Geology p. 437, 438 and 459. t Acadian Geology p. 435. LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PLANTS. 45 The plant evidently branched dichotomously. Its appearance was that of very young branches of S. elegans magnified in dimensions. Old decorticated trunks might readily be referred to the sub-genus Leiodcrma, as presenting merely a wrinkled surface without ribs or leaf-bases. In one specimen the exogenous manner of tlie growth is well seen in the overlapping of the bark in a ridge at the junction of the branches. 3. — Lepidodendron Sternhergii and its allies. The descriptions of this species in the books are of such a nature as to give rise to the suspicion that in addition to the L. longifoliiim which Schimperhas separated, other species may be included under the name. In Mr. Hill's collection, and also in Mr. R. Brown's, and among plants received some years ago from Mr. II. Poole, all from the Middle Coal-for- mation of Cape Breton, there are specimens which differ so markedly from the ordinary L. Sternhergii that I must regard them as a distinct species or at least varietal form. They may be described thus : — Leaf-bases in old trunks broadly oval, acuminate at both ends, about G m.m. long and 4 m.m. broad, separated from each other by a border of wrinkled epidermis. Leaf-scars transversely rhombic with three small sub- equal vascular points below the middle, and a tubercle at the apex. In young trunks the leaf-bases become shorter and contiguous, and in this state resemble those of young branches of L. Stcrnhe*'gii and L. decurtatuni, though in good specimens distinguishable. The leaves are narrow and as much as 5 inches long, one-nerved, though appearing two nerved near the base. Certain remarkable leafy strobiles with bracts three or four inches long, Lepidostrohus longifolius, are probably referable to this species or to L. decurtatum. In the present species or variety the branches are very spreading, or given off at very obtuse angles. Hence, if a distinct species, I would name ^t L. dispansum. r 1 1 I: if ". ; u I:k;/ n ],W .; If',"., \\>i m ¥-^ ! Fig. Pig. 10. 11, 13, 16 21. 22. Fig. 23, 24. 25. 26 29. Pig. 30. 31. 32. Fig. 33 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Fig. 41. 42, 44, 46. 47, 49. 50. 51. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. (Lower Carbon\feroua). Plate i. J)adoxi/lun, 4c. JJiuloxi/lon an^/(/«(M.»,— Longitudinal section, tangentia.. ' Lon^itiidiual section, radial. —— Transverse section. and Discs nnd pores. Fragment of wood of Siyillaria, 6 a, C b, portions of fibres, and U, — Lycopodiles jilumula. portion enlarged. Plate ii. LepidoJendron corrugatum. End of branch with young strobile. 12. Branches with leaves. 14, 15. Branches with leaf-bases, (a) enlarged. to 20. Portions of old stems, showing leaf basos separated by wrinkled bark, (a) enlarged. Very old stem decorticated. Spore cases, natural size, and (a) enlarged. Plate hi. Ltpidodendron corrugatum. Leafy branch, 23 (a), (b), (c). Leaves natural size and enlarged. Decorticated branch— (Knorria). Branch with leaves. to 28. Various decorticated Knorriae, (a) markings enlarged. Bark showing vertical ribs, (a) rib enlarged. Plate iv. Roots of Ltpidodendron, 4c. Extremity of a flattened branch of Stigraaria, showing areoles and rootlets, 30 a, b, areole enlarged and rootlet showing mark of vascular bundle. Stigmaria, (a) areoles. Portion of an erect stem of Lepidodendron corrugatum, from near the base. Plate v. Lepidodendra. to 33. Lepidodendron corrugatum, — Variety Cyclostigmoides — young branch and portions of old stems, (a) scars enlarged. Variety with scars in vertical rows on ribs, 36 a, portion enlarged. Lepidodendron aculeatum, (a) single leaf-base. Lepidodendron, probably corrugatum, showing marking of inner surface of bark. Lepidodendra tetragonum, (a) areole enlarged. Portion of strobile with scales removed, (a) scar enlarged Plate ti. Lepidodendra, &c. Fragment of Strobile, (a) scales detached. 43. Lepidodendron Sternbergii, branches, (a) scar and leaf-base enlarged, 45. Branches showing leaf-bases, (a) leaf-base enlarged Diplotegium, (a) leaf-base enlarged. 48. Stipe of Fern (Khachiopteria). Cordaites, (a) venation enlarged. Cardiocarpum tenellum, Pi7inularia crassa. !««; CAXADIAX FOSSILS. 47 I'latb VII. Cyelopterii Acadira, Ac. r.2, .i:), M. Stipes of Ci/ctofU-ri, Acwiica ; (a) attachnicut of fructification. 64 o, strlatiou culurged. ' M to 00. Piruiuii'.s (.f till' same, (il to (!.{, llomairis of fructilication of tlie same. G4. Ilymenophyllitca? (a) fragment enlarged (3IiUttone Grit). Plati VIII. Calamilet, .jr. Fig. C). CdltimiU'f Chtii. GO to G8. Cahmite, u,ululatu.,-rovtinn3 of stem, showing ril,., no.les and altncl.- ments of hmnclips and branchlets ; 68 (a) markings enlarged CO to 71. liranches of the same, showing attachments of branchlets,* 70 n t< rtjci en larged 72. Branclilet and leaves; 72 a and b, portions enlarged. 73. Fragment of Rhizoma of the same ; 73 a and b, markings enlarged. 74. Slab with Cordaites borasti/otia. Platb IX. Lepidodendra, ^e. Fig. V5. Lepidodemlron aculeatum; 75 a, inner surface of bark, 75 b,c, Icaf-bases and leaf- scars ??■ S't'^f rrrJf '"^'i'T'"?' ■'^ '^ ''' "' •''''■•'''""'' '•^"^-^^'''' "'^'^ vascular-scar. 77. Branch (fertile) of Lopidodendron. 78. Fragments of Strobiles; (a) scale, (b) group of scales, (c) axis. 79 to 81. Leaves and cone-scales of the same. 82. Lepidodendron Selaginoides ; (a) leaf-base enlarged. 83. Branches and leaves of the same. 84. Old decorticated stem of the same. 85. Lepidofloios Acadianus, fragment of stem ; (a) scar of cone. Plati x. Filieet. Fig. 8G, 87. Odonlopteris antiqua. 88. Odontopteris, sp. 89. Cardiopteris. 90. Alelhopleris lonckitica. 91. Pecopleris abhreviata. 92. nymmophyllitesfuTcatus; (a) portion enlarged. 93. Sphenopteria obtusiloha. 94. Sphenopteria Iloeninyhauai ; (a) portion enlarged. 95. Palo^oriteria. \\i \ ii I f' ! ■.;' 1 I'jj i : I bi Lre I' ' ' B " li"' 'K '< '/''■!, I i 11 I i u i fi LU.1. Plate I. DADOXYLON k': ~ LGWtK CARBONIFEROUS, : 1 ■ i M -t 1 V t ? ( ■ 1 !' I' Ge m i 1 1 i I U der Geolnqical SurvM^y of CaricOiia. A'/ mm mmm m mMim ^ . 'J flei' i >'•;.■,, \ro |,.,|, Mon^rtdi LEPIDODENDRON CORRUGATUM, LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. Er;i;n f,Ay^ , ,.i. Mniitreai LEPIDODENDRUN CORRUGATUM._ LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. :'M« It Ik ,' fe- t l-yUIUIjlcAl 6urvev oi Canada PU-Tt.' IV L STIGMARIA WITH LEPID0DENDR0N,.10WER CARBONIFEROnS. .3! ) '«• VI- i 1 it* y ** 1 ' ^ ^ ^ * t 1 : ,4 E * rfi 1^ ^ m i ; { oP'.I':.qii3al Survey of Canada 'ft Plat.^ V "• ■••.^.ifXvmtrv,. LEPIDODENDRA,- LOWER CARBOi^IPEROUS. i t s. ( ► ' ^r I' 5 M 1 1 pii.t '-.■:-. ;/.-.'.-.!■ i^au. .EPIDODENDRA Sc';_ LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. i m m '«« -1 f i CYOLOPTERIS AC/iDICA.-LQWSF. CARBONIFEROUS. 11 7r-al .Siir-'.'i?'' C9haaA. i^h-^ vra. CALAMITES h C0RDAITES,-MILL3T0Nt; aRlT. av.s t i| '^1 Geolo ^ ' : 15 life d1^ % 1 D dei •■ oloyicai Survey of Canada. ;-.a!e 70" 76' i W ld<: 75' i'.V UD del' LEGGU A"ni*M3ntrea] LEFT]] ODE NDRA-MILLST ONE GRIT. S*il fe''' ■■'Ss 'm f.: U:; dt TIL I CES ?v" J U T GR