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Las dataiit da cat axamplaire qui sont paut-^tra uniquaa du point da vua bibliographiqua, qui pauvant modifiar una image raproduita. ou qui pauvant axigar una modifir:ation d«n« la m*thoda normala da fiimaga sent indiquas ei-daaaoua. p~1 Colourad pagaa/ Pagaa da couiaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagiaa □ Pagaa rattorad and/or laminatad/ Pagaa raatcuriaa at/ou pallieuliaa T~~y Pagaa diacoiouraci. stalnod or foxad/ L^ Pagaa dicoioriaa. tachatiaa ou piquiaa □ Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa datactt^as rrV'ShowtHrough/ 12^ Tranaparanca □ Quality of print varias/ Qualitt* in«gaia da I'lmpraaaion □ Inctudas suppiamantary matarial/ Comprand du matArial auppSimantaira Thai poaai offth filmii Origi bagir thali aion, othai flr8« I aion, or illi □ Only adition availabia/ Sauia idirion disponibic Thai ahali TINVJ whic Mapi dlffai %nx\ti bagir right raqui mafli D Pagaa wholly or partially obteurad by arrata TO«T Of THE COLOKUL lYaTK!!— RRA Of WALKER— NAVIOATIIOM LAWS-ITATB OF THE TRADE— CANADA AMD THE LaWKR rROVINCCIt— TUB CONMKRCB OF CAMADA— EmCTE OX THE Bdl-THERN «TATE»— KrrKCTfl OE THE WEST— THE NAViaATlOM OF TBE ST. LAWRBECI— RFFECTS OH NEW RNOLANU— CONCtVEtOS, ETC. ON COMMERCE. ^ I SHALL endeavor to call your attention to one of the great pnactical qyes- tions of the day, that has been less discussed than its merit)* demand ; and which, in the present aspect of aifairs, is Hkely fur llie next few years to oc- cupy much of public att ntion. I have said that it is a public, not a poUlical question, that it refers to our material prosperity rather than to our merely intellectual advarjcefnent; and as it concerns our foreign rehuions also^ those who would consider of Its im- portance must look well to its practic;d bearing on our politic* and our busi- ness relations. We live here, gentlemen, on the barren soil of New En(». land, depending upon our industry for the means of life ; bhisting our rug- ged rocks, felling the stately pines upon our mountiin side, or by persever- ance and frugnlity gathering from the earth a scanty return of fruits for our support. The energy of our people has souglil all means of susten inco— our rivers have been yoked up with dams, and are only permitted to dow on towards the ocean on the condition that they work for our support as ihey obey the laws of gravitation. Our hardy sons search the waters of iha world for fish that will yield food or oil for the comfort of man. Dr. Frank- lin well said that "ho who draws up a fish, draws up a piece of silver." Our busy Commerce spreads its white wings and dnves a thriving exch;»n(»e of commodities with all the nations of the earth. The resistless j>ower of steam whirls the swift wheel and speeds the carciftge of freight and passen- gers over our hundred iron roads. Our mechanics toil to sirppiy the nece«j- stties of life and the luxuries of civiliz:ition to the barbarous and uncivilized inhabitants of other countries, as well as to the civilized of earth's nations. Our halls of learning are devoted to educate chosen bands to go forth m teachers of civilization, of religion, of literature, among our sister States. The votaries of science exiiaust ihe knowledge of the world and the com- binations of the intellect, in the desire to explore tlie laws of nature and ex- tend tlie realm of knowledge. The pale inventor, careless of wealth, emu- lous of fame and good, absorbs his whole mind and time in end^.avors to apply each new discovery of science to the practical good of ma;>, thrau<''h the mechanic arts. \. * Nature seems the only bar to our progress in knowledge an j wealth, far beyond that of any other people that have ever lived upon the earth : though man has done much, she h is done but little. Within our li:ni{>.no rich mines yield a bounteous supply of labor. We are destitute of cofti delds, that real source of the great prosperity of England and of our ^Iiddle States. No great rivers, like the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence, hear up- ■ • We have «reat pleasure In layins? before the reniteru oriho Merehnnta'' Afn'r/i:irie, the followiiiE Leclure on -ttu; advuntfigfsto Mew Knijlaiul of UecipiMcity wilh the Cniiadus iind the BiiiNh North AnuTicau Colonies," bytJiiARLits l.itvi Woodbi'hv, Ksq., L'. S. Coiiimifsioiu-i-. In ti note lo th» etlilor oJ this Ma«azin»', Mr. Woodbury 8u>8: "^ have revised and extended it a little beyond it* onginal mxc. m ns la embrace the bearin.i; oi the question on other than the New Knglund section of the country." We cuinmttua U lu the Et(«atiua oi aur reader* g«u«rali/.— £<1. Afcr. afax. VOL. XSX. — NO. V. aO 562 Commerce toith the CanadaSy on their bosoms to us a Coromorco more enriching than the deposits of the Nile. Our rvs.mrcos are aniwn from a grcrtt tllstanco, and the cost increiwed by frt'J 'hts fir above what it is in more favoroa climes. Our coal, brought from the mountaitw of Pennsvlvut.i^ Marylan.l, and Virginia. Our wheat and beef from the i>rairies of Oliio and Illinois; our cotton m>m th3 tar South; our wool from the antipodes; our iron from the mountains of 1 onn- sylvania or of VVaks. . . ,• . n.«<.f Our prositritv lias depcnthd upon our industry and our int«.'lkct. Ureal as has been our'progros^ and vast af* the accumulatt'd products of our in- dustry are, wo cannot forg^'t or overlook the fact that other StaU.'S of this Union, better situated tfian our-^flves with rejjard to the great channels of communication to our variou«» fuarkets endowed with cheaper i^upphcs of coal, iron, and food, roquirins? less shelter and clothing for di-pnce trom a rude winter, are growing most rapidly, and entering into competition danger- ous to our foreign interests in our home markets. My in<|uif V is directed to this question :— Wliether we have not some natural advantages yet unexplored, by which we can extend our markets for our productions i cheapen to us the cost of raw material, and of production of ouv manufactures; incroaw? our Commerce and our trade, and enable us to go forward in that triumphant march of civilization, industry, and increase of poi.uiation, that, so far. has attended our exertions. l^efure I proci'cd further, a siiort resume of the commercial lu.-tory ot tlie • colonial trade will be interesting, both from its intrinsic usefulness, and that it wilt show that the statesmen of New England luwr contended tor this measure even so far back as the days of Washington. The illustrious n:imes of Or. Franklin, Thomas JeftlTson, and of John Adams, of Qumcy, are guar- anties of the political soundness of the question, and leave it, jis 1 tu>.t said, purely commercial, and to be decided by the rule of dollars and cents, whether or not we can make money by reciprocity with Canada. KtSTORY OF THE COLONIAL SYSTEM. Your historical studies make you well acquainted witli the general colo- nial system of Great 13ritain. After the discovery of America and its set- tlement, the Kuropcan powers that had colonies, each estabh-hed a similar system in etlect, tliat their colonies should be dependent on their mother countries for supplies, and have no intercourse with any other country than her. In efiect this prevented the American colonies trom manutactunngtor Jtbemselves, or from engao-innr hirgely in ship-building or Commerce; isola " ^' ■ Id—leaving them no trade except to the even declared " that we had no right to tKe e.vc« « miu vu. . ..... ......" The English system begun by Oliver Cromw^fCijontinued till our revolution exempted us from further subjection to it. At this time (1776) wo had in the colonics our right to trad^i with Enulan(j*;-T»ith the British West India colonies, and with that part ot Europe south ot'-'Capn Finisterre. The rest of the world was shut out trom us. The revolution being over, the peace declared, a treaty was to be ncgoti- GdV'spectiria- our rommerdal relations with Great Britain, which had been r'ely destro'yed during the war. The United States desired to get back lost traU.' with tluj Briti:=U West Indies, then a greater source ot wealth ACuba, In March, 1783, Mr. Fitt, tlien Chancellor of th.' Kxdiequer, f>lsed a bill *'to admit to all the ports of the British dominions Amor- Vo^s.-ls l.»:.d.d with go I \ > .1 \ 4 AnA with the Britiih North American Colonies, 568 the British merchants, and by Lord North, and Mr. Fox, and Lord Sheffield ; and at their fiU!»t?<"stion the whole j)ower win !oJgi*d in th<> linndft of the king and liis council, who by an early oiiJer, not only cxduthd Ameritim vessels from all participation in the colonial tradr», but even forbade our pro- visioni^ and fish to bo carn«'d in liritish bottotns. In 1783, our minister, John Adams, on the part of tho United Sta»e8, proposed to the British government to place all the trade b^rtwoen the t^O countries and tlieir dominions upon a (ooihy;f o( ^* perfect and It fkral rproved and recommended, commenced its trial as a practical thing. But only partially, for these measures were only addressed to the driscriminating duties by which England had sought to prevent any direct trade between us and the colonies, and tl»e retaliatory duties that we had levied on the English vessels, the system of annoyance was broken down and a direct trade permitted between us and the colorjves. Yet even tliis brought relief, and gave renewed vitality to a trade that fifty years of persecution had failed to crush out of existence. The day was not yet come for " a perfect and liberal reciprocity." On both aiuca of the Atlastic and on both sides of the St. Lawrence, prejtsdice, |0f Ommerce wilh tht Canadoij tiinWUy, conwrvatwm even of wron^» opposed their obstacles. There are but few minds in any age tl»at havo ttte courage atid tho industry to think well and carefully on any propotitton, and the " douliting Tholn^«^e5^ of Commerce and politics fitooct askinj? for a 8i<»n, yet refusing to try the expe- riment lest they shr>«l(l ho a"itonish<»d at the result. Even this little liberality worked wonders ; slentlily year by year more apparent was the jrood resultincr from the measures of reciprocity, and more readv the mercantile community to become converts to the unmistakable fects' developed by the statistics of a growing trade. BRA OP WALKER — KAVIOATION LAWS— PEEL PRESKKT STATE OF TBADB. Liberal Policy. The advent of a li^xiral government in Enghmd, (1846) who held to the policy that to secure the cheapest production of manufac- tures they must cheapen the cost of living, was the sign of a new era in the colonial policy. The distressed state of tl»e English finances induced Sir. Robert Peel to propone throwing the colonies on their own resource^ so as to s»ave the heavy appropriations the imperial government had heretofore made for the civil list. Whilst at the same time he proposed the repeal of the corn laws, to provide for the laboring people cheap food ; and the coun- try was ready to sup|x>rt his policy. In- the States, at the same time, Mr. Hohert J. Walker, a dlstinjjuished free trader, held the treasury department and the confidence of Congress, and a liberal commercial measure—- the tariff of 18 40— simultaneously re- ceived the support of the people of the United States. The concurrence of views of these two great statesman and their govern- ments, the success that attended their measures, led them naturally to pur- sue further their views of lil>eralizing the commercial intercourse betweett the two nations. Thirty years hefore, (1817,) the United States, in passing her navigation laws, had announced herself ready to adopt reciprocal mea- sures of liberality wlienever foreign nations should desire to do the same by us. Now Great Britain, after seventy years of starn monopolizing exclu- siveness, was pressed by her commercial and manufaoturiuji interests to do that which Mr. Pitt had vainly struge. The genius of Amt>rtca put forth its might ; her Collins st«ain«rs and ihat mighty fl«et of cIip(»or ships, rushed over the blue wat^Ts with a speed greater than ever before was reached by craft beiring th»> triumphant rtagof the United Stiitts, victorious frotn the start. ShiplmiKling, Commerce, and manufactures, felt the influoncc, and on thoy rush increai*ing and pn»s(>eriiig as neviT before trade prospered in America. As the mists of pr»'judic« and the broken clouds of error are dispelled, the miud sees clearly the causes which produce this prosperity, and denjands another movement towards free- dom, that the last clogs that weigh down and oppress this trade shall bd broken, that we may have free ij»nd prepared by lan^^ and by sea for itn approach. The tariif of Canada was reduced to a mere reve- nue point of l2i percent duties on the average. The noble s^t. Lawrence closed by ice from winter and spring navigation, her merchants and ours hud turned their attention towards seeking the ocean in a more gonial cli- mate. Canals and Railrmds io ports where winter with her icy chains was powerless to retard the energies of Commerce; a population of 1,842,205 souls were straggling to find a road to market — a cheap road. The Krie Can^d, the Ogdensourgh Uailroad, your own Montreal liiiad, tho Atlantic and St. Lawrence road struggled forward for erdargement or com- pletion, to Hie^it th* coming Coutmcrce of a great and growing people. See what two years have done : — In 1851 our domestic exports to Canr.dii were $S,835,S3i " " " oUier iiritUb American Guboie?..... S/i-21,553 » 9,060,387 Our Imports from Canada 11,956.471 From other British North American colooies 1,7^6,651 6.69'i.l23 Total trade $15,752,309, or about double in two years. In addition to these facts a slight look further into this matter will show how far we have advanced in securing to ourselves a great portion of the trade of our northern neighbors. By the approxinuitions we have made towards a liberal system of reciprocity, not only has our trade with them gone up from 3,000,000 a year in 1827, to 15,000,000 in 1851 ; but these very communications of Commerce have produced better acquaintance with each other, and more kindly feeling; her statesmen, ilincks and Merritt are as well known to us, though seeking f\me in peace, as was the statesman of her rebellion, Mons. Papineau. We cast our eyes upon her trade, our mer- chants go to her cities in search of cus. omers, our manufacturers study her tastes, and we already rival England in her market to so great an extent, that of the whole foreign trade of Canada, we carry fully oaerln;» "a perfect and liberal nciprocity" henceforth in r^^pect to all of our doincstio productions ; that we «hall, now that experience has demonstrated so much, govern our commercial intercourse l>y that idea which, for sixty years, ha? appeared to bo the droam of the gnut stattsman I have referred to : our frontier to become simply a poliiical one, and the Americw (tirmcr in the North to buy his yoke of oxen acoss the line and drive them home without the custom-house otUcir presenting his pistol at his breast and demanding one-fourth of the value of the beast as a tax due to the government; that the Canadian merchant may come here and buy his boot", his cotton gooJs, his harilware, his fish, and carry them homo alilie without molestation on the frpntier ; in short, thi.t the Canadian trade shall I J a free to us as is the trade of the city of New York, or of Portiand. Further, that the trade of Nova Scotia and New Drunswick shall tcconie equally (xhq ; that they may bring m? c »al and lumber, buy our flour, cloth, boots, -md corn as freely as the States of this Union ; and that we may catch our fish unmolested by British cruisers. Ail this is neighborly and peaceful ; it will be to our ad- vantage. But a? it 18 useless to anticipate matters before the fullness of timo shall mature and ripen the experience of those most interested, it is only necessary now to consider and discuss the increased reciprocity proposed by our north- ern neighbors, and point out t' " advantages it otfera to our citizens. CAKAnA AMD TUB LOWEK PROVIKCES. We have upon our northern boundary large and populous provinces, par- tially dependent upon Great Btitain, long shut out from us by a |)olitical policy of that power, which had for its object to isolate the colonies from alt the world, and keep them entirely dependent upon herself for all their supplies. The progress of more enlarged views as to CommercCp the rights of man, and general political economy, have lately produced much relaxation from the strictness of exclusion meditated by the colonial policy of Great Britain, and for two and a half centuries closely adhered to. Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia e^joy now a freedom greater than at any previous time in their history ; permitted at last to develop their resources, and seek iot the most profitable markets, and means of carrying on their Commerce and receiving their supplies, they have turned their long- ing eyes to us, delighted with our progress, and viewing the immense ad- vantaofes tliat a reciprocal and free Ccmmerco would confer upon the two countries. Seeing how great an advantage it would bo for her to seek the markets of the world through our |)o»ts, Canada demaiids of our government that henceforth the relations of Commerce between us should be those of free and reciprocal exchange, so far as our respective domestic products are concerned. > f I And with the BHHth North Amtrtean Colcnin, m > ^ i Tbey ask this as a commercial union. It don h with GrcU I>rUain; ours is of our thirty-ono indcpCi.Junt States, leagued aimply by our con> stitution. Now, who are they, conside-<'n ? I^t mo jiin!»wer bri* fly. It will be hotna in mind that wiihin the la-l ti-n years most (extraordinary develupmcutif of inJiistry, prosperity, and wtultlj have tali«'n phicti utiiongst our nortlu'rn nt'iop- u at*on luw doubl-.Ml within ten years ; and if, as U probable, tiny continue •Tl' .alio (or twenty years, Canada West will i*iistain a e railliuns of people, ami CanaJa Kast nearly four to increase at population cf millions. The beni-h comfi»rt, prosjit siderations of uU cutnscril-i'ii iiis splorc v lated system of escJtJMon that, rcnderinjj mnn^s neudenco stibordinat'j to tl»e mere poiiiioal con- tif, represses his enU.-rprise and -self reliance, cir- lon, and forces him in tfic search for Itis nvUerial prosperity to HHt)»iii» to nn arbitrary disL-iplitic ruitwns to hi* fortuneH nnd capriciously deslruetivo to the pnigress of natiural prosperity ai.d civili/^ition, ha* been brolcen down hy the energy of tlic Caiiadiitns, and her people are row geelving for that larger liWrly we have taught them to expect fr«>m the ruin of the colonial system of exctuiiion atkwi .suix>rdinatiou that hixa so long repressed their energies. They have a population of ahnoat two millions in the CanaJas, two-thirds of a million in the other provinces, making almost three millions of people; a vast extent of wild land, good for agriculturo, and the increase of the Can- adas is at tho rate of near 100 per cent in ten years. Tho great river St. Lawrence, the only outlet of Canada to the ocean, from the high latitude of it* mouth is closed by ice nearly six months of the year. Their shortest route to the ocean is tlirougli our country hv numerous railroads and canals, amongst which ours are the shortest of all. They have few manufactorica amojjg then), but are consumers of exactly the cfiaracter of j^oods tl)at we do manufacture. They have vast forests of lumber, while ours are nearly exhausted. They hav,i in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick great beds of coal, lying close to tide-water navigation, and cheaply worked. Tliey have vast beds of iron and of plaster; we in New England have none that wc* can work to a protit. The waters around them teem with valwablo tish. Such is the condition of the one side. They occupy one shore of th.it chain of lakes and riv^^rs which pierces this continent from the Atlantic almost to the Itocky Mountains, all lyi«ig wiihin th«! northern temperate zone, to which the great K^ly of European jvs well as American population are fully acclimated, Tho vast iaciliiies which this route has otl'ered, Hrst for the exploratictn of the continent by llennepen and La Sj»lle, then for the adventurous fur-trader, and since ihu era of our itide- pendence for the purposes of Comtnerce, has spread civilizalion and agricul- ture through the prairies of the West. Commerf m'lA th§ Oatmint^ Th« nafniiturle of thiM Commerce of the Iflkeii o%n only Ife conceived wlien we rcni*'mbWQ ; w:th fertile lands and great amounts of surplus produce,— seeks with •toil and trouble a market convenient of access for her great exports, in which she also .w. be content to purchase those !m.,orts that her jncr. asing pop- ttlauon^shali require for their comfort and luxury. In her search, she ^nds f f '^^^mthO^JMrnj^erAAmerieimCbloiUtt. m \f : T . ♦ r"""^'-" '.f " e ironiwr m me West uifi* the Ohio limt and tht tbii'*ll'l? H^ r^'^'^T '"*^<^<»"!n»«'^« ''ouJd rnako to the revenues of all tUMe puU and ca.«.U; what incrtiwe to iho prosperity of these citiei; jvhut a«v.lopnj.nt and growth to our tonna^^. Ld carr4.g tS, "hould ell ri;:''"' •*•''•' of o«r improvement., Vnd pay our-induKtry L tol^ mvL tf f;^^\»?««:«35,00(V- - a year, and most rapidly increasing I ti.?n »L .^^""".'""^ prosjH>nly a»d h..n«fit to million* of our pcpula. J^^o^ni^vf /nl!; ' '•;"' *'"*'"rr '*'""'*^ ^^^^^'y »^«'» themselves of the 2l>poitunity to presH ju accompl.shment with untiiin^r energy; but expe- a.; L^r ' r^IV" ^^f •':' *'''^'^' ^^^^ I^«H« ^'^^^^ "^^^^ spring tl»ls enorsy ha. ,.r!t :'/l1 ^"^''^'H^'^-^^^or. up to their duty. Ve,.r .4er year Canadk ha» p e.sen ed herproject at the doorn of CougvL, and it still ha..«. heavy Ser ot rr/'' * "^ '^""'^"n* ''^" '*^""^-^- ^^'^^»' '^ ^J»« «'-^«^«« that shuU from CinX "'v ^ •""'^ 1* T ^'T ^ ^'''"•^ ^''^ ' ' ^t doea not .pring hZtr . I I "''" *'"*''' '''^^''» ^"^«" »'^ the action necessary to ihoS how 8enou.Iy she w m earnest in desiring friendly and reciprocal relations noHlu r!!*1^^? importations, like a great Chinese W«ll, stretches along our iZTl ^'*^*^^'^'V?*^ ^'''^"^' *'^''" '^^'^'''^S themselves of our facilities un- irhi .'^n ^y f t ^ "^ \''*' govern,net:t that averages about 30 per ient, 80 ugh a. to destroy trade and r.revent the free and full use of oVr means noLl ^.^'»"^'^t,^!»\to the lakes is prevented from developing its Aifi powera by the restnctive pol cy that forces the trad^ of Canada to pa^ out of the n,outh of the St. Lawrence and away from our porU and Lr- son or uL'Tr ""^"'' •''a ^^"'!* "ro« tJ'« Ohio, the Mississippi, the Hud- ^hlh ... ^'"^='J!?«^» !« ^"* ^l«P"ved of a portion of that carrying trade IPMi^^ V ' ' ^^*f ^'^«'PI»'. or the Atlantic, v depr! ed of .part of it^ who u^ I'l "^'T^r ^^ '^"^^ r«f Actions on our neighl^r.. Every mechanic wt o witkU a sledge, an axe, a hammer, or a tool, finds hi* l.ds'in this re- Iveri !v ? 7' " commercial uses of the Union. Every ton of shipping, ZI\ n • "!;;^ ""''^ ^''""''' ^''*>^"^*"' «^«^«^'^''«' '"'«P«^ Of laborer Trn «!t''"i?- ! ^^ r^^^pf'ty ps-oduced by this measure. 'lu adva.itagei are not al me luded m th,» export of the surplus of Canada, or its carriage nLl\\ r '' ?v ».'^«>P'"o«''al taritr would be to make our lake poru, our Atlantic port, C.ncmnati, gt. Louis, and xVew Orleans-all home mar- l,n,ht' ^ y^''i''"'\ «".^ the provincial ■,. There they would sell their produce, leavmg the selection of foreign markets and the conducting of for- E trade to our merchants. Where they sold, there would they buy lbeirsuppli«H; the economy of making but one journe.-,and th^ -.uh-J. tage ot a great assortment such a» these cities afibrd, would induce them, no Commtrci with the Canadoif even in the (aca of a small adverse per centag?, as a convenienoei to employ their funds again in tnudo wiihout the loss of interest, Ahhoiigh the proposed measu-es of reciprocity are desired to covfir only those raw mate'-ials of agricultural products, or of the forest, mines, or fish- eries, and on them alone is it proposed to abolish the duties— yet while making these exchanges, our manufactures of all sorts and our foreign im- ports would assuredly find much greater markets, and the amount of pur- chases of our Northern neighbors would be more considerable than now ; an immense stimulus would thus be given to all our arts and industry, and the enriching stream from the new market would fi»vorably reach every man who had anything to sell, or who aids in producing anything; which Is mtended for consumption. Manufacturers have for years labored to represent the advantage of a home market. Here would be one— the purchaser would come to your doors, while the simplicity and rapidity of the transaction would be a source ot profit to both. A fiirther^yiew of the geographical position of Canada is worthy of no- tice. 1 he River St. Lawrence and the Lakes stretch along her southern border ; on the north are the regions of eternal snows ; the only outlet to the Atlantic that is under her own Hag is the mouth of the River St. Law- rence. If, then, the preseni isolating system of the United Suites shall be pursued, It necessarily follows that Canada will withdraw her present flivor- able regulations, in order to avail herself of the St. Lawrence wlioUy for her trade ; this will create upon our North a rival system at once deleter- ious to the supremacy of our power, as well as the growth of our navigation. ^»uebec and Montreal must become the rendezvous of shipping, instead of our porte— already when n arly three-sevenths of her trade is "through our ports—Quebec having thi transportation of the other four-seven thsf is the second maritime port upon the continent of America; exporting more, in proportion to her pcpulaiion, than any city in the United States, and em- ploying a tonnage of 580,000 tons, in 1851, to carry otl'her exports, which 18 greater tiian any port on ihe continent, except New York. What the progress of population wiir do for it is very clear— this thing happens m the young tree. When the population of Canada is just de- veloping, and only 1,800,000 soul^ what shall we reasonably expect when in a i,i\Y years she shall contain from .seven to ten millions of people, whose trade our unnatural restrictions shall 1 >rce throu^^h this outlet to the devel- opment of Canadian hostility ; and a tonnage for transportation unparal- leled in the history of the world; a commercial navy and seamen hanging on our North that will be to England the assurance of her continued su- premacy ot the ocoan, and to us a source of well-grounded apprehension! M ly we not have to say that what all the power of England could not do, our folly has done? EFFECTS ON THE SOUTHEIIN STATES. In considering this subject briefly, it will appear that the South have a direct interest iii both branches of this question. The agricultural products winch the provinces would take will readily occur at '"the first glance to every planter— rice, sugar, hemp, cotton, and the tropical fruits. Vmt be- sides, the great ship-building Interests of the Eastern provinces would create a demand in the South of a new sort. The lumber of the South ditFers radically from that of the North ; and in the great art o' ^hip buildiu-' each * And wUh Ike British North Ammean Colmtes, 571 has ita uses, wliero its superiority is most evident; anu no ship i) consid- ered to be built in a first class manner, untess in her construction a proper use of both Northern and Southern htmbor is made. Were reciprocity in- troduced, an imprcvenjent would take place in the provincial shipbuilding, and a new market thus be created for tlio yellow pine, white oak, and livo oak of the South, of great importance to them, and tending to double the value of their forests by the increased demand for their use. The increased consumption of naval stores would also bo considerable trom the abolition of taxation on them, and as with the gradual increase of population the importance of these new markets becomes more fully devel- oped, an enlarged prosperity would result to the producers of naval stores and southern oak and pine. ^ The effect of these liberalizing measures also would tend much to dimin- ish the prime cost of curing dsh for market— -both cod, mackerel, salmon, and hernng— thus cheapening an article of food of prime noces.^ity for a labormg population. The salt-works so often undertaken along the Si-uth- ®''" J<>ast might be developed into a profitable state of operation. The river Mississippi would become a thoroughfare by which tropical productions from Cuba and South America would ascend to Canada West, m the most direct manner, to the great benefit ot all those cities along that route, and of the labor and capital there emploved in developing and ex- teoding their internal Commerce. The necessities of a large population who must depend for their tropical supplies on the same sources as ourselves would lead thorn to sympathize with us m our efforts to control and direct the affairs of the Gulf'of Mexico in such a manner as will best subserve our mutual and unclashing interests —by securing the cheap production of these necessary luxuries'^ it would unite this continent commercially, and control the islands for the benefit of the continent, in spite of all the intrigues of the jealous powers of Europe, who regard the union of America in one peaceful lea-zuo as an assault on their dynastic oppression, and the individual prosperity of our people as a reproachful evidence of the happiness of those blessed with free institutions. EFFECT ON THE WEST. Besides giving to the Western States a new market for live stock, fruit, and provisions, reciprocity will yield an additional stimulus to their works of internal improvements, by aid of which Southern productions will be earned to this new market. Upper Canada is destitute of coal-fields and beds of iron ore; the great population which will dwell there, and the whole magnificent Commerce of the Lakes, must resort to the coal-fields of Illinois, Ohio, and Western rennsylvania, for the means of producing steam power, and for fuel and light for their cities. This new market, whose cajjacity must increase year- ly, will stimulate with great power the coal and iron production of the Western slopes, giving not only immediate prosperity, but the assurance of future countless wealth. From the greater cheapness of coal and iron, the south side of the Lakes must always be the seat of manufactures, of machi- nery, agricultural tools, and cistings, for Canada. And the eftect of reci- procity in promoting the i)rosperity of the mechanics and artisans through- out the West, as well as in developing the Lake Cities, cannot but be im- mediate and sensible. For the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, and the valley of the Ohio, a fuither view is presented ; the superior mildness of 672 Commerce vtith the Camdaa, ■ l»vu,g to [.Vusc their llLfeZlfir^ V^"' ","''" "'« '' ""p^' 5'""e. »■"! 8li«ep, convB- TIIR NAVIOATION OP TUB ST. LAWRENCE. would be gratih'od by the sTcm o Z n.^'' "' 'T'^ "^ ^'^^''^ P'«^«««» would be totally desfro^^d "'e^isure-as by its foijure the hope caSai;S':nSr^:^?:,XS;:^ ^ --^ e^eHent system of procity would throw o^.fZl7t^^^^^ '^"^ rT "^'^^'• ment. on the same terms as afei anted II hi 'v''"'* "°P'***'«- vanous railroads to the AtlarUic poft^ vofld thu^^^ ^"ll' I'Tk "^^ ''l^ »avi.ation~.^ould tr eft on n l7l V'? ''"^"'^ ^^^'^'^'^* «"^ -«^' Canadians, to tes tlm>u'| n^nfl?, r'- ^^^ .^"' ^^'^P'^ «« ^^'^ «« the satisfy the'dem'^h a ^d fL' Pe^S^^^^ '^'' '^'''"^ ^^"<^^» ^'» »>^t to the farmer the convenkte f ^ f ' ^^'"'"r'"' ""^^ ^^'^^^^^^ increase auction, on tbe expen e "f ?ntht 3 "^ ' '''^^' "''''^'^^'' ^"^ ^^ ^''« ^^' ^^^^r^^i^:rJ:£^^:^^^^^ t7 r^ -era! .y. this free and fair comneti? on • ,! ' ^ '! '^^''» ^''^ *^^^' '-^^ hostility to njeritsof their;rrarthetLro7?h^^^^^ More than 150,000 000 of i\a]uT I •^'^ ''"'^ vigorous Commerce. ing the Atlantii ^^l.tl lakes td irs^r" ""'"'*^^.'" ''"'^'^'''^' *^^»'-<^^ canals of almost half of thToo"?, l V^'.^-'"''''"'^' '° «^^^'^'«» *<> «l"^'i» Commerce. The value ottrwofof t/' "T '' ''^'''''' ^'^« ««'"« than the cost of our whole forp ;„ ^ I'T^ "nprovement is greater ested in the same traJe xtS^ ul"'^'' ^\ '^ '' '"^'"^^ ^^"*^^^- a great de.rree upon this ConlnlTol T 't *'^'*' '^"^ * '^^'"^ ^^'^^^ »» be risking'„othi,ur o si th' 1 11. r' Tl'T "'^'^ ^« ''PPraised ; but It would more thmi $500,000 000 of . ff , ' ^T^]T\y ««^ '»"ch of the profit of affected by this Son andTt ili '" '^''P^^ States is now materially J»tely vital in importa.^e to t i ^11 '"^ '", '^I"^"'^ "'''^''' '' » «'«<>• Hampshire, VermJI't • d Ltc.^ tVv T'^ "/""' ^' ^^^'"^' ^*'- that of New York Pennsvkn^ia i r.».^ io k and very material to all orK, 1 enns^ K ania, and Ohio, which connect with the lakes. EFFKCT8 ON NEW ENGLAND. ^^ ^ih the Brilhh ir^th Amman aimu!9. 573 Pnlon there are 6,326,000 emigrants; of the«e 2 2lrtfi9Q*,. ft . HowsLn Jl t ^ 'f' population than the Stat« of Xew York iiow ^ball we keep our population at home ? Hy Hrtbrdin.^ tLm 7 Cial and mechan cal advantaw, m\;n«. f n ' -^^ '*"*^'^*^^'°? them commer- Or, what i^e root of aif ^ ^ ^::z.i^^;.;;:::^^^z r '^^* and pr vh d:;s'i ti:i!;^^t;^M;- xs: ^:r t'"''^" ply the necessary wants of a man than before. ^ '"''''^^ ^'^ '^"P* Oood ^srovernment and free institutions have an effect • tho 1.»;. f to place his ch Idren in a better situition ihZ T, t?.' , "^^ *'^'"'*'» at Lme much of our popula o^ o en iov o^^^ I'/'s tended to keep opportunities, of learnini faS\!s S.^n ,'^''''1 1''''^'^^^^*^^'' «"^ *>^^''i fiuLce; but'if food,fu^^tZ'l^enrar^tq;el"<:i4^^^ same, profit prevails, and the man will go theiTtoS hif.! 'F' ^''? see danger m the future for Massachusetts, inLl she stL 'rs! f "* ' Coal, iron, and consequently steam power are rSn • x- Jersey aad Pennsylvania than Lre? markets arrji^'' ."^ "' ^"^^ rent, and provisions are cheaner tid th. .f \ ^^''' ''".'^ '«''«^^- <*"«•» Ijttle thing^ go to make up the^'?e; cen a/e 71^^^ ^'-"'f ^" ^''^^ the ong run, the natural advan^^es detf LI'X o^.e,!"!"'^ ""'''■ T small means are manufacturing in the m dX sfues Sofi h; n" '"'** require large capital and the " conomies necessart n^h! ' .^^'^ ""% establishments on a lar^re scale to in.nl .1 ^ '? ^^^ organization of that our manufacturinc^Ts mo^^^^^^^^^^^ '^ r'^''^ i'y the fact tal than the measure of nX dLTf^'tunes X'^'^'T^^' ,f ^''^^S^r capi- and less organization PhilaVlplnll I ^«t, with smaller enterprises almost SOoi^orpo^dat 1 . It ' ^ J- »nanufoct«ring city has reiched them we can show Ll^wdl 33 38^ V '^^'®?^' ^"^ »«'^»"»' take the secret of all this to be th^tlil' ? " '''^'' rn^nufacturing city. I power, is at least o e and a hal dolhrf ^''- ' i^^'"'^^* ^^^^^' '" '^^^'^ a dollar a ton che^^^rlnVewl'rf i n Hf^^^^^^^^^ ^T' ^^^"^ our ntighbora are raDklf, , ,. ■ """""^ ',? "' ""»<' ""'"^'^ '"> «l"ch #•.■.» 574 Commerce mth th* CanaJa$, rocitjr tenders to usa new IS ^ VT ''*' ^'['''^ "^ protection. iJecip- Ihree millions of people ♦ ST. nlf '^""^ '''"^ "^ ^^'^'o"* nearly they are to the »JS Stateswrn be Z- ."' "'\^ ""l'^''^''' ''''''' ^^'«« Lower Canada and the nSj. I • ' •''°\" ^Y *^'^ ««^ «Ptom. For roads from the Jto.fZZuZ ZTt. ' '^?£'^'' f" ^"''''^^ «''-t«' supply thern with shoes S t t^nl '^.s iZ ^^^'^ ^"^'z'"^^' ^^ «'»«" t J.e convenience of our h irbor. am ou/.nl ^;*- ?^^'"'' '"""^ ^'•'"'^" f^'o™ «nd with Europe, we can smmlv flr^ w? 1? ^ »ntercourse with the tropics cofiee, naolassef, Jnd tolVa fw route We .shall do the most o C foreii t ' 1 ''. '^"" ^^ ^'">' ^^^^' 8«on for it, besides the profitable fre'h/ J ^ '^^ f "^ ^^'^ ^^^^ ««""«»- «narkets of t:.e world, ove our ra , f d^ tl'l"^'"^^'*^ production. ,o the uuornal nnd foreign Oomm "e Tf our county ^^1'^"^'- '^^^ ^.^^'' '^"^ lernal improvement, made more profit.' ble.^ 'ncreased, and our io- COAL, transportation; the sealJeioftwiU b ' b-^^ «"r*>«^ of ''nland fcrent ports whence we are now ^i 'nlld T» '""f "' ^^'^ ^'•«'" *^'« ^if" coal from the Alleghany MounT. n I tt ^''^^ '^^'^ ^^ transporting third the whole co^t of a ton f ^ '"'' ^°'''^ ^'"^""t^ to nearly one- ment. The cost to Pjfiladel,?! i't;r?"'f ^^'^^i/^j^'^^^^^t port« of^sh^ about $2 per ton. All th 3 1 l7. ^ ""'S ""' Baltimore, will average the n.nes of Pictou and SydneT ' "^ ^^ '"W>I:^inS ourselves from mechanical purposes, ^tii fit t .or ki^'^'in iJo'n" IT' '"'^- ''''' ^^^ ^^ cost of .^4 50 ptr chaldron-incr e^s Z rj *»f, S^^^^^atrng steam, at a «e it better, Ld the cost Sh^^^^^^'^^^^ f l"*''^'"" cheapened, you can use steam power aIott.r;^r ^ '^''. '^ '^'"^ cheHj.er than now, therefore inore p oTt-ibh"^ i^ . *^"^t ^^^^ "^a'H'facturing has great fleets of ocean .teamer! \ho 1' • /' .f,' ^'r'^^''"^ "^^'^'^ ^^^^ ^^ork The difference in the pri;! oTco; at^ ! of the Lnion, Boston ha. none, question of profit; yo , clri run Im ^ ^'T" 'V"""-'' ^« ««^^t t^e them c.''eap.i therln f Tou have b M ?^ T f ^''' ^'"''^ ^"^^ ^^P^^^ • 11.0 population of ,he,c praT;;;:^;;;;^:^;;^ ..oodi~~"^ }*;i Now uiunswick :::::; srcn? ^'^^ ^*er Cunada ,... ftv.'OOi .fj,,^ CUO,,ttl s ^ #- i E 4«l r ^ t ^^ ^'^ihjKt BntUK North Amrkan CohnltH, 575 chi^t'l'luLt^^tl':^^^^^ ^>' ^^"*J ^^- -ill only are calculated nuJrcoTtln'''^ /''t '"'f^ ^^''^ke Erie, and connects with L S\X J .n f ^tt f"'^' ' ^7 ^f^^^-^^ '-'road 75.000 tons of cUl to »ho r I k ^^"^ n^"*" *''*"^'» '"^"^^ carried this year «he will l^n^'r a^urll'J:n :tt?T000 000 f '^7 ^-;"^'^'^"^' -<* trade on her own -reat roadrfnl.^ 3?^' ^ P'*"?'^' '^"^ ''* T'^'itable five hundred thousand peopL ShotiU n 1' TT'l '^'''^''' «^* *'^"^ «' do so too. In 1 stJIJ fSl f -1 "''1^® ^>' ^'^« ^''''"ge and we shall would delete iotfsIvafflJ^ ""'K"'^ '' ^"''^' ^" ^^''^^ doubted if this ineasur" linn V 1 i^ ""*^^' ^^^^ eastern mines of Penn^^vlvmii Tfm ^ '^"'^^ won of coal in New Fno-buHJ i^ ..,^.., r .,*'-'■',' i«e consmni)- article we are preventd from r. ''^"'^: *^'?'". '^'' ^''«^'» Pfice of tlo steam power, and To rliZ ^'^'';^.*'*'"''^^^^ '» manifactures by ea.tern'i'ennV: iirmines ein!; :^PJ'''^'-^«^-' -^ the produce of thi as to enable d ever trranSr^^vVrT.'"'^ '^ ^'''"^ '''' ^«- '" ^•'^''gl^N than at present A In^^ /,' ^''e^'' «<^«1 ^"eh more ..xten>ively much cheaper than coal Thl !S T . ^ Enghuid water power k from Sydney and S; J r! 1 °^*'"'' ^'^^'"-^ ^"^ »«anutactiu' n^. coal not dri4 oul the stiL^^^^^^^^^^ t f.^ ^^"- - <^^>a^J'-on, would done on the sea coas f i? Z^ *^^ '' ^"' '^ """^"'^ '^"^'^'e work to be iron-works of aU sor th r*" T ^"^ '""^T'''^ *^ ^« ^^<>"<^ «t all. OuJ would be revised h J /j ''' ^^'"''^ '''"" '*^ unfortunate for many year. pasL to build encrines and 'teamerl • vi? f ^Ir ''f '' *^''*"^^ ^^■*'' *^«»J^» ««ord proximatin.tothe ^i^^ ";«: ^^.f ^^-k ? S ^"' ^l^ ^^^ ^P" econoniy of our mn,^,.,.,^ 1 . "-"""^ '»» ■^'^w io»K, whilst now the utmost or^ginosfa^ of uSr ^,rSn rir"'"' ^^^"" ^''1 ^^^^ ^'^ »-^'^ The same facts apply fo • 1 he.vv f . ' ''''"'" J''"-"' ''' '^'« ^''' ^''^^J'^rs. multitudinous miil tu'r i onlff r'' "N r^""'"^ ^''^'^^^' *^'^- I" ^hi tensive demands of Sme4 Z n^l ' •^'"'' "^^ ^^"^^ ^'''^ '"^^« ^*«- vanians would find an be t^S.l "f^as^ng j^opuiatiou, the Tennsvl. coal in various descrinti.n;^f T^ ^^^ *^*"" "^'*'' ^^ '"'^ ^i^^' other steamers and prone L?:;^?' ^^f '"^''^'"^'-"'o »>o used in long voyages by freight, „nkefi^^.nobl!^''' "m^"*'- '^^^ ^'"^^actness of bulk^onL:;.! } tJ by the eVtensLn .f .?^*' *'^' '" "*" ''^'"^^ ^^ ^'^^^ they would be benefited rictou and Sydnc3^ we stou tlZtT'u^'' *''' .nanufacturing coal of of coal consuLd 1^;^^ S!^ J^t^, ^r ' ''' '''''' ^^""^ isJsU: 3 :^n;nWrr'"lM r' ''"'"''^^ r*^ ^'- ^^"'^-J states for chaldrons. \V ll he ? no J.t ^1?"' '"^'f^^ .^''•^^'" ''^'^'•' "'i"^'« «2,000 3.000,000 tons. As two h^ Pcnnsylvama mines sent to ,na,ket from the nm"s to thfconsm^^^^^^ f/ T^ '^ '^^'^ '■^-^i^^"-'« -^"f^<^'>>J' circle within which TvTen Se en n' ' ' "''7' ''"'', '' '"'"'' ^" ^''^ sumption. I haye tak^^n" cIL S '« tbl" ^ f "''^'^^ "'V'^^ ''''^ <'^^ «««• the di^.nce in the co. ^L^^n t:t;Z^^Z!^\:^ 5?« Cammtre* vilh the Canadeuk |>oses the superiority of cliejtpnes«. NortU of that point, if left to nature as a guitle, the consumption of coal and tho increase of seaboant popuJution, and of iron and other inaoufacturc«, will be greatly accelerated by rvciuro- cJty. ' *^ I luvo now concluded t!»e recital of the advantag(^'? that I desire to pre« upon the reader. 1 have shown that it gives to Commerce new trade, to caj.itaj clieaner steam pjwer.to manufactures new markets, and to labor the three great advantages of cheaper food, fuel, and rent ; white it does not decrease the prosperity of any class. Reciprocity will bejiefit u» ali in New Enghmd, will open to ua those natural advantages that restrictive politic* have robbod us of. We liave but to Ireak down this Chinese wall, give freedom to our trades, and the advantages that art and nature have created for m will yield us an ample protection in the future. Invite this great peojde to come among us and learn lessons of freedom ; lei them tairly judge if our ancestors were wise in breaking the trammels of a tyrannical colonial system ; and if tl»ey read the lesson aright, we can thank (.'od that a propngandi of gentle, peaceful Commerce, and benevolent reciprocity, has fall.-n Jike the dews of heaven on their hearts. We offer a system of real progress, destructive to a dynastic feudality, and which, if followed with selt- relying confidence, will lead our neighbors to independence and pros- perjiy. * ' Tliesc facts have constrained me to believe that the material prosperity and wealth of the whole Northern frontier, and of our Atlantic coast of the South, as well .•»* the great West, can be liighly benefited by this mutual and free intercourse. I have not, in the narrow limits to which a lecture ehould be restricted, space to dwell upon all the poitits that so beneficially aftect our interests ; the great demand for our Western beef and pork, the appJes and the more tropical productions of the Southern States, which would seek markets there by aid of the Western internal improvements ; tlie Illinois canal atjd railroads, the Ohio and Indiana railroads and canals, tending to build up cities in the West, and to add, by various apparent means, to th't wealth of these portions of the Union. The principles of public policy on which rests the question of reciprocal relations of free Com- merce wjth our neighWs, are those which in onr earlier history had the stjpporl of three of our most illustrious Ktalesmen—Jctieraon, Franklin, and Adams. Indeed they were the great hope of Mr. Jefferson's life ; and in his report as Sectretary of the Treasury, he expresses his fervent desire to in- duce ev;n one nation of the wokld to try the experiment with us. This theory has been the basis of every commercial treaty w« have ever made; and although the prtjudices of the old world have always prevented our truly republican jwiicy from obtaining a theater to try the benefits of recip- rocally free inteicourse, at last, upon the shores of this continent, there has grown up a people numerous and prosperous, who acknowledge the force of these great principles, and with open hands otter to its the opportunity of trying with them the practical effects of these great economical measures in all the breadth and fullness of the conception of our revolutionary states- men: and I cannot conceive that, now, after so many years of ardent hope and disappointment, the American people will permit to pass the opportu- mty of verifying the truth of ideas most eminently American in their ongm, and which will tonimence that great revolution in the theory of legi^laliofi fvt Commerce and the intcfost^ of the people, that rfovidcnee aeem^k to have restrved as tlie 8|>ec»8l mission of the American people.