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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ I" 12 lilM 14.0 1.4 2.5 S 12.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 J ^PP"' JED IfVMGE Inc ST"^ 165; ^o-i Street ~-S Roch Nt'V York 14609 USA — — (716) 4a2 - 0300 - Phone ^E (716) 288 5989 - Fax w CRITIC AN ttSAB MA! ISLAK Pv3 BL THE WORKS OF HORACE, FROM THE TEXT OP DOERINGj WITH NOTES CRITICAL, PHILOLOGICAL, AND KXPLANATORY; KoSEtJptt:. toltj AN HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL AND MVtHOLOSICAL INDEX. Bv E . R. HUMPHHEYS, Esq. Head Master of *wf Prvm.^ < CAMBRlD&B. ' CMAtetoTTETOWN' HUMN s MoiT Excellent majesty 1845. To THB In ava to grant works oi that circ transpired bably mi| duties wil find it to is wantinj being the of being i more thai is now coi to mankin With a honour to Prince Edu Si To THE Right Honorable Lohd Staklev, Secbetary for the Colovies. My Lord ; work» of the Ve„u.h„ IZ 7? ' ? "^" *^""'" "' "«= bably „,-gh. otherwi» have Zl s ;,,'"/ """?«' "■"" " ""■ dulieswill permit you to e«m!nl !' T" ''""'""P'' P""» fu,. i. to b'e .„ TeL v;::i7;:t' 'co:r" "^" ^™ -"' » Mntinr i„ &.„., «di,in„ / ' '™'"'»'"S "urt that being '^^::tZ:xTz:i::i7:yr ""'°«™^' « •f being inscribed to one ^hXi'n "te ".'"^ l',"""' '">"'■""• ™« than „„e eonteH i„ thf C,.U , ZTZ'T:,'" .» now committed a charge far hi..her and otZ. "" .. n,.nki„d than the « te'rgemini h! ore?" llZLTZT''" -::v:reri:rt;:;. '- ^"-'" =■ • "- - your Lordship», very obedient «ervant. Prince Ei^r, UU^, '"**'"' ^ HUMPHREYS. September S, 1845. 'k The m Horace ', nilh a cl tionary, i Horace's time, sup the text. The wo tary and i the Editc whatever useful. 1 is, for the Edition : i ded to in i At the r and notes perience h; read the ar the trouble The HIi edition of Longman 8 The Edit lie has takei have omitte confessinir I (Editor of Schlegel, an PREFACE. The ma,„ object with which U,c present edition of the ,vo,k-, of aee ,p„M„,ed i,,„ .„pp,y „.e you.h of the Bri«,l, C o ie! ith a ela„.l,ook, which may contain „i,hi„ i,„lf a Cla»ical D c Uona^ and a Dictionary or An,i,„iti„, a, far a. the i tra on f <.™., .upi>ly all other .nformation „hieh seemed neoc.sary to elncidalc The work „11, not he found deficient In a large quantity of comtnen- ayand,lus.rat,o„, which i, no. to he found in other editlo"b. .he Editor', ch,ef aim ha. hcen to selee. fro» the for.,er eJi io" what e „ ^„„ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ceo. "«fulThce selection, are acknowledged throughout. The Te« Edit :: ""'■ ""; °' """""-■ -» " ""p--"'" "■= >-' o J " ded ;:'i; Tz:"' ^- ■""°" "--'- ^ ^- -<>'. « ^^ »"». ::ti*7:a:rhrrr"^-^'^'''---- edWoI ".'';°"='''. '""" " »l™^t entirely taken fro„. .1,0 improved o"*'" ^ ^0. of London, in 1843. c-.^.-t:;or^r;-r:ri^:--- Scblegel, and more particularly .„ Mr. Donald™, the talented auth»; rREFACK. of Varronianus and the New Cratylus ; a scholar to whom the Editor feels indebted for hU first introduction into the Adytum of Ancient Literature. This publ'cation has laboured under several disadvantages, which make it less complete than the Editor could desire, though not to such a degree (he trusts) as to render it valueless : the want of Greek Type has obliged him to omit a large body of Greek illustrations, which he had noted in the course of his labours as a College Tutor — an omission which will be more felt, however, by the advanced student, than by the Tyro. When the work was but half-way through the press, it pleased God to take away one whose kindness and affection used to cheer the labours of the study — since then, though duty has urged on the Editor to fulfil his task, he no longer has had the joy in it, he once had. Still, however, ho humbly hopes that the work will tend, in some degree, to promote classical learning in thia and the neighbouring Colonies. If it attain that end, his highest wish will hare been realized. Prince Edward Island, September 8th, 1845. born 1 client cduca of tw milita Philip timelj of th< The Si 2 45 I On hi claim« Maec< smoot hisgn ^m. 1 the Editor I of Ancient tages, which 1 not to auch Greek Type lis, which he ! Tutor — an iced student, through tho ind affection igh duty has had the joy :end, in some neighbouring «en realized. LIFE OF HORACE QuiNTUs HoRATius Flaccus, the celebrated Roman poet, .ra» H;.nt nf ^kT °' Venusmm B. c. 65. His father, a freed.nan and Itfj ' p«"«Horat.a, though poor, gave his son an excellent education, and sent him to Athens to complete his studies at the a "e of twenty years. He there joined the afmy of Brutus, became'a ?hiibnl hn^ZV"^ fought in the last battle for Roman'freedom at {^i,'i?PL'>^°"Sh his courage failed him, and he owed his safety to a of ule 2d BookTl ^ ^**" ^°"°*''"S Hncs of the 7th Oda Tecum Philippos ct celerem fugam Sensi, relicti non bene parmuli , Quum fracta virtus, et minaces Turpe solum tetigere mento. Sed me per hostes Mercurius celer Denso paventem sustulit acre S Te rursus in bellum resorbens Unda fretis tulit aestuosis. The same circumstance is again alluded to in the EpistFes. B. 2. Ep. Dura sed emovere loco me tempera grato, Civihsque rudcm belli tulit aestus in arma. Caesaris Augusti non responsura lacertis. ' Unde simul primum me dimisere Philippi, Decisis humilem pennis, inopemque paternf, at lans et fundi. On his return to Rome he applied himself to poetry. Mis talents Ul^t^" """.'f °" 'ly"^^ «"^ ^"*"»' >^ho ?ecom;end d him to Maecenas, and from this period the life of Horace fln„J„„ " . hSg;;;t'friend'3^1trT- ..*'" ^^^iption of his Introdu'cUon to K'!i "^ *"** P*^'''" *• "»"» S»^«n »n the 6th Satire of the lit IIFE OF HORACr. Nulla etenim mihi te fors obtulit j optimns olim Virgillus, post hunc Variu», dixere quid essem. Ut veni coram, singultim pauca locutus, (Infans namque pudor prohibebat plura profari,) Non ego me claro natum patre, non ego circum Me Satureiano vectari rura caballo, Sed quod eram, narro : respondes (ut tuus est mos) Pauca : abeo ; et revocas nono post mense, jubesque Esse in amicorura numero. Magnum hoc ego duco, Quod placui tibi,qui turpi secernis honestum, Non patre pracclaro, sed vita et pectore puro. His friendship for Varius and Virgil is also thus alluded to in the 5th oatire ; — Postera lux oritur multo gratissima, naraque Plotiua et Varius Sinuessae, Virgiliusque Occurrunt; animae, quales neoue candidiores Terra tulit, neque quels me sit'devinctior alter» qui complexus et gaudia quanta fuerunt ! Nil ego contulerim jucundo sanus amico. Satisfied with the competency which the kindness of Maecenas had bestowed, he neglected the calls of ambition, and steadily resisted all the solicitations of his friends that he would enter upon a political career. He even refused to become the secretary of Augustus, who, however, invited him to his table, and while sitting at hil meals with Virgil at his right and Horace at his left, often ridiculed the short breath of the former, and the watery eyes of the latter, by observin»- that he sat between sighs and tears. '«Ego sum inter suspiria e't lachrymas.» This weakness in his eyes is also referred to in the batire Irom which we last cited a passage ; Hie oculis ego nigra meis collyria lippu. Illinere. Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego Virgiliusque : Namque pila lippis inimicum et ludere crudis. Horace was warm m his friendships^ and, if ever any ill-judged re- flection had caused offence, he made every concession which was calculated to effect a reconciliation. The natural cheerfulness of his mind, fortified by his pieference for the philosophical tenets of Aris- tippus, was admirably suited to his position ; for whether he appeared «n hU Sr^r'^""'"!: "'■ ''«»^"'"7/0 the rude jokes of the peasantry on his Sabine farm, he was equally at home. The last year, of his life were saddened by the deaths of his most intimate friends, Virei Tibullus, and Varius: but the sovfir,..st hio«, h^hnA »,. J...::::"^"* inflicted by the di«olution of Maeccws. He had"declarcd"hat"h" could never survive the loss of one who was « part of his «oul/» and LIFE OF HORACE. his prediction was verified • for fii. .,«„* • i . abouUhemj'TanlyScit^^^^^^ air of frankness and openness little pride of a ^in anTmearconlf '°"/'T °f ^«"«ctation, or the on ouf confidence We cTnteSth^n:!' "^^^ at once takes hold own character, withou? scrap "or Ip^^^^^^ pleasure is confessed ; but /eZZwTv- u ^^ ^" ^«"«^ °^ temperate in his pleasures • S Hs Ln^- '."P ^^ ''''' •"°*^«'-'^»« ^"d far more mental^nTmore enli^htZH'^ *'°"'"1 '''•" *° have been ^an are those of\he «0^1^ f "e iclrn^l^f "on •"''"'"* ous propen? t es, with the contiminntsJ!. r u- ?? "' '"^ ^'"o»"- them, we may, out of respect to hi, 1°".''^ ^'^•*""f *^''"S'"g ^^^out it never be forgotten, that Horll V ° "'* 1"^>'t,e9, be silent "for let the class ofvofuptuS iesran^that^^^^ honourable exception to and praiseworthj to redeem his errors » "' ™"'^ '^' ^^'^«"^ E,It:^t\h1 "rh:%nJ^L?e?hn?afa'ndT^'' '""^^^' "^» tains many valuable rules i^rioml,?- ^"?^ °' 'V' °^ Poetry/ con- taken from Aristotle. composition, the majority of which are METRES OF HORACE 1. Dactylic Hexameter consists of six feet, of wiiich the four first may be dactyls or spondees, the fifth a dactyl, and the last a spondee. Sometimes, in order to give a more solemn tone to the line, a spondee is used in the fifth place, when the line is named spondaic. 2. Dactylic Tetrameter a posteriore consists of the last four feet of an Hexameter : sometimes a spondee occupies the third place, in which case thi. second should have a dactyl, to avoid giving too great a heaviness to the line. 3. Dactylic Trimeter Catalectic consists of two dactyjs and a caesura! syllable. 4. Adonic This verse, which derives its name from its being used by the Greeks in the celebration of the festival of Adonis, consists of two feet, a dactyl and spondee. 5. Iambic Trimeter The Iambic Trimeter or Senarius consists of six feet, or three Ttietra. Originally all the f»:et composing it were Iambic, but it was not long till others were admitted. The spondee was admitted into the first, third, and fifth places. Afterwards, as one long syllable was con- sidered equal to two short ones, a tribrach was admitted in every place except the sixth : and lastly» a dactyl or unapaest was occasion- ally substituted for a spondee. 6. Iambic Trimeter Catalectic Is the same metre as the last, except that it wants the final syllabic» The same rules apply to it as to the last, except that the spondee is not admisaible into the fifth place» Thi» metre is named Archilo» chian, from the poet Archilochus. MfeTRES OF Hv aCE ■.y .§ iiree metra. 7. Iambic Dimeter consists otUvo metra, or four feet, properly all Iambic, but admits of si\hilar variations to the Trimeter (No. 5). Horace most generaliv uses a spondee in the third place. This verse is also called Archild- chian. 8. Iambic Dimeter Hvpermeter is the same is the preceding, with an additional syllable at the end, and IS also called Archilochian. ' 9. Acephalous lAMBifc Dimeter is the same as No. 7, except that it wants the first syllable, whence the epithet acephalous. This measure can also be Scanned as Tro- chaic Dimeter Catalectic. consislihg of three trochees, and a catalec- tic syllable. The first is howeVer the more correct name and arranee- ment. * 10. Saffhic consists of fire feet, viz: a trochee, a spondee, a dactyl, and two trochee». It is named from the poetess Sappho, who, as well as Ca- tulus, sometimes used a trochee in the second plafce. The Sajphic and Adonic measures are generally used in combinatloii. The caesura should, preferably, take place at the fifth half foot. The chief dis- tinction between the Greek and Latin Sapphic, is that in the former each foot may be terminated by an entire word, nor need the feet be conjoined by caesura, whereas the contrary is the case in the LaUn. 11. Choriambic Pentameter consists of a spondee, three choriamibi, and an Iambus. 12. ALTtRE» CHOhtAHiBlC TeTRAMJE'tKR the original Choriambic Tetrameter (also called Phalaecian, from the poet Pha aecius) consisted of three Choriambi and a Bacchiu». Horace, in altering it, substituted a trochee and spondee joined (or Second Epitrite) for the first choriambus. J « v«r 13. ASCLEPIADIC CHORIAMErc TETRAMETER consists of » spondee, two choriambi, and an Iambus, and derives its name from the poet Asclcpiades. 14. Choriambic Trimeter, or GiVconic consists (tf a spondee, a choriambus, and an Iambus ; or it mav b« scanned as a Dactylic Trimeter, consisting of a spondee and two dactyl». It IS named from the poet Glyco. ulh). ^"^^^^^^J^'*' Trimeter Catalectic or Pherecratic ll j"~.if ""'f *' "'^ F^*^'^^*"5' «cepi that it wants the iinai syllable. !.i..Ki"i ,?"'"*' °*^ * "P"'"^'^^' » choriambus, and a catalecUc K u. * ^" ^^^^^^ »'ways make» the first foot a spondee, it mar. >rrth him, be lfc«nn«fd as a Dactylic Tfimeler; ^' METRES OF HORACE 16. ChORIaMBIC DiMETEtt SfoVlril^h'.ni?''"' '^ * "•""""• ™' ■»"'« ""» *' 17. Ionic a Minore i» entirely composed of the foot of that name, which itself consists of a pyrrh.c and spondee combined. It is not 1 mitcd to any nuS of feet but may be extended to any length, pi-ovldcd that with duJ «i tention to Synapheia, the final syllable of tL spondee inarch measura an^'^^':d"tt[l'ci'"^'^" '"'^'^ '""«by the'concourrof';:;: ! ants, and that each sentence or period term mate with a comolete measure, having f . spondee for itsclose. This metre only occurs in fZ°^t^ f-^^^'' .'"' ^''" '""^'^ *^"P"t^ concerning Se arranrement into which ,t IS useless to enter in a practical >.ork like the pSt. ' 18. Greater AlcaIc consists of two feet, properly both Iambi, and a long catalectic svlla* ble, followed by a Choriambus and an Iambus j the caesural JJuse ±T.th!l'"^ '^'*'' '^' '/'^^'^'^'^ »^"able ; in Ihe'first place how^erer! our author has a spondee more frequently than an Iambus. ThS measure IS named Alcaic, from the poet Alcaeus and i.hv J^! prosodians, arranged with Wo dactyls^in thriatter'member.* ^ °"" 19. ArcHilochian Heptameter. consists of two members— the first a Dactrlic T*.trnm»f«r , -.• fcrst portion of the hne contains lour feet from the hevinniL J Dactylic Hexameter, the fourth being alS^aysT Dactyl ?3fh«L tcr portion consists of three trochees. ^ ^ ' "** *^* '''^" . , . , 20. Minor Alcaic consists of two dactyls and two trochees. 21. Dactylico-IaMbic consists of two members, whereof the former is a DactyUc Trimeti.,. Catalectic (3) and the latter an Iambic Dimeter (7). Sn conwrenl of the union of the two different kinds of rerse in the same SthJ poet ,8 al owed a license as regards the final syllable of the firs ver,- Iticn 'S^''''"'"° '^°''^ *y""^'«'' «^"«^ in preserving Jowe ,froS ehsion. This measure is named Archilochian from the inventor. 22. IambicO'Dacttlic if l^[!!&4-^7f."'l °f the preceding, a_nd consists of two memb.r.. Trimeter 'clitalVclLT'irTL^''"''*' ^^^ *".^ '^^ ""«*» ^ ^wtyUc «.y pr^cding met ^ ^ ^* ^ * """' "'*""* " P^™^^"' ^" ^" " ^" THE ODES OF HORACE. BOOK I. 10 15 ODEI. To Moicenas, MiECENAs, atavis edite regibus, e presidium et dulce decus meum ! Sunt, quos curriculo pulverem Olymp cum Col egisse juvat, metaque fervidis^ ^ ;fc;vitata rotis, palmaque iiobilis 1 errarum dominos evehit ad deos • Hunc SI mobilium turba Quiritium Jjertat tergeminis tollere honoribus • llluni, SI proprio condidit horreo Uuidquid de Libycis verritur areis. ^audentem patrios findere sarculo - Agros, Attalicis conditionibus j^unquam dimoveas, ut trabe Cypria Myrtoum pavidus naula secet mare W.amem Icariis fluctibus Africum Mercator mctuens, otium et oppidi h ODES OF HORACE. BOOK I. 20 S5 30 Laudat rura sui : mox reficit rates Quaseas, indocilis paupeiiem pati. Est, qui nee veteris pocula Massici, Nee partem solido demere de die Spernit: nunc viridi membra sub arbuto Stratus, nunc ad aquae lene caput sacrae. Multos castra juvant, et lituo tubae Permixtus sonitus bellaque matribus Detestata. Manet sub Jove frigido Venator, tenerae conjugis immemor, Sen visa est catulis cerva fidelibus, Seu rupit teretes Marsus aper plagas. Me doctarum hederae praemia frontium Dismiscent superis; me gelidum nemus Nympharumque leves cum Satyris chori Secernunt populo : si neque tibias Euterpe cohibet, nee Polyhymnia Lesb >^ refugit tendere barbiton. Quod fa. me Lyricis vatibus inseriSj SubJimi feriam sidera vertice. ODI 10 15 20 '25 ( J 5 ODE II. To Augustus C"Sere ? cur olivum Bmohia,sa:;'e"S:J^'»'-'<'agos,atarm,s <^""-incaed.„e.L,eiasproHpe.tca.e.a.. ODE IX. "^0 Thaliarchus. «umi.a con«it;ri„Ta"oro 10 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK I. 10 15 20 Dissolve frigus, ligna super foco Large reponens ; atque benignius Deprome quadrimum Sabina, O Thaliarche ! i.ierum diotA. Permitte divis cetera : qui simul Stravere ventos aequore fervido Deproiliantes, nee cupressi Nee veteres agitantur orni. Quid sit futurum eras, fuge quaerere, et Quern Fors dierum curnque dabit, lucre Appone ; nee dulces amores Sperne puer, neque tu choreas, Donee virenti canities abest Morosa. Nunc et Campus, et areae, Lenesque sub noctem susurri Composita repetantur hor^ : Nunc et latentis proditor intimo Gratus puellae risus ab angulo, Pignusque dereptum lacertis, Aut digito male pertinaci. ODE X. To Mercury. Mercuri, facunde nepos Atlantis, Qui feros cultus hominum recentum Voce formasti catus, et decorac More palaestrae ; Te canam, magni Jovis et deorum Nuntium, curvaeque lyrae parentem ; Callidum, quidquid placuit, jocoso Condere furto. BOOK I. ODES OF HORACE. Quin et Atridas, duce (e, superbos II.0 dives Priamus relict; '^ °'' J" .P'"^ 'a«iastas et calami spicula Gnossii j^itabis, strepitumque, et celerem sequi Ajacem : tamen, heu ! serus adulteros ^0 tnnes pulvere collines. Non Laertiaden, exitium tu£e Gentis,non Pylium Nestora rcspicis ? Urguent impavidi te Salaminius Teucer, te Sthenelus sciens 25 Pugna?, sive opus est imperitare equis, Non aunga piger. Merionen quoque Nosces. Ecce furit te reperire atrox Tydides, melior patre : Quern tu, cervus uti vallis in altera Visum parte lupum graminis immcraor, feublimi fugles mollis anhelitu ; Non hoc pollicitus tua3. Iracunda diem proferet Ilio Matronisque Phrygum classis Achillei: 3o Post certas hyemes uret Acbaius Ignis Pergameas domos. BOOK I. 30 l|v ODE XVI. ODES OF HORACE. 17 5 ODE XVI. Palinodia. Sive man libet Adriano Non Dindymene, non adytis ouatif Men em sacerdotum ineXpS Non l,ber aeque, non acuta ^ ' r,' ^""nant Corjbantes aera, Nec..ovusign,s.nectremendo^ ' Jupiter ipse ruens tumultu. Fertur Prometheus, addereprinciDi Lirno coactus particulam unKf 15 Desectam, et insani leoBis ^ Vimstomachoapposuissenostro. irae Thyeslen exitio gravi S ravere, et altis urbibus ultimae 20 Punditas, imprimere'tque muris Hostile aratrum exorcitus insolens ' "" f'^'-amaiis amica t>Pprobriis, animumque reddas. 18 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK'L f o 10 15 ;>0 25 ODE XVII. To Tyndaris. Velox amoenum saepe Lucretilem Mutr.t Lycaeo Faunus, et igneam Defendit aestatem capellis Usque meis, pluviosque ventos. Impune tutum per nemus arbutos Quaerunt latentes et thjma deviae Olentis uxores mariti: Nee virides metuunt colubras, Nee Martiales haedulea© lupos : Utcunque dulci, Tyndari, fistula Valles et Usticae cubantis Laevia personuere saxa ; Di me tuentur : dis pietas mea Et Musa cordi est. Hie tibi copia Manabit ad plenum benigno Ruris honorum opulenta cornu. Hie in reducta valle Caniculae ' Vitabis aestus : et fide Teia Dices laborantes in uno Penelopen vitreamque Circem Hie innocentis pocula Lesbii Duces subumbra : nee SemeleVus Cum Marte confundet Thyoneus ProBlia rnec metues protervum Suspects Cyrum, ne male dispari Incontinentes iniiciat manus Et scindat haerentem coronam ■ Crinibus, immeritamque vestem. Ni Cii Si< M( Qu At Cer Del |iO Qui Dis< Invi Sub Con Ett( Area WDE XVIII. ODES OP HORACE. 19 ODE XVIII. To Varus. ? """^^ solum liburis et moenia Potii; Siccis omn a nnm rl.,-^ i '"^"'^ ^atiii. '"at >=""'^"' '"'''''^'" -' P-Periem Qu,sno„^^^po,u,Bacoh. pater, .o,ue,dece„. ODE XIX. O/i Glycera. Mater saeva Cupidinum, Fmitjsanimumreddereamoribus. Splendentis Pario niarmore puriis • Unt grata protervitas, '^ ' ^'vultus„imiu„,,„bHcusadspici. 20 10 15 10 ODES OF HORACE. In mo tota ruens Venus Cyprum deseruit ; nee patitur Scy thas, Et versis animosum equis Parthum dicere, nee quae nihil attinent. Hic vivum niihi cespitem, hie Verbenas, pueri, ponite, turaque, Bimi cum patera meri ; Mactata veniet lenior hostia. ODE XX. To Maecenas. Vile potabis modicis Sabinum Cantharis, Graced quod ego ipse testa Conditum levi, datus in theatro Quum tibi plausus, Clare, Maecenas, eques, ut paterni Fluminis ripae, simul et jocosa Redderet laudes tibi Vaticani Montis imago. Caecubam et prelo domitam Caleno Tu bibes uvam : mea nee Falernae Temperant vites, neque Formiani Pocuja colles. BOOK H ODE XXI. i>» praine of Diana and Apollo. Dianam tenerae dicite virgines : Intonsum, oueri. dir.ifft rvntKinm • Latonamque supremo Dileetam penitus Jovi. BOOK I I fDE XXI. ODES OF HORACE. 21 Vos Jaetam fluviis et nemorum coma, Quaecunque aut gelido prominet Algido, Nigris aut Erymanthi ^ ' Silvis, aut viridis Cragi: In l""'. 7^""^® ^'^*'^^'" ^«"^te laudibns, p Natalemque, mares, Dclon Apollinis, I ^nsignemque pharetrd Fraternaque humerum lyra. Hie bellum Jacrimosum, hie miseram famem Pestemque a populo, principe Caesare in Persas atque Britannos ' V estra motus aget prece. \o ODE XXII. To Aristius Fmcus. Integer vitae scelerisque purus Non eget Mauris jaeulis,neque arcu, Nee venenatis gravida sagittis, * usee, pharetra : Sive per Syrtes iter aestuosas, ^ive facturus per inhospitalem Caucasum, yel quae loca fabulosus Lambit Hydaspes. . Namque me silva Jupus in Sabina, I S""^ ^^^"^ canto Lalagen, et ultra 1 ermi num curis vagor expeditis, l* ugit mermem. Quale portentum neque militaris iJaumas Jatis alit aesculetis, )' 1 til . < i 22 15 20 24 ODES OF HORACE. Nec Jubae tellus general, leonum Arida nutrix. Pone me, pigris ubi nulla campis Arbor aestiva recreatur auru ; Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque Jupiter urguet ; Pone sub curru nimium propinqui • Solis, in terra domibus negatu: Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, Dulce loquentem. 10 ODE XXIII. To Chloe, Vitas hinnuleo me similis, Chloe, Quaerenti pavidam montibus aviis Matrem, non sine vano Aurarum, et siluae metu. Nam seu mobilibus vepris inhorruit Ad ventum foliis, seu virides rubum Dimovere lacertae, Et corde et genibus tremit. Atqui non ego te, tigris ut aspera Gaetulusve leo, frangere persequor : Tandem desine matrem Tempestiva sequi viroi BOOK I. BOaK I.BoOE XXIV. ODES or HORACI. . 10 15 20 ODEXX V. To Virgil, Quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus Tarn cari capitis ? Praecipe lugubrcs Cantus, Melpomene, cui liquidani Pater Vocem cum cithara dedit. Ergo Quinctilium perpetuus sopor Urguet ? cui Pudor, et Justitiae soror Incorrupta Fides, nudaque Veritas Quando ullum inveniet parem ? Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit ; Nulli flebilior, quam tibi, Virgili', Tu frustra pius, heu ! non ita creditum roscis Quinctilium deos. Quod si Threicio blandius Orpheo Auditam moderere arboribus fidem, Non vanae redeat sanguis imagini, Quam virga semel horridd, Non lenis precibus fata recludere, Nigro compulerit Mercurius greei. Durum ! Sed levius fit patientia Quidquid corrigere est nefas. ODE XXV. To Lydia. Parcius junctas quatiunt fenestras Ictlbus crebris invpnoe. «»«♦ : iNec tibi somnos adimunt : amatque Janua limen,. ' 1 » I, i: 24 5 10 15 ^20 ODES OF HORACE. Quae prius multum facilis morebat Cardines. Audis minus et minus jam; Me tuo longas pereunte nodes, Lydia, dormis 1 Invicem moechos anus arrogantes Flebis in solo levis angiportu ; Thracio bacchante magis sub inter — — lunia vento : Quum tibi flagrans amor, et libido, Quae solet matres furiare equorum, Saeviet circa jecur ulcerosum ; Non sine questu, Laeta quod pubes hedera virenti Gaudeat pulla magis atque myrto : Aridas frondes Hyemis sodali Dedicet Euro. BOOK I. 10 ODE XXVI. In praise of ^lius Lama. 10 5 Musis amicus, tristitiam et metus Tradam protervis in mare Creticum Portare ventis : quis sub Arcto Rex gelidae metuatur orae, Quid Teridatcm terreat, unice Securus. O. mmn fnnflKnc infon-fie Gaudes, apricos necte flores, Necte meo Lamiae coronam^ ODE XXVII. 10 ODES OP HORACE. 25 Pimplei dulcis ; nil sine te mei Fossunt honores: hunc fidibus novis, Hunc Lesbio sacrare plectro, Teque tuasque decet sorores'. 10 15 20 24 ODE XXVII. To his Boon-Companions. Natis in usum iaetitiae scyphis Pugnare, Thracumest: tolJite barbarum Morem, verecundumque Bacchum feangiiineis prohibete rixis. Vino et lucernis Medus acinaces Immane quantum discrepat ! impium ^enite clamorem, sodales, Et cubito remanete presso. Vultis severi me quoque sumere Partem Falerni ? dicat Opuntiae Frater Megillae, quo beatus Vulnere, qua pereat sagitta. Cessat voluntas ? non alia bibam Mercede Quae te cunque domat Venus Non erubescendis adurit ' Ignibus, ingenuoque semper Amore peccas. Quidquid habes, a-e Depone tutisauribus->Ah! miser ' Uuanta iaboras in Charybdi, Digne puer meliore flamm^ ! Qu© saga, quis te solvere Thessalis Magus venenis, quis poterit deus ^ Vix lihgatum te triformi Pegasus expediet Chimaerae. 26 ODES or HORACE. BOOK I, ODE XXVIII. A Mariner, and Archytas' shade. MA RlNfrR : U.T''' ""^ ^!'u^^ numeroque carentis arenae Mensorem cohibent, Archyta, m" !!"^®^'^"* Pr?P® litus parva Mati inum -^^unera ; nee quidquam tibi prodest rercurnsse polura, morituro. ARGHTTAS' SHADE: Occidit et Pelopis genitor, conviva deorum, Tithonusque remotus in auras, in T . ^'*'''P^'^^"*'«^^"^issus; habentque 1 Tartara Panthoiden, iterum Oreo ^ Demissum; quamvis, elypeo Trojana refixo Tempora testatus, nihil ultra ^ervos atque cutem morti concesserat atrae • Judice te non sordidus auctor ' Et'lT 7'^"'- , Sedomnesuna manet nox U calcanda semel via leti. ' ExUL^li^.' ^"!;'^' ^*"'^^ spectacula Marti : ^xitio est avidum mare nautis • Mixta senuni ac juvenum densentur funera 20 Saeva caput Proserpina. fugit. r"Xt; Me quoque devexi r'apidus^comes Orioni/ """" IHyricis Notus obruit undis. At tu, nauta, vagae ne parce mali^rnns ar^na. i^&ibus et capiti inhumato 10 15 ODE XXIX. 5 arenac [lum idum ODES OF HORACE. 2r: 10 ^-:J.^^^>.^^Pt»noque sacri custode Tarenti 30 Neghgia immeritis nocituram 3 J:.":s^:4Sr°"'^''""^""■'- rum, ntque 2fixo itrae j et nox, ;i : 10 15 ODE XXIX. ^o Iccius. Icci, beatis nunc Arabum invides ^azis, et acrem militiam paras Noi. ante devictis Sabaeae i^egibus, horribilique Medo Nectis catenas? Quae tibi virginum Sponso necato barbara serviet ' ' ^uer quis ex aula capiljis Ad cyathum statuetur unctis, Doctus sagittas tendere Sericas Arcu paterno ? Quis neget arduis Pronos relabi posse rivos Montibus, et Tiberim reverti ; Quum tu coemtos undique nobiles Libros Panaeti. Snomf.'.o ^ Mutare Joricis IberisT'^"'" " """'""" I^olhcitus meliora, tendis ? 28 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK I. •I 10 ODE XXX. To Venus. O! Venus, regina Gnidi Paphique, Sperne dilectam Cypron, et vocantis Ture te multo Glyceraj decoram Transfer in aedem. Fervidus tecum Puer, et solutis GratioB zonis, properentque Nymph re, Et parum comis sine te juventas, Mercuriusque. ODE XXXI. To Apollo. Quid iled'catum poscit ApoIIinem Vates ? Quid orat, de patera novum Fundens liquorem ? Non opimas Sarduiite segetes feracis ; Non aestuosoD grata CalabriEe Armenta ; non aurum aut ebur Indicum ; Non rura, qute Liris quieta Mordet aqua, taciturnus amnis. Premant Calenil falce, quibus ded.i Fortuna, vitem : dives et aureis Mercator exsiccet culullis Vina Syra reparata merce, Dis earns ipsis, quippe ter et quater Anno revisens aequor Atlanticu.m 15 Imnunfi. Mn pac./^nn4 ^y. Me cichorea, levesque malvaj. BOOK I. ODE XXXII. ODES OF HORACE. 29 ^0 10 Frui paratis et valido mihi, Latoe, dones, et, precor, integrfi Cum mente ; nee turpem senectam IJegere, nee cithara carentem. ODE XXXII. To his Lyre, Poscimur :— si quid vacui sub umbra Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum Vivat, et plures : age, die Latinum, iiarbite, carmen, Lesbio primum modulate civi ; Qui, ferox bello, tamen inter arma, Sive jactatam religarat udo Litore navim, Liberum et Musas, Veneremque, et ilH bemper haerentem puerum canebat, i|t Lycum, nigris oculis nigroque Crine decorum. O ! decus Phoebi, et dapibus supremi Urata testudo Jovis, O ! laborum 15 Dulce lenimen, mihi cunque salve Rite vocanti, ODE XXXIII. To Albius TibuUus. Albi, ne^oleas plus nimio, memor xmmitis Glycerae, neu miserabiles Decantes elegos, cur tibi junior Laesa praeniteat fide. 30 10 :i5 ODES OP HORACE. Insignem tenui fronte Lycorida DecJinat Pholoen: sed prius Appuli§ Jungentur caprere lupis, Quam turpi Pholoe peccet adultero. Sic visum Verieri,cui placet irnpares ^ormas atque animos sub iWa aenea Saevomitterecumjoco. ^^ ^'"^* Ipsum me melior quum peteret Venue tirata d' luit compede Myrtale Libertma, fretis acrior Hadriae Curvantis Calabros sinus BOOK r. ODE XXXIV To himself. Parous deorum cultor et infrequens insanientis dum sapientiae Consultiis erro, nunc retrorsum Vela dare, atque iterare cursus Cogor reiictos. Namque Diespiter Igni corusco nubila dividens ' Flerumque, per purum tonantes i^git equos volucremque currum • Quo bruta tellus et vaga flumina, Quo Styx et invisi horrida Taenari feedes, Atlanteusque finis Concutitur. .Valet imasummis Mutare, et insignia attenuat deus, Obscura promens. Hinc apicem rapax s„ ^liiCiOic ilCUlO oustuht, hie posuisse gaudet. ]0 10 15 20 ODE XXXV. ODE! OF HORACE, ^1 ODE XXXV. To Fortune. Mortale corpus, vel superbos Verterefuneribustriumphos: "5 Te pauper ambit sollicita prece Kuris colonus ; te dominam aequoris QuicunqueBithynaiacc sit ^ ' ^-arpathium pelagus carina. Injurioso ne pede proruas »^oncitet, imperiumque frangat. aJTruT''^ '^"^^ Necessitas, Clavos tiabales et cuneos manu viestans aena ; nee seve s 20 Uncus abest, liquidumque plumbum Velala panno : nee comitem abnegat Utcunquemutatapotentes ^' V^esta.domos inimica linquis. 35 At vulgus infidum et meretrix retro Perjura edit :,diffugiunt cadis 32 30 35 40 ODES or HORACE. Cum faece siccatis amici, Ferre jugum pariter dolosi. Serves ituium Caesarem in ultimos Orbis Britannos, et juvenum recens Examen Eois timendum Partibusj Oceanoque rubro. Eheu ! cicatricum et sceleris pudet Fratrumque. Quid nos dura refugimus iEtas ? quid intactum nefasti Liquimus ? unde manum juventus Metu deorum continuit ? quibus Pepercitaris? O! utinam nov.i Incude difRngas retusum in Massage tas Arabasque ferrum. BOOK 1. ODE XXXVI. ! 10 To Plotius Nwmidcu Et ture et fidibus juvat Placarc et vituli sanguine debito Custodes Numidae deos, Qui nunc, Hesperia sospei ab ultima, Caris multa sodalibus, Nulli plura tamen dividit oscula, Quam dulci Lamiae, memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae. Cressa ne careat pulchra dies not& : x\qm promtttc modus amphorae, Neu morem in Salium sit requies pedom: ODE XXXVII. 15 20 ODES OF HORACE. Neu multi Damalis meri Bassum Threicia vince-it amystide • Neu desint epulis rosee, Neu vivax apium, neu brere lilium. Umnes in Damalin putres Deponent oculos : nee Damalis novo Divelletur adultero, Lascivis hederis ambitiosior. 33 ODE XXXVII. To His Boon-companions. Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero I'ulsanda tellus ; nunc Saliaribus Ornare pulvinar deorum Tempus erat dapibus, sodales ! Antehac nefas depromere Caecubum telhs avitis, dum Capitolio Regina dementes ruinas, Funus et iinperio parabat Contaminato cum grege turpium Morbo virorum, quidlibet impotent bperare, fortundque duici Ebria. Sed minuit furoiem Vix una sospes navis ab ignibus • Mentenaque lymphatam Mareotico jjedegit m veros timores 1 5 Caesar, ab Italia volantem >.erni3 adurguens ; accipiter velut Molles columbas, aut leporem citus d 10 1 1 1 I I )' 34 20 ODES OF HORACE. Venator in campis nivalis Hoemonioe; daret ut catenis 30 ^atale monstrum ; qua) generosiiis 1 erire quaerens, nee muliebriter i-xpavit ensem, nee latentes Classe 01 ta reparavit oras : 25 Aiwaet jacentem visereregiam Vultu sereno, ♦brtis et asperas 1 ractare serpentes, ut atrum Corpore combiberet venenum ; Deliberate morte ferocior ; SoBvis Liburnis scilieet invidens rrivata deduci superbo Non humilis mulier triumpho. ODE XXXVIII. To His Servant. Persicos odi, puer, apparatus ; Disphcent nexa3 philyra corona? ; Mitte sectari, rosa quo locorum bera moretur. 5 Simplici myrto nihil allabores feedulus curae ; neque te ministrum Dedecet myrtus, neque me sub arcta 8 vite bibentem. BOOK 1. THE ODES OF HORACE BOOK 11. 10 ODEI. To Asinius Pollio. MoTUM ex Metello consule civicum, Belhque causas et vitia et modos, Ludumque fortunae, gravesque i'rincipum amicitias, et arma Nondum expiatis uncta cruoribus, rericulosae plenum opus aleae, Iractas, etincedisperignes feuppositos cineri doloso. PauUum severae Musa tragoediae Besittheatris:mox,ubi public^' Kes ordmaris, grande munus t^ecropio repetes cothurno, Jnsigne moestis praesidium reis i^t consulenti, Pollio, curiae I' it • I I'l •I ' 'i 36 15 20 25 30 ODES OF HORACE. Cui laurus aeternos honores Dalmatico peperit triumpho. Jam nunc minaci murmure cornuum Perstringis aures : jam litui strepunt : Jam fulgor armorum fugaces Terret equos equitumque vultus. Audire magnos jam videor duces Non indecoro pulvere sordidos, Et cuncta terrarum subacta Praeter atrocem animum Catonis. BOOK Juno, et deorum quisquis amicior Afris inulta cesserat impotens Tellure, victorum nepotes Retulit inferias Jugurthae. Quis non Latino sanguine pinguior Campus sepulcris impia proelia Testatur, auditumque Medis Hesperiae sonitum ruinae ? Qui gurges, aut quae fiumina lugubris Ignara belli ? Quod mare Dauniae 35 Non decoloravere caedes ? Quae caret ora cruore nostro ? Sed ne, relictis, Musa procax, jocis, Ceae retractes muncra naeniae : Mccum Dionaeo sub antro 40 Quaere modes Icviore plectro. .' I. IE II. ODEg OF HORACE. 37 ODE II: To Sallustius Crispus, Nullus argento color est avaris Abdito terris ; inimice lamnae, Crispe Sallusti, nisi temperate bplendeat usu. Vivet extento Proculeius aevo Notus m fratres animi paterni • Ilium aget penna metuente solvi rama supcrstes. Latius regnes avidum domando fepintum, quam si Libyam remotis Uadibus jungas, et uterque Poenus Serviat uni. Crescit indulgens sibi dirus hydrops Nee sitim pelJit, nisi causa morbi ' l;^ugerit venis, et aquosus albo ^orpore languor. Redditum Cyri solio Phraatem Dissidens plebi numero beatorum Ded^cet •"'' P''^"^""^^"^ ^alsi» Vocibus ; regnum et diadema tutum i^eterens urn propriamque laurum, ^uisquis mgentes oculo irretorto ►^pectat acervos. 38 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK II. Iff 10 15 20 25 ODE III. To Dellius. -^quam memento rebus in arduis Seryare mentem, non secus in bonis Ab insolenti temperatam Laetitia, moriture Delli, Seu moestus omni tempore vixeris, Seu te in remoto gramine per dies Festos reclinatum bearis Interiore nota Falerni. Qua pinus ingens albaque populus Umbram hospitalem consociare amant Ramis, et obliquo laborat Lympha fugax trepidare rivo: Hue Vina et unguenta et nimium brevis Flores amoenos ferre jube rosae, Dum res et aetas et Sororum Fila trium patiuntur atra. Cedes coemtis saltibus, et domo, Villaque, flavus quam Tiberis lavit, Cedes : et exstructis in altum Divitiis potietur haeres. Divesne prisco natus ab Inacho, Nil interest, an pauper et infima De genie, sub divo moreris, Victima nil miserantis Orci. Omnes eodem cogimur : omnium * >^i.j«.t.ui xiiiiu. Buriui> ocyus Sors exitura, et nos in aeternum Exsilium impositura cymbae. ODE IV. ODES OF HORACE. 39 ODE IV, To Xanthias Phoceus. Xanthia Phoceu ! Prius insolentem Serva Briseis niveo colore Movit AchilJem ; 10 ?h?^T Postquam cecidere turmae Pergama Graiis. Phyllidis flavae decorent parentes • ^lebe dilectam ; neque sic fidelem 40 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK H. O U) I ODE V. To Lalage. Nondum subacta ferre jugrum valet ^ervice, nondum munia comparis ^quare, nee tauri ruentis in.veneremtolerarepondus. Circa virentes est animus tuae Campos juvencae, nunc fluviis gravem feolantis aestum, nunc in udo Ludere cum vitulis salicto Praegestientis. Tolle cupidinem Immitis uvae : jam tibi lividos ^istmguet Actumnus racemes rurpureo varius colore. J^m te sequetur : currit enim ferox ^ ^tas, et ilh, quos tibi demserit, lo Apponetannos: Jamproterva b ronte petet Lalage maritum : JDilecta quantum non Pholoe fugax, NonChloris,albosichumeronit?ns T P"^^ nocturno renidet -0 J-unamari, Gnidiusve Gi/g-e5; Quern si puellarum insereres Jhoro, Mire sagaces falleret hospites iJiscrimen obscurum solutis trinibus ambiguoque vultu. ODF ?I. ODES OF HORACE. 41 10 ODE VI. To Septimius, Septimi, Gades aditure mecum et Cantabrum indoctum juga ferre nostra, et Barbaras Syrtes, ubi Maura semper ^stuat unda; Tibur, Argeo positum colono, Sit meae sedes utinam senectae ; Sit modus lasso maris et via. am' Militiaeque. Unde si Parcae prohibent iniquae, Dulce pellitis ovibus < • J&esi Flumen et regnata ptluui Laconi Rura Phalanto. Ille terrarum mihi praeter omnes 1 = ^t"?,"**"^ ""^^^' "^^ no» Hymetto 15 Mella decedunt, viridique certat Bacca Venafro. Ver ubi longum tepidasque praebet Jupiter brumas, et amicus Aulon ; ^^^^}^ Baccho minimum Falernis 20 Invidet uvis. Ille te mecum locus et beatae Postulant arces : ibi tu calentem iJebita sparges lacrima favillam Vatis amici. 42 ODES OP HORACE. BOOK II. ODE VII. ^o Pompeius. 5 Pompei,meorum prime sodalium? Cum quomorantem saepe diemiiiero Fregi coronatus nitentes ^'"^ Malobathro Syrio capillos. ^cusi, reiicta non bene parmuli • Quum fracta virfiKB *>*;..•' TiiHr^« 1 ^*""s, et mmaces Turpe solum tetigere mento. Sed me per hostes Mercurius celer Densopaventemsustulita^re nnJ"r "' '" ^'"""^ resorbens Unda fretig tulit aestuosis. Ergo obligatam redde Jovi dapem LongaquefessummilitidJaJ""' 20 &"^"^^.^»rumea,nec '^^ I'arce oadis foi destinatis. ObliviosoIr.viaMassico Cibona e^ple : funde capacibus Unguenta de conchis. QuTs udo I^eproperare apio coronas '' SSr-T-7--rbitrum Buccnauor Jidonis : recepto'" Dulce m,|„ f^^e est amico. ODE VIII. ODES OP HORACE. 43 ODE VIII. To Barine. 10 15 20 Ulla si juris tibi pejerati Poena, Barine, nc-^uisset unquam ; Dente si nigro fieres vel uno Turpior ungui : Crederem. Sed tu, simul obligasti Perfidum votis caput, enitescis Pulchrior multo, juvenurnque prodis Pubhca cura. Expedit matris cineres opertos Fallere, et toto taciturna noctis Signa cum coelo, gt lidaque divos Morte carentes. Ridet hoc, inquam, Venus ipsa, rident Simphces Nymphae, ferus et Cupido, Semper ardentes acuens sagittas Cote cruenta. Adde, quod pubes tibi crescit omnis, Servitus crescit nova ; nee priores Impiae tectum dominae relinquunt Saepe minati. Te siiis mntfAo mnt,',,,.^*. : • Te senes parci, miseraeque nuper Virgmes nuptae, tua ne retardet Aura maritos. 44 ODES OP HORACE. BOOK II. il,tj, ! ii,riuN' 'ikA ODE IX. » To Valgius. Non semper imbres nubibus hispidos ManantinagrosjautmareCaspium Vexant inaequales procJIae ^ IJsque; nee Armeniis in oris, 5 Amice Valgi, stat glacies iners Menses per omnes ; aut Aquilonibus QuercetaGarganilaborant, i^t fohis viduantur orni. 10 Mysten ademtum ; nee tibi Vesoero Surgentedeceduntumores^ ^' Nee rapidum fugiente Solem. At non ter aevo functus amabilem Ploravit omnes Antilochum senex Annos ; nee impubem parentes Trodon, aut Phrygiae sorores 1 andem querelarum : et potius nova Cantemus August! tropaea 20 Caesans, et rigidum Niphaten, V ictis, mmores volvere vortices : Intraque praescriptum Gelonos ^-xiguis equitare campis. 15 ODE X. ODES OP HORACE. 45 10 15 20 ODE X. To Licinius. Rectius vives, Licini, neque altum Cautus horrescis, nimium premendo Litus iniquum. Auream quisquis mediocritatem Uiiigit, tutus caret obsoleti Sordibus tecti, caret invidenda bobrius auli. Saevius ventis agitatur ingen» I'lnus, et celsae graviore casu Deciduntturres,feriuntquesummos r ulmma montes. Sperat infestis, metuit secundis Alteram sortem bene praeparatum J^?n?/'-.^"^"™'^^^^™^^r^ducit Jupiter, idem Rebus angustisanimosusatque Forisappare.sapienteridem Contrahes yento nimium secundo ^' 46 0D8S OF HORilCE. ODE XI. To Quinctius. Quid bellicosus Cantaber, et Scythes, Hirpine duincti, cogitet, Adria Divisus objecto, remittas Quaerere : nee trepides in usum 5 Poscentis aevi pauca. Fugit retro Levis juventas et Decor ; arida Pellente lascivos amores Canitie facilemque somnum. Non semper idem floribus est honor 10 Vernis ; neque uno luna riibens nitet Vultu : quid aeternis minorem ConsiHis animum fatigas ? Cur non sub altA vel platano vel hac Pinu jacentes sic temere, et ros^ 15 Canos odorati capillos, Dum licet, Assyriaque Nardo Potamus uncti ? Dissipat Evius Curas edaces. Q,uis puer ocyus Restinguet ardentis Falerni 20 Pocula praetereunte lympha ? Quis devium scortum eliciet domo Lyden ? Eburna, die age, cum lyr^ Maturet, incomtam Lacaenae Mnrf» mmnm rnVicrnin r\r\r\rt BOOK II. ODE XII. ODES OP HORACE. 47 10 ODE XII. To Maecenas, Nolis longa ferae bella Numantiae, Nee durum Hannibalem, nee Siculum mare AntnH '^r^'''^ ^""Suine, moIIibuT Aptan citharae modis : Nee saevos Lapithas, et nimium mero Hy aeum; domitosve Hereuled m^u Telunsjuvenes,undeperieulum i! ulgens contremuit domus Diees histonis proelia Caesaris, Maecenas melius, ductaque per vias Regum colla minacium. Me dulcis dominae Musa Licymniae Cantusmevcluitdieerelueidum J^ulgentes oculos, et bene mutuis Fidum pectus amoribus : Quam nee ferre pedem dedecuit choris Nee certare joco, nee dare brachia ' Ludentem nitidis virginibus, sac o 80 Dianae Celebris die. Num tu, quae tenuit dives Achaemenes PelSr ^-^'^^'^^ %gdoni~r mmutarevehscnne Licymniae, Pienas aut Arabum domos ? ^-.iv^ciii, aui jaciii saevitia negat Quae poscente magis gaudeat eripi, Interdum rapere occupat. 15 48 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK II. nil" II'- ii 10 ODE XIII. To a Tree, by whose fall he had nearly been killed, Ille et nefasto te posuit die, Quicunquc primum, et sacrilega manu Produxit, arbos, in nepotum Perniciem, opprobriumque pagi. 5 Ilium et parentis crediderim sui Fregisse cervicem, et penetralia Sparsisse nocturno cruore Hospitis ; ille venena Colcha, Et quidquid usquam concipitur nefas, 1 ractavit, agro qui statuit meo Te, triste lignum, te caducum In domini caput immerenti». Quid quisque vitet, nunquam homini satis Cautum est m horas. Navita Bosporum roenus perhorrescit, neque ultra Caeca timet aliuifde fata ; Miles sagittas et celerem fugam Parthi ; catenas Parthus et Italum Kobur ; sed improvisa leti Vis rapuit rapietque gentes. * Quam paene furvae regna Proserpinae, ^t judicantem vidimus ^Eacum : Sedesque discretas piorum ; et -Mollis fidibus querentem 25 Sappho puellis de popularibiis ; i-t te sonaiitem plenius aureo, 15 20 ODE XIV. nearly been (lanu as, ni satis 3orum 35 10 ODES OP HORACE. 30 Rae, 10 Alcaee, plectro dura navis, Dura fugae mala, dura belli. Utrumque sacro digna silentio Mirantur umbrae dicere : sed magis Pugnas et exactos tyrannos Densum humeris bibit aure vulgus. Quid mirum ? Ubi illis carminibus stupeiis ijemittit atras bellua centiceps Aures, et intorti capillis Eumenidum recreantur angues ; Quin et Prometheus et Pelopis parens iJulci laborum decipitur sono : Nee curat Orion leones Aut timidos agitare lyncas. ODE XIV. To Postumus. Eheu ! fugaces, Postume, Postume, Labuntur anni ; nee pietas moram itugis et mstanti senectae Afferet, indomitaeque morti. Non si trecenis, quotquot eunt dies, Amice, places illacrimabilem Plutona tauris ; qui ter amplura iieryonen Tityonque tristi. Compescit unda, scilicet omnibus, Uuicupque terrae munere vescimur, — "^-x^Uiiua, Bivc reges Sive inopes erimus coloni. e 49 50 15 20 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK II. Frustia crucnto Marte carebimus, ^ractisque rauci fluctibus Adriae • frustia per auctumnos nocentem ' Corporibus metuenius Austrum : Vi^ iidus atcr flumine languido Cocytos errans, et Danai genus Infame, damnatusquo lon^^i Sisyphus bolides laborisf Linquenda tellus, et domus, et placcns r/xor ; neque harum, quas coJis, arborum ie, praeter invisas cupressos, lilla brevem dominum sequetur. Absumet haeres Caecuba dignior bervata centum clavibus, et mero lingiietpavimentum superbis Pontificum potiore ccenis. i ■a .1 , il,. i I I 5 10 ODE XV. Against the Luxury of his Age. Jam pauca aratro jugera regiae Moles relinquent : undique iatius ±iXtenta visentur Lucrino Stagna lacu : platanusque cfelebs Evincet ulmos : turn violaria, et Myrtus, et omnis copia narium, . fepargent olivetis odorem Fertilibus domino priori ; Turn spissa ramis laurea fervidos Eicludet ictis. Non ita Romuli ODE XV. 15 20 ODES OF HORACE. 51 Prtcscriptum et intonsi Catonis Auspiciis, veterumque norma. Privatis illis census erat brevis, Commune magnum : nulla decempedis Metata privatis opacam Porticus e.\cipiebat Arcton ; Ncc fortuitum spernere cespitcm Leges smebant, oppida publico Sumptu jubentes et deorum Templa novo decorare saAo. 10 ODE XVI. To Grosphus. Otium divos rogat impotcntc Pressus ^gaeo, simul atra nubcs Condidit lunam, nequo certa fulgent Sidera nautis : Otium bello furiosa Thraca, Otmm Medi pharetra decori, Gi'osphe^iion gemmis neque purpura ve- nale nequ^ aura Non enim gazae, neque consularis feummovet lictor miseros tumultus Mentis, et curas laqueata circum lecta volantes. Vivitur parvo bene, cui paternuni 1 =: ^P'^"^*^ '" '«ensa tenui salinum ; ^ec leves somnos timor aut cupido feordidus aufert. ' (If - ir>iiit no* M^^ .^:li a_ _.^» Obire, Maecenas, mearuni Grande decus c lumenque rerum. BOOK IJo ODE XVII. ODES OP HORACE. 4^3 10 15 ^ao 25 30 Ah ! te meae si partem animae rapit Maturior vis, quid moror altera. Nee carus aeque, nee superstes Integer. lUe dies utramque Ducet ruinani. Non ego perfidum Dixi sacramentum : ibimus, ibimus, Utcunque praecedes, supremum Carpere iter comites parati. Me nee Chimaerae spiritus igneae, Nee, si resurgat, centimanus Gyges Divellet unquam. Sic potenti Justitiae placitumque Parcis. Seu Libra, seu me Scorpius adspicit Formidolosus, pars violentior Natalis horae, seu tyrannus Hesperiae Gapricornus undae : Utrumquc nostrum incredibili modo Consentit astrum. Te Jovis impio Tutela Saturno refulgens Eripuit, volucrisque fati Tardavit alas, quum populus frequens Laetum theatris ter crepuit sonum ; Me truncus illapsus cerebro Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum Dextra levasset, Mercurialium Custos virorum. Reddere victimas ^demque votivam memento : Nos humilem feriemus agnani. 54 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK 11. 5 10 15 20 30 ODE XVIII. Non ebur neque aureum Mearenidet in domo lacunar: Non trabes Hymettiae ^i-emunt columnas ultima recisas Alrica ; neque Attali Ignotus haeres regiam occupavi : rjiec Laconicas mihi Trahunt Jionestae purpuras clientae. At fides et ingeni Satis beatis unicis Sabinis. Iruditur dies die, Novaeque pergunt interire lunae • 1 u secanda marmora Locas sub ipsum funus ; et, sepulcri Immemor, struis domes ; ^ Marisque Baiis obstrepcntis urgues Summovere litora, "" Parum locuples continente ripd. Quid r Quod usque proximos Kevelhs agri terminos, et ultra i^imites clientium Salis avaris ; pelJitur paternos in smu ferens deos Etuxor,etvir,sordidosquonatos. iNuJla certior tamen Rapacis Orci fine destinata ^uja divjtem manet Herum. Quid ultra tendis ? ^qua teUus ODE XVIII. 35 40 ODES or HORACE. Pauperi recluditur Regumque pueris : nee satelles Orci Callidum Promethea Revexit auro captus. Hie superbum Tantalum, atque Tantali Genus eoereet; hie levare funetum Pauperem laboribus Voeatus atque non moratus audit. 55 ODE XIX. In praise of Bacchus, Bacchum in remotis carmina rupibus Vidi doeentem, (credite! ) Nymphasque diseentes, et aures Capripedum Satyrorum aeutas. 5 Euoe ! recenti mens trepidat metu. PJenoque Bacchi pectore turbidum Laetatur ! Euoe ! parce, Liber ! Parce, gravi metuende thyrso ! Fas pervicaces est mihi Thyiadas, 10 Vmique fontem, lactis et uberes Cantare rivos, atque truncis Lapsa cavis iterare mella. Fas et beatae conjugis additum feteJiis honorem tectaque PentheV i^isjecta non leni ruina, Thracis f»t *»vW;iir« t . ? Tu flectis amnes, tu mare barbarum ; luseparatis uvidus in jugis 15 56 i,i'^ wm I' ODES OF HORACE. Node coerces viperino 20 Bistonidum sine fraude crines. Tu quum parentis regna per arduum Cohors gigantum scanderet impia. KhoDtum retorsisti leonis Unguibus horribil^que mala. 25 auanquam, choreis aptior et jocis ^udoque dictus, non sat idoneus r ugnae ferebaris ; sed idem Pacis eras mediusque belli. Te vidit insons Cerberus aureo Cornu decorum, Jeniter atterens i-audam, et recedentis trilingui Ore pedes if tigitque crura. fiOOK II. ;jo ODE XX. To Maecenas, Non usitata, non tenui ferar Penna biformis per Jiquidum aethera V ates : neque in terris morabor Longms : invidiaque major Urbes reiinquam. Non ego pauperum l^ZT Pjrentum, non ego, quern vocas Dilecte, Maecenas, obibo, Nee Stygia cohibebor unda. 1 n on J^™ 'esidunt cruribus asperae lU relies: et nlhnm »t...*^- :_ -i:.. feuperna: nascunturque leves Per digitos humerosque plumae. 5 ODE XX. im 15 20 ODES OF HORACE. 57 Jam Daedaleo notior Icaro Visam gementis litora Bospori, Syrtesque Gaetulas canorus Ales, Hyperboreosque campos. Me Colchus, et qui dissimulat metum Marsae cohortis ; Dacus, et ultimi Noscent Geloni ; me peritus Discet Iber, Rhodanique potor. Absint inani funera naenine, Luctusque turpes et querimoniae : Compesce clamorem, ac sepulcri Mitte supervacuos lionores. m )cas \v « 5 10 THE ODES OF OR A C E. BOOK III. 10 ODE I. On contentment of mind. Odi profanum vulgus et arceo ; Audita Musarum sacerdos ^ Virginibus puerisque canto. Regum timendorum in proprios grebes Reges^in ipsos imperium est Jovis, " ^ Uari giganteo triumpho, i^uncta supercilio moventis. Est, ut viro vir latius ordinet -rbusta suicis ; hie generosior ;^3scendat,nCampumpetitor; Aionbushicmeliorquefama III . It ' \Hi 60 15 ^0 25 30 35 ODES OF HORACE. 40 BOOK III. Contendat; illi turba clientium Sit major: aequa lege Necessitas oortitur insignes et imos ; Omne capax movet urna nomen. Districtus ensis cui super impia Cervice [)endet, non Siculae dapes Dulcem elaborabunt saporem, Non avium citJiaraeve cantus Somnum rcducent. Somnus agrestium Lenis vuorum non humiles domos Fastidit umbrosamve ripam Non Zephyris agitata Tempe. Desiderantem quod satis est, neque Tumultuosum sollicitat mare, Nee saevus Arcturi cadentis' Impetus, aut oiientis Haedi : Non verberatae grandine vineae, Fundusvc mendax, arbore nunc aquas Culpante, nunc torrentia agros Sidera, nunc liyemes iniquas. Contracta pisces aequora sentiunt, Jactis in altum molibus : hue frequens Cacmenta demittit redemtor Cum famulis, dominusque terrae Fastidiosus : sed Timor et minae Scandunt eodem, quo dominus neque Decedit aeratu triremi, et Post equitem sedet atra cura. Quod si dolentem nee Phrygius lapis. Nee purpurarum sidere clarior Dplenit usus, nee * alerna Vitis, Achaemeniumque coslum ; ODE I*. 45 ODES OF HORACE. Cur invidendis postibus et novo Sublime ritu moliar atrium ? J^ur valle permutem Sabiiia Umtms operosiores ? 61 ODE II. ^^ f^^or o/ the ancient discipline. Angustam amic^ pauperiem pati Robustusacrimihtiupuer ^ Condiscat ; et Parthos feroces Vexetequesmetuendushasta; 5 /j^^^q^esubdivotrepidis^^^^^ Ma o'::- kJ^"," '' --nibus'hostici. ^airona bellantis tyranni 1 rospiciens et adulta virgo Suspiret: Eheu ! ne rudis.a-minum ^P----cessatregiusasperum "^ i actu leonem, quern cruenta er medias rapit ira caedes. Mors et fugacem persequitur virum 15 Nee parcit imbelJis juvelitae ' l^oplitibus, timidoque tergo. Virtus, repulsae nescia sordidae, Intaminatisfulgethonoribus: ' *U ArbltriO nnnijloM.%. Virtus recludens immeritis moH Calum, negata tentat iter via : 62 V m I' I 25 .'iO o 10 15 ODES OF HORACE. CcEtusque vulgares et udam Spernit humum fugient-, pennu. Est ct fideli tuta sileatio Mcrces : vetabo, qur Cereris sacrum V ulgiirit arcanae, sub jsdem Sit trabibus, fragilemve mecurn Solvat phaselon. Sacpe Diespiter Neglectus inceFto addidit integrum : Rare antecel -utem scelestum Deseruit pedo Poena claudo. ODE III. Justum ac tenacem propositi virum Noil civmm ardor prava jubentium, Non vultus instantis tyranni Mente quatit solid:,, neque Auster, Dux inquieti turbidus Adriao, Nee fulminantis magna manus Jovis • fei fractus illabatur orbis, Impavidum ferient ruinae. Hac arte Pollux et vagu Here des, Enisus, arces attigit igneas : Quos inter Augustus recumbens Purpureo f.ibit ore ntctar. llac te merentem, Baccho pater, tuae Vexere tigres, indocili juguni Collo trahentes. Hac Quirinus Martis equis Aeheronta fugit. (fratum cbcuta consiliantibus Junone Divis ;—« Dion, Ilion BOOK iir. '^0 BOOK Iff ODE III. ODES or HORACE. 25 30 m pf^^^'V"*^^«^»«n»e judex 5 I 1 1, i I 'i^ In 1. 1 i 66 ODES or HORACE. «35 Visam pharetratos Gelonos Et Scythicum inviolatus ainnem. Vos Caesarem ahum, militia simul Fessas cohortes abdidit oppidis, Fmire quaerentem labores, 40 Picrio recreatis aiitro : Vos bene consilium et datis, et date Oaudetis almoB. Scimus, ut impios Titanas immanemque turmam Fulmine sustulerit caduco, 45 50 S5 (iO BOOK III. Qui terram inertem, qui mare temperat \ entosum ; et umbras regnaque tristia JJivosque, mortalesque turbas Imperio regit unus aequo. Magnum illaterrorem intulerat Jovi Fidens,juventus horrida, brachiis, r ratresque tendentes opaco Pelion imposuisse Olympo. Sed quid Typhoeus et validus Mimas, r;"^i^^^ '"^"^^' Porphyrion statu, Quid Rhoetus, evulsisque truncis Enceladus jaculator audax, Contra sonantem Palladis aegida Possent ruentes ? Hinc avidus stetit Vulcanus, hmc matrona Juno, et Nunquam humeris positurus arcum, Qui rore puro Castuliac lavit ^'■'nes solutos, qui Lyciae tchet x-rUajcta nataiemque silvam, Delius ct Palarcus Apollo. BOOK III. ODE V. 65 70 75 SO ODES OP HOiiACE. 67 Visconsill expers mole ruit sua ; Vim temperatam di quoque provehunt In majus ; idem odere vires Omne nefas animo moventes. Testis mearum centimanus Gyges Sententiarum, notus et integrae Tentator Orion Dianae Virginea domitus sagitta. Injecta monstris terra dolet suis, Mojretque partus fulmine luridum Missos ad Orcum : nee peredit Impositam celer ignis ^Etnen ; Incontinentis nee Tityi jecur Rehnquit ales, nequitiae additus Custos : amatorem et trecentae 1 inthoum coiiibent catenae 5 ODE V. CceIo tonantem credidirnus Jovem Regnare : praesens divus habebitur Augustus, adjectis Britannis Imperio gravibusque Persis. Milesne Crassi conjugc barbara Turpi^s maritus vixit ? et hostium— 1 ro Curia, inversique mores !— tonsenuit socerorum in arvis, Sub rege Medo, Marsus et Apnulus njicilmuin et nominis et togaV Oblitus, aeternaeque Vestae, Incolumi Jove et urbe Roma > ,•> 1) 68 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK III. Hoc caverat mens provida Reguli, ^ liissentientis conditionibus lo Fo^dis, et exempio trahenti Perniciem veniens in aevum, Si non periret immiserabilis Y£^'^y\P;ihes. " Si-na ego Punicis Attixa delubris, et arma 20 Militibus sine caede/' dixit, Derepta vidi : vidi ego civium Retorta tergo bracliia libero, Portasque non clusas, et arva Marte coli populata nostro. 25 30 35 Auro repensus scilicet acrior Miles redibit ! Flagitio additis Damnum. Ncque amissos colores Lana refeit medicata fuco, Nee vera virtus, quum semel excidit, urat reponi deterioribus. Si pugnet extricata densis Cerva plagis, erit ille fortis, Qui perfidis se credidit hostibus ; Et Marte Poenos protcret altero, ' Qui lora restrictis lacertis Sensit iners, timuitque mortem. Hic, unde vitam sumeret aptius • Pacem duello miscuit. O pudor » Ar. V.'^^^na Carthago, probrosis 40 Altior Italiae ruinis ! " Fertur pudicae conjurris np.r.i!«!m Parvosque natos, ut capitis minor- ODE VI. 15 50 o5 ODES OP HORACE. Ab se removisse, et virilem Torvus humi posuisse vultum ; Donee labantes consilio Patres iMrmaret auctor nun.iuam alias clato, interque mocrentes amicos Egrcgius properaret exsul. Atqui sciebat, quae sib; barbarus lortorpamrot; non alitor tamen ijimovit oosiantes propinquos, *-t populf^m reditus inorunterD, Quam si clientum longa ncgotia Dijudicata lite relinquorct Tendens Venafranos in agros Aut Lacedaemonium Tarentum. 69 5 ODE VI. To the Romans. Delicta majorum irnmeritus lups Hojnane, donee teni|)la refcceri«, ^vJesque labentes deorum, et i-oidanigro simulacra Anno. Pstem,noremq«odgeris,impcras: H nc omne principium, hue refe- exitum P« rnulta noglecti dederunt ^* llesperiae mala luctuosae. 10 n1 ^n' ^^"""^"'"^ "^ ^«^«" '"anus -—^.. .,,.„.- , „jj^yyjj impetus ^ostros, et adjecisne praedam J orquibus exiguis rcnidet. 70 15 20 25 30 35 40 ODES or HORACE. BOOK III. St I.; Paenc occupatam seditionibus Delevit urbem Dacus et iEthiops ; Hie classe formidatus, ille Missilibus melior sagittis. Fecunda culpao saecula nuptias Primum inquinavere, et genus, et domos : Hoc fontc derivata clades In patriam populumque fluxit. Motus doceri gaudet lonicos Matura virgo, et fingitur artibus : Jam nunc et incestos amores De tenero meditatur ungui. Mox junioreg quaerit adulteros Inter mariti vina ; neque eligit, Cui donet impermissa raptim Gaudia, luminibus remotis ; Sed jussa coram non sine conscio Surgit marito, seu vocat institor, Seu navis Hispanae magister, Dedecorum pretiosus emptor. Non his juventus orta parentibus Infecit aequor sanguine Punico, Sed rusticorum mascula militum Proles, Sabellis docta ligonibus Versare glebas, et scverae Matris ad arbitrium recisos Pyrrhumque et ingentem cecidit Antiochum, Hannibalenque dirum : Portare fustes, sol ubi montium Bobus fatigatisj amicum Tempus agens abeunte curru. ODE VIII. ODES OF HORACE. 45 10 15 Damnosa quid non imminuit dies ' ^tas parentum, pejor avis, tulit Nos nequiores, mox daturos Progeniem vitiosiorem. ODE VII. To Asterie. Quid fles, Asterie, quern tibi candidi rrimo restituent vere Favonii, Thyna merce beatum, Constantis juvenem fide, Gygen ? Ille Notis actus ad Oricum ^ost msana Caprae sidera, frigidas XMoctes non sine multis Insomnis lacrimis amt. Atqui sollicitae nuntius hospitae Suspirare Chloen, et miseram tuis Uicens ignibus uri, Tentat millc vafer modis. Ut Prcetum mulier perfida credulum l^alsus impulerit criminibus, nimis ^asto Bellerophonti Maturare necem, refert. 71 Narrat pacne datum Pelea Tartaro Magnessam Hippolyten dum fugit ^bstinens ^t peccare docentes 5W Fallax historias movet : Frustra . nam scopulis surdior (cvix Ne vicmus Enipeug i^lus justo placeat, cave : 72 25 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK lir 30 5 JO 15 Quamvis rion alius flectere equum sciens M^e conspicitur gramine Martio, ^ec quisquam citus aeque Tusco denatat alveo. Primi nccte domum claude : neque in vius bub cantu querulae despice tibiae • i^t te saepe vocanti Duram diliicilis mane. ODE VIII. To Maecenas. Martiis caelebs quid agam Kalendis, Quid velmt flores et acerra turis ' 1 lena, miraris, positusque carbo <^espite vivo, l>octc sermones utriusque lino-uae Voveram dulces epulas et album * Libero caprum, prope funeratus Arboris ictu. Hie dies anno redcunte festus Cortieem adstrictum pice dimovebit Amphorae Aimum bibere institutae Consule TuUo. Sunie, Maecenas, cyathos amici bospitis centum, et vigiles lucernas Perfer m lucem : procul omnis esto l^lamor et ira. Mitte civiles super urbc curas • Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen :* Medus infoafiie ciK: l..„* :_ ■iO Dissidet armis : ODE IX. 25 ODIS OP HORACE. Servit Ilispanae vetus hostis orae Jam Scythae laxo meditantur arcu tedere campis. 1 arce privatus nimium cavere • Dona praesentis cape laetus horae et i.inque severa. ""rae, et 73 5 ODE IX. An Amoebean Ode, II R A C E . Donee gratus eram tibi, Nee quisquan. potior brachia candidae Ceivic, juvenis dabat : ^^"«'^ae I ersarum vigui rege bcatior. Donee non aliu magis MuJti Lydia nominis, ' liomana vigui clarior Ilia. Me nunc Thressa Chloe regit S. parcent pucro fata supe^titi. Me torret face mutua iiiunni Calais filiusOrnyti; ^ 74 15 ODES OP HORACE. 20 BOOK III. Pro quo bis patiar mori, Si parcent puero fata superstiti. HORACE. Quid ? si prisca redit Venus, Diductosque juga cogit aeneo ? Si flava excutitur Chloe, Rejectaeque patet janua Lydiae ? L YD I A. Quanquam sidere pulchrior Ille est, tu levior cortice, et improbo Iracundior Adria ; Tecum vivere amem, tecum obeam libens. ODE X. 10 To Lyce, Extremum Tanain si biberes, Lyce, «aevo nupta viro ; me tamen asperas Projectum ante fores objicere iiicolis Plorares Aquilonibus. Audis quo strepitu janua, quo nemus Inter pulchra satum tecta remugiat ? Sentis et positas ut glaciet nives Puro numine Jupiter ? Ingratam Veneri pone superbiam, Ne currente rota funis eat retro. ' Non te Penelopen difficilem procis Tyrrhenus genuit parens. O quamvis neque te munera. nee preces i\ec tmctus viola pallor amantium, BOOK III. ■ode XI. 15 20 0DE8 OP HORACE. 75 Nee vir Pieria pellice saucius Curvat J supplicibus tuis Parcas nee rigidu moUior aesculo, ^ee Mauris animum mitior anguibus. i\ on hoe semper erit aquae Coelestis patiens Jatus. o 10 15 ODE XI. To Lyde. Mercuri, nam te docilis magistro MovitAmphion lapides canendo, luque, Tes^udo, resonare septem Pallida nervis, Nee loquax olim neque grata, nunc et JJivitum mensis et amica templis • l^ic modos, Lyde quibus obstinatas Applicet aures. Quae, velut latis equa trima campis, Ludit exsultim, metuitque tangi, Nuptiarum expers, et adiiuc protervo truda marito. Tu potes tigres comitesque silvas i'ucere, et rivos ceJeres morari : C>essit immanis tibi blandienti Janitor aulae, Cerberus, quamvis furiale centum ^luaiaiu angues caput, aestuetque on ^^'"*"^ *^*^''' saniesque manet w Ore tnlingui. •in ' Ml ' ^1 .1 '. >i m ': , ihy, I ! 11 76 ODES OP HOIiAtE. BOOK 111, 30 35 45 50 Quin ct Ixion, Tityosquo vultu Risit invito : stetit urna paullum Sicca, dum grato Danai puellas Carmine niulccs. •^5 Audiat Lyde scelus atque notas Virginum pcinas, et inane lymphae Dolium fundo pereuntis inio, Seraque fata, Quae rnanent culpas, etiam sub Oreo. Impiac, nam quid potuere majus ? Impiae sponsos potuere duro Perdere ferro. Una de multis, face nuptiali Digna, pcrjurum fuit in parentem Sp endidc mondax, et in omne virso Nobihs aevum. *' Surge," quae ^Iikh juvcni marito, J' burge, ne Ionium libi somnus, undo A on times, detur ; socerum et scclestas ralle sororcs ; "Quae, velut nactac vitulos Teaenac, Singulos, eheu ! lacerant. Ego, illis Mollior, nee te fcriam, iieque intra Claustra tenebo. " Me pater saevis oncret catenis, Quod viro clemcns misero peperci • Me vel extremes Numidarum in agros Classe releget. " I, pedes quo te rapiunt et aurae, Dum favet et Venus : I, secundn Umme ; et nostri mcmorem sepulcro Scalpe querciam." 40 10 Np, s#» l^- BOOK III.Kde XII. ODES OF HURACI . 10 ODE XII. To Neobule. ^ueraJes, tibi tclas, operosacciuc Minervae tud um aufcrt, Neobulc, Liparaci nitor Lhri elcraltoIataantomiVuticetoeicipcrc'aprum. ODE XIII. To the Fountain of Bandusia, nlil/rr ^^"^'"^"'««' splendidior vitro, i*ilce digne mero, non sine floribus, Uas donaberis liaedo, Cui frons turgida rornibus PrimisetVenerometprcDliadestinat: Frustra : nam gclidos inficiet tibi Kubro sanguine rivos Lascivi soboles gre^^is. i essis vomere tauris l^raebes, et pecori vago. IP'^ l»'«. —J .-4 — ~. J?^iiij i.ij'xtiivixluxiji iiij^ciliu UUIIiOvC'S Plerumque dure : tu sapientium BOOK III. ODE XXII. 15 20 ODES OP HORACE. Curas et arcanum jocoso <>onsiIium retegis Lyaeo : Tu spem rcducis mentibus anxiis Viresque.-etaddiscornuapauperi, 1 ost te neque iratos trementi liegum apices, neque militum arma. Te Liber, et, si laetaaderit, Venus Segnesque modum solvere Gratiae Vivaeque producent lucernae ' l^um rediens fugat astra Phoebus. 85 ODE XXII. To Diana. Montium custos nemovumque vir^o Quae laborantes utero puellas ^ ' Imminens villae tua pinus esto, Verris obliquum meditantis ictum Sanguine donem. ^^F^ XXIII. Coelo supinas si tuleris manus A^ascentfi Inn;? »,.»*: T^i . , , Si ture placaris et horna i'ruge Lares, avidaque porca : 86 llfll I I I'll ■:i . i 10 15 20 ODES OF HORACE. Nec pestilentem sentiet Africum Fecunda vitis, nec sterilem seges Rubiginem, aut dulces alumni Pomifero grave tempus anno. Nam, quae nivali pascitur Algido Devota quercus inter et ilices, Aut crescit Albanis in herbis, Victima, pontificum secures Cervice tinguet. Te nihil attinei Tentare multa caede bidentium Parvos coronantem marino Rore deos fragilique myrto. Immunis aram si tetigit manus, Non sumptuosa blandior hostia Mollivit aversos Penates Farre pio et saliente micu. BOOK in. 15- ^ «1, 10 ODE XXIV. Intactis opulentior Thesauris Arabum et divitis Indiae, Caementis licet occupes Tyrrhenum omne tuis et mare Apulicum, Si figit adamantines Summis verticibus dira necessitao Clavos, non animum metu Non mortis laqueis expedies caput. Campestres melius Scythae, Quorum plaustra vagas rite trahunt domos, VlWUnt, fit rirriHi df^t^a • Immetata quibus jugera liberas OOE XXIV. 0DE8 or HOBiCE. Fruges ct Cererem fer.int, . JJ»c cultura placet longior annui • lo Defunctumquo laboribus Aequali rccreat sorle vicarius III.c matre carentibus Wee dotata regit virum ^0 Conju.v, nee nitido fidit a.luliero • Dos est magna parentium qS '"".'" «^"Jis quaerimis invidi Uuid tnstes querimoniae, ^5 Quid leges, sine moribus vanae, proficiunt, si neque fervidis- Pars mclusa caloribus ' Mundi, nee Boreae finitimum latus Durataeque solo nives, "'' Virtutisque viam desei-if n^d-- ^ ^el nos in Capitolium", liuo clamor vocat et turba faventium, «7 u ', i.^l 88 50 on (50 ODES OF HORACE. Vol iios in mare proximum Geininas, et lapides, aurum ct inutile feuinini niatciiem niali, ' Mittamus, scelerum si bene pccnitet. l^iadenda cupidinis Pravi sunt clcmenta : ct tcnerac nimis Mentes asperioiibus Finnandac studiis. Ncscit cquo rudis ilaercrc Hip:enuus pucr, Vonarique timet ; ludcrc doctior, feeu Graeco jubeas troclio. Sou malis vctita Icgibus alea : Uuum perjura patris fides Consortem socium fallat, ct hospitem, indignoque pecuniam Haercdi pioperet. Scilicet improbae Crcscunt divitiae : tamen Curiae nescio quid semper abest rei. BOOK HI. II "1 o 10 ODE XXV. To Bacchus. Uuo me, Bacche, rapis tui Plenum ? Quae nemora ? quos agor in specus' Velox mente nova ? Quibus ^ ' Antris egregii Caesaris audiar Sternum meditans decus Stellis inserere et concilio Jovis ? JJicam msigne, recens, adhuc Indicium ore alio. Non secus in jugis Exsomnis stupet Euias, ^ Hebrum prospiciens, et nlve candidam BOOK m. lie, t. ODE XXVI. onPQ nr, . ODES OF HORACE. Thraccn, ac pede barbaro :i/^s.<^t vacuum nernus M.rarihbet!0! Naiadum potens Bacclmrumque valcntium ' oL^nriSTdeur^^^^^^^^ Cingcntem viridi tempera pampino. 15 '20 89 IS n ODE XXVI. To Venus. Vixi puellis nuper idoneus, ^t militavi non sine gloria • Ba^rbito^"?" defunctumque bello i^arbiton hic panes habebit, l^unalia et vectes, et harpas Oppositis foribus minacesi 10 ml^Zw ^^^*^"'' ^'^^' tenes Cyprum et 10 Memphm carentem Sithonia nive ^ Regma, subbmi flagello ' i^ange Chloen semel arrogantem. m 90 r. 10 15 20 ODES OF HORACE. -25 BOOK III. ODE XXVII. To Galatea, Impios parrae recinentis omen Ducat, et praegnans canis, aut ab agro Rava decurrens lupa Lanuvino, Fetaque vulpes ; Rumpat et serpens iter institutum, Si per obliquum simiJis sagittae Terruit mannos— Ego, cui timebo, Providus auspex, Antequam stantes repetat paludes Imbrium divina avis imminentum, Oscinem corvum prece suscitabo Solis ab ortu. Sis licet feJix, ubicunque mavis, Et memor nostri, Gaiatea, vivas : Teque nee laevus vetet ire picus, Nee vaga cornix. Sed vides quanto trepidet tumuitu Pronus Orion. Ego, quid sit ater Adriae, iiovi, sinus, et quid sit ater Peccet lapyx. Hostium uxores puerique caecos Sentiant motus orientis Austri, et Aequoris nigri fremitum, et trementes Verbere ripas. Sic et Eiflrope niveum doloso Credidit tauro laius ; et scatentem 40 ODE XXVII. ODES OP HORACE. Belluis pontum mediasque fraudes Palluit audax. Nuper in pratis studiosa florum, et .JO Debitae Nymphis opifex coronae, Nocte sublustri nihil astra praeter Vidit et undas. Quae simul centum tetigit potentem Oppidis Creten, Pater ! O relictum Jo 1- iJiae nomen ! pietasque, dixit, Victa furore ! Unde ? quo veni ? Levis una mors est Virgmum culpae. Vigilansne ploro 1 urpe commissum ? an vitiis carenten- -Luciit niiago Vana, quae porta fugiens eburna Somnmm ducit ? Meliusne fluctus Ire per longos fuit, an recentes ^-arpere flores ? Si quis infamem mihi nunc juvencum ijedat iratae, lacerare ferro, et Frangere enitar modo multum amati <-ornua monstri ! Impudens liqui patrios Penates ; 50 Impudens Orcum moror ! O deorum ^1 quis haec audis, utinam inter erre. ' iNuda leones! Antequam turpis macies decentes e^s; n"^~^'"' "'"^^^' tuiiuraeque succus 0^ Uenuat praedae, speciosa quaere rascere tigres. 91 45 m- 111' I'fli 92 60 65 70 75 ODES OF HORACE. Vilis Europe, pater urguet absens, Quid mori cessas ? Potes hac ab orno Pendulum zoiU bene te secuta Laedere colluni. Sivc te rupes et acuta leto Saxa delectant, age, te procellae Crede veloci : nisi herile mavis Carpere pensum, (Regius sanguis !) dominaeque tradi Barbarae pellex. Aderat querenti Pertidum ridens Venus, et remisso Filius arcu. Mox, ubi lusit satis, abstineto, Dixit, irarum calidaeque rixae, Quum tibi invisus laceranda reddet Cornua taurus. Uxor invicti Jovis esse nescis : Mitte singultus ; bene ferre magnam Disce fortunam : tua sectus orbis Nomina ducet. BOOK in. ODE XXVIII. To Lyde. Pesto quid potius die Neptuni faciam ? Prome reconditum, Lyde, strenua Caecubum, Munitaeque adhibe vim sapientiae. mciinare meridiem Sentis : ac, veluti stet volucris dies, 0D5 XXIX. 10 15 ODES OF HOIiACE. 93 Parcis deripere liorreo Cessantem Bibu]i Consulis amphoram ' IMos cantabimus invicem Neptunum, et virides Nercidum ciioros • 1 u curva recines lyra Latonam, et celeris spicula Cynthiae • feummo carmine, quae Guidon Fulgentesque tenet Cycladas, et Paphon Junctis visit oloribus : Dicetur merita nox quoque naenia. ODE XXIX 10 15 To Maecenas, Tyrrhena regum progenies, tibi IN on ante verso lene merum cado turn flore, Maecenas, rosarum et Pressa tuis balanus capiJIis ' Jam dudum apud me est. Eripe to morae Ut semper-udum Tibur, et ^sulae ijeclive contempleris arvum, et 1 elegoni juga parricidae. Fastidiosam desere copiam et Molem propinquam nubibus arduis - Umitte mirari beatae Fumum et opes strepitumque Romae. Plerumque grafae divitibus vices, ^oenae, sine aulaeis et ostro, ^ollicitam explicuere frontcm. 94 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK III. Jam clarus occultum Andromedae pater Ostendit ignem : jam Procyon furit Et Stella vesani Leonis, •20 Sole dies referente siccos. Jam pastor umbras cum grege languido Rivumque fessus quaerit, et horridi Dumeta Silvani : caretque Ripn vagis taciturna ventis. 25 Tu, civitatem quis deceat status, Curas, et urbi sollicitus times, Quid Seres, et regnata Cyro Bactra parent, Tanaisque discors. Prudens futuri temporis exitum 30 Caliginos^ nocte premit deus ; Ridetque, si mortalis ultra Fas trepidat. Quod adest, memento Componere aequns : cetera fluminis Ritu feruntur, nunc medio alveo 35 Cum pace delabentis Etruscum In mare, nunc lapides adesos, Stirpesque raptas, et pecus et domos Volventis una, non sine montium Clamore vicinaeque silvae, 40 Quum fera deluvies quietoa Irritat amnes. Ille potens sui Laetusque deget, cui licet in diem Dixisse, Vixi : eras vel atra Nube polum Pater occuoato. BOOK in. ODE XXX. ODES OF HORACE. 45 50 55 60 95 Vel sole pure : non tamen irritum, Quodcunque retro est, efficiet : neque Uithnget, infectumque reddet, Quod fugiens semel hora vexit. Fortuna saevo laeta negotio, et Ludum insolentem ludere pertinax, 1 ransimitat incertos honores, Nunc mihi, nunc alii benigna— Laudo manentem : si celeres quatit rennas, resigno quae dedit, et mea Virtute me involvo, probamque Fauperiem sine dote quaero. Non est meum, si mugiat Africis Malus procellie, ad miseras preces Decurrere ; et votis paCisci, Ne Cypriae Tyriaeve merces Addant avaro divitias mari. Turn me, biremis praesidio scaphae lutum, per Aegaeos tumultus Aura feret, geminusque Pollux. 5 ODE XXX. Exegi monumentum acre perennius, Kegalique situ pyraraidum altius ; ^ossit diruere, aut innumerablis Annorum serie« et fuga temporum. Non omriig moriar ! multaque pars mei V tabu Libitinam. Usque ego postera ^rescam laude recens, dum C^pitolium II m 96 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK HI. Scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex. 10 Dicar, qua violens obstrepit Aufidus, Et qua pauper aquae Daunus agrestium Regnavit populorum, ex humili potens, Princeps Aeolium carmen ad Italos Deduxisse modos. Sume superbiam 15 Quaesitam mentis, et mihi Delphica Lauro cinge volens, Melpomene, comam. BOOK III. THE ODES OF HORACE. BOOK IV. 5 10 lO ODE I. Intermissa, Venus, diu Rursus bella moves Pam^ «-^ Non sum, quahHram b^nae ''''''' ""'''''' Sub regno Cinarae. Desine, dulcium Mater saeva Cupidinum, Tnl^V"'^'^ •'^^*'^'" ^^^^^re mollibus Jam durum imperils. Abi Quo blandae juvenum te revotant preces Tempestivms in domum ^ ^aulh, purpureis ales oloribus, ^omissabere Maximi, Si torrere jecur quaeris idoneum. Namque et nobilis, et decens, ^t pro sollicitis non tacitus rei^ J^i centum puerartium, l^ate signa feret militia^tuae ; if, I llM\ .1" I I 3 i 11 nil MPtiMfBHI III 11 ;. .! ■ I 93 5i>0 25 30 35 40 ODES OP HORACE. BOOK IV. Et quandoque potentior Largis muneribus riserit aemuli, Albanos prope te laciis Ponet marmoream, sub trabe citrea. lllic plura naribus Duces Uira, lyraeque et Berecyntiae Delectabere tibiae Mixtis carminibus, non sine fistuU ; lllic bis pueri die Numen cum teneris virginibus tuum Laudantes, pede candido In morem SaliOm ter quatient humum. Me nee femina, nee puer Jam, nee spes animi credula mutui, Nee certare juvat mere, Nee vincire novis tempera floribus. — Sed cur, heu ! Ligurine, cur Manat rara meas lacrima per genas ? Cur facunda parum decoro Inter verba cadit lingua silentio ? Nocturnis ego somniis Jam captum teneo, jam valucrem sequor Te per gramina Martii Campi, te per aquas, dure, volubiles. ODE II. To Julus Antoniu», Pindarum quisquis studel aemuJari, Jule, ceratis ope Daedalea Nititur penois, vitreo daturus Nomina ponto. ODE II, ODES OP HORACE. Quern super notas aluere ripas, Seu deos, regesve canit, deorum Sive, quos Elea domum reducit P^a coeIes.es, pugilemveeq.^Lve Klo^I' T"**^ Juvenemve raptum T h ""' """^ "^™"» "vidique SrK^^r^^P-us" Concines mairtro ^^«4 i , «-aesarem, quandoque trahet feroces a 99 i'i'.. 100 35 40 k Ji K 1 1 45 50 55 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK IV. Per sacrum clivunij meriti decorus Fronde, Sygambros ; Quo nihil majus meliusve terris Fata donavere, bonique divi, Nee dabunt, quamvis redcant in aurum Tempora priscum. Concines laetosque dies, et Urbis Publicum ludum, super impetrato Fortis Augusti reditu, forumque Litibus orbum. Tum meae (si quid loquar audiendum) Vocis accedet bona pars : et, O ! sol Pulcher, o laudande, canam, recepto Caesare felix. Tuque dum procedis, lo triumphe, Non semel dicemus, lo triumphe, Civitas omnis, dabimusque divis Tura benignis. Te decern tauri, totidernqpe vaccae, Me tener solvet vitulus, relicta Matre, qui largis juvenescit herbis In mea vota. Fronte curvatos imitatus ignes Tertium lunac referentis ortum, Qua notam duxit, niveus videri, 60 Caetera fulvus. ODE III. ODES OF HORACE. 101 5 10 15 •20 ODE III. To Melpomene. Quern tu, Melpomene, semel Nascentem plucido lumine videris 11 uni non labor Isthmius Clarabit pugilem, non equus impi^er Curru ducet Achaico Victorem ; neque res bellica Deliis Urnatum foliis ducem ^^fcTpiroH^^^^ Sed quae Tibur aquae fertile praeHuunt, i;t spissae nemorum comae, Fingent .Eolio carmine nobilem. Komae prmcipis urbium IJignatur soboles inter amabiles V atum ponere me choros • Et jam dente minus mordeor invido. ^, testudmis aureae Dulcem quae strepitum, Fieri, temperas ; JJ, mutis quoque piscibus Donatura cycni, si libeat, sonum ! lotum muneris hoc tui est, Uuod monstror digito praetereuntium Komanae fidicen lyrae • Quod spiro et placeo, (si placeo,) tuum est. lOQ 'm I'-, '- t 'l 1 «iii" OfiSS OF HORACE. OPE IV. BOOK IV. In praise of Drt'^us. Qualem ministrum fulminis alitcm, ( Cui rex deorum regnum in aves vagas Permisit, expertus fidelem Jupiter in Ganymede flavo,) 5 Olim juventas et patrius vigor Nido laborem propulit inscium, Vernique, jam nimbis remotis, Insolitos docuere nisus Venti paventem ; mox in ovilia 10 Demisit hostem vividus impetus ; Nunc in reluctantes dracones Egit amor dapis atque pugnae : Qualemve laetis caprea pascuis Intenta, fulvae matris ab ubere 15 Jam lacte depulsum leonem, Dente novo peritura, vidit : Videre Rhaetis bella sub Alpibus Drusum gerentem Vindelici ; quibu» Mos unde deductus per omne 20 Tcmpus Amazonia securi Dextras obarmet, quaerere distuli ; Nee scire fas est omnia ; sed diu Lateque victrices catervae, Consiiiis juvenis revictae, 25 Sen?» 3-3, quid mens rite, quid indoles, Nutn. ^j^'^tife; gr.b penetralibuSj Posse: iu Augusti paternus In pi >?^ 0/1 muaus Ner oes. ODE IT. ODES Oi' HORACE. 35 40 45 50 I (Y.i 55 Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis : JO Est ,n juvencs, e«t in equis, patrum Virtus : neque inibellem feroces I'rogenerant aquilae columbam. Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam, Rectique culius n.ctora roborant . Utcunqae defiecere mores, Indecorant bene nata culpae. QaA debeas, o Roma, Neronibus, Tes US Metaurum fllumen, et Hasdrubnl Devictus et pulcher fugatis lUe dies Latio tenebris, Qui primus alma risit adoreu, Dirus per urbes Afer ut Italas, Ceu flammaper taedas, vel Eurus rer biculas equitavit undas. Post hoc secundis usque laboribus Komana pubes crevit, et impio Vastata Poenorum tumuJtu Fana deos habuere rectos : Dixitqua tandem perfidus Hannibal ^ervi, luporum praeda rapacium, bectamur ultro, quos opimus t allere et effugere est triumphus. T ^"^^"^^Jj^ae cremato fortis ab llio Jactata Tuscis aequoribus sacra, ^atosque maturosque patres, Pertulit Ausonias ad urbes, ' " Duria lit Jlov ♦^ L!. — -'^ "^-> luiiBu oipennious . i^igrae feraci frondis in Algido, Ml! 1 '• ;;F'' 104 60 65 70 to ODZS OF HORACE. Per damna, per caedes, ab ipso Ducet opes aniniumque ferro. '' Non Hyara secto corpore firmior Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem : Monstrumve submisere Colchi Majus, Echioniaeve Thebae. '' Merses profundo, pulchrior evenit Luctere, multa proruet integrum Cum laude victorem, geretque Pra^lia conjugibus loquenda. " Carthagini jam non ego nuntios Mittam superbos : occidit, occidit Spes omnis et fortuna nostri Nominis, Hasdrubale interemto. " Nil Claudiae non perficient manus : Quas et benigno numine Jupiter Defend it, et curae sagaces Expediunt per acuta belli." BOOK IV. ODE V. To Augustus. Divis orte bonis, optime Romulae Gustos gentis, abes jam nimium diu • Maturum reditum pollicitus Patrum Sancto concilio, redi. Lucem redde tuae. Dux bone, patriae Instar veris enim vultus ubi tuus /\nuioU, pujjuiu graiior u dies, Et soles melius nitent. BOOK IV. ODE ri. ODES OF HORACE. 105 Votis ominibusque etprecibus vocal Curvo nee faciem iitofe demovl? ' 15 S|c desideriis icta fidelibus Quaent patria Caesarem. 20 Culpari metuit Fides : """' ' Nullis polluitur casta domus stupris • Culpam Poena premitcomeT £^etus, incolumi Caesare ? quis feme Bellum curet Iberiae > Te multa prece, te prosequitur mero 35 E'^"^°P^t«"s: et LaribJs tuum "^ ^/«^^f«"nien,utiGraeciaCasLis i^t magni memor Herculis. Longas O! uUnnm ^.,^ u. - . " «uum Sol oceano subest. 25 106 ODES OF HORAC£. BOOK IV. 1] ii ■M ODE VI. lb Apollo. Dive, quem proles Niobea magnae Vindicem linguae, Tityosque raptor Sensit, et Trojae prope victor altae Pthius Achilles, 5 Caeteris major, tibi miles impar ; Filius quamquam Thetidos marinae Dardanas turres quateret tremenda Cuspide pugnax. Ille, mordaci velut icta ferro 10 Pinus, aut impulsa cupressus Euro, Procidit late, posuitque coUum in Pulvere Teucro. Ille non, inclusus equo, Minervae Sacra mentito, male feriatos 15 Troas et lactam Priami choreis Falleret aulam : Sed palam captis gravis heu neias ! heu ! Nescios fari pueros Achivis Ureret flammis, etiam latentem 20 Matris in alvo ; Ni, tuis victus Venerisque gratae Vocibus, Div6m Pater adnuisset Rebus iEneae potiore ductos Alite muros. 25 Doctor Argivae fidicen Thaliae, Phoebe, qui ^vantiiO lavis umne cnues i Dauniae defende decus Camenae, Levis Agyieu ! i J BOOK IV. ODE VI. ODES OF HORACE. Spintum Phoebus mihi, PhcDbus artem ^0 Carminis, nomenque dedit poetae. Virginum priraae, puerique claris ratribus orti, 107 35 Dehae tutela Deae, fugaces Lyiicas et cervos cohibentis arcu Lesbium servate pedem, meique rollicis ictuin, Rite Latonae puenim canentes. Kite crescentem face Noctilucam, P^osperam frugum, celeremque pronoi 40 Voivere menses: f^^^i^» Nupta jam dices : Ego dJs amicum, Sfficulo festas referente luces, Keddidi carmen, docilis modorum Vatis Horati. ODE VII. To Torquatus. Mutat terra vices : et decrescentia ripas *Iummapraetereunt: tShrs: — -"-'^'»'-'» f "gora mitescunt zeDhvris • v«r r.,^.^.:» 10 interitura, simul * " " ' ' ^' ^^"""' ^*''''"'^' Pomifer auctumnus fruges effuderit: et mox i^ruma recurrit iners. i\ I K * f lll'f »■' 108 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK rv. Damna tamen celeres reparant ccelestia lunae ; Nos, ubi decidimus, 15 Quo pius iEneas, quo dives Tullus et Ancus, Pulvis et umbra sumus. Quis scit, an adjiciant hodiernae crastina sum- Tempora di superi ? [ mae Cuncta manus avidas fugient haeredis, amico 20 Quae dederis animo. Quum semel occideris, et de te splendida Minos Fecerit arbitria ; Non, Torquatc, genus, non te facundia, non te Restituet pietas. 25 Infernis neque enim tenebris Diana pudicum Liberat Hippolytum : Nee Lethaea valet Theseus abrumpere caro Vincula Piri'.hoo. ODE VIII. To Censorinus. Donarem pateras grataque commodus. Censorine, meis aera sodalibus : Donarem tripodas, praemia fortium Graiorum : neque tu pessima munerum 5 Ferres, divite me scilicet artium, Quas aut Parrhasius protulit, aut Scopas, Hie saxo, liquidis ille coloribus Sellers nunc hominem ponere, nunc Deum. Sed non haec mihi vis : nee tibi talium 10 Res est aut animus deliciarum egens. Gaudes carminibus ; carmina possumus Donare, et pretium dicere muneri. ODE VIII. 15 20 25 30 .ODES OJ HORACE. Non incisa notis marmora publicis, (Per quae spiritus et vita redit bonis Post mortem ducibus ; ) non celeres fugae Rejectaeque retrorsum Hannibalis minae Non stipendia Carthaginis impiae, ' Ejus, qui domitd «omen ab Africa Lucratus rediit, clarius indicant Laudes quam Calabrae Pierides : neque Si chartae sileant, quod bene feceris Mercedem tuleris. Quid foret S Mavortisque puer, si taciturnitas Obstaret meritis invida Romuli ' Ereptum Stygiis fluctibus ^acum vT^ P vr^ ^^ ^^"^"^ Potentium Vatum divitibus consecrat insulis. Coelo Musa beat ! Sic Jovis interest Optatis epulis impiger Hercules Clarum Tyndaridae sidus ab infimis Uuassas enpiunt aequoribus rates ■ Ornatus viridi tempora pampino Liber vota bonos ducit ad exitus. 109 o ODE IX. To Lollius. Ne forte credas interitura, quae Longe sonantem natus ad Aufidum Non ante vulgatas per artes Verba loquor socianda chordis. Non, sipriores Maeonius tenet J^edes Homerus, Pindaricae latent, 110 ODES OP HORACE. BOOK IV. H, ■ •! J'' 10 30 25 30 35 Ceaeque, et Alcaei minaces Stesichorique» graves Camenae : Nee, si quid olim lusit Anacreon, Delevit aetas : spirat adhuc amor, Vivuntque commissi calores iEoliae fidibus puellae. Non sola comtos arsit adulteri Crines, et aurum vestibus illitum Mirata, regalesque cultus Et comites, Helene Lacaena ; Primusve Teucer tela Cydonio Direxit arcu : non semel Ilios Vexata : non pugnavit ingens Idomeneus Sthenelusve solus Dicenda Musis proelia : non ferox Hector, vel acer Deiphobus graves Excepit ictus pro pudicis Coujugibus puerisque primus. Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi ; sed omnes illacrimabiles Urguentur ignotique long^ Nocte, carent quia vate sacro. Paullum sepultae distat inertiae Celata virtus. Non ego te meis Chartis inornatum silebo, Totve tuos patiar labores Impune, Lolli, carpere lividas Obliviones. Est animus tibi Rerumque prudens, et secundis 0D£ X. 40 45 50 ODES or HORACE. Ducentis ad secuncta pecuniae: Consulque non unius anni, Sed queues bonus atque fidus Judex honestum praetulit utili, et Rejecit alto dona nocentium Valtu,etperobstantescaterva9 «-xphcuit sua victor arma. Not possidentem multa vocaveris Recte beatum ; rectius occupat Nomen beati, qui deorum Muiienbus sapienter uti, Duramque callet pauperiem pati, P^usque leto flagitium timet, Non ille pro caris amicis Aut patria timidus perire. Ill ODE X. To Ligurinus. Insperata tuae quum reniet pluma superbta 5 Z?=..? r ^ *°''"" *'' Poniceae flore prior rosae £ H^f :':7'': «^•^^^™ verterithfsprdoLT ' Quaemen, eTh!?' " '" 'f^J="'° ^ideris alteram, cur bu aouBu mcolumea non redeunt genae ? 112 ODES OF BORACE. BOOK IV. I ODE XI. To Phyllis. Est mihi nonum superantis annum Plenus Albani cadus : est in horto, Phylli, nectendis apium coronis : Est hederae vis 5 Multa, qua crines religata fulges. Ridet argento domus : ara castis Vincta verbenis, avet immolato Spargier agno. CuRcta festinat manus : hue et illuc 10 Cursitant mixtae pueris puellae ; Sordidum flammae trepidant rotantes Vertice fumum. Ut tamen noris, quibus advoceris Gaudiis : Idus tibi sunt agendae, 15 Qui dies mensem Veneris marinae Findit Aprilem ; Jure soUemnis mihi, sanctiorque Paene natali proprio, quod ex hac Luce Maecenas mens affluentes 20 Ordinat annos. Telephum, quern tu petis, occupavit, Non tuae sortis juvenem, puella Dives et lasciva, tenetque grata Comoede vinctum.. ODE XI. 35 ODES OP HORACE. 25 Terret ambustus Phaethon avaras fepes : et exemplum grave praebet ales 30 Quam licet sperare nefas putando rinis amorum, Non enim posthac alia calebo l-emma, condisce modos, amandi Voce quos reddas : minuentur atrae *^armine curae. 113 10 ODE XII. To Virgil. Jam yeris comites, quae mare temperant Impellunt animae lintea Thraciae • Jam nee prata rigent, nee fluvii strepunt Hiberna nive turgidi. ^ Nidum ponit, Ityn flebiliter gemens, Infelix avis, et Cecropiae domus Aternum opprobrium, quod male barbaras Regum est ulta libidines. Dicunt in tenero gramine pinguium J-ustodes ovium carmina fistula, l^electantque deiim. nn no«„« «♦ ^:-.: i>olles Arcadiae placent. 114 h •!'! I ODES OF HORACE. AdcJuxere sitim tempera, Virgili : Sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum 15 Si gestis, juvenum nobilium cliens, Nardo vina merebere. Nardi parvus onyx eliciet cadum, Qui nunc Sulpiciis accubat horreia, Spes donare novas largus arrnaraque 20 Curarum eluere efFicax. Ad quae si properas gaudia, cum tua Velox merce veni : non ego te meis Immuneni meditor tinguere poculis, Plena dives ut in domo. 25 BOOK IV. Verum pone moras et studium lucri ; Nigrorumque memor, dum licet, ignium, Misce stultitiam consiliis brevem : Dulce est desipere in loco. 5 10 ODE XIII. To Lyce. Audivere, Lyce, di mea vota, di Audivere, Lyce ! Fis anus, et tamen ATis formosa videri, Ludisque et bibis impudens, Et cantu tremulo pota Cupidinem Lentum sollicitas. Ille virentis et Doctae psallere Chiae Pulchris excubat in genis. Importunus enim transvolat aridas Quercus, et refugit te, quia luridi ODE XIII. ODES OF HORACE. 15 ^0 Denies te, quia rugae Turpant et capitis nives. Nee Coae referunt jam tibi purpurae Inclusit volucris dies. 115 Quae me surpuerat mihi, Felix post Cinaram notaque et artium Servatura diu parem ' 25 Cornicis vetulae temporibus Lycen • Pos^ntrnjuvenesviserefervidi Multo non sme risu, Dilapsam in cineres facem. 5 ODE XIV. To Augustus. i^ ems honorum muneribus tuas, Auguste, virtutes in aevum ^er titulos memoresque fastus Tf,;^["^/^^^q"^solhabitabiles --- ':«■'? «JttAiiue pnncipum • vmdelici didicere nuper, ♦ . l!. 'i.''f'; fs' '! f-^'U.' 116 ODES OF HORACE. BOOK IV. Quid Marte posses . Milite nam tuo 10 Drusus Genaunos, implacidum genus, Breunosque veloces,' et arces Alpibus impositas tremendis, Dejecit acer plus vice simplici. Major Neronum mox grave prcelium 15 Commisit, immanesque Rhaetos Auspiciis pepulit secundis ; Spectandus in certamine Martio, Devota morti pectora liberae Quantis fatigaret ruinis ; 20 Indomitas prope qualis undas Exercet Auster, Pleiadum choro Scindente nubes, impiger hostium Vexare turmas, et frementem Mittere equum medios per ignes. 25 Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus, Qui regna Dauni praefluit Appuli, Quum saevit, horrendamque cultis Diluviem meditatur agris : Ut barbarorum Claudius agmina 30 Ferrata vasto diruit impetu, Primosque et extremos metendo Stravit humuni; sine clade victor ; Te copias, te consilium et tuos Praebente divos. Nam, tibi quo die 35 Portus Alexandrea supplex Et vacuam patefecit aulam, Fortuna lustro prospera tertio Belli secundos reddidit exitus, Boex IV. ODE XIV. 45 50 ODES OF HORACE. Uuclrmqueetoptatnnpcractis 4U Imperils decus arro Uuid nos, quibus tp vWo • iJtrumne jussi persequeniur otium An h "'',%""*<="'» ^™»1 ? i^viiiui pectore. imDeilis, ac firmus parum ? i. .1 120 EPODES OF HORACE. EPODE I. ffii-. Comes minore sum futurus in metu, Qui major absentes habet : Ut assidens implumibus pullis avis 20 Serpentium allapsus timet Magis relictis ; non, ut adsit, auxili Latura plus praesentibus. Libenter hoc et omne militabitur Bellum in tuae spem gratiae : 25 Non ut juvencis illigata pluribus Aratra nitantur mea: Pecusve Calabris ante sidus fervidum Lucana mutet pascua ; Nee ut superni villa candens Tusculi 30 Circaea tangat moenia. Satis superque me benignitas tua Ditavit : haud paravero, Quod autj avarus ut Chremes, terra premam, Discinctus aut perdam ut nepos. EPODE II. Beatus ille, qui procul negotiis, Ut prisca gens mortalium, Paterna riira bubus exercet suis, Solutus omni foenore ; 5 Neque excitatur classico miles truci, Neque horret iratum mare ; Forumque vitat, et superba civium Potentiorum limina. Ergo aut adulta vitium propagine 10 Atlas maritat populos, Inutilesque falce ramos amputans Feliciores inserit ; EPODE I. EPODE II. premam, EPODES OF HORACE. 121 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Aut in reducta valle mugientium rrospectat errantes greges ; Aut pressa puris mella condit amphoris, Aut tondet infirmas oves ; VeJ quum decorum mitibus pomis caput Auctumnus arvis extulit, Vt gaudet insitiva decerpens pyra Certantem et uvam purpurae, ' Qua muneretur te, Priape, et te, pater Silvane, tutor finium. Libet jacere, modo sub antiqua ilice, Modo in tenaci gramine. Labuntur altis interim ripis aquae, Uuerunturinsilvisaves, Fontesque lymphis obstrepunt manantibus, Somnos quod invitet leves. At quum tonantis annus hibernus Jovis imbres nivesque comparat, Aut trudit acres hinc et hinc multa cane Ap OS in obstantes plagas ; Aut amite Jevi rara tendit'retia, 1 urdis edacibus dolos ; Pavidumque leporem, et ad venam, laqueo, gruem Jucunda, captat, praemia. ^ '^ Uuis non malarum, quas amor curas habet, liaec mter obliviscitur ? ' Quod si pudica mulier in partem juvet Domum atque dulces liberos, babma qualis, aut perusta solibus rernicis uxor Appuli, Sacrum et vetustis exstruat lignis focum, Uaudensque textis cradbus laetum pecus, Uistenta sjccet ubera ; 122 EPODES OF HORACE. EPODE II. Et horna dulci vina promens dolio, Dapes inemtas apparet ; Non me Lucrina juverint conchylia, 50 Magisve rhombus, aut scari, Si quos Eois intonata fluctibus Hyems ad hoc vertat mare ; Non Afra avis descendat in ventrem meum, Non attagen lonicus 55 Jucundior, quam lecta de pinguissimis Oliva ramis arborum, Aut herb^ lapathi prata amantis, et gravi Malvae salubres corpori, Vel agna festis caesa Terminalibus, - 60 Vel haedus ereptus lupo. Has inter epulas ut juvat pastas oves Videre properantes dornum ! Videie fessos vomerem inversum boves Collo trahentes languido ! 65 Positosque vernas, ditis examen domus, Circum renidentes Lares ! Haec ubi locutus foenerator Alphius, Jamjam futurus rusticus, Omneni redegit Idibus pecuniam, 70 Quaerit Kalendis ponere. EPODE III. To Maecenas. Parentis ohm si quis impia manu Senile guttur fregerit, Edit p.lp.iitis nllinm nnr'Pnfiiio O dura messorum ilia ! 5 Quid hoc veneni saevit in praecordiis ? EPODE II. EPODE ly. 10 15 '20 EPODES OP HORACE. 123 Num viperinus his cruor Incoctus herbis me fefellit ? an malas «^anidia tractavit dapes ? Ut Argonautas praeter omnes candidum Medea mirata est ducem, Ignota tauris illigaturum 'iuga, Perunxit hoc Jasonem . ' ^ ' Hoc delibutis ulta donis pellicem, Serpente fugit alite. Nee tantus unquam siderum insedit vapor Siticulosae Apuliae : ^ Nee munus humeris efficacis HercuJis Inarsit aestuosius. At, si quid unquam tale concupiveris, Jocose Maecenas, precor, Manum puella savio opponat tuo, i^xtrema et in sponda cubet. 10 EPODE IV. Lupis et agnis quanta sortito obtiffit lecummihidiscordiaest, ' Ibericis per-jste funibus latus, U crura dura compede. Licet superbus ambules pecunia l-ortuna non mutat genus. ' Videsne, Sacram metiente te Viam ^um bis trium ulnarum toga * Ut ora vertat hue et hue euntium Liberrnna indignatio ? ^-v-vcu.. «aguius nic iriumviralibus, 1 raeconis ad fastidiunj, AratFalernimille fundi jugera, 124 EPODES OF HORACE. EPODE V. I '" '3 15 20 Et Appiam mannis terit ; Sedilibusque magnus in primis eques, Othone contemto, sedct. Quid attinet tot ora naviuni gravi Rofitrata duci pondere Contra latrones atque servilem manum, Hoc, hoc tribuno militum ?" ODE V. tn ridicule of Canidia. " At, O deorum quidquid in cceIo regit Terras et humanum genus ! Quid iste fert tumultus ? aut quid omnium Vultus in unum me truces ? 5 Per liberos te, si vocata partubus Lucina veris adfuit, Per hoc inane purpura'b decus precor, Per improbaturum haec Jovem, Quid ut noverca me intueris, aut uti 10 Petita ferro bellua ?" Ut haec tremente questus ore constitit Insignibus raptis puer, Impube corpus, quale posset impia MolHre Thracum pectora ; 15 Canidia, brevibus implicata viperis Crines et incomtum caput, Jubet sepulcris caprificos erutas, Jubet cupressus funebres, Et uncta turnis ova ranae sanguine, 20 Plumamque nocturnae strigis, Herbasque, qued lolcos atque Iberia EPODE V. EPODE y. EPODES OF HORACE. 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Mittit, venenorum ferax Etossaaboreraptajeju'naecani..;, Flammis aduri Colchicis. At expedita Sagana per totam domum Spargens Avernales aquas, Horret capilJis, ut marinus, asperis, i^chinus, aut Laurens aper. Abacta nulla Veia conscientia Ligonibus duris humum ijxhauriebat, ingemens laboribus • Uuo posset infossus puer ' Longo die bis terque r^utatae dapis Inemori spectaculo ; ^ Quum promineret ore, quantum extant ao.,.'^ Suspensa mento coroora • ^ " Exsuctauti medulla; etaridumjecur Amoris esset poculum, Interminato quum semel fixae cibo Intabuissent pupulae. Non defuisse masculae libidinis Arimmensem Foliam, Et otiosa credidit Neapolis, ^t omne vicinum oppidum : Quae sidera excantata voce Thessala Lunamque ccelo deripit. Hic irresectum s^va dente livido J-anidia rodens pollicem, ^ox, et Diana, quae silentium regis. Arcana quum fiunt sacra • ^ram atque numen vertite. ^ormidolosae dum latent silvis ferae 125 /f- 126 EPODES OF HORACE. EPODE V. A .< g Dulci sopore languidae, Senem (quod omnes rideant) adulterum Latrent Suburanse canes Nardo perunctum, quale non perfectius 60 Meae laborarint manus. Quid accidit ? Cur dira barbarae minus Venena Medeae valent, Quibus superba fugit ulta pcllicem, Magni Creontis filiam, 65 Cum palla, tabo munus imbutunr?, novam Incendio nuptam abstulit ? Atqui nee herba nee latens in asperis Radix fefellit me locis. Indormit unctis omnium cubilibus 70 Oblivione pellicum. Ah, ah, solutus ambulat veneficae Scientioris carmine. Non usitatis, Vare, potionibus, (O multa fleturum caput !) 75 Ad me recurres : nee vocata mens tua Marsis redibit vocibus. Majus parabo, majus infundam tibi Fastidienti poculum. Priusque coelum sidet inferius mari, 80 Tellure porrecta super, Quam non amore sic meo flagres, uti Bitumen atris ignibus. Sub haec puer, jam non, ut ante, molHbus Lenire verbis impias : 85 Sed, dubius unde rumperet silentium, Misit Thyesteas preces : Venena. maarnum fas nefasaue. non valent Convertere humanam vicem. Diris agam vos : dira detestatio EPODE VI. 90 EPOBES or HORACE. 137 Nulla expiatur victima. « octurnus occurram furor Petamque vultus -imbra curvis unauibu, (Quao V.S Deorum est Manium ) '' 10 15 EPODE VI. Quid immerentes hospites vexas rnnJc Ignavus adversum lupos > ' ^"'' ^um hue inanes, si potes, vertis minas Et me renorsurum petis > ' Nam qualis aut Molossus,' aut fulvus T nnnn Arnica VIS pastoribus, ^^^°"' aualis Lycambse spretus infido ffener Aut acer hostis Bupalo. ^ ' -. -. .JV.XO airy uenie me petivprif Inultus ut flebo puer ? P^^"®''^^ 12S EPODES OF HORACE. EPODE VII. 10 15 20 EPODE VII. To the Roman people. Quo, quo scelesti ruitis ? aut cur dexteris Aptantur enses conditi ? Parumne campis atque Neptuno super Fusum est Latini sanguinis ? Non ut superbas invidae Carthaginis Ronmanus arces ureret ; Intactus atit Britannus ut descenderet Sacra catenatus via : Sed ut, secundum vota Parthorum, sua Urbs haec periret dextera. Neque hie lupis mos nee fuit leonibus, Nunquam nisi, in dispar, feris. Furorne caecus ? an rapit vis acrior ? An culpa ? responsum date. Tancet : et ora pallor albus inficit, Mentesque perculsae stupent. Sic est : acerba fata Romanos agunt, Scelusque fraternae necis : Ut immerentis fluxit in terrain Remi Sacer nepotibus cruor. EPODE VIII. » Rogare longo putidam te sseculo, Vires quid enervet meas ? Quum sit tibi dens ater, et rugis vetus Frontem senectus exaret ; Hietque turpis inter aridas nates Podex, velut crudse bovis. EPODE VII. EPODE IX. KPODES OF HORACE. Onusta baccis ambulet : jBcere pulvillos amant : • EPODE IX. To Maecenas, m"T.'"«""n «Wis carmen lyra, HacDonum, iifoBarbarum? ' dL"E "*".•' """T *''«'° Neptunius "M Jugit, ustis navibus, '" feervis amicus perfidis. Komanus, eheu ! posteri negabiJis Emancipatus feminae, ^ ' Se7vire'n,on^* *"f "l"*^' «* spadonibus •ccrvire rugosis potest ! 129 IW' ^l ! K/* « '( 130 EPODES OF HORACE. EPODE X. 15 Intcrque signa turpe militaria Sol adspicit conopium ! Ad hoc frernentes verterunt bis mille equos Galli, canentes Caesarem ; Hostiliumque navium portu latent 20 Puppes sinistrorsurn citae. lo Triumplie ! tu moraris aureos Currus, et intactas boves ; lo Triumphe ! nee Jugurthino parcni Bello reportasti ducem ; 25 Neque Afficanum, cui super Carthaginem Virtus sepulcrum condidit. Terra marique victus hostis, Punico Lugubre muiavit sagum. Aut ille centum nobileni Cretam urbibus, 30 Ventis iturus non suis ; Exercitatas aut petit Syrtes Nolo, Aut fertur incerto mari. Capaciores affer hue, puer, scyphos, Et Chia vina, aut Lesbia ; 35 Vel, quod fluentem nauseam coerceat, Metire nobis Caecubum. Curam metumque Caesaris rerum juvat Dulci Lyaeo solvere. l4 , . • I •i EPODE X. To the Poet Maevius. Mala soluta navis exit alite, Ferens olentem Maevium. Vi horndis utrumque verberes latus, Auster, memento, fluctibus. Niger rudentes Eurus, inverso mari, EPODE X. EPODE XI. 10 15 EPODES OF HORACE. FractosquG remos differat • Quietiore nee feratur aequore, Quam Gram victorum minus, Quum Palias usto vcrtit iram ab Uio In impmm Ajacis ratem. " ^quantus instat navitis sudor tuis Tibrque pallor luteus, ' ^t Ilia non virilis ejulatio, Preces et aversum ad Jovem • ^u ivoto carinam ruperit ' pP'^^,^"«^ «i Praeda eurvo litore i^orrectainergosjuveris; i^ibid.nosus immolabitur caper, /^t agna Tempestatibus. 131 EPODE XI. To Pettius. Petti, nihil me, «cut antea, juvat Scnbere versiculos amore peUsum gravi • Mol?ih ' ^"' '"^ P""""'^^ «"""es expetit ' ip!!;!.!^*"!^.^^^?^^^' ^^ quo de^titi He.rr li"''''^''' ^"/'* «onorem decutit. ' quanta iuit ! conviviorum et poenitei, In : ^j' h - K '! .ill f •Tl i' till 132 EPODES OF HORACE. IPOOE XII. In quels amantem et languor ct silentium 10 Arguit, et latere petitus imo spiritus. Contrane lucrum nil valere candidum Pauperis ingenium ? querebar, applorans tibi Simul calentis inverecundus deus Fervidiore mero arcana promorat loco. 1 5 Quod si meis inaestuat praecordiis Libera bilis, ut haec ingrata ventis dividat Fomenta, vulnus nil malum levantia; Desinet imparibus certare submotus pudor. Ubi haec severus te palam laudaveram, 20 Jussus abire domum, ferebar incertc pede Ad non amicos heu ! mihi postes, et heu ! Limina dura, quibus lumbos et infregi latus. Nunc, gloriantis quamlibet mulierculam Vincere mollitia, amor Lycisci me tenet ; 25 Unde expedire non amicorum queant Libera consilia, nee contumeliae graves ; Scd alius ardor, aut puellae candidae, Aut teretis pueri, longam renodantis comam. EPODE XII. :?'u ^"TCl- Quid tibi vis, mulier nigris dignissima barris ? Munera cur mihi, quidve tabellas Mittis, nee firmo juveni, neque naris obesae ? Namque sagacius unus odoror, 5 Polypus, an gravis hirsutis cubet hircus in alis, Q,uam canis acer, ubi lateat sus. Qui sudor vietis et quam malus undique membris Crescit odor ! quum, pene soluto, Indomitam properat rabiem sedare, neque illi 10 Jam manet humida creta, colorque IPODE XII. ntium • n >rans tibi ] CO. lividat pudor. m, pede t heu ! gi latus. lam met; t 'es; e, comam. 133 barris ? )besae ? IS in alls, le membris eque ill! "ODES OF Hoa^CE. EPODE xrii. To his friends. Reducet in sedem vice n'? ?'iT ''^"«"^ J^evare dins pectora sollicitudin.bus Nob.l„ ut grandi cecinit Centairu. alumno : 5 134 EPODES OF HORACE. EPODE XIV. " Invicte, mortalis dea nate, puer, Thetide, • Te manet Assaraci tellus, quann frigida parvi Findunt Scamandri flumina, lubricus et Simois ; 15 Unde tibi reditum certo subtemine Parcae Rupere ; nee mater domum caerula te revehet. Illic omne malum vino cantuque levato, Deformis aegrimoniae dulcibus alloquiis." EPODE XIV. To Maecenas. ;* « '. i m Ml 5 10 15 Mollis inertia cur tantam diffuderit imis Oblivionem sensibus, Pocula Lethaeos ut si ducentia somnos Arente fauce traxerim, Candide Maecenas, occidis saepe rogando : Deus, deus nam me vetat Inceptos, olim promissum carmen, iambos Ad umbilicum adducere. Non alitor Samio dicunt arsisse Bathyllo Anacreonta Teium ; Qui persaepe cava testudine flevit amorem, Non elaboratum ad pedem Ureris ipse miser ; quod si non pulchrior ignis Accendit obsessam Ilion, Gaude sorte tua : me libertina, neque uno Contenta, Piiryne macerat. EPODE XIV. EPODE XV. PEODES or HORACE. 135 EPODE XV. • 5 nis OS 10 jando : • mbos 15 yllo norem, rior ignis •^0 J uno To Neaera. O dolitura mea multum virtute Neaera ' Nam s, quid in Fiacco viri est, Sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebif Tibique Pactolus fluat, ' ^ec te Pythagorae fallant arcana renati Form4que vincas Nirea : '' Asreio^r^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^b^^^^^ores: ^st ego vicissim risero. li^ir 136 £PODBS or HORACE. £POD£ XVI. 10 15 •20 25 EPODE XVI. To the Roman People, Altera jam teritur bellis civilibus aetes, Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit : Quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi, Minacis aut Etrusca Porsenae manus, iEmula nee virtus Capuae, nee Spartacus acer, Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox ; Nee fera eaerulea domuit Germania pube. Parentibusque abominatus Hannibal : Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas ; Ferisque rursus oeeupabitur solum. Barbarus, heu ! eineres insistet vietor, et urbem Eques sonante verberabit ungula ; Quaeque carent ventis et solibus, ossa Quirini, Nefas videre ! dissipabit insolens. Forte, quid expediat, communiter, aut melior Malis carere quaeritis laboribus. [pars, Nulla i,\t hac potior sententia : Phocaeorum Velut /rofugit exsecrata ei vitas Agios atque Lares proprios, habitandaque fana Apris reliquit et rapaeibus lupis. Ire, pedes quoeunque ferent, quocunque perun- Notus vocabit, aut protervus Alricus. [das Sic plaeet? an melius quis habet suaderer secunda Ratem oeeupare quid moramur alite ? Sed juremus in haee : Simul imis saxa renarint Vadis levata, ne redire sit nefas ; Ncu con versa domum pigeat dare lintea; quando 2P0DE XVI. EPODE XVI. fiPODES OF HORACE. 137 PadusMatinalaveritcacumina, ■i^on nuc Arcnn /»rtn*«^j:-L . . nus, iiO ssifs- ?* -r,5 Sidonn torserun. cornua namac, 13S EPODES OF HORACE. EPODE XVII. EPODl Laboriosa nee cohors Ulixei. Jupiter ilia pice secrevit litora genti, Ut inquinavit acre tempus aureum ; 65 -^rea dehinc ferro duravit saecula, quorum Piis secunda, vate me, datur fuga. EPODE XVII. To Canidia. If f r la 131 ^ h '- , i, Ym KU HORACE: Jam, jam efficaci do manus scientiae Supplex, et oro regna per Proserpinae, Per et Dianae non movenda numim , Per atque libros carminum valentium 5 Defixa coelo devocare sidera, Canidia, parce vocibus tandem sacris, Citumque retro solve, solve turbinem . Movit nepotem Telephus Nereium, In quern superbus ordinarat agmina 10 Mysorum, et in quern tela acuta torserat. Unxeie matres Iliae addictum feris Alitibus atque canibus homicidam Hectorem> Postquam relictis moenibus rex procidit Heu ! pervicacis ad pedes Achillei". 15 Setosa duris exuere pellibus Laboriosi remiges Ulixei, Volente CircA, membra ; tunc mens et sonus Relapsus, atque notus in vultus honor. Dedi satis suneraue ooenarum tibi, '^0 Amata nautis multum et institoribus. Fugit juventas, et verecundus color EPODE XVII. EPODE XVII. jorum irat. ictorem. it !t sonus r. EPODES OF HORACE. P,..„ "'.""re. nee Oicani fervida Injariosis aridus venTs ferar • ''°"''' """ fc;^i:ire'i°«xrs^^^ 139 it M 1.x . f 140 EPODES OF HORACE. EPODE XVII. C ANI O I A : Quid obseratis auribus fundis preces ? NoA saxa nudis surdiora navitis 55 Neptunus alto tundit hybernus salo. Inultus ut tu riseris Colyttia Vulgata, sacrum liberi Cupidinis ? * Et Esquilini pontifex venefici Impune ut urbem nomine impleris meo? 60 Quid proderat ditasse Pelignas anus, Velociusve miscuisse toxicum ? Sed tardiora fata te votis manent : Ingrata misero vita ducenda est, in hoc, Novis ut usque suppetas doloribus. 65 Optat quietem Pelopis infidus pater, Egens benignae Tantalus semper dapis ; Optat Prometheus obligatus aliti ; Optat supremo collocare Sisyphus In monte saxum : sed vetant leges Jovis. 70 Voles modo altis desilire turribus, Modo ense pectus Norico recludere ; Frustraque vincla gutturi nectes tuo, Fastidiosa tristis aegrimoni^. Vectabor humeris tunc ego inimicis eques, 75 Meaeque terra cedet insolentiae. An, quae movere cereas imagines, • Ut ipse nosti c .riosus, et polo Deripere lunai i vocibus possim meis, Possim cremates excitare mortuos, Desideri'que temperare poculum, Plorem artis, in te nil agentis, exitum ? lis /N. 1^«' oive u EPODC XVII. THE SECULAR HYMN OF HORACE. s Ph(ebe, silvarumque potens Di,». Semper et cu .i S f' *'°'^'"'' Tempore lae"!,; '"' '''"'^ ?'««>"« ^"oSibylini monuere versus ' Vgmeslectas,p„erosque«^,o, 11 : 142 SECULAR HYMN ■W M " 3 20 Diva, producas sobolem, Patrumque Prosperes decreta super jugandis Feminis, prolisque novae feraci Lege maritd Certus undenos decies per annos Orbis ut cantus referatque ludos, Ter die claro, totiesque grata Nocte frequentes. 25 Vosque, veraces cecinisse. Parcae, Quod setnel dictum est, stabilisque rerum Terminus servat, bona jam peractls Jungite fata. Fertilis frugum pecorisque tellus 30 Spicea donet Cererem coroni : Nutriant foetus et aquae, salubres Et Jovis aurae. Condito mitis placidusquc telo Supplices audi pueros, Apollo : 35 Siderum regina bicornis, audi, Luna, puellas ! Roma si vestrum est opus, Iliaeque Litus Etruscum tenuere turmae, Jussa pars mutare Lares et urbem 40 Sospite cursu ; 4 Cui per ardentem sine fraude Trojam Castus ^neas patriae superstes Liberum munivit iter, daturus Plura relictis : AC^ nj rx B», senectuti placidae quietem, . M 00 90 OF HORACE. Jam Fides, et Pax, et Honnr P . Pnscus, el „eglec,'a e?i?e Vii, """"^ Curet ef w» P'**=®« virorun, ^*<;cTe iaud'es. " ^^"-"^ TO 143 ill A ik^- I If-i I ^** i*' tl fj i THE SATIRES Of HORACE. BOOK I. SATIRE I. Contentus viva, l^r ^ ■"""'' '"^ , O fortunati merca2. ' ''"^ ""i"'"^^' ' ^^omento aut rlfo »>,« ,„ Agricolam laud: '^^sl^t''' ^"' ''!^''>"- l^e'--.. . Zlcel''"'''' '><'«' «^eo sunt ™ul.a. "'r^ valont Fabiu.. No .0 .orcr, audi 146 SATIRES or HORACE. BOOK 1. Js . ■*' 15 Quo rem deducam. Si quis deus, En ego, dicat, Jam facium quod vullis : eris tu, qui modo miles, Mercator : tu consultus modo rusticus: hinc vos, Vos hinc mutatis discedite parlibus : eia, Quid statis ? Nolint. Atqui licet esse beatis. 20 Quid causae est merito quin illis Jupiter ambas Iratus buccas inflet, neque se fore postliac Tam facilem dicat, votis ut praebeat aurem ? Praeterea, ne sic, ut qui jocularia, ridens Percurram, quamquam ridentem dicere verum 25 Quid vetat ? ut pueris olim dant crustula blandi Doctores, elementa velint ut discere prima ; h5ed tamen amoto quaeramus seria ludo. I lie, gravem duro terram qui vcrtit aratro, Perfidus hie caupo, miles, nautaeque, per omne 30 Audaces mare qui currunt, hac mente laborem Sase forrc, scnes ut in otia tuta recedant, Aiunt, quum sibi sint congesta cibaria ; sicut Parvula (nam exemplo est) magni formica laboris CMe trahit, quodcunque potest, atque add it acervo. 85 Quem struit, baud ignara ac non incauta futuri: Quae, simul inversum contiistat Aquarius annum. Non usquam prorepit, et illis utitur ante Qiiaesitis sapiens ; quum te neque fervidus aestus Dimoveat lucre, nee hyems, ignis, mare, ferrum; 40 Nil obstet iibi, dum ne sit te dilior alter. Quid juvat immensum to argenti pondus et auri Furtim defossa timidum doponere terri? Quod, si comminuis, vilem redigatur ad assem. At, iii id fit, quid habet pulchri constructus acer- vus? io Miliia frumenti tua triverit area centum, Non tuus hoc capiel venter plus, ac mcus ; ut si Reticulum panis vcnales inter onusto SAT. I. SATIRES OF HORACE. 147 Fort ^^ .s's. ' ^"'« ^anti, quantum habeas "^ |ordid.,sac dives pop2,:tm'r"'°'""' '■"''"''' Sic solitus: Populus mi «M emnere voces Tantalus a labris snkZ7,ZT^^">l'''" "' a^ca. Alumina ; ouid ^,•,l„ " '"o'lenlia capiat ^« fab„,a na^Tm'rt^Lert ,"-'-<'<' '= '"dormis inhians e. /."„ "''"1"« ^accis ^'»<=''. quo valeat "XCufT "" "''^^•'«^• usum? '"«"«US? quem pracjjpat , ranis eniatui- r.i • . f ' 148 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK I. Formidare malos fures, incendia, servos^ Ne te compilent fugientes, hoc juvat ? horum Semper ego optarim pauperrimus esse bonorum. 80 At si condoluit tentatum frigore corpus, Aut alius casus lecto te affixit, habes, qui Assideat, fomenta paret, medicum roget, ut te Suscitet ac reddat natis carisque propinquis. — Non uxor salvum te vult, non filius, omnes 85 Vicini oderunt, noti, pueri atque puellae. Miraris quum tu argento post omni*^ ponas, Si nemo praestet, quern non mereai is, amorem : An sic cognatos, nullo natura labore Qnos tibi dat, retinere velis, servareque amicos : 90 Infelix opcram perdas, ut si quis asellum In campo doceat parentem currere fraenis ! Dcnique sit finis quaerendi ; quoque habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus, et finire laborem Incipias, parlo, quod avebas ; ne facias, quod 95 Ummidius, qui, tam (non longa est fabula) dlveS; Ut mctiretur nummos, ita sordidus, ut se Non unquam servo melius vcstiret, ad usque Supremum tempus, ne se penuria victus Opprimeret, rrietucbat. At hunc liberta securi 100 Divisit medium fortissima Tynda.idarum. Quid mi igitur suades, ut vivam Maenius, aut sic. Ut Nomentanus ? Pergis pugnantia secum Frontibusadversis omponere? non ego, avarum Quum veto te fieri, vappam jubeo ac nebulonem. 105 Est inter Tanaim quidda.n socerunique Viselli. Est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique fines, Quos ultra citraque ncquit consistere rectum. Iliuc, unde abii, redeo. Nemone, ut avarus. Se prohet, at potius laudet diversa sequentesr 1 10 Quodquc aliena capella gcrat distentius uber, SAT. II. SATIRES OF HORACE. 149 Tabescat ? nennAi c^ ^ • . laboretT"^ ' ''"'"= ""1"« ''""C superare K Sir LS^'''-" <>'>-'.• Praeteritum Ssr, '""<=<""'''"^ i"u.n ' Inde fi,, ut raro o,n ' '""°' '"'^' «""'em. Coda, u i c^tivrs 1"'"' '^"P^^^ vi,ae '20 Jam sa.is est : ne 2 cV"'"™" '""^«'n"«- SATIRE II. ^"Te ''-'=""-- err rrpS^^^ Re.po„det.^Laudlr^ ';'','?'"■' "°'« '"«''eri, . . Quinas hie capici ZTL ^"°'^ «"mmis, ^ominaVeciMu; rdrZ"/.'!" '? -.'•'"» -Suet. «-^p-Hb„Mu,,j„r.'^s:?;.„o, I'*l; m 1'! *i N !» 150 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK I. Jupiter, exclamat, simul atque audivit ? At in se Pro quaestu sumtum facit hie. Vix credere possis, 20 Quarn sibi non sit amicus ; ita ut pater ille, Terenti Fabula quern miserum nalo vixisse fugato Inducit, non se pejus cruciaverit atque hie. Si quis nunc quaerat, Quo res haec pertinet ? illuc: Dum vitant stulti vitia, in contraria currunt. 25 Malthinus tunicis demissis anibulat ; est qui Inguen ad obscenum subductis usque facetus. Pastillos Rufillus olet, Gargonius hircum. Nil medium est. Sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas, Quarum subsutu talos tegat instita veste ; .*50 Contra alius nuUam, nisi olente in fornice stan- tem. Quidam notus homo quum exiret fornice, Macte Virtute estO; inquit sententia dia Catonis ; Nam simul ac venas inflavit tetra libido, Hue juvenes aequum est dcscendere, non alienas 35 Permolere uxores. Nolim laudarier, inquit, Sic me, mirator cunni Cupiennius albi. Audire est operae pretium, procedere recte Q,ui moDchis non vullis, ut omni parte laborent, Utque illis multo corrupta dolore voluptas, 40 Atque haec rara cadat dura inter saepe pericla. Hie se praecipitem tecto dedit ; ille flagellis Ad mortem caesus ; fugiens hie decidit acrem Praedonum in turbam ; dedit hie pro corpore nummos ; Hunc perminxerunt calones ; quin etiam illud 45 Accidit, ut cuidam testes caudamque salacem Demeteret ferrum. Jure omnes : Galba negabr... Tutior at quanto merx est in classe secunda ! J^ibertinarum dico, Sallustius in quas [hie si Non minus insanit, quam qui mcechatur. At SAT. ir. SATIRES OP HORACE. Esse ; daret quam'rn " , tZ' iT w'f'''''' Dedecorique foret • vpm L f ' ^^ '^'^' ^«"^no Hocaniat, hoc Jaudat • Mo, tango. • ^^a»*-onani nuliarn e-o alienis, ^ '' '^""'" ""«''ibus unquani abunde ^ ''' '^''^"' '"' "•■>'"•• An 'tibi fist in matrona «n/viii.^ ^ fi» Nomine deceptus Z^„^ j V ^"^ ""^^' ""o Eiclusus fore nmim 1 1 ' '^'■'•o'(^''omt ira ? "> Dispense -fl vpI;» .! _ ' '^ *'. mode rccte ImmiscereVTuo^vifT '"*'"^"'''' P^'*"'''» PUias .^ Quare, ne pceniteaf t poBniteat te, v^^ 15:2 aiATIllES OF HORACE. BOOK I. It If I Desine matronas sectarier,^ undo laboris [tus. Plus haurire mali est, quam ex re decerpere fruc- Nec magis huic, inter niveos viridesque lapillos, 80 Sit licet, hoc, Cerinlhe, tuo tenerum est femar aut crus Rectius, atque etiam melius pei^Tjpe togaloe est. Adde hue quod mercern sine iucis gestat, aperte, Quod vonale habet, ostendit : ncc, si quid ho- m^sa est, Jactal, hahetq w palam, quserit, quo turpiacalet. 85 Regibus hicmos Esi ; jbi eq,>os mercantur, op- erto3 Inspiciunt: ne, si hjuies ut sa^pe, decora Moili fulta pede est, emtorem inducat hiantern, Quod pulchra3 clunes. breve quod caput, ardua cervix : Hoc illi reclc : ne corporis optima Lyncei 90 Contemplere oculis, Hypsa;^ caecior, ilia. Quae mala sunt, spectes. O crus ! O brachia ! verum Depjgis, nasuta, brevi latere, ac pede longo est. Matrona) prajter faciem nil cernere possis, Caetera, ni Catia est, demissa veste tegentis. 95 Si interdicta petes, vallo circumdata, (nam tc Hoc facit insanumj multa; tibi turn efficient res ; Custodes, lectica, ciniflones, parasita?, Ad talos stola demissa, et circumdata palla, Plurima, quoe invideant pure apparere tibi rem. 100 Altera nil obstat. Cois tibi paine videre est Ut nudam ; ne crure malo, ne sit pede turpi ; Metiri possis oculo latus. An tibi mavis Insidias fieri, pretiumque avellier, ante Quammercem ostend' Leporemvenatorui 1 1' 105 hi nive sedetur, posuu/a sic tangere nolit BOOK I. joris [tus. cerpere fruc- sque lapillos, i est femur 3 togatDB est. estat, iiperte, si quid lio- > turpia caiet. Drcantur, op- cora at hiantern, caput, ardua a pal la, re tibi rem. idere est 3de turpi ; navis te not or m dr ire nolit «ATIRES OP HORACE. I53 A (que aistus clJ^ '^' P°''« Dolores. Quid latuili nuid "T T" ""■''™ I"*-". Qufeitre plus woS ".''°'""';a «egatum, Nun. MqZmtuc' '"""«.«'^^'^indere s;ido ? ^^ on ego: nainque parabilem -mm r facilemque • "'**""em amo \ enerem imgno "- ■ ^^"'' ^"»e neque Stet pretio, neonn mn^» * f venire ; Candida recta^^ue TZd^rr J"^" que lon.^a ' "" ''aclenus, ut ne- Ilia et E-er a L, , •' ^ """^"^ ■"''" 'aevun. Nee veref "„e du«, rr"""" ''"°<^'''«^' "«> 130 Desiliat m" ier ,n " °'""' ""^ ' P^'^di lecto Crunb.,s ha ec met r, ." r' r"'"'» ''=•"'«' = 1 ii''^ 154 SATIRES OF HORACF. BOOK I. SATIRE III. Omnibus hoc vitium est cantoribus, inter anricos Ut nunquam inducant animum cantare rogati, Injussi nunquam desistant. Sardus habebat Ille Tigellius hoc. Caesar, qui cogere posset, 5 Si peteret per amicitiam patris atque suam, non Quidquam proficeret : si colHbuisset, ab ovo Usqu;; ad mala citaret lo Bacche ! modo sumniu Voce, modo hac, resonat quae chordis quatuor ima. Nil aequale homini fuit illi. Saepe velut qui 10 Currebat fugiens hostem, persaepe velut qui Junonis sacra ferret : habebat saepe ducentos, Saepe decern servos : modo reges atque tetrar- chas, Omnia magna, loquens : modo, Sit mihi mensa tripes et Conciia salis puri et toga quae defendere frigus. 15 Quamvis crassa, queat. Decies centena dedisses Huic parco, paucis contento, quinque diebus Nil erat in loculis. Noctes vigilabat ad ipsum Mane ; diem toium stertebat. Nil fuit unquam Sic impar sibi. Nunc aliquis dicat mihi, Quid tu ? 20 Nullane habes vitia ? Inimo alia, baud fortasse minora. Maenius absentem Novium dum carperet, Heus tu, Quidam ait, ignoras te ? an ut ignotum dare nobis Verba putas ? Egomet mi is:nosco, Maenius in- quit. " [tari. otultus et improbus hie amor est dignusque no- 25 Quum tua pervideas oculls male lippus inunctis. SAT. III.. SATIRES OF HORACE. I, inter amicos t inihi mensa 155. ^.^ iiaerei . at est bonus, ut nielior ''°ltr"''^-'"'»''''''-cu.;atingeniu. Natura aut et^amll ' .J""" '"^"^'^'^i olim haec "'^' ^"^ etiam ipsa 156 SATIRES OF ItOHACC. BOOK I. V ■4 1' m Sinccrum cupiinus va*^ in-.-ruj-tuiC. Probus quis Nobiscum vivit, mL.jin v'oujissus homo: Illi Tardo cognomen pmgui et danjus. Ilic fugit omnes Insidias, nulliquc malo latus obdit apertum, 60 (Qiuim genus hoc inter vitae versp'^i-j;, ml. acris Invidia atque vigent ubi crimina:) pro bene sano Ac non incjiito fictum asUitumque vocamus. Simplicior «luis et est, qualem me saepe libenter Obtulerhn tihi, Maecenas, ut forte legentem 65 Aut lactam impellat quovis sermone molestus : Communi sonsu plane caret, inquimus. Eheu ! (iuani temere ia nosmet legem sancimus ini- quam ! Nam vitiis nemo sine nascitiy : optimus ilie est. Qui minimis urguetur. Amicus dulcis, ut ae- quuin est, 70 Cum mea compensel vitiis bona, pluribus hisce. Si modo plu4-a mihi bona sunt, inclinet. Ama?i Si volet hac lege, in trutina poiutur eiidem. Qui, ne tuberibus proprii?^ offendat anicum, Postulat, ignoscet vei ^cis iHius ; a< luum es-t, 75 Peccatis veniam poscciiiem reddere rursus. Denique, quatenus excidi penitus vitiuin irae, Cyeterajtem neqm tints- ullis haerentii; cur noii Ponderibus modulisque suis ratio utitur, ac res Ut qiiaeqiie est, ita suppliciis delicta coercet? 80 Si quis eum servum, patinam ni tollr e jussus Semesos pisces tepidumque ligur eri us, In cruce sufiigat ; Labeone insamor nicer Sanr» , dicatur. Quanto hoc furiosius atque Mojus peccaium est : Pauium deliquit amicus ; 85 (Quod nisi concedas, habeare insuavis,) acerbus SAT. HI. SATIRES OP HORACE. «dist., ei fug,«, ut Rusonem debitor «n • Qui nisi, quum fri«tnc ►« «coiior acris, Sustulit esuriens mmno i repugnant ^'- ««"«us Moresque propter '^ ' «'""''•=« "'yuo eubilia Un^uibus e. pugni, .,,„ ,„^,.,„^^ ^^^^^ .^ -■*an, fuit ante Helen» J ' "" "i"'' "''•'''er. Quas Venerem "nee an "nt'"-'"' ""' 1 10 Viribus editiorcaeSZT u t' „" ""''" '■'■^'•""»- Jura invenia metu niu ','■ V ^''''«'^ """'''• Ten,pora s. ia2" „"^"4 , '^;^^'' "'='=^^^«««. Uividit ut bo*^^, dWS (aTT '"''""'"' uivcrsis. lugienda peti/ndis : 15S SATIRES or HORACE. "BOOK I. ft »- ;' r, 115 Nee vincct ratio hoc, tantumdcm ut pcceci idernque, Qui teneros caules alieni fregcrit horti, Kt qui nocturnus sacra aivurn legerit : Adsit Kegula, peccatis quae poenas irroget aequas, Nee scuticu dignuin horribili sectere flagello. 120 Nam ferulu caedas meritum rnajora subire Verbera, non \ereor, quuin dicas, esse pares res Fuita latrociniis, et rnagnis parva rnineris Faico recisurum simili te, si tibi regnurn Permittant htniines. Si dives, qui sapiens est, }'2o Et sutor bonus, ct solus formosus, et est rex ; Cur optas, quod habes ? — Non nosti, quid pater inquit, Clirysippus dicat. Sapiens crepidas sibi nun- quam, Nee soleas fecit ; sutor tamen est sapiens.— Qui r — Ut, quamvis tacet Hermogenes, cantor tamen atque 130Optimus est modulator ; ut Alfenus vafer, omni Abjecto instrumento artis, clausuque toberna Sulor erat : sapiens operis sic optimus omnis Est opifex solus, sic rex. — Ve'llunt tibi barbarn Lascivi pueri, quos tu fuste coerces, 135 Urgueris turba circum te stanto, miserque llumperis et latras, magnorum maxime regum ! Ne longum faciam: dum tu quadrante lavatum Rex ibis, neque te quisquam stipator ineptum Praeter Crispinum £octabitur ; et mihi dulces 140 Ignoacent, si quid peccaro stultus, amici, Inque vicem illorum patiar dcHcta libenter. SAT. IV. m ut pcccct SATIRES or fIOR.iC£. SATIRE IV. 159 Einunciae naris dun,. ! ""'nen.s.juc ; facelus, Nam (uj. hoc Wtiosu^ '^"^oncre versus : ' >0 Ut mag„u™\;tni; al,a°r"''"'l"'=^"'°'' «^iarrulus, aujue pteT/' a ^' ff '»"«'e voiles, acribendi roctef nam f '"'''/"'« 'aborem, Ecce, ' "■"" "' """""'a, nil moror '^ Accta" ^a5^'";P--.': Accipe, si vis, Custodes : vijeam' '?' "^*"" '°'^«^. ''ore, Ut mavis, imi?are "*"" "«''"'" '&»is. Relati, ./^"'^ ^'""'"^' f'tro «5; :r";'r^'- ;''""'» «ea nemo rem. °^'' ""'S" '«"tare timen.is ob banc ^'^«t.od.„,,,„,3ge„„sbocmi„imejuva,,.po.e Ci'lpari dignos. Quem.vi<, ^„j:. _,. , , Aiit au avarilia nut ..>;.«- , t ""^^ '"''"i ; "--•-.« .c;c:Xs!r;j--^ h 160 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK I. Hunc capit argenti splendor ; stupet Albius aere ; 30 Hie mutat merces Biirgente a sole ad eum, quo Vespertina tepet regio ; quin per mala praeceps Fertur, uti pulvis collectus turbine, ne quid Summi deperdat, metuens, aut ampliet ut rem. Oinnes hi metuunt versus, odere poetas. — 35 Fcenum habetin cornu, longe fuge ; dummodo risum Excutiat sibi, non hie cuiquam parcel amico, Et qnodcunque semel chartis illeverit, oinnes Gestiet a fu^no redeuntes scire lacuque, Et pueros et anus. — Agedum, pauca accipe contra : 40 Primuni ego me illorum, dederim quibus esse poetis, Excerpam numero : Neque enim concludere ver- siini • Dixeris esse satis ; neque, si qui scribat, uti nos. Sermoni propiora, putes hunc esse poetam. Ingenium cui sit, cui mens divinior, atque os 45 Magna sonaturum, des nominis hujus honorem. Idcirco quidam, Comoedia, necne, poema Esset. quaesivere ; quod acer spiritus ac vis Nee verbis, nee rebus inest ; nisi quod pede certo Differt sermoni, sermo merus — At pater ardens 50 Saevit, quod meretrice nepos insanus arnica Filius uxorem grandi cum dote recuset, Ebriuset (magnum quod dedecus) ambulet ante Noctem cum facibus. — Numquid Pomponius istis (\udiret leviora, pater si viveret? Ergo 55 !\on CntiC net niffiQ VP!*^!!»>^ rint«c?j^»*iKrkV« ifAfKic Quem si dissolvas, quivis stomachetur eodem. SAT. IV, SATIRES OP HORACE. * v.* XV A U 1* «"o personals paco n„ ' '^' OIi™"r' ■ "'^' "SO quae Magnus uterqJe ti^o?^' '"t' ""'"1"° «Mis • '" ^"n ego ,„,„ Can " ^'""1"^- 'atronum,^ NuCab ''^'""'"'"''•-'-e.uas I ?"! non deVenrIi/ 1'''""/«'» qui rodii aml^™" n, '""""' '^"'«mque dicacis ■ 162 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK I. Fingcre qui non visa potest, commissa tacere 85 Qui nequit ; hie niger est, hunc tu, Romane, cavcto. Saepe tribus lectis videas coenare quatcrnos, E (juibus imus arnet quavis adspcrgere cunctos, Praeter cnin qui praebct aquam ; post hunc (lUOCjUC potusj, Condita (juum verax aperit praecordia Liber. 90 Hie tibi coiiiiis et uibanus, liberque videtur, liitesto nigris ; ego, si lisi, quod ineptus Pastillos liufillus olet, (largonius hircuni, Lividus ei mordax diveor tibi ? Mentio si qua Do Caj)if.ohiii furtis injecta Petilli 95 Te coram fuciit ; dcfendas, ut tuus est nios : Me GapitoHnus eonvictore usus amicocjue A puero est, causaque nieu perinuita rogatus Fecit: et incohunis laetor quod vivit in urbe ! Sed taiiicn ndmiror, quo pacto judicium iiUid 100 Fugerit. — Hie nigrae succus loHginis :. haec est Aerugo mera ; quod vitium procul afore ehartiv Atqueaiiuno prius, ut si quid promittere de mc IVssum ahud vero, promitto. Liberius si Dixero quid, si forte joeosius; lioc mihi juris 105 Cum veniu dabis : Insuevit pater oplimus iioc inc, Ut fugercm, exempHs vitiorum quaeque nolando Quum inc hortaretur, paree, frugaliter, atrjuc Viverem uticonteiitus e© quod mi ipse parasset Nonno vidos, Albi ut male vivat fdius ? utque 1 10 Barrus iuops? magnum documentum, ne patriaiii rem Perdcre quis velit. A turpi mcrelricis amore ^^vSUssi U'wlvJIwiwl. KJvViUill Ui3oiUnU3 313. SAT. IV. SATIRES OP HORACE. ricis amore ^«-nuorer„oeo,,a.eo„eessa,„„„vo„r "^'^'t?; sate,::. a "'' ^»- T.bo„, S" melius, iausa rcdde't.b !"'''""" •^^0 Membra a.';;^^»^"! ^ "'T''^''"' »«"" Sic me ' "^ '""■"' nabis sine cortioe hoc, '"'"' ""''« «"ctorem, quo facns L'nuni ex ju.licibiis selpctU nl,i;„- i, _^ facu, '^" '■<"= '"''oneslum ct inutile •"^'c reneros animol «iL Pa'-ccie cogit • <|ueis ' '"-'^""^ ' «lediocribus, ct I^noscas, viiii« tone^r.*. . r . ;-?i.erabs.:US/---.eV-'*^^ • oiisiliuni pronrium 1V„ ' . "'mcus, cum ~ ■' -'""«-' iJaec ego me* '^<"«sa,i,o,.bn..„b.,„iad.,u,o., IP 164 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK I. Illudo chartis : hoc est mediocribus illis 140 Ex vitiis unum ; cui si concedere nolis, Multa poetarum veniet manus, auxilio quae Sit mihi (nam multo plures sumus), ac veluti tc Judaei cogemus in hanc concedere turbam. I. SATIRE V. ::'M '1 miz^ T ( . I Egressum magna me excepit Aricia Roma Ilospitio modico ; rhetor comes Hehodorus, Graecorum longe doctissimus. Inde Forum Appi, Difiertum nautis, cauponibus atque malignis. 5 Hoc iter ignavi divisimus, altius ac nos Praecinctis unum : nimis est gravis Appia tardis. liic ego, propter aquam, quod erat deterrima, vcntri Indico bellum, coenantes baud animo aequo Exspectans comites. Jam nox inducere terris 10 UmbraS; et coelo diffundere signa parabat: Turn pueri nautis, pueris convicia nautae ingerere. Hue appelle : trecentos inseris! ohe ! Jam satis est. Dum aes exigitur, dum inula Hgatur, Totaabit hora : mali culices ranaeque pahistrcs Avcrtunt somnos : absentem ut canlat amicam Multa prolutus vappa nauta, atque viator Certatim : tandem fessus dormire viator Incipit ; ac missae pastum relpinacula mulae Nouta piger saxo rehgat, stertitque supinus. Jl _,l»_^4 ^^m-m.^wv» «■! r\fr\rmAavCi linfrrm Sentimus ; donee cerebrosus prosilit unus, 15 ^u que Hincn Lusum Narnqu ^^ Hinc n, Quae s |^U( BOOK I. illis olisj lie quae , ac veluti tc turbam. S4T. V. SATIRES or HORACE. Roma liodorus, Inde Forum malignis. lOS Appia tardii". it delerrinia. no aequo icere terris oarabat : autae itos inseris! r, dum niulii que palustrcs| I tat amicam viator iator la mulae supinus. t unus, A — 165 Legati, aversos »nl:/-' "^ '^'^'"'s uterque Cocceiu., CaSl'',rmTp"':'^^^ J,a<:ms iiomo, Antoni ^?^ f ""'ems, ad unsfuem .3. [""rfos Aufidiolt •7™»^™;s:jsal.er,a„ri"c:: lum. mclavum, pmnaeque balii- Postern lu.x- oritur mnho^f^'^""' """"«m- 1« P'o'• . In<)e Rubos fessTZl ''" ""^'^'^' """cis. "5 Carpentcs iter e 'ZT"""' "'P°'« 'o"','"" fan moenia'prr"'S;i,.-^r-J;;r a.l ..,,„« '00 Persuade™' u.U.'creST'^f'" '""'"« '•"» «on ego : na„L le facie sTx T,T , ""ff"'" ^ <)"«'' Sic qui , romitii. i- P'''"', ''<="'«■ «^Ti'lo : 35 Impcrium fore ";,??' "'''"'" ^"^' <="™. noitus, "■' """' 'S"""^ "latrc in|,;. Nunc, Ja"nm7^^ '""° P'"^'^ '"""^. 50 Jure mi,,i in^iu ^'1^!^« "' '""" ''"""""" Anibitione procu™ fT T"'^' P'"^ Mepossumcasu n„/r ^'" ''"='"'« "°" hoc Nulla e.e Hm mil,.^","'';'^ '°["'f »'"'^'"" = Ut veni coram. s2" l.?,!':,?.'.„^'?«'« 'I""! ^^«em. ('"'■a„.„a«,,uepudo;prS:C.rprofari,) Sifi ^ 170 SATIRES or HORACE. BOOK I. i^'4< 1 1 ct ' f ' 1 '*, < ) ll »j *. i 1 ' B 1 ' 1 ml * 1' wn n Non ego me claro natum pat re, non ego circum Me Satureiano vectari rura caballo : [mos,) 60 Sed, quod erani, narro. llespondes, (lit tuus est Pauca. Abeo: ct revocas nono post mense, jubesque Esse in ainicorum numero : magnum hoc ego, Quod placui, tibi, qui turpi sccernis honestum, Non patre procclaro, sed vita et pectore puro. 65 Atqui, si vitiis mcdiocribus, ac mea paucis Mendosa est natura, alioqui recta (vcJut si Egregio inapersos reprendas corpore na3VOs) ; Si neque avaritiam, nequt sordes, aut mala lustra Objiciet vere quisciuam milii ; purus, et insons 70 (Ut me collaudem,) si vivo, et earns amicis ; Causa fuit pater his, qui macro pauper agello Noluit in Flavi lu Jum me mittere ; magni Quo pueri magnr f- enturionibus orti, Laevo suspensi lr»v;4iif s tabulamque lacerto, 75 Ibant, octonis itkantes Idibus a)ra. Sed puerum est aususRomam portaro docciRlum Aries, quas doceat quivis eques atque senator Semet prognatos: vestcm servoscjue sequenles In magno ut populo, si quis vidisset, avit4 SO Ex re praeberi sumptus mihi crederet illos. Ipse mihi custos incorruptissimus omnes Circum doctores aderat. Quid multa ? pudlcum ( Qui primus virlutis honos) servavit ab omni Non solum facto, verumopprobrioquoque turpi: 85 Nee timuit sibi no vitio (juis verteret olim, Si pra?co parvas, aut (ut fuit ipse) coactor Mercedes sequerer. Neque ego essem questus. Ob hoc nunc JiUUs ilii debelur, et u mu gratia niajur. Nil me panitcat sanum patris hujus j eoque SAT. VI, SATinES OF HURACE. 171 90 N...1, ut magna dolo faclt.m noiral esse ,im „„ Quod non ingenues l,abc«t cla^.^rp ^^f;/'' A M;r- ^■"" *' "atura jubcret A certis annis acvun, remcarc pcractum 95 A.„ue a,.o, leguo ad fas.um ..'uoscu.^fuo parcn- Optaret sibi quiaiuo ; mcis contentus honoato, Fasc.bu3 ct sellis nollen, .nibi suniere domen, Jud.c.0 vulgi, sanus forlassc tuo, ,,uod Noljcm _ onu, h,„j „„.,„,„ .„,.,< ^ ^^^^^^ _^^_ 100 Nam mihi continuo major quacren.la foret res A quo snlu.andi plures ! duie„,l„. et unu ' Lt comes ater, u.i „e solus rusve percgreve lOG I e Tet LlHl " '• n """• ^""^ "''" -«» nr ; .' ^*^'' ^' ^'^ct, usque Tarentum Ma„t.a^cu. lumbo, oncre ulcire, riue^q.es Objiciet nemo sordcs mihi, quas tibi Tnlli Saepe forum ; adsisto divinis ;' indc domum me iorrnitum, non solliciti eras miiii quod MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ 2.8 2.5 II == ■■■ „„ 1^ IIIIJ£ 2.2 1^ tT 13-6 •^ 14.0 US ■■■ 2.0 u. •- u t^HU. 1.8 =. — 1.4 1.6 ^ APPLIED IN/HGE Inc 165J East Main Street Rochester, New York 14609 (716) 482 - OJOO - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax USA 172 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK I. 120S urgendum sit mane, obeundus Marsya, qui se Vultum ferre negat Noviorum posse minoris. Ad quartam jaceo ; post banc vagor, aut ego, lecto Aut scripto quod me taciturn juvet, ungor olivo, 125 Non quo fraudatis immundus Natta lucernis. Ast ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum Admonuit, fugio cam j- urn lusumque trigonem. Pransus non avide, quantum intcrpellet inani Ventre diem, durare, domcsticus otior, Hacc est 130 Vita solutorum miseril ambitione gravique. His me consoler victurum suavius, ac si Quaestor avus, pater atque meus, patruusquc fuisset. SATIRE VII. Proscripti Regis Rupili pus atque venenum Hybrida quo pacto sit Persius ultus, opinor Omnibus et lippis notum ct tonsoribus esse. Persius hie permagna negotia dives habcbat 5 Clazomenis, etiam lites cum Rege moleslas ; Durus homo, atque odio qui posset vincere Pve- gem, Confidens, tumidusque, adeo sermonis amari, SisennaSj Barros ut equis praccurreret albis. Ad Regem redeo. Postquani nihil inter ut- rumque 10 Convnnlt • fhnn rtonlrn sunt nmnpa iuro mnlnsli. SAT. VII. SATIRES or HORACE. 173 15 "",^'"^"^--'--.•"«^„0 inter Aehi,. Ditem Asian Ri,i|i^;"'°f'«<^""« '<=nente 20 Compositus melius cum BitLo l?n.M • Acres procrirnn.f „, Mcchms. In ins 2^» Appellat comitcs ewonir. p InvisumagricoSst^n?^ S''' """"<='" '"""'^ !♦'• 174 BOOK I. SATIRES or HORACE. SATIRE VIII. dim truncus eram ficiilnus, inutile lignum, Quum faber, incertus, scamnum facer*tne Pria- pum. Maluit esse deum. Deus ''u'le ego, furum aviumque Maxima formido ; nam furcs doxtra coercei, 5 Obscoenoque ruber porrectus ab inguine palus ; Ast importunas volucres in vertice arundo Terret fixa, vetatque novis considere iu hortis. Hue prius angustis ejecta codavera cellis Conservus vili portanda l«cab:it in area. 10 Hoc miserae plebi stabat connnune sepulcrum. Pantolabo scurrae, Nomentai.o(|ne nepoti. Mille pedes in fronte, irecentos cippus in agruni Hie dabat ; hercdes monumentum ne sequcre- tur. Nunc licet Esquiliis Imbitarc salubribus, atquc, 15 Aggere in aprieo spatiari, qua modo tristes Albis informem spectabant ossibus agrum, Uuum mihi non lantum furescjuo feraequc. suetae Hunc vexare locum, curaesunt atque labori, Quantum, carminibus quae versani atque veuenis '20 Humanos animos ; has nuUo perdcre possum Nee prohibere modo, simul ac vaga Luna de- corum Protulit OS, quin ossa legant, lierbasque nocentes. Vidi egomet nigra succinctam vaderc pallCi Canidiam, pcdibus nudis, passoque capillo, 25 Cum Sagana majore uluiuntem (Palior utrf squc Fecerat horrendas aspectu) scali)ere terram -/ . ^ SAT. IX. SATIBES or HOBACE, ie sequere- 175 Ungmbiis, et pullam divellerp mn-j' A'anes elicerent anima«?„ confusus, ut inde sa^vam ' "''"^^'«n vocat altera. 35 ll7:aS:r„err"'" '"''"« ^'<'-- Mentior at si S ne ,1™^="' '*.'<='« »^P"'<=ra. catum ' "^" '^*"'^' •"'««•« atque ca- Julius et frasilis Peilini.^ r ^0 Singula ^^^JlnelT^ '^"' ^"^^""«• ^t:;uri^^fc--enttHsteetacutu.P ■«■gior arseric i^nis et \f °'"^ ^^*"^^ Diffisk /ate C^ ^^"r -^ vesica, pepedi, Canidi^ den es ai «m^ '^"7^'*^ '» "rbem : E^cidere, atque heZ. T^ caliendrun «^norisuquejocoquevideres. «SATIRE IX. Ibam forte Via sacra, .icp* jne-, - - ^escio quid n^P/^lfo.. ^^ ^'^^ '"Os, 50 176 SATIRES or HORACE. BOOK I. Hh 5 Arieptaqtie manu, Q;uid agis, dulcissime, re- mm '! [ qu(B vis. Suaviter, ut nunc est, inquain ; et cupio, omnia Quum asscctarclur, Num quid vis? occupo. •Atille, Noi'is nos, inquit ; docti sumus. Hie ego, Pluris Hoc, inquani, inihi eris. Misere discederc qua) re lis J I e modo ooins. interdiim consigtere, in aiircm 10 Dicere nescio quid puero ; quum sudor ad imos Manaret talo^ : O te, Bolanc, cerebri Felicem ! aicbarn tacitus. Q[ium quidlibet illc Garriret ; vicos, nrbcin laudaret : ut illi Nil rcspondcuam, Misere cupis, inquit, abire, 15 Jam dudnm video: sed nil agis : usque tenebo : Prosequar. Illnc, quo nunc iter est tibi ? Ml opus est te Circumagi : qucndam volo visere nan tibi no- tum ; Trans Tiberim lange ciil)at is prope Ceesaris hortos. — Nil habeo quod agem, et noa sum piger ; usque sequar te. 20 Demitto auriculas, ut iniqua? mentis asellus, Q,uuni gravius dorso snbiit onus. Incipit ille ; Si bene me novi, non Viscum pluris amicum. Non Vcirium, fades : nam quis me scribere plurcs Aut citius possit versus? quis membra moverc 25 MoUiut. 1 invideat quod et Hermogenes, ego canto. Interpelkindi locus hie erat : E^t t^bi mater, Cognati. quis ie salvo est opus? Ilaud mihi quisiiuam-j SAT. IX. )igef ; usque SATIRES OF HORACE. y^^nes composui. Felices' N., Dfl^ebat ; quod nTfeetseTrw ''^•^^'''''''' •Si m<; amas inr, i, ,! ',' P^'^''<"'e litem. Tene relinqwam, an rem M. , durum est ^ ^^" ("' contendere '?'"',f"'-c.e, mode. Domvs ZT"' '"''-'' ullaest, ^omv.s /lac nee purior n 'fii mi t ii^ i ' - w 1 «: ii " t I ii', '■ iv' 'la' ■■■ I "I 1 •: f 178 SATiBES OF HORACE. BOOK I 50 Nec magis his aliena malis ; nil mi officit inquani, Ditior hiQ aut est quia doctior , est locus uni- Cuique suus. Magnum narras, vix credibile. Atqui Sic habei. Accendis, quare cupiam magis iW Froximus esse. Velis tantummodo, qua. tua virtus, 55 Expugnahis. Et est qui oinci possit ; eoqui Difficiles aditus primos habet. Haud mit deero : Muneribus servos corrumpam : nan, hodie si Exclususfuer'o, desistam : tempora qucBram Occurram in triviis, deducam. Nil sim magna, 60 V'ita labore dedit mortalibus. Haec dum agu ecce, Fuscus Aristius occurrit, mihi carus, et ilium (iui pulchre nosset. Consistimus : Unde venis et Quo tendis ? logat, et respondet. Vellerc caepi Et prensare manu lentissima brachia ; nutans 65 Distorquens oculos, ut me eriperet. Mai: salsus Ridens dissimulare ; meum jeeur urere bills. Certe, nescio quid secreto velle loqui te Aiebas mecum. 3Iemini bene ; sed meliore Tempore dicam : hodie tricesima sabbata vi7i' tu 70 Curtis Judms oppedere 7 Nulla mihi, inquamj Relligio est. At mi : sum paulo infirmior imus BOOK I U ml officii it locus uni- nx credibile. m magis ill >do, qucB tun ssit ; eoqm Haud mit m, hodie si '•a qucBram Nil svv lec dum agii 3, et ilium Undo vems- et. Vellerc a ; nutans 3eret. Mai. rere bilis. mi te ed meliore na sabbata nihi, inquanij ;/o injirmior SAT. X. SATIBES or HOEACE. ITS} Multorum: isno^rp^ • i- ^ cinesolem" ''''^ "^*«^ ^oqmr. Huno lam nigrum surrexemihi» i? • me '"^^" • Fugit improbns. ac Sub cultro linauif r 75 Adversarius, el Lo^r/^"!t obvius ill, ^nclamat vo^e • et /,w ^""T'''"^'' ^^gnil Oppono auri:ulam.^lar^'^^^«''^"^ ^«"^^^- utrinque; ^^apu m jus: clamor t^ndique concursus s.v rv, • ^'^ '"e servavit Apollo. SATIRE X. Est quo virnulior u "^ '*"'«« '««. i^hortatus, tit «««/ 1 " /umbus udis Grammaticorum Zv ^'^''"' '^o^t'a- ,l;t non hoc feteatur ? A? iT '""P'« «^'. Urbem defricuit cLtiL a""' '^'""^ «'e muiir, Nee tamen hoc tri W„ ."l"'" «^«'«m • ^ nam sic "''"'"'' ''^''"i"> quoque cetera ■ i-f ^f' ■ f! in m I-' 1 W- ' mfi' <.'■ ' 1' ; ', ' t ™ i . ,11' ;■'•: if-- - ; v!,^ 1^0 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK I. Est brevitatc opus, ut currat senientia, neu sc K» Impcdiat verbis lassas onerantibus aures ; Et seimone opus est niodo tristi, srepe jocoso, Defendente viccm modo rhetoris atque poeta . tntcrdum urijani, parccntis viribus, atque Extcnucintis eas consulto. Ridiculum acri 'lo Fortius et melius niagnas plcrumquo secat res. [Hi, scripta quibus comocdia prisca viris est, Hoc stabant, lioc sunt itnitandi, quos ncquc pulciier Mcrmogenes uiKiuam legit, neque siniius iste, Nil prtEter Calvum et doctus cantare Catulhuii 20 At mui^num fecit, quod verbis Graica Latinh Mhcuit. O acri studiovuni ! quine putetis DifFicile ct mirum, Rhodio quod Pitholeonti^ Conti^it "- At senno lim^ua concinmis utraqw . Siiavior, ut Chio vota si commixta Falerni est. •25 Quuni versus facias, te ipsum percontor, an ct quum Dura tibi peragenda rei sit causa Petilli ? vScilicet oblitos patriteque patrisque Latini, (iuum Pedius causas exsudet Puplicola, atfjui Corvinus, patriis intermiscere petita Verba foris nialis, Canusini more bilinguis r Atqui, ego quum GrjECOs facerem, natus man I citra, Versiculos, vetuit tali me voce Quirinus, Post mediam noctem visus, quum somnia vera •' In sdvam non ligna feras insanius, ac si Mannas Gra^corum malis implere catervas.'' Tursidus Alpinus jugulat dum Memnonsj dumque ^.0 35 Oenn git Rheni luteum cajjul ilOJC c^u iuuv Qu3c nec in £ede sonentcertantia. judiceTarpii BOOK I. tia, neu sc Lures ; cpe jocoso, [jue pocUi atque urn acri e secat res. viris est, quos nc(iiK liniius iste, ire Catullunr raica Latinh e putctis itholeonti nnus utraqm a Falerni esl- contor, and etilli ? I Latin j, icola, atcjui a ilinguis r n, natus man irinus, somnia vera s, ac si :atervas.'' n Memnonsj ^ ^~^ ii./i/-. e c^u luuv judice Turn SAT. X. SATIRES OF IIOBACE. 1^1 ^"'iUoluk!" '"'"'" ^"""-^ i'erum spcctan,,, f'ac<^'"*- A'quo quibidam a , „T"" ^'"""^^ possom, ' ""-''"s wuod scriherc '" At di.Y , fluere l,„nl i. , ^"'''-' coroiiam. Tu nihil in ma-no d,l '"*-■"''''• Agequmso IVoh ridet versus P^ ^ ^"'=''"'' ^cc, ~- "■' Comis et urban ,s ; fnerhlil^'?^' '"')"'a'-'-' I ^aam rudis ot Grids "ti^'' '^*''"' Quamque poeterZ " ^'' '^amiinis auctor Si forel iJoTZ ^T-r '""''' ■' ^^'l '"'^ Uetereretsibim,i,"'''f '*''"''" a^™")- ^"f; eiin versufaciencio 1.', i (■ s. lit;! '■'v 182 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK I. iO SiTpe caput scaberet, vivos et rodcret ungues. Sffipe stilum vertas, iteruin, quoj digna legi sint. Scripturus ; nequc, te ut miretur turba, labores : Contcntus paucis lectoribus. An tua demcns Vilibus in ludis dictari carmina nialis ? Xon ego : nam satis est, equitem mihi plaudcrc, ut audax, Contemtis aliis, explosa Arbuscula dixit. Men' moveat cimex Pantilius ? aut cruciet, qnod Vellicet absentcm Demetrius ? aut quod ineptus SO Fannius Hermogenis Iccdat conviva Tigelli ? Plotius et Varius, Maecenas Virgiliusque, Valgius, et probet hsec Octavius optimus, atquc Fuscus ; et haec utinam Viscorum laudet uterque' Ambitione relegata, te dicere possum, 85 Pollio, te, Messala, tuo cum fratre ; simulquc Vos, Bibule et Servi ; simul his te, candide Furni Complures alios, doctos ego quos et amicfi's Prudens pisctereo, quibus heec, sunt qualiacum- que, Arridere velim ; doliturus, si placeant spc 90 Deterius nostra. Demetri, teque, Tigelii, Discipularum inter jubeo plorare cathedras. [, puer, atque meo citus base subscribe libcllo. r^i "V, i THE SATIRES OF 'I OR A C E. BOOK JI. ■r: SATIRE f. Composui, pars esse ' 2t , f ""' ^"'''l""! ^nquis, '«xuiescas. JVe faciani, Oninino versus ^ A • r> Optimum erat ;' ve,„n; „„"■""" ,"'^'«. «' "on uncli "' ""liioo dormire. Ter „ '/S.~e meroTubTctr'^ °P"^ '■•''°- ' ^"'' ^i 'antus amor scribend T.'"^"' ''="'<^""'- fesans invicti 'res dicere m, „ HT' '""'« Defirlnp, . " "'• ^"P'd'im, pater nn.;,... .. .., ^"mina'„e:X:,^'"'Huivishorren'.iapi,W'"^ nm^ « 1'^ ,( }i!i, ; I i \m (* isi SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK 11, .) Atiamen et justum poteras et scribere fortem : Scipiadam ut sapiens Lucilius. Haud mihi deero.. Uuni res ipsa feret. Nisi dextro tempore Flacci Verba per attentam non ibunt Caesaris aurem ; 20 Cui male si palpere, recalcitret undique tutus. Quanto rectius hoc, quam tristi laidere versu Pantolabum scurram, Nomentanumqae nepotem ' ' iuum sibi quisque timet, quamquam est intactus. et odit. Quid faciam? saltat Milonius, ut semel icto Accessit fervor capiti, rjumerusque lucernis. Castor gaudet equis, ovo prognatus eodem Pugnis ; (]uot capitum vivunt, totidem studioruni Miliia. Me pedibus delectat claudere verba Lucili ritu, nostrum melioris utroque. ^50 llle velut fidis arcana sodalibus olim Credebat libris ; neque, si male cesserat, unquam Decurrens alio, neque si bene : quo fit, ut omnis Votiva pateat veluti descripta t ibella Vita senis. Sequar hunc, Lucanus an Appulus anceps : .'it5 Nam Venusinusarat finem sub utrumque colonu.< Missus ad hoe, pulsis (vetus est ut fama) Sabellis, (iuo ne per vacuum Romano incurreret hostis; Sive quod Appula gens, seu quod Lucania hel- ium Incuteret violenta. Sed hie stilus haud petet ultra Q,uenquam animantem ; ct me veluti custodict j ensis Vagina tectus ; quern cur destringere coner Tutus ab infestis latronibus ? O pater, et rex lupiter, ut pere?t positum robigine telum. Nee quisquam noceat cupido mihi pacis ! at ilk V) BOOK ir SAT. I. SATIRES OF HORACE. 3rat, unquam fit, ut omnis Grande malum Fur us si 0,^™"'' ''^"«""■" ' '0 Ut. quo quisque va et LV, '^ ^""^"^ «'=»«« Irnperethoo Naturapotens'^'^^ n™="' ""l"« Dente lupus, cornu taurus ne > T '"'"="™ ■ Monstratum ? Scfevl vilf ""''^' "'«' '"«"s Matrem ; nil facieS ■'""'^"' "ede nepoti petit bos;) '"P"' li^^raius"!, "eque, dente fc>itoiar'"^'''^«°-''--.a. "'■:U-= --rs:rC^'.a1usserit " ^1r ^''' ^■'-' -i^-. color. O pue. „." Vitalis, metun • /^* « • ausus '• ^""l • $fa 190 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK !I. "tI Iff I . I Et fruslra mortis cupidum, cum deerit egenti As, laquei pretium. Jure, inquit, Trausius istis lOOJurgatur verbis: ego vectigalia magna Divitiasque habeo tribus amplas regibus. Ergo, Quod superat, non est, melius quo insumere possis ? Cur eget indiguus quisquam te divite ? quare Templa ruunt antiqua Deum ? cur, improbe,carae 105 Non aliquid patria tanto emetiris acervo ? Uni nimirum tibi recte semper erunt res ! O magnus pdsthac inimicis risus ! Uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius ? hie, qui Pluribus assuerit mentem corpusque superbum ? 110 An qui, conientus parvo metuensque futuri, In pace, ut sapiens, aptarit idonea bello ? Quo magis his credas, puer hunc ego parvus Ofellum Integris opibuu ovi non latius usum, Quam nunc accisis. Videas metato in agello 115 Cum pecore et gnatis fortem mercede colonum. Non ego, narrantem, temere edi luce profestA Quidquam prseter olus fumosa; cum pede pernsB; Ac mihi, seu longum post tempus venerat hospes Sive operum vacuo gratus conviva per imbrem 120 Vicinus, bene erat, non piscibus urbe petitis, Sed pullo atque haedo ; tum pensilis uva secundas Et nux ornabat mensas cum duplice fica. Post hoc ludus erat culpa potare magistra ; Ac venerata Ceres, ita culmo surgeret alto, 125 Kxplicuit vino contractae seria frontis. Saeviat atque novos moveat Fortuna tumultus : Quantum hinc imminuet ? quanto aut ego par- r>!ll -J Qilt irr\o O pueri, nituistis. ut hue novus incola venit ? SAT. HI. SATIRES OF HORACE. j^j Ilium aut nequities;auTrafri Iw' ''''?""' '"^ : Nuncager Umbi-Pni „,t • "^ "^'^^- 135 Nunc mihi, nunc alii n • '^^'^ '" "sum ^o«.a,uc adve.ro';p.„^r;- ^^^^^^^^ SATIRE III. ipsis ^^"^^* ^uid fiet? At Dradi'ru^""'^*--'go Culpanr'fSXT'r •■ ""P"' »" «« ' Iratisnatus paries Dsata.^T' •"'''''« '"'^«t Atqu vultus erat mnl, ^ ® P°*'"- 10 Si vacuum epTdoeel'e?^^^'"'"'^ Ponendum a^'quo^^mT "^j ° ! %"»'''' , deaeque, "' 'e, Damasippe, Janum '^s-4^«.„ vuijiis res mea t92 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II. Ad medium fracta est, aliena negotia euro, "20 Excussus propriis : dim nam quoerere amabam. Quo vafer ille pedes lavisset Sisyphus aere, Quid sculptum infabre, quid fusum durius esset Callidus huic signo ponebam millia centum : Hortos egregiasque domes mercarier unus '25 Cum lucro noram ; unde frequentia Mercuriale Imposuere mihi cognomen compita. Novi, Et morbi miror, purgatum te illius. Atqui Emovit veterem mire novus, ut solet, in cor Trajecto lateris miseri capitisque dolore ; 30 Ut lethargicus hie, quum fit pugil, et medicum urget. [ ne tc Dum ne quid simile huic, esto ut hbet. O bone. Frustrere ; insanis et tu stultique prope omnes, Si quid Stertinius veri crepat ; unde ego mira Descripsi docihs prajcepta hrec, tempore quo me 35 Solatus jussit sapientem pascere barbam, Atque a Fabricio non tristem ponte reverti. Nam male re gesta, quum vellem mittere operto Me capite in flumen, dexter stetit, et, Cave faxis Tc quidquam indignum : pudor (inquit) te malus angit, 40 Insanos qui inter vereare insanus haberi. Primum nam inquiram, quid sit furere ; hoc si erit in te Solo, nil verbi, pereas quin fortiter, addam. Quem mala stultitia, et quemcunque inscitia veri I Caecum agit, insanum Chrysippi porticus et grex 45 Autumat. Hajc populos, haec magnos formula] reges, Except© sapiente, tenet. Nunc accipe, quare Desipiant omnes aeque ac tu, qui tibi nomen Insane posuere. Velut silvis, ubi passim I- D .®^"' r ^ut.dius ^'ctantis o BOOK II. SAT. 111. S^TIHES OP HORACE. 193 unus utrique «extrorsum abit , Hic fossa est in-en. f u- "^^S-natis, pate/ «; ;*,f'Pe,quodnunnuamredff "f ^"^ ? Es.o June inRanMo • ' . '^^""asinihi «?i *;k- j- Referr ? ^"^' «^ acceperis ^ n ' "^'«^am, E%ie.Srh;"irj """«'>''''« ca,e„as. ^"um nnmo • sceJeratifs vinr„/o d ' P„„!?."'' '^'^'^"■"''"'' — - bene, hi 1!)1 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II HI 1 Wii 'i 1^ 11! ^^^H'' '4 "1 . ^^K'''1' 11 1 H Ih J w 1 mm 1 1 i J ■ml Li 1 1 Audirc, alque togam jubco com pen ere. quisquis Ambhiono inaUl out argcnti pallet ainorc, Quisquis luxuriu trislive supcrslitione, ^0 Aut alio mentis niorbo calet ; liunc |)ropius mc J)um doceo insaiiire omncs vos, ordine adite. Danda est hellebori multo pars maxima avaris Nescio an Anticyrani ratio illis destinet omncni. H:credcs Staberi summam incidere sepulcro : 85 Ni sic fecissent, gladiatorum dare centum Damnati populo paria, atque epulum, arbitrio Arn, * Frumenti quantum metit Africa. Sivc ego pravc Sou recta hoc volui ; iie sis patruus milii. Credo Hoc Staberi prudentem animum vidisse. Quid ergo iH) Sensit, quum summam patrimoni inculpere saxo n IB redes voluit ? Quoad vixit, credidit ingcns Pauperiem vitium, et cavit nihil acrius ; ut, si Forte minus locuplesuno quadrante perigset, lj)se videretur sibi nequior : omnis enim res, i)5 Virtus, fama, decus, divina humanaque pulchris Divitiis parent ; quas qui construxerit, ille Ciarus erit, fortis, Justus. Sapiensne? Etiam' et rex, Ta quidquid volet. Hoc, vcluti virtute paratum I Speravit magnce laudi fore. Quid simile isti lOOGifncus Aristippus, qui servos projicere aurura| In media jussit Libya, quia tardius irent Propter onus segnes ? Uter est insanior horum] Nil agit exemplum, litem quod lite resolvit. Si quis emat citharas, emtas comportet in unuiii| 1 05 Nee studio citharae, nee Musae deditus ulli ; S A I scaiprii Ci lurrfmS nui versus mercaturis «.-.«.^n irnl!) delirus et amens ven ^ncoJun hoc ^"Vec fen /n tu r( '^"^ Ac non h matri Quin ex iVil sane BOOK II. ■ Si^T. lU, SATIIIES OP HORACE. I9r> J or ectus vigilet cum lon»„ J "'"<'" «ccr-u„, ,,.^;= Po'ius f.Wiisp„: "v42''"S"« ff'anu,n "' '''^ ^J, posit s inhJri • ^^scatur amar s • P«'etacetum;a4 ie,« """" """"'"^ •' acre Octoginia an, os'muf ''^""«""«incubot unde Mwima pars liorai^u"™ «It"!"^' ^° T'od * ' Dis inimice senev p„J r f "' '^'"''at Jit^res Coopens impexi fcedum nf "":' '=='P""l"e ' I veneno, "««"»m, n,atrem,,„e '"eoJumi capite es > o„,V) • J?,™'«^i.* jugulo ferr„r ; '!1';^_';!'"" f"-"'^, quan, .f.^'" ^'^- quo habiius m J '?'''''" ^'-'"^«ni ? 1. •'! 196 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK 11 No» Pvladcu ferro violaro aususve sororem Ho'EleclrBin ; tantum inaleaicit utiique, vocamlc llanc Fvifiuui, bunc aliud, jussit qua^ splcndida bills. Pauper Opimius argenti positi intus et auri, Uui Veientaiuim fcstis potare diebus Campana solitus truHa, vappanKjue profestis. Ho Quondam lelhargo grandi est oppressus, ut h acres Jam circum loculos etclaves lictus ovansquc Curreret. liunc medicus multum celcr aloiu fidelis Excitat hoc pacto : mensam poni jubet atqnc Effundi saccos nummorum ; accedcre plures 15U \d numerandum: hominem sic erigit: addii et illud : \i tua custodis, avidus jam auferet ha^res- Men' vivo ? Ut vivas igitur, vigila : hoc age. Quid vis ? Deficient inopem venas te, ni cibus atque Ingens accedit stomacho fultura ruenti. 155Tucessas? Agedum, sume hoc ptisanariuni oryzec. ^ Quanliemtoi? Parvo. Quanti ergo r Octus sibus. Eheu! Quid referet, morbo, an furtis pcreamve rapinis Quisnam igitur sanus ? Quid non stul^us. Qui a varus ? Stultus et insanus. Quid ? si quis non sit avaru 160 Continuo sanus? Minime. Cur, Stoice : Dicai- Non est care' icus (Craterum dixisse putato, Hicceger. Rev. <: ^'^tigitur,^surgetque? Negabi Quod iatus aui . vies ^ lorbo leiitentur acvu- Non est perjurus, -e'lue sordi'^.is : immolet jeq BOOK li sororem |ue, vocandc la»^' splcndi(l;i et auri, IS profestis. )ppressus, ui )vansquc celcr atqiK ibet atqnc ere plures erigit: addii ha^res* la : hoc age. atque enti. 3 ptisanariunij SAT. III. SATIRES OF HORACE. rgor Octus-^ amve rapinis stultus. Quij non sit avaruj ;toice ? Dicaiif ise putato,) [ue? Negabitj L'111U2 u.^«*-| immolet m 197 paratis? ^' ^" "un(|uain utare Quare per <|ivos ora," "m r"''" ^''^"'■'•"'• Tu cave, „e mi„uas n, '"°. P*'"'"''^' Q"0'l satis esse nmn.' '. " '"'""J"' ''•'<^'»« id, I'l-^terea, ne os "^ P^'f'.^' ""t"ra coerce t Ve«ti-ii,„ """"gam aiiibo: utor t.,i;i;, t ■ Nudus asris nnw., ' ^^ aeneus ut stes ^««"'aingenLrn vuir UiH, f'PP''' ^^™ '"■ ^'- ^«m. m ultra nuiro'!' f^"'"'''' ''^'«^ <=« ? ^' "1" dent capta cfessem 1 1' ^^"^'""^ '«8"'". Ergo consuJerel et mof " ""'"f<"-° Troji ! Consule. Cur Ah Th "^"'Pondere licebit ? f:"'-.-it,to,t1irv. f::;!''.^f i''e secundus p^auueat ut populus Priamrp' ^'='"''' • f 'o, '•-^-.otju.„es;:.;ToS;reTar BO" n 19B SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK If. MiJle ovium insaniis mortl dedit, inclytum Ulys- sem Et Menelaum una mecum se occidere damans. Tu quum pro vitula statuis dulcein Aulide natam 200 Ante aras, spargisque moUi caput, improbe, salsa. Rectum animi servas ? Quorsum insanus ? Quid enim Ajax Fecit, quum stravit ferro pecus ? Abstinuit vim Uxore et gnato, mala multa precatus Atridis. Non ille aat Teucrum, aut ipsum violavit Ulyssem. 205 Verum ego, - ut haerentes adverso in litore naves Eriperem, prudens placavi sanguine Divos. Nempe tuo, furiose. Meo, sed non furiosus. Qui species alias veri scelerisque, tumultu Permistas, capiet, commotus habebitur ; atque, 210 Stultitiane erret, nihilum distabit, an ira. Ajax, quum immeritos occidit, desipit, agnos ; Quum prudens scelus ob titulos admittis inanes. Stas animo ? et purum est vitio tibi, quum tumi- dum est, cor? Si quis lectica nitidam gestare amet agnam, 215Huic vestem ul gnatte paret, ancillas parcti aurum, Ilufum et Pusillam appellet, fortique marito Destinet uxorem ; interdicto huic omne adimat jus| PrfEtor, et ad sanos abeat tutela propinquos. Quid ? si quis gnatam pro muta devovet agnii, 220 Integer est animi ? ne dixeris. Ergo, ubi pravaj Stuhitia, hie est summa insania : qui sceleratus| Et furiosus erit ; quern cepit vitrea fama, Hunc circumtonuit gandens Bellona cruentis. Nunc age, luxuriam et Nomentanuni arript mecum. 225 Vincet enim stultos ratio insanire nepotes r ^Edil J^ude Si qu '.'oO Si pi A^ec trj Quale SoiJici .J^Iutat voo Fasci SAT. III. SATIRES OP HORACE. luy Cum scurris fertor „ t."''^ ""?'" '''ci, •-'30 Mane domum v^^t ""''t^r"' '"»'=<^"""'- Verba facit leno: Quirniii,! „,1 • .fiofum Sume tibi deciel- liiii^ . P'P°^'"''='»ni--aufer' Uncle uxor Ted" 'c ' i ^* ' '">' '"plex. ' «OSciliceTuTdecLrso i? ""T' ^^'''"^' Diluit insignem baccat"n'~'''"'''='<-''' •'"^«° Illud idem in rapidum a ' '"' '""'""' "" «' , ^Vequitii et nu-is ^LJ "^''^ fra'™"), ■■••'5Lusei„ias somf ^Prnlroll '"'"'' S«'^<="»'"- notandi? """ "' <='-e'a, an carbone . Si quem delS h 1"""^ '" """^ine lon^i «"Sipueriirsl^Ltat^"'"''''"^"''»^"»^' ■ ^ec quidquam d fferT 7^'' '"''''' Soln^r "Jl1«'- "P-. an meretnei,, a.n„re «5 Fasciolas, cubical ^i"' '"''S"'" "wW. "», cuDilal, focalia, potus ut ille ^ '«'i ■ ^ J * '*", '200 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II. .1 , > * p 'hRWMB ^^B jjttSyjH^^H 1l Hiiii i:.i^ ■■ 1 IB Dicitur ex collo furtim carpsisse coronas, Postquam est impransi correptus voce magistri ? Porrigis irato puero quum poma, recusal : Sume, Catelle ! negat : si noii des, optat. Amator 260 Exclusus qui distat, agit ubi secum, eat, an nou, Q,uo rediturus erat non arcessitus, et hgeret Invisis foribus ? Ne nunc, quuri' me vocat ultro, Accedam ? an potius mediter finire dolores ? Exclusit, revocat : redeam ? non, si obsecrel. Ecce 265 Servus, non; paulo sapientior : O here, quae res Nee modurn habet, neqne consilium, rationc modoque [ bellurii Tractari non vult : in amore haec sunt mala ; Pax rursum, haec si quis tempestatis prope ritii Mobilia, et cajcu fluitantia sorte, laboret 270 Reddere certa sibi, nihilo plus explicet, ac si Insanire paret certa ratione modoque. Quid ? quum Picenis excerpens semina pomis, Gaudes, si cameram percusti forte, penes te es | Quid ? quum balba feris annoso verba palato, 275 iEdificante casas qui sanior ? Adde cruorem Stultitiae, atque ignem gladio scrutare mode. inquam. Hellade percussa Marius quum praecipitat se,, Cerritus fuit ? an commotfe crimine mentis Absolves hominem, et sceleris damnabis eundeni 280 Ex more imponens cognata vocabula rebus ? Libertinus erat, qui circum compita siccus Lautis mane senex manibus currebat ; et, Unuin | Quiddam magnum addens, unum me surpite morti.| Diis etenim facile est, orabat : sanus utrisque 285 Auribus atque oculis ; mentem, nisi litigiosus, BOOK II. SAT. in. SATIRES OP HORACE. 201 131 Mater ait nuei-i ml ■ ^''""'sque dolores Mane die, quo t„ jn^,'""* feJiquerit, i|lo I" Tiberi;S>it 'Lll'^-'T"'^' "" e-o n^^ • ,°" ''" Semi „„„„) Agave ""* ""ambus quum portat Atque e.ia.„ ii;i'"!:lr"?''"='« ^^"^) me ' tentum lioc edisse.e, quo ^gfofare putes animi vifio ' A • fd.fieas, hoc est, lo„,J "itarit P^' •' P"™""' „ Ad suinnium totu Nee satis est cnr-l" °'"^ «aporum. Ignarum, qJibus ^^ '' ''''^""'' "'^»^5 '" Umber et ilig„a Z^tilZllT"'"''''^''"''- Curvet aoer hnp„. ^ *"''** rotundas r? i-if 204 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II. 45 Piscibus atque avibus quse natura et foret setas, Ante meum nulli patuit qusesita palatum. Sunt, quorum ingenium nova tantum crustula promit. Nequaquam satis in re una consumere curam : Ut si quis solum hoc, mala ne sint vina, laboiet, 50 Quali perfundat pisces securus olivo. Massicc ', coelo supponas vina sereno, Noctur.ici, si quid crassi est, tenuabitur auru, Et decedet odor nervis inimicus ; at ilia Integrum perdunt lino vitiata saporem. 55 Surrentina vafer qui miscet fa^ce Falerno Vina, columbino limum bene colligit ovo ; duatenus ima petit volvens aliena vitellus. Testis marcentem squillis recreabis et AfrA Potorem cochlea ; nam lactuca innatat acri 60 Post vinum stomacho: perna magis ac magis hillis Flagitat immorsus refici ; quin omnia malit, Qusecunque immundis fervent allata popinis. Est operoe pretium duplicis pernoscere juris Naturam. Simplex e dulci constat olivo, 65 Quod pingui miscere mero muriaque decebit, Non ali^ quam quii Byzantia putuit orca. Hoc ubi confusum sectis inferbuit heibis, Corycioque croco sparsum stetit, insuper addes Pressa Venafranae quod bacca remisit olivai. 70 Picenis cedunt pomis Tiburtia succo ; Nam facie praestant. Venucula convenit ollis : Rectius Albanam fumo duraveris uvam. Hanc ego cum malis, ego fsecem primus et allec. Primus et invenior piper album, cum sale nigio 75 Incretum, puris circumposuisse catillis. SAT. V. SATIRES OF HORACE. 205 Q«?«"^ tavidisse Non magni pendis, quia contio-jt • ». mil,; - ■Won mediocris inoi» r , ""=" • «' niihi cura -^tnueharS-^rpr;--- SATIRE V. Re3";„l:'^' ^^'^'^' "--'-. P<^'emi K'/a *i06 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II. Aut apotheca procis intacta est, ant pecus ; atqui Et genus, et virtus, nisi cum re, vilior algi est. Quando pauperiem, mib is ambagibus, horres, 10 Accipe, qua ratione queas ditesccre. Turdus, Sive aliud privtim dabitur tibi, devolet illuc. Res ubi magna n'tet, domino sene ; dulcia poma. Et quoscunque feiet cultus tibi fundus honores, Ante Darem gustet venerabilior Lare dives ; Qui, quamvis perjurus crit, sine gente, cruentus 15 Sanguine fraterno, feitivus : ne tamen illi Tu comes extjCrior, si postulet, ire recuses. Utne tegani spurco Damne lutus? baud itaTrojs? Me gessi, certans semper melioribus. Ergo 20 Pauper eris. Fortem hoc animum tolerare jubebo : Et quondam majora tuli. Tu protinus, unde Divitias aerisque ruam, die, augur, acervos. Dixi equidem, et dico. Captes astutus ubiquc Testamenta senum : neu, si vafer unus et alter ^40 Insidiatorem pr^roso fugerit liamo, Aut spem deponas, autartem illusus omittas. Magna minorve loro si res certabitur olim, Vivet uter locuples sine gnatis, iaiprobus, ultro Qui meliorem audax vocet in jus, illius esto 30 Defensor: fama civem causaque priorem Sperne, domi si gnatus erit fecundave conjux. Q,uinte, puta, aut Publi (gaudent prjenomint molles Auriculfe), tibi me virtus tua fecit amicum : Jus anceps novi, causas defendere possum : Erfpiet quivis oculos citius rnihi, quam te Contemtum cassa nu-ce pauperet : haec cura est, JVe quid tu perdas^ tteu sis jocus. Ire domum mea [atqiic SAT. V. am tolerare SATIRES OF HORACE. 207 ^0 Infant^, s?a uas "ej rZT^"" ^""'«"'a «nde, Nonne vide" ralimnJ ?"'P"'" ^'P-^'- C>elibis obsei'amtude; T T"'^'^^""' H-res, ct,si n„iscas»«n '=""''"' 50 In vacuum ven as n? ^"^'T ^S^"' «fco, Qui testamentum trade7^7''"<= "'^'^ ^«""• Abnuere, et taMas a te It """"^"^ '^fe'^"'''"" Sic tamen, ut limis rani?!'" """"=""> ^ Cera velit versu so b^^r^' ?.""' ^"""^ «««""do 55 Veloci Percu J ;«:!'? «:":«:'""'' Scriba ex quinonpv:.^ -^^erumque recoctus Cap.ator,u\"KrN;-^^^^^^^^ Num furis ? an ni-.,ri^^ ^^-asica Corano. Mq ) Laertiade, n„^™',^"^d "f' ■"«' obscura canenl M Divinare etem^m Si, "w ' !"' '"' ="« "«" ^ Quid tamen ista v" ifsihi J"'",''»"" Apollo. Tempore quo Le„ L P.ir " '' " "'=^'' «^e. Demissum^enis^^'er ' V! '""■''"''"^' «^ "'«> , Magnus erit W; „ u ' ^""'■<= marique «5 Fife nS mi ^" P™=^'^ Corano ' Turn Sr hoc S ': 'k^','^^^'^ ^»'''"'"- Ut le|a,, orabU m'u „'m ;;^!:.^°^^^° ''''bit, atque Accipiet tandem eT?» ™ ^.'•f!?^ "«g«''» , «'1 sibi legatum Dt^i^r^,^'''''"""'"'^*^''^ '0 Wud ad bicrbeo m, ll^T' '"'^l""- juoeo . mulier si forie dglosa I't 208 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II. r'''' k:.^ Libertusve senem delirum temperet, illis Accedas socius : laudes, lauderis ut absens. Ajuvat hoc quoque ; sod vincitlonge prius ipsum Expugnare caput. Scribct mala carmina vecors: 75 Laudato : scorfator erit ? cave te roget : ultro Penelopen facilis potior! trade. Putasne ? Perduci poterit tarn frugi tamque pudica, Quam nequiere proci recto depellere cursu ? Venit enim magnum donandi parca juventus, SO Nee tantum Veneris, quantum studiosa culinac ; Sic tibi Penelppe frugi est : quie, si semel uno De sene gustarit tecum partita lucellum, Ut canis a corio nunquam absterrebitur undo. Me sene quod, dicam, factum est : Anus improba Thebis 85 Ex testamento sic est elata : cadaver Unctum oleo largo nudis humeris tulit hferes: Scilicet elabi si posset mortua ; credo, Quod nimium instiierat viventi. Cautus adito . Neu desis operae, neve immoderatus abundes. 90 Difficilem et morosum oifendcs garrulus. Ultro Non etiam sileas. Davus sis comicus, atque Stes capite obstipo, multum similis metuenti Obsequio grassare : mono, si increbuit aura, Cautus uti velet carum caput : extrahe iiuhk 95 Oppositis humeris : aurem substringe loquoci. Importunus amat laudari ? donee, Ohe jam ! Ad ccelum manibus sublatis, dixerit, urgue, et Crescentem tumidis infla sermonibus utrem. duum te servitio longo curaque levarit, 100 Et certum vigilans, Quartte esto partis Ulysses, Audieris, hreres : ergo nunc Dama sodalis Nusquam est ? unde milii tam fortem. lamqiie fidelem ? femov P SAT. 71. SATIRES OP non,cE. Sparg-c subinde • et .• , ^ SATIRE VX. Hf«u?„'brertt,oS "«""on *'» -Magnus !■ i> I* ' •rH* I' I -^ ti'. l"=l ,r i;^ t = . ? 210 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II. ^5 ^(^n\d nrius illustrcm satiris Musaque pcdcstvir) Nc P orofficio quisquam respondeat, urguc ! SivrAquno .adit terras, seu bruma n.valem 1 ^r^diera gyro trahit, ire neccsse est. Pordoq^ofLobsit, Clare certumqueocuto. I ?,mndu h in turba ct lacienda uyuna tard,». au\d Ubi vis, insane, et q«a,n rem ag.s? .mpr. bus urgiiet J ^,^5,^, ="' '^'Zcettem ImCl "mente ?ecurras. Hoc !«Tet mell- -'- non mentiar. At s»l Wnmm est Esquilias, aliena negotia centum Ip, nanut et circa saliunt latus. Ante socunJ; Roscrurorabat, sibi adesses ad Puteal eras llere communi scribae magni atque nova te Srabant hodie meminisses, amnte, rever . , m,. his cura, Mfficenas signa tabell s. E eS^"' Si vis, potes, addit et .asl Et qux timosa bene ueponumui ... ujre. 35 •^ nocti AniQ J cac( ^asco ii '"^''ccat ii ^egibus "ocu/a, s Serrno oi -^'^ec, niaf ^(i no ) i.| SAT. vt. '"'"" or „OK,cE. ''"' ">'«m 1,00 ,0, „,„ , .' ■ *"* «fm,)r.. i'^.i^'X-'is iiu(Jis(i - iv;i ^ f' "'""''oe), I ?^^'nper ens deri,„r , At 1'. ^''ffxlem. Ut tu IV line vetoruin Jibrk- lioris "'"'' nunc sornno cl ;„„ ,-, Ulcere soli;.-, ■ '«ort.bu.s- r ? nodes ecpnan,.» n ""■ °'"*'cu)a Jardor PaJol? • • ' "«"'asque pro. ' asco (ibatis dapibu, P f'Mfe, sou modic!^ ,? " '''''"' »'='•'1 fortis «^^-no oritur non^ " f.^'^^' ^'ius. Kg,, *i„os '''°= ^"''^' ; «Cd, quod -,„j. 212 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II. fi U' ..i. . -I m'!'^ % in h ' 1 Pertinet, et nescire malum est, agitamus ; utrumnc . , , ,. , Divitiis homines, an sint virtute beat. ? 75 auidvc ad amicitias, usus rectumne, trahatnosr Et nut^ sit natura boni, summumque qu.d ejus : Cervius hcec inter vicinus garnt f^^'^f Ex re fabellas. Si qu.s nam laudat Arell. SoUicitas ignarusopes, sic mcipit: «J'™ SO Rusticus urbanum murem mus paupere fertur Accepisse cavo, veterem vetus hospes am.cum Asper et attentus qua^sitis, ut tamen arctunl Solverethospitiisanimum. amdmulta? neque Sepositi ciceris nee long» mvdit avena., ille 85 ArUlum et ore ferens acinum s. =saque lard. Frusta dedit, cupiens varia fastulia ccena V ince.e tansen is male singula dente superbo . Ouum patei- ipse domus paleil porrectus mhorn. 1^0 lol iumque, dapis meliora relmquen. 9., Tandem urbanus 'ad hunc. Quid te juvat, mqu>. PrffiXtrnemoris patientem vivere dorso ? V ftu botaines urbemque feris pr>=eponere d Carpeviam, mihicrede, comes, terrestna qua d( Sales animas vivunt sortita "eque «Ih , 95 Aut magno aut parvo let, fuga. Quo, bo. Dumlicet, in rebus jucundis vive beatus ; Vive memor, quara sis =evi brevis. Ha=c Agrestfm pepulere, domo levis exsilit ; inde Ambo propositum peragunt iter, urb,s avent Nox medium coeli spatiiim, quum pomt u In locuplete domo vestigia ; rubio ubi cc BOOK n. t, agitamus : ati? e, trahat nos ? ue quid ejus ": liles it Arelli Olim iipere fertur jspes amicum ; in arctum muUa? nequfc avena3, [ille 2saque lardi a ccena iute superbo . •rectus in hornai .ra relinquens. te juvat, inquitJ e dorse ? raeponere silvi?! 3rrestria quandj leque uUa est ;a. Quo, bon(| e beatus ; rev is. Hfficul sxsilit; inde urbis aventj imnnfi ieW&t , — j__ n ponit uter )ro ubi cocco] SAT. rii. SATIRES OF HORACE. 213 Ergo ubi purpurei noiVr,, •"""'* <=='nistris. Agrestem've utitiil . ■" '" ^'=^'e 'oca', it llOIile Cubans r.^eTlTr"' omnequod affbrt. mgens ^«nvivam; quum subit,, Cut^^^efloTi'n'"';^ ^^<="-' "'".".que "SPersonuit S,' T"' ^""'"^ «Ka Molssis ^i,. «^"s. Tumrusticus, Haud mihi '-'S tld,^^.eiabi^^^^^^ SATIRE VII. Jamdudum a«is!f iii*« * P^uca, reformido ' DaS p ''"L'''^^'^ -""' aiaicum "avusne ? l,a. 1,^,^^^^ M-^piu. do.i„o, et r.gi, q„„, ,, ^^., . ! ^ars hominum vitiis IZdZ ' "^^'^ • "^^^a- P-positun, : pa:r Zt' ZT""'' T "^^^"^^ capessens, "^^^*' modo recta ^nterdum pravis ohnnvJ. c^ ^um tribus an n^l I ;7 "'*""*. !^^P^ notatus 4 ^1 fiil 214 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II. if ; '. iEdibus ex magnis subito se conderet, unde Mundior exiret vix libertinus honeste : Jam moechus Romae, jam mallet doctor Athenis Vivere ; Vertumnis, quotquot sunt, natns iniquis. 1 5 Scurra Volanerius, postquam illi justa cheiagra Contudit articulos, qui pro se tollerct atque Mitteret in phimum talos, mercede diurnii Conductum pavit : quanto constantior idem In vitiis, tanto levius miser ac prior illo, ilO Uui jam contento, jam laxo fune laborat. Non dices liodie, quorsum ha3c tarn putida tcii- dant, ! Furcifer? Ad te, inquam. Quo pacto, pes- sime ? Laudas Fortunam, et mores antique plcbis, et idem, Si quis ad ilia Deus subito te agat, usque recuses r '>5 Aut quia non sentis, quod clamas, rectius esse, Aut quia non firmus rectum defendis, et ha^res, Nequidquam cocno cupiens evellere plan tarn. lloma3 rus optas ; absentem rusticus Urbem Tollis ad astra levis. Si nusquam es forte vocatus 30 Ad coenam, laudas securum olus ; ac, velut usquam Vinctus eas, ita te felicem dicis, amasque, Quod nusquam tibr sit potandam. Jusserit adsej MjEcenas serum sub lunyna prima venire Convivam : Nemon' oleum fcrt ocyus ? ecquis 35 Audit ? cum magno blateras clamore, furisque. Mulvius, et scurrre, tibi non referenda precati, Discedunt. Etenim, fateor me, dixerit illo, Duci ventre levem ; nasum nidore supinor : Imbecillus, iners, si quid vis, adde.popiuo. V V'li'l 5->», BOOK 11. it, unde e : tor Athenis latn.s iniquis. ;ta cheragra : atque cHurivA ior idem illo, borat. n putida tcn- pacto, pes- , et idem, agat, usque rec.tius esse, lis, et ha^res. 3 plan tarn. s Urbem lam OS forte IS ; ac, velut lasque, Jusseritadse venire yus ? ecquis )re, furisque. ida precati, ixerit illc, supinor : ^ popino- SAT. VJI. SATIRES OP HORACE. Q15 teK.lt ?t;l -"'■^O- "-oris Me vul,„ tZZt 1"'^''^''"'^'"'^^''^' leneto; '' ""•""". ^lomad,um,,„e Natura incendit, sub Sf "1 ' ^"'" "''' me ■'« Clunibus aut aS "''^"""f ^"bera caudo.-. W"-i«it neq„eCo „rr '''''="^. ^"P'"""' P'tior, aut LmlZ^Z'- "^^"^ «""'citum no .. Romanoque hTbitu '" '^'"'"^"^'«"""io eques.r. ^'"n es quodsimila?)Mf'"''"*^ '•■'<=«™>i. Quid refert, ur " ,„?, & " °''^ P""'"'^- , Auctoratus ea<; I ^ ' ^^."'>1»e necari * Quo tedemS „!" '"'P' ''""^"^i" area, Matron. pee^T^^^'Sl-r'- ?"'«'»-"' In corruptorem vel jusZ , ■" if" P"'*''"». .. iVon habitu, mutatvi 1^ '"" '™^n ^e '^i^ ™b furcrtn.dTn'r'dr-"'' ^-^?' -anti. „ pore famam. ' *" '^'"""' «' cum cor- tvasli? creJ,, „.,... . Quires, nua^ndo'i.rr' "-^^'"^lue cavebis. f P--. «oS r Pn',i'-">'.ue pen-re I "» . quae beJiua ruptis, fe i.^ ^ ill, !' I if"! ."» 16 SATIRES OP HORACE. BOOK II. W^ 1^ ^' fi« ft -. Uuum semel effugit, reddit se prava catenis ? Non sum moechus, ais. Neque ego, hercule, fur, ubi vasa Prseterso sapiens argentea. ToUe periclum : Jam vaga prosiliet frenis natura remotis. 75 Tune mihi dominus, rerum imperils, homin- umque, [^^^ Tot tantisque minor ? quem ter vindicta quater- Imposita baud unquam miserii formidine privet? Adde super dictis, quod non levius valeat : nam, Sive vicarius est, qui servo paret (uti mos 80 Vester ait) ,seu conservus : tibi quid sum ego r nemp3 Tu, mihi qui imperitas, aliis servis miser ; atque Duceris, ut nervis alienis mobile lignuni. [ sus ; Qnisnam igitur liber ? Sapiens, sibi qui imperio- Quem neque pauperies, neque mors, neque viiicula torrent ; S5 Rcsponsare cupidinibus, contemnere honores Fortis ; et in se ipso totus, teres, atque rotundus, Kxterni ne quid valeat per leve morari, i^i quem manca ruit semper Fortuna. Potesne Ex his ut proprium quid noscere? Quinquel talenta DO Poscit te mulier, vexat, foribusque repulsum Perfundit gelid^ ; rursus vocat : eripe turpi CoUa jugo. Liber, liber sum, die age! Non quis: Urguet enim dominus mentem non lenis, et acresj Subjectat lasso stimulos, versatque negantem. 95 Vel quum Pausiac^ torpeS) insane, tabell^, Qui peccas minus atque ego, quum Fulvi tubaeque, Aut Piacideiani content© poplite miror Proelia, rubric^i picta aut carbone ; velut si Rii SAT. VII. SATIRES OP HORiCE. an ^'1 ego, si due^r bo C:: e"";,''"'''^- Virtus, atque anim„„ "'".'""<^ ' «ibi ingeiis Obseq;iu,rvem r™ih?" '''P°"^« "P'n'is ? uvan, ^" '"'= P^«<=«. ^"b nocem qui pue, idem '^ P"^"^'''^bet? Adde, quod Jam vino qLrens^ J ^"^'^""'' «' «™. fugaeem! '"'' "''^ ?■■««''. sequi.urque ^nde mihi laDidom :> r^ sagi.tas? P''""- «"°f™n' est opus? Unde SATIRE viir. JJ'^*i J«vit te ccena beati ' L" vita fuerit melill^ nf ' "' ""'i """q"am «"»> prima iratum"Vent7m°nF"'^ """ ^''' I"P"-sLucanusa;r'oLte-r- i! ? 21B SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK ir. I u ' t. \kK 11 ■ Captus, ut aiebatcccnoB pater); acria circum Rapula, lactiica3, radices, qualia lassum Pervellunt stomachum. siser, halec, fsecula Coa. 10 His ubi sublatispuer alte cinctus acernam Gausape purpureo mensam pertersit, et alter Sublegit quodcunque jaceret inutile, quodque Posset cocnantes offendere ; ut Attica virgo Cum sacris Cereris, procedit fuscus Hydaspes, 15 CpRCuba vina ferens, Alcon Chium maris expers. Hie herus • Albanum, Maecenas, sive Falernum Te magis a,jpositis delectat : habemus utrumque. (Divitias mi^eras !) Sed quis cojnantibus una, Fundani, pulchre fuerit tibi, nosse laboro. i:20 Summus ego, et prope me Viscus Thurinus, et infra, Si memini, Varius ; cum Servilio Balatrone Vibidius, quos Maecenas adduxerat umbras. Nomentanus erat super ipsum, Porcius infra, Ridiculus totas simul obsorbere placentas. •25 Nomentanus ad lioc, qui, si quid forte lateret, Indice monstraret digito : nam cetera turba, Nos, inquam, coenamus aves, conchylia, pisces, Longe dissimilem noto celantia succum, . Ut vel continuo patuit, quum passeris assi et 30 Ingustata mihi porrexcrat ilia rhombi. Post hoc me docuit; melimela rubere minorem Ad lunam delecta. Quid hoc intersit, ab ipso Audieris melius. Turn Vibidius Balatroni: Nos, nisi damnose bibimus, moriemur inulti ; 35 Et calices poscit majores. Vertere pallor Turn parochi faciem, nil sic metuentis. ut acres Potores, vel quod malcdicunt liberius, vel Fervida quod subtile exsurdant vina palatum. Invertunt Allifanis vinaria tota BOOK ir. SAT. vin. SATIRES OF HORACE. 219 '10 Vibidius Balatroque secuti. Con viva, Jecti nZLlT ^"J"^^"^; M In patinu porrecta i 7 . "? natantes P"m coquitur rcocto r?- "''''^ "^^«' Ut melius murifqS''"'? '^"'•"""^ <=-=W„os. Quantum non Tui o r """ P"'^'^™ <"''. ,Jilins imiatuC^ks^rt'r'',^ -Pi'o, "' - ™ F;nis, ni sapiens siV M ^"'« essct F.manis ! Varius ^0«« ""'''"•° '^^us «5 H-e'^sst conditio :;r:iefr """'" "^-'^O' Responsuia luo nun„?^i„ "''''" ' ««^"e Tene, ut ego acciS I»,'" ^" ''""■■'> '"l^""- Sollicitudin^e dIsWcul ?"'"' '"1""'«' ««ni -. ?e male condUur ?;.. "IP.^"'^ ""-'"s, 220 SATIRES OF HORACE. BOOK II. I; •' Ut modo ; si natinam pede lapsus frangat agaso. Sed convivatoris, uti ducis, ingenium res Adversae nudare sclent, celare secundoe. 75 Nasidienus ad hsec : Tibi Di quajcunque preceris, Coinmoda dent ; ita vir bonus es convivaque comis : Et soleas poscit. Turn in lecto quoque videres Stridere secreta divisos aure susurros. Nullos his mallem ludos spectasse ; sed ilia 80 Red Je, age, quae deinceps risisti. Vibidius dum Quaerit de pueris, num sit quoque fracta lagena, Quod sibi poscenti non dentur pocula ; dumque Ridetur fictis rerum, Balatrone secunclo ; Nasidiene, redis mutatae frontis ut arte 85 Emendaturus fortunam ; deinde secuti Mazonomo pueri magno discerpta ferentes Membra gruis, sparsi sale multo non sine farrc ; Pinguibus et ficis pastum jecur anseris albse ; Et leporum avulsos, ut multo suavius, armos, 90 Quam si cum lumbis quis edit ; tum pectore adusto Vidimus et merulas poni et sine clune palumbes; Suaves res, si non causas narraret earum et Naturas dominus ; quem nos sic fugimus ulli, Ut nihil omnino gustaremus, velut illis 95 Canidia afflasset pejor serpentibus Afris: EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK I. EPISTLE I. opectatum satis, et donatum jam rude ou4;, NrSerr '","""" "^ '"^'"^'- "' Nuni„saddictr^rirver;a'r'"'^'= NnZ'tT'".-"'-°f "3'd«sque satelles : ' f""\'" Arislipp, ianim prlcepta relabor Et m.h. res, non me rebus subju'ngereconor. ^22 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK I. I -I I ^0 Ut nox longa, quibiis mentitur arnica, diesque Longa videmr opus debentibus ; ut piger annus Pupillis, quos dura premit custodia matrum : Sic mihi tarda fluunt ingrataque tempora, qua? spem Consiliumque morantur agcndi gnaviier id, quod 23 Mqne pauperibus prodest, locuplctibus aque, iEque neglectuni pueris senibusque nOcebit. Restat, ut his ego me ipse regani solerque dementis: Non possis oculo quantum contendere Lynceus, Non lamen idcirco contemnas lippus inungi ; 30 Nee, quia desperes invicti membra Glyconis, Nodosa corpus nolis proliibere cheragra. Est quadam prodire tonus, si non datur ultra. Fervet avariti^ miseroque cupidine pectus ? Sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem 35 Possis, et magnam morbi deponere partem. Laudis amore tumes ? sunt certa piacula, qua te Ter pure lecio poterunt recreare libello. Invidus, iracundus, iners, vinosus, amator ? Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit, 10 Si modo culturae patientem commodet aurem. Virtus est vitium fugere, et sapientia prima Stultitia caruisse. Vides, quae maxima credis Esse mala, exiguum censum, turpemque repul- sam, Quanto devites animi capitisque labore : 45 Impiger extjrejnos curris mercator ad Indos, Per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes : Ne cures ea quae stulte miraris et optas, Discere et audire «t raeliori credere non vis ? Quis, circum pagos et circum compita pugnax, 50 Magna coronari contemnat Olympia, cui spes, EPIS. I. EPISTLES OF HORACE. 223 O cives,dvlwrS'' ^•'""'"'"««"rum. Virtus p;st„„„ro/';t r""'" ''"'""most, que, •""""' J^'-enes diclata sencs- <'0 Si recte facies. Hie m,.rr ?' ^"^ ""'' "'""'- J^oscia (die sods) ne^rr' rr? ""P^- Et maribus Curiis 1 w» ^'"="=n"l>"s oflert, "5 Isne ,ibi mel.u""':adet:"":t ^-'"'^ ? Si poss s, recte • «i .,1 ^ ^''^'^^' ^em, ut propi s sprc;es\Soi";rz:r" -"" ™ Q"odsi ™tv:p:&-rstrr ^' "•^•^•^ Olim qiod vulpe^:^<;,rca„t f " ''^''' '" '^'^" ^ Respondit, referam ''n ■ ^ '^'"" Bellua multorum es caoi 2''"' ""''« '•*"•««„«. aut quem ? '^'""" • "^™ l^id «equar ? Pars hominum o-estit /.n„j [ qu' Crustis et pomis vfd a^vteX ?vf "^^ ^ ^"'"' Mul.i;oocrUor^i?:i---™jpi..;nt: Esto, aliis alios rebus"sV,.WiI^ "* *' *-"''"'" 224 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOR I. ■r Nullus in orbe sinus Baiis praelucet amoenis, Si dixit dives, lacus et mare sentit amorem 85 Festinantis hcri ; cui si vitiosa libido Fecerit auspicium, eras ferramenta Teanum Tolletis, fabri. Lectus genialis in aula est: Nil ait esse prius, melius nil cajlibe vit4 ; Si non est, jurat bene solis esse maritis. 90 Quo teneam vultus mutantem Proteanodo ? Quid pauper ? ride : mutat cocnacula, lectos, Balnea, tonsores : conducto navigio aequo Nauseatac locuples, quem ducit priva triremis. Si cnratus insequali tonsore capillos 95 Occurro, rides : si forte subucula pexre Trita subest tunicae, si toga dissidet impar, Rides. Quid? mea cum pugnat sententia secum ? Quod petiit, spernit ; repetit,, quod nuper omisitr iEstuat, et vitce disconvenit ordine toto ? 100 Diruit, {cdificat, mutat quadrata rotundis ? Insanire putas solemnia me, neque rides, Nee medici credis, nee curatoris egere A prsetore dati, rerum tutela mearum Quum sis, et prave sectum stomacheris ob un- lOSDe te pendentis, te respicientis amici ! [guem Ad summam, sapiens uno minor est Jove, dives, Liber, honoratus, pulcher, rex denique regum ; Praecipue sanus, nisi quum pituita molesta est. 3?" EPISTLE II. Trojani belli scriptorem, maxime Lolli, Duin tu declamas Romae, Praeneste relegi ; Qui, quid sit pulciirura, quid turpe, quid utile, quid non, EPIS. 11. EP'STLES or HORACE. Planius ac moline ru GroDcia Barbariic lenM? n- ""«""• amorem ") Q"id Paris?" sZZanZ'^"^'" ^ Cog, posse negat. Nelllrl ""1"^ '"^«'"s, Inter Peliden ?es.i„at e -n'te^T","' '"«« ""--.i.,„MeJ-LS-a„.ru„. Kursus, quid virtus p» ,. j ' '''^•'•''• ^0 Et moresXI^r'-5S.4''"^ "'''- OBquor, "ispeAit; latumque per S'renum voces et Circ^ '""'"^/«abilis undis. Q.USB «iJ />Mrv, •• ^"^^^ pocuia nosfi • fPonsi Penelope ";e'bulolTl,"'"^"'"«'« "ati, . In cute curandi plus a^oun ^' ^'"""'l"^, pc Cm pulchrum fuitin^^^^JP;™'" inventus, Ad strepitum ci,har^"es ' ,umT"' '''"'' « U« jugulem homines sum^ .^ '^"""'^ «"ram- Ut te ipsun, serves Ln?ri± ""='« '«"ones; - «OU..S sanus, currcs Mr'op'i^r'^j/^i^Xl-i. 935 226 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK I. li!.. 35 Posces ante diem librum cum lumine, si non Intendes animum studiis et rebus honestis, InvidiA vel amore vigil torquebere. Nam cur, Quae laedunt oculum, festinas demere ; si quid Est animum, differs curandi tempus in annum ? 40 Dimidium facti, qui coepit, habet : sapere aude ; Incipe : qui recte vivendi prorogat horam, Rusticus exspectat, dum defluat amnis ; at illo Labitur, et labetur in omne volubilis sevum. duoeritur argentum, puerisque beata creandis 45 Uxor, et incultae pacantur vomere silvse. Quod satis est, cui contigit, hie nihil amplius optet. Non domus et fundus, non seris acervus et auri Mgxoto domini deduxit corpore febres, Non animo curas. Valeat possessor oportet, 50 Si comportatis rebus bene cogitat uti. Qui cupit, aut metuit, juvat ilium sic domus et res, Ut lippum picta) tabulae, fomenta podagrum. Auriculas citharoe collects sorde dolentes. Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcunque infundis acescit. 55 Sperne voluptates : nocet emta dolore voluptas. Semper avarus eget : certum voto pete finem. Invidus alterius macrescit rebus opimis : Invidia Siculi non invenere tyranni Majus tormentum. Qui non moderabitur irae, ()0 Infectum volet esse, dolor quod suaserit etmens, Dum poenas odio per vim festinat inulto. rege; qui, Ira furor brevis est: animum paret, Imperat : hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce eaten Fingit equum tenera. docilem cervice magister nisi U. j IS sevum. ""•"'• "ISTLES or HOKACE. 227 opperior, nee prfecedentibus insto. EPISTLE III Quid hh,sS,llT"'- '^''^'""^" '" '«^"•n ? 10 Pindaric ifomL ^*''''" "<'"'"'•"« ■" «ra, Ut valet ? ,„ ,1' • """ ^"'"' "P^fos ? Ti>ebtos aAar rr^ri,- .^"""'"^ f^""- An tragica SviH. » J n"' ""'P'"^" Musi ? '5 Quid mihi cX JT '"' '" "'<= ' monendus ° """""^ multumque ■ parvum °''"' '^'l-s tliyma? „on tibi 2-28 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK I. 2o Ingcnium, non incultum est, nee turpiterhirtum. Seu linguam causis aciiis, seu civica jura Respondere paras, seu condis amabilc carmen ; Prima feres hederae victricis pracmia : quodsi Frigida curarum fomenta relinquere posses, Q.UO te coclestis sapientia duceret, ires. Hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus ct ampli. Si patriae volumus, si nobis vivere cari. 30 Debes hoc etiam rescribere, si tibi curae, Quantae conveniat, Munatius : an male sarta Gratia nequicquam coit, et rescinditur ? At vos, Seu caUdus sanguis, seu rerum inscitia vexat In,domiti^ cervice feros, ubicunque locorum i35 Vivitis, indigni fraternum rumpere foedus. Pascitur in vestrum reditum votiva juvenca. EPISTLE IV. Albi, nostroruni sermonum candide judex, Quid nunc te dicam facere in regione Pedan'i ? Scribere quod Cassi Parmensis opuscula vincat? An taciturn silvas inter reptare salubres, 5 Curantem quidquid dignum sapiente bonoque est? Non tu corpus eras sine pectore. Di tibi for- mam, Di tibi divitias dederant, artemque fruendi. Q,uid voveat dulci nutricula majus alumno. Qui sapere, et fari possit quae sentiat, et cui 10 Gratia, fama, valetudo contingit abunde, Et mundus victus, non deficiente crumena ? Inter spem curamque, timores inter et iras, Omnem crede diem tibi diiuxisse supremum : Grata superveniet, cjuae non sperabitur, hora. f BPIS. V, «"'ft-ES OP aoB^CE. EPISTLE V ^'n meJ.us quid habeBT""^'"' Pelrinum Self"'" 'P'^^de' o:„7^!^Vr''^ P«"um ftr Parous Ob h^^edis cir?°" <:°"«ediiur utP ' ,,. ,^ss.'det insano. PoTnf'" """'"mque seven,, f PM jubet esse rata, f • "P'^^a «cludit • I i,""^'^^cf{i que^ Jecere disertum 5 ,"».<= «Soprocurare * i'J''"'''"^*''^»'" urn' ^^'etp/ur,busumbris; SS9 M ,t ''- If. It 230 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK I. VjiM\ 5 Sed nimis arcta premunt oM«3 ^^^J^^^^^f; 30 Tu, quotus esse velis, rescribe ; et rebus omissis, Atria servantem postico falle clientem. EPISTLE VI. Nil admirari prope res est una, Numici, Solaque, quse possit facere et servare beatum. Hunc silem.et «tella,, et decedentm cert s Temporamomentis, sunt, qui form.dme null. Imbuf. spectent: quid censes muneraterr^? 'C maris extremes Arabas d^tanUs «t Mos/ Ludicra quid, plausus, et amici dona Quiritis . Quospeclndamodo, qno sensu cred.s et ore . aui timet his adversa, fere m.ratur eodem, 10 SoXiens, pacto ; pavor est utrob>que m lestus Improvisa simul species exterret utrurnque. Guadeat, an doicat ; cupiat, metuatne , quU ad rem, . . „„„ Si, quidquid vidit melius pejusvesuaspe, D^fixis oculis, animoque et corpore torpet ? 15 Insani sapieis "on-^" /^f' ="<1""!,'""^" '„„ Ultra quam ..tis est virtute.n si petat ipsara^ I nunc, arg ;ntum et marmor vetus, airaqueej SusDice cum cemmis Tyrios mirare colores; Gaude 'quod s'pectant oculi temille loquen.e 20 Gnavus mana forum, et vesperfnus Pi tectum ; . x •« Ne plus frumenti dotalibus emetat agris t;^r_ _: ',^x,ar...rn\ nnodslt peionbus orti] Hictibi sit potius, quam tu «^.^^abilis il h , I auidquid sub terra est, in apricum pioferet ^^ i-^V!> BOOK I. ■ EPIS. VI, Dnvivia caprse. :, rebus omissis, item. amici, vare beatum. jntia certis midine nulla, jnera terrse ? ntis et Indos ? lona Quirilis ? u credis et ore: ur eodem, utrobique mo- utrumque. metuatne; quid, 3 sua spe, »oie torpet ? tus iniqui, petat ipsam. /etus, £Eraquee| lirare colores : nille loquenteml espertinus pe] itat agris t pejoribus ortij rabilis illi ; ;um proferet setj EPISTLES OF HOHACE. Porticus Agripp^, ,,~a J quum bene not.m, S' latus aut rones moXt /""""'' '' Anew. 30 S- •°"- '"^ »ivere.> quis Jf? Cibyratica, ne Bithi^. '"' °'=.<="P« alter; Milleialenta rotundZ? ""Sofia perdas ; 35 T. :■"'"' ^"""' '•'»''''«« alter; por. f' genus et formam reZ'Jp.'"'^'"'' ^' «micos, Ac bene nuffimatum decorat ^ ?? ''«"«'.• I S; POBset eentum scent7rlt^"^"""« ut aiunt, Qu- possum (01 ? ait TS ^^ '"«^'"s, ^^ E^i'Hotus e. r " '""*^' S' i-es sola potest facerer.'"" ^""''"'- E-o Heeprimus^epetisoTus C'^" '''-'•'""'». . S^fortunatum specie?!,' .^'"^"'musomiUa, P Mercemur servum ^f,l^-f'""'P'-''^^'a(; «i-'/odicet iatus, ;t^";t ',' """"'"^' '=^vum ' ^ Iram . ' ^°Sat trans pondera d °7r •. »'"= «..Kum ra flew *#tl «a in Fabi^ valet. ille 232 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK I. Cui libet, is fasces dabit, eripietque curule, Cui volet, importunus ebur : Frater, Pater, adde ; 55 Ut Guique est setas, ita quemque facetus adopta. Si, bene qui coenat, bene vivit, lucet, eamus, duo ducit gula : piscemur, venemur ; ut olim Gargilius, qui mane plagas, venabula, servos Differtum transire forum populumque jubebat, 60 Unus ut e multis populo spectante referret Emtum mulus aprum. Crudi tumidique lavemur, Quid deceat, quid non, obliti, Ca;rite cer^ Digni, remigium vitiosum Ithacensis Ulyssei, Cui potior patria fuit interdicta voluptas, 65 ^ji Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore jocisque Nil est jucundum ; vivas in amore jocisque. Vive, vale : si quid novisti rectius istis, Gandidus imperti ; si non, his utere mecum. EPISTLE VII. duinque dies tibi poUicitus me rure futurum, Sextilem totum mendax desideror. Atqui, Si me vivere vis recteque videre valentem, auam mihi das segro, dabis eegrotare timenti, 5 M^cenas, veniam ; dum ficus prima calorque Designatorem decorat lictoribus atris ; Dum pueris omnis pater et matercula pallet ; Officiosaque sedulitas, et opella forensis Adducit febres, et testamenta resignat. 10 Quodsibruma nives Albanis illinet agris. Ad mare descendet vates tuus, et sibi parcet, Contractusque leget ; te, dulcis amice, reviset Cum Zephyris, si concedes, et hirundme prim; Non, quo more piris vesci Calaber jubet hospei 15 Tu me fecisti locupietem. Vescere sodes. , Jam satis est. At tu quantumvis tolle. Benignej BOOK I. ■ ipis. rn. EPISTLES OP HORACE. 233 Nee tamen ignorat quKislT' "T'"' '' D'gnum prsstabo m^ „.• °"'^ '"pin s. Forte laeus, nigrosZr.-r '''"''' '''"^''e'' Infer vina fugam Cii,»? "^'^''^ '''='=<"-«™, et Forte per ang^s™ m tPn"^' °"'T P'°'«"^- 30 Repserat in cume^„U7 ""^"^"'^ ""»"" Cui musle/a nrom! aC ■ P°'^ frustra; isti. epetes arctum, quem macra sib- 35 S s^nlrpiaiTS-' -ncta resign» : « Haud male Si r^'^ '■''P°"^^e )a,tus. ^-estaXi:;r£aT''^„tr'^^'^^^^^^^^^ Porrectus spatiis, nenu» m,?!; ' "' "^que pla„i3 Stride, magis apta 'ibi tu7dl '"".^'«"^ ''«^^o, .- ^. Parvum parra decen ilh- "" '•"''"q"-''™- <- Sed vacuum mur pLceT .V,™ "."?, ^'=^''' «o™". Strenuus et fortis causTlePr^"' Tarentum.' C'arus, ab o Wm 1 *-*'' 4 Ijl r ^ 1 l(; i 1 ' Stt'ja i ! Me constare mihi scis, et discedere tristem, auandocunque trahunt invisa negotia Romam. Noil eadem miramur ; eo disconvenit inter Meque et te: nam, quae deserta et inhospita tesqua . . ,. 20 Credis, amoena vocat, mecum qui sentit, et ocli aua3 tu pulclira putas : fornix tibi et uncta popina , Incutiunt urbis desiderium, video ; et quod Angulus iste feret piper et tus ocius uva ; Nee vicina subest, vinum praibere, taberna, 05 aujB possit tibi ; nee meretrix tibicina, cujus Ad strepitum salias terrse gravis : et tarn... urgue= Jampridem non tacta ligonibus arva, bovemque Disjunctum curas, et strictis frondibus exples : Addit opus pigro rivus, si decidit imber, 30 Multa mole docendus aprico parcere prato. Nunc, age, quid nostrum concentum dividat, audi. auem tenues decuere tog» mtidique capilli, Quern scis immunem Cin^roe placuisse rapaci, Quern bibulum liquidi medi^ de luce talerni, 35 Coena brevis juvat, et prope rivum somnus 1« herbA : . . , 1 j Nee lusisse pudet, sed non mcidere ludum. Non istic obliquo oculo mea coramoda quisquani Limat; non odio obscuro morsuque ''enenat ; 1 Rident vicini glebas et saxa moventenK 40 Cum servis urbana diaria rodere mavis? Horum tu in nuraerun^- voto ruis ? Invidet asu Lienorum et pecoris tibi calo argutus et horti. Optat ephippia bos piger ; optat arare caballusj Quam scituterque, libens (censebo) exerce» artem. ' IPIS. XV. ■="""« OP HORACE. EPISTLE XV. 945 Salerni, '^^""'' quod ccelurn, Vaio D'claque cessanC nerv^.r >""'' '«""S, audon, ■"="='»"» supponere fomib,;s !'«M"'a"„dXt^^^^^^^ Pra>teragendus equL ^ "'''""' "<"» Ad mare r||,u„ ™pT1 P'"''^'"^ Pafique " Quod CI L „i!' ' Senerosum p, i„„^ ^" > I ^""d me Luca • '" ^?_«u, uter pCl &7 .^«""«endet arnica) ^.'™ magis Pisces ct echi!"' '^' '"'"e« apros • •I ■4 244 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK I. PSipsP'f ■-#.■4 ■I ^' ■ Fortiter absumtis, urbanus coepit haberi, Scurra vagus, non qui certum pijcsepe teneret, Impransus non qui civcm dignosceret lioste, 30 Quaelibet in quemvis opprobria fingere saevns, Pernicies et tempestas barathrumque macelli, Quicquid qutesierat, ventri donabat avaro. Hie, ubi nequitiaj fautoribus et timidis nil Aut paullum abstulerat, patinas coenabat omabi, 35 Vilis et agninae, tribus ursis quod satis esset ; Scilicet ut ventres lamna candcnte nepotum Diceret urendos, corrector Beslius. Idem duicquid jsrat nactus pr^edre majoris, ubi omne Verterat in funium et cinerem, Non herculo miror, 40 Aiebat, si qui comedunt bona ; quum sit obeso Nil melius turdo, nil vulvfl pulchrius ampU. Nimirum hie ego sum: nam tuta et parvula] laudo, Quum res deficiunt, satis inter vilia fortis : Verum ubi quid melius contingit et unctius, idenij 45 Vos sapere et solos aio bene vivere, quorum Conspicitur nitidis fundata pecunia villis. EPISTLE XVI. Ne perconteris, fundus meus, optirae Quincti. Arvo pascat herum, an baccis opulentet oliva", » Pomisne, an pratis, an amictA vitibus ulmo: Scribetur tibi forma loquaciter, et situs agri. 5 Continui montes, nisi dissocientur opaca Valle ; sed ut veniens dextrum latus adspiciatsfl LiBVum descendens curru fugiente vaporet. Temperiem laudes. Quid ? si rubicunda benigj Corna vepres et pruna ferunt ? si quercus et BOOK I. ■ EPIS. XVI. «="TLES OF Hon ICE * ons etmm, rivo dZl '™"''ere Tarentum ' Infirmo capi.i /luit u,m/ u w "1'"' ««'^™». '<> tix /atebio; tiulce., „ • ' '''" "'''o- •factamus jamRridpm ?" 1"<"^ a«tlis ■ -0 Neve putesaliu.,, salme"^ "' ''"''"" "W credas • ^;^j;mules, donee manZ, '?,'' '""P"* ^''«"'ii « Si q„,s bella tibi terf" "''•'"' "'«"a celat „ /«m fe, "'" ^te istk^'S quum surripis unum. Damnum est, iion faciaus, miiii pactolenius isto. Vir bonus, omnc forum qnem spectat et omne tribunal, Quandocunque Deos vel porco vel bove placat, h.ne pater clare, clare quum dixit Apollo, 60 Lalra movet, metuens audiri : Pulchra Laverna,| Da mjhj fallere, da justo sanctoque videri ; Noctcm peccatis, et fraudibus objice nubem. Uut melior servo, qui liberior sit avarus. In triviis fixum quum se demittit ob assem, 65 Non video: nam qui cupiet, metuet quoquc; porro Qui metuens vivet, liber mihi non erit unquain. Perdidit arma, locum virtutis deseruit, qui Semper in augenda festinat et obruitur re. Venderc quum possis captivum, occidere noli: 70 Serviet utiliter : sine pascat durus, aretque ; Naviget, ac mediis hiemet mercator in undis ; AnnonoD prosit j portet frumenta penusque. 1:1*18. xvii. EPISTLES OF HORACE. ^47 '"*"•"" cog,., ? Z;l" b'o'nf ''^ P-'i'J''^ rem, ompedibus sa^vo te sub rn.f ^ ^" '"^"'^'s et iP«e Deus, simulatque "oiam mt '7'^^' ^--ie: Mo J, J:;:;;- ^01..^^ -KJ'ISTLE XVII. utsi """= 1"»= censet amiculus C-usi.e,™ons.a.vem:.a.e„adspiec,j Di-lectat ; s (e nui !""""""' '" ''«ram '» Nee vi.xi? mairoui ' r""^""' Sa>.clia soli, ; Je tractare voU^s "IT ^P"'S"<"^ ipsum '5 Fastidiret o rnui nl '"I'' '"«'bus uti, Verba probes ^otrcTdr:'; ver'"^ ''°™'» ' ^ur sit Arisfinm r. *• "^^' veJ junior audi I ^eA, ^'^ ' ^^""s ut me portet, alat 248 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK 1. ,t: I'M '.; HP M ^^^RgT^ Vi £''< t H^^P ^^^^Kt ^^^HKJ ^^nii,>i^^*^ , r^n, ^^■■^^^^ OfRcium facio. Tii poscis vilia rerum Dante minor, quamvis fers to nullius egentem. Omnis Aristippum decuit color et status et res, Tentantem majora fere, proescntibus aequurn. 25 Contra, queni duplici panno pationtia velat, Mirabor, vitio via si conversa decebit. Alter purpuroum non exspectabit amictum, Quidlibet indutus celeberrima per loca vadet, PcrsonantKiue feret non inconcinnus utramque : 30 Alter Mileti tcxtani cane pejus et angue Vitabit chlamydem ; morictur frigore, si non Retuleris pannuni : refer, et sine vivat ineptus. Res gerere et captos ostendere civibus hostes, Attingit solium Jovis, et ccelestia tentat ; 35 Principibus placuisse viris, non ultima laus est. Non cuivis homini contingit ad ire Corinthum. Sedit, qui timuit, ne non snccederet ; esto : Quid ? qui pervenit, fecitne viriliter ? Atqui Hie est, aut nusquam, quod quajrimus : hie onu« horret, 40 Ut parvis animis et parvo corpore majus : Hie subit et perfert. Aut virtus nomen inane est Aut decus et pretium recte petit experiens vir. Coram rege suade paupertate tacentes Plus poscente ferent : dista , sumasne pudenter, 45 An rapias ; atqui rerum caput hoc erat, et fons. Indotatamihi soror est, paupercula mater, Et fundus nee vendibilis, nee pascere firmus, Qui dicit, clamat, Victum date : succinit alter, Etmihi dividuo findetur munere quadra. 50 Sed tacitus pasci si cor v us posset, haberet Plus dapis, et rixa) multo minus inviditcque. Brundusium comes aut Surrentum ductus amoe- num. BOOK I. I EPIS. xvni. EPiSTLEs OF H0H4CE. 249 55 No,a refcrt mcTc K „tna"? '"""=" P'°-' Nulla (ides damnLS "!'.."'''' "" «"^ Credite, noii Judo- crJlnlnc * . -^^^'"^»» Q"-percg.„.n:r„Su^''^e£ar^ EPISTLE XVIII. Qua; se commenrht tnl- "" emuscjue, Virtus est meuium ZZZ' "T'^"' ''•""'■ I turn. "'"oruni, et utrmque reduc- ftopugnatnugisarmatus q"^ "'. S" mihi prima fideo»/ ' ''"'^'' "' "O" Acriter eia,,-! p!!'.:"*' ""« -^1; SO Brundusium Minuci melius via ducat, an Appi ? Quem damnosa Venus, quem prnef^ps alea nudat.. Gloria quem supra vires et veslii oi uiigit, Quem tenet argenti sitin impoiiuiid famesque, Quem paupertatis pudor et fuga, dives amicus. 125 Sajpe decern vitiis instructior, odit et horret : Aut, si non odit, regit ; ac, veluti pia mater, Plus quam se sapcre, et virtutibus essr ; rLuv. .. Vult ; et ait prope vera: Meac (contendere noli) Stultitinm patiuntur opes ; tibi parvula res est : 30 Arcta decet sauim comitem toga ; desine mecum Ccrtare. Eutrupelus, cuicunque nocere volebat, Vestimenta «labat prctiosa : beatus enim jam Cum pulchrij tnnicis sumet nova consilia et spcs ; Dormiet in lucein ; scorto postponet honestum 35 Officium ; nummos alienos pascet ; ad imum Threx erit, aut clitoris aget mercede cal allum. Arcanum nec^ue tu scrutaberis illius unquam ; Commissumque tegcs, et vino tortus et \r^. Nee tua lauJabis studia, aut aliena reprendes : 40 Nee, quum venari volet jlle, poemata panges. Gratia sic fratrum geminorum, Amphionis atque Zethi, dissiluit, donee suspecta severo Conticuit lyra. Fraternis cessisse putatnr Moribus Amphion ; tu ce ' ^ poto'Uis am "i 45 Lenibus imperiis ; quotiesque educet in agros Atolls onerata plagis jumenta canesque. Surge et inhumante st^iium depone Cam noe, Cocnes ut pariter pulmenta laboribus emta. Romanis solemne viris opus, utile famae 50 Vitajque etmembris; praesertim qu> ^ valriset Vel cursu supcrare canem vel viribu:s ^m Possis ; adde, vinlia quod speciosiut; rmu Non esT 'iui tractet (scis, quo clamore coronte BOOK I. I ipis. xvni. at, an Appl ? )s alea nudat; .Aiigit, famesque, /es amicus, it horret : ia mater, lendere noli) ula res est : esine mecum cere volebat, 2nim jam isilia et spcs ; honestum ad imum } cal allum. unquam ; et iril. eprendes : a panges. hionis atque ro )utatnr s am'ci t in agros que, Cam nee, s emta. imae valris et »re coronffi EPISTLES OF HORACE. 251 55 tem'ptrTt CantS''\^ fr'^^' -^am' Sub duce nui^Pmn D '^? ^"^"^ t"''sti, Nunc, ersi'qnidXt "^2"? ;'""^ '^«^"'^ Ac (ne te retrahnr«?- «^J"dicat armis. Quamvis n J extra ,. '""^^"««l>''i« ^^stes), ^>0 Curas, inte dum nu^anfr ''''''' "^^^"^^"e Partitur lintres exerf f/ "f P^^^'"« • Te duce per pucros t"!| "^'^'^ ^"^"^ AdversariL e^t fJal ^rrdJf ^r^ Quid do quonuc v'ro tr'-'j"""""™ ^Se» tu), "0 Ncc retincnt Da I ' """'S'^"»'"^ idem est, Non ancilla « umjl ':re:''?"';;'<^ ''"^'^'"■ Inter man,,.,,, „m vener,, i r*^ """' P"''"»' " Munerc te pa'^vo beet'^ ,„t -r"'' ^"^ Q-alem commendes! et 1 at, ■'"?^"' ""S*'" ne mox ' *"" ^'l'"^ «'">« adspice, auem s, a culpa prX r ""'" '"""""^ •• e'??o Sr XV '° ''^'-'-' p"-S" ;V""^' ^4 252 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK I. P< Expertus metuit. Tu, dum tua navis in alto est, Hoc ago, nc mutata retrorsuin te ferat aura. Oderunt liilarcin trisles, tristcinquc jocosi ; 90 Sedatum celeres, agilcm gnaviunquo remissi : Potores bibiili media de noctc ^'alcrni Oderunt porrocta negantem pocula ; quamvis Nocturnos jures te formidare vapores. Deme snpercilio nubein: plcrumque modcstus 95 Occupat obscuri spcoiem, taciturnus acerbi. Inter cuncta leges ei percontabere doctos ; Qui ratione queas traducere leniter acvum : Ne te semper inops agitct vexetqne cupido, Ne pavor, et rerum mediocriter utilium spes : 100 Virtutem doctrina paret, naturane donet: Quid minuat curas, quid te tibi reddat amicum Quid pure trancjuillet, hones, an dulce lucellum. An secretum iter, et fallentis semita vitae. Me quoties reficit gelidus Digentia rivus, 105 Quern Mandela bibit, rugosus frigorc pagus, Quid sentire putas, quid credis, amice, precari ? Sit mihi quod nunc est; etiam minus; et mihi vivani, Quod superest ajvi, si quid superesse voluntDl: Sit bona librorum et provisre frugis in annum 1 10 Copia ; neu fluitem dubioe spe pendulus hora3. Sed satis est orarc Jovem quae donat et aufert : Det vitam, det opes, ecquum mi animum ipso parabo. «MS. XIX. EPISTLES or HORACE. S53 lus: et mihl EPISTLE XIX. Mandabo iccis a.lin.. '''"'''''1"'= ^'''°'"' '0 Hoc simul edivi I """"'"' '"'"="'■ NorfiV, ' """ ccssavere poetae Quid" ? '"""'*= •""°' P"'"e diurno Deoipit exen,£v Uiis' " -S: 'Tuod" ''*'""• ^0 -=^s.:r :^a-- , ■?j . 254 EPISTLES OP HORACE. BOOK r. Nec sponsaj laqueum famoso carmine ncctit. Hunc ego, non alio dictum prius ore, Latinus Vulgavi fidicen ; juvat immemorata ferentem Ingenuis oculisque Icgi, manibusque teneri. 35 Scire velis, mca cur ingratus opuscula lector Laudet ametquo domi, prernat extra limen iniquus? Non ego ventosaj plebis suffragia venor, Impensis cccnarum, et tritsa munere vestis ; Non ego, nobilium scriptorum auditor et ultor, 40 Grammaticas ambire tribus et pulpita dignor : Hinc illa3 lacrimae ! Spissis indigna threatris Scripta pudet recitare, et nugis addere pondus, Si dixi ; Rides, ait, et Jovis auribus ista Servas : fidis enim manare poetica mella 45 Te solum, tibi pulcher. Ad haec ego naribus uti Formido : et, luctantis acuto ne secer ungui, Displicet iste locus, clamo, et diludia posco. Ludus enim genuit trepidum certamen et iram, Ira truces inimicitias et funcbre bellum. EPISTLE XX. Vertumnum Janumque, liber, spcctare videris ; Scilicet ut prostes Sosiorum pumice mundus. Odisti clavej, et grata sigilla pudico : Paucis ostendi gemis, et communia laudas. 5 Non ita nutritus ! Fuge, quo descendere gestis : Non crit emisso reditus tibi. Quid miser egi ? Quid volui ? dices, ubi quis te laeserit ; et scis, In breve te cogi, plenus quum languet amator. Quod 61 non odio peccantis desipit augur, 10 Carus eris Romae, donee te deseret aetas, \>ontrectatus ubi inanibus sordescere vulgi Coeperis, aut tineas pasccs taciturnusinertes, EPISTLES OF HOJUCE. EPIS. XX. —.I.*;» or HOJUCE. 255 Hoc quoque te iinn^. . ^"'"'^ laboret ? «> Mo liberttirLS;: P^-^f '•'"''"•"■'" -«e», Majores pennaTn^^i ' ' ^' '" "=""' 'e Ut quan.1 gen^ri V™ "''"'' '°''"«"'^ ^ Corporis exbu nrl ^''""""^•^ 'lomique ; n L Si 5 R. Pc Dl Co; PJo I'O Spe No! Con Urit Iniri 15 Praji Jura EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK II. EPISTLE I. . Si !o„go .rot mo^ Ser """i P""^''"' ■> Romulus, etLil,ern„.f,.'"P°™'<^«'sar. bella '"'"^ '^°'"'" genus, aspera —-.-que fuum pe. „o,nen"po„i;-;;=^„. 258 EPISTLES OP HORACE. BOOK II. Nil oriturum alias, nil ortum tale fatentes. Sed tuus hie populus, sapiens et Justus in uno, Te nostris ducibus, te Graiis anteferendo, 'ZO Cetera nequaquarn siinili ratione modoque iEstimat, et, nisi quaeterris seniota suisque Temporibus defuncta vidct, fastidit et edit : Sic fautor veterum, ut tabulas peccare vetantes. Q,uas bis quinque viri sanxerunt, foedera regum 25 Vel Gabiis vel cum rigidis aequata Sabinis, Pontificum libros, annosa volumina vatum, Dictitet Albano Musas in montc locutas. Si, quia Grajcorum sunt antiquissima qua3qiic Scripta vet optima, Ilomani pensantur eadeni 30 Scriptores trutinii, non est quod multa loquamur; Nil intra est oleam, nil extra est in nuce duri. Vcnimus ad sumniam fortunoe ; pingimus, atquc Psallimus, et luctamur Acliivis doctius unctis. Si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit, 35 Scire velim, pretiurn cliartis quotus arroget annus: Scriptor abhinc annos centum qui decidit, inter Perfectos veteresque referii debet ? an inter Viles utque novos? excludat jurgia finis. Est veius atque probus, centum qui perficii annos. 40 Quid ? cpii deperiit minor uno mense vel anno. Inter quos referendus crit ? veteresne poetasr An quos et pra^sens et postera respuat letas? Isle quidem veieres inter ponetur honeste, Qui vel nicnse brevi vel toto est junior anno. 45 Utor permisso, caudaeque pilos ut equinie, Paulatim vello, et demo unum, demo etiaiiij unum, Tallin i%aA^t fJiiQiiQ rntionf? mentis ?*.C6rv!i Uui redit ad iastos, et viriulcm sestimal win^, BOOK II. EPIS. I. n, demo etiani EPISTLES OP HORACE. 259 50 SroTsS'nfj.r'' ^''""- — "• Vt criti'ei Ileum levL""' "' ""<=' Homerus, .'.""*»'' cadant et somni-i P.,.i ^. ^ pocma. ° '""<=""» ««' vetus omne ASdortr"'-fP-;a„fe.. J^icitur A/Van In '^""' ^^^'"« a'ti : ,, Sincere (' ^ers^^^^^^j' ^.-^--^ Epichonni; Soecfflf P ^^^ stipata theatro •^peLiat llonia potens • Jnl «♦ i ''^^^^' poetas ^ ' '^'"''^^ '^os numeratque Dicere cedif nr.c ; ^ ' P'^'^aque dure E.sapiro;'„tufr::re:t'"":i'' '0 Esse reor, memini n„ ,""»*« carniina tivi ui,noi qiiKlqiiom reprehemli n„„ ■ Co.npos.tum illepkleve ,,„ eh.r se,l ^■'"' '"''" ''"' "''="^' "^'■'» flo'^^q^e. perarnbulc. A„a> 260 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK II. 80 Fabnla, si dubitem, clament periisse pudorem Cuncti pane patres, ca quum reprehendere coner, Quae gravis iEsopus, quae doctus Roscius egit : Vel, quia nil rectum, nisi quod placuit sibi. ducunt ; Vel, quia turpe putant parere minoribus, et qua 85 Imberbi didicere, senes perdenda fateri. Jam Saliare Numse carmen qui laudat, et illud, Quod inecum ignorat, solus vult scire videri ; Ingeniis non ille favet plauditque sepultis, Nostra sed impugnat, nos nostraque lividus odit. 90 Quod si tarn Graiis novitas invisa fuisset, Quam nobis, quid nunc csset vetus ? aut quid haberet. Quod legeret tereretque viritim publicus usus? Ut primum positis nugari GroGcia bellis Coepit, et in vitium fortune labier requa, 95 Nunc athletarum studiis, nunc arsit equorum : Marmoris aut eboris fabros aut oeris amavit: Suspendit pictA vultum mentemque tabella ; Nunc tibicinibus, nunc est gavisa tragoedis : Sub nutrice puelU velut si luderet infans, 100 Quod cupide petiit, mature plena reliquit. Quid placet aut odio est, quod non mutabile credas ? Hoc paces habuere bonae, ventique eecundi. RomcE dulce diu fuit et solenne reclusA Mane domo vigilare, clienti promere jura, 105 Cautos nominibus reciis'expendere numinos, Majores audire, minori dicere, per quae Crescere res posset, minui damnosa libido. Mutavit menlem pupulus levis, ci cuict uno Scribendi studio : puerique patresque severi BOOK II. EPis. r. EPISTLES OF HORACE. 261 Sole, v,gi| calamum et cC» f "■"" °"° , , . „ «^Sro "'^"'^ "met ; abrotonum uo Won audet, nisi qui did,.,-, . fcorum esl. Pron„„u„,„^j I ,™''^^^^^ quod medi- Scnbimus indocli ,LZ- '"'^"''•■> ^bri .- Hie error tamen" t tlT ""'"""^ P»^^'"»- '20Non temerees animf ^.«!; """'^ »»■"'"« «num.- """""'' "^'^^samatjiocstudet CS:fe---..ince„diaride.; Pt"" ; ^i^it Ss e „? '"'=*'"'"" ""«•" Milili» quamquam nf '^ ^* ^ocundo: l25Si das l°oc, p^"vTs Pf" «' "•«'"«, u,i!is urbi aurem; J"" "unc sermonibus , CrilZ ^tVJ"''^^''' '•<'""«' amieis '30Recte fae a re?e ' „"'""^'="'' «' '>-•» i '"«'"•it exempli ' ij'!""» 'f'Pora ^o.i, ' Cast, cum pu'eris' ig7ara Due? " '' "«'""'• Pose., open. d^oruTet o T "l-^"'" ''^''''^'« quam Describi. Vertere modum, formidmc fustis 155 Ad bene dicendum delectandumque redacti. Gra'cia capta ferum viclorem cepit, et artes Intulit agresti Latio. Sic horridus ille Defluxit numerus Saturnius, et grave virus Munditifn pepulere ; sed in longum lamen ffivum J 60 Manserunt hodieque manent vestigia runs: Serus enim Grcecis admovit acumina clmrtis, Et post Punica bella quietus qua3rere ccepit, Quid Sophocles et Thespis et yEschylus utile ferrent. Tentavit quoque rem, si digne vertere posset ; 'l65 Et placuit sibi, naturil sublimis et acer ; Nam spirat tragicum satis, et fcliciter audet ; Sed turpem putat inscite metuitque lituram. Creditur, ex medio quia res arccssit, habere Sudoris minimum ; sed habet Comoedia lanto ■•-.rv-ni..- ^„««;r. rti.ontrk vpnifr. inillUS. AdsPlCe, Plautus . Quo pacto partes tutetur amantis ephebil CPI8. I. EPISTLES OF HORACE. Q63 post hoc "'"""'"m in locuJos cicmiitere, Sic leve, sic paXe° '?''•''''""''''''•• avarum ""' """"""> qnod la„dis ISOSubiuit ac rcfirii i v i Quod „un,oro plure , vtrlu.c eV I,?"'"'' ''"^'»"'' 185 Si discordet caZT^V"""" f"»''- A", u-um, au?;;^.,rt r " r;"""f ""-""' Verum equitis nSoque Z P'"''";"''' ««"'J';'- voliipias ' ' J"'" ""gravit ab aure Srarpre?a:,'"^'^"^'»--- Cipfivum noria L .K ' ''*'!'"•'">. naves ; , Si Let in' e H " idorl; n*"''* ^°™"'"'' '95Diversum coX'^tZ^T"'""' '"" Sive ElcDiins -ill»,» . , ■ '"'""•«'■" came b, . Scrir,JZJ^'l"" ""'"" 'Pectacuk olum • N Fabellams^rdo" IT"" P"'""' "^cllo " ' ' •"n,rcleiunt quern nostra theatra;' i% il i' k IflH ■■;?, ' ,,1 > ■ 'at A- >m(f i| !Tr *¥ 1 . -t ,f f ; 264 EPISTLGi OF HOBAOE. BPOK U. Garganum mugirc putes nemus, aut .«are Tuscuin: Tanto cum strepitu itidi spectantur et artes, Divitiaeque peregriiiae ; quibus.oblitus actor 205 Quum stetit in scena, concurrit dexlcra laevae. Dixit adhuc aliquid ? Nil sane. Quid placet ergo ? Lana Tarentino violas imitata veneno. Ac ne forte putes me, quae facere ipse recusem, Quun». recte tractent alii, laudare maligne ; 210llle per extentum funem mihi posse videtur Ire pocta, ineum qui pectus inanitcr angit, Irritat, mulcet, falsis terroribus implet, Ut magus, i et modo me Thebis, modo ponit Athonis. Verum age, et his qui se lectori credere malunt. 215 Quam spectatoris fastidia ferre superbi, Curam redde brevem, si munus Apolline dignum Vis complere libris, et vatibus addere calcar, Ut studio majore petar i Ifelicona virentem. Multa quidem nobis ftyntaiis mala smpe poeta; 220 (Ut vineta egonw lam mea), quum libi librum Sollicito damns, aut fesso ; quum laedimur, unum Si quis amicorum est ausus reprendere versum; Quum locajam recitata revolvimus irrevocatij duum lamentamur, non apparere labores 225 Nostros, et tenui deducta poemata filo ; [que Quum speramus, eo rem veaituram, ut, simulat- Carmina rescieris nos fingere, commodus ultro Arcessas, et egere votes, et scribere cogas. Sed tamen est opera) pxetium cognoscere, quales 230 iEdituos habeat belli spectata domique Virtus, indigno non committenda poetae. Gratus Alexandro regi Magno fuit ille Chcjerilus, incultis qui versibus et male natis IPIS. I. EPISTLES or HORACB. Splendida hc,aH„2 ?■'""'''<= '''^''o Edicto veiui, ne "' i, " """ '''°''«"« «mi". Delecti tibi VirTilius Vn! ""''" '"'eruiK, ^ec magis expre i" „1";;^^"!/'°' '" '• Quam Der v.L ^ P^*^ ahenea s urna Repentes pU humun, „,'""'°"'' 'So mallem gesta», ' ""'™' ^""«n «s compo„e,e *"> quantum cuperem P ''"='P'= '^"mam, ncque parvum ' ^''"" 1"°^"«; sed Prajcipue quum se nLT- '''''^'"' '"•S"^'. ' D«cit enin? ci." s „cSl"rr'"''"' «=' "'« ■• Quod aais rf.,;^„. :""'"!"« '■''emius illud tur.- -—'' ^"^" H-'od probat et venera- N"'no«rofficiumquodn,eg,ava,ac„e,uefic.o S6S I MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 m m 1^ 3.2 14.0 1.4 I 2.5 12.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ APPLIED IM/1GE Inc 1653 East Main Street Rochester, New York 14609 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fox USA 266 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK I. fi' '' 5i 4 3» ., 1 », 265 In pejus vukii proponi cereus usquam, Nee prave factis decorari versibus opto : Ne rubcam pingui clonatus niunere, et una Cum scriptore nieo capsA porrectus apert^, Deferar in vicum vendentem tus et odores, 270 Et piper, et quidquid chartis araicitur ineptis. EPISTLE II. Flore bono claro^'ue fidelis amice Neroni, Si quis forte vclit puerum tibi vendere natum Tibure vel ;Gabiis, et tecum sic agat: " Hie et Candidus et talos a vertice pulcher ad imos, 5 Fiet eritque tuus nnmmorum millibus octo ; Verna ministeriis ad nutus aptus heriles, Litterulis Graecis imbjtus, idoneus arti Cuilibet : argilla quidvis imitabcris uda : Q,uin ctiam canet indoctum, sod dulce bibenti. 10 Multa fidem promissa levant, ubi plenius oequo Laudat venales, qui vult extrudere, merces. Res urguet me nulla: meo sum pauper in aere. Nemo hoc mangonum faceret tibi ; non temere a me Quivis ferret idem : semel hie cessavit, et, ut fit, 1 5 In scalis latuit metuens pendentis habenas. Des nunimos, excepta nihil te si fuga loedit. Hie fcrat pretium pocnaD securus, opinor. Prudens eniisti vitiosum : dicta tibi est lex : Insequeris tamen hunc et lite moraris iniqua? 20 Dixi me pigrum proficiscenti tibi, dixi Talibus officiis prope mancum ; ne mea saovus Jurgares ad te quod epistola nulla veniret. Quid tum profeci, mecum facientia jura [ quod j Si tamen attentas ? Quereris super hoc etiam, W***^" EPis. ir. EEISTLES OF HORACE. n : non temere 267 hosii "^ "*'" ""^''«'"cns lupus, et sibi ct Cferus ob-,dlc,u ml '"'"'^ '^''""• me,S: '^"'"1"" P"^''^"' «ddere GrL'dTar'::^^,;-;^^ voca.; / P^-^e faus.o, Post haec ille cah ,, ! P''"''""'- ^"'«i «tas "' « Ibit eo. quo vi' oh',^ """"""'^ '"'"i<^"«. "lb t Ro.nae nu.rir «.l"'"?™ P''^'"* V' inqui,. ' Iratus Grai s nun ' " S"' «"J"« docer , Scibcet ut po sur n '^ "J-"*'' ^''"'"«e. Ouia sed emo er! I ™' ''"'^'■'^'■'' »erum. CiviiisquerudemLn"2'r "^"'P»™ 8'«"'. , Uncle simuh,lZ " ''^fP"."^"''» 'acertis. ! ■'» Decisis 1 uXr- "'' ""''' ^'""PP'' Et laris et fund" T ' '"°P'""i»o pa e™i te,„, '"""• ^'^''' ']"''d non desit, Iiaben- . Quae potfinjnf ., L ^* -«ebusdo'r'mfre ';;"'!!"' "Purfrare cicutae, h^s-8"'a,.e nobis :n,':i7™cLreu:;::r"^-' f* - If ^ 'I* 268 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOE II, Eripuere jocos, Venerem, convivia, ludum ; Tendunt extorquere poemata. Quid faoiam vis? Denique non omnes eadem mirantur amantquo : Carmine tu gaudes, hie delectatur iambis ; 60 Die Bioneis sermonibus et sale nigro. Tres mihi convivae prope dissentire videntur, Poscentes vario multum diversa palato. Quid dem ? quid non dem ? Renuis tu, quod jubet alter ; Quod petis, id sane est invisum acidumque duobus. 65 Prseter cetera, me Romnene poemata censes Scribere posse, inter tot curas totque labores ? Hie sponsum vocat, hie auditum scripta, relictis Omnibus officiis ; cubat hie in colle Quirini, Hie extremo in Aventino, visendus uterque ; 70 Intervalla vides humane commoda. Verum Purse sunt plateau, nihil ut meditantibus obstet. Festinat calidus mulis gerulisque redemtor ; Torquet nunc lapidem, nunc ingens machina tignum ; Tristia robustis luctantur funera plaustris ; 75 Hac rabiosa fugit canis, hac lutulenta ruit sus: I nunc, et versus tecum meditare canoros. Scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus et fup't urbes, Rite cliens Bacchi, somno gaudentis et umbra : Tu me inter strepitus nocturnes atque diurnos 80 Vis canere, et contracta sequi vestigia vatuni ? Ingenium, sibi quod vacuas desumsit Athenas, Et studiis annos septem dedit, insenuitque Libris'^et curis, statua taciturnius exit Flerumque, et risu populum quatit; hie rerum ego ...T,^ EPIS. II, ^^ISTLEB OF HORACE. 269 Gracchus ut hirjir 7 "'"''f^' honores Pntnum, " -"^"''^ opus! Adspice yuanio cum ft^f., Spectemus vacu'm l"""'" ""•"""'''e circum Ciedimur, et to id»m Dla"u, '^''1''^ coronam. Quum scribo It^Zr""' ""'^''''o va! m 'OoObturemnn,„i„ ■'''''"«ntereeepta j^''jo«u?s' .'rroi'^e?'''"' --• ''OCum tabu/is animumf "'^ P-^^na, ...Eive^ruT:^ ,r'"™ '"^'f --dan, ^oferet in jurem «J "' ^™"' «'que I '"cem specosa vocabula rerun, |..<'1 :(-;i 270 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK II. ^^^KJi uimn ^^Blt "^flHH ^^IK> jIH dH '^1 ^^^^^H^^ ' idll ^Kkij IhII Quffi, priscis memorata Catonibus atqiie Ce- thegis, Nunc situs informis premit et deserta vetustas : Atlsciscct nova, qu^ genitor produxerit usus. 120 Vchemcns et liquidus puroque simillimus amni Fundet oi)es, Latiumque beabit diviio lingua. Luxuriantia compescet, nimis aspera sano Levabit cuUu, virtute carentia toilet : Ludentis speciem dabit, et torquebitur, ut qui 1 25 Nunc Satyrum, nunc agrcstem Cyclopa movetur. " Praetuleritn scriptor delirus inersque videri, Dum mea delectent mala me, vel denique fallant. auam sapere et ringi. Fuit baud ignobilis Argis, . Qui se credebat miros audire tragcedos, 130 In vacuo laetus sessor plausorque theatro ; Cetera qui vitae servaret munia recto More ; bonus sane vicinus, amabilis hospes, Comis in uxorem, posset qui ignoscere servis, Et signo laeso non insanire lagcnae ; 135 Posset qui rupem et puteum vitare patentem. Hie ubi cognatorum opibus curisque refectus Expulit helleboro morbum bilemque meraco, Et redit ad sese, " Pol, me occidistis, amici, Non servastis, ait, cui sic axtorta voluptas, 140 Et demtus per vim mentis gratissimus error." Nimirum sapere est abjectis utile nugis, Et tempestivum pueris concedere ludum ; _ I Ac non verba sequi fidibus modulanda Latinis, Sed verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae. 145Gluocirca mecum loquor haec, tacitusque re- corder : I Si tibi nulla sitim fmiret copia lymphae, Narrares medicis : quod, quauto plura parasti; BOOK II. «PIS. II. EP'STI^ES OF HORACE. 271 '50 Won fierce lev.uMte;; t r '"^ ''f*''' Si propr um est nnr. \ - ^^^' 'or uno. r' Te dom,nu^ sentit • Z n '■"'"«"a daturas Paufel.m mercaris asm,? >„?"'"-' '"°''<' isto '^5 Aut eliam suora n,t ' '^""'''"^e "-ecentis f --d refer,, "S , rr"'" ™'""'- «'"'"n.. I ITolfd """"" ^'^ i^nrcd:';'T P"'^' ^ ^«'-' "OSed vocat tisq„e sunm <=^'«'ac(at a/,enum • horae, ''"""1"«'«, pancto quod mobilis- «uncprece, nunc preiio n, • f^"Premi, Permutet domi„os, etcl^tTV'' """« ^°"o I Q"id v,ci prosunt/an t "^, T"''"" ""''am, 272 EPISTLES OF HORACE. BOOK II h ,' Sunt qui non habeant, est qui non curat habere. Cur alter fratrum cessare, et ludere, et ungi, Praeferat Herodis palmctis pinguibus ; alter, 185 Dives et importunus, ad umbram lucis ab ortu Silvestrem ttammis et ferro mitiget agrum, Scit Genius, natale comes qui temperat astrum, Naturae Deus humanae, mortalis in iinum- Quodque caput, vultu mutabilis, albusetater. 190Utar, et ex modico, quantum res poscet, acervo Tollam ; nee metuani quid dc me judicet haeres, Quod non plura datis invenerit ; et tamen idem Scire volam, quantum simplex hilarisque nepoti Discrepet, et quantum discordet parcus avaro. 195 Distat enim, spargas tua prodigus, an neque sum- Invitus facias, neque plura parare labores ; [turn Ac potius, puer ut festis quinquatribus ohm, Exiguo gratoque fruaris tempore raptim. [utrum Pauperies, immunda domus, procul absit : ego 200 Nave ferar magna an parva, ferar unus et idem. Non agimur tumidis velis Aquilone secundo ; Non tamen adversis aetatem ducimus Austris ; Viribus, ingenio, specie, virtute, loco, re, Extremi primorum, extremis usque priores. 205 Non es avarus : abi. Quid? cetera jam simul islo Cum vitio fugere ? caret tibi pectus inam Ambitione ? caret mortis formiditre-et ira r Somnia, terrores magicos, miracula, sagas, Nocturnos lemures portentaque lliessala rides r 210 Natales grate numeras ? ignoscis amicis ? Lenior et melior lis accedente senectii ? Quid te exemta juvat spinis de pluribus una? Vivere si recte nescis, decede peritis. usisii saiiK, uuisti oaurj, «i-juc - -- 215 Tempusabire tibi est; ne potum largius aequo Rideat et pulset lasciva decentius aetas. I EPISTLE TO THE **I S 0]\E S. ^# ... ■ t4 lA m i4 f^ 'i De8.jat in piscem mnll.l V '""^P"" atrum Persimie,„e"iu's !''.'"'''« ""^ «brum Rngenlur s^ec es „t „ ' *^^" """'"''' ^«"«^ Reddatur form» ' «"f^ .^' "^c caput uni '» «"idlibe. aude:di s^m "er fuh'"'"^ P""'^ •cus ; ^' ^"' P'uvius describiti Sed n tur ^'unc non erat his locus • m /Xw i'**""^ t ^^"® • ®t fortasse cupreg- 274 EPISTLE TO PISONES. '20 Scis simularc ; quid hoc, si fractis enatat cxspcv Navibus, i«re dato qui pingitur? Ampliora cccpit Institui ; currente rotu cur urceus exit? Denique sit quodvis, simplex dunlaxat et unum. Maxima pars vatum, pater ct juvencs patre diyuL 05 Decipimur specie recti. Brcvis esse laboro, Obsrurus fio ; sectantem Icvia nervi Deficiunt animiquc ; professus grandia turgct : Serpit humi tutus nimium timidusquc procelliL-. Qui variare cupitrem prodigiaiiter unam, 30 Delphinum silvis appingit, Huctihus aprum. In vilium ducit culpte fuga, si caret arte, ^milium circa ludum faber unus et ungues Exprimet et molles imitabilur icre capiUos, Infelix operis summa, quia ponere totum 35 Nesciet. Hunc ego me, si quid componcr. curem, Nou magis esse velim, quam naso vivere pravo Spectandum nigris oculis nigroque capillo. Sumite matenam vestris, qui scribitis, a3quam Viribus : et versate diu, quid ferre rccusent, 40 Quid valeaut humeri. Cui lecta potenter enl NeJ focundia deseret hunc, nee lucidus ordo. Ordinis hffic virtus erit et Venus, aut ego tailor. Ut jam nunc dicat jam nunc debentia dici, Pleraque differat et pra^sens in tern pus omittat. 45 la verbis etiam tenuis cautusque serendis, Hoc amet, hoc spernat promissi carmm.s auctor Dixeris egregie, notum si callida verbum Reddideritjunctura novum. Si fortenecesseesl Indiciis monstrare recentibus abdita rerum ; 1 50 Fingere cinctutis non exaudita Cetncgis Continget; dabilurque licentia sumta pudenter. EPISTLE TO PISONES. g^g tem? ' ^^'^^ detorta. Quid au- Semionem palrium diiaverit o, n Prima cadun ^Tl T""'"' '" ="""o». E. j«venu,n"Hu, „ ;: rS" '""" """" <«'-. «^ eg,s opus, Merilisnue dU,'" °'''''"^ "■•««'. ^eu cursiiin miitnvl. P.'® *<"''!' aratrum; Doctus iter™" i'r ' '7"r/™S''^"'' ^-""i^. '» Multa renascemur n^ltr "'f """^ ^■'^■•'^• Q"=e nunc sun, in 'h^^o.f^-irf ''•'•' '='«'°"''1»« Quem penes arbitriu™ 'e ^^^ ' " '°'''' "^"»' qwendi. "' "^' J"s et norma lo- '5 Versibus impa'he'Sr' '"""'"''"' «<""«'"'• ! Post etiam inclusa J"""'' .1"«"'nonia primum, ^'•epitus, et nutum rebus agendis. ii n. t |). . ! h •5 r J in 'I f. ^ ' 276 EPISTLE TO PISONES. Musa dcdit fidibus Divos puerosque Deorum, Et pugilem victorcm, et equum certamine pri- rnum, 85 Et juveiium curas, et libera vina refcrrc. Descriptas servare vices operumqiie colores, Cur e^^o, si nequeo ignoroque, poeta salutor? Cur nescire, pudens prave, quam discere malo ? Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult : 90 Indignatur item privatis ac prope bocco Di^nis carminibus narrari ccena ThyestOR : Singula qUEcque locum teneant sortita decenter. Interdum tamen et vocem cornoedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore : 95 Et trai-^icus plerumque dolet sernione pedestri. Telephus et Peleus, quum pauper et exsul, uter- Proiicit' ampullas et sesquipedalia verba, Si curat cor spectantis tetigisse querela. Non satis est pulchra esse poemata : dulcia sunto, ^ 100 Et quocunque volent, animum auditoris agunto, Ut 'ridentibus arrident, ita flentibus adsunt Humani vultus. Si vis me flere, Holendum est Primum ipsi tibi ; turn tuame infortunia la^dent Telephe, vel Peleu male si mandata loqueris, 105 Aut dormitabo, aut ridebo. Tristia moestum Vultum verba decent, iratum plena mmarum, Ludentem lasciva, severum seriadictu. Format enim natura prius nos intus ad omnem Fortunarum habitum; juvat autimpellitad iraiii. 1 10 Aut ad humum moerore gravi deducit et angit; Post effert animi motus interprete lingua. Si dicentis erunt foriunis absona dicta, Romani toUent equites peditesque cachinnum. EPISTLE TO PISONES. 277 Cole).,.,, an AsCi'ns T " I ""'""' "8^"' ^ Jura ne ' " Die mihi Musi ' v^ "'' ■"""'"'• '"«P'e : Troj^' ""*'' '"™'"' <=ap.^posr tempera £ f«mt'':r;j,ro.r"°;*"" ^'''°'«'- Ille bonis faC'r' et t "'i"' "' ''^^^^t apt'e. Et regat iralos r,, ''°""''^^"' amicis, Justitiam, legesle t ? '"•".s ,lle salubrem 200 Ille tega coCTs a n!f"^'""' Po»'s; Tibia non ut n ,„V ' .'^"f'""" ^"P'^'-^s. ' ■^03HtCs;:ist:i:,r^'~ §"0 sane p'o^r t JX^ ^^^^^^^ «atu ; ^t frusu metric 'rtuiiis, utpote parvus fi,: II 230 EPISTLE TO PISONES. 210 Placari Genius festis impune diebus, ' Accessit numerisque modisque hcentja major. Indoclus quid enim saperet hberque laborum Rusticus urbano confusus, turpis honesto Sic prises motumque et luxuriem addidit arti 2l5Tibicen, traxitque vagus per pulpita vestem. Sic etiam fidibus voces crevere sejeris, Et tulit eloquium insolitum facundia praeceps, Utiliumque sagax rerum, et divma futun, Sortilegis non discrepuit sentent.a Delphis. 220 Carmine qui tragico vUem certav.t ob h.cum, Mox etiam agrestes Satyros nudavit, et asper Incolumi gravitate jocum tentavit eo, quod Illecebris eratet grafA "ovitate morandus Spectator, functusque sacns, «t potus et exlex. 225 Verum ita risores, ita commendare dicaces Conveniet Satyros, ita vertere seria l^^o, ■ Ne, quicunque Deus, quicunque adhibebitur heros, Resali conspectus in auro nuper et ostro, Mkret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas ; 230 Aut, dum vitat humum, nubes et mama captel Effutire leves indigna tragoedia versus, Ut festis matrona moveri jussa diebus, Intererit Satyris paullum pudibunda protm^^ Non ego inornata et dominantia nomma solum 235 Verbaque, Pisones, Satyrorum scnptor amaboj Nee sic enitar tragico diflferre colon, Ut nihil intesit, Davusne loquatur et audax Pythias emuncto lucrata Simone talentum, An custos famulusque Dei Silenus alumm C-..IO Vv r.r.ir. f\rixim carmcu sequar, ut sibi quivis ^ s7e;;Vide"m,7udet multum frustraque laborei Ausus idem: tantum series juncturaque poUetl 1 EPISTLE TO PISONES. 281 etres, ' "l"'""' est equus, et pater, 2»5 Tardier ut pauIo gravrol „ " • °" "^ P'''''^™, Spondees stabile? i„7u°aTl"'''' ='<^ ''"'•««. . Nobd.bus trimelris aDMr ' T ""= ^' '° Acc- 1^60 In scenam missn,^f/ '^'"^' «' Enn! ' Aut ignorat^ Premh a H? "'''"' <=="-'"«is, Non quivis videT^L^ .''""'"<' ""•?'• . Et d4 RoZt 'v^i 1 1 r^™^' 'j""-. m Mcircone vager sr-rihLl ".d'^"" Poe'is- I Spem venim cautus ' VS T"' "' ''"'"^ J^on laudem merui ' VoZ "T" '="'?'"". , Nocjurna versale man.i ""'"P''»"^ «raca Eaudavere Ses „ !'"™ "^' ""•"«'"" «t Scmus inurbanum le' I-'o !'-"""'" ''S^*' «' vos fa cs genus invenisse Camcen* m\ ■ v. If. „ I •In Q82 EPISTLE TO FISONES. Dicitur, et plaustris vexisse poemata Thespis, Quce canerent agerentque peruncti fjecibus ora. Post hunc personoe pallseqiie repertor honestoe iEschylus, et modicis instravit pulpita tignis, 280 Et docuit magnumque loqui, nitique cothiirno. Successit vetus his comoedia, non sine multii Laude ; sed in vitium libertas excidit, et vim Dignam lege regi : lex est accepta, chorusque Turpiter obticuit sublato jure nocendi. 235 Nil intern. turn nostri liquere poetae : Nee minimpm meruere decus vestigia Grseca Aiisi deserere, et celebrare domestica facta, Vel qui prcetextas, vel qui docuere togatas. Nee virtute foret clarisve potentius aimis, 290 Quam lingua, Latium, si non offenderet unum- Quemque poetarum limse labor et mora. Vos, c Pompilius sanguis, carmen reprehendite, quod non Multa dies et multa litura coercuit, atque Pncsectum decies non castigavit ad unguem. 295 Tngenium misera quia fortunatius arte Credit, et excludit sanos Helicone poetas Democritus, bona pars non ungues ponere curat, Non barbam ; secreta petit loca, balnea vitat. Nanciscctur enim pretium nomenque poetce, 300 Si tribus Anticyris caput insanabile nunquam Tonsori Licino commiserit. O ego Isevus, Qui purgor bilem sub verni temporis horam ! Non alius faceret meliora poemata : verum Nil tanti est ; ergo fungar vice cotis, acutum 305Reddere qua? ferrum valet, exsors ipsa secandi:! Munns et officium, nil scribens ipse, docebo ; j Undo parentur opes; quid alat formetquej poetam ; EPISTLE TO PISONES. 9^3 Q"o «.t amore pals quo fra eT "'"T' iiospes, ' ^ ''^^^^^ amandus et Rcddere person^ .p?, 'J"cis ,lle profeclo Respieore' e e^pV; ^"2"""'" ''"''^"'^■ Doctun. imiiatorem I, "'"'""'qi'ejubebo Interdum spec 0^1' "'"'" '"»<=d"cere voces Valdius oblectat ponu L 1 r " '^' ^'•'«' Quam versus inopes rerl "1'"' '"°™'"^ Oralis inffenium r,!.' ;• ""«^T'e canora;. 335 Roma„i^pue^[T'' , r'^f™ T"'"" »'■=""«• «iscunt in na?Jri^ ralion.bus assem Filius A bin? Si de •"" '''''"'^^<'- Oica. Rem pceris servare uam Red,, "'"' '^''^"^• |330 Sem s. An /.q.,. ,„• "" ""«'".• q" d fit "' ' P^J^'se linenda "ed o eM "' ^'""'"^ H^gi .'-utprodesse volum ', r,'"''''"''» <="P'«««o? Aut simul et iucundl ?/•"'"'""■" P"^"»' 5Q"idquid p icipie,^l! 't"'" ''''=^'« vi,'«,, I'wcip'ant anh^i'^dodt , ''"' ' "' «"° <>>'''<^ Omni supervacuum^^ ' '"f^''"")"^ «cleles : Wee, quodcun'nurvnT,""' f™"^™" ^«'^ P«ns»La,n,*v.vu,«puerumext,aha.aI MO redi vo. 284 EPISTLE TO PISONES. Centuriae seniorum agitant expertia frugis ; Celsj praetereunt austera poemata Ramnes : Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci, Lectorem delectando pariterque monendo. 345 Hie meret a3ra liber Sosiis ; hie et mare transit, Etlonguni noto scriptori prorogat ajvum. Sunt delicta tamen, quibus ignovisse velimus : Nam neque ehorda sonum reddit quem vult ma- nus et mens, Poscentique gravem persaepe remittit acutum ; 350 Nee semper feriet quodcunque minabitur arcus. Varum ubi plura nitent in carmine, non ego paucis Offendar maculis, quas aut ineuria fudit, Aut huniana parum cavit natura. Quid ergo est? Ut seriptor si peecat idem librarius usque, 355 Quamvis est monitus, venia caret ; et citharcedus Ridetur, '^horda qui semper oberrat eadem : Sic mihi, s multum cessat, fit Choerilus ille, Quem bis terque bonum cum risu miror ; et idem Indignor, quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus. 360 Verum operi longo fas est obrepere somnum. Ut pictura, poesis ; erit qua}, si propius stes, Te capiet magis, et qu-cedam, si longius abstes ; Hebc amat obscurum, volet haec sub luce videri. Judieis argutum quae non formidat acumen : 365 Haec placuit semel, haec decies repetita placebit. O major juvenum, quamvis et voce paterna Fingeris ad rectum, et per te sapis, hoc tibi dic- tum To!le memor : certis medium et tolerabile rebus | Recte eoneedi : eonsultus juris et actor 370 Causarum mediocris abcst virtute diserti Messalse, nee scit quantum Cascellius Aulas j liWSTLE TO P.SONES. „„^ ^on ".tir'^^j;^^^^^^^ essepoen-s U grates inter mensas svLT ^'^ coIumn,e. papaver ^ "'""^' ^^ Sardo cum meJIe ^nendurif, poteraf rT««- • Sic animis'n'aTumltmutn '""" ™« '^«i»-- S- paullum a summo defers?,"?"""» J"*''"^!», 380Indoctusque pila; disdve t " k' "''"'"^' ""i-", «"i nescit, versus .nl P?"^ <=<"■«"* : E' Patris, et nostras n! ^""^""^ ^^^s, annum, '"'' "onumque prematur i„ Si'vestres hom „es'; •"' ""^ "'"'^ reverti 39oSaxa movere sono e,t„!i • *=°'"'"<"- arcis, ' Publ'ca private secernere !^ '""""'' ^"ondam, I Car.i„;rterXr.-««b-a..ue ■ ^yrtaeusqu» mares antosTn'^'^"'' F""^™»' ^-b-e,acuit, dic.arp:;s:':Ss, *!>i> ik •286 EPISTLE TO PIS0NE9. k't '^ Et vitae monstrata via est ; et gratia regum 405 Pieriis tentata modis ; ludusque repertus, Et longorum operum finis : ne forte pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae solers, et cantor Apollo. Naturu fieret laudabile carmen, an arte, duaesitum est : ego nee studium sine divite vena. 410 Nee rude, quid p'ossit, video ingenium : alterius Altera poscit opem res, et conjurat amice. [sic Qui studet optatam cursu contingere meiam, Multa tulit fecitque puer, sudavit et alsit ; Abstinuit Vcnere et vino : qui Pytlua cantat 415 Tibicen, didicit prius extimuitque magistrum. Nee satis est dixisse : " Ego mira poemata pango: Occupet cxtremum scabies, mild turpe relinqui Et, quod non didici, sane nescire, fateri." [est. Ut praeco, ad merces turbam qui cogit emendas, 420 Assentatores jubet ad lucrum ire poeta Dives agris, dives positis in fcenore nummis. Si vero est, unctum qui recte ponere possit, Et spondere levi pro paupere, et eripere atris Lilibus imp/icitum, mirabor, si sciet inter- 425 Noscere rnendacem verumqre beatus amicum. Tu seu donaris, seu quid donare voles cui, Nolito ad versus tibi factos ducere plenum Laetitiae ; clamabitenim, Pulchre! bene! rede! Pallescet, super his etiam stillabit amicis 4.30 Ex oculis rorem ; saliet, tundet pede terram. Ut, qui conducti plorant in funere, dicunt Et faciunt prope plura dolentibus ex animo, sic Derisor vero plus laudatore movetur. Reges dicuntur multis urguere culuUis, 4.35 Et torquere mero, quern perspexisse laborant An sit amicitia dignus. Si carmina condcs, Nunquam te fallant animi sub vulpe latentes. BP'STLE TO PIS0NE5. 287 ^■l male tomatos incudi ,7 i "" J'''"'''^», ^'""um ultra tCr::"' r'"'' '"''''-■ ^«tb„tr^r;:s: :''--'-»-.. «Ol-iet Aris arc/ 's 'I"'"',"""'""''-' "«""Wt ' Off-dam in n ^i, ^'^^^^' ^ur ego amic„m In mala dcrisum sem J 1 ^'"^ """^ lucent L'' 'nala nec,s,retracruserit,jam A^f II 288 CPISTLE TO PISONES. Fiet homo, et ponet famosae mortis amorem. 470 Nee satis apparet cur versus factitet ; utrum Minxerit in patrios cineres, an triste bidental Moverit incestus : certe furil, ac velut ursus, Objectos caveae valuit si frangere clathros, Indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus ; 475 Quern vero arripuit, tenet occiditque, legendo, Non missura cute.n, nisi plena cruoris, hirudo. is amorem. et; utrum ite bidental velut ursus, clalhros, Lor acerbus ; :que, legendo, loris, hirudo. » INDEX, HISTOmwi.. GEOGRAPHICAL 7 AND MYTHOLOGICA L, TO HOBACE. r ;i- Tffl .1 ", i. gj r { ' i '-.P k ^ ' ^' ii i :i ''^* m V'i .!>l| 't,V INDEX «rSTOniCAL, GKOGRAPHICA AND ^'l-fHOLOGICAL, TO HORACE. ACA "«J to ha»e bppn P?''« '« ''ave been 7j,1 "'if'^^y «"'^ fitter. ""E'lgivar against 7 n-r ■^PPulia «~«j a J^ler, when''i!!ey '"^ «^ L-cafaia, on the border. were or ACH 292 MAC " s . vim .1^ Achilles, the hero of the Greeks in the Trojan war ; son of Peleus aim the sea-goddess Thetis. After hanng slain Hector, he was himseU killed by Paris, who wounded him with an arrow in the heel, which, according to the myth, was the only Yulnerable part of his body, , his mother having held him by that part while immersmg him in the river Styx. His ashes were mingled in the same urn witl> those of his friend Patroclus, and buried on the Sigaean promontory. . These events happened, according to the common chronology,, about B. C. 1184. r .^. /i , Achivi. This was prcperly the Greek name for the Jlcliaan race, Latinised ; it was, however, frequently used bj liic Roman poets, to designate the whole Greek nation. „ ^ , Acrisius, son of Abas, king of Argos, and brother of Prcetus, whom he drove from Argos. He was father of Danae, by Eurydice, daut'hter of Lacedaemon. An cracle hiiving foretold that his daughter's son would kill him, be confmed her in a brazen tower, 10 prevent her from becoming a mother. This precaution, how- ever, prpved unavailing, for, Jupiter having entered the tower, in the form of a golden shower, she became the mother of Perseus, who afterwards accidentally killed his grandfather with a quoii. See Danae. , ^. i j u Acroceraunia. The Ceraunian mountains formed the boundary be. tween Epirus and lUyricum. Jlcroceraunia was the name given to that portion which extended beyond Oricum, forming a boll promontory. The word is derived from the Greek words akra, lummits, and keraunos, lightning, from their being often struck with li<^htning. The modern name of this promontory is Cape Lin- ffiietta°and that of the Ceraunian range Monte Khimarra. AJtium, originally the name of a promontory, aUo called Me,ii the entrance of the Sinus Jmbracius, now the UulJ oj Jtrta, on which the inhabitants of Anactorium had erected a temple to ApoUo. Actium is famous for the battle fought at the entrance ol the Gulf, B. C. 29, between Augustus and Mark Antony. ^driaticum Mare, or Sinus Adriaticus— the branch of the sea which ' lay between Italy, and lllyricum, Epirus, and Greece, comprehend- in» not only the Gulf of Venice, but also the Ionian Sea. Itie Adriatic is also called by Roman writers the Mare Superum;il they did not, as some think, include in this term the sea at Uie ^outhofltaly, as far as the Sicilian Straits. .,.,. c Adria properly a town of Picenum, on the shore of the Adriatic &cj, It is, however, also used to designate that sea, in Horace s ma, JRacus' son ofJupiter, by ^gina, daughter of Asopus, and king of the island (Enone, which he changed to iEgina (now Engia) » honour of his mother. He was eminent for his wisdom and pie -[ on which account he was made one of the judjes of Orcus, ffi«| Mines and Rhadaraanthus. Some divided the oUicen oi mcsc i-:'j ir ; son of Peleus ann ector, he was himseU' ow in the heel, which, lie part of his body, dile immersing him in the same urn witl> I Sigaean promontory- common chronology,, nr the AclKcan race, J ilic Roman poets, to her of Proetusj whom Danae, by Eurydicc, ing foretold that his her in a brazen tower, This precaution, how- 5 entered the tower, in le mother of Perseus, ndfather with a quoii, ncd the boundary be* was the name given icum, forming a bull 3 Greek words akra, lir being often struck •omontory is Cape Un- nte Khimarra. y. aUo called Jcte,ii V the Gulf of Ma, )d erected a temple to lught at the entrance of | lark Antony, nnch of the sea which id Greece, comprehend- the Ionian Sea. The , he Mare Superum; if 1 term the sea at tliej are of the Adriatic Sea, sea, in Horace's Odei,! of Asopus, and kingofj ?:gina (now Engia) HI Dr his wisdom and picljil e judges of Orcus, witkl Lhc officd!» of tJKSi" iaf^ ^GA 293 iudges as follows • th-,f c «l ^'^^ honour of his, vj|-.,''"™«». kuilt a citv Lif' V, "''""" i "nd, Tke is and of r „'^''™"''. «» ll,o »„„7, ,°".^'!": '" f'lane ; Ij '«'« princtu ,:: s .?=, -«"^ov :;„';"''■ °fM«: ?3a: "»"", called iho S;,]; 1'"'' '"'«"or ones ,,m- ' j ?^''""' «« -iohde». 1. . ■"„,,• . "" ""« cilics were , «'f ^olus. ^ ^- A'so a patronymic of Sisv. k . '"'' '''^'^» ^Eolus. I. Godoffh. • ^ J ^ 01 iMsyphuS, the son -~er„ddresrio hl!'„:i:dtS„o!;!,X|-^^""^™"'S « p7 i '."""""^"^ tibi divfim n.f^ " '^"^Ses his power : •"« l>ald head y . ""^ ^ tortoise whinh ' ?' ^' ^56. He i, "oCdies, the high-minded /ESO 294 JETR 4 i - Athenian, the brother of Ameinias and Cyncgeirus, whose sword drank the blood of the dark-haired Medes at Marathon and Sala- mis." iEschylus is said to liare written seventy Dramas, of which only seven remain. He made the following improvements in Tragedy, viz : He added a second actor, limited the functions oi the chorus, and gave them a more artificial character ; he made the dialogue, which he created by the addition of a second actor, the princTpal part of the drama 5 he provided his Tragedy with all sort. of imposing spectacles, and introduced the custom of contending with trilogies, or three plays at a time. He seems also to have improved the theatrical costumes, and to have made the mask more expressive and convenient, while the stature of the performers was increased by making them wear thicksoled boots. " In short, he did 80 much for the Drama, that he was considered the lather ol Tragedy." (Donaldson's Greek Theatre.) ^Eaopus. 1. A celebrated Roman Tragedian, said to have been born about 620 U. C. He was a rival of Roscius, and, like him, lived on intimate terms with Cicero. He appeared, for the last time, in public on the day of the dedication of Pompey's Theatre, A. U. I. 699. He amassed a large fortune, which his son, Clodius squaii- dered in extravagancc.-Cf. Sat. 2. 3. 239. 2. The celebrate Fabulist, said to have been a Phrygian, and to have flourished aboul B C 620. iEtliiopia, that part of Africa which was below anient Egypt. The word is derived from the Greek " at7Ao," to burn, and opv the countenance ; and hence the ancient Greeks named all persons of a dark complexion Mthiopes. Homer mentions Eastern and Western Ethiopia, the former of which probably meant Southern i Arabia, the latter Libya. By Ethiopia Herodotus understands te modern countries of Nubia and Abyssinia. It is no longer double that this people are the same as the Cush, so frequently mentioned in Holy Writ. . .,,.., „„iu ^tna, or-e, a celebrated volcanic mountam of Sicily, now cal ^tna, and Monte Gibello. It is 180 miles m circumferencp at th base, ^nd 10,954 feet above the level of the sea. The earl.e ■ allusions to it are found in the Orpfnc Poems, and m P'n'lar • " |. strange to say, Homer is silent concerning it. In the myths 011 the Greeks, Typhon is said to be placed under it ; and Virg.l reprH sents Encelodus in the same predicament. Upwards of eighty eruptions of this volcano have taken place. I Africa, one of the main di-isions of the world, known to his jry loj upwards of 3000 years. It is about 5000 miles >" length a„« nearly 4600 in breadth, and contains an area of nearly I'i^^yiT, Lare miles. It was anciently called X%o. The term j4/nj sScmsto have been originally applied by the Romans to he con j try arouna »'arinugt; : inc uistn^r. "i vy- — ^ — s---^ 1 » J of the Mediterranean, corresponding to the modern kinguom «1 eirus, whose sword Marathon and Sala- ity Dramas, of which ig improvements in ited the functions of aracter ; he made the a second actor, the tragedy with all sort^ istom of contending seems also to have made the mask more r the performers was )ots. "In short, lie iidered the father of id to have been born , and, like him, lived , for the last time, in r's Theatre, A. U. C. I son, Clodius, squaii- 2. The celebrated I have flourished about ancient Egypt. The burn, and " ops," sks named all persons mentions Eastern and bably meant Souther» )dotus understands the It is no longer doubted frequently mentioned )f Sicily, now called I n circumference at the I the sea. The earliest] AYR IS, and in Pindar : for,! it. In the myths oil rit; and Virgil reprel . Upwards of eightyl I, known to history for] miles in length, >a of nearly 13,430, la. The term Ap he Romans to the com 296 Tunis, with part of ., ALB Africus a wind llS^l l\Z tf'\"^ ^''^ ^«^fd^ ' *"'' '''' ''''- and the Zephyrus. '*' ^'""^ ». W. by W. between th. i ^gave, daughter of C-^ "«ween the duster fuppMedto ha,e"'„„„ ^ad an intention oC appCttl' i^\'^ even suppos r btirnino ./» ttrnrtfr. on the CM 'vith 4^ ships to the Trn- '°" '^ 0^'«"«. KiJ of iZ'-''""^ '^y ^' ''« offered 4je°ce to rf" '^f ">" the Sfht of t"%''^° ^^"^ 'vhich offence therlH^"'?"^'"'» '" the temnll .7i^^ ' *^'''Pt"'-e, to a rock nn!rl°'''^^^' destroyed hJsshJn^P^^ Minerva, for ''^"nea, the largest of th. • '''' ^"'"P^'^» and o^lcle of /rn "" '''' " thick Vro^e'fn ^^ u'*°'"*^'> '" the «y-nph Albunea r;-.-^^*' ^rove and fountain '"'' ""'' * '«»P'e *«" reDiainron^hl '"PP'^ "* Tibur, (nowjLT!^ T'^^ *« the _ Tii» teml °" ^!!«.«r mit of the cliff.^^^J^— '^' ^'^°*' ^«™P'« the mo^dern kingaom f ^ibuneae VesoijanUs?' '''''"'''^ ^''^^nWify-^^^^^ "do"''' ALC SS6 ALL 'If Ml'- > W Alcaeu8,one of the moat celebrated of the Grecian Lyric Poets. He was born at Milylene, in Lesbos, (now Mitylin,) and wrote B- C. €00. He was the contemporary and lover of Sappho. His name gave a titleto the Alcaic Metre. Onlyafewfragments ofhispoetryremam. Alcides.anameofHercules, derived, by some, from his grandfather Alcaeus, by others from " alkd;' the GreeU word for strength. Mcinous, son of Nausithous, and king of Phaeacia, (now torfu.) He kindly entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast. He was celebrated for his love of agriculture, as his people were for commercial enterprise. Horace, however, reflects upon them as being too fond of good living. Alexandria, the capital of Egypt under the Ptolemies, and 6ne of the most celebrated cities of antiquity, was founded by Alexander, B C. 332. It was about 12 miles west of the Canopic mouth ol the >jile, between the Lake Mareotis, (now Mairoiit,) and the harbour formed by the Island of Pharos. Under the Ptolemies it became the literary metropolis of the world, nor did it lose its high reputa- tion for wealth and learning till its capture by Omar, A. U. WO. From that it continued to decline, till the year 1497, when the dis- covery of the passage to India, by the Cape of Good Hope, entirely annihilated its importance. In its palmy days, Alexandria con- tained 300,000 free inhabitants, and as many slaves, and ocoupicd iui area of 15 miles. It had two splendid libraries, one ot m,m volumes, in the Museum, the other of 300,000 volumes, in the temple of Serapis. Of these books a great portion was burnt during the siege of the city by J. Cssar, B. C. 48, and nearly all • the remainder by the Christians, in 389, A. D. The chief remains of Alexandria's ancient splendour, now surviving, are its celet)ra- ted Cteterns, an Amphitheatre, the Catacombs, Pompey s I'lllar, | and Cleopatra's Needle. . , f . > i Alfenus, Publius Varus, a bafber of Cremona, who, havmg lett m business, came to Rome, where he attended the lectures of Servius Sulpicius and made such progress in his studies, that he eventua i) became the greatest lawyer of his day. He was advanced toM highest offices of the state, and was at last elected Consul, A. U. -I Alaidus, a chain of mountains in Latium, near the Tusculan »^f>fi credto Diana and Fortune. The neighbourhood was remarkableforl numberless conflicts between the Romans and theit-qui andVolscir Allifae, also called Alifa, and Alipha (now Jlife,) a town o banij nium, north-west of the Vulturnus, (now Volturm,) celebrated loj tliemanufactureofZarge drinking vessels. , Allobroges, a people who inhabited that part of Gaul, now known the titles of Dauphine, Piedmont and Savoy. Their chid city y Vienna, (now Vienne) on the left bank of the Rhone. ^J^y j» finally reduced under the Roman power by Fabius Waximu^ • otyiea, lor thai cause, aiiuurugivus. *.-.tii ««..k-s- -h- " Highlanders.'' ALP 297 Alpcs, a chain of m A.NC Aljaltes: succeeded SadvnH "* ^'"'""«'^' '■» southern coast of 1 1! r • "^^ ^""e supposed to h ' ^^^ ^^^^ '"'ght raw .he val , °„f"r' ''f W» pla,i„™: ^, t .^ 1^ ""'" '° ''"'^ Hipparcta/ of A 2 " "''"' ^'inctfon L T' "'""' ''"« *»ohfsL. sonY/^ J;-. "O» «1-0 .ho„cd"hta '„„\t"rc? '''"'^ 8«lnecl Ihe |„,e of Ve„'„7 J T"' "" ■"«"«hler of ,1^ H • ;vio. whpn 'iv^. '^""s, he became hv u r , "^* "avin* on,e ci?v H^ ""'' '" '''^•"^^^ bore his^.h.' ^'t^'' °^ ^"^ast »var,than 6/ his additions Ithech^''^^''^^ ^ city, but, more ri' PfK"' ■^' jS* iff ■ w'l m M ' m '. AND 299 ANT narticularlv still by being the Hrst to institute the popular part of the Can Commonw'eal,hf plebs, -hich afterwards proved the «creat source of Rome's greatness. He died A. U. C U8, B. L. An'il'romeda, daughter of Cepheus, king of ^•J'^ij'.XS nT She was promised in marriage to Phineus, her uncle, when JNep funerto punish her for having'boasted that she was ««0'« J»e^"t.fu than' Juno, and the Nereids, inundated the kingdom and sent a sea-monster to ravage the country. The ^^'''^^ « °fj;^"P^l'^,itT.er having declared that the only means of appeasmg Neptune s anger was tS erpose Andromeda to the sea-monster, «^e was bound to a rock ; h'. L erseus, seeing her in this situation, as he was returnmg [hrough .ue air. fromthe-conquestof the Gorgons off^^^^^^^ her, on condition of rcccivir.g her n ««arr.age for h »9 reward. Perseus then changed the monster i" ° \':«'^'^' ,^'„"'^^„^3 '^^^^^^^ and married her. Fhineus, for opposing the un.on, was ch^^^^^^^ into a stone. Andromeda, after her death, was translated mto a A^oraltSf Italy, more anciently called tV.eAnienand^ho. modern name is the Tcverone ; it rises in the Ape."" J^ ' and jo n the Tiber three miles north of Rome. Near Tivoli (the ancient Tiber) it forms some very beautiful cascades. Snerchius Anticyra. 1. A Town in Thessaly, at the mouth of the "J^r Sperch.u, 2. A Town of Phocis, near the Sinus Connthiacus (now Gulf of lepanto). Both these' places were celebrated for the ProducUo hellebore, a plant uecd for the cure of '^'^l^'^rJerb- mSt commom to apply to an insane person, the proverb, mmgei An-^bK ddest son of Nestor, by Eurydice. At the si^ge of Tr„y he was slain by Memnon, the son of Aurora, as Homer relate». or, 8s Ovid asserts, by Hector. ^^ ^^, G^.,at, succeeded Antiochus. (alluded to in O. lll.b.db.) surnameu m^ > his father Seleucus Ceraunus, on the throne of Sy""' J' ^' j*:^, Having engaged in a war with the Romans, he «^«J * PJ^^^^' defeat°t Thermopylae, and a complete one at ^«8"««'^ /"J^ Magaisi,) A. U. C. 564, B. C. 190. The ^J»"!^"' .S."^'"*\^„„^„' request for peace on condition that h« «^ould reti.e be on Mount Taurus, and pay them an annual tribute of 2000 talen (about £16,000). Finding his revenue inadequate to „,eeth demand, he attempted to plunder the Temple «[. Bjlj^^jJ^ J" enraged the inhabitants, that they slew him and his followers, ax AnUphats^'a^/ing of the Laestrygones, an ancient and barbarou. tribe of Sicily. Ulysses, on his return f^»»". ^^^J' ,2 th^^ preached these coasts, sent three of hie companions t» f JJJ'"„'iher country • nnp of «Vipkp was devourcd by Antiphates, ana u. two pursuerto'lheVhips, all of which Antiphates sanU wiih =ioh- except that in which Ulysses was. ANT 299 ANT mmmm ^4 ANX 800 APO against Brutus and Cassius, which terminated in their defeat. Having sojourned some time in A 'hens, he passed into Asia, where he lived in a style of princely magnificence at Ephesus : tlience he proceeded to Tarsus, where, " • compliance with his request, Cleo- patra, met him : with her he proceeded to Alexai.dria, and, for a time, was so entranced by the attractions of that celebrated princess, that he totally gave himself up to voluptuousness and luxury, to the neglect of his dominions, and of every manly pursuit. An invasi.)a of the Parthians first awoke him from his lethargy, and, while lie was making preparations to oppose them, he received a summon» from his wife Fulvia, to proceed to Italy, to assist her in an attempt against the power of Augustus. He complied with her request, but, on his arrival, found the war at an end ; his wife soon after died, and friendship was reestablished between him and Octavius, whose sister, Octa/ia, became his wife. A new division was made of the Roman provinces, but the male sarta amicitia between Oc- tavius and Antony was soon broken again, by the latter's repudi- ation of Octavia, and total surrender of himself to Cleopatra's charms. Hence arose a new war, whCch, with Antony's hopes, was finally ended by the battle of Actium, September 2, A. U. C. 722, B. C. 32. Antony retired to Alexandria, where, soon after- wards, being besieged by Octavius, and driven to despair, he slew himself in the 50ih. or. according to others, in the 56lh year of his age, A. U. C. 724, B. C. 30. He left seven children by his three wives. Anxur, the ancient Volscian name of Terracina, (modern, Tarracina,) a maritime city of Latium, situated to the N. E. of the Circeiaii Promontory. It was built long previous to the foundation of Rome. Anytus, a rhetorician at Athens, and one of the three accusers of Socrates. One of the other accusers having been condemned to death by the people, «hen they repented of having condemned Socrates, Anytus fled into exile to avoid a like fate. Apelles, the most celebrated painter of antiquity, born at Cos, or according to others, at Ephesus. The exact date of his birth can- not be ascertained, but his having painted portraits of Alexander, prove him to have flourished B. C. 332. Apenninus, the name of the mountain range which intersects Italy longitudinally: its course is about 670 miles. The word is of Celtic extraction, bring derived from alj), high ; and penn, a sum- mit. SeeLivy, B. 21,ch. 38. Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, and God of archery, prophecy, music and all the fine arts ; and of the sun. He was born on the < Island of Delos, whither his mother had fled for refuge from the persecution of Juno, and his first exploit was to slay the dragon Pytho. For this deed, as some state, he was subjected to servitude - - .... banish- 1 45ns <* TllOQOol. ed from heaven for having slaiu the Cyclops, who made the thunder- APO led in their defeat, sed into Asia, where Sphesus : tlience he h his request, Cleo- lexaiidria, and, for a , celebrated princess, 3S and luxury, to the ursuit. An invasion largy, and, while lie eceived a summon» ist her in an attempt d with iier request, 1 ; his wife soon after 1 him and Octavius, w division was made iinicitia between Oc- f the latter's repudi- nself to Cleopatra's ith Antony's hopes, iptember 2, A. U. C. I, where, soon after- n to despair, he slew the 56th year of his lildren by his three modern, Tarracina,) i. E. of the Circeiaii foundation of Rome. le three accusers of been condemned to f having condemned i fate. ty, born at Cos, or date of his birth can- )rtraits of Alexander, which intersects Italy les. The word is of ;h ; and penn, a sum- if archery, prophecy, rle was born on the for refuge from the 1 to slay the dragon subjected to servitude >rl that he was banish- ,vho made the thund«r- APP 30i ^o't» with whiVi, u- ^^(^ temples at n crelf ,« '"I* ^«cuJan/m ^^, v.,, . . «acred to him.' ""' ^'"'•°» «"d Tencdos xt n''''"^'''°«« at Appia Via, the mo,f n«i u °^ '""^e wa» '" chief ,„™„'r„^„ 'Cv^""»"- " »a,' ftC„?f"'"', ''"™- . ""m, and Luceria l,'. I^'' .^""""a (Horace's S , °' "' «'«'l- 'f "am a To„„ SSir ''^r"'' ''J' """W''' "f februar,, I'e p««Xw Sr„K; /'=^-y »"•) M ?a, 'Cr";,""? '"= '« ancient times A rTi • /- ^^*^^^ P^'^^s, Fehx pofl. '"troduced L 'r-el i'. nal'fc . '"" "' PastoS ,™, ' T"? P/a-minen.,; rfhytas ft pJr He was killed Jn f. 7 ' ""^'"smother iHn ' '**K», and, ,n addition f^' ^f? 'f /it ARC 802 ARI to being a philosopher and mathematician, was celebrated as a general and a statesman. He was lost by shipwreck. Arcturus, a atar of the first magnitude in the constellation Bootes. It derives, its name from two Greek words, ardos, bear, and oura, tail, and, though not in the constellation ursa major, it is very nearly in a right line drawn between the two hinder stars of llic tail. Its rising and setting were supposed by the ancients to por- tend storm. . . , 4 ., Ar^ivi, properly the inhabitants of Argos, and the vicinity ; lat the term is used by the poets to designate the Greeks in general. Argonautae, the chieftains who went with Jason to Colchis (now Mengrelia,) in the ship Argo, in quest of the golden fleece of Phryxus. See Jason. , . ,. .u • Argos, also written Argi (pi. m.), the capital of Argolis, on the nvcr Inachus. It was founded B. C. 1856, by Inachus, and was said to be the most ancient city of Greece. In extent and population it was inferior to Sparta alone, and was adorned with many cplendid buildings and works of art, some vestiges of which still survive. The people were particularly celebrated for their love of music. Argos was peculiarly sacred to Juno. Aricia, a city ofLatium, near Lanuvium. The modern names of it are La Riccia and Nemi. . . Ariminum, a city of Umbria, near the mouth of the Anminus. K» modern name is Rimini. It wis colonized by the Romans, in A. U. C. 485, B. C. 269. It was in this place that Caesar addressed his army, after having crossed the Rubicon. - Aristarchus, the great critic and grammarian, was born at Samothract (Samothraki) E. C. 229, A.U. C. .^25, a pupil of Aristophanes, of Byzantium, and tutor to the children of Ptolemy Philometor. When his pupil Eucrgetes 2d, began to act with cruelty and op- pression towards Irterary men, Aristarchus fled to Cyprus, where ha starved himself to death, B. C. 157, A. U. C. 597. So high was his reputation that, in the works of Cicero and Horace, his name is synonymous with thit of an accurate critic. He is said to have arranged the works of Homer into books. Aristippus, the Cyrenaic philosopher, was born at Cyrenc, B. t.j 424, A. U. C. 330, and, when very young, came to Athens and became a disciple of Socrates. His habits and opinions, however, were so different from those of his virtuous master, that he was, in consequence of them, obliged to flee from Athens. He first betook himself to the Court of Dionysius of Syracuse, who showed him much favour } but finally he returned to his native place, andl founded the Cyrenaic School of Philosophy, whose chief doctrine was that " pain was the great evil, pleasure the chief good." f Aristophanes, the greatest comic writer of antiquity, was the son oil Philippus, and born B. C. 456, but whether at Athens, Rhodes, o(| iEgina, is uncertain. Of his private life, few particulars arc ksc "^" - Am 30^ modern names of it Ant ««or do , ,hj„,j .J ARl which were verv ni.mL- ' 1 S've a catalojruc of ht. concluding part JfTn'- .' '*""'^ «' »>ettfr to tr,n "'•u''"'^'' racter. ''hL,- '^onn'daon's sketch of .».• •m'"'''c »»»6 because Ari ophane."w '' J"PP-ed (XrveX' '"?{"°7.*^^«- «etting no bounds t„^h' "^ '""" ^o the wildest hnff^''^S°"<=«' 'anguLe.thathT-»-*' '''''«"eness and d ain Lnb ''""^'■•'^' ""'' On1he?ontra,"yr?r°"'"'" "«thing M °^ '"» whichwould hL 5o^,"''^''««"d there bursts of'^?;'^'" ^''^^'o, contempcranes? Vhe7:et ir^h ? i''' «"«"i™ 't of^^rTfr-'^; idea btijtv. Th?» „ ^' "" a true and enhro-i^ *^ ^''"^cb Plato. ^lni;dTff/»««« notorious, even in i^ f J P^-i^^P^on of Plato's belief fnh°P''T'' «"'''" ^ " '" ^^e r,S. ."''"P'"'''''»»'" oiie most, vIhi '?'''' *P"Mled, Th^ • "^<'oZenf:L"l^L''.'} ^1^' on the whol': ifl'ir^.'-^K^^ Praise J : II ARM 304 ATA fj' inzredients with which the necessitiei of the time bate forced the great Co.aodiari to dress up his golden truth», to peruse and reperusc Aristoplianes, if ho would either know the full force of the Attic dialect, or the state of men and manners at Athens, in the most glorious days of her history." (Donaldson's G. T. p. 116.) Armenia, a larire country of Asia, bounded on the N. hy a branch of the Moschieimountains, which divided it from Iberia, on the VV. by Colchis and Asia Minor, on the S. by Mesopotamia and Cordu- ene, and on the E. by the river Araxcs. It was divided into Major and Minor, of which the farmer corresponded to the present pacha- lics of Erzemm, Kara, and Van, together witli the Russian Pro- vince /rcn. Asia Minor (which was properly a part of Cappa- docia) corresponded to the pachalics Mcrashe and Siva», and is collectively called Pcgian or Aladulia. See Dr. Butler's Atlas. Asinius Pollio, a celebrated Roman, distinguished alike as a writf r, a speaker, and a warrior, was born B. C. 76, A. U. C. 678. In the civil war he adopted Caesar's side. He was afterwards appointed Consul, by the Triumvirate, but when war again broke out between Antony and Octavius, he retired into private life and gave himself up to study, till his death, A. D. 4, A. U. C. 758. He was an intimate friend of Horace and Virgil, and a liberal patron ol learning and learned men. , „ „. , , .- Assaracus, a Trojan prince, the son of Tros and Callirrhoe, and the father of Capys, whose son Anchises was. Assyria, a country of Asia, bounded, according to Ptolemy, as fol- lows, viz: N. by part of Armenia and Mt. Niphates, W. by the Tigris, S. by Susiana and E. by part of Media, and the Mountains Chaotra and Zagros. It corresponded to the modern Kurdistan. The Assyrian Empire was one of the greatest, as well as the most ancientof the olden world: its founder was Ashur, son of Sheai or Ninus, the Nimrod of the Old Testament, about 1900 years before the christian era. Atabulus, a wind which .blew very frequently in Appulia, and, like the Sirocco, was fatal to plants and flowers. Athcnae, the celebrated capital of Attica, founded by Cecrops, B. C. 1550: the primitive name was Cranaej so called from Cranaes. who gave the Pelasgi the name of Cranai, end all Attica that of Cranae. At a later period it was called Cecropia, from Cecrops, and finally Athcnae, by Erechthonius, from its being under the protection of Minerva, or Athene. The city was first erected on the summit of a lofty rock, probably as a protection against attacks from the sea ; and a distinction was made between it and the part subsequently added in the plain. The former, the primitive Cecro- pia, was called the «' Acropilas," or " Upper City.» The buildings in the plain, where, eventually, Athens itself stood, were termtjl the " Lower City." The Acropolis was 60 stadia (nearly 7| English miles) in circumfcr«tuce. Liitie can be averred witbr' ATH 306 allirrhoe, and the Appuiia, and, like ;°/''e Trojan Jr. it ii/^P"' " ""'I ^rr ,,a°V ??"' '' '^"'' Pwutratus. The i.Tf • '"*'"^' continued L" P°f"'ation and "'■"'. e/fbcled the d'-« ! ''^^^"*«''. a d L*^-"""*^. 'he reign of {heap of rulr fi •""?:" °^'^'« «^"^ «"t .^2''" f Afardcl^ Mycale, had averted nM '" '^« battles of S.'ln ^ ''^duced it to "^ "tatc of ruin ind rfi t"^"" °'' '"vasion ^fhl '*"'' '^''»''»''« and -duct of Th"e"iit:;''^rh' "".'' '•--•«hei'^irr ^'«^^-'' aifence, attui «d iin,i .i^ '^'"^ niditary worU ^ "® energetic ^■*P«cial|y the -tier t .k' '"'^'^"'^'^rJoZofn "'"'""'^ ^°^ ^ » ^'«latrenxlh A ,.'• ° ""^ highest pitch nri°" «""d Pcricle" "■«celebrated lo.gS,'^^""; ""'^.^'"^''«ro , coS^ ''» ^^'•'='' \ ''ast periholus of ^1' •'^T^^ ««e ffreat r hr • '^.''^ '"«^ns of "'« «unlnut of hcr^"!'7<^»rtifieatioC st^?'"«='°«ed within Ponnesian ,var Raveihl;""'' ^'"^ Prosperitv ? ?'V''"«'"^d I "ivuion of AlarJr l- ® ."'^ ^er former «nL ^ "" successors h«^e« were coid'"l!S^-'''° ^°t''«' A D ^^^ ''"'' «' » ^' "tter insignificinci ^ n"^ '" ^"^ns, and she .h^' ^r** '^**^'^ «true- fhe became the pre vTfL^^^^^n^iddle ages q.ffl "^ ber history J Ms of (he Ti.rb-^ of every spoijer, till «V i .""^ " «o «ay, that 'he treaty of ISia/.r.""-''''"'*' J" "dictl 5''' '^'^ ^^" '»^« the F:^^^^!!^^ ^^' -^ broth. |"i«mountain »1- l*" " '•«Presented as h. P'S^ntomachia. Bv , f < Gorgons. '^""''^^' ^» be was returning Lm th ?' ^"'' ^^^* '"^^ I"' a range of mnnnf • conquest of ATR 306 ATR 't« the t)octs turning this ideas into fiction, represented Atlas as llirntsupportini the heavens on Ws^^^^ ^, Atrets,son of ^«1«?^ '^"^UhTi bro h^r Thy^ Having, in conjunc ion ^"^J^^ J'^ ^ r'TSe'" 'lSstured\T Fcoi't^^^ E«ryslheus, King of i^To^tiose'EgC Aerope he -^ied and beca^^^^ ,^ rer;rhruri:fuir ^^^^^^ husband ; ^ZrT^^'^'co^ crime, was deservedly driven AVith 'S"°';g^j„, ^f their unholj Mycenae, along with h^« ^wo son , ^h« °« Pr'^^^^ j^^^eed one of intercourse. Not satisfied ^'^J,, J'^^J^g "ig own, to attempt the Atreus' eons, whom ^e hjd educated^^^^^^^^^ murder of his father ; but ^^e P^^t was d'scover^^ ^^ ^^ i took the as«aisin l^or the son of Thyestw^^ committed, death. When he discovered the awful m. taue ^^^, his vengeance knew no bounds, and he rosolve .^^^ ^^ ^ in the most violen measures. Fe.gmn o ^^ ^^ l estcs, he invited him, wiih his j-jof -''^"^^g their reconciliation! ,vherc a great . feast was given, to^^^^^^^^ but Atreus, having ^^^'^^^^ifZ^lhekt^iher, and, after tlJ served some of their «"«,'«^7 "P ^^ J^^^^^^ . repast was finished. Produced the arms and nea ^^^ ^ to convince Tliyestes of what he had feasted on ^^^^.^^ ■ this horrible deed, the sun »f »>,e e^^^^^^^^ a, purely Cctiliou», .t should call to our >nm ^^ i that Iho puoishment of »m w sure to recoil, e upon mc isead ui in^ 1, , . „ „f Awnmemnon and AWcU:. Alridae, the patronymic appellation of Agamemnon a ATT 307 AVE Atta, T. Quinctius a R "^^^ tvrannv i„./ "!.^ '^^'^" Was rendfir«w ;.?_ ' ^* ^! ^38. The com He tyranny, but «fL °", "^*" ''entered infamm:«i?.- ^^e corn- conduct he shurr^l'.' ^^'"'S struck S' ^^ ^'' ''^«^Ity and the .tudy of hot nv ?f "^ '" '''"^ Pa'ace t/^^T/"'' ^'« «vU after areiVn of nt^ ^"'^ gardening. He hS r *'''°^^^ himself to words " p R u '" ^'^"' B- C. 133 Hp n^ ^' ^f*^™ '^ sun-stroke of which, LRomrrr «'•"'» h^re?es?o' ' t ^^'" '" these Attica, the most p!K/°i'''P°«««ssion of his IL I " «""sequence N. by bS2 hTE'urt'^"/ «^ «"def S*: ^"d trea'sures? "•5 S- by the Sinus |"T' ^"°^^ ^he iVe^-,.^^^^^^^^ W.''^"''^^ '-i^e^^S^fa^:^ .84, I^SKJ^ Sr ""^K5 r»r ?"^-^ lAiifidus, a verv r.^'^, ^ P'"'*^*"'* of Fundi in /h!T- ' '"^ language. I Caesar. Hp «.o= • ' "* Senator, and Ap^j, »u P' Rome, lyas ". m llie 46lh Tear nrT ' '"■'' ""^ '"«'I i" Nol" A,',.. .' ,'i"^ J''"'' freatnumberof hli, ,-.^" reign, and76lhnf ,'■ ^""''.A. D. « &'"'• P''*^^^"^ ventos et virJL ' .'""''^ '" ^'^^ '^e J Huum primum Hiac-i, n. .^"^S'ne caes4, b> a fertile valley of T T "'"''''' ^^ «^a^." Vfradi Melone. ^ °^ Tarenlum, celebrated for its w F^ the South win,! on "^'"'^ ' "ow ,■'-)• ffi y .lil " i- n- |6f BA6 308 6 BAB Babylon, the ancient capital ^ ^:^ ^^^'^^^Z:^ fuph^'te. -d,,tr I'llVllT ):^1;f '^^^^^^ roUowing dcseri, Herodotus, (Book 1,C. 17» ^°^A^^^^ « u was the ir.ost tion of this c ty, at the t.me «^ '"sjis. in u . ^^^^ .^ ^^^^.^ celebratedcityof Assyria. The Kings 01 inec 3 .^ Residence after the destruction 9^^"^;;^ side 120 stadia in length, a great plain, was of a «q^^e for^, each siUe i^ ^^^^ ^hich makes the circuit 480 stadia. ^^J^^^^^^.^r" encompassed none could be compared Yn,, of water. Besides this, there was ^ith a wide ditch, deep and full of ^^^ ^^ ^^^„ ^^ , he earth a wall, 50 royal,«"^'\\^^ t'w ^waa "^SJ j bricks, which were was dug out i9 form ^^^^SA,* was used ?o cement these toge- burnt in furnaces. Hot bitumen was usea 10 ^^ ^^^^^ ther, and after every thirty la ers of ^^^^^^^^ ^,„, was placed. The sides of the <»"«" ^;"»^ . ^<,„ of the wall and then the walls above them : and upon the e^^^^^^ they erected buildings, ^^^^^^«"'y^^^p/ee enough left for a chariol other, between ^^f.^^^^^i^tJ^ereCe a hundred gates made (j with four horses. 1" ^*^! ™ „„T, „?^^^ The Euphrates ru brass, as well as the 3,7,^» ^i^i'^Jf ' rts. Each wall forr through the city and divides ^f^J^^Jj^^^t point a wall of bak. an elbow or angle on the ";«'•^J\^f the river are lined ^vi! bricks commences and the two sides i^n ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^*^'"- . '"^'^irsected by iTrs wh^^^^^ opened on the ri. were straight and intersecieauy ^^^^^^ Opposite the end pt the streets small gates o^r ^^^ ^ ^ the^alls which lined the river By .h^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ,, scent to the rrrer, and therej er^ a many^. ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^, transverse streets. Ihe «^'jff"^''; , . , strong, but narro«i was also an internal wall, which was not less strong, The centre of each of these two P^^^^.^ «^/i^^hS ^vaslai the one for the palace «f he k";S' J^ ^e conBecrated to Jupi ^^t^ ^hfg-s^^e ^tf Cr, and in existence. «1^t:r:3^Llosu.was ajegul.^;^;^ S: two stadia: in the centre ^^^^^r^SowTwas raised anoi .„nt«. whP.re those who ascend rest themselves .i..^^^^.^_^^^^i is'alarge chapel, and in this chai-ei a larg^ a»u „.«^- -- and near it a table of gold. BAB and in existence t. until there were eil 309 the two Paris nf' ♦>,"!'" ^/ ^'tocria, a queen nfR,», i ^vcra forLd VLl'e'h:!' .f''^^'' " ' th^e Vuph afe'r ' Ti '°"'?^^^ river the waters of ?Lp L^'°"«8, and in ordVrf» r .l *^ P'^rs tion, leaving the bed onhP'''!*^''^' «^«''e turned fnti?'' '''!'" '" '^^ banks of thi rivL « ?^ "'^e'' dry. It was nl Ik- ^'^"^ «=^«^^7». the river from t;e;S^''^'^^^^ ^1'? r„Vt 'T ''^^^ ^^« l^boutthemiKfXl^-.^^^^^^^^^-e^^ade The LrL '^''''"^' ^« iron and lead • dnr n Vu^' ^"'^ ^he masonrv ^vll ^^ '''^' ^»"'" from pier to I'r ,Tl ^^' '^^^' Pieces of Jqi are TT^"^ ^•^'» on eaJh side Zu\ltt """" '"''""^'^d ^t "U? lest h""- r,*"? '«'^ ei the waters of fi ^ P"*^ another. WhrnTh I ■1''^ '"habitants vaters of the Euphrates were turned back '&"" ''"•■^^- S"ch is the account .; . "* ^"'='^"' -ei?:- j;;;r ;t ir^^( 'fc^^s:^^-, ^ho w» a. cohered an exten of 72 """ ^'^'^'^ ^hat ?s fat'd ?f ^'''^'"" " '^«onjwhileKL ."'"'''•« '«i'es,evenaf h^ '""'^ ^^^e , Babylon had reach^rf fi °"'^''"- ** "^""«* i&thl^^^-^^^^n-^a^rrt^^ and prosperity i» lf»-er Snelr """^ ^----I tCn, L^o^'jli^ if iV,-'^ -«^.-d . |n connection with th^ r n . '^^^^'" ''* A thousand cups of ..old In Judah deemed S.Vine- Jehovah's vessel, hoi/"' Thegodless heathen's wine In that same hour and halL ^"«fingers of a hand •Came forth against S'l,,, And wrote a« .t „ "» Thefino-ersof, °""'"^• ■••"» liana Along the letters ran, And traced them JiJce ran, a wand. BAB 319 III. The monarch saw, and shook. And bade no more rejoice j AH bloodless wax'd his look, And tremulous bis Toice. ♦« Let the men of lore appear. The wisest of the Earth, And expound the words of fear. That mar our royal mirth I Chaldea's seers arc good, But here they have no skill ; An4 the unknown letters stood Untold and awful still. And Babel's men of age Are wise and deep in lore ; But now they were not sage, They saw— but knew no more» BAG A captive in the land, A stranger and a youth. He heard the King^s command. He saw that writing's truth- The lamps around were bright. The prophecy in view ; He read it on that night,— The morrow proved it true. VI. «• Belshazzar's grave is made, . His khigdom past away, He in the balance laid, Is light and worthless clay. The shroud his robe of 6ta.e, His canopy the stone ; The Mede is at his gate ! ^^ The Persian on his throne I .-rash request «/ ^is mo"^^^^^^ i^'cours^of time, pro^j was sewn up m his father s thign , ana, >" j geniel to light. He was then conveyed by Mercury to mo, i BAG 311 BAG conveyed him to the nymphs of Ni, k ' '^^''^ ^'"■"» Mercury When he grevjr up, he discolor J\u'\' ^^ '"'^O"» he was reared driven mad by Ju'^^ o he wandel n '"'l"*:' "^" '^'''^^^> ^"tTJt cured by Rhe'a, who^nttructcdhlT^^^^^^^^ /" Phryg'ia he wa? a large army, v/ith which hp T! I ?• "'ys^eries, and gave him grcss was sto'pped by LycVrL? Wh''' T J^'''' '' ^"t his pro^ forces, and compelled Bacchus?o t^kl^^r ''^^^'^^'^ "'"^ defeated his owever, i„ retu'rn, drove Su^'t^'tse f'^' Thetis. Bacchu ! his own son Dryas, while in EStr^'"'*'""^'^^ him to slay' and c?n:p1,KX?mtn:tS S^ ''T'^^^' ''^ ^'^es of Rhea Cthaeron. Pcntheus,Ti;. of TSbe,''. "''''" ''''^' '^" ^«""t and havmg come to Cith ero„ t^wat 'h 2"° "^^"''^ 'hese orgies by his mother A ''ave F-rpv;nV;i ""^'"' ^^«s torn in nierp, Thebans, he prCded" o""^t£%Sr'^? '''l'^"'"'" '«he the vine ; and thence to Ar-oV vh ' p ?i? -''^ *^"Sht the cultuie of % at first met with cS^bt oV.,' {"'^duction of his wo?, acceded to, on the intervention of t-f'' ^"* ''''' ultimately veyed to Naxos, he hireTa^pi^aLZw^^^^^ Tyrrhenians, who, having taken ht ""u ' ^«'«"ging to the J" h cords, and resolved t? satl for A °f '^?."'^' ^°""d him B"t he God turned the mast and «..-'/ ^° '"" ^'^ ^^' * slaved vessel with ivy, while the ma inefs b^V"'- 'y^'"' ''^^ «"«<« the the sea through terror TnT ' hecoming frantic, plun-^cd into Naxos, he found' the be ^if^ ISe'^*'^:»'^'^,'"^» Dolphfns A? his celebrated expedition in o inH f ' '''5°'^ ^^ married, and aft«r on. 'n this expedition hf^refi ^^7"«^^^^ a ^constd^ posed of men and women all nrmi!f ^^ the head of an armv, com- jnd other musical Sum nts h7/^ ^^'''''' ^'^^^'""S «>^haTs, wthout b bodshed • fhn «' i , '*' conquests were pa «v TZi fe rank ofa God^C e'rXraStT''"'^''' an7eSrto ullivationof the earth, anrthl ,rf of n,?t'''' ^ °*' *^« ^'"«. the from hjs Indian conouesf l.». ^^'^'"g honey. Returnini- yher Semele, and' Sll n'^h ? brthe"''''^ '"V" "'^^ '«' to ^ e?h f ^d with her to Heaven ° ^^ ^^' "'^'"^ of Thyone, he ascend- ^af^r^ott^'ity-th"^^^^^^^^ from that « stri- ' 8 primitive state, and which PnH«^''^'*'''''tic of a nation in "-«worship of the active anSntj''"^ '" ^'^ '""^^ condition, to , J°«h'p of this deity was alsoltlm^rfP^^^^-^^^^^^ture. The I ^^^!J^ Under the^nam: Tu^^t^ «°""^^ted with that of i ther a^"«7''-'''''' ** ^'«"»«- VirKii Vg l 7^ .^°^f "PI!^d, along 1^-- clan3.mamt.ndi iumina^J' ^LoV^iilf^^^^^^^^ t BAC 312 BEL w |i ! f.,;, 'naxx-x a they were the joint rulers of the realms below. Pindar call» Bacchus (Dionysus) the companion of Demeter, and, in a Cameo, he is represented sitting by the Goddess in a chariot drawn by male and female centaurs. From the testimony of all the ancient writers, it appears that Bacchus was represented as a young man with an effeminate face, with long blond hair, a fillet on his head, or an ivy crown, with a long purple robe and nebris (deerskin) and with a thyrsus in his hand. For further information on every subject connected with worship, the reader may consult the following works, viz : Wacli- svitith Hell : JIU. ii. 2, p. 113. Creuzer's Symbolik, Donaldson's Greek Theatre, Kcightley's Mythology, Buonarotti Observazioni sopraala ' Medaglioni antichi, f. 441, and Mariette, Traite d(t Pierres Giu,vees. tii p. 1. Bactra, now Balkh, (called also Zariaspa) the capital of Bactria, situated on the Bactrius, a tributary of the Oxus. Bactra, and Bactriana, a country of Asia, now included in Jfghanis- tan and Caubitl. Baiae, now Baja, a city of Campania, on a small bay, west of Neapo- lis, famous for its pleasant situation, and for its baths. It was said to have been founded by Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses, and was first called Aquae Cumanae. It held the same position among the ancient Fomans, as Bath or Brighton in modern Eng- land, and great numbers of the nobles used to have splendid villas there. It is now only a deserted and ruinous village. Bandusia, now Fonte Bello, a fountain on Horace's Sabine farm. Bantia, a town of Apulia, south-east of Venusia. The Roman Gene- ral Marcellus was defeated and slain in its vicinity by the stratagem of Hannibal. Eirrui ; all we know of this personage is contained in the statement j of the Scholiast, " homo vilissimae libidinis atque vitae." Bassareus, a surname of Bacchus, derived from the Greek " bass:- ros,'^ or " bassarim," a. fox, the skin of which animal was worn bv ^ the Bacchantes in celebrating the Dionysiac orgies. Bathyllus, a Samian youth, celebrated for his beauty, and fre- quently mentioned in the poems of Anacreon. Bellerophon, son of Glaucus, king of Ephyre» and grandson o I Sisyphus. He was at first called Hipponous ; but the murder of I his brother Bellerus procured him the name of Bellerophon, " mur-f derer of Bellerus," and f-ompelled him to seek refuge at the court I of Proelus.king of Argos. There the king's wife, Antaea, or] Sthenobaea, fell in love with him, and on his slighting her pasoion, accused him, before her husband, of having attempted hervir-l tue. Proetus, unwilling to violate the laws of hospitality, sent himl to his father-in-law, Jobatea, king of Lycia, with a letter desiring mm 10 pui me oearcr lo uuaui. v"^"'^^' "■ '^'■'■^•^ v.-..«— --— - injure the bearer, has been termed " literae Bellerophontis. ) BEN 313 but the murder of I Bellerophontis.") BIT Mnt against him by Kin. JobaL i^ ." J'".""' """" -n life he was sold as 'ner with much wealth H» a • , °,^® """ his freedom fn»<. B'Jpia a country of Asia Min^'l^"'' ^}"^' 336 E. c! ' *°^'" Khyndacus, E Lth^l '."°'^» bounded on the W hv fK- • ,'."*"?• ''.'"■' ""■>". ha, h ,t';i.*"' "■"-»""^1' "«I in °b?l 1096, by the SuUaua m BOR 314 BRU • Boreas, the north wind, deified by the Greeks. He was son of the Slrymon, or of Astraeus and Aurora ; he loved Orithyia, daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, an J carried her off to Thrace, where she became mother of the winged youths Zetcs and Calais, and two daughters, Cleopatra and Chione. When Xerxes was medi- tating the invasion of Attica, Boreas is said to have sent a storm to destroy his fleat, upon which the Athenians erected a temple to his honor, and ever afterwards worshipped him with zeal. Boreas was usually represented with the feet of a serpent, his wings dripping with golden dew-drops, and the train of his garment sweeping along the ground. Bosphorus, or Bosporus, a long narrow sea, which an ox (in Greek " J5ous") can swim over. The name is chiefly confined to two straits, the Thracian and the Cimmerian Bosphorus : the former of which is now known as the Straits of Constantinople, the latter as the Straits of Caffa, or of Zabache. Breuni, or Brenni, an Italian tribe, who inhabited what is now callsd the Vol Braunia, to the north-east of the Lago Maggiore(i\\t ancient Lacus Verbanus). This people, together wUh *he Gena- uni, were subdued by Drusus, whose victory our author celebrates in 0. IV. 14. . . . u • Briseis, a patronymic of Hippodamia, daughter ©f Brises, high-pnesl of Jupiter at Pedasus in Troas. She was taken captive by Achilles, when he took the city Lyrnessus, whither she had been brought, by her father, to marry Mynes, the King. Britanni, the natives of Britain. Also, a nation of Gallia Belgica, now Bretagne. Britannia, also called Albion, the largest island connected with Lu- rope. The Phoenicians and Carthaginians appear to have carried on a commerce with Britain, long before the Romans were acquaint- ed with it : but little was known of the island till the time of Julius Caesar, who endeavoured, but in vain, to conquer it. After a long interval, Ostorius, Claudius's general, reduced the southern part of the island, about A. D. 51 ; and, subsequently, Agricola, m the reign of Domitian, extended the Roman dominion to the Frith of Forth and the Clyde, A. D. 70. Britain remained a Roman province till the year 414, when they finally evacaated it. Britain is 550 miles in length, and 290 in width. Brundisiuni, or Brundusium, an ancient and celebrated city on the coast of Appulia. It was the great port through which the inter- course was carried on between Italy and the East. The Romans colonized it, B. C. 246. Its site is occupied by the modern Jinn- disi, situated in long. 18. 15. E., lat. 40. 45. N. Brutus. 1. Lucius Junius, the author of the great revolution whien drove Tarquinius Superbus from the throne, wasson of M. J""'"'' -..ji^frn ,.:„:„ ..«^»„J ^.,,.>vV< nF Tnrniiiniiis PrifiCUS. »^ hllC | «till young, he had seen his father and brother murdered by l8^ BRU He was son of the ed Orithyia, daughter r oflF to Thrace, where Zetes and Calais, and n Xerxes was medi- to have sent a storm ne erected a temple to ;m with zeal. Boreas a serpent, his wings train of his garment which an ox (in Greek hie fly confined to two iphorus : the former of ntinople, the latter as led what is now called Lngo Maggiore (the ;ether w'th 'he Gena- our author celebrates • «f Briaes, high-priest vas taken captive by whither she had been King. on of Gallia Eelgica, id connected with Eu- appear to have carried Romans were acquaint- island till the time of 1, to conquer it. After il, reduced the southern )sequently, Agricola, in n dominion to the Frith ain remained a Roman f evacnated it. Britain id celebrated city on the lirough which the inter- he East. TheRomins d by the modern Brin- 5. N. yreat revolution which 3, was son of M. JuniusJ ^uinius Priscus. While] other murdered by T8>j BRU 315 BRU Brutus threw ofl" the mask and ,. """"""''^ ^^ ^extus TarqSs' family His example antaedr^^R-T'''' i^'i}''^ '° ^»»' Roy'l proscribed by a decree of fhV" «f^ans. The Tarquinii were vested in ths^ands^of Consu s Th"Cn T "'^ ^P''' -^h"»- 7 Brutus and CoHatinus (the husband 0^0/1,^ T^""'"" ^«'»'''««. were elected. Their entrance X-nffi^""^ """'"S the first who «olemn renunciation of the kin-lv oL '' ,u^' «ignalized by a But the proscribed fami y sSl^hld Sh *"" ^" P"^ °^ "'^ People. Uje overthrow of the new Lovprl .'''''?''''. ''^° struggled for od Among these, ^erTheTo^soTw^^^ the re.toratiS of the of the conspiracy, had his justice puf to a C° '^" '^° '''«'^«^«'•y condemnmg, and excmfino. hL ^ , .. * ^^^^^^ test in trvin/ U>e blow inf icted on'-rpS Sn^'' ?^ ^^"'"« -"'^ ""S a conflict between th/Romans and fhi f"^' «°'"e time after, in encountered Aruns, son of The exZl SL T °^ Tarquin, 'he murderer, only becausiriooked Soon h ^"""P"^' ^''' father's After the battle of PharsaHa ri'^ h,s cause as the more just. Brutus, but raised hTloiiXr^L """' ''"'y. «P^'-^d the life of government of Cisalpine Gaur Lrr"'"' ^PP^''"? him to the Cassius. and Deiota?us, teSch of rTF' '^ ^J' intercession! ivards appointing him to'thehtS office of nr^'t '"''v""' '°"g «'•'«^- 709 But, notwithstanding these TvZ^^^?" "«"^anus, A. U.C. Sl'=°"^P'^^^°"«g'^insthiXS^^^^^ r r «^^h« that he resisted the attack made or him ' °\,^^«''^h ; and iti» said he saw the dagger of Brut^ raised toJLw ''^I'^'^ou^e, until h.8 head with his robe, and resTg, ed him elf t'?-' f '" ^« '^''''^^ assassination of Cjesar, Brutus and tho Jm ^'' ^^'^' ^^^er the voured to excite the people irfavonrnr'f ^""'^P^'-^tors endea- reading the will of the dictator Ju? ol hberty; but Antony, bv against them, that they were o^lSV"fl'' 'r'°''^"^ ^^«™ «f "d "^ ' retired into Greece, and was snnn^ r. ° ^'' ^'■*"" *h« «i^y. BrS jnd Octavius. A b'aS a ou, h at k'!!:""^'^ *^'?- ^^ Antony hcan army was defeated : and soon «f/PJ"' •'" ""^"^^ ^he repub- 111 r I" s il M ' 'lu BYZ 316 CAD r'k 42. One of the most singular circumstances in the life of Brutus is that of the sO'called apparition, which, it is said, on one occasion ■ appeared to him in his tent at midnight. *• Who art thou ?" en- quired Brutus. " Thy evil genius," replied the phantom : we will meet again at Philippi." And, as the story goes, so it happened. The spirit re-appeared on the eve of the second battle of Philippi. Brutus was twice married. His first wife was Appia, daughter of Appius Claudius, whom he divorced to marry the famous Portia, daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals, when she heard of the fate of hsr husband. Byzantium, a celebrated city on ihe Thracian Eosphorus, founded by a colony from Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, a Thracian prince, B. C. 658. Its admirable position raised it, at a very early period, to commercial prosperity ; though it was frequently exposed to attacks from the Thracians, Bithynians, Gauls, and, subsequently, the Greeks and Romans. It would be impossible within our limits to give even an outline of its varied history. It was destroyed by the Roman Emperor Severus, and rebuilt by Constantine, A. D. 328, who transferred thither the seat of Empire from Rome, and called the city, after his own name, Constantinopolis. The ancient city had possessed a circuit of forty stadia ; but the new city was nearly thrice as large. Every effort was made to embellish it ; an imperial palace, numerous residences for the chief officers of the court, churches, baths, 8ic. were erected ; inhabitants were pro- cured from every quarter; and the rapid increase of the population called for a corresponding enlargement of the city, until, in the reign of Theodosius II., it attained its present circumference. The Turks call Constantinople Stamboul, or Istamboul, a corruption of the modern Greek phrase " es tan polin." The modern Constan- tinople is surrounded by walls of freestone, anu flanked by 478 towers ; it also has 20 gates, six on the land side and seven each towards the harbour and the sea. It is situated in long. 28. 53. E. Iat41. l.N. Cadmus, 1., son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, and Telephassa or Agriope, and brother of Europa. The latter having been carried off by Jupiter, Agenor commanded his sons, Cadmus, Phoenix, and Cilix, to go forth, and not to return till they had recovered their sister. The search proving fruitless, Cadmus consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass. Leaving the temple he found a heifer belonging to Pelagon, which he purchased, and followed till she came to the site of Thebes in Bccotia, where she lay down. Thereupon, desi- ■■nisci />■ on «««•■HnariA* ♦ft his com"jiniQns Wm* water from a neighbouring fountain sacred to Mars. to fetch But the CiEC 817 water» were guarded Iiv n ^ ^^^ overcame it hv n. '^.'"""us then attacked »h« j i^noeni- plain. on'L^^h' «"'t''" ""i ,"'""'«. -t^'/L" L" T'^"' •raif one anain.iTh .?°" '"«Uoily rose ud «n.l , ■""' '" • ,»3«;.ed MC"„!S„th=^^™«" '|i a.. Ai:t:z:i 'S come into Greece B. C UQ-? i ..^'^dmus is supposed tn k ^ 2. This was also fhn ^^»3 and died sixty-one vo-u-.^n ^^^^ '"deed, i, al,4,^„';,a bv lT'? '"?'"'■ "'•"> ™ HvUa ^JI '^ »f Csre renr»..». u ^ '™ "^'"k writers Ti,« ''.'.a' ""eh, mmmMm ---J tuat porti from Brundisium lo h MHO»? called T^vfr, ^: ^im CAL 318 CAN SI* F.nnius ; hence, Horace, in allusion to Ennlus, speak» of the CalabrsB Pieriilcs. Calenus, an adj. formed from Cales. , u 4 i Cales, now Calvi, a city of Campania, south of Teanum, celebrated for iU vineyards. It belonged originally to the Ausones, but was connuercd by the Romans, and colonised A. U. C. 421. Callimachus. 1. A celebrated poet, descended of an illustrious family, was born at Cyrene, B. C. 256. He established himself at Alex- andria, where he gave instruction in grammar or belles-letters, and. . enjoyed in an eminent degree, the favour of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Calliope, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, the muse who presided over eloquence and heroic poetry; represented with books and sometimes with a trumpet, in her hand. She was the mother of Orpheus and of Linus, and derived her name from her beautilu^j voice, in Greek " kale ops." Calvus, Corn. Licinius, a Roman, distinguished as an orator and poet. As an oratot- he is spoken of by Cicero with great respect ; but little is known of his poetical merits, except that he i» usuallv classed along with Catullus. He was also noted for his satirical effusions. ,, Camoenffi, a name given to the Muses; a cantu amceno, or, according to Varro, from carmen. See Musae. . r v v. Campania, a celebrated district of Italy, below Latium, from which it was originally separated by the Liris, (now the GangUano)-, but, at a later period, part of Latium was included in its limits, ll now forms the territory of the kingdom of Naples called Ferra di Lavoro. It was originally peopled by the Osci. At a later pe- riod it was taken possession of by the Tuscans, who built Capua, the Capital of the district,; but they, in their turn, yielded to tk Samnites, who were finally driven out by the Romans, A. U. t. 411. During the brilliant successes of Hannibal, the inhabitants faultered for a season in their allegiance to Rome ; an oflenct which was visited with a rigour unexampled in history. &cc CanJmwMartius (so called because dedicated to Mars), a to plain at Rome, inclosed by a bend of the Tiber, and bounded Ir the Capitoline and Quirinal hills, originally used as a plac on exercise, and for the meetings of the people. Towards the f .1 of the republic, it began to be occupied with bmldmgs, and it was enclosed by the Emperor Aurelian within the walls. Amongst those buildings were : The Mausoleum of Augustus ; the Antonmej Pillar; Septa Julia, or Ovilia, enclosures for the people to vote in; Temple of Minerva, built by Pompey; Pantheon, now Rotonda A Circus Agonalis ; Pompey's Theatre. . . . .u f,J Caniculares Dies, certain days in the summer, m which the siari Canicula is said to influence the season, and to make the days morel #• warm during its appeararsce. TU:^ :.l.va nfininalpd with l\\B EiTYPl CAN 319 nano, or, according jal, the inhabitanls to Mars), a larzp i ustus ; the Antoninel B people to vote in; I leon, now Rotonda;\ CAP •acrIficcd?nnuiJ|yac^o°^o7^ ^'«««^»- The Rom, rage. ' "°S '" Canicula, at its riaino- ♦« "oman» Caniclia, a reputed ,r,r. ^' "''P'"^ '^ Cantab/i, "(CSrpeTr^f^'r^ "'^r '«^^ ^^ Horace, reai-ted the Roman pK Th '^""' ""^^^ ^"''"•o'-e than 200 v. twlvo mile, ™m L ,E" ,1' °", "^ "S*" ''""^ of Thnifli:^ 'T"'- toiinus--.2. A surname of M m ,'■ "^*"" ^"^ temple on Aff r««- thrown from »h» t ^."' ^- Wan hus, who fnr k- , "• ^api- finished it, B. C 5??. ^"^.^'^«sor Serv. Tullii.s • i\L o ' ^**^ tius, the third tarl//"?" '^«^ consecrated LVthV^* ^^P^'bus to the CapitoL arci t '^° ^«««"'s succ. ^ivefv m J^^""-* **» pounds nJicrhtJ rV'°"'^"« bestowed on it Z ^ donations Jupite costa SSof ^ ^'''^ S"di"g 0? the arch „rTv. """ ^000 covered w?.h i ' ^.^'^"^«- The o-^tes of .hi f .°'^ '''^ temple of bli. «H« i* '''.'"Se plates of ..old °fho • -i"^ ^^'"P'^ ^ere of biass "'e, adorned w th Vesspl, /„;? u' . . '"'^"^e wall was nil ,<• L ' chariots, &c. AffP. -f if ^".'^ '^"^'''s of solid silver lu '"^''" '^^lj^ CAP 320 CAP # and the procession in triumphs was also conducted to the Capitol. In process of time, numerous other temples were successively raised ontheCapitoline Hill. .u u„ r- i ♦• Cappadocia,ecountry of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Galat.a and Pontus: west byPhrygia; east by the Euphrates; and south by Cilicia. Its eastern part was called Armenia Minor. Under the Persians the term Cappadocia had a more extended meaning, than in later geography. It comprised two great divisions j Cap- padocia the Great (whose boundaries have been given abovey, often called simply Cappadocia, and Cappadocia bordering on the 1 ontus, often called only Pontus. (See Pontus.) It is said to have been first divided into two separate kingdoms, or rather satrapies, by Darius Hystaspes, the sovereigns of which were at first vassals ol the Persian empire, but subsequently established their independence. Anaphus, one of the conspirators who slew the false Smerdis, was the founder of the new Cappadocian dynasty ; but his grandson, Datames, was the*iirst who assumed the kingly title, and after him and his son Ariamncs there was a long list of prmces, all bearing the title of Ariarathes. On the death of the ast member of this dynasty, the Cappadocians were offered their liberty by the Ro- mans, but they refused to accept it. Three princes of the new dynasty, called Ariobarzancs, then followed, and these were sue- ceeded byArchelaus; on whose death Cappadocia was reduced to a Roman province, which it continued till it was invaded by the Turks. It received its name from Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia, or from Cappadocus, the founder. Traversed by the mountain chains of Argacus and Taurus, Cappadocia was rich :.. pasturage, and produced large herds of cattle and an excel n breed of horses. The inhabitants were completely addicted to a pastoral life ; but, unlike the shepherds of the «ther mountainojis Countries, were of a a peaceful and slothful disposition. They bo the character of being unprincipled and faithless } and on this account Cappadocia wa°s considered one of the three bad Aflpp<«; or names beginning with the letters K or C, the Cilicians an Cretans being the Jther two. The inhabitants are called wh Syrians by nlrodotus, to distinguish them from the more swarthy tribes beyond Mount Taurus. »^B-t„ »;„ht stars Capricornus, a sign of the zodiac, consisting of t^ettty-eight star in the form of a goat. Some suppose ii to be the goat Atnal- Sia! which fed Jupiter with her milk ; while others mamtain- edthat Pan, assuming this form, ^h.le terrified at the g an Tpphon.was transferred by Jupiter to ^he hea^e"^' ^^«re h formed (his constellation. The Greek form of the word is CafulTHch and flourishing ^i^y; ,^br ^*Pi»*\ l^^f^'The I «ituated in the centre of a beautiful plain, not far from the | Vulturnus. It was founded about iiiiy years oeioie xvuuic, v, , i Deiore avm^i ^; , CAR 321 on it a terriM« .^» ^^'« "uo ifte hands of fhp p„. '^"""'^> out five i'T.prisoXJSoth "'•""' ,^^P""i„g To the sword?.'. m''° '"'''^'^^ Jern Capua'lrbuilt aboTt sf ^7"? '^ ''^" '^^^o dTe J^ "^fj ^"^'^ no"""? in common with t =^ "''' ^'''"' '^^ ancient dW ?^ '?°" peopled by Minn^r^ '''^ "eighbounW fea ,? *" ''^ ^^^'^ •vas principally buHt alo^th ^' '°"° *^« '''^^' of Rome Tn m "le summit of .ik* l ■^^^'"^' or citadel hi.ilf ^ '"^^^ P'""'- hH lay to the west 'ofthor "'^^''"^S" = ^he ^^^^r'or t7'' "** I "f great extent mm! • "^ ^>'''s«j aloiinj «»l"»~ Aftirertendin, their siay OTer a considerable part of AfricMb, sions of the former in Spain, to which she afterwards made la ?J RSoL-annSUlso subjugated th^ of Sardinia. Of th^ it g conti'n"^^ struggle bet^n Carthage and Ronie, i woul useless, even if our limits permitted, to say any thing. It is a »1 »ouru' subject of every classical reader, and has been ably treah KtanvrodernworL; butltisinuchtobe reg^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ have no Carthaginian history of Uiis uieuaoraoic c«.ue=., »»« ^ CAS a23 "*c constrained tn a j ^AS extent, and wiUi 1 i"'"'t""«'y accused the cLf ^."S^ge-nent^, 0"t aHies/and all b^lt w r"°^ "j^^^yed on all hand. 3 ''•'''P''^ ^"' «nd all that "he had .h f ^'"''''«^' Carthage «adpn ?'"'"'"''' '^'"''i- her fall. The Rn5 ^'^^^ ^^s brave and reaJI^I?. . ^■'^^'' «^^''«"«^e ; their fears by tit toLT^r» g'"tted the r /eii"f'°"^' ^«" ^^'th "•ained for a whL?„ ^'«"-"^tion of Cara,ar?R"'rf ?^ '^"'«tfd Caius Gracchus h. ?'"'; ^"^ about th Vtv ;^ ^^^->' '* ^«- and a number of ,.«1 • ^'"'^a» sett ed in it sn,r,l /.7.' *'"'»us During the earlvLLr?u' *=°"«cted A theT^". ?'^.hi» troops. Capital of Af?^I ^°ff °f, the Christian i. w' r"'"'"!!'^ ''«""'fy- «"nalle't widths m* •,''' '""S^^ is %«.,„,, ™' l^n""'."'" *« 'ts lionofihissea wasnn/' ^'"'"'^«^ 275 miles Thf *" '^^' ^*« most ancient, andTsnn? ''*''' 5 but the « CasSn f • ^^"'^y «^ - coiiiounded witn'r-i •'" (^^"<^" «^ Octavius " h'""' "^" ''*•'•"' «.th Cas.,„, .he E.r„i.„, „;™'-p„H^ r^u^tjot 4 .'. CAS 324 CAT nt. Tery different stamp. 2. T. Seyerus, a Roman, distinguished for his eloquence and his satirical effusions. He was banished by Augustus to the island Seriphus, where he died wretchedly in hia twenty-fifth year. , ^ , »,. « Castalius Fons, or Castalin a celebrated fountain on Mt. Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. It poured down the cleft between the two famous summits of the mountain, and was fed by its snows. Castor and Pollux, twin brothers, the former the son of Leda and Tyndarus, the latter of Leda and Jupiler. (bee Leda.) Ihey were born at Amyclse in Laconia ; and their first exploit was to rescue their sister Helena from the hands of Theseus, whose mother ^ihra they dragged into captivity. They took part in a 1 the great undertakings of their time ; were at the Calydonian Hunt. accompanied Hercules against the Amazons, sailed on the Ar- gonautic expedition, and aided Pelcus to storm lolcos. Castor was the most skilful charioteer, and Pollux the most distinguished nu-ilist. From Juno they icoeived the swift steeds Xanthui^aiid Cyllarus; and from Mercury, Phlagius and Harpagus, the off. spring of the Harpy Podarge. Being invited to a feast, .vhei) Lvnceus and Idas, sons of Apharcus, were going to celebrate their marria<^e with Phoebe and Talaira, daughters of Leucippus, bro- ther of° Tyndarus, they became enamoured of the brides, aiia carried ihem off. Idas and his b> other pursued them ; and, in the conflict which ensued, Castor fell by the spear of Idas ; but Pollux aided by the kindred of his father, laid prostrate the two sons o Anhareus. The story of the quarrel btf wtru the twin brothers and I fhe sons of Aphareus has bren d-.fforenlly related ; but a 1 accounts a" ree that Pollux, being inconsolable for the loss of his brother, implored Jupiter to allow him to divide his immortality with his brother w'nich was granted, and they consequently passed day and day aUe^rtolv in heaven and under the earth. They were ca led Dioscuri, r-.r sons of Jupiter, and Anaccs or i^mcc*, and were f-e- queSy identified wHh the Cabiri. They were regarded as the Sectosofshiisla tempests; the meteor known by their narac vas sacred ^o thl a; and it was also said that, to reward their pa^^ nal affection, Ju .iter had transformed them into the constellat n the GemlnU 'J'uins. They were generally represented as two you hj on horseback, each holding a spear in his hand, and .heir head.| surmounted by a circular cap. Catienus. the name of some Roman actor. _.. CatiEor Calilus, son of Amphiaraus, and brother of Coras and T. burtus, to wLose memory he built T».»'"'" in Italy. J Catius, M., a fictitious name under which Horace alludes to person \'„°d crorru.,°.v,>o «sborn B. C 232 at Tu.c„U,m .naj-| Jiis earliest years on a iiiilefarm which «b mueiitea t.om -! j CAT 325 Atthe ao-eofsevent h ^^'^ «'fy he devoted S,?'^'-.^"'""'? and Jilrni\tU!''i ^^}^^ his prac{ica?::I:l^.!!!^^7^hagoreanf "L^iT]''!^^^^^'- the g^^' "« conduct of Cs ' ' i '°"^''^^^«^ ««st the Greek hZ„ ^^'"^^^^ ^ith the noPt J predecessors. Here Consui;^/?r°-f J, -:iaccompa'4S hiL fo"^ ''i^ f-g^?t S the Greek Jar.,''"^"^'"*^^ ^ith the nopf v -'."''^^ecessors. Heri Consul B/c°lT{.''^^^^'=«-p'"ieShiL ^^'L" ^«"ght hS. conduct and the nni '"r °"^ ^«r Spain ^1^^.^'* ^''"^ elected i^fl-nce^and r 'Zf ^'^ -"-i^s a^d d"t 1! /J??"^ «^ hi. <=onduct and thenar '^^^"^ ^«r Spain T^'T'^- Being elected influence LhP'''^°^^'s councils aAl5''' ^''« ^'>ur of his turntoRome^ ffrl, '''"'« '''«honfufc^^^^ Roman chariot and laid .," , fu'*'^ ^^^ he descend^ /""'"P^ °" ^s re- ofa Jieutenant he '^' '^' ^""«"'^r robe than i'""" ^^' ^""'"phal ^^racej and" 'aft'er d?s';'"''""'f ^ '^' neV consuTT'"" '^' ^^'^ several of ih« r< ■ '^^'"g"'shin» him.pin »empron us into '^ith manv of h- ^^^^^ tenor of hi^ 7, ^^Pected, the severity of ^ontinued'^TvIr?arVr',TP°'-^^'^« f s pttTc 7 '^^"'^'•^^'^^ Cato if^thage, to seUle fhp^'^i. of his Public RLh^ ^ '?"''^'0"» , fe^^''«'ni«sarindt%-''P"'^^ '''^tween tl^e c'^lf.^^^^^y to I "{/''at city is to be L;.,'"' ^"^T at witnessin "'hp fl ''''p'"''"« «"^ # 386 CAT treatise « De Re Rustica" is the only one that has reached our times in a tolerably perfect slate. Fragments of his historical ■writings have been collected and published at different times. 2. Marcus, surnamed Uticensis, from his death at Utica, was great-grandson to the censor of the same name, and born B. C. 93. In his childhood he was remarkable for the firmness of character which he displayed in after life ; and it is sai'l that, when at the age of fourteen he witnessed the scenes of blood then enacted by Sylla, he earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword to stab the tyrant. When priest of Apollo, the first pubP^ office he obtained, he became a strict adherent of the Stoic sect} and the principles which he then imbibed exercised a powerful influence over his subsequent career. His first campaign was made in the Servile War ; he then served as military tribune in Macedonia ; subsequently he was elected quajstor ; ofid, on the expiration of his terra of office, he re- c^>ed the congratulations of the senate for his strict impsrtiali'y. He took an active part in denouncing the conspiracy of Catiline', and was the first who bestowed on Cicero the title of Pater Patria- Vehemently opposed to the union of Pompey, Caesar and Crassus, in the first triumvirate, he was removed to Cyprus, in a kind ol honourable banishment ; but, on his return, he was elected prstor, and subsequently, on the rupl ure between Pompey and Cssar, to«k part with the latter, considering his cause to be the uore just. Hence Lucan has nobly said, Victrix causa diis placult, aed victa Catoni." After the battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the command of the Cor-I cyrean fleet; but when he heard of Pompcy's death, he traversed the deserts of Libya with his forces, and resigned the command to Scipio, greatly against the inclination of the army. The result i»[ well known. Scipio having, in opposition to Cato's instructions, hazarded an engagement at Thapsus, was completely defeated, and Africa submitted to the victor. The cause of liberty was now lost; and Cato, after furnishing his friends with every means in his power to effect their escape, and too proud himself to accept a pardon at the hands of the conqueror, retired to his chamber, when, after reading a portion of Plato's Phoedon, a dialogue which turns on th immortality of the soul, he stabbed himself in the breast, and di^ the same night in his fifty-ninth year, B. C. 46. His son, MJ Porcius Cato, was spared, but followed the fortunes of Brutus, and died gloriously at Philippi. J Catullus, Caius Valerius, a celebrated poet, descended "om ifl ancient and honourable family, was born in the neighbourhood ol Verona, on the Lacus Benacus, B. C. 87. His father appears til have been allied by ties of hospitality to Julius Caesar; hence, noa withstanding manv nrovocations. the dictator to the last manifesUJ •tronj feelings of attachment towards Catullus. In consequeiu» CAT t has reached our 3 of his historical ifferent times» iath at Utica, was , and born B. C. 93. irmness of character hat, when at the age en enacted by Sylla, to stab the tyrant, obtained, he became principles which he over his subsequent ervile War ; he then jbsequentiy he was term of office, he re- is strict impartiality, ispiracy of Catiline, Litle of Pater Patriae. Caesar and Crassus, yprus, in a kind of e was elected prsetor, ipey and Cesar, tosk be the nore just. Catoni." command of the Cor- death, he traversed ned the command to | army. The result iii 1 Cato's instructions, ipletely defeated, anil liberty was now lost; ry means in his power 3 accept a pardon atj jhsmber, when, afler^ le which turns on the the breast, and dice D. 46. His son, Mj rtunes of Brutus, m , descended from il the neighbourhood ol lis father appears tl i Caesar; hence, noa to the last manifestej lus. In coDsequeu CAU 327 CEN ofan invitation from M»«- ™, *^ 1W not deprive L^^JaJ?™?»!" i but the S'^J V". "■= n-"! citizens Tu . ' ^"^ ^riendshio nf n«~ . ^ °' "" conduct hSsprm,h?s\reTp°?es°/ 'I' '^'^^' utSn^n^l^^^S' 'vrilten in every Z\^;Z7^T'''''^''S of upwS;ds of 5'oo'"°" °^ elegiac, and dithyrambi f >ia Ind ij 'i'T "■« Eui- y^ied AgraK L,"\?""*'"^' «a"ed Vom h?m^r° Att ca, and h» of three dan^h?"'"'"!; °! ''^'=t*"«. by "hom h. I'^P'"' "« KalonffreiVn.^ !^."**^Slauros, Herse ^nH i> ^^^'^«'ne the Ws of .^-r^" .'P®"* «n '"ntroducina- «mo ' u"** ^androsos ; and hon,Cecr7n, "°>" «"^eloped kffaJl'""!^^'» to Cranau., N' no d b't^irsut"''^'' .- hal'mt 'a"d haVbr?°'°S''^»' Mhe contest between'^ '°f "''^*^°'»» 'he attribute of i^^^ '"^'*^«- Wm, he is said fo h ^P'"''^ «"d Minerva for fh„ ^ ^^''P^'. »asofn i;»« ? « joung Koman. an ««„....•_. CEN 328 CER Centauri, a people of Thessaly, fabled to hare been half men and half horses. By some writers they are said to have been the offspring of Centaurus, son of Apollo, by Stilbia, daughter of the Peneus. Others allege that they were the fruit of Ixion'a adventure with the cloud ; while others say that they sprang from the union of Cen- taurus with the mares of Magnesia. The battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithae, so famous in history, originated as follows :— At the marriage of Ilippodamia with Pirithous, the Centaurs, who had been invited, beinj^ intoxicated with wine, offered violence to the women. Upon this the Lapithae, roused to indignation, attacked the Centaurs, and after a dreadful conflict, defeated them, and obli- ged them to return into Arcadia. The battle of the Lapithse forms the subject of the famous Elgin Marbles, now in the Tritish Muse- um. The insolence of the Centaurs was a second time punished by Hercules, who, on his way to hunt the boar Erymanthus, was kind- ly entertained by the Centaur Pliolus ; but the rest of the Centaurs, enraged at the havoc the hero had made on their wine, attacked him," and in the conflict which ensued they were almost entirelj extirpated. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were Amycu«, Arneus, Caumus, Chiron, Eurytus, Gryneus, Lycidas, Medvn, Mermeros, Pisenor, Pholus, Rhcelus. It is generally believed that Ihi' Centaurs and Lapithae are two purely poetic names, used to distinguish two opposite races of men ; the former, the rude horse- riding" tribes, which tradition records to have been spread over the north of Greece ; the latter, the more civilized race, which founded towns, and gradually drove their wild neighbours back into the mountains. r^ i j Coos, or Cea, now Zea, an island of the iEgean, one of the Cyclades, opposite the promontory of Sunium, in Attica, and famous for its I fertility and rich pastures. It is said to have been an Ionian colony, peopled from Africa. The two chief towns were lulls and Carthaea, | the former of which was the birthplace of Simonides. Ceraunii, Montes, a chain of mountains of Epirus, forming the boun- dary between it and Ulyricum. Tiiat portion extending beyond it and Oricum formed a bold promontory, called Acroceraunia, from it? summits (akra) being often struck by lightning (keraunos). The modern name is Monte Khinarra ; that of the Acroceraunian pr^ montory Ca;je Lin^ietta This cape was much dreaded by . ancient mariners, "from aie belief that the mountains attracted storms; and the Greek a id Latin poets teem with allusions toils dangers. . [ Cerberus, a monster regarded as the watch-dog of the mfernal regions, and represented with three, fifty, or even a hundred heads. He waJl the fruit of Echidna's union with Typhon. Orpheus lulled him Ml sleep with his lyre, and Hercules dragged him from Hades, m m r" ^Fn^^^pna nCUia turolflh Sinri InSt Iflbour. CER m Ceres, the Rom n"g'o 'esf oTc '""^ '''''''' ^^erTornZa '"'''''' °^ Greeks, was theru4ter of s'.*;' '^"'^^'^"^ '' 'he Deaieter of iU of Proserpine bv Tnnff i,^"''" '"'d Vesta or Rh«„ . ' ^^^ of Ceres fs her LarfhTff/^'^ ""'"' '^^'^'^rated event in "th^ Pl^'' away by PJnfo .1 t ''^r daughter wlm h„ . u "^ ''"^«ry overVerth/vihr"^-''^"^^^^ '^or^l^ ^e It 1^ «T'^^ FOfl Hoi;« " naiiung torches in »,«„ V . ^' ^"^ wandered daui "/. ' ''^ '^ permission of her sir7h '^'^^^'\'^> informed abandoned thS''' '' '^' conduct o? J piter r'"'^ ^'''^^ '^^'• self as an a'pfi ' '""' ^"^" «'"or,., mj am> r'' ^^•■'^"Pon Eieusis.aJaTuLrr' --employed b^ Met'antf ""'"° ''^'- «equence of the a ,ter of C^" ^,^'^^^000. ^ Z^Se In''" °^ Jup ter sent tII /1.° ■ *"^'^'^^' the earth vip|,lpH '"^""e. >n con- «he refused u'tisho-h'^V" '"''''' ^<^^ '0 lott iTSlf'''' ^"^ wasgranted rI ^^'^ Permission to see h?r h ^'J'"'P"s J but portion of ?L ° '■^""'ted to her dannlf ,?^"Shter, which OlympuT Th? t- ?'°''<' °^ Performino- her r t • ^° thereupon period into Rome'whe A T""'' ^«« introdS at an 'f' Cethegus, M Cornpl* ^"iTj> Which was ' *'lnn.ir~V' '■*''■ "^et of Ulvsspq -r,;, — 45- ' ""= 10 sailors, and CHI 380 CIB to shew that in our eagerness to avoid one ctiI we fall into a Chlmar"' a fabuloL '"monster, sprunR from Echidna and Typhon, which ravaged the country of Lycia until destroyed by Bcllerophon. According to one account he had the head of a hon, which vomited forth flames, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. Chios, now Scio, a celebrated island in the /Egean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor. Its chief town, Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could contam HO sh,p. The wines of Chios, especially thofc produced in the district of Arvisia, were amongst the most esteemed of any in the ancient world. Chios gave birth to many distinguished individuals ; among whom may be specified Ion, the tragic poet, Theopompus, the hu- torian, Theocritus, the sophist, and Metrodorus, tiu- phy.«,cian and philosopher. But Chios, aspires to a still higher honour, that of being the native country of the first and greatest of poets, «•The blind old man of Scios' rocky isle;" and it is admitted by the ablest critics that, of all the cities that contended for the honour of having been the birthp ace of Homer, the claims of Chios and Smyrna were apparently the best founded. Chius, adj. formed from Chios. . r i- Cbloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens, in whose honour yearly festi- vals' called Chloia, were celebrated with much rejoicing. Chloe is supposed to bear the same signification as Flava. The name, from its signification (" Chloe," blossom), has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and simplicity. Choerilus, a poet of lassus, in Asia Minor, to whom Alexander the Great promised a piece of gold for every good verse he should compose in his praise. Only seven lines were deemea by the mo- narch worthy of the promised reward. r,„„», Chrysippus, son of Apollonius, was born at Soli, m Cilicia Campes- tris. B. C. 280. Having lost his patrimony, came to Athens, where he devoted himself to the study of philosophy under Clean- thes, whom ho afterwards succeeded. His dialectical skill pro- cured for him the highest reputation ; and such was his mdela- tieable industry that he is said by Diogenes to have written TO volumes. Of these numerous works, however, nothmg remains except a few extracts preserved in the works of Cicero, ^'""''cn, Seneca, and Aulus Gellius. After Zeno he is regarded as the main prop of the Stoic school ; and to him is attributed the myention o the logical form Sorites. He died, B. C. 208 , and a statue was erected to his memory. ... , • j r«ri»' Cibjra, a commercial city of Phrygia, between Lycia.and tana, ^^ ' , .1 »* *- -i:».: .,:.v, :» ff-nm n ritv of the same nam» surnamca luc great; w uioimgviio»! t» ..^-^ - —j — — in Paniphylia. sTil we fall into a CIC 331 CIC and rhetoric under two of ih?'\''''^°^'^ himself to vhnLnl: an Apo„ j^3 MCoTVf' if- tht t^L? r"^ ^''^ CSj S&.„^"r"S.'^«'=^"^'lJesofMarius „nH»K^^^^ ^*'*'''' native Za ' ."^^ '"^«d 'f «-etirement n^rfl r' ^u-*^ ^''^ Proscriptions of and acquirements which uTtSeirri l,"!-''''"'^'^ '" ^^ose studies importance which he unde?tnot .K^/r^^^^^^^^ «"^ ^he first case of accused of namViH» k u- "^' ^^^ defence of Rosri... a • ° the first or«f''Tr'tl^J'^'«i"emies, placed hL T'J"!.^™^"""'» nothing remains |ed m attaining the object of 1 .7^nr^^p"""<^'» conspiracy • anrlTC ^- '"°'"*'''« 'or his detec- t'lfi'^ ^lcondLn7ti'on"f ?h!. ^^"^'"---f-h.Se |li'elifeW""'^1''* ''n** ^^eliverw of hrr" °f '^'.""'^ ^"''hi'n I ' "' C-o had been a .erl?, °/f t^^lTsTh; w'^n?." CIC 332 CIC ,iiiS doomed to experience in a signal manner, the mutability of forMme. On one hand , his vanity and presumption had rcndred him odious to the aristocracy, by whom he was regarded as an upstart ; on the other, the people had begun to disrrnl in his recent conduct a want ofsympath' with their body. Hcncc, when the tribune Clodius, availing himself of these symptoms, proposed his famous measure, which, though expressed in general terms, was distinctly aimui against Cicero, he saw himscU' abandoned even by hia friends, and w°a8 forced to retire into voluntary exile When, however, the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and people were unani- mous for his recall ; and, after sixteen months' absence, he returned to Rome, having borne his exile most uiiphilosophically and cffe minalcly. Five years afterwards, he was scut, with the power of proconsul, to «-ilicia, where he prosecuted the war with «real suc- cess, and was < greeted by the soldiers with the title o[ Imperatoi, During the civil commotions between Caesar and Pompey, he joined himself to the latter, after much hesitation, and follo^ved him to trreece. When victory had declared in favour of Ca;sar, at the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundisium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated him witli great humanitv; and from this time he retired into the country, and seldom visi 1 Rome. The assassination of Caesar, however, once more brougn! him on the public stage of affairs. He recommended a genera! amnesty ; but when he saw the interest of Caisar's murderers decrease, and Antony come into power, he retired into Sicily, but soon afterwards returned and delivered the celebrated series of | Philippics against Antony, which, though at first eminently suc- cessful, ultimately ended in his ruin. The two consuls, Octavius and Lepidus, whom he had so zealously supported, having formed an alliance with Antony, Cicero, convinced that liberty was at end, retired to Tusculum, where he learned that Octavius had deserted him, and that his name, at Antony's demand, had been placed ca I the list of the proscribed. Being pursued by the emissaries ofl Antony, he fled in a litter towards the sea, at Caieta ; and, on bein» overtaken by the assassins, he stretched 0»t his head with pcrl'rf.j calmness, and submitted his neck to the sword of Popilius, ivii had been one of his clients. This memorable event happened in Decl B. C. 43. His head and right hand were carried to Rome, anil hung up in the Roman forum. We have been unable to give aDj| more than the most slender outline of the life of this distinguish» Roman, and have not found room even to glance at many of thel most important events in his eventful history, and more especial^ in his oratorical and literary career. Cicero has acquired raoni real fame for his literary compositions than by his exertions as i Roman senator. His learning and abilities have been the admirjjj tion of every age and country, and his style has always bcciiij counted the true standard of pure Latinity. He was tfficC cm 333 married; first to T ^'^ ^.because shercc,,S;ir.' ""'' '^^'o,^ J "£ ° " r""« '"^y. 'J '««tedoftl.ema'S!'''^'j''^"t'rlained; but J^" '*^« °' "le except KurylochS'uT' T'" ""' '"rth vith %[; '°. "l"^"'" '"«'V fate. The |ntf."\'^'°«'""e escaped l ''/^^^Ri-il into .• tvi»./ '»«/y, "'i.ichh tV^f'^^^'-'?'''''»! « 1 on fc «^ '^^.^'r freely of her r- .T '^'^'^"'^^1 'rom Merr..rv ^''"'"^ ^y the ht-S companions to ti,eir /br '"" ^^^^*' ^'on.anded thi I'^'"'^"?''^' «"'J. "illi honours vi I, i^ ^" '^'^''^- She co m ^r . ^«^"'■ation of his remained Jth CW ^^'' °''' «^" Agrius 'n,I . ?' '^ "^ '^'^'«- !JJ:'"Ph advised iWm fo%'''''^''^ ^'^«'•^ "' cJ af J wf^""'' ^'3^««« Tiresiasconeern "tt^ Jf^^'l •'" ''^"' am^ cL sui? ff'''"''' "'« fiaveincornoratrrl.?. • ^''^ ''''"t'h attenrlrw? ?^ V'^'' ""^nes of '^hom she mu do ' j .'"""'^''^ ^^ « Sarn'a i n ?-^ ^"''^*'- Thus Circeii), or to th •^^^''b"<'i'ilan.d tamed fnt Y"^^■M'c^led by into a maonio fnl ''"'"' ^*^'''»- Tiiere 1/'?" ^""^ "' ^^aly (see ""tural act^ a'so^,"? '*'=/""''"S i'er o ve and '^''"Sed king ti'cu" ^ Scylla into a sea-mon ." '"'' '^'' '« ««''^ to hi "i? "'° ''^'' «"Per- teen started f^^ '""^''.tcr. Arnon- the vnr; ^''''""'^^' ^er r va! «atisfae? ;i',°har: n" ^''^' ^"^'« of C r ^trs^'r''-^''' ^h'^t have "kind of hi one 1.?^'^""' '^''° think th'^»^^'''^ "'"* "'««t i'he brutalisi rien'TV^'^ °" «noient a, 1"^:,"'^'^ Save hf> "OH- ^.«/e cS;';^,^'-"''^' indulgenl :°:'^ ^^^"^^ showed 'antertr^t^^"'''^^ «'einV^^^^^^ ;;;;Latiu., below Antiu« loysters 9 A V T"*^ promontory of p'. ""..'^»s '«ibled to be the Jwascnin..j /, "'yn the site nf ffJ ■•. "le promontorv nf F'rcew «iJr Tarquinius Superb ^^^k"^ ^an Felice! U Lepid us GLA 334 CLE Clftudiui Tiber. Drusus Nero, the second son of DrusaB Nero» and Antonia, daughter of Mark Antony, by Oc.avia. si.ter of Augustus, was born at Lyons, B. C. 10. His early .fe was passed ,n great ob- acurity ; and on his growing up to nianhood he employed himself chieflvin literary pursuits, in which he attained considerable pro- fie encv He was associated with his nephew Caligula in the consulship, A D 37 : and after the murder of the latter, he was dragged from a co'rner in which he had concealed himself, and proclaimed emperor by the soldiers, A. D. 41. The commencement of his leig» was distin- oulheJ by act; of clemency and mercy. He recalled the exile; festm^d to their rightful owners much property that had been confisca- ted by his predecessors, and embellished Home with many magnificent works. He reduced Maeritania to a Roman province ; his arm.e, foSt successfully against the Germans; r.nd for «V^ »':'"™R''f '" ^J'; ain he obtained wiih his infant son the surname of Br.tann.cus. B t he soon sank intp apathy, and allowe.l himself to be governed by wor l^ 4 favourites, and n.,re especially by the empress Messalina, «boK Uceitiousness and avarice plundered the state and distracted the pro- vince When the career of this guilty woman was terminated he mar- ried his niece Agrippini, whose fnfluence over him was such that e induced h ni to n^omiSate her son Nero by a former marriage l^ir to he Crial throne, to the prejudice of Britanpicus ; and on his after- wTds displaying some symptoms of returning favour for his son , caused hini to bl poisoned in the 63d year ol his age, and 14th of b.5| Clatm^ii'a^d Cl'azomena, acity of Ionia on thecoast of the f gfansea^ There were two cities of this name ; the more ancient s ood on the coSeXandwas strongly fortified by the lonians to resist the Per- 8^0?^ the defeat ofCrocsus they wi.hd.ew to a neighbourm; iZnd, where they built the second Clazomenje. so often mentioned n. RonianT, story. Wander joined it to the continent by a mole 2a^ nacesh en^^^^^^^ «"'» '^ ^^"' ^" 8'e«l>y emi.elli.hed by Augustus thai. KyTspeclef of euphemism he' W.-IS .lid to be foimder It«H..k hirtlinlace of Anaxaaoras. It is now Dourlak or Vourla. CleonSr thediu^^ of Ptolomy Auletcs. ki.ig of Egypt, and distJ SSVor her be luty, and still more for her personal accomplishmen.i fva born B C. 69. ller father, who died B.C. 51. leaving two* 5 ed Ptofemy, besides Cleopatra and her -f,>-. A'-"-^ ;^,^ J nated Cleop lira joint sovereign with her eldest brotiei , butaqiiairei atn brokT out belvveen them, and Cleopatra t.,.4 refuse mg Ahniit this neriod Julius Cresar, having arr.ved in Egypt in P"'»""* pXey eS edtoseethewiilof I'lolemy fulfilled ; and CleoH conSus of her personal charms, procu,; d a private interyiew w. h j KarKeneml,and by her fascinating manners completely gained l.j fkvor Tl e vo mg king, Ptolemy, however, pn.ved refractary and^ engBgemeit s'^^onfifterwards takfng place, he was drowne.l in .he.Nj 3 ?;leopatra was prod .■med joint ...vereign with herpung ' j. tliPr Ptolemv then a boy of e even. Ctesar continued some «""e ai « i'!L.i::!!!?.^ »n.i o,. L departure, Cleopatra followed h.m to Ro« wlcl-e"Bhe~remaiued'tin '-is assawmaiion. ftican while aei broincr, .. CLl^ 385 CLl had attained his ma,'nr;»« /f . i^ene, and ^va, poO i?'"'t">' ''«•"«"ded hi. share J„ tU «hared lliesame fa e • r„-f^i°''''^'' °^ t;Jeopatra • jfpr V ^ eo^wn- authority. But fhiV "^ -^''^ remained in so e nn-i •"''*'* ^«-«noe the power ofcLil «^'f^ens'on among the riial '^"T""" °'^"'« «-oyal partiesT'vheSeJJ-'-'"?''"'^ '»^"'v d r in « f' ^''° ^^'^iS from all sJrupyet to til' r "'"'r °^'''« ^^^^^^0^1^^^^''^ "^»"» her inclinations as 1 '."^ "/conduct to be adon pZ'" I^J''''^'^ ^'er To afford her an ZZl ''• ''^' '"'«'•^«''". i» Ivouf nf '^r""^ determined interview on the river r^ ^^ ' «"'I f'o"Mhe momr/V^?'^"^ «""^ historians and the Zt) uL^T ^'° '^««"tifullv desSed h''.1 ^^'"""^ an all-absorbing pa'J"?o„/.r.l "'"..' ^"'' '"'^ ''""i^ition ^erp f "' ''^ ">« to Alexandria • anTlZ . "^ ^gyptia,, Q„ee„ h^""^'" forgotten in extravagance co^l | St^'')? ' °"'^' r"'""««» weaffanTl hn 'T^" marriage with Off..„:V "'^ ^^ath of Jii» ^^:r„ p'7 ' boundless again in Syr a nrpv 1 separated the.n fo a/il " '"•' ''"<1 hi, aid from 3K7i;„7tEt'° '''^ ""«"«'•«i wara;.i^"| i;'^>'."'«» Alexandria • and . r V'"« ""«'«'. Meanaln»^.'? '"' ' ^"hia ; her kingdom'i^.Sic?/'2"'V ''is adored cSn A„ '''^ '"^'"^"^d «o •on Ciesarion w. '*'^'''''' <^'«'e. Cyn.Js',^,"'""^' annexed to sovereign oTEgyp1^''"'£,,^'r ''^'^ '^>' S" ', ^^ t^'if,' ^1"'« her Octaviu';, whosfSend^h n^'T "^" ^^''^"P""-'-» was .,ow ''r*^ J"'"^ «nto enmity, induced Sp ""^ '"'^ been LaZi. ""' *° ^'^t- CI«.patra,';horii'gt/;-rno''r'''^ '--'^el fn^n 'uT'^'i Antony.accompaniedhim to P.r ''''.^' «''«'<« «ban Znl ''"'i of her dea I ote ' ^S^' «'>^ «''"' ^^^ rsel f7p 12 .^'t^Lr^'^''^'^' J^er thirty-ninth year, ft C Trt . ^'^" P-'isoned bodkin si.» r^^ '?^ "'«Greek monarchs of E.;n7 ' .''"' '^'^h her ended tL w^'^"'^ '" years. She receivpH f. HV*' '*''"' had swayod lii^ »^ dynasty of lliMtoiv < ., u., ,^ / ^J^, ^ P^,„t Animosities usual- Homer, ^^"^"'^'''^y' '''^'''"'' '; . '.^.Tes «f the island, which formed ly subsisted among he F ...pal uUe« oi^he .Si ^^ ,^^^^ Bomany independent l^P''' ' ' ^"^V V • of Greece, or from from playing any cou«p.;u.us P-^Ju d har^ have fS 'to make, bT. called Cosmoi, and elected annually. / ^ "*=;",.„„ „l, tut'dthe Council of the nation, and wxre selected fom those J rmerc3i«Chk .."."produced i« great abundance 1. called Creta terra, or simply Crda "'SoU poen,V, ,vro\e lo explain the IcneU ol h« «eet. H.l.i in the time of Horace. Trisnus Sallustius. See Sallustius. . j •„ i vAin ^Sfifh and la,, of the Mermnad. »ho re.gned ,n Lg, ;r-°I Al'^^^^Wrnt atrJrn^ f.du^;d'?o •,ubiecUo„,^.h.; l!^and'/E^anB,'inA»ia, ad ,11 the aauon. weet oi ^' ^PtO CR(E 341 the civiiizatic-' of T^i)!cii cons',' >««j 4 L Cum ^'"-'^C h a^ ;P boundary of his kingdom H. .h iucci'os of iKp n. ,, "."ouuiigi response nf fh« "^"^ ^-acedse- fricfHl,, and in^! ',''^'' '^"^ «"«de l.im Te „/• k- ^^^ ''"'^^^ that K,aci(,i„c,m„ ■ • '"<'""''■'>'■" 'he ancient fwf, alonrivS r '""' °"' "'""ie» a" far a» Im"""'!' °" "•« iDro> - - ..... .,ar, but succeslilv f.!r ^ ''i "«""«' chus. Augustus elevated if .w -'^^''^'^"ded bj Seim cUons of Bair.L "xr'll^" .5°'«?»^ J but. . .„..:."• '^"Sustus elevated if .„.: . •'„"'='*="aea bj Semnro: .■- "c superior attractions nrp""" '',^^orrtan colony h„i m-: CUP 342 CYC „.„., d..e,.ed Nun.r.u. ruin. ,«[ -P"*!- fof S'" .He.t, CTCi. in the pre.en! day, 'J» J"'"" ~;v" lent lo, though nol «ntimcnU, di.i„tercsledne.s, «V'' '7£',t,°e h„?;„r of . Iriompb. Ihrice 10 Iho con»uUhip, »"tT^T »nd Lucanianr«"d 8"""! * He defcalcd the Samnile., Sa^""- ""'^J;^^^""^ c. K »hi=b rr^:;2rr.s;:td;i«dT::t:rror .^e fu..».. s■-dJ-:d.?cfo"f4^"£^^^^ Greek» with Rhea, the wife jf^CronoBor Saturn y ^^ ^^^^ mans with Ops, Tel U8, Bona Dea,Vest^^^^^^^^ personificatioJ been of Asiatic orig.n, f d/",„^°""%,e chief seat of her ivor- of the earUi and its product^ powers. The eh e J ,hipwa»Phryg|^a whose bfty regions were n ^.^^.^ j^j^^^^^J hence, the epithets, by ^»^'*=** 'f,^. '' ^f Xrecvnthus, Dindymene, derived from the Phrygian mo""^^!"^ «^ ?o/rofa matron crowned and Ida. She was represented under he form of a m^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ I yUh towers seated ma^c^^^^^^^^^^ favourite Atys. /ne"J^^'° „' p t^o Her worship was intro-l early period, probably belore B. C ^O»' "«J ^^„5, P,,^, >vheMl ducedinto Rome near ^^f ,'^'°«f/;'^, ^^f jl'^of per"amus, to requ«i| .olemn embassy was sent to AttaJuS' king ot Jer.a^^^ ^^^^^ h«r celebrated image, which had f'^"^" ^'^""^'^^''iJSa ^ ready cob- preserved at Pessinus. The monarch having y^lded a re y^ Jliance, the statue was conveyed ^^° ^^^^^^^'j;^, 'e.Ued MeM rro^?;?r™ieat A ^i^^d :our'^c t.. ..J bucklers and spears. rrppkq to the cluster (deri« Cyclades, a name app Hed by the a"-en^Greek the cl^.^^ ^^J from the Greek " fct/Wos, a circie^ "A„ru,irH8 increased toi^ s:ir' ^xt^e \;cr^ i^tvserctoiot^^^^^^^^^^ Syros, and Tenos. 1^% ^^Irthlse piratical habits rend^* rhuiiiicians, v^arwii, =..y;-'a"' "- • ... ihgy were c Ihem formidable to the cues on the «=°"t.nent tm iney quered, and finally extirpated by Mmos. They were su hi cvc 343 CYN I 'n? Athenians. ^ °' '>«ycale, became dependent on neyed nature of these theme» the t5L '"f^^"'^'' F»-»"» Ihe hack? teir r r/e:^:/ l^^^lo^ three «on» of C«,u, and Ter., I name (from « £jo?> a drc?e a'S "" ^^^'^/«^^^ead, nhencc th S called Arges. Brontes, and sSope, anT?h '" '^'"-^ '''''^^ "^«-e orge the thunderbolts of JupUeTV.^f^^'''' "^«"P^t'on was to been quite distinct from the ScloD «"ginally to have cient poets, by whom they ar^renre/enL T**' ?"^ ^^" «'^er an- savage race of men, and inhabitiS^fh^ f ""/'";'»•"? a distinct and - find a templet"d?:;ted'^fX":e;^^^^^^^ ?" °"^ ^^« ^«^s, J fices were solemnly offered Th.. "^ ^'''"'^^> ^^J^ere sacri- been cast into Tartarus by their ?aiLr an r'"'^''"?'^' said to Tave With which h s son jE-fnlnn' ° ^,.„. t'^underbolts of Juoitfr [hej were erected uv the arriPnTp i • "'"^ "'^" ascertained that .be called Pelasgian/""'"^^'''«S'> and should consequemfy Slltf^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the island of Crete. |t. I ^ qumce-tree was first brought into ifaIv"«nH':i:- ^"'"^ ^^''«"ia called malum Cydonium « Cv!L • ^? '""^ ^''^"ce the fruit was Obence called PyUenius), 1o whom « fi ^ ^"-^h-place of Mercurr tZT- 7^' '""dern name is zZa orTi'/" ^''''•'^*^'» °" ^»»» !5enes,^llj;^aetfThfsrct:^ ?^"--Ses, where An- \u^'^';^dog,inaUusioTl^^^^^^ th« Greek term I It wasformpH f«. 4i- " .^ S""»^""? humour .f th»;- ^«».__ CTN 344 CYT ill'" adherenti being to inculcate a lo»<^ - x .. " «nd to produce sim- plicity of manners. The n-' rr.us i) no of the firsi Cynic» degenerated afterwards into itie raort uUi;. d severity. Of this seel the most distinguished memiic- was Diogenes. Cynthus, a mountain of Delo,, on which Apollo and Diana were born, whence the epithets Cy»i//HHs and Cynthia respectively applii J to them. It is now Moyitc Ciutio. Cynthius, ndj. formed from Cynthu». Cyprus, a large island in the Mcdiicrranenn sen, ' '.i - .. -aiatid west of Syria. It wis famous for its fertility, and the taricty anrf excellence of its products ; but it owed its chief celebrity in anii- quity to its beini; the favourite residence of Venus, to whose service many of its citict ind mountains were consecrated, but more espe- cially Paphos, Ar.athus, Cythera, and Idalia. In modern limes Cyprus retaifis ;i, and was dcfea' d in a bio ' battle, B. C. 530. the victorious queen, who had iost *'f^'' »""] a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, t^iai she era off his head and threw it into a vessel filled with l;. ' an '^'"pj'"1 claiming, "Take then thy fill." Author;' s. hon»^ver, difltri much about the death of Cyrus as about hi.i h- Cythera, now Cerigr,, an island on the coast of t m Peloponn* aus ; particuiarlyMicred to Venus, thence si. mtu ytheraea, M who r.v • ,, as some suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It i» n»! dns Oi iiic xOIiiaft zstufiuS. CVT to producft siin- f the first Cynics ity. Of this sect Diana were born, cti»ely appliiJ I» I L 1 ^ '.1. 'a, and id the tariety arnf celtlirity in anii- I, to whose servife d, but more rspc- III modern times chief productions inhabitants were son of Cambyses tdia. The who! owing to the dis specting him; but riierally receired. I of the shepherd, to nn opportunilj td his real orighi;| is exposure havin»! vlio had been the Persians to rcTolsj [lis grandfather , became tribu'.arjj UP, king of I vdiaj V eastern parti city of Ba >ylo8,| irching his irocpjj were celebrating i Tomyris, queeiK la' d in a bio ad lost her «on i yrus.thal she \\ Iit-'.an ';>lood,eJ-j ho^^f-ver, difiu li. ■0 in PeloponMJ Ku ytheraea, »» I coasts. lti»H DAO 345 DAN Oac. the people of Dacia. D^daleus, adj. from Da-dalu, orPn^Vi^j^br^fln; t^r't^^^"*''^" '^^ E-^t>'eu-, king «nU mechanist of Gr. re r* f."""'' ''"'='«"' ''^««uary, architect "^^, the axe, the plu, unci and ^" " "1'''^''^ "'« invention oftii ^f to such a degree ddh'e ex 'nn^ f" '""'' ""^ *"«trumen ,! fabled fo have been endo„. | Sh 'f/^^"'?!"'^'' '^at his statues are Crete, then under the swav of ^i .""> "'^^"^e he repaired t« received Here he con ?u^, ?.V K' ^' */'""' ^' '*«« SvoTrab? t^e sti„ ,.ore famous o," L eJ^^v',''!^;"^''^'"'^ on the modi ot Minos in un intri-ue with tS a V ' '^'""g assists! the wife conhned i„ this vrry labyrinth I ' *"' ""''> ^y ^ «Grange fataSr mean8,howevcr,ofHi„l,S i\*'?"^'*"^' *"'» «on Icarus «; wax, D.dalus ^nd h ' '.^ t t fvedT' °''. ''"^" "' '«^"hers nnj for; H ,,rsued his aerial .Ln.v 1«? *"""'''" 'heir escape. The Je latter, having «oared to «^.h"*^ "'"''"^ '"^^^y i" Sicily ; but he wax that fastened the wh L "?' 'r°"«^n"ence of ^hicl DaCr''"'. "'/'^ "^^^mW*. P"" "^ to '•^•«ard hi» name as rov,„ee. The omans derro,'ed thJ''' "'■'^'"' ««^^* "^'"^ ^o tS 19; but the whole country ?asn^' .'•''''"' ^^'minium, B c! Augustus. Dalmatia -ave irih tn '"'^J"?»»^^'! till the ti,„e «f r «r;l rs £f 3" '7- --" -"rx^ I • «».c philcopl,, r. '^""''"'°"'' «""«"■'■■'i «"e n.me .„d LbUf ' 1; '•""«'■'er "lAcri.i,.. kine of Ar„„. ,. t ''.!.°,T';':' '.I» ."^le h,, , i"4 "L^TiS'M'i» .-"«ned her in . pnion, under the form of a goi u DAN 84« DAN •hower, and Danae, inconsequence, became the mother of a «on, whom she called Perseus. On the .liscovery of the birth, Acrisiu. enclosed his daughter and her child in a coffer, and threw them into the sea: but the wind drove the b^rk to the coast of the island of Seriphus, where it was picked up ' some fishermen, and carried to Polydcctes, kin^ of the pince, whose brother D.ctys educated the child, and tenderly treated the mother. Polydectcs fell in Iotc with her; but, afraid of her son, sent him to conquer the Oorgon, pretcndin"- that he wished Medusa'* head to adorn the nuptials he was zoinz to celebrate with Hippodamia, daughter of lEnomaus. VVhenPeFseus had victi iously finished his expedition, he retired to Arzos with Danae, to the house of Aerisius, whom he inadvertently killed. Some suppose that it was Prcetus, brother of Acrisius, who introduce I himself to Dnnae in the brazen tower; and, instead ol a zolden shower, Hj was maintained that the keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came to Italy with aome fu^itive^ of Argos, and founded a city called Ardea. _ . • i . Danai, a name given to the people of Argos, and promwcuously to all the Greeks, from Danaus, their king. ,r, r» ^ Itanaides, 50 daughters of Danaus, king of Argos. (See Danaui.) When their uncle ^gyplus came from Egypt with hi» 50 «on., they were promised in marriage to their cousin» ; but, belore the celebration of their nuptial», Danaus, informed by an oracle tha he waa to be killed by one of his sons-in-law, made his daughters •olemnly promise that they would murder their husbands. Ihej were provided with doggers by their father, and all, except Ilyperm- nestra, stained their hands with the blood of their cousins the first night uf their nuptials, and each presented him with the head ol her husband. Hypcrmnestra was summoned to appear belore her father and answer for her disobedience, but the unanimous voiced the people declared her innocent : in consequence of her honour- able acquittal, she dedicated a temple to the Goddess of PersV"'""' The sisters were purified of this murder by Mercury and Miner- a, by order of Jupiter; but, according to the more received opinion, condemned in hell to fill with water a vessel full of holes, so th the water ran out as soon as poured into it, and therefore their labour wa« infinite, and punishment eternal. J Danaus, a son of Belus and Anchinoe : succeeded his father on m throne ofLibya, his brother iEgyptus naving «•«"'^^J. A'".^'^^^^^^^^^ his inheritance. A difference having arisen between the brothe , Danaus set sail with hi» fXty daughters in quest of a settW and arrived safe on the coast of Peloponnesus, where he wa| hos- pitably received by Gelanor, king of Argos, who voluntarily resign ed to him his crown. In Gelanor, the race of the Inachids «" . . 1 _ J .»._ t»-i:j». U<>o„n ♦« r»\ttn at ArffOS in Uan8Ui-| The harrowing deed which he enjoined on his daughters has i»'T M* n '« — o'j 3» w« i, lOAN 347 DEL promiscuously to ward, became rcconciM "ohiJ^^;^*;^^X?'^^ fury, but afler- dicd about B. C. 1425, ofirr a re.Vn of fin ^"" *"' «"«"«or. He was ho„„«red with a «pItrdJd ^nuL / ^?"' »!".''' ''^''' ''«'''^ K Danaus left Egyp , not to hr nr \ '^"O'"'^"'? to ifUchy- ful and impious. '^^"'^^'^' «» connexion deemed unlaw, Danubius, the inrecat riv»>i- «r r in German dLu, b/u, ^3' "r^L^ ^*'".' '''''^°' '"'^"«d U0"th of /5/«- to the eastern part of this Hv'er nfl y''"^' «"'*' ^*»* "«>"« i-avus, 5flarc; but they were imnerfeHlf "■ «'""*='''"' «'«"» «he course of the stream, ft formid for I ^i "''""'"'.• '^ '^'"^ '»>« «hole Trojan k,„7„I"'-"'"' ""'"•> '"■-' UarJanu,, the founder of eh. Th» Dauoii ;;r'.o° h'r'Kcf o'::"„V S""'"«,.'-' "f *P">-- «Ih whom u,o Gr«k. became IcZioUd I?""" '"'"'" "'"" to he derived from Dauou,, f.lher-TE nfn- ".""' " »"PPO"d J«re after the Trojan war • hui n,i,l ■ "'»•"«<'", «ho .«tied I l>«onu.,anilljri',S.' "'""^ •"'"™' »«ount. aaeribeit l„ S.^°Rl:„°'e„°„*r„t""afT'"" "'"•" """^ "«-«»".. RS^^hrhr°:,h':fp:4iK"„.e"her"'?."*"''-'-^e !«g into his chamber her first hu band M T*^ ^''" "^^ '"''•"du- thecr.t'"^r^Xl'^^ .ituated nearly in I Asteria. Pclasgia. Chlarnvdi», t • " n """^y "'' "»'"", such a, ;n«J Ortygia. ^Accord in^'fo ancS'./!?'''''' ^*^^^'''^''' ^^^'^ a,' floating island, but be ame fixed bv.b'"^'"''' "" °^*g'"«''/^ order to form an asylum for I atonaih« "°"""""^ °^ Jupiter, in b|rth to Apollo and hnnl U?,?;.;S°„r .«" l^e eve o}- gi^inj fn'if iu"' ^^"'^- ^^o"»" hundred veVrs l^n^'l P^opiea by the I'cias- » " -He worahip of Ap„„„, „ J,V[; |-^„^J^ C.^n. e.t.h,.hed DEL 348 DEL ▼ast concourse of strangers from all parts of Greece and Asia ; ami the religious festivals (see Delia) being accompanied by a kind of fair, it soon became a place of great commercial importance. On the 'destruction of Corinth by the Romans, many of its principal merchants sought an asylum in Delos, which acquired a large por- tion of the traffic that had been derived from the former. Such was its character for sanctity that it commanded the respect even of barbarians; and the Persian admirals, who ravaged the other islands would not even touch at Delos, but sent to offer a most sumptuou» sacrifice to the Delian Apollo. After the Persian war, the Atheni- ans made it the treasury of the Greeks, iiid ordered that all meet- inn-s, relative to the confederacy, should be held there. It was fin°ally devastated by the generals of Mithridates, and remained ever after in a state of desolation. It was situated in the centre d a plain, watered by the small river Itmchus, and the lake Tro- ehreides. The island is now called Delo or Sdille, and is so covered with ruins and rubbish, as to admit of little or no cultiva- Delphi, more anciently called Pytho, the capital of Phocis, anil the seat of the most celebrated oracle of antiquity, was built on the southern declivity of Mt. Parnassus, in the form of an amphilheatrc. The origin of the oracle at Delphi is wrapt in obscurity. By some authors it is ascribed to chance ; but many inclined to believe that it owed its origin to certain exhalations, which, issuing from a cavern on which it was situated, threw all who approached it into convulsions, and, during their continuance, communicated the power of predicting the future. Be this as it may, these exhala- tions wore soon invested with a sacred character ; and, as then reputation extended, the town of Delphi insensibly arose around the cavity from which they issued. The responses were delivered by a priestess called Pythia, who sat upon a tripod placed over the mouth of tha cavern, and, after having inhaled the vapour, by which she was thrown into violent convulsions, gave utterance to the wished-for predictions, either in verse or prose, which were then interpreted by the priests. Originally the consultation of tl>e orac.c was a matter of great simplicity ; but, in process ol time, when the accuracy of the predictions became known, a series of temples, . each more magnificent than its predecessor, was erected on the «pot. Immense multitudes of priests and domestics were connect- ed with the oracle ; and to such a height of celebrity did it attain, that it wholly eclipsed all the other oracles of Greece. The position of the oracle was the most favourable that could well be imagined^ Delphi formed at once the seat of the Amphictyonic council, and the centre of Greece, and, as was universally believed, of the earth. Hence.in every case of emergency, if a new form of governme was to be uialilutea, war lo be ^jruuiu.mcu, P^'^^^^- ";r"r' i,„ti law» enacted, it came to be coniulted, not only by the Greek», m DEL S49 Thrace ab„„. Sfc^w" ^'b^'c'S " '''«'.r., . ei., „f •Ml also presided over heahh Th„ ° ,","^'1 S"""*" "f Ulc chale "Itributed to her dan, ,.' ,u ""'*" ■''allis of womL »' ' •*P.Uo. In the later ,il°l''r °' r\ "«'« '» ' ™r2,r,Tf ''a» the most celebratpd !^;ecied to her honor, that at p»k DIE 330 DOR enshrined and adorned with all th^t wealth and gen.u» could conti .- bute. The fate of this temple is well known. On the day that Alex- andertheGreat waslx.rn, itwrt» set on fire by Eratosiratiis, from a niorbi. Diespiter, a surname of Jopiter, as the " father of light. Dinenlia, now Licenza, a small lu.t cel.'l)rated stream, which watered Horace's farm, in the country of the Sabines. It discharges itself into Dindymeie'. a surname of Cybele, derived from l»er being worshipped nn Mount Dindymu.'i. .„, , .»•»*• n i Dindymiis, ora, (ortim.) a mountain of Gnlatia, m Asia Minor, called by Manert Didymus, in allll^^ion to its two bumniits. Dioxenef, a oele1)rated Cynic philosopher ..f S.nope, Hia father, x banker beina; convicted and obliged t.. leave the country for debanins the public coin, returned to Ath.-nn with his son, who speedily became the disciple 'of AnliMhei.rs, the loun.ln- of the Cynics. His disresard of the conveniences and luxuries of life soon S:»'nod him notonety He wore a coarse cloak, carried a wallet a.id staff, exposed himself to the extremes of heal and cold with indifforcme, ami lived upon ll« simplest diet, casually snpp!u-d by the hand ol chanty. In Ini o j age when sailing Irom Athens to ilg.na. he was carried by pirates o Crete, and sold as a slave to Xeniaden, a wealthy toriiilh.an.ulw placed his chiMren under his care, and. in len"";! . f'"" •"« «^*'",'- Uve him his liberty. The last years of his lile were spen in,. Cranion. a gymnasium, near Corinth, where he i. said to Imve died on U^Tame dajas Alexander the Great, B. C. 823. in the ninetieth jea DioinedVsfson of Tydrus an.l Peiphyle, king of iElolia, and one of ik bravest of the Giei k chiefs in the I'mjan war. Dionaea, a suraamn of Venin, as the dmightcr ol Jupiter and Dione. i PioiKieus. adj. famed from the liretpn lag. , , , ,. i a„,:,^,| Dice, wife of Lyciis, king of Thebes, after he had divorced Ant.oH Her cruelties to An'.iopeso OKcite.l the indignation «f Amplnoiud Zelhus, whom the latter had borne to .l.ipiler, that they icd her by il»l huir to a wihl bull, and let the ar.in.al drag her over ru.ks and pj pices, till the godH. pitj ing l.er fate, changed her into a fountain in M neiahbouihood of Tlndii's. ., «., Dircaeus adj. formed from the preceding, and synonymous with ih Dig! a" name ffivcn to riuto, the god of hell. See Pluto. Sire-.one of^the branches of the great Hellenic race, «''"'^"'y 7^ J to have derived their origin fmm Dorus, a son ol Hellen, and «M firs se't3 appear to . ave Ln ab.ut Mount Olympus, whence - roigrat.d southwards, and settled in the r rocks and prcci[ iitu a fountain in Jl" lymoHS with " Tl» luto. , commonly piipp"»^! of Hi'llen, «lid will's^ kinpus, whence in named friim '''^ rodoiiw m«!htioii«S'j jDOR IBl DRU the migration nf ik. r» • ^RU afresh ^1 '""'""'' «P«"'» "f I H or * ^'i'"' '^<=ame the iS ill thp n.,l„ . ' "'^ t.jei!iaii ,„. I),,,:.' ', '"' "» '"ve of art and of t i tlT^"'"'^' "•"' «"^'" av a n ,S "''j;;"«"'o.m enterprise,, th^ 0"M., Cl,„„|i,„ v„„ , ^ ' " " P"''"'-"- "f™™- Cla„di„",r ""* ^^"**'-' '•« '«'ft «'»ee chiffieI.;"Ge .Inf^r ''V '.^'f^^^-^ DRY 352 EMP Drvades Nymphi who presided over the woods. The Drysdes dif- ""'/ereSfronS Hama'dryades, because the j^"er were a tached o some oarticular tree, with which they were born and died , whereas Jhe I)?vTde9 were the goddesses of the trees and woods m general Ind Hved at llrge in the midsfof them. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey, and sometimes a goat, were offered to them. E Echion, one of those who sprang from the d""*?»"'» .^eethjown 1)^^ Cadmus. He was one of the four "-t «"'^1!^,^^« TemarrS ensued, and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes. "« married • Agrve/the daughter of Cadmus, ^^y/hom he became father of Penlhcus. and succeeded his father-in-law on the throne of Thebes . Lnce the epithet " Echionian" applied by the poets to that cily. Pchionius. adi. tlchionian, from preceding;. IdonTi? Edones, a people of Thnce, near the Strymon, whose name Irofl used lo express the whole of the nation, of which they ES'^^a' Nymph of Aricia in Italy, the wife and instructress of Ka (Se7Numa.) Ovid says that Egeria was so disconsolate Tt the death of Numa,' that she melted into tears and was^cha,,ge into a fountain by Diana. Some regarded her as «"^ «f the Camana, others maintain that she is idenl.cal with t"'^'"?.": ^,'Zunicitcd Egnatiaor Gnatia. a maritime town of Apul.a, f '^^ comm«n_.ca^^ its name to the consular way along tl,e coast, from Canusm^^^ Brundisium. Its ruins are still apparent near the lorrre deJig nazzo, and the town of Monopolu » „„ On the murder Electra a dau'^hter of Agamemnon, king or Argos. On the murafr of he father she rescued her brother Orestes from the hand, IgU hus rand, when he grew up to manhood, fi"t mc.t^d h.m rev^enge hi's father's death, by assassinating; h.» mother Clytemn» tra. Ishe married Pylades. cousin and friend of Ore»tes. J'^^^l^^^ came mother of two sons, Stroph.us and Medon. Her adventure and misfortunes formed the subject of two plays, one by Sophoclei,| the other by Euripides. llrA!ri:;;;riv^li:;n part of PeU,ponnesus,in^lu^;;| Olympian games were celebrated. The •mmed'ate place of theiri celebration was Olympia, on the banks of the ^Ipheus^ Empcdocles, a philosopher, P««^. «"f^'^.storian of Agr.g.n m Sicily, who flourished about B.C. 450. His wealth, "P >"* J^ hU talents, raised him to great eminence ,n h.s n;t>v« «.ity , but he refused the sovereign power, which ">« «'t•=^«"^°^ *^f E 1 were anxious that he should assume. After havmg travel ed. TaTous.parts of the -Ui, /n^It.y,^^f^ece. A«^ ENC 353 ived on forma r,f n "unea m the tomb nf lU^ a • . > "' the mcrus on the Ilistorv nC tTf-' ^ translation of the wnrl/nr r v'^'^ ".«or piece,, r7hi/ircMoV,'r*-'"™="-c"^^^^^^^ Ttougl, no portion of his vorl ,, "1°"° ''"= l-een nrew,, , :f;er;:Vir.^irrr'"«'-eSr^^^^^^^ "■.MiX :n ure™,rS5'„«7ek., „he„eo .„e epi.ha E„„ Phesus, a celebrated citv nf r • ^ "'^ ^^'"''J- "' ;»'i«gui,l,ed place , no/, ™,o°',„';r:'™'' "'"l i' »<.„roccnpir'' Kn stadia i„ lena-Yh « . '^' ""'^'"g «t to her ten. ll<" '''***« EPH 354 EPI ^H.jl W ) . ■fH (-.1 interference of Lysimachus, who is said to hare compelled a portion ef the jnhabitnnts to go to a new town he had built on higher ground, Kphesus, Miletus, and other Ionian cities were early distinguisheu' by their commerce, and became among the greatest emporiums ot the ancient world. The wealth they had thus accumulated enabled the Ionian» 'o erect at their joint expense a splendid temple iii honour of Diana, which was reckoned one of the seven wonders ol the world. St. Paul resided here for three years ; and founded a church that became, as it were, the metropolis of Asia. (Jkts, n. 31 .) Nero despoiled the city of Ephcsus, together with its tern- pic, 01 a large amount of treasure ; but it recovered, m some degree, from this attack ; and continued to attract some portion ot its ancient celebrity, till it was finally destroyed by the Gothi, m tho rci'M of Gallicnus. Besides Apelles, his great rival Parrha- sius, Heraclitu» the philosopher, llipponax the poet, Artemidorw thn geographer, Sec, were natives of Ephesus; but its inhabitants were distinguished more by their voluptuousness, refinement and ■ traffic, than by their taste for learning or philosophy. They are »Uo «aid to have been addicted to sorcery and such like arts. VVha» wore called the Epheaian letters appear to have been mafi;ical ajm- bols inscribed on the crown, girdle, and feet of the statue of Diana, in the great temple ; and it was believed that whoever pronounced thorn forthwith obtained all that he desired. Besides its temple. Ephesus had many noble buildings, among which may still be traced Uio ruins of a circus, a theatre, gymnasium, fitc.; but the ravage» of earthquakes, and other convulsions of nature, have completed tho ruin of this once famous city, and her ancient magnificence ii indicated by the extent, rather than the preservation of her remains,' Epicharmus, the first Greek comic writer was born in the island Uj, about B. C. 480. He studied under Pythagoras, and practised m a physician at Megara, but subsequently removed to Syracuse, whcrrf he is s:iid to have written fifty-two comedies on mylholosics I «ubjects, distinguished at once for clcgr.nce of composition andl orijciniiUty of conception. He died at the age of ninety, or, as somei UAj, ninety-seven. Epicharmus is said to have added the letlerj| Xi, Eta, Psi, Omega, to the Greek alphabet. .. . ^ „| Epicurus, a celebrated philosopher, was born at Gargettus, in samoj B. C. 342, though he possessed the rights of an Athenian ciliztpj his father belonging to Gargettus, a dome of Attica. His earij years were passed at the schools of Samos and Teos, where he g&jj early proofs of an enquiring mind ; and st the age of eighteen m went to Athens, where he studied philosophy for a »hort urn thou-h under whtit teai-her is unknown. After visiting Ins lamci ntcSlophon, he spent some time in travelling, and at the age^ tbirlv-two, opened a school of philosophy, first at Mitylenc, an «■uo^^m^^^^*** J **^ ... — I — «.a.o^A Ua remauicd fovir years. Uieu repaired to Athens, B. C. 306, and, having purchased ig EPI m ERV precedented success U his 1,^,^'?.^'/^ '?"«''' ^»»*> ""- But for the fragments of hrverv vlrn^Sl^^ '"°^ ^^"'^ ^' ^" 270. l>«ogenes Laortius, it would be Lnirn "' """'''"»' preserved by statements of his fienjrand.t^?!''''' .""'«"S the conflicting ;vi.afever, that hiTJrivate cSafac cTt ""•. ''''"^'■^ "" '^^ ^° ^°"^ l-ut there can be as iitilc doubt /h.u^^ ''"". ""J"''^'^ aspersed; fave been as undese ' lly exfoll d t\' "''"'' ?%." P'-ilosopher' •become the general desi^ niion <• iu ^"^ ".'""^ °' Epicurean ha, theoretically, make Sfil ,h. V- r°'' /'^^' •^'^'"='' Practically o' The happiness «hi I he rX^'^as ".V''^ ^"''"r '''" ^^P'^"»-"- rather a species of m v.- ^ • .**' '''*' ^'"c end of existence i, *c!f open to'^a 1 u,e pl3" urabl;.'" ''^f' '^' philosopher holds hL! duigence of his ordi^a ; "a^pct t ^'fir''' t''=^ ^'^'^ '^'"«'"«^^ ^ ' wents, and the anticipiuotfrf fl^^'' ^^'/^'^'^' ^^'^ P""^ «">>■ «".PPly. His physical ihoo V vasZ'»» /"""=«^""y abundant i„ H«8 followers' were Sol ^.^'"T.'' "^'''''" '^'" '^^ ^«Itlc more, however, than th^'nfP^"""^ """""S "^« Romaics, «eption of Lucretius 'who in his whTi.''' ''''''^''^' ''''^ »»"= «' «aturA,- illustrates and defers ds hj Iv""", ''°f "' /' ^'^ «^'"•^'^' of his master. I„ modern tiinfc CassendH ""'^ n 'F'""' **'"'^^'' ^, account of the Epicurean syAcm published an abj, 3^^K^^5t;Ce:fLSr "^ ^^« ^-"^^ ^"^^ Tsf'^etnlinf to^'ff ''^H";. '°' '*•« *'"-» - ^'-- «^ the I a. fell from thrwound Tnfltt r^ '^L^"^ ^''"^ '^' '"'>"'i «Jrop, iht l^ranus. Thei number fvalir 7 ^7?" ^ ^^^"^" °" ''=« ''«t''- jndthe names aSo, M ^r'^'l JtJ^I ^' '''''% ^^ ^""P''^-' by .the Alexandrian write'r^ Tl v ^'''P''""^' «••« «rtt mentioned - ««^tive and avenging spd^s JlTnT!" ^'"'?""'^ ''^'''*^'^ «''^ "irr-inals, nwakenin? r^ZlV- J'^l^}'''^ punishment on impio.,. Hades. Thcvurr,^. ^.^ ^ "/•"" •''^- "''^ torturing thcni . «orv tiUe of Fur^' /Worshipped by the Greeks under the pronL . , othi..,he.„.i/;X--«^ t»'e «.amtaiucra of orucr, I ■rVr^".;\";^3l^^^^^^^^^^ Mt Eryx, where she had ate,, - . ^''*A-nicians, whose worshin was hmn^h» ,>^„. i .. / y I' 8!. »■ t ' I I II ERY 356 ETR Eryx, a mountain of Sicily, near Drepanum, which rcceired ila namr from Eryx, who was buried there. On its summit stood the tem- ple of Venus Erycina, one of the most celebrated fanes not only oi Sicily, but of the whole ancient world ; and lower down, accessible only by a long and diiDcult path, stood the city Eryx, renowned in the annals of the first Punic war as the scene of one of the most brilliant and daring of the exploits of Hamilcar. The foundation of the temple was ascribed to iEneas, and sometimes to Eryx ; and its celebrity attracted thither numerous strangers long after the city had sunk into insignificance. At the distance of thirty stadia stood the harbour of the same name. The native inhabitants were called Elymi; and Eryx is said by some to have been their king. On the summit of the mountain, now called St. Giuliano, is an ancient castle, supposed to have been erected by the Saracens. Esquiliae and Esqullinus mons, the most extensive of the seven hills of Rome, added to the city by Serv. TuUius, and divided into two principal heights, called Cispius and Oppius. The Campus Esqui- linus was «rranted by the Senate as a burying-place for the poor, and stood without the Esquiline Gate. On this hill were the bath? and palace of Titus, among the ruins of which was found the cele- brated statue of Laocoon and his sons, the gardens of Majcenaf, and a temple of Juno, the site of which is now occupied by Itie church of Santa Maria Maggiore. Etrusci, an ancient and flourishing people of Italy, who occupied the tract now called Tuscany, and great part of the modern Papal stales; a region extending from the Apennines, north of Florence, to the Tiber, from which tradition reported them to have expelled astillolder nation, the Umbrians. Conflicting notions prevailed amon"- the ancients as to the country of their origin ; but commoii opinio'n re-carded it as oriental, while the most definite tradition was that which represented them as descendants of the Syrians ol \sia Minor. Among the moderns, some call them " inHigcnous' Others maintain the oriental theory of the ancients ; some derive them from Greece through the enigmatical Pelasgians ; others, adoptin" the adventurous conjecture of Niebuhr, bring one racf froiT» the north through the passes of the Alps, to meet wiih ano- ther from the East on the shores of the Tyrrhene Sea, and form, by their amalgamation, the Etruscan people. At a period ion|; antecedent to the existence of Rome, they sent out colonies, whifn Pircad over the plains of Lombardy as far as Mantua and Aurii. and even into the defiles of the Uhoctian mountain» ; while m the south Ihcy subdued and colonized the beautiful region of Camp nia Thev were enrlv expelled from their conquests, both in Ine north and south ef Italy ; but they maintained their ?reat federa- tion in the central part of the peninsula, or Etriiria Proper, lor p...~v s!y»s more : and in this, their t'arliest and principal scat, me» attained to a degree of power and proficiency in all the mectianirai KTR 367 tranches of civJIJ^.i:^ . . ^"^^ Etrurians ivpr/. » "*^ staple products «r «iT i . * ^^rn, people/ tL;, r^'r'"."'^'^^«vcnTo,e^ ^ '^"'^ J but tho will. Greece *tT-' "''''""^'y »> con" la™? Zl /T"""'' '"" """ crUst, ^^;„'\ J'»''- c"mn,ereecx!eS,„S"''™"" connection the negro °ceTh''"r"''' ""!> «he co o '*''' »r''™ll; ! for Iheir of whteh ftey J'r ■"■""Si.' from (he "{"/.thi','''^"."^"'""^ »f the domes tic^nH °' ^'"='^"t '«fe-the '^^^^^^^^^ 41&; but Cicero has shewn that this story has no founddlionm fact. Several fragments of his writings remain. Europa. 1., one ol"thc three main division, of the ancient woriJJ bounded on the cast by the .Egean sea, Hellespont, E«';;. ,Jj';;| M^otis, and llie Tunais tn a ortiicrn uircvyui. > ^•"' "- T^ J the Mediterranean, wMch divides it from Africa ; and on the wei fiUR w||„ > Alexandria, and 339 EVA fought it consi,ied';f'r„ „ tr^75:r' T^'V' «'^«-''•navf;"':^! Cape deno,„i„ated by u.ari 1» ihp / ^**'; , ^■"""^ '^e Portuguc, fountains, the length of mil' r.'*'''^^^'**'''»' ^« 'he f/raS attendants ,va« galhcnne noiver, IA ./ *'1"'°'"' »^''th her female the beautiful maiden who atC h„^ I 'c meadow», was caressed br With precipitate stc,.. the Ju M tt^, '" "r»" '°»'^ «" ''<' back «ea with Eurona on his V, ll l^ ^owanh the shore, crossrS th« «"umed his or\w" I ^a'r'^'an^^V'r'^l f"^" '" Crele, Xt he consented, thoutrh «h« k i ' ^ tlcclared h s love 'rh« w f I PO'iessions. nn,i .„.•„--.-'. '^'^°^^ the aborieines fmm ik-:. *! . " '^<^ceiveu Hereulei hospitably on hi» MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 [2.8 3.2 11 4.0 1.4 III 2.5 I 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ AP PLIED IM/IGE Inc ^^^ 165 J East Main Street S'-S Rochester, New York 14609 USA — (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^S (7 '6) 288 - 5989 - Fax EVI 360 FAV return from the conquest of Geryon, assisted jEneas against tnc Rululi, and distinguished himself by his hospitality. It is said thai he first brought the Greel: alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek deities. He was honoured as a god afttr death, and his subjects raised an altar on Mount Avcntinc to his honour. Evius, see Euius. Evias, see Euias. Fabia Gens, a large and powerful family of ancient Rome, which be- came subdivided into several branches, distinguished by their res- pective co<^nomina, such as Fabii, Maximi, Ambusti, Vibulani, &c Fabius, (Sat! 1. 1- 14.) some very talkative and tiresome person, oi whom nothing certain is known. Fabricius, Caius, surnamed Luscinus, a celebrated Roman, who, m his first consulshif), B.C. 283, obtained several victories over tnt Samnit.es and Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. Two years after, he went as an ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused, iviL. contempt, the presents offered to him. Pyrrhus had occasion la admire the magnanimity of Fabricius, but his astonishment to I more awakened when he saw him make a discoy^^ry of the perfidious offers of his physician, who pledged himself to the Roman genera! for a sum of money to poison his royal master. To this greatness j of soul was added consummate knowledge of military aflairs, an: great simplicity of manners. He lived and died in the greater | Moverty, , r. , • • i Fabricius pons, a bridge at Rome, built by the coii.ul Fabricius, over the Tiber. . ,, , . ■ ,- Falernus, a part of Italy famous for its wme. 1« alernus is spoken o I by Florus and Martial, as a mountain ; but Pliny, Polybius, anif others denominate it a field or territory. See Caecubus. Fannius, an inferior poet, ridiculed by Horace. Faunus, an ancient Latin rural deity, who presided over woods and wilds, and whose attributes bear a strong analogy to those of thel Grecian Pan, with whom he is sometimes identified. He wasajl object of peculiar adoration of the shepherd and husbandman ; ml at a later period he is said to have peopled the earth with a host oi imaginary beings identical with himself. I Fausta, a daughter of Sylla, and wife of Milo, the friend of Ciceroj She disgraced herself by a criminal intimacy with the historiaif SallUSt. M nv« Faustitas, a goddess among the Romans, supposed to preside oy« cattle, and the productions of the seasons generally. She is w quently equivalent to the Felicitas Temporum of Roman medals. Favonius, the western breeze- It is derived from faveo, to favoii' because it is favoilrable to vegetation. FER stcd jEneas against tii ■ spitality. It is said Iha! ily, and introduced there i honoured as a god afttr Mount Avcntinc to his 361 and died in the greatest the coii-ul Faliriciusj ovtr e. Falernus is spoken of but Pliny, Polybius, See Caecubus. •d and husbandman ; ani 1 the earth with a host oi ed from faveo, to ivim ^^^«fce and near the Ser ?• " "^ ^^'•""^ «ast of the r/n,- • the Sicuh' xvUr. *'"'^'^' it IS supposed ♦n ho. 1 ^"^ '^iminian -'•d tS ..eriJ: tt- "±^" .^«^-: The rLclf.?!!!' «"^^ t" said tS "erive .h • '""'.''" ^«^^«^- The vl.t ^'"'°'"' «"d to ^•"3Uc dialocrne sn?^ "■'^'" ^'■°'» this c V Th'""'"' ''''''' ^re fnii;,. J _5?"^ «P-^l^en extemnorp. j„ ,..u!T . J^ese were a sort of ^•"3Uc dialogue sn?J* '"-'" ^'■°'» this c l Th^"'"" '''''' ^^e failings and vLesnf';.'''''"^'"'-^' in wS ch J a.Tn''"''^ ^ '°'' ^^ at nujtials and .M ^'''"" 'Adversaries. Tiiel ,vf '^ ^"^^^^^d t^e Widens, a town of th? i 1 P'''^"ding. 329, ended in h! "'? " ^^^^^' "'e last wW -h T*^ f "^'^^ it made generalimi itT'^'^'^ '^"'^"^^tion of heS/^tlP'^.f' ^" ^' ^ tance, s evSeit frn^"!^'"'- ^^^^ that it a^aS rn '-^^^ ^'^'^^n the rei..n of SL "" ^u' t'•'^">end'^us accide,r, j u '"^° '"Por- theatre!" SoW,f'^ '''''"' "^^'"g to tl!e S of ^'"^ ^""'•'•ed in Fides, the goddess of faith and.,. ^ts sUe zsfixed at ^i^ZS^ ,*^f "" '*''"X,o„°e?^?.'^ '?« '» W been »'™"",'hlto!Lr° " '■"""rite re»Tje„ee';;';,"''^""^'-««'i"g FOR 362 GAD 1' Iheoffony : all the guidance of h«iman affairs, lor instance, is in- trusted by Homer, to Destiny ; but in Italy, and chiefly at Ron,e, Aclium, and Prajnesle, her worship was most assiduously cultivated. Forum Appii, a small town on the Via Appia, 16 miles from Tres Tabernae ; now Borgo Lungo. Fufidius, a noted usurer, Fufius, a Roman actor. Fulvius, a celebrated gladiator. Fundanius, a comic writer of whom little is known. Fundi, now Fondi, a town of Italy, near Caleta, on the Appian way near the Lacus Fundanus. It received most of the prh vile whence ,^'F°n, a famour.Iadiator ' '" '^i'^*=^« ^ J^''"^,'' 'I'r iu u.ines%,57"1 ■"'.■""e made I y P;. , ?"' "■"'" "'« ^'-ief K'"*^'.'s, the Royal eitv of r ''" "'""^ '« Cane J »• c. ,'^elfree/ecSf nr P'''"''°" "^ '"« eZT"^" ';"■'>• '' ^"to l""'^ governme -^ \\X' •""'■^ '■'^^^•- P'- po n? '! • P^P-^Tity. enabled Imd r • ^ ,' '"» 'be consul On •'^'^""•'f' Mr,„„t ;™r' '•« assembled 15 ^•I'-s Loins c/o«.r n . f^'"!'"' ''"'"^'^«'i nn- V " . ."' '^' «'«'•aw. GRJE GfUE ^l$i! Gnecia. a -celehrnled country of Europe, bounded on the west by lie Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean, ra.t by the Ai^gean, north by Thrace and Dahnaiia; generally divided ...t.. lour large prov,„ceH, Macedonia, Ki.ims.Achaia or Hellas, and Vl.p.mne.uH^ When the neceLry.reducli,.n..a8l)een made for the ,„e<,nal.ues of its smf.re, Greece may perhaps be properly con.ide.cd as a land «n the ^yhole, i^otless rich than beautiful An.l ,1 probably ha.l a better churn t ihU character in the.iays of it« youthful frchnrss and v.gour. h nrodiictions were various as its aspect: an.l if other regions wei- EeSilein grain and more favourable .o the culuva.ion of , o line! few surpassed it in the growth of the ..live, and of other vah.i.hic fr its. Its hills afforded abundant pastures: its waters and foirs. eeined with life. In the precious metals it was perhaps fortun:i Ic!, no™ th. siWer miuesof Laurinm were a sing.dar exception; but ti. Cponnosi... mountains, especially in Laconia and Argolis, as «ell as those of Rubcra, containe.l rich veins of iron an.l copper as wclasl nrec ous quarries. The marble of Fenlelicus was nearlv cyia led in fi • EeSrihatofthei.leofl>aros,and.hatofCarvsUis ,u '-«'boea. J e GrVcS, woods still excite theadmiration of traveHers, as thoy did m k davsof Pausanias bv trees ,d-extra.,rdi.mry size. Even the hills of AtU a a?esa . to have been once ch.the.l will, forests; an.l the present sc.n J iess of its s.reams may bo owing in a great measure to the loss of i Ses which once sheltered then. Herodotus ol.srryrs th.t, of all rnmitiies in the worl.i, (Greece enjoyed the most happily terupeid fca- on «r. teems d'ifih.ilt to speak generally of the cbmate o^^j CO mtry in which each district has its own, det.-rmine.. by an infiniel variety of ^ cal circumstances. The inhabitants of Greece «".'""ta.nej i ionofllK.ii"bis..,ryili. impossilde to separate 'j^f f'^"'"^ H Greece dnrin- the earlierages, ha.l no common ai)pe laiion. iLJ ^^of o'ib.^ used in a sense more o,- less e:^- ve by^ dje p-^. j imitation of Uomei , such as Argivi, Achivi, Danai, I Hasgi, tiie 1« r,^eSsh« «1 rnorcJmprel'ends-the rise of the Greek republu-s-lhe m itiu J ZsierSneHy warfare among the different states, "I'l^'^g I ternalive s p en.acy to Athens and Laced^mon,-the two 1. v - rSm.s'. that ihi.:h led to the bai.le «f M^-- ;-> ^1^^^^ der Xerxes, which ended tn the eea-fight of Salani^. ''J 'J «ai-ries us down to the 83d Olympiad, B. c. 449, when AiHenB u* GRJE •d on the west by tlip the A^igean, nortli by I'uiir lurge proviucfii, poiiiipfiia. When the iialiiifis of its surfiire, a liiiiil, on the whole, liad a lielti r claim t ic.«s and vinour. I:i if other regions wei» he (lilt ivai ion of tlio , ami of other vahiuMe its waters and foresij IS perhaps fortiinale!) hir pxcc'ption; hut liie I and Argolii', as well and copper, as well as nearlvcqiialled in fine- •sius in Knboca. Tlie llprs,a.< lliov did in tlie Ev(>n ih« liillsof Atlica and the pre-cnt scniiti- lasnre to the lo.<;8 of il;e olisrrvrs tli:it, of all iiaitpily tempered fca y of the climate of s tcrinineil liv an_inlini!e| s of Greece inaiiitainc velt; and m the cur arate fact fiom fi>b!e. n appeMution. Of tl: ensive by the poels .)anai,r" "^ V'"'""-' '" ' 'e nf":":'-. ^. «^'h K. c. 146. Fr,.m » .• V' ^*''^'" '''e taking of ' ""•,'' subniiss on of and» since then h !..„ 1 " "'.'-''^"s'antii; onhene^vkrnXi'^frr''''^""*'^^^^^^^ Fr,.m » • .■ ' ""^'" "'e taking of J" '""," sufiniiss on o< fiad outraged. !lZ '""» Carjdaules, uho.fr .• ^*''* ^^ the ascended The vac^n l'""'''''='-'^d Candau e, h.' -"^^ ^^'^ '^"'■■'• by degiees it aa,ni,e« 'Wrty-eigh /ea^ '""^j J'-?."^' about B. C 718 ^iTt '^' ^^'^", H ll^adriaticutn Mai-P o • , . hf, the L.,T;on1SM- ^'^^''^«^ ^^^«-e- I ^tiri^a. ' «constellation consistino- of tivo „ ■''^"'onia, one of th. . r- ^" ^" ''"'= ^™ of /«rived Cttt:^'l'-^'«/ appellations of Thessalv , ^-e^antM^S^^ ^^e gre^^'et irr^!.!" ^.° l^e whole 01 the Pnof..- — wvtw*, was ttie o-en,.r.,i „ ' -«-"ou. ?^ace 'ant MaS'"? ^' ^'^^ /-at^hairrr^'; '^ ''' ^^^le , '*^^e'ved its name from ir " "' ''=* Sreat elevation nn7^^' "^^ ^^« «as changed into IhT ^'""'' «°" of Boreas "^n ■^'^'^"^- '* i -to th. mountain Tor aspi,., --;?„'« tS: "''^ HAN 368 HAN Hannibal, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Hamilcar, w.vj born B. C. 247, and educated in his OUhcr's camp. He passed into Spain when nine years old, and, at the request of his lather, took a solemn oath he never would be at peace with the Uomans. After his lather's death, he was appointed overthe cavalry ni bpani : and, on the death of Hasbrubnl, was invested with the commaiul ofallth.' armies of Cartha-..thou-h not in the twenty-fifth year of his ago. In three year» he subdued all the nations ot bpaiii which opposed the Carthagin.iun power, and took Saguntum, alttr a 6ie-e of ei-ht months. This was the cause of the second Pumc war. He levied three lar-e armies, one of which he sent into Africa, left another in Spain, and marched, at the head of the thmi, towards Italy. Marching up the Uhone till he reached the Isara, he followed its course to the Alps, which he crossed in nine days- an exploit till then believed impossible-and remained some time Tn ih! territories of the Insubrian Uauls to recruit h« forces, After defeating P. Corn. Seipio, and Scmpronius near the Kiioiip. the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines, and mvaura Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flamimus near t.,o lake Trasimenus, and soon after met the two consuls C.Tercnm. andL Mius at Canna^. His army consisted of 40,0|;a foo ^nd 6 000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the eelebra ed baUleofCanntr. No less than 40,000 Romans were kdled : ti.r conqueror made a bridge with the dead carcases and, as a s,,.: of to V e[ory, sent to Carthage three bushels of go d rings tac ?rom 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. He then retired Canua After the battle of Cannre, the Romans became more cautious • am, al^ter many important debates in the sena e, it .a - Sec eed that war should be caJried into Africa , to remove lanrihl from he gates of Rome; and Seipio, the proposer of the plan «^ ZZTerld to put it into execution. This recalled Hanmbal fro . fiLwtv of HTnnibal, and was conquered by the Romans, «h Sed S m pea^e on'eondition of delivering their niortal ener^ fnto heir b^ijs- Hannibal, apprised of this, fled to Prus.as k . U takin.' poison, which he always carried with him in a ru , hf.fi^^er. Hedied in his sixty-fifth year, according to some, ^' Ct 18v;> (Lempriere.) har Theync'?3^' 7j' «hnrp ^''^'^4 called S T\ '^'^' ^'^^ ^^^d ''K7 H'crS,Uo "1'° '°.»''""^^^ ". table '^r^,f*"°' ^^>P«t«- Calais tk " • ^''® '"'""ds called ^, *^^"' I'iuneus, whenco vopse towards iHlv ''' ^ ''«^ plundered V - '''''"'^^'^'• beren.im. '^' ''"'^' ''"'1 P'-c^iicted ilary of the ^ i" ■'^"'"'"S '"'« ""drubal, a son of ir •, calamities m.ich 'vith a Jarl l.-nf/ ""''^'■' " ''« """'^d the AIn, , his lettersTo nl r'."P"' ''«'• '""s brother IlJ'^.".'^ '"''^''^'l '«aly the consuls m"-"^"' ^^'''J? ^''"e" into the h"7^"l' '^"^ ««'"« -C «"ddenly tar the'r^"'"''^'"- ^"'J Claudia nI"' ^ ?^°'"'>"'' »•«3 killed "nb.ttle.'r'"."^' «"^ '''^featcd"^!'''^ ^"^^I^ed '"'» Komans lo "about «nJln^^'^"'' «'' »'*« men sff'™!. f:-^-.^^'- "« The head of Hasdrub ?''"' ""'' ^'^«'^ up"varrof ^OO^r/'^''' ^''^ '"to the caniD nful -i ''^ '^"^ «A" and somn ,. 7 P^soners. greatesteStation nf ''"'' '^'^"' '" ^he moment tJ?'^'''"' ^^^°"'" , hopes." ° ''''"'^"'''o^ealln.yhiier.n^r '[ ^^« «'^ht, • erses t.i/a V ?^' * "'^ecian ^odde.!» ,i„ '6"'"ci sands, -isca ana Asterin «^« ''"''"*> dauehter nf r.. •» "le administra Jnl /• • ^^. Pi'esided over «on, i„ «'"P'ter, or of Wrfet pu°"f ™ f "■ "jl right. sTalue, ,'„°^'' 7' '"PP""'' 1» 3 b =- h >h. ffl,n „„,„,„, ^^ ^-j^^^^ ere,. I i I'!. Jit HEC 370 uu. to cnea'C him i.. balllc ; but all their ofTorls to ov«rthro.r h., were iM4i till at Icnglh Minerva having assumed the form .1 De mhobus irJed him to encounter Achilles, who, eager to aven. hcdalh of is friend Patroelns, (uho had fallen by the ha„.lo Hccto? slew him, and thus eflecied the overthrow of Troy. (.Vc I AchilSS Af uftering inhuman treatment from the victor ,-: dead body was ransomed by Priam, who repaired m person for Uu purpose to the tent of Achilles. Uprhrcuo ad i. formed from the prcccdmg. ubo daughter of Dyma,, a phry.ian P""". -•p,^',^,", olhftrs of Cisseus, a Thrac an kmff, second wife ol friam, Kiii^ c T oT' \Vh.'n p"egnant of Paris, she dreamed that she had brou,:;, for?lVabur ing^^^^^^^^ which had reduced all Troy to ash« ; «...lino loohsaye toWng declared that the child whom she should i.nn:| tulo 7world would prove the ruin of his country, she exposed h,™ loon after his birth, on Mt. Ida, to avert the calunu Ues threaten J. Tt her attemp^^^^ to destroy him were fruitless, and the pred.cl.,, of I e 300 Imyers was fulfilled. (See Paris.) D^^'S. h-^.Jj" Ir she saw tie greatest part of her cl;i'^^7 J-^ ^'if/ ^»^ ^^^ Uic enemy. When Troy was taken, Hecuba fell to the lo^ o' Zl and she embarked with the conquerors for Greece. The tlcttJ howem- was defined off the Thracian Chersonese by the app ,7^^ ancc of the M>ost of Achilles, who demanded the sacr.hce of a taj vHim to eiiiurc the safety of its return ; and Polyxena, daughle] 1 ecuba waTto?n from^.er mother to be sacriticed ; Hecu a J inconsolable ; but her grief was st.ll more mcreased ^ the «' 1 the body of her son Polydorus washed on the shore, who haao ■ murdS by PolymnestJr, king of Tbraee,.to whose care j manity he had been recommended by Priar... Bent ?" reven e, j Tueceeded in getting Polymnestor .«''-f. h'»/J;;f ;"«" "^^j^^^^^^^^^ and inflicted ujon them retributive justice ; »^»t ^er conduc exc «i 1 Sgnation of the Thracians, who assaied her will dart, « showers • and in the act of biting a stone in impotent r.?e,J t"Sde,;y metamorphosed into a dog. «ome^ .a; that si. . herself into the sea; others, that she was changed into aao,> | on the eve of throwing herself into the sea. lick, a! I , the most beautiful woman of her ase»]^^'^^^'''^^^ from one of thl eggs which Leda, wife of Tyndarus, king of S a« brou'^h forth after her amour with Jupiter «Ttamorphoscd ^^ ,LVn Accordin- to some authors, she was daughter of N mj^ byJupiicr and Leda was only her nurse ; and to reconc j all Greece, Theseus, assisted by P'J'thous, carried her amy J she had attained her teirth yaar, and c«"«=^'^^^^^': f .^ 'f A h"r ''-'h-«- Castor and PoUux, recovered, her by forcoo^q and reVtored hot; to her far.ily. From the inercasea rcim.aa..! (Torts to owrlhrow lilii iig ossumeil the form lI = ^vas Ihc early fruiu A? ;\ ?"f '''"^ «"'« '"•^r- I J «"net (ircciTr,r«.„ '^'-'""■cu; ami sonn „r ' '"^ ^vunoiir. «»'£„:"" i':r"' """■'""• o°;he,>":„f ?,'""•" ""'■■" °f ; '■ / HEL 372 MEK Hellas, a term first applied to a city and region of Thessaly, in tiic district of Phthiotis, where Hellen, son of Deucalion, reigned, but afterwards extended to all Thessaly, and finally to the whole of Greece, Thessaly itself excluded. See Graecia. Hercules, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among ilir gods, and received divine honours. Diod. S. mentions three ol'lhi' name, Cicero, six, and some authors forty-three. Of all these, the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban, is the most celebrated ', and to him the actions of the others have been attributed. On the day on which Alcmena was to be delivered in Thebes, Jupiter having announced to the gods that a man was thai daj to see the light who would rule over all his neighbours, Juno, . pretending incredulity, extracted from him an oath that what he had said should be accomplished. Upon this, Juno hastenetlio Argos, brought Eurystheu»;, son of Sthcnelus, brother of Alcmeiu, to light that day, while she checked the parturition of Alcmena, whose son was thus fated to serve his cousin Eurystheus. Before Hercules had completed his eighth month, the jealousy of Juno sent two snakes to devour him. But the child boldly seized them in both hands» and squeezed them to death, while his brother Iphiclus alara- j ed the house with his frightful shrieks. He soon became the pupif of the Centaur Chiron, and rendered himself the most valiant ai,J accomplished youth of the age. In his eighteenth year he subdued! a huge lion, which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon, his supposedj father; and he afterwards delivered his country from the annuall tribute of 100 oxen, which it paid to Erginus. Having been, Ml aleady mentioned, subjected, before his birth, to the power oil Eurystheus, and obliged to obey him in every respect, he was j ordered by the latter to appear at Mycenae; but he at first refused! and Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered him delirious. Tha oracle of Apollo having subsequently declared that he must be sum acrvient for twelve years to the will of Eurystheus, in complianca with the commands of Jupiter, he at length resolved to go to MyJ cenae, and bear with fortitude whatever gods or men might iniposf on him. Eurystheus then commanded him to achieve a nunibero enterprises the most difficult and arduous ever known, generalli called the twelve labours of Hercules ; but, previously to his undej taking them, the hero received a sword from Mercury, a bowfrof Apollo, a golden breastplate from Vulcan, horses from Neptunj and a robe from Minerva^ His first labour, imposed by EurvJ thcus, was to kill the lion of Nemaea, which ravaged the counitj of Mycenffi. 2. To destroy the Lernaean Hydra, which had sevel heads, according to ApoUodorus, fifty according to Simonidef 100 according to Diodorus. 3. To bring alive and unhurt intoij presence of Eurystheus a stag famous for swiftness, golden hory iiiid brazen feet, which frequented the neighbourhood of fEnoo To bring alive to Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the ii HER 373 was ranked among ilir . S. mentions three ol' thi? -three. Of all these, thr lied the Theban, is Ihc of the others have been la was to be delivered in urystheus, in compliaiid bourhood of Ervmanthii« r m '^^^ prod sous wild h.=ii u* , ^° "^""g alive inf« n ^"e Jake obtain the ..•X%°f^^7:t\^^^^^^^^^^^ ontfnJn^S:!' /' J^ «Pl>lcsVror uf:grden"of"t^t ^'^^ ^eryolf ', '^ "^h^^"' the three-headed do. Pp., "'° Hcsperides. 12. To brin ? "''^''" infernal re-ions r!»^'*'!'.'""'' '^^ich guarded tho 1 ^V'* ''^'"'^ ge. He ;vas, on this, told bv h» ."'"^'"' Pf-^^entecf the sLri aft hrh" '^ '*'*'"« «"« of Dejaniral ' Z^"'^'''""'' ^-^PeUed by ■"erhe had overcome all hi» ■ ®"''°"» and mari-iprl K„. ;; .is Wife With fn-eSip^^ fe'rc^ufel 1 ''^^^^•"-' "--Id S E" ytu^?:,;^?.'* "'^ haSd of S'^Jj:;^''' «till mindful tha" ca2e ' n"''*. '""?' «^'th three of h s^Z '^^.-/p.nst her father Jh7m.?fT''''"''«rmedof herl^ur^^^^^ ^"""^ '""e away L... J*"nthe tunic which Np—.^ f- • ^^^"'^ « attachment fn iJJ is^Kr»' ^p«-- of rrcanr„5'r wT'/':'' "^^ -««^^"S i|;.il HER 374 IICR Lcrnajan Hydra penetrate through his bones, attempted to pull off the fatal dress, but it was too late, and the distemper was incurable, He then implored the protection of Jupiter, gave his bow and ar- rows to Philoctetes, erected a large pile on the top of Mt. ffita, over, which he spread the skin of the Nemaean lion, and having laid himself down on it, ordered Philoctetes, or, according to other», Tcean or Hyllus, to set fire to the pile; and was, on a sudden, sur- rounded with the flames. After his mortal pans were consumed, hs was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. His worship soon became 88 universal as his fame, and Juno forgot her resentment, and gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage. Her- cules has received many surnames and epithets, from the places where Ills worship was established, or tlve labours which he achieved. His temples we're numerous and magnificent. The white poplar was particularly dedicated to his service. He is generally repre- sented naked, with strong and well-proportioned limbs ; sometimes covered with the skin of tlie Nemaian lion ; holding a knotted club in his hand, on which he often leans. TI.- children of Herculfs •were driven from the Peloponnesus after his death. Such are the most striking characteristics of the life of Hercules, who is said to have supported for a while the weight of the heavens on his shoul- ders, and to have separated, by the force of his arm, the celebrated mountains, afterwards called the boundaries of his labours. He is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue and piety ; and as his whole life hr.d been employed for the benefit of mankind, he ■was deservedly rewarded witn immortality. (Lempriere.) Hermogenes. See Tigellius. Herodes, surnamed the. Great and Jscaionita, second son of Anlipn- ter the Idumtean, was born b. c. 71, at Ascalon in Judasa. At Ike ar'^te, or, according to others before tLscus if d sLTolall^^^^^ ""T? '^'^^'^^ -cusS hS tune for revenge upon l.L on and „",»•"'" ""^'' P-'^J^^^ ^o Nep- cimriot along the sea-shore ^h^'i "'PPo'^t^s was driving his rified his horses, that th^v burf ''" ^'nonster, which sorter- was dashed to piecesranSe dr" er'wL'"/"''^'/^^" ^he chariot cording to some accounts hTwn'* ! '^'■''Sged to «^^ath. Ac and afterwards transported by Cn"-°?'' .I". ''^^ ^^ -^«culapius, ,;'amcofVirbius,hrrasl?Jh,Wni"h *^''^' ''}'''''' ""^^'"•^ I'e tragical end of HippZus Sb" '^' °?\\^^ ^^^-^' ^Vhen fessed her crime, and hSrhelTft . "• ""^ iV^'"'' ^'^«^'''•'^ ^on^ Po ytus and passion of Phi fl,^\^^^^^^^^ The death of Hip. ^^'/'•c. of Euripides and Seneca Ph^li' '"'"''''S"^ °"^ «^^he TrS- hhe was represented in a ,minUn<. in f n T' ^""^'^ ^^ TriBzenc. ^"«pended in the air, vhlle hStor A^^ 'i" ' ^T^^' ^' ^'^P^i> «^^ I fixed eyes. ' "" "^'^ ^'^^er Ariadne stood near her, with St^'oSe^d-rn^SSnrSrtvr-p"^^^ ^" ""^ -"^'^--^ of '^/r«i/so/G6ra//ar and Z/fi» ^"ant.c, Fretum Herculeum, ?l«o on fhe east. Se Greeks caitdHr"' Y'^'^'' ^''' "^«""^^ ^^ -^ent periods, different Tde so ^h^ „11*^'"'"', ^"^ '''t/ached, at dif- he Atlantic, they called r«r/cssL "^? .'u ^^f ^?^^^ of Spain on tr/. CcV/c., a name applied ?o ?S. .' .'"^"■'°'" °^" ^he coun- ^[ Europe; but in later imi.,^h ''^'' north-western part whole of Snai" Thr pu "^" 'hey understood by Iberia iho "'- that vT.E'.I'?! Phoenicans were the first civiEi'peo! (ounded Cades, M'aiaca &c ^*''"if > ears before Christ : ther Al".ilia,i„ G'aul, b,^iu'nho^, ^''''T^'' ^he inhabitants of Hosas, and Emporiae now ? iii: ■W" HOM 376 HONf ^nipurias, in the nortli-east corner of the peninsula. The Cartha- ginians, coming next, built Tarraco, Barcino, and Nova Carthago, and held possession of a great part of the country, till they were expelled by the Romans ; who, after contending for the possession of Spain,, for a period of 200 years before Christ, became its sole masters at the end of the second Punic war. In the time of the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into Duae Hispanise, Cite- rior, and Ulterior, by the river Iberus. Under Augustus, it was divided into three parts: — 1. Tarraconsnsis, comprising all the north and north-east part, from the Durius and Tader to the Pyre- nees, in which were the native tribes, Callaici, Astures, Cantabri. Concani, Vascones, llergetes, Celtiberi, &c.; 2. Baetica, all the southern p t» as far north as the Anas and Tader, in which were the Turdetuiii, Bastuli Pa?ni, &c.; and 3. Lusitania, the western and central part, corresponding to the modern Portugal, between the Anas, thfc Durius, and the Atlantic, in which division were the Vettones, and the country called Cuneus. Hispania remained in possession of the Romans down to th6 fifth century of the Christian era. For the next 300 years, it was occupied by the Barbarians, who overturned the Roman empire, particularly by the Vandals and Goths ; and for seven centuries after, by the Saracens or Moors. The Spanish Christians who had taken refuge in the mountains of Asturias encroached by degrees on the Mahometans, pressing them southward, auJ erecting a number of separate king- doms, which were all united, under the government of Ferdinand and Isabella, a. d. 1492. Homeru.s, the most celebrated poet of antiquity, and the most ancient of all the profane writers. Of his parentage, his age, bis rank, and the circumstances of his life and death, we know so little that can be relied on, that it would be hopeless to attempt to give even an outline of the various opinions that have heen broached respecting | him. The most commonly received account iiakes him to have been a native of some of the Greek colonies of Asia Minor, and to i have lived about the ninth century before the Christian era. Seven j cities disputed the honour of having given him birth. " Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rbodos Argos, Athena>, Orbis de patria certat, Horaere, tua." In his two most celebrated poems» the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer I has displayed the most consummate knowledge of human naturci and has secured immortality by the sublimity, fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. None of his successors have been able to surpass, or even to equat, their great master. In his Eiad, Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal consequences to the Grecian army before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, the tlie pact has taken for his subject the return "f Ulysses into his I HOM peninsula. The Cartha- no, and Nova Carthago, ! country, till they ivert nding for the possession e Christ, became its sole ir. In the time of the ilo Duae Hispaniae, Cite- Jnder Augustus, it was iisis, comprising all the 1 and Tader to the Pyre- llaici, Astures, Cantabri, &.C.; 2. Baetica, all the id Tader, in which were . Lusitania, the western iern Portugal, between which division were the . llispania remained in century of the Christian pieu by the Earbarianf, cularly by the Vandals ter, by the Saracens or ad taken refuge in the ees on the Mahometans, number of separate king- overnment of Ferdinand ity, and the most ancient ^e, his age, bis rank, and 'e know so little that can attempt to give even an icer» broached respectina; int Tiakes him to have j of Asia Minor, and to HOR 377 HVD he Christian era. him birth. is, Rbodos Seven a.»> id and Odyssey, Homer I ledge of human nature, lity, fire, sweetness, and issors have been able to sr. In his Iliad, Homer nd its fatal consequences oy. In the Odyssey, the ,urn nf Ulysses into his I Hvrj Tefle fr// ofTrV' Th.'""'''^^""^^ ^^hich attended h" admired that, in an^m ^ ' P"'^*"^ ^^ ««'"er was ,o .m' '°^'P jcLj^ues, are ^i-.sula, Ambrnsi^ v V names, as given bv Pu^ Hrdaspes, a river of r„^- ' *°' ^'"* tvhinu ! '"^^ws in the sail of thn o-j '* ' he conquernr, -'-hkgave Fored incuraWe: ^^'^ ''"ct all the woundtT r*' ' 1 J '' ' I lit 1 EM^' Fl^ ' . ' ^u 111- ^ i-t /«^ "ine mont^^^^ In nine months, Hyreus opened the earth, and found a beauuld child in the bull's hide, whom he called Orion. I. lapetus, a son of Ctelus and Terra, ana one of the Titans. He mr- ied Asia, or, according to others, Clymcne, by ^vhom he had Atl„ Kpimctheus, Mencetius, and Prometheus, and was looked on by h G?eeks as the father of all mankind. His sons received the Iai;yTaS,':rhtS::v-s from Apulia, favourable to such as sailed from Italy towards Greece, it is identica4 with the Argestes of the Orccks* Tw • 'J' larbita, a native of Africa, whose true name was Cordus. He is ridi- culed by Horace, for his imitation of Timagenes the Rhetorician^ Iberi, a powerful nation of Spain, -l«"S/he .b^'-V!' ;^h',,m.r.gl^^^^ with the Celtic tribes, took the name of Celtiben ; thought to have -coine from Iberia in Asia. ,,• „„^ r/.om« Iberia I., a country of Asia, answering to Imenit and i^eorgi», Wded on the west by Colchis, north by Mt. Caucasus, ea.t by Albania, and south by Armenia. According to same, nuo «rfJ^v ICA 37f) ILI some, who uKKS tl.ic name from the Kur th. . The highest and most ccSaL? """^. "" P™e cf beaut, / f no other than his son «t,^ ^ °" ^''^ Cretan shor^ ru:t I "ir"i?';'i""'" ""= ^"«i™ of Vest, 'itf,-' ''"•^''r'«''ll'J'lKi- ILI S80 INA "'I t been offered to Ilia, slie brought forth Romulus, and Remus, who droto the usurper from liia throne, and restored ihe crown lo their grand- father Numitor. Ilia was buried alive by AmuliuH for violating lliu laws of Vesta. Because her tomb is near the Tiber, some supposu that she married the god of that river. Illacns, adj. Trojan. Ilione, the eldest daughter of Pi'iam, and wife of Polj'mnestor, king of Thrace. Ilios, see Ilium. , ,. . , . , Ilitliyia, a Grecian goddess, who presided over childbirth, equivalent lo the Juno Lucina of the Romans. In the Iliad, Homer mentions tlm name in the plural, aud calls them the daughters of Juno; but in the Odyssey, in Hesiod, and Pindar, the number is reduced to one. The term signifies literally, «* light-wanderer," a probable epithet of ilie Moon; and as a woman's time was reckoned by moons, Itithyia, as i moon goddess, wns natnrally said to preside over childbirth. Ilium or Ilion, and Ilios, the true appellation of the city of Troy, Troj;i, the name applied to it by the Roman writers being, strictly speaking. the name of the district.. (See Troja.) llius, adj. Trojan, from preceding. Illyricum, lllyris, and Illyria, consisted chiefly of a strip of sea-coast between the Adriatic on one side, and on the other a chain of moun- tains called, in different parts, Albii, Bccbii, and Scardus or Scodiii?, which run parallel with that sea and are connected with the Alps to the west, and with Mount Msemus to the east. Illyricum was separateil from Italy by the Arsia, and its south-eastern limit is generally reckoned the Drilo, Zhnn, though the country between that river and the confines of Epirus was also inhabited by Illyrian tribes. Illyricum was divided into two provinces — Liburnia. between tlie Arsia and the Titius, iK'erca, and Dalmatia, between the Titius and Drilo. The country between the Drilo and the Acroceraunian promontory was peopled by various lilyrian tribes, and watered by a number of rivers, Ihe chief of which were the Apsus, Cavroni, on which was Eordea, now Berat; and the Auus, Vojutza, on which were Stena PelagonifB, the Pass o/if/tssura; the modern town of Tepeleni; i\nd Apollonia, Polina, Along the coast of this tract were the towns Epi- damnus, akerwards Dyracchium, now Duraxzo, Oricum, and Auloii, Avlona. Tlie most remarkable of the numerous islands along l\w coast are, Scardona, now Isola Gfotaa; Issa, Li»ta, opjiosite to Zara; Corcyra Nigra, Curzola; and Melita, Meleda. Illyricum became a Roman province after Gentius, its kings had been conqiiereii by the praetor Anicius; and its frontiers subsequently received sucli an extension as to comprise the districts ftf Noricum, Pannonia, and lf«8ia. It now forms part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. Illyricus, adj. from the preceding. , Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, and father of lo. He was sau- to have founded the kingdom of Argos, and to have been succeeded bj Ilia son Phoroneus, b. c. 1807. He gave his name to a river of which lie became the tutelar deity. Inachus and Phoroneus were the persuiu | liVD 3S1 l^mnestor, king of to whom ilie ArffivpH • '^ ^'^ToX^^^r ,^-" 'e'S ^;:;'^^"- ^^aia intra J'« always k^en celebir'' '/' ^'''*'«'" bouSVv Tl '""^ ''« "'•"»« abonncJing i„ rich n'^'f'^ '" ' ''^ Western worlL» ^ 'T "'''«e India civilisation and nh;r '^."'"' ''"' ^s an em lv ' ?' °"'i^ "^ « ''^gioii '•ovvever. the Hh,5 '''^"^''y. Whatever life,- ?v?.V "'"^ '"""'"''' of -f which only ie V "'f ; ''''•"'•^■'' "o»e oH ^^ 71' "'-fPP'ioation fal''cs. 'l-J.e first a M.n "' """^^ "PP^"!-, «mid ^1 '"'"''' '" '''*^o, y part a i inroad r,. '-^^ celebrated in n.«„i i^ '*^^*'°" of Alex- ,f ^'•i^ eTp^di.r •"„'.? "i'"""« "'^-" vr;'Th;7 • "?^- l>e Hindoos were th^?. P pc'o»s, i„ ^^ ^ o, ..""^ narratives ";'° castes, add cted' to f '"'"'-^ "'« «^me peonle ' "^ '''«^'^ '''"' «fany ex ensivc enm! J. ?'•""' «PP«"- iJiat I, d .^ "' ?'^'''«. and PI- states. Th^ZK ' ''^" " ^^as divided L. "'^^ ""^" "'e seat nor of the Westr.l Ganges; l)ut the histoi ■>.'« V "di the capital «'"«t mighty tZSPrP • ^'"''^ "'■ ''■ e dv .r^l '•''. '^' ''•'^ ^ast ''<= Parthians cut off all 0^"'''''-''«'''«» of ^he fo i^ ''^'gned in tl'oiigh one embassv fron. r ^r'""""-"'-»"'"" between R '"onarchy of dynasty form^ed he era 't\,ff "'''"^'«" c^o'qn ? t''^ ''^"''^^ '''« commences for Indh T^'?^? '''^«"'ar series 0^=,..,! 9'i='"evide 'l>e mountains of A r I • ''^ ''"'^ and rnnohn. ,'"'^""c '''story one empire H;=' a ^''o'assan and a bZ-I? ^'^®"' ^o unite all 1398 thfy ivere v»n„..i T , '°"S «^ es o/ il,. p". '^ '" "^ Glioi- , m lOL 382 1ST i 11 W|:;'l' . I comment. Juno commanaed Ihc humlrccl-cyccl Argus to ^jtch ll.r heifer ; but Jupiter sent Mercury to destroy Argus, anu «-«^'torc her to ibertv (See Ar-us.) lo, freed from the vio.lancc of Argu^ wa''"ow"pcrsccuted1.y Juno,Nvho sent one olMhc rur.es or rat . u malicious insect, to torment lyr. «*^^^^=^"^'?'-'=^,n' ^^ ^Z and crossed over the sea, till at last she stopped on ^^c l)anks of .. Nile, where .Mic resumed her former shape, and S'^^?,,*; ^V^], Thus. She afterwards .narried Telcgonu., U.ng of ^'SV '^^"^ j kccordin- to others. After death shn received chvme honours, .m w"s woJshiJpcd under the n.me of Lis. She is sometime, called Phoronis, from her brother Phoroncus. lolehos, a town of Thessaly in the district of Magnesia, ^t J^^ '"^^ | of the Sinus Pclasgicus, celebrated as the t^r/h-placc of J^ «"-^ ; was founded by Crelheun, son of yEolus and l-naretta, and s u sequently attained to great importance ; but its ^um was ulu.na y completed by the foundation of Demelrias in it, ""'"^^''^^;. ^' '^'^' lolchos was Iho place whence the Argo « ^/^,^'\ °" \\'/£i'' ^ j,, Ionia. I., a district of Asia Minor, in w uch ^«^.«"V,?^"^,^,.^^', settled, about B. c. I05(n It extended from the ri ci H m along the shore of the ^-gcan sea, to Mdctus !^ '^ « J° ' ' limit's varied at diftcrent times. Ionia was «^^'-Jj; ^"^? .JX small states, united by a confederacy, Prienc, ^1^}^:. Su Clazomenffi Rphcsus,Lcl,cd03, Teos, Phoca^a, ^'7!"-^' ^]^ and the capitals of Samo« and Chios. , ''« «''^^'^^"'J f ,;\i built a temple called Pun-Ionium, from the «?"<=»"^^;^//^ ^ which (locked tWlher from every part of J>],"'^V., J' ^J/'^V. independent of a foreign yoke, till the t'™'^ «^ CrcK us, who sub.h their country and incorporated it with his Lyd.an •'«"SJo"'- » the Lydian they passed to the Persian sway, Ihsncc to the ^lacu 0^ nian.lnd were finally reduced by the Romans "J)^»^; '« ^'^ ; Sylla. In tlie refinement, and the cultivation of the a th y «0 equal, if not superior, te their European brethren ; ^"^ ^ " biast of the all but unrivalled excellence of their .^cts, hutom^. philosophers, sculptors, architects, and musician,^. -• ^^^'^ Same given to that part of the Pe'oponnesus occupied by the «on ans, previously to their being driven «»». by the Arhsans b 115b; from whom the district subsequently took the name Achaia. 4 lonicus, adj. from preceding. ^ , r^ 1 „n„^ ru innrtion later, the name of the Eastern part of the Danube, after its junciio. %vith the Savui or S^aaue. See Damiblus. ... ^ .„ .i.^ivin: Isthmia, one of the four great natir^nal festivals of the Greeks, dcv" its name from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were cdc^^^^^^^^^^^ They were instituted in commemoration of Me icerta, fnan a. a sea-deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the i with him in her arms. After they had been celebrated time with great regularity, an interruvtion took place, at sell soiwl 1ST 883 ube, after its junctioi»! ITA pronounced, iho„ d i, ' n """' "«"'"«t 'vhom a curs^ 1 ,"?*''' into three mi-t» . ,, •'"'"-"'a' At a later i)prir>/l i» i '•'o'"j J'l- common race, the It.li / u ^ "P''"'*^ ^» have been nponil . ^ ■^^^'■' SA;.%^rri' '^^ ?-- Crh,iettfed"'"r A- fi" t 00°7;,;:'if7---er;rdeM r t^^^^^^^^^^^^ th-e trees' jearj ItJv 7 i'^'" «'stence as a stato n •^°^*'' during the ?^:"'. "r^ ^"/"led a part, fir«t ^C th- ^ ?"""" ^^e next°7nn ''«'^enmicr, wm crowneU king of ITA %4 JAN Iljly.A. D. i7(r And lUiring the nrxt thousand years, comprehendin-j; whal »r«tf»nedtlw Middle Ages, he Republics of modem Italj were \tr04nfM, flourished and decayed. (Leropriere.) Italus, adj. (nm v ''Rding. , , . „ . e n'l. u Ithaca, a celebraUd i '^nnd in the Ionian Sea, nortl. ''ast of Lephallr- nia. It had a city o^" the same name, celebrated as the residence ol Ulysses. The island is rocky and mountainous, and measures Bbout twenty-five miles in circumference. The modern name is Theaki. Ithacensis, adj. from preceding. Itys, asonofTereus, king of Thrace, by Procnc, daughter of Pan- dion, kins; of Athena. He was killed by his mother, when about six years old, and served up before bis father. He was changed into a pheasant, hie mother into a swallow, and his father into ai: owl. ' . • »» Ixion, king of Thessaly, son of Phlcgyas, Peision, Antion^ or Mars, by Perimela, dau^ti r of Amythaon. He obtained the hand of Dia, daughter of Deioneus, having, according to the usage of the heroic ages, promised his father-in-law large gifts; but, not kccp- in" his engagement, Deioneus seized his horses and detained them a pledge. Ixion concealing his resentment invited Deioneus tea festival at Larissa -, and, on his arrival, treacherously threw linn into a pit, which he had previously filled with wood and burriin? coals. After this deed Ixion became deranged ; but the atrocity of his crime was such that neither gods nor mt;ii would grant him expiation, until Jupiter himself took pity upon him, purified him, and admitted him to his table in Olympus. Unmindful, hoiv- ever, of his obliaiation to hi? celestial benefactor, he cast an eye of desire upon Juno ; but the goddess, being in consort with her lorii, substituted a cloud, moulded in her own form ; %vhich Ixion em- braced, and became the father of the Centaurs. To punish his ingratitude, Jupiter hurled him, with his thunder, into Ercbiif. where, bound to an ever-revolving wheel, he atoned for his offences by endless ' orments. J. Janus, one of the most celebrated divinities of a-nrient Rome, and the only one who had no equivalent in the Grecian mythology. He was represented as a son of Apollo, who emigrated from ThesnlJ, and came to Italy, where he built a small town on the Tiber, whicji he called Jariculum. During his reigu, Saturn came to Italy, and, in return for ib" hospitality he received, instriictea his entertainerj in agriculture d the arts of civilized life. Peace, prosperity an>i V " here diffused under the joint sway of Janu) •^.e. of '.om founded Saturnia on what ff8<[ U-y, CapUoline Hill, immediately opposite ^ happiness wee end Ratiirnus. 1 afterwards caV; JAN 385. JAS T 1 e Janiculiim. The foi'n» «r.!.- . Ihe anripnf u ^" *'"'^" '« « bi of vieiv «f »k„ """ong «he wild mm¥mm I '^', before her union „i,h CrcS In^'i-""'»"'' S«ln.o„iu,. "' ""'' '""Sht also the life of J,4n °" "" ""■<"" "' '"l- 2c -Ja.cn " iiracic having declared i M 't- m * ''£1 JAS 386 JAS \. ■i'l I) tliat one of the descendants of ^olus would detlirone the usurpnr. iEson however, gave out that Jason was dead, and meanwliile had him conveyed secretly to the Centaur Chiron, wiih the request that he would bring him up. After ht had made progress in every branch of science, Jason left the Centaur, and, in compliance with the couimaixl of the oracle, proceeded to lolchos to regain his father's kingdom. His pro- gress was stopped by the inundation of tlie Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself into an old woman. In crossing the stre-.un he lost one of his sandals, and on his arrival at lolchos, the smgularity of his dress attracted the people, and drew a crowd round him. Pelias came to see him with tne rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to beware of A man who should appear at lolchos with one foot bare, and the other shod, the appear- ance of Jason alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented, , when Jason, accompanied by his friends, repaired to the palace cl' Pelias, and boldly demanded the kingdom, which he had unjustiv usurped. Pelras, to postpone his claims to the crown, reminded him that ^etes, king of Colchis, had inhumanly murdered tlieir relation Phryxus; that such a treatment called for punishment, and the under- taking would be accompanied with much glory ', alleging his old age had prevented him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and, if Jason { would undertake the expedition, he would clieei fully resign to him | the crown of lolchos, when he returned from Colchis. Jason readily i accepted a proposal which promised military fame. His expedition was made known j the bravest of the Greeks accompanied him. 'lliey | embarked on board the ship Argo, and after nimierous adventures ar- rived at Colchis. On their arrival at ^a, the capital of Colchis, I Jason explained the cause of his voyage to ^etes; but the condition} on which he was to recover the golden lleece were so hard that the Argonauts must have perished in the attempt, had not Medea, the king's daughter, ftillen in love with their leader. After mutual oaths of fidelity, Medea pledged hersell to deliver the Argonauts from her fither's hard cnnditions, if Jason agreed to marry her and cany her with him into Greece. He was to tame two bulls which had brazen [ feet and horns, and vomited clouds of fire, to tie tliem to a plough made of adamant, and to plough a field of two acres never before cul- tivated. After this, he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon,] from which an armed multitude was to spring up, and to bealldes-i Iroyed by his 4iands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dia»-! on.'wiiich lay at the bottom of the tree on which the golden fleece wail suspended. All these labours were to be performed in one day; hull through Meilea's assistance, whcie knowledge of herbs and magic wasi unparalleled, Jason tamed the bulls, ploughed the field, sowed thej dragon's teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the earth, lul threw a stone in the midst of them, when they immediately tiirnaij their weapons one against the other, till they all perished. After tbiij lie went to the dragon, and, by means of enchanted herbs and a drauglitj which Medea had given him, lulled the monster to sleep, obtained the! golden fleece, and immediately set sail with Medea. JEeiea, to re-J ve4)ge the perfidy of his daughter, iViedea, lent his sou Absyrtuiwj JAS (1 dethrone the usurper, ,nnd meanwhile had him the request that he would n every branch of science, vitii the commai>d of the lier's kingdom. His pro- Evenns or Enipeus, over anged herself into an old of his sandals, and on \m attracted the people, and ee him with tne rest, and Ate of a man who should e other shod, the appear- ere soon after augmentai, repaired to the palace of j !), which he had unjustly the crown, reminded him ' murdered llieir relation Linishment, and the under- ory ', alleging his old age if Fhryxus, and, if Jasuii clieei fully resign to liira 1 Colchis. Jason readily I •y fame. His expedition j accompanied him. 'lliej r nimierous adventures ar- 1, the capital of Colchij, (Eetes; but the condition j !ce were so hard that the [ipt, had not Medea, the »der. After mutual oaths r the Argonauts from lier marry her and carry her bulls which had brazen I to tie them to a plough ivo acres never before cul- ain the teeth of a dragon,! ring up, and to be alldes-l (ill an ever-watchful dra»- hich the golden fleece wasj erformed in one day; bull ;e of herbs and magic wasi ;hed the field, Powed ihej prang from the earth, hel they immediately tiirnedj y all perished. After tbiij anted herbs and a drauglnl ster to sleep, obtained ll«| I Medea. ./Eetes, to re| lent bis Bou Abs}Ttu»i JAS 387 JUG pursue the Aiffitive li»l«,,at lliecl,anw„r„ttm,?' f" .."'"«'"S Nuniaiui", i„ ,£ M'fi'psa thereupon appointed m;>"". '«^.""""^"'Jations from Scinio i:SSsi-rs:>^,Sr^rrt- »'». then appointed n comin;,. L . '' '°."»'"« («<■ safelv. Tli. Rn •"orsthat they ass mied to him fl.o i . ' ?''^" ^° ^'*f over the sph '-«'-afterward inv^deV^.e 1 t, 2 HfT' '^ '''« ^'"S'iom Tu n to death under circ.nnsS Tf "Lf t '1 '°"''"' «"d'having put ■- "PPeaied at R^ XXl^lS^^'llJ^^:'-"'?"^' "^ ^'^'S,^ piocmea the assussjuation of his cou. Hi- fi JUG S88 JUN if f sin Maasiva; but being under the public guarantee, instead of being brought to trial for the crime, he wa» only ordered to leave Rome im- mediately. Caecilius Metellus was at last sent against him, and reduced him to the last extremity. Marius, who succeeded Me- tellus, B. c. 107, fought with ecial success. Still Jugurtha main- tained his ground- But the alliance which he had formed with his father-in-law Bocchus, king of Mauritania, led to his ruin. The latter, seeing the overwhelming power of Rome, entered into ne- gociations with Marius, and as the price of his own safety betrayed Jugurtha into the hands of Sylla, tl,c quaestor of Marius, after a war of five years. He was dragged in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius, after which he was thrown into a d'lngeon, where he was starved to death, or, according to others, strangled, b. c. 106. The name and wars of Jugurtha, have been immortalised by the pen cl Sallust. Lempriere. Julius Caesar. 'See Caesar. Julius, adj. formed from Julius (Csesar.) Juno, a celebrated deity of the Romans, identical with the Hera of the Greeks, and generally regarded as the daughter of Saturn and Rhea, and the sister and wife of Jupiter. Her nuptials with Jupi- ter were celebrated with the greatest solemnity ; the gods, all mankind, and even the brute creation were present. Juno thus became the queen of the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth; but her conjugal happiness was frequently disturbed by the amours of her l.usband ; and she showed herself jealous and inexorable in the highest degree. The repeated infidelities of Jupiter at last so provoked Juno that she retired to Eubcca. But a reconciliation was effected, which, however, was soon interrupted by new offences, Her severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c. are well j known. Jupiter punished the cruelties she had exercised on his | son Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. According to Hesiud she was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Uithyia, orLucina; and was said to have brought forth Vulcan by only smelling a certain plant. The chief seats of her worship were Argos, Samos, Carthage, and afterwards Rome, where sacrifices were offered to her with lhe| o-reatest solemnity. Among the birds, the hawk, goose, and par- ticularly the peacock, often called the Junonia avis, were sacred to her. The dittany, poppy, and lilly were her favourite flowers. The surnames of Juno are various; being derived either from herj functions, the things over which she presided, or the places where her worship was established. She presided over marriage anH ' child-birth, and, as the goddess of all power and empire, and ttiel patroness of riches, is represented sitting on a throne with a diaderal on her head, and a golden sceptre in her right hand. Some pea-l cocks generally sit by her, and a cuckoo is often perched on jej sceptre, while iris behind her aifplays the Ihousand colours o. ••S| JUP antee, instead of lieing 389 beautiful rainboir Sh*. • ^^^ and was gcncraHv L ««mans was called Marr/ '^'"" «^cri- l»rn ; but On, J!,?„r , ? "^"''•'reti, devoured all h:. "' °" '""- ta devoured 'IT"" ''"I"'".. MJ gave a .?" ^J '="' " «"" " dom of heavet /'"^ ^'« brothers, reserv? ^"^'''i;? "^ ^''^ '^«rld, ™-siet^j„«";™o,y„e, iLr:rd r„rs .«="'• «^ery species of trn " '"' ''y mortal wompn i . "'' "^ ^ad The most celebrZ^r^u*^'"" ^"^ ^i^sZZlTJ ?' ,'.™P'"^^d "■"tiiGr, butsm..? °^ his children were M;' "*°'^ '"s views. hrite orfcle wa a D.'J ".''^ '" ^i» honou?- Zt ^'''' *^« >Piter as tho^ • . ""«'ona in Epirus Thl d ^ ""' »"031 fa- Nes to £ tPf'"' P'}"-«n of thei ci'V Ind h T'"' ^"""'"'^^'-ed f.ia I i: rg." ( M' '■•& ., \ 1 'r '■1 mr .'*.; '^i' !! p ■.1 KAL 390 LiEV expanded wings at his feet. The derivation of the word Jupiter^ and its Greek form Zeus, has given rise to many discussions amon? philologists; but it is now universally admitted to contain some of the elements of the Latin die», and to have implied originally the notion of Heaven and Day. Kalendae, see Calendae. K, see C. L. Laberius, Decimus, a Roman knight, famous for h.s poetical talent in writing pantomimes. When he was in his sixtieth year he was prevailed upon by J. Cssar to appear on the stage ; but the latter having taken' offence al some expressions that had escaped from Laberius, strongly inimical to tyranny, bestowed the dramatic crown on his rival Publius Syra. After this mortification he retired to Puteoli, where he died about ten monihs after the assasbinauon of Cffisar. A few fragments of the writings of Laberius still La'cTdffimon, a noble ci.y of Peloponnesus, capital of Laconia, called also Sparta, now Misatra. Lacedajmonius, adj. formed from the preceding. Lacon, Laconicus, adjs. Lacedaemonian. Laelius, C, son of the preceding, surnamed Sapiens, was celebrateJ as a philosopher, orator, and commander. He distinguished him- self at the siege of Carthage; was afterwards sent as praetor into Spain, where he broke the power of the chieftam \ iriathus ; wai elected into the college of angurs, b. c. 113 and associated w C. Servilius Ca^pio in the consulship, e. c. 104. Besides Sop and other distinguished generals, he numbered among his iriendH Pacuvius and Terence, the latter of whom he it said to havea.| sisted in the composition of his comedies. t „„m»« ^«l Laertiades, a patronymic of Ulysses, from his father Laertes. bee| LsestrvTones, a gigantic and anthropophagous race, mentioned bjl Homerin the wa°nderings of Ulysses. By some they are suppos J toTe the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily ; by others to be t^ same as the people of Leontium, and to have been neighbourstj the Cyclops. The name of their king was Antiphates. &ei Antiphates. Lffistrygonius, adj. from preceding. , ^ . , p„,,L,„ , r c| Laivinus,P. Valerius, a Koman consul sent against Pyrrhus, a. r,c| 472. On being offered terms of accommodation, he mlormeu .«onnrrh fl.at the Romans would not accept him as an arbitrajj in the war with Tarentum, and feared him not as an mmj. ^ LAM 39J ital of Laconia, called s father Laertes. See was defeated bv Pvrrhno ^'^^ notions were orevninf ^' *=°"cerning which mnn., represented as a 1 ".?"'*'"" ^''^ ^freeks and Rom/ '"P^"'''ious spectre or vaLVP ?? «^ «"onstrous animari'^-'"'"^^'"^ face and head of !* ^^ ^'''»'=« <>f Plinv «^! ' s?met,mes as a deserts of AfWca^ \r'T «"^ ^ail o. a^se^nen?" ""."''.' ''^'^ ^^e a daughter of Neptut";'S '° ^^^''«'«g-' 1^^ 'f/r^f L '^'""^ the , vours new-born iE ' • "'.'^'evBlent goddess IvL -""'^ «'as Lamus, a kingof the ?1 /" '^''" ^'<^ a people of Th. , "'■^"' ^° " «^^ LAR 392 LAT m F? fi r I'' 1 I ■I' I hi. f. iA\ : i ' -I »■ certain spirits of dead men who were eupposed to watch over am? protect the living. They were very numerous, and were ranked in classes according to the departments over which they presided ; but the great division was into Lares Privati and Lares Publici. The Lares Privati, or, as they are sometimes called, Domestici, cr Familiares, were tutelary spirits who received the homage of all the persons who lived under the same roof. The spot peculiarly sacred to them was the focus or hearth, situated in the Atrium, or principal apartment, and considered the central point of the man- sion. Here stood the altar for domestic sacrifice, and near it was xv^iii'-.'y a niche, containing little images of these gods, to whom o< ..«ngs of flowers, frankincense, and wine were presented from lime to time, and regularly on the kalends of each month. To these Lares marked attention was paid at all the most important periods of life. Of the Lares Publici, the chief were, 1. the Lares Rurales, whb presided over flocks, herbs, and the fruits of the earth. 2. Lares Compitales, worshipped at the spot where two or more roads crossed each other. 3 Lares Viales, probably the same as the preceding. 4. Lares Vicorum, guardians of the streets. 5. Lares Prxstites, protectors of the city, and 6. Lares Permarini, the j guardians of mariners. See Penates. Larissa, an ancient and flourishing city of Thessaly, on the right bank ofthePeneus. It is of very high antiquity, claiming, in competi- tion with Phthia, the honour of being the birth-place of Achilles, hence called TMrissean. Latinse Ferise, or Latin Holidays, religious festivals celebrated onthe Alban mount by all the states of Latium in common. The depu- ties of the various cities, witli those from Rome, met on the Alban mount, where, under the presidency of the latter, they sacrificed a bull to Jupiter Latialis, and, under sanction of this ceremony, tookj oaths to preserve their mutual friendship and alliance. This fes-l tival was originally instituted by the second Tarquin, in whosel time, and long subsequently, it lasted for one day only ; but ml process of time it was extended to four. It was observed by tiie| consuls regularly before they set out for their provinces. Latini, the inhabitants of Latium. See Latium. Latinus, adj. from the following. , r«.«.i> Latium, a country of Italy which origmally extended only trom n Tiber to Circeii, but afterwards comprised the territories o_ tn Volsci, iEqui, Hernici, Ausones, Umbri, and Rutuli j whcnc^ arose the distinction between Latium antiquum and Latium noTuni Latium was originally possessed by the Siculi, who were drive» out by the Pelasgi and Aborigines; and the latter gave the eouniri the name of Latium, calling themselves Latini, probably from tnej king, Latinus. Soon after the foundation of Rome, a war brow oyt lj»t^.,oen the Romans and the Latins, which ended in the sui»| jugation of the latter, and the destruction of their capital. Undej LAT 393 LAU Servius Tulllus fho ♦ . rjod may be datSd the SeTtt'""' !J"'^^^' ^"^ ''rom this pe. Tarquinius • Sunerbii.. L. u. ! , grandeur and nower nf r ^ united them -Knff ^"^^* ^° ^'•a»v more close fhrK«/°'/'^- al the Latin cities which had n .1 /^'"'"'^^'O" of the Social war lamed the ri»ht<» nC pI . "'^^ ^'^'fen part with »hp «ii- , ' ever, aftcnllrtVL" ™"of';£™'-. ^'^ "ti^^^lZt genera ly to participate in all th^ Xm f . ^''"'' ^^ere admitted the Quirite3. I^aurentum wa th?. ^"? 1^""'^'«« «"Joyed+y ofLatinus; Lavinium u"der ine«s' 5f ' ?^ ^^"«"^ •" 'he S Latona, a daughter of cius the ?i n'„^'^' ^""^^ ""^er Ascanius^ Saturn and Phoebe. In the Uiad IS' *"• '^"«'•^'"g to Homer of of Jupiter, and no traces of pnl' -f^^^Ppe»" as one of the wi've, visible. Later poets SSweversS ^'"7^" ^'' «"d JuSo aL underwent from that goEs Th? T'^ ""^^^' Persecutions she pregnant by Jupiter, luno/e nt tJll '* '\'^i\^hat when sS" wag She accordingly w^ndeJed f?om nl»7f "^ ^^'''^ '° P«"ecute W heaver, and even the earth ~? "^L ? ^'^ P'^'^^' ^as dri^g^ f"^^' ^eptune at last, moved wth com'nW' ^''' ^'' ^ P'^'^^ o" r st «"d made immovable the island nf^?' '^''"^'^ '^'^h his trident* about in the ^gean sea- and r 11 ^'^'' which before floatpd P-tcr, repaired thither, ^heJe she «?' '^'.T'^ into a qua^ by i„^ gave birth to Apollo and D «a ZoI^'^.'^^^^'S'"'^' «hape^ and 1 her retreat, she was obli"ed tnil f^^'^gJ^'^^covered the place over the greatest part of Jhefvorld %^'i'"' P^H and wanderej bysome peasants in CariawhZ;., ^^'ng 'nsulted and ridiculed ;;P^er to punish their ba^b^r td t.'/'"' ^^'^^ «heinSel and saw her children receive Wivinu ''"''^'"^ '^ PO'verfuI deitv generally established%XrZLrThn,^°"°"'''- ^'' worsh p S ticularly at Argos, De «7 &. 'h ''"u 'f "•'^«'' adoration,%ar. l^atona is usually representf>rf ..n^I I "i^"® ^"^ decisive answers «Ions Ih. 4m. .„„,?™/-*'™ *" "» lo».»»-.,?»,,,.,,,,.. ,. LAU 394 LET ifl r 1 It '■;'. 1 if I''' '4 ^ Torre di Pa^erno), the residence of Latinus ; and the inhabitants were called Laurentini. Laurentius, and Laurens, belonging to Laurentum. Laverna, a Roman divinity, ♦^>e patron-goddess of thieves, anciently called Laverniones, and of all who practised artifice and fraud. She had an altar near one of the gates of Rome, thence called the " Gate of Laverna." She had also a temple near Formiae, called Lavernium. Her name was probably derived from lateo, indicating darkness or obscurity. Lebedus, or Lebedos, one of the twelve cities of Ionia, north-west of Colophon, on the coast. It was at first a flourishing city ; but ou the removal of a large portion of its inhabitants to Ephesus by Lysimachus, it sunk greatly in importance, and in the time of Au- gustus it was in ruins. Leda, a daughter of Thestius, king of iEtolia, and Eurythemis, and wife of Tyndarus, king of Spartu. According to the common ac- count, she admitted the caresses of Jupiter in the form of a swan, aud brought forth two eggs, from one of which sprang Pollux and Helen, children of Jupiter, and from the other Castor and Clytem- ncstra, children of Tyndarus. See Castor and Pollux. Lenffius, a surname of Bacchus, from lenos, " wine-press ;" hence, too, a festival in his honour was called Lensea. Leo, a sign of the zodiac, into which the sun enters on the 20th July. Lepidus, Q. A. became consul, together with Lollius, a. u. c. 773. Lepos, a celebrated dancer in the time of Horace. Lcsbius, and Lesbous, adjs. from the following. ^ Lesbos, Mytilin, a celebrated island of the iEgean, at the entrance of the Gulf of Adramyttium. It was first occupied by a body ol' Pelasgi, who, driven from Argos, under Xanthus their king, passed from Lycia into this island, called Issa, which they named Pelas- gia. Seven generations after this, Macareus passed from Attica, then denominated Ionia, with a colony to this island, which, from him, was named Macarea. Lesbus, an ^51olian, joined himself to this colony, married the daughter of Macareus, Methymne, and gave his own name to the island. The elder daughter of Macareus Mitylene, and her name was given to the capital of the whole is- land. Lesbos anciently contained nine cities, for the most part in a flourishing condition. It was originally governed by kings, but was afterwards subjected first to the Athenians, and then succes- sively to the Macedonians, Romans, and Byzantines. The wine it produced was greatly esteemed. Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious persons, among who are Arion, Terpander, Alcaeus, and Sappho. But the morals of the great bulk of the people were so corrupt, that it was usual to say of a debauchee, that he lived like a Lesbian. Lethaeus, adj» from Lethe. P^I LET 395 LIP ;-pres8 ;" hence, Lethe, one of the streams of /I.» .-«r «e-ed the qnality'of Taus , '^ "otTvl^t''"^.^ ^l'°'^ ^^«»«^" PO- whole of their former existPncPii ° 'l'^''^ 'htni to forget the the (Ihut is, its supposed ^sue on U, r P'"''^ "'« "^«^^ Le- BoDotia, near Lebadea in Cre e a. . „n .f.'"'"'^''" "/ '''« «^«-th,) in Liber, the name of an ancient iHlil -'^^ ^"''"^ °^ Africa. ^ cian Dionysus or Bacc ufW 'the'7' 'h'""''?,'^ "'^^ ^^e Gre- erpma was introduced at Rome P o ' rn n^^'P "' ^'''' «"^ P'-o«- the conjoined deities were ho.u,„r? i "^ A' '"' ""•"^'^ Libera, and The name Liber is commonfy derhx-d'frn "rV ^'^*^''' ""^ LiLera. referred to the influence of whfe , "^fr^^^^^ " 'ree," and is ho vever prefer deducing it from lb" «'"'^ ^'T ?'"' ^^^ers, L.ber to be the god of produit^Vc ess'eff- » ''m ' '^"■'""'^" «"'^ ««''e Lib.tma, a goddess at Home Sd '..' ''^'"^'^ by moisture, were so d all things requi it^ b t.?n, Rv"""''''^'- '" ^'' ^'^'"P'e to Servius Tullius, a piece of m > , ^ '" «nstitution ascribed J'ho died, and the name of'the decSd'^ r^^'' ''' ^^^^^ ont LxbUince ratio. The objcc of this .1. ''"''' '" ^ ^""«^ ««"^d number of deaths annually. '"'^"'" ^^''^ 1« ascertain the Libo, see my note on Epistle 1. 19 8 Libra, the 6ff/ajic^ on^ nf .i,„ • ,: i.u • ""t""t«^, one 01 the sio^ns of ffn» .,«,t Liburnia. a province orilii,.;^. . ^ zodiac. Libur„ianrw^r:,f'Jfcwt'l^d\t^ The ' forth a part of their number to tal'y Sfv.Hfn'^^f "'? '° '^'^^^ ««"' I Pyges, Peuretii, and Calabri a{ Rnrl ^ "'^o 'hree tribes, the P oyed as public heralds, were called 7^f ' ""'"''"'' «' '"«"/«'". 'hey were of Liburnia» 'extraction Sn, "''!!? ^'""^^^^^ because struction, with strong beaks' er^ ITo.u'IVI " ''S^t con- country is now Croatia. ° *='*''^'* -Ciiw^njan. The Libya, the name given to whit ,vo» .l more restricted^ense L b/a ; L 7^^^ «ailed Africa, m a w.ch contained Cyrenaica^nd MaSoric, / "'..P'""' °^ ^''"^* extensive region in the interio - Ih ' ^'^S^t''^'- »vith a very Interior. '"''"°-' ^"'l »vas generally styled Libya fibycus, adj. from Libya. Licinius, Varro Mursna, brother of Pm. i • ^.gainst Augustus with Fannirc^oio^'TT'. ^^« '^«"«Pired L'cinus, a barber and freedman of Ss?,?, '"'^"'.^ ^°'" '^'^ "'-"e- •gn.ty of a senator on account of his^Satr^H !"' p"' '"^ '^^ '^"^^ «"^ L'para £t;,an, originally called Meltnnufi? ^° ^^«"'Pey^^ family, •«lands on the coast of Sicily so cX?r' ^^'^'^^'^ ^^ ^^^ MoMnn |ng of these islands, «hos^dau'h r Cv'ane J °^^"«°"" f olus. The capital was also cXh r • ^ ^ «arried his successor bratedfor its fruits, and haSsomp ^.T'*- • ^^e island was cele- ojjntam much frequ'ented fSrltsZ^tS""^'!"^. ^-.''«"-^ and a ^-^bccnco,oni.d by Greeks ^ro. Ci^Ju^raT; ,:;er;erlid it •t,' • LIR 396 LUC ■h was occupied by the Carthaginians, and became an important station for their fleeti during their occupiiion of Sicily. It fell into the power of the Romans during the first Punic war. Liris, now Garigliano, nnore anciently Klonis, or Glanis, a river of Campania, which it separated from Latium, after the southern boundary of the latter had been removed from the Circa^an promon- tory. Its source is in the country of the Marsi, west of the Lacus Fucinus, and it falls into the sea near Minturnoe. This rivr is par- ticularly noticed by the poets for the slugpiishneas of its stream. Livius Andronicus, a dramatic poet who flourished at Rome about B. c. 240 ; native of Magna Grajcia. When his country was finally subdued by the Romans, Livius was made captive, and brought to Rome. It is generally believed that he there became the slave, and afterwards freedman, of Livius Salinator, from whom he derived one of his names. He was the first who turned the personal satires and Fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue, and regular play. Lollius, I., M. Palicanus, a Roman nobleman in the time of Augus- tus, who gave him, B. c. 26, the government of Galatia, with the title of propra-'tor. He acquitted himself so well in this office, that the emperor, in order to recompense his services, named him con- sul, B. c. 22, with L. Aurelius Lcpidus. Being sent, b. c. 17. to engage the Germans, who had made an irruption into Gaul, he had the misfortune, after some successes, to experience a defeat, known in history by the appellation of eludes Lolliana, and in which he lost the eagle of the fifth legion. It appears, however, that he was r L!" to repair the disaster, and regained the confidence of Augustus, lor this monarch chose him, about b. c. 3, to accompany Caius Csesar (afterwards the Emperor Caligula) into the East, as a kind of director of his youth. In the course of this mission, he became guilty of the greatest depredations, and formed secret plots, which were disclosed to Caius Caesar by the king of the Parthians ; and a few days afterwards Lollius died suddenly, leaving behind him immense riches, but a most odious memory. Horace addressed to him one of his odes (the ninth of the fourth book) in the year of his consulship with Lepidus, but died seven or eight years before Lollius had disgraced himself by his conduct in the East. — II. A son of the preceding, to whom Horace addressed two of iiis epis- tles (the second and eighteenth of the first book). He was the el- dest son of M. Lollius Palicanus, and is therefore styled by Horace Maxime (soil, natu.) Lucania, a country of Magna Graecia, below Apulia, occupied, in common with the other provinces of southern Italy, by numerous Greek colonies. But the native race of the Lucani, who were said to be of Samnitic origin, were numerous and warlike, succeeded in making themselves masters of several of tlw Greek cities, and were tuc 397 themselvea onW e „ l-VC " '^«« 'ong anXc of '' '''''" ««''•^'"tous o «os^" ?" «^'i^ 'vhich secured llieir conm.n ? •=?"tention with the S^.!L ^^ ""^ '^'oujfh S'-an-ed firm •".'^ t^"'"' ««^"t a colonj hithe^^^^if' ^^ «"^''^ "'« closest inti,ZTZ.\ ^*"'"" ^*' ««""..ued S , r"»"" ^^"«a- on as the founder of j^^'^'P'" '""l ^'^ friend I Ji:*^ ?i' *<=^'n» of '"=' °ver a pleasant vXv"!f'" '" i''^ ^«"nonarch was put to death ''"."''^ ""' ^^gai" it.V. r,'"° ^'"'^ '"- , P!»ng«us, where h, was ^ ^""'' '^^^^"'•gusfaij ,'rM'"''^ ""ti' the M'a, a country of aJ/^ ^j^'^'^'' '^^ 'vild h'or eV ' ''"^ °" ^«""1 becoiji ti"- a Hnr«„ ^♦'mor, south of \K,.- S-ian^colc/nrerSf''^"' '^ J^^^^ll o^'S^ ^^-^ «fit. ^J^'^nder, east by PhrJ " ' T/']' ''^ '^e Hermus ' '''t^ ^y '^e ""oreextcsive, slice iS' ^'"^"'" "'ePer.LTS ■'°"^'' '^J' the ^o^^t. Accord nAo IrJ "^"'"'"•^^«"ded the Iv ^""°" '*^a« between two nation- r?^® ^'"'^ek writerrtll '^^'^ '-"'"es on thp t\« plains adjacent to'thJr""^^ ""'J ^^^«^on s the7"''^ ^«« ^ivUd arouni the Mt. TmoJu/ai't' ""["'-""'osT^I^'^t "1'"°""''^^«" calls the nation by the^nn T^'"' ^^^^ Hern.us am[ ri n'^^ «=0"n'rj^ '''«'the people of th!^. "'?'"'»'"« of M^oir^"^^^^^ Home? '^ards Lydii, froS Lvd..?""^'"^ ^^"« -id Tnyanra. ^^^ ''"'^» were Sar"di7pK^'"^'** •^^1 1?, LYD 400 MiEO nlained the fable of Lynceus seeing objects beneath the eartn, Dy SuoDOsin^ h m to have first carried on the operation of mining. T v3u a ceSbrated sculptor and statuary, born a Sicyon about Pliny, Pausanias, and Vitruvius. M M^cenas, Caius'cilnius, a Roman knight, descended from an ancient Ktruscan family of Arretium. The timo and place of his o rth ho[h unknown, nor are we informed h^ he spent his youth ; but nnarrivin" at maturity, he followed the lortunes of Octavius, and was re entlt^he battle of Mutina, Philippi, and Actium. Dur- Int the absence of Augustus in Egypt he was made prefect oi ufme and though luxurious and effeminate in the hours of recrea- tLn hedistSished himself by his knowledge of business, an moderaiou S address; and, on the return of the emperor Xred with Asrippa, his full confidence and friendship. But ,t SvTsa patronof literature that Maecenas has come down t chiefly as a patron oi assistance that Virgil and Cacf ;ere ra^d toaepend°ence, and enabled to devote the.- s.?ves to PC try ; and his splendid palace on the Esquil.ne Mount lis onen^ aU who could contribute to socia enjoyment. A few lears before h death he fell into disgrace with the emperor pr- mLiu,, a •^^^^i^^;x:t:j^^°;:Tii:i^<^^^ from . l,*..] "Sy, a^r?ofKuedXn,-AB, ani e,e„ the lake Thra.,««l in their country is called iWbeonius iacus. a x v,]hnii MxoniSes, a surname of Homer in allusion to his supposed LydiancJ MiJeonian origin. ..l£0IliU3, avij. »••/..' Maetius, see Tarpa. .• !-.- ~Ai e-nm 'Mtunn'ia. IVI£0IliU3, avij. MiEV 401 his supposed Lydianc MAN vr Mir ^^amurro, a native of Formic of m !» Merely handled. H„ra" If n"'!' "'''""■ '""". i» whid ?,2 a d ■ ■" '"= ■""■"'«• The Gaul „> 4' MAR 402 MAR iit < I' i5l ft: m\ conquered, and Manllus stripped him of his arms, and from the coi-- lar, torquis, which he tooli from the enemy's neck, was surnamed Torquatus. Manliua was the first Roman raised to the dictator- ship without having been previously consul. The severity of Tor- quatus to his son, whom he put to death, because he had engagei the enemy and obtained a victory without his permission, has been deservedly censured. This uncommon rigour displeased many oS the Romans ; and from it all edicts and actions of severity have been called Manliana edida. He wa» twice dictator^ and at least three times consul. Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, commonly known as the Young Mar- cellus, was the son of Octavia, the sister of Augustus, and conse- quently the nephew of the latter. Augustus gave him his daughter j Julia in marriage, and intended him for his successor ; but he died ! at the early age of eighteen, universally regretted on account of the i excellence of his private character. Virgil has immortalised hu | memory bv the beautiful lines at the close of the sixth book of the Auneid, arid which are said to have drawn from Octavia so muniii-| cent recompence. ' ^ika . j , Mareotis, Mairout, a lake in Egypt, near Alexandria, about 150 stadia in breadth and 300 in length. From the earliest period of antiquitj it was connected with the Nile by means of canals, butit (irsti rose into celebrity on the founding of Alexandria. Its neighbour- hood was famous for wine, though some make the Mareotm] vinum grow in Epirus, or in a certain part of Libya, called a!»| Mareotis, near Egypt. Marcoticus, sdj. from preceding. i... , i Mariea, a nymph of the river Liris, who had a grove near Minturni, into which if any thing was^ brought,, it was not lawful to take itouj a^'ain. According to some authorities, she was the same witlil Circe. Virgil, however, makes her the wife of Faunus, and motlier| tfLatinus. Marius. See note on Satire II, 3, 277 „ , nr i Mars, or Mavors, in the Sabine and Oscan dialect called MameriJ and uraally considered identical with the Grecian Ares, was^voj shipped by the Romans as the God of war. He was said by son* to be a son of Jupiter and Juno, by others of Enyo or Bellonij while, according to Ovid, he was the offspring of Juno alone, beiii conceived by means of the virtue of a certain plaint. Theeducij tion of Mars was intrusted to the God Priapus, who instructe him in every manly exercise- His trial before the court ol Arc pa<^us, for the murder of Halirrhothius, forms an interesting cpo in history. In the wars of Jupiter and the Titans, Mars was sem by Otus and Ephialtes, and confined for fifteen months, till Wercus procured him his liberty. During the Trojan war Mars took t side .-f the Trojans, and defended the favourites of Venus uncommon activity. His temples were not numerous in Or Mar ns, and from the col- neck, was surnamed permission, has been 403 but in Italy he received the mo«f , inausJiin.ofPisi n °f ^^'^--^ ^scalaphus and tT^ ^«^^ ''"«'vn Partfi«nl° **' J^'on'edes of Thn,.« r. " lalmenus, (Eno. i arlhenopajus, ;,nd Tf-reus wi '^^^ Cycnus, Phle-^vas nfJ Melea;jer and n»h«.\. "^ '^as also saiil ♦« i °'^ ' ^'^yas, style, w h a c'L'l '^'^^ «nd menacin air d ',''','• '"^P-'^'ented his arm Hi'"':;*' ^" »"« l^reast, and a V' ^nT a''' •" ^'"^ ^''°i<^ Among he ru tic T .""^ ^"'««^i'^es borne b^ r^"' '^'^''^ "» merrlv,. .[ '"'^'^'^'tants of Lifn.m i»? ^ '"^ attendants SHntltfs^'f t"h' ^^'.•'"'-'h^^ capacity hev „1^ L V^?''"''^ ^"'^ thf husba„Iv ^* ?''' ^^« the sacrifice^aT d s°'^''"/"'"' ""^er the t." L "r "m"' '«V" '^'^' "-'J '-pii-.s :'t^u"o7?:':''^' r^'"^''' - thc'der atioj'o-r.r* generally supposed th.V . P'=' ^ *''^'ep, and a bulf ii ^•^'^*' ^"5553£#::~:r;:::::'" occiiniPfi (1? • I . "* '"G istffivonpq 1^1, o'"> ana lielono-- tho"Th it las'?;'^ '°^'r^'^ ^he Touth otTbSV"'^''"^^'^ ^" h«^« becamrtheir firm!> /"""''=^' ^«^ ^he Roman but h""'^ ""^ '^'=^'«"' ?a-ed ,v th M,f D ^^'^ supporters. The civil ' " P'*"'^^^^ «^ time , 5/;.!: t^ ^«"^-^ ^- their libenyrs ^mTd tm th'^^ ?" r^Iarsus, adj. from nr«« ,• '''^'" ^''^ |M«rsyas, a satvr^ftl ''''"»• MAE 404 MEC 1.1 ■, ii' perioJ, by some particular Grecian race with whom the myth ori^ ciliated, to tlie music of the lyre over that of the pipe, or, in other words, to the Citharoedic over the Mletic art. The double pipe was a Phrygian or Asiatic invention, and ascribed to a certain Marsyas. The music of this instrument was generally used in cele- brating the wild and enthusiastic rites of Cybele, of whom Marsyas is «•enerally represented as a follower or champion. Martlus, adjective from Mars. Campus Martins, ''the field of Mars. ' Massagetffi, a nation of Scythia, east of the laxartea, whose country is supposed to answer to Turkestan. The term became general . for the northern nations of Asia, like that of Scythia. The Massa- eeta) had no temples, but worshipped the sun, to whom they oUorcd horses on account of their swiftness. When their parents had come to a certain age, they generally put them to death. Massicus Mons, a range of hills in Campania, famous for its vine- Matinum, a city of Messapia or lapygia, south-east of Callipoli?. Near it was ihe Mons Matinus, famed for its bees and honey. The modern Matinata seems to mark the site of the ancient city. Iwatinus, adj. from preceding. . Mauri, the inhabitants of Mauritania. The name is supposed to be derived from Mahur, or, as an elision of gutturals is very common in the Oriental languages, from Maxir, i. e. one from the west, Mauritf .lia beina; west of Carthage and Pbanicia. MaurUania, now Fez and Morocco, a country of Africa, on the Medi- terranean, bounded on the north by the Straits of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean, on the east by Numidia, on the south by Gstulif, a.-d on the west by the Atlantic. It was, properly speaking, in the j time of Bocchus the betrayer of Jugurtha, bounded by the river Mulucha or Molochath, now Maha, and corresponded nearly to the present kingdom of Fez ; but in the time of Claudius, the western , part of Numidia was added to this province under the name of Mauritania Cajsariensis, the ancient kingdom of Mauntania being i called Tingitana, from its principal city Tingis, Old Tangier, on the west of the straits. MauruSj adj. from preceding. , Mecffinas, Caius Cilnius, a Roman knight, descended from an ancient Etruscan family of Arretium- The tii>ie and place of his hirtnare both unknown, nor are we informed how he spent his youth; bull on arriving at maturity, ne followed the fortunes of Oclavuis.aiidl was present at the battles ofMutina, Philippi, and Actium. Dunii;l the absence of Augustus in Egypt he was made prefect of Rmi and though luxurious and efleminatc in the hours of recreation, r.ei distinguished himself by his knowledge of business and nioderatioii and address ; and, on the return of the emperor, he shared m Agrippa his full confidence and friendship. But it is chiefly as* patron of iiicraturc that Meccenas has come down to posterity. MED 3 '-the field of Mars." 405 was mainly owinf>- tn u- . ^^^^ raised to inileperidLrp ^«sistanee that Vir-i| -n^ H «nd hi,, splendid p'ahron^r'p^'^ '' '^^vote' Lmse "es?„'' "'."'^ «'ho could contributeJocr • f ^«Huiiine Mount wa,n P°'''''^5 death he fell intJJ^ ° *°^'^' enjoyment A fl °P^" 'o all '"trigues ofhf,vi&'' ^^'"' ^'^eempero, tob.'ir'''' ^^'"'^''^ ^1., into^favou ; for nt h""'","" ' "^"^ ^e was ^rEbiv { ' •''"= '" '^^ Augustus he r to'hu " "''^^'^' ^^^ich tooknh. ^ °^'" '"^'^e^'^'e^J «evSral work , of whS^ T^'"l»"d PossetoSf^j^;^- ^' ^' '^^ our times • bnt «L ^" ''"'^ ^ feiv rea^monut ^"^"as uTote b e„, i, ecrivit"Jt It',''^'^' ''^^^ P'-^^e thaV " P^itt'e ?' '"'' Medea, daughter of ^eL i- . ^' ^^^^^«"ejugeait joreery and enchantm n't "fvhl^t^"''' ^"^^ ^^'"ed for her sl-il. • of the golden fleecp Vhl -^ , " •'««on came to f-nu,- .^'''"'» «■''h '»S to Greece ' H ''t^* '^''" ''• obtainfnlit ''?'!,'" «l^^^t skill in the reeove?*v nf ^'' '^'^ '" «'^'d to haiS 1 , i;'"?/''^» Aed from the infirmTtSr '^^'°"' ^^^^er of Jason uE^*" ''"* '"^S'c discrenaRcv of ff ^^e to the vigour of voS ^*'"."' '''^«^^J ou% deXdpXTfVr '•^^'•"toth.^^^to"^ fer'T'^'» £^^^;^ ^d hi;Sf^tS^5i/ -t ^ett;: «.mi ; vnSaT' ''^^ Corinthian kLU-'' '^'^""^^^^ th« «ons whom sK"h^ ^? '^^»- '•»'«'. and Jn^-n/w 5' thereupon, -".-drpetstVLJtri.^^ a son named Medus n ■ ^'^^^^^ '• ^^^re she had bv^- ""J^" '^^ ''eslroy Theseus r;fl^'i"»^''f-'^^ted, however in { ?^ ^^ous unknoin to S'h- ""^ ^,''* ^'"^'» Athens with hor^'n " ^"^'"Pt to ^"bbed SfhisSnlY''l''^"^'"S that her father '^^"'^ •'«^"'•"ed , «i'ffered materi^f^^'!f■«''''"'>^^ '"^' ^^"«••■>"«. sian W ; "?. ^. ^* different times, if T! P'^ecision, since thev Media',:j; divitd "?'%^ '^ f-- /'«/c ^isrB^^^rV'^""'^^'^ p«- of whiVh t' u ^ '"^*^ Cfreat Media nn^ I. * ^^l^yJon an /m;;? of J,„i,., 7 ™f' are «aid lo have sm-iill ? t'''"~> «s ihe i MED 4U6 MEL if 'IP iil'^ son of (Eneusj king of When he was seven clays empire it formed part of the kingdom of the Seleucidae, and wcj subsequently subject to the Parthians. Mcdi, the people of Media. Medus, adj. Median. _ _ Meleao-er, a celebrated hero of antiquity, iEtoIia, by Althcea, daughter of Thestius. old, the Moira; or Fates came to the dwelling of his parents, and declared that when the billet which was burning on the hearth should be consumed, the babe would die. Altha;a, on hearmg this, snatched the billet from the fire, and laid it carefully away in a coffer. The fame of Meleager increased with his years ; he signa- lised himself in the argonautic expedition, and subsequently in the Calydo- " ^ boar-hunt. Of this latter ercnt there appeared to have been two .egends, an early and a later one. According to the ver- sion cf the story, commemorated in the Iliad, O-^ncus, m the cele- bration of hisi harvest-home feast, had treated Diana with neglect, and the coddess took vengeance upon him by sending a wild boar. of surpassing size and strength, to ravage the territory of Calydon. Hunters and dogs were collected from all sides, and the boar was, with the loss of several lives, at length destroyed. A quarrel arose, however, between the Curetes and iEtolians about the. head anu hide, and a war was the consequence. A? long as Meleager ought the Curetes had the worst of it, and could not keep tha field; but ivhen enraged at his mother Althrea, he remained with his wile, the fair Cleopatra, and abstained from the war, noise and clamour rose about the gates, and the towers of Calydon were shaken by the victorious Curetes. In vain did his aged father and the elders o the JEtolians implore him to leturn to the fight. He remained [ inexorable. At last, however, his wife besought him witii ears,! picturing to him the evils of a captured town, the slaughter ot the men, and the dragging away into captivity of the women and chil- dren. Moved by this last appeal, he arrayed himself in arrns, wen forth, and repelled the enemy ; but, as he had not done it ou lo regard for them, the iEtolians refused to give him the prcti re recompence. Such is the more ancient form of tha legend, m wlmbl it would appear that the iEtolians of Calydon and the Curetes o| Pleuron alon« took part in the hunt. In after times, when the Tanij tv of the different stales of Greece made them send their nationaB heroes to every war and expedition of the mythic ages, it underj Tvent various modifications, Meleager, it is said, invite™'tat «n at once confounded him with Hermes, the god of merchandise amo the Greeks, and invested him with all the attributes of the latter, and made him the inventor of the lyre, the patron of the gymnasmnj the herald of the gods, the teacher of eloquence and l^eco^^^^^^^^^^^^ of the souls of the dead into the mfernal regions. H s ntancy v intrusted to the seasons or Hora3 ; but he had hardly been aid n his cradle, when he gave aproof of hs skill .a abstracting the . ,,or»v nfnfl,pr«! bv stealin-'- away the oxen of Admetus, wnin fflowa t ndhfg :nthe"l,anks'of the Amphrysus, but gave hi. in exchange the lyre which he had invented. He displayed h. hievish propensities on other occasions also by depriving Nep un f his trident Venus of her girdle, Mars of his sword, Jupiter of hsetr, and Vulcan of^man^ of his mechanicalinst^rumen • Supiter look him as his messenger, interpreter and eup-b a , which office he was succeeded by Hebe and Ganymede. It jvodJ far exceed our limits to attempt to give an «"thne of his exp o', but his attributes and insignia are briefly enumerated by Horace . | Mercuri, facunde nepos Atlantis, Qui feros cultus hominum recentum Voce formasti catus, et decorae More palajstraj : Te canam, magni Jovis et Deorum Nuntium, curvaeque lyrae parentera : (n^jjfi.jir} onidqijid placuit, jocoso Condere furto. MER 40.<» MET youth lightly Clad, n^ith theSa.u,^''"'"?"^ ^" reprcsentc: ./a h." heels. In his Wnd ,e £" L"' "'m^^'^ ^'^' ''''' '''"^^' on the ccuiuceus, a rod with two sernin» '["^''"l "^'''^ ''^^«'^'^ office ancient statues of Mercurv xvt? '"'"^^^ ••»l^O"t it- The more ru ely carved head on them^ TheyX"^ ^>^ks of stone 'wK n the streets of Athens. Hi, ,Jor,hIn t '^ "?.'" ^'^^^ ""««bers ticularly in Greece, E-vnf uZ i ? "^""^ ^«^" established, par- yearly celebrated a fesS on" the fiS^nth' '? S'^'"^" ">«^'='''"'«- h.m, in a temple near the Circus m/v'?^ ''^, ^^'^' '" honour of oforg.vewhaterer artful measures orff' .^"^"^'" ^'"^^^^''^d Wm the pursuit of gain. ««^-^suies or falsehoods they had used in ercurialis, adj. from the preceding Meriones, son of Molus a rr..f "^' • teer of Idomenens^kin^ of Cret?'^' '"'' ^^'^P^'''^'"' ^^' «^hario- S'gnalised himself befo,^° Trov .ml r 7° ^''" '^'"J^^" ^var. He Pnam whom he wounded. The CrrH "^'' '•!:''/' Deiphobus, son of after death. ^ h'- Cretans paid him divine honours Messala, Marcus Valerius Corvinus snrnn. r family, was born b. c. 59, t?e « ,m ? " ° '^'"t ^" ""='^"t Roman very young man be was pVo cribed b^v ?h 'f -^''^' ^^'^''^ y^^ " Brutus andCassius. His n.mi ^^" triumvirs, and /ltd to out of the fatal list" but 1 e remaLT? "''""'^ in'mcdiately ruc2 .c until after the battS o PhEp when tl "" ^^' "^' ''' '^P^^' having chosen bim for their "eS i ' ^''^ '"'^'^«"^ '^ho escaped fortune and surrender. For f n. • '. ^ Pf «"«"aded them to yield to ed in close alliance ;"th Antony burt^T'jl' Messala r'emai! Cleopatra, he passed over to Oc'tavi, n P**"' ^^ "'^ '^«"'^"ot of greatest distinction, and admitted Tim ^^^^^ "'th the He distinguished himself in rimnai J ^ °"''/'' ^"" confidence, was consul b. c. 31, md onr nS f T'"'"^ '^^ tribes of Ilivria wards despatched agai st' he rebe' Ga'uir r'?^""™' was'X ! earned a triumph, and was the firVt . °^ Aquitania, when he curable and im^rtant office of PrSus JlT"" '' ""'^' ^^'^ ^on! however, he.soon reii<>ned AlLli ? ^'^'^> * «charge which tation in literature, ^ ,;;« «01' ;r''" '"J^^^^^ '^^ highest repuf Seneca Qi„,,,„; and the t^oX 17%^. ^^^-''^ P-i^ed '^by work, De Auspiciis, and of a treaUse X" R '•''V^^ '^"^'^«'- «fa fame rested chiefly on his oratnrS ? .^'"'"^"'^ Familiisj but his «^d hy great purify of styLand n ' f "''^^' .""^''^ "'^'-^ <^haracte 'of'y ondgenerous tone None of ht''.°^'^P'""''°"' ^"^ ^y a , with the exception of a ftwinsi^rdficn 7'"^' ^'■^'^ '^^^» Preser/ed! Metaurus, a river of Umbria S Sv fl„ ^':'S'?ents. "orable for the defeat of HasdribaMhr.^ T '^' Adriatic, me- ' the consuls Lirius Salina". 4d 'i'^f. ^'^i^^'' «^ Hannibal, hr keuo. ^*-'--^'"- «?s viauuius isero. It is now 'the I '5,1,1 MET 410 MIL T^ r: ^•vi 'Metcllus, Quintus CxcHhs.. surnamed Macedonicus for his triumphs in Macedonia, was sent as yr^Xor into that country, b. c. 148, against Andrisr-js, whom he defeated at Pydna and captured, and, after haring huriiiliatcd the Achajan league, and reduced Macedonia to ft Roman province, returned to Rome, where he was honoured with a triumph. Appointed consul, B. c. 143, he marched into Spain, where he obtained several victories over Veriathus, and would have made himself master of the whole country, had not liic envy which his triumphs had excited at Rome caused him to be superseded in his command. Having, when censor, B. c. 132. ex- pelled C. Ateniut Labeo from the senate, he escaped with difficulty the vengeance of the la'icr, who, when tribune, insisted on his being precipitated from tne Tarpeian rock. He Avas borne to his funeral by four sons, one of whom had been praetor, three consuls ; two had enjoyed a triumph. Methymna, a city of Lesbos, situated opposite to Assus in Troas, and near the northernmost point of the island. It was, next to Mitylene, the most impolrtant city of Lesbos. The territory of the place was contiguous to that of Mitylene, a circumstance which appears to have created considerable rivalry between them, and probably induced the Methymneans to adhere to the Athenians, while their neighbours were bent on detaching themselves from that power. Towards the close of the Peloponnesian war, Methymna fell into the power of the Spartan commander CalUcratides, who, though . urged to treat the citizens with severity, and to sell them as slaves, refused to comply with the advice, declaring that, as long as he was admiral, no Greek, as far as lay in his power, should be en- slaved. The best Lesbian wine was obtained from an adjacent territory belonging to this city, and hence Bacchus was frequently called the god of Methymna. It was the native place of the his- torian Hellanicus, and of Arion. The modern name, according to D'Anville, is Porto Petera ; but Oliver makes Molivo correspoml to the site of the ancient city. Methymnaeus, adjective from the preceding. Miletus, a celebrated city of Asia Minor, and the capital of all Ionia, situated on the southern shore of the gulf, into which the Maeander emptied. It was a very ancient city, and had borne several namei before it received that of Miletus, given to it by Neleus, son of Codrus, king of Athens, who conducted thither the colony of loni- ans, 1230 b. c Few cities have been more celebrated for their population, wealth, commerce, and civilisation. The citizens of Miletus early distinguished themselves by their skill in navigation, and still more by the number of colonies they had establised along the coast of the Hellespont, the Propontis, and the Euxine ; which enabled them to engross the greater part of the trade in slaves, which, in antiauitv. were principally furnished by the countrj round'the Euxine, as well as" the U-ade in corn, fish and iur». i' i iHL 411 ine, insisted on his MIN Was also famous fnr W» « cian and poet If Ir? .P*^"'*^' «"'' Timotheiix „ > *^'' ^'•''- ."0 the h„,d, of .1,/K, t/'*''»;/- Wlolu, fell lu^c^.iv " me ca,t nowhere pe ceptibTe "^ ".^"^ V^'^ to his writing a Ln bj the muse ofTibullus, 0,T »n r "''" '"^"'''^'■^'1 subservient favourite spot j and tJ.ere he Lrshin f '^'' .^''' "=^»^«» was h J «" .|ran,p„r,ed LS, Fate ? X^,l" W'"" "hei ht . .'e cero says she is onli^d " «"^ ^^« '««S Puzzltd etv^jnlo^J- i. M *!! n.: ( WIN 412 MIT nerva (from memini, I remember,), site being llic goddess of memory. It is evideiiily from tlin aaine root na the Liiliii nieii.x, mind, whirli u expressed so clcurly in many lunnunges ^vllully unallied, of which the Germ, mann (wlicncethe English man), and the liindostun menn, may serve as example!!. The goddess was lepresented ng a young womnn, with a grave and noble countenance, clothed in armour. Her quarrtl with Neptune concerning the right of giving a name to (lie capital of Cecropia deserves notice. The assembly of the god.i settled the dis- pute by promising tiie preference to whichever of the two gave the most useful present to the inhabitants of the earth. Neptune, on this, struck the ground with his trident, and immediately a horse isiiueil from the earth. Minerva produced the olive, and obtained the victory by the unanimous voice of the gods, who observed that the olive, a» the emblem of peace, is far preferable to the horse, the symboi of war and bloodnhcd. (Lcmpriere>) filinos, king of Crete, son of Jupiter and Euiopa, gave laws to his ml). jects B. c. 1406, (according to the Arundelian marbles, B. c. 1642, and, according to Banier, l;340,) which still remained in full force in the age of i'lats. His Jutitice and moderation procured him the appel- lation of the favourite of the gods, confidant of Jupiter, and wise legii- lator; and, according to the poets, he was rewarded, after death, with the oflice of supreme judge in the infernal regions, in this capacity lie is represented silting in the middle of the shades, holding a sceptre in his hand. Minos occupies a middle place between history and faljlc; but it is probable that ho was the first who introduced civilisation into Crete, encouraged commerce, and exercised a mild sway over his sub- jects. He was the first Greek sovereign that possessed a considerable navy; and Aristotle sjiys, that he conquered and colonised several islands, and at last perished in an expedition against Sicily. He married Ithona, by whom he had Lycastes, father of Minos II. Minturnac, a town of Latium, on the Liris- It originally belonged to tlie Ausones; but when that nation ceased to enist, it fell into the hands uf tiie Romans, by whom it was colonised, A. u. c. 456. A second col- ony was afterwards sent thither under the direction of Julius Cicsar. Minturn«3 is chiefly known in history from the events by which it ua? connected with the fallen fortunes of Marius. 'i he grove and trmplo of Marcia, supposed to have been the mother of Latinus, and s lue- times identified with Circe, were in the vicinity, atid held in gieal veneration. Minutia, Via, a public way from Rome to Brundusium through the country of the Sabines. Misenum,Promontorium, now Cape Mi««no,apromontory of Campania, forming the upper extremity of the Bay of Naples, so named from Misenus, the trumpeter of ^Eneas, who was drowned and interred here. Mitylene, and Mitylena? the capital city of the istand of Lesbos, so called from Mitylene, 'daughter of Macareus, king of the country. It wai , distinguished alike by the magnificence of its buildings, the amenity of | its climate, its proficiency in the belle» lettrea and philosophy, the oniimber of its great men, and the luxury and refinement of its inhabit- ants. Epicuriis is said to have read lectures iu Mitylene; andAris- ^a )d ti.e two gave the Neptune, on this, e\y a horse muaii atuined the victdiy at the olive, a,i ilie iynibol of war and 'e laws to his itil)- irbles, B. c. 1642, ned in full force in red him the • J;?« ''efon,,e,, „„ ,, ,' ^arrr"- "" '''' «^' '-«? of p. ■ouied tlie She I "'"••!«. a depr„da„t of f-for^, •'"gi and nilie?. ffi MUS 414 MUS tfi rhetoric, music, and generally of the belles letters and liberal arts ; S which, indeed, they are sometimes identified :-Q«iS est omm. urn, Quimodo cum Musis, id est cum humanitale et cum doctnna habeat aliquod commercium, qui, &c. Helicon and the region round Parnassus, was the favourite seat of the Muses, where they were supposed, under the presidency of Apollo, to be perpetually engaged in song and dance, and in elevating the style and conceptions of [heir favoured votaries. It appears probable that the early Ore- cian poets, struck with the beauty and sublimity of the scenery in this part of Greece, ascribed the humanising inauence it was so fitted to exercise over the mind to the agency of the nymphs and other tutelary deities of the place, to whom they gate the name of Muses. Originally there appear to have been only three of these divinities : and their names-illneme, Melele and Jcede,or .Memorj, Reflection, and Song-suffiriently shew the nature of the faculties over which they were supposed to preside. Accordmg as the fine and liberal arts were cultivated and expanded, the province ot each muse seems to have been more restricted ; and additions were made to their number, which ultimately was fixed at nine. Their names and functions are succinctly stated in the following verses ol Ausonius : — " Clio gcsta canens, transactis tempora reddit. Melpomene tragico proclamat mocsta boatu. Comica lascivo gaudet sermone Thalia. Dulciloquos calamos Euterpe flatibus urget. Terpsichore affectus citharls movet, iniperat, auget. Plectra gerens Erato, saltat pede, carmine, vultu. Carmina Calliope, libris heroica mandat. Urania cccli motus scrutatur, et aslra. Si^'nat cuncta manu, loquitur Polyhymnia gestu. Mentis ApoUinese vis has movet undique Musas. In medio rcsidens complectitur omnia Phcebup." Edyll. JIJ. Thevhave been called Picrides,Aganippides, Aonides, CaHalidcs,\ IMiconiades, Lebdhrides, he, from the places where they were worshipped, or over which they presided. Apollo, as patron a" conductor oflhe Muses, was mm^i Musagctas ''Leader of Muses-" the same surname was also given to Hercules, intji were «generally represented as young, beautiful and modest virgim comm^only appeared in different attire, according to the arts andl sciences over which they presided ; and sometimes as dancing i»i chorus, to intimate the near and indissoluble connexion beUvetal the liberal arts and sciences. Their worship was universally es ab-l lUhd, Particularly in Greece, Thessaly, and Italy. No sacrH ,vcrc offered to them; but the poets invariably pref^^ll M compositions with a solemn invocation for their aid and inspiraiiorj h - I MUT 415 Festivals were m»f# ♦ j . ^^^ especially amonr ih? Th '" '^''' ^°"°^r «n sereral «,.♦ . ana observed also a felti/ar-ll^V^^^^y ^''^yeT ^C ^? «T<^e> (Lempriere.) "'^^' "» honour of Jimifl, ^ f'acedoni. Mutus (£pi,Ue I. 6 oo , . ^ ' ""^ ^^« ^^"ses. fortune by marriage ''°'"^ '"dividual of low birf h u %cenae, an^ncieTt^'dty of A ,• ^ ''''" '"'^^ ^'- co^'^Cel^^-J^^^^^^ ^^ACtT °' ^^g-> built by Trojan 4?, deelS''^.^ ^»'* ''^^" ^io^^eyrn ' f "^ P*» '^ ^'^ 78thOIyn,p«7'i";^^«^tertl,e return^fthe HmcWd ^'■°°' '" '^^ capturedtheci tv levtl, f-."^-' '''^ Argives h JSJ^ f • '"'^ '" ^'^^ tants. Manv rn- '^^ '^ ^» the erounri «n^^ "f ^"acked and %gdonia, a small- province of M . ""^' ''' ''« Axjus, and Strvmr Tt, • f ^^««edonia near Thm. u '"'«Asia, and S^^d neaVT''''''"^^> *^»S fcon'es''''!^^" *''^- l^y Horace to Phlv'?-, ^he epithet ^'fc '^^ ^^^S^^onia and -ttled there aug:*^^^^^^^^ " applijj kings. ^" ''^'y early period, or else irom ^^&^ones havinjr jF.a1e, a freed woman „1, , . °"' °^ ^''^ ''"^'«"^ Myrtoum mare «h? ' """'^ed to in I ^q i . ^/rom a woman namr,i iw ""^* and Crete it \i ■' ^"ordmg to -^^^«'■a, acoun?"yoMi^r'"'"^"^'«"edbyP,/sl^r''^^ "^ "^«e once wa hirr„,^,f ^'^"«. Lampsacl, &?''V'h"' • ''Z ^^°''«^ l^ '^^'^^s wcr'e'used to''"''..'" ^«^gener'ated ihaUh. ""^^,^''«"1« were Sfnous people of\l "/'?\'^' ^^at the Mysi^„T''i- " '^as the ,. shores from a Roman knight, whose luxury, arrogance, and ostentation, were ridiculed by Horace. Natta, a person ridiculed by Horace for his manner of living, whicn became so mean that his name passed into a proverb. Necera, a favourite of Horace and Tibullus. Neapolis, now Nivphs, a celebrated city of Campania, rising like an amphitheatre at the back of a beautiful bay, twelve miles in diame- ter. It was founded by the people of Cum», a colony from Greece, who gradually spread themselves round the Bay of Naples, and was called, from this circumstance, Neapolis, or the new city. It «as also called Parthenope, from its being the burying-place of one olj the sirens of that name. It wasj therefore, to all intents and pur- poses, a Greek city ; its inhabitants spoke the Greek language^ and I were long distinguished by their attachment to the manners and customs of their ancestors. It was on this account, according to j Tacitus, that it was -selected by Nero to make his debut on liie ! stage, such a proceeding being les? offensive there and less repug- nant to the prevailing sentiments, than in Rome. Naples, in truth, was then, as now, a chosen seat of pleasure. Its hot baths were ^^m rcctio .,«,1 «nini t" ♦v>"=" nf t?ai!»» •- nn I the number and excellence | ri '^^ NEA 417 e luxury, arrogance. of its theatres and nth i ^^^ &^;^';?? '"iJ-ut-ri i"s/? «^% -/• "■•nrWcSudel 'n'f"" •" *' Soma e^^nt;",*", "«'o™ Neptunius Dux, an exnr*»- ^*^^ °^ t^e P'eptunus, onrofThe "ffn^^ ««»• ^^^^""«^ because h'e had He was woriSJpVas^Vh!"'' ^/«'''«^ "* •>"pite P^So^'^^ /«" «' ">« dominions of SaLS, ' »'• ^'''^'' ^'^ oSed '^1 1 '"^ P"' «0 which mav bp «2^ i^f Pro'nontories of Sn!j. "'^'^" isthmus. ft in hoCS^tn^^^iy ^''^ «°»'-. du" nfl?'«^ -J'ed .Neptune in his caDarff " r* ^^^'^ «'ere other fesf?v!. ^ J""""» of Ifut the former wp?/^^-*'^P'""'ding over hor.if f,' ' '" honour of »««• DurS ft ^ wstituted to him in hi. k "' ''""^^ coniualia- i *« '-— ' '""«, Uie mother of r \'l. NER 418 NES rk * li Achilles; Galata!a,Doto,&c. The worship of the Nemds wn5 • generally connected, as might be supposed, with that ol tNepiune. Thus they were worshipped in Corinth, where Neptune was held m especial honour, as well as in other parts of Greece. TheJNerems were originally represented as beautiful nymphs, but they were afterwards described as beings with green hair, and wilh the lower part of their body lit that of a fish. , „ ,, ^ t .k»„j Nereus, a sea-deity, th. eldest son of Pontus and Earth, and husband of Doris, an ocean nymph, by whom he had the nymphs callea Nereids. He was endowed wilh the gift of prophecy. When Hercules was in quest of the apples of the Hesperides, he was di- rected by the nymphs to Nereus. He found tlie god asleep, and seized him. Nereus, on awaking, changed himself into a rariely of forms, but in vain : he was obliged to instruct him how to pro- ceed before the hero would release him. He aUo foretold to raru, when carrying away Helen, the evils he ^vould bring on his country and lamily. He was generally represented as an old man, with a long flowing, beard, and with hair of an azure colour. His clue place of residence was in the ^gean sea, where he was attended by hia daughters, who often danced in choruses round h»m. rie- reus is sometimes called the most ancient of all the goQS. '0 The word Nereus is often taken for " the sea." Nerius, a banker in the time of Horace, very skilful m tying aonn his creditors, by written obligations, for repaynrient. ,, ^ ,. Nero, Claudius: See Claudius. The surname Aero, in the Lalin language, signifies " strong," " war-like." v «• j Nessus, a celebrated Centaur, son of Ixion and Nephele, who ottered violence to Dejanira. Having been hit by Hercules, with a poison- ed arrow, while offering insult to Dejanira, he gave her hi» tunic, covered with the poisoned blood, and persuaded her that it posses- sed a power of securing a husband's love. He did this with a view to revf.nce. She afterwards sent the tunic to Hercules, but when | she found that it had caused his death, she was inconsobblej i slew herself. . « ,. j j„„i Nestor, a son c i N-^leus and Chloris, nepliew of Pelias, and grandson of Neptune. He was the youngest of twelve brothers, all of whorn except hims .f were put to death by Hercules, who spared his me on account jf his tender years, and placed him on the throne o Pylos. He married Eurydice, the daughter of Clymenus, or, mi some say, Anaxibia, the sister of Agamemnon, and had seven son.i and two daughters. The most conspicuous enterprises in wnicn Nestor bore a part, were the war of the PyKans against the Umj the affair of the Lapithae and Centaurs, and the Argonautic expeaii tion. He subsequently led his forces to the Trojan war, m ffhic« he particularly distinguished himself among the 9'"!'^'!^" u «ri his eloquence, wisdom, justice and prudence, and indeed by erej r alt the god». Tk NIL 41» ^i^Zk'lt'iiX-^^yin hi, nalive la„d T have aurvivedTl?^" ^^^^°'-> at the « ' nf ,." 0?^"«"^«^ age Ni/us, (Gr. «ivre,7„, „ . • ,, ^"^^"^^^ ^ears and up! brings down v»c? ' """ "««" »'«?i » " n. «fpendous Smel t^ ''''"^ «"Ij S P^"''''^ «{ authentic their founders? Th"il ^'^ '^'" ««"t the wealth '"^^'' «»<^ the an e»«teri; d eet «t '^ 1* ^^'^'^^ «'^en"' and «a'^"'"' '^ the "irth, and'recelvertl " "''/°'" «'" the mouTtlf"/ '"""'"S '« mistaken by Prnl r^°. P^^'cipal tributar.P..i:"/' *"•■"» to the then pursues a? ^?*" "'^ ^^''^ 'tself and A ? ^ "^"^^Ptis, ^Z»a«;7 ^''"°f%ypt£"' °"'^°""« through Nub f°^!,«' ^<^cazze I %ne. Bebvs^' tvro cataracts, the Iowp ' ^?'* °" the ffo„. ''"'^ ^^CcZrlTu' '' ^'«"t.nues'its cour 1 r. "L^'^'''^ " "ear «^hich flo,vl^7'V^^"'^^•• divides into ?,vo br^n t^^ '"''«»' tiH, a «hemthedSn .f^°''''^«t'»ertoUr^^^^^ ^^ °"« of 'nouths ofX N ,? ""V ^''^ ^"«^'ents we^^^^^^^^^ *:°"'*'n between «o'^itine at £; ^' *o^« ^^"«Pic.parZ los?""r"*?'^ ^'^^ «erej '"«'in theTake'r„? 'f '' ^"^oli-V'£^^y^^^ into re traces 0? it7^!f'^ '. ^' ^anitic. o7sS ' ^' ^'^n^^^'ian, " ox June» occasion [1^h i-l ft% NIO 420 NUM the OTcrflow orihis celebrated rirer. It continue» to rise until t!»e autumnal equinox, when it attains its greatest height. It then con- tinues stationary for a few days, and after this diminishes at a less rapid rate than it rose. At the winterrsolstice it is rery low, but some water still remains in the large canals. Crocodiles, the largest about twenty-Pve feet long, are seen a little below Dios- polTs Parva. They are supposed not to go further down the river than Girgeh, but abound between that place and Syene. The Nile is said by Herodotus to have flowed, previous to the time of Menes, on the side of Libya. That prince, by constructing a mound 100 stadia from Memphis toward the south, diverted its course j and the ancient bed may be- traced across the desert, passing west of the Lakes of Natroun. Pocock ) makes the word Nile to be a con- tradiction of Nahal, " the River," by way of eminence, while Abdollatiff derives it from Nal, " to give, to be liberal. Niobe, in classical mythology, daughter of Tantalus, and one of the Pleiades, married to Amphion, king of Thebes. Proud of her nu- merous and flourishing ofi-spring. she provoked tne anger of Apollo and Diana, who slew them all : she was herself changed by Jupiter into a rock in Phrygia, from which a rivulet, fed by her tears, con- tinually pours. Niobeus, adj. from Niobe. , * r*i, u • Niphates, a range of mountains in Armenia, forming part of the chain of Taurus, south-east of the Arsissa Palus or Lake Van. Their summits were covered wuh snow during the whole year, and to this circumstance the name Niphates is supposed to allt 'a. There wa! also a river of the same name rising in this mountain chain. Nireus, son of Charops and Aglaia, and king of Naxos. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war, and was celebrated for his beauty. Nomentanus, a spendthrift mentioned by Horace. Noricum, a province of the Roman empire, bounded on the north Dy , the Danube, on the west by Vindelicia and Rhaetia, on the east by Pannonia, and on the south by Illyricum and Gallia Cisalpma, and answering to the modern Styna, Carinthia, and Salzburg, and to part of Justria and Bavaria. The iron drawn from Noricura was esteemed excellent ; hence Noricus ensis was used to express the goodness of a sword. , ,. . ru « Novii, two brothers obscurely born, distinguished in the age ol Horace for their officiousness. f Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, was born at Cures, a town of the Sabines. At the death of Romulus, the Romans selected hira to be their king ; but Numa refused, and was only at last prevaiiea on to accept the royalty, when he was assured by the auspices tna I his election would be acceptable to the gods. He applied himseu to tame the ferocity of his subjects, inculcate a reverence lor tnei , •,_ -_j II 4:.-„r,.:~r.d h^ Aiyi^ina nil thp nitizens ittto diBercDi 4 J- * id in the age of Horace dedicated TtZllTtnl ""' ''""«^ «'^'«Jd dropped /rn °1"''''- ^^r- ed shut, as aSl o?,!"""»' ^^^ich, during ZthT ^'^''"' «e of Talus, kinro 'Sa!;-' "' '' ^''' KaS'C' t^ ^^'«^ pili», who marrJ.j w ***'"neo, and leCt bph n^ J^*"*' daughter to Niebuhr, and ?h?» V° "^P^i^ate truth frori fi T" ^^'°"S» *<> a the reign of N„i ^'^'■"^" «'ho adopt hi- v?. '.?."• According represeCL orth! '=°"^'dered, in ita poE°'^'^°'»'" ''"t^O^! Jjhabitanis of Ro„'e^""r 5f '^^^" '^e^S t/, 7J^ only as^a' ^"'s,r tF^"Tb ^°"^ ^^^'^"^" ^'-«t' ^^-gh it poL: eVno"t ir '^ '^-P ''''' of tde^rS'^' '''^'^^ nature. It was tLJ! ^ '"' ^^^ rendered all hi.f ^^ *'^®' «nd, » -emorableTn^^Sy'ibJ ih^'^''^ '" ->eu "f rliri"^'''^ ^?^ Romans for fcurtenn vJ ^^ ^""^ '"hich it carS ^^mantiE whose generals oV^""* ^^ ^^e great annnj' '''* °" "gainst the I-epidus! and feo ^w^'"^''"'^ ^' KeHusVT- °^ '^' '^«^0 entered into betwLri;^ «"'^'^essively repulsed ^Tl"'"'> "Emilius; immediate purpos?, *^'^' ^"^ ^^e Roman; l^t-*'""*^ ^°» «''en Scipio, who knew tL h «^'«™'nation aChs f ho it?'"^^** ^''^' not attempt tS c^rlv f ^^^ -'^ ^»"" ^^"«e he h'aTto .. * ^^ ^"«"^»- by strong J nes ofT^ ^^ ""'^y ^y "torm : but hi.- "*^"'' ^'^h* did But ''0tStanSin?r''.''^>"' 'eft^am.t to.X^ •^''^^^^^d '"t «•e most as oSn? ^'"' '"^^"o»- "«mbers th. n " '^' reduction, of the Roman;; bufhn^''"'' i" ^''^^ ^hrou^ andlT'^Hr '"«'^^ «ost dreadful Vxtrem?.-"^ ^'" '^P^^^^Avwt 7 ^^^ ^°'fr» of this noble clfvfr'"- '^ " ""certain how tLfi '■^^"*'«'* *^ the ">« NumautL se tt'on'T'"'"?^'^^ > wLtS r a, pt' ''''^P^^ ^' Appian statP« J . " ^'^^ ^"d perished inVh» a '°'"^ ^Oinns, •■"habitants th!t ^,''^'^1"^ «"'"'•endered; th« , ^,r''' °' "'hether, h'cius,ot^1&,";;,r;.ofW^ "'^''-- ^hecon. ,fe ^in SpairwhltT^^"'° '^^ --«^-"ed. nf... „ „,. - -««onan war. " -'" ^- "«^^n serving under Auguslua if NUM 422 OCE . pi; -ti 111 1 1»'' , Numidia, a country of Africa, corresponding to Jlgiert nnd Biledul- gerid, bounded on the east by Africa Propria, on the north by the Mediterranean, on the south by Gxtulia, and on the west by Mau- ritania. The inhabitants were called Nomades, afterwards Humvia. The Numidians were excellent warriors, and rode without saddles or bridles, hence called infreeni. Numidia was occupied by the Massyli towards Africa Propria in the eastern part, and Massasjii towards Mauritania in the western. The Romans first became acquainted with this country during the second Punic war ; and after remaining in alliance with the latter more than a century, it was reduced by Csesar on the death of Juba, b. c. 46, to a Roman province. The chief cities of Numidia were Cirta, Hippo Regius, and Zama. In the lime of Claudius, the western part was added to Mauritania under the title of Mauritania Caesarienf "i, Moroceo. Numonius Vala, a friend of Horace. Nymphse, certain female deities with which the imagination of the Greek? peopfed all the regions of earth and water, and dirided them into various orders, according to the place of their abode. Thus, 1. the Mountain-Nymphs, or Oreades, haunted the mountains ; 2. the Dale-Nymphs, or Najxea, the valleys ; 3. the Mead-Nymphs, or Leimoniades, the meadows ; 4. the Water-Nymphs, Naiadu, the rivers, brooks, and springs ; 5. the Lake-Nymphs, or Limniades, the lakes and pools. There are also, 6. the Tree-Nymphs, or Hamadryades, who were born and died with the trees ; 7. the Wood-Nymphs, or Dryades, who presided over the forests generally; and 8. the Fruit-tree Nymphs, or Flock-Nymphs, who watched over gardens or flocks of sheep.— The Nymphs occur in variouj relations to gods and men. The charge of rearing various deities and heroes was committed to them : they were, for instance, the nurses of Bacchus, Pan, and even Jupiter himself, and they also brought up AristjBus and ^Eneas. They were, moreover, the at- tendants of the goddesses ; they waited on Juno and Venus, and in huntress attire they pursued the deer over the mountains in com- j pany with Diana. The Sea-Nymphs also formed a numerous clasJ, under the appellation of Oceanides and Nereides. Oceanus, the god of the -stream Oceanus, and the offspring of du»l and Terra, or Heaven and Earth. He espoused his sister Tetbys, and their children wr -^e the rivers of the earth, and the three thous- and Oceanides or Nymphs of Ocean. Homer speaks cf him anjl Tethys as the origin of the gods. In the " Prometheus Bound, I Oceanus comes borne through the air on a hippo-griff, to console! and advise the lofty-minded sufferer ; and from^the «'^''"^^^SJJ of his journey, it is manifest thai he carrie ffom the '-est. -u besides being the name of a deity, the the term Oceanus u used bi 0€T 423 opp m Oceanus U used H opin on, which is also that of Fr,7« IV^^ '"''""^'" o^bays. Thi, OcUvi^"'' ^''"^^"'^«l"^. ^•^^'««th.nes, was prevalen^t event ^-teonSat.T;o!"82.'"^''"^"^ '"«"^»» -ith Horace. See my of Kf; ffyt^/a^oS;' ;r^'' or Greece, celehrateU jmpian Jupite?, Their insZ.?„°' ^''^! '» ^'i», in honour of P' er Pelops, and Hercules ^b^?/' " '°"°"*'^ ^«"buted to iu- -nt» d'«"3efor «ome time till theV J'' • "^^^ ?ane„ the her public festivab, the OlyS^^^^^^^^ "« --««^J^oned: Like % t".*ho bor€ the Hel enic nS f"""^' ""Sht be attended ceebnty, that spectators qjlrnhlfv' ""^'"''' ^«« '^eir universal ?nljr from all parts of GreTic Sir { Tr'"^'^ *« ^»"«" them, no in Europe, Asia, and Africa In fh ' ^*'"'" "^^''^ Grecian colonv to contend but (hose who "Lm" l'^'^'' F.^"'"' "one were aSowed genome Hellenic origrn, anS^l^ ^[^^, '^ ^'^^ ^^■«^^^'•«enien of tests at these games consisted in the Ith\.r '^'^"^."^"s. The con- thosc of mus c and poetrv tkI f^"'^^'^ exercises, and also in '«nd» of wild olive The^p'lacI wh^'^'r ^^«"-^ ««-«^n^d with gar- om.lrr .„d Maceloni. The hiXlf ""«'t '""«"the B tl« re.,dence of ihe god, there and L7'-.''?." ""= P»»" Placed The modern name o(OI,mpmi,Tr^r° ' '^' S""" "' •'"Piter. tte Turk,, semaval Evi. " * "" "'«•" « ^'«o, and with /W' 1:^"°"' "-acter-perhap. a «.ion.. „»_.•„,.,„„„ '■= »"« «iravagance. * ^ ^aimug tnsm against il II ORB 424 OKI Orbiliiis Piipillui, ngrnmmnrian orBeneventiim, and the first instructor of our author. In early life he had served as a soldier, but came to Rome in his fiftieth year, in the consulship of Cicero, where he ac- quired more fame than profit. Orbiiius reached nearly his 100th year. A statue was erected to him at Bencventum. Orbius, some wealthy person, of whom nothing definite is known. Orcus, the god of the lower world, in the old Latin religion, correspond- ing t<< the Hades or Pluto of the Greeks. The word is sometimej used poetically for " the lower regions." Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemncstra. On the assassination of Ag:tmemnon, Orestes, then quite voung, was saved from his father's fate by his sister Electro, who had iiim removed to the court of their uncle Strophius, king of Fhocis. There he fori(i< d an intimate friend- ship with Pylades, the son of Strophius, and wiih him concerted the means, which he successfully adopted, of avenging his father's death, by slaying his mother and i^gislhus. After the murder of Clytemnes- tra, the Furies drove Orestes into insanity; and when the oracle of Delphi was cbnsulted respecting the duration of his malady, an answer was given that Orestes would not be restored until he went to the Tauric Chersonese, and brought away from that quarter the stHtiie of Diana to Argos. It was tlie cuatom in Taurica to sacrifice all strangers to this goddess, and Orestes and Pyladcs, having made the journey together, and having both been taken captive, were brought ai victims to the altar of Diana. Iphigenia, the sister of Orestes , ^vho had been carried off by Diana from Aufus when on the point of bein^ immolated, was the priestess of the goddess among the Tauri. Per- ceiving the strangers to be Greeks, she offered to spare the life of one of them, provided he would carry a letter from her to Greece. This occasioned a memorable contest of friendship between them, which should sacrifice himself for the other, and it ended in Pylades' yielding to Orestes, and agreeing to be the bearer of the letter. The letter being intended for Orestes, a discovery was the consequence. Iphi- genia, thereupon, on learning the object of their visit, contrived to aid them in carrying off the statue of Diana, and all three arrived safe in Greece. Orestes reigned many years in Mycenae, and became the husliand of Hermione, after having slain Neoptolenius. i Oricum, or Oricus, a port of Illyricum, or, according to some writers, of Epirus, founded, it is supposed, by the Euboeans after their return Irora Troy. It is chiefly known in history as a haven frequented by the Romans in iheir communication with Greece, being very convenienily | situated for that purpose from its proximity to Hydruntum and Brim- disium. During the second Punic war, it was taken by Philip, kin; I of Macedonia, but was afterwards recovered by the prsetor Valerius Lsevinus, who put Philip to the rout, and established winter-quartets at Oricum. It was subsequently occupied by Ca;sar, soon after his landing on this coast; and Horace, Propertius, and Lucan speak of it as a well-known port in their time. It was famous for its turpentine, The name of Ericho is still attached to the spot on which the town | ftsod. ORI 1(1 the first instructor soldier, but came to f Cicero, where he ac- nearly his 100th year. nitc is known. n religion, correspond- ?\\e word is suinetiinei In the assassination of mved from his father'i to the court of their < (I an intimate friend- ih him concerted the ;ing his father's death, murder of Ciytemnes- [)d when the oracle of his malady, an ansmr until he went to the hat quarter the statue Paurica to sacrifice all les, having made the jlive, were brought ai sister of Orestes, who on the point of being long the Tauri. Per- > spare the life of one her to Greece. This between them, which d in Pylades' yielding the letter. The letter »e consequence. Iphi- visit, contrived to aid I three arrived safe in :ena?, and became the Icnius. ing to some writers, of after their return I'rora ven frequented by the eiiig very conveniently flydruntum and Brim- taken by Philip, king j )y the praetor Valerius ]lished winter-quartei! [Ja?sar, soon after liij and Lucan speak of it | nous for its turpentine, ot on which the tow» | ORI 429 colonists of Ma0iin ^' ^?"'Pan'. Aurunci, and Vr.!»,.; *^t-,^ Jf*^' .o"r i;T? yr ™Si„t:tttv !'■' r '- •*''-■ a barlinl? "'® ^*»""® sense : «« OwlL •„ ^'"'^'''«^ adopted a barbarous way of speaking. The O^rl ?'"* '^^^ tantamount to OSI 426 OSI ^ ; 3 Osiris, in mythology, one of the chief Egyptian divinities, the brother and husband of Isis, and, together with her, the greatest benefac- tor of Egypt, into which he introduced a knowledge of religion, laws, and the arts and sciences. After having accomplished great reformations at home, he visited the greater part of Europe and Asia, when he enlightened the minili of men by teaching them the vtrorship ot ifie gods and the arts of civilisation ; but on his return he found his own subjects excited to rebellion by his brother Ty- phon, by whose hand he was ultimately assassinated^ Both ancient and modern writers have differed considerably respecting the poiT< «rs and attributes of Osiris. His principal office, as an Egyptian '^«« «q" - gy became mfnTd'^,'! »f ^' ^^en the G eek «1 R ^'^"* '^ "^» iheirsimilarity fo the ';, 't'J*""*^* became njul^""" '"^^''oJo. Clotho, the y^unVe'',! ^;?'* ^«•'■a', ClothtLachel ^''^ f^"'^*^'' ^^•ch,ve areborf.La,h •'''''"' i'resides over L '■°''"'- others maintain that 'v ,"°"^ «^" 'he gods L r '^^«"PPose commands. Acrnr? '^''" ''"P'^'- himself wLk'^I'P'''^'"* ^^^He the arbiters orthfr"^ ^° the more recSL •"^''^"1 to their p ofheaven and 'k^ept: rH?''°!!r- Somc"cal|'them 1:"' ^ '^»"''- P«r«, called also A\SJI ^ "*'''"'««' of eterni v ^ secretaries Cuba, destined, elZltr''' \"?" ''^ ^'"a'"! k S of T. country P« • " before his birth #« V * °t '^'^^7) and H^ "• Juno, Minprro 1 *, ^^ the most beautiful „ '^'^"ten the ""«villi^gto deiiSe • ""*' ^^T '^'d claim to u «'"ongyou take to Mount IdTlnd'tnT'"'^^'^ ^'««-cury to lei l' T''..''^''^ ^«'"S shepherd AlexarSfr 'I!"""'* ^''^ decision of thJ ^^' ^^''^ ^citiel goddesses aSlare5L7''°"V ^a" Z t TT-!'-'' *° *»>« ^»«=h, to inflSKts ;?;;'• '"'"' '''^''^ their respecUvf "'/'•'' ^''^ advantaee l..„«i'®*^""'"' made him an „ii '^^"^® *^''»"»». and «""e of fii„^do"r"M-''''°"'-«^' t° -ecu" SS'lT"» "«"«r «f future ' '"the world for h//v ^'""' ''^ '*«*«""' W^^^^^ «"PerioVity posed « „15-"^^ '^'^ojan race. Soon oa!_ .r.'° t» his ,vhol« fam. prwccs; and promised to PAR 430 PAR reward the conqueror with one «f the finest bulls of Mount Ida/ Persons were sent to procure the animal f and it was found in the possession of Paris, who reluctantly yielded it up. The shepherd, desirous of obt'ining again this favourite animal, went to Troy, and entered the lists of the combatants. Having proved successful against every competitor, and having gained an advantage over Hector himself, that prince, irritated at seeing himself conquered by an unknown stranger, pursued him closely, and Paris must have fallen a victim to his brother's resentment had he not Hed to the altar of Jupiter. This sacied place of refuge preserved his life; and Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, struck with the similarity of the features of Paris to those of her brothers, inquired his birth and his age. From these circumstances she soon discovered that be was her brother, and as such introduced him to her father and to his children. Priam thereupon, forgetful of the alarming predic- tions of -Esacus, acknowledged Paris as his son, and all enmity ceased imm^iately between the new-comer and Hector. Not long after this, at the instigation of Venus, who had S. forgotten her promise to him, Paris proceeded on his memorable voyage to Greece, from which the soothsaying Uelenus and Cassandra had in vain endeavoured to deter him. The oiilensible object of the voyage was to procure information respecting hi« father's sister Hesione, who had been given in marriage by Hercules to his follower Telamon. the monarch of Salamis. The real motive, however, which prompte. the enterprise, was a wish to obtain, in the person of Helen, then the fairest woman of her time, a fulfilment of what Venns had offer- ed him when he was deciding the contest of beauty. Arriving at Sparta, where Menelaus, the husband of Helen, was reigning, he met with an hospitable reception ; but Menelaus soon after having sailed away to Crete, the Trojan prince availed himself of his ab- sence, seduced the affections of Helen, and bore her away to his native city, together with a large portion of the wealth of her hus- band. Hence ensued the war of Troy, which ended in the total destruction of that ill-fated city. Paris, though represented in general as effeminate and vain of his personal appearance, yet dis- tinguished himself during the siege of Troy by wounding Dioincde, MachaoH, Antilochus, and Palamede», and subsequently by dis- charging the dart which proved fatal to Achilles. Venus took him under her special protection, and, in the single combat with Mene-^ laus, rescued him from the vengeance of the latter. The death oi Paris is differently relate'' Some suppose that he was mortally wounded by one of the arrows of Philoctetcs. Lempriere. Paros, now ParOj a celebrated island among the Cyclades, according to Pliny, about thirty-six miles in circumference, i measure which some of the moderns have extended to fifty, and even eighty miles. According to Thucydides, Paros was originally settled by flum- PAR Us of Mount Ida. , was found in the p. The shepherd, lal, went to Troy, 5 proved successful n advantage over himself conquered id Paris must have he not fled to the preserved his life; with the similarity , inquired his birth on discovered tliat I to her father and iie alarming predic- on, and all enmity Hector. Not long 1 ■, forgotten her e voyage to Greece, Sandra had in vain t of the voyage was lister Hesione, who I follower Tclamon. er, which promptp. 'son of Helen, then lat Venus had offer- eauty. Arriving at J, was reigning, he s soon after havin» himielf of his ab- ore her away to his e wealth of her hus- 1 ended in the totul ugh represented in appearance, yet dis- tvounding Diomede, ubsequently by dis- «. Venus took him combat with Mene- tter. The death of hat he was mortallj Lempriere. Cyclades, according :e, a measure which id even eighty miles. y settled by Phi^ni- PAR 431 PAR I P^wlrftiV^wSr;'"^^^^^^ During ihefirse I 5{h**''""J^''- TheUtoeJs how?; """' ^J'"'^""''""^ besieged I tl^?"'' ^«"-os was famous in „nf—*. '^"^^'"«^ '^ tributary^Jo I fines of the ancient sta ues incff'* ^Sf "I?"*^ "'^^« ^^ros. The I Apollo Belvidere, and S a' /.'"''"''»''8 the Venus de Medicis ihf Pal '''5 ^'^^^-"-^^^^^^^^^ '""^f °"^ oftht'Sa ! I Pares, and remain exactiv in Z i ^* ^f""" "»''" ^'om the city of I «ill J and that the blocks K«;iV ^ *" "^®" wrought with infini»; here wo. not the smaltt waste'" p"' °"S'^'"' """^^ PreciiiShat ingu.shed individuals, amon ' ijom ^' t° P'"°'^'«=^5 several d,i the mventor of Iambics hfrlH *"^^ ^^ mdBed Archilochu, Por ance connected .vit -the hiXr^of p"""^ ^^\°"'^ «vent of £ J"'f °r Arundelian ChroS » i^V " *^ '"«^°^«ry of the by M. de Peirese. a Frenchm^^ Ir» *"*'^ "^^* Procured orieina llv of Arundel, and given brS th.n*'?'"**' P^''^''^^'^'^ bj thfffi a chronological amount SeDrn^^i'''''■*•'y°^0^'^«'•d nisll 'culirly in Athenian hist y d ""n?'' '"'-"f '? ^'''i^"> and pa ! the reign of Cecrops, b c M^n ?^ *» P^"<"^ «^ ' ""l» years f?om J-C.264. Butthe^cW,iffV!/''f^'-«''«>"«hipof^S^^^^^^^^ I that the part now remainZ ends if .i"'' "l""'^ ^^^" '^as l^Jf" o c. 3o4. The authenticitv nf «u- I *^ «rchonship of Diotim.., I ;^n by Mr. «obe?Ltrwho,f„"it8""'L^l' '"''" caUe? "X" has Ij A m' ""?^' ''"d tbe autSfci ; ofTh'""'' '^?^^ ''«*=» "bly J-- rully indicated hy Por^l^^ ^ t^evleHr^^tS Parrhas us, a celplir«f«,i • , ""«erison » If' P»:cu>ir custom of dischar^ 1 '^^' . ^"^* "'^re famous for thfi PAT 432 PEO S!-'.! BuWued by that nation, who had left no other people unconquered by their arms. The last king was Artabanus IV., on whose death A. r>. 229, his lerrilorics were annexed to the new kingdom of Persia, usually called the dynasty of the Sassanidae, under Artaxerxes. Patara (-orum), a town of Lycia, on the eastern side of the mouth of the Xanthus, with a capacious harbour, a temple and oracle of Apollo Patareus. The god was supposed by some to reside for the six winter months at Patara, and the rest of the year at Delphi. Numerous ruins of this ancient city are still to be seen at Fatera, which occupies its site. Patareus. See Patara. . . ,«. i -.u a i i- Paulus, Fabius Maximus (Odes iv. 1. 10) was consul with Q. Aeliui Tubero A. u. c. 743. , «, i • iu j- Pausias, a celebrated painter of Sicyon, who, after learning the rudi- ments of his art from his father Brielcs, became a fellow-pupd of Apelles and Melanthiu?, and was the first who understood how to apply colours; to wood or ivory by means of fire. His pictures obtained great celebrity. Pausiacus, adj. formed from the preceding. _, , . . Pax an allegorical divinity among the ancients. The Athenians raised her a statue, representing her as holding Plutus, god of wealth, in her lap, to intimat i that peace gives rise to prosperity and opu.- lence. She was rt-^iCsented among the Romans with the horn ol plenty, and carrying an olive-branch in her hand. The emperor Vespasian built her a celebrated temple, which was consumed bj fire in the rei<>-n of Commodus. It was customary f(.r men ol learning to deposit their writings there, as in a place of the greatest Pedum, Z'asarolo, an ancient town of Latium, in the vicinity of Pra:- neste, taken by storm, and destroyed by Camillus. Our author mentions the Regio Pedana in the 4th Epistle ol the 1st Book. Pedanus, r.dj. from Pedum. Pedius Poplicola, a distinguished lawyer m Horace's time. Pegasus, a winged steed which sprang forth from the neck of Medusa after her head had been severed by Perseus ; so called because born near the sources ol Ocean. As soon as he was born he flew up- wards, and fixed his abode on Mount Helicon, where, with a blow of his hoof, he produced the fountain Hippocrene. He used, how- on ever to come and drink occasionallg at the fountain of Pirene, the Acrocorinthus, audit was here that Bellerophon caught him preparatory to his enterprise against the Chimera. After throwing oflf Bellerophon when the latter wished to fly to the heavens, Pega- sus directed his course to the skies, and was made a constellation by Jupiter. The Muses derived from him, among the poets, 'tie appellation of Pegnsides ; and from him also the fountain of Hip- nocrene is called Pe^asides unda, or Pegasis unda. Perseus accor"^ Ing to Ovid, was raouuted on the horse regasu» when ne aesirojv^ PEL 4SB sul with Q« Aeliui PEL muchcovnpcB «^ .L ° """ a goddess in «,» '""^"^ o' Jreleus, |%ni, an Italian tribe h.in • descended from I «nd north-east of he M„ ;"^'"iJ° ^^^ SaWne race «itn»»*^ |^«7m.„,orE7n;'S/«." «r-^antdu., kin. of Ph.,»;. ... m PEL 434 PEL if < a' tainmcnt given to the gods, by Tantalus, the latter, in order to try llicir divinity, ia said \.» have killed and dressed his son Pelops, an I to have served his limbs up at tabic The gods, however, per- ccived Ihs horrid nature of the bant;i!et, and relused to touch the meat, except Ceres, who, engrossed by the recent loss of her daugh- Icr, in a moment of abstractiou, ate one of the shoulder» of Pelops. Jupiter restored him to life, and plac. a a shoulder oi ivory instead of Uiat which Ceres had devoured, lais shoulder had an uncom- mon power, and could heal by its very touch every compK-inl. Some lime after, the kingdom of TantaSu*^ being invuled by Iroi, kin? of Troy, on pretence that he had carued away .ii son uaiij- medes, Tantalus was obliged to lly 'vivh his son Pelops, and seek a shiilifr i» Greece. When Pelops had attained to Tninh ;d, if resolvi'^l so seek in marriage H! ■podamia,lhc daughter ui ihnmm, kin'^ff Pisa. An orade iiaMiig told this prince that hewc >08C his life ihrou'v'f tus son-in-liw, or, as others say, being ^mtt lin», on 'account ^'f he.- surpassing beauty, to part with her, he prodaiined that bt waulti \:ve his c;iughltr only to the mann o should conquer him in 'mc cU.u; )t^face. The race was run in the following manner: .death, received divine honours. Hippodamia bore ^^ .j?'"?' " sons, Atreus, Thyestes, Copreus, Alcalhous, and P'ljheuj, « two daughters, Nicippe and Lysidice, who roamed Sthenc " " Mestor, sons of Perseus. His descendants were called i elop\^ Some suppose that Pelops first instituted the Olympic Game», honour of Jupiter, and to commemorate the victory obtained o^ (Eiiomaua. ^ ||i If^i PEL latler, in order to try ied his son Pelops, airl he gods, however, pcr- rcfused to touch the «ent loss of her daugh- he shoulder» of Pelops. loulder os ivory instead ouldcr hod an uncom- touch «very compi'.int. jcing inva'ied by Trot, ;d awny ! ii son Gany- son Pelops^ and seek a .ained to Tninh,. ;d, ^f ; daughter ul iEn 'mau« is prince that he wo : )thers say, being m\\ ly, to part with licr,U ttr only to the man who le race was run in the | laughter in the cha'i • himself followed wit i unhappy lover, he r; :. leir lives when Pck always treated Pulo; ;n chariot, and horses ui'j 3S. Pelops then bribed! r (Enomaus, to leave outj or, as others say, to pu'.f , therefore, the chariotl out and was killed, and| )ps. Pelops is said [lalf of his kingdom ; buj ook nn opportunity, iw Myrtilus into the mi, ance of Mercury for thf uture woes of the iineo ilf on the throne of Pi« lonquests over the neiglj nsula, of which he wi| ponnesus. Pelops, aft nia bore to Pelops ous, and Pittheus; > married Sthenclusai ts were called Pelopi^ 1 the Olympic Gamev the victory obtained oi n PEN Pcnate Tiio Uht, 435 yes, the household gods of th • ^^^ generic Jern! c;;^»^? f"''^^' ^^'^^^na^J,'^'^^''"»- •'• the inrorior o( XT '^"'^^ "^"«^ all the S '"/^*=' » -'>th whom the; ., t eoS' n"'' '^"''««^"ent ly tlufc?" "PP^'* Kicm. - — "~ "» uie classic nutk^ — ^"'"j, to eS to thp T "^ ^'"' 'lusband when th^ ^ ''^?'"^''"^. She was crowded with m,lL . ^^^i^'^vh e his rnhp» » t . ^'^sses ever labour appt?s'to^rr'^T* ^'^^^ ret^Z^ Zl\' r'T'' succeedrrl • h.I . °^ endless. For thml "^' ^PpHeU to what- %uised JJ » ? axe-eyes placed in succ^,,?. ^f'^" ^^'^^Sh .'»>■? ^ PEN m vtn m 5 KA V . ll'll Penlheus, son of Echion' and Agave, and king of Thebes in Bceotia- During his reign, Bacchus came from the East, and sought to in- troduce his orgies into his natire city. The women all enthusias- tically embraced the new religion, and Mount Citharon resounded with the frantic yells of the Bacchantes. Pentheus opposed hi3 influence to the spread of the orgies, and even laid hands upon Bacchus and put him in prison ; but the god soon made his esctpc; and inspired Pentheus with a desire to be an eye-witness ol their revels. Accordingly, he went secretlyy, and ascended a tree on Cithaeron ; and while there he was descried by his mother and aunts, to whom Bacchus made him appear to be a wild beast, and he wu torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. ,. r m r Pergamus (Pergama, pU), the citadel or Acropolis of Troy, oltCD used for the city itself. Pergam*>"s, adj. from the preceding. Perillius, a rioted usurer in our author's time. Persae, the iiihabitants of Persia. See Persia. Persia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, comprising in its utmost exUnl all the countries between the Indus and the Mediterranean, and from the Euxine and Caspian to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, In its more limited acceptation, however, the name Persia (or rather Persis) denoted a particular province, the original seat of the con- querors of Asia, bounded on the north and north-west by Media, from which it was separated by the mountain range known lo the ancients under the name of Parachoathras ; on the south by the Persian Gulf; on the east by Carmania ; and on the west by Ssusi- ana, from which it was separated by rugged and inaccessible moun- tains. At the earliest period to which any trace is preserved, Perm appears to have formed a province of the great Assyrian ernpire, on the disruption of which it fell under the power «f the Medes, b.c. 820. For nearly three centuries it remained tributary to Media,! till Cyrus the Great, of Persian origin by his father's «de, hiring dethroned his grandfather Astyages, king of Media, founded the empire of Persia, about b. c. 559, which became under the succeed ing monarchs one of the most considerable kingdoms of the earj. But the tyranny of its government, the depravity of its princei,tiit oppression of the Satrapft, the slavery of the people, and the want of union among the different parts of the empire, served to precipi- tate its fall; and at length under Darius III., the Persian empire was invaded by Alexander the Great, and after the three great bat- tle» of the Granicus, Issus, and Arbela, the whole extent ol hu dominions, from the Hellespont to the Indus, was reduced untf^ the sway of the Macedonian conqueror. On the death of Alexi ander, b. c. 323, Persia fell to the lot of Seleucus Nicator, founi of the Syrian dynasty of the Seleucida; ; hut b. c 250 itbeca" part of the Parthian empire, and so remained for nearly JWy.« lill A. i>,.'iixy, woen Aria»cr»cs «wuhucu ^uc «.juo»v •"• PJE nidae, most The r Europ Pars, ( was ap not, h( ancient em Per of Mcdi Persian: principa gada» n «enidas, I aians vr «me ro( Persicus, a hnm, an Petillius, ai during hi; Jupiter, h 'U9, with Cmtolin , Pelrinum, a Plieacia, the Corfu. Ii [ of'heloni Jfaax, a na( |"»ethon, soi '"a celest Pli-ethon « ^ -uracte< asked. Th gu'tle the sc ""doubted J «monstratei sod. bound J«nds, warn, hour to avoid '"g steeds st «Wcted by tl «'orldwasse JadnotJupit »nd hurled th Wanthu,, a L in Ii.l- . . m.:''r, at ihe PER 437 is of Troy, often PHA nidsi and resinntti « n s'.r."i'K;."'i>'"i.;..",s.' «I'T ^ r'»'mlwcrfth.o '"'» ""era race, or i,ii I. '"■• '^'"> fe»i^i"i^t-,-..,.t^■■■~' 1«i liurkj .1. / "^ Prayw Of the p ° ,t 1 ."''' "'''<' ensuei). it i'(s. .1 PHI 438 PHI Phidyle, a female friend of Horac . ' the country. Philippi, a city of Thrace, north-pant ot Am upoli», in the immediate vicinity of Mount Pangaeub, 'ounr'^,: I/ Vhillp of Macedon, on the ■itc of an old Thasian s' itUment called Crf^nides. The Roman» settled a colonv in it after heir conquest of Macedonia, and it wa» in the time of Tiberius one of the most flourishing cities in this part of the empire. Philippi i» celebrated in history for being the scene of the great victory gained hy Antony and Octavianu» oter the forces of Brutus and Cassius, by which the . 'rly wns completely overthrown; but it is still more interesting iromUit; circumstance of its being the first plice in Europe where theOoi- pel was preachf tl by St. Paul, a. d. 51, who also addressed one of his Epistles to the Philippian converts. It afterwards became th( seat of a Cbri'^an bishop; and its ruins still retain the name of Falibah. > Philippi, eol(^ cnn-? with kinz Philip's head on them. Philippus! K ng of Macedonia, and father of Alexander the Great, ascended the Tirone B. c 3()0, and was assassinated b. c. 336, m the 47th year of his age. Philippus, Lucius Marciii^ a lawyer of whom Cicero frequently mak« mention. He was distinguished for his eloquence an.l courage, and was eventually raised to the ofTices of censor an s consul. Philodcmus, an Epicurean philosopher and poet, mentioned by ticcro and Horace. , . , ._ Philomela, daughter of I'-ndion, king of Athens, and sister of Procne, who had married Terous, king of Thrace. Procne, separated I roin Philomela, spent her lime in great melancholy, till she prevailedon her husband to r;o to Athens, and bring her sister to Thrace, le- reus obeyed, but had no sooner prevailed on Pandion to let - f^- mela accompany him, than he became enamoured of her, oikrei, violence to her, and afterwards cut out her tonj^ue, that -''C migji not be able to proclaim the barbarous indignit s she had suHered. He then confined her in a lo 'v castl-, and on s return t(. Thrace, told Procne that Philomela i.ad died by the way. Pr- <."e w nluno-ed in the deepest affliction at the loss of her sister ; but ftiio- inck soon contrived to commn-irate her story to her sister l/j means of characters >. oven i .to a peplus or > be. At Iht m\ Procne became informed of IhiJ circumstance, she was about» celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, and as, during thfi lestiral», 5*1 was permitted to rove about the country, she ' • .cne« to deiiwi her si'ster from confinement, and, by way f avenging nersr. uponi Tereus, murdered her son Itylus, then i;i ' «l?f'n year oi his »?,! and served him up as food before her h oa> Tereus, in wi midst of his repast, called for Itylus, but jcn» formed him uiii| he v.ri? then leastins on his flesh. The two sisters then tied swim but I'ereus pursued them with an axe, and finding themseuc» r^-^i overtaken, they prayed to the gods to change them into Btr» Wf rno 439 PIC " related, with nurnerru va"iat?ont l7Z " ^""P""' J^'» «^«^7 rhocffia, a maritime town of lonk Jh'a ^ ' m?"*''*"} «nylhologisU. emigrants of PK.^cis u.JL ,h "'J"* '^'"°'"' founded by some named Philogenesa/ld Damon Zt^Z'^ '"" Alhenian^chid; '"', attempted to reduce JhcPhn.^" Harpagus, general of Cy- Ionia, and repaired first toM^'"."' "'"'" ^" P^^^r, they left then to Gaul, where heV,^t?.T'' ^'l^'''^^ ^^ey were ( xpdled,\na miles. "'''^ '^"'e** «"d founded Massilia, now kr- afterwards murdered /b, c 37 u ^ *'," '^'^^" ^'°^''' ^hom he and obliged him to retire wi^h mnph l^""^^ Z"' ''«"'"«^ '^' Antony, de hroned by the ParthTarT nob^lUr Z' ^"""^ ''"'' '^''' ^' ^^«« and expelled the usurper TSfJ; u'°? '''gained his ver, carry off the youngest si S Phr„h;,^°' ^'''^''''•' «^""^"^ed to Sustus, whose protection he fmnlLi?' "m '""'^J'*^^ '^*'» »« ^u- «nyasion, and in' danger from Tfc ^'"r'^'^ ^^ * ^^"^^'^ Phrahates willingly m^d^ ,rr»„? "'^- P'"'* "^ ^»'» O'vi» subiecU four of his son^7o ul? IXoT'^'h '° 't"^"'^"'" "^ -"' Roman standards which had L.pI f b' "* '"^""'■"'^ Augustus the ;;:-whichis.e,u.snis;tE;;k:!^-^^^ 5°" j and h.u, nii, re^t by '"%^a" anl? r" '""^ ""'"^^ ^^ P^P''''^' P'S|clia,and Isauria, and ea- r* ^"h ^""'' ''*"^^' ^^ Lycia, ;;n'ts of this district varied .0 »«0^ ?°S '"'' ^*""^"» ' «^"tthe d'ffieulKo define them accural X ? !, d'fferent times, that it is barmns by the Greeks, and are 4erai r'^^'V-' ''^'' ""^'' bar- " a slavish nation, destitiiLJ!. ^^ ^'gmitised by the ancients l\ ''ttie skill io:nyZTsfeZ7cVJr'^^'^ '^' P°«-^4 „l'-yS-«^««^'«)was\fa%rav^^nr8olein "^'"°' Their music . to the more cl .rful Lydmn^iJ^. ''""" ""'"'«' '^''e» «PPoscd PhiS ^°!"" "^S''> "^ """'^e of Phrrffia ^SS^rHt&r-;?:;- - .... . ;e/ej.a.d to ha.e been guided tSthi, 1« TL°"^ °^ ^^^^ ^-^b'""». 'vho « J'rdaaered to Mars. ^The conquesS ^^ ' ""'"^P'^^^r (picrn^^ »>« Romans about 484 a. u r S 1 ^'S^"""» was effected uv -rhij. ;„.- ,. ,'''='**• u. c, not Ion? af»er tu^ -__-j... JL '^■V- ^ FIC 440 PIN Picenus, adj. from the preceding. Piinpleides "(in sing. PimpUis) a title given to the Muaea from Pimpica, a town of Pieria. Picria, a region pointed out by Greek tradition as the firit seat of the Muses, was a narrow strip of land itretching along the Thermaic gulf from the mouth of the Hali men to the mouth of the Peneuj, being separated from the rest ol >lacedonia by the ridges of Mount Olympus. Pierides, a name girnn to the Muses, from the district of Pieria in Thessaly» their natal region. Pierius, adj. from Pieria. Pindarus, the most c lebratcd lyric poet of antiquity, was born at Cynoscephalse, a village of Thebes, about B. c. &22. Hi» family were the heridilary flute-players of Thebes ; but he was early trained in the higher department» of music and poetry by Myrtis and Co- rinna, whoihad both attained celebrity for their lyric composition» during the infancy of Pindar. Botli were competitors with him in poetry. Myrtis strove with the bard for a prize at public games ; and although Corinna said, ** It is not meet that Ihe clear-toned Myrtis, a woman born, should enter the lists with Pindar," yet »he is said (perhaps from jealousy of his rising fame) to have often contended iigainst, him in the agones, and five times to have gained the victory. At the age of twenty he composed a song of victory in honour of a Thessalian youth belonging to the family of the Aleuada;, b. c. 502, and soon extended the boundaries of his art to the whole Greek nation. Pindar spent the rest of his life in lucra- tive intercourse with the tyrant» and wealthy men of Greece and it» dependencies. Thus we find him employed for the Sicilian ruler», Hiero of Syracuse and Theron of Agrigentum ; for Arcesilaus, king of Cyrene, and Amyntas, king of Mueedonia. The free states vied with one another in honouring the great lyric poet. The Athenians made him their '' public guest," and the inhabitant» of Ccos employed him to compose " a processional song," although they had their own poets, Simonides and Bacchylides. In the public assemblies of Greece, where females were not permiUed to contend, he was rewarded with the prize in preference to every other competitor. His hymn» and paean» were repeated before ^ crowded assemblies in the temple» of Greece ; and the priestess of | Delphi declared that it was the will of Apollo that 1: indar should receive half of all the first-fruit offering» annually heaped on hi» I altars. After hi» death, which took place about b. c. 442, he wai | honoured with every mark of respect, even to adoration ; and 5t» j tuc» were erected at Th'.be» and Athens to his memory. Of hi» work» the Odes ere the o^ly compositions extant, and they hate always been esteemed models for sublimity of sentiment, grandeur j ofexpreasion, energy and magnificence of style, boldness of mc- taphfl'rs, harmony of number», and elegance of diction. PIN 441 Musea from Pimples^ district of Pieriain PIS """"'• » name applied hv »K- n , Piruhous, aon of Ixion an^ n- "^P""" became desirous of ,vl f„ i?'l'^ '"''^'''^ °^«'- Greece pirith''" matJe an irruDtion J„f„ /u '."» '"' exploiL, : and k1 ' ^'"t''°"» lie (vaa seizpd u/.-tiT "'='*-"• 'ne moment Pirjft,.. » '"'"'""auon, •olved, with his friend Th ''"'^'' °' "'PPodamia P Lfh ''°"' placed lhc„ To,, «„' ''°?'""« """■■ . «mt Pe. Hrt^rrp'po'ntra'n^^ S^^"-^ «ve'"fhe"Be?srr'f ,»^^*?^'^ ' '^as to this i,.dKa id hT. "' P'"'^'-''^^ oHhe c ty'bv ? L?"'" rwe, commonlr r-K^^^ «ons that th/iL.L^''^''':'-"»^ , -^ - Ar. oi i'oetry,.» was addSJ "' "**' MT 442 PL\ |4hI m which l»itholeon, a fooliah poet, the author of some silly epigrams, Greek and Latin expressions were intermin{{led together, riacideianus, a famous gladiator in (he time of Auaustns. Plannu», L. Munatius, a native of Tibur, in early life a pupil of Cicero. He obtained considerable eminence in the oratorial art, anrl aUnr- wards commanded a legion under Cwsar in Gaul. On the assassina- tion of tliat individual I'Jancus displayed great political versatility. After the victory of Mutina, he affected the utmost zeal for the cause of BrBlusandlreedom; but subswiuently, when he saw Antony rees- tablished in power, he went over to him with four legion» winch He had at the time under his command. Upon this he obuined the con- sulshipsilongwithLepidus, B. c. 42; but tired at last of Antony, he •ided with Oclavius, who received him with the utmost cordiality. It was Flancus who proposed in the senate that the title of Augustiii should be bestowed on Octavius. _ j i r i riato. one of the most illustrious philciophers of antiquity, and the founder of the acadertiic sect, was born in the island of itgina, in the eigliiy «i2hth Olympiad, or B. c. 429. His falher was Ariston, «lie son o| Aristocles.-the name which Plato originally bore ;-and his origin c traced back, on his father's side, to Codrus, and on that of his mother Perictione, through five generations , to Solon. In his youth he applied himselfto poetry and painting; hui he relinquished these pursuits to become a disciple of Socrates. During the imprisonment ol his mas- ter, Plato attended him, and committed to writing his lust discourses upon the Immortality of the Soul. On the death of Socrates he retud to Meeara; after which he extended his travels to Egypt and the Last. When he had exhausted the philosophical treasures of distant countries, he repaired to Italy, to the Pythagorean school at Parentum, where he endeavoured to improve his own syst.Hn, by incorporating in it the doctrine of Pythagoras, as then taught by Archytas, Iimspus.and othero. On his return to Athens, he lormed his school in a grciw, called the Academy, over the door of which seminary wa« this inscrip- tion, ' Ut no one ignorant of geometry enter hrre. He was soon attended by a crowd of hearers of every doscriplion, and among other illustrious names-to Imj rfuiked among his disciples, are those of V>or, Aristotle, Hyperides, Lycuigus, Demosthcnos, and Isocrates. h. ancients thought more highly of him than of all their philosopheis, and always called him the Divine Plate. Cicero, who.e regard and ven^ ration for him were boundless, oliserves that he was justly called by I'anmtius, the divine, the most wise, the mont sacred, the Homer u phih-sophers; and made him so implicitly his guide in wisdom and .hilosophy, as to .leclare, that he would rather err with I lato lh;ni to right with any ..ne else. Plato thrice viMted the court of Sicily-onc invited by the elder Dionysius, and twice by the younger. I lie formf he so much oiTended, that the tyrant caused him to be seized on h^ passage home, and sold for a slave; and the philosopher was indebte.1 Jor his iibi-raiion to Aniceris of Cyrene. On Ins return to Atheni^ flato resumed Ins school, and no persuasion could afterwards indu« i.:,„ .- _„:. i.u .jf,^j..»!!!i retirement: At his death, which happeneU i" iiiiyghir-fi'-'t year/B." c. 34S. staluet and allHis were erected to in* PLA 443 POL «jarae enamoured, and pu" ued tKl ^T\ ^^i^P^A to see em u" r,.^ ^iT° •'-* "'"'"' "' *"«"•'"• "-'""'"Sid I luto, called also IJades nnH A ; i -fr.iieia, lmn,..^Ii o '"*''' ''"'«'*•' around liim lE«^ ^«^''«nis watcliH ', i T r'"' "''"".'''^ "'" ^i«'' Few 3r *'*' "" '"* ^^f"' ivr„ „* •*• ^'"" "'« P''«codins. '""'.a name uwon t' After a .eri", of Lm"*" --"^^-- ««> .o„e period-,? i&%;7rB;tr.;;xi: PRiE 446 PRI Praeneate first formed an alliance with Rome in the war which fol- lowed the expulsion of Tarquinius ; but we soon find it ranged under the banner of the Latin states against the Romans, wilh whom it maintained perpetual hostilities till it was finally capturtil by Sylla, who put the inhabitants to the sword. The site ol I ru - neste is occupied by Palcslnna, where many statues and other remains of antiquity have been found. Praeneslinus adj. from Pruencste. , , ^, i u. Priamus, the last king of Troy, son of Laomedon by Strymo, daughter of the Scamaiider, or, according to others, Placia daughter ol Atreus or Leucippus. When Hercules took the city of Troy, Priam was in the number of his prisoners, but his sister Hesionc redeeu.eJ him from captivity ; and he then exchanged his name oil odams for that of Priam, " ransomed," and was placed on his lather- throne by Hercules. Priam had married, by his falh^^r s ordtrs, Arisba, whom now he divorced for Hecuba, daughter of Dimas, or Cisseus, a neighbouring prince, by whom he had nineteen children. After he had reigned lor some time, being seized with a desire to recover his sister Hesione, whom Hercules had carried into Greec and married to Telamon his friend, he manned a fleet, and gave the command to his son Paris, with orders to bring back Hcsione. Paris neglected his father's injunctions, and carried away He en. wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. This violation of hospitality kindled the flames of war. Priam might have averted the impendin,' blow by the restoration of Helen ; but this he lelused to do when the ambassadors of the Greeks came to him tor that purpose. Iroy was accordingly beleaguered. The siege was continued for tc : Years, and Priam had the misfortune to see the grreater part oflii! sons fall in defence of their native city. Heclor, the eldest of these, was the only one to whom the Trojans now looked for protec- tion and support; but he, too, fell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was slain by Achilles. Priam thereupon resolved to go in per- son to the Grecian camp, and ransom the body of his son. 11« meeting with Achilles was solemn and affecting, and a truce ol twelve days was agreed upon to allow time for the performance oi the funeral obsequies. When Troy was betrayed into the hands oi the Greeks by Antenor and ^i.eas, Priam, resolving to die in the defence of his country, put on his armour, and advanced to rn«t the Greeks : but Heculia, by her tears and entreaties, defined hini near an altar of Jupiter, where he was found and slain by Neopto- lemus, son of Achilles. - . . . ^ . i,„.l 'riapus, a rural deity of the Greeks and Romans, fabled to have beenl the son of Venus by Barehus, whom she met on his return from wl Indian expedition at tli« Lampsaoene town Aparnis. Owing toiijl malignity of Juno, he was born so deformed that h'? «"«Ihe^ ^"J struck with horror ami renounced him. Others said that he > m ♦i.„ -„„ «r P.«/.«hii. hv «MiiiiiiB, or a Naiad; other» that he nan xtt^ ffvri V5 PRI the war which fol • >on find it rangeil the Romans, wilh as finally captured The site of Fni- stalues and other y Strymo, daughter lacia,' daughter ol :ity of Troy, Priam ' Hesionc redeemeJ J name of Podanef vced on his fatlier"? his falh»;r'8 ordtrj, ighler of Dimas, or d nineteen children, led with a desire to carried into Greec; a fleet, and gave th? ing hack Hesione. arrifd away Helen, lation of hospilalily fcrted the impemlin- tcfused to do when • that purpose. Troy s continued for te: ; grreater part of in? r, the eldest of thest, V looked for protcc- to his own courage. esolved to go in per- idy of his son. llis ing, and a truce oi r the performance of j yed into the handsel' esolving to die in the lu advanced to meet I reaties, deiainedhiraj and slain by Neopto- s, fabled to have befnl on his return from hill )urni8. Owing to ihfj that his mother wuj lers said that ht wai^ others that he had < PRI 447 iong-earcd father Pan « ^^ •acred beast, the L^.°,l * '*'J'''» Perhaps, or it m,ri l- Jore himself for a s!L' ° „'" 8=»^^ hL MercuVy or A T ''' *"' °^'» «:«'r late perld i ^ the"r"°"'"P ^- i"'"oJueed^',ra'r ' '''"^ He'-,^reK"^^^^^^ «"'egrouJdsofth. r""'°^ ''ruitfulncss Th,^ ^'"'•^ ''"tin- Pompe,, p • 1°?^,'»" >'»r estate, for ,mj 'VC.u'"'"''' «""I «"' l-ZAugS^r ' S:Z'l', """." "'' »•'" » S' he'^ 7/"' °f whence iu r J ' ^""f'^re—in front nn «^"'.f, *""'*' "le do<'. Whereupon th!„« I ' "^ '""^'^^ his brother P nil m * ""^ "«^'ce of 'I'^^^^^^J^XrmmT''' '' ^t. (C^-:^':;;' «^or vu,. KhiVh .. * ' «Jw.tn^u years, s, ir..i..._- " '^^" tie him tn -- ■•• -a, «ever lu aiminish. He wai."'Tr^* ^" "' - •"' i>" livVr ' ^^a*> l-^owever, delivered att t>RO 448 tUN 30 years afterwards, by Hercules, who killed ttie bird oC prey. To Prometheus mankind are indebted for the invention of many use- ful arts. He taught them the use of plants, and from him they received the knowledge of taming horses andrarious other animals. Proserpina, the Latin form of Persephone, the name of a Grecian goddess, sprung from Jupiter and Ceres. She was stolen from her mother by Pluto, who, enamoured of her benuty, carried her off from the plains of Enna in Sicily, while bportin? with her com* panions, to the infernal regions, where she became his queen. The wanderings of Ceres in search of her daughter were much celebrated by the ancient poets. When she at last discovered the plac*- of her concealment, a compromise was entered into, by which Proserpine was allowed to spend two-thirds of the year with her parents, aud the rest with Pluto, in his empire. See Ceres. Proteus, a sea-deity, son of Oceanus and Telhys, or, according to some, of Neptune and Phocnice. Like Nereus and Phorcys, he received the gift of prophecy from Neplune ; and he usually resided in the Carpathian sea, reposing himself occasionally on the sea- shore. When consulted as to the future, bo often refused to give answers, and, by immediately assuming different shapes, eludd the grasp of the enquirer. When Mcnelaus was wind-bouritt at the island of Pharos, off the coast of Egypt, and he and his crew were suffering from want of food, by direction of Erdothea, daugh- tcr of Proteus, he disguised himself in a seal skin, and seized the god, who transformed himself into a lion, a serpent, a pard, a boar, water, and a tree *, but at length, finding he could not escape, he resumed his own form, and revealed to Menelaus the remedy for his distress. Some suppose that he was, originally, a king of Egypt, known by the name of Cetes, and assert that he had two sons, Telegonus and Polygonus, both killed by Hercules, and alio BOme dau^TiterSj among whom were Cabira, Idothea and Rhetia. Punicum Bcllum, the name given to the wars between Rome and Carthage, the Punic wars were three in number. The first tooli Its rise from the affair of the Mamertini, who, when the Syracu- sans and Carthaginians had united to punish them for their griev ous delinquencies, applied to the Romans for support. It began, B. c 264, and was ended b. c. 241 by the naval battle fought off the iEzates Insule ', and il was also menoorable for the naval victorf of DuHlius, the first ever gained by the Romans. The second Punic war began 218 b. c, in which ye«r Hannibal marched a numeroui army«f 90,000 foot and 12,000 horse towards Italy, resolved to carry the war to the gates of Rome. He crossed the Rhone, the Alp8, and the Apennines, with uncommon ederlty ; «nd the R»- man consuls who were stationed to stop hit progress were Mversllf defeated. The battles of Treblu, of Titinus, and of th« lakew] Thrasymenus, followed. This war lasted feventeen years, and 'oai^'^'M **t terminated b; the fall of Cftrthage^ b. c. L.-- - t>«0 146. iM-A Mr.l> m;n 449 PVR =14 eSr ^" ^^-^-^ ^. Csar, n..ou, i.H.1, po.e. • ivith whom ho fnr^r ^'•''"••^'t-d together ,vilhl.f, '"'''" «1' ed in aveni T' " "1°"^ '"'''""te Trie , Shin 1, ?"!'" ^''■"'««. •.""»1, anu near a small ri^^l '"I'liyn PO"'t, but 80 that th» ,. • . 7"'-y i^''"'«lations, till th^v ^ ' '^°'" «^icular hei°ht tk"^"' "' ^^c base al vavl 1. ^ '""'.'""^^' '" -^ ^ S'i p-r *',;£ .? j-^f e eXrrr PYR 45a PYR ii III being of brick. Many learned dissertation» have been written, an(: many rinciful and u lew ingenious conjectures have been framed, to siccount for the original use and object of these iin|)eri8liable structure!' Uut the diflicuhy of the subject is such, that iiilherlo no satisfactory conchwiion lias Iwen arrived at. Even in the remotest anti(|uity iheii origin was matter of doubt, and nothing certain was known with n-s- pect to them or tiieir founders. On tlie whole, however, it would seem to be most probable that they were intimately connected with the reli- gion of the ancient Egyptians; and tliat they were at once a species ol tombs and teuiples, but participating n»ore of the latter than of the for- mer ciiaracter. 'I'he pyramids were esteemed by the ancients as one dl the seven wonders of ilin world, and most deservedly; for it is inipos- tidile to look at these stupendous structures without l)eing overwhelmed with a sense of their t>nblimity. 'I'hey are associated, too, with sunn ol the most interesting events in the hi-story of the human race. Hero- dotuu, I'lato, and Pythagoras beheld them with wonder and admiration Alexander the Great and Napoleon marshalled their hosts under then hhadow; an J they are probably destined to survive lung after the proud- est monuments of the present generation have crumbled into dust. Tiic etymology of the word pyramid is involved in as great obscurity ;i,< the object of the structures themselves. The most usual derivatioiu that have Ijeen assigned to the term almoiit all proceed on the suppo- sition that It is of Greek origin, than which nothing «an be more ciio- «cons. Perhaps the most probable coiijectine is that of De Sary, which is as follows : — The •• is" in "puramis^' he regards as a Gietk termination; the first syllable "pur" he holds to be the Greek version of ihe Egyptian article pi (antJ so written by the Greeks from their wish to derive the word from "jour" fire); and he refers the syllaljle " ram" to the root ram, which, in the Egyptian language^ sigiiilied separating, or getting apart from common use: conseqiienlly iIk Avord pyramid will denoteu aacred place or edifice set apart forsoDie religious purpose. J'yrrha, a daughter of Epiinelheu» and Pandora, wife of Deucalion, and mother of Amphictyim, llellen, and Protogenea. Pyrrlia marrid Deucalion, after whom the flood which took place in 'i'hessaly, is call- ed. Pyrrha and her husband are said to have been saved in an ark. The dat? given for " Deucalion's Deluge" is B. c. 1548. Pyrrhui, a king of Epirus, son of iEacides and Phlhia, and descended from Achilles on the mother's side. When his father was banished from his kingdom, Pyrrhus, then an infant, was carried to the cuuitaf Cilautias, king of lllyricum, who educated him with great care; and when Cassander king of Macedonia, wished to despatch him, Glautiaj not only refused to deliver him up, but even went witli an array and placed him on the throne of Epirus, though only twelve years of age. About live years afterwards, Pyrrhus was expeded fr<^im hi» throne by Neoptolemiis, who had U3urf)ed it after the death of iEacide», and ap- plied to his brother-in-law Demetrius for assistance. He accoimwnied J>emetriU8 at the l>aitle of Ipsus, and alterwardi* passed into Egypi, where, by his marriage with Antigone, daughter of Berenice, he soon .nl.... i.«.«f I .. a.aAtrtiunt r-ii-f-A in AnulilA Isian tt\ l*A^r|Vair* Ilia tlimnfi. lO I PVR t^move : with hitr ruetencc of his roi of the Mi when the Koinans. i-in Alexa Tareniiiip relief, uii himself so iliiigers, j and his ov «warn on a ced towari after joinp die Roman "'ly indebti -istonished »'dos; and liirn. A 8e( Vidour was enemies reci war in favo 'he inhabita "ueltyofthc tenninpd liii «Tossed over •''«Sinians, a ol' invading '>««me insole "> Italy was d er arrived at *ilh great acr leaied by 20,0 taiion, B. c. 2 lories which li '" Epirus he I «'«oniis, »v|,o „ a'lvania,«e ovei Macedonia. H f'le«mvmu«< ; an '"''«I him. Tl "">narcli was at '''"0 through, th( »ne top of a ho ^"«"'d. His he [J^»an, „„ .""„'', 1«';""" ",'"8"' I" 'I"-™ Kn ,",,,' " """"• «»' i« S'7r!L''i'""'''.''"' ""»'■?• »■»',£ S?;,"""' ?"■■ ""-"■ «•rogsed over to sS fi' , '^® ''•'^' » «anison a. T ^ '°°'' '^«- '<■ arrived at "r ?1 '"'Hir.aie event for «|| «/. L ?; " "' '"« '«'Mm !H*.:.,;."cS"" '-"'■ -•' .««".^ 'Sri:';- ?;:•:;;; PYT 452 PYT Pylhagorai, one of the ino^t celebrated prilosophers oranliqiiity, an' "«^'1 for Kqiites '"" MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 Mm ■ SO ■ 80 US. [ 2.8 3.2 [1 3.6 14.0 1.4 II— 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ APPLIED IM/IGE Inc 1653 East Main Street Roctiester, New York 14609 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax USA REM 454 RHO change of prisoners, having been first compelled to bind himself, by an oath, that he would return» in case he proved unsuccessful. When he came to Rome, he dissuaded his countrymen from accept- ing the terms proposed, and having returned to Carthage, agreeably to his engagements, was inhumanly put to death by the Carthagi- nians, B. c. 251. Remus, the brother of Romulus, exposed together with him by the cruelty of his granduncle. See Romulus. Rhajti, the inhabitants of Rhaetia. See Rhaetia. Hhaetia, a country of Europe, which occupied a part of the Alps, north of Italy and east of Helvetia. It was bounded on the north by Vindelicia,and, in general, corresponded to the country of the Grisons, and to the cantons of Uri, Glari, &c., as fur as the Lake of Constance. This country was originally called western Illyri- cum.and was subjected to the Romans by Drvisus, in the reign of Augustus ;' but, when Vindelicia was reduced by Tiberius, it was formed, together with western Illyricum, into the province callei Rhaetai, afterwards divided into Rhaetia Prima and Secunda. Rhenus, one of the largest rivers in Europe, which rises in Switzer- land, on the north-east side of Mount St. Gothard, flows through the lake of Constance, and, passing by Basle, Strasburg, and Mann- heim, receives the Maine a little west of Frankfort, on the side of Germany ; and a little north of this the Moselle, on the side of France, at Coblentz. It then passes by Cologne, and, after enter- ing the Netherlands, turns sharply to the west, divides itself into two branches (hence called Bicornis), the southern and largest of which is called the Waal, the northern becomes subdivided, and only a small and comparatively i'hignificant stream retains the name of the Rhine and flows inlo the sea west of Utrecht and Leyden. Its course is above 800 miles. The Rhine was long a barrier between the Romans and the Germans j it was crossed by Julius Caesar. Rhodanus. now Rhone, a large and rapid river of Europe, which rises in the Glacier of Fur m, in Switzerland ; and, after passing through the Lake of Geneva, where it receives the Saone at Lyons, and the Durance at Avignon, enters the Mediterranean east of Nismes and Montpellier. It whole course is about 470 miles. Rhodus, a celebrated island in the Me literranean sea, with a capital of the same name, lying southwest of the coast of Caria, and about forty-three miles distant from the main land. It is about forty-five miles in length, and where broadest about eighteen miles across. Rhodes was early distinguished by its wealth, its naval power, and ! the wisdom of its laws and institutions, and its superiority in art j and science. Rhodope, now Despoto Bagh, a lofty mountain range ^of Thrace, j sweeping down 10 the south iioai ifae great chains of Keihus »2« i Muerea bloodj 1 RH(E 455 ROM wilh him by the mge of Thrace, or.Ki'rftv„ierr„H" -v^'t' ""«" -"-^ 'f-u Rhoetus or Rhcecus nL «r .u "^ "'estern districts of Thrace formofa oMnVewarW ^'"^♦^- ''^ Bacchus uX the Roma, former}/ hecJZ If ]Z ^^f^^l^^^ '''" Italy, (the Papal StatS i sit.^rH ' • ' ^' "°'^ «^ ^ ««"a" P»rt of called the " CamDao-nn h; p ^" «^"^ '" ^^e midst of a great nb in teen miles .n a s?rfi" L l.W ' °? ^"'^ ^^"'^^ "^ the^TlSl/^ ? l'' Komeis hidden rt^t^.t'ofan":.?' ^'^^ ^'--'^aSn «f records remained in the time of ta hisJori/ ' 'f'P^P'^^S which few versally ascribed to FJr.m,, u '^'"«"ans; but its orians only, but afterwards from either n^^-^"'''"^ ^''"^ ^^^ P^^- emporary ascendancy of the natr£ P''"^'«"« or plebeians" The (B- c, 500) of the dicLorslWp^ bTwhi^h^^ '^'"'"^ '^' '"««tution individual, who might act vv fhT» * . ^ committed to a sino|<. after many delays and '^^ ^''Tr"^ ""i'^'"''*^- '" ^^e seiuel ;vere appointed by the peZewhK?""' .°^"" '^^^'^ tribunes the senate. The constitution was f hf V"."'} ^^' P'-o^eedings of a d'stribution of power be wee„fh^«'-^" °" '^^ P'*'"''?'^ « " tothe end of the Punic ivars fhl ""V""^"'«'-«'''echan<^e «meanwhile extended over taly sL7^n' '.^ ^*°'"« being in fhe N. coast of Africa, and parTjf Snl^' Corsica and Sardinia, the Jstinction of patric an" and nlph^^P "• ^^'"'^ '^'««e successes the but the unequal di,'"n.'"lP''^.?"« «««"«ed to have disann'frH ? Jl'eredby the arms^oF tt"k' M.V^?!;'; '""^'' o»- of those"co"n! ROM 456 ROM Ihcnisclves the lion's share of these lands, and the plebeians^ nlio sought to bring about their more equitable division. This occasioned the introduction, by the latter, of an Agrarian Law. It would 1/e impossible within our limits to enter into details respecting the contests that ensued respecting these laws, or to give even ai' out- line of the various fortunes of Rome in her onward progress to uni- versal empire. Suffice it here to observe that in the course of time the wliole power of the state camr to be engrossed by the great nnlitary leaders ; and iMarius and Sylla, Pompey and Ccesar, and Mark Antony were successively mastero of the Roman world. After the battle of Actium, the Romans seemed unable to govern them- selves without the assistance of a chief, who, under the title ol iinperator, an appellation given to every commander by his army after some signal victory, reigned with as much power and 3over- tignly as another Tarquin. Under these emperors the Romans lived a life" of luxury. They had long forgotten to appear in ik field, and their wars were left to be waged by inercenaiy troops, Avho fought without spirit, and were ever ready to yield to him wiio bought their allegiance and fidelity with the greatest sums. F r were the emperors of Rome whose days were not shortened by poi- con or the sword of an assassin. At length the Roman possessions were divided into two distinct empires by the enterprising Coiisun- tine, A. D. 328. Constanlinople became the seat of the Eastern j empire ; Rome remained in the possession of the Western emperors, and continued to be the capital of ♦heir dominions, xvome with I Italy was, a. p. 800, c'.elivered by Charlemagne, then emperor of the West, into the hands of the Pope, who slill continues to lioU | t!ie sovereignty and maintain his independence. Romulus, a son of Mars and Ilia, grandson of Numilor, king of Alba born at the same birth with Remus. Tliese two v^' ^p were I thrown into the Tiber by order of Amulius, who usurp 3 r.roivnl of his brother Numitor, but were preserved by a she-w oii, who cainej and fed them with her milk ; and being found by Faustulu s oiiecij the king's shepherds^ were educated as his own children. The twol youths grew up, employed in the pastoral occupation of their foster- father. But their superior mien, courage, and abilities soon ac- quired for thorn a decided superiority over their young compcersJ tiiid they became leaders of the yoathful herdsmen in their conteswl with rolbers or with rituals. Having quarrelled with Jlhe herdsmenl of Numitor, whose flocks were accustomed to graze on the neign-f louring hill Aventinus, Remus fell into an amuscade, and wjil dragged before Numilor to be punished. While Numitor, st.iicif wilii the noble bearing of the youth, was hesitating what puiiisli- ment to inflict, Romulus, accompanied by Faustulus, hastened! the rescue of Remus. On their arrival at Alba, the secret of theiij origin was discovered, and a plan was speedily organised for tlii expulsion of Amulius, and the restoration of their grandfather m Wit i >" — . ;!\8 as ROS 457 of their grandfather M ROS .niitor to his throne rw„ , «rolhers, fcelificr >it',u ^/ ^T.^^ «oon accomplished- hunu * • nations Ti . '■'"'^"' measures EnH?.?^ ^^"^ """s„al Ovid, u,';!;;':„,e™'L !,"•?„..■!-? -'^-eX 'Jr ':^ °-.°f '^^ Tatius, thefr LmJ r''''/''' "'"^ '^«'«e to live in J ' ^^'^'"«^^ crate altars • ih« ^A '^'^''S'ous uses, to erect f^m,;i ^ .* ^"^ t n-uishpfl hv i/ ""^*- ■» he who e bodv of f . „ '-""'ws, and from Roscius, 1 Q „ R„„ ' " 10 preside over In:;;."-; ^^' P"10, a Iribun». „|io m»l ""' "= '''cd »l,o„i ii*' RUB 458 SAL llubi, now Ruvo, a town of Apulia ', hence the epithet Rubcus was applied to bramble bushes, which grew there. The inhabitaiiti) were called Eubitim. Tlufillu», a Roman " ex qxdsiW meniloned by Horace. Rupilius, a native of Praeneste, surnamed Rex, who. having been proscribed by Octavianus, then a triumvir, fled to the army of Bru- tus, and became a fellow-soldier of Horace. Jealous, however, of the military advancement which the latter had obtained, Rupiliu.^ reproached him with the meanness of his origin, and Horace retali- ates in the seventh Satire of the first book. Ruso, a Roma.i usurer, who also aimed at a literary character. When his debtors were unable to pay him, they were obliged, if they wish- ed to sooth his anger, to listen to the recital of his productions. Rutuba, a famous gladiator in Horace's time. '!i ■ r Sabaea, a part of Arabia Felix, corresponding to the northernmost par! of the modern Yemen. Sabelli, a people of Italy, descended from the Sabines, or, accordina to some, from the Samnites, who inhabited the country between tht Sabine? and Marsi; hence the epithet SabeUicus. Sabini, an ancient people of Italy, reckoned among the Aborigines, or those inhabitants whose origin was not known. Their posses- sions were situated nea*- Rome, between the Nar and Anio, and bounded on tbc north by the Apennines and Umbria, south by La- tium, east by the .'Equi, west by Etruria. Sabinus, a friend of Horace- Sacra via, a celebrated street of Rome, where a treaty of peace and alliance was fibhd to have been made between Romulus and Tatius. It led from the amphitheatre to the Capitol, and trium- phal processions passed through it to the Capitol. Sagana, a sorceress who assisted Canidia. Salamis, an island in the Sinus Saronicus opposite Eleusis and the coast of Attic n. Salaminius, adj. from Salamis. Salernum, now Salerno., a city of Campania, south-east of Neapolis, and near the shine of the Sinus Passtanus, said to have been built by the Romans as a check upon the Picentini. Saliaris, adj. from Salii. Salii, a college of priests at Rome, instituted in honour of Mars, and appointed by Numa to take care of the twelve sacred shields called j Ancilia, b. c. 709. Their number was originally twelve, but it was afterwards doubled by Tullus Hostilius. The Salii were all of patrician families, and the office was very honourable. The first of March was the day on whi:hthe Salii observed their fcstiv.".!?!!'.! honour of Mars ; and on these occasions they proceeded through ibe city dancing, whence they received their name (salio, tochuW/ SAL 459 northernmost par! te Eleusis and the >>»»..«„„ .„,,„„, « 'J<^ -J Ode of .he ad Bod, ,„ |,ta. ' '"'°'"- -°V".''a:^':4?,= ^^i'tff 'i.e.^^^^^ p.. or .he eo.. was, from a remote peri d/n^ ^"g'l'an Promontorv s^n . temple ^.vas adorned u it ,.' T"' ^''' ^'^° '^«'"shi,, of Juno i ' J'er festivals, ZTj ii ' f^^"**'"" «^^'^'^ «"est works of art • l" sardis, or Sar(i(;s, now fSnrt .u • '-rJia, at the foot of Mt ?, I'oL ° °""f "', "P»^' oC the kin„d.„ „. ™ famous for i„ oita cl w ,', °" "^''""^' "f "'« Pac oC™ ff "-oTthrd;;™,;v^^-fo'™:wrrfet^^^^^^ nn „„ .1 ^,^"'"ans. In the re «•n nf t.i„ • • '"'^ '"e posses- »" earthquake, but was a-.i,, ribuilf T'"' *' '""« uestroyed bv '"honour of Saturn. ItttiJ iTh ,'"/'^° "'°"^'> «^ December &'"^hVS'°°'"'"""'''"- theTnl/ ^^'"'"^'''■••^^^«^'•e'-rnblematicor M r'' "^" ^^ '«b'e by IJr^*a"df f-t,tLr ""'^ - 4"" ''"''» -^"^'^ '" ' ., t t" .""" 8rio.od at Ihe o „ll'!,l ""'• . '«"gated hv -■!-6 ficf jormer proeenv ili« r- T ' " ^o^uuct oi Uranus k """" "' '-" -'"^ -*. Sr'43 srsi Si SAT 460 SAT ¥i^[ I earth gave birth to the Erinnycs. Aftrr this, Saturn obtained his father's kingdom ivilh the consent of his brethren, provided he diJ not bring up any male children. Pursuant to this agreement Sa- turn always devoured his sons as soon as born, because, as some observe, he dreaded from them a retaliation of his unkindness to his lather; till his wife Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish, con- cealed from her husbiiiid the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, and, instead of the children, gave him large stones, which he im- mediately swallowed, without perceiving the deceit. The other Titans having been informed that Saturn had concealed his male children, made war against him, dethroned and imprisoned him, nith Rhea ; and Jupiter, who was secretly educated in Crete, was no sooner grown up than he flew to deliver his father, and to place him on his throne. Saturn, unmindful ^f his son's kindness, con- spired «gainst him; but Jupiter banished him from his throne, aifd the father fled for safely into Italy, where the country retained the wame oCLatlum, as being t!ic place of his concealment (froin latco, " to lie concealed-") Janus, who was then king of Italy, received Saturn with marks of attention. He made hinriiis partner on the throne; and the king of heaven employed himself in civilismg the barbarous manners of the people of lUily, and in teaching them agriculture, and tlie useful and liberal arts. His reign (here was so mild and beneficent that mankind have called it the golden a^c, to intimate tlie happiness and tranquillity which the earth then enjoyed. There were no temples of Kronus in Greece ; but there was a chapel of Kronus and Rhea at Athens, and sacrifices wore made to him on the Kronian Hill at Olympia. The Athenian?, moreover, had a festival in his honour, named the Kronia, which was celebrated on the twelfth day of the month Hecatombaeon, or at the end of July, and which strongly resembled the Italian Satur- nalia. Saturn is generally represented as an old man bent through age and infirmity. He holds a scythe in his right hand, with a ser- pent which bites his own tail, which is an emblem of time and of the revolution of the year. In his left hand he has a child, which he rises up as if instantly to devour it. The whole history of this deity is probably allegorical. The name itself, with a slight vari> tion, sigoilics time (" C/;j'onos) ; and his attribute of the sieklo. together with the account of his being the son of heaven, by whose luminaries time is measured, and the husband of Rhea \floivin$), and 01 dcvourmg his own progeny, are corroborative of this conjec- ture. Niebuhr regards Saturn and Ops as the god and goddess of the earth, its vivifying and its respectively productive power.'. Creuzer makes Saturn Uie great god of nature, in many respects assimilated to Jan>is. He is the god who suffices for himself— the god who is satisfied with his own powers. Hence the derivation of the name from the Latin satur, full, satisfied' (Lemprieie.) SAT SAT turn obtained his 1, provided he did liis agreement Sa- , because, as some 1 unkindness to lii3 liidren perish, coii- eptune, and Pluto, les, which he im- Jeceit. The other nccaled his malo imprisoned liiin, ited in Crete, was ther, and to place I'a kindness, con- H accordin 461 >m his throne, aird nntry retained the lincnt (from latco, of Italy, received is partner on the fin civilismg the n teaching them 5 reign there was it the golden a^c, h the earth then reece ; but there lid sacrifices were The Athenian?, he Kronia, which llecatombscon, or the Italian Satur- man bent through hand, with a ser- 1 of time and of as a child, whicii )le history of this 'ith a slight varii- ite of the siclilo, heaven, by whose Rhea (floim^), ivc of this conjee- )d and goddess of oductive power.'. in many respects s for himself— the K the derivation of ^emprieie.) Sajyri, rural deities of Greece M. r . ^^' ^^^^y are regarded as th^ !;/!''"'''' "'"' ^^'e Fauni of ih t • represented with liVf'"? "^' "i« ^Im^^ T). '"'''' «"d Sean.ander, Scamnn^ own mother. See Satire Scaurus, J. ^J ;j.^ ... '' °""'^* and iSc«?«a,i. of Svili h..H . ^ ^"'^ Komnns than th.. . ''^ ^'^'^ manners Scaurus behavj ^y'thV^' ^''"^"•' 'nv da 'italv' Y'""'"' °' s'endy orderf.,1 h: ^*^^^' cowardice in»,,. i "? '"^ *°" of S'lP'?, Publiuj CoraeliK „ ■'''"■"J' -«dile "and n^otT= ^'f"' *" i'» t ven 1^^ v'""!' '^'^ "°^ ^is- ished frntv. c '-':'*^'^ta. in four veari th« n ''"^' "'s ab >» New r, Tu ^P«'"'and the whole IZI x ^'""''^«ginians were ban ^'^''^ ieit dead on tiie"fi;rl' 'sci.r;" '^i^^'^'^OOofTbe' oc'l'iowas then JccalM to SCI m SCI % . ' A^': Rome, which still trembled at the continuat alarms of Hannibal, who was at hnr gales. The conqueror of the Carthaginians in Spain was looked upon as a proper general to encounter Hannibal in Italy ', but Scipio opposed the measures which his countrymen wished to pursue, and declared in the senate tint if Hannibal was to be conquered, he must be conquered in Africa. Willi the di^r- nity of consul he embarked for Ciirlhagc, and his conquests were there as rapid as in Spain. The Carthaginian armies were routed, tlin camp of the crafly Asdrubal was set on fire during tlie night, and his troops toUilly defeated in a drawn battle. These repeated losses alarmed Carthage. Hannibal, wlio was vietorious at the '" "'/to > (of Cuma in I, . f ^*'" "> number Pn. • V ^"*^ aulhoritv or \^, a Chaldean a Rn. T'^^"' «'^«^de» tf^^sr f '^"'■*' '^'^'•'f d «ndsome others R r??^'«n'an, an E<.vd-J 'o^'^ '*'fre a He- f 'vere idcnti'a?; and o?'^^^^ ^^^^ « '«t efoht sT/'^^'l:'^ ^^<^"- '"ferred that therp ,^„ ?^ "^"^''^ ori<.in . * ] ?'''^'s 'f- the above Africa (Libys,a)ra,rL^^°"« Sibyf/o/AsL .^^^ '"' ">'«^" te ^« «"it; and ?he ;-frr?^ ^"^.'«he refusd„ return ^1^"^^«'' '/"hnets and bea..ft 'ongevity, therefoJ ^*^"' ^° ^'sten to .■«l returned with three i°u ^J^ «^<^onU refal^l / '''"^ °» the > °;'ginal nine tZ'C-^''^'^^ «till offered at^h^^P'''"'^ ^Sai", ;"^«'< to her offer n J '"»' ^^«""ck n-iih hfr 't"^ ^^^^e price 4 fe 'fcat Cu J^"f/ "'• «l,«™hy tD4°^. T. consulted iL' I 2h '"'•""""«'-'"•"gm.mnv's"»;^; w I 8IB 466 SIL prophecies as ihey conld pick up in various countries; and f. om t he vc c hul cullected Augustus formod two "«w hooks vvluch ^«'« ^eP;^^/;^^^ in two -ilt cases Tn the temple of the Palatine Apollo. S'^yiUne verse, are cUton quoted by Chril^tian writers as «''"^X'^S e tur ' Cnristianity ; hut these are spurious, a forgery ol the second ce itu.j. i;S;;r a!^iJr;S^siciiv, whoa, -ppos^- '-^-„: Iberian origin, and to have come or.g.nally «'^. ^pper Asia. Jl rirst descended into Italy, and took possession «^ ^' ^^'^;^/. '"^^^^^^ known as Riviera di Genoa, ^v'ence they spread themselvd^^ ^ Etruria, Latium, and Campania; ''"t bcng driven towa.ds .ho ml. by the Ligurians, proceeded as tar as Kh«g''''>V,7Sv So^ae co • Messma, and finally settled on the western coast of b.cily. borne co. sider them to be the aboriginal inhabitants ot aicily. Ficania.an ancient name of Sicily. See bicani. iS^^t^^'s^its of 3;mu»«, the straits separating Sicily fim ^£y, ^ufJ^^ed to have been formed by an eariluiuake. Nvh.ch separate,. the island from the continent- Lnv.,,, i.s origin, o^>ou. 2000 ve»^^^^^^^^^ inenlioned in Gen. x. 1«. ly-.i ^'V' iPP*^'"^' ' r- ir,,!,,,» ns the "ci;a;| han.is of the Macedonians, and, lastly, into those of the Komans. Sidonius, adj. from Sidon. ^ guardian as aIon'''' .^?-trti:S5t^^^^^^^^^ SithoMii, theThrachns '^^^'^«'''«' "^ "P"-'*» the whole of soc 468 SOC was not carried into effect by that conqueror, but by Antigonus and Lysimachus. The city b;3sing over heaps of rod-hot embers without j • being injured by the fire. A remarkable fountain the exhalations of which were fatal to birds, is mentioned as existing in the vicinity j of this mountain. Sosii, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in the age of Horace. Spartacus, a celebrated gladiator, a Thracian by birth, who esc from the gladiatorial training-school at Capua along with some of his companions, and was soon followed by great numbers of other gladiators. Bands of desperate men, slaves, murderers, robbers, and pirates, flocked to him from all quarters ; and he soon found himself at the head of a force able to bid defiance to Rome. Four consular armies were successively defeated by this daring adven- turer, and Rome itself was considered in imminent danger. But he I was at length met and defeated by Crassus, and fell with 40,000 of | his followers, b. c. 71. STE 473 ruria, a little soulh- flourished about B^Tro '"^l',» "''«ve of Himera in Sicilv «... chorus :''h?sm-tv-'""^ ^^'"'''^'^rusJ^V^ceT^r "«"^^ »'« i* suitors of Helen „P'*"'"''' «"e of the Epi-roni nn,! ni *tyx, was one of fh» ♦ ""ornai r.vers burst fnriv, rru- °. ' P'fM™, no»- Sor^to ,„ • ™«» lime. Ode,,. lii SUR 474 SYL if' n* l:ii ,/l V * . ; fiurrcntinus, adj. from the preceding. Sybaris, a celebrated city of Lucania, situated on thCj Sin»'3 Tarcnti- nus, and between tlie rivers Sybaris and Crathis, and said to have been founded by the people of Troezene, not long after the siege of Troy. The rise and progress of this celebrated republic were won- derfully rapid. It held dominion over four different people and twenty-five towns ; and the city extended fifty stadia, or upwards of six miles, along the Crathis. The number of its inhabitants capa- ble of bearing arms is computed at 300,000. The accounts which v,e have of their luxury and opulence are not less extraordinary : and to such a degree, indeed, did they indulge their taste for pleasure, that a Sybarite and a voluptuary became synonymous terms. But this prosperity and excess of luxury were not of Ion;; duration ; and the fall of Sybaris was hastened with a rapidity only equalled by ^hat of its sudden elevation. A dcmocratical party, at the head of which was Telys, having gained the ascendency, expel- led 500 of the principal citizens, who sought refuge at Crotona. This city, upon receiving a summons to give up the fugitives, or prepare for war, by ♦.he advice of Pythagoras made choice of the latter alternative ; and the hostile armies met near the river Traens, in the Crotonian territory. The forces of Crotona, headed by the celebrated Milo, amounted to 100,000 men, while those of Sybaris ivere triple that number ; the former, however, gained a complete victory, and but few of the Sybarites escaped from the sword of the enemy in the rout which ensued. The victorious Crotoniats, following up their success, advanced against Sybaris, and, finding it in a defenceless state, totally destroyed the town by turning the waters of the Crathis, and thus overwhelming it with the inunda- tion. The city of Thurii was afterwards founded in the immediate vicinity. Sylla, L. Cornelius Sylla Felix, the dictator, was born at Rome, b. c. 138. He seems to have enjoyed an excellent education,^ but on reaching the age of puberty, he gave himself up to dissipation, and having obtained wealth by the bequests of a courtezan and of his mother-in-law, he aspired to political distinction, and in b. c. 107 he was chosen quaestor. He served with reputation under Marius in Africa (where his address induced Bocehus to give up Jugurtiia), Pontus, and on various other occasions. Some time after he ob- tained the praitorship, and was appointed by the Roman senate to place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappadocia, against the views and interest of Mithridates, king of Pontus. One battle left him | victorious. About this period, the Marsian war having broken out, Sylla was appointed joint legatus with Marius to bring it to an end ; and already had his arms been crowned with victory at Stabis and Bovianum, and he was now laying siege to Nola, when he was appointed to conduct the war against Mithridates. Marius. unable | to endure that his rival should have this honour, obtained the rccai SYL 475 SYL ^^^ -a tt j^t^t:^" rr, .Hi, into,. defended by Archehu, Mi?iri,M^"' ^"" S»^«« «"^ was gaUantlv retreated to^Ba-otia ; and ar n'.'a^f»;' f "^;»'; '-' ho,vevl-/soon •n wh.ch the Pontic troops ^ereSlv Tr ^' "f "^" Ciia;ronca, M.thndates, ivho now s'ued for neac.^^ ^ «^ n ^'^ ^''^ •"^«'•^«ts of quence of tidings from Italv wL^in h 'u l'^ ^^"'' '^'^°' '" <^0"se. consented promising to «ecure Mi^,,'^ ?,!?''/«> P" ^'^'"«er, readily ons, and have him entitled aTic^d anl 1 u 'r 5" ''"^'''"^' c coast of F.atmm ,- and while his army lay encamped before i '^ place, the afl'.tir of Lucrctia occurrctl, t^b;>hhui'l''d him from his throne. In vain did the cities of Tar- uuu-ii »»»d Vcii take up arm» to oil * liis restoration ; in vain did Porseii.ia the Lucumo of Ciusium, endeavour to effect the same end ; in vain, too, did thn Latins exert themaelves in his bchall. In a bloody battle fouj^ht at the Luke llcgillus, the two sons ol Tar- quinius «ere slain ; and ihe father at lcn-;th gave up the contest wiih his former suhjects, and retired to Cuma;, where he ended his days.A. r. c. 2.")i), or D. c. 4i).). Tartarus (in tlic plural -a, oruin), the fubled place of punishment m the lower world, «ituated as far below the earih as earth is beiou heaven. Ilesiod says it would take nine days for an anvil to U\\ from heaverj to earth, and an equal space of time would be oceupicil by its fall from Earth to Tartarus. Tartarus was at one tiiiii: represent'd as perfectly distinct from Erebus; and as bcmg llv: general place of punishment for the Titans, the hundred-hand. 1 Tantalus, and others whose lives hau been stained by crimes of Ih. deepest dye ; but in later times tliey came to be regarded as uien- Ucal, and to be used for the place in which all the wicked sullcie 1 punishment for the crimes they had committed in this world. Taurus, Statilius, a friend of Agrippa, who conquered Lepidus in Sicily, and gained also Uiany victories in Africa, lor which lie o- tained triumphal honours, B.C. St!. Me was twice consul ; aiii is said also to have built ihe first durable amphitheatre ol stoiu. at the desire of Auc^ustus. , * • i Teanum, now Temw, a town of Campania, on the Appian roa.,, called also Sidiciaum, to be distinguished from another town ol ilie same name at the west of Apulia. It became a Roman colony under Augustus. m ,1 Tccmessa, daughter of a Phrygian prince, called by some leutlira.', by others, Tcleutas. When her fatiier was killed in war by Ajjx, she became the property of the conqueror, and by him had a m I called Eurysaces. Teius, adj. from Teos, which see. , r. 1 ■ 1 Telamon, king of the island of Salamis, son of .Eacus and Eadeis, brother of Peleas, and fjlher of Teucer and Ajax, the lat'?fJl' whom is thence called Telamonius hcros. , , - i Telei til's < '■ w nin-'ider, a quarrel arose, and Telegonus kdled im fat^i^' .. ;;m..;i' aiowing who he was. lie afterwards returi ^1 TEL Lrdca, the capital id while hU army ucrctia occurred, le cities of Tar- ion ; in vain did to cflfect the same ves in his behalf. ; two sons ol Tar- 3 up the COlltibt h'here he ended his of punislimcnt in as earth is below an anvil to full would be occupbl was at one time and as being th'^^^ le hundred-haiidiw d by crimes of the re;;ardcd as iden- tic wicked suil'ciel this world, luered Lepidus in for which he o!i- twice consul ; ai:J lillieatre of stun., the Appian roaJ, mother town of ihe 3 a Roman colony by some Teuthra!, ^d in war by Ajax, I by him had a m I Eacus and Emieis,, \jax, tl.t; latt;;f.il| TEL 479 TEM he isU,-;! Ji AL: years of manhooJil father, but lie wasl )f provisions, plun| Jlysses and Tcletnaj sir subjects againsij 'elegonus killed liij crwafda returucu • 3! nis native countrv nn,i „- i. father's body, wl.ofe' it"! bS'"^?,"^^ '' "^^^^ 'Either hi, accompanied him in his return am» J'-''^'"/*^''"" «nd iVn.lone also «egonus will, PrneJotic w/r'' ? 1°"" ''^^'''' ^'^^ ""Ptials if tI Penelope hrid by T.lj "^ «-•ekbratcd by order of m; have fo'uMdJd 'iLcu T It.l?" "^^I"^' "^'"'- "« ^'^S'^i one daughter called Ma, lia fL^'iv,' "'''.f"^ ^° '°'"«' he Vf? 'vhen hi ^?;;t;; ^:- -JJ PcneN^pe. He wa, still i„ the cradle ..d arrived in the island oiavshr? '^l''^''''^'-^ his father, vbo house of Eumceus. \Vit UiK.i r T' '"'"' ""^' ''^^' then ntho AiSus ' Afc;lfJr;:',--f^^^^^^^^^ - which he had sent be- fore him by sea to Rome. In whatever way it was occasioned, his death happened at the early age of thirty-four. The titles of his six plays are : the Jndria, Eunuchus, Heautontimm-oumenos, JdeU phi, Phormio, and Hecyra. Teridates, the leader of a rebellion against the Parthian monarch Phrahatesj see Phrahates. Terminalia, an annual festival at Rome, observed in honour of the god Terminus, in the month of February. It was then usual for | peasants to assemble near the principal landmarks which separated I fields, and, after they had crowned them with garlands and flowers, to make libations of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young pig. This festival was originally established by Numa ; and though at first it Tvas forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet, in | process of time, landmarks were plentifully sprinkled with it. Terminus, a divinity at Rome, who was supposed to preside 0T3r| boundaries. His worship was first introduced at Rome by Numa, His temple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he was represented willi a human head, without feet or arms, to intimate that he nerer moved, wherever he was. It is said that when Tarquin the Proud wished to build a temple ou the Tarpeiaii rock to Jupiter, the godl Terminus alone refused to give way. I Terra, one of the most ancient deities in classical mythology, wife oil Uranus, and mother of OceanUs, the Titaris, Cyclopes, GianU,| Thea, Rhea, Themis, Phoebe, Tethys, and Mnemosyne. Teucer, a son of Telamon, king of Salamis, by Hesione, daughtero Laomedon. He was one of Helen's suitors, and accordingly acj companied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he greatly signa- lised himself. His father having refused to receive him into t'*' kingdom, for having left the death of his brother Ajax unreveng» he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, where, with the assistance»^ Belus, king of Sidon, he buiii a town caiied Salamis, after m^ live country. TEV Parthian monarch al mythology, wife til s, Cyclopes, Gianb,! 4ii ^|t THE Teucer, adj. Trojan, preside over husbandrv 3* ,^^V'^^ «"PPosed^by som/nf^"^ Thebffi, the capital of Baotin » ^ °^ portant cities of Gree% '.hn"? T' '^ *»>« ">o«t ancient and • neon, an obscure noet of th^ a ""'"us. to slander. '''' '' '^^ Augustan age, noted for his propensity ieonmus adj. from the preceding P'-^Pensitr |ft- W. father's cot^allir/ol"'-'' ^'"f"' ™S t™!,"» Je Street! of Athen, nl^ ?^' *^® «"I'mal alive led f T , THE 482 THE of Crete. Theseus resolved to deliver them from this calamity, or die in the attempt. Accordingly, when the third time of sending ofl'this tribute came, and the youths and maidens were, according to custom, drawn by lot to be sent, in spite of the entreaties of his father to the contrary, he voluntarily offered himself as one of the the victims. The ship departed as usual under black sails, which Theseus promised his father to change for white ones in case of his returnino- victorious. When they arrived iu Crete, the youth» and maidens°were exhibited before Minos previously to their being con- sio-ned to the Minotaur ; but Ariadne, the daughter of the king, who was present, becoming deeply enamoured of Theseus, furnished him with a clew of tliread, which enabled him to penetrate in safety the windings of the labyrinth till he came to where the Minotaur laj, whom he caught by the hair and slew. He then got on board with his companions, and sailed for Athens. Ariadne accompanied his flinht, but was abandoned by him on the isle of Dia or Naxos. On his return to Athens, Theseus tamed his attention to legislation. He abolished the previous division of the people of Attica into four tribes, and substituted that of a distribution into three classes - the nobles, the husbandmen, and the artisans. As a farther means of uniting the people, he established numerous festivals, particularly the Panathenaea, solemnised with great splendour every fifth year, in commemoration of this union of the inhabitants of Attica. These civic cares did not prevent Theseus from taking part in mi tary enterprises: he accompanied Hercules in his expedition j a<»'ainst the Amazons, who then dwelt on the banks of ihe Thermo- don; and he distinguished himself so much in the conflict, that Hercules, after the victory, bestowed on him, as the reward of his valour, the hand of the vanquished queen. Theseus Svas also a sharer in the dangers of the Calydonian hunt; he was one of the adventurous band who sailed in the Argo to Colchis ,• and he aided his friend Pirilhous and the Lapithaj in their conflict with the CeiH taurs. With the assistance of Pirithous, he carried off the celebrated] Helen, dau<-hter of Leda, then a child of but nine years, thoug already of surpassing loveliness, and placed her under the careoti his mother iEthra, at Aphidnae. He then prepared to aid his friend in a bolder and more perilous adventure, the abduction of Proser pina from the Palace of Pluto; an attempt which resulted in tli imprisonment of both by the monarch of Hades. From this m finement Theseus was released by Hercules ; but Pirithous remm ed ever afterwards a captive. After the death of Antiope, who haj borne him a son named Hippolytus, Theseus married Phaedra, tir daughter of Minos, and sister of Ariadne. On the invasion ol A tica by Castor and Pollux, for the recovery of their sister Hele^ Theseus retired to Lycomedes, king of the island of Scyros, whef he met with his death, either by accident or by the treachery ot iij host} lor asccniiitii'^ wiui i^jvwmcuva a «uitj luv» v«^ — -r -, — ■ island, : hy the temples his bone soil of I Thespis, a at the h( of Solon of tragec from the Thessalia, periods ; the chair ffita, eas opinion o basin of some rcn tributar.:- asunder tl oent-up s( Thcssaiu.?, a Thetis, one c . became wi [riiracia, Thr 'he north ^gean sej Strymon, a Macedonia Thrax, a Herodotus attained to fodotus is Orpheus, Li E'eusinian ; "'"this couni now forms fl inracius and 1 "lirax, a native ■fiuriior Thut ofSybaris, Cc longed Herod iiiirinus, adj. f jyesfes, a son >• For the Wsteus, adj. WW; a Bacch THE this calamity, or •483 at the be.inm-L „f^u "°. 1"°='' l"»™ at Icaria nn » ,1. • , 01" Solon »„rtp'°/""' ''■'"h Milurv B c iif ■*"""'"n borough, •^.'a- ea.t b, th 'TH'J^Jlf, ^'ha. of St', , ''L7/"' "^ , »«nt-up ...treams^^ «^ ^^'"^'^^ ^«'i 'hus afibrded a ptao't 7,"' T cssuiu., adj. from Thes«alia IThetis, one of the ^ ^'^"^* te^Sa^^iSrSi^r^^^^^^^^^^^ -^0.. s, the north by the nil ^ ^^^^^^ country of Euronn l,« , . ^Sean sea L f ^ ^«"ube, on the south •bv\£p'^' bounded on Strymon a'd ?h '•?'' "^^ ^^e Black Sea aL L "i^P""''^ «"^ ^hc Thrax, a on of m"*'^ '^ ^'^^'^ '° haVe deSe , ''•7'''^'^'^ ^^ ^™"* Orphe»,, Li:^fa"„VK,it ta ?'' ^ Se°s 'Vrfe\° oS- . now fonns"h7'T..7L^\ "^*"'" '^^« the capital oC thU ^ ''" "^^''''^^ [rax, a native of Thrace ^^ Preceding. ftximor Thurium,a citv ofT, • . ffSybaris, founded BrLQ."'^''"Lo^erItalv ne,r fh« u ffstes, a son of Pelons and h^* ^ . Ef "«' «dJ- from ThyesteJ: ""' '°"^"" '^^ «^'icle Alreu' P"/»as, a Bacchante. CfS THY 484 TIB Tbyni, another name for the Bithyni, or inhabitants of BithynJa. Hence TAi/na merx is applied to the commoditiea of thai country. See Bithynia. Thyoneus, a surname of Bacchus, from his mother Semele, called Tfiyone. Tyberinus, adj. from Tiberis. Tiberis, Tyberis, Tiber, or Tibris, a celebrated river in Italy, on| whose banks Rome was built, which rises in the Apennines, and, after a course of about 150 miles, falls into the Tyrrhene Sea, siv teen miles below Rome. It was said to haTC been originallj called Jlbula, from the whitish hue of its waters, and afterward» Tiberis, from Tiberinus,king of Alba, who was drowned in it; but it is probable that Jlbula was the Latin name of the River, and Tiberis or Tibris the Tuscan one. It is often called by the Greeks Thymbns. This stream is also called Tyrrhemis amnis, '' \k Tuscan .river," from its watering Etruria on one side in its course, and also Zi/dius, ««the Lydian," stream, or Tiber, on account cl" the popular tradition which traced the arts and civilisation of Etru- ria to Lydia, in Asia Minor. The Tiber was capable of receivin,' vessels of considerable burden at Rome, and small boats to within a short distance of its source. Tibullus. Aulus Albius, a Roman knight, the representative of aa ancient and wealthy family, and a contemporary of Horace anii Virgil, was born b. c. 59. «He was in possession of a small por- tion only of the estates of his forefathers ; but, whether this dinii-| nulion of fortune was caused by the confiscation of the triumvirate, in which so many Italian estates were involved, or by his own ei| travagance, or by unknown circumstances, cannot be ascertained Tibullus was distinguished by the beauty of his person. At an early period he attached himself to the famous M. Valerius Messaj la Corvinus, and enjoyed through life his patronage and friendshif He formed one of his retinue during a campaign against the trili( of Aquilania, the glories of which are commemorated in one of most spirited elegies, and was accompanying his protector on ji Asiatic mission, when he was attacked by illness, and obliged I remain behind at Corcyra. After his recovery he returned hoini and spent the rest of his life at Pedum, a small town of Latiui between Proeneste and Tibur. He died in the prime of life; b| the exact period has not been ascertained. Four books of Elaj are the only remaining pieces of his composition ; but these entii him to be ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. Tibur, now Tivoli, an ancient Town of Latium, twenty miles norl east of Rome, on the banks of the Anio, founded by Catillus, as of Amphiaraus, who, with his two brothers, migrated to Italy,ani having conquered the Siculi, gave to one of their towns the name' Tibur, from his brother Tiburtus. Along with the other cities Latium, Tibur was subjected by the Romans, b, c. 337. In renn pJllius, or Ti He was depi Cssar's dea fimagenes, a i Gibinius b. «'''"gave hit wok and of a'tracted the grapher. Be «mperor for i Pstron, burnt presias, a celel .''"wiclo, stri Ijie had seen ]\ the secrets of PfwJia. Jupit, TIB 485 )ther Semele, called TIR ^^^^&VyViZrC'^''''^ city, hence . H . r"lP^'-?.':H«drian. JuUus Til n'^^"''^^.^"* villa, «nd otlier illustrious Romans ^uf,'^Cassius, Augustus/Mf^iena/ rendered chiefly intere tin fr'oM ^- ''"^^ '"^"^' B"t Tibur ^* Horace, whose farm is ^AraTlv fL '"J '° °^^^" celebrated by Hercules was the deity held '[n thn ""^^^ *° ^^'^ ^^^" near .7 of Hpr. 1 ''"'''' ^'^" ^«"'«"s throughout FH. P^f''"^ cathedral is i^igris, a large river of A«;, • • ° p"ius, or Tullus, a person ofllL ^ • ^""'^''^'^ ™''es- K^b^nt the interest ngSsfor^^^^^^ himself on hi» lir as a celebrated prophet of Thp7. ^"d composed of his rei<^^^ KS'' '''^'^ ^''"d by JunV aeco -d-°" f^''"^' ^"^ the nym°ph l^e had seen Minerva b.rh.-„ "°' ^.'J^'^^'ng to one account, jj^^ l^s^ir-^^^^^g^dsjVhiiranXTs^r;-! tr'f.'' '^ '"^^^^ TIR 486 TRI of life for seven generations, and the power of foreseeing coming event! Tiresias was contemporary witii all the events of tlie times of Lniiu and CEdipuH, and the two Tlieban wars. At the conclusion of the hi\ he recomnieniled the Thebans to abandon their city, and he was the I champion of their flight. It was still night when they arrived at the fountain of Tilphussa. Tiresias, whose period of life was fated to le | co-extensive with that of the city of ihe Cadmeans, drank of its water», and immediately died. Tiiidates. See Teridates. Tigiphone, one of the Furies. See Furiee. Titanes, a name given to the children of Ccrlns (or Uranns) and Tern They were six males, Oceanus, Coeios, Crios, Hyperion, Japetiis, aiii, Cronus; and six females, Theia, Rheia (or Uhca), Themis, Mncmo-j syne, Plia-be, and Tethys. These children, according to the commonly. received legend, were hated by their father, «ho, as soon as they wortl born, thrdst them out of sight into a cavern in the earth, who, grievcill at his unnatural conduct, produced the " substance of hoary steel,"! and, forming from it a sickle, roused her childien, the Titans, lore-f bellicn against him. The wars of the Titans against the gods, «j celebrated in mythology, are often confounded witli that of the giant:;! l)ut it is to be oljserved that the war of tlic I'itans was agami\ Saturn, and that of the Giants against Jupitfr, Tithoiius, son of Laomedon, king of Troy, by Strymn, daughter of itej Scamander. He was so beautiful, that Aurora, having become enar inoured of him, carried him away, and obtained for him, from Jupiter,! thi gift of immortality. She unfortunately neglected, however, to com-J bine this privilege with an immunity from age, and in the coiirseoll time Tithonus became so decrepid, thatAuroia, out ot pity, tranjforni-l ed him into a grasshopper, in which shape he still retained the gairuliin of old age. I Titius, Septimius, a young poet in the time of Horace. The 6th Odeol the 2d Book is addressed to him. Tilyos, a celebrated giant, son of Terra, and, according to otliPi!,o| Jupiter, by Elara, daughter of Orchomenos. He insulted Latona, ! her children Apollo and Diana came to her afsistance, and slew li with their arrows. His punishment, however, did not end with lilej lie lay extended in Erebus, covering with his vast frame'nine entiil jugera, while a vulture kept feeding upon his liver and entrails, wliicl| were continually reproduced. The fable of Tityos is considered I Lucretius as an allegonoaj representation of the tortures caused byinj unrestrained passions and desires. Torquatus. See IManlius. Trebatius Testa, C, a distinguished lawyer, in the time of Julius CM and Augustus, celebrated for his wit. Cicero held him in high estim^ tion, Trebonius, a noble who was convicted of adultery. Triquetra, a name given to Sicily by the Latins, from it» triangular fornj Triquetrus, adj. Sicilian, from Tritiuetra. Triumphus, the iiighest military honour that conid be obtaineci Roman general. It was a solemn procession, with which the vi TRI >reseeing coming events Its of the times of Lnius he conclusion uf the Yah city, and lie was the when they arrived at the (1 of life was fated to k tins, drank of its waitu, (or Uranns) and Terra Hyperion, Japetiis, aiicj ihea), Themis, ]ilneirii> ording to the commonly, lo, as soon as tliey wore! tlie earth, who, grieved )3tance of hoary steel,"] kiicii, the Titans, tore- ans against the gods. «I witli that of the gianls; he Titans was agairull 'fT. Strvmo, daughter of ilie| a, having become ena- d for him, from JupiicrJ lected, however, to eom-j , and in the course ^ . out of pity, traiisfmni-j ill retained the garruliij lorace. The 6th Ode o according to others, oj He insulted Latona, l)iil assistance, and slew hiif , did not end with lilej vast frame 'nine entii liver and entrails, vliir| Pityos is considered I 16 tortures caused by tiij the time of Julius C;WJJ leld him in high esliiiia| r t from in triangular fora could be obtHineiibji with which the victLfj TRI 487 TRO aclSL'hy the'caSs^tak^'l u '°"^'" \^' ^'^ '' "'^ '^^N'''"'. «polls, and all the Airni' „,e tim ?«.. .' "'"' ■'"'^'""''^^^ ^^'''''^S H'e cle. On arriving at t e Sitol .' ^»'^^ -""Snificence to the spect - thanksgiving to J.miier ul 21 }' ''"" .S'^"^''"' "fibred up a prayer of A triumph was dSre d "by 'e stna.f '^^^' T' --.'^^"1 «I'i.eXlk^ agamst the will of ihe sena e to S L.""'^ , ««i"'^".'"^^ '>y the people foreigners, and in one battle h ,',1 i • ^°"'''"' " ''"' '" » J"«t ^var w th an J enlarged the limh S /l 'et I'e Z ^««^«.-'^'"i- "fhe sfa e calcd ovatio, from ovi.s, a 2eepZlu H '''"" ''"."' "^ "•'""'"P'' «'••'« JMi'tead of a ball. Tie ^Zf^y^ ""^ ^:'^"^'''' "'^^'C'' to Jupiter tn-mplius vvas,thatinthetlr^£?'' ^T'''' '"'^ "^'-"'^ «"'^ « and in later times on horseback HeM"'"' '"'T'' "'^ ''"^ «" ^'^«f. Mint; Triumviri Can tales Coml^"""'"''^^'' ^<"^^i*»ioners of the prisoner.,, and whTaltendcdZ''''''7- «'^''^ ^'«^ '^'^ cha/geof Tri"-' ^^^'7«' Commissioners] fc " '^ ^ ''''''' Triumviri Aga- ^SaSnS^A'^^^ the mountains that separate Troja, a celebrated citv, the canitol nf Tr-^^ i • ^ to Have stood in the im, edia e v S'^o^S''^ '^f^'T f "'^ "'""^^ der, on a rising ground betvveen d... 2 \ ^T""^^ °'^ ^he Scaman- •noiiarch is said to 'have 1.06.?-^ In r'"" °'''»r'. "'^'^ "'^*'* «^st was not as vet built n... i. *^'"=^'^- J" H>e reign of th s kina Trov •he island o'f st^n ihrfer ^^'^tf ^ " ''^'"^S''^ ^'"^'•' --« \Z Teueer his daughter «Sa in mnTa"S ? 'Ti'"'""'^> ''''''^'^ "•«'" part of his kfngdom, (luLed " e dfv 'o °f f "'7 ^"''^' ^''^ ^'"'«^'o" ««' Ven( region Darchmia. D rdamis had tv^o'"'^'""''!?"^' '='''"^'J »''« thonius. Ilus died without hZ^ Za *,""'' ^'"« ''"^ Erich- ;v c married Asvoclie dau i er of til S?^- '''''¥! ''^ E'ichthonius. father of Tros. This (.«f «„ t le feunois, and became bv her thf t^yTroa., or 'Ko a ^ij J E^^^^^g to the.throne, called tleto ' ! ™edes. Ilus founded a ci^y over T-»"''' •'•"'"'' ""'^ ^^«"J- Dardanug, which he cMnTldmli' t7 V'- P'"'" 'l^an the city If Jlwch was called IWai became 1,7;. ^'"- V*^' "'^ ^'''-«ie' of djg tire reign of L^S^n r^cc lop'oT^jr' "' '" ^'"^^' «"^'' '^'lli wa^l,, which the poets fabled ~fi!" /'"?' '^^^° surrounded '""e. During the reC of H 11 7? ^ 'V°''^ °^ ^P°"" and Nep- taken by Heixules. assSed bv T. 1' '"*'""«"^J 'T-onarch, Troy was «ored by the victol t? P.:.,^ I'J""°"v •"" "'^ ^"^"«' ''"^ wa« re! TRO 488 TVN :■'% laus by carryitiT off his queen in his absence All the chief» of Greece, thereupun combined their forces under the confimand of Agametnno , to avenge this outrage, sailed with a great armament to Troy, and, after a siege of ten years, tooit and razed it to the ground, b. c. 1184. Long subsequently to the destruction of Troy, a city called Novum Ilium, by way of distinction, was built in the Troad ; but whether it occupied the site of the ancient city or not has never been satisfactorily ascertained. Trojani and Trojugena;, inhabitants of Troy. Troius, adj. from Troja. Tuliius, Servius. See Servius. TuUus, Hostilius, the third king of Rome. After the death of Nutna, B. c. 673, a short interregnum took place; but Tuliius Hostilius was at last chosen his successor. The new king sought to rival the military glory of Romulus. He first turned his arms against the people of Alba, whom he conquered and transferred to Rome, and afterwards carried his arms against the Latins and neigi^hourinj states, with success. He is said to have been struck by lightnini, and to have perished, with all his family, about b- c. 640, after a reign of thirty-two years. The tribe of the Luceres is said to hare received its development in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. Tullus, L. Volcatius, was consul together with M. iEmil Sepedus, B. c. 65. Turbo, a brave but diminutive gladiator. Turius, an unjust and corrupt judge. Tusculum, a town of Latium, on the summit of the ridge of hilfs which forms the continuation of the Alban Mount, and above the modern town of Frascati. This was one of the most ancient cilies of Italy, its foundation being ascribed to Telegonus the son of Circe, It was strong, as well from its position as from the walls by which it was surrounded, portions of which still exist. It was i also one of the most faithful of the allies of Rome ; and succesfully resisted an attack by Hannibal. The top of the hill On which Tus- culum was built, 2,079 French feet above the level of the sea, was surmounted by a citadel now wholly destroyed. Like Frascati, in modern times, Tusculum was crowded with the villas of distinguish- ed Roman citizens, among which may be mentioned those of Lucul- lus and Majcenas. Tuscus, belonging to Etruria; hence the Tiber is because it formed the boundary between called Tuscml Latium an nP fh*^ childi^PP f^f Tt'mlnrna • n« flnet/in Pollux, Helen, &,c. Tyniti Typhoe gods, Typhon destri with I flashe- hissinj gods, form c flict, «aid, i, •arne, betwee and oth thology Tjrrheni, Tyrrhenui coast ot shore of Tyrtteus, ( Athens, and Met to tho A the Spari reluctEuit Schoolmi talent. ' «ongs, thi accordin» citizenshl tans befor ^Ve Jiave i They are ^ and are fu 'J'yrius, adj. 1 I'j'rus or Tyi h a color «outh of S Dient Zorj Sarranus ir but havin» monarch '^ and their «>■ Was foundec [■i^mmereiai f ala-'t/re, ar TYN All the chiefs of the command of a great armament razed it to the struction of Troy, 1, was built in the ancient city or not le death of Nutna, Tullius Ho3tiliu8 sought to rival the arms against the ed to Rome, and and neig^^bouring uck by lightnin:, 1. c. 640, aflcr^^a res is said to hare )stilius. ^mil Sepedu!, he ridge of hilfs ;, and abore the nost ancient cities I ;onus the son of I s from the walls [ till exist. Itnas ; and succesfully f lill On which Tus- 1 of the sea, was! Like Frascati, in[ lias of distinguish- ed those of Lucul-j is called r«jm| !en Latium audi part of the citrl s. It was nameJ| id there, us. arus ' ss CsSstorJ TVN 489 TYR tX „?V%y^°" """'«"'' "'"°-''«4.in.. the between them Vu ^J^P^oe"», though HesUufL x, ^^*^"" " ^^^ «nd other mLf/^''''"" '' »"«^6 the «fre of th^ rh- ''" ^ ^^^^r^tna, tholo<.V L7,h '"• ^^P'^"" ^^^ the evil irn-'T!:''' ^^^^^^^> They are Trul r"?'»^"^^ remaininff of thl «f •^^"''''^«''^'sted. Va°coTonTof" sT/"'"' ^ ^^''^ ''"'='«"1 city of Ph..„- • . souf'i nP c-^ ^'donians, b. c. IQ^b rV Phoenicia, founded but havin<^ been hi* • ^'i»!"^"! the city was bulk n^ i^''"' *'^"«' '^as found^rf Tl- u " "'^"d at a little distnnpl I themselves i^». ;■!' TJLU 490 VAR flourish, extending its colonics and its commerce on all sides, till it was attacked by Alexander the Great. In despite, however, of the cruelties inflicted on the city, she rose again to considerable emi- nence. But the foundation of Alexandria, by diverting the com- merce that had formerly centered at Tyre into a new channel, gave her an irreparable blow ; and she gradually d^.clined till, consist- ently with the denunciation of the prophet^ her palaces have been levelled with the dust, and she has become " a place for the spread- ing of nets in the midst of the sea." U UlubriB, a small town of Latium. Its marshy situation is alluded to by Cicero, who calls the inhabitants little fro^s. Ulysses, or Ufyxes, king of Ithaca, father of Telemachus, and one of the leaders of the Greeks at the siege of Troy. See Telemachus.. Telegonus, Penelope, &c. Umber adj. Umbrian. Umbria, a country of Italy, east of Etruria and north of the Sabine territory. The Umbri were settled in Italy long before the arrival of the Tyrrhenian colony. Their primary seat was the country around Reate, a district formerly occupied by the aborigines. Umbrenus. See Sat. ii. 2. 133. Ummidius. Sec Sat. i. 1. 95. Ustica, a mountain and valley in the Sabine territory rear Horace's farm. Utica, a celebrated city of Africa Propria, on the coast of the Medi- terranean, founded by a Syrian colony above 287 years before Carthage. It was originally a free and independeut city, like all the other large settlements of the Phoenicians, and had a senate and suflTetes, or presiding magistrates, of its own ; but as Carthage rose gradually into power, it assumed a kind of protection over Utica. It became the metropolis of Africa after the destruction of Carthage in the third Punic war ; but it is chiefly celebrated for the death of Cato, thence called Ulicensis. The ruins of Utica are still visible neat* Porto Farina. Vacuna, a goddess at Rome, who presided over leisure and repose (vacare). Vala, Numonius, a friend of Horace, to whom the 15th Epistleofthe 1st Book is inscribed. V.iierius. See Laevinus. Valgius Rufus, a Roman poet, in the Augustan age, intimate wilh Ljorace and Tiuulius, who hem uss poetry m higu Cstiuiaticni Varia, a small town near our author's farm. VAR 491 ion ia alluded to y pear Horace's VEN Variiis I VEN »-rp/Sit '°.r''' ^™''- *™ °"' "'■ "'°'' "^- ^"■ f ello Sequanico," bcs d?.,°,f ^'egancc, and wrote a poem « ni ,. '^^'v fragments ofwlS T r ^' • "'''""' ^J^'S'"^'"^^ »"5 E edes^ Ja»iculum towards the northT^^^^ '^"^ Prolongation of the Veil, a powerful ci(v of p?r, • . '^"' tt% 5?*"' v'« «-"'.f S !•;*-"- f™ Ron,o. Tl. nsola Furncse, near which m.^f '^ ''""""" ''^ t'>e name of vltV^*=^"%cliseoverer ^ "' '■'"'^'"^°'' «antiquity ha>^^ Aventine, but subseqSe'ntly e' "iot'i ^'" "^ '^' Capitol C the from each other by the t tis oJ F; / '''°. «"''^^'8. clistinc^uished h.« quarter were the shop of 1 o "'"T ^^«^'^ «''^ iWinS? I„ ^e'/a, originally called iS l V ° ':''*^"ders. &c. ^" Y^Un^u '^^ "^« 0^ ^'elia. "" ^'^'tdamara della Bruca Ve ni^: rSeIr V/ tbt^^" ^""^^^' -^^ '° ^e so caned from ^.^-Ifiy 6mt.V.Mi^,. ^'^'"^ ^^••"^«^^ Its locality 2 jnTh, Venafranus, adj. from Venafrum Ve.iafrum, a town nr p"^"^"^"!»- generally supDos^,! t™ kI?! u' ^"^^^^^" Aphrodite. Th,» .o-^-l— i ;i'e same as ?he Ph^ni'^-^^^ "isTar'te'"?'' h'"'!?'"' ^"'^^^ ^a^e blen *-e daughter of .upi(tr-S'BS;i^^-^:tS:^-^^ VEN 492 VES accounts, arose from the foam of the sea. She was worshipped as the goddess of beauty and love, her principal seats being the islands of Cyprus and Cythera. The Romans regarded her as the pro- genitress of their nation, which was fabled to have sprung from i*^neas,thc oflsprin;? of her union with the Trojan Anchiscs? She was married to V iilcan, but was not remarkable for fidelity to her husband. Her amour with Adonis is particularly celebrated in ancient poetry. The power of Venus over the heart was supported and assisted by a girdle, which gave beauty, grace and elegance, even to the most deformed, excited love, an.l rekindled extinguished flames. The contest of Venus for the golden apple of Discord is well known ; she gained the prize over Pallas and Jiuio, and re- warded her impartial judge with the hand of. the fairest woman in the world. The rose, myrtle, and apple were sacred to Venus. Among bird*, the dove, swan, and sparrow were her favourites; and .among fishes, the apliya and lycostomus. She is generally represented with her son Cupid in a chariot drawn by do*es, or, at other times, by swans or sparrows. 2, a planet called by the Greeks Phosphorus, ([.at. Lucifer,) when it rises before the suki, but when It follows it Hesperus or Vesper. Venusia, or Venusium, now Venosa, a city of Apulia on the Via Appia. about fifteen miles soutii of the Aufidus. It became a Roman colony some time before the war with Pyrrhus, and, after the battle cf Cannx, afforded a retreat to the consul A'arro, and the handful of men who escaped from that bloody field ; but it is chiefly memorable for being the birthplace of Horace. V'cnusinus, adj, from Venusia. Vertumnas, an Italian deity of rather obscure character. Some make him preside over merchandise, and others over the spring or the seasons in general. Ceres and Pomona were usually associated with him. His festivals were celebrated in October. H* was generally represented as a young man crowned with flowers, hold- ing in his right hand fruit, and a crown of plenty in his left. Vesta, a Roman goddess, identical with the Grecian Hestia, the jjod- dess of the domestic and public haarth, and generally regarded as the eldest daughter of Kronos* and Rhea. This deity was evidently of Pelasgian origin, and her worship was said to have been intro- duced into Rome by Numa, who built a temple in her honour be- tween the Capitoline and Aventine hills. Here the goddess had no statue, but was respresented by the sacred fire which blazed per- petually on her altars, and which was tended by the Vestal Virgins. The fire was never permitted to expire ; but if such an accident occurred through neglect, it was considered an omen of the viorii description, and i;equired the most careful and solemn expiations. It was renovated on the Kalends of March. A great deal of myi- ...,_; .. a,i„, ,i^,^, 5„ t„c :ii3i,uij ujiu aiiriuucca 01 V csia. in lilf Augustan age ahe was represented as a personification of Terra or V£3 VES worshipped a» ing Ihe islnndi^ er as the pro- e sprung from inchiscs. She (idelity to her celebrated iu wns supported and cingiiiicc, i extinguished of Discord is Juno, and re- •est woman in red to Venus, er favourites ; 5 is gcnerallj Y doves, or, at by the Greeks suki, but nhcn the Via Appii, Roman coionj the battle ef the handful of fly memorable Some make spring or the llj associated )er. He was flowers, hold- lis left. stia, the god- ly regarded as was evidently ve been intro- er honour be- oddess had no ;h blazed pef- estal Virgins. ) an accident I of the wor3t fin expiations. . deal of myi- estu. in the n of Terra or m Khe.,Cybele,Vo,.VDe: ^1,"^ «"^''«r confounded with On. '"». were celebrtt.d Jur!e S h «f " "^»- ^"tivnl,, called Ve.H Jove Cajsar habet. The story ^oes on to relate, t i Bathyllus, a contemptible poet of the day, claimed these verses as his own, and was liberally rewarded. Vexed at the imposture, Virgil again wrote the verses in question near the palace, and under them " Hos ego versiculos feci tulit alter honores ;" with the beginning of another line in these words, " Sic vos non vobis, four times repeated. Augustus wished the lines to be finished ; Bathyllus seemed unable, and Virgil, at last, by completing the stanza in the following order, " Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves ; Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves j Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes ; Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves," provedhimself to bethe author of the distich, and the impostor be- came the sport and ridicule of Rome. During his residence at Rome, Virgil inhabited a house on the Esquiline Hill, which was furnished with an excellent library, and was pleasantly situated near the gardens of Mtecenas. But he retired to Naples, in tlie thirty-third year of his age, and continued, during the remainder of his life, to reside there chiefly, or at a delightful villa which he pos- sessed in the neighboui hood of Nola, ten miles east of that city. About the time when he first went to reside at Naples he com- menced his Georgics^ by order of Maecenas, and continued for the seven following years, closely occupied with the composition of that inimitable poem. Tho ..Eneid was commenced, b. c. 30, the same year in which he had completed his Georgics. After he had been sRgazed for some time in its composition; the greatest curiosity and expedition a' fn;t,£';'^'''\«''«°"t ^rol Rot n' '' ^'"^ ^'"'^ the extremity of h;, '''^C3n^abrians, i,e wr„fi T.."" *" '"'''^ary ont. pSlpfi" ''"?''•«' entreating hLTof'n''''"'^°^^'-«'" in presence of hL ^L 0^^"^"''"«' ^^«^ited to h „ tt '."/^ ^^°"^ Marcellu- tlie darnni r n ^*^'^' ^^Jio had recent 1 1, fu"'''' ^'"'^> The poet, ; obabTv ,f ,'/^°'"^' ^"^^ ^ho adoptee JhM 'l-'!; °"'^ «°" the afect no. nassao 'V 'kP-TP'^'^^ «^" this rec U- Mn f ^"S"«tus. tf^e beloved%Sl^ '" "'^'^'^ ^^ ^""d- to S' p;:;r:a'tu?e' S^K But he ha7skMvT"'''" '"''""^ "^ '^"^'•« Quorum - &c tothenneJ^''^"''^-PP-edthena.eorMacen;stin;.^^^ the atllKrpa'en't lo'S'^- . ^'^^S'^ ^"S t tt "r?"^' ?-" " or this celebra eel na«:! ''tl""'^'^ ('^'^na sesferlln^ r '"''^ ^^°"» elusion, VirJrltiZT: "^''"^ brou4u the '//^^''■. f »^^» ^^rse headaches astS ^^^ advanced, he wa, S T*^" °^^ 'Jelicate embarked Stl'em"'^ 'P'"'"° «^ hlood! Th''!.!^'' 7!^^ frequent '^ith great debiSv.^f?'" ''''''^'^ «t Me^ara !vh '' '" ''^'^'^ he his di°temper1ic easp^ .,"1!"°'"- ^^'^e" he a^aTn ^' ''! '""' «^'^^d iind he expired a f!!? ^^ ^^^" «"«tion and iS" ''?' "" board, of death, he ordered JLr'^-'" "p"' ^hen he fe tfh?"'''''"'"' ^' ^' ^ere then with hTm ? \ ^"^"'^" Darius and P 1 • "t*' ^PProach injanction Sch h^ M"'"^^^*®«^'-^asa„fmn'"r ^""^' ^ho tequeathedThetea,y'\ ^"•' posterity, ,va"^ P^*^»"' an toabrother T?L ^'^P.*'"*ofhiswealfh whl^ °^^y^''- Virgil n«, and h", friend v''"'^''' ""'' ^'S am t h^ir ^^^'^erabfe accordino- to h ^^ ]^*""» and Tucca Th\. P^''""" Maece- terred with 30'«^^.*^'-''''=^'°"«' ^«« con^d «^o t^ ?^ ^'^^ P°'l Naples to PuteolT^hi^'l."'''""'"^"* erected «n,?''' ' ^"'^ '"- who lived in the h.V»./''"°'^'n? epitaph S.- 1«^'' '""^'^ ^rom « «aid to have bt'''"? ''''^^'y> ^Sa^ hX'V'''''' ^'''«^ana, before bii d-Ith " """^" ^^ "»e «05.".' il'. ''.^.^ ««en on an urn -«aeam. **' """^«« * lew moment.' # VIS m ZET " Mantua me geniiit; Calabri rapuere ; tenet nunc Parthenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces." (Lempriere.) Viscus, there were two brothers named Viscus, of senatorian rank,son» of Vibius Viscus^ who was much esteemed by Augustus. Thcf were both distinguished by their literary talents. Vicellius. See Sat. i. 1, 105, note. Volaneius. See Sat. ii. 7, 15. Volcanus. See Vulcanus. Vulcanus, also called Mulciberi, the Latin name for the divinity «ailed by the Greeks Hephaestus, — the god who presided over the working of metals. He was the son of Jupiter, who, incensed at his iater- ference on the part of his mother, Juno, cast him out of heaven : he fell in the isle of Lemnos, and broke his leg in the fall. His feats as the patron of armourers and workers in metal, his marriage with Venus, and her infidelities, form the subjects of many of the best- known classical stories. The description of his cavern in the Isle of Vulcan, or Hiera, in the eighth book of the JEneid, ia among the best-known passages in classical poetry. Vulteius, Mena, an auctioneer. See Epist. i. 7, 15. Vultur, a mountain on the borders of Apulia, now Monte Vulture. It was very near to Venusia» X Xanthus, Phoceus, a native of Greece, to whom the 4th Ode of the 2d Book is addressed. Xanthus, or Xanthos, a river of Lycia, falling into the sea abore Patara. It was the most considerable of the Lycian streams, and at an early neriod bore the name of Sirbes or Sibrus. Sec Od« It. 6,26. Zephyrus, one of the Winds, son of Astraeus and Aurora, the same as the Favonius of the Latins. He had a «on named Carpus, by one of the Seasons. Zephyrus is described by Homer a» a strong* blowing wind ; but it was afterwards regarded as genial in its influence both on man and all nature, and the name was considered as synonymous with " zoephuros^' life-bearing. Eetus, or Zethus.a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother of Amphiorii Sec Amphion* Metre : Asc Subject; Mer tion is friend ; I Line 1. Moscen 3. Olymp 4. Metaqn (of the I course, "al bone txtremit cylinder! called m> the place 6. Terran dominati( domini v< ^' Qmniiti, 8' Tergemii honores 10. libijcis, 12. Malicii 13. Cypria, '3> Icuriis— 18. Pauperie 'ess qualifi but only th ^^- Est qui ti ^Fcrnit. j 2 k mES ON ffOiJACE, THE ODES. Vulture. It )de of the U Book L Oilc I M^rRErAscIepiadicChoriambicTcframet.. Subject : Men's desii^es and t. r ^"''^"^- called victae, the goals. '^s'^k '^i?'''-'^^, ^--.ees, which nerc the place nearest to these had li i '? charioteer nho <.ained 'honofcTrl '^''"^r'f"'^- The dative case hv . r ■ 18:pX;S^;f'''?r- «^fCla.Ind. I^s qualified' by an'a'Sh^') sTeli':^'""^":?*' «^"^^ "«^ (un. ^''"i;/;^^/'^^ ^«^«ence onvealth " '" «'S""> absolute 4". ^Fcrnit. Ma^sic' J'- '-^^-'^ common cons Sk ^^•^ ^l> Inii. ructj/jn «/j AiC; 498 m NOTES ON HORACE BOOK I, Line 22. Sacrae, " diis agrestibus vel Nymphis fontes fuerant sacri." — Docring. 23. Liluo tttbae. The Old Scholiast informs us that the /(/;/»?, ivhich was used by the cavalry, was bent, and sharp-toned ; while the tuba, used by the infantry, was straight and deep- toned. 28. Marsiis, sec Classical Index. Terdes, " intricately wrought." 29. Ederae. On the use of ivy, as well as of bay, in forming the chaplets of poets, cf. Juvenal Sat. vii. 29. IJt dignus venias ederis et imagine sacra ; and Virgil Eel. vii. 25. Pastores cdcrk crcscentcm ornate poctam. It was so used because the Muses were the companions, not only of Apollo, but of Bacchus. For the words Nijinphaium — Satyr'is — Euterpe — Pohjhymnia- L-csboinn, consult the Classical Index. \ ODE II. P t 'MS w^ If Metre. — Sapphic and (4th line) Adonic. Subject: This ode was composed in allusion to a violent storm anJ] inundation of the Tiber, which occurred on the 18th of January I A. u. c. 727, the day after that on which Octavianus assumrii the new title of Augustus. Horace, considering that occasion ( as a forerunner and omen of some great calamity, enquires to what god must the people look for aid. Line 1. 31isU, for immisit. 3. Jaciddlus urces. The phrase jaculari (trees, is poetical fori " fulmen jaculando arces percutere." sacras arces refers lol the temples on the Capitoline Mount. See CI. Index. (). Pyrrhae, see Classical Index. 7. Proteus, see CI. Ind. 8. Viscre. This is a Greek construction for ad visendum, 13-17. Tibcriin — Etrusco — Vcstae — Iliac — See Classical Index.; 15. Monumenta Regis. *' The memorial of King Numa," al: ing to his palace, which, according to Plutarch, stood in thej vicinity of the temple of Vesta, and was distinct from liis| other residence on tlie '^uirinal Hill — Anthon. 17. Nimium. I agree with Doering in considering this word !o| be an adjective, which qualities ultorem. Translate, "exces{ sive or intemperate avenger." Many of the old commentalorsj regarded it as an adverb qualifying querenti. 18. Sinistra ripa — that is, the side on which the city was built.! 22. Pcrsae, equivalent to Par/hi, for which sse Classical IndeiJ Perirent is for pcriturifuissent, S6. Ribus, A Graecism for " ad res." 32-34. Apollo — Erycina — Cupido. See Classical Index. 39. Marsi. The old reading was Mauri, to which serious oH jcctjOiis arise ffuia tlis facts, that the Mauri were not) in sncsl BOOK I, I ODES 2, '3. fontes fuerant sacri." (trees, is poetical for j icras arces refers ee CI. Index. NOTES ON HORACE 499 Line 43. Fllius Muiac. Mercurv %: VV^^.'"''^' ^'^'^ Classical Index. Mercurius. '''^'^^>^y- See Classical Index for Maia and If f'^-'ni. Consult Classical Index iiO. Pater. The title of '' Father nn • upon Augustus a. u. c. 752 '"' '"""''"y" ^^^^ conferred I ODE III. Metre: First line, Choriarnbic Trimeter. Second hne, Asclepiadic Choriamb.VJT.f Sabject.-The poet prays that fh. 7 '^ '"''""• about to emba'rkf nay ,1';' a '5, '""''"' ^''f '^'^"^^ ^^'^S'' " -e heynvei^hs ^iLt tt^ J.^^J^^^^ 3^;^'« at the s^.e lux. annaex. 1' rutres— Castor and Pol- 3. Vcntoruin pater— Aeolus f^- „.u ^^•Japyga,seeClass.Ind. ^^^°'» ^«"«"'t Classical Index. -^ lili robur et aes trinlpv '< ti,,* 30. jcrommmia, sm Class. Index. ^r.^JJ^eZ. ,„.„. ,„c so,. „r ,apot„.-P„„„H,„,. ,^^ „^^^ '.'iass. Index. ^^^'CULeus—Jovem, consult Queen's Most Excellent Maestu '' ""^ °''" ^''''''^' " ^^^'^ J5;. Ccf/«/„ /psMw ^^j-,^^^^ cf. Juvenal S.t - -^ . 500 ' NOTES ON HORACE book i. ODE IV. Metre: First line, Archilochia:i Heptameter. Second line, Iambic Trimeter Catalectic. Subject : He urges his friend Sextus to enjoy the present time, since all enjoyment must be lost in death. Line 1. Soh'itur acris hyems graid vice ct Favoni. "Severe winter is melting away beneath the pleasing change of Spring and the western breeze." — AnUion. Favoni, see Class. Index. 2. Trahunt. During the winter the vessels were drawn up on shore, and supported by props; when the season fornavigalion returned, rolleri. were placed under them, and they were drawn by ropes down to the sea. 5-8. Fpr Cijtherea — Venus — Lnna — Nymjyhis — Gratiae — Cijclo- pvn — Vulcanvs — consult CI. Index. 9. Caput vhpedire vvjrlo. The use of chaplcts at festive entertainments sprung I'rom Greece, and owed its origin to the practice of tying a woollen fillet tight round the head, fov the j purpose of niitigatrng the effects of intoxication. But as lux- ury increased, they were made of various flowers or shrub;, such as were supposed to prevent intoxication : of roses, (which I were the choicest) violets, myrlle, ivy, and even parsley — mijrA to, this shrub was sacred to Venus. M.-Fauno, consult Classical Index. 13-14. Pallida Mors Sec "Pale death, advancing with inipar- tial footstep, knocks for admittance at the cottages of the poor,j and the lofty dwellings of the rich." — Anthon. 16. fabulaeque Manes; understand by the Manes of fable, the shades of the dead, often made the subject of the wildest lions of poetry, (Anthon.) : or, the future world, respecting! which all is fable, (Doerjng). 17. Plulonia, see Class. Index. 18. Talis. Some commentators (amongst whom is Dr. Anthon)| regard this as the adjective, rendering " sxtch wine as we Ann here on earth)*' Doering and others consider it the ablativij plural of talus — " Thou shalt nehhcr cast lots with the diccJ This is the more usual, and, I think, the more correct view. Ibid. Rcgna vini. " The guests at a banquet reclined on coucliei ana Kcre crowned with garlands of flowers. A master ofiki rcvek (arbiter bibcndi) was usually chosen, whose comraandl the whole company had to obey, and who regulated the wti ' order of the entertainment. The choice was usually detfij mined by the throwing of astragali or tali (dice)." — Smiths" of A. p. 325. ODES 4-7. NOTES ON HORACE 501 e present time, since its — Grai iae — Cijdo- whose commandi ODE V. , Fourth line, ctrU^tc T™«e71"S " '"'>='«"«- Subiect • Thn ;„„ , """tier, ,r UJyconic. ' Vdlt.'"""""»"^ °f ^F*>. and .he da„gcr. of her „c„ i Li.. ... .W„, « „„„„,, „,, ^^^^„ ^^_ ^.^^ ^^^ ^.^ .. ^^^ ^^^^^^ wore at U o time of th',, P""" ""= *"» "hirt tlioy naked, ^><':y dZ^UtnXZVZ- V^'' ''"' ««"P"^ persons al30s„s„„„de/™^'°™'f l^*""': '""'• Shipwrecked ™ -eh thci. aSci, Jt-r d'e'S;jed 'if 3d."i ~^f,S;^^> ODE Vf. lime 1-2. Vario^Maconii. are datives. 5-G. -A^rippa—Pclidac. 'S-Uhxei—X'elopis. odfo.m for Ulysses. «««;,«•*,«„.. ^""'"^- ^'5 /•«?", equivalent to obductam. conveys the idea of a s^erious St..^ h ?p''"^*'"'^^ '^^' '^''^^^^ so delicate, as to be displeased n"?' ''"^ ^'^'"^" ^««^^ was not -iden assailing heSr«1/?SngluL'^ '"^^^'^ "^ ^ ODE VII. r^SS^^SSl;^"--'- Second line, Dactylic Te- Consult Class. Index. Vario and alili See Classical Index. See Classical Index. Ulixeus was an II 302 NOTES ON HORACE fiOOK I i ! Subject : The praise of tlie beautiful scenery about the Anio, as surpassing the scenes of Greece. It was probably composed with the view of dissuading M. Plancus from leaving Italy (bi Greece. Line 1. Rhodon, MityUnen — for these, and all Ihe other proper names throughout the Ode, consult the Classical Index. Ibid. Laudahunt alii, "Let others praise" — Dccring. "Others are wont to praise" — Anthon. The former is preferable. Ibidi Claram ; " illustrious for its commerce, arts and literature"— Docring and others. *' Sunny," Anthon. On account of the boast of the Rhodians, mentioned by Pliny in Nat. H. 2, 6:', " that not a day passed in which this city was not illuminated by the sun" I prefer Anthon's i.iterpretation. 7. Indeque ulivam, h. e. " et quaeisitam sibi ex hoc (inde) Athenas carminibus celebrandi studio iaudem (fronii p)-a€]Joneyc) \)iib- lice prae se ferre'' — Doerin!!;. 1 1. Perctissit, " has charmed." 12. Domus Jlbuncae reso«07iZ»"s, understand the temple of tk Sibyl on the cliff at Tibur (now Tivoli.) 15-16. Albus Notus. This wind was generally a moist one, bu! at certain seasons it fairly merited the appellation of the "clear south wind." In illustration of the expression tdbn^ Notus, cf. Virgil. G. I. 460, clarus Aquilo and injra lii. 7. 1. candidi Favonii. 19. Molli mero, " winp riidlow with age.'' cf. Juvenal, Sat. i, 69, molle Calenvin. 26. Socii—comites. Soai — corpanions, equals. CowiVc.?— fol- lowers, dependents, clients, of. Juvenal^ Sat, i. 46, gregibuj coin it am. ODE vin. Metre ; First line, Choriatnbic Dimeter, Aristophanic. Second line, Altered Choriambic Tetrameter. Subject : Horace chides Lydia for causing Sybaris to desert the manly exercises in which he had formerly been distinguished. Line 4. Camjmm. The Campus Martius, in which the Roman youth performed their exercises. " The Campus Martius was a favourite resort for air, exercise, or recreation, when the I labours of the day were over. Its ample area was crowded by the young, who there initiated themselves in all warlike and athletic exercises, and in the games usual to the palaestra; for which purpose the contiguous Tiber rendered it peculiarly appropriate in early times, before public baths were establish ed.'— Smith's D. of A, n, 19L 6. Gallica nee lupatis, &c. " The Gallic steeds were held in j high Psti.iiation by ihe Romans. Tacitus speaks of Gaul'? i Book !. I ODES 8-10. about the Anio, as probably composetj om leaving Italy (oi ! other proper names ndex. -D(cring. " Others r is preferable. Is and literature"— On account of the ly in Nat. H. 2, 62, iva3 not illuminateit ion. :hoc (inde) Athena? lii pi'aeponcrc) \mb- the temple of the ■lly a moist one, but appellation of the he expression idbvx and injra lii. 7. ]. cf. Juvenal, Sat. i, lals. Comites—hl Sat. i. 46, gregibu3 iniCt ter. jaris to desert the been distinguished. 1 the Roman youtli j us Martius was a ireation, ■when the I ea was crowded by | in all warlike and ! al to the palaestra; dered it peculiarly | iths were establish Beds were held inl speaks of Gaul': NOTES ON HORACE 8. 603 being once almost drained of its horses Tl.^v «,„ i so tierce and spirited a brr,., I! "«"•'s- TliCy were, however, ploymentof- vSupaa' .V;! T^'' necessary the em- resembling the teeth of wolves''" D. ^'""i '"''l" '''''" «"''"^^ thon. "'^" —Doermg, translated by An- made for throwit to a dLarr"''' '''''' "^^'''"« «' '>•«"■ and dexterity. It , "s tei n T' f' ■" ."^'.'''^^'^ "^ '^'^"S^^ to reach above h,niddle of hi'^"'^'' '" f'^'"'^^^'"' ««^« right hand. The ob ect w-is tl m """^l'''?^' "''^» ''^'^' '" ^''^ Ibid. Sub lacrmosa tempora Trom—^'h!lil'c ,u destruction of Troy." ^^^J^^— just before the mournful ODE IX. I .^letre : Two first lines, Greater Alcaic, rV^^^ ™-hus, who was labour. Lme 1. Soraclc, consult Classical Index. 0. Jienignixis. I ao-ree with D, ,..;.," • • , . render, - 7«o,^zILr«4 » ° '" <^0"sidering this an adverb: '^.Diotdy a vessel having two eari /'« nfn»\ « u i. 'S:^!^:'-' ^-PPea-o^hat bL: S^ sl^-f Ib|^r;,^^f^- -^^Tmesis ibr .uemcunque. 24. ma/e equivalent to minus, 'rend'er, « faintly opposing. » ODE X, [Metre: First three lines, Sapphic. Fourth line, Adonic. Subject : The praises of Mercury. Line 1. Atlantis, see Class Inrtpv r I ^ above wo'rd i\.nl,A'£^i '" '''""'"« '"^' ''"^' ^-'^e the tHc cariy race or men" Anthr.^ n^, "" --' '^^ maiKjcfa 01 the early state of mankind 1,"; f Sf ^""'"^' ^'^'^^'^ 'hat the brutes. 'nan''"!'^ was out httle removed from that of m im NOTES ON HORACE BOOK I, Line G. Cirrvacqi.e lyrcc paientcm. Sec the article on Mercury in tlic Index. 9. Boves—lhc cattle of Admctus. See Class. Index. 1 2-20. Apollo— Jlridas—Priamus— Thcisulos—Trojoe—consuW. Classical Index. IS. Virga. Mercury's caduceus. 1!>. Sii peris dcoru/ii j Gracce pro supcris diis. ODE XI. Metre : Choriambic Pentameter. Subject : He urges Leuconoe to abstuin froni useless attemiits to pry into the future. Line 1- Nc qtificsicris-yii-o 7ioli quaercre. The subjunctive is often used a.? a softened imperative, to express entreaty, or request. 2. Babylonios niuneros. " Chaldean tables." The Babylonians, cr, more strictly speaking, Chaldeans, were the great astrolo- gers of antiquity, and constructed tables for the calculation of nativities, and the prodiction of future events. This branch ol charlatanism made such progress, and such regular form among llieni, that subscquentlj' the terms Chaldean and astroio2;er became synonimous" — Anthon. 8. Carpe diem &c., cf. Persius, Sat. v. 151. Carpamus dulcia; nostrum est. Quod vivis : cinis et manes, et fabula fies. "Vive memor Icti, fugit hora : hoc, quod loquor, inde est. ODE xn. Metre : First three lines, Sapphic. Fourtii line, Adonic. Subject . The praises of Augustus, ivhom he ranks with Gods ami heroes. Line 1 . Quan virvm aut heroa. " What living or departed hero." 2. Clio. For this, and all other proper names in the Ode, consult the Classical Index. Ibid. Celcbrure, a Grascism for ad celebrandum. 9. Arte mawnii. This refers to his mother Calliope, one of llic Mufes. 11. Blundum et avritas &c. " Sweetly persuasive also to lead _^along, with melodious lyre, the listening oaks"— Anthon. 17. Unde, equivalent to " a quo.'' 27-32. Quorum simul &c. " As soon as their auspicious sir- has risen, the storm forthwith cease? to rno;e, and the .ssitattd sea, in which the sailors thought they were about to perish, be* comes smooth and calm," 5 attempts to pr) arpamus dulcia: with God« ami ODES 11-13. NOTES ON HOKACE 605 l.inc Ja.Tarquini fasces superbos <' tu . .., n.us Supcrbus." Conunen'tators U?i,? ^'^"^ '"'S" °^ ^arquf. •nention of Tarquin the Proud i.M.nn " "r^Sruous to .n.kc praises of Augustus. Tms c n.i? '''. '''"'^ '"''^»*^» '^'t'' l'>e plained. The phrase ./»A//^ Z'^^""^' ''°'''«''" «s easily ex- a mere poetie 'form 'if ^^rtr;"'" '"'""''""' ''' ^^°'" ^efng mnid of the poet. Th» iv^S • "''""'''^ "'^^•"i' doubt in ihe priority i„ tile seale o n e-rirtoT^'^'l' "'"J''^'' ^« -^^'^ t c regular lans-or to Tarquh, the /r'n P'*; '' '^'^'''"^ion and authority to tlic highest snl in °"'^' ''''" '"'''«'^d the re-al republieuns, who de en ^] ^dd-"'.-^ r''' "'^ '^^ °^'''« ^^^became useless-Ai.thon '^«"stilut.on until resistance ''-^^^'^i!^L£,i:::r^^ r--ssion, i„ by four horses, nf was 'reee, od v'.l ''^' '" " '^"'°^ ^•■«»» taken .. w... ,., /cdloweS^jt^tro^o^a.l^,''^'?;:^'''^ -^P^.'^ taken i;^-^r:'..:i^J^^Z!Z!^'^ T'^'^^' ^^^^^ lions the Via Sacra, ascc d, . h' 'r ""'^' fler passing in the temple of Jupite?. tII i\'^ ^T''^ »» ««br sa^eri- state alon "ce in the temple of Jupiter Tl.,. r." c ■.'— • ^' ="*-'■'■ ^verc necessarv to a / i.iZ' , ■ , "'" following conditions and hat the loss, on the side of the f',"" '"u^ ^'"S'° ^^"'«> «mall compared with that of the" V ""•' '^'"''' ^''"''^ bee, "ar should have been -> K hiato ' fT''''^^- -^' ^I'at the and not a civil contest. 3d Xt tT '/ "^' "'^ P"'^'^^ f^^^'. should have been extended and not '^T'"'"" "^ ^^'^ «^ate ously lost, regained. And 4th Tint ."""''^ something previ- brougiu to a conclusion, and Le n ov n' ''"i '''°?''^ ^'=^^« ^^^^n peace, so as to permit of the amfv . ' ''-^^'''^ ^° ^ «^ate of ence of the victorious soldiers TeL ""^" IV^''^"""""' ^''<^ P'^e^- in a triumph. ""^" ^''"S considered indispensable 57. Tcwmior, "next in rank to thee » ex hac enim eausi demm /b Ivi'" "'» ''""."''' '^ Profanatis; fulmina»--Doering. *''' '^'^^'^ "•'^'o '" lucos c^edcbantur Hope, one of the ODE xrrr. Metre : First line, Choriambie Trimeter or CW ■ Second line, Ascleniidi.. Phf^ ' J- ^'^'comc. S%ct. The Poet's iealo^Td^^^^^^^ ^''^^--^^-• ^ ing from a .nutuaraffeetin ^''"^ ' '""^ '^' '>=^PPi"ess result- Line I cerca, « waxen," that is. ."los.v .„, .„. .. O' manent. The rpo-ula- „ ' ? "■;■ ' ="iuo!n. «1 .. eijuivak,,! to the Si°mZt ' "'"' """^ '" "^S"* 506 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK r. Line 8. Leiitis itrnibns : " by the slow-consuming fires"— Anthon. 16. QuintA parte sui nectnris imbuit, *' bona sui necliiris parte, h. e. multo nectare (in numeris cairn quintus liaiul argutandum est) rigavit et perfudil"— Doering. " The fifth part of all her nectar"— Anthon ; who adds, «' Each god, observes Porson, was supposed to have a given quantity of nectar at his disposal; and to bestow the fifth, or the tenth part of this on any indi- vidual, was a spcciol favour." 20. Citiut supremA die — priuspiam diem supremum obierunt, i. c. ante mortem. — Doering. ODE XIV. Metre : First two lines, Asclcpiadic Choriambic Tetrameter. Third line, Choriambic Trimeter, Catalectic, or Pherecratic. Fourth line, Choriambic Trimeter, or Oiyconic. Subject: An address to the state, under the metaphor of a ship, just rescued from the storm of civil war, and threatened with its renewal. Line 5. Africwih see Classical Index. 6. Antennaeqxie. Antenna, the yard of a ship. The ships of the ancients had a single mast in the middle, and a square-sail, to raise and support which a transverse pole or yard was extend- ed across the mast, not far from the top. In winter, or stormy weather, the yard was let down, and lodged in the vessel, or taken on shore. — Smith's D. of A. p. 52. Ibid. Sine funibus — " anchor cables," or ropes girt round ships in stornriy weather, to prevent the planks from starting asunder." 7. Carinae, plural for singular. 10. Di. The imagies of the tutclvTry gods used to be placed in the stern of the vessel, cf. Persius, Sat. vi. 30. " Ingenles de puppe dei, jamque obvia mergis Costa ratis lacerae." The poet seems to .Tliude figuratively to the Tutelary Gods of Rome, oiTonded at the late civil war, and threatening to with- hold their protection from the state in the event of its renewal. 11. Pontica, sec Classical Index. 14. Pictis piippibus ; " ad externum enim navium splendorem pertinebant picfurae, quibus puppes inprimis decorari solebanf — Doerin;!;. 20. Cydadas, consult Classical Index. ODE XV. Metfe.* First three lines, Asclepiadic Choriambic Tetrameter. Fourth linC; Choriambic Trimeter, or Glyconic ODES 14- Subject : Tn the An CIc thai seni linel. Idfj in t\ 5. Mul Pott Aug 7. Con bctw king( 12. Pat i8. CcL Ajax, 22. Pyl med howci 29. Qua stag, I the op Shalt i\ to thy 30. Gran barum. Metre: Two fi Third Fourth Subject: Thee retractal written t-'ne 4. Mrian consult t 5.Ao/i Di Apollo, g their prie shake the fedoublec Ibid. Mytis^," temple, aj CDES 14-I6i Notes on Horace 607 B vessel, or Suhject: The prcclicti«n nf tv Troy. Cnde? r, l,o rK"""""'"" *'^ ,'^""-"'^'-" oC the breaking? out of (icC.vi. '? ''"''''"«^''^ '" allude to Antony. lU, is t e f ne JfA"^" >'"' ^'^'^^'"""^ ^»'' Cleopatra nil), he nrrS. ^" «"X» ^vhose mad passion for that of the Tr^j^', Cu ' rJ^V^V""'' '''^''»' results as Line 1 7r '"';" ''''' P- "of "oct":Lt. ^"^^^" ^^^°" -^- Mne I. lufris — Hphntn v «l , '"'J;»OJo,cr.-„,uScl';X;""''°" ""'" =PrellaU.e term,, Augurium. Greece, and hnulh's D. of A. under 'beSn"t'e\'nd'' U.vTotoJ « «^«'«mon oath to sever the union kingdom of Priam''-:\;nho;, ' ""^ '° p-^--- Line rf. i-w/yen* ca-,^Mi m?mcra »«;•»« 1 nr.r t. - tation Gf this oassage, takint tL X ^ ^' ^^^cring's interpret to exiguus loct>s, f nd co WbeSt t? ''''"^f 1° '^^ equivalent ' being more forcible? "A small ^ f "/''' ^"'' ^'"^^ent, as thee'' MitscherlicVancfCafo^'tafe'Jh-'' ""^ ^^'''^ Anthon, on the nihr, i,.,„ 1 .? ^''*^ this view. Dr to .the^on.p rfo?m ee'of' ar^f''""' ?^ ^^•°'-^^' to appl^ sprinkling of 'a little SSst over [is Z'- ''''Ir^^" "«"^ talus as ta'v" g be?»"!!' h'o^tTr "f ^^P^"-^» ^an- - -f^-??oc,!iu,, from uie old verb dcnseo, ^re 21 ' •: 614 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK I. Ibid. Nullum sacva caput Proserpina fugit, an hypallage for nullum caput fugit saevam Proserpinam. It was believed that no one could die until Proserpine, or Atropos, her messenger, had cut a lock of hair from the head. 28. Uiide potest — " a quibus hoc fieri potest." SA:. Teque piacula nulla resolvent. The ancients attached great importance to the burial of the dead : they believed that their .souls could not enter the Elysian fields till their bodies had been buried (or had earth thrown on them.) So strong was this feeling ar .ong the Greeks that it was considered a reli- gious duty to throw earth upon a dead body, which a person might happen to find unburied. The neglect of this duty was a serious ofience against morals and religion. Three hand- fulls of dust were sufiicient to comply with the custom — hence tl»e e,xprc3sion in the text, licebit injecto ter pulvere curras. ODE XXIX. Metre : First two lines, Oreater Alcaic. Third line, Iambic Dimeter Hypermeler. Fourth line, Minor Alcaic. Subject: The poet rallies Iccius, for having turned from the study of philosophy, to that of war. Line 1. Icci. For this, and the other propernames, consult the Index, Ibid. Jlrabum. In the year 23 b. c. ^lius Gallus, prefect of Egypt, was sent by Augustus on an expedition against Arabia Felix. which was unsuccessful. Iccius seems to have held a com- mand in this expedition. .5. Quae virginum barbara, a Graecism for quae virgo barbarc- 7. Ex aulA, equivalent to regius. 15. Loricis Iberis. The Spanish coats of mail were much esteemed. ODE XXX. Metre : Three first lines, Sapphic. Fourth line, Adonic. Subject : The invocation of Venus to visit the dwelling of Glycera Line 1-8. Venus, Gnidi, Paphi, Cypron, Nymphaef Mercurm, For these, consult the Index. 2. Spcrne, equivalent to desere. 5. Fervidus Pucr. .!•>»_ " Est enira -Docring. Jlmor animosus et fervidiorii ingenu puer' 7. Panim comis sine ie, " a venerc enim juventas lenociiiia sua | accipit — Amor ju veil tarn amabilem reddit" — Id, ■Mel re: ODES 29-33. from the study of us ct fervidioris NOTES ON HORACE ODE xxxr. 6li Metre : Two first lines, Greater Alcaic. 1 l.Cuhaiis. For thi C d cf i r '-^PP^^f ives, see the Index -Thu'- f,FP'« Cichoriimvorau" pT"*7.'? '"'"^um, This ,s still called Cichorio in rL^^^"'^' ^'^- ^'X, c. 8 «a.en by ihe common neon e and u'/ ^"^* '« very 'much some salad. But thpn,.t •! . • " esteemed a verv ivhni! -e obliged to"s';rJ\ff"re%'r° ",'"?.^'^^^'^ S tj ;" C;vh,ch are the bitterest p.^rt) .nZlor In '^?'''^^''^ ^''^ «brS iJie season of the year one sopi J ^ ° '"'''« '^ eatable. I„ "^ every herb-stal/i„ ^ "1^ f./^'nPPing this succo v -ViiscellaneaVirgiliana, p. oj. ODE XXXIJ. ^fctrc : Three first lines. Sapphic Fourth line, Adonic. Subject : An Address to his I vr^ .. u- , consult the Index. " ""•' ""^ ""= "tcr proper nam". ODE XXXIII. ■■^fctre: First Ihr^-A lirp, *_ , . .. ^ NOTES ON HORACE 516 Subject: To console Albiu5Tibullu9 under a disappointment in love. Line 1. ^/6i-For this, and the other appellatives, consult the Ind.x. 4 Prt| ode, consult the Index. ODES 34-36. NOTES ON HORACE 5IT throw the starE. column of' ff- •'»'""'=*'"■" ^'^^' ^h°» over- used actively. ^ """" ''^ affairs"-AaUion. ;„o/w«s Ls copula„dSolir„*Sanr''" cl"''r ^^^? fi---e " hamus feJreut cu.^s u/us W ''''?""?!!!^^"<1"'"- " Uncus, island of Taprobanl Af"e va^dJih'"^''*?f ^^""°P'=^ ^^ ^''^ to the sea bWore Arabia and f, h' '^.P''?"'^" was limited gulfs. The oriental name Ic mnacan'.-"^ t'^-'" .""" P^"-^'^» most probable origin of^he G S a^d i^T^'^''"» '■^''" '^ ^'^^ J«. O utiiiam diff ngas. «« n mivr« fi? r poet's prayer to Fortune "Thii^,^''''"?,'^"*'"*'' " '^''^ swords which had been "?. ,/ci „• ,1 f. 'm"'^, ^"'J'' ""'"''^ '^^ «n the civil war, so t iat th"vl- Sk''^ ^^"""^ °^^''e Romans enemies of the republu^'^Sahot '""^^'^'^ ""-'''"'' '^'' ODE xxxvr. hlelre: First line, Choriambic Trimeter or CW.. • '* "• Sr • »■- "-. and .he other ^r.per names. e„„,„,. „„ tl.e Liberalia in Ihe mo„th J M, T ""''."■"» "«"'"'^'I "I pears .0 have beeTpS el/ £ f r' "".'' ""'"B'' '"' "S'' »P- bably took place ai°,~n. 1 . ' ""* "™">»nr. it pri- ^'■at ihc completion of thp idm «^ ' "•""£=' »'■ 's certain 618 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK T. tirocinium fori, as being the young man's introduction to public life. The occasion was celebrated with great rejoicings by the youth's friends, who attended him in a solemn proces- sion to the Forum and Capitol." — Smith's D. of A. Line 10. Cress& nol&, "a white or chalk mark." The ancients mark- ed their lucky days with white, the unlucky with black. 14. Amyslide. This term denotes both a large drinking vessel and " a draining ihc cup at one draught." 20. Ainbitiosior, " magis brarhiis suis ambiens, h. e. arctius cl tenacius inhacrens atque se iinplicans" — Docring. fiiia! ODE XXXVII. \ Metre : Two first lines, Greater Alcaic. Third line. Iambic Dimeter Hypermetcr. Fourth line, Minor Alcaic. Subject : The celebration of the victory at Actium, and the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra. Line 2. Saliaribus, see the Index under " Salii." After finishing their procession, the Salii used to sit down to a splendid banquet, with which the phrase Saliares dapes consequently became synonimous. ~ /. . ^u n 3. Pulvinar. Sacrifices being of the nature of feasts, the Ko- mans used, on occasions of extraordinary solemnities, to place imao'es of the gods reclining on couches, with tables and vian°ds before them, as if they were really partaking of ihe thin«rs offered in sacrifice. This ceremony was called lecli- sternium, and the couches, on which the statues were placed, were named pulvinaria. Afterwards pulvinar came to signify a temple or shrine. 4. Erat. The imperfect is here used for the present. 5. Jlntehac, to be read as a dissyllable. Caecubum; for this, anil , the other proper names, consult the Index. 10. Quidlibet impotens sperare, a Graecism for impotcns ut qutd- libet speraret. ^^ i , • v» I 1 3. Una. This is exaggerated, as Cleopatra was attended in her | flight by 60 ships. 25. Jacenffim, equivalent to moestam. , /. j u* f«i 27. Tradare serpentes. There is a good deal of doubt as o whether Cleopatra destroyed herself in the way conimonlj| reported. oois 37-38. NOTES ON HORACE 629 e. arctius ct ODE XXXVIII. Metre: First three line», Sapphic. Fourth line, Adonic. uneTi'I''; 'TT'' " '"'■"'""• "'''"'"'••"" '«"I-"- ,,,^ toy, aU X™S l'':e™„7° '^"'"'"■' ""S'"'")' ««"«-«^l » for seduld curd. ^°*""S' '^^'^"^«« f^"-«e la a Greek UJo^a (520) NOTES ON HORACE. ODES 1-3. Line 28. Re 38. Cet giac moil IrisI THE ODES. BOOK II. ODE I. Metre : Two first lines, Greater Alcaic. Third line, luinbic Dimeter Hypermeter. Fourth line. Minor Alcaic. Subject : The incitement of Pollio to perseverance in the history of the civil war, which he had begun to compose, and the exprcssioii of the poet's high expectations of it. Line 4. Principum amidtias. This alludes to the two triumvirates, the first of which was formed B. c. 60, and consisted of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus ; the second was formed B. c. 43, between Octavius, Antony, and Lcpidus. 9. Musa tragoediae — " Melpomene." The meaning is, "desist for a while from your labours as a tragic poet." 10. UHpublicas res ordinaris. There are two ways of rendering this passage; " when thou hast settled our public aflairs,"" that is, " brought your history down to the present period of peace," and " when thou hast completed the history of our affairs." I prefer the latter, which is Anthon's. 12. Cothurno. This word primarily signifies a high shoe or boot, such as used to be worn by tlie ancient horsemen. It was adopted by the Attic Tragedians in order to add dignity to their appearance, and thus came to be synonimous with «' Tragedy." Ibid. Cecropio, "Athenian," see Index. 16. Dalmatico. Fortius, and the other appellatives, see tliel Index. \7. Jam nunc mlnaci. " The poet fancies himself listening to I the recital of Pollio's poem, and to be hurried on by the ani- mated and graphic periods of his friend into the midst of l''«| combats." — Anthon. M«trc: Thn Foui Subject: Th( ployi happ Line 5. Prom Index. 11 Uter. Africi 18. Dissi 19. Popu jubel — Doi 22. Propi 23. Oculc thcob Metre : Two f] Third Fourth Subject: "Let death i Line 4. Moritut proper 6. Dies fe. Roman intercisi were sp nities ; their pi tween g and pari 8- Interiore The win used, an 15. Sororu! Lachesi ODES 1-3. istory of tiic J cxprcssioi: riumviratcs, Led of Julius brmed b. c. IS. « desist of rendering lie affairs," ;nt period of story of our 'hoe or boot, len. It was i dignity to limous niihj es. sec the listening to| 1 by tlie ani- midst of t!i6 1 NOTES ON HORACE 621 Irish fun'erir '^'^""«••'^'''5 »"»ilar to tl,e "keening «'it an ODE II. M'^trc: Three first line,, Sapphic. I'ourth line, Adonic. Index. ''"" ""'^ ^h« other p op., namt; consult the n Uterque Pcbhus, alluding as ivcU to t . r . • • 1« i'?"^^'" their colonies in Spain C.w^l'ag,nians in 19. ^«/^«/um^,f;%//jX' "?/^"'"J''^ '^"P"''^'- opinion." -Doering. ' 'eiicitale hunmn^ imbiberit, sententias." 2~. ^'•oi'rmm, «perenncm, acternam "-M ODE III. Metre: Tvrofi,st lines, Greater Alcaic. ^rte,'iKi^?Er"^Per.cter. '"'^"^ draUri^'IhTS ZTn^^^' '^^PP-- - ''^^ -^y afford, since Line 4. itfbn7«r., "doomed to die." DelH r„, „ • , . g proper names, consult the Index ' "' ''"'^ ^""^ ^^her intercisi." The first were eStirel v H.H 'f P'*o^««ti,» or "dies were spent with sacrifices re ?Jt^«'^ ^"^^"'^ ^" ^^^" ^ods, and nities J the second bSed to ml' f ""fu ' ''"'^ ^'her solem- their public and priva e busine,?. n ''■^'^'."^'"""«'••«ti"" of tween gods and mei-that fs w' I '" .^f "'"''^ «^ared be- ^ and partly to business ' '''' ^"'"^ '''^^oted to religion The wine which Z7Li nutttl'.h''^, ^^^'^'■"^^"•"-Anthon. ,. used, and therefore the oldest ' *"""' ''°"'^ ^'^ ^he last Lachesi quod'torquea!: ''"'""' ^''' '"• ^7, dum supcrest iH &. 622 NOTES ON HORACE ODE IV. BOOK 11. Metre : Tliree first lines, Sapphic. Fourth line, Adonic. Subject : He urges Xanthias Phoceus not to be ashamed of the affec- tion which he had conceived for a female slave. Line 3. Brueis. For this, and the other proper names in this Ode consult the Index. 6. Tecmessae. In fanning, this word must be thus divided, Te-cmessae, 1 1 . Tollif a Graecism for ad tollendum> 14. Flavae. For proofs of the esteem in which " golden hair" was held by tl)e ancients, we need only refer to Homer- Ibid. Beati, '* potentes, nobiles" — Doering. 22. Integer, ** omnis amoris expers" — lb. 24. Lustrum. This word was derived from luo, and properly signified the lustration or purification of the Roman people by one of the Censors in the Campus Martius, after the busi- ness of the census was concluded. As this only took place once in five years, the word lustrum came to signify the inter- val. The first lustrum was performed in b. c. 566, by king Servius, after he had completed his census. Our author, as well as other writers of his own and subsequent date, used the word without any relerence to the Census: and some used it as synonimous with saeculum- ODE V. Metre »• Two first lines, Greater Alcaic. Third line. Iambic Dimeter Hypermcter. Fourth line, Minor Alcaic. Subject : An address to Lalage. This Ode is a translation from some Greek poet. Line &. Circa virentes est campos ; " is buried amid the grassy plains" — Anthon. 10. Lividos distinguet, equ'/alent to maturescet. cf. Sil. Ital, viii. 208, liventes sole racemos. 18. ^Ibo, sic, &,c.; ** Ehiriing as brightly with her fair shoulder, as the unclouded moon upon the midnight sea" — Anthon. ODE VI. Metre : Three f rst lines, Sapphic. Fourth Hue, Adonic. Subject : Horace's desire io spend the remainder of his days in re tiremr/ I with his friend Septimiui. ODES 4--8. Line 1. A D( 3. Ba an 7. Mo 10. Go Ibid. P bui tar 17. Tc} 19. Jup ODES 4-^. NOTES ON HORACE 523 on from some iis aajs in re 19. /wi^i/er, «« the climate." ODE VII. Metre: Two first lines, Greater Alcaic. i lurd line, Iambic Dimeter Hypermeier. Fourth line. Minor Alcaic. •^* ^""^^*^'^* Subject : The celebration of the return nf >.:» fix, phus, who had be°n exiled for Ln ^T^'^^^y^^^^ Gros- civil wars. ^ ''"^ ^^"^ ^"'^ he had taiicn in the Line 1. Tempus, equivalent to periculum. 2. Brnto. Consult the Index for this and the other proper io. le rursus in bellum, &c. After tho h<»tfM ^rvui- • ,t reUred from .he .a/ to nJJ, tt'hf f^L^rZfea' 22. Cibmia. tinn bean, ODE VIII. Metre : First three lines, Sapphic, fourth Ihie, Adonic. to the niiMi«hm««* „f .,„„.•__. V /'i-qucniiy make allusion per.„.io„ thi perjurer. roilJtrprpoTr r,rt„"Sd! 524 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK It. ODES 9-13. m I ! i \ Women, as well as men, swore by most of the gods ; but some were jieculiar to one of the sexes. Thus, women never swore by Hercules, nor men by Castor. Varro states ihat in ancient times women only swore by Castor and Pollux . Line 18. Senutus nova, equivalent to nova servorum turba. 23. Virglnes. This passage proves that virgo is not absolutclv restricted to the signification of '* an unmarried female." ODE IX. Metre : First two lines, Greater Alcaic. Third line, Iambic Dimeter Hypermetcr. Fourth line, Minor Alcaic. Subject : He urges his friend to cease lamenting the death of his son Alystfis, and to join himself in f. ing the praises of Augus- tus. Line I. Hispidos : "squalidos, ati agri sunt in tempore pluvioso"— Doering. 9. Tu semper vrgucs—" yet you are ever, in mournful strains, pressing close upon the footsteps of thy Myslcs, torn from thee by the haisd of death" — Anthon. 10. Vcspero. The planet \enus, wlien it precedes the sun, is styled Lucifer, " the morning star;" and when it follows the sun, Vesper or Hesperus, " the evening star." 17. Dcsinc mQllium qvcrclarum; a Graecism for desine quai. 21. i5ii'(/i/w, translate *' Parthian" — the Euphrates. ODE X. Metre : Three first lines, Sappliic. Fourtl» line, Adonic. Subject : The security and happiness attendant on a life of moderation and content. Line 1. Licini. Consult the Index. Render the passage freely, follows — «* \"ou will live more happily, Liciiiius, by neither, on all occasions, striking out too fur into the sea, nor, througli an ovcr-ciuitinus dread of storms, keeping too near the dan- ger-fraught .' ,, lie." 7. Caret invidenda avlA, "stands in no need of the palace ob- noxious to envy." 15. Iiifurmes liyemcs, cf. .hivcnnl, Satire iv. 58. deformis hyems. 17. Nun si male nunc, et olim sic erit. Cf. Idylls of Theocriluj, 4,41-43. 1§. l^dCditcmsUiciiat ftiusa//l, equivalent to inUviidssQ, Car'mtMi relnirtal. Metre: Two Tliird Fourt Subject : He i and tc I.inc 1. Cajxta Index 3. Livisu lived ( 15. Caiwi 2L Scorn more t 23. Iticom in com Ibid. Zaca alluded Metre : Three /i Fourth Subject : The e: of recor confess( Line 1- Numatit Index. 3. " Mollibi try." 6. Domitosv " Gigani 7. Unde. eqi y. Pedcsirib this, that 12. Minaciu 13. Licymni the wife 26. Facili sa Metre : Two first Third line Fourth lif Subject . The e\p ''all his lii plan ted it ODES 9-13. BOOK tr. gods ; but men never itates Ihat Pollux. absolutelv mule." NOTES ON HORACE of his son of Augus- luvioso — ful strains, torn from ic sun, is bllows the quoi. iiodcrution freely, y neilliti, r, tlirou;;t| r the dan- talace ob- kis hyems. lieocrituj, ', Curiiii:^- 525 Metre: Two first lines Greater Alcaic. ^ " '''' ^'^^^^^::^:^::^- -"^^-^^-^ «f c..r. .,, ^•'";^- |;-f-^-.s,anatHo oti.; proper na.es, consult the morethan'^adanci„.r..ril" ^ ^° '"^^" ^^re nothing Ibid. Lacaenae more. We f,,,r) ,,« Li alluded to in the text ° °^''"" '^^'^*^"" of tho custom M , -ri. ^^E XII. Subject: The exhortation of Maecels to t.l "'.'' of recording the exploit^s of August ., 1''^ ^"'"«^'^'ihe duty confesses himself ti be inadtSe ' *" '''' '° ''^^'^'^ ^^« P^^t Lincl.iVama;i^,-ac. For this amlfh^ «»k ' ^Index. ""' ^"'* ^he other proper names consult the 3. " Mollibus citharae modis " " «k^ . .• try/> "^ ^«oats, the gentle strains of lyric poe- " Gigantes." ""' ^^^ "«^ Index, under the article 2. J/m«ci«m, others read S«n?4 '' """' °^ ^'''' *t). lac/i .acri7i«J, " with playful cruelty." Metre ; ODE XIII. Two first lines Greater Alcaic. ' ■Jl'LT.T.'.'ir/. «'. P"''» «nger .gain., . „„ w ..... plan ted '»; ■ ■" '"" •'"'•"S'f"', «n «he any soldier who S^eV t"o o tf It'trv?. ^?'^' '-'' and Ihat they & neithe?ti7°'"S'^"' ^''^" anything else! more than thdrSei"' """'''" "^*" ^«''- '^'"'^'•en 17. Zj,6,-a, Scorpius, Capricornussee the Index ODE XVIII, 2m . f)3() I.inc 2. 4 NOTES ON HORAfCE BOOK II I ODES 19-20. if Lacunar. Sec my note on Odes ii. 16, 11. Hymettiac ; consult the Index. Columnas ultimA rccisas .////•tea— alluding lo the Numidian marble, whicli was much valued. The best kind was darS, and variegated with spots. Compare Juvcnal> Satires viii. 182. Longis Numidarum fulta larernis. 8. Hmiestae, " well-born."' Female dependants, whom reduced circumstances compelled to labour for rich and noble patrons 12. PotenUm amicum. The reference is to Maecenas. 15. Tmditnr dies die. " The train of thought appears to be as follows: Contented with my slender fortune, I am the less i solicitous to enlarge it, when I reflect on the short span (jf) human existence. How foolishly then do they act, who, when I d^y is chasing day in rapid succession, arc led on by llicir eager avarice, or their fondness for display, to form plans cii Llie very brink of the grave" — \nllion. '2i. Paruin locuples continentc ripu— not rich enough (that is, | not contented with) the shore of the mainland. Z\. Jula. In this passage axila may be translated "palace' Properly, however, it signified the peristyle of the house, a| space open to the sky in the centre, and surrounded on all i;: four sides by porticos, which were used for exercise. Heal was commonly the station of the household Gods, round lhc| impluriuin (a place in the centre into which the rain ftll from the opening above) and it was the public reception roon>. ODE XIX. Metre : Two first lines, Greater Alcaic. Third line. Iambic Dimeter Uypermeler. Fourth line, Minor Alcaic. Subject: The celebration of the praises of Bacchus. Une 1. Canninadocentem, " dictating strains." As these are supj posed to have referenfeto the mysteries of the God, the seen* is laid in remotis rupibus, " amid rocks far remote from tlij haunts of men" — Anthon. 4. Jcutas, equivalent to " acriter auscultantes." 5. Euoe. The poet now feeling himself under the inspiration ( the god, commences his hymn with the cry usually uUerej in the Bacchanalinn Orgies, «i. Plenoque Bacchi, cf. infra, Odes, iii. 25, 2, Quo me, Biccln plenum tui ; and Ovid's Fasti, vi, 535 : Fitque sui tolo | tore plena dei. Sbid. T\irb\duir\, neuter of the adjective used sdverbialiy. 8. Thyrsc chic ri pine, of the its cor howcv( bunch into till tied to Bacchi self an the iroi called I point w of Anti 14. Bcatae IS. Scparui 20. Bisloni the Indt Ibid. Sine 28. Pads n Metre : Two firs Third lii fourth li Sul)!-ct: The po( Liiiii 1. Noa tiiiili tlirou;>;h i The e|)i! huniitn L( of de;iiii : soar alofi detr.ictior 8. Nee Stygi, ronj h. c. 11. Super na- or»'.iii ^■.>r^\ 15. Syriesquf. G'.ilfs (I S 17. Culrh.'s; 0(!( . •!) !s 21. Nai'iii.-r, vario (J lUOUl.'llP BOOK II e Numidian id was darS, Satires viit. ODES 19-20. NOTES OxN HORACE 531 ofthe use of th^ turpf nS rvhich fl Cd ?i Its cones, in making iv-,w. Ti """^ '*' •'*"'' also of however/most^o. nfo ; ;hibit^^rr r'r' ""^'^"^ -^N bunch of vine or ivHeavcs ' i h T '^ "^^''^ P'-'^^'^PPle, a info the form of a cone Vcr'v fr ^T',"'" ^'''■'■'*^^' '^"""ged tied to the polejusrb lowK 'ad Vh ? ? '';"^^""^' '°« Bacchus routes, that he con er ed L [/ ''"'''"' ''''^"'•y «^ self and followers , ?, ?|J, ^ ^^'^''''^ ''"''"''^d by him- tl... iron |.oi ^'ihe leul S-'I""' '"'^r'' ^^ concealing called by Ovid ''a sncarlv^-lJ I''' ^^''''' the thyrsus i^ poi^ -s.hou,ht\:s:ra,i'^^.!;i^^v;- r ''- of Antiquities, p. 9()8. "-lui'tss --5»mjlh s Dictionary 14. Bcatae coujugis-\rh,\nc. the Index. '"'*^ ^^^ °^''«'' P'-ope»' "ames, consult Ibid Sine fraudc, « u-ithout injury to them " ^. />.m nuducs,ue belli; ^' thi a/bitcr of pea.e and war." " ODE XX. Metre : Two first lines, Greater Alcaic. ?W hi"' ''m'^'' '^'"'""='- ilypcrmctcr. > ourlh Ime, Minor Alcaic, Sulv'ct : The poet predicts his own immortality. tl.rou,W. ,he In, ,id air on no '- '"'^ form, Ishal! be borne The epiih.t bLrZ ZdTs l, » '?' "". ^'^'^''^ J''"'»"-" •'"'"■••" b.;n, ,o4 -V r^•\',t:h is^„';;;,J--^ormation from a ofdc.th: the,,, becom.n. t ^'aJoull^l^^r/U ^^f, 'V^^'' soar aloft on stro„<. piiTions brvnn,nt I ''"''"' ''^ ^'''" detrae.i,>„"._A„th,;n. ' ^''"''^^"^ '^^'^'' «^ envy and 8. ^ec Stygid cohibebor umh't~<' npc a Stv-rp ,„» u-, , . ronj h. c. iia,- ,.v i,.,p ,,.,, A . , ^ *V?^. '"^ cohibeb t Cha- 11. AV^rnaJ!:^^ , ,', • 'j'^ 't ''"'■'^'" ad inferos"~Doering. '^•^Hs ;r;^iS tJ^iabl^ ^^^"^ ^^^- -'^ ^^^-r, now t.e '''(S'':;,;:;': ;,::i;;j^^^- «^^er appoUatives contained in th« ''•Sir ■ •ij.:'-.r::;:i!;;"::^t;);:^^-^^^^^'^ 'yr'^-^^^ °^ luoura.:. .oo.,, called p;;^^',,;;;;^-; ^iJ^^^n 632 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK tt. and sing the rvnrrn\ jorjr (mienia or Ussus) in praise of the deceased. Ve 3 ii- ihrit Jne keening ai the funerals in Ire- land at th' ' iisf.nt «i, y Line 24. Supervaun,'. The poet will need no tomb: death will never cluir., him for his own, since he is destined to live for ever in tlie praises of posterity" — Anthon. 1 I Metro; First two 'i'ljird lin< I'ourlli lii I Subject: Trani '« ^^e favoured fet rites of ihi gods. '1.. Jl'i'^;'' « «-«tYe from the mTi, ^ prehendcd. and may be ah J i 1'^^'^^ "'^ <=annot bo com ".caning of d.l/eJfdfn s ' LT t r;.e ? ^'""^ ^^» ^'' 'sS the rr>per signification of tL ferm "^7 '" ^'^' *" '«mU derstood by the account ff ven ^n.^ <"*' "'7 ''^ ^««t u„- right« of the patron and clif^t itt fj°thp77^'^'^ ''«''^^"'e "The patron ,vas tl.e le^a adZlr n^'i^"'^^^^^^^^^ 'he client's guardian and .7otXr a- ^ ntj he was' and protector of his own children -L • )"•' "^ S^^rdian suit whcH ho „.... ...„!V . '^^."t "e mamtained ihJ^null, l^omplained o>bdng wJSd'bvS'*-'* ^''" '^''en" a^Jt'llr -^e guardian ?ftheSn?^terSt?r:S';^S,rtS ^ (TO 534 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK III. t prlyotc The client contributed to the marriage portion of the patron's daughter, if the patron was poor: and to hi» ransom, or thnf of his children, if they were taken priionns: he paid the C( ts and damngey of a suit which tha patron lo^i and of any penalty in which he was condemned ; he bon ,i part of the patron's oxpcnces, incurred by hi» dischai^in. public duties, or fdling the honorable place» in the siftlt. Neither party could accu^; the otiier, or bear testimony, or jrive his vote against the other. This rehUionship between I atron and client subsisted for many genernlions, and risern bled in all respects the relationsliip by blood- It was the sjlotj of illustrious families to ha>c many clients (tiiiba dienliuin), and to add to the number transmitted to them by their aiiccst CM." ODE 11. Metre : The same as in the last Ode. Subject : Horace urges on his fellow-countrymen a return to the simi plicily of the olden time. LiM I. '^ngustam paupcriem, " duriorcin illam sortem, quA, rcbmj in angustum contractis, contentus esse debet miles."— Doer- ing. 3. Parthos. Consult the Index. 1 3. Duke el decorum e»t pro pulrU'i mori. Let every student « k> reads this noble line, make it the subject of a theme. 17. Virltis, repulsae nesciu'^ sordidae. The Roman youth mu!t| not however confine hia attention to martial prowess aloiif. He must also seek after virtue, and the precepts of true pi'i-, losophy. When he has succeeded in this, his will be a tniinl magistracy that lies not in the gift of the crowd, and, in aim- ing at which, he will never experience a disgraceful rcpulje.l His will be a feeling of moral worth, which, as it depends notl on the breath of popular favour, can neither be givtii, nod taken away by the fickle multitude."— Anthon. J 19. Secures, " authority." The lietorr bore twelve fasces bcM each of the Roman Kings, and after the expulsion of the TirJ quins, one of the consuls was preceded by twelve lictors hi r the fasces and secures, and the other by the same number i lictors with the fasces only, or, according to some accounlJl with c.owns round them. But Publicus V. Poplicola ordainff that the secHJCs should be remo'.ed from the fasces, andij lowed only one of the consuls to be preceded by the lictorf while they were at Rome. When they were out of Romij and at the iiead of the army, each of the esnauis retr-nc'. '- axe in the fasces, and was preceded by his own lictors, formerly. 2f). Phase of ves blanrc used b boat t( speed t Metre : The sai Subject : After cnce to view) ei ed of lej restore 1 Line 4. Jluster. names ii 21 . Ex quo, cf. Juve Ex 38. Exsules, the Troji 54. Vliere g where ih that, wh Anthon. 58. Pii. Th which the parent sla Metre : The same I Subject : The praii roiiage of I Line 2. Calliope. Index. 5. ^udilist. with his ir they also h 20. Lis. The 38. Cohoiics a assigned th wars. Th( denotes Jth( warfare, cl BOOK rir. OBIS 2-4. NOTES ON HORACE »3.1 bInurt.in%Jart„;„.f™^"^'y ^!"» "«""«<» from it. n.cnl boat to' a goo^Ei'velnn '"'""' ''"'» ''^"'" =» '""= •peed than r.rcnijth or durab ili't;"'^ '"" ""'"' '^''''^"'^'^'^ f"»- ODE in. Line . sr ^« ^'^f^^^'te'';:^ ""'" ''° '^^'"••^•"•-^' ^^"e;i.. th^or ''' ^"^^^ ^- ^'*^'' -^' ^hc other proper ''■^JSn:; trUr'"'^""' '^''''''-- ^- 'hi. Gr.cis,n ^:^ !7«o Deucalion, nimbi, tollcntibu, acquor ^^r!:^^^:^!::^^^^^ ^tor, ..eh mad. wh^^rtriir" of 'thr^'^^"'^ '"'r^'^ ^-^ ^hat quarter that, wher^ , Ut» ani r " '"^' '''^^ uncontrolled rurV, „ „ ODE IV. Melre I The same as in ihe la.t Ode. "^"' ro?4rotlL°f.tl"'"' ■■" "" ■""'-■•O" -> Senoro.,, pa.. I '• S^f '■" ""' """' •" '"^ "»- proper „a™, oo„,„lt the '« /^t 7^^'^^"'!" "••« here alluded to. ^ wars. There is an elegant f.r.l ;„ .If. !^'!"", VI ..^^^ «^'vil denotes ,'their compl.»e' retirement'Vro^T."".''''""'"' "'"''"h warfare, cf. Epistles,!. 15." """ "'' ''""^ '^<^"" o*" • -I i'f 536 NOTES ON HORACE book m Veianius, armis Herculis ad poatem fixis /a/ef aWt/i/s agro. Line 51. Fralresque. Otus and Epiiialtes. 73. Injccta monslris terra dolet suis. Thii is a Greek Qonstruc- tio» for se injectam esse &ic. 74. Partus. The Titai.s. ODE V. Metre : Same as in the last Ode. Subject . The poet obliquely flatters Augustus by comparing the strict- ness of discipline introduced by him, to the stern virtue of the old Romans. Line 1. Cocjo&c. 'MVe believe, from his thundering, thatJupiter reigns in the skies." 7. Curia. " The senate." Originally this ivord meant one of the ten wards into which each of the tribes was divided, in the early period of Roman iiistory. Thence it came to Lc applied to thtir places of meeting, or corporation halls ; and aiterwards to difil-rcnt places of public meeting, the most im. portant of which was that in which the Senate generally met, napied llostilia, from its having been built by Tullus Hostiii- us. This was destroyed by fire, and in its place, Augustus erected another, which he named Julia. 10. Mcilionm. The sacred shields carried by the Salii. Tli-^y were of an ovai shape and made of bronze. The original ancile was snd to have been found in the palace of N«in,i, and to have been sent from heaven : and the aruspices decla- red that the Roman state would endure so long as this shield remained in Rome. To secure its preservation in the cilv Numa had eleven other shields made like it, and appointid twelve priests of Mars Gradivus, named the Salii, to be the especial guardians of the twelve ancilia. Consult the Index under the article Salii. \\. Aetcrnacqxtc Veslac. Consult the Lidcx under the article \ esta. \9. Liitifms.. "In what manner a dehihrum differed from a templum, it is difficult to decide, and neither ancient nor modern writers agree in their definitions. Some ancicnis believe that delubnim was originally the name given to a place before or at the entrance of a temple, which contained a font or a vessel with water, by which persons, before enter- ing, performed a dymbolic purification. Others state tlii:t dc/ubrum was originally the name for a wooden representation of ft god, which derived iU name from librum the bark ol'a tret-, which was taken ott (dclibrare) belore the tree was ODES 5-6. worl was Han free, a pin whie peifo «vhos profa 42. Cuyi stalui in the with t it. 'i caput oflhc Cllll||g( or cup Metre : Same t Subject : The c AnL';ust Une2. Tcmpla diffsren buildinj suppose the cons consultc nedes wi 12. Torquil nified an circular rank am Asiatic i tons and part oftl an iinpor nation iv valour be dislinguis 38. Ligonibu sometime; It seems t clcarin» ti BOOK III ODES 5-6. NOTES ON HORACE qonslruc- tnct- original 53T profane l»n J^Su;^'^.':,-' -'Ij'/'"""''' f™" "'' «itli the addition of tiu? «-nln . ^' '^"^''"' ««'"«^times it- Thus, to rreiis tcrc dn T"r' ""^ ««"'^^''«t» without caputhabere- a,, iV «I ',''^., *'''"'"' '"''« ^^c same as orlhe nS we '^«Jift;^:''!^ ^'^'"^ ./«""^«^, i" this aen^e •-'l.=m.ed lus Stat. s, was sai^b'".''''r *• • "" "^'° '"'^^ ««• ODE VI Metre : Same as in the last Ode. suppose thai it chitnycoii.islc.rf p., h,'- " ,?'" ""^'"'':'' '» circular form, which was unVr. . '^T^' "'"' '"="1 into i rank among thr P Tsi' ,s . Ir ""''"^ !'" "*^''* ^^ '"'-■" «f Asiatic nalTons: To^ n^s L , I'lnV""'' ""^'^ ""^^'^^"' «"«^ tons and Irish. 7brL ,,o donb f """". *'" '^"'''-•"' '^'•'■- rart of the wealth o l' U.o^e dio won.'.^^'^l ^ considerable an important portion of .ho iU '"" 'J;:,^'' ''^•^'^''^ nation was conquered and llLvJ!^ ^ Celtic or Oriental valour bestowed^ after'a en ' 4n . '^ t""' \ T''"^' «<* «J.stinguished then,selves''~V.;u" "" '"'' "'°*^ It«ee.ns to have \u.nllT:''.^^ o Uiors with two prongs, clcarin- the fields ofVccds.'' " '"^ '^^'-'i^iiiS tiic sods, and 53« NOTES ON HORACE BOOK III. Line 45. Damnosa (piid non imminuit dies. Cf. Juvenal, Sat. iii. 23. Cras deteret. cxiguis aliqiiid. 47. Mox daturas progetmm vitiosiorem. That Horace's predic- tion was verified, we have evidence in Juvenal, Sat. 1, 87. " Et quando uberior vitiorum copia 1 quondo Major avaritiac patuit sinus 1 alea quando," &c. Juvenal flourished nearly a century after our author. ODE VH. Metre: Tv/o first lines, Asctepiadic Choriambic Tetrameter. Third line, Choriambic Trimeter Cataleclic, or Pherccratic. Fourth line, Choriambic Trimeter, or Glyconic. Subject : He ^xhorts Astcrie to be faithful to the absent Gyge». Line 3> Thyn&merce—" Biihynian merchandise." 4. Fide, an old form of the genitive for fidei. 5. Oricum. For this, and the other proper names, consult the Index. 14. Criminibtis, accusations. 25, flectere, a Grxc'tam for Jlccteiidi. 2(), aajuv rouspiritur, " aequo conspicuus est." 28, uliro, to be read as a diss) liable— the Tiber is called Tuscue from il« rising in Ktruria. 32, difficilis, " inexorable." ODE vni. Metre Three first lines, Supphic. Fourth line, Adonic. Subject : The poet, having invited Maecenas to a banquet on the Kalends of Marih, on which day the Matronolia were cele- brated, stntoH, its explnnation, thaton that day, he had nar- rowly escaped death by the fall of a tree, and that therefore ho always kept it as a holiday, through gratitude for his delivernnrc. Line I. Maiiiis Kulciidis. The Kalends of March being especially sacred fo Juno, as the presiding deity of marriage, the matron? used, on that day, to ort'er sacrifices in her honor. This ct- lebraiion of the day was termed the Matronalia. 2. Jcerra, " the inconsc-box" used in sarrifu-es. In a passaze of Virgil, where tlie word is used, Servius' explanation is '* area thurulis.'' The term was also applied to a small altar placed before the dead, on which perfumes were burnt. i». Dies /.'s(H«.— Refer to my note on 0. ii, 3, 6. 11. Jinpkorac. The amphora was a tall and narrow vessel, with a narrow neck, used lor holding wine, oil, &c. It derived its name from having a hamMe on each side of thn neck (« am- phi," on both sides, and "p/tfjo," to cany. At the bottom, 0Dto7-ll. itti int( whi but ofg pile amp it w mca 7.36 12. Cm iu!l from 17. Sup city ( 18. Cuti name Metre: First Sccor Subject: The Line 2. Potio 7. Multi 8. riia — 12. jinimi 17. Venus Metre : Three Fou.tl Subject : A aa Line 1. Tanaii Index. 2. Saero Anthoi 5. Nemus \ planted rich. 0DLo7-n. NOTES ON HORACE 539 '•"to^t'^JounS VnT'' f''^ ""'^ ^^'''^ •" ^ '^'^^'^' or stuck wMrhT^" .' ° ^^''P ^^^ ^"»«' upright. The material of ofgold! Tvh L^l3^ '■""1°'^ «tone, brass, and .ve. an.nhnr. ! "^ . ? '"^®' (piltacium) was attached to thr "easJrc ivhirf?^f' 1^ ';"'^'^"'« ^'' ^>'''° "«^^ ^o signify a 7l65"'jin7s tndtuLL''»^ to 8 ,allcL a^nS 33. C,,,5«/ tS/o 'Th i ""•""?'' '"^ ^ gallons 7.;)77 pints. iuHnt Jh^ .'^ supposed to allude to L. Volcatius iu lus, who was consul with M. Aim. Lon/dus b c fi5 I.! t-iat case the wine must have been 46 veirs oW „', /f ' irom vi'r««» 17 «K^« .1 • rt 1 years oia, as it appears .mm vtrse 17, that this Ode was composed « r 10 ODE IX. Metre .. First line, Choriambic Tri eter, or Glyconic Second hne, Aselepiadic Choriambic Tetrameter. Subject: The reconciliation of two lovers. ^''"^ 7 '&''"'■' '"'^' praelafus. ODE X. '^^'"■''SftK''!''*^ Jin.., Asclepiadic Choriambic Trimeter Jou, th Ime, Choriambic Trimeter, o. Glyconic Subject : A serenade. Line 1. Tana^n,-Vor this, and the other proper name., consult the '• Ant'hon""'"" '"'' " ''"^"^'^ '' <» «"»>«"«» husband»- 5. Nemus inler pulchra satum tecta. This rpppr. .„ .k u u plumed a. Che edge »f .he ^ri,,,.,!';;,'^;"!'»'!^: S'f ODE XI. Metre : Thrwus ♦ lines, Sapphic. FoiirtniiAi, Adonic. Subject : A complaint against the obduracy of Lyde. 540 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK III. '':'% Lint 1. Amphion.—Cjnsalt the Index for this and the other -.roner names. i»"i'ci 4. Callida resonare, a Graceism for callida in resonando. 5. mc loquax olhn, &c.— «« Once neither vocal nor gifted will, the power to please, now acceptable both to the tables of the rich and the temples of the gods"— Anlhon. «J. Lnademulhs, Hypermnestra— consult the Index under the word Danaides. 51. Sepulchro. For full particulars respecting the Romah man- ner ol burial, i. subject too long to be treated of in a work- like this, consult Smitii's Dictionary of (ireek and Roman Antiquities, page 410 ; also, Meursius., Defunere, and Kirch- mann de/nncrihus Remanis. J ODE XII. Metre : Ionic, a 7Ht?io;-e. Subject : He condoles with Neobulc, whose love for Hebrus hss brought on her the displeasure of her ii ieiidf . Line 2. Lavcre. This is an old form of lavarc. 3. Qualiim. The J 8. CiUits juculari and (line 10) rclcr e.ieipcre are Craccisms fur catus jaculandi, celer ad excipienduin. ODE XIII. Metre Two first lines, Asclepindic Choriambic Tetrnmeter. Third line, Choriambic Trimetf r Catalectic, or Pherecratic. Fourth lino, Choriambic Trimeter, or Glyconic. Subject: He promises to honour with sacrifice and 8ong the fountain of Handusia. « Line 1. Jitntdnsine. The comtnoQ readi"!» is B9afj«i5!'"> rnjv'-'i't the Index. * " ''*'" ODES 12-16 Line 6. Gel offei and 9. Cam Metre: Firs! Four Subject.- Th« again Line 5. Mulu 7. Soror. 8. Suppl feinal and S4 cred held I flock ( form ( occasii round lanil ol "lllid Rex. Ii 18. Mar si I 91. It B. c. 2: 19. Sparttti the Indt 27. Consuli pidui, B ^'*tre : First thi Fourth 1 Subject : Happin Line 1. Danaen, the Indej 3. Muni f ran J4. Fir Mao 'S- Navium niuneribii iuerst, ad ditur."— ODE« 12-16. NOTES ON HORACE 541 Line 6. Gelidos inficid tibi. '• Th^ ,u offered to fountain,, were .1J!h-' ""."'''''h Mcri/iccs were 9. Canic«/ac~consult the Index? Metre ; ODE XIV. Tirst three lines. Sapphic, lourthhne, Adonic. ,, . . '"=> ^uonic. , " "' a2,rS:S;:;,^^Su-t.., o„ hi, ret.r„ tVo. ,, ...edition £a,ed;;:X^^- -;;j^^^^^^^ ordinary po..,„ ,, and serving to confine the Se» U h** '""'•=""« ^^^^ ''««id cred purposes, it was uf,,al y twU«. " «""Ployed for sa- nock 01 white and red ivnni.ru.i'' ■* ^« «"/«/a wa. « form of a «reath or filt an/l ^^5^^/ *'^'"^' drawn h, to 'h J occasions. Suppliant" Ld 1 "'^ ^^, ^^^" «»">'"'• on so?e nn round with piecfes of wool « Sf'^ '"•""ches of olive wSj If" obvolutos, qui Grr/ci • <./SjTf "'/«-^«"t raToa nil deponebantur in oris '» «ir w '^'"'^«"'"•'•"--Briinck, R«. ine 3. °""» "^«J» Hermann on Soph. (Ed^puV *'■ lonsuU Planci Pi,„ Pidu., B. c. 42. '""'"' '''" «on»"» ^ith M. ,f:»,i,iu, l». ODE \Vl «he Index. '^- ^«^t-.f!V^^J^/,A^..«.der the Great. r.f°".}>«io, cu,.s ci«„r;p;,e(eS ««uncribus corm^.. »«erat, ad A«ei d.tur."~Doerii "euitum. ing. ' ^«ci5.im 3d ilium uefeciw •I f'' t tra- 542 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK III. Line 31. Ferlilis Jfricac. That part of Africa which was near to the modern Gulf of Cabcs, and was anciently called Emporiae or Byzacium, was one of the principal gratiaries of Rome. 34. Laestrygonii amphori. For the explanation of these words, refer to the Index under the articles Lacstrygones 8c Formiac. ODE XVII. Metre : First two lines, Greater Alcaic. Third line, Iambic Dimeter llypcrmctcr. Fourth line, Minor Alcaic. Subject : He urges his friend Lamia to devote the next day to joy anil feasting, since the crow had given warning of its being stormy. Line 4. J(is/Hs. Fas signifies divine law; the epitiiet fastus (the adjective) is properly applied to anylhing in accordance wiili divine law, and hence, those days on which the Praetor mi'^lit hold his court without impiety, were named fasii ; hcnct: llic term came to signify the tablets on which those days wcic recorded, and afterwards the public annals of the state gene- rally. The Fastus or Fasti Annales were r» gislcrs contdiiiiii,^ the names of the chief magistrates for each year, and a sliort account of the most remarkable events noted down opposite to the days on which they occurred. They obtained the lille of fastus from their resemblance in arrangement to the sacrd Fasti. The noble descent of the Lamian family is then clearly shewn by their being frequently mentioned in the Faslu*: Annales. 6. Foriniarum. Consult the Index. 13. Foils — understand es. 16. Operiim sohttis, a Graecism for ab ojyeribus solutis. ODE XVIIL Metre : Three first lines, Sapphic. Fourth line Adonic. .Subject : The invocation and propitiation of Faunu?. Line 1. Faiine — consult the Index. Two festivals were cHdiratd annually at Rome in honour of Faunus, each tailed Fauiialia, lire first on the l3lh February, the second on the nonis of December. 4. Aequm alumnin — " propitius tenero gregis fcetui. agnis ncm- pe et haiduleis, cf. infra iii. 27, 3, dulccs alumni," (Doeriir); and not as some explain the passage, referring to the litilc rhildren of Jhe farm slaves. 14. Spc.rgit agrestes tibi silva frondes. *' As in Italy the tree» j ti«> iioi slicU iiicit Icavca uuUi Dccuinbcr, the poet convv. ODES 17-2] this as leav Metre: Firs Sccc Subject ; Tel Grec held Augi Hon ofm; Line 1. Inac/i Indej 10. Puer n. Tribi or wil drink. niind drank ting tl propoi Horac edict, ccntor, water drinkei twelve and thi ivho ar will be bers h( notions — -Anlh Metre : First th Fourth Metre : First ti Third li Fourth I Subject : Tho pn about ic Cwviiiu' BOOK III. ODES 17-21. »ei cor.VvfiJ i NOTES ON HORACE fi43 ODE XIX. Subject: Teiephu;%r^rafe ".'a'^lSt^?'^"'"^'-- Greece, being i„ compa "v° JiUi onr '"'"''«''"'S ^ history of held to celebrate the a ppoh.tn e„t of T "' " '''""'^ 'f^^»^ »«» Augur, introduces an liSicTi;! "'""^ ^" tJie office of Horace, that he .-..terru n jrlie 7"''."' *^'"'^'' "« ^""oys Line I. /IS-SrThS ^"'.1/^ "'-li^r^fjn .""' "^°^^ »- '« «1-'^ i,.det! '"^^''^'""^'"^-'- ..operna.es, refer to the i?:fe«.Sr:^!!tt°""-\^^-^- or.with nine cup %cconn"th?^'''' '^' ""''^^'^ '^'^h three d^ink." I., order\o ur e 1 fd thiT'^^^ °^ '^''^ ^'^ niM'd that the poculum was t^el . J'^!'"'? ^^« »""«1 hear i„ drank, u'hile the cyat/ius\vL „ ° u °"' °' "''"*=h each gucs f ng the wine wilh^va ter or L^'''^" ."'«'r •"« "'*=J f'"' S Foportions. Twelve of U ese cvS'If ')\ ''? '" "^^'^•" Horace as Symposiarch, or n'as! r J .? r ^^^ ''^^^^rius. edict, ,vhich is wdl expressed bv / "'' '^"'^ '«*"'=« his ff«/or. and prescribes the proporL t ■ ""''^''^'^e form ;«/,. water are to be mixed o,' thcTeS' '" "•'''" '^' ''"^^ "^"d drinkers, therefore, amon^ „ horn Ee H.r'".- ^'°'" ^''^ ^ard •velve cy«Mi that ^ompos'e the "extnr.?," *''' ^T^'» «^" ^he and three of water ; while for ih!*' "'"*' '*'" he of wino who are friends to the Graee/ tt , ro'' 'r^'''"-'' ^'^ ^ho e wdl be nine cyathi of u-a"" to il 1^'^"^'°"' "" ^'"^ ^"'"'•«'•y' bers here given there is moJe or 1 .,'""°' '« the num- notions of the day. as both ihrl . ' •"""""•■' ^o the mystic -Anthon. ^' '^"^^* ^^'^^ «i"d nine were held sacfed^ ODE XX. Metre Sn U^'"' ''""' Sapphic, fourth Ime, Adonic. Metre ..Fjrst two line, Greater Alcaic. 3„^^^^&,^;£j£-«-ermetcr. 8»ubjcct : The praise of a cho.Vp „„.u„„, _. . about to produce for the~enter;ai,rmon!"n; m '^^ ""''«" « C«rmu/i. Date of this ode" aboutT " SU '^* ^"'«'* i I I 514 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK III. Line 1. Consttle ManliO' Manlius Torquatus wa» consul b. c. 64, and Messnin was (or the first time consul b. c. 30. 6. Bono die, equivalent lofestodie. 8. Languidiora, " rendered more mellow by time." 10 SerDwnibiis. With resprct to the manner of teachinjs pur- sued by the great Athenian piiilosopher, refer to the Index under Socrates. 11. Catonis For this and similar words consult the Index. 18. Pauperi. This word and its cognate noun piiuperies, do not, as we have already remarked, denote ahsolute pemn'ij. 20. .Apices, *' liiirns" — " a particular allusion to the costume of Parthia and tlie East." — Boyd. 22. Nodinn solvere. A Graeciam for ad solvendum nodum. \ ODE XXII. Metre : Three first line», Sapphic Fourth line, .\donic. Subject : A vow to Diana. Line 1. Monhum citstos nemorvm(pte, cf. Catull, 3-1. 10. Monlium domina ut furcs Silvarumquc vircntium. 2. Quae laborantcii, cf. Ovid. " Tuque laborantei utero miserata puellas." 4. Difa triformis. Luna in heaven, Hecate in Hades, and Diana on earth 5. Tua, "tibi sacra" ut lua qucrcui apud Virg. JEn. x. 423."— Doering. ODE XXIII. Metre : Two first lines. Greater .\lcaic. Third line, Ismbic Dimeter Hypcrmeter. Fourth line, Minor Alcf^ic. Subject : The Poet seeks to console Phidyle, who was grieved at being unable to offer rich sacrifices, by assuring her that, if accompanied with sincerity and piety, the humblest offerings would be acceptable to the gods. Line !■ Supinat manut, '^ hands with the palms turned backwards," the usual gesture of supplicants \ render "' with suppliant hands." .5. Jfriaim. For this and other proper names consult the Index. ^l6. " Sensus ; lautiores enim rel porcos vel botes, pontifici- bus pro public^ salute convenit tnaclare victimas ; tii vere non opus habcs multis victimis devrum tibi conciliare gratiain, dumffiodc* ««nrnllam p rnr? mnrinn pt myrtn iisxiifn ?tl?ui* L&rium simulacris iinposueris." — Doering. ODES 22-24. Metre : First Secont Subject : The I Line 1. sqq. In yet un thou c( seas, si thy hea not ext 2. Arabum 10. Plaust or wagi four, in the whe (temo) wooden carried support, was pla( Ibid. Rite, 12. Immeta\ common 27. Pater i patriae c 42. Magmim Pati. cf Nil Qui Also, cf. 67. Trocho, ' «elres Jikt and some means of Smith's E 58. jiUa. T aleator a { rally unde ^he Romar the time ol during the Sometimes Cesar's sp isi ;" and fo^ as in C OD.S 22-24. NOTES ON HORACE ODE XXIV. A45 Metre : First line, Choriambic Trimeter or rw ■ Ln 1 00 Vr'; " '""^ a„dcovetou,„e„ ofl a' ^^ne I. $qq. Intact IS opulent ior.kc " Th„ u . 8^' yet unrifled treasures o?tL J^,''.''-^ wealthier than the thou coverest with tlfyHltre/al'tDr'' °' "i^'^ '"^- seas, still, if cruel Destinv nn.l r , ^""^*" ""^ Apulinn thy head/thou wilt not frerhvb--/?»'''^''.''''»^'^'"-' " not extricate thv life fLr^l ^ '^*'^'* '''O'" f«ar, thou ivili 2. ^ra6„„,. ConVult he iTdex fot""'" '^ ^^'^•'^"-Anthon. '" or -ggon wt"i- ,;'- rum (.^^ ^^^^ four, ,n which case it was caSjL.^"'^ ^"^ 3ometimfs he wheels and axle ihTpfZttfZ^^T^ 'T^"'' »"'de« (temo) jp the hinder l^iT^ChZVf '. '''°"" ''"''' wooden planks. The blocks nC .* fastened a table of carried were either laid upon he"'^hr '■)'' ^^'"S' '° ^^ support, or boards were Hxcd at » n .• l "'^'"""^ ""^ °''"^'- ibid'^^A?^Xr;ettr"''^"'-^^^^ '^'^'^^ '^^'^ common. ^ ""unuanes, the land being in 27. Pater urbium snbsrriht an »ii • and .omelime. had Idl, . .fhej ,o'^;i I,""' " ^™"" ""S. rally understood, for thi/wf.L *'' o»" '«"crae was gene- the Romans. G^ n n. was fortin'S"'' I'T'" ?^'«« »»'oI the time of the Repubirnn? ¥^" ^^ ''^'^' 'oth durin? during the SaturnTa 'when fam"e"1f ct ^'"''*^°"' «^"p" Somet mes «/,a denotes the E^ln^ "^I*"^ tohrattli. Cesar', speech, befor. h. L». jP'f'"':!?^ "'«d R» play, as in «»fr' and it is often uw/fnr-l '"*^ ^^"Oicon, ••\/acfa «/«« 546 NOTES ON HORACE; BOOK III. I ODE* 23-28. ODE XXV. Metre : First linr, Choriambic Trimeter, Glyconic. Second line, Asclcpiadic Choriambic Tetrameter. Subject : A beautiful dithyrambic ode in honour of Auijiistus. Tin b«rd, full of poetic enthusiasm, fancies himseU burne along amid woods and wilds to celebrate in some distant care, the praises of the monarch. Then, like anether Bacchanalian, he awakes from the trancc-hkc feelings into which he had been throivn, and gazes with wonder upon the scenes that lie b( fore him. An invocation to Bacchus succeeds, and allusion is again made to the strains in which the praises of AugusUis are to be poured forth to the world." — Anlhon. Line 6. Concilio Jocis. The twelve Dii Majorcs, who formed the iniincdiate council, as it were of Jupiter. 10. Ilebrus. Consult the Index. 14. Naiaduni potcm. cf. 0. i, 3. 1. Venus Cjpri poteni» ; alio Carmen Saecularc, 1. Diana silvarum potens. ODE XXVI. Metre ; First two lines, Creator Alcaic. Third line, Iambic Dimeter Hypcrmeter. Fourt!^* titu', Minor Alcaic. Subject; He llis farewell to Love. Line 3. iVc? ayuin. defimdumque. It was customary with the anci- enir', Mi.tjvi about to resign any art or profession, to dedicate to the { !> ilding god of that art the instruments used ia it. As illustrative of this, compare Epistle 1, 1. 4. sq. 5. Laevum marinae, Sec. " The wall which guards the left side of the sea-born Venus." (Venus Anadyomene.) For Venm see tite Index. 7. Funalia " Links" used in the same manner as torches, but made of papyrus and other Abrous plants, twisted like a rope, and smeared with pitch and wax. Antipatcr describes them as " lights coated with wax." Ibid. Harpas. I have, with A nthon, adopted Cunningham's read- ing, which means swords, to be used against the doors, if ihe vectes failed. The common reading is arcu$. Bentley pro- poses securesque. ODE XXVII. Metre : First three lines, Sapphic. Fourth line, Adonic. Subject : He dissuades Galatea from a royagej which ihe ii about taj make in the ^tornay season. Uw3. Lanu const "Th Bccor depar and h U. Uscii called pracp dcscri 14. Memi mor n 15. Lacvii fusion tcrcha lucky.' donotci terms The Ls red to Roman south, I terms a cian lit( 4l.Po;M( myth re the one come th Odyssey 89.4. ^ 73. Uxor — ; Metre : First Vm Second Ii •Subject : The ccl< Linel. Die Neph celebrate on which ancient a or Kept. I brated wi ▼al nothii huts of br •-'fariK, am BOOK lit. I oDEi 25-28. NOTES ON HORACE hi'i Liu«.3. Lanuvino. For thi« in.i ,ii «u «i consult the Index ^*"" °"""' '»I'P'="««ve» in Ihe ode, Tc JompSSj'rtli" ?:i^" '"/ '^^""' ^ -• ^^^ «vH omen, departure JfLVfothossTf^tvUr' r'^'^ ^»'?^ ""^"^l^'"' and happy ones.'' JfiS ^ ' '"" 'oUcilou,, be fuvoural.Ic pracpctes. The mannen^ l>y their flight, described in a previrj" aft'otZ «Vl"''"" ''' '""'^ '^"^ ''m'lrTor^^^ 'i-,cf^u.ena/sr 3:3.8, Ergo va,< denoted /a.oura6/J T^d «^ rlh ''"'"T.?/"^ ^'"''"'> " '^'■^" terms were used in a directs n.nn- '^"^'''""^ ' ^^«''''a» 'he Tlu, Latin «Icfl" and fhe g L^^' ?« J fht^r''" '^ ^f'^ ?''«'^»' J^'."n •u^.rrrinTaC t^ ^^^ ^^^^^'^^^J^t souik, the 'Sk'aut tcl^thTS^rhi'^'I '^^^' '° ''« terms arose, when the Romans bC^anio lie '" "«"'«"re of cian literature. " " '° "^ familiar with Gre- -'^i- PorlAebunid. There i> Kor„ „ n . myth respecting theTwo J^fe/^hr "k'"^" ^" ^^^ "^"'eric the one made ol^ v4y tife S.r nf"?^ ''^'^ *^''«'"°« '=°'"«-- come through the fir er '^r^e ^ ';i7r??'/^"l"'-'' ^^''-^' Odyssey, X.X. 562, and Hcync^^'i'.l'^L';ni"'^?;/«^^- 73. C;iro;-n«c«. A Greek construction. ODE XXVIII. '^^'''' ' feeonlil- ' ^'l°'-'r^''' Trimeter or Glyeonic Second line, Asclepiadie Choriambie /etrame'ter nfl ;! r,''""" •''■^'^ restivalof Neptune ^* '• feTetei R^e^r^CriiV^^^^^^ n'"^^' °^ ^"^--' on which it was held was probabfy the 23d o"f Ti '''^,' '"^ ancient calendaria this dav is marb-^i tr °S /"'^' '" ihe or Kept. ludU from which"^ weTee t^at'^th^^/' ''^\ '' -^^"«^' brated with games. Resoectint ?K„ ® ^^'^"'^' *" «^le- val nothing Ts known eiS^^"fhIt th/n"''';'''' °^ /''" ''««^•- huts of branches and fo.ia^e?ln wLi''.f.?P!iuT.^_ 1° «^"''d d:a.K, ana auiused themaeIves.»-.SmithVD':'o717p Tt' MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 UitM I" 163 is. •i u 1.4 3.2 IIM 14.0 2.5 2.2 [1 2.0 L8 1.6 ^ /APPLIED IIVMGE Inc 1653 East Main Street Rochester. New York 14609 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax USA HS NOTES ON HORACE fiOOX Til. Line 3. Strenm. I have adopted Doering's view, as regard» thf punctuationof this line. " Strenua, Graecc pro '« slrenue ," noc est, promto paratoque animo.^' Anthon places the com- ™* alter «frenwa, and renders " my active Lyde." 6. Inchnare meridiem, cf. Juvenal Sat. iii. 316. Sol tncUnat ; eundum est. 7. Parcis deripere horreo. « Dost thou delay to hurry down from ine wine-room, the lingering amphora of the Consul Bibulus." 1. e. which contains wine made, as the mark declares, in the consulship of Bibulus a. u. c. 694. The lighter wines, or such as lasted only from one vintage to another, were kept m cellars ; but the stronger and more durable kinds were i. ansferred to another apartment, which the Greeks call- ea apotheke,' and the poet, on the present occasion, •' hor- reum. With the Romans it was generally placed above the Jurhanum, or drying-kiln, in order that the vessels mi'ht be exposed to such a degree of smoke, as was calculated to^rin' in T^ ^'T' *° ^!? ^^'■'y maturity.»— Henderson. Index ^^" ^"^ *^^ °^^^^ ^'°P*^'" ^""^^^ ""'"'* ^^^ IS. Summo carmine. « At the conclusion of the strain." lb. menia. I have, in a former part of my notes, explained the proper meaning of this term. Here it means the closing' hymn, and, as Anthon remarks, the epithet is well chosen- lor as the naenia was sung at the end of existence* so the last hymn closes the banquet. ODE xy\x. Metre : two first lines. Greater Alcaic. Third line. Iambic Dimeter Hypermeter. Fourth linci Minor Alcaic. Subject : He invites Maecenas to lay aside for a time his anxiety for the public welfare, and to spend a few days at his quiet and humble home. He proceeds to assert that he only is happy, who, at each day's end, can say he has enjoyed it: and the best safe-guard against the fickleness of Fortune is a good conscience. Linel. 2ynAemi. Maecenas was descended from Elbius Volterre- nus, one of the Lucumonea of Etruria. 4. Balanus. The ancients gave this name, to a species of nut, a m",'" ^^"**'" ^ valuable unguent was extracted. ?n VT" Co"'"'* '*ie Index for this and the other proper name». lU.iMo/cm~the palace of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill, at- tached to which was a lofty tower. !5. Sine aulaeis et ostro; -'refer ad externam tricliniorum mag-j mficenUa» } per aulaea, ut doeet Scholiast infra ad Sat. ii. 8 ODES 29-30. 54. i nio t tur," quib 16. Exp used, deno 17. Jnd, Ursa S4. Resii amai ers n: mone the pi" si9;nir 64. Gtmt Polluj Afetre : Asclep Subject : The \ Line 1. Doerin elusion nee Jo in altu 6. Aon om dilecte^ 7. Libitina names. 12. Popvlc 13. JEolhn, — Aicae 16. Volens. 16. uti ■ BOOK TJI, regard» the o " ^irenuc," aces the com- ry down from sulEibulus." dares, in the er wines, or jother, were urable kinds ! Greeks call- ;asion, •' hor- :ed above the sels mi jht be ated to bring IS consult the ■ain." explained the 1 the closing veil chosen— ti io the last ODES 29-30. NOTES ON HORACE 54d s anxiety for lis quiet and nly is happj, d it ; and the (le is a good lius Volterre- lecies of nut, roper names. line Hill» at- niorum mag- j ad Sat. ii' 8' ODE XXX. JS^ni^S'P'"'''" Choriambic Tetrameter: Subject .The presage of his own immortality. '°' '• "S:;Xo^.&l";)„'J-'™ -™P- .h. lines at the con- 6. Aoft o?/i/iis ?»oWar. cf. suora ii 20 fi ivr „.me" "" '"" ■"■'" f" ">" ^"i 'he other proper "'S'trSr Jit."'° "' ° «^™"™ «"" ' " -b of govern. '^^' 'Solium carmen '' Lxiricnnph"!,^' 'vu^^u- e -^ Ifi .?.•'' ; P'-^P^^'»"^-" For this use he term cf Livv i IC. ut. .a/.«. propitius suam semper sospitet progeniem7' .i \m . It) ■ •'l t' (550) or.Es 1-3. 1 NOTES ON HORACE. THE ODES. BOOK IV. ODE I. Metre : First line, Choriambic Trrmeter, or Glyconic. Second line, Asclepiadic Choriambic Tetrameter. Subject: An introduction to the fourth book of the odes, under the form of a supplication to Venus, that she would now transfer her empire to a worthier subjeet, the gay Maxiirrjs. Line 6. Lustra. See my note on ode ii. 4. 24. 10. Paulli—maximi. Paullus Fabius Maximus, the person allu- ded to in the text, was consul with Quinlus jElius Tubero b. c. 10. lb. rurpureis ales otoribus, " quae, tanquam ales, cur»- «litidis oloribus juncto per aerem veheris ; purpureus pass colo- ribus fuigidis et pulchre nitentibus"— Doering ..aiparc Gray—" the purple light of love." 17. Qiiandoque, for quandocunque. 22. Berccyntiae. 28. Salium. Consult the Lidex. 30. Spes—mutui; "the deceptive hope of reciprocated love." 35. Lecoro. The last syllable of this word is elided before the vowel of ihe next. 36. Sileniio, cf. Epod. 11.9. amantem et languor et silentium arguit. ODE II. Metre : Three first lines, Sapphic. Fourth line, Adonic. Subject : Horace, having been requested by Julus Antonius to cele- brate in Pindaric verse the expedition of Augustus against certain German tribes, (b. c. 15) (':>cline8 the task on the grounds of waot of sufficient taleut. • Line 3. Vitn — Ai 10. Dith ncctf the ii the n to Li them fifty 1 Cycli Baccl by a end d Phryc ginal term i Dithy words l3o Seu a 17. Sive, Ibid Ele under 2l.Fkbii instan the er less th 24. Oreo. Index. 35. Sacri tol, ar 44. Fo7-ii7 et turn batur. laetiti: 57. Curve brings when £ Metre : First Ii Second Subject : The e; ration i Line 1 . Melpon the Ind OtES 1-3. NOTES ON HORACE 651 et silcutium Line 3. VUreo, «caerulco, viridi"— Docring. « Sparkling like glass" — Anthon. ° 10. Dithyrambos. " The earliest species of choral poetry con- nected mlh the worship of Bacchus was called the dithyramb; the inventor of this iiymn is as little known as the meanin» of the name; it is attributec' by Herodotus to Arion— by others to Lasus— and Archiiochus, who lived long before either of Ihemj mentions it by name. It was danced by a chorus of fifty men around a blazing altar; hence it was also called the Cyclic chorus. The subjects were generally the birth of Bacchus and his i/iisfortunes. It waa originally distinguished by a disorderly aridenthubiastic wildness of tone, which in the end degenerated into turgidity and bombast. The music was Phrygian, (therefore stirring and rapid) and the flute its ori- gmal accompaniment."— Donaldson's Greek Theatre. The term auduces has reference to the boldness with which the Dithyrambic poets adopted novel constructions, and uses of words. 13. Sen deos, &c. This alludes to the Paeans. 17. Sive, quos, he. The cpinicia, or songs of victory. Ibid Elea. Consult the Index, under this word, and liker-isa under '^Olympia." 21.Fkbili, equivalent to flcnti. Juveiwnvc. This is the only instance in which Horace violates the rule, which requires the enclitic to be joined to the first word of a clause un- less that word be a preposition of one .y liable. ' 24. Oreo. For this, and all the other proper names, consult the Index. 35. Sacrum divum. The Via Sacra, which led toward the Capi- tol, and along which triumphal processions moved. 44. Forumque litibus orbum, "ergo non in rebus trcpidls tantum et tumu'itu, causarum actiones in foro cessabant (quod dice- Hlur justitium) sed in publira ctiam, ut ex hoc loco anparet, laetitia." — Doering. < 57.Curvatos ignes. " The bending fires of the moon when she brings back her third rising;" i. e. the crescent of the moon when she is three days old. The comparison is between th« crescent, and the horns of the young animal."— Anthon. ODE HI. Metre ; First line, Choriambic Trimeter, or Glyconic. Second line, Asclepiadic Choriambic Tetrameter. Subject : The expression of his gratitude to Melpomene, for his inspi- ration in lyric versa. Line 1. Melpomene. For this, and the other proper names, consult the Index. ■m 052 iJiic 6. 10. 12. 14. NOTES ON HORACE f] I BOOK IV. i)e/u5/o///s. The leaves of the laurel, Tvhich was sacred to XL^fsC^' for praeternuunt. cf. infra iv. 14. 26, and Livj ^olio. See my note on Ode ili. 30. 13. Jio?nae soboles-Rommi. For Principis urbium, cf. infra rJJ' r '-'"^ ^'"'■"^' ""'"' «• ^- Terrarum Dea gentiumque Roma, Cui par est nihil, et nihil secundum. ° ^ ' ^>. ifio/is^ro/- cfts-?/o praetereuntium. cf. Persius i. 28. At pul- ehrum est digito monstrari et dicier « hie est." ^ ODE IV. Metre : First two lines, Greater Alcaic. Third Ime, Iambic Dimeter Hypermeter. I'oiirthline, Minor Alcaic. Subject : The praise of Drusus Nero, for his viclories over the Rhaeli and Vrndehc. The ode consists of three parts: In the S l?i,'■T^u^ Drusus is celebrated : the second lauds Au gustus tor the manner m which he had educated the t,vo princes ; and the third is devoted to the praise of the Claudiun lane 1. QuaUm mmstrum, &c. Translate «As, at first, the fire of jouth and hereditary vigour have impelled from the nest still Ignorant of toils, the bird, the thunder-bearer, to whom JoJe the kin- of gods, has assigned dominion over the wanderin5. NOTES ON HORACE ODE V. 553 i':1 Line 2. fl'^J^rnnimium diu Augustus, while engaged in arran- ng the affair, of Gaul, was absent from Rome for nearfv three years, from b. c. 15, to b. c. 12. ^ 5. Lucm redde tme, &c. We may, with reverence, compare the S'pon^S.^'^^"- ''"^^''^ '^^ thelightof thy'cortJ'anc: iV^o" r P°"a "'* 1''^'"'^^.'^ <■<"• this and the other proper names. 17-20. Tutus bos etenim, &c. '« Nexus et sensus : nee mirurS patrmm tanto tui teneri desiderio ; nam sub tuo imjerio iedS m » lam secuntas, fertilitas, faustitas,opulentia, Mes Tastita conjugiorum sanctitas, et legum auc\oritas.''_Doe "o ' 21. Mill,, &c. This refers to the "Lex Julia de adufterio» which was passed by Augustus. aauuerio 24. PcBnapremU. of. Juv. Sat. 1 . 142. Poena tamcn praescns. &c 31. Jmensmensis; « the second course." The dinner usuX" consisted of three courses : first, the promulsisTmlcc^na called also gustatio, made up of all sorts of stimulan" to t^hc appetite, such as are described in Satire ii. 8. g """""^ ^° ^''^ Rapula, lactucae, radices, qualia lassum «"eryellunt stomachum, siser, halec, faecula Coa. second, the altera rnenm, or second course, which consisted of various dishes of fish, flesh, and fowl; and third, the desert (bellana) consisting of fruits, such as almonds died grapes dates, sweetmeats and confectionary, &c ^ *^ ' Si.Laribus. The Lares Publici, here alluded to, are supposed by some to have been identical with the Patrii Penatesf .J7. Fenas. Feriae (holidays) were, generally speaking, days or seasons, during which free born Romans suspendedTheiJ^poli- fical transactions and lawsuits, and during which slaves en- jastt. The feriae included all days consecrated to any deitv ; consequently all days on which public festivals were celcbrat- ed were/ena« or dm fenati. But some of them, such as the fmavmdemialn, and the feriae aestivae seem to have had no direct connection with the worship of the gods. AH ferim were divided into two classes, public and private : the latt^ were only observed by private individuals or families, in com- memoration of some particular event which had been of im- portancc .0 the.nselvcs or their ancestors. For full informa- K K°I! ,th's .subject consult Smith's D. of A. p. 413, and Niebuhr's History of Rome. •*i''> aim ;l ' 554 Metre NOTES ON HORACE ODE VI, BOOK IV. Three first lines, Snpphic. Fourth line, Adonic. Subject : A prelude to the Secular Hymn, and an invocation of Ap- ollo a aid ior the composition of that work. Line 1. Niobea. Consult the Index for all the proper names contained m this ode. Ibid. Magnae vindicem linguae Compare the last part of the Antigone of Sophocles. 13.IUenon, indusus, &c. «'The poet means that if Achilles naa lived, the Gieeks would not have been reduced to the dis- honorable necessity of employing the stratagem of the wooden iA rn\ . '■/'"i."!^ ^"^""^ ^"''•^" ^he «^'^y in open fight"— Anthon. lb. luilM-et, for fefellisset ; so also below, ureret for ussisset. ZqaP^^.'; The explanation of this term is given in the Index. ^y-40. SptrUum S>-c. " Scquentia poeta, jam preces suas a dco cxauditas esse sentiens, pronuntiat. Virginum primae'. ««ad Chorum puellarum puerorumque se convertit, quos, ut modes carminis, ad quod publice in ludis saecularibus decantandun e nobihssimis gentibus electi fuerant, se praecinentem audiant jam praesto adesse fingit."— Doering. 4^. Sacculo. The civil saeculum, according to the calculation of the Etruscans, whicii was adopted hj the Romans, was a space 01 time containing 110 lunar years. The return of each saeciilum at Rome was announced by the Pontiffs, who also made the necessary intercalations in such a manner, that at the commencement of a new saeculum, the beginning of the ten months' yeai, of the twelve months' year, and of the solar year comcided. But in these arrangements the greatest arbi- Irariness and irregularity appears to have prevailed at Rome, as may be seen from the unequal intervals at which the ludi aaeculares were celebrated. ODE VII. Metre : First line, Dactylic Hexameter. Second line, Dactylic Trimeter Catalectic, Subject ; The shortness of life, and the consequent wisdom ofcniovin» the present moment. ' -> j o Line 3. Mutat terra vices, «« Vices terrae de colore ejus, per annuas vices apparente. ac pro divers^ anni tempestate variante, dictae."— Mitscherlich. 13. Lamna tamen &c. «« The rapid months, howsvpr, renajr the losses occasioned by the changing season's." Before 'the Ju- lian reformation of the Calendar the Roman months were ODES (i-B. lui of . to R( un 15.^ 19. ./fi 21. Sp in me vit Metre: Asi Subject : Tl gift wlu anc ode C. Line 1. Pat robi The Fes The whi patt fam will upo son! emp of A 3. Trip by 1 pliei apo athi 8am( origi 6. Parr, Inde 13-22. ' viror enim rum ODES 6-8. NOTES ON HORACE 655 lunar ones. Hence lunae wag frequently used in the lansuaee of poetry, even after the i-hange had taken place, as equivalent to menses.-Anthon. For full information respecting the Roman months consult Smith's Dictionary of AntiquUics _ under the article « Calendar (Roman)." ^»"4""»cs, 10. Mneas. Consult the Index for the proper names. 151. Jlmico, by a Graecism f'jr tuo, 21. Splendida Minos fcccrit arhitria, equivalent to " sententiam m judicio pronunciavcrit.» Anthon considers splendida to nriean fair, trnpartial, and adduces in illustration svlendidicn- vUro, (Ode m. 13. 1.) ' ODE VHI. Metre : Asclepiadic Choriambic Tetrameter. Subject : The pi^ises of the poetic art. The Ode constituted Horace's gift to his fncnd Ccnsorinus, at the time of the Saturnalia, when It was customary for friends to send presents to one another. C. Marcius Censorinus, the person to whom the ode was most probably addressed, was consul together with I/. Asinius uallus b. c. 7. Line 1. Paicras. "Patem: a round dish, a plate, a saucer. Mac- robius states that ,t derived its name from its expanded form. Jhe paterae of the most common kind are thus described by restus : Vasa picata, parva, sacrificiis faciendis apta.'> They were small plates of the common red earthenware, on which an ornamental pattern was drawn. The more valuable paterae were metallic, being chieny of bronze ; but every lamily, raised above poverty, possessed one of silver, to-ether with a silver salt cellar. Paterae were used at meals °to eat upon, as with us, although it appears that very religious per sons abstained from this practice on account of the customary employment of them in sacrificing to the gods."— Smith's D. 3. Tripodas. The tripod was any article of furniture supported ^L M'^^'V J^^ ^'T.' ^""■"'■''•' ^^=»« '""^e especially ap- plied to the following things : 1st, a three-legged table ; 2d, a pot or caldron, used for boiling meat, and eitlfer raised upon a three-legged stand of bronze, or made with three feet in the same piece; 3d, a bronze altar, not differing probably in its original form from the tall tripod caldron mentioned above. IndS''""'* ^"'^ ^^^ °^^^'' P'^P*''' "^""^ *=°"'"'* ^*^^ 13-22. « Sensuset nexus : carminibus sciiirpt apfprnn nja«-nor»r~ Tirorum virtutibus apud posteros paratur gloria! "Scipionis enim glonam non signa marmorea, quibus rcrum ab eo "•estf rum summa incisa sit (quippe quae externam tantum defunct- }tm 606 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK IV. bclemper Sajnoncm celerrime ex Itali&fugtre coactumese'^ X^eeMer/-'"'^''' f""'"^' ^^^^^ ««''^'^'•^'•^d the exploit, of 27 7)l- 7 "''"^' ''^' •"''■" «t Rudiae in Calabria. ^ o^rltwlXr^/- ^""'"•' r '^"."^•"S to the earlier mythol- ODE IX. Metre • First two lines, Greater Alcaic. ?o:r;!h't;/.^Ltrar"^p^^'"^^^^- '"'^"'iJmorS^" °''°"'"' = ^°^^^^ ^^« --* --« of .ccuring Marcus Lollius Palicanus was a Roman nobleman in the time GaUtirwt"h'tSrt?""r^" ^^" '' ^'^ ^'^ ?-crnment of sow^lTin ihsoLi ?h°f.r''°'''"'''^°'"' ."^ '*^'1"'"<^'J himself his se V .p1 n ^ ', ^^i.*^' emperor, in order to recompense his serMces, named lum Consul with L. Aurelius Lepidus, b C.22. Being sent (b. c. 17) tc engage the Germans who had made an irruption into Gaul, he °had the mSSSe,' a te some successes, to experience a defeat, known in history bv eXZteZi '-"'"' (''"''''' ^"'^ '" wh?ch"he lost't S renair h/n r"' ,^' ^P»''"'"' '^°^«^«'- ^^at he was able Ihn L r f^ ?'''/'■■■' ^"'^ '"Sain the confidence of Augustus, who selected h.m (about e. c. 3.) to accompany Caius Caesa WstuTh In n ^""^'''^ Caligula-as a kind of director ? ihl I , * I the course of this mission he became guilty of ^ir^^T JfP.'-^dations, and formed secret plots, whfch J^r a ?ew dav ^S'"' ^rr^^J '^'^'"^ of the'parlhians; a a lew da)s afterwards Loilius died suddenly, leaving behind h.m .mmense r.ches, but a most odious memory ."-LempS ^y tauvn. The present ode was addressed to him n the year of his»consulship b. c. 22. ^ufidum. For this, and the other proper names, consult the A^rt si priores &c. cf. Cic. Orat. i. « Nam in poetis non ^:iT:i:f •«-V^»,^"^ ^« ^raecis loquar)^ai" Socho secundos?» * ' ' '"^ ^°''"'^ ''* '^'""'^*''' ^«' '"''^'^ JEoliae puellae. Sappho. 5r '"'^ ^*";' °''°^.'' '^^' <^<^n*l'-uction : Lacaena Helene non sola arsit comtos cnncs adulteri, et mirata (est) aurum. Line 1 11 13 BOOK IV. ODES 9-12. NOTES ON HORACE ODE X. 557 Metre : Choriambic Pentameter. Subject : An addresa to Ligurinus. ODE XI. Metre: Three first lines, Sapphic. Fourtli line Adonic. Subject : An invitation to Phvllis tn rnm« «„ i • Line 2 :2''^ ^.''''''''"^^ ^^^^ ^ '"'' ''"'•wlnrbutSrp'^^^^^^^ "- inferior Lind of Jurenal, M-e mu t cfn^^'^1 JS^ by Horace and considerable esteem ' " ^^^" ^""^' " ^»» ''«Id in tescis, nitidior et /enufti'or ^"P''"''"*' .1"» <^oronata eni- coronari soles • n^A 2 m^'^«, vel simplicitcr, qui apud Hiratum' • mal m ^^??. '"'''?••■' ^''""'» ^«^ebat Phyllis ODE XH. Lme 1. /am Veris &o. « Nnw .k- tu • . ^'"""^"*' of sprino-, which r,hr,Thi ^r^'^.'»" ^''"ds> th« companions alluJion" ,r the noTtherVw/ h'^"V'° "I^" '''^ »«''»•" The the poets, was tL"°£;V Thr^^.e^'Th^"''- T'^'^''' '' blow in the commencement of sprh^ThVrl' ^l»'" '" are more commonlv mpntirnrH ?^ °' • . ^"«slern breezes as these are chano-e.l^u ' T'' '" '^««"iptions of Spring, but this occasion to 3S.Vn' t^lf '"'=.°'l*^^"^ ^be poet prefers, on at this season' Jf ihe 5e"ar» d!"'^' ^^hich blow moVe steadily 6, InfeliT. avi.Jl^:!!^^^'' -Doermg translated bv Anthon. >'M £58 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK IV. Lincl5./«mi„,„ „o/.,7m/,« elien,. "O tu qui jurcnum nobilium gratia ac la?ore frucris, qui nobilibus juvciiibui C8 in deliciis • c^icns, DOS, Gunstlincr I'er jiwcnes nobiles baud dubic innuit INerones, Augusti nrivignos, Drusum et Tibcrium ; non sine causa autem lloraliiis Virsilium suum juvemim nobilivm cLienltvi appcllasse vidctur ; latct cnim, nisi fallor, in hac appellat.one jocus fere hie . dummodo a te impelrare potcrjs Hoc, ut e faatigio tuo descendas, et juvenum nobilium consor- tium cum pauperis Horatii societate permutes"— Doerin». iJUonarc largus ; a Graecism for largus ad donandum. " im. .qmara cnrarum ; another Graecism. The regular Latin cons'ruclion would be amrtras curas. ODE XIII. Metre : Tn-A first lines, Asclcpiadic Choriambic Tetrameter. Third line, Choriambic Trimeter Catalectic, or Phcrtcrntic tourlh line, Choriambic Trimeter, or Glyconie. Subject: Ridicule of Lyce. Line 7. Doctacpmllerc. A Graecism for in psalUndo. 12. Capitit nives, "thy hoary locks." 17 rf ''' ^."/n^t'' u "^* ^^^, ""'" appellatives, consult the Index. 17. Fbn«s. " Th;- beauty," "amabiii* Gratia." 23. Dilapsam vi cineres facem. " AptA imagine pro, Lycen ? puell4 olim fenidi et formosd mutatam nunc in frigidam et deformem vctulani"— Mitscherlich. ODE XIV. Metre : First two lines, Greater Alcaic. Third line, Iambic Dimeter Hypermcter- Fourth line, Minor Alcaic. Subject . The praise of Tiberius, and, indirectly, of Augustus. Line 1 , Quaecura. <' What care on the part of the Fathers, or wl.nt ' °\ n^ "^^•'^ '^°'"''" P^°P'« at 'ai-ge, can, by offerin-s rich with honours, perpetuate to (he latest ages, O Augustus, the remembrance of thy virtues, in public inscriptions, and recording annals?"— An thon. ^ ' 4. Fastus. See my note on odes iii, 17, 4. «. VindcUci. Consult the Index for thi« and the other proper names. ' r la ^pZ'/'/T""' 7^1 ^^^^' °^ ^« N^'-°»> that is, Tiberius. ^^^v^!h^?T>^'^•^''f^"'*',^"'=*' *^'^^" «• ^-^a. «nd the war Wiln trie Kh.ir>>i ami Vinrlnli»: «.-_ i___;_-«-j _ - .. . . — .„ . „,v,„.,v» >Taa (.cruiiilUlCU Ji • t;. i'i. ODEa 13-1 Line 46. / CO pit Ti £ dcr Metre : Tn Thi Fou Subject : Th the Lioa 5. Frui wan 6. £/ reco Cras 0. Jam peac Augi Ante 24: Gem 16. Hetp (( 25. Prof 30. Lydii origin and 1 and ai their ( are dii probal aldiff terms from t was u! sinistr centivc ODES 13-15 NOTES ON HORACE 560 Line 46. Rapitius Ti &c; ttypalUge for iVon ui plures juvenci ilhgah fneis aratris niiantur. S'i. Disanctus, yjoprie de eo, qui male cirifetus Iax4 tunici incedit, quod desidiosae et mollioris fere vitae signum fuit; hmc discmci d.cti sunt homine* negligentei et parum rerUm suarum curiosi"— Doering: Ibid. Nepos, '« luxuriosae vita^e homines nepotei appellantur, quod nuii Hisgis lus rei suae familiaris cura est, quam iis qu'ibui pater avusque vivunt"— Festus. EP0DE3 1-2. NOTES ON HORACE EPODE II. 5Cl Metre : Same as the last Epode. or interest of money, pint (s^v.v ^\^T^^ '^' '"'^'"^^'^'^ quasi afcetura qu^/am pe^ n a^ ientirit •"'" '^ '^^"' ^^ J he same root is found in fecundMr r ^^ 'ncrescentis." for the principal, as wel as fi.« • . ^""""^ ^«« «^'so used interest was «5« 4 'enera Iv ^. T-''^l '^"«'^'<='- ^^^m for impendium,on whTchIa ^ La ks "" i'' .P'"""^' «"'^ ^'««^ quod in sorte accedebit ir„n„ ?• * *'"'* ^ pondere) usura the close of the repubnc ' Z^intte^ -PPeHatum." Toward! Sopuitrcflexoclassicumcornu, ' ' Ljtuusque^aduncostriduloscantus - long as it was the o J; one of r S^'^'l'" '^''''''■'' Home. It ,vas situated betvveen VJ p . ?• ^"^'""^ ^^'^^^d at Hills and its extent 'Lser^.w! ^'*l'"' ^"'^ Capitoline the -■ septem jugera forensia ''-^iTr' ''^?".'=^ Varro calls it or marsh, but was sa 3 to havP hlLlu °"S'nally a swamp Tatiusand to have b.en set an. '^ '"'1"'' ^/ ^^™"'"» «^ tration of justice, for holdlC» ^ '"m-"' ^""^ ^'^« ^^mini*- and for the transactions of ofhn I ^'^r''''! ""^ *'"« P^opl'S Smith's© ofA.p.430. P"^''*^ business'- 22. Silvane. Consult fhp l*n/i«» r .1. 43. iil,cum. The hearth or h.-"' ^^" ^'°P'' "^mes. and was placed nttAtruTwTrV'^''''^^^.^'' ^^ ^''« Lares, as a kitchen and dinin<.rrm' It r'. '•'".'''v'" ^"^y ^'"'"^'^ w^ put tlf^n ritTas^S'^^l ^-^r'' '" "'-^ -- of wood. As soon as made fhf.'""'' ""^'^''^^ afterwards nearly filled with ?vine and nbi./- T' ^?"'»"^^ "'^h P'^ch. which would not keeping wis Sru^f' '''?u' ""'^'•' '^ "'« which would k«Pp JJrlll'J^^. V":,"""^ <|-om the dolium : Ui..t _..p _, .rau=f.rrcu irom ii to the amphor')». " 5C2 NOTES ON HORACE £FOD£S 3-4. EFODES 5- EPODE III. Metre ,' The same as in the preceding Epode. Subject : The poet vents his anger against some garlic, of which he iiad partaken at supper, and >vliich had made him ill» Line 3. Edit, the old form for edat. 6. Viperimis crnor, the ancients considered this to be a most virulent poison* 9. Argonautas. Consult the Index for this and the other proper names. EPODE IV. Metre : Same as in the preceding Ode. Subject: The expression of his regret that a certain person who had risen, during tiie civil wars, from the condition of a slave, to wealth and rank, but who was justly odious for his insolence, should have it in his powei to take precedence at the public spectacles, Stc. Line 1. iMjais, &c. "There is as strong an aversion on my part towards thee, thou whose back has been galled by the Ibe- rian lash, and whose legs have been lacerated by the hard fetter, as falls by nature to the lot of wolves and lambs"— Anthon. 14.. Appiam. The Via Appia, or great south Road, was com- menced by Appius Claudius Caecus, when Censor. It issued from the Porta Capena, and, passing through Aricia, Tres Tabernae, Appii Forum, Tarracina, Fundi, Formiae, Mintur- iiac, Sinuessa, and Casilinum terminated at Capua, but was eventually extended through Calatia and Caudium to Bene- vcntum, and finally from thence through Venusia, Tarentum and Uria, to Brundusium. The traces which remain to this day prove that it was one of the greatest works of antiquity, and that it well deserved (he epithet bestowed on it by Sta- tius, " regina viarum." 16. Olhone contemto. In the year 67 b. c. a law, entitled the Lex Roscia Theatralis was passed by L. Roscius Otho, which gav the equites a special place at the public spectacles ir. fourteen rows of seats, next to the place of the senators, which was in the orchestra. 17. Quid attiaet, &c. This refers to the expedition fitted out against Sextus Pompcius; the pirate chief; b. c. 35. Metre: Sa Subject: E Am Th^ rou the him Line Llna. by; iogi the foui 21. hit Ind( 27. Mm fishc henc sea-i othci Anth «4. Zen presc callc- usua may the s( S7. Fas 1 ubifa 92. Nodx Et, qi Omnii Metre: Same Subject . An a Line 5. Molos$ cf. Vir J ^ \ ] 1 EPODES 3-4. EPODES 5-6. NOTES ON ..GRACE 563 EPODE V. Metre : Same as In the preceding. Unc7,.Inane jyurpuraedccus, the toga praetexta u.f„Vh , by youths of rank, until fhr>v n=o '"^'^f^,^'^'^*» ^^"«ch was worn the case of the son of TMrnn^ n ■ "^^ ^""^^ S'ven to boys in fourteen, in the Sabine wTo'"' ^"''"'' '"^^' ^^ ^^e agi if 21. /«7co.-for this'' "d t^e 'o hTr ^000^ "'' '^'^ "^" '°^-'- Index. ' "^"^*^ I"^°PCf names, consult the 27. Marims echinus, a sca-urrhin « tk. fishes is analogous to the hedfel, amo ."rd"' •'" f"'""» called nr/J.i,L, nisJ^^Vn^"S^;;'T'''- '' '' usually explain this by an ell nsis of r^,,?/ Grammarians may often be supplied -hi oC.i- "f.'^^^'""^' "I'ich tj^e^sense^'-Zunirpaoe 369 "'' '' ^'"' "''^ ^«^^«'•^ ^vith Quippe ,S'r.rX'!5"' con.er;er. Cf. Virgil Geor?-. ubifas versum atque ncfas. «^ JSoclurnus ocmrram furor. U 505 Cf. Virg. Mn. iv. 384 : r* „*. e- .. ^'^^"=^'' atris ignibus absens Et,quum frigida mors animaseduxcrit artns Omnibus umbra locis adcro. "^''"^ '''^"'» EPODE VI Metre: Same as in the preceding Epodc Ncc tlbi cura canum fuerit postrema ; sed una ^ e oces Spartae ca.ulos ac-emque Molossum r.,sce sero pmgu,. Nunqunin cu.todibus i L Jjocturnum sta bulls fure.?, incursusqueTu^oru. Also, fir54 NOTES ON HORACE EPODE VII. EfODES 7-9, Metre : Same as in the preceding. Subject : A lamentation for the civil wars, with which Ins country was disturbed. Line 2. Condiii, " which had been sheathed." After the defeat of Sestus Pompcy, there was a short interval of peace, which was, however, soon terminated by the renewed misunder- standing between Octavianus and Antony. 5. Carlhaginis. Consult the Index. Ibid. Non ut superbas^ "The idea intended to be conveyed is as follows ; These swords are not drawn against the enemies of our country, as tl.ey were in former days against haughty Carthage, and as they now should be against the Britons, still bidding defiance to our arms : they are to be turned upon ourselves — they are to enter our own bosoms, in order that the wishes of the Parlhians, of our bitterest foes, may be aceomplished, and that Rome may fall in ruins by the hands of her son»"— Anthon. 7. Descenderet sacr& ':atenatua vid. cf. Cicero in Verrem, v. 30 : " At etiam qui triumphant, eoque diutius vivos hostium duces servant, ut, his per triumphum ductis, pulcherrimum specta- culum, frueturssijue, victoriae populus Romanus percipere possit : tancien quum de foro in Capitolium currum flectcrc incipiunt, illos duci in carcerem jubent : idemque dies et victoribus imperii, et victis vitae fmetn facit." EPODE VIII. Metre : Same as in the preceding. Subject : A description of a disgusting old woman^ EPODE IX. Metre : Same as in the preceding. Subject : A congratulation of Maecenas on the victory at Actium^ Line 13. Vallum, "the stake." Each soldier was obliged to carry a certain number of stakes (valli) to assist in forming the vallum of the camp. These valli were young trees, or branches— In forming the palisade the Romans used to fix them close toge- ther, and interlace the branches, so that it required great f»rce to pull it down. In this respect the Roman vallum was far superior to the Greek, which was more open, and less firm. Ibid. Spadonihus. This refers more especially to the Eunuch Mardion, who had the managemt-it of Cleopatra's affairs. EPODES 1 Line 16. ( c: n T Jii CO th, ca 28. Si It ter wo wh Metre : Sar Subject : Hi be ^ Line 1 . Mah 2. Olen 4. jlust 5. Nigei Metres First Seco Subject : An i Line 2. Permi 6. Silvis Fi 13. Invej- 1^ ^^^ J" 17. Fomej hopes at lens With t indigne he reso Second Subject,- The lu roDEs 7-9, MS country : defeat or jace, which i misundcr- conve5'ed is Lhe enemies ist haughty le Britons, } be turned s, in order )es, may be f the hands rem, v. 30 : tium duces lum specta- perciperc im flectcre [ue dies et ^ctium ' 1 to carry U ; the vallum anches — In close toge- iired great vallum was n, and less he Eunuch affairs. "00.S 10-12. NOTES ON HORACE ,^ '^ine 16. Conopium. " A o-nif r,..f,- • expanded over bedsCd coS^^ 't'o tl""'""^ "^^^'^^ ^o be flying insects, so called fomfl^r ^ '^"'f/ S"^*' ^"^ other The gnat-curtains mentioned hv Sn""^ '^""^»" '^ Sn^^' Jinen, but of the texture of. an. p t^ ''""". P'""^^'"^ of common in Italy, Greece ITnfu ^ ^^ "'^ °^ ^^^"^ * ««» the Mediterranean S'Ul^^i; ""P^"^»' surrounding canopy-Smith'. D. of .'^"^o' '^' °"Sin of the EnglisS ■fcthici:Lro^';;.:ri;r ^^''^ «-- -'^'e- tened acros^ the sSou7de°s bv a I? ^''""H «"? generally fa,, word is synonimous ^^h7aludLJr!l'^' '" ^^''' P^^'^Se the which was similar in Zp^ ^"''''^'''^' ^^^ general's cloak, EPODE X. Metre : Same as in the preceding epode. 9 ni 4 ^^\ ""'^*^'* evil auspices " EPODE Xf. Metre. First line. Iambic Trimeter. Second hne, Dactylico Iambic. Subject : An address to Pectius on the subject of love. j^ qui Jubef'-lMitscSiir'""^'''" ^^«^•^''S'^' ^«'^enda prolo- 'hoX'Schlrhlf a^'ilon^/e:^^^^^^^ -^^ ^^' '^'^^^ -« ^he at length be scnsib e of th. !.f " '•'■'^'"''* *^^^ '"«^hia would With this hope he was cinLt"^"^-'' ''"'"^ «^ ^^" affection! indignation It her ^^Tcou?! noT''' T" ^^ '^"gth hS he resolved to abandon her rem°-Son. '''^'■''*'^' '""^ EPODE XIL ^' «r;'J",^ ^ee^^''« Hexameter. I .Object Zl Tr "''■'" ^^^""^^ ^ P-^"ore. •-^sject , The lust of a wicked old woman. ^66 NOTES ON HORACE EPODES 13-13. EPODE 16. EPODE XIII. Metre : First line, Dactylic Hexameter. Second line, lambico-Dactylic. Subject : He invites some friends to join him in passing a stormy day in drinking, and exhorts them to enjoy the present moment. Line 2. Deducnnt Jovcm. The ancients considered rain to be the air dissolved. 5. Senectus;y gloomy sadness."' « Senectutcm pro gravitate ac scveritate accipe'^ — Porphyrion. 6. Torqualo consulc. Manlius Torquatus was consul B. c. 6i. 8. Jichaemenia. Consult tho Index. 11. Nobilis ut grandi fyc. cf. Juvenal Sat. viii. 210. * Mctuens virgae jam grandis Achilles Cantabat patriis in Montibus. The centaur was Chiron. 15. Subtemine. Everything woven consists ef two essential partS; the warp and the woof. The former was called in Latin stamen, the latter subtemcn, subtegmen, or trama. EPODE XIV. Meti "rst line, Dactylic Hexameter. ,,cond line. Iambic Dimeter. Subject : He pleads the excuse of" love" for not having composed ar? ode, which he had promised to write in honour of his friend Maecenas. Line 3. Lethacos. Consult the Index. 6. Bens, dcvs. '"'Cupiu." 8. M umbilicum adducere. " To bring to an end.** " In the papyri rolls found at Herculaneum, the stick on which the papyrus is rolled does not project from the papyrus, but is concealed by it. Usually however there were ball» or bosses, ornamented or painted, called umbilici or ceniwa, which were fastened at each end of the stick, and projected from the papyrus"— Smith's D. of A. p. 568. 13' Pulchrior ignis, cf. Ter. E. i. 2. 5, accede ad ignem hunc *, also Virgil Eel. iii. 66. At mihi sese offert ultro mens ignis Amyntas.^ EPODE XV. Metre : First line, Dactylic Hexameter. Second line, Iambic Dimeter. Subject : The faithlessness of Neaera.. Line 4. In lu the I put 1 Jura 12. Si q siem vir e 15. OJfc Doer nemp aclivi offenc ofeni semei forma Metre : First Secori Subject : He a it is w Fortur test b^ brougl Line 1 . Mtem the dea The fi the det 3. Mar si. 8. Parent testata 13. Quaeq bones c (unlaw always acter w ted to t regarde deemed them w< —Boyd 41. Beata < be here 49. Injiissa Ipsae la DESI3-J5. EPODE 16. stormy day it moment. ' be the air rarilate ac 1 B. c. 6i. mposed ar; ' his frienc! lem huac ) NOTES ON HORACE «67 Line 4. Inverbajurabas mea. Any oath might be taken in two wavs- tl e person who took ii either framed it for hims f or il 'S jtirujc, or jurare verbis conceptis. 12. iii quid viri. "Cf. Terent- F.m i 1 oi a .- . siem : also i 2 7i vJf ' . / , ^'- ^''"^'^ H"» vir _ vir es"-Di;ring " ' "°''"*' ''"''''' ^^"^^"^ P^^''"'"it 5 lo.Offcnsi. The common reading is ofTensae. I havp fnllnxv,^ i Doer.ns in adopting Bentley's. °DoeHn" Th^s w i?es "E ^n.^ c J^;JS;4 rl^c^ea^o^Zti^-S EPODE XVI. Metre : First line, Dactylic Hexameter. Second line, lambio Trimeter. ^"''•''''k*?^;^.!"'- '?' ^"'"^"^ *° ^'^''^ Iheir country, distracted a, them 4reX ae"S;TrrvT.h' '^ ""' ''""'"' '0.i.i„JZ —Boyd '"='"'™' or any other means, exposed to vieiv" '\?hteXded''to!'""'^'^^^^^^ -S--"y -PPOsedto Ipsaelactedomumreleruatdistenticapellaeubera? j68 NOTES ON HORACE opoDE i: EPODE XVII. Mclr« : Iambic Trimeter- Subject . An ironical recantation of the 5th Epode. Line 1. Bo manus. " I submit." 2. Proscrpinae. Consult the Index for all the proper names. i . 1 urbinem. This vms a kind of wheel used in magic rites, and to which a thread was afljxed. As the turbo was turned the thread was gradually wound upon it, and the person against ^vhom the magic rite was directed came more within tiie power of the magician. In the same way solvere turbincm " to r ^c"^" ^^^ ^^^^^^ back" would weaken the spell. lo. Setosa duris exuere pellibus. This refers to the transforma- tion of Ulys.ses' companions by Circe. Consult tlie Index under " Ulysses." 23. Odoribus, " per orfores intellige herbas magicas"— Doerin-r. 47. Aec Ml sepulchris, &c. " And knowest not what it is to g°o as a sorceress amid the tombs of the poor, and scatter their ashes on the ninth day after interment." The ashes of the dead were frequently used in magic rites, and the rules of the art required that they must be taken from the tomb on th(^ nmth day after interment. The sepulchres of the rich were protected against this profanation by watches, and the sor- ceresses were therefore compelled to have recourse to the tombs of the poor"— Anthon. Among the Ludi Saecii and Diana i years, c. 1 cd Horace t the Ludi Sa quities : — "Ifwew celebrated o they were ct tory, and th( time of the 1 must disting since at thoi racter. Dui rentini, or Ludi Saecul who attribu children of c at that time water warme Valerius afte pina, to whoi spread lectis cessive nighl account of Vi rinus and of : from the ancii account the ' ther legend se connected wi ascribes theii A fearful plaa in such a ma then institute (569) NOTES ON HORACE. The Secular Hymn- lKccu S r-^^^^^ '\'^' .^'"^y"'"-^ «°°ks, respecting the and DlnrIn,!fH h " '"JU'-ction that a hymn in praise of Apollo year B c 17 Ai^'r"«. ^^ ^ *=t'"""' of maidens and youths. In the Idlil'Z'.,' ^"g"*^"«' l>«'ng about to celebrate those games, direct- tLSlllT^^'^ '?' ^''''^^' ">'""• 'J^'»« f""«wing account of quitieslL! '" " ^'•«"*"ibed from Smith's Dictionary of Antt celebr^a7edrnX^ ii"'^^' ^'■°'" J^''"" "'^•""' ^''««^ 8^»"«« «^«"'d have been they were celcSraJedx^^^^^^^^ ""l '^'^"'"^ ' ^"^ ^^^ ^o not find tha" tory Ind thP n/ml i,J- ^'"%'-«g"''»''ty «t any period of Roman His- St thit *;1° p '""''7^° ^^'^ ''«^" '^"acked by a plagL raS ai mat time in Rome, and were rpstnrpH tn k»„i.i, i j i • °'"S account the Tarentme games were first celebrated bv ValrrTn^ sn« ther legend seems to consider the fight of thrStii anrf Sr" 570 NOTES ON HORACE SECULAr. tS' ° tE'' '°'''' ^'T""'^ ''^'"'^ the sames were called ludi nS that l^f^"'''^^r•'^'''"'' ^^^^'^ '''^'-•'^"' ^Hc Circu» Flamt fho :&tb^^^^ twoaccountl by re^scnUn; As relink t^ ^^ '•^o'=\ ?« the second in chronologcal order! nius AlT hi n^ . ^ '""'' '''"'■^' ^'"^ o^t'^e same root as Taroui. ti^'at whinf rr",'?'' mentioned above, though differing as o 'the &ceIebrS;i r» " P':'-^^'"'^. by whom the farentine games were S rposto Si^t'S'^^^ '''' ^'^^ werecelcbrltedfoMhe Iherwprp hfU A,.,- 4 <,saecula> The deities m whose honour Kern na A« f .? '!' '•^P"'^"'*^» continued as at first to be Dis aZ extTn sLws ".t ? •''' h"'' '^' 'iifcrepancy of the statements si jn;>vtr in me repubiic, the qutmkcemviri announced that acronlin p-o»»^ u V . . the plaintiff required the .l.f.f/.*'^'^-^'"^"^"' **" ""o"» appearance heZetoXtt^^^^^^^ ^" commonly the dav but on„ ,ff .. •^' ^*^^ '^" ^ '^^J' named, "N Uo/™;™ p^'= '*''"""• f?™' "f «djourning the Senate -ifHl lliercfore contained 28,800 square feet. Ibid, livcnti. The dative after refcrat is unusual, but there is good authority fur the reading. 58. Jufidus. Consult the Index. 62. Quia tanti, quantum habeas, sis. Cf. Juvenal Sat. iii. 143. Quantum quisquo sua nummorum servat in arc&, Tnntum h.bet et fidei. Gi- ^the/iis— Tantalus— h'or Ihcse and the other proper name« refer to the Index. ' i i -, 7i. Sextarivs. A Roman dry and liquid measure, which derived its name from eontairiiug one sixth of the congius. The latter contained 5. 9471 pints, therefore the measure of the sextarius was .9911 pint. 106. Est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique fines Quos ultra citraquenequit consisterc rectum. Young scholars can hardly select a better subject for a theme than these lines. 114. Carceribus, translate freely '■ barriers." At the extremity of the Roman Circus were placed the stalls for the horses and chariots, commonly called carceres. Their number is sun- • posed to have been usually twelve. They were vaults, dosed in front by gafes of open woodwork, which were opened sim- ultaneously upon the signal being given, by removing a rope, attached to pilasters between each stall ; upon which a num- ber of men, called armentarii, threw open the gates. 120. Lippi. It has given commentators some trouble to accoinit for the poet's using this epithet, since he suffered under the eame disense himself. Doering accounts for it thus : " Equi- dem puto Iloratium, contemtim ab adversariis poetam lippinn appcUatutn, hoc ridiculum convicii genus, a corporis vitiu petitum. in cos, quos contemnebat, salse regessisse." SATIRE II. Horace, in this Satire, more fully illustrates his assertion "sunt certi denique fines &c.," and shows the evil effects that result from rushing into extremes. The good to be derived from reading this production is however more th:in cnuntr^-hp-i^rfv' h" ihr •mmsr-»" .'/ me style. 1 therefore advise j[>upils to omit reading it. SAT. 1-3. Argument : tio the Line 4. Ca* Au 6. M , fea SAT. 1-3. NOTES ON HORACE me it was 675 SATIRE III. '^'""""'JLTV^^"'^ "°^ ^' '"-"^^»^<=d or severe in the construe "";■ ^:ss:;„,t"Atr.uo„»' ""'-'■ ■'""'- ^--'" «>- "f Ibe TctracS; "''' ''' "'^'^'^ corresponds to the base of 30 S"' "'"''?' understand mi/Z/a seslcriium. 30. ii^c^cn i,05..^-c«/ce«. Aaerc/. cf. Juvenal Sat, iii. 147. O^n-t '""^.^•■''^'" P"ebct causasque jocorum Omnibus h,c idem, si Iccda ct scissa lacerna, hi toga sordidula est, ct rupla calccus alter relle patet. 40.Prf»,„s. " The firsl syllable i! lengthened by the arai. B» ril. so ll 1^ r K'" "'""»'"■'1. ""J • ^'•'^-'' "••-" he weighs my evil the Lrf n'nreroul" "' ""'""""^' ^^''"^'^^'^ ^^^^ ^'-- -^ 71. rru^wa. (from the Greek "trutane") included both hhra -, wicn^"uhet^•^'"'^":;''• '^hc former wa^sthe'lV: parts of thpVfPPl^ '' "'"'' frequc.tly found in ruins. The ine scale (;anc»/«) depending from the head (camil\ nn^r jvh.ch .s the point of revolution (ce«/nm a.u The Lndle iansa) On the other side of the Centre from cale is the beam {scapus) with the wei-^ht or equinoisn r..l,f«.l)L.Il^ vhica ,s ...aile to move along the poi.its O^O' ;w.?^«T 'cxnress .ng the weights of the different th ngs pu iati tl e s aTc^'"''' 576 NOTES ON HORACE feOOK I. Line 87. Tristes Kaleridae. Towards the close of the Republic the interest of money (see my note on Epode 2. 4) became due on the first of every month : hence arose the phrases tripces Ka- n- 'l,"^^^' celercs Kalendae, and calendarium an account-book. yo' Fide; an old form o( the dative. ?)6. Queisparia, &o. Here the poet commences his attack on the dogma of tiie Portico. S9. Quum prorepserunt. " Horace here follows the opinion of Epicurus respecting the primitive state of man. Accordin» to this phiiosqiher, the first race of men rose out of the earth° in which they were formed by a mixture of heat and mois- ture" — Anthon. 101. Pugnis, ablative of pugnus. Ii7. Sacra divum legeril. " Several of the imperial constitu- tions made death a punishment for a sacrilegus, which con- sisted} according to circumstances, either in being given up to wild beasts, in being burned alive, or hanged. Paulus says in general that a sacrilegus was punished with death, but he distinguishes between such persons as robbed the sacra publica, and privata, and he is of opinion that the latter, though more than a common thief, yet deserves less punish- ment than the former"— L. Schmitz. 137. Quadrante. The quadrans or teruncius was the fourth part of the as, and was marked with three balls to denote its value. The usual devices on this coin were an open hand, a strigil, a dolphin, grains of corn, heads of Hercules, Ceres, Stc. SATIRE IVi Argument : A defence of the style of his satiric wHtings, and a justifi- cation of his adoption of that species of composition. Line 2. Vomcedia prisca. "The Comedy of the Greeks admits of subdivision into three species or rather three successive varia- tions in form, which are generally distinguished as the Old, the Middle and the New. The Old Comedy was the result ofa successful attempt to give to the waggon jests of the country comus, a particular and political bias. Its essence, or, to use the words of Vico, its eterna propfield was personal satire. Not merely the satire of description— the abuse of words— but the satire of representation. The objefct of po- pular dislikie was not merely called a coward, a villain, a rogue, or a fool, but he was exhibited on the stage doing everything contemptible, and suffering everjr thing ludicrous, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to draw a clearly defined line of demarcation between the writers of the Old and the \fiflHlo Crtmoflfr Wa #>nn».^4 «-a— «V-A jr.'_ _-,4l - .^ i...u„... ^, ,...,.,., J . ,,^ i.a!iiiui say lUut i.iis uuiiiur was a» Old Comedian, that a Middle Comedian : they may have beeri both, as A absence or j the audienc( many crises, proper inter] the not intro tmguish bet other. As conclude, on a form of the chorus, and ( by the inabili n-ith Choragi this was owl I version of th( stances, the c If therefore w their diif.icti ' other Criticis dfrn in,"jiancei the latter to t known, in th( Terence, who «atisfactory sp nearly as pes Farquhar and Maimers, and babiiity, from the subjects ai -Donaldson's Though I fi diiiiculty of ae those of old C( division classe Araros, Antipl following as a Philemon, Mer tolle thus defini «forse than we not with respec being a species i be a fault or d( I've. A ridicul but not so as to ^^ For full infori '■'c Student to ] 208, 413, and 4 SAT. 4. NOTES ON HORACE Uack on the 577 'p-olV,"^^^^^^^ if the criterion was the the audience are addressed nr'nam:'';?."''^'^ *=''°^"^' '" ^^Lh many cpes, any reference to the subrrf nf /^ T^' ^"^ ^^'^ho"t. in proper interpretation of the la v n!! "^f .°^ ^^^ i^'^y- ^or "'ill the the not introducing chlracierTU ^^ ^''""^ ^- ^' "^O^, " conce nin^ tmsuish bet,vee„^^ToSiaL":rbH.''°^"^'^''' «"'^'^'^ »" '«d - other. As to the comedians hnmL"!'"- '"* °"« class or the conclude on the authority of Platon.f'tl' IT''''' ''' ^^Y sJely a form of the Old, but differed fom it in ?h'' '^' ^^'"'^^"^ ^«'"^V was horus and therefore no «aSs h 7 ^'':'''"^^'"^ = 't had no vU r!"'''"i'^°^ the impoCrfshed s'tate to 7'''?? Z'' «'^"«ioned ith Choragi: living characters Li nn° l"'!!"^ ^^'^ ^omic poet, tl»s was owing to thi va„t of e, rr^v 'n? """"/'"«^d on the stage- version of the democracy -as IJF P'"'^"'^^^ by the temporary sub- 3t«nces the objects of L' rd?cu!e Slh' '' '^f^ '''''' ^-^"^ f there/ore we were called 030^/0^ in. T '''^^''' '*»^" Poiitical. e.r dut ,-,.tive appellations/we hoi Id iln ^''^ "^'v'* Middle Comedy other Cruicw;», and if we Nvishprl /^ -n I' ''"' ^«''^«^«'•e, and the era ,n,tances, We shouircrmnare t?J r" ' "'' ^'^^'"^"'^^ ^Ano^ he latter to the iemm/ The £ rn.T' ^' ^^e Za,„;,oo/, a„d [known, in the time of Alexander nT'^^ '°'"'"'''*^^^' ^« is well , Terence, who translated Sate^ the r? t'" ''' '" ^'"^"^^^ -"" aatisfactory specimens of this branch , Fr '','' '"■'^'" "^ ^his class, nearly a, p„33ji„ to our on.rComicT'^^' ^^ corresponded, as Farquhar and Congreve wbioh r^ ? P'^'""' especially to that of ferV^"^"-^ 'h"^ot?yo?S:.^^^^^ calls the'come'dVol babii, y from a union of the /tvle ofthov- •, ^'■°''' '" "" Pro- ! the subjects and characters of thp i.f r Eunpidean Dialogue with -Donaldson's Greek Theatre. ''''' ^"™ °^^^« ^^i^J^lle ^orned^^» I f^^ol^:^:S;^i^^;^^^^sor,s remarks respecting the hose of old Comedy, i^C be 'r?-'^,%^'''-^^ the Middle, from division classes the follS^^c M° '"'"^'O" that the common I Araros, Antiphanes', Ana"" f ri s "aS^ ' "Y^^"'^'^ ^uTZ" following as authors of the N^l' r !' """^ Epicrates : and the ' P .lemon, Menander, Dfphilus TnonnT''^ ' ^'hili|>pides, Timo ks totle thus defines Comedr " iV^ '1°'*""' """^ Posidippus. Aris worse than we find them-If },n " "f ^'''"^dy is to make n p, notwithrespectJofveryTo t of .'."''''f " "^ ^''^ characters: bid ^.ng a sj^ecies of turpSe or defo nuV s" *° t "^'''^"'""^ ""'vT a» .•^ a /awZ^ or rfe/omL of such «ni^-' ""'^^ '^ ™ay be defined to , 've. A ridiculous face for ex« m- ""'• " "''^^'' ^«'"/«^ "or destmc^ I ., tor full information on th. ,n.S^''/_ ^'^^^'»^•«5. «" Poetry, chap. 5 I Sri^l?"^ *? ^«"aldson'sGreirTheav:'?"' ''-'r'^-^' ^ "^"«^ efer I ^^ 41 3, and 429. ^^ ' "^^^"^c, pages ol, 55, 57, 99, m, 2p &78 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK J. I «AT. 5-6. Line 8. Emundat naris, " of refined and critical taste." lA.Minimo, *• the smallest sum." Lays a heavy wager to any small one — lays long odds. 19. M tu conclu$as—emolliat ignis, of. Per>ius,Sat. v, 10 : Folk premis ventos. AI&o, Juvenal, Sat. viii. 3 : Tunc immensa cavi spirant mendacia/o//«. 21. Ultro, " sine ejus cur^i et studio" — Scholiast. 28. Jlbius ; " non TibuUus, Scd ignobilis quidam homo, insano j aeris amore captus"— Doering. 39. Dederim. " The present and perfect of the subjunctive are I used to soften an assertion or statement .' the perfect sub- junctive, especially, is used frequently in this way, with the } fqrce of the present"— Zumpl's Latin Grammar, p. 334. 48. Paler ardcns : this refers to Chremes rn Terence's play, the j " Heautontimorumenos." 60. Non nt si, &c.; meaning " none will find the scattered fraj- menta animated with the true spirit of poetry, as he will if he| take to pieces the two lines of Ennius, which are cited." 86, Tr^bus lectis. Among the Romans, the usual number oil persons occupying each couch at a banquet, was three, so that the three couches of a triclinium afforded accommodation for a party of nine. It was the rule of Varro that the number of guests ought not to be less than that of the Graces, nor morel than that of the Muses. Each man, when eating, lay nearly j flat on his breast, in order to stretch out his hand towards the I table, but when his hunger was appeased, he turneil to rest [ on his left elbow. The coaches were placed on the right anil left sides of the room, and at the side furthest from the doorJ the fourth side of the table being left open for the bringing in I of dishes, &,c. The couch on the right hand (as you entered)! was called suvunus lectus, that on the left imiis ledus, andj the third medius ledus. The middle place on each couch wasj the most honourable of the three, and the middle place of the! ^kdius ledus was the most honourable of the nine. I 123. Seledis judicibus — consult Smith's Dictionary of Antiqui-j ties, pages 529, 530, 531, 532, 533. 142. VeluiiJudaeos. " Poeta carpit Judaeos, quovis persuasiomsl genere et quibusvis machinis, alios turn temporis in doctrinaej et disciplinae suae «ocietatem trahentes" — Doering. SATIRE V. Aryument : A cctoic and S'ltirica! descrintioh of his 'OurncT; in corni pany with Maecenas, Virgil, Plotius, and Varius'^ to Brw-j dusium. Line 1. ji, In coi bel 2.Lc ret tog gre 23. Qi our 32. .id 36. Pr, wo I lath Sen pie dow loot first Etri to t sena Satu The to be 9SSU1 46. Pan ever) supol 101. Deos them! of th Argument : A descri Linel. Maece\ Index 6. Libcvi leased tinus 1 Claud ing us. is that I BOOK I, I «AT. 5-6, NOTES ON HORACE (1 homOj insano irncT; in cou^ 679 "'" '• ^i:.!^ ^cttats^'a'lf'r ^^ 'r'' "^^^^' -"-'» ^^« connected with ?he Satire Th Ti ?P!^'-'«"^ " 'o^maUon reSn'gtt^^^^^^ ' have followed Doering in t02aivastip/.in{u • ' ««ore active than we." The o«r.^i°™' ""»'*"'• They reotoned the ho„r» from first introduced by TEllusHosS'nftt^"^"' '^"'""'^ ^'^" Etruscans. The ri'ht of w.,r L ? conquest of th, to the sons of equites a " "-• 7' °"f' ?"^"-^ S^'^"»^^ senate-house. r"Srr«rf J ''' *° their entering the Saturn at C;rtha<^e and Jh.^ • 'T T? ^^ ^^« P'''^''^ of The ^«///;.,tv?,f Shovel olr '^- «5'-<=">" ^t Cadiz, to be borne before the rIJh m' ^"'■""'= "'""^«' «"^ used "sumes the same PnsL n? h ^.^S'^^'-^l.e''- Lu^cus vainly 46. Parochi, p^ovrcialoS,, 1 °'" V" °^ ^^' P""*^'^"^ °^<=asion. SATIRE VI. Argument : A defeMc agaitijt those who snecied at his I,irti, . a description of his edocalion, and maSSer of life! ' ""'' " l.nel.^«„„_f„U,i, and the other proper names c.nsult the B?^r^o-5^SSS^ 580 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK I. 8AT. 7-8. his late master, and the latter with rererence to the class to which he belonged. Line 20. Censor. Censors were first created b. c. 442,* and were chosen from and by the patricians. At first they held their office for five years, but in the year 433 b. c. a law was passed by Mamercus .iimilius, the dictator, which limitea the duration to 18 months, the election still taking place every five years, so that the office was only filled during 18 months. No plebeians were admitted to the office till b. c. 350, after which it was open to all. The duties of the Censors were to register the citizens according to their orders, to take account of the property and revenues of the state, and of the public works, and to keep the land-tax rolls : they had the power to degrade any person from his rank for an offence which was wgrthy of such a punishment ; such offences were ill-treat- m^nt of his family, extravagance, gross misconduct of any kind, neglect of his profession, &c. 21. Ingenuo: this word designated one sprung from parents who had always been free. 26. Invidia accrevit, privato quae minor ,esset. cf. Tacitus, "invidia enim summa quaeque appetit." Also, Velleius Paterculus i. — "invidia assidua est eniinentis fortunae comes, altissimisque adhaeret." And Juvenal, Satire x, 56 : " Quosdam praecipitat subjecta potentia magnae Invidiac." Nigris pellibus. The Roman nobles wore black buskins, to which a small ivory crescent was attached. 68. Mala lustra, " evil haunts," primarily lustra signified " dens of wild beasts." 75. Refcrentes aera. I prefer taking this to have reference to the payment of the school fees on the Ides of each month. Such is the view entertained by the Scholiast, by Gesner, and by Doering. Anthon renders thus : «'bringing with them, from home, calculations of interest for a given sum, to the day of the Ides." 126. Trigonem. « The most favourite game at ball seems to have been the trigon, or pila trigonalis, which was played by three persons, %vho stood in the form of a triangle, and threw and caught the ball with their left hands"— Smith's D. of A. p.761. SATIRE VII. Argument ; The relation of a pseudo-witticism uttered by one of a pair of litigants in a suit brought before Marcus Brutus. It is the general opinion that the subject was very unworthy of record: Pistilnp rpmnrks that the faces and gestures of the parties, and the impudence of addressing such a piece of folly to Brutus may have diverted the audience and made an impression en 27. Line 1 2. Hor the I 251. Regi Hybr fathe 8. Equii aret, nam 30. Vim early to thi the CI count of tin lateni menci i. e., Onth and tl ally < theref fficts, pays: Antho one sy 35. Operu tu qu( Greek Argument: A Priapui garden bers, b Furum with a in his r 7. Novis he the Es( 9. Vili in were tl carried and of funeral Line 3 BOOK I. I SAT. 7-8. the class to rom parents nified " dens NOTES ON HORACE 681 l"e fort,;n'.!;°of7h' '"""^'^^'^ P*""^"'' " *>« ^" then following U^e fortunes of the conspirator. Cf. Dunlop's R. L. vol 3, p? Line 1. ^eg-fs i?„p,7f. consult the Index for proper names fS%r:r''''-" "^"'"^' •"°^^- -» ^--^ and his 8.Equis praecurrerct albis. «Proverbiali lnp.,finn« « earl i f Jl • ^^e vines in Italy were trimmed and pruned Tf time'"! nS'.^''''^^^ of passengers for his indol nee and lo ," OnVh- fi ^"'Sar dialect of our own day, 'Mazy lubbe?% On this a fierce war of invective and abuse invarkblvens;;d X t^rd rhSt ':^''^:^^--'^^^' therefore to a vine-dresser who' h^M !^ompare3 Rupilius flicts, and had ai:a?rcTm7ofl%Sr ^^s ^inX^r wo^'dsTe" 'ntho'n -ThTT'^'T^^V^^''? """^^"^^ powersof abule j'i' „ one'j^Lbll ' '"" '^ °^ vindemiator must be pronounced as ro.Opermn, supply «nwm, as at Ode iii. 13. 13 : Fies nobilium • GreK^strtS- '' ''-''''' ''^ .enitive^'ret'Ta SATIRE VIII. Argument: A Satire upon the superstitious practices of his countrv Priapus describes the mao'ic rites nerformpThr rl^^° • ^* garden on the Esquiline Mount X ^gua^ded tm'rob' bers, but could not protect from Canidia and another "^it Line 3 . -""'uio^ aim aiiuu.er wucn. F„™ „„„„,„, & A j^„ ^^ '• t 'i'rXe Jolr '''"'-'• ^"°»S'"»' '» "--" - 9. (-* m am. The dead bodies of shve, and of the oonr J,na^of.he^.vea,thr™7eco„^e^;errii:^^^^^^^^^ 582 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK I. Line 12. Cippus. Gippus was a low column, sometimes round, but more frcquei.tly rectangular. Cippi were used for various purposer • the decrees of the Senate were sometimes inscribed upon them; and with distances engraved upon them, thej also served as mile-stones. They were however more fre- quently employed as sepulchral monuments. It was also usual to place at one corner of the burying-ground a cippus, on which the extent of the cemetery was marked, towards ihc road (in fronte) and backwards to the fields (in a^nm), 17. i-eroe;" birds of prey." 18. Vexare locum. Cf. Juvenal Satire i. 100. Nam vexant limen ct ipsi nobiscum. 25. Sagand majore. «« Haec Sagana liberta fuisse dicitur Pom- ponii Senatoris, qui a triumviris est proscriptus; habuit autem fiordrem, se natu minorem : idcirco major hic dicitur."— Scholiast. *' Sed fortasse ideo jam Sagana dicitur major, quod Canidiam adeo superaret annis."— Doering. 42. Lupi barbam. " A wolf's snout (says Pliny) w"as considered powerful in repelling enchantments. The witches bury a wolf's beard, to guard their enchantments from a counter- charm." SATIRE IX. Argument : Under the guise of describing the trouble he experiences in endeavouring to get rid of a troublesome fop, whom he has met in the street, he satirizes the impudence of parasites. Line 1. Translate—" I was strolling by chance along the Sacred Way, musing on some trifle, as I am wont." 5. Cuplo omnia quae vis. This was a form of taking leave of a person. 9. Ire. " The infinitive is often used alone, instead of the present or imperfect Indicative, in narrative sentences. It is called Infinitivus historicus, or narra/orMts."—Zuropt's Latin Gr. Lxxviii. 8. 11. Bolane. "Eolanus fuit homo, qui nullius ineptias ferebat, sed statim vel in faciem quemvis reprehendebat, ^el, de eo quid sentiret, non dissimulate dicebat."— Scholiast Cruq. 18. Caesaris horios. The gardens, on the right bank of the Tiber, left by Julius Caesar to the Roman people. 22. Viscim. Consult the Index. 28. Felices. "From this to aetas, line 34, inclusive, is supposed to be spoken aside by the poet. Nothing can be more amus- ing than to picture to ourselves the poor bard, moving along with drooping head, and revolving in mind his gloomy destiny. The prediction, of course, to which he alludes, is a'mere fic- tion, and got up expressly for the occasion."— Anthon, s*T. 9-10. 35. Qu{ at H 69. Tn dive ores Seal sis c quae certe licer Argumwt: i himr Note : The R is su Line 6. Labej The I ply a differt truth Greet dialoc Thos( and 01 this di Julius compe licly ii with tl this in ful fee «xpres mind, how tl of deg Caesai of moi ivhich iellow- other { Syrus, of Lab( there a and ter Meaam BOOK f. I SAT. 9-10. NOTES ON HORACE 583 It was therefore 9 a. m. 35. Quarla jam parte diei praeteritd. A^n ^}^^\^^^^ Ihe law courts opened. W.Tnctsima Sabbata. « De tricesimis sabbatis Judaeorum d.versa plane tradunt, tam veteres Scholiastae, quam rece ^ ores .nterpretes Optimum fortasse est, ut ait Glnemrseau Scahgerum et Selden, et intelligere tricesimum LunSmen- SIS diem, ad precepta quaedam a Judaeis celebratum Sed quaecunque tandem ha«c tricesima Judaeorum sabbaL fueWnt ?f/.r;.""vf"^"'" Pf "^ d«»'gn"i, quo nihil rei judael gerere hceret, ex hoc ipso loco appar€t."-Doering. ^ SATIRE X. Argunwt: A critical defence of an opinion formerly expressed br htm respecting the Satires of Lucilius. ^ expressed by ^"'" '' "^s'sSspectfd! ''"" "■' P""^^ '" ''^''"' '^"^"^^ "^"'- P""t7 Line 6. Laben mims. " Moreover the Romans had their own Mimes. The unlatm name of these little pieces certainlv seems to !m p\y an affinity to the Greek Mimes ; but in thefr f™rm th?; differed considerably from these, and doubtless thy ha? loca^ truth of manners, and the matter was not borrowed from Greek exhibitions. * * * * The Greek Mimes wer^ T^Tlr IVT '" P"""^'' ''^ "°* '"^«"ded for The St ge Jn^off.fAr IT""! ''"' composed in verse, were actfd fhU t . '""f "^ extempore. The most famous authors in th« department were Laberius and Syrus, contemporaries of Julius Caesar. He, as a dictator, by his courtly request iZ^-V ^,^^^""«' «^ R«">«« knight, to exhibit himself rb- li [ \l !' ^T'* .'^."'^ ^^' Scenic profession was b aSded w th the loss of civil rights. Laberius* made his complaint of J^'^'^? prologue which is still extant, and in which the nain. ful feeling of annihilated self-respect is nobly and touch& S' Wo^Vl "°' ''7. to conceive how. L such a state of hovv /hP A ^ "P^'^ .°^ •^'"^^'^'"g '"•''«^'•o"» jokes, and !^f 11 ,^"'?«^"t^V '"^1'° ^'^^^' ^" '^^'^'"Ple of a despolii act rn.,f f '^I V ^«^«•'V^'" '^y^^' *=°"'d fi"d pleasure in t^em Caesar kept his word : he gave Laberius a Considerable sum of money, and invested him anew with the equestrian rank which however could not reinstate him in the opin on of hi/ Sr;?! '"""* 1?"^ ^' ^""^ ^^' ^^^«"Se for the Jrologne and other allusions, by awarding the prize, against Laberius, to Syrus once the slave and afterwards the freed man and pLpU and te^e c^i^^^ ^;;;s^;n:r;^;j^:;^^^^^^^ Menaader's. Some of them even transcend Uie mwal horSo^ ■^: fiSI NOTES ON HORACE BOOK I. of serioua comedy itself, and assume an almost Stoic sublim- ity. How could the transition be effected from vulgar jokes to such sentiments as these 1 And how could such maxims be at all introduced, without a development of human relations as considerable as that exhibited in the perfect comedy? At all events they arc calculated to give one a very favourable- idea of the Mimes. Horace indeed 8p«,aks disparagingly of Laberius' mimes, considered as w jrks of art, either on ac- count of the arbitrary manner in which they were put together, or their carelessness of execution. Yet this ought not ol" itself to determine our judgmcnf against them, for this critical poet, for reasons which it is easy to conceive, lays much greater stress upon the diligent use of the file, than upon ori- ginal boldness and fertility of invention."— Schlegel's Lec- tures on the Dramatic Art and Literature of the ancien. Greeks and Romans. 8th Lecture. Line 16. Quibus Comcedia pnsca &c. Cf. my note on the commence- ment of the 4th Satire of this Book. 18. Hcrmogencs. For this and the other proper names consult the Index. 22. Pitholeonti. " Dicitur Pitholeon epigrammata ridicula «crip- sisse, in quibus Graeca verba mixta erant cum Latinis."— Scholiast. 33. Quum somnia vera. " Opinio veterum fuit vera 'esse post mediam noctem somnia." — Doering. 48. Inventore minor, " inferior to the inventor," i e. Lucilius. 67. Sed ilk &c. The reference is to Ennius, and the idea in- tended to be conveyed is as follows : Grant that Lucilius is superior in grace and polish to Ennius, yet the latter {sed ille), were he to live in this our age. would not, like Lucilius, leave behind him many things deserving of being removed and cast away, but would retrench whatever appeared objection- able or superfluous : neither would he again, like that same poet, pour forth a host of verses rapidly composed, but would exercise in their formation the utmost circumspection and care." — Anthon. 72 Stilum. The pocket-books, and other common writing ma- terials of the Romans consisted of thin pieces of wood, covered over with wax, on which they wrote with the point of an in- strument called stilus, the other end of which was blunt for the purpose of erasure. 77. Jlrbvscula. This female, having once on the stage, been hissed by the mob, spiritedly remarked that she cared not for their disapproval, so long as she pleased the upper and better informed classes. 82. Cirinirilie Knmtk Fr\anA nP XX ryynnp \nii vni A ••»»!•"♦•■- ace always styles the latter either Augustus or Caesar. ill;:- (585) NOTES ON HORACE. THE SATIRES. le commcn;;e- lames consult ra 'esse post BOOK II. SATIRE I. tinuin'^ to writP in TJ Lawyer Trcbatius, as to con- Line 7. Verum nequeo domire. cf. Juvenal, Satire i, 30 : " ^'""""^ "^^^ ^''"'■'"" "°" scribere." b^Sl^he'^pt^eJteopre'vitV" '"^'"^ ^^T^^'^^' P^^^- ^o with e;Spcnsi?e un 'uS TSs^tr^" °' ' '^' ^'«her classes - in bottles with them to tL l^T ^'^ "««d generally to bring been foundrtheri^s^^f^h t,Vs rpLtt'It'o" '^'^ aiders that iincti here means tn rr« «i *^°'"P^"- Anthon con- nastic exerei.es prrvlo^J^rsl" m'milT""' ' ^°""^ °^ S^- ^'^I'hTiifk^tnd^srn^^^^ /^« J-''"^ -s often made of cornel "wn,nnr.i ■"'"'" ''''""^- *'« «haft, Thehead,n?neSe 'lonrw'asofir'it'"' '^ '^f '•>'• to throw or to thrust Iv h-Tf .'' ^''^^ "'«^ either ."M'"r', °^ ^^° ^".emy the trenail gave wav. ami f h. »haft 20. Pa4,.re. Cf. Juvenal, Sat. i, 3-,„em mu„ere palpat. 586 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK II. Line 33. VotivA. After an cscnpe from aomc imminent danger, it was customary to suspend a painting, commemoratiye of the oc- currence, in some of the temples. 42. Latronibiia. Latro is derived from the Creek *< htron,^* a soldier'* pay. Even in comparatively modern times, when an army was disbanded, what was more usual than for the ■oldiers, unused to gain a livelihood by any trade, to become robbers and banditti? 48. Mbutius (according to the Scholiast) poisoned his own wife. ou. Vtm vitalit melue. « After the verbs metuo, timeo, vereor, ne is used when the following verb expresses a result contrary to our wish, tit when it is agreeable to it ; ex. gr. metuo ne fruslra laborem susceperis— I fear that you have undertaken this labour in vain ; vereor w^ mature veniat, I fear that he may not come in time. Ne therefore after these verbs, must be rendered by that, and ut by that «of— Zumpt's Latin Grammar, lxxvi. G. b. 83. Mala. Horace plays upon this word, which as used by Trcbatius meant slanderous. SATIRE H. Argument : A Sabine peasant assails the gluttony and luxury of the Romans, and give» plain and simple rule» for a temperate mode of life. Line 3. Crass6. Minerv&, "of strong common sense." 11. Graecari. *• Graecorum more pilae et disci jactu exerceri" — Doering. 13. Discus, this was a circular plate of stone or metal, about ten or 12 inches in diameter, and the manner of using it was to throw it from a certain point to the greatest distance. The word discus was also used metaphorically to signify the orb of the sun, a mirror, and a dish, which last is derived from it. 15. Hymettia. For this, and all other appellatives, consult the Index. 22. Lagois. There is great uncertainty respecting this word, some consider it to signify a bird, others a fish : the former is the most likely. Baxter considers it to be a species of grous3, corresponding to the German Berghuhn. 33. Tnlibrem mullum, Horace seems to have thought three pounds a great weight for a surmullet. In Juvenal, Satire iv. 16, we find mention made of one weighing six pound» ; and Pliny states that one of eight pounds (!) was caught in the Red Sea. cf. Pliny, ix. 18. 45. Epulis regum. This is another instance of Horace's use of rex in the sense of a rich man, a noble, cf. Persius, Satires 1, 67, prandia regum. «AT. 2-3 Line 46. , n 50.. ii d 55. ./ 60. J re n< k re 62. f ve 100. J (( re Pr (n br( to wa to Dr 6s. 132. Qi Argument : all the doc Line 7. Cal on 17. To joki can 18. Jaj ad 01 midi acte .3«. Cat ofil 69. Neri 72. Mai, that 82. Dan Ind* «AT. 2-3. NOTES ON HORACE J» Latin 587 Line 46. A(ij» « tv ».■ i • . jole confounded with iho c«„ ,m„(iaKr»hMT,a, S 6,. 8(J.; and X-4,333,333 63. 8d. sterling. AVO«,33a 132. Quo«rca--re6us-a good subject for a theme. SATIRE III. Argumenl : While demonstrating through the mouth of a Stoic (hat oil mankind are mad, he ridicules the Stoics tv. Ssfo^^ doct'n;»""""""»^'^^^"'^^'^'^ '^^y --ed their'pe'ulS; ''" '• o'ntathmLT ""' ^"' ^^^^*-"^-) ^^ "-d for writing 17. Tonsore. The philosophers wore Ion- beards Hor».» "'±s';frs:ru;3 o?sr. "itdt /ii= i-H-rz- ^ Totr^i:^•:hS?te:^'^'"'--"''^°°fc-- .Sf. •;'*"'«.«'!^'>«, _ " lausbing Vith wiolher', .S..1,. .. w.ai io, - inimoaerateiy." ' ' f'l. ' -J^ 588 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK II. 105. 119. 141. 144. 180. Liae 94. Omnis enim res, &c. Cf. infra iii. 5, 8. Atqui : Et genus et virtus, nisi cum re vilior alg^ est. Also, Juvenal Sat. i, 110: Vincant divitie, &c. Nee Musae deditus ulli, " nor attached to any Muae," i. e., any branch of the musical art. Tinearum epulae. (cf. infra Ep. 1, 20, 12,) aut tineas paaccs taciturnus inertes. Also, Juvenal, Satire vii. 26 : Aut Claude et positos tine& pertunde libellos. Splendida bilis. Cf. Persias, Sat iii, 8 : Turgescit vitrea bills. Trulld. This word, the diminutive of trua, primarily signi- fied a large ladle, pierced with holes-^-then a trowel— and lastly, perhaps, a kind of common mug. We find the word in Juvenal, Sat. iii, 108. . Mdilis. This name is said to have been derived from these officers haviug the care of the temple of Ceres (aedes). The aediles were originally f in number ; they were elected from the plebes, and the otitution of the office dates from the same time as that of the Tribuni Plebis, b. c. 494. Their duties were numerous— they had the care of public and private buildings— of the supply of water to the city, when there were no censors— of the city sewers— of distributing corn to the plebes— of the public lands— of the markets— and of the gene- ral police of the city. The iEdiles belonged to the class of Magistratus Miiiores. Praetor. This office was instituted b. c. 366. It was ori- ginally a kind of third Consulship, and was monopolised by the Patricians until the year 337, b. c. The Praetor was one of the Curules Magistratus, and therefore of the Majores. He had six lictors. In the year 246 b. c. a second Praetor was appointed, called the Praetor Peregrinus, whose duty it was to arrange disputes between foreigners and Roman citizens. Fasciolas, rollers for the legs of women. Cubital, a long 8lee\ie, worn by invalids. Focalia, wrappers for keeping the jaws and neck warm. Balba feris annoso verba palata. cf. Persius, Sat. i, 35 : " Tenero supplantat verba palato." Hellade percussa, &c. " A certain Marius, enraged at the desertion of a girl named Hellas, slew her, and afterwards threw himsejf from a rock" — Scholiast, Meneni, some coritemporary humorously brought forward as the head of the "/oo/ family." 181. 255. 274. 277. 287. Line 3, n. BOOK II. SAT. 4-5. NOTES ON HORACE 689 SATIRE IV. In cute curandi plus aequo opcralajurentu,. l-inc^.^iijldjue rem. "Socrates." ConsnTj il,. i i - >«ount of that eminent iLoBophc" "" '"''" '°' » '"« Mulius,ai?„™a„ kuKf" ""S'"""'' P™'"'^'''^. »" o"» '7f^pc:'''S'':r"s'.rs?-':-T^"':2j/"'-.f psr2pi?cTS's;tddvs^S^^^^^^^^ /iJ:tm7n and tiehtlv corked If t^I «♦.,,, "*"*^""* .ate. „ aa„p ,f„d,U";Jetr4^ Z JS ES'^at? 5t-£ss-tr:avife°7';,i,'"f?^°{ » >•-p-"™"• cu,to™ of thed.yfXh'.d?;tS^l /;l's '^jrcZt'^f '!• efcdier part 01 the precepts conta ned in thU Sni;..- „ much at variance with the^ules of loumSrl^Lf.! ''^ probable they are inverted for the pur^oseTf Sle ' " "" u SATIRE V. Argument . In a discourse supposed lo be held l,efw«n m» .^ , Tjresias, the poet satirizes the court which was'^vo'nrt T paid to aged bachelors and wido.vcrs of property nRolfS; interested purposes. Ulysses is introdu drconsultt. '^i ^ 590 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK II. 'i^~ I sias as to how he can repair his shattered fortgnes. As Dun- lop remarks, Tiresias' answer is so pointedly IcTelled at Ro- man manners, that we cann.-t forget the incongruity of such a dialogue taking place between a Grecian chief, and a Gre- cian soothsayer, both of whom existed before the foundation of Rome. " We may however (Dunlop continues) perhaps regard the whole as a sort of parody in which Greek names and characters are accommodated to the circumstancea of Roman life." Line 6. Te vate; " as thou didst foretell." Consult the Index under the articles Ulysses and Tiresias. 14. Lare. " The Lares privati, or as they were sometimes called Doniestici, or familiares, were tutelary spirits who received the homage of all persons under the s-sme roof. The spot peci/liarly sacred to them was the focus or hearth, situated in the Atrium. Here stood the altar for domestic sacrifice, and near it was usually a niche, containing little images of these gods, to whom offerings of flowers, frankincense and wine were presented from time to time, and regularly on the kal- ends of each month." — Lempriere by Cauvin. 18. Tcgam lalus. Tegere or claudere tatus is to walk on a per- son's left side and give him the wall. cf. Juv. Sat. iii. 131, Divitis hie servi claudit latus ingenuorum. 24. Tcstamenta. On the subject of will-making» too extensive an one to be treated in a work like this, consult Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities, pages 948-9-50-51-52-53. 38, Cognitor. A person might maintain or defend an action by his cognitcr or procurator, or as we should say, by his attor- ney. The plaintiff and defendant used a certain form of words in appointing a cognitor, and it appears that the appointment was made in presence of both parties. 53. Quid prima secundo. The chief heir was named in the sec- ond line of the first tablet, cf. Juvenal Satire iv. 19: Praecipuam in tabulis ceram senis abstulit orbi. Also Suetonius Caesar, 83. 55. Plerumqite he. " Often will a cunning notary, who has risen from the station of quinquevir, disappoint the gaping raven. A quinquevir was one of the inferior public officers. 62. Juvenis ; " Augustus," who was at this lime about 30 years of age. S.\TIRE VL Argument : The happiness and tranquillity of a country life. Line 5. Maid. Consult the Index for the proper names. 10. si urnam argenti fors quae mihi mongtret. CC. Persiuj Satire ii. 10. O si sub rastro crepet argenti mihi seria. NOTES ON HORACE SAT. 6-7. bin Line 12. Dives amico UpmiU rr attributed to ttrfa ourlrHeJ^..^"^ in the country was Mercury. «a^our ol Hercules, in the city to that of le.' f2tZ?S^:^'Lo%%t ";,i„^- % ^'lestribus historiis. solar days in winter anH «.? '"^quality ,„ the length of the by a figuVdrlwn f^om c ^a^^^^^ beautifully fnustratel was nearest the L L or 3 7 ' !i" "L^''^'^ ^^^ ^"^'«^ ^^o io run) marked Tnarro wer c rcr"rn/^''\^ ^^^"°' ^^^ "i^enV, while those fur her oKl^hl-''1 /^""^'^"''^ *^^"««1 compass, and were thence st^iedSAo^^^^^^^ * ^^^S*»- 32 ^^r«s Esquiliat. This refers f mho • — Anthon. Maecenas built his pa ace there ttrr'"*"''""'^ ^'^'"^^ ^^^««-^ poor on the Esquilinel ' ''^ '''^' '^ cemetery for the the public accounts, cmS h^s ^ nT'' ^^"'^r'" "l^'^'"? °"t the different members of ^ t le Sec'ut iv. p'^'''^ ^^' ^'^' «^ ous they were divided into complies nJ. if ''"^ ''7 ""'"^•- by lotto different ma-.istratesThf ""^ '^^«««^ and assigned of a scnba was eilhefmade nn . ^PP"'"»'"^»! to the office purchased. The office was rmf . ''^/i'Y''' "«-"inatio, or Cicero states tha?iheV fbrm./r'"'""''' ? ^'^^^ °"^' though He however enttl iJto'aTexplSo^o'^ r'' "' '"^"• making that statement, so th.f wJ l^ °\ '"' ''^'^son'» for trary to the generafopi;! ""' ""^ ^""^'"''^ '^ 'vas con- niS5;"tare?:f tTSld '^f %T 'V^ ^^"^^^'^ "> a dish &c. ' ' ^ ^*^"^- ^«"«=e it came to signify table. ,0 a,eenaii'tS.C;i-'el: Xe,?;:"^ "^'■' '° SATIRE VH. were permitted to uwTheiatlH '■'"'' '^° '""^ «^ «^luitc» becoming senators in vhi J ca/eiol":' '' ' r^'"'^^ ^° ^h^''' ti'me as the toga virilis. VVh^n ?hr^ ""?''^ '^ *^ ^''^ «-"«e into the Senate a led if .h? '""''P" '""« ^o»- admission enter that order, he had " -• ^^'"^ ''"'" ''''^ ""^''"'"g »" to a fickle mind. ^PP"^^^'^''- «^ the phrase clavuvi rnutari 592 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK II. SAT. 8. Line 15. llli justa cheragra. Cf. Persius, Sat. r. 58 : Sed quum lapidosa cheragra Fregerit articulos. 17. Phimum — talos. The phimus was a box orcasionally used for throwing the tali into the fritlllus, the throwing box. Two persons played at the game tali, which they either threw up in the air, or emptied out of a dice-box, and observed the numbers on the upper sides. The lowest tlirow was I'our aces. The value of a throw was not in all cases the sum of four numbers. The highest in value was that called Venus or jacius Vcnc- reus, in which the numbers cast up were all different, the sum being only fourteen. 36. Scurrae. ♦' The first class of parasites are the scurrae or jesterj, who, in order to get some invitation, not only tried to amuse persons with their jokes, but even exposed their own persons to ridicule, and would bear all kinds of insult and abuse, if they could only hope to obtain the desired object." — L. Schmitz. 53. Anmdo equcstri. When the custom of wearing rings was introduced into Rome by the Sabines, they were of iron, and every Roman citizen was entitled to wear one. In the course of time it became customary for the upper classes to wear a golden seal-ring, and for a considerable time no one under the rank of an eques was eligible to this distinction. 69. Judoratus. See the note on Epistle i. 1.2. 76. Tanlisqiie minor. Cf. I'ersius, Sat. v 120: Liber ego. Unde datum hoc sumis, tot subdite rebus. Ibid. Vindicta quaterque. The vindicta was the wand which the praetor laid on the head of the manumitted slave, when he de- clared him free. The blow which the slave received at manu- mission, was similar to the manner of conferring knight-hood in the present day. 87. Extcrm ne quid valeat per leve morari. Cf. Persius Sat. i. 64. * * ut «""r leve severos Effundat junctura ungues. 88. Potesne ex his ut proprium quid noscere 1 " Of these quali- ties can you recognise any as your own ?" 92. Non quis ; " you cannot," 2tid person of queo. 110. Strigili. This was an instrument used in the Roman baths for scraping off the perspiration. It was of a curved shape, and made of bone, bronze, iron, or silver. The strigil was rather a sharp instrument, and therefore its edge was softened with oil which was dropped on it from a vessel called guttus, which had a narrow neck, so as to let out the oil dron br droo* SAT. 8. NOTES ON HORACE SATIRE VIII. 693 iv. 86. l^rmus. Consult my note on Satirs i. 31. «;«eZa. S 2 ?ou "'in of "^ " fl°»"'Jer."_Anthon. the feast, displayed ^^''"hol?^^ '" '^is part of Proper place^vaitillrthX/ar^rd^^^^ «« "-^ ^9. ^Ihfams. Consult the index under Al ffae ants awkwardly dressed and soml nf Y '\'"'^' ' the serv- stable to attend^t suppeV7«eSrd.n.r '^" ^''"^^^ ^•"''^ '^^ boy). Poor NasidieS L.S^akes i't"!]!'.-^''"";' " ''^^'^- 77. S '•Sn;^ ''' ^oo^Z::!;:'^^!^^^'^^-^ and ^sttTofl le? th^'stU'irr'T'^.'^'"'' «^ -"^^'' -n- worn^by the uppe dasses 7 w„ ^L- V* T*" ^^' '"«*«?• ^» in the house, so that when nZ ^'f^ ^^"^^^ ''°'- ^««ring ed in shoes (ca?ceif and took^vhhT' °"1 '° ^'""•='- '^* ^^^l^! he entered the house men hi "* u°'''' *° P"' °" ^hen meal, these were removed bJ « '' !^?"^ *° '"^«''"^ ^o «^e the end of Ihe banquet ^ ^ * '""''"''• ^"' »"'°"ght back at 83. Fictis rerum : a GrnprJcrvi p«_ /• j- i _ .he old form onhT.'u^Ej™ .tfS! "'"• ^'"- <""' *») S 4 Ill I It (5W) NOTES ON HORACE. THE EPISTLES. BOOK I. \ EPISTLE I. Note. — This Epistle was intemled to serve as an apology to Maeoena:» for the Poet's long silence, tiiree jcais having now elapsed since Ihe appearance of his last publication. Line 1. PrimA—summu. The Odes, Epodes, Satires and Epistles, al) commence with an address to Maecenas. 2. Rude. As there have been some previous references to gladiators, it may be as well, in this place, to give a sketch of their profes- sion. Gladiators were men who (ought in public for the amuse- ment of the Roman people, a custom said to have orioinated in the Etruscan practice of killing captives at the pyres of the dead. They were first exhibited in Rome, B. c. 264, in the Forum Hoarium, by Marcus and Decimus Brutus, at their father's fune- ral Gladiators consisted either of captives, slaves and maiefcic- torf, or of freemen wlie entered the arena voluntarily for the sake of hire : these were called auctoraii, and their wages auctora- menlum or gladiatorium. Gladiators were kept in schools (ludi) and trained by masters called Lanistae : in these ludi they fought wiih wooden swords called rudes. When th ' day for u gladiatorial exhibition arrived, they were led along t[ j arena and matched in pairs ; the show commenced with a sham battle (prajlusio) in which they fought with blunt weapons; after which, the signal was given with a trumpet, and the real fight commen- ced. When a gladiator was wounded, the people shouted habet; the victor then stood with uplifted sword over his prostrate foe, and looked to the people, on whom the life of tlie vanquished depended, for an intimation of their will. If they wished him to be saved, they pressed down their thuml)s; if not, they turned them up, and shouted recipiat ferrum. The victorious gladia- tors, exclusive of pecuniary rewards, received palms, whence the expression of Cicero, •' plurimarum palmarum gladiator." Old gladiators, or any who had given the people much satisfac- tion ■ ■ ■ " .... ... EPIS. "y 'b'-j equciitly oy at tlie public request, and, as a sign of their freedom, were given a rudiSf aud were thence called rudiarii. If, after this dig' Line »51. 63. 79. H'V, Thi tPJS. 1. to Maeoena:» psed since the i Epistles, al) to gladiators, tlieif profes- or the amuse- orioinated in s of ti»e dead, in tlie iroruin father's fiine- and maiefac- y for the sake >ges auctora- )t in schools lese ludi they th ' day for u tl J arena and sham batlie ; after which, Sght commen- louted habet; prostrate foe, lie vanquished wished him t, they turned orious gbdia- 9, whence the gladiator." tuch satis fac- ;y the Editor, n, were given ufler this dig* NOTL'S ON HORACE "";■. praise ..» »0""ilJJ», .1, colJer far, aifd l,as „„ |o "' won,.,, P '3re'':;l''e,^;'l? '1'>.7 """8 •>? «-e ™o„r„i„. "'Ivfrsus, „a, ,|,e ImMMUl^ !'","? S"'"'"'- »1» called ■..ii.20. "Tl,e,'cked";™°ril'"''fr'''""' "«»'»• Cf. Laial, iinsou fur rt _ ifhicli -- -..,. intva III Ilia •■,.._l -*• I I "•••"'iiiiii iiiiiifi ' " "'"""'°»' '■' *««'^ -d w''a:/d t- 'r,£?r' •ire distinguished from §96 NOTES ON HORACE BOOIC I. insanus. Though furor implies only violence in conduct, and dementia oniy mental imbecility, there was no legal difference between the two terms, so far as concerned the guardianship. In later times the Praetor appointed a curator for all persons whoso infirmities required it. 106. .^(Z sumimiri'^rcgum. Cf. supra, Satire i. 3. 121: Si dives, qui sapiens est, Et sutor bonus, et solus formosus, et est rex. Also, cf. Juvenal Satire vii. sqq., for a similar passage on the " lucky man:" Felix, et pulclier et acer ; Felix et sapiens et nobilis et gcnerosus — Felix orator quoque maxim us el Jaculator ; \ Etsi perfrixit, cantat bene. 108. Praecipue sanus : " ergo corporis quoque sanitatem rcfere- bant Stoici ad bona, quae fascipUnae suae praecipue deberctit; sed addit salse, nisi quum gituila v'tr>hsta est, nam, qui pituita laborant, rebus subtilius examinandis et pcrpendendis baud apti sunt j hinc, hebetiores." — Gesncr. EPISTLE II. Note. — Horace after having, in retirement, reperused the Homeric Poems, expresses to LoUius his opinion that they contain excellent lessons of virtue and philosophy ; and hence proceeds to demonstrate that, to be happy, we must learn to command and keep in check i our own passions. Line 2. Dcclamas: " declamando, dicendi arte exerccris."— Doerinj Ibid. Praeneste. Consult the Index for all proper names. 10. Quod Paris &c. "Paris refuses to be persuaded to this measure, even though it would secure him safe dominion and a happy life." 28. Nebulones' Some connect this with Jlcinoique : I do not. 34. Ni posccs &,c. " According to the old Roman custom, every individual arose at the break of day to attend to his particularl avocations. To prolong one's slumbers into the day, as Ihcl luxurious Phaeacians did, would have been as dishonourablej to a freeman, as to appear abroad intoxicated in the publici streets. To get up, therefore, before break of day, forttiej purposes of mental improvement, was not requiring too muclj of a young man of family like LoUius, who was desirous ol acting a distinguished part on the theatre of life, and ivli would, therefore, feel the strongest inducements to putiij 1.---*;-- au:- 1 -»u "1,1" ^r i*«»%v*/^.. rIowFo ??___Anthnn Ens. 2-3. NOTES ON HORACL 697 41. Qiii recte^cevtm. Cf. Young N. Th. i : Be wise to-day ! 'Tis maclneee to ilefer: Next day the lUul precedent will ple'^^^^^^ I iu.s ,.„ „ II u„dom is pushed out of life. I iocra8(i„ution m the thief of Tune— Vear aHer year it steal;-, till all are (led And to lli« mercies of a moment leaves ' 1 lie vast concerns o/ an eternaJ scene ! Also Shakspere : To-morrow and to-morrow, and to-morrow Creep, n, ,h,s petty pace from ,lay to dLy ' iotnelastsyllaUeofrecorded,in.e; ^ And all our yesterdays have lighted fooU I he way to dusty death ! <-" •'''^'^ 56. Certum voto pete finem. Cf. Pcrsius Satire v. 64 : Flnnm n • ■^^^'^'^ '^'"° Ju^encsque eencsque 1 inem ammo certum. ' died (it is LugtX PC 0,0 b" c S t" "• f ■ "»• '"•> conlest behveeVBentrev ' W'^r^^'' '^''^S^ the celebrated of certaitreSlfattriKd fotim:"^"^'"° '""^ ^"^'^"-^^ EPISTLE III. "%"■ S™"'. *""'■ "" P™P" '^^'"M. consult ihe Index po rLsS-.tHt"'''"" "^'"'"' -""--„ Hello,- ,^ Sif Krc^a P?l.ti^^^r"J£'^ 17. Palatmus Amllo. In ihr, v^a- p r "" 4 ? ' , r "* library on th"p P-,|.,fi,.« iru ... *'' -^'^S'^sius founded a certain judges appointed for the purpose Heilce the adtnis^ 598 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK I. ^Ih^it «ion of a writer's works into tliat library, was considered the stamp of merit EPISTLE IV. NoTE.--This Epistle is addressed to the poet Albius Tibullus ; it con- tains an inquiry as to liis engagements, and an invitation to our author's home. Line 11. CrumenA. The purse of the Romans, commonly called marsupium, was generally a small leathern bag, drawn toge- ther at the mouth by means of stringi. In the Slosch collec- tion at Berlin, there is a figure of Mercury, in which he is represented us holding in his hand one corresponding to the above description. 16. Bpicuri de gi-ege porcum. " Hoc refer per appositionem ad pinguem et nilidum ; Epicuri scilicet, qui summam volupta- tem in corpore lautioribus et largioribus cibis curando pone- bant, contemtim Epicuri de grege porci vocabantur; hinc Cicero L. Pisonem (in orat. in Pis. c. 16) hominem luxurio- sum, Epicureum, non ex schoM, sed ex hard, (porcorum stabulo)^ro(iwc/u7/i appellat." — Doering. EPISTLE V. Note. — This Epistle contains an invitation to Torquatus, to a home- ly supper on the next day, the birth day of Julius Caisar. Line 1. ^rchiacis, small and plain couches made by Archias, a mecha- nic of the day. Another retding is archaicis, " old-fashioned." 4. Itemm Tauro, " when Taurus was Consul for the second time," B. c. 26. Understand Consule. 5. Minturnas. Consult the Index for the proper names. 18. Addocet artes ; " teaches new means for the accomplishment of what we desire" — Anthon. 19. Fecundi. *' Bibentis ingenium fecundum reddentes : non vini enim copia, sed vis disertos reddit, et sic Nilus feciindut, agros fecundos reddens, apud Plinium, v. c. 9." — Doering. 22. Toral, "sofa-cover;" mappa, "napkin." The fact that forks were not invented in ancient times, gave occasion for the use of napkins at meals to wipe the fingers. In eastern countries, at the present day, slaves bring round to the guests, water and napkins for the same reason. The napkins used at an ancient period were of coarse linen : afterwards fine Knen, and woollen cloth, with a soft, smooth nap, came to be used. In the time of the Empire, the wealthy Ror.-ans used fine linen, embroidered or interwoven with o'old ; a kind which (as we learn from Fellows) is still used in°lhe east. BOOK I. :onsiderc(l the ullus ; it con- itation to our imonly called ;, drawn toge- Stosch collec- in wliich he is •ending to the positionem ad mam volupta- curando pone- ibantur ; hinc inem luxurio- •'J;"^-Son't?^s"su^^^ ^'^^'--^' P=«« 51. Quifodicetlatus. Cf. Juvenal, Sat. viii, 10: Si tetigit acrior illo. Also, Persius, Sat. iv, 34 : Cubitoqui tangat et acre. The candidate for a public offirp «t p««.- • . , . or taking his walk, was accomLn! i7 ' '" '°'"S ^'' «"O""^»» gave him^he name^^f^uc'h^Xn, as L' '''^l^'''^^' ^ho candidate was thus enaSfedfo addre/s themTvlr^'' '>" direct compliment, which could not An tT.,^ "^""^ *" '"" tifying to the electors? The addresl tt ^' ^""""^''^ -'^' "hake of the hand. ' ''^ ^'""^^" «^as accompanied by a 53. fW; these insignia of power wer^ hnr a r„_. .. Eiiruscans. " "' '"-« »»««« me Ibid. £ripietquecurule, &c. Cf. Juvenal, Sat. x. 91 • Atque ilh summas donare curules 1 600 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK I. Also, Stalius, S. i. iv, 82 : The sella cnrulis is said to have been used at Rome from a very remote period, at an emblem of iiingly power, und to have been imported, along with other insignia, by Tulliis Hostilius or Tarquinius Priscus. It was, from the first, adorned with ivory : hence the expression in the text. Lint 61. Ci-udi iumidique lavemur. Cf. Juvenal, Sat. 1, 143: Turgidus ct crudum pavonem in balnea portas. EPISTLE Vli. Note. — Horace excuses himself to Maecenas for not having returned from the country so soon as he had promised, and, while he grate- fully acknowledges the past kindness of his patron, claims a eertaia degree of liberty and indulgence, on account of his age and infir- mities. Line 2, Sexlilem, "August." " Lastly, an old Latin year often months is implied in the fact, that at Laurentum a sacrifice was offered to Juno Kalendaris, on the first of every month, ex- cept Januarius and b'ebruarius. These ten months were called Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quinctilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, December- That March was the first month in Ihe year, is implied in the last six names ; and even Plutarch, who ascribes twelve months to the RomuUan year, places Januarius and Fcbruarius at the end. The fact is also confirmed by the ceremony of rekind- ling the sacred fire in the temple of Vesta on the first day of March, by the practice of placing fresh laurels in the public buildings on that day, and by many other customs, recorded by Macrobius. With regar.l to the length of the months, Censorinus, Macrobius, and Solinus agree — 31 days to four of them, called plcnl menses; 30 to the rest, called cavi menses" — Smith's D- of A. 6. Designatorein. The order of the funeral procession at Rome was regulated by a person called designator or dominiis fune- ris, who was attended by lictors dresstd in black. His ofiice was somewhat similar to that of the undertaker among us. 12. Contractusque leget, " contractus, scilicet in angustum locum" — Doering. 13. Zephyris. Consult the Index for all proper names. 16. Benigne,Si polite way of declining, " you are very kind, but I would rather not." 76. Indiclis Latinis. " The Latin Holidays having been appoint- ed by iuc voiisiu." The icciac Lidtinae hud been insliluied (according to the Roman legends) by Tarquin the Proud, in commemoration of the alliance between the Romans and £Pis. 7-9. NOTES ON HORACE eot Latins : But Nicbulir has shewn that the fcstiral, which was originally a panegyris of tlie Latins, is of rnurh higher antiquity ; for we find ii stated that the towns of the Priscans and Latins received their share of the sacrifices on the Alban Mount— whicii was the place of its celfbration— along with the Albans, and the thirty towns of the Alban commonwealth. All that the last Tarquin did was to conrert the original Latin festival into a Koniari one, and lo make it the mcanf of hallowing and cementing llic alliance between the two nations. Before the union, the cliii.f magistrate of the Latins had pre- sided at the festival ; but Tarquin now assumed this distinc- tion, which subsequently, after the destruction of the Latin commonwealfli, remained with the chief magistrates of liomc. The object of this panegyris on the Alban Mount was the worship of Jupiter Latiaris, and, at lenst as long as the Latin Republic existed, to deliberate and decide on matters of the confederacy, and to settle any disputes «hich might have arisen among its member?. The Fetiablo that the individual here meant was the son of that Scaeva, Vi^hose valour is so highly spoken of by Ceasar, B. O. iii, 53." —Boyd. Line 2. Majoribus; "thy superiors," i. e., The Great. 3. Amiculus. Some consider the diminutive to be used in refer- ence to the smallness of his own stature, an opinion in which I do not concur. I think it is rather used as an expression of endearment and intimacy, in order to reuder his advice leti ofTenaive. BOOK I. known, was malefactors. "— Prateus. 'he criminal, the place ot° d Artemido- lerius Maxi- >f this, as of The scourg- in this light, V8S inflicted al was next cross. The T was left to ms who sur- on the cross hieres, men- y the Jewish i not remain It. lite rebus ;* urn- lend, Scaeva. s. •' As this ct, the copy- Baxter ami vritten to the iself acknow- 5n of Scaeva, f. It is pro- that ScaeTn, . O. iii, 53." jsed in refer- nion in which expression of iS aUtice let* EPI8. 17-18. NOTES ON HORACE (307 Li«c iO.Fe/eim. ___For this use of failo (like the Greek be spared, f a mark of ted of four tel, and the t of super- to tread on eading into vorshipper, would then 5* nap.ti- who for poetic RPis. 19-20. NOTES ON HORACE 601) '"'"'is ^plt% .^'^"' '" ^^' '"^'^^ ''"'• ^" ^he proper names. 18. Biberent exsangue cuminum. Cf. Juv. Sat y 55 hl"^^r,^*r"Tr''''>V "^"'«'""'n Pallorem libentlbus gignif , lU cer e lerur.t Porcu Lalronis, clari inter magistros dicem. t'T^^Z 7« •/»''•"7, colons studiis co,U°acti imitators' &c. -.Phn. N. II. XX. 14. •' The Cummin, which is a mere dwarf m our gardens, grows to the height of eight or nLe feel .n hot countries. It is much cultivated by the Maltese with whom .t forms an article of commerce."-S ° Vv' Drummoiid. **• 23. Pariosiambos. The epithet Parios refers to Archilochus, to V om the mvenuon of this species of verse is generally at- t buted As regards the origin of the word Iambus, Don- SrlTn u' ^'''r'' ."^'••«totle says that the Iambic verse cfZtl IT^ '■°'" .'^' ''''"° °'"8'"'^"i^ "««d for the purposes • of T r t\ P""^''"^ '^f^. «'■ ""■• knowledge of the structure of the Greek anguage forbids us to accept this derivation! fTo^r'"^ TV"'." '^ '^''--i^^' was Certainly derived from «ia,«6a* ' and gained its signification from the frequent aivTb"; i^c'hiThSr °'""^ '-' ''' ^'-p- °^p---* 38. Tntae munere vestis. Cf. Pcrsiu? Sal. i. 54 : Scis comitem horridulum Uilk donare lacerni. On the derivation of the word suffragium (in preceding line) ^rth°/nn'"-'' '^T:u'''''\ '''^^' etymology is uncertain, lor the opinions of tho.c who connect it with '♦ phrazesthaV* nnSf 'i ",? ^*^".^r' "^^'"' ^^""''e'' thinks that it may E' fn ' ^"'«d with suffrago, and signified originally aj ankle-bone or knuckle-bone," & j » Al.Ambire. « Qui studiose aliqui4 sectantMr et appelant, id ambire dicuntur."-r.Doerin'>-. fk-^P^^^'., i^ EPISTI,E XX. In this production he anticipates ill success for the first Book of tl«j f/ain rhi^wm *'?,;*P':^''«"'» «^^ ''"*•«"» to go forth i.o the public show tha th-i L J^ .'"" commencing at - Hoc quoque te manef Show that this anticipation was only assumed. y^ne 2. Pumice mundis. In preparing the manuscripts for sale, it was usual to polish off all roughnesses with the pumice stone. Fot Sosionm consult the Index. r?n?^VS'^^ ^"'^*'®; '* " supposed that reference is here ;;!;f.^V!" «".«torn of waling, as well as locking, the apart- ■'—■•"' -^-i^iupnateu lo imc chiiaren. ->. Quo descendere gestis. To the Roman Forum, which was in tte mllej between the Palatine and Capitolinc Hills. «i9 NOtES ON HORACE flcroK t. Line 9. Augur. This word primarily mennt a diviner by birds. It is thought to be connected in denration, with augeo, auguro, in the same manner as fulgor with fulgeo and fulguro. "Auguro (says Jowetl) bears many traces of a religious mean- ing, to which it may have been at first restricted. The idea of a second derivation from avis, confirmed by the ana- logy of auspex (avispex) may perhaps have limited the signi- fication of aufur. It is not improbable that this etymology is the true one ; but if so, it is impossible to explain the second element of the word — Augur, quod ab avium garritu derivari grammatice garriunt." 10. Aetas," youth"—" the bloom and vigour of life." 20. Libertino. Freemen were either ingenui or libertini. Liber- tini were those persons who had been released from legal servitude. A manumitted slave ws libertus (i. e. liberatus) with reference to his master : and libei tinus with reference to the class to which he belonged. Suetonius states, that in theitime of Appius Claudius, the censor, and for some time after, libertinu$ signified the son of a libertus f but this is not the meaning in the good Latin authors- 28. Anno quod duxit, &c., " b. c. 20." The CoUeagueship had first been offered to Augustus. flcroK i. >y birds. It »co, auguro, id fulguro. gious mean- •icted. The by the ana- ;ed the signi- 8 etymology explain the nuvi garrittc ini. Liber- d from legal e- liberatus) th reference Lates, that in )r some time ut this is not igueship had (6MJ NOTES ON HORACE/ THE EPISTLES. BOOK 11. EPISTLE I. for ?hP rr"' ^P'?°^y ^"ti"g« to him. It is no less remarSle Im Hl?n*;Lf ''fM'^^y^^^" for the correctness of its critN Somnn,^^/ ? ■""^/'""^J^'^^ ^^ acknowledging that thouKh he ?etXv hid "S,?"' r"' consideration to the mlrits of living foet"! fpplS 'tlTe EnfnL'T''r° ''"°"° '^^'"- >" conclusion, he Kdta&e5ToTe%^'^ -^ ^'«^^ -^-^ ^^ '^^^ Line 1. Ib^ sush-ncas e< tanta negotia solus. In the year 26 b c Octavianus was saluted with the title of Augustus, and iJwY'^ndtuVn; ^"^^°"!y°f Tribune, and guSn'oVrhe »0 that ;VoL Sf?"'''.'' '" ''^'^/"°" ^° ^'^* «fli'^^ «f consul: 4 £on/o ThT, ^ r*' ^' ""^y '^' '*'^ *° «^"^^^ '•«•gned alone. tnt^^h„',TK- •"'^'■^ '.'l™' ^° "'*°'''« a contradiction, inas- ?arr'thusex7air>''c'?V°?^^^^ ''^^ P°^^'« produc\!Sn!. rarr thus explains it—" As to longo, the proper measure of t seems the length of the Epistle itself, as comS with the extent and magnitude of the subject.» ^ 10. Caritudit. "Respicit forte ad clavam Herculis, quae con- 1 Q rr!^/' ^- '^°?T'""»t quocunque incidif'-Gesner.' ^ 13. Urdenimfulgoie. The sense is-« the superiority which is oppressire to humbler minds, excite, envj." TereTtiS» 03 ?J,IZ *^"' ^''^^''' '' '"''^"°'-" «"^ Praestantii opprTm " ' 23.Tabulas peccare vetantes, the twelve tablets whI.K T„"L arawii up u. c. 45i. """'^ ^^'.^nri^'!'"' ^^^''l. '^^' ^«*^"» °f the various duties of th« pontiffs (one of which it was to record «11 the remarkabU 612 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK It. events and natural phenomena of the year) were contained in books called libri pontificalci^, which they were said to hare received from Numa, and which were sanctioned by Ancus Martins. One part of these books contained the names of the gods, and the manner in which they were to be worshipped. A second part contained the formulas of their office. Line 31. Hil intra olcam &c. *' Dcductio ad absurdum : Si Romana destinamus ad formulam illam Graeconim ! renunciandum est communi scn^ui negandum aliquid intra in ole&, extra in nuce, duri esse — dicondum statuariam artem, et inusicam, et palaestram a majoribus jam pcrfectain; qua; quidem aperte falsa." — Gesncr. 57. Afrani toga. Those comedies of which the subjects were Roman, and which adhered to tlie Roman manners and dress, were named togatae, as those of which the subjects were Greek were called palliatae. Comedy was divided as follows: 1, Palliata, a.^ in Terence and Menander. 2, Togata, (Ro- man) as in Afranius. 3, Atellana, farce acted by amateurs. 4, Tabernaria, low comedy. 5, Rhinthonica, burlesque tra- gedy : and 6, Mimica, low farce, acted by mummers. 62. Livi scriptoris. Livius Ardronicus is said to have exhibited his first play about b. c 240. 93. l^ugari. " To devote herself to amusement." 105. Cantos nominibus rectis expandere nummos. " To put ont money, carefully guarded by good securities." The terms rectis nominibus, have reference to the written obligation of repayment, as signed by the borrower, and having the names of witnesses also anncsed." — Anthon. 117i Scribimus indocH, Cf. Persius Sat. i. 13. Scribimus inclusi numcris ille, hie pede liber. Also, cf. Juvenal Sat. vii. 51 : tenet insanabile multos Scribendi cacoethes. As also, Gifford's paraphrase. " The insatiate itch of scrib- bling creeps, like a tetter, through the human breast, and knows nor hopes a cure." 120. Temere — facile. 130. Orientia tempora notis instruit exempHs. "Ante oculos ponit nota exempla, quae futurae aetatis homines virtutem sequi et vitia fugere doceant." — Doering. 145. Fescennina. '* scil : carmina — one of the earliest kinds of Italian poetry, which consisted of rude and jocose verses, or rather dialogues of extempore verses, in which the merry country folk assailed and ridiculed one another. This amuse- ment seems originally to have been peculiar to country peo- ple, but it WAS also introduced into the town* of Italy, an4 at BOOK It. ontained in aid to hare I bj AncuQ names of vorshipped. c. Si Romana unciandum '.hf extra in lusicam, et ;lem aperte ijects were i and dress, ijccts were as follows: Ogata, (Rci. f amateurs, riesque tra- ers. ^e exhibited To put ont The terms bligation of ; the names tch of scrib- breast, and Lnte oculos les virtutem ;st kinds of se verses, or 1 the merry Phis amuse» jountry peo- [talj, aaid at SFM. K NOTES ON HORACE 617 woX' i'ilSa'iLy""^ " 1?.'""°"''' " °"« °''»ho,e which young Sfi. nnn ?i ^* '" *^ '"'^'^^'"f^"' The Fesccnuina were one of ^;ns they seem t'o^E lofttuctf £tiSal''rusUc «fiTm:.?t"ttev° "T '"", r"'''" 'y ^h« '"""" - «!- "r k iSy were ;t nuV ^•"''^ *'.'"''"'■ '" »° ^^' ^^^ '^^ as SnLTf u " '""" •'•••egular, and mostly doggrcl verses Sometimes however venus Fcscenniyd were writfen as s«[ir..' T'crZT '"''''■'''''' railer,es had no mSo- etr! fS* r^ '!f' "^' '"^'^"''^'* ^« ''"'•I or injure, may be in- g}it ='sr.:t; r« s d. ^ ?»n , and, i» th» second, Ihi» k J of "l^it has " " all melancholy considerations. In such a sJat^nf S. • °'"°*' ing, and amuse the fancy. The Comic poet.thereforr muJt ■ Zayr^f'- ' °'^^^^'^« ^^^ inevitJbl^git ^.to the o" or ed br tt 5'?«'^P«^y«"« actions he must^exhibU a o. aSbn- ed by the animal nature gettin? the uoner hand In «k «titution, and the incide^nts LullTJu T1'\'!''!'. ''''!• wilf'i^'s^e'^ThirrPn'l .r'^'''' "°. P-"i^i°u» con'sequencS So ,/h !L ■ ^''" ^''^ *=''«« '" what we call Comedr toougb there is w/?u! touch ot Earnest in it too."-Jtec°we Jt ff 614 NOTES ON HORACE BOOK II. Line 1S9. Guinea prcmvntur. The Stage of the Theatre wa» closed behind by a wull (scena) which represented a suitable back- ground, or the locality in which the action was jjoin^ on. Before the play commenced this srciia was concoah d by a curtain (aulaeuiti), which was let flown «he» the play began, and rolled upon a roller underneath the stnj^c. 193. Captiva Corinthva. " Aut de more quo siinulaclira captarum urbium in triumpho praeferri et ostendi solcbant, accipienduni est; aut Horatius jan» Cuiinthum ut urbem opulentissimam, non praestantiore acre tantum et satius inde etTictis nobilcm, sed multarnm rerum copii abunduntem posuit, ita ut, per capttvain CoiinVium splcndidiasima et pretiosissima quaeque intelligenda sint." — Doerin». 216. Munua Jpolline dig^num. " Templum ditit Apollinis Pala- tinum cum bibliothecil " — Baxter. Tho Palatine library was fcuided by Augustus b. c 27, cf. £p. i. 3. 17. , EPISTLE IL In this Epistle our Author makes various excuses for not having writ- ten to Julius Florus, durin* liis absence on a military expedition with Tiberius ; he assails with severe criticism the vanity and con- celt of the bad poets of the day, and gives several instructive admo- nitions for the guidance of poetic writers. Line 6. Verna ; here used for servus. It properly signifies a slave born in the master's house. 13. Mangonum. " The trade of slave-dealers (mangones) was considered disreputable, and expressly distinguished from that of merchants, ('"mangones no7i mercalores sed venaliciarii appcllantur," — Digest 50.) but it was very lucrative, and great fortunes were frequently realized from it." — Smith 34. Praetor. " / ccording to Cicero, Praetor was a title which designated the Consuls as the leaders of the armies of the state ; and he considers the word to contain the same ele- mental parts as the verb praeire." — Long. 40. Zonam. ** Men used their girdles to hold money instead of a purse. The wallet was fastened to the girdle ; and still more frequently the fold of the tunic, formed by tucking it up, and called sinus, was used as a pocket to carry what- ever was necessary." — YouHg. 43. Artis } here equiv.ilent to doctrinae. 44. Scilicet ut possem, &c. An allusion to the Geometrical studies pursued by the disciples of the Academy. 49. Philippi. Corsult the Index for the proper names. 53. Cicutae. Hemlock in large doses was poisonous, but in small onei advantageously used as a medicine. 55. Singula de nobis. Cf. Ep. ad Pis. 176 : Multa recedentes adimunt. Also, Virg. Eel. 51 : Omnia fert aetas. EPIS. 1 Line G< 77 87 94 144 124. 126. 128. 140. 168. BOOK It. ifies a slave Geometrical EPIS. 1. NOTES ON HORACE 615 Line GO. B^oneu sermonibus. «Intdligo aalira, acerl.is.lmas nuts scn[,.,s,e dictur Hion Borysthenes, philosopi», Cyr 'nal! '^^' vt-Ts r"" ''^''"" °'""'* "'""' """"* ''-^"ff" "''*«'• Cf. Sat. cupidus sylvarum aptusque bibendis, Fontibus Aonidum. ' Also, Ovid, Trist.i. 1,41. ^ Carmina seceisum scribentis et otia quacrunt. 87. tmter—^eo sensu quo apud nos quoque vocatur intim»,. o. *S''j'"=»e/in«="lo cum aliquo conjuactu«''lDocrinJ 94. ./Jcrfm, the Temple of Apollo. I'ocnng. ^^"^'vnT/fM ^■'^'^' " " "S"""^"^" «^ '^«'«"- None but the Pontifex Maximus ,vas allowed to enter mU n the Inmost ahrme of the temple of Vesta, and vit, thi. «a red place , the poet's cabmet compared. Here :.'«. nork- rain «J a S'it' ^^'^^'J"^f'=^'»''''« ^° th:c;<.;iVoMhepubff; and ,t ,8 here that the poet himself should act the part of a ng.d censor, retrench .vhaterer is superfluous, and eve the ,04 ^'^ ^^'"°. ^""* *° ''^^ pieces'>_Anthon. ^ ^ ^ ract^r^'-Ser'"'"' '" ' "'' et ille dramaUco. Iha- 126. P/«c/u/erm, another instance of the use of the perfect sub* junctive to soften an assertion. ^ '"" 128.^mgi.-«proprie de canibus, qui quum ira,cuntur et im- petum mmantur, nctu didu^to dentes nudanf-Doerinz. IbS. Quod guia mercattig ct acre est. " Mancipatio is effected in the presence of not less than five witnesses, who must be Roman citizens, and of the age of puberty, ind also "n the presence of a another person of 'the same status, wSohi?ds a pair of brazen scales, and hence is called libripens? Th^ purchaser, taking hold of the thing, says, I affirm that ThS slave IS mine ex jure Quirilium, and he is purchased by mc with this piece of money (aes) and brazen scales He thTn strikes the scales with the piece of money, and give» it to Ih! «seller as a symbol of the price."-Gaiu8, i. 119. 1:^ L recedcntes X61B) INTRODUCTIOI»^ TO THE EPISTLE TO THE PISOS. By Doctor Antho». This celebrated woik of Horace, commonly called tlie Ars Poetica>, »s usually considered as a separate and insulated composition, but may be more properly regarded as the third epistle to the present book ; since, like the others, i» is chiefly critical, and addressed to the Pisos in an ^P'slolafV form. These friends of the author were a father and two sons. The father was a senator of considerable note and distinguished talenis, who was consul in 739. He was a man of pleasure, who passed his evenings at table, and slept till noon; but he possessed such capacity for business, that the remainder of the day sufficed for the despatch of those •™Portant affairs with which he was successively entrusted by Augustus and Tiberius. Of the sons, little is accurately known, and t'here seems no reason why a formal treatise on tho artof poetry should have been addressed either to them or to the father. As the subjects of Horace's epistles, however, have generally some reference to the situation and circumstances of the individuals with whose names they are inscribed, it has been conjectured that this work was composed at (he desire of Piso, the falhen, in order to dissuade his elder son from indulging his ineiina» tion for writing poetry, for which he \vas probably but ill qualified, by exposing the ignoiniKy of bad poets, and by pointing out the difficulties of die art; which our author, accordingly, has displayed under the «emblanee of instructing him in its precepts. This conjecture, first formed by Wieland, and adopted by Colmnn, is chiefly founded on the argument, that Horace, having cencludcd all that lie had to say on the history and progress of poetry, and general precepts of the art, addresses the remain- der of the epistle, on the nature, expediency, and difficulty of poetical pursuits, to the elder of the brothers uione, who, according to this theory, either meditated, or had actually written a poetical work, probably » tragedy, which Horace wishes ^o dissuade him from completing and Dublitfliing, " major juvenum, qiiamvis et voce paierna," It has been much disputed, whether Horace: in tyritin» the nrfMnt work: intended to deliver 'nstructions on the whole art of poetry, and criticism^ on poeti In general, or if his observations be applicable only to eertaia depertmenta of poetry, and poete of a particular period. The opioion of ilie most I tbat it c been colle other 6r such a ma or art-ang( flourished and the i and dcsul France as epistle unc flatter thei and coniie he maintii irregidarit copyisto. open his hand, of n perfect coli either that which was departmem ject, the m of Wielant of the Ro Lainbinus, notion, wb mentary an that not bears refen it will be ft to lay open cording to i the first (fn epistle, com cipally with useful intrc ease and ne of the episti etaae, and c subliiiier sp( and undersi exhorts to c the causes tl means as n epistle, acco into its scop elegant conn Sanadon, great purpos 2 \ 's PoeticO], but may bti Dok; since, Pisos in an i two sont. tied taleniB, I passed his apacity for :h of iliosc y Augustus here seems have been if Horace's nation and iBcribed, it ire of Pino, his indina» ualified, by iiBculties of I semblance formed by ! argument, liistory and Jve remain- }f poetical liiB theory^ probably a pleting and Mnt works I criticisini r to certain I opinion of EPISTLE TO THE PISOS. 617 the most ancient scholiasts on Horace, as Acron and Porphyrion, **«, iiat u comprehended precepts on the art in general, but that these had been collected from the works of Aristotle, Neoptdemus of Paro ! nd o her Greek cr.t.cs and had been strung together by «he Latin poet "n such a manner as to fi.rm a medley of rules without any systematic nian an tt elder VrT "'^ ""■"'"''^' ^^ ^"''«««""^ J"«on de Nores. Z\ ZJ! ^*="''g«.'« «'•'« conc.rred in treaiing it as a loose, vague Friof» . 7 ^°"'P"«'f'«n; «"'« «I'i=» opinion continued to prevail in eniBile und r rn'n ■? T "'^ ^'^''''' *^"'^''' '>»'« '=°"«=«ived that .he epsile under consderation comprises a complete system of poeiry, and flatter themselves they can trace in it, from beginning to end, a regular he m'a'St^lS"' ^^' "-"-"-«-ds at tl.e hea'd of this clas^ S conv.lS ^IM • '^tVT""!"""^ ^y •''« licentious transposition of the 2 1.V '''«""P''°»^«bility, however, .hat such a writer would throw open h.s precepts at random and the extreme difficulty, on the o.he^ nlr/l u''"""^ •' ^? r^S"'"'" '^"'^ «ystemu.ic treatise on poetry, with «S u"'','**^®^''^''""''''"^ «ragmen.s of what Horace designed. wjnch was Pope's opinion, cr that the author had only an aim at one i7\VilT • '^f^'^'»'?'^ !" "« «Jay» »'>o"g>' now supplanted by the theory of d,L Ri«'„ r' *'""'' 'f*^" «^'^••y/''i"g »° the history and progre*J F ««K® "i n''™''» ?"'' "« ««=»"«' condition in the author's tim.. Lamb.nus and Baxter, in his edition of Horace, had hinted at tTiii "eSvtfno^' ■^l" '""^ '^^^'"P?' '^y""^'^'- hisexSntcom! tha! nof n 1^ f °" •'"* P;*^'"' "P;" "' ''''«••'' '•« «nrfcrtakes to shew, that not OMiy the general tenor of the work, but every single precept k wril'^'^'"'' ? "' '^•■"'"V '»"•' ^''"»' if «"«-"ined in this pofn! o vieS Mv.ll be eoum. to be a regular, well-conducted piece, uniformily tendinff iorSLT'!.'^' '•"•'" 1"'' ';«'"«rfyl'»« defects of ti.e Roman s.ageTc! Zfir,^, 5f ^^" •='•""^'/1'« «"»>ject Isdivided into three portions : Of these. 0, isfle cnir •*'■'* * •" ^'> 'f P"-? P»''«'°'-y '» t«'e «"Hin subject of ,|S Xlu *'?"''*'"'"8 ««'"« 8«"e'Hl rules and reflections on poetry, but prin- r«e Ld „Tl""'"" '"^ '"'^ Pr • /'^*'«"' '»"'' "?«"« 't^i'h that air of ease and negligence essentm! to tlie epistolary form. 2d. The main bodv lo^ ?!?"? •^^■""^ ''"^.^ '" 295,) is laid ^out in reguhting the RomJn «age. and chiefly in giving rules for tragedy, not only as that was .h« subl.mer species of the drama . but. as it should'seem^the lea cumvated «xhoHl .r'°°'*- ^''* ^^^ '"?* P°"'°" <'■••'"» ^«'^ 295 to "he end) «Jdiorts to correctness in writing, and Is occupied partly in explaining ll„-"'*''*''"\P''"'*"'*'^ '*' ""•* P"'"^ "' '^'••«'^''"8 »« »»»« "»e of such mean, as might serve tc promote ft. Such is Ibe general plan ofn.e epistle, according to Kurd, who maintains that, in order to enter uHv iniO Its scone, it U neCManrv in trai-n «Ko •>».• _>. >: I.. .L ■ •> . '' eieitant connexions of bis" own method: " '^" ' ""^'""='' "'^°"8^' »" '^* Sanadon, and a late German critic, M. Engel, have supposed, that the great purpose of Horace, ia the present epistle, was to ridicute the pri! 2a ei8 NOTES ON HORACE *iS tending poets of his age. Sncli, howeter, if ia conccireJ^ «Joes nol «ppear to have been his priinury object, wljicli would in some degree liave been in contradiction to the scope of his epistle to Augustus. (Dunlop's Roman Literature, rol. iii. p. 270. $ef{q.} The same remark will apply to the theory of Ast, which ia in effect identical with that of Sanadon and En^el. Ast suppoaes that. Horace, in composing thi» cpistU, had in view the Phaidrus of I'lato, and, that, as in the Greek dialogue the philosopher ridicules the rhetoricians, so Horace wishes to indulge his raillery at the worthless poets of hfs time. Doring maintain.-^ that the object of Horace, in the present piece, is to guard against the pernicious influence of the bad poets of the day, and that he therefore gives a collection of precepln, unconnected, it is trtre, yet having all a direct bearing oi» the object at which he aimsy and descrifbingy as well the excellencies in composition that should be nought after, as the errors and defects that should be carefully avoided. Finally, De Bo?ch, in his iiotea to the Greek Anthology^ supposes that (he pcem was not actnally addres- sed to any of the Tisos, boi that the poet made use of this name by way of prosopopoeia. We have already remarked that the theory oi VVie)and has mippfanteiJ Kurd's, and, aa we have grven an outline of the latter, it may not be amiss to subjoin a slight sketch of the former; the more especially as Wc intend to follow it in our Explanatory Notes on this piece. \Ve wiU use the word» of Colman: " The poet bejfins with general reflecliona addressed to his three friends. In these preliminary rules, eqnally ne- cessary to be observed bv poets of every denomination, he dwells on the importance of unity of design, the danger of being dazzled by the splen- dour of partial beauties, the choice of suli/ects, the beauty of order, the elegance and propriety of diction, and the use of a thorough knowledge of the nature of the several dfflerent species of poetry; summing op thi* introductory portion of his epistle in a manner perfectly agreeable to the conclusion of it. " Descriptas servare vicei, opertimqwe colores, Cur ego si nequeo ignoroque,poeta salutor 1 Cur neicire, pudens prove, quam ditcere malo 1 Frotn this general view of poetry/ on thecanvajis of Aristotle, but entirely «fter his own manner, the writer proceeds to give the rules and the his- tory of the drama/ adverting principally to Tragedy, with all its con« ttituents and appendages of diction, fable, character, incidents, chorus measure, music/ and decorations. In this part of the work, according to the interpretation of the best critics, and indeed, I think, according to the manifest tenor of the Epistle, he addresses himself entirely to the two young Pisos, pointing c to them the difficulty, as well as the escellence, of the dramatic art; int^js^iing on the avowed superiority of the Grecian writers, and ascribing the comparative faikire of the Komans to negli- gence and the love of gain. The poet, having exhansted this part of his subject, suddenly drops a second/ or dismisses at once no less than two Os trie liiree persans to whom «e orsginally ;:ddrct5cd Ms Epistle, and, turning short on the elder Piso, most earneBlIy conjures him to ponder on \\k danger of precipitate publication, and the ridicule to whirhclte author EPISTLE TO THE PISOS. 619 '.ili (loen mi some degree Augustus, same remark trith that of iposing thi» in the Greek e wishes to ig tnaintain.'s J against the he therefore having hM a i an well the e errors ant] , ill his notes laify addres- lainc by way 1 mippkinteJ t may not be ;c)aliy as Wc e. We will al reflect ionit , eqnally ne- Iwells on the t»y the splen- if order, the I know)ede<^ ming op ihJLi eeubie to the bttt entirely and the hi»' all its con* 2nt>, chorus, <, according iccording to y to the two : excellence, he Grecian tns to iipkIi- I part of hid JS9 than two • . » ■ o ponder on h (be tiuUior ofwrctched poetry exposes himself. From the commencement of this |)artiai address, O major juvenum, &c. (verse 366,) to the end of the poem, a/OTos< a fourth part of the whole, the second person |)lural, Pi. fiones*—Vos!—Vos, O Pompilius sanguis! &c. is discarded, and the second person, singular, 1\,, Te Tibi, &c. invariably takes its pl.ice. I lie arguments, too, are equally r.-lalive and personal; not onW shewiu.» liie necessity of tfudy, combined with natural genius, to constitute a poet* but dwelling on the peculiar danfjer and delusion of naftery, to a writer ot rank and fortune; as well as the inestimable value of an honest friend, to rescue hirn from deris.on and contempt. 'I'lie Poet, however, in refer! ence to Hie Mu«!, qualifies his exaggerated description of an infatuated scribbler with a most noble encomium on the use of good poetry, vindi- eating the dignity of the art, ane model of Horace's nnZ ,:,,l ' • '"«^''"'''^'»" oftl'e ^r, Poetica, it commences with some lilies and introductory principles. The second book touclus o» elegiac and lyi.c poetry, ,vliich are not only cursorily referred to by Horace, but are inlroduce.l by him in that part of his epLile which cor- responds to this poriion of the present work. The third, wih^^^^^^^^ most important, and by much the loucest of the oiece. rhUy .r»-..= ": r^!r^!!t'''*''.'i'' ".''''''''''".'"''''"'"'''''' P'^'^'^y! '""I '•'«« co'icluding book i:" foimed ou the last section of the Epistle to the Piso«; the author, how- 620 NOTES ON HORACE ever, omitting the description of the frantic bard, and terminating In, «f C ''"'n .7"^« P«r8.>''" "",'''« sovereign. Of all the modern ArU ofloetry Boileau'sisthebest. It is remarkable for the brevity of i! precspts, the exactnesa of ,ts method, the perspicacity o( its remarks the propriety of tlie metaphors ; and it proved of the utmost utility to his own nation. ,n diffusing a just mode of thinking and writing; in banishir every species of false w.t. and introducing a pure taste fo^the simpS of the ancients. Boileau. at the conclusion of his last book, avows an J glones^ as it were .u the charge, that his v/ork is founded on U«? cJ *' fP"'' '"°'' *!"' J"si"''c« iiouni dans la Satire, ri ose encore inanier la Trompette et la Lyre; Vous me venex pourtant, dans ce champ gl'orieux: Vous offrir ces lemons, que Muse au Parnasse, IWpporta, jeune encore, du commerce d' Horace." \ NOTES. Line 1. Dr. Hurd considers these first lines merely introducttJry : so far however from such being the case it is evident that the poet plunges at once m mcdias res, and illustrates, by a sni- rated stmile, one of the most essential rules of his art, viz the pres -ation of unity, ' * 14- Inceptis gravibus &c. Too great a fondness for description was probably beginning at this time to ho the fault, no^ merely of young poets but of the age. Colman cites in iUustratioJ the lines Irora Pope's essay on criticism : Some to conceit alone their laste confine, And glittering thoughts struck out at every line. Pleased with a work where nothing's just or fit. One glittering chaos, and wild heap of wit. • ^^' .^j.>"^«««'^ cupressim. The meaning is, « To be clever in mdividual and particular descriptions is useless : you must be able to treat the whole of a proposed subject.'» ^ 20. Si/raetii enatat ex^pes. Persons who had been wrecked used s'at^'ii^s/-'""^'""' depicting their misfortane. Cf. Persius Quum fractA te in trabe pictum ex humcro porfes. 30.Delphmum silvis appingit &c. Smart supposes that this rtTviS'^MSirpL^e^"'^"^^^^^^"'^ •""-"-« ^» -'««* 34. Poncre^totmn. On this use of ponere cf. Juvena» Sat. i. 155: EPISTLE TO THE PIS03. «21 This passage has been imitated by Line 38. Samite materiam &c. Pope> "Be sure yourself and your own reach to know. How far your genius, taste, and Icarnin? jro. Launch not beyond your depth but be discreet ; And marif that point where sense and dullness meet.'» 42 Ofdinis haec virius erU &c. « This will consiitute the chief S t:";it;r ^ '""? '''"'''''^' <"■• ' ^- -""Meceivedl whi.h „ II !L "^» '? ^^^ ^''^y commencement, those things omit th.";! / ''ir '° ^' '""A^' '"^^ ^' P"^ °«*°'°»' things, and omit them for the present.»— Anthon. * ' *o. In verbis etiam tenuis cautusque «erendis, Hoc amet,«hoc spernat promissi carrainis auctor. « ' jTf ^«'■^Sie, notum si cailida verbum Keddidcrit junctura novum. 7J!T ^r'J^^'' "* '™^' disagreement respecting the interprc- lation of this passage. Hurd thus explains it :« InS of ♦ framing new words, I recommend to you any kind of ar fu arrangement, by which you nay be able to gi/e a new aiJ end cast to old ones.'' Sanadon and Dacier^understind it to ontr» -n" «'^«"'^f»'-™ «^ "««v word by joining two old ones,» Dr. Beattie's view is as foHows. He considers the Poet .n the whole passage from line 46 to 72 to be peaking of new xvords, and arranges the passage thus :'« D,S egregie, si callida junctura reddiderit mvum verbum, notum"» New words are to be cautiously and sparingly introduced ; but, when necessary, an author will do well to give them such InHiT'" the sentence, as that the reader shall be at ne . 'o»3 to discover their meaning." "" .c!!^"//'* ^**" ''^'"?' '"^'''^ P"^*»?*""')^ «Snified " girded for action » owing to the active habit, of the early Romans came to signify « ancient, " old-fashioned." ^ * bO. Ut stlvaekc, Cf. Homer's Iliad, vi. 146 sqr of which nas- sage this is an imitation. ^ P" fi3.Recej)to terra Nepluno, and (65) ;,a;u* ur6cj aZiZ. These p^sages allude to the Julian Harbour, constructed at the ?om;t?n?Mr3& "^ ^'''^'^^ ^^' '^ ^^ ^--^ °^ th': . Cur«tm wirfayj/. This has reference to checking the inun- dations of the Tiber, by turning it into a new channel ■~:if tl /°? " «*"^."' *'*"^ °^ P^'^ts, Horace now pro- ceed. to a particular one, in the follof^ing order, Epic, Eleei- ac. Dramatic, and Lyric. ' ^ ' ^ . -rt^ r^ 'f "' F»"'^fo e«e poemaia, dulcia sunio. i ms dm» «age ho* been paraphrased as follows by Robertellus ; « It k «ot enough that Tragedies hove that kind of beauty whkh 67 73 90 ?■ w 6« NOTES ON HORACE Bi' ts from a pomp, and splendour of diction ; they must also be patheticic or affecting." A-ad similarly by Boscawen— 'Tis not. enough your Poem shine ; Sweet pathos shoul i with beauty join, And lead, with all-ji irsuasive skill. The hearer'? mind wlere'er you will. Line 10«. -Si vis meflere, dokndunx est primum ipai tii>i, Cf. Feisiu» Sat. ii. 91 : Plorabit qui me volet iiuurvasse querela. 120. Honoratam &,c. Beattie roniitrks, in his Essay on Poetry and Music : « Those w ho form their jud-men* of Ac'iilles from the imperfect sketch given of him her ■, and consider him only as a hatelul f ^position oi anger, revenge, fierceness, obstinr.cy nnd prid» can never enter into the views cf Home , nor be ,<: sbly effected with his narration. Ml thes« vkcs are, nc j )ubf. In amme dor;ree, combined in Achilles ; but they are Uu po Ai with -:5iiaUtie3 of a different sort, which render han « ifa;.!!. if,t„♦« rcrum stud a et doctrinA «< ^1,„ "^ .' . ' ^eterarum naturfe \mk ralet-.tr f- P'^?!"?^»* «' arte constant : poeta qui'-pirltt/nflitur.»" ^'"''"' «"t»t"r, et quaaia^.J PAPER I. OK TH. OKIOIN OK .KAMXTXC EXHXBXXX0X3 XN orKERAL. iro?n iJonaWson's Greek Theatre. determinethetime wSen itfir'stmL.'?"*^' consequently ,ve cannot fore be content to Tcertnin 7« I. ''«. ^PPearance, and must there- •riginated. This we shal be aS? ^;""' P^' «^^ '^^ ^"'"«" ""ind it iact the «olution onhrp ibre^t nctf °"/k'""''' '''^''"'^^ '" tion often proposed —•' hnw «« , '"^'"*^«^ '" the answer to a ques- of idol wo^rshi^pTn Ancient timeV?»?nrT"' ^°^ ^^e great prevaLce is nevertheless most true t hn? nnl ^ ''.u*'"?!'?^ a. it may appear, it form of poetry.Trut aTil . ."'/ ^^^"^'^^^^ (the most perfect whatever Wi; beauJ^^uHn 7rt «^^^^^^^ PT''"»' ««-chitectufe, and which degraded men the Jol Af k^^' T" ^' «f that very principle pers of wfod and^tone wlWcS mL. f.'''^^' 'T ^'°'^^^^% worship- the works of their owj'hands ""^ti, «"* ''"f ' *".^ '^"'^ '^"^" «'«^^'^^ a"y called the love of ^.«i.?- ^^*» P.^nc'pJe is ihat which is gener- would rather .taS 'r^ p^TncipH^^^^ ^« abstract in the concrete, thTt«ltrivl«^ ^ If'""''. ° '^^P'""» the been termed by a Sern wr ter tT.i 5\"?' objectivity,» as it ha* perceivable, which LthanSo ^^^^""^ to render the conceivable mind. ' " ^*"* ''''^'"''•■J' characteristic of an uneducated shewn' it gt?i„°Jr„t'^^^^^^^^ •" r^"'^'"'' »>-« - «" «g« allj endeavoudng^r'rtr e„t SnS'er W' ""^'^'^^'^ ^^*" '^°"^'""- rically or absolutely iS^S.f a or.?^ ^"'"'"' '^^™» «'thcr allego- ;m {bstract ide^^vllli^h tSS^ ^ T:^^!;^!; ..^^ V o^^ro^SsTtriruJerrai^^"' ^^>°^^^^^^^^^ 624 DRAMATIC SXHrBITtOlfS. their «tenses the object of their thoughts, and willingly rendered to the visible and perishable, the homage which Uiey felt to be due to tlie invisible and eternal. By an extension of the same associations, their anthropomorphized divinity was supposed to need a dwelling place : hence the early improvements of architecture in these countries. His worshippers would then attempt some outward expression of their gratitude and veneration :— to meet this need, poetry arose among them. The same feelings would suggest an imitation of the imagined sufferings or gladness of their deity ; and to this we owe the mimic dances of ancient Hellas, and the first beginnings of the Drama. Since, therefore, the fine arts and idolatry have had in some mea- sure a common origin, we should expect to find that the former attained to the highest degree of excellence in those countries in which idolatry and polytheism have been most prevalent : and, on the other hand, that they were generally neglected by those nations of antidulty, whose established religion was monotheism : and this has been ihe case ; so much so, that when Solomon wished to build a tcmplo to the true God, he was obliged to call in the aid of his idola- trous neighbours: (1 Kings vii. 13.; and may there not have been some connexion between Solomon's patronage of the arts and his sub- sequent idolatry ? The Dramatic art especially, wherever it has existed, has always been connected in its origin with the religious rites of a polytheism, and generally with those of an elementary wor- ship. That such was the case with the Greek Drama we shall see presently : the same is stated of the Indian plays, and the mummeries and mysteries of the middle ages were not very different either in their origin or in their character. True it is that the Drama of modern Europe contains little or no religion. This, however, is no orgument against its religious origin. The element which originally constituted its whole essence has been overwhelmed and superseded by the more powerful ingredients which have been introduced into it by the continually diverging tastes of succeeding generations, till it has at length become nothing but e walking novel or a speaking jest book. The plays of Shakspere anii Caldcron (with the exception, of course, of the JutoM Sacramentales of the latter) are Dramatic reproductions of the prose romances of the day, with the omission of the religious element which they owed to the monks, just as the tragedies of iEschylus and Sophocles would have been mere Epic Dramas, had they broken tne bonds which connected them with the elementary worship of Attica. (625) PAPER II. THE DRAMATIC LITERATURE OF ROME. ( Trantlated from Sckk?eVs Lectures.) P^r^^^^:^^ "^0- Theatre of almost all their "vrilirnnrrr. ^«^P'^rfmcnt, partly from the losa fewfragment» T e in, /exS^^ f''}' '^' «-^«^«^P^'^" O'^^ oU those of Plautu, and Tere ;r^ 0^^^^^^^^^^ tl,e good classical age are imitators of the Greeks """^' °^ "^om I have already spoken as ncrs, was drawing «Igl, to her fnl ",•'"'' ^l "'^'"^ ^°''''^" "'»"- artificially cultivated amon^ tho oh '•''"' V^^^ ''"^"'y ««"'« t» ^<^ the Latin we have an instSnce of a h ""' "'^ '1''""°"' '"'"-' '» expression, altogether aflerforLn r°"'2%''*^ '"^^ P"«ti«=='« This approximation to the ZT ^ZZ"! Tr"/'"' ""^^^*^- ▼iolence: the Grscism extLhH nl . ♦ /".'^ ^^'^''^'^'^ with much words and phrases Sradu"nvthTV°r'"''f '"terpolation of foreign former harshness we may percLe in'^^'/i'.'ll^ ^ 1"^ ''^''''''^ '■ °^ '^» howerer, are not withm.f n t . C^t"""» the last vestiges, which rejected IhosesJnacIJarconstucr '"^^l"^ *^'"'""- The^language which were too much at vT/ ,„"!'•, '''' "''■ "^ '''' compounds, could not be lastingly JgreeTblo ?n 1 ' ""'"' '"*""''"■ «^''"«-f^-c, and of the Augustan age^sufceede^n eff?.?" ''m ' ^^ ^* '"^^' ^»"^ P««^t« corporation between L natte and^hl"", '''*^ ''^Pf'^^f^ possible in- scarcely was the desired cmnW 1/ 1^«"«^^«^ elements. But all free developement was SSnn^M '"'''' "''f'"^ P=^"«« «"«"«d = ing its apparent elevation iSfboSr'T''"'' '\^^'' "otwithstand- had irretrievably imprisoned itsHfuhv !!^ "'"'"1 learned character, it had once adoptedr ThSs I e I .. „ ," '"^" '"^ °^ ''^' phraseolog^ a brief interval of bloom betwtn^ts?,.rrP"^V" ^^''^y ^^Joyed hit death. With the .«piriulso of tiw ""'f «'".«''«^^ «tate and its second It was not by the des ir^ ?„'?■' P°'f''^ '^ ^"''^'^ "«> «setter, lions, which bea7 awayTne% t W^^ holiday leisure by exhibi- Romans were led to the^nven o f>? a I"^^? ''''^' ^'"^''^' ^»»^» the the diseonsolateness of a dreTry " ,[h. c^^^ amusement»; but i„ «eemed unavailing, IheyVrrcauc'h ! .i ' ^f? "\^''^ "" '■'^'"*='^'«« experiment to p?opitiJte;he'S Vl^'tl'll'^i'^^'^'^^^^^ - «" games 01 [tie circus havine lilt Ihon "l.^"' '.u ■ ° . "^ *^scrcise» and But Ih, m,lrlon„, .homfor U i. n., """." °"''. 1'"''"° ««hibitions. were onr, dunccrV, „d ,™' iS,' „',' '"'''."l>'' i- fr°"> Etruri., ", MQ (iro -awj, „01 ,„,„,5,jj dancers, but merely I f I (326 DRAMATIC LITERATCRE OF HOME. such as cmlcavoured to amuse by the adroitness of their moYcments. rheir oldest spoken dramas, those which were called the Jttcllane /•«Wes, the IJuihans burr.- *;;,, Oscans, the original iiihabi- t^intsol Italy. With these cW»'"• ^«-"0" U3 to a juKr t of the ' .^. '"'" ""/"«"^ ^'--eek original, to help but a speech o^nVnlf """[."«^y «"^ general success of the cony } than l: .t of the La irrnS „' ^'n*' ?''° " '""'^'' "'«'•« «^"cfnl brought to gr^at p fecZ^^ "• . '^^'f «"^lier .tyle wa» «eem to e stoLCr ^. ^,'"'"^"^» «"^ Attius, whose pieces times an. ven la e a^.jT f "' ?" ^ '"«'*= «'«^^ '" ^iLro's directs his i u„ -r ■ *° . ^«^e ''^d many ndmirers. Horace other'L';:»^ ':,';? pr-^S"'-^ ^»'"^'- he'doc. against"?HSc however, in aii dL< ', %?' "''""^ ' ""' *^'^*> ^^'i''^» «"C'^ess, particulars J eat ? works. ,r'\"^fK"" ?'^^'"P'« ^^ tragedy wh« mentioned: There T Lmfn ""."l' V '^' """P* '»•• »'''»»«»' "c Horace wrote 1^, e 'tie to ,^0^"'^ '■ *?^?'" ^*'*^ «^""Jccture, that ring those young me Vho nerh?'' P^^'P^''^ "i'h a view of deter- last, wereliitteS b^thc mnr'n^of ,'he dll .'' '"^ ''""" "'.' '° '""'^ «^ takin». One of fh» «k- r . V. ^*^' ''""' »° critical an under- ^«.«^;, PoL, I mt oft vZSv" '' ^'" !«\'^" *^« ''^"'°- says, and who was »arti,l n / ^ .mpa9.,n„ed character, as Pliny irf ul f "OS partial to the same ch-r-acter ir» works rf fi„« suDsimuy uiihe Niofae »hpir in.. :- -.Ti" ~ " ^ V"^= ^" t"c ^uU But PolJio's Dolh^Mi ,„!» 'V^'" ''''''• '""'='' to be lamented. i^ w.c. 10 the true value of hi poetical works. 0«id I ■WW • «28 DRAMATIC LITEmiTVllX OF mOMX. tried hii hand upon Tragedy, at he did upon lo many other kinds of poetry, and composed a Medea. To judge from the drivelling com- mon-places of passion in his Heroides, one would eipect of him> in Tragedy, at best an overdrawn Euripides. Yet Quinctilian asserts that here he shewed for once what he might have accomplished if he had but kept himself within ^uunds rather than give way to his pro* pensity to extravagance. These and all the other tragic attempts of the Augustan age have perished. We cannot exactly estimate the extent of our loss, but to all appearance it is not extraordinarily great. In the first place, the Greek Tragedy laboured there under the disadvantage or all trans- planted exotir** : The Roman worship indeed was in some measure allied to that ( the Greeks, (though not nearly so identical with it as many suppose,) but the heroic mythology of the Greeks was altogether indebted to the poets fur its introduction into Rome, and was in no respect inlenvoven with the national recollections, as it was in such a multitude^ of ways amon? the Greeks. There hovers before my mind's eye the Ideal of a genuine Roman form of Tragedy, dimly indeed and in the back-ground of ages, as one would figure to oneself a being, that never issued into reality from the womb of possibility. In significance and form, it would be altogether distinct from that of the Greeks, and religious and patriotic in the old-Roman sense of the words. Truly creative poetry can only issue from the interior life of a people and from religion which is the root of ihat life. But the Ro- man religion was originally, and before they endeavoured to conceal the loss of its intrinsic substance by varnishing its outside with bor- rowed finery, of quite a diflferent spirit from the religion of the Greeks. The latter had all the plastic flexibility of Art, the other the unchang- able fixity of the Priesthood. The Roman Faith and the ceremonies established on it were more earnest, more moral) and pious, more penetrating in their insight into Nature, more magical and mysterious Ihnn the (Grecian Relig;ion — than that part of it at least, which was exoteric to the mysteries. As the Grecian Tragedy exhibits the free man struggling with Destiny, so the spirit of a Roman Tragedy would be the prostration of all human motives beneath that hallowing bind- ing force, Religio, and its revealed omnipresence in all things earthly. But when the craving for poetry of a cultivated character awoke in them, this spirit had long been extinct. The Patricians, originally an Etruscan school of priesthood, had become merely secular statesmen and warriors, who retained their hereditary sacerdotal character only as a political form. Their sacred books, their Vedas, were become unintelligible to them, not so much by reason of the obsolete letter, as because they no longer possessed that higher science which was the key to the sanctuary What the heroic legends of the Latins might ivKWA Kju.#\m£ under is\ sarlicr develounisnt. s.nd what the cclourin'* was that properly belonged to them, we may still see from some traces in Virgil^ Propertius, and Ovid, though even tb«se poets handled them only as matters of antiquarian interest. \ r kinds of liing com* of him, in lan asserts ihed i( he .0 his pro» I age have Qss, but to place) the all trans- B measure with it as altogether was in no as in such before my !dy, diralj to oneself 308sibilitj. oin that of mse of the rior life of ut the Ro- conceal ivith bor- le Greeks. unchang- eremonies )US) more nysterious rhich was ts the free edy would ving bind- ;s earthly. awoke in ginally an statesmen acter only •e become ete letter, h was the tins might colourincr tme traces died them \'