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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. irrata to pelure, n d a 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 pARKJ M pARKMAN QLUB PUBLICATIONS No. 7 MiLWAUKKK, Wl8., JuNB 9, 1896 2Gr?^56 4i5ar; Eleazer Wiluams-His Forerunners, Himself WILLIAM WARD WIGHT (Copyright, 1896, by WUliam Ward Wi«l|t) BifiLIOJHBQUe PHILEAftSACMON, Kl.l-.A/KK Willi \M^. ELKAZER WILLIAMS— UTS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. Until witliin a roccnt period it had been supposed that the claim? for royal descent for Eleazer Williams had been abandoned, that they were, in truth, as "Dead as tlu- l)ulrii8liP8 round littlo Moses On the old banks of the Nile." The pul)lioation. liowcvor. by a reputable London house, of The Story of Louis Xl'If. of Fyaiicc.^ and the appearance of many news- paper screeds relying upon that volume as authority have re-directed attention to these extravagant pretensions and justify, even if they do not demand, this present writing. In the parish church of St. Nicholas in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Robert eldest son of Stephen and Margaret (Cooke) Wilyams was baptised on December ii, 1608. Robert's wife, Elizabeth Stalhani. was a year or thereabouts her husband's junior. Robert was a cord- wainer and plied his trade in his native shire from 1623 until he de- serted his ancestral shores. On April 8, 1637, he with his wife and their four children Samuel, John, l-ilizabeth and Deborah, was exam- ined preliminary to emigration to New England. One week later the family sailed in the Rose of Yarmouth for Boston. Others of the same siniamc from the same neighborhood followed their example. Forthwith Robert made pcrm.incnt settlement in Roxbury where in 1643 his household, now augmented to six children, dwelt upon an estate of twenty-five acres. As a member of the church of the Rev. John Eliot, and as otherwise i|ualified. Robert was made a freeman -May !o, 1643.- lle was a personage t)f strong fibre — a rigitl Puritan. Self-exiled lor conscit'nce's sake, his conscience was his constant mentor. .\ single iiu-ident will picture his character: The magistrates of Massachusetts Ray sent letters to the several towns in 1672, recjuesting pecimiary 1. Tlie story of Ixiiils XVII. of Franco By Kllzahcth R. Evans. .Sw.in. Sin- McsclK'ii) &, Co., Tendon, 189,1. 2. Williams' Koljert ■Williams, nililfinln Ilotteu's Orlcliinl lists. 2:i0, 202: Ii'?t- l: XXXV, 217: XI.IV, 212; XI,VII. .'i(i;!. Tills last sot will liGreinatter lio ahhrovlatod to RoBlster. All a'ldinilllos fitPd ^^IH lio oniinioratoil witli fuilor ttllos in Appendix- 1. I II 134 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. assistance for Harvard CollcRc and inviting criticisms upon the con- duct of the institution. Roxbury, wiiile not refusing the aid, rcpHed on March 5, 1672, complaining of an evil in the method of education— that the youth were brought up in pride ill fitting persons intended lor either the magistracy or the ministry, and particularizing their wearing long hair, even in the pulpit, to the great grief and fear of many godly hearts. Prominent among the endorsers of this indictmeni were Robert Williams and his son Samuel.-' Both Robert and Elizabeth Williams died in Ro.xbury— the former, September i, ,693, the latter, July 28, i674.^They were tjic progenitors of many distiiiguished and honored Americans: not a few of these, despite the capillary criticism, were graduates of Harvard, and one, Colonel Ephraim Williams, was himself the founder of a college.^ Samuel Williams, the eldest surviving son of the emigrant, whose age at death allows 1632 to be computed as his probable birth year, was, like his father, a cordwainer. He was a deacon, and from Decem- ber 9, 1677, ruling elder, in the Roxbury church. On March 2, 1654, he married Theoda. born July 26, 16.17. the eldest daughter of Deacon William and Martha (Holgrave) Parke of Roxbury. There Sanmel became a freeman in March, 1658, there he died September 2?^. lOoH. and there his widow died August 2, 1718." The second son of this pair, John, over whose strange, sad history the veil of human sympathy has long and fondly hung, was born in Roxbury December 10, 1664.^ Educated by the generosity of hi'; grandfather Parke he graduated in 1683 at Harvard College,'^ d(ml)t- Icss without long hair, and entered the ministry. He married July 21. 1687. Eunice, born August 2. 1664. daughter of the Rev. Ivlea/.er and Esther Mather of Northampton. Esther being the daughter ct tlie Rev. John Warham of Windsor. :\Ir. Mather, who was born in Dor- chester May 13. 1637, and died July 24. i6(k). was a brother of the Rev. Increase Mather and a son of the emigrant the Rev. Richard Matlicr (born 1596. died April 22, i66()).>' Upon the premature dealli d the Rev. Eleazer ^father, his widow Esther (who died aged nmcty-two vears Ecbruarv 10. 1736) married Solomon Stoddard of .North.-mpton, She thus became the mother of Caiitain John Stoddard, ruary 17, i(>8-', who figures brictly later in ihi-; narrative. bnrn l-'i'li- :•,. it.yisid- x.xxv, \'S2. vs;. 1. Iti'uisl.M- .\X.\1V, «l. . -, 'liH' U.v Sly. Vmi UrtisMhi.r. in his llisturicill I»i«i'..lli'se. r.l, s.i.vs. ot Ih- ,„,„„1,.,. ,,f Wllliiua. Cun.r... ••Kpl.n.ini WUlianis wa-^ ,1. s.vmlcl from tli.' b.M T'n- 1 .|i,,i,i u. ;!7il: Wil!i:nii>' Uolnit Williams. .; Williams W i\ U,-;isHi- X.WIV. il'.i. SlM-ldc.ii i.iiiiK AilL'iisI IIH, ITI^. iii-l-a.l ..f C. Slii'lilipii's Hams famll.v, :!•''■. .\ii-Misr 'J. 171S. 7. Williams •s. Williams ISiiiMl! Willi.lMI>^. Itnli'i iiiimI laplivi ; Slii'l.lna's n. . rlii'lil. 11. ."Til. mi; Slli|i-x's llanaiil -railnali III, Kiiilsl.i- VI, 21'. ,|P HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 135 160H. Minute, perhaps tedious, have been thesi' genealogical details — yet, purposely minute, that it might clearly appear how gentle the llower of saintly New England growth that was forcefully transplanted from Deerfield into the wildernesses of Canada to bloom, and fade, in exile tlierc. Deerfield, or Pocunituck meaning High Rock Place, 1** was on ilic outskirts of the Massachusetts world when the Rev. John Williams hegan to preach there in June, 1686. His little following was formally organized into a church and he ordained its pastor October 17, 1688.1^ Here he faithfully ministered to a loyal flock; here were born the eleven children of his marriage with Eunice Mather.12 Yet in much disquietude was his life passed. More than once in the circling years Hie dusky prowler surprised the sleeping village; more than once the ruthless hatchet and the pitiless ritle wrought their ruin among its brave inhabitants. These pathetic events pertain not to my theme; yet of one, brief mention is necessary. J''arly in tiie morning of leap-year day, 1704, three hundred and forty French and Indians^'' under Major Hertel do Rouville attacked the slumbering inhabitants. A few happily escaped, more were slain, still more — chattel i)roperly for their greedy captors — were taken pris- oners. The narrative of that fatal morning of February 29, 1704, may be read in many histories — in Penhallow, Hoyt, Dwigiit, Parkman, Sheldon '^ .Seven cliikiren of tiie Rev. John Williams were sleeping peace- fully at home when the assault began. Two of these, John and a babe Jerusha were killed; five, — Samuel, Iv^tlur, Stephen, Eunice and War- iiani were captivated. These last with their parents and more than one hundred other prisoners were started without delay upon a cold and dreary journey across Vermont to their ^Mture Canadian abodes. Upon the second day of their wintry tramp, ]\tarch i, Mrs. Williams, whose eontinement had been recent,^' with failing strength was fording Green River five miles northwest of Greenfield. No friend was near to .Insist her. lor liie c;i;itiv.'s h;id been sprinkled here .'ind tliere among li>. K.-^isti'i NWIII. i.'m;. Ciiisiiill Ms tii li.'.-iliulil New V.rk Colmiial Doen- iiiiius, IV. lusa, loiMj. 11. Slulilons l)o(!fliil(l J, '.IT: WIIIIiiiiih' Uedt'cmi'd raijiivc, l»i;; Ufgi.jiLT. VI. T-t. 12. The names ami vital statistics of ihcsi' clilUlieii form -Viipi'iiJl.t II. A ped- ii-'i-ee of iiiciiilMis of tlio WlUlaiiis fauiily iiirntiimt'd in tins iiainr furmM Appeudlx III. 1;;. Two Imiidrcd I'rench und the rouialiijfi- Indians— partly Hnsluni Indians in native costnnii', partly iluliuwks or Msiciinas (lallod Mai|na>s in .\. Y. Col. l>ofS. IV, Mi;j) of CanghnawaKa, pi-olialily lu civilizod atllro. Slield^n's D.^erliold 1. 2iM. 14. roiihallon's Indian wars, 24; Hoyl'.s Antiiimirlan n.siarclios. 186; nwiglifs Travels II, tJ7: I'arkiiians Ilalf-eiMitury of cinUict, I. 02: Slio;d.!n's D 'erlU-ld, I. Ui. An alniivst conloniporary ac.ount is nientlcmcd UeifLsn r IX, liil. .\ woodcut of .lean l.apiiste Ilertel, Sel^rnenr do Kouvillo can lie m.mmi in Wiis r's Xarrat've and cilfcal iiisiory \, km;, Ue was thirly-foiu' years of aue at tlie tine of the raid. ITi. llir . hilii .Iern-=ha was horn .lannary lo. 1704. ltei;|st(T XI.IV, .'il.'i. 196 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. the scattered savages. Her Indian attendant. perceivinK tliat she would prove unprofitable for sale or cxcliangc. tomahawked her as she was stagg.rinn up a hill just after crossing the stream. Her body, found by pursmng whites, was reverently returned and now sleeps ni God s acre in Deertield. and a monument to h-r memory, dedicated August i_». 1886. adorns the slope where she fell.'" After manv privations, terrible to suffer, thrilling even to read, ihe remainder "of the Williams family, although in separated bands, reached their dififerent destinations. All of them except one eventu- ally returned to their Deertield home. The father was exchanged, reached Bo.ston by water November 21. i7o<), was recalled to his pas toratc in Deerfield and died there June u. 17^).'" His Tlic Rcdcciiicl Cafli-r Rcliiniiiig to /.ion, relates in <|uaint language the story ol the Indian attack, of the inclement march, of the life in Canada. '« One of the Williams family, it is repeated, did not return to the Decrfield home. This one. Eunice, her mother's namesake, the de- scendant of two deacons and three ministers of Puritan New Rnghunl. the far away child of many paternal supplications and bitter tears.'" frail solitary maiden among many stalwart Indian braves, claims now our sole attention. Upon the divison of the captives Kunice fell to a chieftain of the settlement which the French called Sault St. Louis but which in sonorous Trociuois is Caughnawaga.-" This village, the namesake of a Mohawk liandet west from Albany, was situated four leagues above Montreal on the south side of the St. Lawrence. As early as 1636 the spot was considered sigtuly for habitation but il was not uuiii iO(j; that the first Irocpiois went there. These Iro(iuois. largely Mohawks with a few ( )neida>. had b^en converted by Jesuit missionaries to Catholicism and to the French interest and had been induced from time to time to abandon their ancient seats in New York for homes near Alontreal where they would be under the wing of the Church. Thus dwelling they served both as a bulwark against the I-mglish and as allies of the French in war and in marauding, while they enriched themselves by lucrative contraband trade between the lower Hudson and the St. Lawrence. At about the period of the Decrfield massacre two-thirds of the New York Mohawks had been persuaded to deport themselves to Caughnawaga, so that al)out three hundred and fifty l)raying Indians were then living there. In 1750 the entire population may have l)een one thousand souls. But notwithstanding the religion- t(>. SlioliloM'K Doi'iliclil II, .177. 17. Shelilon's DocrllrUI I. .'aS; WilllnmH' Wlil'nms faiiill.v, OH. LS. l'\)r the cdltidiis .'{. 20. IVikcr's Eunice Wlllliiiim, 23. HIS FUREKUNXERS, HIMSELF. 137 intluences these mission Indians still continued savages. AUIioukIi baptized and wearing the crucifix they yet hung their wigwams with scalps, yet wielded their tomahawks against feeble women and innocent fliihlrcn. Remnants of the Caughnawaga mission still exist and travelers down the St. Lawrence |)cer curiously at ungarbed pappooses sporting about the shore and at tawny braves stalking aimlessly under the arching trees.-* Juuiice Williams, born September 17, 1696,-- was between seven ;ind cigiit years of age when her captivity !)egan. Once or twice during her father's stay in Canada he was permitted to visit and con- sole his daughter. At these occasions he conjured her to tho remem- brance of her prayers and of her catechism and warned her against the desertion of her faith. Strenuous yet futile efforts were made to secure her return with him to New England; persistent yet vain endeavors for her release were afterwards pressed by Colonel John Schuyler of Albany and Deacon John Sheldon of Deorfield. Gradually her susceptible child-nature yielded to her environment and to the gentle demeanor of her captors. She became an Indian in dress and man- ners, a Catholic in religion. Her conversion was consummated by her re-baptism with the name of Margaret. She forgot her English and her catechism. Her lapse from the ancestral creed was to her father the keenest torture.-^ After the treaty of Utrecht in 1713 brought brief peace to America alike with Europe, the father of Eunice and Colonel John Stoddard were appointed by the government of Massachusetts Bay to negotiate the redemption of New Englanders v.ho were in captivity in Canada. The commissioners left Boston November 5, 171J, and spent more than a year in parleyings which were characterized by earnestness and skill on their side and by extreme disingenuousness on the part of the l-'rench authorities. The commissioners finally sailed homeward with twenty-six redeemed captives. Eunice however was not of the num- ber although iier fatlier saw her and had discourse with her "and her Indian relations." How tantalizing such an interview must have been to tile now impatient and angered father the dry tone of Stoddard's 21. .ViitliorUles coiiccniluK Ciiufjliuuwima: .\. Y. Col. Docs. IV, 87, 747; V. 742; VI, M-^. (i-Ji»; X. ;tUl; Uflutiiiii (li>8 .If'siiUeH. UVM. 42; l.ettrcs dlHiintc^ I't fUrlciiMis 1. (Mt'i; J'iii-kimiir.s Hnlf-tentiiry of confllot I.. II. 12; Paikiiiiin's Tlic old ivsliiie In <'iiimilii, .'!C8: I'lirUman's Moiitoiilm mid Wolff, I. (W; II, 144; li'tlor, Ma.v l."i. 1890, from tlic Ucv. .\rlhni- K. .loiics. .S. ,1,, of St. Miu-y's Collir*'. Mmilinil; IliixUrV New I';iMioi' In .New l',nj;luud, .''.27; .Stone's Sir ■\Villiiinv .Iolin8i;n I, .'lO. faiiKlinawiiR;i mcnns, Cook the kettle. Doiniinontary lilstory of Now York III. llO.s. 22. Sholdon's DcorliPld II, 377: linker's KniilCf Williams, 20. WllUnin.-i' Itobert Willlains, l.'i, iiririls .Sf|itcinber 10, lOHO. 23. linker's Kiinlcc Wlllliinis, 23, 24; Williiini.-;' Krdicuicd C.Tpilvo. ."0; Piuk- niiin'H Ilalf-iTiituiy of ciiiillicl, I.. 77. 138 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. TournaP-' leaves to inference and imagination. Mr. WilHams never saw his clauglitcr again. The date of her marriage is unknown. From the reference u. Stoddard-s Journal to her "Indian refetions/'^^^ from the earnest pro- test of her father to the governor of Canada against marriages be- tween Indians and minor white girls=» and especially from a memorial of Colonel John Schuyler to the governor of Massachusetts, it appears tliat Eunice was already a wife when the commissiouers arrived in Cmada The last mentioned document shows-^ that the marriage oc- cm-rcd before ^lay 25, 1713-bcfore she was seventeen years of age. Her husband was Amrusus, a nome roughly civdizcd into Roger Toroso. a full-b'ood Caughnawaga Indian.^* Of her life amonfe. \e. adopted people there are but tew glimpses. She never forgot her ancestral home; she ne^-er entirely lost the Isew Englanri spirit. Kev husband assumed the rirname Wilhams; her only so., was called from her father. John.^« In 1740, by the solicita- tion of Colonel John Schuylcr.^'o ,vho hoped to accomplish her volun- tary return to civilizatio-. she and her husband visited Albany^ Here by prior arrangement were present her brothers Eleazer and Stephen and the Rev. Joseph ^Icacham. her brother-in-law. \ lelding to their entreaties the visit was extended to Long Meadow, where her brother Stephen was minister.''^ Finding that no force was used to detain lucn^ Eunice and iior husband returned in 1741 with two children t-iri-vno- at Mansi^clJ.-''^ Boston and other towns and remaining several months! Public interest in these visitors is attested by the fact that the legislative assembly of the province offered the family a tract of land ,n Massachusetts for th.ir settlcmcnt-a gift which Eunice re use. fearing its acceptance would endanger her soul.''"' In 174.^ a third v-sit 21 St.Hh'.r.l-s .Tonrn.il Is prlnU-l nt Um.tl, In R.^lHl.-- V. ?r„ Miss liakefe Eunice "wiUIams Is an Int-rosUng aooonnt of U,,. elTor.s nuv.lo for the r, 1, nsa of Euutce. '2o. UogisU'i' V, 33 :"; Unlior's Knnlio Williiuns, 33. 2V Baker s Eunice Williams, i;s. 29. ., . T, ,1111 'in- I^tfrr Vmli 0. \^W-. Iii'in lvlw"''il H- ^>'"' Ilniiis, jr. ...J ;.a.U,nan',> llalf-contm-y of oonfllct I. ST. I'.aU.rV Kunl.o WMIluns, 37. ao Colonel Soln..vler «a8 born .Mnll ,\ UMS, an-i «as gr.„. Ifalhor of r.'n vA riiUil. Schuyler. .N. Y. Col. Docs, IV. 40r.; I.nmh's -Vew Y.rU t, l..;i. ;„. nut «1H> wouM ncl l.Ml.-'c in tl,c Imuse; u uij;wau. xva.' ,ons,ru,„.,l in ll.e ..r- cliiird and Hlie slei.t tliere. Umj-'uieiidow (•.•nlcnnlat, 74. ;i2 An extract from a .s. nn<,n prea.h.d In tl.e i.resouc,. of Ki.nice WPli.um. .t Mnnsneid, Connectlout. .\n,nst 1. 1741, by l.er reu.o.e nlallve, tl.e Rev ,So o.ion Wllllnms of t^banon. Connecticut, is .ucscrvcd In Wllllau.s' lied, ou-cd Cnp.lv., !.(i. m StnteuH-nt of .Teruslin M. cl.ou. a .Ics.cndant < •; the It.v. .To',:, Will! nns. dated May 2(3, IH.'!.!, printed in Willl.nn-' Hed.-ou.cd rupllvc. 171. HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 139 was made.-'" On all these occasions her New England cousins unavail- ingly endeavored to persuade the renunciation at least of her Indian dress and customs. In 1758, fifty-lour years after her forcible abduction from Deerfield she visited this home of her infancy. By her civilized kindred she was rehabilitated in English garb to attend the Sunday preaching in her father's church. But neither the sacred associations of the occasion nor the memories of the past, nor the tearful entreaties of her friends, could restrain her from resuming her Indian blanket after the service had closed.-'.'' Yet she never became a savage in her disposition. Her influence at Caughnawaga was always exercised upon the side 01 clemency towards captured foes and against barbarous warfare. The li;imane inclinations with which she inspired her martial grandson Thomas Williams amazed his white allies. =""' A letter written or dic- tated by her to her brother Stephen in December, 1781, when she was more than eighty-five years of age, shows, if faithfully rendered into English, a resumption, perhaps a continuance, of the methods of expression and drift of tiiought whicli must have been familiar to her earliest childhood:''' y.i,- beloved lirotlinr, oiu'p in cii|itivil.v with jnc, nml [ nm Kllll so as you may lonsiiler It, but I aiiv frco in tbo Ix)i'(l. Wo .nro now bolli vciy oM and are still per- iiitlted by the Koo land of liii- llvinu. This may b.' the last tlii.o yoM may hoar from me. Oh pray for me that I may bo propared I'oi- doatli and I trust we may moot in Heaven with all (Uir godly relallvos. The writing of this letter is the l.itest event yet discovered in the life of Eunice. Five years after, in 1786, she died at Caughnawaga.'"* Of her marriage with tiie Indian Annusus were born one sion and two daughters, who.iC dates of birth are unknown. The son John tiled childless at Lake George in 1758; the daughter Catherine al- though married was likewise without ofYspriiig; the remaining daugh- ter, c.'dkd sometimes Mary but more often and perl;aps more correctly Sarah is therefore tlu- only child nf Eunice by whom her Itlood has been pernetuated.'"' That this statement as to the posterity of ICunicc is true is known from her own lii)s. The Rev. James Dean, who was .'M. A lotliT iniiw oniiiil by Iviu-ai'd i;. .Syrcs of fldoaKo) was wri'ton lo the Itov. .Stoplicn Williams of IxpUKmondow, brolhor of Kniilco, on Oc'obor '24. 17i;!, by the Hov. .Tolm Scrpennt of SlooUlu-bU-o, roTi^iratnlallns Mr. Willianis "> n this third visit froiu .vonr poor oaptlvo sister," and o\pi'p>.slm; tin- hopo that "sho will now Iv persuaded t(. slay wllli yon." Tho wrilir, born in .Vcwarl;, Now .Torsoy, ITlii. Vab- 172!l, boonmo a nussionnry to the ,S|o,;l;brld),'i' Indians, 17.'!1. IleBislor X, 1S.1. IJ.Ii. .Mr. SiTKoant married ..MiIb.mII, sister of Oidonol K|ihialm Williams, fonmlor ..r Will- iauiH I 'oiU'KP. Serinnor'H Monlldy, Fobiiiary. ISll.'i. 2IT. .'I,-. Williams' Waiianis family, !)J!)t. ;li;. Willinni"' To-lio-ra-jjWH-nojren, 21. .'17. Williams' To-Iio-nitrwa-iioKon. II. .'iS. Ixdlor, April (1. IWIti. from i'jlvvard 11. Williams, ji'. .•H>. Wliliatns' WIllbiniM family, !)l Williams' 'rolio-ra gwa ni' m n, 17, is. m 140 ELEAZKR WILLIAMS. mission to tlie Indians of CaughnnwaMia an I un a and 1774 and became ings, thus wrote to d St. Francis in 177,? well acfiuamted with Eunice and her surround- her brotlicr Stephen under date of November 1774:*" Slio lias tAVo iluughtors and uiie griimlsiii « \v.('.\ lire all the Uisanartiils h e liiis. Botli iK'i- (liiiifilitors are uiiiir •icil lint gy is not a model of execution. Is un- indexed and in many ways faulty, but tlie author wa> of higli character 40. Tills letter Is owned by Kdward K. .\yivs of ihleagu, and was Iransorlbed for me (as well as the .Sergeant 1 i(er) by the courtesy of Cliailes \. Smith of Chi- cago. Mr. lieaii graduated from Dartmouth in 177."t. lie' passed his early life am ng the Indians and bi .anie lamlllar with their language. After the Uevolntbmary war. he was sialloii.d at Fort Stanwlx, now Uoiiie, New YoiU. as Int.-rp-et.'r. He died at Wcslnioielaml, .New Yorli, in ISi'.'a. aged -.'i years. Kartniouih (Vnteiiidal. 'Jl ; lliiiiimond's Madison t'ouiity, 110. ■H. Williams' Williams faiiill.v, '.'1. HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 141 and of unimpeaclied integrity and has been praised for his patient, painstaking and disinterested service to his family.*^ It is supposed therefore that he printed the English physician story precisely as he received it from Eleazer. But I may be asked, Why tarry upon so unimportant a detail as the name of the half-breed Sarah's husband? The answer is at hand: The consideration of this trifle may throw light upon the character of Eleazer Williams, and the character of Eleazer Williams is a great part of my subject.''^ If in this particular Eleazer may be disclosed a fabricator — not to use a Saxon dissyllable of similar import — then the maxim may pertinently be in- voked, I'alsus in into, falsus in omnibus. If Eleazer Williams has de- ceived, deliberately deceived, the world /is to the name and identity of his grandfather he may well be assumed to have wrought like deceit as to the name and identity of his father. Diagnosis of the English physician tale leads to the following, among other, observations: I. The story itself is highly improbable: a cultivated English gentleman, a physician, a bishop's son, would hardly ally himself for life to a half-breed Caughnnwaga girl and stipulate as the price of the alliance, that he would iiot leave Canada. II. History discloses no scattering and wrecking of an English rieot just prerious to 1758, and the subsequent capture of a single vessel by a French man-of-war. The authentic event most similar to the one ilescribed by Eleazer — the destruction caused by the storm off Louis- bourg in 1737^^ — is wanting in the particulars which his story con- tains. III. In the tall of 1852 this same Eleazer Williams wrote an eulo- gistic biography of Thomas Williams. The pen being now in his own hand he must needs make wary statements. In announcing the parent- age of Thomas (who was the son of Sarah) an account is given of Thomas' mother,-*" but not a single syllable is devoted to his father — he is not even hinted at. Does not the argunicntttni ab silentio apply with strong force in such a case? Would Eleazer Williams, himself then nn Episcopalian, neglect so grand an opportunity to glorify his family by attaching it to that of an English prelate, if truth permitted, if fear of discovery did not prevent? Why did he not in 185:2 endorse by repetition the oral statements of 1846? I\'. Ill the biography of Thomas Williams just described, it is 42. ]ti'«lslcr \l.\\, IM; I.V. .'ITt!; II lit!, lir K. W. Wllliniiis .lleil aned sUty- tlvo yi'Uis. .Inly 0, 1.sri."i. 43. The Ui'v. Kriiiiil.>< L. Hawks, |i. I),, In lils imiiHlucloiy ii.ite to IlaiiBim's //.ire UV ,') lloiirliiin Aiiiuiik Is. In riilninii's .Munililv .\lii.:i\/.lrii' I. i:i4. iPiuurkN Unit Kli'uzcc'8 "cliaiactci' I'oi- veiaoily lncumt's iiii all iniiiditaiit (iiieBllon." 44 rarliiiiari's Monlcalm and Wolle I. 47'J. l."i Williams' 'I'l •lio-ragwa-iic-j.'iii, 17, l.s. 142 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. written that at the age of twenty-three years or thereabouts Thomas used an interpreter in conversation with his New England kin.'" Cer- tainly no need for such service could have existed if he had been the son of an English father, not to suppose if he had been the son of a distinguished physician, a botanist, a man of science, of England. V. Elcazer Williams, du'-ing his lifetime, made so many variations upon the identity of this husband of Sarah and father of Thomas as to demonstrate his versatility at the expense of his veracity. To the Rev. Mr. Hanson, author of The Lost Prince, it was stated, or more accu- rately, by him it was recorded.'" simply that the young Indian girl married an English physician named Williams. When the 1853 edition of The Redeemed Captive ajipeared, the diocese of the bishop, whose son had exiled himself for a Cauglinawaga bride, was changed and had become Chichester.-i« When, about 1845, Eleazer filed his pedigree with the New England Historic-Genealogical Society he recorded the husband of Sarah as Ezckiel Williams an English physician.^" To the prince de Joinville in 1841 Eleazer related that on his father's side he. Eleazer, was of French origin ;"'0 while the present genealogist of the Williams family has several lines of Eleazer's descent all purport- ing to emanate from him and all ditYerent.''i VL There never was a bishop of Chester of the name of Wil- liams. The nearest designation to Williams in the Chesterian hier- archy was that of John Wilkins, brotlu r-in-law of Oliver Cromwell. who was consecrated in 1668, ninety years before the alleged marriage of Sarah, and who died November 19. 1672.^*2 There was a bishop of Chichester named John Williams, but be was born in 1634,"''' and it has not yet been discovered even in the Registry 01 the diocese that he ever married.''' VH. There has not yet been traced in Canada in the last century any English physician named ]'".zekiel Williams or any such physi- cian of that sirname who even remotely would answer Eleazer's de- 40. W illlams' Te-ho-ra-f-'Wi'-nc-ixon, .30. Wlion TlinninR Willlnms was nt Ix)ne- meailow clinicU in I81W lio "conld iiol; muloistniKi 11 wimi of tlic siTvices." CMllcm's Tom- I, 100. 47. Hanson's 'nie Ijost Princo, 1S2. 48. Willlnms' Redoenutl Ciipllvp. 170. 49. Hnntoon's Elonxor AVilllnius, iiSO. lUeazm- liccanic. a cori-espondin;: iiKjiiihrr of tho New KiiKland Illstorio-CioiiOiilnaiciil S... idy Atisi'isl C. 1845, See HciU'^ <>1 M'Mii- bers, 1S44-1SIKI, pajio 90. no. Hanson's Tlio liost rrinoc 404. .'il. LiHtcr, April C, ISiKi, ficni Kilwonl 11. Wiiliiuiis. y.-. 52. Neal'B PiirUans H, li"."; NuWlc's i'r.itr'.iuv.il lions.' .)V riMiinv.41 11. :ili;. 53. AUIbonc's Dictionary III, 11741. 54. lA'tti-r, Marrli 21, ISOC, irom F. S. M. Bonnetl, private s.rn>tnry to tlio present blsliop of Clirslor; IcMtor May 18, 189U. from Sir Kobert liapor, prlvat.' sec- rotary and renislrar to tlio liiKlio[> of ClilcliostiT. I am Indelitod to tli>'SO riplit rov- ercnd noiitloni iii.l to \\\>\v .mirloons assistants for prompt and full rrplirs ta my questions. HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 143 CMli.in's .'11 1;. scriplion ni Sarah's husband. Before venturing this assertion care- ful search lias been made of Dr. Munk's RoU of the Royal College of Pliysicia)is from i^iS to iSoo/'^ Dr. Canniff's The Medical Profession in Upper Canada, 17S3 to 1850^'^ and Tanguay's Dictionnaire gcncalog- I conclude therefore that Elcazer Williams unconscionably mis- stated the facts as to the identity of his paternal grandfather; that l.e (lid not know, or did not care to disclose, the true name and national- ity of that ancestor and that his persistent reference to a personage called Williams as that ancestor was due to his desire to trace his own possession of that sirname to the usual method of acquiring such des- ignations and not to that of adoption. The fact is that the husband of Sarah was an Indian of unknown, mayhap of unpossessed, name, and that, just as Amrusus called himself Williams from reverence for his ivife's New England ancestry, so the aboriginal husband of Sarah assumed the same sirname for a similar reason.'^ Of her marriage was a son Thomas, or Te-ho-ra-gwa-ne-gen who was apparently her only child. •''" Eieazer in his life of Thomas, in- forms us that Sarah died when her son Thomas was fifteen months old, that is to say, about 1760."" But if the Rev. James Dean, in 1774, can be believed to have accurately employed the present tense in his be- fore quoted letter to the Rev. Stephen Williams, Sarah was living not fewer than fourteen years after her grandson writes she was dead. From the usual longevity of the Williams familj' and from Eleazer's notorious innocence of accuracy I fear that Mr. Dean was a inur grammarian than Eleazcr was a reliable historian. Thomas — for his liyphenated Iroquois name is too cumbersome — was born about 1758 or 175^."' He was a sprigiuly active lad, and wa> skilled in the chase. He was of tlie age of eighteen years when tiie war i->f the Revolution began. With the remainder of his band he espoused the cause of England and was made a war chief in 1777. He was pres- ent more or less actively at Bennington and at Saratoga but he ap- Ii5. lu two iH'tnvos, IjoiiRin.'in's ISOl. B6. ContniiiiriK slidit l)iogi'a|)liic:il nii'miili-s of .•si'voriil liundri'd iieisoiis, Alt^joii;;!! 17S.'( viis latin' llitiii llio l:iiio of S:iiiiir.-4 iiKirrliiKO. iii'f claiincd I'.ngllsli inodlc.il liiis- linnd slunilil luive boiii In this volume had ho spi'iit lis life In C.inndii ;iiil live I to a icnson.'iMc age. r>7. Sovon Imco voltinies. ,"i.S. l,ili,.i-, .\iiril 1;. ISilO, fnini F.dw.ud 11. Wllllinii<. .jr.. of Bi'lhiMii'm. I iiiii sylvntila, who lor t wi'iily-idtflit yonrs hns sought I'lMiii oriijiii.il sources, tho hislt-ry of tho dospcndnnts of Uohoi-t Wllllnms. That tlin ImHaii postoi-lty of Eiuilco Williams Bssnmed lior slrnniiio appears from tho prefaee to I'l'^seiidi'ii'M Sprnidn. That It is not uneoinmou for iui\o(l-lilood liullans lo lako il:. tani' o! t!;oir while auistus appears from Colton's Tour I, IDS; llnvldson's In tJmuiiuril Wise nslii, 0,'. m. Wllllnms' Willi.uns family. •.)4; Ilcaii's L Iter, ■/."■. ;/. (K). Williams' To-ho -ra-Bwa-iio-Keii, 17. 01. Uoslon Dally ,l(iiini,il, Oeloher 17. lS4s. Ir 144 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. pears not to have been entirely harmonious with the British otiicers, perhaps because he lacked the usual Indian ferocity. His biography ascribes his undoubted clemency, his magnanimity in battle and to captured foes, to the influence of his grandmother Eunice. While none disputed his bravery, his generosity excited the surprise of his fellow warriors. Sir John Johnson heav.ily disliked him — a hostile feeling which Thomas warmly reciprocated and which had its influence in changing his allegiance when the war of 1812 was brewing."- After the peace of 1783 Thomas resumed the chase, carrying his vocation as far as Lake George — his frequent and favorite hunting- ground''-' — and often visiting Albany to barter his furs. At the Dutch capital he became the friend of General Philip Schuyler who had been a pupil in the household of the Rev. Stephen Williams of Longmead- ow'" and who was the grandson of Colonel John Schuyler, the strenu- -lus advocate for the release of Eunice Williams. With letters from General Schuyler he made his first visit, in 1783, to his New England kin and formed those friendships which led to important conseciuences in the lives of two of his sons. At Stockbridge the interpreter between Thomas and his English-speaking cousins was the Rev, Samuel Kirkland, missionary to the Oneida Indians,"" the tribe to which afterwards the son of Thomas was to minister in the same capacity. At Longnieadow he found to his sorrow that his great-uncle Stephen, to whom Eunice had recently written so pathetically, was dead.'"' Thomas never forgot his New England connections. His friendship with the Rev. Samuel Williams, LL. D.. of Rutland, Vermont, was very intimate and was full of satisfaction and helpfulness to both."^ When the great misunderstanding arose between England and the United States in 1808 President Jefferson addressed a letter to the bor- (ler Indians. In this he stated that the impending war was no quarrel i<\ theirs and urged them to remain quiet and neutral. Moreover he I)romised them that should the British claim their services and they .chose instead to break up their settlements and cross into the United States, he would find other settlements for them and make them chil- dren of the young Republic, "^ In addition, when the war actually broke out, the President sent a personal invitation to Thomas Will- ('.2. WiUiams' Te-Iio-ru-gw.-i-ne-Kon, 21, 30. lU!. Hatisiin'.s The Ixist 1'rlnce. 183, 184; Williams' Ti.-ho-iag\va-nc gen, 20. (U. Wlllianis' To-lid-ni-gwa-ni'-gi'ii, 37. Cm. Williams' Te-ho-ra-gwa-iK'-gcii, 30. Fm- the Miinstrv „( Mi-. Kir laid hoe Ilpgist.T XIV. 241; XLVIII, CO. (ill, 'ni(> Hev. .Stpplicii Wlilianip died .Iiiiie 1", 17.s-_', aflcr a |iii-i.piali' «>v •!• I-piigmcaclow cliurcli of slxlyslx ycius. Kcgislor X.X.KVII, 111: Illlaiii-.s Wrshni MassarlmsPlts II, 78; Willlaiiis' Williaiiis faiiiU.v, 71, S5. 07, Willlains' Williams family, 42. (18, Tlie original .Tofrirsoii lillcr li('lijii!.'i'il to llu' widow i>r 'riioiiiiis Wliliauis It i« copied 111 full III K.\liiliil A, Uc'iort of II ii-o Commitloc on Milii.iiv Allai s No. S,'i, ,'Mtli (^ongcSH, 'I'liird .•Session, .laiiiiary IC, lS,'i7. HIS FORERUNXERS, HIMSELF. 145 lams, as one of tlie inlUieiitial Iroquois chiefs, to join the American standard, asking him to repress any belligerent movements which might he contemplated by his own or other tribes against the United States and promising him full indemnity for any losses which his loy- alty to the Republic might occasion, besides support for his family and himself during the war.''^' Confiding in these assurances Thomas Williams removed to the United .States in 1813, an., .Iiini;iii-.v 1.S. l.S.-.O. holli .ittnoliid to said Rt'iwt No. .S3. TO. Willliiiiis' 'IV-li(i-:-ii-;.'\vii-ii,- soil. 72. 7.1, 7«. 71. H<.|Miri. .\i,rn 17. I.s.-,s. „f ir,„is.. CoiiimlllPo on .Milllary AfTnlrs \,) 3i)t .•l.-ith CmKn'ss. i-Wsi ScssUm. U iiiitl.orlty for Hio fn.^ts a.s to TlioninK' ..liang,. ,.f sorvl.'.. and .is lo tlii> liiidv .InslUv of tlio Bovonimont Im was iiivltod to s,-rvi\ 72. Williams' To ho ra-KWaiif-u'rii. tin. 7.1. It.'Klstoi' Til, HW. Ill 'PI 146 KLEAZER WILLIAMS. t 1 that Eleazer Williams blundered eleven months in penning the time of his father's death, and this when writing within three years after the event and -.vhen the proper date was well known and had been widely distributed in the public prints. Can Eleazcr's sole authority he accepted upon any point a> to which general noninformation and difference of opinion exist? Are we not justified in adopting th- animadversion of Lord Macaulay upon Mr. Croker:^^ "'It is not likely tliat a person who is ignorant of what almost everybody knows can know that of which almost everybody is ignorant"? The wife of Thomas Williams, named Mary Ann Rice, or Konanto- vanteta was like himself of mixed blood.-= She was lineally descende.l from a 'youth named Rice stolen by the Indians from Marlboro m the province of Massachusetts Bay early in the eighteenth century.^" Her father was named Haronlnimanen. She married Thomas Williams January 7, 1779." She was a irilied at n-it"' 40. T7. Hanson's The I>isl I'rlnce, 4t:S. 78. Williams' Te-ho-ia-i-'wa-m-u'en. 81t. 70. Report .«). 30a, House ruinmiiKe Session, .Vpril 17, IS.'iS. 80. PiiKC 468. 81. This name oceurs lowi^r in Hi'' I'l.-^t in ili* lliiin;h's note, nn Military Allaiis, .ITiUl Co B is I'll St .loMlilless so ii.iiiied in eom|ilimciii i.> .i"! f,.li,.vv.|.aiil.r ..'■ tla^ir r.-ilhef. William-' T I'l'minine luiiu. TIi.m' i ^vh wi'H' a liii'n 1 and I Hip'i'^i 'I'ldi'lakhrriiiitii li.i I'M ;;wa-n'' urn, ;'8. HIS FORKRUSXERS, HIMSELF. 147 11 eleven ' ;i iran- 1 .'lutlien- 1 in 185;, dates hia. In 1S51 he w.-is adopte.l by the Caughnawaga Indians ml., their tribe under the name m| Uaristescres. lie is a member of the Swedish Uoyal Sneiety and a kinght ,.| the Order oi tile .Vorlh Star oi Sv.eileii. in August and laiei- moiulis .,i 1S31 this |),,e!nr Willi;ims wa;s ' iililoyed ni tile c Misinutidii n\ ,a liiR. ,,i railway at Caughnawaga ihn-iigh the resi^rxatiiiu. As an ;idi>pied nuinber i.|' the tribe he was Ii\iiig with ihr leading man ;ind i>rineip;il chief. < ) ron-hi-a-tek-ha. "r, (iei.rge lie i.nriniier. an indiiM o: iimch isnucness and capacity. - I i, I 148 KLEAZER WILLIAMS. 'i One Sunday eparately (luestioned as to the birth of I'leazer Williams. There was no chance for collusion KonaiUewanteta stated without reservation that Eleazer was her child and that he was born on the shores of Lake George when her husband's band was hunting and fishing there. That Lake George was a favorite camping ground of Thomas Williams has al- ready been shown. The ancient friends when called upon contirmed in detail what Konantewanteta had sai.l. stating that they were with the band at the time the child was born an.l the s-piaw a Or Williams 1ms ahvnys s.i|.p.s d ili.it tl.is was Fraiwls rarUmm torian. If so. his opinion of F.i.azrr Willlanw. in IlMf-Cnfmy of CmfliK. .loiiMloss hasod on tlio tpstlmoli.v sivcn at lliis inv,.s.li;:ation. S.T Alllioncli the slor.v of Kloazor Williams, as tlii> .1 .U|.liin lia.I 1.. what known heforo an.l in.l 1 lanl i.r.M. pnl.li-lo.l ^n tl,.' rnlt.Hl St.it.-s N.a'.-a DenuK-ralir U.-vlow of .Inl.v. 1S41.. no ..spe.Mal att..ntl..n lia.I born «'von t.) Je,.t nntil Iho Now York rouri.i- an.l Knnniivr loil.lisli.Ml n'tl-los a'.o.it It in of 1S.-.1. ,tatciiuiu it .va.s fvick-m tliat tlicy tlun heard it for tlie first tinu'. "''•■' Tu tliis narrative ol a relial.le and veracions auditor and eye-witness like Dr. Williams I attach great importance. The statement of the mother corroborate! by lier aged comi)ani()ns bears the marks of exact tnitli. .Made witli mucii formality, made in the presence of the tribal chief, made in the first blush of the false tale, made before cupidity had been aroused and base motives invoked, made before the centenarian had been physically harassed and mentally torincntcd by opponents and adherents of F.Ieazer's claims, made eighteen months and two years before aliidavits apparently inconsistent had been tor- lured from her agitated ;ind hence vacillating memory, this solemn declaration of the aged s(|ua\v and her dusky friends should be accept- ed as very truth, should forever relegate Eleazer Williams to the too numerous company of unconscionable pretenders.**" Returning now to the three (piestions: r. Where was Kleazer Williams born? Upon the testimony of his mother— at Lake (Jeorge. Eleazer himself relates that Thomas Williams was much at Lake George after the close of the Revolu- tionary War."'" II. Why is not Eleazer's birth recorded in the Mission Kegister? ISecause it did not take place at the Mission. Absentee births were not re(|uired to be listed at the home Mission. One object of regis- tering births was to keep track of the parents, but as Indians desiring to be away must first have obtained permission from the Indian agent, of which a record was kept, absentees were traceable with(nU regis- tration o! their olTspriiig. So Father Marcoux stated to Dr. Williams and so investigation of the parish l)ooks at Caughnawaga disclosed. «« Moreover, the attidavit of the old mother Koiiantewanteta. of July 8. 185.V the original of which Fdeazer Williams prepared. '•" the transla- tion of which Mr. Hanson corrected"" and the original and translation of which the latter i)rints with much flourish, proves that one at least of the children whom l^leazer allows Konantewanteta to count as her unchallenged very own. is not registered at the Mission. Xam- is illso II ■S,'. I,.-ll.'r .\lii.v 11, IV.IC, ,,r ];ilvv;iiil 11. WiUi.-uiis. ,\r. 8t!. Tlie iihovi' iiionniil of llio oxaniliiiitloii <.f tlir .igMl TmliMiis is from Dr. WlllliUiis' cpwii llii.«. wiitti'ii hy his s.iii ImIwiiiiI I[. Williams, jr.. ami <(intalr.'il in Ipttors II. nil- ilntiMl April (i. i;!, 1,',, l>!i amF .Ma.v li, I.SIHI. .\. ivfiMviiiv to tlip s.nnio oxainliintliui will lie found in Tlio Xali'ni, .Tuiir It, |S!M. 4ti;. in. 111 (ho poii ..r ihr. .voiiiicor Mr. Wililanis. S7. Wiiilaius' Ti.-ho-i;i-Kwa-iii'-KOii. ,'t7. 8S. I^'ttors, April 0, 1,"., 1,S!M!, Iroiii Kihvaid 11. Wili'iiiiis. ,lr. : Williams- Uo- ili'iiiu'il rajillvo. 17!): llrapor's Ailiiitlonal Xoti-s, Wis. Hist. Coll. VIII, :\r,t\. S!». Kills' Kloa/.iT Williams, Wis, Hist, ('oil, VIII, .^,-,4_l: Ri.ljortsmi's Tlio I^ast of till' Hmiilou Story, I'liliiam's. II 11. s., 92, !l(i. llaiis.orn Till' liiist rrliicv, 4;14, II 160 KLKAZKR WILLIAMS. \ iiig Ikt proKfiiy in somewliat of a i-liroiioIo^;ical order, Koiiantcwantcla in that allidavil'" is made to mciitioii tliird in order a child l>j;iiatius — a name whicli l)y no philuloj^ical strategy can be nianoenvred into any other name on the Mission List, a name wliich I'.ieazer evidently forgot to observe was not on the Mission List, a name whieh tits exactly into the first gap in the Mission List, as Eleazer's tits exactly into the second. I am thus brouglu to the third (iiiestion, in. When was Kleazer William- born? The fact that Konante- wantcta could give no date, the fact that she was a frequent visitor at Lake George, render this ([uestion difticnlt. 1 agree with Mr. Hanson that when he wrote nothing certain was known concerning the problem.''- It is sure, however, that no authority prtiduced by him ha- carried the birth date back to March, J785— the time of the dauphin's birth. Much reliance has been placed upon Lleazer's own statement"'' in his application for masonic membership in Green Bay in i8_'4 that he was then thirty-two years of age. that is, born about \-/i)2. Apart, however, from the circumstance that i'.leazer as an adult was notoriously nnr<'liable in . It is plcilsniit oociisloiiiill.v to iiKrce with Mr. H.-inson wlioso stDtpnients of fnct an: not silddin liidlciviis. Tims on imgi" 184 Colonel Kplinilni Williams is desirilMil us '•an lionoivd aii«estoi- oi' th • Williams famil.v." r.iit infant.s lu the Kcnoalos.v of Ni-w r.n«lai;(l familiis Know tlmt Colonel Wlllitims, lionoieil tlionKh iio was and is, was a liaeli>l.ir, SlioUloirs Deerlleld II, aTS; Everett's Address, (In Everett's Orations and S'lieeclies II. li.'!!'). .\s to llie rella- l>lllty of Mr, Hanson's statements in ll.nr 11" .1 IU>ii-!,oii Mi.inr^ Is- read ilie Chaumont letter In Pntnam's, II, 117. 03. TliG orlKinal applleation Is in tli" lil.rar.v of ilje Wiscoii.>in lllstoii al So- ciety. See It printed in Smith's Kleazer Willianjs, Wis. Ui-t. Cll. VI. am. f(4. WllUnuis' Te-ho-ra-cwa-ne-fien, <',;i. O.'i. Williams' Hedeemed Captive, 17(1. In 1S5I, Eleazer, \isiiinu' wlili Or. S. W. Williams, st)i)ke in the laiii\') lutween 178; and 1788'""— the l.itter date pre|)onderatin.u Indeed. 1788 IS the year which Mr. Edward H. Williams, jr.. of I'.i'thleheni Pennsylvania, has adopted as the true one from evidence se- cured during liis genealogical researches. i"i It will be observed that all these opinions focus in the space which I have called the second gap in the Mission List, that is to say. in the years 1787. 1788. 1780 and early 1790— an approxiniation which agrees with his mother's inicontrat brother's name was l'".leazer. Is it too much to snpiiose that Ei:ni-c ha be (|uick to honor her nieiiioiy wliei: his !•". \\ illi.imB" ll(Mleoii!0(l Captivo. ITfi. !IS. AViil'iiiiis' ItiMleeinfa Cuptivo. is;!. W. Sinitli's VM-,v/.vr Willi.-iiiis. Wis. \\\>\. llHi. Hiinsmi's Tlio T/iis( rrlnci'. IS 1. 101. I^.Kpr, Mil.v 2. ISfld. from KiUvni.! II Wl. Siiiitli's Kli'.'izrr Willi.'niw, Wi~, lli-i, I'riii.i-. i;.;::. ll'-'f. l.i.hL:'lli'.iil.n\ I 'i.|ili||lii:il. L':;il. • '. n. VI. .•;! I. .".i.-, Willi.iiii-. .ii- I '..I I. \i, ;; IMii Th" lo^l 152 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. next son was born? Here the Storrs letter again speaks: -^^^^^^ was baptized, as is supposed, in his infancy by a Catholic pnest His Tather informeo nie that he named him after his granduncle F>azer Williams, first minister of Alansfield, Connecticut, i" Vivid pictures are preserved of Eleazer's boyhood at Caughna- waga beginning with his third year. Clad only in a shirt, bare-looted and ba e'limbed he roamed about the Indian hamlet, suffering from exposure to cold and storms, and scar.-mg his legs from rough con- tact with rocks, briars and thorns. These inclemencies. ^^^l^'H^ precipitous clif! at Lake George, the scrofulous tendencies '" tnc VV d- liams fainil". and the self-infliction, later in life, by means of las le and tartar-emetic, of blisters suggesting marks of shackles and othe iniuries. go a long way to explain the brands and scars upon ^icazcr s adult person.io.'- the sight of which made Mr. Hanson cry.^ Mv-l-. !'->, been attempted to be made of these scars as establish- ing ilK- Klentity of the princely ynitli. who died at ten years in 1 795. with the man who after 1848 and after he was sixty years ot age exhibited these marks for the first time for the purpose of establishing such identity. "n Yet this kind of evidence is fragile, is deceptn-e. On Jhe bodies of several persons may be often seen scars so similar that at a short distance of time it is impossible to remember how they ar^ disMn.niishable. Yet in the instance in hand, there is an interval ol more than half a century. Scars also wear out in the course of t.nie^ Thev also may be simulated.i«« "Such imprints are not protected from piracy by any law of copyright.""^ Eleazer apparently produced .cars to order. When the Dauphin articles first appeared in ruln.m Fleazer had ready the wounds upon Ins legs to correspond with vou. - louis- legs."" But when Reauche.sne's volumes arrived from beyond seas and disclosed that the young prince had had scars upon his arms lo' Eleazer found tliese :dso ui.on his own ui^per liml)s. One of the most graphic scenes in connecti .n with Eleazer's persona- tion of rovaltv was when in the .tim religious light ot a church he exhibited to Dr. N'inton. Dr. Hawks an.l Mr. Hanson an moculat.on « KM. 1(1,''.. !.'■>. .Miiy lOfi. t07. IjiinI I)a\i| "Tlic Ixtsl KIS. ni'.t. 111). 111. ;n.'t. :U4; Iji'lleis, Air; l^iiiciiiciKliiw Ci'i tomilal, 2.10. .Snillns r.lrii/.cM- Wllllnins, Wis. Hlsl. Coll. VI. 11 IHilC, ficim Kthviii-a H. WlUiaum, ji'. Vinton's I.,nls .WII .n.l KI.m,/,..' Wlllla.ns. l-MUinMrs, 11. ... ^-J^''- H«t l>.M...'o, .-lO.V Kvnns' Tl.,. S.or.v o.^ L.i.is -^yi-J^; TlM. I.„„„l.l.. I.. •!.• I'M.v. 1.. l'.HM- (V,n,...v .\(lvo,:l.... I>, ......brr J2. ISIU. ,,,in of VvMW.. i.. .Mllw.u.k... S,-n.l....l. I.......„1mm. •J'.., ISIM; W..t..r..,:,<. s ITI..11," 111 t'liliiit;.. I.iU'i-O.ciii. or IVIji-ui.ry «. !«>'.. Wlmrtoi. \ SlllK'-s M.'illrnl .Iiirls|i.-iiil.-i.ic, III. S'MO. Tl.o All.i'i.i.i'i..i.. FclLiiiiry :t. 1S1I4, imnc 142. Hi.iisoii-s lliivo Wo ;i r.oi.ilM.li AiiioUt: I's? • Pi.tniim's, I. .siimiis' Irnqnols Umirlioii. Un. 108. HTS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 153 mark upon his shoulder in the shape of a crescent, to correspond witli a Hke mark which tlie duchesse d' Angouleme had stated would be found upon the royal shoulder of her gcnuino brother. "- Returning now to Eleazer's childhood: While his father was visit- ing Longmeadow in the winter of 1796-7, Deacon Nathaniel Ely, jr.,'^' I whose wife was Thomas Williams' second cousin) proposed to Thom- as that he send to Longmeadow one of his sons to attend school. The proposition was favorably received but at first came to nothing. In December. 1799, Deacon Ely sent, through a neighbor traveling in Canada, a letter to Thomas containing an otTer to receive two of liis sons to be educated. The motive was a religious one — that tiie youths would l)econie m ssionaries to their race.'** .Accordingly on January _',?, iSoo""' T'lomas. with Eleazer and a younger son. .irrised in Longmeadow .uul tlic lads began to live In the faniilv of Mr. Ely. .\ few sentences from Colton's Tour of the American Lakes will give a photograph of these two Indian boys as they emerged from un- civilized and sylvan seems into the routine of a New England school. .\1v. Colton wTs a pui)il at Longmeadow where Eleazer and his l)rother beg;in their stmlies .ind w.is an eyewitness of what he has printed. His book was published in iS,^_:j: I'liiin llio wililiii'ss (if llii'lr iiiitiin miiiI hiibils it wiis iicoossiir.v for llio iiwistPr t.) liiiniDiiP tlicii' iMcciilrlritli'.s until llioy iiililit uniilnnll.v noccriniHiidiUi' tlipii:selvrs lo lilscii.liiie; .•\iiil liiit fi.r tlir linii'v.ilciu Mlijoct ill view, jiiul tie so: i1 iint'i-lp.'iu d. it w.Ts no siMiiH sjiirlliii' lo I'liiliiiT llic illsonlcp wlili'h tlioh- manners ill lii'st oroiUod. fnuscil 10 icsiiaini mill nin.nziMl nt tin- milei'ly siones iii'onnd tlicin. the y wuiilil sudilfnly jiinin iind cry riiipli: or sonic oil»r iliiiriictciisllc iiml guttural oxc'iiiniitioii. and tlicn jior- hnps s|iriii;r iiiross tlio i in ninl in.ikc :i inn- Imlinii ii^siinlt upon a child on wlicini' llicy liad lixcil ihiir eyes, in jiis im snmii airriulit mid constprnalPin; or else dan onl of the house .'iiiil i:ilic to tin ir heels in Mich a dircelioii ns their whims micht Incline lliciii. Conil iient tlipy I'oiild ill einliirc at llrst ; ,ind so loiitf iis thoy did nothing' hiir ■ ■i-e.iii' disorder land timt they did vi ry cireeliiaily i llioy were liidiilKcd until liy dc- L'rces thoy liecaiiip nsod to discipline ami hcyaii i.i learn. Tiiidr llrst iillempts liy ini'- iiition lo eniniclato the Iclters of llu' Koman alphahct were iiiiile iiiniisin« -so dilMciilt \vas it to foriii their tontines and other oi^'iiiis lo the prepcr sliapcs. [f the ohildrcii Ml' lhi. sehiMd lailLdied (as there was sniiii' apoh yy for iloiii;:i ilu'se li.iys would s ilie- A|.r;l ML', \ iiii..n% {.,,uis x\||. ,,ird ivi'Mzer Wlliiiuns. I'litiianr-, II n s. .'J::il. n:i M.nilia Williiiiiis. IhO'ii in M.iy, I r;;;i, ihi' daiiiriitcr u( ih,. Itcv. Slojlie'i Willhiins III' l,nii),'inea,l,nv , n.airh'd .lainn ry ;. I7.".:i. Or. SMinnel Iteyiiohls and had iiiiioik; ,p|ler ■■hililrcii. ■„ miui.i-'IiIci- Klizal""h. fpoii I lie dentil of lir. U, yn.dds his ■.viilew h.'eaiiie, nil Noveinlier l."i, 17S7, Ihe fourth wife of De: n .\al!ianlil Ely. lie died III his idiihly r.inr'li year I i,mm inlier U':\. ITii'.i. and Ids whlow died a^'d nlncty- tvv.. years I'e'niniry Is, isi;.",. |i,.;.,',,n Ely's si n of IiIk tlrst ;narrlat,'e. Do.- con Nathnn- ii'l h'.ly. .junior, m.irrled TehnMij ll'i, 17,m;. said M i/.al clli l!e.> i ol s, 'lids s III' Deae.in i;i,v .if the icM. Ii,.j;is|.'r .X.XXV. i'tS; l.onuineioicw Cent nnlal. .\ppenillx. I a.ae i;o, Wllliiiin^' Willlaiiis I'amil..- ,sii i.: elisenre and iiiccr el here. KeneMi Kl,\, ,ir , died .lime i;i. i.siis. 111. I.iiii^ineadow (',.|iteniiiid, 'SUi. l.':!!. II.'.. Il.inson's Tlie I man. With the example of Deacon Ely before him he seems to have become quite apt as a diarist, and from his journals, if the documents printed as >ucli by Mr. Hanson can be accepted as contemporary with their dates, some opinion can be formed of his mental state. These writings, which .Mr. Hanson jmlges"' began abotU t8o_> or iSo.v are whal might be exjjected I'ldnt a youth of fifteen or thereabouts, backward in his education, and hami)ered by his early environment, yet struggling for a more ambitious career than that of a hunter. That he was inlluenci-d by the p'ety of his benefactor, yet unskilled in the expression of befitting thoughts may be judged from an entry of December o, ]8oj. in bis Jourual:^^^ "Cod is once more pleased to scr.d our father. He came to-day about sundown and brought us news that my sister is sick, (iod be praised." The diary of Dea- con Ely shows that in these early years of Longmeadow life Eleazer was much sulxlued liy religion-^ intluences and while under their sway he recorded his age to be thirteen years when he first reached Longmeadow. ''■' .A seemingly impaired state of health, his unfa- miliarity witli routine and discipline. dro\c him to travel as a pm-tion of his education Thus, in iSo.s. he .and Deacon I'.ly were in Hoston; later in the year he was in Catiad.-i. Tn iSoO he began to -tudy with Dr. Welch of Manstield, Connecticnl. where de-cendanls oi the Rev, John Williams resuled. In May 1807 he was at H.irti'ord wl ere. he met President Dwighl of N'ale ("olleue who noticed wliat oilier- later noticed, that he little resembled hi- indi;iii ancestors.'-" Tn Xovember. 1807. -till seeking health he visited Dartmouth College.'-' lie niu-t have tarrie. liuinlit's TriiM'l.'i, 11. I'.!'. llil, llMlisoif- 'ni.- l.n-.| I'l-liicr, •.'!(!. Ij'j, l-Mi-k u'- ll:ill-i'Miliiry c,f rmilliit. S7. Tie riiilio' if Ills' ■.!ii;e wlieli rv . f lie imui.hin. ill I'liil'd s-,i.- Mili;il/.llie mid Di'iiineriit :e ltev|,-w I'.i' .lu'y, IMll. p'L'i' i:'.. .-iiv* iliMI Ki.'M/ei- w.i'^ Mill t.i III.' .Vriili'iuy .'III led "ill I > II' In m ' ii Mill sii- HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. I'iS : nil sll nrable Norman Williams of Vermont has preserved the circumstance that he made young Eleazer's acquaintance while the latter, of about twenty years of age or thereabouts, was a student in Hanover. Eleazer was then, so Mr. Norman Williams said, ^ very pompous person, wore a tinsel badge or star on his left breast and styled himself Count de Lorraine.'-'' This trifling affectation seems whimsical enougii while reading in Eleazer's Journal^-* his comment on the Hanover students: "The young gentlemen appear to be scholars, but I per- ceive that there is something wanting in them to make them complete gentlemen. ]\[odesty is ihe ornament of a person." In December, t.So(), he became a pupil of the Rev. Enoch Hale oi West Hampton with whom he continued nominally until August, 1812. Diirnig the early part of this jx-riod he did much traveling, making amf)ng other tours a journey to the Caughnawagas, at the instance of the .American Board of .Missions, to ascertain the prospect of intro- ducing Protestantism :imong his own people. It was during this period also that he lirst came into clo.se contact with the ProtestanI F.piscopal Church in the person of Bishop Hobart of New York "who even at that early day was attracted by him and showed him much attention "'-'' Early in t8ii he again visited Caughnawaga on a similar mission to his l"ormer errand, but upon this trip new intlucnces wen- biduglu to bear upon him. The Jesuits approached him with a i)ropi)sition to accept authority from their bisliop as a teacher to the Indians of his tribe. Although educated by Congrega- iiiinoil !i u;iiiiil rciMiiMiioii for si|ii!l:iislii|> iiiid f livi.iH.aM cliariclcr. Tlmt le wns I'o* in (li(^ idlli';;,. imiin'i- Is sliown by ;!io nlisonoo vi' liis n.anio t'roni do ro ords, t'Oiisn.v n'pni'ls. I'nl.il.iyncs Mnii liU,. p;i|iiMs n-l.itlnc tit lli:i( insiiinli n. S ■■■ l'r(t.!i!on Tti k- iT's li'tlor. .\ni;nst :!."i, IS'.M!. li'l. Noi-niaii Williams. h,.i-n Oi't,ilii.r n. 1701. wms tin' chli si sun ..r tin H. n .ii'alili' .Ics.sc anil Ilaniiali (Palmer lilmrrapldi-al uun'sels do not, seem- fareliin lo this narrallve. Its tinlh depends nnieli on llio venieily and Int'jiriiy of tiieso Rontlemen, and lliiir possession of (lieso (rails is alamdantly shown liy ihe positions of trust and respoiisildllty miiformly hold liy llieni. lUl. liaiison's Tim r.hnp of New Vorl;. and the Uev. Ilr. Montaln of Monireal were 1 sp ci.'illy nn;ent lli-it i;iea/er shonld .iuin llie i:piseopal eoiinnmiloa, pr. nilsiiiK evoiythltiK "nd anylhlm: i""'''i'l« I' mpleiifin of his ediieallon and llio preparaiion fur iiilssi mnry labor. Ai lids liiiir Hi .111.11 i'dv w.is dead and (ho Conuroual I. nilisis I'onnd it dKBnilt (n provld. fur l'',iea/.i'i's siippori. l..iiiL'inendiiw <'enteniilal V'.VK 2.'! i . 156 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. tionalists and attracted towards the Episcopalians he was not avcrst.- to this new offer. Indeed he is said actually to have been commis- sioned by the Jesuits as a teacher and to have received from them a good church library with prayer-books and missalsi^o— incongruous companions for his collection of the unprelatical sermons of his ances- tor, the Rev. John Williams, which sermons in large number he had brought away from New England upon his various trips, to be used during his later ministerial peregrinations as his own effusions!'-' One or two early criticisms upon him the Storrs letter of iHii cnnsiders: "I have lieard it objected to Elcazer that he appe;ircd tickle, but who would rationally expect that an Indian would at once become steady? I have heard it said that he was assuming; this no one will think strange who considers how much he has been llattered and caressed by many of the first characters in New England."'-^ Now that Eleazer's life in New England has ended by his return to Caughnawaga it may not be improper to eu(iuirc whore the income arose for all this private tutoring lor the young student, tbi-^ travel- ing hither and yon about the United States and Cattada. W liere, urge Mr. Hanson and J^lrs. Evans, save from some mysterious French men who were supporting this exiled Bourbon.'-" Mr. Hanson ha> even furnished the name of the agent who acted between Thoma- Williams and the French purse, and has given his authority for hi^ statement.!"" But after Eleazer Williams' death this somevvhat per- plexing matter straightened itself out. His papers including a Joitr- luil of a great part o: his life and copies of apparently all his letter.-, filling six or eight cases, catne, in or about 1867. into the possession oi the Rev. Charles V. Rohert>on. later the Kpiscopal bislioi> of Mis- souri. .\m()ng the docunK'nts found Jind iii-pectcd by Mr. Robeitson were the original bills for the education ol V.\v:\yx'v and his brother, together with evidence ol tln-ir ))ayuieiU by the mis.Moii.iry societies of .M.issachusetts. whicli expicted that these Indian youtiis instructed at their expense wouhl lif their g.isi)el lier.ild-^ among tin- dwellers of the Ion St. Both tlir l).'y< were wholly rducateci ;it the cli;irgt' ol ^vis Ijr,. i:ilis- Nrv. VniK ui.liiiiis. Wis. Ilivi. r„ll. 11. UN: Kills' ItrC.llrClloMs. Mlsl. 1-..1I. VII. 2t:; ;n 111.' Inst :n I irlc il is situnl llial \vl, 'II oil.' oT 111' ("iri^- „„iis ,.r 'ir 1 r.ii.v w.'is il.viiic in ts^:'. Ml-. Willi, luis •■ulhT.'.l til.' rolisnlii lions ..f tli.' cluii't'li f(ir tl,. Kipiizfr wiiiiiiiiis. Wis. iiisi. Cull, viii, :i::i. IliS. KdiiKiiH iidow Ci'iiloniiliil, i'Hi. l.'.".!. lL".t. llnnsoii'rt Tlic 1/isl I'l'lin , lOii, 4To; IlMnsiiii s Il.'ivi' Wo 11 Itniii'l'iiii .\nion'j; IsV I'MliKiin I. lill-J; Kviins' Tli.- Stor.v (if l/.iiis XVII, JO: WililiT's The ll.mrl.nn Who .N'cvii' Itc'inni'il, Iviih'Ucrlioc'krr. lill. 417. 1:10, iiiiiisons TIm' lifwr I'i'Ini'o, lltn. HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 157 these benevolent organizations.!''! Moreover, it must be remembered tiiat Thomas Williams was not poor as Indians go. At any rate, just prior to the war of 1812 he was enjoying an annuity and an estate which even with his large family would have permitted him to con- tribute not :i little towards the tuition and traveling expenses of the lads, or, rather, of Kleazer, for the younger brother did not continu- ously j)ursue his English studies. '■'- .'\s to the mysterious inHow of French money it is sutilicient to .say that there was none and no agent for any, for the entire incident was a fabrication which Eleazer i)almed off upon the public through The . tlhiuiy Knickerbocker. To this newspaper, under a fictitious signature. Eleazer sent a conmnmication which was the origin of all the stories concerning foreign contributions for his maintenance' and luition. Mr. Robertson found the draft or a copy of this communica- tion in Eleazer's handwriting among his effects.!-'- The assertion of foreign support for him sprang entirely from' his imagination. There were not a few cases, some of which will disclose themselves later, where incidents favoring Eleazer's claim to be the dauphin were insin- u.ited ui)(>n the public through newspaper letters, claiming to be written by jiersons struck by pertinent facts, but really emanating ironi the fertile, ingenious .uid mischievous brain of Eleazer Wil- liams.'-" Thi-^ circum-tance pro\-e>i that Eleazer was not inert and sui)iiie in the matter of iii> diuphinship as his clerical supporters so often chorused, but w,is cunningly and artfully, yet persistently, push- ing his fraud upc^n jjublic attention. So ;derl was he that he solicited his iVientN to find |)nblislKi-; for his various articles. In July. (848. lie wrote .\lr. 1'". Irving of New Vnvk thanking him for his trouble in going to lialf-a-(|ozen ollices in order to get a notice oi' the dauphin primed. '•"■•"' It w;is doubtless in aiiticip.-ition of permanent occupation as in- structor of lii> fellow Indians that Eleazer prepared, .ninl iiublished at lUirlin'.'ton. \'erniont. in j.annary. rXi,?. ./ Irncl on iiuiii's t^rimitlvc recliliiile. his foil nini his reco^rry tltrou^h Jesus Christ, and, in -P a'ts- * 1' I. 'It :ils,, Mm iif iMi;; .V(imii;cr ■ at l^iiiuri 1. •!.•■, l.'il i,^isi ..r 1.",.- yiliili'i'V. lllffffCllcl I'liliiniii . I!uliorisim'-i Tlio I.-ist of tlic IlniirlKHi Slmy. I'liliianrs. II ii. s. !t,'!. Sec lies' I'rfloiiilii- lu ;i 'rhi'iJiic. N'l » Vurk Ti s, l'i'liiiii\i-y HI. tSlMl . 'I'ho Slorrs lillri' in L!in;;nn':i(ln\v (•cntciinliil, S.'ll. .«a.vs tli.at in llio winter I'lioniiis an. I iiis wiU- visili'il I,iiimnii',i(lip\v find ri'pni'ti'd tlinl unless tliry 111- iir licilli III' 'lie huvs Imnie ilie |ii'ies| Hcmlil cxeiinininnloiilp tlicni. TliP '.VMS ilienriiii- rriiirni'il li> ,'an!.'liniiu-.ij;,j. Iiiil .il'ler ii your n senieil his stmlies n.iiicuv. 'I'liis lime lie ririiaiiied i\nii' yeiivs iiiiil reiiniinl lo Canada fur gDiid. Itnlierlsdn's 'I'lio Last of llie Kuni'lmn Story. T'ninaiii's. II n. s 0."?. . Iiraper's .\ildilii.i,al X.iles. Wis. Hist. Coll. \lll, .•id"; nnlierlsun's Tlip ilir' liiMirliiiM Siiir.v . I'nlnani's II. n. s. !I7. Uulierisiin's Tiie l.asi oi" ilii' Itdni'lion Story, rnttinin's II. n. s. 07 I)e wridiiy: in Is."i;i. s|„.;iKs i.r ilii' spiritual alisorptinn of MIeazer and Ids in- > to liis iduii rnwk. I'lMl llie aiiMior ti.el ^niy llansun's anlliiriiy in ;i!k first Mlli.le, .\utHl.iii-r.l|ihii' Skel.'iM's. .'its. 158 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. w l,rir.r in tho same vcar, / shdlbig book in the hiuu>uigc of the seven Iroqnois vations.^--''' But it he comniculed hinisclt to his people as an auth.ir. he did nnt so comiiRMul liimself as an a;4ent. lunpou- ered by the CauKhnawajias in 1812 to draw from the state 01 New York an annnitv of two lunidred and sixty-six tances rendering very valuable assistance to the Amn-ican interests,'"' For this service as wel as or active .military operations he received the connnendation o, '^^ "'";;- j- zeal bravcrv and ficlelity."' Eleazer's own accounts ,,f hi. a.l R^e- n uMU. in the field are contained in his Journan^^- and m his biog- raphy of his father»^'-acc,,unts which are so tulsome and ^o self- laudatorv as to suggest the tlmuglu that no historian .,t the war ot 'St^ S ^-operlv Warded the laurel, of success. In the biography he author calls hhnself "I-ieutenant Colonel Eleazer W ilhams. and ''Co 1. el 1-. ^Villian,s .the Superintendent General)-^"--t.tles which his panegyrists Mr. Hanson and Mrs, Evans do not bestow, titles Ihich arc-not accorded him by the representatives o, t^e governm^ in pa.sing upcm his application fur a pension. Doubt ess hkc th. ;" ,-y nebtdous appellation of Count de Lorraine these military honor. were ^c^lf-bestowed. In the land battle ,U Platt^burg September 14. 1814. he w,.^ I'M- (■■.iMl,...,..' ..r til" Wis.'nlisiM Still.' Ilish.VK'Ml SfM-iolV. V, Hm!. :; ■ ; •; KI....ZO,. wmin,,.. w,. .„.. ■■.... v,, ;'f , ''''"y^^;;;"'; -■" ins. Until. Mill's l-".loii/.cr Williiiiiis. _i 1,T,1. ('.ill. Ill's T.inr, I. ni-t- 14iV Vllis- N.'« Y...U Iii.liiiiis. Wis. Ili' confinement.'"* The scar which this injury left is useful to this nar- rative in two ways: Many years later he i.-xhihited it U> Ur. S. W. Williams to obtain that physician's professional opinion as to whether such a wound would entitle to a pension, and thus allowed Dr. Wil liams to discover that the unexposed skin of Elcazer was more the color of an Indian than of a white man.""* The scar was carried, in a memorial for a pension, to the senate of the United States, and tin- report of the Coimnittee on Pensions of that body apparently dis- closes that either the wound or the military service or both could nor endure the rigid scrutiny of men charged with the duty of placing only the truly deserving and the really disabled upon the /oil of gov- ernment dependents. The report on the Memorial was as follows:'-" The memorialist sets forth that he was engagea at sumlry times on tho Nnrth h' dlscliargcd from further consUh'ration of said Menim-lal. Upon the close of the war of 1812 Thomas with his s.,ldier sons. cxi)atriated from Caughnawag:i, joined his family at St. Regis.'"'' Tiiis Indian village, bisected by the present Ixuimiary between Xew York and Canada, w;is founded as a Catholic mission abom 1754 .-mil ever since then has been the home of a resident missionary of that church. John and Zechariah Tarbell, captured when kuN at Groton. Massachusetts, became Caughnawaga chiefs, and it wa- one of the>e who established the sanctuary at St. Regis.''- Ul 14.1. Kills' .\,«- York Indians. Wis. Hist. C'tll. II, IIS. Hfi. Williams' Te-ho-ra-«wa iie-gen. 79. 147. Hanson's The I/ist I'rilice, 2Gfl. 14.S. Hanson's The Ixist Prince, 209. 149. Williams' llededueil Capilve, 17.T. ir)0. Senate Iteport, No. .Til. lUst dngiess. Scconil .sessi,,:i. 11,0 r-poit. datcl I'cliiiiary L'O, IS.'il, was made liy Sciaior ,Tolin 1". Hale. ' l.^il. Kills' New York Indians, Wis. Illsf. Coll. 11. Us. l.M.'. Sec Nnte 7i> stii'in: r.Miiiiiiiiel, V.illcy Mcnoiiiil .\ss.iei:i 1 i m. \', 471. Kor a dcscripi i.in i.r ilie vU'.iuc rcail Oa ('. sla's SI ny any in 1S.6..- and being armed with a letter from Bi.h..i. Hobart, Eleaxcr on March 23 iHi6.- was again at Oneida Ca>tle. a> a religious teacher, lay reader an.l cate- '"'ne bad good (lualit.e. lur evangelizing work among the aborig- ines. He had beconu. tolerably verged in the Christian sy.stem and in theologv; moreover, ho was a natural orator, a grace.ul and power lul .neakc-r-most invalu.ible ai.ls to persuasion and success among the Indians.1^.0 Had he been cntent. in the bumble avocations ot a .chool-master and an evangeli.t. fanhmlly to pursue m sequestered val^s the noisele.. tenouv of h. way. he wotd.l belike have rounded nut for himself a u.eu.l and bon-mrable career. nstead. howeve. by neglecting tl,e>e pursuits, by >tretchmg out b.s hand toward vast .nipire in the west and by indulging inane delusion, concerning vaster eml.ire in the east, he wrecke.l hi. li.e. he left at In. death a Miadowed. not to sav a disln mi .red, name. Vuother .lualifK-at.on u." >..u-ce.. anu.ng the I.uban.- wa- h > ,h.,vough mastery .,f tlie Innpiois vocabulary. l<^f^'-^"^^ ''''; .''^f ! ^ iKvn ma.ie to bis author>hip in that tongue. Tn iS.o m Itua he ))riniecl .'inotlu'r >pei! iin WilUiiins' T(-liok of prayers ju-t alluded , iirnl Ilouiili's rot.'. r,,ll. II. lis. 1,-.,1. ir.i i.-r>. 1,-.T. f'litiilHjnio M visc.l this l'rny'>r'l«.iil. l.-,s lli,ns„n-- Tl... I..SI ITiiir,.. -7.;; riniMiMi, .Minul. l.Oun.u.s r.O Kills' .\>w Yolk Iililililis. Wl.-. Hist. OH. II. ^V.K WX CalMnu-n,. of tho Wisr„„sln Shiu- His'orlml Snplol.v, V. ufUl ,1„. Wismnsin sn.lo IllsloHoal Sooirty. V, 5.10. Klra/or ro- i„ IS.-.;!. Vi„t.,n-s I.M.ls .WII. an,l El.-.vor WUiams, riit- IMT. HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. ItJl to was simply a revision of the first part of the Episcopal prayer-book which Joseph Brant, he of Wyoming massacre fame, had previously translated'"! and which was published in London in 1787.1''- But Eleazer Williams greatly improved upon Joseph Brant in scientific manipula- tion of the letters, for while the latter employed twenty English char- acters Eleazer confined himself to eleven.'"'' This reduction simplified the orthography and assisted the child in learning to read — an inven- tion which while of lasting utility to the Indians arose in judgmeiil against the di.scoverer. as the sequel may show. Possessing the (lualifications just alluded to, it is not to be won- dered at that his labors were at first successful. Beginning with that small portion of the Oneidas who had already become favoral)le to Christianity through the labors of Occam. Kirkland and Jenkins, and who became known as the first Christian party, these he attached to himself by his persuasive and attractive manners. The majority — nearly three-fifths of the tribe — he attacked with sternness and author- ity. The result was an abjuration of paganism and an acceptance ni Christianity. 1"^ Indeed, this Pagan party, to be known thereafter as the second Christian party, addressed to the governor of New York a formal renunciation of their heathen beliefs and practices. i"'' Nay. more, they waited upon him in person in the winter of 1817 and treated with him for a cession of a portion of their reservation for the building of a church and for providing for ministerial support. The edifice was built and Eleazer although not then ordained entered it as minister.'"" In November, iSiq, '"" begjin the accpiaintance between Eleazer Williams and All)ert (i. Ellis, which materially influenced the career of the latter and wliich enables lis to know minutely the career of the former. Mr. Ellis was born in \'erona, three miles from Oneida, August 24, 1800, and was therefore somewhat younger than Eleazer. At his urgent solicitation young Ellis took up his abode at the Castle in November, r8iQ, with the understanding that he was to teach the K nil. Kavid.sDii's III riiiiiiincil Wisidn.sin. tW. 1<",2. ("atiilr)j;uc of tlic Wisconsin Stnti' Hist. irii ill Snoiily, V, 78. nn. Kills' KloiiZfi- Wllliiims, Wis. Illst. foil. VIIT. .^.^0. 1(14. navldsou'R III riiiiiinii'il Wiscniisln, (W?; Kills' Klc.izcr Willliiiiis. Wis. Hist ('t l)e remembered in perusin- his journals from which :\Ir. Han>r,n quotes so copiously. These journaL are not fresh from the desk of the autobiograplur. (Mhcv pens than liis must have arranged the orderly consecution of sentences, must have made numbers and. persons, iiummIs and lenses cnn.-ordaiil. must have ltl8. Kills' y.\i-:v/.'V UiliiMiiis. \Ni-. 511-1. \ 1 1 1 . ;i. 3U. Mh HI a FUliEUrXNKRS, HIMSELF. IC't mipiirtiMl a faultless ortlioj. Wi-. lli-l. I'nlL \lll ITi>. Iliiiison's 'J'lio I/)st Prince, ,'io!>. 171. llnnsmi's Tlie Txist I'rliiec, 1S;i. 164 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. the son was Bourl,(,nic-an(l no one denies tliat his appearance cspe cially in youth, strongly suggested the French' ^^'-tlien was h.s fa- ther Bourhonic also, for the latter had the peculiar cast of countenance stronger than the son.''» De Loriniier the head chiet of the Ciiugh- nawagas in i8si had the same features in a high of mixed savage and civilized bloo.l; nuleed. one connoisseur writes that I'leazer had that peculiar tint which dis tinguished half-breeds among the Six Nations from half-breeds in die west '-« His dark comi)lexion. so opposite fr.mi the blonde features m Louis XVH.'^» was noticed by .Mrs. Kinzie in 1830. who had she noi heard his Connecticut relatives so often call him thnr Indian cuumu might have thought him a Mexican or a Spaniard.'^' Nor did he lack decidcl evi.lence of his Williams ancestry. 1 he frontispiece portrait in Tlw lost I'rimr shnws many WMliams feat- ures \ letter in mv possession from Kdwavd H. Williams, jr., t... technical for insertion and re.|uiring ill.istral...n> for its elucidation. shows these resemblances in a cnnvincing manner. i^- 17.T UobprtSMn-s TI,o Last of ih. lionH.on Story. IMU.uMn, "•.."•/;• -'f; Vmt.m-s I.mis XVII. .n-l Kl,.,/...!- Will s, I'HtnM.ns. 11, .,, <. aXl: !■ a' ■ m . .M N. « York. ICmIi.: IvIII.h's Kiisy Clmir. Ihinns. .Imic l^s:;. UN. 174. Kills' Kl.MZcr WllUmns. Wis. Hist. c:..l.. VIII. 'MS. 1-5. lA'ltcrs. April <1. 1.'.. 1S!>H. Irutii KdwanI II. Williams. ,ii-. t7(i. Novllle's (!r.';.n Hay. SSV. IhinioMUs Kl.-a/.-r Williams. 'J..... 177. I'arkmairs Ilnlf-Ci'iiliiry or Coiilliit. I. ■s.s. 178. Ellis' Klonzor Williams. Wis, Ilisl, Cull VllI, ."il.S, 179. Trowbridsifs F.loazoi- Williams, AVis. Illsl. <„li. VII. 114, 180. Bcnnc! osno's li-juls XVII., 20, , ,■ , 1S1 Kln/.l-'s Waul.mi. 52. Kln./,.T lia.l Hi.' liHiiaM liai.il ,.r t.Miiitr iM, wuH. When Krown he trio.l In vain to ovo, ,„ . Lit...-. M..y 2, IS'Mi from '■;<'«"f'l "' Wmiams. .jr. Ills .ars also lM..n,,v,,i him, Ilull-.-s S„ ry of ^""^ ^ \' ' l^,' Nation. May :!1. isul, 417; Sh-a -m Kioaz-r Williams. .\m', Ilisl. U.-or.l. .Ml.v IS.-. naeo ^t(Kt l.s-j' I.,.t(.r Mav S. ISOC. fiom K.lawnl II, Williams, .ir. Tho fruntisim- fhiB paper Is a half lonr trom ,■. plimo^;,a f an ..11 pnintins of Elcaz-.r Will-au. HIS FORl^:Iir^'NKRS, HIMSELF. IW Notwithstanding the success which attended Eleazer's early evan- gelizing efforts at the Castle incidents were happening which fretted him, alienated his friends and impaired his usefulness. Indeed, the same dishonest traits which weakened his hold upon the Canadian Indians began to display themselves. An instance must be given: Mention has been made of the little church which the (Jneidas were to build from the avails of the transfer of a portion of their reserva- tion to the governor of New York. These avails, four thousand dol- lars, were intrusted to two gentlemen in Utica who having implicit confidence in Eleazer committed them to him. The building was com- pleted at a cost not exceeding fourteen hundred dollars, but the bal- ance was never repaid nor could the trustees ever bring Eleazer to adjust his accounts.' ^'^ More than this, he was constantly in trouble with the white resi- dents at Oneida Castle who, rendering to him their bills for services performed or merchandise delivered, invariably found their claims con- tested and payment procrastinated. Thus his reputation began to darken, his influence to wane, among his white neighbors and his Indian tlock.'^* But in spite of these domestic troul)les Eleazer during his itay at the Castle began to be widely known as an authority on matters iier- taining to the Indians. From New York, Philadelphia, Hartford, Boston, letters were addressed to him enquiring about labors of mis- sionaries among the Indians; the travels and discoveries of La Sdlc, Hennepin, Marquette; early conflicts of the red man with New Eng- land settlements and topics pf kindred nature. The Rev. Samuel F. Jarvis, 1). D., Colonel Elihu Hoyt, Franklin B. Hough and Mrs. Lydia Huntley Sigourney, among others, sought his experience, knowleilge and study concerning Indian history, manners and tradi- tions.'"*'' Wi there is grave reason to fear, in the cases of two, at least, of these eiuiuirers, that I'llea^er Williams wilfully deceived them con- cerning the massacre at Ueertielil. ]Cpei)hras Hoyt publisiied h's meritorious Antiquarian Researches in Greenfield, Massachusetts, in i8_'4. While he was preparing bis chapter relative to de Rouville s raid, the author's brother. Colonel Elihu Hoyt, conversed with Eleazer and learned -^onie quite new matters concerning the morning of Fei)- ruary 29, 1704. He discovered, for instance, that Eleazer on a recent vist to Canada, had found a silk overdress which Mrs. Eunice Williams wore that fateful morning when the Indians hurried hi r executed nl)i>\it 18;i3 by George Catlln and now owned by tho Wlsonnsln Stato His- torlcnl Sodt^ty. IS,"?. Kills' Kleazcr Wllllam.s, Wis. Hist. Coll. VIII, .IM. 184. Ellis' ElenziT Williams, Wis. Htst. Coll. Vtll, 32."); . oniparo WUlianis' Te lio-ra-gwane-KPn, Honcli's Introdnrllon, iiafii' 0. IS,'), Holiertsnn's Tlio U\st of the Honrlion Stnry Putnam's. 11. n s. ".14. l()G ELEAZFAt WILLIAMS. ofif directly after the sacking (if the village. But it is exceedingly im- probable that Mrs. Williams stopped to don her party gown on that massacre morning, while it is a fact that she was tomahawked one day's march out of Deeriield and her body left, unplundered, as it fell, by retreating savages. Likewise, Eleazer told Colonel lloyt thit returning commanders of expeditions were required to deposit in one of the principal convents in Canada copies of the journals of their ex- peditions, and that he. Kleazer. had found in a convent in Can;ida a copy of de Rouville's journal of his raid upon Deerfield. Hut. no such deposit of these documents in convents was ever re(|uired. no such documents were ever so deposited and no eye save Eleazer's sot n.s ever to have seen do Rouville's journal. Still again, Eleazer related to Colonel Hoyt and to others that when Deerfield was destroyed th.' Indians removed the church hell, conveyed it as far as Lake Champlain and buried it there; that later it was dug up. conveyed to Canada and hung in the Indian church at St. Regis. Rut apart from the oir- cumst.uice that St. Regis was not established until half a century after Deeriield was raided, the Deerfield church had no bell.^**" The practising of this unposition upon ^^rs. Sigourney has given the world The hell of St. Re^is.'"'' Mr. Hough, who. however, perched the Deerfield iiell in the Caughnawaga steeple, seems to have printed the .s;,t-7ii, iKi^i' ail. Scc> In tlii' Caliixy for .Jiiiui.ny, IsTe. pii^M' 1:14. I la I'lisliri* Sti>iy a rrailiili'.c ji^ riiiiiit ,>iyali,in. Kills' New York Indians, A\ls, Illst. Cill II, tltl. 1!'7, This roporf. tlu- most .■,,nii.l,.t.. an I cxhaiisi iv,. , ,v r ma, I i ih,. .on dilion. iMimlior, naim's. torril, ry ,n;d ;:< lal affairs ol' l|„. ind atis wns iMhilsl ..,1 in .New Haven in l.Slii;, VM\ pap's lavo. Calalovn," of rnit,.,l stal s I'nhli..all,ins, tin lli.s. Kills' I'lli'azcr Williams, Wis. IIIsl, (^ill. Vlll. rfJT. llil>. Hctniit (!a/.c.tli'. .Inly 'JS. lKL>ii, -MMt. Kills' \(.u York 111,11,111s, Wis Illst, C 11 II. il'.'!. .5 ir if i 4 t \ ■ i I i 168 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. Hence Eleazer was at the Castle to meet Dr. Morse in October. 1820 But although these two agreed in expediting an Indian hegira. they differed radically in their motives. Indeed, there were three motives operating' from three different directions in favor ot removal: From Dr. Morse and the Stockbridges, that the latter and their com- panions might have Christian homes, free from Caucasian contamin:i- tion- from Eleazer Williams, that he might lead the Iroquois and then allies to vast areas for a grand imperial confederacy; and trom th. New York Land Company, that its already acquired pre-emption right might attach to the fertile lands of the New \ork Indians which would happen as soon as these should quit iic sta e.- ^ A 1 agreeing in the result to be accomplished, Eleazer was easily .he al y of both He made the visit of Dr. Morse as pleasant and as proiitabk- as the 'inertness of the Oneidas and their unwillingness to remove would permit. Indeed, he put into their mouths an address 10 Dr Morse agreeing to depart-an address which they never made and which they repudiated as soon as they understood Its sentiment..- - The treaty of cession which Colonel Bowyer made with the Menominees was rejected by the Senate of the United ^tates'^^a and therefore it was believed that a second trip to the west by the New York Indians might result in their aciuiring the longed lor lands about Fort Howard. Consequently in the spring oi 1821 bleazei Wilfiams. aided by his friend Ellis, whose youthful ardor had been stirred by the grandeur of the plan ot Indian empire unfohlcd to him. began preparations for the journey.'-'" ~ \ visit by them to New York. Philadelphia and Washington ac- ■ complished much. The New York Land Company supplied theni with money: the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society oithe in.a estant Episcopal Church, and the Presbyterian Board ot M-ssions handed them cautious Init efficacious endorsements and the 1 resHleiu of the United States accorded his assent for a large delegation o visit Green Bay under government patronage and prutection. He party consisted of duly accredite.l representatives trom the St()ck- hridoc. and from the first Christia-i party ot the One.das xNliieh had tinairy approved Eleazer's plans. Individual Indians on then- own re sponsibility joined the company from the Tusraroras. Onondagas and Senecas for these tribes as bodies had never yielded their e,.nsent tn Flea/er^ earnest Idandishments. Eleazer himsell went as rcpr.^ent,. 201 nnvldsnii's In fiinamrd Wi.->o.nslu. ,".; .Suihcnlnn.rs Kail.v W 1-' IlNt Coll. X. 278 rur M.m.. aoc.ini.t ..r the Nvw VorU Lm..! CoiiManv witli 111.' Six NalUiiis, S..0 S.nora Nation of In.llnrs v rhrlsly. !!• lln . ..lil 122; 1(12 U. S. 2S.'!. 202. KIllH' Kloazcr Williams. Wis. lll«r. <''.ll. VIII. :i'.'7, 2(Kt. I'^llls' Ni'w York Iiiillans, WIb. Illst. foil II. l;;:i. "114 Kills' Kh'azor Wiiihiiiis. wi--. list. Col. VIII. :.'(i. :i;:i^ iii.sin, A •■'. '.1 rolatliii's ; I21I N. V. HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 169 live of the St. Regis tribe but apparently without their authority. ^u'' The delegation left Oneida in June, iSji.^o" and arrived July 12, 1821, on the JValk-in-the-Water at Detroit.^o^ Here Governor Cass added Charles C. Trowbridge to the party to protect the gov..'rn- ment's interests.-"** The H'olk-in-the-lVater, with its load of trav- elers, started for Mackinaw July 31, i82i."^'-> Leaving Mr. Ellis tiicre, for he was ill.-^'' the IValk-in-the-ll'ater advanced towards Green Bay — the first steamer to plough the waters of Lake Alichigan.'-'^ The party reached Green Bay August 5, 1821, -'-' but there was no one to meet them. Colonel Bowyer, the Indian agent, had died ihe preceding winter and the interested bands had not been informed of the projected visit. With difficulty the Alenoniinees and Winne- bagoes were brought into council. When so brought they at first refused to negotiate. Finally, however, through the influence of the French inhabitants and traders, a reconsideration was accomplished and on August 18, 1821, a treaty was concluded by which was ceded to the New York Indians a strip about four miles in width crossing Fox River at right angles, with Little Chute as a center and running each way equidistant with the grantors' claim to the country. The price paid was five hundred dollars in cash and fifteen hundred dollars in goods to be delivered the following year.-^-'' If the agents were satisfied with this treaty their principals and others whom they hoped to bind were not. All the tribes, except the St. Regis band, took action upon the return of the delegates. The cession was voted paltry and the motives of Eleazer were termed mer- cenary if not villainous. The Oncidas especially, including even some of the first Christian party, were vehement in their action. They forwarded to Bishop Hobart a document, dated November 2t. 1821, remonstrating against the scheme to rob them of their homes and make them fugitives and vagabonds, cautioning him against recognizing Eleazer as having any authority to represent them cither civilly or religiously, and requesting the Bishop to witlidniw him as their religious teacher.-'* 205. olUctlons 20(i. 207. 208. 2(1!>. 210. 211. 212. 2i;i. wn«' nppi'ii 214. Coll. VUI Kills' Eloiizer Williams, Wis. 111st. Coll. VIII, ;i3;!, ^31: Wh'ltlesoys Itec- Wls. Hist. Coll. 1, 68 note. Kills' Uoi'olleotlons, Wis. Hist. Coll. VII, 210. Detroit Gazette, July 13, 1821. Kills' Elcazor WlUlatus, Wis. lllst. Coll. VIII, 335. Hnlrd's lOnrlj- Wisconsin, Wis. Hist. Coll. II. 94, note. Ellis' RecoUectlmp, Wis. Hist. C.iU. VII, 213. Hnlrd's Karly Wisconsin, Wis. Hist. Coll. 11. 94, iin.l n..to. Diirrle's Gicon Buy, 8. Martin's Address, Jammry 21. Is51, pai;.' ;»'., glvo> th ■ treaty i.i full Ii ived tiy the president, Fotininry 19, 1822. Davidson's In Unnamed Wisconsin. 64; Ellis' Eli azer WIIUmiiis, Wis. Hl>t. :i;ir.. 170 KLEAZER WILLIAMS. ■!1 I But to this docunicnt altliough certain in its sound and pointed in its statements the Bisliop paid no heed. Moreover, the pr.-sident by a new order permitted a third visit to Green Hay, in 1822, tor the purpose of paying for the former i)urciiase and also for attemptinfi: an extension of the cession. Akhuogh the Iroquois were still in opposi- tion, the delegation was l;irger than l)efore for the Stockhridges had brought in the Brothertowns and t'^e Munsces.-i'"' The party, h^lcazer included, reached Green Bay September i, 1822. The granting Indians assembled to receive their deferred payment and were asked for an enlargement of the grant. The Winnebagoes refused and retired. The Menominees finally, after much parleying in which Eleazer urged many plausible arguments and made many fulsome promises, entered into a treaty admitting the New York Indians to r-n occupancy in common with them of all their couiUry without reserve — a treaty which related to nearly one-half the present state of Wisconsin and which became the source of endless trouble. -'« With slight modifica- tion President Monroe gave Ifis approval March 13, i8j,v So Eleazer Wdliams, in September, 1822, l)egan to reside in Wisconsin. He and the individual Oneidas in the delegation who had continued loyal to him remained the approaching winter m Green Bay. The iie.xt season about one hundred and fifty Oneidas of the first Christian iiarty and as many Stockhridges removed to the new possessions. But the implacable hostility of the Six Nations as .•I whole continued, and although Oneidas and Stockhridges year after year dribbled into the new territory the fewness of their numbers was a disappointment to Eleazer and a menace to his and)itions.-i" Eleazer's first residence in Green Bay was in the Indian Agency building made v;icant by Colonel Bowyer's death. -"^ In this was a large sijuare mom suitable for school ])urposes and scliools were what the .Menominees desired. Indeed education, although not men- tioned in the treaty with them, was written between its lines. The Green Bay In(lian> intUienced by lluir alliances and business dealings with the resilient French had formed a high opinio?! of intelligence and admired the learning of the New York red men, not a few of whom could read and write, h^le.'izer, in furthering the negotiations L'l.". Tlie lirotlicrtowns were iisifoeiatid ri'imiiiiils nf v.iiiuiiH Now Kiinliiiul (lilii'i, 'Hio ,stii.klirl(l».'os sold ilicm a strip from tliclr SiulliiTii Loiilcr. Kills" Ninv Yc pk lii- (lliliis, Wis. IIlsl. Coll. II, 410. The .Munsiis wcrp a liniiuli uf tlio Pflawaii'.s sciit. tcrcd III riiiisiMniciii't' of liavliip sldi'd aualiisl llio I'lilmilsls In tlic Amciican Rvuliulnii. Ill Wjscciiisin llic.v aro iinitiMl wltli Un' Stiicklii-ld'..'i's. liavldsnii's In rmianicl Wl.s- • •(iiisiii. ."i4. lilti. Kills' Il(M'(dlr'c(lMns. Wis, lllsl, I'l.ll. Vll, 'SS<: Kits" New Yi rk liKliaim, Wis. Hist. Coll. II, lUs. Till- irciil.v In full is In Miiitiiis .\dilros. lis. 217. Kills' .Vcw York Indians. Wis. Hist, C.dl, II. l.ln, lll.S. liMvldsoii's III I'liiiaiiu'd WIsroiiHln, 20'2. HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 171 for the treaty liatl kept tlie subject of education foremost in his lohl)y- \ng and had promised profusely that if the New York Indians secured the foothold they sought, the "institutions of civilization should imme- diately be forthcoming. These promises made a deep impression— their non-fulfillment a still deeper impression. Suffice it to say that although a vacant room apt for school use was under Eleazer's roof, though his friend Mr. Ellis pressed vigorously upon him his plighted word, the ignorance and degradation of the untutored savages and the expectations of the Eastern societies which had furthered the removal, Eleazer completely banished the subject from his serious consideration and raised another monument against himself in the breasts of those wHiose religious teacher and exemplar he professed to be.^i" On March 3, 1823, Eleazer Williams married Mary or Magdalene or Madelaine Jourdain.--" She was the daughter of Joseph Jor.rdain who about 1798 removed from Canada to Green Bay, and worked first for Jacob Franks the blacksmith, and later for himself.--^. Afterwards he became the blacksmith of the Indian department at the Bay.--^ Joseph married the daughter of Michael Gravel whose wife was the daughter of a Menominee chief.-^* All the witnesses represent the wife of Eleazer as an attractive girl, — girl, literally, for she was but fourteen years of age at the time of her marriage. --^ By Mr. Trow- bridge she is called a pretty but uneducated half-breed.--'' Mr. Plan- son speaks of her as of great personal attractions, considerable accom- plishments and prepossessing sweetness of disposition.-"" Mrs. Evans states that "she was a beautiful and amiable girl whose father was French (said to be a relation of Marshal Jourdain) and whose mother was of P'rench and Indian extraction. "-^t Mr. Wheelock informs me that when he was accustomed to see her in and after 1841 she was a handsome, fine appearing woman.--'* In addition to lier attractions of person she owned between four and five thousand acres of land on 211). Kills' Kloa/.iM- Willliinis, Wis. UlKt. Coll. Vlll. .TI8. .\ sclmol was ostal - ll.'ilied tluoUHli the PlTorts of .Mr. Ellis. See lii» Itt-(.)llrctli)iis, Wis, Hist. Coll. VII, 1.'20. In ospribliig t'llucatlonul liiitlntlve to Kloiizor. Mr. Wliitionl (Karl.v Hlslrry cf Krtuciitlon in Wisconsin, and History of .SiMiool Sup.rvlsion, WIb. llisl. Coll. V, I!!!", 854) dnoa not, Hive propor croillt. Kor Kloazer's loMnlntis on tlie snlijcot ol' llii^ iiln oatlon of Ijis raco, soo ColtonV Tour 1, 175. L'2i). Hanson's The I^wt I'lincc, ;{0O. Ii2l. (irltinon's U. coHci lions. Wis. Hist. Coll. HI, i't.-I. •222. Trowl.i'ldKo's Kloazi-i- Williams Wis. Hist, Coll. VII, 114. 22;f. (ii'lunoii's KccolUMlions, Wis. Hist. Coll. HI,, 2.-i;{. .Iosi'|ih .L.nidiln died Sla.v 21, IStki: his wife dicil .Inni' l,'l, isil.-|, .Sre .Mis, Wil'laiiis' Dary. 224. Neville's (.ifeen Hay, 221. 22,-). TrowlirldKe Khazer Williams, Wis, UisI, Coll,, VII,. 411. 22t!. Ihinnon'H 'llie UiHt I'rIncc, .'IcO. 227. Evans" Story of Ixmis XVH.. :ii), 22,S, I'ei'sonnI Interview .May INlMt, uilli ilir aiilhnr. 172 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. Fox River near Green Bay.^-® To the author of the Williams geneal- ogy Eleazci, in 1846, mentioned her as "Mary Ilobart Jourdan. a dis- tant relative of the king of France from whom he has been honored with several splendid gifts and honors, among the rest a golden cross and star.''-^" In other conversation with the same person Eleazer stated that the prince de Joinville was a relative of his wife and that this relationship caused the visit, (to be hereinafter narrated) which that prince made to Eleazer in 1841 and the g'Us which followed the visit.-'''^ I make no comment upon this st -it to urge that, if the prince was a relative of Mrs. William. as a very ungallant young Frenchman to travel all the distance n .a Paris to Green Bay and not once tender his respects to his beautiful kins- woman. Eleazer's matrimonial incident does not enhance respect for the masculine participator. At the time of the marriage he was almost three times the age of the young girl; she was tlien betrothed to a worthy young trader; she was not consulted as to her willingness to marry Eleazer; she was not even allowed a woman's privilege of a courtship, but was notified one morning that she need not go to school that day as she was to be married that evening to "Priest Williams." One authority finds in these uncliivalrous proceedings an evidence that the bridegroom was not a high-oorn Frenchmen. -•'- Mrsi Williams had three children— two of them daughters. These last died in infancy, one about October 15, 1841.28^ The son John, born about 1825,23* was in 1867 the captain of a steamboat on Lake Winnebago.-'"^ He died in 1884 from injuries received in his busi- ness.-'"^ Eleazer Williams told the genealogist Dr. S. W. Williams in 1846 that his son, the said John, was then upon a visit to the king of France at the latter's request.^^'^ One can imagine the glee of the cunning Indian as he solemnly doled out his morsels of unmitigated tiction to auditors who relying upon his clerical profession implicitly believed all his lies. Descendants of John ^^'il!inms arc now, it is said, residents of 229. Hanson's The I^st Prince, 300; Evans' Story of Louis .N.VII., 3u; McCuH'b Jonniai, Wis. Hist. Toll., XH., 185. 230. Williams' Williams Family, 00. 231. Williams' Rodcemed Captivf, 177. 232. Draper's AdUitlonal Notes, W'la. Hist. I'oll., VIII., 307; Neville's Grien Bay, 221. A view of tlie house whore the wediling took plaee Is at 1 ago 21!» 01' the latter book. 8ee also Baird's Indian Cusloms, Wis. Hist. Coll., IX., 321. Some account of the wedding Is in Ellis* RccoUcclions, Wis. Hist. Coll., VII., 227. 233. Hanson's The Lost I'rince, 372. 234. Kegister, XIII., 95. 2.15. Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, HI., 2738. 230. Green Bay Gazette, .July, 1S8C. 237. Williams' Wllliums Family, 90. HIS FORERrXNERS, HIMSELF. 173 Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Mrs. Williams, the widow of Elcazcr, was in 1874 living alone in a desolate looking cabin near Green Bay, its only embellishments a few simple articles of bead or porcupine em- broidery, and a well-executed life-size portrait in oil of Eleazer Wil- liams, on either side of which were suspended exquisitely finished en- gravings of Louis XVI. of France and Marie Antoinette.^** Mrs. Williams adopted her husband's diary habit. From one of her journals penned when well along in years it appears that she took interest in her farm, produce and livestock and in the domestic affairs of her relatives and neighbors. She died in her cabin home, which was in the town of Lawrence in Brown County, July 21, 1886.239 Resuming the chronological narrative: In 1824, the next year after Elcazer's marriage, he was licensed to perform the marriage ceremony for others— at that time a civil service.^^o At about the same period he began to preach in Green Bay, using the much mod- ernized discourses of his Deerfield great ancestor.2+1 in the fall of 1825 he took his young wife to New York, where Bishop Hobart baptized and confirmed her, giving her his sirname for her middle name. Her christianization "excited almost as vivid a sensation in the fashionable world as had that of Pocahontas in English society two centuries before."-^- In the spring of 1826 at Oneida Eleazer was ordained as a deacon by Bishop Hobart, but he never attained any higher ecclesiastical rank.^" Returning to Green Bay he preached at the Post school-house^** and in his (lowing robe did service in the episcopalian form.--*'' But he was not so occupied with religious atifairs as to forget that grand earthly empire that he would fain establish. And yet the establishing was very slow. The New York Indians came in but scant numbers and the Indians already settled, disaffected by his broken promises and his want of earnestness for their spiritual wel- fare, withdrew their confidence. The Domestic and Foreign Mis- sionary Society trusted him no longer. Finally in 1827 the Menom- inees, the tribe which had opened its lands to the New York Indians, showed its opposition to him by its attitude towards them. This was at the treaty of Butte des Morts, concluded August 11, 1827,2" bc- 238. Martin's Uncrowned Hapsburg. 87. -;il). Gri't-n Bay Ciuzette, July, 1880; O'Erlon's .\ocoiint of EU'Uzer WUUams. In Chlougo Times, Soptem.'cr 18, 1880. 240. Durrle'8 Green Bay, 9. 241. Kills' Eleazer Williams, Wis. Hist. Coll., VlII, .•!2t. 242. Miirtln's Uncrowned Hapslmig, !>2: Neville's Gre.u Bay, 222. 213. Davidson's In Unnamed Wisconsin. 65; Letter of Mrs. Evans in Green Ba? Gazette, July, 1895; Miss Martin's Reply, Grren Bay Gazette. July 28. 1805. 244. Kills' Kccollcotlons, Wis. Hist. Coll., VII., 237. 246. MeCall's Jounial, Wis. Hist. Coll.. XII., 1!K). 2411. McCall's Journal, Wis. Hist. Coll.. XII.. 172. 174 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. K| tween the Mcnominees and tlic governnuMit. By this instrument but little regard was paid to anj- riglits formerly given to the eastern Indians. If ill faith be imputed to the contracting parties there is nnich justitication alleged. The arrivals from New York had been so few that it was not fair to the rapidly growing west to concede to those few an imperial territory. Moreover, it was notorious that few if any more were expected to migrate. It was poor policy to yield up in perpetuity to a few Oneidas. Stockbridges, Brothertowns, Mun- sees, a parcel of country equal to about one-half of the present state of Wisconsin. -^" In 1829 Colonel Samuel C. Stambaugh of Pennsylvania became Indian agent at Green Bay. His advice to the Mcnominees was along the line of the Butte des Morts treaty— to ignore the New York Indians and sell land to the government-'^— advice which estal)lishcd him in the high regard of the Mcnominees and in the low esteem of Klcazer who saw in the acceptance of this advice the death of his am- bitious hopes. In 1830 commissioners appointed by the president under authority actually granted by, or plainly inferable from, the treaty of Butte des Morts appeared at the Bay, to localize, to establish boundaries for, the New York tribes which, under the treaty of 182J, were in the reservations of the IMenominees. At the conference held with these commissioners Elcazer Williams ai)peared as the representative of the St. Regis Indians, -^'•' not one of whom, so far as I can learn, had yet arrived at Green Bay as a settler. The commissioners accom- plished nothing — the Mcnominees, Oshkosh at their head, refused any agreement by which the New York Indians were to have separate localization. Indeed, Oshkosh denied that they had any claims at all, yet as these Indians were on the ground they could be considered as tenants at will during good behavior but not as owners or con- trollers of the soil.-"'" This was Colonel Stambaugh's opportunity. Accompanied by a dozen or more Alenominees he started November 8, 1830, for Wash- ington. Upon reaching Detroit Mr. and Mrs. Williams, who had followed the party from Green Bay, were olficially attached to it by Governor Cass, although Elcazer and the other New York Indians were opposed to the object of the errand. -''i The Menominecs suc- ceeded in effecting a cession to the government of more than one-half 247. Kills" Elpiizer Willliiuis, Wis. Hist. Coll., VIII., atl. Kle.izcr WiUiiims' viows of the wroiiKs done to the New Ymk Iiidliins will be fi iiml In ('(ilt.iii's Tour. I., ITS Pt .sfi/. •2iS. Ellis' New York Iiiilliins, Wis. Hist. Coll., II., -132. 24i). .McCall's ,Touniiil. Wis. Ilisl. Coll , XII., 1!»2. 250. Kills' .Now York Imliiiiis. Wis. IIIsl. Coll.. II., 4.'12 2.'il. Cnrpenlcr's .Sketch of Iiiiuh'l Ilie.id, Wis. lllst. Coll., Ill , M. H'r, FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 176 r)i' tlicir possessions west of Lake Michigan, ignorin« almost wholly the rights which about eight years before they had solemnly conferred upon their eastern brethren. This, the Stambaugh treaty,-''- dated February 8, 1831. was not confirmed by the senate exactly as made, for the New Yoric senators proposed to be just to the emigrants from that state to the wcsttMMi territory. The details of much negotiation and nnich heart-burning are not pertinent here. Suffice it to say that when the vexed land question was finally settled the Stockbridges, Munsees and Brothertowns were restricted to a parcel, eight miles by twelve, on the eastern shores of Lake Wmnebago, while the i^Jnei- (las and other scattered Six Nations were settled at Duck Creek west of Fox River on a tract about twelve miles scjuare. The senate ratified this arrangement May 17. 1838. '-•''■'• This was the end of the scheme of ambition and temporal sov- ereignty which for almost a score of years Eleazer Williams had nourished and fostered. The dusky empire had disintegrated, the (litTerent bands discordant and hostile had been confined in narrow paddocks, the tide of white civilization was rushing in. No longer a public character Eleazer had withdrawn from Green Bay and was residing upon his wife's estate at Little Kaukaulin, there to remain in humble obscurity until a wilder dream for wider empire should arouse his dormant hopes. l'".leazcr had become not only dethronetl but discredited. For (|uite a period he had been chaplain of the Oneidas settled at Duck Creek, upon an annual salary of two bundled and fifty dollars.-''* Vet he constantly neglected his Hock. More than this, he forbade the Oneidas to receive the evangelizations of pastors of other denomina- tions. -•'•"' Weary of neglect, still wearier of him, the Oneidas held a council in b'ebruary, i8,?j, to which the Indian agent, C\)lonel George Boyd,-"'" was summoned and to which he invited some citizens of Green Bay. These Oneidas were .-hietly of the First Christian party, whom Eleazer had bound to himself a tlozen years before, in the first days of his ministrations, before the cares of this world and the de.cil- fulness of riches had made him unfit to be their pastor. The assembled Indians after rehearsing their grievances against Fleazer concluded with an address to the agent, stating that they had invited him to assist them in making a final separation from Eleazer and dismissing fl 2r>2. ElUs' .\(\v Vdi-U Iniliaus, Wl.-;. llipt. CM., II., l.*?."! glvps o.vtiacis fMiii the Stuiiili.iuKli tioaty. •S>:\. KlUs' .New Viirk Iiiill.ins. Wis. lll.st. Coll., H., 44,"), 44S; Kills' K.lcMZor WUllimis, Wis. Ilisl. r,,il., VIII., ;i43. Li,->1. McCiiU's .Idiiniiil, WI.S. Hist. Coll., XII., 1S5. 2.V1. liavlilson'.-i 111 riiiiaiiifil \Visc(iii.-nii iiis tour to the Mississippi. The prince de Joinville was the third son of Louis Phi]ii)pe. then ll {• eharaeler. I liiinniu'li pnilKy and lltoiary ciiiluio. His sta(cmeiits may be accepted withntit ipiestiuii. lie dicil M.iy ."i. I,s74. Wii^liCs Tlie Old White Cluireli, 11: iHirri.''.^ John Y. .Smltli, Wis. Hist. Coll., VII., 452. 20.'!. Uam on Facts, 4;i3, uses this claiiso willi reference to .\ri:oId some aged person residing along his route who might possibly have persona! recollection of his father's trip, or, such failing, some person of 'a younger generation who might know of it by hearsay. The cap- tain whose vessel plied regularly between the ijorts along th'i lakes knew Eleazer and mentioned his name to the prince. -'-' Meanwhile F.leazer Williams bad learned at St. Regis of the prince's contemplated journey. Of his desire for an expert in Indian habits, one familiar with Indian history, one who mayhap knew his father, Eleazer also learned, perhaps by letter from friends in Xew \ ork. for his reputation ;is a schol.ir in Indian affairs was a score of years old. ])crh;ii)s not until be reached .Mackinaw. However this may be. alert for exciting episodes, he hurriedly quit St. Regis and journeying in liaste. anticipated I lie prince and his reiimie and was standing on the wharf at .Mackinaw when the Columbus reacheil that port October iS. 1841. '-'■■• 1 .summarize from ■/'/((• Lost Priucc the .iccount of wli.ii tli^n lilis. I'rln.f. ,1(. .Iiiiiivill.'s .Miirmii'^, 1. 2(;!>. riimo ilp .iDliivnic'.s Miiin.ik-s. L"*!". 2711. .Martin's I'ihtowikmI lliipsliurfr. 87. :i71. ItciluMtsi.ii's \ms\ iif ll:c Itiiiiiiiiin SIdi'v. I'liiniiiii's. II. 11. s., 'Ci. '2Vi. .Marliu's t'ncniHiii'cl irii|isliiii^'. S7. ;;7;!. Iliinsdir^ TIk. I^,s( I'linr... .'!70. r am linJiiUMl t. dlsmisl KiIk ilale as n f.'W (lays ((K, ..ally. Imt caniidi vft piovc it winri?. I!nl li Is coniij \v nor. , orr el than 111." yi'ar ls.-,4. k'iv.n in ll.iip.T- Itool; ,,r Fa, 1.;. 'xv\, ji„ rh,. ilni' ui tli ■ I' In i.'s visil 1(1 (iiocri lliiv. HIS FOHERUNNERU, HIM.StJLF. 17(i, ;!(i4. Is If II 180 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. fl I' i i i 1 H 1: i:iH: Jl i; me than bv any other ooiKideration. ItinirlKHi Slor.v. I'liliiiiiu's. It, 11. .1.. Oil; Dnp .Vdilllloiiiil Notes, Wis. llisl. CoU , VIII.. MVJ. 2.S1. KansDirs Tlio I,(ist fringe M)T<. 4M. 282. Ilaiisdii's Tlio Ixist rriiico, 40.1. 2K\. Itnll.r's Tlio Slor.v m' Umjs XVJr.. in Nati.in. May .11. isot, 117. 2Sl. Mnrllli's T'luniwiioil Iluiislmr;.', S7. and Dinpi r's .Nolo !u Ms. 184 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. ■I * !»)■ / Astor House in Green Bay begging Eleazer Williams to resign the kingdom of France. VII. But what said the other party to this interview? Upon tiic receipt by the prince de Joinville of the February, 1853, number of Putnam's Magazine containing the account of the meeting, tlie dis- closure and the request for abdication, the prince through his secretary addressed, from his exile home in Claremont, Surrey, England, a letter dated February 9, 1853, to the London agent of Mr. Putnam. In this communication he admitted the meeting, and the conversation with Eleazer and subsequent correspondence between the two on matters relating to the Indians, but as to the main story the prince stamped it in every particular as a work of the imagination, a fable woven wholesale, a speculation upon public credulity.-^' Mr. Hanson, who could not well exclude this letter from The Lost Prince, made an efifort to blunt its point and counteract its force, but his attempt was feeble and unsatisfactory and this denial of the prince so compre- hensive and so emphatic must be accepted as converting Eleazer's story into the wildest fiction. VIII. But it is perhaps not astonishing to know that Eleazer Williams did not believe this story himself and so stated in at least two instances. After the appearance of The Lost Prince, Eleazer hap- pened to meet in Baltimore Charles D. Robinson of Green Bay. a friend, and tlic editor of The Green Bay Adrocate. Mr. Robinson who knew Eleazer and his character well, said to Eleazer, referring to this 1)ook, "I don't believe there is a word of trutli in it." Eleazer broke into a hearty laugh, seeming to appreciate the point, and replied. "Nor do I, either." So, meeting lus longtinie friend Alexander Grig- non, Eleazer asked him if he had heard anything about the dauphin matter. "Yes, I have." was the reply, with a laugh and manner evinc- ing his total disbelief of the story. "It is not me," continued Eleazer with a disregard of grammar tliat would Jiave made tlie young dauphin blush, "they wanted it so. and I don't care."-^« Perliaps the true in- wardness of this whok-sale deception woukl be disclosed if Eleazer had stated definitely wliom he meant by they. But. if FJeazer liimself did not believe this tale, the rest of mankind— which excludes the writer of The Story of Louis ATV/.— may be pardoned for sliaring his incredulity. IX. Moreover, belief by Eleazer in his identity with ihc dauphin would liave been totally inconsistent with his conduct and admissions sul)se(|uent to 1841. Four years after the prince's visit, that is to say in 1.S45. Eleazer assisted in preparing a memoir of his great-grand- motiier, Eunice Williams; in 1848 he preached historical sermons in I I'S.".. Hiinsan's Tlio Lost I'rliHf, 4(>4. i;S(l. Diiliier's .VrMltlunnl N.ilos Wis. Itisl. Coll.. VIH.. 307. HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 185 Decrfiekl on the anniversary of the death of his ancestor, the Rev. John Willianis-s"; in 1845 he Rave his pedigree to the genealogist, S. \V. Williams, M. D., stating therein that Thomas Williams was his father, also writing, "I am highly pleased to learn that you are tracing out the genealogy of the Williams family and particularly of my grand- father. Rev. John Williams"; in October, 1846, he offered to lend his l)ortrait of his "grand.sirc", the Rev. John Williams, to the uses of the contemplated genealogy; in September, 1847, he sent to the gene- alogist Williams a portrait of hi,= "grandfather Williams";-*^ on Janu- ary 18. 1850, in furthering the claim of Mary Ann Williams for the services of her husband in the war of 181J Eleazer Williams swore ui)on oath as follows: "That 1 was in the secret of the United States in the war which commenced in 1812 and that I had the charge and commanded the secret corps of observation on the northern frontier during the said war; and that it was through me that my father, Thomas Williams, an Iroquois chief, was especially invited, in behalf of the general government .... to join the American stand- ard,"-*"^ — all these admissions of conduct, specct and oath after the prince de Joinville had solenmly informed Eleazer that he was not a Williams at all but was Louis of France, the seventeenth of that name! X. 'Che attitude towards each other of both prince and priest sub- secpient to the interview indicates that no momentous subject was dis- cussed at Green Bay. Soon after the prince's departure Eleazer sent him a paper relating to Charlevoix and La Salle. The prince's courteous acknowledgment shows no e\ idencc of any secret matter between them. Two j-ears later, in the name of his Indian brethren. I''leazer sent through the i)rince to Louis Philippe ff)r some books. The books were sent with a letter from the j)rince's secretary aimouncing the king'.s compliance. A delay in transit brought from the French consul general in New York a note of regret that he "was unable before to present to ]Mr. Williams the enclosed letter and the box of l)ooks sent by the king of the French" — the letter being the one from the prince's secretary. The matter just <|Uoted is the foundation for the story of l''leazer receiving an autograph letter from Louis Philippe— a story of which I^leazer boasted. When asked to exhiliit this autogr,i])h letter it was lost. The reply of b.leazer to the lettei- from the prince by the hitter's secretary is certainly not ])enned by one who lonsidered himself placed by the disclosures made at (been Hay "in the position of ;i superior" to the p'ince, as this extract will show: .So woll |iloi\ac(l am I witli liio liooks, imd so lil^'h iiii niiliiloii dn I ciilirlaiii nt .voui' Ko.viil Illu'htU'sH' lifiii'voloiii'i' Mini l"rlrnMslii|i ii^ lo riiihuldcii iii" t i n\\\n':\v liffom 2S7. I{uliiM-|s(iii'< 'I'lrc I.asI iT till' UiMU-hiiii Sloiv, rmiiMin's. II, n, s., !i| 2SS. Willliiiiis' 'riic liodiM-ni.Ml Caiitlv.". ITT. 2S;). Ui'poil, .lumiaiy 1(1. ISriT, llniisc Ciiiiiinilli't' on Militai.v .MTa'i'i, i.ii iiiiim Mar.v .\iiii Williams, paui' ."1. :iHli ('iiiii.'rc>s, Tl Inl S ss'on. \u. S'i. 186 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. / vel as n theology. If It is not asking nn.l int.mII«K t,>, much upou vour U ,yal It should be stated parenthetically that whenever Eleazer was called upon to produce original documents-letters, medals or what not-these were always missing, burned, stolen, mislaid, among his papers at some other place. He boasted, for example, of several mis- sives from French bishops and cardinals and one from the secretary of Napoleon III., all enquiring about his history. Like the autograph letter trom Louis Philippe they had all disappeared 201 £leazcr-s journals were as useful to his purpose as his mvstcriously disappearmg documents. These journals consisted of she;ts loosely stitched together so that the insertion of leaves containing new matter perScls'on'^s 'll!> t "'^ "'""''' "'*'*' r ^^^^ '^'^- I"^!^^'^. for some periods of his hie there are preserved two journals differing in details of events2»^-one or the other or both evidently prepared after the incidents recorded and to serve some purpose. Eleazer could produce journals as he did scars. XI. A curious phenomenon is to be observed about the expres- sions and reHections attributed to the prince during his interview vvith Eleazer-that they are identical in sentiment, that they are often clothed in exactly the same language, with ideas and opinions contained ." he journals ot Eleazer. of dates long anterior to 1841. Especiallv ■s tins true as to the remarks concerning the aid rendered by Franc'e o America during our revolution and concerning the connection be- tween the French revolution and the misfortunes of Louis XVI -"■■^ Ins ,s easily explicable. When Eleazer in ,848, either alone or with the aid of a fnend was stealthily launching his imposture, he found m h,s own early meditations satisfactory material for the made-up con- versations ot the prince with himself. About these were grou,)eo other mcidents-the prince's expression of astonishment at see- .ng the Hourbon lineaments on Eleazer's face, the humilitv which w.,nl,l not permit the priest to dine at the same table ^vith the prince, the mght meeting at the Astor House, the rev elation, the bn!,e the indignant rejection, the over-night reconsiderati.-n the re- "cwa .,t the refusal, the final parting-all clustered into a s.-nsa- tiiinai, II not into .a coherent, narrative. ^Xll. It nee.l not elicit suri,risc that Eleazer Williams as long -"•"'■ '' '•"'""''' ''■'"• '•^"'' "'■ l!..„rl,„M .Stor.v, I'uln;u.rs. II, n . iMi -.y.. itoln.rt son's Th,. 1,„m „r ()„. ls,M,rl,„M .Slory, I'„tnmH-M. M, n s w\- II. n- 21I1-. i{,.lMM-tson-. Tl„. L,,s, „r ,1,., ]i,H,rl.on Story, I'utn.un's, II n s imI 2m. I!ol„.,lso.i's Tl„. U.sl Ml- ,1,,. |i„„rlM,n .story. IMlnmn's. II. „, s. i..-,. HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 187 .iKo as TS38, had declared himself the dauphin. He enjoyed the privi- lege not accorded to those who live a century after the episode in the Temple, of existing in the age that produced dauphins. Men far less acute and cunning than Eleazer had palmed themselves off upon the public as the heir of St. Louis, had been the objects of anxiety and -DJicitude, had even engaged the attention of the daughter of Louis XVL While dauphin-meteors had been shooting athwart the Euro- pean firmament, while one at least was still shining with tinsel lustre, should not one pretender glitter with bright effulgence in the western horizon? Should not Eleazer Williams be that pretender? After the visit of the prince tf) Green Bay, but little in the life of Eleazer re(iuircs notice for several years. He was almost entirely liisassoclated from the Indians but was much occupied in pressing against the government claims growing out of their removal to the western country. In 1846 the Society for the Propagation of the Gos- pel among the Indians and others in North America appropriated numey for his support as a missionarj', but after two years this stipend was withdrawn, the result not justifying its continuance.-"^ In 1850 he went east to proffer his services for the removal of the Seneca In- vlians from Indian Territory to the upper waters of the Mississippi. His offer was declined. Not returning to his family^"" he took up his residence at St. Regis, where he commenced a school and where he li.id some kind of missionary appointment from the Diocesan Society of New York and from the Boston Unitarian Society.--'*' Upon the recommendation of his neighbors the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel renewed its appropriation, but in 1853 this was withdrawn, owing to his protracted absences from duty.207 Mis home was on the St. Regis reservation for the remainder of lii> life, although he frequently traveled. It was in the autumn of 1851. while on a iourney. that Mr. Ifansoti. who had read of the claim for I'^leazer in I'lic \'cw York Courier and liiiquircr, made his acquaint- .mce.-'"* Through Mr. Hanson's energetic espousal Eleazer was con- \erti.(l from a secret, surreptitious pretender into an open declarator of his royal position. Under !Mr. Hanson's tuition he became a genu- inr monarch, issued manifestos, signed L. C. to his documents, re- if ; ■ :.''.M. HuiitiMiti's Kloiizoi- ^Vllli,•ilus, -J.V.t. -it.'i. Mol'orp Ipnviug; WIhcousIii EIi-hzit left wiili Mrs. Daulcl lirowu of SliDboygar .1 imiiiilfijr tc» 1)0 kt'pt by li'T until he should nrdrr it soiit to liliii. lie c'ainied it was ,■1 iiiclnro of f/ouls XVI. mid Mrs. I'rown says thcrn Is a strong lllioncss between the line in the paint iiiK and that of Kloazer Williams. The pkture Is now .iwnod by Mrs. Ilrown's dmiBhter, Mrs. I. H. Jones of .shelioygnn. .Mrs. Hrown, who was born August •Jl", lS(«t, is still livlnj,'. U'tter from Mrs. Brown, May 12, ISOti; Wiiihl's Tlie Old Wliltf Clnircli, !>. U!»tl. ItolM'rtsoir,«i 'rii.' r.ast of the HourlMni ,S|ory, !18. 21t7. IIiMilonns lOleazer Williams. lltMt. L'ii^, 11,'iii-iitrs Th.' Lost I'rincc. .".'lli. 183 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. N4 t w j^j. M ceivcd notes phrased Your Most Gracious Majesty-f'» and promised his friends passage to France in a national ship when he should ob- tain his own/'soo I have said that at first Eleazer was a secret pretender. I mean that the first obtrusion of hiniscli as a dauphin was in ])rivate ways, by per- sonal inlcrviow. by anonymous letter, by fictitious signature In- stapa-ts oi h;s .'i.i'iliod h;,\c 1 ern given. Instances Ivrthcr follow: D- Vinton writes that in .August, 1844, while he and Eleazer were in the parlor of the residence of ]\Irs. O. H. Perry at Newport, the writer's attention was attraccd by the gesticulations and other antics of Eleazer who was examining a volume 01 engravings and accidentally came ujjon a print of Simon, the dauphin's cruel jailer in the Temple. Dr. Vinton says, "I saw Williams sitting upright and stiff in his chair, his eyes fixed and wide one:,, ins Hands clenched on the table, his whole frame shaking and trembling as if paralysis had seized him. . . Point- ing to the wood-cut he said, 'That image has haunted me day and night, as long as I can remember. 'Tis the horrid vision of my dreams; what is it? Who is it?' " The leaf was turned and Simon's name was on the leverse.^'oi From this incident those who did homage to Eleazer drew sure conclusions; but I have no doubt the scene was a very clever bit of play and if Dr. Vinton is not mistaken in the year, Eleaze - was en- gaged longer than has been believed in working up his imposture. It should be added that Eleazer is credited with the same theatrical piece of acting about six years later at the residence of Professor Day of Northampton— there was another pi-ture of Simon, Eleazer greatly excited, and the ejaculation "Cood God, I know that face, it has haunted me through lifc."^o- I have no doubt that if the matter could be th(M-oughly ferreted, it would be found that the half-breeds Skenon- dogh and Eleazer arranged the story and provided for the affidavit which was taken so formally on June 14, 185,^. in which Skenondogh IS made to swear that he was present at Ticonderoga in 1795 when two Frenchmen delivered an imbecile and sickly boy to Thomas Wil- liams and that Eleazer was that boy.^'"- The st()ry of the taking of the affidavit and of the actions of Eleazer— for by a curious coincidence he happened to be in New York at the tinu— before the notary, all display the artful and cunning methods of an artful and cunning nian.-"* Another way in which he brought himself into notice by the under- am. Kobortsoirs TIic ImM of llif l!.>m'lM>ii Slory, I'liiiiiiiii's. II. n. s., !ili. aiK>. Lptt«i', .\|,iil {•>. 1M!)C,. fro,,, d.orj;,. .-^luldon „f bccilifl.!. Miit^s. ;!0l. Vliit.m's I-oiils XVII. iMiiI Klfiizff WilU:iiiis. ri,liium's II, „. .s. a.tl. 302. IIaiis,)ii's Tlii> I>mt I'liiiii.. .•).Vl: lliins,,,,-:, ii„vi' We u itdi I'litiiaiir.x. I, •J.W: IIiim.K.ii's Kli'iiz,.,' Williams, 2l«. ;;(>;i. Haiis(jii's 'V\n- 1.1,81 I'llMi,., 177, 4ii,-,. .'iOl. Vinton's l...,iU XVII. anil VM-.xv,-v Williams. I'liti'ani's. II. n. idurtiaii Amoiifc- Us? s. 3::tl. HIS FORHRrNNERS, HIMSELF. 189 ground plan is cxiiibitcd by the following letter written luider a false name to a Mr. Reed of Buffalo in August, 1850: It so l.aj.pcncl timt I wus at the Eagle Hotel in n.Uudolphh, wl.on v.u und •Mr AMlllauiH (the danphln of Franoe) were there. Cnrl, «i,y, as well as havlii^- taken m. Intorcst in tl.e l.lstor.v of the unfnrtnniito Prince, h..s led nw t, a Kir a-. ,vo , .ml u«k y,,u to have the goodness to iufonn .no if you are In poa.«e.8l„u of any historical facts in relation to this wonderful niau. Aonther instanee of the same kind a little earlier in time- Then- appeared in the I'mtcd States Magazine ami Democratic Reviezv for July, 1849, what seemed to be an anonymous review of a book entitled History of the Jhuiphin. Son of I.onis the Sixteenth of France, by H. B. Ely, or as given in the Table of Contents, N. B. Ely. The review includes quite an account of Eleazer Williams and the different prools of his royal extraction and is so much in the style of Eleazer that .Mr. Robertson was fully justified in suspecting his authorship When It IS added that no such book ever existed as .Mr. Ely purported to review and that no such man as II. B. Ely or N. B. Ely ever again arose during the Williams controversy, although sought for and asked to present Inmself. enough has been .said to expose the guileful Indian hand of the hero of this paper. '•"■■■ The Bcllanger incident was a fiction of Colonel Henry E East- man of Green Bay. In or after 1847, Colonel Eastman, a lawyer and a prominent citizen, was an intimate and confidential friend of Eleazer Wdliams. Interested in Erench history and in the decay of Bourbon power Colonel Eastman wrote a romance l)ase(l on the misfortunes of young Louis and made Eleazer Williams the chief character. The manuscripts from time to time were loaned to him to read at his leisure. Unknown to the author the parts were copied and returned An account of the death in Xew Orleans of the laithful adherent, Bcl- langer. who had brought the dauphin to America and placed him in the charge of Thomas Williams, was one of the features of this ro- mance, as it is one of the features of ^[r. Hanson's romance.;">o To the amazement ,,| Colonel Ea.stman. his story with the addition of some aflidavits and other s|)ecial proofs, not necessary to his^ imaginary tale, appeared in I'utuam's Magazine. Of course Elea- zer's Journal contained the matter, of c.iur>e it was exhibited to Mr. Hanson and is .inoted iroiu at length.-"'- The information of the ail,-.. Itoljert.son's The Ijist of llii' Uoiuiion Story. I'litnaiiis. II, n. s. OS .-Uh;. ,^„,||1,s Kloazer Williams, Wis. Hist. Coll. VI. aa7. C.lon d Ka.stn.an his ' " '"■'■*''"' "f '^'■'■'''' ''»>■ 'H"l "as llouieniint-colonel of ih ■ .SeeenT. Hanson's The Lost I'rlnoe, 978. Tlie journal is ,hU,',l March lit. 1S4,8. .Mr Koherlson found two e,lill„ns of the Journal of this date, exhll,itln« liupo tani dffer- • ni'i's. Kolierts,m-s The Last of the K,mili,:n Story, rutnain's. II. n. s. HO. V II 190 ELEAZER WILLIAMS. I'iil I kf f- death of Bcllaiiger was conveyed to Eleazer, the Journal states, by letter from Thomas Kimball of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The name of Mr. Kimball does not appear again in Eleazer's Journal, the orig- inal Kimball letter was never produced for inspection and Mr. Han- son, although he went to New Orleans and secured some very incon- sequential affidavits, was obliged to confess that he could find no trace of Bellanger.30* In 1853 in February, Mr. Hanson published in the second number of I'utnam's Magazine the sensational paper. Have We a Bourbou .Imong Us? which is said to have added twenty thousand names U< the subscription list of that magazine.'^""' Immediately upon the arrival of the article in England, appeared the prince de Joinvilk'"s emphatii. denial of its most salient feature, and Le Ray de Chauniont's correc- tion of Hanson so far as the lattt r had mentioned his father. As soon as the first article appeared attention was directed where nat- urally Eleazer's attention ought to have been first directed — to his mother, Mary Ann Williams. Of course much excitement was aroused and of course much agitation would rind its way to, and afifect. the aged mother. On March 28, 1853, an affidavit in English, prepared by Father Marcoux, was presented to and executed by her. In plaii; language she established for herself the doubtful honor of being Elea- zer Williams' mother — thus confirming the statement which she had made io de Lorimier in 185 1 and confirming the oath of Eleazer Wil- liams himself in January, 1850. As this affidavit was widely published and was a death blow to Eleazer's claims there was need to counteract it. This was attempted by means of an affidavit in Iro(|uois sworn to by Mary Ann Williams on July 8. 1853. As I do not rest my judgment concerning Eleazer's claims upon either of these aflidavits I do no. deem it necessary to publish them.-'"" As to the latter, however, I wish to make two or three observations. I. So far as the affiant had aught to do with it, it is the work of a person considerably over ninety years of age who was so distracted by the opponents and adherents of her son that she lust what little strength of intellect a monagenarian might have otherwise had. Tlii-i remark applies though in less degree to the affidavit of March 28, 1853. II. The aftidavit of July 8. 1853, was written by the person most interested in its contents — Eleazet Williams. This is provti by file fact that the original draft of the document in his handwriting with erasures and interlineations and showing how gradually it was l)uilt up, was found among his ))ap( r- after his deatii, and l)v tlie further .108. Hanson's Tlic Umt l"iin.o. i;i(i. 309. IliintOdU's Klcnzcr Wll;i:iiii-. :."rj .June. 18.S2. 14S. ;itO. Tlicy lire piiiiliil in iriinwii's Tl, KIcilz.M- WiHiiUiis. Wi<. !lisl. C.ll. VI. :;I7. .'ijl S'r I'll h r'> Ivis.v I'liii r. \ i\ [I r , ^■isi I'riiii', i;«, 4;{r). aiul in Sin' Ill's HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 101 iact chat the ducuiuent contains those improvements in the lioquois language which Eleazer had many years before invented. »ii Eleazer must therefore stand convicted of preparing for the signature and oath of his feeble and distracted mother a document which involved wiiat he Ivnevv was a falsehood, a document "indicating an apparent purpose to steal the desired avowal of his adoption from his mother without making too broad an issue." Notwithstanding the duress of her son's presence when she executed the instrument she evinced surprise that he should claim to he any other than her own son and, in the opinion of the justice who took her oath, did not know the meaning of the word adopted which Eleazer had inserted after his name, and did not intend to say what she was made to say."'- III. Tliis affidavit, written in Irociuois, was translated into Eng- lish and Mr. Hanson corrected the translation. ^^^ What shall be said of this affidavit as speaking the sentiment of Mary Ann Williams, when we rcHect that it was signed by the mark of a woman close on to one hundred years of age, that it was prepared in Iroquois by an unscrupulous and scheming man interested in upholding a petty noto- riety and that its translation was corrected by that unscrupulous schemer's most ardent and indefatigable lieutenant? And yet not- withstanding this Eleazer did not dare formulate such language as would make his mother deliberately deny her child, but by indirec- tion, by insertion of the word "adopted" in two places and by denial of unimportant details he concocted a documeiu which has not helped his case in any particular but exposes him. and I fear, Mr, Hanson, to great odium. One more incident in Eleazer's life before his leaving it: Frequent mention has been made of the attetupts t^ • secure from the government indemnity for the losses sustained by Thomas Williams in the war of i8ij. Not until the death of Thomas and his widow was the proper rei)aration made. .Xnd in doing this justice the government has also done justice to the truth of history. On April 17, 1858, the House Committee on Military AtTairs reported on the claim of "Eleazer Wil- Hams, heir oi Thomas Williams," finding the latter's distinguished and unreconipensed military servi.-es and his great pecuniary sacrifices. They found also his death and thf death of his widow and then found that she left "as lur sole heir and devisee her son, the Rev. I^ieazer Williams, who is likewise the sole surviving son and heir of the said Thomas Williams." Representative Pendleton of Ohio, an .icute and sagacious lawyer, reported these findings and that they were "abundantly proven by the evidence. "•'i' .And so. \^itllin five nicnths .'ill. i:ills' in.'.i/.cr W illi,i!iis. wis. Illsf. (',,11. VIII. .^.-l(l. .'U2. Kolicrisiiii's 'J'lic I.ii.st nf tlu> lloiulii ii Sini'.v. I'ntnnin'.^, II. ii .-;. !c'. :!i.'i. Hiiiisiiiis Thr i.iisi riincc. \:u. .".II. I!c|uirt No. ::ii;\. :t."itli ('iiij;.'ri.-s. I'iixi sc.wsliili. 192 ELEAZEH WILLIAMS. I of his death, Eleazcr Williams was "abundantly proven," by evidence |)reserved in the archives at Washington, the son— not of Louis XVI.. the heir— not of France, but the son and heir of the Caughnawaga Indians, Thomas and .Mary Ann Williams, whose paternity for twenty years he had disowned but whose heritage he did not hesitate to ac- cept. He died August 28. iS.sS.'H'' in great poverty, sufTering from want ui attention and from the necessaries of life.'"" He had dwelt mostly alone in a neat cottage erected l)y friends subse(|uent to the publications which excited so general an interest in 1853. "His habits of domstic economy were such as might under the circumstances be alike e.\- liecteil>ie to ctiface from the memory.""'' The occupant of this ill-kept abode, his skin turned to a dark red surely betokening his Indian descent,'' is his family a thousand miles away and wilfully deserted by himself, his hopes and ambitions turned to decay and ashes, crept scant honored into a lonely grave. His son erected a monument to his memory. It nutst have been observed that this paper has considered the • lanphin que, .on in connection with Eleazer Williams entirely from the -American standpoint. Granted that certain actions of the French revo- lutionary government in i/o;, granted that certain actions of the restored Bourbon kings, indicated a doubt of the death of young Louis ni the Temple; granted that the frail child did not, as a matter of history, die in 1795, that his escape was accomi)lished, that he received N'lfe asylum in Italy, in England, in America even, yet still l^leazer Williams was not he, Hervagault. Tcrsat. I'ontolive, Mathuriii-Iiru- yi.'., Kegi.stei- XIH. '.).-.; Kviiiis' .Si,,iy (jf L.iii.s .Wll. '.it; .Siiiith's KIcizit Will- iams, Wis. Hls(, Coll. VI. Xil: I':Kflnii(l'.s iMiii.iiln In Oivcn Uiiy, D m.i- County A.lvo- •iitu, Decomber 22, IS'.M: llmitooirs Klciizcr Wllllains. 2(IS. Mre. WilUiiiHM' niiiry liowovcr makes tho date Umr ilny.« oaili.M-: ".Viuiist i;4, 185s. .Mr, Wllliaii s died." A.S she was not with lilni at Ills dratli and the ontr.v wa,-* ovid.nily ma.l.' s mortliat later than the evoat I am Indlnod to .•uit'iii ilu' dali' In the tcxi. .■{10. An account ■■'• Ms funeral Is in Unnloim's Isli azcr Williams, 208. .".17. Williams' 'I'choi'a j-wa-ni'-Bcn. Intnidiictlnn. ]iat;c l.'V ;!18. letter, May 2, 18!H'.. of KdwanI II. Wlllla'i s, .Ir. : liiitlor's The St,,ry or r..)iiiM XVII.. The \alion. May ;;|. l.S'.K. H7. HIS fohkhunxehs, himself. 193 ncau. Ojarda.s, Meves, Ricl.emont. Naundorfif, any one of the brood of Boiirbonic upstarts, had better reason to be identified as that cscape.l scon of unliappy majesty than the half-breed Iroquois whose mes have alien unto us in this paper, who was born more than hree years later than Louis, at a place removed three thousand miles rom the rock of Louis' cradle, of a parentage not Capetian and Aus- trian, but Mohawk and Massachusetts, who never heard the eastern sv-as , of the Atlantic waves an:■•' that portion relating to Eleazer Williams overllows with statements for which no proof is ten- dered, overllows with statements lor which no proof can be ten- dered Two or three specimens of the inaccuracies must be pre- sented: ^fr.s. Evans states that Thomas Williams' mother was stolen by the Indians from Deerfield in 1704^^— Thomas Williams' mother was not born until after I7i4.'^=' Again, it is related that certain hrench travelers visited in 1794 in Stockbridge "Mr. Williams, a man ot social and political importance, founder of Williams College "■''-* The founder of Williams Colleoe, Colonel Ephraim Williams, died Set.- tember 8 i755.'=-- nearly forty years before the Frenchmen visited Stockbridge. Mrs. Evans may be excuses to 'think l.or sort „is .5-1. llio Atlitmicuni .No. .'M.-.s, Krlun.'iiv :! 1,S!M n 140 322. Pngo 15. .....■.-. 32.S Tl.om,.s WlULuns' ,„<,(l,..,',s molluM' «,-,s Im, ei;.'hf y,..„s ol,l iu ITiU Will- Iiinis Itdliprt WIIII;ini.«, l,". "'" '■'•■^\. Kvnnn' .Story of IauiIs XVII, -11, V2. ;iJ.-.. Ev.Totfs AfiilnvN, Oniti.ms unci .Si.eocli-*. 11. Xn. :!2ii. Hanson's lliive Wo .i lionih.in Anlon^' TsV IMin.nMs, I 211 i 19i KLKAZER WILLIAMS. V -h Philippe," and that when he arrived in America in 1841 "one of his first enquiries was whether a man named Eleazer Williams was living among the Indians of Northern New York. "•■*-" Tliese two clauses rest on equal authority, the latter on Eleazer Williams''-^ and the former on nothing. Surely Mrs. Evans should have known that while she was writing her book in England a son of Louis Philippe, elder ihan de Joinville, was then living in Europe. The due de Nemours, the sec- ond son of Louis Philippe died aged eighty-one years June 25. 1896.^-" Let us read together Macaulay's criticism of Mr. Croker: "We do not suspect him of intentionally falsifying history. But of this high literary misdemeanor we do without hesitation accuse him — that he has no adequate sense of the obligation which a writer, who professes to relate facts, owes to the public. We accuse him of a negligence and an ignorance analogous to that crassa ncgligcntia and that cmssa ignoniiitia on which the law animadverts in magistrates and surgeons even when malice and corruption are not imputed. We accuse him of having undertaken a work which, if not rfornied with strict accuracy, must be verj much worse than uselesf ad of having performed it as if the difTerence between an accurate aiiu an inaccurate statement was not worth the trouble of looking iiit(.) the most common book of refer- ence."3-'i" It is difihcult accurately to characterize the Rev. Mr. Hanson in his capacity as the defender and promoter of lileazcr Williams and his claims. As the grand nephew of Oliver Goldsmith^-''^ he may be ex- cused if he was credulous and simple-minded. Hut so much imposi- tion was practiced by Eleazer Williams, so many marvelous tales he related, sn many dncunuiils he boasted of hut never exhibited, so many discrepancies are palpable in his journals, so many statements unsub- stantiated, that I wonder the uttermost extreme of gullibility did not become susi)icious. That Mr. Hanson was an enthusiastic autl loyal advocate; that he wrote vigorous, elegant and exciting English; tliat his enthusiasm became contagious, producing adherents who are still believers; that he infected other reputable ministers whose arguments and evidence were superficially powerful— all these things are admitted. Whether Mr. Hanson's investigations and probings left him still in his heart a believer in the statements set out in The Lost Prince, whether at his death''- three years after the book was printed he Piilii,TMi"s I, tOU; Il.'insciri's ."127. Kviiiis' Stoi-y »t I/iiiis XVII. ;iL'. .'12K. Hanson's Have We a lioiirlioii Aiimnj: f The Lost Trinoe, 3.'!0. 32t». Itrvlow of Uovlcws, .\iij.'iist. Isoil. I,"i2. 330. .Sec Mnrnulny's Crltloal atu\ .MIsrclljiMi'uiis Essays, II, is, (Npw Yoil;. IsTsi 331. Piitnanrs, II. n. k., 127, for .Inly. l,s«S. ;t32. .Mr. HanRoti dtml lS,-.7; Mr. Collon ill. ,1 .Mar. Ii i;!, IS."; Hf. Hawks ilicil SeplnnlMT 2tl, iscd and Dr. VIntoii illoil .Sepinnljci- 2'.t, 1S72; K.-v. riiailcs F. Itoli- t^rtson, Willi was ronsrcratiMl hlsliop of .Mls-ourl Oi-IoIht 2."i. ISI.s. ilj.'il .May I. I.ssti HIS FORERUNNERS, HIMSELF. 195 looked back witli satisfaction and self-approval upon Iiis volume, I have no means of knowing. Certain it is, however, that in his writings on the subject now in hand Mr. Hanson was often intemperate and not always fair. Notice in his attack upon Dr. S. W. Williams, the fol- lowing, italics and quotation marks included ::'•"■'• But l)r. Willlama contradicts himself in .a iimnnor which shows how litllo reliance can ho placeil on any of his rccolloctions. On p. 174;i;i4 wc are lold hy him Mr. Williams never ma.l,. the ' mo.l ,li.t>u„ .-Ulnsion" to "his .ver having had an nterview w th the Prince de .loinvillc:" and lo! on p. 177 we road. ■ lleL,„.~n, I. to. I ,n,.:u„l u,y f.;n,Uy tUnt tinr. yisit frn „ th. ,>nn v,,s »; rons.vnen.',. nf In. rPhinnnslni. t„ his ,yi,;, -nul that ho r.ooivcd his , resents ITom th. sam. cans. His sl,„l,.s here wore much at varianoo will, thoso U. the n:a;-a/.ino," I w. ndcr will, w>iat In-. Williams' stories are at variance. It is not to the credit of Mr. Hanson, but it is strict justice to the memory of Dr. S. W. Williams-a most exemplary and truthful man-''' —to write that the former has deliberately misquoted the latter. On page 174 Dr. Williams is recording a single interview with Eleazer Williams— the interview in 1846 in which the latter gave Dr. Williams the genealogical particulars (luoted in this pai)cr— and Dr. Williams states that at that interview Eleazer gave him the "notice of his family, without ever making the most distant allusion to his roval descent or to bis ever having had an interview with de Joinville."' This is not contradictory of page 177-Dr. Williams was to careful to make such an error. Air. ilanson was not fair to accuse him of it. ■'>•"• This is but one instance— c.r itnn disa- oiiiiics. I am constrained to believe that in his loyalty to tiie royal pretensions of Eleazer Wil Iiams, in his pettish, even angry, hin Historical Collections, IX, 303. Baini, Ilonry S. Early History and Condition of Wisconsin. Willi noies l.y Lyman C. Draper, In Wisconsin Illslorical Col led Ions, II, TJ. Baker, C. Alice Ennice William's. In IILstory and Procii dlrgs ol' r, cninunl. Valley .Menioiial .Vssoclailoti, I, 18. Baxter. .Tunics I'. The pioneers of New France in Nrw Kii(.'!and. .Ml any. IMM. Be;in(l.esne, A. de, I.»)uis XVII. Ills Life— His .^iinrrinK ITs Ilrntl>. Translated hy W. Hazlitt. 2 v. I.,ondiin, IS.Vi. Benuell, K. .S. .\1,, sccrel.iry of the Bishop of Chester, Em;l,iiid. I.eli r. .March 21, 18»(i. Boslon Dally .Tonrnal. Octoher 17, 1848. Brown, Cordelia. SholHiysan, Wisconsin. Ijctler, May 12. IMli. Butler. J.,nies Davie. The Sloiy of lioiils XVII. of Enin c. In Tlir Naiiiii Vol. 58. No. l,-,(l<>. May 31, 18,14. 417. Cannlfl', Wlllhun. Tin- Mediial Profession In rppei- ii7. Colton, Calvin. The Problem of the Ivost Piinee. lii Piitn m's .Moniiily M. - azlne, February, 18."i4. Vol. HI, 202. Colton, Calvin. Tour of the Anieilc.in Lakrs and Am. n- tli.' Inlaiis r. Staleimnt. In Williams' Id deein, i| I'aitive. 171. Da Costa, Benjamin F. The Story of SI, Kegis's Bill, In (iiilavy, .Limniry, 1870. Vol, IX, 121. Dartmouth College Centennial, ISOO. Davidson, .Tohn N. In Fiinami'd Wisconsin. Mlhvnulee, IR'.ri. Deun, James, Hanover, New Hampshire, liclter, Nnveiiibe ■ 12, 1774. Do Qulncey. Thomas. Autobiographic Skelcliis. Bosioi, 1S"3 Detroit Cay.ette, July 28, 1S20; July 13. 1821. Draper. Lyman C, Additional Notes on Kleazrr Wllllaiiis In W'spoiisln IIIs- lorleal l'..lleetlons, VIH, .'l.");!. ELKAZER WILLIAMS. 197 211. Diirrip, Daniel S \ VI ,.i,.i, . p t i „ v '•olleotlons, vn .,5^ ' '""" '° ''''''"''' ""^"■•-' ;io,!'lS'' '"'"""^ '" ^'■"- '•■-'«'-"'"'^ New Y„r.<. 4v. New,!,;:;;!: ri;!. Kllis. Albert U. Finy-r.,,,. Vo.rs' l.cllocU.us .,f M,.„ .n.l Kvont. i., W s lorifiil (ollrcl iMiis, VII, L'OT ;M. Klli. AUK.n U. Ue^lWlloUs or U,.v. Kl...,.,. WHIia.n^. „, Wi-con.,,, His toi-lcal (Villerdons, vm, s-j-^ '" '"^ .'*.-. Kills Mbenti. S,„Me .\,..„uMt nf „„. Aclvvut of tl,o N.w Vol. l,„lia„. into -• '.>.i' t, hhanl. A.l.lress B,.,ore M,o A,Iol|,l,lo Cnlo,, of Wlinanm (J ul « ■ - UK„.st I., 1837. ..ntUled Superior ..u, IV.puNa. K,,,,,,, ,. ,. n, Lve n^: ).;a >o„s ana Spcrbos „n Vari.,ns O.vasb.ns, v.,. ,[.. ,on. IL!,!!,, ;«'. I-ssemleu, ,l„h„, A s,.,-,„„„ ,„,,„,„„ „. „.,. |,,,^, , ,,„„„^„ ,,„^„ ^,„.. . 1.00..,,.. .1. ,,..•„,, Indians sw„„ose,l ,0 ,„ ,„o „,.,v,„lauts „ „n ; Wi uun.s. Auyns, -7, 1837. .;,o..nli..l.l. IK37 ■"'■ """"?■ i": ""'' ''" '''"•' '"■ ■=--•— ^ o'' tho Past Slx,y V,.„.. 41. ';•;-". Samnol A. .frotou Lnring „„■ lu.lian War., «ro,.,„. ,!,S3. ■J.*. <.roon Itaj- Guzcite, .Inly, 18S(J. -13. Grignou. An,us,ln. .s.venly.,wo Yea,.- l(....„Il,.,.,lons of Wise nsin In Wis oonsiu Historical ('oUertlons. Ill 1!I7 41. HanM, M,^. L. M. „i.,„,y ,, ,„„,ison Conn.y. N„„. y,,,,. s,ra,n.., -.5, '--.'^.nn 1,. ,,.,. w,. a lM„..,o. An,.,„. UsV >n.r„„„. t..,. .„ y, is I.^ Hanks, In l'„in..„M's .Monlhly .Ma,uazine, F, hrnary, Isr.ll, v„|, ,. "■ """TnuH".- ;r ;":?'" '^""^ ■ - •"— ---v ^.a.. .V nar,J:r;^";;;u,::"r?.';si,"''^- "^ ^'"■""•^■"^- "■^^^''-' -- li». Illslorleal .Magazine, New York, Octnln-r l,s.vi ,1 30.. "'■ '''^'Zw I'V'uT- '" "'""" '""^^ M"«-in,:";„ ,„.,no.a,io Rovieu ."!>. l-U, 11: 1;, w,.u,n.-, l|l,s„„.y of ,1 ,|,,,i„. .< ,- ,.„„|^ ^v, ,„, Krnnep, l,y H. l!, Fjv, nr \ I! V]y ni, Hollan.1, Josl.l, U. HIs.ory of Wes,P,.„ Mas.nehnse.ts 2v, S„rl„u«,.Ul isn , ■;; ":;;■•""■';;■ ;'H«inal I.Msof KaH^am. .. An.o,.,.a. iLon. W . """^i„ ;■■••"" ■; '• -^ "'^•■■••^ ■•'■ ^'^ l™'- and FranUlln roun.l,., Nou lork. .\lliafiy, l,s,"p;!, 54. Honse of Ko,„.es,.„,anv,.s- lloi.n-,, N„, S3, 34ti, ,'on.res., Thl,d S.ssi.,„ •Mado .laminry Ki, ik,'-,7 Uy Uilliani K S.ii.p on, Ilonso of Kopreseniatlves- Uopo,,, No, :m. 35th r„„„v.., VUsi Ses«i„n Mad,. April 1,, isTuS. I,y «!,„r«.. II. I'mdiolnn, ■'<- H„y,, Kp„,,,,,„, Anli.narlan U.soarcla.s: ,• p,isln. a llls,„rv „f the In- .11".. war,. In tl„. Tonnlry II ,rdorln,. .•onn,...n..„( Ki„.r ..,„d I-arls \d .Incciit. firei'iiilold. l»i,euili,T, ^s■'l ■-7 UnnH„K,on llcl.n M, Mf • ,s„.,,,,„„ w svilllanw, m .Mon.nrial I.I„.,.ap>do- •Now I'.nKland Hlni.nle (ioiH.nloKlf.il .Sirloty, II, ,Ms9. 198 ELEAZER 1 1 ILL I AMS. I til ,■)!!. BO. lit. Co. (ttt. (i7. (is. 0!>. TC. 71. 74. 80. 81. 82. ■sa. 84. STi. 80. 87. 88. .Si>, IIuiiliioii, Diiiiicl T. V. Elonzer Williams. In M ni.ilai liioprapliKs. Nrw l".ii!;- lilllll llisUlliO (JrlU'llIO.ttlClll SlH'icl.V. 111. .'."C .Tdinvillo. Friinc.'ipis V. V. L. M. (rOili'viiH. pri' i>c do. .\.'em lirs. Trmslnii'il liy Liidy .Miiry I>>y(l. New Voik iind l.omlon, lS:i."i. Jones, Artliur K., Moiitroal. I.etlei-. M:iy 15. 1!S90. Kiiizio, JiiHotto .\. \\:ni-lniii, tlie "(aily day" in Itic N.inlnvesi. Cliicai-'n, is:.7. I.i(linarlini', .Miilimisc do. Histniy nf the Giniiidits. 3.. Nc.v YurU. 18IN. Ijuiil), Mary .1. History of llic Oily (if .\i'\v Yoi'li. 2v. .New YdfU mid Chicago, 1877. lA'llri's ('(lifiantis et ciirioiM's (omenint r.\.-j , l'.\fr. 1891, copied fi'our (iieon Hay Advoialc. Mi'Call. Janus. Journal of a visit to Wisconsin In 1830. In \Vls. Nanativo, In Wisconsin Historical dlloctions, \I , 385. Massjiclnisolts Historical Society I'rocerdiD.u's, 18i!0-7O. Matlics, Georgi! V. Pretender to a Throne. In New York Times, Fehinarv 10, 1808, .Morelionsp, I'redcric C, Sonic Aniorlca'i Chnrehnion. .Mihvaiiko". 1.S02. .Miink". William. Itoll of the Uoyal Coilcgo of Physicians, 151S-IS(M). Ijon- don, 1801. N'cal. Daniel, HIslory of the Pi.iitaiis, 2v. N. Y. 18(3. 1.s44. Neville, i:ila H.; Martin, .Snrah G.; Martin, Hehorih li. Illsiori.- Giicn Lay, lt'h!M84(>, Green Bay, 18!i3. Now Englainl Historical and Genealogical Register. Boston 1847-1890 50v. New England Historic Genealogical Society. Rolls of iiiembera, 1.SU 1800. Boston 1801. New York. Hociiinenliuy History of Edited liy E. B. O'Callaghaii. .M, Ii.. 4 V. .\lliany 1840-l.s,")l. New York. Diciinients relutin. lo the col Dial lil-tory of thr -late . 10 v. Alb my IvSH 1S.-.8. Noble, Mark. Memoirs of the Piole. t.nal noiise of Croiiiuell 2v. Blnnlni: 'lain, 1787. O'Brien, Anna I. Account of Elear.er WlllinmR. In Cliloapo Times. September 18. 188(1. and under lltle "The Mystery of Life." In Y. mwlne's News, September lit, 1,'sSO, Parkman, Francis. A Ilalf-rentnry of Omflict, 2 v. Bosion 1804. Parkman, Francis. Moiilcalni and Wolfe. 2 v. B Hloii 180 (. P.irkman, Francis Tlie old U'-glnie in ('aiiadn. Ho-ton IsOl. Penhallow, Samuel, Hlst,o, c.din,. Vol. 1. Ul. Pi.lnam',s Magazine. K.li.urlal. July. 18.18. Vol. II. n. s. 12ti '.'-'. lian,. Ja„a.,s. A TioaUso „n Fact.. 4,1, Am. K.lltion. Xew York. J800. '.'1. K.la(lon« ,l.-s Ji-snlus. l/.,n l.iM. Vol. I. .jaeb,,-, l,s58. '.».-.. U.vi.w of K.vi.w... New V.,rK, Au;:,hi. I8!m. ,,ag,. 152. 'M. Kohertson. ,;i,arl... F. Xlio l.u.t of th.- l!ou,boM Story. 1„ r,„„a„rs .Ma.- azilll, .Iiily, l.>j(jjj_ II „ g ,jy ii^' I-nT'^f """"? ''"'^""'" '^^'"■"'"■^' ^«"^' "• ^-'"- ••«'"- «^'" '-t.os." -'0, l.v.l. l,y ,iolm p. Ujile. uu. S..iw..a.it. .lohii, .sioikiMid-c. XAMtT. o M)oi- ::4 i7-i;i IW. Sl,.-a. John (J. Letter .,„ Klouxer Wiilia,,,.. ,„ a„k,1,.u,. H slorical Ko,- of. Jiell of .St I{o>;ls 105. .Sinnns, Wlllian, ,1. TIk. lro,„u,l« r.unrl. „. lu .s„,„l,e,„ .i„,„u.rlv Keview July, JH,»J. 1 H. lU(i. S„,i,i.. .Jolu. V. Kleazer WiUia.ns an,l U.e I.st rrin.e. ,„ Wls.onsiu His- toric:il Colleclioii.s, \'l. ,!I|,S. Iti7. .sioddard, ,(o|,!i. .foiirnnl. In UeKlster. V 26 108. Storrs, lUoliard .S, I.<„if:,neaaow. L, tfr, April .; l«ii 10'-». Slono, WiUian, 1. Lire ..„„l ri.nes nf Sir Wlliia,,, .roh,,., n! ■> v VU any Is.r, 110. Sn.horland. .lanu.. K.rly Wiseonsln lOxploration and So.fe.n.at In W ^ consin Ul.storical L'ollootl..ns X UTO 111. Ta««.my, cyprien. IM. tio.nair,. c;w„a:o.i„e oes Fa.uiie .ualina.s ^.s^U.Fondanond.iaCione.,,.,p,-ans.,o:,r.. .V. M,,n.e„,. U.".. Van K,.„s.s,.laer Cortl, ndt. Illstori.al Dlsn.nrse of tl.e liattle o,' Lake <.ior;r,., l,,v,. I'liiladelpMa, ISTxl '"■ """L s':;;'";: '•";"^^^■"• »"" '^l--' ^Vil.l,,n,s, won. T„ey Ueallv ir, u-.,,., V ; ■ r""' ^"""^""''^ Ma,.-H/i,.o. Sepie er. lMi8. II. n. s. XJI ■;. ad, And,vw U. , ;,.„ealo,i, al History ,.f ,„e Ki.e Kaadly. B ,s,o„ 185 s .. ;-;--'. T. A T,,,, 1. St Prinee. In Coioa«o Inter, .can, February , ':,,. H.. U nation l-ranets and S,i.l,-., Alf„.d. M,.,ll, nl .,„,• .p,„d nc. a v. Pi" adidplila, issi, ' ''^- ^^■'"■" !<• <'""••'<•- I. Alilwank.v. inlorvUnv. Mn.lM,,, loi Hal ( i .-... Wiii„.a.d, U-iliiani v. itisto.y oC Sen, ol S,i,„ r> isi, n in Wise nsin. „i U'iseoiisin llislorleal C.lir.i ion- V T,- 1:^1 """^'-'T. '•n-les Keeon.tions of a -IW T,i,.,„„| wis.-on-iu in ,8:2 '" ^^''^ '^'" irislorloal folleotioiis. I (M ,'f' ,\^..'"I"' """'"" "■■ '■' '' "•'""• •'""'■'■I'. .Miluank,.., !>,;„ 1-1. U dd,^, Alexatid, ,-. r,,o Hourhon Who Nov,.- n-i.ned. In Tlio Knlelo r.oeker. .Novetnlpir. I.N.i,S, MI m ">.i><-i, .::.. WilllautH ,.,uar.l H Jr. l:,,.. r Uillian.. ,„ r,,e Nat. n. Vol. :s Vo ir>U. .Tune I I, Ksni, 111'., 200 KLKAZER WILLIAMS. V '■ 125. VIA. 120. i;)o. 131. I In Ills i 1.^2. l.^3. KM. i:!i;. i;!7. Willhiuis, Kdwiird II. jr. liobiTt Williams (f Uuxlmr.v. Mass.. nnl lils Dcsccmluuts. With ndilpiiila. Nowporl. It. I., 1891. Williams, Kihviird II. Jr.. Hi'tlili'liein. r,'iiiis.vl\.iiii,i. I.i.ncis .\|ii-il il. i:!. ir., 20. May 2. 8, 11, l.->, lS9(i. Wlllliims, Kloiizer. Lifp of Tc-lio-ia-Kwa-no gi.'U, .\li:is Tnoiuas Williams. With IntiodiRlion jiiid Notes hy I'rankllii B. Ilmigli. Alliiiiy. 18u'.». Williams, Kleazor. Two Homilies: Tho Sahiitluii >•{ Sliiii'is Thniimh Uiolies of DiviiK! Grace. Drilveted .\upiisi 8. 1811. in tlio Audi(n<'e ol' tlio Oneida Indians at Tlioir Eighth Triennial Anniversary S;nrp lie Conversion of 000 ragans of Tliat Trlhe to the Clirl.itian Kalili. With Appendi.v. (ireen Bay, 1S12. Williams, ,Tohu. Tlio Hedocnicd Cnptlvo lietnrnliig lo Zien. Added hy S. W. Williams: Biosir.'u.hy ,if tln' Aiith ir. .Vppondix and No os. Nortli aiupton, 1853. Wllliam.s, .\Ia-9,2, i age t4>>. .Seneea Nation of Indians v. Chrisiy. l:t Hun ."24: 12; \. Y 122 \fV V S 283. Tuelier, The I!ev W. J., P. D.. Han ,vei, N. tl, I.elter, August 2:., 18;i(!. APPENDIX II Children of the Itev. John and Kunlco (Mai her) Williams i Name. Date of Birth Date ot Death i Ilcmnrks Kleazer .Samuel Kathtr .Stephen lUialUin Ihinico John Warhain Jemimn .rerus:ha Jornsha July 10. 1088 January 21, 1000 April 10, 1091 •May 14, 1093 .MlV 1, 1095 .SeplemI er 17, IO'.h; .I.'iPiiary 19, KHKS September 10, 1099 Septemlier 3, 1701 Seiitemlier 3, 1701 January 15, 1704 1 - ^ m ■c — a 3dH- £.c * w B! ii s OS m K i>o '^ C h« e«RECSS. Charles Langlade, Wisconsin's First Settler. Mcintosh. The Germaa Voter in Wisconsin Politics. By Ernest Brnncken. This paper mil cover the period preceding the organization of the Republican party. IM F»RttF» A RATION. Boatwick, M. M.- Ancient Copper Minors of Lake Pupflrior Bruncken, Ernest- The German Voter in Wisconsin Politics, will include the period cf the civil war. Campbell, Uenry Colin-Monard, the Jesuit. Migrations of the Hurons. Wisconrin ' ' '^"^'' Nelson - Beginniogs of Higher Education in Gregory, John G.— Soffrnge in Wisconsin. Kelly, Frederick W.- Local Govemmeut in Wi^condn. La Boule, Rev. Joseph 8.-AUouez. the Father cf Wisconsin Missions. i-«Klr, Henry E.— Mormons in Wisconsin. Mcintosh, Montgomery E.- CoK.per«tive Communities in Wi^juniiin. Millor, Prank H.- Polanders in Wisconsin. Starkey.Dan B.- Wisconsin and the Revolutionary Epoch «n,i tK°7' S""'"" P-Certain Vegetable Pood Products of Wisconsin and Their Bearing upon Indian Life. T Terry, Frank T.— Wisconsin Aborigines. Wight, William Ward- Joshua Glover, the Fugitive Slave. This paper T K^^ «''*"*"' ComiiTTBiB.- Henry Colin Campbell. Henry K. Logler and John G. Gregory. i .# I'^^v *'i."""' ^^1^ ^"^ organiaed Dec. 10th. 1895, for study of the history of the Northwest. Its publications are printed for private distribution by the members of the club. A limited number of copies of each paper is set aside for sale and exchange. Single copies are sold at the uniform price of -55 cents, and the annual subscription (10 numbers) is placed at $1 50 Correspondence may be addressed, ,'^ Gabdnbk P. Sticknbt, Secretary, [ *27 Bradford Street, MiLWAUKaE, Wis.