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(/Subject to Heviaion.)
DXCVII.*
RESULTS OF EXPEUJMENTS WITH A FIFTY HO USE-
POWER SING hi'] NON-CONDENSIXG BALL AND
WOOD ENGINE TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE
OF COMPRESSION ON THE WA TER CONSUMPTION.
nv I), n, JA<-'(»ni'». iiobokkn, n. .r.
(MemlHjr of the Society.)
In a paper presented to thiH Society at the recent Chicago
meeting by Mr. F. H. Ball,t a Uieory was advanced in regard to
the probable efFect of comproHsion on the economy of the steam
engine, ajid a law was suggested for determining the most eco-
nomical compression curvo. Bince that meeting, an opportunity
has been afforded, at tlio Htevens Institute of Technology, for
investigating this aul)jeet by experiment, and the following
pages are a record of the facts thus obtained.
The engine used for this purpose, which will be more fully
described further on, was provided with two valves for alternate
use, one of them being a special valve arranged for obtaining
full compression to initial pressure, as shown in Fig. 1. Owing
to the rather large clearance of this engine, it was found imprac-
ticable to obtain the cotn])ressi(m curve sought, if any later cut-
off was used than the one shown, giving only about 20 lbs.
M.E.P., and thus limiting the M.E.P. of Fig. 3 to about 30 lbs.,
which is considerably below the rated capacity of the engine at
which it is supposed to give its highest economy. It was also
found necessary to reduce the pressure to about 71 lbs. to obtain
the desired compression, and the temporary foundation made it
* Presented at the Montrenl ine^ting (.June, 1894) of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineern, and foriniu",' part of Volume XV. of the Transactions.
t Transnctions American Sonety of Mechanical Engineers, Volume XIV. p.
1007. No. 545.
2 EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF COMPRESSION.
necessary to run the engine about 50 revolutions per minute
below its normal speed ; so that, because of this reduced speed,
the low boiler pressure, and the small load, the consumption of
steam per indicated horse-power per hour was considerably
above what might have been expected from an engine of this
class under more favorable conditions. These unfavorable con-
ditions, however, did not present any obstacles to the investiga-
tion that was sought regarding the relative economy of varying
amounts of compression.
The experiments prove that for either equal amounts of work
produced, or for equal points of cut off, the cushion stSam in an
engint should not be compressed as high as the initial pressure
but to some lower pressure in order to obtain the best economy,
thus verifying conclusions arrived at by theory in the paper
referred to.
The results obtained are as follows :
With a special valve in the engine, so arranged as to compress
the cushion steam to the initial pressure, and cut-off a*- one-
quarter stroke, the steam consumption was 37.9 lbs. per hour
per horse-power.
For the same work as with the special valve, and compression
to two-thirds the initial pressure, the steam consumption was
36.8 lbs. per hour horse-power.
For the same cut-off as the special valve, and compression to
about five-eights the initial pressure, the steam consumption
was 31.8 lbs. per hour per horse-power.
The cylinder dimensions were : bore, 10 inches ; stroke, 1 1
inches. Tlie ste i pressure averaged about 72 lbs. above the
atmosphere, and tne revolutions 250 per minute.
The average indicator cards for the three sets of conditions
are given in Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
The special valve released the steam at a later point in the
stroke than the regular valve, so that small corrections have
been made in the above figures to eliminate variations from this
cause, by extending the expansion line in each case to the end
of the card, as represented in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. A Barrus calori-
meter was employed to determine the amount of moisture
present in the steam, and the moisture was deducted to obtain
the steam used. In making the tests, the work developed
by the engine was absorbed by means of a Prony brake. The
exhaust steam was condensed in a surface condenser, and
EXPERTMRNT8 TO DETEUMINE THE INFLUENCE OF COMPHESSION. 3
weighed. Indicator cards were taken every five minutes, the
indicator being cleaned and oiled between each three cards.
Readings of the revolutions, temperatures, pressure, etc., were
also made every Pve minutes. The water was c(^llected in
barrels, and weighed each fifteen or twenty minutes. The
weighings agreed very well among themselves. All tests were
an hour or longer in duration. In order to make certain that
the tests were long enough to insure the proper accuracy, the
steam per hour per horse-power was calculated for the first half
of five of the runs, and the maximum discrepancy between the
results for the first half of the runs and the entire runs was
found to be one-tenth of a pound of steam per hour per horse-
power, or about one-fourth of one per cent.- this is less than the
4 KXPERIMENTS TO DETKRHINE THE INFf.UENCE OF COMPRESSION. '
poHJiible error, and thus provea that, the tests were of ample
length.
The results of the separate tests are given in Tables I. and II.
The tests made under similar conditions are seen to agree very
well among themselves, the greatest discrepancy being one per
cent.
TABLE I.
UNAL RESULTS OF TESTS, COBHECTED FOR DIFFERENCES IN POINTS OF RELEASE
BY EXTENDING THE EXPANSION LINES TO THE ENDS OF INOICATOK CARDS,
A8 IS INDICATED IN FIGURES 1, 2, AND 3.
Stenm pressnre at engine =: 72 lbs. above atmosphere, llevolutiona per minute, about 350.
CUNOITTONH.
No. of
Test.
Special valve oo arranged as to compress
the cushion steam to the initial pressure.
Average.
Ordinary valve. Nearly the same mean ef-
fective pressnre as for the special valve.
Cushion steam compressed to about two-
thirds the initial pressure.
Average.
Ordinary valve. Same point of cut-off as
for the special" valve. Cushion steam
compressed to five-eighths the initial
pressure.
Duration
of test
ill
minutes.
60
100
mo
80
«0
bO
lO."!
75
Average
mean
effective
pressure in
lbs. per sq.
inch.
20.81
20.90
20.90
80.87
20.37
20 20
21'. 02
20.20
28.14
27.30
Indicated
horse-
power.
22.76
22.80
22.79
22.78
22.6.5
22.00
21.62
22.09
.10.20
30.46
Steam
per honr
per hoisc-
power.
37.8
38.1
37.9
37.9
36.8
36.8
36.0
36.8
.35.0
34.7
Average ,
27.72
80.33
34.8
For resnlts In detail see Tables III., IV., and V.
EXPERIMENTS TO DET^nMINE THE INFLUENCE OF COMPRESSION. 5
TABLE II.
FINAL RKRCI,T8 NOT COTIUBCTED FOTl DIFKEHENCEfl IN THE POINTS OF rELEABB
SO THAT THE STEAM U8K1> PEU HOUR I'En IIOnBE-POWER OIVEN IN THIS TABLE
IB THAT ACTUALLY CON8LT«ED BY THE ENOINK,
CONDITIOMR.
No. of
Test.
Duration
of tei>t In
niins.
Averam
mean eftec-
ilvo pres
sure in lbs.,
per square
20 69
20.78
20.89
20.78
20.72
Indicated
horse-
power.
h'eam per
liour
per horse-
power.
Special valve bo arranged aa to compress
the cushion .steam to the initial pressure.
4
n
Ha
6
6a
60
100
40
120
60
92.63
22.68
22.78
22.71
28.62
S8.1
38.3
38.2
38.1
38.2
Average, not includin>; partial runs mar
ked a
20.75
22.87
38.2
Ordinary valve. Nearly the same mean ef-
fective pressure as for the iipcclal valve
when allowance is made for differences
in the points of release. <;u8hion steam
compreesed to about two-thirds the
iuitial pressure.
2
2a
7
8
80
40
60
60
18.66
18.71
18.48
18.31
20.75
20.89
20.13
19.77
40.2
40.2
40.8
40.0
Average, not including partial runs marl
ied a
18.48
20.22
40.1
Ordinary valve. Same point of cut-off as
for the special valve. Cushion steiim
compressed to flve-eighths the initial
pressure.
1
1«
3
3«
105
60
75
45
25. £9
25.99
25.23
25.08
27.98
28.01
28.15
27.99
37.9
37.9
37.5
37.8
Average, not including partial runs marl
1
ied a
26.61
88.06
87.7
The averages marked a are for the first portions of the corresponding tests. These averages
are used in calculating the pevformances for the first portions of the runs, which are shown not
to vary over one fourth of one per cent, from the results deduced for the entire runs. This indi-
cates that the runs were of sufficient length. For comparative figures see Table V.
The Barrua calorimeter was attached in the main steam pipe
about three feet from the steam chest. The waste stoam was
carried off a short distance through a three-quarter-inch pipe,
which produced a slight back-pressure, so that the lower ther-
mometer read 213° when the exit steam was saturated. The
various percents of priming are given along with the average
data for the tests in Table III.
Table IV. gives the average heights of the indicator cards, and
Table V. the mean effective pressures and calculations of horse-
power. Table VI. gives the data observed, and Table VII. the
measurements of the indicator cards for one of the tests.
The indicator spring was tested over the entire range of the
indicator cards, and ill variations in the scale were corrected for
(I EXrEIllMENTH TO DETEIIMINK THE INFLUKNCE OF C0MPBE8H10N.
by oni ploying tho wcalo corronpoudiiig to each ordinate oi tlio
forward and l)a('k proswuro linoH, aso\plainod at thcs lant nicoting
of tliis Society in a paper on the (voinpariHon of IndicatorH.
Cards for each mtt of conditionn were taken, and it wan found
that th(^ differences in tlie (Mjuivaliuit Hcah^y corrected for all
variation between tho cards under the several sets of conditions,
and between the largest and smallest cards of a set, were within
the limits of pra'.itical errors. Tho average of the scales, or 58.2
lbs. per inch, was, therefore, used in computing the horse-power-
The calculation of the equivalent scales for one of the cards is
given in Table VIII.
TAHLK III.
AVKRAOE DATA OK TEBT8 AND WKIQHT OF HI BAM I,K8H KNTKAINKI) WATER.
i
h
iu
O
Date.
tf
W
g
va
1
March 10
irt
•• 10
o
" ];i
2rt
" 13
»
" 15
Hd
" 15
4
" Id
5
April 3
5a
3
(i
4
6rt
4
7
4
8
4
Conditions.
Equal ciit-off
Equal M.E.I',
Equal cut-off
Special valve
it .1
Equal M.E.P.
10,5
GO
HO
40
75
4,5
60
100
60
120
60
«0
60
.2
3
o
S
a
3
o
ao,i8i(
14,U;(!
ao.60()
10,343
i«,8rr
ll,62!l
1,5.30.-1
35,3H0
15,148
30.383
1.5,i;,5
15,136
15,015
ni
111 o
<
TO. 8
70.8
73.1
73.1
71.3
71.0
71.8
71.7
71.8
73,3
71.7
73.1
71. S
la
o T!
-I
c «
1,8HU
1.076
1.116
5761
i,3ia^
7I)3J
870
1,4751
S88J
1.741 J
868 i
8341
70«J
■ •
w
a
y>
••"
^
2>
a
c2i
d
x. i
1.3
.*
an
•si
11
|l
>
3.53
1.4
1,060.2
353
1.4
1,060.9
337
8.1)
831.6
334
3.0
8.S8.H
376
0.1
1,0,56.7
271
O.t
1,0,53.8
351)
1.0
861.3
344
1.8
86!). 4
343
3.0
870.5
368
0.6
8H5.5
368
0.6
;!63.0
34S
1.7
810.3
2tk5
0.7
790.7
A small variation in the amount of vv^ork done will cause a
greater discrepancy in the results than the difference between
the economy at full and for partial compression ; so that unless
the greatest care be exercised in performing the experiments,
the comparative results may be misleading.
EXPEIUMENT8 TO DETEllMINE THE INFLUENCE OF UOMl'llEHSION. 7
TABLE IV.
INDICATon CAHD MKASUHEMKNTH.
NiMiiFn
OK
Tk»t.
I.,
1»
»..
iia
3..
3rt
4..
5,.
5a
«..
na
I • .
H..
MrAN IlKltlllT op INIIICATOH C'AltDR
IN Inciikh.
MkAN KkpKCTIVR PuKfllCIIKll IN Lm.
I'Kit HijUAiiK Inch. H(;Ai.r - 58.i).
Ileud End.
C'ranli
( Knd.
Ilend End.
loorncted
Crank End.
{^oiTcctcd
Corrcctfd
Corrected
Actual.
for
Avtiml.
for
Actual.
f )r
Actual.
for
ruloage.
releuxe.
r uMo.
releate.
0.40S
0,50.5
0.4W
0.4U3
87.24
2tl.80
24.74
20.80
0.4(iH
• • •
0.4!J5
27.24
24.74
O..S80
0.3UU
0..3(CJ
6.38i
1!».73
21.48
17. .58
lU.2(t
0.340
.
0.30}
lo.rit
17. fa
O.ICO
0.601
0.401
0.187
27.12
211.10
23.84
25.43
0.4(14
,
0.80N
27.00
23.10
O..S70
0.3:8
0..341
0.342
21.. 53
21.71
10.85
10.00
0. 31111
0.3Ta
0.34.5
0.31(5
21 .18
21.05
20.08
80.14
0.3T1
.
0.347
.
21.511
20.20
0.3IW
0.37t
0.810
6.. 347
21 42
81 .50
20.14
80.20
0.3(IJ
1 0..345
81.3(1
,
20.08
0.3.'«
0.3(12 0.303
6.382
• 10.32
21. (i7
17.);3
10.32
O.A-H)
o.a'ju 1 0.800
1
0. 3-.il)
10.15
20.81)
17.4(1
10.15
TABLE V.
I'ALCUIiATIONS OP INDICATED IIORSE-POWKll AND STEAM PER HOUU PER llORSK-
POWEU.
7
NC'M-
IIKIt
OK
TK8T.
1
la....
ii.'.'.'.
3
■i'J. . . .
4. ...
5
5a. . . .
6
(ia....
S..'.'.'.
Ttvn-
ATlON
REVB.
IN
1"KU
MIN-
JdlN-
rXEH.
UTE.
105
240.4
(10
241).
80
2.57. e
40
8.58. (i
75
8.58.4
46
2.5«<.4
eo
2.53.4
UK)
2.52.8
40
252.5
120
253.2
eo
252.0
m
2.52.3
60
850.2
Indicated Howii'' wf!''-
Acliiiil.
Head
Crank
end.
end.
Total.
14.82
13.16
2;'. 98
14.84
13,17
28.01
11.09
9.66
20. 15
11.17
9. 72
'.;o.s9
15.29
12.86
2->.15
10.22
12.77
27.1)9
11.90
10.73
22.(13
11.85
lO.Si
22.68
11.90
10.88
22.18
11.83
10.88
22.71
11.79
10.' 1
22.62
10.64
0.41)
20.13
10.45
9.32
19.77
15
18
i(i
12
11,
.99
or
M
oi)
,94
11.98
.60
.40
14.30
i(J!58
14>2
i6!76
10.86
10.91
10.40
10.28
30.89
82.65
aJi-iej
22!i6i
22.80
88!84l
82.00
21.62
Steam
per hour
lesH en-
trained
moisture.
1,0<!0.2
1,060.9
^34.6
838.8
1,0.56.7
1,0,53.7
861.3
8U9.4
870.5
865.5
863.0
810.2
790.7
Stkam pkr
Horn PEii
IIOUHE-I'OWKU.
Correci;-
eil for
releai^e.
•^5.0
36 is
34!7
37^8
38.1
36.8
86 8
8 EXPRfllMENTS TO DKTEHMINK THE INFLl'ENCE OF COMPREHSION.
TABLE VI.
DATA, OBHKRVKD IN TKHT RO. 9.
Tina.
P.M.
Avcraceg |
iin<r V
TotaU. (
8:88
8:40
H:«
8:ao
8:56
9:00
»:Ofl
9:n
B:ia
0;»
9:»
9:80
9:86
P:40
9:45
9:80
9:36
7S
HH
75
78
78
70
78
71
76
70
78
70
78
75
7.1
78
71
7'J.l
Kbvdi.iitkin
Cui;mtbh.
ToUl
reading.
48,438
411,783
ei.o-^o
68,380
M.ttiO
64,809
5(1,187
67,471
58,770
(iO,()6(i
91, mi
08,609
03,1X18
65,190
66,476
67,758
69,084
8.W.fl»
Differ.
CIICO.
1,81)6
1.807
1,3(K)
1,8JH)
1,889
1,8H8
1,3S4
1,899
l,8f<6
1,880
1,873
1 "(8
1, '•)
l,-.'86
1,876
l,'i88
WsiniiT or Watbr
Baf-imu in Lbi.
Initial .
1,888
70J
94]
80
96
Pliwl.
8tt9t
881
Mi
Net
welgtit
889|
886
379i 884;
1,146
I'hont
liHAhK
Tacho
NKTKII.
H(!AI.Ktl.
100
158
IW)
15S
190
158 1
100
158 i
190
157 1
lUi)
157
190
157
190
157
190
157
IIH)
157
19J
157
nio
5.57
1911
157 ;
190
1.56
190
157
190
167
100
157
100
157
Bfi
an
888
888
8.%)
981
880
824
833
983
983
835
3.38
834
838
833
839
887
997
♦ Kevolutlons per minute.
TABLE VII.
DErA.ILe OP MKASUREMENTS OF MK VN IIEIOIITS OF INDICATOR CAKDS FOR
TEST NO. 2.
TiMK
Caiid
WAf
TAKKN.
P.M.
8:83
0.344
8:40
0.349
8:45
0.348
8:60
0.335
8:55
0..3.33
9:00
0.:«3
9,05
0.;M4
9:10
0.3:13
9:15
0.3:il
Mkan Hbiohtb in Inchks.
Head end.
Actual .
Cor-
lected
for
release.
0.378
0.:)74
0.376
0.3(16
0.:^84
0..375
0.375
0..S65
0.362
Crank end.
Actual.
! Cor-
rected
I for
rclense.
0.893
0.308
0.31:^
0.300
o.;«K)
0.304
0.:W7
: .!^07
0.899
Average .
0.382
0.8:15
0.341
0.3:iil
0.;i34
0.333
0.33-
0.33<
386
Time
Cahi)
WAS
TAKEN.
P.M.
9:80. .
9:25..
9:30..
9:33..
9:10..
9:45..
9:50..
9:55..
Mean IIbiuhtb in Inches.
Head
end.
Cranlv
Cor-
Actual.
recied
for
Actual.
release.
0.395
0..385
0.386
0.33.)
0.:166
0.294
0.341
0.369
0..303
0.341
o.iwg
0.,303
0..33;l
0.31.7
0.;«1
0.;147
0.375
0.304
C 341
0.*S9
0.305
0.337
0.368
0.306
0.339
0.369
0.302 1
Cor-
rected
for
release.
0.825
0.323
0..331
0.834
0.383
0,333
0..3.S6
0.338
0.331
KXI'KRIMKNTH TO DETKKMINK TIIK INFLCKNCE OF COMPREHHTOv 9
TABF.K VIIi.
rAI.('HI,ATror« op KmilVAI.KNT Pt AI.K OK INHUATOR HPRINQ ronr.K( HKD FOU
ALL VAKIATIONM IN . IIK I OT H< AI,K OK THR *PHINO. OK INAHT VAl.VE.
8AMB WOUK A** FOH 8PKCIAI, VAtVH.
DIvUlon
of
cant.
Al .
Ail.
Aa,
A4,
AS,
A8.
AT.
AR,
AO,
AlO,
I
Area.
0.8A
0.41
o.at
0.16
0.18
0,0(1
0.07
0.04
0.004
0.00
Total*,.. 1.934
MMn
J'orrc-
i..i«h,.:-p:-J>
1.10 M.«
0.07
O.HA
0.60
0..H7
(>.y«
o.a)
0.18
0.01
0.00
SH.H
W.3
5«.8
M.H
50. H
ftfi.H
00, H
00.0
Area
Mcalu.
1)0.51
1H.90
ia..S5
o.i;
0.8a
ft. 11
8. its
i.r,
o.aa
0.00
78.84
DivlDlon
Mean
Height.
Corn-
Am
of
cgrd.
Aren.
kkIo.
•cale.
m
0.3«
o.m
M.S
11.68
B8
0.10
0.81
56.8
5.68
m
0.05
0.11
ftfl.8
3.84
114
0.005
o.oa
56.8
0.98
H5
0.00
0.00
56.8
0.00
H6
0.00
o.oo
50.8
00
Br. . ..
0.00
0.00
56.8
O.OO
B8
0.00
0.00
.VI. 8
0.00
H9
0.00
0.00
56.8
0.00
BIO
o.uo
0.00
56.8
0.00
Totalt...
0.8SA
90.46
Equivalent scale = (78 64 - 3048) + (1 864 - 0.CS5) = S6.D