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Tous las autres sxemplaires originaux sont filmAs en commenqant par la premiAre page qui comporte une ampreinte d'impreaaion ou d'illustration at en lerminant par la darniAre page qui comporte une telle emprelnte. Un dee symbolea suivants apparaftra sur la darniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le caa: le symbols -*' signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Lee cartea. planches, tableaux, etc.. pauvent Atre filmAa A das taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un soul clichA. il est fiimA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivaaits iilustrent la mAthode. 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 n, -^ • O •# »■ rN DISCOURSE, DELIVERED ON THE ANNIVERSARY OP THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MICHIGAN, JUNE, 1831. PUBIiISI»:gD BY REQUEST. BY HENRY WHITING. '•' Detroit: PRINTED BY GEO. L. WHITNEY, 1831, •# t ' * ^ % EXTRACT PHOM THE MINUTES OF THE SOCIETY. ^ ,. July 7, 1831. On motion of Mr. Ward, «eso/«erf, That there be a committee of three to request of Major Whitmg, a copy for publicaUon, of the discourse delivered by him on the last anmversary of the Society; in which were happily combined many historical facts, illustrative of the military operations in the Territory, and just views of the character and conduct of the principal actors. Resolved, That the committee be authorised to contract for its publica- tion. '^ Messrs. Ward, Porter, and Lyon, were appointed that committee. ADDRESS. Q Gentlemen of the Histomcal Society : The first settlement, and early history of Michitran have already been detailed by one of my predecessors •' I shall therefore begin at a later period, and reviewing such events of character and importance as have had an mfluence on its destiny, trace them down to the close of the late war. The treaty of 1783, which terminated the war of the Revolution, included Michigan within the boundaries of the United States. It continued, however, under the dominion of Great Britain for some years after that date. But, preparatory to taking possession r it, and in order to avoid collision with the Indian triod which owned the soil, a treaty was held with them by General Clark at Fort M'Intosh, in 1785, by which they ceded their title to all lands lying within a line drawn from the mouth of the river Raisin, to a point six miles above, and thence runnmg at that distance from the shore of Lake Erie and the river Detroit, until it should strike Lake St. Clair. 2 # 4 6 At Fort Ilanmnr, two ynars subscqiionfly, the Island ot Michillimackiiiac, with a circumference of twelve miles, was ceded in the same manner. But the Territory thus secured by a treaty with Great JJritain, and with the Indian tribes of which we had thus established an amicable understanding, was many years scquestorcd from our possession. The cause, as well as the general consequences, of this international difficulty, arc familiar to every reader of history, and do not come within the scope of this address. But the intimate relation ® which General Wayne's campaign of 1794 had with the formal surrender of the country to its rightful proprietor, makes it an essential part of the history, which it is the object of this society to embody. His operations were beyond the boundary of Michigan, but the results may be said to have determined its subsequent destiny. Towards the close of the year 1793, General Wayne" rc-occupied the ground which had been rendered memo- rable by the disastrous defeat of St. Clair, three years before, and there built a stockade work, which was significantly called Fort Recovery. While engaged in this labor, he offered a small reward for every human skull which should be found on the battle ground. More than five hundred of these relics of carnage arc said to have been collected, and entombed beneath one of the # Block-Houses of the work. Leaving a suitable garrison at Fort Recovery, General Wayne returned to Fort Jefferson, and wintered there with the main body of his army. He had already been admonished that an active, dexterous and powerful ene- my was in the wilderness surrounding him ; for, while ^P * Foi- tlie principal details of General Wayne's campaign, I am mainly indebted to a Manuscript Journal of Brigadier General Brady, of the United States Army, who began his long and serviceable iuid honorable military career, as a Lieutenant, in that campaign. ^ * • advancmpr towai-efore tlie army liad Iclt its winter qiiaitcrs, a detachment! which had been to Fort Kccovery as an escort of pro- visions, foil into an ambush of Indians about a mile from the Fort, and was driven back with great loss ; the victors continuing the pursuit to the very gates, which they endeavored to enter with the fugitives. On the 4th of July, 1794, General Wayne began his march from Fort Recovery, and took up the track of the Indians, who had left it obviously mai'ked in their rear, either from the haste with which they made it, or, what is more probable, because they were desirous of luring him still farther into the recesses of the wilderness. At the crossing of the St. Mary's river. Fort Adams was built ; and during the halt there, a man belonging to the Contractor's Department, deserted to the Indians, and carried to them the infoimation of the movements oi" the army. In consecjueacc of this notice. General Wavne, when he arrived at the confluence of the Anglaise with the? Maumcc, found their villages abandoned. Several days were spent at this place in building Fort Defiance, and awaiting the return of a small party of spies, which, under the direction of Captain Wells, had been sent forward to reconnoitre the enemy. This skillful and intrepid warrior of the woods, led his party within so siiort a distance of the British works, as to ascertain that the Indians were encamped under its protection. He took one or two prisoners, and made a bold though unsucc v^ful attempt on a camp of warriors in the night, in which he was wounded. Soon after his return, the army moved slowly and cautiously down the left bank of the Maumee. During the march, General Wayne despatched messengers of peace to the Indians, in the # liopc thnt n hattlo might still he nvouiod. On the IfUh of August, he reached the Knpids, nhout lour miles above the British Post. He there erected a small work lor the protection of his baggage und stores, and on the 20th again advanced. The British post had been occupied by a garrison sent from Detroit the previous spring. There could be no misapprehension of the motives which led to this occupation, taking place as it did, several years after the treaty by which the country had been ceded »o the United States, and at a time, too, when the angry id protracted negociation of several years, relating to it, was supposed to be about to terminate in an open rupture. The Indians were all decidedly friendly to the British. With the jealousy natural to wc nkness, thoy were always prone to array themselves against the power which most directly pressed upon their destinies, and which thev thought most likely to affect them injuriously. The British were fully aware of this feeling, which their agents were zealously active to excite and foster. They saw in it the means of crippling the growth of a young rival, who was stretching out into the west with giant strides, and trampling down the forests on every side. The country had been ceded and secured by a treaty still in force ; but new negociations were then going on under the mfluence of several disastrous defeats, and as the Indians demanded an independent dominion over the country in dispute, the British government might expect that a surrender, so desirable to them, would at last bo granted. ' A proposition of a similar character was made by the same government towards the close of the last war. The entire independence of the Indians occupying a wide belt on our north-western frontiers, was formally and seriously demanded, as one of the conditions oi peace. ,1 As long as the forinidahic coalition of trihcs which Goncrnl Wayne found in arms, should continue; united and hostile, it was evident that the British pretensions and hopes would remain. It was therefore, of groat moment with General Wayne, and with his country, that his present steps should be taken with the utmost pru- dence. A new defeat, like that which had terminated almost every previous campaign, would have proved, not only destructive to his army, so fur advanced in the wilderness, but probably decided the British to openly espouse the cause of the Indians. General Wayne, in the present case, could feel no assurance that this cause would not then be sustained by such co-operation as the Fort and Garrison could afford. Indeed, the position of the Indians, under the walls of the Fort, rendered it probable that such a course had been determined on. In that event, it is said that General Wayne had instiu^uons to act offensively against the Post. There does not, however, appear to be any testimony to this surmise on record. But it is not necessary ; for under such circum- stances, no other authority would have been required, than the ordinary and acknowledged rules of warfare! If the British garrison had been found by Gen'l Wayne actually co-operating with the Indians, it would at once have become equally obnoxious with them to his hostility, and as legitimate an object of attack. General Wayne had about three thousand men under his command, and the Indians arc computed lo have been equally numerous. This is not improbable, as the hostile league embraced the whole North- Western frontier. As he approached the position of the enemy, he sent forward a battalion of momitcd riflemen, which was ordered, in case of an attack, to malx *) retreat in feigned confusion, in order to draw the Indians on more disadvantageous # ]() !■ -m Ml i la ! IP • i>roiin(l. As was anlicipalod, llus advance soon met the enemy, and heing tired on, (ell back, and was warmly jjursued lownrds the main body, Tiic morning wns rainy, and the drums could not communicate the concerted signals with sufficient dis- tinctness. A plan ol turning ihe right flank of the Indians was not therefore fulfilled. But tiie victory was complete, the whole Indian line, after a severe contest, giving way, and flying in disorder. About one hundred savages were killed. During the action and subsequently, while General Wayne remained in the vicinity of the British, there did not appear to be any intercourse between the garrison and the savages. The gates were kept shut against them, and their route and slaughter were witnessed from the walls with apparent unconcern, and without ofl'ering any interposition or assistance. After the battle, Gen. Wayne devastated all the fields, and burnt all the dwell- ings around the Fort, some of tiiem immediately under tlic walls. The house of Col. M'Kee, an Indian trader, who was supposed to have exercised great influence over the Indians, was reduced to ashes in the general conflagration. During this work of desolation, a cor- respondence took place between General Wayne and Major Campbell, the British commandant, which inevita- bly assumed a somewhat belligerent character : but the l^rudent forbearance of the latter, who concluded not to extend his interference beyond remonstrance, averted an attack on himself, which would have followed any more serious or efficacious opposition. That the Indians did not expect to find such luke- warmness in their Anglo-friends, and even that they regarded the Fort as a refugs in case of misfortune, is probable from the circumstances of the case, and rendered 11 almost unquestionable, by the well known rcproaclroi Tcciimsch, in his celebrated speech to General Proctor, 'ioon after Perry's victory in 1813, After remaining in the neighljorhoofl of the Fort three r strip, of u tcLake nfined the y narrow probably a necessi- n deemed fur trade ; ic wildest e exalted y's treaty, Michigan, irous pro- chants or in a fail- leserve a 1 its early ^ 18 history. During the session of Congress held in 1795, Robert Randall of Pennsylvania, and Charles Whitney of Vermont, were taken into custody by the House, for « an unwarrantable attempt to corrupt the integrity of its members." This Robert Randall, in pursuit of some object in which he failed, visited Detroit, where his inventive genius unfolded to him a new and more mag- nificent plan of improving his fortunes. In conjunction with Charles Whitney, and one other person, he entered into an agreement with seven merchants residing at or near Detroit, by which the parties bound themselves to obtain a preemption right from the United States, of a certain Territory therein defined, which was to be af- terwards purchased of the Indians, this Territory contained, as it was conjectured, from eighteen to twenty thousand acres, and was embraced by the Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan. Six members of Congress deposed before that body, that Randall and Whitney had, at several times and places, unfolded to them their scheme, by which it appeared that the Territory in question was to be divided into forty-one shares, five of which were to belong to the traders at Detroit, who were parties to the agreement,— six to be appropriated to Ran- dall and his associates,~and the other twenty-four to be equally divided between such northern and southern members of Congress, as should by their votes or exer- tions, secure the enactment of the law necessary to pro- mote the project. The amount proposed to be paid to the United States for the right to make this purchase of the Indians, was from a half to a million of dollars. The merchants who were associated, were represented to have such influence over the Indians, as to render feasible the purchase of their title to the soil. To the suggestion made by some of the members, that the late treaty oppo- 3 t I. If I ■if ■ 11. Is' .■- » 14 setl ii har, as it reserved to the United States exclusively this preemption right, it v^as alleged that the Indians were dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty, and would not abide by them ; and that this plan would appease them, and secure tranquility throughout that section of the country. The more particular details of this extraordinary pro- ject, are recorded in the Journal of the House of Repre- sentatives, by which it appears that, after having been kept in custody some time, and subjected to an examina- tion at the bar of the House, Whitney was discharged without punishment, while Randall received a public reprimand fr^ the Speaker, and was obliged to pay the fees which hm accrued in his case. It would be useless to hazard conjectures as to the effect which a more successful prosecution of this enter- prise would have had on the fortunes of this Territory. Falling under the control of a few large proprietors, the progress of settlement might have been accelerated or retarded, according to the ability with which it was conducted. The state of weakness and pupilage, which kept the wilderness of Michigan intact and intangible for more than twenty years, might have been suddenly converted into a vigorous growth of population, by the active management of an association, deeply interested in its advancement and prosperity; or, what is more probable, the immigration which has been within a few years flowing into the Peninsula, and has already filled the interior with thriving villages and farms, might have been repulsed or checked by the illiberality or cupidity of a proprietory despotism. The possesion of the Territory in 1 796, immediately extended over it the ordinance of 1787, which was al- ready in operation in the Nortli-Wcstern Territory, El « I ■■ ' ;#• ill u within whose hmits Michigan was ombracecL Though small in population, yet its inconvenient remoteness from the centre of the territorial government, which was at Cincinnati, was severely felt. The erection of this into a separate state did not mitigate the condition of Michi- gan in this respect. She was still as far from the central government as ever, and every political inconvenience remained unchanged. January 11, 1805, Indiana being erected into a sepa- rate state, the residue of the North- Western Territory was divided into two Territories, Illinois and Michigan ; and on the 1st July, the same year, the territorial govern- ment of the latter was organised at Detroit by General William Hull, the newly appointed Goveiior. On the 1 1th of the previous June, Detroit had been destroyed by fire. Having been built amid a savage and often hostile population, Detroit, like most frontier places, had been compressed within a very small compass, having streets which scarcely exceeded the breadth of common alleys, and the whole surrounded by a stockade. The Fort* was on the outside of this stockade, and behind the town. The buildings were of wood, and contiguous to each other, and being for the most part old. were highly com- bustible. The fire broke out in a stable, about 10 o'clock in the morning. The atmosphere was calm at this time ; but, as is common in such cases, the spreading flames soon created a wind, which at once fanned them into fury. At the end of three or four hours, but two buildings were standing, the one a store housef belonging to Mr. * This Fort was erected by Major Le Noult, in 177-, when Detroit was tlueatcned by General Clarke from Vincenncs. It was called Fort Shelby after the late war ; and was destroyed in 1827, the ground having Ixjen ceded by Congress to the town of Detroit. fThis store-house, the last remnant of the old town, was taken down m 1830, I . *:: f i 16 M'Intosli, tlic otiier a bake-house at the waters' edge. The cntiic population of the town was thus rendered houseless, and, leaving the smouldering ruins, encamped on the commons in the rear. In this situation Governor Hull found his people. It was a melancholy commence- ment of his administration, and it was nearly as perplexing as melancholy. Impatient in their distresses under delay, some of the proprietors had begun to rebuild on the old sites, and thus to renew the town on its former cramped and inconvenient plan. Others were for appropriating at once the vacant commons without the stockade, to the benefit of the sufferers. General Hull, immediately on his arrival, turned his attention to ttis urgent subject, and laid out the town in its present shape, subject to the approval of Congress. The arrangement of the plan has been attributed to Judge Woodward; one of the judges of the territorial court at that time. He regarded it as one that combined aii the excellencies which could be culled from previous plans, from that of Constantinople to that of Washington city. It was upon a magnificent scale, and unfolded an outline, which, he often declared, would require eight centuries to fill up. This was assigning an ample period for the consummation of almost any human project. But the plan, however admirable in theory, has proved inconve- nient in practice. It has entailed embarrassment on the place, which will probably perpetuate the projector's name through a long posterity, but without those enco- miums which were perhaps anticipated. A less ambitious and innovating genius, would have followed the guide of William Penn, and thus have introduced simplicity, symmetry, and convenience, when now appear little else than excentricity, irregularity, and perplexity. At this time, the land at the disposal of the government, waters' edge, lus rendered IS, encamped ion Governor ^ commence- as perplexing under delay, Id on the old ner cramped ippropriating ckade, to the 1, turned his the town in )f Congress, ted to Judge >rial court at ained aii the jvious plans, lington city, d an outline, ;ht centuries riod for the t. But the 3d inconve- nent on the projector's those enco- Js ambitious the guide of simplicity, ppear little axity. overnnoent, •1 '^ !j or which could be appropriated to cultivation by the I whites, was the narrow strip before alluded to, running I from the River Raisin to Lake St. Clair. The policy of J the French Government, while the country was in its I possession, did not appear to aim at improvement of the «soil. Settlements for agriculture were not therefore encouraged. Only a few grants of land were made, and traffic with the Indians for furs seems to have been the only object in view. The inhabitants became in some degree incorporated with the aborigines, and the wide spread interior was preserved as a waste, for the better propagation of the fur-bearing animals. The English pursued a similar policy. No effort appears to have been made, while they occupied the country, to enlarge the boundaries of cultivation. In November, 1807, Governor Hull held a treaty at nj Brownstown with the Peninsula Tribes, which added all the lands, not before possessed under former treaties, within a line running on the exterior or western side of H the counties of Lenawe, Washtenaw, Shiawasfa, and I Sagana. But the lands thus acquired were no*, brought into market until the year 1817. I The new town of Detroit was without other defence, than the Fort in its rear, until 1807 or 8, when the threatening movements of some of the neighboring tribes of Indians, led to the erection of a stockade around it, which was not removed until 1817. The Territory of Michigan, though on the skirts of the United States, and, by its remoteness from tiie coast, would seem to have been almost independent of the effects of a war with Great Britain, yet, by an inauspi- cious train of events, she was made almost the first victim of that which broke out in 1812. Previous to the declaration of war, but while that Congress was in n 16 ) ' l: session which made it, Governor Hull was in Washington. A plan appears to linvc been concerted while he was there, having that event in anticipation. His knowledge of tlie North-western frontier, combined with his civil position, which gave him control over many of its resources, made it expedient to vest him with military command. He was accordingly appointed a Brigadier General in the army of the United States. In justification of this appointment— the propriety of which the public was led, by subsequent events, much to question, it should be recollected, that Governor Hull left the Revolutionary army with the rank of Major, and a military reputation inferior to few Officers of his grade, having frequently distinguished himself by his gallantry and good conduct in action, so as to receive the commen- dation of Washington in General Orders. This appoint- ment of Brigadier General he at first declined, and an officer, already in service, was selected for the Noi-th- western command. This Officer, however, through sickness, or some other cause, not being able to assume it, Governor Hull was induced to accept the appointment of Brigadier General ; and, in fulfilment of the plan of operations, immediately proceeded to Ohio, where the 4th Regiment of Infantry, and a body of volunteers, were in readiness to receive his orders. With this force he commenced his march for Detroit. War had not then been declared, but the prospect of it was so immediate, that it would seem to have been the part of prudence to have acted with the same caution, as if it had been so. Contrary, however, to such a course, General Hull, on his arrival at Maumee, near Lake Erie, freighted a vessel, which received the laggage and stores' of the army, a few individuals, and afso some importfuil documents. This vessel sailed for Detroit, and took the i^aslungton. lile he was knowledge 111 liis civil any of its th military I Brigadier ustification the public question, it 1 left the jor, and a his grade, i gallantry ! commen- is appoint- ed, and an he Noi-th- •, through to assume pointment e plan of where the olunteers, this force ' had not '■ was so c part of n, as if it I course, akc Erie, nd stores mporlont took the 1ft usual i)assng(; into the Detroit Hiver, which is by the way of Maiden. The day after her departure, General Hull received official information of the declaration of war, and soon re-commenced his march for Detroit, where he arrived on the 9th July.* The vessel which had been sent from the Maumee, as it approached Maiden, was captured by a detachment from the Garrison at that place without resistance. It does not appear that the party on board was directed to be on its guard, or prepared for such an event. The British boarded the vessel, gave notice of hostilities, and took possession. Sent into the very jaws of the expected enemy, resistance with such means as were provided, would probably have been unavailing ; but she might have been directed to take a less exposed channel, or fitted for the emergency which happened. Much insight into the intended operations of the Americans is said to have been obtained by this unlucky capture. It appears that the British had been some days apprized of our declara- tion of war. With a forecast eminently required at such critical conjunctures, the British Diplomatists about Washington urged forward the eventful tidings to all their frontiers with the utmost alacrity ; and every Post was so forewarned as to give it the advantage of initial operations. While, under existing circumstances, it was undoubtedly the duty of General Hull to have acted with the same heed as if war had actually been declared, yet, there can be no excuse for the tardy and blundering movements of the War Department, which suffered itself, in almost every instance, to be outstripped by the superior * For many of the details of General Hull's campaign, and of the sub- sequent military incidents of the North-western frontier, I am indebted to a memoir read before the Lyceum of Detroit, in 181!), by Major Rowland, who was ail olliccr in the Uuilcd States Army, durin;; the late war, and served on that frontier. •0 i? j0 alertness of the enemy ; and left almost the whole North-western frontier from Niagara to Prairie du Chien, witli scarcely a precautionary intimation, to be vigilant and prepared for hostility. On the 9th of July, General Hull received orders to cross the River Detroit, and take possession of Canada. His command had been impatient to make the movement, and had urged it upon him immediately after his arrival. At such a moment, all procrastination was in favor of the enemy, as each day increased his strength, and diminished the chances of success. The garrison of Maiden was at that time small, and without any immediate resource except from a few of the Canadian Militia, who were rather reluctant and feeble auxiliaries, — and probably awaited only the approach of General Hull, whose force was comparatively overwhelming, to surrender. Preparation having been made for the transit, General Hull took possession of the Canadian shore on the 12th July, and established his Head Quarters at Sandwich. The inhabitants were invited to come in and receive protection, which would ensure them the privileges of friends. Many were induced by the paramount dominion which the Americans appeared to possess over the country, and the probability that they would preserve it, to transfer their allegiance, or, at least, to assume a neutrality. ^^ Under pretext that heavy artillery was necessary to an attack on the Fort at Maiden, the army lay inactive at Sandwich from the 12th of July to the 8th of August. One or two detachments were sent out in the mean time, one of which, under the command of Colonel Cass, soon after the army crossed, drove in a picket stationed on the bridge over the river Canard, only a few miles from Mnlden, and look posjscssion of it, advisinj!: General Hull 31 of the movement, and recommending nn immediate at- tack on that place. The recommendation was slighted, and the detachment ordered to return, leaving the ene- my to reoccupy a station, highly important to either par- ty, in the event of a future attack. While these slothful and fruitless operations were go- ing on below, the island of Michilimackinac above, had been captured by the enemy. The British at St. Jo- seph's having been promptly apprised of the rupture be- tween the two countries, an expedition, consisting of a few regulars, some Canadian militia, and a large body of Indians, was immediately prepared against the post at Michilimackinac. Lieutenant Hanks, who command- ed at that island, was first informed of hostilities, by a summons from the British commandant, under the walls of his Fort, to surrender. He at once submitted on hon- ourable terms, having no reason to anticipate succor, and feeling unable long to hold out against such a force. It was perhaps fortunate that he obeyed the dictates of pru- dence rather than gallantry, as it appears by the semi- official communication of one of the British agents in the transaction, that the Indians were prepared to retal- iate the slightest resistance with an indiscriminate mas- sacre. The surrender took place on the 17th of July* During General Hull's delay at Sandwich, within striking distance of Maiden, General Brock, taking ad- vantage of an adroit manoeuvre of Sir George Prevost, who persuaded General Dearborn to enter into an ar- mistice, which suspended all operations as high up as the Niagara frontier, moved up the province, to the relief of that place. On the 9th of August, General Hull recrossed the riv- er Detroit, and abandoned Canada, after an inglorious oc- cupation of less than a month. The reasons alleged for 4 ( * i I taking this «tc|) — which appears to have been condemned by \m army — were, timt \m communication with Ohio, the source of his supply of provisions, could not be easily maintained while he remained on the Canada side. He hnd likewise indirect information that. General Brock, by some arrangement below, wvxM be nt liberty soon to as- sist, by strong succors, the upper Province. The news of the surrender of Michilimackinac, which would disen- gage the numerous northern tribes of Indians, also threw weight irito a scale, already inclined to preponderate on the timid side. Previous to recrossing. General Mull had detached Major Vanhorn with about < wo bundi rS men towards the river Raisin, to escort some provisions which were at that place on their rouU? to Detroit. The detachment was surprised by a paity of Indians near Brownstown, and retreated in disorder back to Detroit, leaving some dead on the field. The day on which the army recrossed, Colonel Miller, with another detachment, consisting of the 4th Regiment, and a body of militia, amounting to about 600 men, wos sent down the river to remedy the disaster. About the middle of the after- noon, his advanced guard under the command of Cap- tain Snelling, met the enemy near Maguaga. This guard gallantly maintained its position until sustained by the main body, which was soon led up by Colonel Miller. The British and Indians were jHJsted behind a rude breastwork, thrown up in the woods. They were dig- lodged after a short contest, and retreated with precipi- tation to their boats, in which they crossed the river again, leaving the Americans undisputed masters of the field and the route to the river Raisin. But Colonel Miller was detained on the battle-ground until the next day by the want of proviwons, which were to have fol- lowed him. The noxt day he was ; d^red back to De- > 2U tndcmnetl ^ith Ohio, be easily licie. He Brock, by oon to a8- rho news lid disen- Iso threw lernte on )ral TIuU hundi f! rnviaions •It. The iana near • Detroit, t^hich the achment, f militia, the river he after- of Cap- ^is guard d by the ;I Miller, a rude vere dig- precipi- he river 's of the Colonel the next have fol- k to De- troit, the iniaupprchciisiuiis or tiinitlity of tiic (jSuiu>rnl having led him to buliuve that, altliou^'-Ji victorious, the detachment lind gained no ground further thiur'th) [mntn of the! bayonets extended."* On the 13tli uiatant still liovingthc siif'' arrival of the proviaionsut i! : rivet A...usin in view, Colonela ivl' Arthur and Cass were detached, by a back route, through the ibrr^t, on that service. On the 1 ithof August, General IJrock arrived at Mai- den with a reinforcement. With a promptitude charac- teristic of his bold and enliqirising s^enius, he at once moved up to Sandwich ; and on the lath summoned din- eral Hull to surrender. Regarding their relative strength, General Hull having the most numerous force — and their relative position, the two armies being separated by a broad and deep river, — such a summons wesfs the aspect of an empty gasconade. But General Brock had penetrated into the weuknest* of his opponents cha- racter, and knew that even a gu onade could assail it with effect. Bespeaking confuloi ce and spirit on one side, it would be likely to create distrust and despondency on the other. Such was the eifet in the present in- stance, though not immediately disj layed. The reply of General Hull was a decisive negatnc, though accom- panied by certain explanations whit i were not called for, and made in a tone of deprecation, which, if other evidence were wanting, might have instructed an intelli- gent enemy in the imbecility of his ant: jionist. Subse- quent disclosures showed that Genera 1 Brock did not want such evidence. On his arrival at I alden, with the tact of a skilful commander, he at once adeavoured to ascertain the character of the Amei ican ieneral. It is said that the vessel captured at Maiden d atained much * General Hull's letter to the Sccictary of War. 1.^ J wl^ 24 of his recent correspondence. The anxious and shrink- ing spirit which pervaded this correspondence, combin- ed with the timid and procrastinating operations of Gen- eral Hull, while he had a foothold in Canada, immedi- ately convinced him, (as he afterwards frankly told an American Officer of rank,)* that he had only to assume a front of boldness and decision, to insure an easy victory. It was thus, by that penetration and promptitude which belongs to gifted minds, that the British General saw and compassed a result, which could be accounted for by the world, only by supposing bribery on one side and treach- ery on the other. He did not attempt to tamper with an integrity which, we firmly believe, would have resist- ed all temptations of that nature with firmness and indignation ; but he detected a weakness and irresolution, which could be far more effectually and successfully assailed, and which at once gave his numerically equal force an overwhelming superiority. As soon as General Brock received the answer of General Hull to his summons (the tenor of which he no doubt anticipated, as the most craven spirit waits for a sufficient and plausible excuse for yielding to its fears) a cannonade was opened on Detroit from batteries, which had been suffered to be constructed without the least attempt at hindrance. It was returned by others, which had long been in readiness on our side, but which had thus far been muzzled in silence. The position of a small vessel, belonging to the British, on the evening of the 1 5th rendered it probable that General Brock intended to cross the river at Springwells, either in the night, or early in the morning. To observe such a movement, C apt. Snelling was sent with a small detachment to that * Governor (then Colonel) Cass. l! •''iwwwi*;. -u.-.saT's»!!»i«r» ■ 35 point. Several officers recommended that a heavy piece of ordnance should be placed there, both to compel the vessel to remove, and obstruct any attempt to cross. Much might have been effected by such a piece, which» in the event of a necessity to abandon it, might have been dismounted and rendered temporarily unserviceable. But the detachment was ordered to return to Detroit by break of day, and General Brock made an early transit,'* with his whole force, without any molestation. He marched in column up the river road, having, according to the most impartial computation, about one thousand men, including militia and Indians, ^ who probably constituted nearly one half of his numbers. General Brock made a short halt at the small bridge about a mile below Detroit, and took breakfast there, as if awaiting the effects of the panic which his bold movements would probably strike in his opponent. Evidence of this was soon made manifest. General Hull's Aid being about this time sent over the river with a flag of truce. General Brock immediately sent forward a messenger to enquire the purpose of this flag. An answer was returned by General Hull, leading at once to that negotiation, which soon terminated in a surrender. While this interchange of messages was taking place, General Hull, at the suggestion of one of his staff, permit- ted arrangements to be made for defence without the Fort, which, had the battle been faught, as was then anticipated by every one, excepting perhaps General Hull himself, would have contributed much to a favorable result. The British were without artillery, and pursued a line of march, with the river on one flank, and orchards, enclosed by strong fences, affording excellent positions for annoyance and attack, on the other, exposing them- selves with a daring recklessness, which nothing but a 26 reliance on the imbecility of the enemy could have justi- fied. Instead of availing himself of any of these means of offence, General Hull seems to have avoided all possible collision, which might frustrate the capitulation then determined on. All the troops were withdrawn from the excellent positions they had taken, and ordered to *fconcentrate within the Fort — already sufficiently garri- soned by the 4th Regiment — as if from an apprehension, that, wliile there remained a chance of contact with the enemy, their ardor might burst forth without orders, and avert the disgrace which impended over them. It does not appear that General Hull, in coming to the resolution of capitulating, took any other council than from his own fears. He hinted to the gallant Colonel Miller, who was then sick, his intention tu send a flag, and when advised to consult his officers, sxii that there was no time for consultation. General Brock, in his summons on the I5th, had introduced the very common threat, that in case a surrender was not immediately made, he could not answer for the conduct of his Indians, who might be exasperated by resistance. This empty menace may have shaken a mind, exhausted and sinking beneath the weight of responsibility and embarrassments ; for the whole tenor of General Hull's conduct on the morning of the surrender, seems to have showed an excessive anxiety to avoid all hostility, which might give pretence for putting it in execution. Even while the articles were being signed, a British detachment is said to have approached the Fort, and scarcely waited until the American flag had been struck, before it took pos- session. The articles of capitulation embraced the detachment under Colonel M'Arthur, whicli, although within striking distance of Detroit, was not known by 1 87 H (reneral Hull to be in its neighborhooup vas ini- ivQa nel I to the his Jen ter vas ice I in en- sti- the ind hip lia- the )rt. pge nd ost every farm in the Territory. The miserable inhabitants had no alternative but to submit, or incur the hazard of more aggravated outrage. Most of the citizens of Detroit were sent into exile, and distress and ruin appeared to be the inevitable lot of all. Contemporaneously with these events on the eastern side of the peninsula of Michigan, another disaster, rendered memorable by the folly which led to it, and the blood which accompanied it, occurred on the was- tern side, under the walls of Chicago. While yet in Canada, General Hull, actuated, no doubt, by the appro- hensions which made him regard all things under his control with trembling anxiety, sent orders to Captain Heald,.who commanded at Chicago, to evacuate that Post, and retreat to Fort Wayne. Every order of this unfortunate General appeared to be pregnant with mis- fortune. That which was issued at this time to Captain Heald, involved a garrison, which had ample means of defence at its Post, in disgrace and blood. The order for evacuation was received on the 9th of August. Captain Wells, of the Indian Department who, with a few faithful Miamies, was to guide the retreat, mistrust- ing the fidelity of the Potawatamies, recommended an immediate evacuation, before that tribe should have time to concentrate around the Fort. His recommendation was disregarded, and, in a short time, more than four hundred of them had collected in the neighborhood. In order to secure their forbearance, a promise was made to them, that all the surplus stores of the Fort should be left at their disposal. Captain Heald prudently foresaw that large quantities of whiskey and powder, such as were then on hand, might be dangerous gifts to the Indians, and resolved to destroy clandestinely as much of them as possible before the evacuation. He accor^ Si dingly, during the nights, when the InrlionR were not present, threw most of the powder into a well, and was- ted a greater part of the whiskey. The Indians are said to have obtained some intimation or knowledge of these nocturnal transactions ; and, regarding them as an infringement of their rights, may have then conceived the plan of vengeance, which they afterwards so fearfully executed. After the Potawatamies had assembled in such num- bers, both Cnptain Wells and Mr. Kinzie (who was an Indian Agent at the place, and knew well the character and feelings of these Indians) represented to Captain Heald that a retreat would then be unsafe. But their representptions had no effect. He had neglected to make it at a time when no obstacles were in the way, and, by delaying in order to destroy the surplus whiskey and ammunition, had deprived himself of the means of remaining, when it had become prudent and proper to do so. On the 1 5th of August, the garrison, consisting of 54 regular troops and 12 militia-men, together with several families, evacuated the Fort. When about a mile on its mfxrch. Captain Heald observed that the Indians were preparing for an attack, and made dispositions for defence. A short conflict ensued, in which about one half of the garrison, and some women and children, were killed, when Captain Heald surrendered. The Fort was burnt by the Indians the next morning, and the prisoners were distributed among the bands. The most distinguished victim of this short and san- guinary action, was Captain Wells. In his chagrin and despondency at the fate which the wilfulness and blind- ness of Captain Heald was bringing upon the whole retreating party, he had, according to the custom of the ( \ not 'as- laid ese an i^ed illy im- an iter ain leir to ay. iey J of •to 54 jral its ere for )ne ere (^as ers an- md id- olc the ( » savages under such feelings, blackened his face, and was thus found among the slain. We have already alluded to his services and gallantry in General Wayne's cam- paign. His singular and eventful life, the energy and boldness of his character, entitle him to a passing notice. He was, while a child, captured by the Indians, and became the adopted son of the Little Turtle, the most eminent forest Warrior and Statesman of his time. In the defeats of Harmar and St. Clair he took a distin- guished part, commanding in the latter action, three hundred young Warriors, who were posted immediately in front of the artillery, and caused such carnage among those who served it. He arranged his party behind logs and trees immediately under the knoll on which the guns were placed, and thence, almost uninjured, picked off the artillerists, until, it is said, their bodies were heaped up almost to the height of the pieces. After this sanguinary affair, his forecast led him to anticipate the final ascendency of the Whites, who would be roused, by these reverses, to such exertions, as must be successful with their preponderance of power; and he resolved to abandon the savages. His mode of an- nouncing this determination, was in accordance with the simple and sententious habits of a forest life. He was traversing the woods in the morning with his adopted father, the Little Turtle, when, pointing to the Heavens, he said, " When the sun reaches the meridian, I leave you for the whites ; and whenever you meet me in battle, you must kill me, as I shall endeavor to do the same with you." The bonds of affection and respect which had bound these two singular and highly gifted men together, were not severed or weakened by this abrupt dereliction. Captain Wells soon after joined Wayne's army, and, by his intimacy with the wilderness, his per- )^l 34 feet knowledge of the Indian haunts, habits, and modcii of warfare, became an invaluable auxiliary to the Ameri. cans. He served faithfully, and fought bravely, through the campaign, and, at the close, when peace had restor- ed amity between the Indians and the Whites, rejoined his foster father, the Little Turtle ; and their friendship and connexion was broken only by the death of the latter. When his body was found among the slain at Chicago, the Indians are said to have drank his blood, from a superstitious belief that they should thus imbibe his war- like endowmc! ts, which had been considered by them as preeminent. During the fall and winter succeeding these events. General Harrison had been collecting an army for the purpose of recovering the North- wonern frontier. Hav- ing advanced as far as Sanduskj-, he detached General Winchester, in advance, to the Maumee. General Win- chester sent forward a foraging pariy as far as the river Raisin, which reached that place the ISt.h January, 1813, and dislodged a body of Indians found there. The next day. General Winchester, with his main body, joined this advance, having a force of about one thousand men. He encamped on the le.> bank of the river ; but although forewarned of the approach of a hostile party from Maiden, it does not appear that he made any disposition of his troops to meet an emergency. On the 22d, early in the morning, his camp was attacked by the British and Indians. Portions of the line defended themselves with obstinacy and success, particularly the left, under Major Madison. General Winchester himself, had taken lodgings on the opposite side of the river,* at some dis- tance from the scene of action ; and we have understood ♦Colonel Robert Navarre, at whose house General Winchester lode- ed, stated this fact. " ' I < I l> kIcu leri* ugh tor- ncd ship ter. igo. a a rar« lem tits, the av- iral in- ver 13, sxt his »e gh )m on •ly sh es er 3n is- Kl g- I l< 35 that he was captured before he joined his troops. Being without any general direction, the line, with the exception before mentioned, soon fell into confusion, and gave way. A retreat was made across the river; but the savages, who anticipated such a movement, were in readiness there to meet the fugitives, and few escaped the slaughter. Major Madison continued to defend himself, until informed by General Winchester-then a prisoner-that his party had been surrendered. The obligation to submit to terms concluded under such cir- cumstances, is more than doubtful ; and it is probable that the gallant Major, deserted by all the rest of the line, saw no chance of final success, and surrendered as much from hard necessity, as in obedience to the orders of his captive General. The bloody scene which followed this disastrous morn- ing, has given a celebrity to the spot, far beyond the importance of this event. The massacre at the river Raisin will remain a sanguinary blot on the military fame of Britain, as long as her history shall be faithfully told. Most of the wounded were collected in one or two nouses near the battle ground. General Winchester, whose situation enabled him to observe the conduct and disposition of the Anglo-savages, felt an apprehension for the fate of these unfortunate sufferers, and frequently reminded General Proctor of his solemn engagement to protect them. Whether his comparatively small number of regular troops could not control the cannibal ferocity of his allies, or whether he looked on their bloody orgies without opposition or remonstrance, may be left undeter- mined by the charity of history, as long as the proofs are at all questionable. There appears to be a dark shadow, suited to the blackness of the transaction, resting over it, and nothing perhaps is distinctly known, excepting the horrible result. Butchery and conflagmtion were at work through the night, and these unhappy victims, who trusted to the mercy, or honor of the British character, were mostly, if not all, buried under a heap of smoulder- ing ruins. This series of events so unfortunate for the Americans and so triumphant for the British, filled the inhabitants of Michigan with despondency, and seemed to leave them in hopeless subjection to a foreign dominion. Gen- ei-al Harrison's operations on the frontiers of Ohio, threw an occasional gleam on their dark fortunes. The signal triumph of Croghan at Sandusky, and some of the events at Fort Meigs, tihowed that victory might still revisit the American arms. These operations, however, had no immediate influence on the condition of the Territory, until Perry's victory, the 10th September 1813 opened a passage over the lake for the American forces. This brilliant and important naval action, which was so instru- mental in restoring Michigan to the Union, deserves particular notice, as an essential part of her history. Commodore Perry's fleet had been built, under great disadvantages, at Erie, Penn. The bar at the mouth of the harbour would not permit the vessels to pass out with their armament on board. For some time after the fleet was ready to sail, the British Commodore continued to hover oflf the harbor, well knowing it must either remain there inactive, or venture out with almost a certainty of defeat. During this blockade. Commodore Perry had no alternative but to ride at anchor at Erie. Fortunately, early in September, the enemy relaxed his vigilance, and with drew to the upper end of the Lake. Commodore Pcriy seized the opportune moment to pass the bar, and fit his vessels for action. This triumph over the vigilance of the British was a presage of the still greater triumph that « • « .'J7 £:£if;="-"'.:Hi nim»cll and his fortunes on tl,c boson, of ll,o Uke «„,i,l the showers of death that fell around hi,n Reml,t^^h .J„j 1 .1, 5^ ' ""'''• alrmdy somewhat crin. led by the contest with the Lawrence. The N lam iicr might, and, ranging by the vessels in success, „, .„,! pouring ,„ her broadsides, compelled then, one l/ut' other o lower Uieir flags ii, token of subJssion „nt hey ai, „„^ „„„,,,„. ,_, achievingthisdecisivlv I'etot we^brThrt"'''^" "^ ''"""*' vessels, S were t^rought into co-operation by Captain Elliot who l.ad volunteered in this service when Commodo^ Perrv assumed command of his vessel. Not long TnT Com -d^Perryb^aj^edUjel^^ 6 38 her colors. She was, however, but a fleeting trophy, for before she could be taken possession of, every British flag had followed her humiliating example. This consummate victory opened the Lake to General Harrison, who soon after crossed his army to the Cana- dian shore, and, in the course of a short campaign, which was brilliantly finished by the battle of the Moravian towns, drove the enemy from the North Western frontiei-. On the 29th September, 1813, Detroit was occupied by a detachment of his army. An armistice was concluded with the Indians on the 18th of October following; thus restoring tranquillity and security to the Territory. General Harrison soon after moved down with his main body to the Niagara frontier, and left General Cass in command at Detroit. No military movements took place during the winter following, excepting an incursion into the interior of the Upper Province by Major Holmes, who was attacked near Stoney Creek, and maintained his ground with great bravery and success. In the month of July 1814, an expedition was concert- ed for the purpose of recovering the Island of Michili- mackinac,* th- only part of the Territory then remaining in the possession of the British. Lieutenant Colonel Croghan, who had so gallantly defended his post at San- dusky, had command of the land forces, and Commodore Sinclair of the fleet which transported them. The ex- pedition reached the neighborhood of the island in safe- ty ; and had the attack been made without delay, it is probable that the post would have fallen. The chances , . ,^r ^ documents within my reach relative to tlic cxpediticm against Micluhmackmac, were imperfect niid meagre. I could find neither Colonel Croghan's official account, nor Major Holmes' correspondence on the subject, and became dependent for the statement embodied in the address on the account dclivereil to the Detroit Lyceum, before alluded to, and the recollection of a conversation with an officer who served in the expe- dition, ' «> 39 and lLjJ:jZC "i^T^-i-g '- Oefonee. and afewday; «,„ «»,! i ^""^™™g "bout the M- a«d.e„tadetLht„taSl°Br^ ff™'"?'- *'"'^' on the WandofSt JoSt i' fTr?"*"'^"' destroyed, as well as 7^. J '''"'"'^''n.em was ordinafe post. AfterS X", " ''""' "' """'^^' ^'"'- WandofMiehilimackinac 1^1, ""'«'!'"»•'>"»'' °"he Commandant had fcr """" ""«'• "'<= ^"'''l' Wed.„him,Ll^?;:^47^^^^^^^^^^^ such aid OS the country afforded I , T' . ''"« '" waroc„ltected,whobeC tndcr^^f "'""""'''"■'^ which the attackwasmade r T™""""'""'"' We have been rforZat "!'*""' ''■""'"»'• Ao expedition, that cIne "^cTofar ™T''='' "'''' being landed on the south-wLterS or?. T™"' "^ far from the village Thn 7 f *^ '*"<'• n»' .he ascent to hf hil tab T T ''"'•° ''""''^'™«'^''' eJ:Ct;tt:f:et«"'''t:n^,;'r" was then mosti; cove^j j- 7 ?" " '" '''™^'^'-' »"<' vious growth of's mXes i,liT T' '""""'"''"■ every where inler«r, 7 f """""^'"f vegetation was bad 'ti. ;: 'Sv ot aVr' "f """'^p"*'- ""•=" pcipjeiity of a labyrmth. Hero and there /< 40 Were patches of a few acres, wliich had been cleared and cultivated. Colonel Croghan, having landed his troops at a point nearly opposite to the Fort, had, of course to traverse the whole width of the island amid these embar- rassing obstacles. Every Indian, on such grounds, was more formidable than the best disciplined soldier. The numerous auxiliaries of this description, which the British commander had been able to collect during the absence of the fleet, were therefore superior to any equal rein- forcement of regular troops he could have received. Had the landing been made on the other side of the island, near the village, these allies would have been rendered nearly useless, as their prudential mode of warfare is opposed to all exposure on open grounds. The landing wa« easily effected, and the Americans suffered to. advance into the labyrinths of the island, nearly to the centre, unobstructed, when, in approaching one of the clearings before alluded to, the enemy was found ready to receive them. A desultory firing began within the opening, very annoying and somewhat destruc- tive to the Americans, when Major Holmes, a brave and accomplished officer, was directed to charge into the op- posite thickets. While executing this order with great spirit, he fell, mortally wounded. His party recoiled upon the main body, and Colonel Croghan soon retreated to his boats. All operations of the expedition, of any importance, terminated with this failure, and the island of Michilimack- inac remained in the hands of the British until the peace. The interruption of the civil government of Michigan, which began with the capture of (Jeneral Hull, was closed in October 9th, 1813, by the the appointment of General Cass as Governor of the Territory ; who soon after re-organized its institutions, and restored the ope- ration of law and justice. h 'J .• w ■■ * ;«. n ^^^ m ■w ^ ^i : 4 ^ # *. V «w >■#► «^ % « ^ ■*»■,. ■*% ■» r '.» •««!> , %